bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food safety and the informal milk supply chain in Kenya
Authors: Zavala Nacul Hasibi , Revoredo-Giha Cesar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Informal dairy supply chains are important in Sub-Saharan Africa, both in terms of employment and nutrition for poor population. Their safety has been debated in the literature, with those in favour to their legalisation, arguing that boiling milk reduces sanitary risks for its consumption and the nutritional impact offsets those possible risks. While, the opposing side, highlighting that boiling milk does not eliminate all the contaminants that are found, and the long term sanitary and health impact should be a major concern for regulatory enforcement.
The purpose of this case study, which focuses on food safety along a dairy supply chain in Kenya, the largest milk producer in Africa, is twofold: first, to review the different issues on food safety when consuming raw milk, and second, to extract lessons from a case study that follows an informal supply chain that operates in rural, peri-urban and urban areas in the Kiambu and Muranga counties in Kenya. This case study was based on semi-structure interviews to 29 stakeholders and participants of an informal dairy supply chain carried out in April–May 2019. The purpose of the interviews was to provide insights of the hurdles and food safety risks surrounding everyday activities of milk handlers.

Results
The results indicate that the informal dairy sector is associated with low-quality milk and food safety risks. These assumptions are linked to several factors such as lack of contact and control from the sanitary and health authorities, lack of awareness regarding milk safety from both consumers and the different supply chain participants; and the poor operating conditions the informal market has. In addition, other aspects were the overall lack of hygiene, accountability, and infrastructure in the entire supply chain.

Conclusions
In conclusion, greater focus should be put on improving food safety quality along the chain (e.g., through ensuring the application of Good Handling Practices like the use of food grade containers and the introduction control points). The reform of Kenya’s informal dairy market must focus on training to improve and increase the hygiene and safety practices of the informal operators to reduce the information gap that divides formal from informal.
Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance in the Gram-negative bacteria isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals
Authors: Azimi Leila , Armin Shahnaz , Samadi Kafil Hossein , Abdollahi Nafiseh , Ghazvini Kiarash , Hasanzadeh Sepide , Shahraki Zahedani Shahram , Rafiei Tabatabaei Sedigheh , Fallah Fatemeh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic patterns of aminoglycoside resistance among the Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates collected from pediatric and general hospitals in Iran. A total of 836 clinical isolates of GNB were collected from pediatric and general hospitals from January 2018 to the end of December 2019. The identification of bacterial isolates was performed by conventional biochemical tests. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was evaluated by the disk diffusion method (DDM). The frequency of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) was screened by the PCR method via specific primers. Among all pediatric and general hospitals, the predominant GNB isolates were Acinetobacter spp. (n = 327) and Escherichia coli (n = 144). However, E. coli (n = 20/144; 13.9%) had the highest frequency in clinical samples collected from pediatrics. The DDM results showed that 64.3% of all GNB were resistant to all of the tested aminoglycoside agents. Acinetobacter spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 93.6%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 93.4%, and Enterobacter spp. with 86.5% exhibited very high levels of resistance to gentamicin. Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic against E. coli isolates. In total, the results showed that the aac (6')-Ib gene with 59% had the highest frequency among genes encoding AMEs in GNB. The frequency of the surveyed aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes among all GNB was found as follows: aph (3')-VIe (48.7%), aadA15 (38.6%), aph (3')-Ia (31.3%), aph (3')-II (14.4%), and aph (6) (2.6%). The obtained data demonstrated that the phenotypic and genotypic aminoglycoside resistance among GNB was quite high and it is possible that the resistance genes may frequently spread among clinical isolates of GNB.
Surgical interventions in velopharyngeal dysfunction: Comparative perceptual speech and nasometric outcomes for three techniques
Authors: Instrum Ryan , Dzioba Agnieszka , Dworschak-Stokan Anne , Husein Murad 
Published: February 2022

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate speech outcomes following surgical intervention for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Perceptual speech outcome data were subsequently analyzed in conjunction with patient factors such as congenital abnormalities, presence of cleft lip and/or palate, and age of repair. We hope to aid in the eventual creation of treatment algorithms for VPD, allowing practitioners to tailor surgical technique selection to patient factors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for all patients who underwent surgical correction of VPD at London Health Sciences Centre between the years 2005 and 2018. Two hundred and two consecutive VPD patients (median age 10.6 years) were followed for an average of 20.2 months after having undergone a superiorly based pharyngeal flap (121), Furlow palatoplasty (72), or sphincteroplasty (9). Speech outcomes were measured via the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA) perceptual speech assessment, and MacKay-Kummer Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures Revised (SNAP-R) was used to measure nasalence. Comparisons of mean preoperative and postoperative outcomes were made, as well as analyses regarding surgical procedure, syndrome, cleft status, and age. Results Mean perceptual scores improved significantly postoperatively (p < .0001), and successful perceptual resonance was identified in 86.1% patients (n = 174). Postoperative perceptual speech scores for three ACPA domains were superior with pharyngeal flap compared to both Furlow palatoplasty and sphincteroplasty ([hypernasality: p < .001, p < .02], [audible nasal emissions: p < .002, p < .05], [velopharyngeal function: p < .001, p < .05]). Success rate was higher in pharyngeal flap (94.2%) than in Furlow palatoplasty (75.0%, p < .001) or sphincter pharyngoplasty (66.7%, p < .001). No significant difference was identified in success rate based on syndrome or cleft status. Conclusion Operative management of VPD is highly effective in improving perceptual speech outcomes. Given proper patient selection, all three procedures are viable treatment options for VPD. For those patients identified as appropriate to undergo a pharyngeal flap, robust improvements in speech outcomes were observed. Graphical Abstract
Bioenzyme-based nanomedicines for enhanced cancer therapy
Authors: Ding Mengbin , Zhang Yijing , Li Jingchao , Pu Kanyi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBioenzymes that catalyze reactions within living systems show a great promise for cancer therapy, particularly when they are integrated with nanoparticles to improve their accumulation into tumor sites. Nanomedicines can deliver toxic bioenzymes into cancer cells to directly cause their death for cancer treatment. By modulating the tumor microenvironment, such as pH, glucose concentration, hypoxia, redox levels and heat shock protein expression, bioenzyme-based nanomedicines play crucial roles in improving the therapeutic efficacy of treatments. Moreover, bioenzyme-mediated degradation of the major components in tumor extracellular matrix greatly increases the penetration and retention of nanoparticles in deep tumors and infiltration of immune cells into tumor tissues, thus enhancing the efficacies of chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of bioenzyme-based nanomedicines for enhanced cancer therapy. The design and working mechanisms of the bioenzyme-based nanomedicines to achieve enhanced chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are introduced in detail. At the end of this review, a conclusion and current challenges and perspectives in this field are given.
Wavefield separation using irreversible-migration filtering
Authors: Li Chao , Zhang Jinhai 
Published: February 2022

Wavefield separation is important for eliminating unwanted components of seismic data while retaining preferred components therein; however, there have been difficulties with using traditional methods to select a proper muting window in the transformed domain. A narrow muting window can separate different components well, but it causes visible artifacts due to sudden truncations (e.g., the Gibbs phenomenon), whereas a wide muting window would, on the other hand, leave unwanted components. We have adopted separating the wavefield based on its irreversibility after migration and demigration. One-way wave-equation migration would automatically damp high-slope components in the evanescent region while accurately handling the other components. Thus, the migration velocity can be tuned to naturally trap a given range of high-slope components into the evanescent region in the migrated domain, which would be irreversible after demigration. In contrast, the other components (i.e., those outside the evanescent region) can be recovered after demigration. Our method achieves perfect muting by taking advantage of migration and demigration, and thus it avoids the manual operation of setting a muting window. As a result, our method is free of muting artifacts. We conduct numerical experiments with synthetic and field data, and the results verify the excellent performance of our method for several different kinds of wavefield separation, including linear event separation, structural noise elimination, diffraction-reflection separation, and vertical seismic profile wavefield separation. Our method integrates noise reduction and the wavefield separation, and thus it can reduce the computational cost of using different data processing schemes and avoid the related potential error accumulation.
Non-trivial overlaps and ultrametricity for directed polymers in random media
Authors: Hartmann Alexander K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Directed polymers on (1+1)-dimensional lattices coupled to a heat bath at temperature T are studied numerically for three new ensembles of the site disorder, plus a standard random ensemble. In particular correlations of the disorder as well as fractal patterning are considered for the new ensembles. Configurations are directly sampled in perfect thermal equilibrium for very large system sizes with up to

sites. The phase-space structure is studied via the distribution of overlaps and hierarchical clustering of configurations. Two ensembles show a simple behavior basically like a ferromagnet. The other two ensembles exhibit indications for complex behavior strongly reminiscent of multiple replica-symmetry breaking (RSB). Also results for the ultrametricity of the phase space are presented. In total, the present model ensembles offer convenient numerical accesses to comprehensively studying complex behavior.
Removing Welfare Traps: Employment Responses in the Finnish Basic Income Experiment
Authors: Verho Jouko , Hämäläinen Kari , Kanninen Ohto 
Published: February 2022

This paper provides evidence that replacing minimum unemployment benefits with a basic income of equal size has minor employment effects at best. We examine an experiment in Finland in which 2,000 benefit recipients were randomized to receive a monthly basic income. The experiment lowered participation tax rates by 23 percentage points for full-time employment. Despite the considerable increase in work incentives, days in employment remained statistically unchanged in the first year of the experiment. Moreover, even though all job search requirements were waived, participation in reemployment services remained high. (JEL C93, H24, H53, I38, J64, J65)
Knowledge and prevention practice against dengue vectors among dengue patients and general people in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Sahidur , Mehejabin Fatema , Rashid Rumana 
Published: February 2022

Background: Due to the absence of an effective vaccine for dengue, community-led vector control strategy could be a sustainable approach for dengue prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess people’s knowledge of dengue vectors and the practice of preventive measures to avoid vector mosquitoes by means of a structured questionnaire. Methods: A telephone-based survey was conducted between July 2019 to December 2019 from confirmed dengue patients and general people without dengue fever living in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Patients’ contact information was collected from two tertiary care hospitals. The level of knowledge and preventive practice were determined through the scoring of each participant against their responses. The association of individuals’ knowledge and practice scores with demographic variables was measured through chi-square and binary logistic analyses. Results: Overall, 61.9% of participants (72% case and 51.7% non-case) had good knowledge, whereas only 10.6% of them (12.7% case and 8.7% non-case) strongly practiced the mosquito prevention methods. However, significant variation in the level of knowledge was found between the two groups. Urban residents had 2.20 times higher knowledge compared to semi urban. Students and government officials had 3.39 times and 3.17 times better knowledge than general workers respectively. Permanent residents had 2.01 times better knowledge in comparison to the people living in temporary housing. In terms of mosquito preventive measures, semi-urban people showed 3.19 times (CI=0.97-10.52) stronger practice compared to rural people. Conclusions: This study suggests that dengue control strategies should focus on the effective practice of mosquito prevention by engaging community people.
Creating a standard inpatient opioid withdrawal protocol
Authors: Abid Ariana , Shoptaw Steve , Bholat Michelle 
Published: February 2022

Background: Despite safety and efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder, United States (US) hospitals face high health care costs when hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) leave due to untreated opioid withdrawal. Recent studies have concluded that evidence-based interventions for OUD like buprenorphine are underutilized by hospital services. Objective: We developed a practical opioid withdrawal protocol utilizing buprenorphine and the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale to address opioid withdrawal during inpatient treatment of a primary medical condition. We are currently implementing this protocol at the UCLA hospital in Santa Monica. Design: The protocol includes order sets with appropriate and modifiable orders that can be submitted in the electronic medical record in order to deliver seamless care for opioid withdrawal. After the physician assesses the patient and initiates the protocol, nursing provides an essential role in continuing to monitor the patient’s level of withdrawal and administering the appropriate medications in response. Inpatient pharmacy is instrumental in monitoring medication administration, as well as calculating and providing dosages for orders on Day 2 and 3 of the protocol. Collaboration with case managers is essential for providing appropriate resources and ensuring a safe discharge. Conclusion: Current challenges to widespread implementation of a standardized withdrawal protocol are discrepancies in addiction education across medical disciplines and inadequate outpatient access to buprenorphine providers and pharmacies that carry buprenorphine supplies.
Causal Rule Sets for Identifying Subgroups with Enhanced Treatment Effects
Authors: Wang Tong , Rudin Cynthia 
Published: February 2022

A key question in causal inference analyses is how to find subgroups with elevated treatment effects. This paper takes a machine learning approach and introduces a generative model, causal rule sets (CRS), for interpretable subgroup discovery. A CRS model uses a small set of short decision rules to capture a subgroup in which the average treatment effect is elevated. We present a Bayesian framework for learning a causal rule set. The Bayesian model consists of a prior that favors simple models for better interpretability as well as avoiding overfitting and a Bayesian logistic regression that captures the likelihood of data, characterizing the relation between outcomes, attributes, and subgroup membership. The Bayesian model has tunable parameters that can characterize subgroups with various sizes, providing users with more flexible choices of models from the treatment-efficient frontier. We find maximum a posteriori models using iterative discrete Monte Carlo steps in the joint solution space of rules sets and parameters. To improve search efficiency, we provide theoretically grounded heuristics and bounding strategies to prune and confine the search space. Experiments show that the search algorithm can efficiently recover true underlying subgroups. We apply CRS on public and real-world data sets from domains in which interpretability is indispensable. We compare CRS with state-of-the-art rule-based subgroup discovery models. Results show that CRS achieves consistently competitive performance on data sets from various domains, represented by high treatment-efficient frontiers. Summary of Contribution: This paper is motivated by the large heterogeneity of treatment effect in many applications and the need to accurately locate subgroups for enhanced treatment effect. Existing methods either rely on prior hypotheses to discover subgroups or greedy methods, such as tree-based recursive partitioning. Our method adopts a machine learning approach to find an optimal subgroup learned with a carefully global objective. Our model is more flexible in capturing subgroups by using a set of short decision rules compared with tree-based baselines. We evaluate our model using a novel metric, treatment-efficient frontier, that characterizes the trade-off between the subgroup size and achievable treatment effect, and our model demonstrates better performance than baseline models.
Appointment Scheduling for Multiple Servers
Authors: Kuiper Alex , Lee Robert H. 
Published: February 2022

Appointment schedules, in essence, balance supply and demand and are often employed in settings where resources are scarce and thus a high utilization is realized (e.g., healthcare). Whereas most of the existing literature focuses on the single-server case, a framework is developed to study appointment scheduling in multiserver settings. Relying on phase-type approximations, general service-time distributions are modeled, which are fed into a recursive approach allowing evaluation and optimization of an objective function that balances expected waiting times and idle times. Studying optimized schedules for multiple servers reveals that the start and end of a session can deviate greatly from the dome-shaped pattern as established for the single-server case. Furthermore, a comparison of various multiserver setups shows that significant performance gains can be achieved when servers are pooled. This allows an explicit quantification of the cost of continuity of care. In addition, session overtime as well as early finish of servers can be incorporated in the approach; the benefits of the additional flexibility that a multiserver setting provides are summarized. For the stationary plateau of the dome, to which the optimal interarrival times converge, steady-state appointment schedules are obtained by exploiting the embedded Markov chain; these schedules are shown and argued to converge quickly to optimal solutions obtained in a heavy-traffic regime. In this regime, algebraic solutions are derived, which provide interesting managerial guidelines when the pooling of servers is considered in appointment scheduling. This paper was accepted by Bariş Ata, stochastic models and simulation.
Percepções sobre o aborto legal entre partidários da extrema direita: o caso da criança capixaba de 10 anos
Authors: Dantas Pita Paulo Henrique , Dibai Priscilla 
Published: February 2022

Analisamos valores e crenças exteriorizados por partidários da extrema direita brasileira, autodeclarados apoiadores do presidente Jair Bolsonaro, em relação ao aborto legal de uma criança capixaba de 10 anos, estuprada por familiar, ocorrido em agosto de 2020. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre 13 e 21/08/20, em uma comunidade virtual pró-presidente, resultando em um corpus de 295 mensagens de texto e 42 imagens. A pesquisa buscou responder como os partidários valoraram o caso, quais sentidos agregaram ao aborto, quais atores/instituições foram mencionados ou cobrados e quais soluções foram propostas ou referendadas. Como resultado, identificamos posições predominantemente contrárias ao aborto legal – não entendido como direito, mas como crime –, bem como construções estereotipadas das mulheres, famílias, profissionais de saúde e políticas relacionadas à temática abortiva. O desejo por leis mais rígidas, a fé cristã e o sentimento antiesquerda apareceram fortemente vinculados ao tema, com relevante influência na modalização da opinião antiaborto.
Cuerpo, racialización y performance en tiempos de multiculturalismo: sujeciones, agencias y subversiones en tres casos de patrimonialización afrolatinoamericanos/caribeños
Authors: Parody Viviana 
Published: February 2022

En las últimas décadas, en consonancia con el auge multicultural, los organismos internacionales comenzaron a tomar partido en defensa de la “diversidad” y de aquellas expresiones que de ella se derivan alcanzando el estatus de “patrimonio intangible” (UNESCO, 2003, 2005). En no pocas oportunidades, sin embargo, estas legitimaciones son adquiridas mediante arduos procesos de postulación en los que los Estados nacionales y los grupos “portadores” se ven involucrados en “inventarios” y “puestas en valor”. Estos bienes culturales resultantes, cuyo clivaje es corporal, tanto pueden facilitar a sectores poblacionales históricamente subalternizados la subversión de estigmas como su reconfiguración en novedosas formas de otrerización -tales como exotismo, espectacularización, folklorización-. Entendiendo a estas convenciones y sus puestas en práctica como un tipo particular de política cultural de corte global que tiene su emergencia en el marco del multiculturalismo, en este artículo propongo dirimir -de manera comparativa y multisituada- las sujeciones, agencias y subversiones dadas en tres procesos de patrimonialización afrolatinoamericanos/caribeños (Colombia, Cuba, y Uruguay). De manera específica, analizo las articulaciones que entre raza, cuerpo y performance se suscitan en estos procesos mediante los cuales determinados sectores poblacionales signados por la “raza” devienen protagonistas y a la vez garantes de la “salvaguardia” de las expresiones performáticas patrimonializadas. En el transcurso, privilegio examinar la medida en que estas nuevas políticas de corte global (y sus traducciones locales), o bien fortalecen o bien ponen en cuestión “regímenes de corporalidad situados” (Restrepo, 2010). Una antropología de y desde los cuerpos asiste la metodología, en no pocos períodos circunscrita a la participación radical (Jackson, 1996 y Blacking, 1995 en Ferreira, 1999), donde la corporalidad del investigador se constituye en la materialidad especular sobre la cual los actores sociales también proyectan marcaciones e identificaciones contrastativas que, en no pocas oportunidades, aún responden a regímenes de colonialidad.