bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are behavioral responses to eyespots in sticklebacks influenced by the visual environment? An experimental examination
Authors: Juntorp Evelina , Åkerman Madicken , Fitzpatrick John L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEyespots are taxonomically widespread color patterns consisting of large concentric rings that are commonly assumed to protect prey by influencing the behaviors of predators. Although there is ample experimental evidence supporting an anti‐predator function of eyespots in terrestrial animals, whether eyespots have a similar deterring function in aquatic animals remains unclear. Furthermore, studies in terrestrial systems suggest that the protective function of eyespots depends on ambient light conditions where predators encounter them, but this effect has never been tested in aquatic environments. Here, we examine how eyespots influence behavioral responses in an aquatic environment under different visual environments, using laboratory‐reared three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as model predators. Specifically, we experimentally examined behavioral responses of sticklebacks toward artificial prey patterns (control vs. eyespots) under two different light environment treatments (low vs. high). We found that eyespots did not postpone attacks from sticklebacks. However, sticklebacks approaching eyespots stopped more frequently than sticklebacks approaching prey items with a control pattern. Sticklebacks were (marginally) slower to attack prey in the low‐light treatment, but the light level did not influence stickleback behavioral responses toward eyespots. We conclude that eyespots can modulate some behaviors of an aquatic predator, albeit with a different functional role from that previously demonstrated in terrestrial species.
Entrainment of bed sediment composed of very fine material
Authors: Harada Daisuke , Egashira Shinji , Ahmed Tanjir Saif , Ito Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn an estuary bed composed of very fine sediment material, tidal currents cause active sediment transportation, bar morphology changes, and severe bank erosion. However, it is difficult to evaluate the erosion rate of a sediment bed composed of particles measuring five to several tens of micrometres using methodologies found in the available literature that estimate entrainment in the presence of fine sediment suspension. This paper proposes a new method to evaluate the erosion rate of a sediment bed composed of very fine material by introducing the concept of entrainment developed for density stratified flows. A series of flume experiments were conducted to investigate the erosion rates of bed material with water–sediment mixtures of different concentrations, sediment particle sizes, and overall Richardson numbers. The results of the flume experiments are compared with past theories and experimental results conducted for density stratified flows. The data show that the erosion rate of a water–sediment mixture is proportional to the inverse of the overall Richardson number, as proposed in previous studies on density stratified flows. In cases with a strong cohesion, the erosion rate can be evaluated using a modified Richardson number, introduced to evaluate the influence of viscosity on entrainment rates. The applicability of the proposed method is also tested by comparing the results of the present study with those of previous studies in terms of equilibrium suspended sediment concentration and size distributions of suspended sediment. The present results show that the proposed method can be used to evaluate not only the erosion rate of suspended sediment but also the characteristics of equilibrium transport processes.
Identification of AtSND1 homologous NAC genes related to cotton fiber development, in silico analyses, and gene expression patterns
Authors: Wang Guifeng , Yue Xiaomin , Feng Zongqin , Cai Lijuan , Li Na , Geng Fang , Xu Chuanjie , Wang Lichen , Wang Depeng , Fahad Shah 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBecause cotton is the most important fiber crop, the differentiation and development mechanism of cotton fiber cells has been a hot topic in cotton research. NAC (for NAM, ATAF, and CUC2) is a class of plant‐specific transcription factor families that regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Previously, we identified 33 differentially expressed NAC genes in upland cotton based on fiber‐related transcriptome profiling. In this study, we conducted chromosome localization, systematic evolution, and gene structural analysis of 242 NAC genes genome‐wide based on a high‐quality reference genome of upland cotton. In addition, the expression pattern analysis of 16 differentially expressed GhNACs was carried out by RT–PCR using ovules at early fiber initiation stages of n2 recessive naked seed mutant (n2NSM) and Xuzhou142 fuzzless–lintless mutant (Xu142fl). The results showed that GhNAC230 and GhNAC115 were most closely related to AtSND1 and downregulated in ovules of Xu142fl compared with n2NSM. Quantitative RT–PCR (qRT–PCR) analysis of GhNAC230 demonstrated its gradual accumulation from −1 days postanthesis (DPA) to 1 DPA in n2NSM and further confirmed its downregulated expression in 1 DPA ovules of Xu142fl compared to n2NSM. The current study predicted a pair of NAC genes that might be key candidate genes that are crucial for lint fiber development.
Transvaginal repair of enterocele following robot‐assisted radical cystectomy using a mesh for abdominal wall hernia repair
Authors: Kuwata Tomoko , Takeyama Masami , Watanabe Masaki , Kashihara Hiromi , Kato Chikako 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThis report aims to describe our experience in the pelvic floor reconstruction of anterior enterocele following radical cystectomy by transvaginal surgery using a mesh for abdominal wall hernia repair.Case presentationAn 84‐years‐old woman developed pelvic organ prolapse 4 months after undergoing robot‐assisted radical cystectomy. After examination, she was diagnosed with a midline anterior enterocele. Considering the thinness of the vaginal wall and the large defect of the vaginal wall muscle layer, we performed transvaginal repair using a mesh for abdominal wall hernia repair designed to reduce the adhesion to the intestinal tract.ConclusionAt the 1‐year follow‐up, neither recurrence nor complications were observed. This showed that transvaginal mesh surgery for abdominal wall hernia repair could be a treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse with a vaginal wall muscle layer defect after radical cystectomy.
Associations between sexting motivations and consequences among adolescent girls
Authors: Bragard Elise , Fisher Celia B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionApproximately 15% of adolescent girls in the United States have engaged in sexting. Although sexting frequency is similar across genders, adolescent girls report more negative consequences. To date, the majority of sexting research focuses on demographic and behavioral predictors of sexting frequency or onset and there is limited research on the associations between different sexting motivations and consequences. This cross‐sectional study draws upon approach‐avoidance motivation theory to examine how different sexting motivations serve as risk and protective factors related to negative sexting consequences and which motivations promote more positive experiences.MethodA sample of 200 cisgender girls, 14–18 years, diverse with respect to race/ethnicity and geographical region, who had sexted a male recipient in the past year completed an online survey.ResultsRegression analyses indicated that avoidance motivations sexting in response to peer pressure and popularity and sexting in response to male coercion were risk factors for negative sexting consequences. Sexual subjectivity (sexual body‐esteem, entitlement to sexual pleasure, and sexual self‐reflection) was a protective factor against negative sexting consequences and, along with sexting for sexual or romantic reasons, an approach motivation, was associated with experiencing more positive sexting consequences.ConclusionThese findings support previous recommendations that schools incorporate ways to counter pressured sexting into existing cyberbullying or dating violence curricula and also align with a positive sexual development framework that acknowledges the importance of consensual and healthy sexual experiences during adolescence that minimize risks and vulnerabilities.
Friendship selection and influence processes for popularity in early and mid‐adolescents
Authors: Bravo Ana , Ortega‐Ruiz Rosario , Veenstra René , Engels Maaike C. , Romera Eva M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis study examined the effect of popularity levels on friendship selection and friends' influence on popularity levels in early and mid‐adolescence.MethodsParticipants were 4205 Spanish adolescents (Mage = 13.1 years at Wave 1; 48% girls) belonging to 160 classrooms in two waves. Adolescents were asked about their friendships and the popularity of their classmates.ResultsLongitudinal social network analyses showed that adolescents preferred similarly popular peers as friends. High popular classmates were more attractive as friends, particularly in early adolescence. Popular adolescents were more selective in their friendship nominations and adolescents with popular friends became more popular over time. These two effects were only significant in mid‐adolescents, although comparative analyses showed a similar tendency at both age groups.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of popularity levels in adolescents' friendship selection and suggests that popularity, at the individual and group level, plays a relevant role in social development. Implications adapted to the different selection and influence processes in early and mid‐adolescence are discussed.
Early and continuing grandparental care and middle school students' educational and mental health outcomes in China
Authors: Hong Yanbi , Zeng Diyang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSeveral recent studies have examined the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren, but few have examined the effects of early and continuing grandparental care on children's development in China. Using data from the China Education Panel Survey, this study examines the effects of early and continuing care, in which grandparents serve as primary caregivers on middle school students' educational (measured by academic performance and cognitive scores) and mental health (depression score) outcomes. Using multilevel analyses and robustness tests, the results show that for urban and rural students, students cared for by their grandparents showed no disadvantages in their educational outcomes. For rural students who received grandparental care in early childhood or adolescence academically outperformed those who received only parental care. Urban and rural students who received only grandparental care in early childhood and adolescence show worse mental health outcomes. These results challenge the prevailing belief that grandparent caregiving can harm grandchildren's school preparation and cognitive abilities.
Unconscious inferences in perception in early experimental psychology: From Wundt to Peirce
Authors: Cristalli Claudia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhat are unconscious inferences in psychology? This article investigates their journey from the early philosophical psychology of Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) to the experimental psychology of the American pragmatist Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914). Peirce's reception of Wundt's early works situates him in an international web of 19th‐century experimental psychologists and its reconstruction opens new perspectives on the relation between philosophy, psychology, and epistemology. Moreover, this reception testifies to a heretofore overlooked strand of influence of Wundt on North American experimental psychology. The notion of unconscious inferences, of which Hermann von Helmholtz is usually considered the chief exponent, becomes the backbone of Peirce's theory of perception mostly because of the affinity between Wundt's early philosophy of mind and Peirce's logic‐mediated approach to psychology.
Morphological pattern of the dermal denticles of the Southern sawtail catshark Galeus mincaronei Soto, 2001
Authors: Macías‐Cuyare Marioxis , Oddone María Cristina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDermal denticles cover the skin of sharks for protection and may have additional functions, depending on the environment. The aim of the present study was to analyze the morphological pattern of dermal denticles across the body of the poorly known deep‐water catshark Galeus mincaronei, which is endemic to Southern Brazil. Additionally, we aimed to identify differences between sexes and stages of sexual maturity. For this purpose, we analyzed patches of eight skin samples from body regions, that is, the head, body, and tail. Dermal denticles were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of crown morphological variations (length and width) and density of dermal denticles were performed. Nine characters of dermal denticle morphology were selected to describe a morphological pattern using principal component analysis (PCA). The first PCA axis explained 45.2% of the variation, the second explained 33%, and the third explained 14.3%, together explaining 92.5% of the total variation in denticle morphology. We identified three groups of dermal denticle crown morphologies and their possible functions. The first was composed of nostril and snout denticles, which might suggest abrasion strength functions; the second was composed of most body denticles, such as those in the cranium, on the left side of the body, and on the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins, which might be related to generalized functions; and the third was composed of only caudal crest denticles, which might indicate defense functions with hydrodynamic properties in G. mincaronei. Likewise, our results reveal variations in dermal denticle morphology and arrangement along the three maturity stages considered in both sexes. Similarly, sexual dimorphism in the crown width and morphology of dermal denticles was observed in developing and mature individuals. Our results are the first to reveal the morphological variation of dermal denticles in relation to function, sex, and ontogeny of individual G. mincaronei.
Choiceless large cardinals and set‐theoretic potentialism
Authors: Cutolo Raffaella , Hamkins Joel David 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe define a potentialist system of ‐structures, i.e., a collection of possible worlds in the language of connected by a binary accessibility relation, achieving a potentialist account of the full background set‐theoretic universe V. The definition involves Berkeley cardinals, the strongest known large cardinal axioms, inconsistent with the Axiom of Choice. In fact, as background theory we assume just . It turns out that the propositional modal assertions which are valid at every world of our system are exactly those in the modal theory . Moreover, we characterize the worlds satisfying the potentialist maximality principle, and thus the modal theory , both for assertions in the language of and for assertions in the full potentialist language.
Solution Processable Benzotrithiophene (BTT)‐Based Organic Semiconductors: Recent Advances and Review
Authors: Patra Dhananjaya , Park Sungjune 
Published: July 2022

AbstractConjugated polymers and small molecules (SMs) with fused electron‐rich and electron‐deficient building blocks are promising materials for low‐cost organic electronic devices. Benzotrithiophene (BTT) is one such electron‐rich hybrid building block composed of three fused thiophene moieties with an extended π‐system that has been widely used to synthesize a variety of electronic materials. Additionally, BTT has a planar and sulfur‐rich core with a number of distinct advantages, including structural diversity, tunable electro‐optical properties and exceptional hole‐transport behavior. So far, four BTT‐based isomers have been synthesized on a gram scale from seven isomeric structures, three of which are symmetric (BTT1‐3) and one of which is asymmetric (BTT5), for use in a variety of optoelectronic applications. However, no report summarizing the progress of BTT‐based semiconductors for electronic applications is available. The current review presents an overview of the recent developments in BTT‐based monomers, polymers and SMs, as well as their applications in energy harvesting. Additionally, recent advances on charge transport devices, most notably organic solar cells (OSCs), organic thin field‐effect transistors (OTFTs), and perovskite solar cells (Pero‐SCs) are also surveyed and summarized. It is anticipated that this comprehensive review will stimulate further research and development of future BTT‐based electronic materials, particularly for low‐cost and high‐performance organic electronic devices.
Shape optimization for the mitigation of coastal erosion via porous shallow water equations
Authors: Schlegel Luka , Schulz Volker 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCoastal erosion describes the displacement of land caused by destructive sea waves, currents, or tides. Major efforts have been made to mitigate these effects using groynes, breakwaters, and various other structures. We address this problem by applying shape optimization techniques on the obstacles. We model the propagation of waves toward the coastline using two‐dimensional porous shallow water equations with artificial viscosity. The obstacle's shape, which is assumed to be permeable, is optimized over an appropriate cost function to minimize the height and velocities of water waves along the shore, without relying on a finite‐dimensional design space, but based on shape calculus.
Additive manufacturing of bioresorbable poly(ester‐urethane)/glass‐ceramic composite scaffolds
Authors: Lores Nayla J. , Hung Xavier , Talou Mariano H. , Ballarre Josefina , Abraham Gustavo A. , Caracciolo Pablo C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe development of three‐dimensionally printed implants for biomaterial‐based tissue engineering applications is currently an active research field. In order to meet the requirements of several applications, new biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer‐based materials are needed to design tailor‐made polymer/composite scaffolds. In the last decade, bioresorbable segmented poly(ester‐urethanes) (SPEU) have been extensively investigated for their applications in tissue engineering and many biomedical devices. In this work, 3D printed poly(ester‐urethane)/bioceramic composite scaffolds were successfully fabricated by fused deposition modeling for the first time. A twin‐screw extruder was used for making the SPEU composite filaments containing 5% and 10% wt/wt of glass‐ceramic particles. Both filaments and scaffolds were physically and chemically studied in terms of morphology, thermal properties, wettability, and mechanical properties. The resulting composite scaffolds could be remarkably interesting for potential applications in soft tissue engineering.
Study on supercritical CO2‐assisted modification of aramid pulp and properties of its reinforced EPDM composites
Authors: Li Biao , Kong Haijuan , Qin Minglin , Ding Haiquan , Du Xue , Song Jiyin , Sun Xiaoling , Yu Muhuo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAramid pulp (AP) is often used as a composite reinforcement due to its excellent properties, but poor dispersion and interfacial adhesion restrict its application in composite materials. In this work, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was carried on the surface of AP by supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and hydrolyzed to synthesize the nano‐silica, which improves the dispersion of AP in ethylene‐propylene‐diene elastomer (EPDM). The nano‐silica particles were deposited on the AP surface, and th modified AP was evenly dispersed in the EPDM composites based on the SEM results. Moreover, a silane coupling agent (KH‐560) was brought by scCO2 to further modify the nano‐silica on the surface of the AP to improve the interfacial adhesion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that after KH‐560 modification, active epoxy groups were introduced on the surface of AP. The tensile strength and tear strength of the KH‐560‐nano‐silica‐AP/EPDM composites were significantly improved, reaching 8.98 and 42.06 MPa, which increased by 26% and 88.10%, respectively, compared with untreated‐AP/EPDM composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the storage modulus of KH‐560‐nano‐silica‐AP/EPDM composites increased to 2456 MPa compared with the pure EPDM for 1873 MPa, and the loss factor decreased. When the AP was modified in scCO2 with nano‐silica and KH‐560, the composites' oil resistance was also improved.
The mediating effects of metacognition and creative thinking on the relationship between teachers' autonomy support and teachers' self‐efficacy
Authors: Orakci Şenol , Durnali Mehmet 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA bulk of research has shown strong relationships between metacognition, creative thinking, autonomy support, and self‐efficacy among teachers. However, we could not find research with a large sample of teachers exploring the mediating effects of creative thinking and metacognition on the relationship between autonomy support and self‐efficacy. A need for a novel structural equation model (Covariance‐based) underlying psychological rationality of said relationships was deemed actual. To that end, firstly the effects of teachers' autonomy support (opportunity and decision‐making) on teachers' creative thinking, metacognition, and self‐efficacy were tested. Then, the mediating effects of metacognition and creative thinking on the relationship between teachers' autonomy support and teachers' self‐efficacy were explored. A simple random‐sampling method was utilized to gather 787 teachers' data. The results revealed that decision‐making and autonomy opportunity predicted creative thinking, metacognition, and self‐efficacy positively and meaningfully. Subsequently, creative thinking as well as metacognition had mediating effects on the effects of autonomy opportunity and decision‐making on self‐efficacy. In closing, for boosting teachers' skills in autonomy support and self‐efficacy, attention should be given to fostering their creative thinking as well as metacognition. The study provides implications and suggestions for research on school psychology and improvement.