bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Falling between the cracks”: Experiences of Black dementia caregivers navigating U.S. health systems
Authors: Alexander Karah , Oliver Sloan , Bennett Stephanie G. , Henry Jenyl , Hepburn Kenneth , Clevenger Carolyn , Epps Fayron 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn addition to numerous care responsibilities, family caregivers are expected to navigate health systems and engage in healthcare management tasks on behalf of their persons living with dementia (PLWD). These challenging tasks pose additional difficulties for Black dementia caregivers. Due to the centuries‐old, disadvantaged social history of Black Americans, several unique stressors, vulnerabilities, and resources have emerged which inform and affect Black dementia caregivers' experiences and well‐being. Focus groups were held with Black caregivers (N = 19) from the United States to explore the unique experiences and perspectives of this population navigating the U.S. health system on behalf of their PLWD. Five overarching themes were constructed during thematic analysis: Forced Advocacy, Poor Provider Interaction, Payor Source Dictates Care, Discrimination, and Broken Health System. Black dementia caregivers unanimously concurred that the health system that they experience in America is “broken.” Gaps in the health system can lead to people [as one caregiver passionately expressed] “falling between the cracks,” in terms of care, services, and resources needed. Caregivers agreed that class, sex, utilizing public health insurance, and being a “person of color” contribute to their difficulties navigating the health system. Caregivers perceived being dismissed by providers, forcing them to advocate for both themselves and their PLWD. Healthcare providers and researchers can utilize these findings to improve the experiences and healthcare outcomes of Black persons living with dementia and their caregivers. Additionally, these findings can lead to the development of culturally tailored caregiver education programs.
Performance‐enhancing drugs and the Olympics
Authors: Watson C. James , Stone Genevra L. , Overbeek Daniel L. , Chiba Takuyo , Burns Michele M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe rules of fair play in sport generally prohibit the use of performance‐enhancing drugs (PEDs). The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) oversees global antidoping regulations and testing for elite athletes participating in Olympic sports. Efforts to enforce antidoping policies are complicated by the diverse and evolving compounds and strategies employed by athletes to gain a competitive edge. Now between the uniquely proximate 2021 Tokyo and 2022 Beijing Olympic Games, we discuss WADA's efforts to prevent PED use during the modern Olympic Games. Then, we review the major PED classes with a focus on pathophysiology, complexities of antidoping testing, and relevant toxicities. Providers from diverse practice environments are likely to care for patients using PEDs for a variety of reasons and levels of sport; these providers should be aware of common PED classes and their risks.
Associations between Developmental Assets and Adolescent Health Status: Findings from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health
Authors: Zheng Katherine , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. , Santelli John S. , Smaldone Arlene , Bruzzese Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDevelopmental assets foster positive health outcomes among adolescents, but have not been studied in adolescents with chronic illness or depression, two conditions that impact behaviors in school. We examined parent‐reported assets in a national sample of adolescents and compared the number and types of assets by health statuses.METHODSData were from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 15,734 adolescents), which captured 15 of 40 assets in the Developmental Assets Framework. We categorized adolescents as healthy; chronic physical illness alone; depression alone; and chronic physical illness with co‐morbid depression. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and logistic regression.RESULTSHealthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone were comparable in number and types of assets. Adolescents with chronic physical illness and co‐morbid depression had fewer assets compared to healthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone. Similar associations were found in comparing healthy adolescents to those with depression without chronic physical illness.CONCLUSIONSThe presence of depression, among adolescents with and without chronic physical illness, was associated with fewer internal and external assets. The absence of assets may serve as a unique indicator of underlying depressive symptoms among adolescents in the school setting.
“We are cheaper, so they hire us”: Discounted nativeness in online English teaching
Authors: Panaligan Joy Hannah , Curran Nathaniel Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article considers the rapidly expanding online market for English teaching. Drawing on interviews with 11 Filipino online English teachers and the first author's own experiences teaching English online, we examine how teachers feel under the conditions of precarity they experience in the gig economy for language teaching. In addressing the experiences of Filipino teachers, we introduce the notion of “discounted nativeness.” Discounted nativeness describes Filipino teachers’ ambivalent position within the online English teaching industry: platforms take advantage of Filipino teachers' high levels of English proficiency—up to and including passing them off as American teachers—while the teachers experience discrimination from students and maltreatment by the platforms. The article concludes by discussing the need for sustained research into the burgeoning market for online language teaching.
Toll‐like receptor inflammatory cascade and the development of diabetic kidney disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: de Melo Thamara R , de Souza Karla S C , Ururahy Marcela A G , Bortolin Raul H , Bezerra João F , de Oliveira Galvão Marcos F , Hirata Rosario D C , Hirata Mario H , Arrais Ricardo F , Almeida Maria das Graças , de Rezende Adriana A , Silbiger Vivian N 
Published: January 2022

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the association of toll‐like receptor (TLR) inflammatory cascade with the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).MethodsA total of 49 T1D patients and 49 normoglycaemic (NG) subjects aged 5–20 years old were recruited. TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, NFKB, MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 mRNA expressions were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin, serum urea, serum creatinine and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) were determined.ResultsThe mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88 and NFKB were significantly increased in the T1D group compared with the NG group. The mRNA expression levels of MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 were higher in 21 T1D patients (42.9%) (average of MCP1/CCL2: 6.6‐fold and IL18: 5.8‐fold) than in NG patients. Furthermore, ACR was increased in the T1D group compared with the NG group.ConclusionThe increased mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, NFKB, MCP1/CCL2 and IL18 favours the development of an inflammatory process that may lead to a decline in renal function and consequently DKD in children and adolescents with T1D. This suggests that these genes are early mediators of onset DKD since the beginning of the lives of the paediatric T1D patients.
Immediate impact of bringing a school to the community with a new community‐based clinical education program
Authors: Nguyen Lisa B. , Johnson Lynn , Lee Steve , Tupaz Kyle , Piskorowski Wilhelm A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the implementation of a community‐based clinical education (CBCE) program at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Dentistry (SOD) and the preliminary outcomes on dental students and affiliated clinics.MethodsA retrospective review was carried out of SOD CBCE program implementation and program data between March 2018 and June 2019 related to patient encounters, pre‐ and post‐rotation student self‐assessments, student exit surveys and surveys administered to faculty within affiliate clinics.ResultsIn five academic quarters, 133 students delivered care for 7556 patients and completed 12,467 procedures in underserved communities. Students reported increased confidence across 14 areas of self‐assessment. The percentage of students reporting future plans of working in public health clinics upon graduation increased from 6% to 19%. Affiliate clinic faculty indicated increased care delivery for underserved patients, appointment availability, and job satisfaction.ConclusionsThe newly implemented UCLA SOD CBCE program preliminarily yielded immediate positive outcomes for SOD students and affiliate community clinics.
Trend in rural‐urban disparities in access to outpatient mental health services among US adults aged 18‐64 with employer‐sponsored insurance: 2005‐2018
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Roy Kakoli , Khushalani Jaya Shankar , Puddy Richard W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeThis study estimates the rural‐urban differences in outpatient service utilization and expenditures for depression, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder, and the evolving mental health provider mix for privately insured US adults aged 18‐64 during 2005‐2018.MethodsWe used the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database for individuals covered by employer‐sponsored health insurance, from 2005 to 2018, with a yearly total number of beneficiaries ranging from 17.5 to 53.1 million. Claims for nonelderly adults with mental health and substance abuse coverage are included. Outcomes include rates of outpatient service utilization for depression, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder; counts of outpatient visits; expenditure and share of the out‐of‐pocket cost; and the mental health services provider mix.FindingsRural enrollees were less likely than urban enrollees to use outpatient mental health services for depression by 1.2% (percentage points) in 2005 and 0.6% in 2018. Among those who used outpatient mental health services, rural enrollees had fewer outpatient visits than their urban counterparts (difference: 1.8‐2.4 visits for depression, 1.2‐1.7 visits for anxiety disorder, and 0.7‐2.1 visits for substance use disorder). Rural patients paid less per year for mental health outpatient visits of the 3 conditions but incurred a higher share of out‐of‐pocket expenses. Rural and urban patients differ in the mix of mental health providers, with rural enrollees relying more on primary care providers than urban enrollees.ConclusionsRural‐urban disparities in access to mental health services persist during 2005‐2018 among a population with private insurance.
Developing a predictive model for spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injury
Authors: McBride Rebecca , Parker Elizabeth , Garabed Rebecca B. , Olby Natasha J. , Tipold Andrea , Stein Veronika Maria , Granger Nicolas , Hechler Ashley C. , Yaxley Page E. , Moore Sarah A. ,   CANSORT‐SCI study investigators
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundReduced pelvic limb reflexes in dogs with spinal cord injury typically suggests a lesion of the L4‐S3 spinal cord segments. However, pelvic limb reflexes might also be reduced in dogs with a T3‐L3 myelopathy and concurrent spinal shock.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that statistical models could be used to identify clinical variables associated with spinal shock in dogs with spinal cord injuries.AnimalsCohort of 59 dogs with T3‐L3 myelopathies and spinal shock and 13 dogs with L4‐S3 myelopathies.MethodsData used for this study were prospectively entered by partner institutions into the International Canine Spinal Cord Injury observational registry between October 2016 and July 2019. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables and the presence of spinal shock. Independent variables were selected for inclusion in a multivariable logistic regression model if they had a significant effect (P ≤ .1) on the odds of spinal shock in univariable logistic regression.ResultsThe final multivariable model included the natural log of weight (kg), the natural log of duration of clinical signs (hours), severity (paresis vs paraplegia), and pelvic limb tone (normal vs decreased/absent). The odds of spinal shock decreased with increasing weight (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28, P = .09; confidence interval [CI] 0.07‐1.2), increasing duration (OR = 0.44, P = .02; CI 0.21‐0.9), decreased pelvic limb tone (OR = 0.04, P = .003; CI 0.01‐0.36), and increased in the presence of paraplegia (OR = 7.87, P = .04; CI 1.1‐56.62).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA formula, as developed by the present study and after external validation, could be useful for assisting clinicians in determining the likelihood of spinal shock in various clinical scenarios and aid in diagnostic planning.
Early prediction of decompensation (EPOD) score: Non‐invasive determination of cirrhosis decompensation risk
Authors: Schneider Annika R. P. , Schneider Carolin V. , Schneider Kai Markus , Baier Vanessa , Schaper Steffen , Diedrich Christian , Coboeken Katrin , Mayer Hannah , Gu Wenyi , Trebicka Jonel , Blank Lars M. , Burghaus Rolf , Lippert Joerg , Rader Daniel J. , Thaiss Christoph A. , Schlender Jan‐Frederik , Trautwein Christian , Kuepfer Lars 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground & AimsDecompensation is a hallmark of disease progression in cirrhotic patients. Early detection of a phase transition from compensated cirrhosis to decompensation would enable targeted therapeutic interventions potentially extending life expectancy. This study aims to (a) identify the predictors of decompensation in a large, multicentric cohort of patients with compensated cirrhosis, (b) to build a reliable prognostic score for decompensation and (c) to evaluate the score in independent cohorts.MethodsDecompensation was identified in electronic health records data from 6049 cirrhosis patients in the IBM Explorys database training cohort by diagnostic codes for variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, ascites, hepato‐renal syndrome and/or jaundice. We identified predictors of clinical decompensation and developed a prognostic score using Cox regression analysis. The score was evaluated using the IBM Explorys database validation cohort (N = 17662), the Penn Medicine BioBank (N = 1326) and the UK Biobank (N = 317).ResultsThe new Early Prediction of Decompensation (EPOD) score uses platelet count, albumin, and bilirubin concentration. It predicts decompensation during a 3‐year follow‐up in three validation cohorts with AUROCs of 0.69, 0.69 and 0.77, respectively, and outperforms the well‐known MELD and Child‐Pugh score in predicting decompensation. Furthermore, the EPOD score predicted the 3‐year probability of decompensation.ConclusionsThe EPOD score provides a prediction tool for the risk of decompensation in patients with cirrhosis that outperforms well‐known cirrhosis scores. Since EPOD is based on three blood parameters, only, it provides maximal clinical feasibility at minimal costs.
Using machine learning to analyze and predict construction task productivity
Authors: Florez‐Perez Laura , Song Zhiyuan , Cortissoz Jean C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe factors that affect productivity are a major focus in construction. This article proposes a machine learning–based approach to predict task productivity by using a subjective measure (compatibility of personality), together with external and site conditions, and other workers' characteristics. The approach integrates K‐nearest neighbor (KNN), deep neural network (DNN), logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), and ResNet18 to discover the mapping between input and output variables, alongside rigorous statistical analyses to interpret data. A database including 1977 productivity measures is utilized to train, test, and validate the approach. Results test rules in the masonry industry, which do not seem to have been tested before: Small crews are more productive than large crews; higher compatibility results in higher productivity in easy but not in difficult tasks; the relevance of experience to task productivity may depend on the difficulty of the task.
The effect of group size on individual behavior of bubble‐net feeding humpback whales in the southern Gulf of Maine
Authors: Mastick Natalie C. , Wiley David , Cade David E. , Ware Colin , Parks Susan E. , Friedlaender Ari S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn many species, group foraging is a strategy used to increase the efficiency of individuals to find and exploit patchy prey. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are one of the few baleen whale species reported to use coordinated foraging strategies. One of these behaviors, bubble‐net feeding, has been observed in several populations, though the behaviors of individuals within these groups are largely unknown. This study used multisensor kinematic tag data from 26 whales foraging in the Southern Gulf of Maine to analyze individual bubble‐net feeding behaviors. Linear mixed effects models were used to test if there were differences in individual whales' dive behaviors across group size. The results indicate that individuals performed consistent bubble‐net feeding behaviors regardless of the size of their foraging group, except when using one specific foraging behavior, the upward spiral. Overall complexity of foraging dives, based on the three‐dimensional movements of the dive, decreased with increasing group size when group members used upward spirals. This may indicate that in larger groups, participants in coordinated feeding events need to move less and expend less energy to corral prey. This study provides new insights into the effects of group size on individual behavior and group coordination in humpback whales.
The essential role of fungal peroxisomes in plant infection
Authors: Falter Christian , Reumann Sigrun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeveral filamentous fungi are ecologically and economically important plant pathogens that infect a broad variety of crops. They cause high annual yield losses and contaminate seeds and fruits with mycotoxins. Not only powerful infection structures and detrimental toxins, but also cell organelles, such as peroxisomes, play important roles in plant infection. In this review, we summarize recent research results that revealed novel peroxisomal functions of filamentous fungi and highlight the importance of peroxisomes for infection of host plants. Central for fungal virulence are two primary metabolic pathways, fatty acid β‐oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, both of which are required to produce energy, acetyl‐CoA, and carbohydrates. These are ultimately needed for the synthesis of cell wall polymers and for turgor generation in infection structures. Most novel results stem from different routes of secondary metabolism and demonstrate that peroxisomes produce important precursors and house various enzymes needed for toxin production and melanization of appressoria. All these peroxisomal functions in fungal virulence might represent elegant targets for improved crop protection.
Non‐cognitivism about Metaphysical explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article introduces a non‐cognitivist account of metaphysical explanation according to which the core function of judgements of the form ⌜xbecausey⌝ is not to state truth‐apt beliefs. Instead, their core function is to express attitudes ofcommitment to, andrecommendation of the acceptance ofcertain norms governing interventional conduct at contexts.
Humility and metaphysics
Authors: Zalabardo José L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDavid Lewis has argued that we cannot identify the fundamental properties. It is generally accepted that we can resist Lewis's conclusion if we are prepared to accept a structuralist account of fundamental properties, according to which their causal/nomological role is essential to their identity. I argue, to the contrary, that a structuralist construal of fundamental properties does not sustain a successful independent strategy for resisting Lewis's conclusion. The structuralist can vindicate our ability to identify fundamental properties only if she accepts epistemic principles that suffice for blocking Lewis's conclusion even if fundamental properties are not construed along structuralist lines.
Dehydration‐responsive chickpea chloroplast protein, CaPDZ1, confers dehydration tolerance by improving photosynthesis
Authors: Lande Nilesh Vikram , Barua Pragya , Gayen Dipak , Wardhan Vijay , Jeevaraj Theboral , Kumar Sunil , Chakraborty Subhra , Chakraborty Niranjan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe screening of a dehydration‐responsive chloroplast proteome of chickpea led us to identify and investigate the functional importance of an uncharacterized protein, designated CaPDZ1. In all, we identified 14 CaPDZs, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these belong to photosynthetic eukaryotes. Sequence analyses of CaPDZs indicated that CaPDZ1 is a unique member, which harbours a TPR domain besides a PDZ domain. The global expression analysis showed that CaPDZs are intimately associated with various stresses such as dehydration and oxidative stress along with certain phytohormone responses. The CaPDZ1‐overexpressing chickpea seedlings exhibited distinct phenotypic and molecular responses, particularly increased photosystem (PS) efficiency, ETR and qP that validated its participation in PSII complex assembly and/or repair. The investigation of CaPDZ1 interacting proteins through Y2H library screening and co‐IP analysis revealed the interacting partners to be PSII associated CP43, CP47, D1, D2 and STN8. These findings supported the earlier hypothesis regarding the role of direct or indirect involvement of PDZ proteins in PS assembly or repair. Moreover, the GUS‐promoter analysis demonstrated the preferential expression of CaPDZ1 specifically in photosynthetic tissues. We classified CaPDZ1 as a dehydration‐responsive chloroplast intrinsic protein with multi‐fold abundance under dehydration stress, which may participate synergistically with other chloroplast proteins in the maintenance of the photosystem.
Zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births
Authors: Kumari Deepa , Garg Swati , Bhawrani Priyanka 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPreterm birth is among the most common adverse pregnancy outcomes and is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. While trace elements are essential for humans, their specific roles in the prenatal period remain unexplored. Zinc, a ubiquitous element, plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis, cell division, nucleic acid metabolism, apoptosis, ageing, reproduction, immunological and antioxidant defence mechanism. Although zinc quantities are very small in body tissue, it is involved in every conceivable biochemical pathway, which is critical for the performance of various functions necessary to sustain life. Owing to the multifactorial role of zinc, it is not possible to attribute a certain zinc‐dependent mechanism in preterm births. Although the effect of zinc deficiency on immunity, its impact on maternal function and health as well as its role in the developing foetus is well documented, much less attention has been given to the understanding of micronutrient zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births. Despite extensive research, the pathway by which zinc regulates pregnancy outcomes as well as the function of immune cells in controlling the delivery status (term/preterm) is still obscure. The present review aims to focus on the understanding of relationship of micronutrient zinc homeostasis in immunity and its association with preterm births.