bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain relaxation kinetics in Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures
Authors: Houghton D. C. 
Published: July 2002

A semiempirical kinetic model is presented which maps out the thermal budget for processing of strained layer devices through epitaxial growth and postgrowth anneals. Misfit strain relaxation in Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures by the injection and propagation of a/2 〈110〉 60°-type misfit dislocations has been studied for a range of geometries and dimensions. Strained layer superlattices, Si1−xGex alloy layers, 0&lt;x&lt;0.3, and alloy layers with unstrained Si capping layers of thickness 0 to 400 nm were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on (100) Si substrates and subjected to post-growth thermal cycles. Velocity and nucleation rate data from Nomarski interference microscopy of defect-etched surfaces were correlated with electron beam induced current microscopy transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction results to define Arrhenius relationships for misfit dislocation injection rates and propagation velocities. A unified kinetic model for misfit strain relaxation that incorporates both nucleation and propagation is then developed, which is applicable for all heterostructures and thermal cycles in the low dislocation density regime &lt;103 mm−1.
Nonuniform strain distribution in graded device heterostructures is considered by defining the effective stress acting on misfit dislocations for an arbitrary geometry. The effective stress was varied from 0 to 750 MPa in Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures by varying both layer dimensions and Ge concentration. Misfit dislocation nucleation rates varied from 10−3 to 103 mm−2 s−1 and misfit extension velocities of 25 nm s−1 to 2 mm s−1 were obtained over the temperature range 450–1000 °C for anneals of duration 5–2000 s. Activation energies, stress exponents, and prefactors in the Arrhenius relations were found to be independent of Ge concentration, effective stress, and heterostructure geometry allowing a comprehensive model to be developed. The onset of strain relaxation during epitaxial growth cycles (the ‘‘apparent critical thickness’’ or metastability limit) characteristic of molecular-beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition was measured and correlated with the simulation of misfit dislocation injection and propagation in typical growth sequences. The kinetic model is also used to define the maximum time-temperature envelope, or thermal budget (t, T), for the misfit dislocation-free processing of Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures subjected to post-growth thermal treatme
Zygmunt Bauman's poisoned gift of morality*
Authors: Junge Matthias 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTBauman's attempt to develop a sociological theory of morality turning around fundamental premises of Durkheim's approach fails in the last analysis, since in Bauman's view the ‘moral party of two’ does not constitute a social situation. It is argued that the necessary condition to think sociologically about morality is the concept of reciprocity and thus one can arrive at a view of morality in postmodernity consistent with Bauman's earlier theory of practice. If Bauman's idea about responsibilty as the core of morality is transformed to the idea of an appeal of history to compassion and is supplemented with the idea of reciprocity as an emerging norm it is possible to outline a sociological theory of moral practice according to postmodern conditions.
High prevalence of drink‐driving in Thailand
Authors: Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Ritsmitchai Skulrat , Suriyawongpaisal Paibul , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Kosuwan Weerachai , Punyaratabandhu Porapan , Sutiwipakorn Wiwat 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study was conducted to measure the prevalence of drivers with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) over 50 mg/dl and to identify predictors for such an outcome. A cross‐sectional study was conducted during March to August 1995 in eight provinces in Thailand. In each province, with the collaboration of the police, one checkpoint in a suburban area and one on a highway were used to collect data on drivers of 20 motorcycles, 20 4‐wheel and 20 6+‐wheel motor vehicles, during 1300‐1500h, 1700‐1900h and 2200‐2400h. For each subject, a breath test for alcohol was undertaken using standard breath testing instruments. Four thousand, six hundred and seventy‐five male drivers were tested. The crude prevalence of high BAC was 12.6% (range 4.5‐23.7%). The differences in prevalence between the suburban area (8.7%) and the highway (8.4%) and between drivers tested on weekdays (9.8%) and on holidays (7.5%) were not statistically significant. The crude prevalences were 3.4‐3.8% and 3.8‐3.9% at 1300‐1500h and 1700‐1900h, respectively. During 2200‐2400h the prevalence rose to 19.2%, 16.0% and 11.9% among the motorcyclists, the 4‐wheel vehicle drivers and the 6+‐wheel vehicle drivers, respectively. High BAC among Thai drivers in the study period was very common, especially at night. Efforts should be focused on these high‐risk groups and this time period.
Mobile telephone use in Italy in the 1990s: interpretative models
Authors: Colombo Fausto 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe spread of mobile telephones in Italy is examined as a typical technological phenomenon and is contextualized in the theoretical literature on technological change. A brief introduction is followed by a historical account of the growth of mobile telephony and then by an examination of its current spread and likely future development. After this, two interpretative models are put forward which, it is suggested, may be used both in this particular case and for any form of technologically mediated communication (TMC): the butterfly paradigm (applied to the spread of a technology), and the circuit synergy paradigm (applied to the relative importance of individual factors in the process of diffusion).
SIV infection of macaques: a model for studying AIDS and drug abuse
Authors: CHUANG LINDA F. , KILLAM KEITH F. , CHUANG RONALD Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were used as an animal model system to evaluate longitudinally the effects of opioid dependence on the development of AIDS. Results have shown that in addition to weakening the host's T cell and PMN functions, chronic opioid treatment of SIVmac239‐infected animals caused (a) an increased virus replication rate, (b) an increased rate of viral mutation, (c) a nascent humoral (antibody) response against mutated autologous strains of virus, (d) an alteration of CD8 + cell‐mediated immunity toward the mutant virus, (e) an increased tolerance of AZT among the infectious virus and (f) a shorter life span for the infected animals. These results suggest that chronic administration of opioids alters general fundamental aspects of the AIDS viremia.
ECONOMISTS AND THE ECONOMIC ORDER: The field of economists and the field of power in France
Authors: Lebaron Frédéric 
Published: July 2002

Economic beliefs play a central role in the social construction of economic reality. It is necessary to include in the programme of a new economic sociology the active contribution of the main producers of economic beliefs, namely the economists. The role of economists in the reproduction of the social order can, to a certain extent, be described as the function of a central bank of economic beliefs. Economists are the producers of economic beliefs that are received, interpreted, used by various kinds of social actors in everyday life. In a situation of crisis like the one the French government faced in December 1995, it seems more and more obvious that they are becoming the ultimate reference, the lender of last resort for most contemporary social actors - economic leaders, technocrats, politicians, unionists, intellectuals, etc. To understand this particular position, one needs to consider economists as members of a specific social field, which has its own laws, regularities and structure. The social characteristics (especially the distribution of their kinds of capital, and the relative dispositions of economists) define their positions in this social space. It is then necessary to determine the relative autonomy of this field and its interdependence with other social spaces (for example, the field of enterprises, the bureaucratic, political and media fields, etc.).
The main hypothesis developed here is the idea that the field of economists is less autonomous than it is usually thought to be, at least by many economists, and its structure is very similar to that of the field of power (and, among others, the opposition between economic and intellectual powers). In the general interdependence and homologies between social fields, the logic of the field of economists is a key contribution to the production of the symbolic economic order. The word ‘science’ applied to economics refers not only to an epistemological issue but also to the symbolic aspect of the order we refer to when we talk about economic reality, economic argument, economic constraints, etc.
Specific Localization of Serine 19 Phosphorylated Myosin II during Cell Locomotion and Mitosis of Cultured Cells
Authors: Matsumura Fumio , Ono Shoichiro , Yamakita Yoshihiko , Totsukawa Go , Yamashiro Shigeko 
Published: July 2002

Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin II (RMLC) at Serine 19 by a specific enzyme, MLC kinase, is believed to control the contractility of actomyosin in smooth muscle and vertebrate nonmuscle cells. To examine how such phosphorylation is regulated in space and time within cells during coordinated cell movements, including cell locomotion and cell division, we generated a phosphorylation-specific antibody.
Motile fibroblasts with a polarized cell shape exhibit a bimodal distribution of phosphorylated myosin along the direction of cell movement. The level of myosin phosphorylation is high in an anterior region near membrane ruffles, as well as in a posterior region containing the nucleus, suggesting that the contractility of both ends is involved in cell locomotion. Phosphorylated myosin is also concentrated in cortical microfilament bundles, indicating that cortical filaments are under tension. The enrichment of phosphorylated myosin in the moving edge is shared with an epithelial cell sheet; peripheral microfilament bundles at the leading edge contain a higher level of phosphorylated myosin. On the other hand, the phosphorylation level of circumferential microfilament bundles in cell–cell contacts is low. These observations suggest that peripheral microfilaments at the edge are involved in force production to drive the cell margin forward while microfilaments in cell–cell contacts play a structural role. During cell division, both fibroblastic and epithelial cells exhibit an increased level of myosin phosphorylation upon cytokinesis, which is consistent with our previous biochemical study (Yamakita, Y., S. Yamashiro, and F. Matsumura. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 124:129–137). In the case of the NRK epithelial cells, phosphorylated myosin first appears in the midzones of the separating chromosomes during late anaphase, but apparently before the formation of cleavage furrows, suggesting that phosphorylation of RMLC is an initial signal for cytokinesis.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Region Gene Replacement as a Mechanism for Receptor Revision in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Tissue B Lymphocytes
Authors: Itoh Kenji , Meffre Eric , Albesiano Emilia , Farber Andrew , Dines David , Stein Peter , Asnis Stanley E. , Furie Richard A. , Jain Rita I. , Chiorazzi Nicholas 
Published: July 2002

Mature B cells can alter their antibody repertoires by several mechanisms, including immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) replacement. This process changes the antigen combining site by replacing a portion of the original VH/diversity/heavy chain joining region (VHDJH) rearrangement with a corresponding portion of a new VH segment. This exchange can involve cryptic heptamer-like sequences embedded in the coding regions of VH genes.
While studying the B lymphocytes that expand in the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), clones with VHDJH variants that were apparently generated by VH replacement were identified with surprising frequency (∼8%). Examples of multiple independent VH replacement events occurring in distinct progeny clones were also identified. These secondary VH rearrangements were documented at both the cDNA and genomic DNA levels and involved several heptamer-like sequences at four distinct locations within VH (three sites in framework region 3 and one in complementarity determining region 2). The identification of blunt-ended double-stranded DNA breaks at the embedded heptamers and the demonstration of recombinase activating gene (RAG) expression suggested that these rearrangements could occur in the synovial tissues, presumably in pseudo-germinal centers, and that they could be mediated by RAG in a recognition signal sequence–specific manner. The presence of VH mutations in the clones that had undergone replacement indicated that these B cells were immunocompetent and could receive and respond to diversification signals. A relationship between these secondary VH gene rearrangements and the autoimmunity characteristic of RA should be considered.
Extremal functions for Moser’s inequality
Authors: Lin Kai-Ching 
Published: July 2002

Let

Ω
\Omega

be a bounded smooth domain in

R

n

R^{n}

, and

u
(
x
)

u(x)

a

C

1

C^{1}

function with compact support in

Ω
\Omega

. Moser’s inequality states that there is a constant

c

o

c_{o}

, depending only on the dimension

n
n

, such that

1

|

Ω

|

∫

Ω

e

n

ω

n
−
1

1

n
−
1

u

n

n
−
1

d
x
≤

c

o

,

\begin{equation*} \frac {1}{|\Omega |} \int _{\Omega } e^{n \omega _{n-1}^{\frac {1}{n-1}} u^{\frac {n}{n-1}}}\, dx \leq c_{o} , \end{equation*}

where

|

Ω

|

|\Omega |

is the Lebesgue measure of

Ω
\Omega

, and

ω

n
−
1

\omega _{n-1}

the surface area of the unit ball in

R

n

R^{n}

. We prove in this paper that there are extremal functions for this inequality. In other words, we show that the

sup
{

1

|

Ω

|

∫

Ω

e

n

ω

n
−
1

1

n
−
1

u

n

n
−
1

d
x
:
u
∈

W

o

1
,
n

,
‖
∇
u

‖

n

≤
1
}

\begin{equation*} \sup \{\frac {1}{|\Omega |} \int _{\Omega } e^{n \omega _{n-1}^{\frac {1}{n-1}} u^{\frac {n}{n-1}}}\, dx: u \in W_{o}^{1,n}, \|\nabla u\|_{n} \leq 1 \} \end{equation*}

is attained. Earlier results include Carleson-Chang (1986,

Ω
\Omega

is a ball in any dimension) and Flucher (1992,

Ω
\Omega

is any domain in 2-dimensions).
“Best possible” upper and lower bounds for the zeros of the Bessel function 𝐽_{𝜈}(𝑥)
Authors: Qu C. , Wong R. 
Published: July 2002

Let

j

ν
,
k

j_{\nu ,k}

denote the

k
k

-th positive zero of the Bessel function

J
ν

(
x
)

J_\nu (x)

. In this paper, we prove that for

ν
>
0

\nu >0

and

k
=
1

k=1

, 2, 3,

…
\ldots

,
\[

ν
−

a
k

2

1

/

3

ν

1

/

3

>

j

ν
,
k

>
ν
−

a
k

2

1

/

3

ν

1

/

3

+

3
20

a
k
2

2

1

/

3

ν

1

/

3

.

\nu - \frac {a_k}{2^{1/3}} \nu ^{1/3} > j_{\nu ,k} > \nu - \frac {a_k}{2^{1/3}} \nu ^{1/3} + \frac {3}{20} a_k^2 \frac {2^{1/3}}{\nu ^{1/3}} \,.

\]
These bounds coincide with the first few terms of the well-known asymptotic expansion
\[

j

ν
,
k

∼
ν
−

a
k

2

1

/

3

ν

1

/

3

+

3
20

a
k
2

2

1

/

3

ν

1

/

3

+
⋯

j_{\nu ,k} \sim \nu - \frac {a_k}{2^{1/3}} \nu ^{1/3} + \frac {3}{20} a_k^2 \frac {2^{1/3}}{\nu ^{1/3}} + \cdots

\]
as

ν
→
∞

\nu \to \infty

,

k
k

being fixed, where

a
k

a_k

is the

k
k

-th negative zero of the Airy function

Ai
⁡
(
x
)

\operatorname {Ai}(x)

, and so are “best possible”.
Efficient Runge-Kutta integrators for index-2 differential algebraic equations
Authors: Butcher J. , Chan R. 
Published: July 2002

In seeking suitable Runge-Kutta methods for differential algebraic equations, we consider singly-implicit methods to which are appended diagonally-implicit stages. Methods of this type are either similar to those of Butcher and Cash or else allow for the importation of a final derivative from a previous step. For these two classes, with up to three additional diagonally-implicit stages, we derive methods that satisfy appropriate order conditions for index-2 DAEs.
Advances in aliquot sequences
Authors: Benito Manuel , Varona Juan 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we describe some advances in the knowledge of the behavior of aliquot sequences starting with a number less than

10000
10000

. For some starting values, it is shown for the first time that the sequence terminates. The current record for the maximum of a terminating sequence is located in the one starting at 4170; it converges to 1 after 869 iterations getting a maximum of 84 decimal digits at iteration 289.
Self-organizing tree growing network for classifying amino acids.
Authors: Wang H C , Dopazo J , Carazo J M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: A self-organizing tree growing neural network was applied to classify amino acids and amino acid exchange matrices. AVAILABILITY: SOTA, is freely available by anonymous FTP or at http://www.cnb.uam.es/bioinfo/Software/so ta. CONTACT: carazo@cnb.uam.es
ProPred: prediction of HLA-DR binding sites
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Raghava G. P. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: ProPred is a graphical web tool for predicting MHC class II binding regions in antigenic protein sequences. The server implement matrix based prediction algorithm, employing amino-acid/position coefficient table deduced from literature. The predicted binders can be visualized either as peaks in graphical interface or as colored residues in HTML interface. This server might be a useful tool in locating the promiscuous binding regions that can bind to several HLA-DR alleles.
Availability: The server is available at http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/propred/
Contact: raghava@imtech.res.in
Supplementary information: http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/propred/page3.html
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Characterizing the Language Used to Discuss Death in Family Meetings for Critically Ill Infants
Authors: Barlet Margaret H. , Barks Mary C. , Ubel Peter A. , Davis J. Kelly , Pollak Kathryn I. , Kaye Erica C. , Weinfurt Kevin P. , Lemmon Monica E. 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceCommunication during conversations about death is critical; however, little is known about the language clinicians and families use to discuss death.ObjectiveTo characterize (1) the way death is discussed in family meetings between parents of critically ill infants and the clinical team and (2) how discussion of death differs between clinicians and family members.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis longitudinal qualitative study took place at a single academic hospital in the southeast US. Patients were enrolled from September 2018 to September 2020, and infants were followed up longitudinally throughout their hospitalization. Participants included families of infants with neurologic conditions who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit and had a planned family meeting to discuss neurologic prognosis or starting, not starting, or discontinuing life-sustaining treatment. Family meetings were recorded, transcribed, and deidentified before being screened for discussion of death.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the language used to reference death during family meetings between parents and clinicians. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze data.ResultsA total of 68 family meetings involving 36 parents of 24 infants were screened; 33 family meetings (49%) involving 20 parents (56%) and 13 infants (54%) included discussion of death. Most parents involved in discussion of death identified as the infant’s mother (13 [65%]) and as Black (12 [60%]). Death was referenced 406 times throughout the family meetings (275 times by clinicians and 131 times by family members); the words die, death, dying, or stillborn were used 5% of the time by clinicians (13 of 275 references) and 15% of the time by family members (19 of 131 references). Four types of euphemisms used in place of die, death, dying, or stillborn were identified: (1) survival framing (eg, not live), (2) colloquialisms (eg, pass away), (3) medical jargon, including obscure technical terms (eg, code event) or talking around death with physiologic terms (eg, irrecoverable heart rate drop), and (4) pronouns without an antecedent (eg, it). The most common type of euphemism used by clinicians was medical jargon (118 of 275 references [43%]). The most common type of euphemism used by family members was colloquialism (44 of 131 references [34%]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this qualitative study, the words die, death, dying, or stillborn were rarely used to refer to death in family meetings with clinicians. Families most often used colloquialisms to reference death, and clinicians most often used medical jargon. Future work should evaluate the effects of euphemisms on mutual understanding, shared decision-making, and clinician-family relationships.
Rh‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization with Allenes
Authors: Singh Anurag , Volla Chandra M.R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of allenes as valuable coupling partners in transition metal‐catalyzed CH activation due to their unique reactivity. Carbometalation of the allene plays a key role in controlling the reactivity pattern by selective formation of either M‐π‐allyl or M‐alkenyl intermediate. Among the different metal catalysts, rhodium complexes have proved to be particularly efficient in illustrating the reactivity of various kinds of allenes for generating assortments of products. Annulation reactions with allenes were also well recognized for the construction of diverse array of biologically and pharmaceutically relevant heterocyclic moieties. In this article, we summarized various Rh‐catalyzed CH activation reactions involving allenes as coupling partners with selected examples and provided the reaction mechanism wherever necessary.
Asymmetric Addition of Inert CH Bond to Carbonyls, Imines, and Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Vasamsetty Laxmaiah , Wang Jun 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents to aldehydes, ketones, imines, and electron‐deficient alkenes is one of the most classic and useful methods to construct organic compounds. Normally, prehalogenation of substrates and the use of stoichiometric amounts of metals to prepare air and moisture‐sensitive organometallic reagents are inevitable. Along with the flourish of CH activation in the last two decades, transition metal‐catalyzed direct addition of inert CH bonds to polar multiple bonds (e.g. CO and CN) has aroused great interest of chemists for its superior atom and step economy. Though great success has been accomplished in this area, controlling the stereoselectivity of such reactions is still a big challenge. In this article, we would like to provide an overview of the advances in transition metal‐catalyzed asymmetric addition of CH bond to carbonyls, imines, and electron‐deficient alkenes, which may assist the development of this field. It is divided into three sections, (i) asymmetric addition of CH bond to carbonyls, (ii) asymmetric addition of CH bond to imines, and (iii) asymmetric addition of CH bond to electron‐deficient alkenes. The discussion of each reaction mainly consists of strategies used to control stereochemistry, selected examples of products with reaction outcomes, and reaction mechanism.