bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Budgets over Gentle Topography Covered by Forests
Authors: Chen Bicheng , Chamecki Marcelo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Large-eddy simulations of flow over a “horizontally” uniform model forest are used to investigate the effects of gentle topography on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget within the canopy roughness sublayer. Despite significant differences between simulations using idealized sinusoidal topography and real topography of the Amazon forest, results indicate that the effects of topography are located predominantly in the upper canopy and above, and are mostly caused by mean advection of TKE. The “horizontally” averaged TKE budget from idealized and real gentle topographies are almost identical to that for flat terrain, including a clear inertial layer above the roughness sublayer in which shear production is balanced by local dissipation. At topography crests, where observational towers are usually located, mean vertical advection of TKE can be as important as horizontal advection. We propose the use on an approximate TKE balance equation to estimate mean advection from single tower measurements, and introduce a new advection index that can be used as a proxy to quantify the importance of the topography on the TKE budget.
Controls on Surface Warming by Winter Arctic Moist Intrusions in Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Dimitrelos Antonios , Caballero Rodrigo , Ekman Annica M. L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The main energy input to the polar regions in winter is the advection of warm, moist air from lower latitudes. This makes the polar climate sensitive to the temperature and moisture of extrapolar air. Here, we study this sensitivity from an air-mass transformation perspective. We perform simulations of an idealized maritime air mass brought into contact with sea ice employing a three-dimensional large-eddy simulation model coupled to a one-dimensional multilayer sea ice model. We study the response of cloud dynamics and surface warming during the air-mass transformation process to varying initial temperature and humidity conditions of the air mass. We find in all cases that a mixed-phase cloud is formed, initially near the surface but rising continuously with time. Surface warming of the sea ice is driven by downward longwave surface fluxes, which are largely controlled by the temperature and optical depth of the cloud. Cloud temperature, in turn, is robustly constrained by the initial dewpoint temperature of the air mass. Since dewpoint only depends on moisture, the overall result is that surface warming depends almost exclusively on initial humidity and is largely independent of initial temperature. We discuss possible climate implications of this result—in particular, for polar amplification of surface warming and the role played by atmospheric energy transports.
Accelerated Sea Ice Loss from Late Summer Cyclones in the New Arctic
Authors: Finocchio Peter M. , Doyle James D. , Stern Daniel P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Synoptic-scale cyclones in the Arctic are an important source of short-term sea ice variability during the melt season. This study examines whether recent changes to the Arctic environment have made Arctic cyclones during the summer months more destructive to sea ice on short time scales. We compare the 1–7-day changes in sea ice area and thickness following days in each month with and without cyclones from two decades: 1991–2000 and 2009–18. Only in August do cyclones locally accelerate seasonal sea ice loss on average, and the ability of August cyclones to accelerate ice loss has become more pronounced in the recent decade. The recent increase in ice loss following August cyclones is most evident in the Amerasian Arctic (140°E–120°W), where reanalyses indicate that the average upper-ocean temperature has increased by 0.2°–0.8°C and the average ice thickness has decreased by almost 1 m between the two decades. Such changes promote cyclone-induced ocean mixing and sea ice divergence that locally increase the likelihood for rapid ice loss near cyclones. In contrast, June cyclones in both decades locally slow down seasonal sea ice loss. Moreover, the 7-day sea ice loss in June has increased from the early to the recent decade by 67% more in the absence of cyclones than in the presence of cyclones. The largest increases in June ice loss occur in the Eurasian Arctic (0°–140°E), where substantial reductions in average surface albedo in the recent decade have allowed more of the abundant insolation in the absence of cyclones to be absorbed at the sea surface.

Significance Statement
This study determines whether Arctic storms during summer have become more destructive to sea ice in recent years. In comparing storms from two periods (1991–2000 vs 2009–18), we find that only storms in August have become more destructive to sea ice in the recent period, because of warmer upper-ocean temperatures and thinner ice, which strong winds move around more easily. In June, clear-sky conditions have become more destructive to sea ice in recent years because declining ice cover has allowed more sunlight to be absorbed at the sea surface, favoring further ice melt. These results suggest that sunny conditions in June followed by stormy conditions in August could cause the first ice-free summer in the Arctic.
Classification and Causes of East Asian Marine Heatwaves during Boreal Summer
Authors: Oh Hyoeun , Kim Go-Un , Kim Yong Sun , Park Jae-Heung , Jang Chan Joo , Min Yongchim , Jun Hyunjung , Jeong Jin-Yong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are among the most severe climatic events under global warming conditions; they damage marine ecosystems and result in socioeconomic losses. In East Asia, the sea surface temperature (SST) has increased significantly and is projected to increase further. Considering such increases in SST over East Asia, studies on MHWs are needed to minimize the damage caused. In this study, we classified the spatiotemporal characteristics of East Asian MHWs during boreal summer with a self-organizing map for 39 years (1982–2020) and determined their unexplored possible mechanisms. Four dominant modes of MHWs across East Asia were identified: the 1) Subtropical Gyre, 2) East China Sea, 3) East Sea/Japan Sea, and 4) Yellow Sea modes. The total annual number of MHW days has increased by about 1.23 days yr−1. The significant trend is mainly determined by the Subtropical Gyre mode, whereas other modes do not exhibit significant trends. We found that the East China Sea mode could be attributed to a strong East Asian summer monsoon via ocean stratification by the low-salinity water from the Yangtze (Changjiang) River. The East Sea/Japan Sea and Yellow Sea modes could be linked to remote forcings over the subtropics, leading to persistent anticyclonic circulation over East Asia. The anomalous anticyclone contributed to the MHW occurrences by enhancing downward shortwave radiation and reducing entrainment cooling caused by Ekman downwelling. These findings have important implications for distinguishing the characteristics of East Asian MHWs and reveal the possibility of predicting them by identifying their precursors.

Significance Statement
This study aimed to better understand East Asian marine heatwaves (MHWs) and their causes. We utilized a self-organizing map to classify four patterns of MHWs during boreal summer across East Asia—the Subtropical Gyre, East China Sea, East Sea/Japan Sea, and Yellow Sea modes. We found that enhanced shortwave radiation and latent heat flux play an important role in modulating MHWs in East Asia. A reduced vertical-mixing-amplified ocean warming, and the ocean dynamics drove different temporal evolutions of the MHWs among the four modes. We also identified the potential precursors, which would help in improving the future prediction of MHWs in East Asia.
Evaluating Root-Zone Soil Moisture Products from GLEAM, GLDAS, and ERA5 Based on In Situ Observations and Triple Collocation Method over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Siqi , Zeng Jiangyuan , Fan Wenjie , Cui Yaokui 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) is an important variable in land–atmosphere interactions, notably affecting the global climate system. Contrary to satellite-based acquisition of surface soil moisture, RZSM is generally obtained from model-based simulations. In this study, in situ observations from the Naqu and Pali networks that represent different climatic conditions over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and a triple collocation (TC) method are used to evaluate model-based RZSM products, including Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) (versions 3.5a and 3.5b), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) (versions 2.1 and 2.2), and the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA5). The evaluation results based on in situ observations indicate that all products tend to overestimate but could generally capture the temporal variation, and ERA5 exhibits the best performance with the highest R (0.875) and the lowest unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE; 0.015 m3 m−3) against in situ observations in the Naqu network. In the TC analysis, similar results are obtained: ERA5 has the best performance with the highest TC-derived R (0.785) over the entire TP, followed by GLEAM v3.5a (0.746) and GLDAS-2.1 (0.682). Meanwhile, GLEAM v3.5a and GLDAS-2.1 outperform GLEAM v3.5b and GLDAS-2.2 over the entire TP, respectively. Besides, possible error causes in evaluating these RZSM products are summarized, and the effectiveness of TC method is also evaluated with two dense networks, finding that TC method is reliable since TC-derived R is close to ground-derived R, with only 6.85% mean relative differences. These results using both in situ observations and TC method may provide a new perspective for the soil moisture product developers to further enhance the accuracy of model-based RZSM over the TP.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to better understand the quality and applicability of GLEAM, GLDAS, and ERA5 RZSM products over the TP using both in situ observations and the triple collocation (TC) method, making it better applied to climate and hydrological research. This study provides four standard statistical metrics evaluation based on in situ observations, as well as the reliable metric, that is, correlation coefficient (R) derived from TC method, and highlights that TC-based evaluation could supplement the ground-based validation, especially over the data-scarce TP region.
Tidal Wave–Elliptic Island Interaction above the Critical Latitude
Authors: Marchenko Aleksey , Kowalik Zygmunt 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Around Hopen Island, the satellite images and experiments with drifting buoys describe the movement of the drifting ice and depict tidally generated trapped motion. An analytical solution is applied to investigate the trapping phenomenon. A general solution is achieved by the superposition of the incident and reflected (scattered) waves for an elliptically shaped island above the critical latitude. The incident wave simulates the tidal wave propagation toward the island and its prominent feature, an amphidromic point located to the southeast from Hopen Island. The analytical solution for the reflected wave is constructed in elliptic coordinates. Tide amplitudes and cophase lines are analyzed in the island’s vicinity and compared to observations and numerical model results. A simulated drift of Lagrangian water particles constructed with the help of analytical solutions reproduces well the observed clockwise trapped motion of the drifting buoy near Hopen Island. Since the resonance may amplify the semidiurnal incident tide, we have also investigated the natural modes of water oscillations near the island. While this paper focuses on the details of the model used at the specific site of Hopen Island, a similar trapping analysis can be applied to circular or elliptic islands that have a small scale relative to the barotropic Rossby deformation radius.

Significance Statement
This study aims to understand how the semidiurnal tide propagates and generates strong currents near Hopen Island in the Barents Sea. The trapping of the semidiurnal (M2) tide around Hopen Island leads to an organized dipole structure in sea level, which rotates clockwise. The dipole generates maximum amplitudes of water surface elevation and the strong current near the south and north tips of the island. The abrupt sea level change induced by the dipole sets up often violent currents, which, together with drifting ice, can be dangerous for navigation. The strong tidal currents generate permanent clockwise circulation around the islands, which is essential for biological life and waste disposal as material disposed of near the islands will be trapped for an extended time. Our investigation elucidates the role of dipoles in the local enhancement of tides around the islands.
Uncertainties in Altimetry Observations of Eddy Changes Induced by Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Lu Zhumin , Wang Guihua , Shang Xiaodong , Xie Xiaohui 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The effects of tropical cyclones (TCs) on preexisting eddies are generally quantified by comparing post-TC and pre-TC altimetry-based eddy amplitudes and radii. The dynamical and technical uncertainties in this quantification have been revealed by the altimetry-based and simulated eddy characteristics of five cyclonic ocean eddies (COEs) and two anticyclonic ocean eddies (AOEs). Although demonstrated by eddy cases, both the uncertainties should be universal in principle. The dynamical uncertainty primarily arises from the highly variable eddy characteristics associated with the post-TC quasigeostrophic evolutions driven by the inevitable pattern discrepancy between TC-injection and preexisting eddy’s potential vorticity (PV). The technical uncertainty is due to the artificial smoothness in the altimetry-based eddy characteristics produced by the mismatch between sparse data interpolation and sudden injection of TC-induced effects. Beyond the uncertainties, the amplitudes and radii of both the COEs and AOEs were damped directly by a rectilinear-track TC. After the TC passage, the COEs may strengthen again or remain in the damped state, depending on whether the COEs can absorb the TC-injected PV. By contrast, the AOEs remained in the damped state because the TC-injected positive PV cannot excite them to enhance and enlarge. More importantly, the above damped state of the perturbed COEs and AOEs may be the result of the developing geostrophic turbulence, not meaning the decay of the TC-induced effects. This fact, together with the dynamical and technical uncertainties, implies that the previously used quantification may significantly underestimate the TC-induced effects.

Significance Statement
Typhoons/hurricanes inject their effects on ocean eddies and further modulate the ocean circulation and climate by the accumulated effects. These effects are generally quantified by altimetry observations. Two uncertainties in this quantification are illustrated by using several eddy cases. The first uncertainty is caused by the eddy evolution, while the second is by the artificial smoothness in the altimetry-based eddy characteristics. These findings suggest that the effects of typhoons/hurricanes may be underestimated due to the two uncertainties and underscore that a new method based on physical understanding is necessary to quantify these effects.
Upper and Lower Respiratory Mucous Membrane Plasmacytosis with a Cobblestone Appearance: a Case Report
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Anzai Takashi , Arakawa Atsushi , Takata Yusuke , Sonoda Kenji , Ishimizu Erina , Matsumoto Fumihiko 
Published: November 2022

A 53-year-old woman with a recurrent sore throat, xerostomia, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge came to our hospital. At the first visit, she did not have a fever, but a blood test showed an intense inflammatory response. She had oral mucosal erosion. She developed dyspnea 2 months later. Nasendoscopy, laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy showed upper and lower respiratory mucosa cobblestone appearance. Microscopy of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa biopsy found regular mononuclear inflammatory cell dense submucosal infiltrate, mainly plasma cells. A mucous membrane plasmacytosis diagnosis was made. Prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day rapidly improved bronchial symptoms and cobblestone appearance.
Rural workforce challenges: Why not rural psychiatry?
Authors: Darmawan William , Harding Catherine , Coleman Mathew , Samuels Anthony 
Published: November 2022

Objective The Australian psychiatry workforce is under-subscribed and highly urbanised. Currently, 90% of psychiatrists work in the cities, and there are significant projected workforce shortages of psychiatrists throughout Australia, particularly in rural and remote locations. This qualitative study explores factors influencing medical students and junior doctors’ decisions to pursue a career in rural psychiatry. Method Using a phenomenological approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups and subjected to thematic analysis. Results Sixteen participants were interviewed, 11 interviewees and five participants from two focus groups. This study identified enablers and challenges in pursuing rural psychiatry training in Australia. Clinical exposure to rural psychiatry, personal factors, rural lifestyle and workforce shortage awareness were identified as enablers. The lack of rural infrastructure, the attractiveness of urban psychiatry and the stigma toward rural psychiatry were identified as barriers. Conclusions Australian rural psychiatry workforce remains a complex issue. Reinforcing enablers and addressing barriers identified in this study would benefit future rural workforce initiatives.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on a Cancer Fast-Track Programme
Authors: Martínez M. T. , Moragon S. , Ortega-Morillo B. , Montón-Bueno J. , Simon S. , Roselló S. , Insa A. , Viala A. , Navarro J. , Sanmartín A. , Fluixá C. , Julve A. , Soriano D. , Buch E. , Peña A. , Franco J. , Martínez-Jabaloyas J. , Marco J. , Forner M. J. , Cano A. , Silvestre A. , Teruel A , Bermejo B. , Cervantes A. , Chirivella Gonzalez I. 
Published: November 2022

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted many aspects of clinical practice in oncology, particularly regarding early cancer diagnosis, sparking public health concerns that possible delays could increase the proportion of patients diagnosed at advanced stages. In 2009, a cancer fast-track program (CFP) was implemented at the Clinico-Malvarrosa Health Department in Valencia, Spain with the aim of shortening waiting times between suspected cancer symptoms, diagnosis and therapy initiation. Objectives The study aimed to explore the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our cancer diagnosis fast-track program. Methods The program workflow (patients included and time periods) was analysed from the beginning of the state of alarm on March 16th, 2020 until March 15th, 2021. Data was compared with data from the same period of time from the year before (2019). Results During the pandemic year, 975 suspected cancer cases were submitted to the CFP. The number of submissions only decreased during times of highest COVID-19 incidence and stricter lockdown, and overall, referrals were slightly higher than in the previous 2 years. Cancer diagnosis was confirmed in 197 (24.1%) cases, among which 33% were urological, 23% breast, 16% gastrointestinal and 9% lung cancer. The median time from referral to specialist appointment was 13 days and diagnosis was reached at a median of 18 days. In confirmed cancer cases, treatment was started at around 30 days from time of diagnosis. In total, 61% of cancer disease was detected at early stage, 20% at locally advanced stage, and 19% at advanced stage, displaying time frames and case proportions similar to pre-pandemic years. Conclusions Our program has been able to maintain normal flow and efficacy despite the challenges of the current pandemic, and has proven a reliable tool to help primary care physicians referring suspected cancer patients.
Retrospective Study of Orbital and Orbitozygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures Treated at Aalesund Hospital Between 2002 and 2017
Authors: Lein Ingvild Årøen , Bjørnland Tore , Loro Lado Lako 
Published: November 2022

Study Design Retrospective study. Objective To evaluate patient demographics, surgical management, and complications of orbital and orbitozygomaticomaxillary complex (OZMC) fractures treated at a district hospital in Norway. Methods The medical records of patients with orbital fractures treated at Aalesund hospital between January 2002 and July 2017 were reviewed. Data on demographics, signs and symptoms, cause of injury, fracture type, associated fractures, surgical management, and complications were collected. Results A total of 36 patients were reviewed. Males predominated (1:4.1), and fractures occurred mostly in patients 40–59 years (mean 41.8 years). Interpersonal violence was the leading cause of injury, followed by falls. Alcohol was significantly associated with assault caused fractures ( P = .001). Orbitozygomaticomaxillary fractures were the most frequent, followed by pure orbital fractures. Clinical findings included periorbital ecchymosis (72%), swelling (56%), sensory nerve dysfunction (53%), diplopia (22%), and restricted eye motility (22%). Commotio cerebri was observed in more than half of our sample and 47% had other facial bone fractures. Referral to tertiary hospitals was done in 19% of the cases. The main treatment done was open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (45%). Infection was diagnosed in 17% and managed with antibiotics. Conclusions The incidence of orbital and OZMC fractures in Moere and Romsdal county in western Norway was low, occurring mainly in males over 40 years. The mechanism of injury was predominantly interpersonal violence and falls. A high proportion of the sample had minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI).
Reliability and Validity of the Adapted Chinese Version of the Quality of Life Profile for Spine Deformities in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Hu Miao , Cai Zhuyun , Yang Yue , Hong Xinjie , Zhang Zheng , Wang Ce , Zhou Xuhui , Meng Yichen , Zhao Jianquan 
Published: November 2022

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objective To evaluate the cross-cultural adaptability and internal consistency of the Chinese version of the Quality-of-Life Profile for Spine Deformities (QLPSD) questionnaire in mainland China. Methods The original QLPSD was translated from Spanish into Chinese with proper cross-cultural adaptation based on the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons guidelines. A total of 129 AIS patients referring to our institution from February 2021 to January 2022 were enrolled in this study. The effects of ceiling and floor were evaluated and the reliability was verified by examining the internal consistency (the Cronbach’s α coefficient). Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to test and retest reliability. The C-QLPSD dimensions were compared with the domains in Chinese version of 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaires using Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the concurrent validity. Results No significant floor and ceiling effects in C-QLPSD was observed. The total Cronbach’s α was estimated at .914, ranging from .768 in back pain dimensions to .862 in psychosocial function dimensions. The C-QLPSD dimensions indicated satisfactory test-retest reliability with ICC range of .784-.870. Construct validity analysis revealed that C-QLPSD was well correlated with SRS-22 and SF-36. The values of total correlation coefficient were calculated at -.924 and -.871, respectively, which were both statistically significant ( P < .05). Conclusion The adapted Chinese version of QLPSD had good internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability, which can be used to assess the outcome among Chinese-speaking patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.