bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic and Unsystematic Risk in Real Estate Development: A Theoretical Based Analysis
Authors: Thilini K.A.M. , Wikcramaarachchi N.C. , Anuradha P.A.N.S. 
Published: March 2022

The real estate development industry includes a wide range of organizations and individuals and, it is inherently risky, with high barriers to entry reflecting the cyclic and capital-intensive nature of the sector, and the typically slow payback period. In certain cases, risk includes the prospect of losing the original investment. The risk is classified into different categories among them, systematic risks and unsystematic risks is one important category for an investor. Moreover, systematic risk is the type of risk caused by external factors that affect all investments and, systematic risk is the probability of a loss associated with the entire market or the segment and cannot be controlled whereas unsystematic risk is associated with a specific industry as well as it is controllable. In Sri Lankan context, though there are few researches on identifying the risk factors, but not explained what is systematic and what is unsystematic. Therefore, this research focus to categorize the already identified risk factors in to two areas as systematic and unsystematic. The data collection is based on the past literature and 25 published articles in indexed Journals, conference papers and reports relating real estate development risk factors up to 2020 were identified. Accordingly altogether 35 risk factors were identified and , ten risk factors which were recognized as most significant to the commercial real estate developments were selected for the purpose of the analysis. Results emphasized that climate changes, natural disaster, pandemic risk, council approval process and changes of tax policies as systematic risk factors. On the other hand, the community acceptability, duration, facility management, brand visibility as well as workforce availability as unsystematic risk factors. Hence having identified the risk factors on this basis will help to measure the beta coefficient of the systematic risk in commercial real estate developments to take better investment decisions while increasing the satisfaction of long-term investment goals as well as contribute to improve the risk management strategies in the real estate industry. Measures should be taken to eliminate the unsystematic risk thus the losses from systematic risk may automatically mitigate.
Keywords: Systematic Risk, Unsystematic Risk, Risk Management, Real Estate Development
Enhancing Amicable Settlement of Construction Disputes Via A Systems Approach
Authors: Jayalath C. , Kanchana A. 
Published: March 2022

Given the uniqueness, complexity and the presence of multiple parties, disputes are inevitable in construction projects. None of the alternative means of dispute resolution easily offer a platform for amicable settlement; instead a third party is given a considerable stake in managing the whole process and making judgments, the result of which is often being in either favor or against a disputed party. This article evaluates the potential of the employer and contractor, often being the main protagonists, to settle their disputes internally within the existing system they reside. A sample size of 15 in each group was involved in this empirical study. A Mann Whiney U test revealed that the disputants prefer a consensual approach by internalizing their disputes so that a third-party intervention is not necessarily indispensable. A model on dispute process based on the theory of systems is identified and proposed for further research.
Keywords: Adjudication, Amicable settlement, Arbitration, Disputes, Mediation
Case Study on the Role of Social Enterprises in the Empowerment of Women in the Agricultural sector and the Moderating Effect of Personal Constraints
Authors: Elapata M.S. , Samarasinghe D.S.R. 
Published: March 2022

Social enterprises are receiving continuous attention of policy makers, researchers and practitioners. During the last decades it has been recognized as an imperative and untapped source for economic development. However, there is a dearth of reliable and detailed picture of the role of social enterprises on women empowerment particularly in the Agriculture sector. Thus, the study attempted to explore the role of social enterprises on women empowerment and the moderating effect of personal constraints on the relationship between the perceived benefits of social enterprises and women empowerment. The study purposively selected social enterprises operated under private organizations, people’s organization and Cooperatives. Thereby 210 women entrepreneurs engaged in these social enterprises were selected using simple random technique. The study employed a quantitative methods of data collection, which included a structured questionnaire followed by interviews of key informants. One sample t test, Factor Analysis, Pearson Correlation, and Moderated Linear Regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The dependent variable of the study was women empowerment and the independent variables were the perceived benefits through “resource mobility”, “community-based development”, “community-based service provision”. The moderator variable was personal constraints. The overall Women empowerment index of the sample women farmers was 3. 9641 highlighting that the women farmers engaged in social enterprises were highly empowered. The results revealed that Resource mobility had a strong significant and strong positive relationship with women empowerment and Community based development had a weak positive relationship with women empowerment. However, majority of the women farmers perceived lack of capital, lack of family support and gender biasness and non-acceptance as the personal constraints they faced. The results also indicated that personal constraints have moderated the relationship between resource mobility and women empowerment (β = 0. 160., p=0.026). The results revealed that the role of social enterprises especially in mobilizing the resources will be affected by the personal constraints faced by the women farmers. However social enterprises could be used as a key driver for empowering the rural women farmers.
Keywords: Social enterprises, Perceived benefits, Women empowerment, Personal constraint
Critical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Retirement Benefit Schemes in Labour Legislations of Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajapakse R.L.W. 
Published: March 2022

Retirement can be considered as the most-evidence junction in life where someone decides to permanently leave the workforce behind. According to the right based theory, the state is obliged to look after individuals of the country, and particularly this includes retired elders who contributed their labour, energy and knowledge towards the economy of a country during their young age. The International Labor Organization (ILO) also requires that member countries should secure to the persons protected under the provisions of old-age benefit. However, this has become a difficult task with a recent trend of the aging of the population where the life expectancy of people has grown up. Sri Lanka also has taken some of the steps to enable a few legislations to address this issue of retirement benefits. In this context the main objective of this study was to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the existing labour legislations in Sri Lanka which discusses the retirement benefits. Special attention has been given to the recovery procedure of default payments under Employees Provident Fund Act, Employees Trust Fund Act and Payment of Gratuity Act. Apart from the discussion of the private and semi-government sphere, the researcher specifically dealt with the retirement benefits legislation on university employees by comparing it with the legislations applicable to other sectors. This research study utilized the qualitative methodology where the researcher studied, analyzed, and synthesized a variety of legal documents such as international conventions, legislations, case laws, books, and journal articles. Finally, the research reveals that the retirement benefits mentioned in all three major legislations do not support the state to ease the burden of looking after the old aged people and it is totally shifted to the youngsters of their families. This study fills the lacuna of having a comprehensive legal analysis pertaining to the area of retirement benefits in Sri Lanka including the state university sector by suggesting how the laws should be amended to fill the gaps in the existing law.
Keywords: Elderly people, Contributory pension scheme, Retirement benefits.
Multi-National Corporations and their Human Rights Obligations –A Legal Assessment of Ruggie Principles and other the UN Initiatives
Authors: Muhandiram N.S.L. 
Published: March 2022

Failure of creating a direct human rights obligation for the conduct of Multi-National Corporation is one of the pressing global issues of the 21st century. It has further intensified the influential role of MNCs across the globe. Although regulation of private entities has been recognized concerning war crimes, crimes against humanity, and forced labor but, there is no legal obligation for private entities to be accountable for human rights violations that they are involved in. Nonetheless, under the auspicious of United Nations Organizations few initiatives have been taken to regulate the activities of MNCs concerning their effects on human rights. The Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations, the UN Global Compact, Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights and Guiding Principles of Business and Human Rights (hereinafter Ruggie Principles) are significant in this regard. However, neither any such standards nor the Guiding Principles which is considered as the most authoritative statement of human rights duties of MNCs identify or emphasize direct human rights obligations of MNCs. They merely impose the indirect obligation of MNCs to respect, protect, and remedy human rights. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to assess the legal effects of the obligations created by these UN initiatives focusing more on Guiding Principles. This is normative research based on international legal instruments on human rights. The paper will argue that imposing due diligence on MNCs as a standard of conduct does not maintain a legal duty but, rather help to escape their responsibility. In conclusion, the paper will suggest to have a legally binding framework to regulate MNCs to protect, respect and remedy human rights for direct human rights obligation.
Keywords: Human Rights, Direct Obligation, Indirect Obligation, Ruggie Principles, Due Diligence
Legalność aktów prawa miejscowego, ograniczających możliwość wykonywania działalności cyrkowej z wykorzystaniem zwierząt
Authors: Lubeńczuk Grzegorz 
Published: March 2022

Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy. Jego celem jest ocena dopuszczalności stosowanych przez władze lokalne w Polsce rozwiązań, mających na celu ograniczenie możliwości organizowania przedstawień cyrkowych z udzia-łem zwierząt w kontekście przepisów ustawowych, które jednoznacznie wskazują na możliwość legalnego wykonywania takiej działalności, a także przepisów Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. i przepisów ustawy z dnia 6 marca 2018 r. Prawo przedsiębiorców, które wyrażają zasadę wolności gospodarczej oraz gwarantują prawo do podejmowaniai wykonywania działalności gospodarczej na równych prawach. Podstawą tej oceny jest analiza aktów wydawanych przez organy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w celu ograniczenia możliwości organizowania przedstawień cyrkowych z udziałem zwierząt w oparciu o dorobek polskich sądów administracyjnych rozpatrujących skargi wnoszone przez przedsiębiorców wykonujących działalność cyrkową. Analiza ta pozwoliła na określenie zakresu możliwych działań organów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego oraz sformułowania wniosków dotyczących potrzeby wprowadzenia zakazu wykorzystywania zwierząt w działalności cyrkowej. Artykuł ma charakter ma naukowo-badawczy. Jego celem jest ocena dopuszczalności stosowanych przez władze lokalne w Polsce rozwiązań mających na celu ograniczenie możliwości organizowania przedstawień cyrkowych z udziałem zwierząt w kontekście przepisów ustawowych, które jednoznacznie wskazują na możliwość legalnego wykonywania takiej działalności, a także przepisów Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. i przepisów ustawy z dnia 6 marca 2018 r. Prawo przedsiębiorców, które wyrażają zasadę wolności gospodarczej oraz gwarantują prawo do podejmowania i wykonywania działalności gospodarczej na równych prawach. Podstawą tej oceny jest analiza aktów wydawanych przez organy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w celu ograniczenia możliwości organizowania przedstawień cyrkowych z udziałem zwierząt w oparciu o dorobek polskich sądów administracyjnych rozpatrujących skargi wnoszone przez przedsiębiorców wykonujących działalność cyrkową. Analiza ta pozwoliła na określenie zakresu możliwych działań organów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego oraz sformułowania wniosków dotyczących potrzeby wprowadzenia zakazu wykorzystywania zwierząt w działalności cyrkowej.
Aktualna sytuacja prawna mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem praw w dziedzinie oświaty
Authors: Kurzyna-Chmiel Danuta 
Published: March 2022

Artykuł przedstawia aktualny status prawny mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na prawa w dziedzinie oświaty, które w istotnym stopniu gwarantują możliwość zachowania własnej tożsamości. Dokonano także przeglądu poglądów doktryny w omawianym zakresie. Prezentacja i analiza głównych przepisów prawa międzynarodowego i krajowego ukazuje liczne przywileje służące podtrzymaniu własnej tożsamości, tradycji, obyczajów, religii, kultury i języka tych grup. Szerzej przedstawiono regulacje prawne dotyczące języka mniejszości i języka regionalnego. Szczególne miejsce zajmuje analiza praw oświatowych mniejszości realizowanych w szkołach i przedszkolach publicznych.
Zabójstwo eutanatyczne w polskim i austriackim prawie karnym – rozważania komparatystyczne
Authors: Borkowska Katarzyna 
Published: March 2022

Wydłużająca się średnia długość życia, stale rosnąca ilość chorób nowotworowych oraz postęp w dziedzinie medycyny powoduje wzrost liczby pacjentów terminalnie chorych. To z kolei stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji na temat eutanazji oraz prawnokarnej reakcji na to zjawisko. Ustawodawca staje przed koniecznością stworzenia regulacji, która z jednej strony ochroni życie ludzkie jako najwyższe dobro strzeżone prawem, a z drugiej umożliwi godne i spokojne odejście osobom cierpiącym. Sposób ukształtowania odpowiedzialności karnej za zabójstwo eutanatyczne może być różny. Przedmiot artykułu stanowi prawnoporównawcze opracowanie dedykowane zabójstwu eutanatycznemu w Polsce i w Austrii. Za cel badań przyjęto ukazanie zbieżności oraz odrębności między unormowaniami. W opracowaniu przeanalizowano znamiona przestępstwa zabójstwa eutanatycznego zawarte w przepisach kodeksów karnych obu państw, ze szczegółowym opisaniem podmiotu, strony podmiotowej, przedmiotu oraz strony przedmiotowej przestępstwa. Odniesiono się także do ustawowego zagrożenia karą oraz przytoczono dane statystyczne obrazujące skalę zjawiska. Następnie dokonano porównania polskiej i austriackiej regulacji, akcentując podobieństwa i różnice. Najważniejsze wnioski wypływające z pracy są takie, że przepis penalizujący zabójstwo eutanatyczne w Polsce i w Austrii wykazuje zarówno cechy wspólne, jak też odmienne, oraz że ilość postępowań przygotowawczych prowadzonych w kierunku zabójstwa eutanatycznego w obu państwach jest marginalna, co nasuwa pytania o aktualność regulacji wobec potrzeb współczesności. Przeprowadzone rozważania zostały oparte zarówno na poglądach doktryny, jak też orzecznictwa. Prz
Model Komunikasi Pada Pendidikan Perkoperasian Bagi Anggota
Authors: Budi Styawan Riky 
Published: March 2022

KPRI-KPKS is a cooperative that members consisting of domestic health staff profession in sumedang district such as doctor, nurse, midwife, etc. In addition, KPRI-KPKS has six business units including: Savings and Loan Units, Mini Market Units, Photocopy Units, Logistic Units, multi- purpose building rentals and canteens Units. Based on the six business units, the savings and loan unit has the largest revenue. Superior cooperatives are cooperatives that can provide welfare to members by fulfilling what their members need and want. The purpose of this research was to describe the communication model of the implementation of member education service and find out the service quality of the cooperative which would later be linked to the member participation of the KPRI-KPKS in all Units. The research method used in this study is a case study with descriptive data analysis using a qualitative approach. The results of this study Communication Services Model of KPRI-KPKS in all Unit is described in the form of TNA “Training Need Analysis” is a needs analysis specifically intended to determine what training needs are actually the priority. The concept of "Training Need Analysis" uses the concept of interactional communication model.. And the Lasswell Communication model. The efforts of KPRI-KPKS to improve the quality of KPRI-KPKS cooperative education for members in order to improve the member participation of the Cooperative.
Keywords: Communication Model, Educations Service, Member Participations
Propuesta para Considerar las Asesorías Extracurriculares a Estudiantes Sobresalientes en el Proceso de Autoevaluación con Fines de Acreditación
Authors: Gómez Andrade A. , Romero Gastelú M.E. 
Published: March 2022

El propósito del presente artículo es enriquecer la evaluación de programas educativos por parte del Consejo Nacional de Acreditación en Informática y Computación A.C. (CONAIC) con la inclusión de un nuevo indicador que se identificaría como 6.2.3 para la categoría “6. Servicios de Apoyo al Aprendizaje” dentro del criterio “6.2. Asesorías académicas” que consideramos trascendente pues evidencia los esfuerzos institucionales para mejorar la categoría mencionada al considerar las acciones encaminadas a conocer los talentos sobresalientes de estudiantes que son más dedicados y representan a la institución en diversas actividades que requieren de asesorías extracurriculares ya que estas solamente se están evaluando cuando son enfocadas a los estudiantes de bajo aprovechamiento.
The purpose of this article is to enrich the evaluation of educational programs by the Consejo Nacional de Acreditación en Informática y Computación A.C. (CONAIC) with the inclusion of the new indicator that would be identified as 6.2.3 for category "6. Learning Support Services" within the criteria "6.2. Academic advising" that we consider transcendent because it evidences the institutional efforts to improve the aforementioned category when considering the actions aimed at knowing the outstanding talents of students that are more dedicated and represent the institution in diverse activities that require extracurricular counseling due to the fact that they are only been evaluated when they are focused on low-achieving students.
Implementación de un Sistema de Gestión de la calidad y acreditación en la Facultad de Negocios de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas basado en Moodle
Authors: Castillo Estrada Christian Mauricio , Ortega Hernandez2 Carmen Carolina , Benavides García Vanessa , Velasco Estrada Laura de J. 
Published: March 2022

Un sistema de calidad resulta ser un proceso de mejora continua y de relevancia para las instituciones educativas, el cual se relaciona con las acciones de planificar, hacer, verificar y actuar con el propósito de alcanzar los objetivos de calidad establecidos por la organización; las cuatro acciones mencionadas representan un ciclo de calidad, que se repite varias ocasiones en forma de una espiral, refinando el proceso en cada ciclo. Lo anterior, se relaciona perfectamente con la evaluación y mejora de procesos académicos que establecen los organismos acreditadores, en virtud que son acciones de mejora continua, que las instituciones educativas realizan de manera constante afín de alcanzar los estándares de calidad para acreditar los programas educativos que ofertan. Para ello, es necesario considerar el ciclo de Deming como fundamentación teórica base para la adopción de herramientas tecnológicas, que faciliten la organización y recolección de evidencias documentales para lograr una autoevaluación continúa de los procesos de acreditación de programas educativos. En este artículo se presenta los resultados de la implementación del LMS Moodle como una plataforma enfocada a la gestión de calidad, considerando la experiencia de los docentes en el uso de esta tecnología.
A quality system turns out to be a process of continuous improvement and of relevance for educational institutions, which is related to the actions of planning, doing, verifying and acting in order to achieve the quality objectives established by the organization; The four actions mentioned represent a quality cycle, which is repeated several times in the form of a spiral, refining the process in each cycle. The foregoing is perfectly related to the evaluation and improvement of academic processes established by the accrediting bodies, since they are continuous improvement actions that educational institutions carry out constantly in order to achieve quality standards to accredit the educational programs that they offer. For this, it is necessary to consider the Deming cycle as a theoretical foundation for the adoption of technological tools, which facilitate the organization and collection of documentary evidence to achieve a continuous self-evaluation of the accreditation processes of educational programs. This article presents the results of the implementation of LMS Moodle as a platform focused on quality management, considering the experience of teachers in the use of this technology.
Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance
Authors: Provenza Frederick , Perevolotsky Avi , Silanikove Nissim 
Published: March 2022

Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.