bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaning and Purpose: Using Phylogenies to Investigate Human History and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Bromham Lindell 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhylogenies are increasingly being used to investigate human history, diversification and cultural evolution. While using phylogenies in this way is not new, new modes of analysis are being applied to inferring history, reconstructing past states, and examining processes of change. Phylogenies have the advantage of providing a way of creating a continuous history of all current populations, and they make a large number of analyses and hypothesis tests possible even when other forms of historical information are patchy or nonexistent. In common with approaches taken in other historical sciences, phylogenetics is a way of reconstructing past and processes using the traces left in the present day. Trees, based on DNA, language, cultural traits, or other evidence, are now sprouting all over the academic landscape. The increasing use of phylogenetic analysis to understand human cultural evolution has been embraced by some, and scorned by others. The purpose of this article is not to review methods and applications of phylogenetic analyses, nor to consider the growing field of cultural phylogenetics, but, more broadly, to explore how we interpret phylogenies as narratives about human diversification. The first half of the article deals with meaning: phylogenies are often interpreted as histories, but a bifurcating tree is at best an abstract representation of history, and its connections to past events and processes is dependent on the data used, the assumptions made in the analysis, and the degree to which nodes in the tree (where one lineage splits into two) can be connected to change and movement in real populations. The second half of the article explores the purpose of phylogenies: a tree does not have to be a literal history of human lineages in order to be useful for investigating processes of human diversification. Phylogenies should not be read as accurate records of history, but as a way of exploring plausible explanations for current patterns of diversity. Phylogenies provide important information that can be used to test ideas about human diversity, and can help to guard against errors of inference arising from statistical artifacts.
Measuring Resilience in the Assumed City
Authors: Cheek Wesley , Chmutina Ksenia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe malleable nature of both the idea of a city and the idea of resilience raises an important question—why measure? Resilience is assumed to be located in the physical infrastructure of specific places or as a quality of the people located there. For disasters, we are often trying to conceptualize, measure, or render legible resilience in physical structures. But what is it that we are trying to measure, and is the idea of a city reflected in these measurements? If cities are organized around something other than resilience, is resilience their natural by-product? What is necessitating the need for increased—and measured—resilience? Using interpretive policy analysis, we explored five well known disaster resilience frameworks (UNDRR’s Making Cities Resilient Campaign, UN-Habitat’s City Resilience Profiling Programme, The World Bank and GFDRR’s Resilient Cities Program, Arup and The Rockefeller Foundation’s City Resilience Index, and The Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities) to identify the working definition of “city” and of “resilience.” We conclude that if the demand for cities to become more resilient is an acknowledgment of the risk produced by globalized urbanization, then the call itself is an indictment of the current state of our cities.
Menstrual Cycle: The Importance of Both the Phases and the Transitions Between Phases on Training and Performance
Authors: Bruinvels Georgie , Hackney Anthony C. , Pedlar Charles R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe authors present opinions based on their applied experiences of working with female athletes in combination with the existing evidence-based literature. Most of the existing menstrual cycle research focuses on a few steady-state time points within the pre-defined menstrual cycle phases, yet this disregards the day-to-day hormonal changes that women have to accommodate to perform optimally and consistently. The traditional research models are inadequate for studying symptoms and symptom management, and ultimately for supporting athletes to perform well throughout the entirety of their cycle. As such, the monitoring of the day-to-day variation, particularly during the transitions between menstrual cycle phases appears to be an important “overlooked” consideration. This is particularly pertinent considering the known intra-individual and inter-individual variation in menstrual cycle characteristics. Anecdotal and research evidence supports the idea that athletes can use non-pharmacological solutions to mitigate negative menstrual cycle symptoms and do not need to “grit their teeth and roll with it”. However, further research (including case studies) is needed in this important research area. Such knowledge should be and needs to be widespread amongst practitioners and athletes as they should not have to figure this out alone. As such, researchers and practitioners need to put more work into understanding symptom aetiology, symptom clusters and their relationship with hormonal changes, menstrual cycle phases and transitions, with potential for a profound impact on individual athlete health and well-being. In so doing, those working with female athletes need to continue building on the recent progress made in educating athletes and practitioners; for example, normalising the discussion of and about the menstrual cycle and all of its implications.
Synergistic lubrication of few-layer Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterojunction as a lubricant additive
Authors: Feng Peng , Ren Yanping , Li Yuting , He Jifan , Zhao Zhuang , Ma Xiaoliang , Fan Xiaoqiang , Zhu Minhao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe few-layer Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure was successfully prepared via vertically growing of MoS2 nanosheets on the few-layer Ti3C2Tx matrix using hydrothermal method. The tribological properties as additive in mineral oil (150N) were evaluated in detail. The 0.3 wt% of few-layer Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure addition amount can reduce the friction and wear of 150N by 39% and 85%, respectively. Moreover, the enhancement effect of few-layer Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 on tribological properties of 150N is superior to that of few-layer Ti3C2Tx, MoS2 nanosheets, and their mechanical mixture. Based on the characterization and analysis of wear debris and wear track, such excellent tribological properties of the few-layer Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure derive from its structural advantage toward good dispersion, the synergistic lubrication of Ti3C2Tx and MoS2 nanosheets during the rubbing process, and the formation of tribo-film.
Long short-term memory based semi-supervised encoder—decoder for early prediction of failures in self-lubricating bearings
Authors: Pandiyan Vigneashwara , Akeddar Mehdi , Prost Josef , Vorlaufer Georg , Varga Markus , Wasmer Kilian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe existing knowledge regarding the interfacial forces, lubrication, and wear of bearings in real-world operation has significantly improved their designs over time, allowing for prolonged service life. As a result, self-lubricating bearings have become a viable alternative to traditional bearing designs in industrial machines. However, wear mechanisms are still inevitable and occur progressively in self-lubricating bearings, as characterized by the loss of the lubrication film and seizure. Therefore, monitoring the stages of the wear states in these components will help to impart the necessary countermeasures to reduce the machine maintenance downtime. This article proposes a methodology for using a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based encoder—decoder architecture on interfacial force signatures to detect abnormal regimes, aiming to provide early predictions of failure in self-lubricating sliding contacts even before they occur. Reciprocating sliding experiments were performed using a self-lubricating bronze bushing and steel shaft journal in a custom-built transversally oscillating tribometer setup. The force signatures corresponding to each cycle of the reciprocating sliding motion in the normal regime were used as inputs to train the encoder—decoder architecture, so as to reconstruct any new signal of the normal regime with the minimum error. With this semi-supervised training exercise, the force signatures corresponding to the abnormal regime could be differentiated from the normal regime, as their reconstruction errors would be very high. During the validation procedure for the proposed LSTM-based encoder—decoder model, the model predicted the force signals corresponding to the normal and abnormal regimes with an accuracy of 97%. In addition, a visualization of the reconstruction error across the entire force signature showed noticeable patterns in the reconstruction error when temporally decoded before the actual critical failure point, making it possible to be used for early predictions of failure.
The ‘Is’ and the ‘Ought’ of the Animal Organism: Hegel’s Account of Biological Normativity
Authors: Corti Luca 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates Hegel’s account of the animal organism as it is presented in thePhilosophy of Nature, with a special focus on its normative implications. I argue that the notion of “organisation” is fundamental to Hegel’s theory of animal normativity. The paper starts by showing how a Hegelian approach takes up the scientific image of organism and assigns a basic explanatory role to the notion of “organisation” in its understanding living beings. Moving from this premise, the paper turns to the group of accounts in contemporary theoretical biology known as “organisational accounts” (OA), which offer a widely debated strategy for naturalizing teleology and normativity in organisms. As recent scholarship recognizes, these accounts explicitly rely on insights from Kant and Post-Kantianism. I make the historical and conceptual argument that Hegel’s view of the organism shares several basic commitments with OAs, especially regarding the notion of “organisational closure”. I assess the account of normativity that such accounts advance and its implications for how we approach Hegel. Finally, I argue that the notion of “organisation” is more fundamental to Hegel’s theory of animal normativity than the Aristotelian notion of “Gattung” or “species”, which by contrast appears derivative – at least in thePhilosophy of Natureand theLectures– and does not play the central role in his account maintained by some scholars.
Under-extrusion challenges for elastic filaments: the influence of moisture on additive manufacturing
Authors: Bruère V. M. , Lion A. , Holtmannspötter J. , Johlitz M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe applicability of Additive Manufacturing for operational parts expands with the availability of new materials with specific properties. For elastomeric components produced with Fused Filament Fabrication, challenges associated with the printing process due to the nature of the material are faced. This paper investigates the effect of under-extrusion in this process regarding the feeding system and, predominantly, the moisture for thermoplastic polyurethanes with 3D printing experiments and thermomechanical testing. In particular, the filament flow control with a Bowden extruder provides a challenge. A microscopic analysis reveals the signs of under-extrusion, along with the influence of material drying to reduce the moisture content. The drying may depend not only on time and temperature, but also on mass and surface effects. Water uptake measurements exhibit absorptions up to 1.89% in weight, most of which take place during the first 24 h of the experiments. Tensile tests performed on samples with different moisture contents show their influence in the ultimate stresses. The moisture in the material causes under-extrusion induced failures. Those failures are less likely to happen at lower moisture levels, resulting in occasional higher tensile strengths. Overall, the importance of proper storage of the material throughout printing is verified, even under moderate humidity conditions due to its hygroscopic nature.
Chemsex, a Contemporary Challenge for Public Health
Authors: Bolmont Mylene , Tshikung Olivier Nawej , Trellu Laurence Toutous 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Chemsex, a specific form of sexualized drug use (SDU), has rapidly increased in the last decade. This phenomenon could result in a complex public health issue because of the heterogeneity amongst socio-psychological profiles of the practitioners, leading to the difficulty to target specific populations. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of this practice and its related risks to provide care adapted to the individual who consults. Here, we suggest that better knowledge of this field can help to improve prevention measures and provide information with a non-judgmental and respectful approach to those who practice chemsex.
Income and differential fertility: evidence from oil price shocks
Authors: Hailemariam Abebe 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of national income on the total fertility rate (children born per woman). We estimate the effects on fertility of shocks to national per capita income using plausibly exogenous variations in oil price shock as an instrument for income and using instrumental variable generalized quantile regressions (IV-GQR). Using data for a panel of 122 countries spanning the period 1965–2020, our results show that national per capita income has generally a negative and significant effect on the total fertility rate. Looking at the entire spectrum of the fertility distribution, the IV-GQR estimates exhibit considerable heterogeneity in the impact of income on fertility. The income elasticity of fertility is relatively low at the upper tail of the distribution (for countries with high fertility) compared to the value at the median.
The Ottoman Empire and the Modern Hajj: Converging Histories from Central Asia to the Indian Ocean
Authors: Ahmed Faiz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFrom a devastating pandemic to worldwide protests for racial justice, 2020 is likely to stand out to scholars of globalization and human interconnectivity for several reasons. Thanks to a pair of original and remarkably complementary monographs by historians Lâle Can and Michael Christopher Low published in 2020, we can add groundbreaking scholarship on the hajj pilgrimage to the list. Drawing from diverse but equally impressive stocks of Ottoman, colonial, and privately held archives from the long nineteenth century, Can and Low have unearthed a lost world of contacts and collisions on the high roads and seas to Mecca. Together—and each in its own way—Spiritual Subjects and Imperial Mecca offer fresh historical insights and compelling arguments on the making of the largest annual gathering of people in the world that is the modern Muslim hajj.
TREE FORCING AND DEFINABLE MAXIMAL INDEPENDENT SETS IN HYPERGRAPHS
Authors: SCHILHAN JONATHAN 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe show that after forcing with a countable support iteration or a finite product of Sacks or splitting forcing over L, every analytic hypergraph on a Polish space admits a
$\mathbf {\Delta }^1_2$
maximal independent set. This extends an earlier result by Schrittesser (see [25]). As a main application we get the consistency of
$\mathfrak {r} = \mathfrak {u} = \mathfrak {i} = \omega _2$
together with the existence of a
$\Delta ^1_2$
ultrafilter, a
$\Pi ^1_1$
maximal independent family, and a
$\Delta ^1_2$
Hamel basis. This solves open problems of Brendle, Fischer, and Khomskii [5] and the author [23]. We also show in ZFC that
$\mathfrak {d} \leq \mathfrak {i}_{cl}$
, addressing another question from [5].
Between Legitimacy and Socioemotional Wealth: Family Ownership and the Party Branches Building of Chinese Private Enterprises
Authors: He Xiaobin , Liu Jiankun 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTSince 2012, a large-scale Party branches building campaign intending to regain political influence in the private sector has been sweepingly promoted. Drawing on the Chinese Private Enterprise Survey conducted in 2008, 2012, and 2018, this study investigates private enterprises’ strategies in response to the intensified political pressure by integrating socioemotional wealth theory and neo-institutional theory. It is found that (1) private enterprises with high family ownership tend not to establish Party branches until political pressure is very high; (2) enterprises with high family ownership are more likely to adopt a decoupling strategy of evading the Party's political and social goals; and (3) the owners’ perceptions of a better market and legal environment weaken the negative effect of family ownership on the establishment of Party branches. These results reveal the key logic of preserving the socioemotional wealth and ‘embedded agency’ of Chinese private enterprises when they confront institutional legitimacy mandates. This study also sheds new light on the causes of the decoupling phenomenon and the dynamic interactions between institutional environment and organizational behaviors.
Pulmonary surfactant and COVID-19: A new synthesis
Authors: Ninham Barry , Reines Brandon , Battye Matthew , Thomas Paul 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1: COVID-19 pathogenesis poses paradoxes difficult to explain with traditional physiology. For instance, since type II pneumocytes are considered the primary cellular target of SARS-CoV-2; as these produce pulmonary surfactant (PS), the possibility that insufficient PS plays a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis has been raised. However, the opposite of predicted high alveolar surface tension is found in many early COVID-19 patients: paradoxically normal lung volumes and high compliance occur, with profound hypoxemia. That ‘COVID anomaly’ was quickly rationalised by invoking traditional vascular mechanisms–mainly because of surprisingly preserved alveolar surface in early hypoxemic cases. However, that quick rejection of alveolar damage only occurred because the actual mechanism of gas exchange has long been presumed to be non-problematic, due to diffusion through the alveolar surface. On the contrary, we provide physical chemical evidence that gas exchange occurs by an process of expansion and contraction of the three-dimensional structures of PS and its associated proteins. This view explains anomalous observations from the level of cryo-TEM to whole individuals. It encompasses results from premature infants to the deepest diving seals. Once understood, the COVID anomaly dissolves and is straightforwardly explained as covert viral damage to the 3D structure of PS, with direct treatment implications. As a natural experiment, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself has helped us to simplify and clarify not only the nature of dyspnea and its relationship to pulmonary compliance, but also the fine detail of the PS including such features as water channels which had heretofore been entirely unexpected.
Consumption of a multi-deficient diet causes dynamic changes in the intestinal morphofunctional barrier, body composition and impaired physical development in post-weaning mice
Authors: Ribeiro Samilly Albuquerque , Rodrigues Francisco Adelvane de Paula , Clementino Marco Antonio de Freitas , Veras Herlice do Nascimento , Siqueira Rômmulo Celly Lima , de Medeiros Pedro Henrique Quintela Soares , Pereira Jeanine Morais , Guanabara Júnior Márcio Flávio Araújo , de Sousa José Kleybson , Santos Ana Karolina Silva , dos Santos Armênio Aguiar , Maciel Bruna Leal Lima , Havt Alexandre , Lima Aldo Ângelo Moreira 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFew studies have focused on nutrient-deficient diets and associated pathobiological dynamics of body composition and intestinal barrier function. This study evaluated the impact of a nutrient-deficient diet on physical development and intestinal morphofunctional barrier in mice. C57BL/6 (21 days of age) mice were fed a Northeastern Brazil regional basic diet (RBD) or a control diet for 21 d. The animals were subjected to bioimpedance analysis, lactulose test, morphometric analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to evaluate tight junctions and intestinal transporters. RBD feeding significantly reduced weight (P < 0·05) from day 5, weight gain from day 3 and tail length from day 14. The intake of RBD reduced total body water, extracellular fluid, fat mass and fat-free mass from day 7 (P < 0·05). RBD induced changes in the jejunum, with an increase in the villus:crypt ratio on day 7, followed by reduction on days 14 and 21 (P < 0·05). Lactulose:mannitol ratio increased on day 14 (P < 0·05). Changes in intestinal barrier function on day 14 were associated with reductions in claudin-1 and occludin, and on day 21, there was a reduction in the levels of claudin-2 and occludin. SGLT-1 levels decreased on day 21. RBD compromises body composition and physical development with dynamic changes in intestinal barrier morphofunctional. RBD is associated with damage to intestinal permeability, reduced levels of claudin-1 and occludin transcripts and return of bowel function in a chronic period.
M&A Activity and the Capital Structure of Target Firms
Authors: Flannery Mark J. , Hanousek Jan , Shamshur Anastasiya , Tresl Jiri 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe study 6,083 European firms that were acquired between 1999 and 2015. Soon after the acquisition, the acquired firms promptly and substantially close the gap between their actual leverage ratios and their target (optimal) ratios. Firms that were over- (under-) leveraged at the start of their acquisition year move their debt-to-assets ratio from 34.1% to 20% (10% to 18.5%) by the end of the following year. Under-leveraged firms expand their assets rapidly following acquisition, as they gain improved access to investable resources. Our results are consistent with the trade-off theory of capital structure and with the existence of firm-specific target leverage ratios.
Temperature and luminosity outputs of endoscopes used in transcanal endoscopic ear surgery: an experimental study
Authors: Milner T D , Jaffer M , Iyer A 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the relationship between endoscope temperatures and luminosity with a variety of light source types, endoscope ages, endoscope sizes, angles and operative distance in transcanal endoscopic ear surgery.MethodsTranscanal endoscopic ear surgery was simulated in an operating theatre using 7 mm plastic suction tubing coated in insulating tape. An ATP ET-959 thermometer was used to record temperatures, and a Trotec BF06 lux meter was used to measure luminosity. Luminosity and temperature recordings were taken at 0 mm and 5 mm from the endoscope tip.ResultsThermal energy transfer from operating endoscopes is greatest when: the light intensity is high, there is a light-emitting diode light source and the endoscope is touching the surface. Additionally, larger-diameter endoscopes, angled endoscopes and new endoscopes generated greater heat.ConclusionIt is recommended that operative light intensity is maintained at the lowest level possible, and that the surgeon avoids contact between patient tissues and the endoscope tip.