bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cotton Aphid Control in Louisiana—Macon Ridge I, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted at the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) to evaluate the efficacy of 10 (Trial 1) and 6 (Trial 2) treatments against cotton aphids in non-irrigated cotton planted 25 Apr. The test field was treated with 2 applications of Ammo (0.025 lb [AI]/acre) in Jun to stimulate cotton aphid infestations. For both tests, plots consisted of 4 rows on 40- inch centers × 65 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Plots were treated on 3 Jul and sampled on 5 Jul (2 DAT) and 10 Jul (7 DAT). Treatment efficacy was evaluated in 2 plant horizions by sampling the plant terminal (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Twenty samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in glass jars. Aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Tests of Area Mosquito Repellents, 1979
Authors: Rutledge L. C. , Wirtz R. A. , Semey H. G. , Gupta R. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A commercial area repellent (Mosquito Beater), 2 experimental area repellents (1- and 2- methylnaphthalene) and a control (carrier only) were tested against riceland mosquitoes in Colusa County, Calif, on 31 Jul, 11 and 13 Sep, and 2, 3, 4, 16 and 17 Oct. Materials were tested at 8 stations established at 50 m intervals on a 750 m transect along a landing strip for crop dusting aircraft. Approximately 1.5 h before sunset each day the treatments were applied in random order to 20 m diam test areas at stations 1-4 and 5-8 (2 replications) and 7.1 lb (AI)/ acre (carrier only at control station) with a Seymour No. 75 Universal Spreader. Beginning 0.5 h before sunset each day a carbon dioxide-baited mosquito light trap was operated at the center of each test area for approximately 2 h. Four BioQuip Co2 Mosquito Traps equipped with "grain of wheat" lamps were operated at stations 1-4, and either 4 BioQuip traps or 4 carbon dioxide-supplemented CDC Model Miniature Light Traps were operated at stations 5-8. Female mosquitoes collected each night were sorted, identified, and counted in the laboratory. Data were analyzed separately by species as a 2-way (treatments × replications) analysis of variance using the log (x − 1) transformation. Replications in which the species was not collected were excluded from the analysis.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Alabama Soybeans, 1990
Authors: Backman C. B. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, Ala. Four replicates of 15 treatments and an untreated control were planted in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.014-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 50-ft long. Plots were separated by 2 border rows of soybeans and replicates were separated by a 25-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 6 gal/acre. A sweep net was used to sample velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Larvae were classified as small (instar 1-2), medium (instar 3-4), or large (5 + ); they were then counted and recorded. Then sweeps per plot were taken prior to treatment and 20 sweeps/plot were taken at 3 and 6 DAT.
Bean Leaf Beetle Control on Soybeans in Illinois, 1990
Authors: oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Helm Charles G. , Kogan Marcos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling pod feeding damage by BLB. Soybeans were planted on 13 Jun in 30 inch rows in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Illinois Foundation Shaw Farm in Urbana. Individual plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. A complete randomized block design was used with 4 replications. Spray solutions were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS-8, Spraying System)/row. Applications were made on 11 Sep from a four-row, 10-ft boom mounted on a John Deere 6000 Hi-Cycle sprayer. The system was calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 50 psi at a tractor speed of 2 mph. Soybeans were at R5-R6 stage of growth. Twenty-five sweeps with a 15 inch diam sweep net were taken in each plot on 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. For pod injury assessment, 10 plants were collected at random from each plot on 26 Sep and 3 Oct. Soybeans were at R-6 growth stage on both sampling dates. Pods were separated from the plants and 200 randomly-selected pods were examined for BLB adult injury. On 23 Oct, plot yields were determined from 6.0 ft sections of 4 rows in each plot. Plants were cut at the base and beans were mechanically threshed. Beans were cleaned of the inert material and yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug on Soybean, 1990
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Mink Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot insecticide trail was conducted in Iberville Parish at St. Gabriel, La., to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of the southern green stink bug. Plots measuring 50 ft × 8 rows (36 inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep to Centennial soybeans in the R6 growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisting of 2 sets of 25 sweeps (15 inch diam sweep net) were taken at 2, 7, and 14 DAT. Rainfall measured was 1.6, 0.25, and 0.15 inch on 18, 19, and 22, Sep, respectively.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Application dates varied between treatments and are given in the table of adult count data. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Sugarbeet Insect Pests Control, 1989
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular insecticide treatments were applied at planting time to 2 separate flood-irrigated fields located in Carbon County in eastern Mont. Each field was planted on 'Monohy 149' on 20 Apr. The fields were 3-yr stands of alfalfa. Granular insecticides were applied as a 5 inch band on top of the row through a ground-driven Gandy applicator and lightly incorporated with a drag chain. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Individual replicates were 6 rows (22-inch row spacing) × 100 ft. Stand counts were made by counting the number of plants in 3 ft of row in 10 locations in each replicate. Feeding damage by PFB was assessed by removing 30 seedling plants from each replicate and rating each seedling as injured (presence of feeding scars) or uninjured. SBRM damage was determined for each treatment by removing 10 beets/replicate. Beets were rated using the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2, 5-10 pinhead-size scars or 3 large scars; 3, more than 3 large scars; 4, 4 large scars to one-quarter of the root surface covered with scars; 5, one-quarter to one-half root surface covered with scars; 6, one-half to threequarters root area blackened by scars; 7, more than three-quarters root surface blackened.
Phytotoxicity of S-Enstar 5 E on Selected Ornamentals Under Glasshouse Conditions, Winter 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D. , Redak Richard A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To evaluate the phytotoxic effects of S-Enstar, trials on potted nursery stock plants were conducted in commercial greenhouses in Orange and San Diego County, Calif. Eighty, 1 gal pots of each stock plant were assigned to 3 treatments and a water control (20 plants/treatment). Applications, using a 3 gal hydraulic sprayer at 150 psi to runoff, and observations were made once a wk for 3 wk. Treatments were as follows: S-Enstar (kinoprene, S isomer) 5 EC at 0.195, 0.39 and 0.78 lb (AI)/100 gal.
Annual White Grub Control Using Artificial Infestations, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of SMC grubs using artificial infestations at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebr. Topography in the plot area was level. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (99%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 2 inches. Thatch accumulation was 0.25- 0.50 inches. On 9 Aug, turf-soil cores (8 inches in diam by 4 inches deep) were removed from plots and potted into corresponding 8 inch deep PVC containers that had been filled to within 4 inches of the top with soil. Bottoms were covered with aluminum window screen. Containers were placed into the soil with top rims at ground level. The plot area was then irrigated to reestablish plant growth. Second and third instar SMC grubs were collected from a nearby untreated turf area on 21 Aug, and 10 grubs were introduced into each of 2 containers in each plot. Grubs which had not burrowed into the turf-soil core after 10 min were replaced. Insecticide treatments were applied on 23 Aug. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 87°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 80°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was near field capacity. Granular formulations were applied over containers with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water immediately following insecticide applications. An additional 2.5 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.28 inches of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 DAT (6 Sep) by removing and breaking apart the contents of each container to obtain a grub survival count. Grub counts from the two containers in each plot were analyzed as subsamples.
Tests of Candidates Insecticides for Imported Fire ANT (IFA) Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass SOD, 1989
Authors: Lockley T. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-three candidates/rates were evaluated at the Pearl River Valley Turf, Stone County, Miss., on 11 Aug. EC candidates were applied using a locally manufactured high pressure sprayer with 6 SS3W Teejet nozzles spaced 24 inches apart on a horizontal spray boom mounted 24 inches above the ground. This arrangement produced a 10 ft spray swath at 25 psi with 30 gal/acre finished spray. Granular formulations were applied using a modified Herd seed spreader mounted on a model 1700 Ford tractor. All candidates were applied to an area of 1,000 sq ft of established centipede turf at the rates indicated. A wheel-type core sampler was used to collect and composit 300 soil cores (0.5 × 2.0 inches) from each plot every 30 d following treatment. Alate IFA queens were exposed to treated soil for 7 d at which time relative mortality was determined. A mortality rating of 100% was required to display acceptable quarantine efficacy. Plots were destroyed by harvest on 15 May.
Control of Flat Mite on Orchids, Mangilao, Guam
Authors: McConnell J. , Marutani M. , Muniappan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vanda orchid inflorescences infested with mites were cut and kept in Erlenmeyer flasks filled with water. There were 5 treatments including the control and 4 replications of each treatment. The plants were sprayed using small hand held sprayers. A different sprayer was used for each treatment. The plants were sprayed to runoff. The number of mites per flower was counted 2 DAT.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. , Thomas C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots, 12 × 12 ft with 3 ft buffer strips were established in a heavily infested fairway at the Ionia Country Club in Ionia. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand held boom sprayer with four 8003 nozzles at 50 psi for 66.4 s (to give 4 gal/1000 ft2). Granular products were applied with custom-made hand shakers designed to require 3-4 trips over the entire plot area to evenly apply the amount of preweighed product. Ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and once per wk for 5 wk afterwards. Ant mounds were counted if they could be seen while standing upright.
Birch, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against GYPSY Moth Larvae, Wooster, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Birch, 20-30 cm tall, growing in 1-gal containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate insecticides against 4th instars. A C02 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Modified 1-gal (3.9 liter) Fonda cartons were used to prevent larval escape. Tops and bottoms were removed from the cartons, and a bottom was secured around the base of each tree stem prior to larval placement and spray application. Five 4th-instar larvae were placed on each of 4 single-tree replicates, and treatments were applied. Then, cartons were secured to bottoms and nylon organdy cloth was fitted over the top. Two seperate tests were conducted under the same conditions and procedures. Sprays were applied 19 Aug (Test #1) and 28 Aug (Test #2). Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 21 Aug and 30 Aug, respectively, by counting live and dead larvae 48 h posttreatment.
Control of Imported Willow Leaf Beetle on Willow, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredri. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Control of imported willow leaf beetle larvae was evaluated by selecting the terminal 61 cm of a branch infested with larvae on each of 3 trees. Treatments were randomly assigned to the infested branches and replicated 3 times with each branch serving a single replication. Branches were sprayed until runoff using a 1 qt capacity, hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was 24°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Larval mortality counts were conducted prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 6, 9, and 16 DAT by counting the total number of live larvae (all instars) on the terminal 61 cm of each treated branch. Larvae that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead. No attempt was made to evaluate for adult beetle control.
Sheep Ked Control with Dimilin as a 0.2% Spray, 1989
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sheep were yearling wethers, mature ewes and mature rams of mixed breeds, both black and white face, naturally infested with sheep keds. Pretreatment ked density was determined by whole body counts of adult keds, gravid females and puparia on all the animals. Prior to treatment, all animals were weighed, and fleece length was recorded. Treatment groups were housed in separate pens. Two groups received the Dimilin treatment; one consisted of 10 ewes and the second consisted of 10 rams. A third group of 6 wethers served as the untreated control. Ked density was determined on all animals on 27 Jun, one d before the single treatment, and thereafter at 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, 35-, 42-, 49-, 56-, 65-, and 72-DAT. Dimilin 0.2% spray was applied at 100 psi by means of a CO2-powered sprayer with a no. 8003 flat-fan nozzle. The sprayer delivered one gal of liquid in 2 min and 14 s. Each animal received 1 qt of spray material. Five animals were sprayed at a time and all animals were thoroughly covered with the spray material. Weather remained dry during and several days after the treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W. , Snodgrass G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to TPB in the laboratory by application to cotton terminals (cv. 'STV 213') in water pics using a laboratory spray table. TPB were obtained from a laboratory colony that had been in continuous culture for one year on broccoli and green beans. The culture was periodically supplemented with TPB from field sources. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Teach treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. One 4-d-old adult TPB (unsexed) was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held under ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 72 h after spraying.
Topical Bioassay, 1990
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Response of 3rd instar cabbage loopers to technical grade permethrin, methomyl, abamectin and MK-243 was measured in laboratory bioassays. Insects were treated by placing 1 ul of insecticide dispersed in acetone to the thoracic region of each larva. This procedure was replicated 3 times, (10 larvae/replicate) for each dose, controls and each insecticide. Five doses in a geometric series (e.g. 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.) and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. A total of 180 insects were used for each insecticide trial, including acetone only treated checks. After topical application cabbage loopers were placed in 1 oz diet cups (2 larvae/cup) with enough diet to sustain them for 96 h. Cups were held under ambient conditions 25°C ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D). Mortality was recorded every 24 h for 96 h. Larvae were considered dead if they did not respond when probed. Mortality data were analyzed using the probit option of POLO-PC. LD50 and LD90 values for each insecticide after 96 h are reported herein.
Laboratory Residual Studies for German Cockroach Control, 1990
Authors: Wright Russell , Pinkston Ken , Hudson Michael , Doss Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The residual activity of two concentrations, 0.25% and 0.50%, of Dursban LO and the experimental compound XRM-5184 were tested on three surfaces, masonite, painted plywood and stainless steel for efficacy in controlling German cockroaches. The test surfaces were 16 inches2 marked into quadrants 8 inches2 so that each of the four exposures could be done on a previously unused surface. The 1/4 inch plywood was painted with 2 coats of white, flat latex paint and allowed to dry 32 d prior to treatment. The Vi inch masonite surfaces were unpainted and the 1/8 inch stainless steel surfaces were unpainted but washed, thoroughly rinsed, and dried prior to treatment. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Thus 4 panels of each surface material were sprayed with each insecticide at each rate and a control set was sprayed with water. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 treatments, 2 insecticides at 2 rates, on 3 types of surfaces with each surface replicated 4 times for each treatment. Residual activity of these treatments was determined by exposing cockroaches at 24 h, 7, and 14 DAT. The insecticide application system was a modified B&G sprayer, model 104-S, equipped with a teejet fan nozzle #800067 attached to a mobile nozzle stand. The nozzle stand was attached to a motorized track, powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor, that moved the nozzle stand at a rate of 2.5 ft/s. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches over the target surfaces. The compressed air source was set at 20 psi to deliver a finished spray concentration of 2.2 oz/100 ft2 as the nozzle moved over the 4 target panels. The sprayer design, speed of delivery and application rate were set to simulate field application rates. Treated surfaces were allowed to air dry for 24 h before cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces. Cockroaches were confined to the treated surfaces in cages made from white PVC couplers that were 6.5 inches in diameter × 8 inches tall. A petroleum jelly-mineral oil mixture was applied to the inside wall 0.5 inches from the exposure surface to keep the cockroaches on treated surfaces. The top of the cages were covered with a nylon mesh fabric to prevent any escapes of cockroaches that crossed the sticky barrier. Ten adult male and/or nongravid female German cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces and the control surface. Cockroaches were exposed to each surface for 24 h during which mortality counts were made at 4, 8 and 24 h. After the 24 h count, the treated surfaces were removed. The cages were inverted and the cockroaches were knocked down to the nylon mesh top of the cages. The cages were left standing with the nylon screen in contact with untreated surfaces and the open end of the cages was covered with clear saran wrap to prevent escapes. A final mortality count was made 24 h later which was 48 h after the initial exposure. Cockroaches were exposed to the treated surfaces following the same procedure at 7 and 14 DAT.
Nonanol, a Codling Moth Ovipositional Repellant, 1990
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An infestation cage (35 cm wide × 50 cm long × 27 cm high) constructed of fiberglass screen over a wood frame was used to determine the acceptability of volatile plum compounds to CM oviposition. One end of the cage was covered with foam board that had 2 test holes (7 cm diam) across the width. A cylinder made from a plastic cup (4 cm high) that had the bottom removed was placed into each hole. The holes were covered with perforated waxed paper on the inside of the cage. Each test compound was dispensed on a 2.5 cm diam filter paper and placed in a randomly selected cylinder in front of a hole. The other hole was used for the control. One concentration of one test compound was tested in each cage. Each test was replicated 4 times using one cage/test. An air current from an oscillating 30.5 cm household fan was passed through the test holes into the interior of the cage to deliver an air flow pulse of 0.1 m/s every 5 s. About 170-240, 3- to 6-d-old CM adults in each cage were allowed to oviposit on the perforated waxed paper over each hole for 24 h. The acceptability of the test compound was determined by the no. of CM eggs laid over the test compound hole compared to the no. of eggs laid over the untreated control hole in the same cage. About 400 CM adults were placed in a glove box (70 wide × 50 long × 45 cm high) to study ovipositional behavior on 15 'Goldcrest' peach shoots and 15 plum shoots that had 4 - 16 leaves and one 2 - 5 cm diam fruit per shoot. The total no. of eggs and larvae were counted on the fruit and on the upper and lower leaf surfaces after 7 d in the glove box.