bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GIS-based classroom management system to support COVID-19 social distance planning
Authors: Lokhande Trupti , Yang Xining , Xie Yichun , Cook Katherine , Liang Jianyuan , LaBelle Shannon , Meyers Cassidy 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSchools across the United States and around the world canceled in-person classes beginning in March 2020 to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus, a public health emergency. Many empirical pieces of research have demonstrated that educational institutions aid students’ overall growth and studies have stressed the importance of prioritizing in-person learning to cultivate social values through education. Two years into the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers and school administrators have been making plans to reopen schools. However, few scientific studies had been done to support planning classroom seating while complying with the social distancing policy. To ensure a safe return to campus, we designed a ‘community-safe’ method for classroom management that incorporates social distancing and computes seating capacity. In this paper, we present custom GIS tools developed for two types of classroom settings – classrooms with fixed seating and classrooms with movable seating. The fixed model tool is based on an optimized backtracking algorithm. Our flexible model tool can consider various classroom dimensions, fixtures, and a safe social distance. The tool is built on a python script that can be executed to calculate revised seating capacity to maintain a safe social distance for any defined space. We present a real-world implementation of the system at Eastern Michigan University, United States, where it was used to support campus reopening planning in 2020. Our proposed GIS-based technique could be applicable for seating planning in other indoor and outdoor settings.
Lobe Reconnection and Cusp‐Aligned Auroral Arcs
Authors: Milan S. E. , Bower G. E. , Carter J. A. , Paxton L. J. , Anderson B. J. , Hairston M. R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFollowing the St. Patrick's Day (17 March) geomagnetic storm of 2013, the interplanetary magnetic field had near‐zero clock angle for almost two days. Throughout this period multiple cusp‐aligned auroral arcs formed in the polar regions; we present observations of, and provide a new explanation for, this poorly understood phenomenon. The arcs were observed by auroral imagers onboard satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Ionospheric flow measurements and observations of energetic particles from the same satellites show that the arcs were produced by inverted‐V precipitation associated with upward field‐aligned currents (FACs) at shears in the convection pattern. The large‐scale convection pattern revealed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network and the corresponding FAC pattern observed by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment suggest that dual‐lobe reconnection was ongoing to produce significant closure of the magnetosphere. However, we propose that once the magnetosphere became nearly closed complicated lobe reconnection geometries arose that produced interleaving of regions of open and closed magnetic flux and spatial and temporal structure in the convection pattern that evolved on timescales shorter than the orbital period of the DMSP spacecraft. This new model naturally explains many features of cusp‐aligned arcs, including why they focus in from the nightside toward the cusp region.
Changes in Freshwater Distribution and Pathways in the Arctic Ocean Since 2007 in the Mercator Ocean Global Operational System
Authors: Bertosio Cécilia , Provost Christine , Athanase Marylou , Sennéchael Nathalie , Garric Gilles , Lellouche Jean‐Michel , Bricaud Clément , Kim Joo‐Hong , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Park Taewook 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLow‐salinity waters in the upper Arctic Ocean, referred to as “freshwaters”, are cold and play a major role in isolating the sea ice cover from the heat stored in the salty Atlantic Waters (AW) underneath. We examined changes in Arctic freshwater distribution and circulation since 2007 using the 1/12° global Mercator Ocean operational model. We first evaluated model simulations over the upper water column in the Arctic Ocean, using nearly 20,000 independent in situ temperature‐salinity profiles over the 2007–2020 period. Simulated hydrographic properties and water mass distributions were in good agreement with observations. Comparison with long‐term mooring data in the Bering Strait and Beaufort Gyre highlighted the model's capabilities for reproducing the interannual evolution of Pacific Water properties. Taking advantage of the good performance of the model, we examined the interannual evolution of the freshwater distribution and circulation over 2007–2020. The Beaufort Gyre is the major freshwater reservoir across the full Arctic Ocean. After 2012 the gyre extended northward and increased the freshwater content in the Makarov Basin, near the North Pole. Coincidentally, the freshwater content decreased along the East Siberian slope, along with the AW shoaling, and the Transpolar Drift moved from the Lomonosov Ridge to align with the Mendeleev Ridge. We found that these changes in freshwater distribution were followed in 2015 by a marked change in the export of freshwater from the Arctic Ocean with a reduction in Fram Strait (−30%) and an increase in the western Canadian Archipelago (+16%).
Total OH Reactivity Measurements in a Suburban Site of Shanghai
Authors: Yang Gan , Huo Juntao , Wang Lihong , Wang Yuwei , Wu Shijian , Yao Lei , Fu Qingyan , Wang Lin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTotal hydroxyl radicals (OH) reactivity, as a measure of the OH total loss rate and the significance of atmospheric oxidation, is broadly used to evaluate the OH budget in the atmosphere. Here, measurements of the total OH reactivity were performed at a suburban air quality monitoring supersite (Dianshan Lake) of Shanghai, between 1 August and 15 September, 2020, using the Comparative Reactivity Method. The measured total OH reactivity ranged from 13.9 to 107.4 s−1 with an average of 38.4 s−1. Meanwhile, the calculated total OH reactivity varied between 8.9 and 84.4 s−1 from concentrations of atmospheric trace gases measured by multiple in‐situ techniques including an online gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC‐MS/FID) and two proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers (PTR‐ToF‐MSs). A 12.1% missing OH reactivity was evident from the comparison between the measured and calculated total OH reactivities. Inorganic trace gases, methane, and 54 observed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station compounds detected by GC‐MS/FID, accounted for 25.7%, 1.3%, and 10%, respectively, of the calculated total OH reactivity. In addition, 292 species detected by PTR‐ToF‐MSs contributed the rest 63%. The top 10 VOC contributors to the measured total OH reactivity were C5H8, CH2O, C2H4O, C6H6O, C4H8O, C3H6O, C10H16, C5H10O, C5H8O2, and C8H10, respectively, whose total contribution reached 42%. Correlation analysis for the missing OH reactivity suggests that primary biogenic VOCs could be a potential source for the missing OH reactivity during the daytime, and that secondary oxidation products might also be connected to the missing OH reactivity.
The Worth of Stochastic Inversion for Identifying Connectivity by Means of a Long‐Lasting Large‐Scale Hydraulic Test: The Salar de Atacama Case Study
Authors: Trabucchi Michela , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , Carrera Jesús 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUnderstanding groundwater flow involves characterizing the spatial variability of aquifer attributes and possible hydraulic connectivity structures. The latter are of crucial importance because high permeability channels may control groundwater flow and contaminant transport. In evaporitic aquifer systems, these preferential channels can consist of karst conduits, developed at different scales, as well as fault zones. These features condition the economic development of salt flats at the Central Andes. Hydraulic connectivity may affect exploitation efficiency by enhancing the inflow of less evaporated brine thus diminishing its mineral content (i.e., concentration of Li and K). In this context, we investigate if it is possible to use (tomographic) stochastic inversion (regularized pilot point method) in order to characterize the presence of connectivity structures in an evaporitic aquifer of great extension (some 1,500 km2) from head response measured at numerous observation points during a year long sequence of three hydraulic tests. Results show that, even though the solution is nonunique, the main preferential flow zones are identified. Numerous inversions yield similar fits to observed drawdowns with maximum errors of few centimeters. Preferential flow is identified not only by elongated high permeability regions, but also by a marked scale effect (model transmissivities are some 30 times larger than their local tests counterparts). The main high conductivity zones are consistent with independent information based on geophysics, isotopes, mixing ratios, piezometric data, and the expected dissolution processes.
Future Co‐Occurrences of Hot Days and Ozone‐Polluted Days Over China Under Scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Predicted Through a Machine‐Learning Approach
Authors: Gong Cheng , Wang Ye , Liao Hong , Wang Pinya , Jin Jianbing , Han Zhiwei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe warming climate increases the probability of hot days, which leads to a penalty effect of increasing ozone (O3)‐polluted days in polluted regions. Here, we established a random forest algorithm to predict future probabilities of O3 exceedance (P) during hot days and further examined the future co‐occurrences of O3‐polluted days and hot days under two different scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 1‐2.6 and 5‐8.5 for 2030–2050s. Ground‐level observations, simulated O3‐temperature sensitivities in the GEOS‐Chem model, multimodel seasonal‐mean O3 concentrations and daily maximum temperature from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), leaf area index from reanalyzed data, and local geographical information were comprehensively utilized. Evaluations showed that the algorithm captured the spatial patterns of present‐day P values well with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 over China. Results showed that the strong reductions in anthropogenic emissions under SSP 1‐2.6 significantly reduced the risks of O3 exceedance during hot days nationwide from 3.7 days in the 2030s to 3.0 days in the 2050s. However, the SSP 5‐8.5 scenario witnessed more frequent co‐occurrences of O3‐polluted days and hot days over the 2030–2050s with nationally averaged values from 4.5 to 6.4 days. Our results highlight the co‐benefits of reducing anthropogenic emissions to alleviate the composite risks of extreme weather events and air‐polluted days in the future.
Driving Influences of the Doppler Flash Observed by SuperDARN HF Radars in Response to Solar Flares
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Qian L. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Kuyeng K. , Mclnerney J. M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSudden enhancement in high‐frequency absorption is a well‐known impact of solar flare‐driven Short‐Wave Fadeout (SWF). Less understood, is a perturbation of the radio wave frequency as it traverses the ionosphere in the early stages of SWF, also known as the Doppler flash. Investigations have suggested two possible sources that might contribute to it’s manifestation: first, enhancements of plasma density in the D‐and lower E‐regions; second, the lowering of the F‐region reflection point. Our recent work investigated a solar flare event using first principles modeling and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar observations and found that change in the F‐region refractive index is the primary driver of the Doppler flash. This study analyzes multiple solar flare events observed across different SuperDARN HF radars to determine how flare characteristics, properties of the traveling radio wave, and geophysical conditions impact the Doppler flash. In addition, we use incoherent scatter radar data and first‐principles modeling to investigate physical mechanisms that drive the lowering of the F‐region reflection points. We found, (a) on average, the change in E‐ and F‐region refractive index is the primary driver of the Doppler flash, (b) solar zenith angle, ray’s elevation angle, operating frequency, and location of the solar flare on the solar disk can alter the ionospheric regions of maximum contribution to the Doppler flash, (c) increased ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductance causes a reduction of the daytime eastward electric field, and consequently reduces the vertical ion‐drift in the lower and middle latitude ionosphere, which results in lowering of the F‐region ray reflection point.
Pronounced Suppression and X‐Pattern Merging of Equatorial Ionization Anomalies After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Wang Wenbin , Erickson Philip J. , Qian Liying , Eastes Richard , Harding Brian J. , Immel Thomas J. , Karan Deepak K. , Daniell Robert E. , Coster Anthea J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Vierinen Juha , Cai Xuguang , Spicher Andres 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFollowing the 2022 Tonga Volcano eruption, dramatic suppression and deformation of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests occurred in the American sector ∼14,000 km away from the epicenter. The EIA crests variations and associated ionosphere‐thermosphere disturbances were investigated using Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet images, Ionospheric Connection Explorer wind data, and ionosonde observations. The main results are as follows: (a) Following the eastward passage of expected eruption‐induced atmospheric disturbances, daytime EIA crests, especially the southern one, showed severe suppression of more than 10 TEC Unit and collapsed equatorward over 10° latitudes, forming a single band of enhanced density near the geomagnetic equator around 14–17 UT, (b) Evening EIA crests experienced a drastic deformation around 22 UT, forming a unique X‐pattern in a limited longitudinal area between 20 and 40°W. (c) Thermospheric horizontal winds, especially the zonal winds, showed long‐lasting quasi‐periodic fluctuations between ±200 m/s for 7–8 hr after the passage of volcano‐induced Lamb waves. The EIA suppression and X‐pattern merging was consistent with a westward equatorial zonal dynamo electric field induced by the strong zonal wind oscillation with a westward reversal.
Deformed Vein Sets as a Record of Synmetamorphic Volume Change: Quantifying Solution Mass Transfer in Subduction‐Type Metasediments of the Del Puerto Canyon Region, Franciscan Belt, USA
Authors: Soejima S. , Wallis S. R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe volume change component of deformation is often ignored or assumed to be zero in tectonic studies of metamorphic belts. However, when estimating the original geometries of deformed regions, the volume change is just as important as the other two components of deformation, finite strain, and rotation. Major permanent volume change in metamorphic rocks is accomplished by solution transfer facilitated by H2O fluids and estimates of volume change can be combined with solubilities to provide required time‐integrated volumes of fluid flow. Previously applied methods for estimating rock volume change are based on absolute stretch or changes in whole‐rock chemical compositions. Estimates based on absolute stretches generally indicates large volume reductions whereas geochemical measurements generally imply limited volume change. These contrasting results exist even when the two methods are applied to the same region. In this study, we develop a largely unexplored method for estimating volume change using the direction and deformation type of deformed mineral veins. The assumptions in this method are few and appropriate uncertainties can be estimated. Application of the new method to the metagreywacke in the Del Puerto Canyon of the Franciscan belt constrains the syn‐metamorphic volume change to be greater than 7 vol.%, contrasting with previous proposals for large volume‐loss in the same region. The results of previous studies can be modified by taking into account grain rigid body rotation and grain boundary sliding. The final result of our approach yields a volume change of 7–21vol.% and implies large amounts of water‐rich fluid must have passed through the rock.
Water Exchanges Between the Northern Argentinean Shelf and the Open Ocean on Interannual Timescales: Remote Influences
Authors: Bodnariuk Nicolás , Simionato Claudia G. , Saraceno Martín 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe present study addresses the importance of the water exchanges between the Northern Argentinean Shelf and the open ocean at interannual timescales. Based on the ocean reanalysis ORAP5.0 data set the main objective of this work is to identify which mechanisms drivers these exchanges and also estimate the interchanges of waters across the shelf‐break. In order to estimate the interchanges in the region we compute the velocity field normal to shelf‐break and perform an empirical orthogonal function analysis to unveil potential modes of variability. A leading mode that explains the largest percentage of variance is found. This mode presents a dipole structure associated to increments and decrements in the shelf water exportation in the Argentinian and southern Brazilian shelves. Wavelet analysis of the principal component associated to the mode suggest that power concentrates in 2, 4 and 10‐years periods. These timescales coincide with those of the latitude of separation of the Brazil Current timeseries, which is suggested to modulate the mode. Statistical analysis techniques are employed to strengthen confidence in the proposed hypothesis linking the mode to the potential driver. Satellite chlorophyll‐a maps are explored to evaluate potential implications of the mode on biology. This independent data set is employed to further validate the results derived from the ocean reanalysis at 2‐years timescales. At these timescales the chlorophyll‐a concentration field exhibits positive and negative interannual anomalies close to the shelf‐break and in the neighboring open ocean that are consistent with the circulation patterns characteristics of biennial modulations.
An Experimental Study of Mangrove‐Induced Resistance on Water Waves Considering the Impacts of Typical Rhizophora Roots
Authors: Chang Che‐Wei , Mori Nobuhito , Tsuruta Naoki , Suzuki Kojiro , Yanagisawa Hideaki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper studied the interactions between mangroves and water waves through laboratory experiments. Using 1:7 scale 3D‐printed trees based on the scanned image of a typical Rhizophora species, we replicated the root structure of natural mangroves and constructed a model forest. Three arrangements of mangrove models, two model forests of different stem densities and a single tree in isolation, were adopted. To investigate the relationships between mangrove resistance and waves, we applied the approach of direct force measurement, measuring wave forces on mangrove models, fluid velocity, and free surface elevation along the wave flume. Testing regular and solitary waves of various conditions, we observed non‐negligible inertia effects in the measured forces. Based on the direct measurements, we estimated drag and inertia coefficients in the Morison‐type equation (Morison et al., 1950, https://doi.org/10.2118/950149-g) and established empirical relationships between the two coefficients and Reynolds and Keulegan‐Carpenter numbers. These relationships of drag and inertia coefficients can be used in mathematical/numerical simulations to parameterize mangrove effects under similar scale conditions. Compared to previous studies, the drag coefficients for mangroves were more scattered than rigid cylinders, especially in shallower water depths. By testing different water depths, we observed different patterns of drag and inertia coefficients when the root system was partially or fully submerged. In addition, the fluctuating fluid velocity and enhanced turbulence kinetic energy at the vertical positions near prop roots indicated the blockage effects and the shear‐induced turbulence due to the complex root structure. These findings suggested the influence of mangrove roots on water waves.
Association between muscle mass and diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution in adults under 50 years old
Authors: Haines Melanie S. , Leong Aaron , Porneala Bianca C. , Meigs James B. , Miller Karen K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background/objectives
Although relatively less muscle mass has been associated with greater diabetes prevalence, whether there is an association between muscle mass and diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution is unknown. The objective was to determine whether less skeletal muscle mass is associated with greater diabetes prevalence in young men and women independent of body fat distribution.

Subjects/methods
One thousand seven hundred and sixty-four adults, aged 20–49 years old, from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2006). Body composition, including appendicular lean mass (ALM), was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥7 mmol/l, 2-h blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l on 75 g OGTT, HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%), use of diabetes medications, or self-reported diagnosis of diabetes.

Results
The odds of diabetes were 1.31 times higher in men [OR 1.31 (1.18–1.45), p = 0.0001], and 1.24 times higher in women [OR 1.24 (1.05–1.46), p = 0.01], per percent decrease in ALM/weight after controlling for age, race, height, smoking, and education. After additionally controlling for android/gynoid fat, the odds of diabetes were 1.20 times higher per percent decrease in ALM/weight in men [OR 1.20 (1.04–1.37), p = 0.01]; an inverse association was also observed in women, albeit was not statistically significant [OR 1.08 (0.90–1.30), p = 0.42].

Conclusions
Less muscle mass was associated with greater diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution in young men. The association was not statistically significant in women after controlling for android and gynoid adiposity. Low muscle mass could be a causal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes or a correlated marker of higher metabolic risk.