bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exosomes derived from stem cells from apical papilla promote angiogenesis via miR‐126 under hypoxia
Authors: Lin Xinhai , Wang Haodong , Wu Tiantian , Zhu Yaqin , Jiang Long 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the effect of exosomal miR‐126 derived from stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) under hypoxia on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenesis.MethodsmiR‐126 mimics plasmids were used to upregulate miR‐126 in SCAPs. Internalization of PKH26‐labeled exosomes was examined by fluorescent microscopy. CCK‐8 assay, Transwell assay, scratch assay, tube formation assay, and Matrigel plug assay were performed to detect the effects of exosomes on the angiogenic ability of HUVECs. The luciferase reporter assay and rescue assay were performed to examine the relationship between miR‐126 and sprouty‐related, EVH1 domain‐containing protein 1 (SPRED1). The involvement of SPRED1 and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was evaluated by western blotting.ResultsmiR‐126 expression was upregulated in SCAPs and in SCAP‐derived exosomes under hypoxia. miR‐126 expression was increased in HUVECs when cocultured with SCAP‐derived exosomes. Induced overexpression of miR‐126 in hypoxic SCAPs and secreted exosomes resulted in enhanced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Western blot analysis revealed that miR‐126‐mediated SPRED1 downregulation induced activation of ERK signaling.ConclusionsUnder hypoxic conditions, exosomes derived from SCAPs can promote HUVEC angiogenesis through expression of miR‐126, which subsequently suppresses SPRED1 and activates the ERK signaling pathway.
Assessing children's relationships with pet dogs: A multi‐method approach
Authors: Kerns Kathryn A. , Dulmen Manfred H. M. , Kochendorfer Logan B. , Obeldobel Carli A. , Gastelle Marissa , Horowitz Alexandra 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRelationships with pet dogs are thought to provide substantial benefits for children, but the study of these relationships has been hindered by a lack of validated measures. Approaches to assessing the quality of children's pet dog relationships have tended to focus on positive relationship qualities and to rely on self‐report questionnaires. The aim of this study was to develop and test multiple measures that could be used to assess both positive and negative features of children's relationships with pet dogs. In a sample of 115 children ages 9–14 years who were pet dog owners, we assessed six qualities of pet dog relationships: Affection, Nurturance of Pet, Emotional Support from Pet, Companionship, Friction with Pet, and Pets as Substitutes for People. All qualities were assessed with child questionnaires, parent questionnaires, and child daily reports of interactions with pets. We found substantial convergence in reports from different observers and across different measurement approaches. Principal components analyses and correlations suggested overlap for many of the positive qualities, which tended to be distinct from negative relationship qualities. The study provides new tools which could be used to test further how relationships with pets contribute to children's development.
Premigratory political experiences with autocracy and violence and immigrants’ willingness to vote
Authors: Okundaye Gabriela , Ishiyama John , Silva Andrea 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionIn this paper, we examine how premigratory experiences shape the willingness of immigrants to engage with the political system of the host country.MethodsUsing the Immigrant Citizens’ Survey, a study of over 6600 immigrants in six European countries, and building upon previous work we test whether an immigrant who comes from an authoritarian country and/or a country that has experienced significant civil conflict, will affect the extent to which they are willing to politically engage in the politics of their host country.ResultsHowever, we find that whether an immigrant respondent came from a democracy or an extremely repressive regime at the time of their departure from the home country had no discernible effect on the willingness to vote in an election in the host country. We find that immigrants whose home country was embroiled in major civil conflicts at the time of their departure from the country are significantly more likely to express a willingness to politically engage in the politics of the host country, and this finding is robust across multiple model specifications.ConclusionsThis suggests that immigrants who hail from conflict countries are more likely to engage politically than immigrants from countries that have less conflict.
Understanding democratic perceptions and political participation among the younger generation in China's changing society: No news is good news for the Chinese government
Authors: Yin Yue 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective of this article is to explore whether the current younger generation in China has different views of democracy and political behavior from those of previous generations.MethodsUsing the fourth wave of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS IV), this study conducts systematic comparisons across the generations with respect to their attitudes toward democracy and political behaviors.Results and ConclusionThis study indicates that Chinese youth tend to hold substance‐based democratic conceptions, show a relatively lower level of commitment to liberal democracy, and demonstrate a higher level of satisfaction with the current situation of democratization in China than do their older counterparts. The generation of youngest adults is also less likely to turn out to participate in electoral activities and other forms of political action. These results demonstrate a generational decline in support for democracy and active political participation amid the authoritarian tendencies of China, reflecting the profound effect of early‐life political socialization on political values and behaviors.
THE EFFECT OF THREE DEPTHS OF SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION LEVELS WITH TWO TYPES OF SOIL ON THE PERCENTAGE OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT
Authors: Hameed Alaa Imad , Faris Salim Ahmed 
Published: June 2022

The experiment was carried out in the educational nursery field of Department of Plant Production Technologies / Mosul Technical Institute during the agricultural season 2019-2020, to study two factors; the first is studying the effect of three depths, 5 cm (T1), 10 cm (T2) and 15 cm (T3), using Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) The second factor is studying two types of sandy and silty loam soil on the soil moisture content and on some characteristics of the vegetative growth and yield of radish plants. The results show that the best depth of subsurface irrigation pipes was at treatment T3 (15 cm), where the highest values of moisture content at treatment T3, and the percentage of increase of the humidity before and after irrigation when the treatment (T1, T2, T3) is (10%, 12%, 16.3%) for the silty loam soil. As for sandy soils, it is shown that the percentage increase of moisture before and after irrigation when the treatment (T1, T2, T3) is ( 11.6%, 16%, 22.9%); meaning that the highest increase of moisture content is at Treatment T3, and this is due to evaporation from the ground surface decreases as the depth of wet soil increases, as well as the depth of 15 cm provides a direct connection of water to the plant root area, and the results show that the best depth is for subsurface irrigation pipes 15 cm, i.e. treatment T3 in terms root weight and diameter root, plant height, leaves number, and total yield.
Effects of Cutting Force on Formation of Subsurface Damage During Nano-Cutting of Single-Crystal Tungsten
Authors: Wang Hao , Guo Xiaoguang , Dong Zhigang , Yuan Song , Bao Yan , Kang Renke 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Single-crystal tungsten is widely utilized in various fields, benefiting from its outstanding properties. Nano-cutting, as an ultra-precision machining method, can realize high efficiency and low damage. However, from the atomic perspective, the formation mechanism of subsurface damage during the nano-cutting of tungsten is still unclear. Herein, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of nano-cutting single-crystal tungsten was established to elucidate the evolution of subsurface damage and the effects of cutting force on subsurface damage. The corresponding results showed the existence of damage including atomic cluster, vacancy defect, “V-shaped” dislocation, stair-rod dislocation, and dislocation ring on the subsurface during the cutting. There were dislocation lines in 1/2&lt;111&gt;, &lt;100&gt;, &lt;110&gt;, and other directions due to plastic deformation dominated by dislocation slip, and the 1/2&lt;111&gt; dislocation lines could be merged into stable &lt;100&gt; dislocation lines under certain circumstances during the cutting. The variation of cutting force and cutting force fluctuation induced by changing cutting parameters had a great influence on the subsurface damage of tungsten, including the number of surface defect atoms, dislocation density, and thickness of the subsurface damage layer. In nano-cutting of single-crystal tungsten, a smaller cutting depth and appropriate cutting speed should be selected to reduce subsurface damage. This study provides an insight into the evolution mechanism of subsurface damage of tungsten and is high of significance for achieving low-damage machining of tungsten components.
Study on Model Evolution Method Based on the Hybrid Modeling Technology With Support Vector Machine for an SOFC-GT System
Authors: Chen Jinwei , Sun Shengnan , Chen Yao , Zhang Huisheng , Lu Zhenhua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The mechanism models of solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC-GT) systems are very useful to analyze the thermodynamic performance details, including the internal complex transfers of mass, heat, and electrochemical processes. However, several physical-property parameters in the mechanism model are unmeasurable and difficult to accurately quantify from the operation data when the inevitable degradation occurs. As a result, it is difficult for the mechanism model to accurately capture the SOFC electrochemical characteristic during the full operating cycle. In this paper, a model evolution method based on hybrid modeling technology is proposed to address this problem. A hybrid modeling framework of a SOFC-GT system is designed by combining a least squares-support vector machine algorithm (LS-SVM) electrochemical model with our previous mechanism model. The electrochemical characteristic of SOFC is easily identified and evolved by re-training the LS-SVM model from operating data, no longer needing a mechanism electrochemical model. The validated full-mechanism model from our previous work is taken to simulate a physical SOFC-GT system to generate the operating data. Various LS-SVM models are trained by different data sets. The comparison results demonstrate that the LS-SVM model trained by large-size data set 3 performs the highest accuracy in predicting the local current density. The maximum absolute error of prediction is only about 1.379 A/m2, and the prediction mean square error of the normalized test data reaches 4.36 × 10−9. Then, the LS-SVM hybrid model is applied to evaluate the thermodynamic performance of a SOFC-GT system. The comparison results between the hybrid model and our previous full-mechanism model show that the hybrid model can accurately predict the SOFC-GT system performance. The maximum error is 1.97% at the design condition and 0.60% at off-design conditions. Therefore, the LS-SVM hybrid model is significant for accurately identifying the real electrochemical characteristic from operation data for a physical SOFC-GT system during the full operation cycle.
Investigation of Tyre Pattern Effect on the Aerodynamics of a Passenger Vehicle
Authors: Josefsson Erik , Hobeika Teddy , Sebben Simone , Urquhart Magnus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The wheels of a passenger vehicle are one of the major contributors to the total aerodynamic drag, making their aerodynamic performance a considerable factor for the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. Previous studies have shown that the complex flow field created by the wheels is sensitive to small geometrical variations of the tyre and that features such as shoulder profile and tread pattern can have a significant impact on drag and lift. In this study, the DrivAer model is used to evaluate the flow fields and aerodynamics of four tyre tread patterns with two rim designs. Full-scale wind tunnel tests were conducted where forces, surface pressures and flow fields were measured. Numerical simulations were also performed to aid the analysis. Using a slick tyre as the reference, it was found that rain grooves typically reduced the drag, whereas the effect of lateral grooves was dependent on the rim configuration. For the lift forces, the largest lift variations were obtained for the front lift which, in general, was reduced by rain grooves and increased by lateral grooves, most notably for the closed rim. The importance of considering the parasitic lift force acting on the wheel drive units when comparing experiments and simulations was demonstrated.
Novel Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin Solutions to the Nonisentropic Helmholtz Equation in a Nonuniform Duct With Mean Temperature Gradient and Mean Flow
Authors: Basu Sattik , Rani Sarma L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We derive the generalized Helmholtz equation (GHE) governing nonisentropic acoustic fluctuations in a quasi 1D duct with nonuniform cross section, mean temperature gradient, and nonuniform mean flow. Nonisentropic effects are included via heat conduction terms in the mean and fluctuating energy equations. To derive the Helmholtz equation exclusively in terms of the fluctuating pressure field, a relationship between density and pressure fluctuations is needed, which is shown to be a second-order differential equation for nonisentropic motions. Novel analytical solutions that are accurate for both low/high frequencies and small/large mean gradients are presented for the GHE based on the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method. WKB solutions are developed using the ansatz that the pressure fluctuation field has a travelling wave form, p^(x)=exp[∫0x(a+ib)dx], where x is the axial coordinate. Substituting this form into the Helmholtz equation yields coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for a and b. Analytical solutions to the ODEs are obtained using the approximations of high frequency and slowly varying mean properties. This simplification allows us to obtain the lower order solutions b0 and a0. We then enhance solution accuracy by using a0 to solve for b1 without any approximations. Finally, b1 is employed to get a1, giving us the higher order solution. The p^ calculated from (a1, b1) is in good to excellent agreement with numerical solution of the GHE for both low and high frequencies and for a range of mean Mach numbers, including M¯≳1.
Macula structural and vascular differences in glaucoma eyes with and without high axial myopia
Authors: Rezapour Jasmin , Bowd Christopher , Dohleman Jade , Belghith Akram , Proudfoot James A , Christopher Mark , Hyman Leslie , Jonas Jost B , Penteado Rafaella C , Moghimi Sasan , Hou Huiyuan , El-Nimri Nevin W. , Micheletti Eleonora , Fazio Massimo A , Weinreb Robert N , Zangwill Linda M 
Published: June 2022

AimsTo identify clinically relevant parameters for identifying glaucoma in highly myopic eyes, an investigation was conducted of the relationship between the thickness of various retinal layers and the superficial vessel density (sVD) of the macula with axial length (AL) and visual field mean deviation (VFMD).Methods270 glaucoma patients (438 eyes) participating in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma cross-sectional study representing three axial myopia groups (non-myopia: n=163 eyes; mild myopia: n=218 eyes; high myopia (AL>26 mm): n=57 eyes) who completed macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography imaging were included. Associations of AL and VFMD with the thickness of the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), macular choroidal thickness (mCT) and sVD were evaluated.ResultsThinner Global GCIPL and GCC were significantly associated with worse VFMD (R2=34.5% and R2=32.9%; respectively p<0.001), but not with AL (all p>0.1). Thicker mRNFL showed a weak association with increasing AL (R2=2.4%; p=0.005) and a positive association with VFMD (global R2=19.2%; p<0.001). Lower sVD was weakly associated with increasing AL (R2=1.8%; p=0.028) and more strongly associated with more severe glaucoma VFMD (R2=29.6%; p<0.001). Thinner mCT was associated with increasing AL (R2=15.5% p<0.001) and not associated with VFMD (p=0.194). mRNFL was thickest while mCT was thinnest in all sectors of high myopic eyes.ConclusionsAs thinner GCIPL and GCC were associated with increasing severity of glaucoma but were not significantly associated with AL, they may be useful for monitoring glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.
Priority setting in early childhood development: an analytical framework for economic evaluation of interventions
Authors: Verguet Stéphane , Bolongaita Sarah , Morgan Anthony , Perumal Nandita , Sudfeld Christopher R , Yousafzai Aisha K , Fink Günther 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundEarly childhood development (ECD) sets the foundation for healthy and successful lives with important ramifications for education, labour market outcomes and other domains of well-being. Even though a large number of interventions that promote ECD have been implemented and evaluated globally, there is currently no standardised framework that allows a comparison of the relative cost-effectiveness of these interventions.MethodsWe first reviewed the existing literature to document the main approaches that have been used to assess the relative effectiveness of interventions that promote ECD, including early parenting and at-home psychosocial stimulation interventions. We then present an economic evaluation framework that builds on these reviewed approaches and focuses on the immediate impact of interventions on motor, cognitive, language and socioemotional skills. Last, we apply our framework to compute the relative cost-effectiveness of interventions for which recent effectiveness and costing data were published. For this last part, we relied on a recently published review to obtain effect sizes documented in a consistent manner across interventions.FindingsOur framework enables direct value-for-money comparison of interventions across settings. Cost-effectiveness estimates, expressed in $ per units of improvement in ECD outcomes, vary greatly across interventions. Given that estimated costs vary by orders of magnitude across interventions while impacts are relatively similar, cost-effectiveness rankings are dominated by implementation costs and the interventions with higher value for money are generally those with a lower implementation cost (eg, psychosocial interventions involving limited staff).ConclusionsWith increasing attention and investment into ECD programmes, consistent assessments of the relative cost-effectiveness of available interventions are urgently needed. This paper presents a unified analytical framework to address this need and highlights the rather remarkable range in both costs and cost-effectiveness across currently available intervention strategies.
Evaluation on the effectiveness on the implementation of WHO caregiver skills training (CST) programme in Hong Kong: a randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: Wong Wai-Ching Paul , Chow Siu-Lun 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionThis protocol delineates the research design and analytical framework used to evaluate the effectiveness of the WHO-CST (CST, caregiver skills training) in Hong Kong. The WHO-CST aims to enhance the caregiver skills of parents of children with potential autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and/or developmental delays.Methods and analysisIn this study, 130 eligible caregiver–child dyads were recruited and randomly assigned to the experimental and wait-list-control groups. A randomised controlled trial design was adopted to compare the changes between the two groups regarding caregivers’ skills, knowledge and practices when interacting with their children with impairments due to ASD. Assessments were conducted before, immediately after and 1 month after the completion of the WHO-CST programme. The primary measurement tool was the joint engagement rating inventory developed by WHO experts to gauge how parents engage their children. A 10-min video recording of their dyadic interaction and behaviours in a defined play setting was used for the measurement. A set of other measurements of caregivers’ knowledge, confidence and experience of using the caregiving skills were also measured.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was received from the Human Research Ethics Committee (EA1901033), The University of Hong Kong. The final findings of this study will be disseminated through public reports, peer-reviewed publication or at a conference launched for the WHO-CST programme.Trial registration numberChiCTR2000034585.
A new and automated risk prediction of coronary artery disease using clinical endpoints and medical imaging-derived patient-specific insights: protocol for the retrospective GeoCAD cohort study
Authors: Adikari Dona , Gharleghi Ramtin , Zhang Shisheng , Jorm Louisa , Sowmya Arcot , Moses Daniel , Ooi Sze-Yuan , Beier Susann 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. More than a quarter of cardiovascular events are unexplained by current absolute cardiovascular disease risk calculators, and individuals without clinical risk factors have been shown to have worse outcomes. The ‘anatomy of risk’ hypothesis recognises that adverse anatomical features of coronary arteries enhance atherogenic haemodynamics, which in turn mediate the localisation and progression of plaques. We propose a new risk prediction method predicated on CT coronary angiography (CTCA) data and state-of-the-art machine learning methods based on a better understanding of anatomical risk for CAD. This may open new pathways in the early implementation of personalised preventive therapies in susceptible individuals as a potential key in addressing the growing burden of CAD.Methods and analysisGeoCAD is a retrospective cohort study in 1000 adult patients who have undergone CTCA for investigation of suspected CAD. It is a proof-of-concept study to test the hypothesis that advanced image-derived patient-specific data can accurately predict long-term cardiovascular events. The objectives are to (1) profile CTCA images with respect to variations in anatomical shape and associated haemodynamic risk expressing, at least in part, an individual’s CAD risk, (2) develop a machine-learning algorithm for the rapid assessment of anatomical risk directly from unprocessed CTCA images and (3) to build a novel CAD risk model combining traditional risk factors with these novel anatomical biomarkers to provide a higher accuracy CAD risk prediction tool.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by the St Vincent’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee, Sydney—2020/ETH02127 and the NSW Population and Health Service Research Ethics Committee—2021/ETH00990. The project outcomes will be published in peer-reviewed and biomedical journals, scientific conferences and as a higher degree research thesis.