bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Trellis, Planting, and Harvest Methods on Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. sub-species Sesquipedalis)1
Authors: Nangju D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Western Nigeria to determine cultural requirements for growing vegetable cowpea. Horizontal bamboo 2 m high was optimum, producing green pod yield of 18-30 metric ton/ha in the first season and 13 metric ton/ha in the second season. Substituting maize for bamboo and twine as a support reduced maize yield by 20% and cowpea yield by 65-70% in plots where insect pests were properly controlled. Intercropping cowpea with maize reduced the incidence of cowpea yellow mosaic virus and Maruca testulalis Gey. damage on the pods in the unsprayed plots. Planting method had no effect on either maize or cowpea yields but planting the two crops in the same hills was faster than planting in alternate hills or planting cowpea between rows of maize. Harvesting green pods every 3-5 days resulted in high quality pods.
Rate of Dry Weight Gain of Chrysanthemum as a Function of Leaf Area Index and Night Temperature1
Authors: Kohl Harry C. , Thigpen Stephen P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evidence from 3 experiments supports the hypothesis that beyond the critical leaf area index (LAI), the rate of dry weight gain is the same for Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne grown at either normal (15.6°C) or low (5.6°) night temperature, providing that conditions during the 8 hour light period are the same. The term “critical LAI” is suggested as the LAI at which the curve for rate of dry weight gain as a function of LAI assumes a slope approaching zero. Hence, with appropriate management of LAI, the productivity per unit area of greenhouse devoted to this crop could be as great at 5.6° as at 15.6° night temperature, despite the delay of maturation for plants grown at low night temperature.
Iron Nutrition of Cattleya Orchid Grown In Vitro1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A cattleya orchid clone (Cattleya labiata. Lindl.) grown in vitro at 7 concentrations of iron chelate prepared according to the method Steiner and van Winden at 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 ppm showed the most growth at 0 to 10 ppm and reduced growth at 20 and 40 ppm. Iron concentration of the tissue was 486 ppm at the beginning of the study and varied from 33 to 2880 ppm on dry weight basis at the end of 17 weeks. The number of propagules at the end of the study varied with tissue fresh weight.
The Effect of Photoperiod on Lateral Shoot Development in Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Improved White Sim1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins H. F. , Healy W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Long photoperiods (either naturally long days or 4-hour night interruptions with low intensity incandescent light) inhibited lateral shoot development and induced early flowering in perpetual flowering carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Short photoperiods delayed flowering but enhanced lateral shoot development only when shoots were vegetative. Once a shoot was induced, short photo periods had no influence on time to terminal shoot flower or on subtending vegetative lateral shoot development. Vegetative lateral shoot development was inhibited by night interruption lighting regardless of light source. These data indicate that high flower production in Spring and summer is due to lateral vegetative shoots which begin elongation and growth during the non-flower inductive short days of winter. At higher latitudes low production of flowers may not entirely be due to low photo-synthetic light but to the low number of lateral shoots. This low number of potential flowering shoots is due to highly inductive long days of summer which have caused shoots to flower before subtending lateral shoots can begin growth for future flower production.
Using Plant Uptake to Determine Optimum Values for Soil Tests1
Authors: Holcomb E. J. , White J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. grown on a constant fertilization program were analyzed for elemental content, and the growing mix was analyzed by 3 different soil test methods. Optimum values for the nutrients reported by each of the soil tests were determined by using plant uptake data.
Growth Pattern of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees with Dead Spur Disorder1
Authors: Klaren C. H. , Ketchie D. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spur wood and spur bark of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees affected by dead spur disorder (DS) grew more vigorously than those of healthy (CK) trees the first 2 years. Buds were smaller on DS than on CK trees. Leaves were smaller on DS than on CK trees on 2-year-old and older limb sections. DS trees produced most fruit on 2-year-old limb sections, whereas CK trees produced most fruit on 3-year-old limb sections. Length and diameter growth of the limbs was unaffected, but the internode length was shorter on DS than on CK trees. Death of the spurs was preceded by bud failure in the spring.
Cuticular Waxes of Developing Leaves and Fruit of Blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Bluegem1
Authors: Freeman B. , Albrigo L. G. , Biggs R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An ultrastructural and chemical study of the cuticular waxes from leaves and fruits of rabbiteye blue-berry was conducted in North Central Florida between March and November 1977. Leaf epicuticular wax con-centration was relatively constant (75-83 µg/cm2) for the 40 days of leaf expansion following leaf emergence. Epicuticular wax reached a peak of 136 µg/cm2 in mid-May, 3-4 weeks after full leaf expansion. Levels declined thereafter to less than 70 µg/cm2 by October. The concentration of fruit surface wax increased from 159 µg/cm2, 24 days after full bloom, to 295 µg/cm2 at maturity. β-Diketones, the dominant leaf surface wax fraction for the first 100 days (34-54% of total wax) declined to less than 9% in October. Acidic triterpenoids increased from 10-12% to more than 40% of total wax and primary alcohols increased from 10% to 20-30%. Secondary alcohols, initially 22% of total leaf wax, were not detected after the first month. Fruit surface wax was chemically similar to the leaf surface wax with β-diketones increasing to 50-60% of the total. The surface wax on leaves and fruit was made up of a dense network of interlocking branched rodlets (closed tubes). Disappearance of rodlet struc-ture on the leaves coincided with the decline of total wax and β-diketones. These data are discussed with respect to leaf and fruit water relations.
Alternative Hand- and Machine-harvest Technologies for Cauliflower1
Authors: Zahara M. , Johnson S. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) is a multiple-harvest crop, typically with 4 to 6 harvests. This study examines 4 alternative methods of cauliflower harvest, namely, the loader, trailer, improved trailer, and mechanical harvester systems. Relative efficiencies among the hand systems were indicated both by man-hours/ha, in which the trailer system was the lowest, and by man-hours/unit of product, in which the improved trailer system was the lowest. Due to yield differences and other factors, it was impossible to distinguish any overall low cost hand system; each system had areas of comparative advantage in either motivation of workers, delivery system, or in the offsetting of higher packing shed costs. While no machine harvesting system was in full-time operation, anticipated costs of the system indicated a significant cost advantage over the hand systems at all but low yields.
Influence of Acclimatization on Carbohydrate Production and Translocation of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Milks R. R. , Joiner J. N. , Garard L. A. , Conover C. A. , Tjia B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increasing shade decreased carbohydrate levels in Ficus benjamina leaves and roots during production. Increased shade during production decreased root carbohydrate during the interior holding phase and increased fertilizer during production increased root carbohydrate. Root and shoot carbohydrate was reduced during holding. Results of all variables correlated with keeping qualities.
Effects of Cultivar, Irrigation, Ethephon, and Harvest Date on the Yield and Quality of Processing Tomatoes1
Authors: Williams J. W. , Sistrunk W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 2-year study was conducted on the effects of cultivar, irrigation, ethephon (1976 and 1977) and harvest date (1977) on yield distribution and quality attributes of canned tomatoes. The Arkansas selections 74-41 and 74-42 produced higher yields of canning ripe tomatoes than either ‘Chico III’ or ‘Roma VF’ in 1976, while 74-41 and ‘UC-134’ yielded higher than ‘Chico III’ and ‘Roma VF’ in 1977. Ethephon increased the yield of canning ripe fruit in 1976 but not in 1977 when rainfall was higher. Selections 74-41 and 74-42 were highest in % drained weight retention in 1976 and % drained weight retention, viscosity and USDA color scores in 1977 when compared with other cultivars tested. Percent soluble and total solids changed with cultivar, year, harvest date, and irrigation. There was an increase in viscosity, % soluble and total solids, and shearpress values at higher density levels in selection 74-41 as compared to little or no change in ‘Roma VF’. Viscosity was also affected by irrigation and treatment with ethephon.
Performance of Mature Nucellar ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit on 22 Rootstocks in Texas.1
Authors: Rouse R. E. , Maxwell N. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five-year mean yield from 14-year-old nucellar ‘Redblush’ (CES #3) grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on 22 rootstocks was significantly greater on Swingle citrumelo 4475, C58-229 (Rangpur lime × Troyer citrange) and Troyer citrange than on the standard sour orange used in Texas. Percentage of commercially desirable fruit (size 96 and larger) was greatest on rootstocks having the highest yield. The yield of trees on nine rootstocks may have been affected by phytophthora foot rot.
A Comparison of Turfgrass Clippings, Oat Straw, and Alfalfa as Mulching Material1
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Steinegger D. H. , Kinbacher E. J. , Riordan T. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oat straw mulch reduced plant production and quality. Turfgrass clipping mulch produced 2.5 times the fresh plant weight of the no mulch treatment and 5 times that of the oat straw mulch. All mulches reduced weeds when compared to no mulch. Alfalfa hay and turfgrass clippings were more effective than oat straw. Water vapor loss and soil temperatures were reduced by the mulches. Soil moisture beneath the oat straw was less than the other mulches. Oat straw had the lowest N content but did not reflect lower N in plants growing in it. Kentucky bluegrass mulch ranked best of the species tested, perennial ryegrass was second. While, tall fescue, fine fescue, and buffalograss were intermediate in ranking. Creeping bentgrass gave the poorest performance and ranked the same as the no mulch treatment.
Anthocyanins of Anthurium andreanum Lind.1
Authors: Iwata R. Y. , Tang C. S. , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anthocyanins in the spathes of Anthurium andreanum were identified as cyanidin 3-rhamnosyIgluco-side and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. Both pigments were present in the red cultivars, ‘Ozaki’, Kaumana', ‘Kozohara’, ‘Kansako No. 1’, and ‘Nakazawa’, and in the pink cultivar, ‘Marian Seefurth’. The orange cultivar, ‘Nitta’, and the coral colored ‘Tateishi Coral’ contained only pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside.
Zinc Concentration of Pecan Leaflets and Yield as Influenced by Zinc Source and Adjuvants1
Authors: Smith Morris W. , Storey J. Benton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tank mixing Uran (0.5% by weight) with ZnSO4 increased leaflet Zn concentration compared to ZnSO4 alone in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch]. Zinc nitrate was more efficient than ZnSO4 in increasing leaflet Zn concentration especially if tank mixed with Uran (0.5%). Zn concentration of spray solutions can be reduced by 1/8 to ¼ of the current recommended rate of Zn at 86 g/100 liters of water as ZnSO4. Use of the lowest rate of Zn(NO3)2, 10.8 g/100 liters of water + Uran, increased yield and income over the recommended rate of ZnSO4.
Photosynthetic Measurements of Field-grown Dry Beans and Their Relation to Selection for Yield1
Authors: Kueneman E. A. , Wallace D. H. , Ludford P. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photosynthetic rates were measured on leaves of the upper canopy of 5 cultivars of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in replicated yield trials at 2 spacings in 1975, and at 1 spacing in 1976 to verify whether short-time photosynthetic rate measurements made in the field using a diffusion porometer technique were correlated with yield. A significant positive correlation, r = 0.58, was found between photosynthetic rate and biological yield at the close spacing (10 × 10 cm) in 1975. This relationship was not observed at the wide spacing (20 × 20 cm) in 1975 nor at the 30 × 5 cm spacing used in 1976. Furthermore, photosynthetic rates were not significantly correlated with seed yield, nor were they correlated with either seed yield per day or biological yield per day in either year or at any spacing. Thus, it is unlikely that photosynthetic rates measured at one period of crop growth on a small portion of the total canopy will be a useful selection criterion in breeding programs.
Comparison of Conditioning, Precooling, Transit Method, and Use of a Floral Preservative on Cut Flower Quality1,2
Authors: Farnham D. S. , Byrne T. G. , Marousky F. J. , Durkin D. , Rij R. , Thompson J. F. , Kofranek A. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excessive temperatures recorded within flower boxes on transcontinental refrigerated trucks were avoided by using an integrated system of preshipment cooling with forced-air, standardized containers and appropriate stacking pattern. The longevity and quality of flowers shipped from California to Florida by refrigerated trucks were comparable to or better than that of air-shipped flowers. Preshipment conditioning treatments did not improve flower longevity of shipped roses, carnations or gladioli. Preconditioning chrysanthemum stems in AgNo3 solution eliminated the need to recut stems after shipment. Carnations and gladioli handled dry lasted as long as conditioned flowers. Floral preservative used on roses and carnations after shipping had a more positive affect on longevity than any other handling treatment.
Field Response of Peas (Pisum Sativum L.) to Precipitation and Excess Heat1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Ramig R. E. , Allmaras R. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simple correlations between pea yields and October-through-March, April, May, and June precipitation were 0.52, –0.03, 0.22, and 0.44, respectively; the correlation between heat degree (above 25.6°C) day sum during blooming and pod filling with yield was –0.42. Multiple regression coefficients indicated that October-through-March, April, May, and June precipitation contributed 10, –3, 13, and 16 kg/ha per mm, respectively, to the yield. Each degree day above 25.6°C decreased the yield by 13 kg/ha. All coefficients except for April precipitation were highly significant. Approximately 65% of the year-to-year variation in pea yields was accounted for by these weather variables. Overwinter precipitation and excess heat each accounted for 27% of the pea yield variability. This model can be used to project pea yields based on the current moisture situation in this geographic area. Probabilistic description of weather information can be used along with this model to project probable pea yields.
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression for Yield in Populations Derived from Six Crosses of Cucumber1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six crosses were made among eight cultivars and breeding lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Within each cross 11 populations (including parents) representing 5 levels of heterozygosis were studied. Data were collected on fruit weight/plot, fruit number/plot, average fruit weight and fruit bearing index. Regression analysis was used to partition differences associated with levels of heterozygosis into linear, quadratic, and lack of fit components. With the exception of one cross, heterozygosis had significant positive effects on all characters. Linear responses of all populations to heterozygosis were highly significant for all characters in 5 of the 6 crosses. Incidences of significant quadratic and lack of fit mean squares were low. For all traits, with the exception of some instances of interallelic interactions, a genetic model based on cumulative action of independent loci with partial dominance explains differences associated with levels of heterozygosis.
Analysis of Generation Means for Yield in Six Crosses of Cucumber1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six crosses were produced from 8 breeding lines and cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Within each cross, 11 generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, F3, BC1 5 BC2, BC1×1, BC1×2, BC2×1, BC2×2) were studied. Data were collected on fruit weight/plot, fruit number/plot, average fruit weight and fruit bearing index at 2 locations. Preliminary analyses indicated the adequacy of an additive-dominance model for all characters in most crosses. The model was extended to include environment and genotype × environment interactions. The model was either significant or highly significant for all characters in all crosses. Dominance was a major contributing factor in the inheritance of all 4 characters. This was evidenced by significant dominance effects and substantial amounts of heterosis for all characters in most crosses. Such heterotic effects were large enough to justify the cost of hybrid seed production. Low incidences of dominance × environment interactions provided evidence for the stability of hybrids under different environments. Additive effects were significant for certain characters in some crosses. Significant additive effects suggested the effectiveness of selection for development of superior parental genotypes. Various degrees of additive × environment interactions were obtained. The interactions suggested that effective selection for yield should be carried out under more than one environment.
The Effect of Cycle Length on Chilling Negation by High Temperatures in Dormant Peach Leaf Buds1
Authors: Erez A. , Couvillon G. A. , Hendershott C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf bud break of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Redskin’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) following exposure of plants to temperature cycles of 1, 3, 6 and 9 days was examined. During each cycle the plants were exposed to 4°–6°C for 2/3 of the cycle length and 24° for the remaining 1/3 with all cycles repeated until the plants were exposed to a designated number of chilling hours. Thus, all plants within each treatment were exposed equally (in total) to chilling and heat. No lateral bud (LB) break occurred with ‘Redskin’ in the 1-day cycle, a low level was obtained in the 3-day cycle and good bud break occurred in the continuous chilling control and the 6 and 9 day cycles. With ‘Redhaven’ no LB break was evident in the 1 day cycle while the 3, 6, and 9 day cycles responded similar to the continuous chilling control. From these data it was concluded that chilling (4°-6°) accumulated during the 20 to 40 hrs prior to the onset of high temperature was susceptible to high temperature negation.
Relationships and Interactions between Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase, Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Inactivating System, and Anthocyanin in Apples1
Authors: Tan Soon Chye 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low temperature (6°C) in light stimulated the accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin and reduced the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PALS-IS) in the skin of whole apples. Without light, anthocyanin synthesis did not take place in the skin of whole apples, and the level of PAL was found to be very low. In skin disks held in the dark, however, PAL activity increased but no anthocyanin was synthesized. In both the light and dark conditions, PAL-IS in the skin of whole apples was about 3.5 times higher than that in the apple skin disks after 44 hours of incubation at 18°. In the skin of whole apples, cycloheximide (10, 25, and 50 μm), chloramphenicol (50, 100, and 200 μm), and puromycin (10 and 25 μm) increased the accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin and reduced the level of PAL-IS. In the apple skin disks, cycloheximide (0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μm) and chloramphenicol (10.0 and 50.0 μm) inhibited the accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin to varying degrees. Puromycin had little effect on the accumulation of PAL but strongly inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin. None of the antibiotics, at the concentrations tested, had any effect on the accumulation of PAL-IS in apple skin disks.
An Orchard Foliage Temperature Model1
Authors: Welles J. M. , Norman J. M. , Martsolf J. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A model that computes orchard foliage temperature distributions in a heated orchard is described. The energy balance for individual foliage elements is computed, considering thermal radiation from the environment, plus the radiative and convective effects of an array of orchard heaters. The model is used to analyze various heater configurations and densities, and to determine rates of fuel consumption required for frost protection. The results indicate that radiative heating of the foliage by the heaters is as important as convective heating of the air, even though only one-fifth of the fuel contributes to radiation emission. Further, results suggest several simple passive methods for increasing the efficiency of orchard heating.
Sensory, Compositional, and Volatile Attributes of Controlled Atmosphere Stored Peaches1
Authors: Watada Alley E. , Anderson Raymond E. , Aulenbach Barbara B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sensory and compositional attributes including low boiling point flavor volatiles of peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. ‘Redskin’ and ‘Rio Oso Gem’] stored in a controlled atmosphere were analyzed. Intensities of fruitiness of ‘Redskin’ and acidity of both cultivars decreased during the 9- and 15-week storage periods. Intensities of bitterness, mustiness, and fermented attribute were low but were sufficient to affect desirability. Volatile and nonvolatile components accounted for some of the variation in sensory attributes. The amount of variation explained by components increased when volatile peak areas were converted to logarithms for the stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Asynchrony of Floral Events and Other Differences in Pollinator Foraging Stimuli between Fertile and Male-sterile Carrot Inbreds1,2
Authors: Erickson E. H. , Peterson C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inability to achieve adequate pollination of seed parents has slowed the development of hybrid carrots (Daucus carota L.) and dampened industry acceptance. Thus, cytoplasmically male-sterile inbreds and F1 seed parents were compared with their fertile counterparts for synchrony of floral events and character of pollinator foraging stimuli. Usually, but not always, male-sterile plants were visually different, bloomed later, and exhibited delayed nectar and aroma production compared to male-fertiles. The quality and quantity of nectar and aroma were also different, with male-sterile flowers often inferior to fertile flowers in amounts of nectar produced. Successful use of any cross-pollinated entomophilous hybrid crop system should involve selection for similar floral characteristics early in the breeding program to insure maximum transfer by insects of pollen from male-fertile to male-sterile parents.