bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to prioritize species recovery after a megafire
Authors: Ward Michelle , Carwardine Josie , Watson James E. M. , Pintor Anna , Stuart Stephanie , Possingham Hugh P. , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Carey Alexander R. , Auerbach Nancy , Reside April , Yong Chuan Ji , Tulloch Ayesha I. T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDue to climate change, megafires are increasingly common and have sudden, extensive impacts on many species over vast areas, leaving decision makers uncertain about how best to prioritize recovery. We devised a decision‐support framework to prioritize conservation actions to improve species outcomes immediately after a megafire. Complementary locations are selected to extend recovery actions across all fire‐affected species’ habitats. We applied our method to areas burned in the 2019−2020 Australian megafires and assessed its conservation advantages by comparing our results with outcomes of a site‐richness approach (i.e., identifying areas that cost‐effectively recover the most species in any one location). We found that 290 threatened species were likely severely affected and will require immediate conservation action to prevent population declines and possible extirpation. We identified 179 subregions, mostly in southeastern Australia, that are key locations to extend actions that benefit multiple species. Cost savings were over AU$300 million to reduce 95% of threats across all species. Our complementarity‐based prioritization also spread postfire management actions across a wider proportion of the study area compared with the site‐richness method (43% vs. 37% of the landscape managed, respectively) and put more of each species’ range under management (average 90% vs. 79% of every species’ habitat managed). In addition to wildfire response, our framework can be used to prioritize conservation actions that will best mitigate threats affecting species following other extreme environmental events (e.g., floods and drought).
Cutaneous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with CARS‐ALK fusion: Case report and literature review
Authors: McCollum Kasey J. , Jour George , Al‐Rohil Rami N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCutaneous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) constitute a rare entity, generating a diagnostic pitfall when diagnosing spindle cell proliferation within the dermis. Raising awareness of this tumor among dermatopathologists remains vital in differentiating it from common cutaneous tumors such as fibrous histiocytoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, melanoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and other more aggressive tumors. Accurate diagnosis of IMT aids in ensuring appropriate management and follow‐up for patients while preventing unnecessary harm and overtreatment. Here we report a case of a 38‐year‐old female with a painless, slow‐growing nodule of the left posterior scalp initially diagnosed as a dermatofibroma. The histopathological examination revealed an ill‐defined dermal nodule of spindled cells without connection or infiltration of the epidermis. At high power, the cells were arranged in fascicles with a prominent background of lymphocytic infiltrate. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong diffuse immunoreactivity for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and targeted RNA sequencing identified a CARS‐ALK fusion ultimately confirming the accurate diagnosis of a cutaneous IMT.
Broad‐scale wood degradation dynamics in the face of climate change: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Chagnon Catherine , Moreau Guillaume , Bombardier‐Cauffopé Christine , Barrette Julie , Havreljuk Filip , Achim Alexis 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the context of global change, a better understanding of the dynamics of wood degradation, and how they relate to tree attributes and climatic conditions, is necessary to improve broad‐scale assessments of the contributions of deadwood to various ecological processes, and ultimately, for the development of adaptive post‐disturbance management strategies. The objective of this meta‐analysis was to review the effects of tree attributes and local climatic conditions on the time since death of coarse woody debris ranging in decomposition states. Results from our meta‐analysis showed that projected warming will likely accelerate wood decomposition and significantly decrease the residence time in decay stages. By promoting such a decrease in residence time, further climate warming is very likely to alter the dynamics of deadwood, which in turn may affect saproxylic biodiversity by decreasing the temporal availability of specific habitats. Moreover, while coarse woody debris has been recognized as a key resource for bioenergy at the global scale, the acceleration of decay‐stages transition dynamics indicates that the temporal window during which dead trees are available as feedstock for value‐added products will shrink. Consequently, future planning and implementation of salvage harvesting will need to occur within a short period following disturbance, especially in warmer regions dominated by hardwood species. Another important contribution of this work was the development of a harmonized classification system that relies on the correspondence between the visual criteria used to characterize deadwood decomposition stages in locally developed systems the literature. This system could be used in future investigations to facilitate direct comparisons between studies. Our literature survey also highlights that most of the information on wood decay dynamics comes from temperate and boreal forests, whereas data from subtropical, equatorial and subarctic forests are scarce. Such data are urgently needed to allow broader‐scale conclusions on global wood degradation dynamics.
Effects of nitrogen addition on soil faunal abundance: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Hu Junxi , Zhou Shixing , Tie Liehua , Liu Xiong , Liu Xing , Zhao Anjiu , Lai Jiaming , Xiao Lin , You Chengming , Huang Congde 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimSoil fauna has a wide range of ecosystem functions. Anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects the structure and function of soil fauna by changing the microenvironment and resources. Given that soil faunal responses can vary considerably among taxonomic groups, N deposition rate, and ecosystems, however, there is little consensus. We aimed to evaluate the effects of N deposition on different soil faunal taxa across different terrestrial ecosystems.LocationGlobal.Time period1970–2021.Major taxa studiedSoil fauna.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis that yielded 264 observations from 43 publications. We evaluated the responses to N addition of soil faunal abundance for three different taxa (nematodes, mites, collembolans) in three ecosystem types (cropland, forest, and grassland).ResultsOur results showed an overall negative effect of N addition on soil fauna. However, the effect varied among soil faunal taxa. Specifically, N addition had no significant effects on the abundance of collembolans and mites in any ecosystem. On the other hand, N addition significantly reduced the abundance of all nematode trophic groups except bacterivores. The overall reduction of soil fauna is likely driven by the nematode response. The negative effects of N addition on nematode abundance were contingent on the N addition rate, N addition form, and ecosystem type. N addition decreased nematode abundance at N addition rates of more than 100 kg/ha/year. Inorganic N addition negatively affected nematode abundance. Finally, N addition had a greater adverse effect on nematodes in cropland and grassland compared to forest ecosystems.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate the overall negative effects of N addition on nematode abundance. Excessive N addition should be avoided in cropland and grassland management. Further, we suggest the application of organic fertilizer instead of inorganic fertilizer to minimize the N‐induced negative effects on soil nematodes.
Distinct racial and ethnic metabolic syndrome characteristics: A comparative assessment in low‐income children 7–10 years of age
Authors: Jeans Matthew R. , Ghaddar Reem , Vandyousefi Sarvenaz , Landry Matthew J. , Gray Megan J. , Leidy Heather J. , Whittaker Tiffany A. , Bray Molly S. , Davis Jaimie N. 
Published: May 2022

SummaryBackgroundPediatric MetS prevalence varies due to lack of consensus on evaluative criteria and associated thresholds, with most not recommending a diagnosis <10 years. However, MetS risk components are becoming evident earlier in life and affect races and ethnicities disproportionately.ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of MetS based on existing definitions and elucidate racial‐ and ethnic‐specific characteristics associated with MetS prevalence.MethodsThe baseline and follow‐up samples included 900 and 557 children 7–10 years, respectively. Waist circumference, BMI percentile, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, triglycerides, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) were measured. Agreement between MetS definitions was quantified via kappa statistics. MetS and risk factor prevalence and the predictability of metabolic parameters on MetS eight months later was evaluated via logistic regression. McFadden pseudo‐R2 was reported as a measure of predictive ability, and the Akaike information criterion evaluated fit of each model.ResultsThe baseline sample was 55.0% male and 71.6% Hispanic, followed by non‐Hispanic White (NHW) (17.3%) and non‐Hispanic Black (NHB) (11.1%), with an average age of 9.2 years. MetS prevalence ranged from 7.6% to 21.4%, highest in Hispanic (9.0%–24.0%) and lowest in NHB children (4.0%–14.0%). Highest agreement was between Ford et al. and Cook et al. definitions (K = 0.88) and lowest agreements were consistently with the International Diabetes Federation criteria (K ≤ 0.57). Compared to NHW children, Hispanic children had higher odds for MetS (OR: 1.7; p = 0.03) and waist circumference, HDL‐C, and FPG risk factors (p < 0.05), while NHB children had higher odds for the FPG risk factor (p ≤ 0.007) and lower odds for the plasma triglycerides risk factor (p = 0.002), across multiple MetS definitions. In longitudinal analyses, HDL‐C was the strongest independent predictor of MetS in Hispanic and NHW children (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), while plasma triglycerides was the strongest independent predictor of MetS in NHB children (p < 0.05).ConclusionsMetS prevalence was high in children ≤10 years, and proposed criteria are susceptible to racial and ethnic bias, diagnosing some populations more than other populations with high cardiovascular risk. Earlier preventative measures should be imposed in clinical settings, accounting for racial and ethnic differences, to mitigate disease onset.
Three dimensions of long‐term care provision in middle‐income countries—A view across Africa, Latin America and Asia
Authors: Kraus Markus , Riedel Monika 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article identifies and assesses gaps and deficits in the provision of long‐term care (LTC) services in nine middle‐income countries (MIC) across Africa (Algeria, Nigeria, South Africa), Latin America (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) and Asia (China, India, Turkey). Legislation and entitlement to, conditions for access to and availability of publicly financed or co‐financed LTC services for elderly persons are assessed.Across the nine selected MIC, it is revealed that hardly any legal entitlements to specific LTC services exist for elderly persons. The most common conditions for access to institutional care are a minimum age and little or no income. With respect to availability, it can be concluded that institutional care facilities are usually concentrated in urban or wealthy areas. In many cases they exist in the capital region only, but even their capacities are limited. Home‐based care is hardly available at all.
Occupational and speech therapists' perceptions of their role in dental care for children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative exploration
Authors: Junnarkar Vrushali Sameer , Tong Huei Jinn , Hanna Kamal Maher Batra , Aishworiya Ramkumar , Duggal Monty 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have challenges in home oral care, accessing a dentist and accepting dental treatment. Occupational therapists (OTs) and speech therapists (STs) are likely to be involved earlier in managing communication, behavioural and sensory processing issues.AimTo determine perceived issues, barriers and potential solutions to dental care for children with ASD in Singapore from the perspective of OTs and STs.DesignSemi‐structured interviews and a focus group discussion involving OTs and STs who treat children with ASD were conducted. Audio recordings were transcribed and coded into themes using the NVivo 12 software.ResultsEmergent themes indicated that: (i) OTs and STs have important roles in recognition of issues with toothbrushing, oral pathology and harmful oral habits; (ii) OTs and STs were able to identify reasons for difficulties in oral home care for children with ASD and offer helpful strategies; and (iii) OTs and STs can play a role in pre‐dental visit preparations but lack a clear dental referral pathway.ConclusionsOTs and STs exclusively assist in the early identification and referrals of children with ASD to the dentist. Interprofessional collaboration with dentists should be further explored to aid in the provision of preventive dental advice.
Effect of stem cell treatment on burn wounds: A systemic review and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Qiao Yating , Zhang Qingrong , Peng Ying , Qiao Xianming , Yan Jun , Wang Bolin , Zhu Zhihan , Li Zihan , Zhang Yi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of stem cells treatment in managing burn wounds. A systematic literature search up to March 2022 incorporated 24 studies reported between 2013 and 2021 including 400 animals with burn wounds at the beginning of the study; 211 were using stem cells treatment, and 189 controlled. Statistical tools like the contentious method were used within a random or fixed‐influence model to establish the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the influence of stem cells treatment in managing burn wounds. Stem cells treatment had a significantly higher burn wound healing rate (MD, 15.18; 95% CI, 11.29‐19.07, P < .001), higher blood vessel number (MD, 12.28; 95% CI, 10.06‐14.51, P < .001), higher vascular endothelial growth factor (MD, 10.24; 95% CI, 7.19‐13.29, P < .001), lower interleukin‐1 level (MD, −98.48; 95% CI, −155.33 to −41.63, P < .001), and lower tumour necrosis factor α level (MD, −28.71; 95% CI, −46.65 to −10.76, P < .002) compared with control in animals' models with burn wounds. Stem cells treatment had a significantly higher burn wound healing rate, higher blood vessel number, higher vascular endothelial growth factor, lower interleukin‐1 level, and lower tumour necrosis factor α level compared with control in animals' models with burn wounds. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Sintering mode of a translucent Y‐TZP: Effects on its biaxial flexure fatigue strength, surface morphology and translucency
Authors: Madruga Camila Ferreira Leite , Dal Piva Amanda Maria de Oliveira , Pereira Gabriel Kalil Rocha , Caneppele Taciana Marco Ferraz , Valandro Luiz Felipe , Bottino Marco Antonio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis investigation evaluated the effect of two sintering modes of a translucent zirconia (Y‐TZP) on its surface roughness, topography, phase‐transformation (t → m), translucency and biaxial flexure fatigue strength.Materials and MethodsTo do so, 50 Y‐TZP discs (Ø = 15 mm; thickness = 1.2 mm; IPS e.max ZirCAD LT) were prepared and divided into two groups: Standard mode (SM) and Fast mode (FM). Staircase fatigue testing was performed (piston‐on‐three balls set‐up, ISO 6872:2015), as well as surface roughness, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM‐FEG), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), phase transformation (t → m) using X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), translucency parameter analysis (TP and TP00) and fractography.ResultsThe results showed no statistical significant differences for roughness parameters (p > 0.05, SM: Ra = 0.13 ± 0.02, Rz = 1.21 ± 0.26 and RSm = 24.91 ± 2.19; FM: Ra = 0.14 ± 0.03, Rz = 1.32 ± 0.25 and RSm = 24.68 ± 2.16) or flexural fatigue strength (SM: 512 (464–560) MPa; FM: 542 (472–611) MPa) between the groups. In addition, similarity in surface morphological features (SEM and profilometry), composition and phases (EDX and XRD) was observed between the firing protocols. Fractography showed that the failure origin occurred on the tensile side. Sintering mode did not affect the TP (F = 0.001, p = 0.97) and TP00 (F = 0.12, p = 0.72).ConclusionsTherefore, the fast‐sintering mode is suggested as a viable alternative to the standard mode since it does not influence the evaluated surface morphology, microstructure, fatigue strength and translucency of a translucent monolithic zirconia.Clinical SignificanceThe fast sintering mode is a viable alternative for zirconia without compromising its topography, microstructure, mechanical performance or translucency.
Demography of the black grouper, Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860) (Teleostei: Epinephelidae) from the North Brazil Shelf
Authors: de Abreu Rodrigues Ponte Isabela , de Vasconcelos Filho Jonas Eloi , Feitosa Caroline Vieira , Ferreira Beatrice Padovani 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMycteroperca bonaci (black grouper) is one of the most sought species of grouper along its entire distribution, being a prime target for demersal line fisheries because of its high commercial value. Nonetheless, because of population declines the species is considered near threatened according to the IUCN red list. The present study aimed to determine the population parameters of M. bonaci, including growth, reproduction and mortality, and thus contributes to measures towards its conservation and management in the southwestern Atlantic. The sampling area is in the North Brazil Shelf, off Maranhão State, an area of intense fisheries development and yet poorly known. The large continental shelf harbours unique coral reef formations and has been declared an ecologically or biologically significant marine area (EBSA). Sampling on landing sites was carried out monthly between May 2017 and January 2019. A total of 137 black grouper specimens were sampled from commercial landings of artisanal fisheries. The size of the specimens ranged from 44 to 157 cm, and the weight varied from 0.976 to 54 kg. The length–weight was established: log(TW) = −11.26 + 3.01log(TL). Histological analysis of the gonads confirmed only the presence of female individuals, and the occurrence of individuals in the sexual transition was not recorded. Higher GSI values and higher frequency of spawning capable staged individuals occurred during the months of June to August, indicating spawning peaks. The estimated age of sexual maturity A50 for females was 4.62 years ( 93 cm−TL). The growth parameters for the Von Bertalanffy model were TL∞ (cm): 185.5, k: 0.04, t0 (year): −4.75 (t0 not fixed) and TL∞ (cm): 141, k: 0.11 (t0 = 0 fixed). The total estimated mortality rate (Z) according to catch length presented a Z value = 0.11, and the natural mortality was M = 0.04 year−1. This is the first study on the age and growth of M. bonaci in the SWA, a region where the species is considered as endangered according to Brazil's red list regional assessment. Only females were present in the samples, results that suggest either differential capturability of sexes because of distinct patterns of behaviour or distribution or an effect of selective mortality upon larger and older individuals, as the species is described as a protogynous hermaphrodite. This indicates the need to closely manage this population to avoid collapses. Recovery plans that have been planned by the Brazilian government but not yet implemented for the species must be put into practice to avoid progressive decline as fisheries target more remote areas.
Liquidity Requirements, Free‐Riding, and the Implications for Financial Stability Evidence from the Early 1900s
Authors: CARLSON MARK , JAREMSKI MATTHEW 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMaintaining sufficient liquidity in the financial system is vital for its stability. However, since returns on liquid assets are typically low, individual financial institutions may seek to hold fewer such assets, especially if they believe they can rely on other institutions for liquidity support. We examine whether state banks in the early 1900s took advantage of relatively high cash balances maintained by national banks, due to reserve requirements, to hold less cash themselves. We find that state banks did hold less cash in places where both state legal requirements were lower and national banks were more prevalent.
The Social Backgrounds of Nazi Leaders: A Statistical Analysis of Political Elites in Weimar Germany, 1918–1933
Authors: Unger‐Alvi Simon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article compares the social backgrounds of Nazi leaders and representatives of democratic parties in the Weimar Republic. It does not advance any overarching new narrative on Nazism’s social origins, but rather aims to present a nuanced statistical picture of Weimar’s political elites. The results of this analysis are derived from an index of German members of parliament and from a new dataset, which has recently been collected from the Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB), Germany’s largest biographical encyclopaedia. Together, these two samples cover more than 2000 German politicians, industrialists, diplomats, political writers, academics, high state officials, and important journalists. This article reveals sociological differences between the politicians who led the Nazi party in parliament and those elites that promoted Nazism in the media, in academia, or within the German civil service. While Nazi politicians in the Reichstag were recruited from a variety of social classes, ranging from industrial workers to members of the aristocracy, National Socialist elites outside the parliament typically belonged to the Bildungsbürgertum and sociologically resembled the highly educated members of democratic and liberal parties. Overall, the picture of a generation of Nazi leaders emerges that was sociologically far more heterogeneous than is often recognized by historians.
Gender and deception: Evidence from survey data among adolescent gamblers
Authors: Guerra Alice , Randon Emanuela , Scorcu Antonello E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe examine gender differences in adolescent gamblers' deception behavior towards their parents. The analysis is based on a unique cross‐sectional survey conducted in 2014 in Italy including high school students aged 13 to 22 years old. We consider a subset of adolescents who actively played gambling games in 2013 (5,435 observations). We find that females are less likely to deceive than males, but they do so to a greater extent, i.e., they are more likely to use full—rather than partial—deception than males. This result is robust to controlling over an extended set of personal and parental characteristics, including the frequencies of play of different gambling games, monetary expenditure, age, school performance, place of residence, living with parents, parents' education and occupational status. Further analyses reveal that gender differences are particularly pronounced for good school performance, at 15 and 18 years or older, in areas where gambling is not as widespread, and for certain types of games such as on‐site entertainment machines and luck games. Our findings reveal that females are not univocally more honest than males, and stress the importance of considering gender differences in deception for effective gambling prevention policies.