bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding the Lowest-Cost Pharmacy for Cancer Supportive Care Medications: Not So Easy
Authors: Etteldorf Andrew , Rotolo Shannon , Sedhom Ramy , Vogel Rachel I. , Blaes Anne , Dusetzina Stacie B. , Virnig Beth , Gupta Arjun 
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE: To decrease the financial burden on people with cancer, clinicians and patients increasingly use medication price comparison websites to seek pharmacies where medications may be cheaper. Shopping around at different pharmacies can add additional time and logistic burden to patients and care partners. We sought to determine whether a single pharmacy consistently offered the lowest price for symptom control medications. METHODS: We compiled medications/formulations used to manage two common cancer-associated symptoms: nausea/vomiting and anorexia/cachexia. We extracted discounted, lowest price with coupon prices for a typical fill of these medications at nine pharmacies in Minneapolis, MN, using GoodRx. We compared prices across formulations and pharmacies to assess whether a pharmacy consistently offered the lowest price. RESULTS: We included 24 formulations for nausea/vomiting (14 generic and 10 brand-name) and 19 for anorexia/cachexia (12 generic and seven brand-name). Prices for brand-name formulations were similar across pharmacies, but prices of generic formulations varied widely across pharmacies. For example, the prices of a seven-unit fill of generic 5-mg olanzapine tablets ranged from $4 to $57 US dollars. No single pharmacy consistently offered the lowest price across the formulations studied. For example, for the 12 generic formulations for anorexia/cachexia, one pharmacy had the highest price for four formulations and the lowest price for two others. CONCLUSION: In this study of discounted medication prices, we found that no single pharmacy in an urban zip code consistently offered the lowest price for medications used to manage two common cancer-associated symptoms. Well-intentioned efforts to pursue the cheapest source of each medication by visiting multiple pharmacies may add extra time and logistic toxicity to patients and care partners. This approach can increase redundant scripts and expose patients to medication-related adverse events.
Optimising care for UK patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Pagliuca Antonio , Khwaja Asim , Dillon Richard , Evans Paul AS , Mohite Unmesh 
Published: May 2022

This article has been commissioned and funded by Astellas Pharma Ltd. Astellas Pharma Ltd also had editorial input in the writing of this article.   Job code XOS_2022_0036_UK. Date of preparation: June 2022   Acute myeloid leukaemia is a rare cancer, with about 3000 cases diagnosed each year in the UK. Diagnosis is based on patient history, blood and bone marrow tests and, in some cases, imaging. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia, with eligible patients also undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which can be curative. However, patients must be carefully evaluated by the multidisciplinary team before they are put forward for transplant to ensure they are able to tolerate the conditioning therapy required. Improvements in transplant technology have increased donor availability and reduced transplant toxicity. At the same time, greater understanding of the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of acute myeloid leukaemia have helped to ensure that patients receive treatment that gives them the best chance of survival. A recent roundtable discussion considered how current diagnostic and treatment pathways might be adapted or enhanced to leverage good outcomes for the greatest numbers of patients.
A recombinant monoclonal-based Taenia antigen assay that reflects disease activity in extra-parenchymal neurocysticercosis
Authors: Corda Madelynn , Sciurba Joshua , Blaha Jiana , Mahanty Siddhartha , Paredes Adriana , Garcia Hector H. , Nash Theodore E. , Nutman Thomas B. , O’Connell Elise M. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Antigen tests for diagnosis and disease monitoring in some types of neurocysticercosis (NCC) are useful but access to testing has been limited by availability of proprietary reagents and/or kits.

Methods/Principal findings
Three previously identified IgM-secreting hybridomas whose IgM products demonstrated specificity to Taenia solium underwent variable heavy and light chain sequencing and isotype conversion to mouse IgG. Screening of these recombinantly expressed IgG anti-Ts hybridomas, identified one (TsG10) with the highest affinity to crude Taenia antigen. TsG10 was then used as a capture antibody in a sandwich antigen detection immunoassay in combination with either a high titer polyclonal anti-Ts antibody or with biotinylated TsG10 (termed TsG10*bt). Using serum, plasma, and CSF samples from patients with active NCC and those from NCC-uninfected patients, ROC curve analyses demonstrated that the TsG10-TsG10-*bt assay achieved a 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detecting samples known to be antigen positive and outperformed the polyclonal based assay (sensitivity of 93% with 100% specificity). By comparing levels of Ts antigen (Ag) in paired CSF (n = 10) or plasma/serum (n = 19) samples from well-characterized patients with extra-parenchymal NCC early in infection and at the time of definitive cure, all but 2 (1 from CSF and 1 from plasma) became undetectable. There was a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98) between the Ag levels detected by this new assay and levels found by a commercial assay. Pilot studies indicate that this antigen can be detected in the urine of patients with active NCC.

Conclusions/Significance
A newly developed recombinant monoclonal antibody-based Ts Ag detection immunoassay is extremely sensitive in the detection of extra-parenchymal NCC and can be used to monitor the success of treatment in the CSF, serum/plasma and urine. The ability to produce recombinant TsG10 at scale should enable use of this antigen detection immunoassay wherever NCC is endemic.

Clinical Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00001205 - & NCT00001645.
Application of quantile regression to examine changes in the distribution of Height for Age (HAZ) of Indian children aged 0–36 months using four rounds of NFHS data
Authors: Mokalla Thirupathi Reddy , Rao Mendu Vishnu Vardhana 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundThe prevalence of stunting among under- three Indian children though decreased, still it is considered to be alarmingly high. In most of the previous studies, traditional (linear and logistic) regression analyses were applied. They were limited to encapsulated cross-distribution variations. The objective of the current study was to examine how the different determinants were heterogeneous in various percentiles of height for age (HAZ) distribution.Methods and findingsThis article examined the change in the HAZ distribution of children and examined the relationships between the key co-variate trends and patterns in HAZ among children aged <3 years over a period of 24 years. Four successive rounds of the National Family Health Survey data 1992–93, 1998–99, 2005–06, and 2015–16 were used for analysis. The final study included 206579 children aged <3 years (N = 106136 male, 100443 female). To explain and analyse differences in the HAZ distribution, the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method was used. Trends in height for age (HAZ) distribution over time were analysed using separate gender-stratified quantile regression (QR). The selected socio-economic, demographic and other predictors were considered for this analysis. The quantile regressions have indicated that mothers who have higher than primary level education were more proactive in mitigating malnutrition among children at the lower end of the distribution. The age, birth order, mother’s body-mass-index (BMI) and economic status, among children, were some more determining factors for HAZ. Results of selected quantile regression were estimated at the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95thquantiles.ConclusionsThe outcome of various covariates working differently across the HAZ distribution was suggested by quantile regression. The major discrepancies in different aspects were underlined by socioeconomic and demographic aspects among the Indian population. The heterogeneity of this effect was shown using quantile regression. Policymakers may choose to concentrate on the most important factors when formulating policies to lessen the prevalence of stunting in India.
Analysis on single nucleotide polymorphisms of the PeTPS-(-)Apin gene in Pinus elliottii
Authors: Lei Lei , Zhang Lu , Cai Junhuo , Yi Min , Zhao Heng , Ma Jikai , Lai Meng , Jin Cangfu 
Published: May 2022

Background
Resin-tapping forests of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) have been set up across Southern China owing to their high production and good resin quality, which has led to the rapid growth of the resin industry. In this study, we aimed to identify molecular markers associated with resin traits in pine trees, which may help develop marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Methods
PeTPS-(-)Apin gene was cloned by double primers (external and internal). DnaSP V4.0 software was used to evaluate genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium. SHEsis was used for haplotype analysis. SPSS was used for ANOVA and χ2 test. DnaSP v4.0 software was used to evaluate genetic diversity.

Results
The full length PeTPS-(-)Apin gene was characterized and shown to have 4638 bp, coding for a 629-amino acid protein. A total of 72 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were found. Three SNPs (CG615, AT641 and AG3859) were significantly correlated with α -pinene content, with a contribution rate > 10%. These SNPs were used to select P. elliottii with high α-pinene content, and a 118.0% realistic gain was obtained.

Conclusions
The PeTPS-(-)Apin gene is not uniquely decisive for selection of plus slash pines with stable production, high yield, and good quality, but it can be used as a reference for selection of other resin-producing pines and other resin components.
Health care expenditures among long-term survivors of pediatric solid tumors: Results from the French Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (FCCSS) and the French network of cancer registries (FRANCIM)
Authors: Bejarano-Quisoboni Daniel , Pelletier-Fleury Nathalie , Allodji Rodrigue S. , Lacour Brigitte , GrosClaude Pascale ,   FRANCIM Group, Pacquement Hélène , Doz François , Berchery Delphine , Pluchart Claire , Bondiau Piere-Yves , Nys Julie , Jackson Angela , Demoor-Goldschmidt Charlotte , Dumas Agnès , Thomas-Teinturier Cécile , Vu-Bezin Giao , Valteau-Couanet Dominique , Haddy Nadia , Fresneau Brice , de Vathaire Florent 
Published: May 2022

Background
Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) may require lifelong medical care due to late effects of cancer treatments. Little is known about of their healthcare utilization and expenditures at long-term especially in publicly funded health care system. We aim to estimate and describe the health care expenditures among long-term CCS in France.

Methods
A total of 5319 five-year solid CCS diagnosed before the age of 21 between 1945 and 2000 in France were identified in the French Childhood Cancer Survivors Study cohort (FCCSS) and the French cancer registry. Information about health care expenditure was taken from the French national health data system between 2011 and 2016, and was described according to survivors’ characteristics. Generalized linear models were used to determine associations between health care expenditures and survivors’ characteristics.

Results
Mean annual amount of healthcare expenditures was € 4,255. Expenditures on hospitalizations and pharmacy represents 60% of total expenditures. Mean annual of healthcare expenditures were higher at increasing age, among women survivors (€ 4,795 vs € 3,814 in men) and in central nervous system (CNS) tumor survivors (€ 7,116 vs € 3,366 in lymphoma and € 3,363 in other solid tumor survivors).

Conclusions
Childhood cancer survivorship is associated with a substantial economic burden in France. We found that female gender and CNS primary cancer were associated with increased healthcare expenditures.
Evaluation of models for prognosing mortality in critical care patients with COVID-19: First- and second-wave data from a German university hospital
Authors: Kieninger Martin , Dietl Sarah , Sinning Annemarie , Gruber Michael , Gronwald Wolfram , Zeman Florian , Lunz Dirk , Dienemann Thomas , Schmid Stephan , Graf Bernhard , Lubnow Matthias , Müller Thomas , Holzmann Thomas , Salzberger Bernd , Kieninger Bärbel 
Published: May 2022

Background
In a previous study, we had investigated the intensive care course of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the first wave in Germany by calculating models for prognosticating in-hospital death with univariable and multivariable regression analysis. This study analyzed if these models were also applicable to patients with COVID-19 in the second wave.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 98 critical care patients with COVID-19, who had been treated at the University Medical Center Regensburg, Germany, between October 2020 and February 2021. Data collected for each patient included vital signs, dosage of catecholamines, analgosedation, anticoagulation, and antithrombotic medication, diagnostic blood tests, treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), intensive care scores, ventilator therapy, and pulmonary gas exchange. Using these data, expected mortality was calculated by means of the originally developed mathematical models, thereby testing the models for their applicability to patients in the second wave.

Results
Mortality in the second-wave cohort did not significantly differ from that in the first-wave cohort (41.8% vs. 32.2%, p = 0.151). As in our previous study, individual parameters such as pH of blood or mean arterial pressure (MAP) differed significantly between survivors and non-survivors. In contrast to our previous study, however, survivors and non-survivors in this study showed significant or even highly significant differences in pulmonary gas exchange and ventilator therapy (e.g. mean and minimum values for oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen, mean values for the fraction of inspired oxygen, positive expiratory pressure, tidal volume, and oxygenation ratio). ECMO therapy was more frequently administered than in the first-wave cohort. Calculations of expected mortality by means of the originally developed univariable and multivariable models showed that the use of simple cut-off values for pH, MAP, troponin, or combinations of these parameters resulted in correctly estimated outcome in approximately 75% of patients without ECMO therapy.
Inhaled nitric oxide as temporary respiratory stabilization in patients with COVID-19 related respiratory failure (INOCOV): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hagemo Jostein Skjalg , Skulberg Arne Kristian , Rehn Marius , Valberg Morten , Pesonen Maiju , Heimdal Hans Julius , Heyerdahl Fridtjof 
Published: May 2022

Background
In March 2020, WHO announced the COVID-19 a pandemic and a major global public health emergency. Mortality from COVID-19 is rapidly increasing globally, with acute respiratory failure as the predominant cause of death. Many patients experience severe hypoxia and life-threatening respiratory failure often requiring mechanical ventilation. To increase safety margins during emergency anaesthesia and rapid sequence intubation (RSI), patients are preoxygenated with a closed facemask with high-flow oxygen and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Due to the high shunt fraction of deoxygenated blood through the lungs frequently described in COVID-19 however, these measures may be insufficient to avoid harmful hypoxemia. Preoxygenation with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) potentially reduces the shunt fraction and may thus allow for the necessary margins of safety during RSI.

Methods and design
The INOCOV protocol describes a phase II pharmacological trial of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) as an adjunct to standard of care with medical oxygen in initial airway and ventilation management of patients with known or suspected COVID-19 in acute respiratory failure. The trial is parallel two-arm, randomized, controlled, blinded trial. The primary outcome measure is the change in oxygen saturation (SpO2), and the null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the change in SpO2 following initiation of iNO.

Trial registration
EudraCT number 2020-001656-18; WHO UTN: U1111-1250-1698.
Protocol version: 2.0 (June 25th, 2021).
A qualitative study of continence service provision for people living with dementia at home in the UK: Still inadequate?
Authors: Murphy Cathy , De Laine Christine , Macaulay Margaret , Fader Mandy 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionIncontinence is a major problem for people with dementia (PWD) and their family/friend caregivers, often causing substantial harm, including residential care admission. The incontinence needs of PWD are complex and different from those of people without dementia.The aim of this study was to investigate carer and nurse perceptions of continence service provision and potential improvements.MethodsA secondary analysis of qualitative data was undertaken. Semi-structured interviews (n = 45) were undertaken with PWD, family caregivers and healthcare professionals (continence or dementia nurses) in the UK. PWD and caregivers were recruited viawww.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.ukand via dementia/carer groups. Nurses were recruited via their employers. Framework analysis was used. The COREQ Research guideline statement assists reporting.ResultsFour themes were found. Firstly, there was a lack of awareness of the service and waiting time. Many caregivers were unaware of continence services and dementia nurses often viewed it as a pad provision service. Caregivers reported long waits not meeting their urgent needs. Secondly, product provision was often inadequate. Most caregivers self-purchased all or many products and substantial variation in product provision was found. The number of products provided was often inadequate. Thirdly, a sense that “nothing can be done” was observed by some nurses and caregivers. Caregivers believed that, if nothing else, care information should be provided. Finally, suggestions for improvements were made, including proactive service signposting, joint clinics with dementia services, improved information before crisis point, dementia training for continence nurses and improved product provision.ConclusionContinence service inadequacies for PWD and caregivers have been reported for many years. This study demonstrates service provision remains unsatisfactory in the UK. Stakeholders propose a range of service improvements. It highlights that listening to the voices of PWD, caregivers and nurses is crucial for services seeking to improve continence services for PWD living at home.
Diarrhoeagenic E. coli occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases isolated from diarrhoea patients attending health facilities in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Dela Helena , Egyir Beverly , Majekodunmi Ayodele O. , Behene Eric , Yeboah Clara , Ackah Dominic , Bongo Richard N. A. , Bonfoh Bassirou , Zinsstag Jakob , Bimi Langbong , Addo Kennedy Kwasi 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
Diarrhoea accounts for high morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) and Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) contribute to prolonged hospitalization because of their resistance and virulence properties aiding in the spread of diarrhoeal disease and delayed treatment.

Aim
To determine DEC and the antimicrobial resistance of ESBL-PE isolated among diarrhoea patients attending two health facilities in Ghana.

Methods
Stool samples were collected from 122 diarrhoeal patients who attended Maamobi General Hospital and Kaneshie Polyclinic between January 2019 and March 2020. Identification of bacteria was performed by using the Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Using disk diffusion, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted and interpreted according to the 2018 CLSI guidelines. Detection of ESBL and DEC genes was performed using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results
A total of 80.3% (98/122) Enterobacteriaceae was recovered from the patients in the study with an overall ESBL occurrence of 20.4% (20/98), predominantly among E. coli showed 13.2% (10/76), Klebsiella pneumoniae,35.7%(5/14) and Proteus mirabilis, 57.1%(4/7). Among the ESBL genes detected, blaTEM (n = 14) was common, followed by blaCTX-M (n = 13) and blaSHV (n = 4). Thirty-four E. coli isolates possessed the heat labile (Lt) gene of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).

Conclusion
Our findings confirm the existence of DEC and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESBL-PE among stool isolates, limiting the options of commonly used drugs for diarrhoeal treatment in Ghana. Routine laboratory testing in health care facilities and strengthened surveillance systems among hospital networks are encouraged for a better understanding of their epidemiology and clinical implications.
Impacto das Fake News na Democracia e o Papel da Cláusula Democrática
Authors: Sanches Wünsch Marina , Alves Ferreira Natasha 
Published: May 2022

O desenvolvimento da tecnologia e da internet provocou uma revolução tecnológica, diminuindo as distâncias, incrementando a comunicação e a disseminação do conhecimento. Também não se pode negar as facilidades que esses avanços trouxeram para um mundo globalizado, como a possibilidade de comunicações instantâneas, entre outras vantagens. O presente artigo pretende analisar de que forma as Fakes News podem ser/são um novo instrumento de ruptura da democracia na América Latina. Para tanto, parte da hipótese de que as Fakes News são uma nova forma de ameaça à democracia, na medida em que promove uma desinformação entre a população, influenciando no pleno exercício dos direitos políticos e na realização de eleições livres e justas. Além disso, discute a possibilidade de aplicação da cláusula democrática da OEA, enquanto um instrumento de resposta para novas formas de ruptura democrática. A metodologia da pesquisa se assenta no método hipotético dedutivo.
Comparison Analysis of Optimal Portfolio Formation on Jakarta Islamic Index 70 (JII70) (Markowitz Model and Single Index Model Approach)
Authors: Anwar Indah Lestari , Damang Kasman , Pakki Erlina 
Published: May 2022

This study analyzes the optimal portfolio formation of Islamic stocks on Jakarta Islamic Index 70 (JII70) with the Markowitz and Single Index models. The analysis then compares the proportion of funds, return, and portfolio risk. The subsequent analysis compares the two models' optimal and non-optimal returns and risks. This study uses data on stock prices, dividends, BI-7 Day Reverse Repo Rate, and Composite Stock Price Index for May 2018-September 2021. The research sample is 37 JII70 stock issuers obtained by the purposive sampling technique. The Markowitz model produces 12 combinations, a certain expected return of 0.66% and the best portfolio risk of 3.22%. In comparison, the Single Index Model produces nine stock combinations, the best-expected return of 2.28%, and a certain portfolio risk of 7.53%. Analysis with the Markowitz Model shows no significant difference between stock returns included in the optimal and non-optimal portfolio. However, there is a significant difference between stock risk. In addition, in the Single Index Model, it was found that there was a significant difference between stock returns, including optimal and non-optimal portfolios. However, there was no significant difference between stock risk. The study results can be an essential reference for JII70 investors and stakeholders before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia.