bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guillain-Barré syndrome outbreak in Tapachula temporally associated with the Zika virus introduction in Southern Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez de la Rosa Ricardo Paul , Cano-Torres J. Oggún , Rosales Sonia , Kleinert Anke Paula , Gómez Arturo , George Fernando , George José , Piedad García Mariana , Nájera-Cancino Gabriel , Guerra-de-Blas Paola del Carmen , Belaunzarán-Zamudio Pablo F , Beigel John , Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo Miguel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been previously associated with Zika virus infection. We analysed the data from all the patients with GBS diagnosis that were admitted to a referral hospital, in Tapachula City during the period from January 2013 to August 2016, comparing the incidence of GBS according to the temporality of the Zika outbreak in Southern Mexico. Additionally, we described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the GBS patients admitted before or after the Zika outbreak. We observed a sharp increase in the number of patients hospitalised due to GBS from the time the first confirmed Zika cases appeared in Mexico. Clinically we observed GBS cases before zika outbreak had more frequently history of respiratory/gastrointestinal symptoms and GBS during zika outbreak had significantly more frequently recent history of rash/conjunctivitis. Although we cannot affirm that the increased cases of GBS have a specific aetiologic association with Zika, our results suggest that this observed outbreak of in Tapachula, might have been associated to the emerging Zika epidemic, locally and suggests that rare complications associated with acute infections (such as GBS) might be useful in the surveillance systems for emerging infections.
Pentoxifylline treatment had no detrimental effect on sperm DNA integrity and clinical characteristics in cases with non-obstructive azoospermia
Authors: Mahaldashtian Maryam , Khalili Mohammad Ali , Mangoli Esmat , Zavereh Saeed , Anbari Fatemeh 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the consequences of treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX), an inducer of sperm motility, on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) and clinical characteristics in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients. The pilot study included 15 NOA patients. Half of each sperm sample before and after rapid freezing, was treated with PTX (3.6 mM /l, 30 min) as the PTX group and the remaining samples were considered as the control. SDF and sperm motility were assessed in each group. The clinical study comprised 30 fresh testicular sperm extractions (TESE) and 22 post-thawed TESE intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Half of the mature oocytes from each patient were injected with PTX-treated spermatozoa and the remaining oocytes were injected with non-treated spermatozoa. Fertilization was assessed at 16 h post injection. Embryo transfer was carried out on day 2 after fertilization. Chemical pregnancy was assessed 2 weeks after transfer. PTX was found to significantly increase (P< 0.05) sperm motility. There was an insignificant difference in SDF rates between the groups (P> 0.05). In patient ovaries given fresh TESE, there was not any significant difference in clinical characteristics (P> 0.05). In patient ovaries given post-thawed TESE, there was a significant difference in the number of 2PN and in embryo formation (P< 0.05). Differences in the results of chemical pregnancy were insignificant (P> 0.05) between the groups. In addition, there was not any correlation between DNA fragmentation index and sperm motility and laboratory outcomes. Therefore, obtaining viable spermatozoa using PTX was more effective in post-thawed TESE regime patients in terms of 2PN and in embryo formation, deprived of damaging effects on sperm DNA integrity.
Right ventricular outflow tract landing zone perimeter / circularised diameter – new imaging standards in pulmonary valve replacement reporting
Authors: Ligon R. Allen , Latson Larry A. , Ruzmetov Mark M. , Hernandez Lazaro E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground:Right ventricular outflow tract intervention spans transcatheter, surgical, or hybrid pulmonary valve replacement methodologies. Standardised pre-procedure workup includes cardiac MRI to identify an intended valve site (landing zone). Our institutional practice includes measurement of the right ventricular outflow tract perimeter (circumference) of this site in end-systole. Our primary aim was to compare patients by their perimeter values to the palliative interventions performed (transcatheter versus surgical/hybrid methodologies).Methods:Retrospective review of patients undergoing pulmonary valve replacement from January 2017 to 2021. We performed perimeter measurements at the intended valve site on advanced imaging; the outcomes of interventions were outlined via descriptive and statistical analyses.Results:A total of 37 patients underwent pulmonary valve replacement that met study criteria – 21 transcatheter, 7 surgical, and 9 hybrid. Median age at intervention was 26 years (range 8–70). The mean end-systolic perimeter of the transcatheter cohort was 88.9 ± 8.7 mm and in the surgical/hybrid cohort measured 106.6 ± 7.5 mm. For the transcatheter cohort, the median “circularised” diameter derived from the perimeter measurement (divided by π) was 27.7 mm (range 24.3–32.4). Notably, this correlated (r = 0.93, p < 0.01) with the median diameter of the narrowest region during actual transcatheter right ventricular outflow tract balloon sizing (lateral imaging) of 27.1 mm (range 23.2–30.1).Conclusions:Right ventricular outflow tract perimeter measurement to determine circularised diameter is useful in planning pulmonary valve replacement in terms of candidacy of transcatheter versus the need for a surgical/hybrid approach. The circularised diameter correlates with transcatheter right ventricular outflow tract balloon sizing.
Practical Wisdom and the Value of Cognitive Diversity
Authors: Jefferson Anneli , Sifferd Katrina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe challenges facing us today require practical wisdom to allow us to react appropriately. In this paper, we argue that at a group level, we will make better decisions if we respect and take into account the moral judgment of agents with diverse styles of cognition and moral reasoning. We show this by focusing on the example of autism, highlighting different strengths and weaknesses of moral reasoning found in autistic and non-autistic persons respectively.
Cultivating Curiosity in the Information Age
Authors: Watson Lani 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the role that the intellectual virtue of curiosity can play in response to some of the most pressing challenges of the Information Age. I argue that virtuous curiosity represents a valuable characterological resource for the twenty-first century, in particular, a restricted form of curiosity, namely inquisitiveness. I argue that virtuous inquisitiveness should be trained and cultivated, via the skill of good questioning, and discuss the risks of failing to do so in relation to the design and use of novel technologies. If left unchecked, I argue, vicious forms of curiosity can emerge, with broad implications for society as a whole. Thus, we should seek to cultivate virtuous curiosity and teach the skill of good questioning to those of us (in principle, all of us) who use and rely on technology in our work and lives.
Deepfakes, Intellectual Cynics, and the Cultivation of Digital Sensibility
Authors: Matthews Taylor 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn recent years, a number of philosophers have turned their attention to developments in Artificial Intelligence, and in particular to deepfakes. A deepfake is a portmanteau of ‘deep learning' and ‘fake', and for the most part they are videos which depict people doing and saying things they never did. As a result, much of the emerging literature on deepfakes has turned on questions of trust, harms, and information-sharing. In this paper, I add to the emerging concerns around deepfakes by drawing on resources from vice epistemology. As deepfakes become more sophisticated, I claim, they will develop to be a source of online epistemic corruption. More specifically, they will encourage consumers of digital online media to cultivate and manifest various epistemic vices. My immediate focus in this paper is on their propensity to encourage the development of what I call ‘intellectual cynicism'. After sketching a rough account of this epistemic vice, I go on to suggest that we can partially offset such cynicism – and fears around deceptive online media more generally – by encouraging the development what I term a trained ‘digital sensibility'. This, I contend, involves a calibrated sensitivity to the epistemic merits (and demerits) of online content.
Do dietary practices and household environmental quality mediate socio-economic inequalities in child undernutrition risk in West Africa?
Authors: Dwomoh Duah , Sewor Christian , Annim Samuel K , Stranges Saverio , Kandala Ngianga-Bakwin , Amegah A Kofi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:We investigated the relationship between socio-economic status and child undernutrition in West Africa (WA), and further examined the mediating role of dietary practices (measured as minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF) and minimum acceptable diet (MAD)) and household environmental quality (HEQ) in the observed relationship.Design:Thirteen countries were included in the study. We leveraged the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys datasets ranging from 2010 to 2019. Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to estimate prevalence ratios and their corresponding 95 % CI. Structural equation modelling was used to conduct the mediation analysis.Setting:West Africa.Participants:132 448 under-five children born within 5 years preceding the survey were included.Results:Overall, 32·5 %, 8·2 %, 20·1 % and 71·7 % of WA children were stunted, wasted, underweight and anaemic, respectively. Prevalence of undernutrition decreased with increasing maternal education and household wealth (Trend P-values < 0·001). Secondary or higher maternal education and residence in rich households were associated with statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and anaemia among children in WA. MAD was found to mediate the association of low maternal education and poor household wealth with childhood stunting and underweight by 35·9 % to 44·5 %. MDD, MMF and HEQ did not mediate the observed relationship.Conclusions:The study findings enables an evaluation and improvement of existing intervention strategies through a socio-economic lens to help address the high burden of child undernutrition in WA and other developing regions.
Formalizing the Fermi paradox and combining consistent explanatory hypotheses
Authors: Costa-Leite Alexandre 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA formalization of Fermi paradox inside the environment of classical propositional logic is proposed. The notion of Silentium Universi set is launched in order to establish that the Fermi paradox is truly paradoxical. Combining consistent explanatory hypotheses is taken into consideration and discussed inside this framework explaining what would count as a solution to the paradox. By the end, it is argued that Fermi paradox is an unsolvable problem in the domain of science.
The Realignment of Political Tolerance in the United States
Authors: Chong Dennis , Citrin Jack , Levy Morris 
Published: October 2022

Studies conducted between the 1950s and 1970s found that the principles embodied in the First Amendment constituted a “clear norm” endorsed by large majorities of community leaders and virtually all legal practitioners and scholars. This consensus has since weakened under the strain of arguments that racist slurs, epithets, and other forms of expression that demean social identities are an intolerable affront to egalitarian values. Guided by the theory that norms are transmitted through social learning, we show that these developments have spurred a dramatic realignment in public tolerance of offensive expression about race, gender, and religious groups. Tolerance of such speech has declined overall, and its traditional relationships with ideology, education, and age have diminished or reversed. Speech subject to changing norms of tolerance ranges from polemic to scientific inquiry, the fringes to the mainstream of political discourse, and left to right, raising profound questions about the scope of permissible debate in contemporary American politics.
Anterior ossicone variability in Decennatherium rex Ríos, et al. 2017 (Late Miocene, Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: RÍOS María , CANTERO Enrique , ESTRAVIZ-LÓPEZ Darío , SOLOUNIAS Nikos , MORALES Jorge 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTThe recovery of a new partial cranium of Decennatherium rex Ríos et al. 2017 bearing two anterior and two posterior ossicones from the Late Miocene deposits of the site Batallones-10 (MN-10, Cerro de los Batallones, Madrid Basin) sheds light on the complex variability of the cranial appendages of these extinct giraffids. The special features of the anterior ossicones of BAT10’18-C6-40, each formed by two bosses and separated by a septum increase the range of morphological variability found in the anterior ossicones of giraffids. Posterior ossicone variability has already been described in several sivatherine taxa as Sivatherium maurusium (Harris, 1974) but anterior ossicone variability has never been discussed for four-ossicone taxa. This new specimen accounts for the third morphotype found in D. rex anterior ossicones. BAT10’18-C6-40 is identified as an adult D. rex male on the basis of the development of the posterior ossicones. These are large and already show the first large bump which in this taxon is always located on the middle of the dorsal surface at a similar height on the right and left ossicones which agrees with Solounias (1988) who stated that these small irregular protuberances have a somewhat fixed position, suggesting a genetic basis. This new specimen represents a new example of cranial variability in D. rex, and makes it the extinct giraffid with the largest anterior ossicone variability found so far.
Using Social Media Data to Reveal Patterns of Policy Engagement in State Legislatures
Authors: Payson Julia , Casas Andreu , Nagler Jonathan , Bonneau Richard , Tucker Joshua A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractState governments are tasked with making important policy decisions in the United States. How do state legislators use their public communications—particularly social media—to engage with policy debates? Due to previous data limitations, we lack systematic information about whether and how state legislators publicly discuss policy and how this behavior varies across contexts. Using Twitter data and state-of-the-art topic modeling techniques, we introduce a method to study state legislator policy priorities and apply the method to 15 US states in 2018. We show that we are able to accurately capture the policy issues discussed by state legislators with substantially more accuracy than existing methods. We then present initial findings that validate the method and speak to debates in the literature. The paper concludes by discussing promising avenues for future state politics research using this new approach.
Ring Fault Slip Reversal at Bárðarbunga Volcano, Iceland: Seismicity During Caldera Collapse and Re‐Inflation 2014–2018
Authors: Glastonbury‐Southern E. , Winder T. , White R. S. , Brandsdóttir B. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMicroearthquakes reveal the kinematics of the Bárðarbunga caldera ring fault; during the 2014–2015 rifting event and gradual caldera collapse, and its subsequent, ongoing re‐inflation. Tightly constrained focal mechanisms during re‐inflation have reversed phase arrival polarities from events during the caldera collapse. Thus, the inner side of the steeply dipping northern caldera faults (averaging 81 ± 8°) has been moving upwards during the post‐eruptive period. Both precise relative relocations of the seismicity and fault plane solutions confirm that this is due to slip reversal on the same ring fault structure.
Quantifying the Uncertainty Sources of Future Climate Projections and Narrowing Uncertainties With Bias Correction Techniques
Authors: Wu Yi , Miao Chiyuan , Fan Xuewei , Gou Jiaojiao , Zhang Qi , Zheng Haiyan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDecomposing the uncertainty of global climate models is highly instructive in understanding climate change. However, it remains unclear whether sources of uncertainty have changed as the models have evolved and the extents to which uncertainty in temperature and precipitation are narrowed after bias correction (BC). We quantified uncertainty in temperature and precipitation projections over global land from three sources—model uncertainty, scenario uncertainty, and internal variability—and compared results from the models participating in the 5th and 6th phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). In addition, we investigated the potential of four BC methods for narrowing uncertainty in temperature and precipitation over the globe and individual continents. Raw projections of temperature and precipitation have greater uncertainty and lower fractional uncertainty relative to their anomalies. The largest temperature uncertainties appear in high‐latitude and high‐altitude regions, and the largest precipitation uncertainties are in low‐latitude regions and mountainous and coastal areas. For uncertainties in CMIP6 temperatures, the contribution from model uncertainty decreases with time (from 99% to 39%), while the contribution from scenario uncertainty increases with time (from 0.01% to 61%). For precipitation projections, the contribution from model uncertainty predominates (98%), while the contributions from scenario uncertainty (1.8%) and internal variability (0.2%) are extremely low. Four BC methods have exhibited excellent ability to reduce uncertainty, and among them, BC and spatial disaggregation has the best performance. These findings can help us better understand the characteristics of the models, while also providing decision makers with more accurate information to address climate mitigation and adaptation measures.
Nanoscale Damage Production by Dynamic Tensile Rupture in α‐Quartz
Authors: Guren Marthe G. , Sveinsson Henrik A. , Malthe‐Sørenssen Anders , Renard François 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe creation of new fractures during an earthquake produces rock damage and contributes to the dissipation of strain energy. During dynamic rupture propagation, tensile microfractures can form in the earthquake process zone and in the domains around a fault that host large transient tensile stress. These microfractures can produce rock fragments with a wide range of sizes. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we model tensile rupture propagation in α‐quartz under conditions of stress that occur during earthquake propagation. Our results show that for rupture speeds below 15% of the Rayleigh wave speed, fractures propagate linearly. At higher speeds, fracture propagation undergoes path instabilities with crack oscillations and microbranching leading to the formation of nanoscale roughness and fragments. This nanoscale damage can form in and around the earthquake process zone before any significant slip has occurred on the fault. The produced nanoparticles may control further energy dissipation during frictional slip.
Multi‐Level Monte Carlo Models for Flood Inundation Uncertainty Quantification
Authors: Aitken G. , Beevers L. , Christie M. A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFlood events are the most commonly occurring natural disaster, with over 5 million properties at risk in the UK alone. Changes in the global climate are expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of flood events. Flood hazard assessments, using climate projections as input, guide policy decisions and engineering projects to reduce the impact of large return period events. Probabilistic flood modeling is required to take into account uncertainties in climate model projections. However, the dichotomous relationship between probabilistic modeling, computational cost and model resolution limits the applicability of such techniques. This paper examines improvements to traditional Monte Carlo methods using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and Multi‐level Monte Carlo (MLMC) to quantify the uncertainty in flood extent resulting from input hydrograph uncertainty. The results demonstrate that MLMC is a more efficient modeling strategy than current methods (i.e., traditional Monte Carlo) with high resolution outputs produced in less time than previously possible. The novel application of MLMC technique to three Scottish case studies, demonstrating a variety of river characteristics, domain sizes and computational costs, using a high resolution 5 m grid resulted in a 99.2% reduction in computational cost compared to traditional Monte Carlo methods and up to 2.3 times speedup over Latin Hypercube Sampling.
Comparing Well and Geophysical Data for Temperature Monitoring Within a Bayesian Experimental Design Framework
Authors: Thibaut Robin , Compaire Nicolas , Lesparre Nolwenn , Ramgraber Maximilian , Laloy Eric , Hermans Thomas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTemperature logs are an important tool in the geothermal industry. Temperature measurements from boreholes are used for exploration, system design, and monitoring. The number of observations, however, is not always sufficient to fully determine the temperature field or explore the entire parameter space of interest. Drilling in the best locations is still difficult and expensive. It is therefore critical to optimize the number and location of boreholes. Due to its higher spatial resolution and lower cost, four‐dimensional (4D) temperature field monitoring via time‐lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography has been investigated as a potential alternative. We use Bayesian Evidential Learning (BEL), a Monte Carlo‐based training approach, to optimize the design of a 4D temperature field monitoring experiment. We demonstrate how BEL can take into account various data source combinations (temperature logs combined with geophysical data) in the Bayesian optimal experimental design (BOED). To determine the optimal data source combination, we use the Root Mean Squared Error of the predicted target in the low dimensional latent space where BEL is solving the prediction problem. The parameter estimates are accurate enough to use in BOED. Furthermore, the method is not limited to monitoring temperature fields and can be applied to other similar experimental design problems. The method is computationally efficient and requires little training data. For the considered optimal design problem, a training set of only 200 samples and a test set of 50 samples is sufficient.