bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refiguring the Archive for Eras before Writing: Digital Interventions, Affordances and Research Futures
Authors: Hamilton Carolyn , McNulty Grant 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn most of Africa there are written materials from the eras before colonialism that offer a view of the kinds of ideas, cultural life, and currents of political thought, as well as practices and events, that predate substantial European engagement. In the present-day South African province of KwaZulu-Natal, and bordering provinces and countries, there arenoequivalent discursive materials that predate a European presence. With colonialism, much knowledge about the remote past was stitched up in imperial and colonial knowledge systems and recording practices. In this paper, we discuss what digital interventions and affordances offer in terms of researching the history of the material used as sources for the remote past, and of releasing that material from distorting or anachronistic colonial classifications and categories. We consider the capacities and significance of digital interventions in calling out sequestered and lost materials, in convening innovative new assemblages of material, in creating conditions conducive to the restoration of neglected details of provenance, in documenting the twists and turns involved in the shaping of materials into sources, and in formally recognizing the archival potential of materials, notably the writings of early African literati, long positioned as being something other than sources and as “not-archive.”
The British German Legion and the Irish “Marriage Force”: Assisted Emigration Schemes and the Mid-Victorian British Empire
Authors: Bender Jill C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article examines the Lady Kennaway assisted emigration scheme, designed to send women from Ireland's workhouses to the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa. First proposed by Colonial Secretary Henry Labouchere in 1857, the scheme's purpose was to provide wives for the British German Legion, which had been resettled to British Kaffraria the previous year. Initially, the plan appeared to be of benefit for both Ireland and the Cape Colony. According to colonial officials and emigration commissioners, Ireland would be rid of a superfluous population, the Irish women would attain social and economic advancement, and the Eastern Cape would gain much-needed female settlers. Emigration authorities quickly found their optimism tempered by realities, however, as many Irish Poor Law guardians and workhouse women refused to participate. The Lady Kennaway scheme—so named after the ship that carried the emigrants—demonstrates the ways in which local interests could, and often did, shape imperial practices. Moreover, in tracking the decisions of emigration commissioners in London, colonial officials in Southern Africa, Poor Law guardians in Ireland, and potential female emigrants, this analysis reveals the multitude of individuals who molded Britain's mid-nineteenth-century imperial project.
High prevalence of malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency among schoolchildren of rural areas in Malaysia using a multi-school assessment approach
Authors: Tan Pei Yee , Mohd Johari Syahirah Nadiah , Teng Kim-Tiu , Loganathan Radhika , Lee Soo Ching , Ngui Romano , Selvaduray Kanga Rani , Lim Yvonne Ai Lian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChildhood malnutrition is known as a public health concern globally. The present study aims to assess the anthropometry and blood biochemical status of rural primary schoolchildren in Malaysia. A total of 776 children (7–11 years old) from ten rural primary schools from five states were included in this study. Nutritional outcomes were assessed based on sex, age group and school categories among the children (median age: 9 years (P25:8, P75:10)). The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 53·4 %. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was recorded at 20·6 and 39·8 % based on retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels, respectively. Anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and elevated inflammation were found at 14·9, 17·9, 9·1 and 11·5 %, respectively. Malnutrition, VAD, anaemia, ID, IDA and elevated inflammation were more prevalent among Orang Asli (OA) schoolchildren compared with Non-Orang Asli schoolchildren. Higher occurrences of VAD and anaemia were also found among children aged <10 years. Retinol, RBP,α-carotene, ferritin and haemoglobin levels were lower among undernourished children. Besides, overweight/obese children exhibited a higher level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that OA school children (adjusted OR (AOR): 6·1; 95 % CI 4·1, 9·0) and IDA (AOR: 3·6; 95 % CI 1·9, 6·6) were associated with stunting among this population. The present study revealed that malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and anaemia are prevalent among rural primary schoolchildren in Malaysia, especially those from OA schools and younger age children (<10 years). Hence, more appropriate and targeted measures are needed to improve the nutritional status of these children.
Information Intermediaries: How Commercial Bankers Facilitate Strategic Alliances
Authors: Frattaroli Marc , Herpfer Christoph 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe investigate how bankers use information from lending relationships to help borrowers find partners for strategic alliances. Firms that have borrowed from the same banker or share an indirect connection through a network of bankers are significantly more likely to enter an alliance. Consistent with bankers overcoming informational frictions, their ability to facilitate alliances decreases with banker-network distance, and is stronger for opaque borrowers. Firms connected to more potential partners via banker networks enter more alliances. These alliances are associated with positive announcement returns, and brokering banks are more likely to receive future underwriting mandates.
Associations between bilingualism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related behavior in a community sample of primary school children
Authors: Sharma Curtis J. M. , Katsos Napoleon , Gibson Jenny L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIt has been found that bilinguals and children from minority backgrounds lag behind monolinguals or those in the majority culture, with respect to prevalence, assessment, and treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This suggests that bilingualism might be yet another factor giving rise to variability in ADHD. Using regression methods, we analyzed parent reports for 394 primary school-age children on background and language experience, ADHD-related behavior, and structural language skill in English to explore whether bilingualism is associated with levels of ADHD-related behavior. Bilingualism as a category was associated with slightly lower levels of ADHD-related behavior. Bilingualism as a continuous measure showed a trend of being associated with lower levels, but this did not quite reach significance. Structural language skill in English was the main predictor of levels of ADHD-related behavior; higher skill predicting lower levels. More investigation is required to confirm whether these effects occur across different populations, to understand which, if any, aspects of bilingualism give rise to variability, and if need be, to address these as far as possible.
Using Pareto simulated annealing to address algorithmic bias in machine learning
Authors: Blanzeisky William , Cunningham Pádraig 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Algorithmic bias arises in machine learning when models that may have reasonable overall accuracy are biased in favor of ‘good’ outcomes for one side of a sensitive category, for example gender or race. The bias will manifest as an underestimation of good outcomes for the under-represented minority. In a sense, we should not be surprised that a model might be biased when it has not been ‘asked’ not to be; reasonable accuracy can be achieved by ignoring the under-represented minority. A common strategy to address this issue is to include fairness as a component in the learning objective. In this paper, we consider including fairness as an additional criterion in model training and propose a multi-objective optimization strategy using Pareto Simulated Annealing that optimizes for both accuracy and underestimation bias. Our experiments show that this strategy can identify families of models with members representing different accuracy/fairness tradeoffs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy on two synthetic and two real-world datasets.
An adapted Arabic version of the Test of Nine Images for the illiterate Lebanese population: Validation and preliminary normative data
Authors: El-Hayeck Rita , Baddoura Rafic , Wehbé Amine , Bassil Nazem , Koussa Salam , Abou Khaled Karine , Richa Sami , Khoury Rita , Alameddine Abbas , Sellal François 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectives:In the absence of a simple validated instrument to screen for cognitive impairment among illiterate Lebanese older adults, the aims of this study were to validate an Arabic version of the Test of Nine Images (A-TNI93) adapted by the Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les Démences de l’Univesité Saint Joseph (GTD-USJ) for illiterate older Lebanese and to establish normative data.Method:A national population-based sample of 332 community-dwelling illiterate Lebanese aged 55 years and older was administered the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) scoring free and overall recall. The sample is part of a larger national sample (1342 participants) used to validate an Arabic version of the Mini-Mental State Examination already reported. Reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) scoring to detect cognitive impairment according to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) as the gold standard were measured. Normative data were established among 188 cognitively normal participants.Results:A threshold score of six on free recall (FR) provided a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 90.5%. The area under the curve was 0.93. By taking either scores, that is, a FR ≤ 6 or a total recall ≤ 8, the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) slightly improved dementia case detection with a sensitivity of 70.8% and a specificity of 88%. Normative data illustrate the distribution of cognitive performance among illiterate older adults.Conclusions:Compared to the CDR requiring physician’s competence, the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) is a valid Arabic adaptation to screen for cognitive impairment among illiterate Lebanese older adults.
Identification of potential donors for false smut resistance in elite breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativaL.) under field conditions
Authors: Lore Jagjeet Singh , Jain Jyoti , Kumar Sanjay , Kamboj Ishwinder , Sidhu Navjot , Khanna Renu , Kaur Rupinder , Mangat Gurjit Singh 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFalse smut of rice is an emerging disease and caused severe damage to hybrids and inbred rice cultivars grown in Asian countries. The objective of the study was to quantify of false smut resistance and identification of donors in some of the advanced breeding lines and rice varieties developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. A total of 31 genotypes were evaluated for three years in two planting date per year under field conditions. The lines were categorized into short, medium and long durations based on days to flowering. False smut was quantified using different disease variables such as per cent infected panicle, number of false smut ball per plant and disease score. Disease variables were significantly and positively correlated to each other. The infected panicle ranged 0.0–75.4% was observed among the genotypes. Three advanced lines namely RGS-2 (short), RGM-3 (medium) and RGL-3 (long) showed the lowest ranged 0.0–4.9% of infected panicle as compared to susceptible checks (47.7–75.4%). The genotypes were divided into five groups according to a component of resistance. The third group had the lowest average values (3.3%) of infected panicle as compared to the fifth group with the highest values (36.2%) of the infected panicle. The overall trend of disease variables was higher in short duration genotypes as compared to medium and long durations. Weather factors such as rain fall, rainy days and high relative humidity during the flowering period were favourable for disease development. The genotypes with lower disease variables could be utilized in diseases resistance breeding programme.
Genetically Adjusted Propensity Score Matching: A Comparison to Discordant MZ Twin Models
Authors: Silver Ian A. , Liu Hexuan , Nedelec Joseph L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDiscordant monozygotic (MZ) twin methodologies are considered one of the foremost statistical approaches for estimating the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic variance. Limitations associated with the discordant MZ twin approach generates an inability to estimate particular relationships and adjust estimates for the confounding influence of gene-nonshared environment interactions. Recent advancements in molecular genetics, however, can provide the opportunity to address these limitations. The current study reviews an alternative technique, genetically adjusted propensity scores (GAPS) matching, that integrates observed genetic and environmental information to adjust for the confounding of these factors in nonkin individuals. Simulations and a real data example were used to compare the GAPS matching approach to the discordant MZ twin method. Although the results of the simulated comparisons demonstrated that the discordant MZ twin approach remains the more robust statistical technique to adjust for shared environmental and genetic factors, GAPS matching — under certain conditions — could represent a viable alternative when MZ twin samples are unavailable. Overall, the findings suggest that GAPS matching can potentially provide an alternative to the discordant MZ twin approach when limited variation exists between identical twin pairs. Moreover, the ability to adjust for gene-nonshared environment interactions represents a potential advancement associated with the GAPS approach. The limitations of the approach, as well as polygenic risk scores, are also discussed.
Evaluating the effects of extended preharvest intervals on glyphosate and glufosinate residues in almonds
Authors: Martin Katie , Hanson Bradley D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlmonds [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] are grown on nearly 650,000 ha in California and generate nearly $4.9 billion in export revenue annually, primarily to the European Union (EU). To facilitate harvest operations, broad-spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate and/or glufosinate are commonly used to control vegetation before harvest. The current minimum preharvest intervals (PHIs) for glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides registered in the United States are 3 and 14 d, respectively. The maximum residue limit (MRL) for glyphosate and glufosinate in almonds in the EU is 0.1 mg kg−1; however, a recent study recommended the glyphosate MRL be reduced to 0.05 mg kg−1. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicide transfer from soil to almonds and the effect of longer PHIs on glyphosate and glufosinate residues in harvested almonds. After harvest operations, almonds were dissected into hulls, shells, and kernels for analysis of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy. In the field experiment, glyphosate and glufosinate were detected at 0.121 to 0.291 mg kg−1 in almond hulls and shells. Glyphosate and primary metabolites were below the limit of detection (LOD) in almond kernels at all PHIs. Glufosinate was below the LOD, but the metabolite 3-(methylphosphinico)propionic acid was detected at 0.03 to 0.075 mg kg−1 in kernels from some replicate plots. There were no significant differences in either herbicide or any metabolite among PHI treatments. The lab experiment showed decreasing residue levels from hull to shell to kernel; furthermore, rinsing kernels resulted in 71% and 46% reduction in [14C]glyphosate and [14C]glufosinate, respectively, which suggests much of the herbicide residue may be associated with dust on the kernel surfaces. The results of these experiments indicate very low levels of herbicide transfer from soil to almonds, and increasing the PHI within the tested range did not reduce the already low amounts of herbicide or metabolites in almonds.
Do Personality Traits Predict Training Performance?
Authors: Dehn Doris M. , Damitz Marc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract. Most test batteries for the selection of ab initio air traffic controllers (ATCOs) include a personality questionnaire. However, the literature suggests that the relationship between personality and job performance is not straightforward: Correlations are found only for a limited set of personality factors, depend on job characteristics, and are at best small to moderate in size. Moreover, the relationship between personality scores and performance can be curvilinear rather than linear. This research investigates whether a personality test used for the selection of ATCOs predicts subsequent training performance. Training performance was measured in terms of instructor ratings ( N = 262) and training outcome ( N = 431). The rated training performance correlated positively with general self-efficacy and team orientation, and negatively with negativity and vulnerability. For some traits (i.e., general self-efficacy and rebelliousness), curvilinear relationships were found. A comparison of trait scores between students who had successfully completed and those who had failed the training showed significant differences for 10 of the 17 measured traits, all of which were in the expected direction.
Time‐Dependent Electron Transport I: Modelling of Supra‐Thermal Electron Bursts Modulated at 5–10 Hz With Implications for Flickering Aurora
Authors: Gustavsson B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA time‐dependent multi‐stream electron transport model, AURORA, has been developed for studies of auroral emission‐rates during precipitation with large variations on sub‐second time‐scales. The transport‐code accurately takes time‐of‐flight, energy degradation, scattering and production of secondary electrons into account. AURORA produces ionospheric electron‐flux as a function of energy, altitude, time and pitch‐angle, with a time‐resolution of 3.33 ms. AURORA has been used to simulate flickering aurora by modulating field‐aligned bursts (FAB) of electrons modulated at frequencies between 5 and 10 Hz. Intensity modulations of auroral emissions at 4,278, 6,730, 7,444, and 8,446 Å have been calculated, time‐shifts on the order of 10 ms between the maxima of the emissions were found.
Biological Carbon Pump Sequestration Efficiency in the North Atlantic: A Leaky or a Long‐Term Sink?
Authors: Baker Chelsey A. , Martin Adrian P. , Yool Andrew , Popova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe North Atlantic Ocean is a key region for carbon sequestration by the biological carbon pump (BCP). The quantity of organic carbon exported from the surface, the region and depth at which it is remineralized, and the subsequent timescale of ventilation (return of the remineralized carbon back into contact with the atmosphere), control the magnitude of BCP sequestration. Carbon stored in the ocean for >100 years is assumed to be sequestered for climate‐relevant timescales. We apply Lagrangian tracking to an ocean circulation and marine biogeochemistry model to determine the fate of North Atlantic organic carbon export. Organic carbon assumed to undergo remineralization at each of three vertical horizons (500, 1,000, and 2,000 m) is tracked to determine how much remains out of contact with the atmosphere for 100 years. The fraction that remains below the mixed layer for 100 years is defined as the sequestration efficiency (SEff) of remineralized exported carbon. For exported carbon remineralized at the 500, 1,000 and 2,000 m horizons, the SEff is 28%, 66% and 94%, respectively. Calculating the amount of carbon sequestered using depths ≤1,000 m, and not accounting for downstream ventilation, overestimates 100‐year carbon sequestration by at least 39%. This work has implications for the accuracy of future carbon sequestration estimates, which may be overstated, and for carbon management strategies (e.g., oceanic carbon dioxide removal and Blue Carbon schemes) that require long‐term sequestration to be successful.
Diurnal Rainfall Response to the Physiological and Radiative Effects of CO2 in Tropical Forests in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model v1
Authors: Harrop Bryce E. , Burrows Susannah M. , Calvin Katherine , Kooperman Gabriel J. , Leung L. Ruby , Maltrud Mathew E. , Shi Xiaoying , Tang Jinyun , Tang Qi , Wang Hailong , Zhu Qing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how the connection between rainfall and tropical forests will respond to increasing CO2 concentrations is a key element in understanding how the tropical water cycle will respond to increasing CO2. The plant physiological and radiative impacts of CO2 on rainfall patterns over tropical forest regions are examined in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1.1 (E3SMv1.1‐BGC) biogeochemistry experiments. Composite analysis reveals a dampening of the diurnal cycle of rainfall over the Amazon, Congo, and Maritime Continent in response to rising CO2 levels, regardless of the sign of total rainfall change. A full factorial model experiment confirms that the CO2 radiative and CO2 plant physiological effects can individually or jointly reduce the magnitude of the rainfall diurnal cycle, though the physical pathway giving rise to the reduction differs between the two effects. For the physiological response, stomatal closure reduces evapotranspiration, which dries the boundary layer and raises the lifting condensation level. These effects combine to reduce deep convective rainfall during its peak occurrence in the late daytime to early nighttime period. For the radiative response, a relative reduction in daytime Convective Available Potential Energy (consistent with a reduction in the diurnal temperature range) leads to less frequent triggering of deep convection and a reduction of rainfall diurnal amplitude. These diurnal rainfall changes are structurally similar across seasons, and show little sensitivity to representation of nutrient coupling for the land biogeochemistry. In agreement with previous findings, the physiological response has only minor impact on extreme rainfall relative to the radiative response.