bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assigning metabolic rate measurements to torpor and euthermy in heterothermic endotherms: ‘torpor’, a new package for R
Authors: Fasel Nicolas J. , Vullioud Colin , Genoud Michel 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTTorpor is a state of controlled reduction of metabolic rate (M) in endotherms. Assigning measurements of M to torpor or euthermy can be challenging, especially when the difference between euthermic M and torpid M is small, in species defending a high minimal body temperature in torpor, in thermolabile species, and slightly below the thermoneutral zone (TNZ). Here, we propose a novel method for distinguishing torpor from euthermy. We use the variation in M measured during euthermic rest and torpor at varying ambient temperatures (Ta) to objectively estimate the lower critical temperature (Tlc) of the TNZ and to assign measurements to torpor, euthermic rest or rest within TNZ. In addition, this method allows the prediction of M during euthermic rest and torpor at varying Ta, including resting M within the TNZ. The present method has shown highly satisfactory results using 28 published sets of metabolic data obtained by respirometry on 26 species of mammals. Ultimately, this novel method aims to facilitate analysis of respirometry data in heterothermic endotherms. Finally, the development of the associated R-package (torpor) will enable widespread use of the method amongst biologists.
Neoadjuvant Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy After Upfront Chemotherapy Improves Pathologic Outcomes Compared With Chemotherapy Alone for Patients With Borderline Resectable or Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Without Increasing Perioperative Toxicity
Authors: Hill Colin S. , Rosati Lauren M. , Hu Chen , Fu Wei , Sehgal Shuchi , Hacker-Prietz Amy , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Weiss Matthew J. , Burkhart Richard A. , Hruban Ralph H. , De Jesus-Acosta Ana , Le Dung T. , Zheng Lei , Laheru Daniel A. , He Jin , Narang Amol K. , Herman Joseph M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) or locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) are at high risk of margin-positive resection. Neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may help sterilize margins, but its additive benefit beyond neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) is unclear. The authors report long-term outcomes for BRPC/LAPC patients explored after treatment with either nCT alone or nCT followed by five-fraction SBRT (nCT-SBRT).

Methods
Patients with BRPC or LAPC from 2011 to 2016 who underwent resection after nCT alone or nCT-SBRT were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline characteristics were compared, and the propensity score with inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to compare pathologic/survival outcomes.

Results
Of 198 patients, 76 received nCT, and 122 received nCT-SBRT. The nCT-SBRT cohort had a higher proportion of LAPC (53% vs 22%; p < 0.001). The duration of nCT was longer for nCT-SBRT (4.6 vs 2.9 months; p = 0.03), but adjuvant chemotherapy was less frequently administered (53% vs 67.1%; p < 0.001). Adjuvant radiation was administered to 30% of the nCT patients. The nCT-SBRT regimen more frequently achieved negative margins (92% vs 70%; p < 0.001), negative nodes (59% vs 42%; p < 0.001), and pathologic complete response (7% vs 0%; p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, nCT-SBRT remained associated with R0 resection (p < 0.001). The nCT-SBRT cohort experienced no significant difference in median overall survival (OS) (22.1 vs 24.5 months), local progression-free survival (LPFS) (13.5 vs. 15.4 months), or distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (11.7 vs 16.3 months) after surgery. After SBRT, 1-year OS was 77.0% and 2-year OS was 50.4%. Perioperative Claven-Dindo grade 3 or greater morbidity did not differ significantly between the nCT and nCT-SBRT cohorts (p = 0.81).

Conclusions
Despite having more advanced disease, the nCT-SBRT cohort was still more likely to undergo an R0 resection and experienced similar survival outcomes compared with the nCT alone cohort.
Recommended Sports Medicine Fellowship Scholarly Activity Curriculum
Authors: Rao Ashwin , Khodaee Morteza , Asif Irfan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Scholarly activity requirements for primary care sports medicine fellowship programs are increasing and the current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medicine Education (ACGME) expectations for fellows and core faculty are more demanding than those found in medicine residencies. A review of existing literature fails to identify any published guidelines on how to pursue scholarly activity within the sports medicine fellowship year. Such a deficiency may be critical for fellowship programs that are struggling to produce scholarship with a 1-year timeframe. This document intends to be a resource for all sports medicine fellowship programs by defining acceptable pieces of scholarly activity, delineating how a project may be completed during fellowship, and outlining avenues to educate others in the topic of choice. Adoption of this curriculum will guide fellows to meet ACGME-mandated scholarship requirements while assisting core faculty in meeting academic promotion criteria.
In vivo brain iron concentration in healthy individuals at 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Holz Tiago Garcia , Kunzler Felipe Augusto , Carra Forte Gabriele , Miranda Difini João Pedro , Bernardi Soder Ricardo , Watte Guilherme , Hochhegger Bruno 
Published: February 2022

Objective: To quantify iron deposits in the basal ganglia and to evaluate its relation to age, sex, body mass index and brain laterality. Methods: Prospective observational study. Data were collected from the patients’ electronic medical records. The concentration of iron deposits in the brain was assessed using whole-brain MRI at 3.0 Tesla. Results: 138 participants were selected, 69.6% were female and the mean age was 47 ± 19 years. The κ coefficient was very strong (k = 0.92, p < 0.001). Age showed a moderate correlation between iron deposits in the caudate and putamen nuclei, on both right and left sides. In overall and right-handed individuals, a significantly higher iron concentration was observed on the left side for the caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, globus pallidus, and centrum semiovale, and for left-handed individuals, it was also observed in the left side-for the putamen and centrum semiovale. A weak correlation was shown between body mass index and left and right substantia nigra, left caudate nuclei, left putamen and right globus pallidus. Conclusion: Our results showed a significantly higher iron deposit on the left side in most brain regions. In addition, the body mass index may also be related to iron overload, especially in the caudate nucleus. Advances in knowledge: Brain iron deposits may be normal, owing to aging, or be pathological, such as neurodegeneration. Thus, it is important to know how much is expected of iron deposition in the brain of healthy populations.
Mutation spectrum analysis of DMD gene in Indonesian Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients
Authors: Dwianingsih Ery Kus , Iskandar Kristy , Hapsara Sunartini , Ping Liu Chun , Malueka Rusdy Ghazali , Gunadi . , Matsuo Masafumi , Lai Poh San 
Published: February 2022

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are allelic disorders caused by mutations in the DMD gene. The full mutation spectrum of the DMD gene in Indonesian patients is currently unknown. Mutation-specific therapies are currently being developed, such as exon skipping or stop codon read-through therapy. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the mutation spectrum of the DMD gene in Indonesia to guide future development and application of feasible therapeutic strategies. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study that enrolled 43 male patients with a clinical suspicion of DMD or BMD. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) reaction was performed to screen for the common mutations in the DMD gene. Results: Out of 43 subjects, deletions accounted for 69.77% (n=30) cases, while duplications were found in 11.63% (n=5) cases. One novel duplication spanning exons 2 to 62 was identified. Deletion mutations clustered around the distal (66.67%) and proximal (26.67%) hot spot regions of the DMD gene while duplication mutations were observed solely at the proximal region. Two false positive cases of single exon deletion detected through MLPA were attributed to sequence mutations affecting primer ligation sites, confirming the need to validate all single exon deletions when using this screening method. Analysis of available maternal DNA samples showed that the rate of de novo mutations (48.15%) appears higher than expected in this population. Out of 31 patients who were classified as DMD based on clinical and genotype characterizations, 60.47% (n=26) of cases were suitable for exon skipping therapy. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study showing the feasibility of implementing the MLPA method for routine screening of DMD patients in Indonesia. This is also the first study showing the potential applicability of exon skipping therapy in the majority of DMD cases in the country.
Learner experiences of safety at public high schools in three South African townships: Baseline findings from the National School Safety Framework learner surveys
Authors: Kutywayo Alison , Mabetha Khuthala , Naidoo Nicolette P. , Mahuma Tshepo , Njobe Paseka , Hlongwane Ronelle , Mullick Saiqa 
Published: February 2022

Background: Despite progressive policies and frameworks on school safety by the Department of Basic Education, safety remains a concern in South African schools. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed using the National School Safety Framework (NSSF) 152-question learner survey, exploring perceptions and experiences pertaining to eight safety domains: dangerous objects, drugs and alcohol, bullying, verbal abuse, physical violence, discrimination, sexual violence, and journey to and from school. Grade 9-11 learners from 15 government-funded high schools in the Girls Achieve Power trial in Khayelitsha, Soweto, and Thembisa townships were surveyed (March 2018 - April 2019), sampling 10% of the school population. Data analysis included Principal Component Analysis (PCA), reducing correlated variables into fewer questions, then analysis on a scree plot by calculating eigenvalues; repeated PCA with those that had a minimum eigenvalue of 1 and Cronbach Alpha test for internal reliability. Eleven composite variables were included in the final analysis. Results: In total, 1034 learners completed the NSSF learner survey; 52.9% were female and the mean age was 16 years (SD=1.36). Results show statistically significant associations between four of the 11 composite variables in relation to sex. Over half (55%) of males have experienced peer provocation and relational aggression (p<0.001). Fifty-eight percent of females reported feeling unsafe on their way to and from school (p<0.003). Over half of males reported that their school was not effective in enforcing discipline (p=0.002) while 58% of females noted they could comfortably report any form of experienced or witnessed violence at school, to their educators (p<0.000). Conclusions: Violence continues to be a concern in South African schools. Interventions should work across the ecological model to effectively prevent and reduce violence at school and community levels. Strengthened NSSF implementation is critical to achieving this. We recommend NSSF learner survey adaptations to increase utility and implementation.
LEXICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION CATEGORIES OF INTENSITY IN THE LANGUAGE OF POETRY
Authors: Chaiko Natalja N. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose. The proposed article is devoted to linguistic intensification (intensity) in the German poetry. In this paper, the main lexical and phraseological means of expressing the amplification of meaning are considered, the structural and semantic characteristics of the intensifiers are presented and their stylistic potential is also established.
Methods or methodology of the work. The basis of the research is formed by the continuous sampling method in the selection of practical material as well as the method of descriptive linguo-stylistic analysis.
Results. The results of the study showed that the intensification of expressiveness and expressiveness of meaning, as well as the effectiveness of utterances can be achieved by lexical units (adverbs, adjectives) and a number of phraseological units (comparative constructions, paired combinations of words, prepositional-substantive language units), which serve potential function being a powerful linguistic tool in expressing emotions, feelings, state of mind, will of romantic poets.
Application area. The results of the research can be used in the teaching of such linguistic disciplines as lexicology, phraseology, stylistics, as well as in translation activities.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Ceriops zippeliana in Segara Anakan Cilacap (Indonesia) under heavy metal accumulation
Authors: SUKMARANI DHUTA , PROKLAMASININGSIH ELLY , SUSANTO AGUS HERY , ARDLI ERWIN RIYANTO , SUDIANA EMING , YANI EDY 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Sukmarani D, Proklamasiningsih E, Susanto AH, Ardli ER, SudianaE, Yani E. 2021. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Ceriops zippelianaBlume in Segara Anakan Cilacap (Indonesia) under heavy metal accumulation. Biodiversitas 22:5627-5635. Ceriops zippeliana Blumeis a true mangrove species that occupy habitats exposed to environmental stress, such as salinity and heavy metal contamination, which is the case in Segara Anakan Cilacap, Central Java. Both salinity and heavy metal stress can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be detrimental to plants if they are present in excess. Plants have defense mechanisms to prevent excessive ROS, one of which is by the use of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. This study aims to explain the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in C. zippeliana as well as the translocation of the metals. In addition, the correlation between heavy metal concentrations and SOD activity in C. zippeliana is reported. Plant samples were randomly collected from Segara Anakan, Cilacap. The analysis was conducted using the bio-concentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and linear regression in the SPSS program. It was found that Pb, Cu, and Zn levels in Segara Anakan Cilacap sediments were still within acceptable limits, while Cd level was moderately polluting. Metal accumulation was higher in the branches of C. zippeliana compared to those in roots and leaves. The SOD activity of C. zippeliana in Segara Anakan is seemingly not related to metal contents in plant parts.
Acoustic and Strength Characterization of Particleboard and Micronized Rubber Powder Composites
Authors: Cole John Thomas , Street Jason Tyler , Blake Cody Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Waste rubber is abundant worldwide and threatens to be an environmental hazard for decades to come. This has led to an interest in the use of recycled rubber materials in value-added products. One such possible use is in the wood products industry. The research analyzed the strength and acoustic properties of composite pine particleboard that contained 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent micronized rubber powder, a dry powdered elastomeric crumb rubber, by weight. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate was used as the bonding adhesive to produce five particleboard samples, including a control board. Test samples were cut from the five parent boards for use in strength and acoustic testing. Measured displacement values for a simply loaded and simply supported load scenario were used to calculate the modulus of rupture and apparent modulus of elasticity for each composite particleboard. Acoustic measurement by impedance tube provided comparisons of the sound absorption coefficient for frequencies ranging from 60 to 6,300 Hz. Results revealed that the addition of micronized rubber powder led to a decrease in modulus of elasticity and no significant difference in modulus of rupture values as compared with the control. Statistical analysis indicated a decrease in sound absorption in particleboard that contained micronized rubber powder when compared with the control.
A systematic review to compare open and closed book examinations in medicine and dentistry
Authors: Dave Manas , Patel Kiran , Patel Neil 
Published: February 2022

INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a global lockdown of many countries, causing disruption in medicine and dentistry educational programmes. Examination formats were adapted to open book assessments to allow student progression. The aim of this review was to determine whether open book examinations (OBEs) have suitable evidence to support their inclusion alongside (or as a substitute for) closed book examinations (CBEs). METHODS In this systematic review, searches were conducted using the ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), MEDLINE® and Embase™ databases as well as the grey literature to identify articles that provided primary data on OBEs in medicine and dentistry programmes globally. In addition, reference lists of key papers were searched. Quality assessment was undertaken through an adapted appraisal tool. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the review. These comprised three randomised controlled trials, three non-randomised trials and one retrospective cohort study. All investigated OBEs in medicine. No studies were identified in dentistry. Learners reported a preference for OBEs. The use of resources was variable. However, this examination format resulted in higher mean scores than for CBEs. Clinicians reported using the same resources in OBEs as they do in their clinical practice, meaning the exam format may accurately represent the working environment. CONCLUSIONS OBEs can improve learner satisfaction, test higher order thinking skills and be a more accurate reflection of challenges encountered in clinical practice. They can help educators design assessments to fulfil regulatory requirements of students demonstrating independent clinical practice and their value should not be underestimated.
Knowledge distillation circumvents nonlinearity for optical convolutional neural networks
Authors: Xiang Jinlin , Colburn Shane , Majumdar Arka , Shlizerman Eli 
Published: February 2022

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have enabled ubiquitous image processing applications. As such, CNNs require fast forward propagation runtime to process high-resolution visual streams in real time. This is still a challenging task even with state-of-the-art graphics and tensor processing units. The bottleneck in computational efficiency primarily occurs in the convolutional layers. Performing convolutions in the Fourier domain is a promising way to accelerate forward propagation since it transforms convolutions into elementwise multiplications, which are considerably faster to compute for large kernels. Furthermore, such computation could be implemented using an optical4fsystem with orders of magnitude faster operation. However, a major challenge in using this spectral approach, as well as in an optical implementation of CNNs, is the inclusion of a nonlinearity between each convolutional layer, without which CNN performance drops dramatically. Here, we propose a spectral CNN linear counterpart (SCLC) network architecture and its optical implementation. We propose a hybrid platform with an optical front end to perform a large number of linear operations, followed by an electronic back end. The key contribution is to develop a knowledge distillation (KD) approach to circumvent the need for nonlinear layers between the convolutional layers and successfully train such networks. While the KD approach is known in machine learning as an effective process for network pruning, we adapt the approach to transfer the knowledge from a nonlinear network (teacher) to a linear counterpart (student), where we can exploit the inherent parallelism of light. We show that the KD approach can achieve performance that easily surpasses the standard linear version of a CNN and could approach the performance of the nonlinear network. Our simulations show that the possibility of increasing the resolution of the input image allows our proposed4foptical linear network to perform more efficiently than a nonlinear network with the same accuracy on two fundamental image processing tasks: (i) object classification and (ii) semantic segmentation.
Numerical investigation of the energy limit in a picosecond fiber optic
parametric oscillator
Authors: Efremov V. D. , Evmenova E. A. , Antropov A. A. , Kharenko D. S. 
Published: February 2022

Numerical simulation of a fiber
optic parametric oscillator to produce picosecond narrowband pulses
for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy has been performed by an
open source Python-based library using an extremely wide range of
parameters, such as the pump pulse duration, parametric frequency
shift, spectral bandwidth of the pump, and the parametric pulses. It
required an extremely large calculation window, both in time and
spectral domains. We managed to speed up the simulation 50 times using
a graphic processor unit that allowed us to define the areas of
stability for different lengths of standard passive (5–100 m) and
photonic crystal (23–100 cm) fibers used in the external linear
oscillator cavity. It was shown that highly chirped dissipative
solitons at a wavelength about 800 nm can be generated with energy up
to 55 nJ, which is limited by the pump depletion and self-phase
modulation effects.
Reemergence of yellow fever virus in southeastern Brazil, 2017–2018: What sparked the spread?
Authors: Rosser Joelle I. , Nielsen-Saines Karin , Saad Eduardo , Fuller Trevon 
Published: February 2022

Background
The 2017–2018 yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in southeastern Brazil marked a reemergence of YFV in urban states that had been YFV-free for nearly a century. Unlike earlier urban YFV transmission, this epidemic was driven by forest mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate environmental drivers of this outbreak.

Methodology/Principal findings
Using surveillance data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health on human and non-human primate (NHP) cases of YFV, we traced the spatiotemporal progression of the outbreak. We then assessed the epidemic timing in relation to drought using a monthly Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and evaluated demographic risk factors for rural or outdoor exposure amongst YFV cases. Finally, we developed a mechanistic framework to map the relationship between drought and YFV. Both human and NHP cases were first identified in a hot, dry, rural area in northern Minas Gerais before spreading southeast into the more cool, wet urban states. Outbreaks coincided with drought in all four southeastern states of Brazil and an extreme drought in Minas Gerais. Confirmed YFV cases had an increased odds of being male (OR 2.6; 95% CI 2.2–3.0), working age (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5–2.1), and reporting any recent travel (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.3–3.3). Based on this data as well as mosquito and non-human primate biology, we created the “Mono-DrY” mechanistic framework showing how an unusual drought in this region could have amplified YFV transmission at the rural-urban interface and sparked the spread of this epidemic.

Conclusions/Significance
The 2017–2018 YFV epidemic in Brazil originated in hot, dry rural areas of Minas Gerais before expanding south into urban centers. An unusually severe drought in this region may have created environmental pressures that sparked the reemergence of YFV in Brazil’s southeastern cities.