bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NORA3. Part II: Precipitation and Temperature Statistics in Complex Terrain Modeled with a Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Haakenstad Hilde , Breivik Øyvind 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The 3-km Norwegian Reanalysis (NORA3) is a convection-permitting, nonhydrostatic hindcast for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea as well as the Scandinavian Peninsula. It has a horizontal resolution of 3 km and provides a full three-dimensional atmospheric state for the period 1995–2020 with a surface analysis and boundary conditions from ERA5, a global reanalysis. In complex terrain it is found to outperform both the host reanalysis ERA5 and also the earlier hydrostatic 10-km Norwegian Hindcast Archive (NORA10), in terms of 2-m temperature and daily precipitation. Of particular interest is the representation of extreme rainfall. It is found that the upper percentiles are much better represented than in ERA5, with very little bias up to 99.9%, suggesting that the new hindcast archive is well suited for hydrological mapping and extreme-value analysis of rainfall in complex terrain.

Significance Statement
High-resolution hindcasts that permit realistic convection allow very detailed modeling of the surface temperature, precipitation, and wind field in complex terrain. There is a need for detailed mapping of rainfall and temperature extremes (upper percentiles) to assess the impact of rapid climate change. We present an assessment of the performance of the model from Part I for near-surface temperature and precipitation, which are found to be much improved in comparison with ERA5 and with earlier NORA10. The focus is on the Norwegian mainland and the Svalbard Archipelago, because the complex terrain found in these regions is challenging to represent in weather prediction models. The improvement in precipitation statistics is particularly pronounced, with nearly unbiased results up to the 99.9th percentile.
Changes in Large-Scale Fall Extreme Precipitation in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States, 1979–2019
Authors: Henny Lexi , Thorncroft Chris D. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Global Historical Climate Network (GHCN) data are used to characterize changes in large-scale fall extreme precipitation in the mid-Atlantic and the northeast United States. Days with the highest regional extreme precipitation total [extreme precipitation (EP) days] are sorted into weather types based on tropical cyclone (TC), atmospheric river (AR), and extreme integrated water vapor transport (IVT) influences. Increased cumulative precipitation from EP days is attributed primarily to three sources. First, over the mid-Atlantic states, Pennsylvania, and eastern New England, large increasing trends are found in precipitation occurring on EP days attributed to TC-related weather types. These increases are due to a late-1990s increase in TC frequency, which manifests primarily as increased TC remnants in the mid-Atlantic area. Second, over New York State and central and northern New England, there are increasing trends in EP day precipitation from AR-related weather types. Finally, there is evidence of increasing extreme IVT-related precipitation in the absence of ARs and TCs. However, when taking into account prior TC influences, it is found that a combination of TC-related weather types accounts for much of the increasing EP day precipitation trend. These trends are then compared to EP day synoptic changes relating to atmospheric moisture content and transport. Results indicate that fall EP days have become warmer and moister, but that this does not necessarily translate to higher IVT because wind speeds have stayed the same or slowed. This is consistent with fall climatological changes during the 1979–2019 analysis period, including higher atmospheric water content and slowed westerlies in the vicinity of the mid-Atlantic.

Significance Statement
This paper sorts days with high extreme precipitation totals in the mid-Atlantic and northeast United States fall into categories based on the presence of factors such as tropical cyclones (TCs), atmospheric rivers (ARs), and other extreme moisture transport. These days have become more frequent between 1979 and 2019, in part due to events with TC influences. However, the synoptic environment on extreme days has also changed, becoming warmer and moister. Many of the most extreme events involve combined AR and TC influences. This is important because it shows that 1) large-scale extreme precipitation has become more common and has changed synoptically and 2) interactions between tropical and non-tropical systems are a key factor for extreme events in this part of the country. Future work might investigate how changes in TC frequency, moisture transport, and jet stream patterns will affect these events in a future climate.
Possible Role of the Regional NDVI in the Expansion of the Chiefdom of Lijiang during the Ming Dynasty as Reflected by Historical Documents and Tree Rings
Authors: Liang Yaqun , Chen Youping , Chen Feng , Zhang Heli 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Although many studies have linked complex social processes with climate change, few have examined the connections between changes in environmental factors, resources, or energy and the evolution of civilizations on the Tibetan Plateau. The Chiefdom of Lijiang was a powerful chiefdom located on the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the Ming Dynasty; it began expanding after the 1460s. Although many studies have analyzed the political and economic motivations responsible for this expansion, no high-resolution climate records representing this period of the Chiefdom of Lijiang were available until now. Here, we obtain a 621-yr reconstruction of the April–July normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values derived from moisture-sensitive tree rings from the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our NDVI reconstruction accounts for 40.4% of the variability in instrumentally measured NDVI values and can effectively represent the historical changes in regional vegetation productivity that occurred on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In combination with a reconstruction of summer temperatures on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, these results reveal that the regional climate was relatively warm and persistently wet during the period 1466–1630. This period was characterized by long periods of above-mean vegetation productivity on the eastern Tibetan Plateau that coincided with the expansion of the Chiefdom of Lijiang. We therefore propose that the NDVI anomaly and associated favorable political environment may have affected the expansion of the Chiefdom of Lijiang. Instrumental climate data and tree rings also reveal that the early twenty-first-century drought on the eastern Tibetan Plateau was the hottest drought recorded over the past six centuries, in accordance with projections of warming over the Tibetan Plateau. Future climate warming may lead to the occurrence of similar droughts, with potentially severe consequences for modern Asia.
Effects of core training on trunk function, balance, and gait in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Moreno-Segura Noemí , Martín-San Agustín Rodrigo , García-Bafalluy Sira , Escriche-Escuder Adrián 
Published: July 2022

Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) includes determining the effects of core training alone or combined with conventional therapy on trunk function, balance, and gait in stroke patients; analysing these effects considering the stroke stage and the core training type; establishing the methodological quality of the studies published to date; and knowing the best dosage and type of exercise these aspects. Data source Cochrane Library, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched from inception to January 2022. Review method A review and meta-analysis of RCTs about core intervention effects on trunk function, balance, and gait in stroke patients was carried out following the Preferred Items for Reporting in Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias and internal validity of the included studies. Results Twenty-nine studies were included (1030 stroke patients). The mean age of the participants was 58.46 ± 9.89 years, and the average time since the stroke incident was 308.64 ± 175.52 days. The meta-analysis results showed significant improvements in core interventions for trunk function ( P ≤ 0.008) and balance ( P < 0.00001) but not for gait performance ( P = 0.11 in chronic and P = 0.06 in pooled cases). In relation to the differential meta-analysis between training performed on stable and unstable surfaces, no significant differences were found in trunk function ( P = 0.06) or balance measures ( P = 0.05). Conclusion Core training improves trunk function and balance in acute and chronic patients, but no changes were found in gait performance.
Individualized Prospective Prediction of Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Liu Yang S. , Kiyang Lawrence , Hayward Jake , Zhang Yanbo , Metes Dan , Wang Mengzhe , Svenson Lawrence W. , Talarico Fernanda , Chue Pierre , Li Xin-Min , Greiner Russell , Greenshaw Andrew J. , Cao Bo 
Published: July 2022

Objective Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder with a problematic pattern of opioid use, affecting nearly 27 million people worldwide. Machine learning (ML)-based prediction of OUD may lead to early detection and intervention. However, most ML prediction studies were not based on representative data sources and prospective validations, limiting their potential to predict future new cases. In the current study, we aimed to develop and prospectively validate an ML model that could predict individual OUD cases based on representative large-scale health data. Method We present an ensemble machine-learning model trained on a cross-linked Canadian administrative health data set from 2014 to 2018 ( n  =  699,164), with validation of model-predicted OUD cases on a hold-out sample from 2014 to 2018 ( n  =  174,791) and prospective prediction of OUD cases on a non-overlapping sample from 2019 ( n  =  316,039). We used administrative records of OUD diagnosis for each subject based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Results With 6409 OUD cases in 2019 (mean [SD], 45.34 [14.28], 3400 males), our model prospectively predicted OUD cases at a high accuracy (balanced accuracy, 86%, sensitivity, 93%; specificity 79%). In accord with prior findings, the top risk factors for OUD in this model were opioid use indicators and a history of other substance use disorders. Conclusion Our study presents an individualized prospective prediction of OUD cases by applying ML to large administrative health datasets. Such prospective predictions based on ML would be essential for potential future clinical applications in the early detection of OUD.
The safety and efficacy of phacoemulsification surgery in uncomplicated cataracts with and without an ophthalmic-viscosurgical-device
Authors: Akmaz Berkay , Kilic Deniz , Duru Necati 
Published: July 2022

Purpose To compare and evaluate the results of phacoemulsification surgery involving and not involving an ophthalmic-viscosurgical-device (OVD). Methods A prospective, randomized controlled trial included 60 eyes of 60 patients scheduled to receive phacoemulsification surgery. In order of presentation, patients were randomized into two groups to undergo different surgical techniques: the OVD-free group ( n = 30) and the OVD group ( n = 30). Each patient’s operating time, total ultrasonography (U/S) time, cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), aspiration time, and volume of balanced salt solution (BSS) aspirated were recorded. At 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months postoperation, measurements of endothelial cell density (ECD) and intraocular pressure (IOP), were taken and compared between the groups. Results Total U/S time ( p  =  .567) and CDE ( p  =  .168) were similar between the groups. In the OVD group, operating time ( p  =  .011), aspiration time ( p  <  .001), and volume of BSS aspirated ( p  <  .001) were greater than in the OVD-free group. The change in ECD between the groups was not statistically significant at all visits ( p  =  .433, p =  .147, p = .379, p = .534; respectively). Although IOP increased in the OVD group at 1 day postoperation ( p  =  .001), no difference emerged between the groups at 3 months postoperation ( p  =  .121). Conclusion Phacoemulsification surgery without an OVD took less time than with the OVD and caused no significant loss in ECD. Surgeons concerned about elevated IOP following cataract surgery should apply the OVD-free method.
Prediction of relapse activity when switching to cladribine for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zhong Michael , van der Walt Anneke , Monif Mastura , Hodgkinson Suzanne , Eichau Sara , Kalincik Tomas , Lechner-Scott Jeannette , Buzzard Katherine , Skibina Olga , Van Pesch Vincent , Butler Ernest , Prevost Julie , Girard Marc , Oh Jiwon , Butzkueven Helmut , Jokubaitis Vilija 
Published: July 2022

Background: Patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis commonly switch between disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Identifying predictors of relapse when switching could improve outcomes. Objective: To determine predictors of relapse hazard when switching to cladribine. Methods: Data of patients who switched to cladribine, grouped by prior disease-modifying therapy (pDMT; interferon-β/glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod or natalizumab (NTZ)), were extracted from the MSBase Registry. Predictors of relapse hazard during the treatment gap and the first year of cladribine therapy were determined. Results: Of 513 patients, 22 relapsed during the treatment gap, and 38 within 1 year of starting cladribine. Relapse in the year before pDMT cessation predicted treatment gap relapse hazard (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI)  = 1.03–5.71). After multivariable adjustment, relapse hazard on cladribine was predicted by relapse before pDMT cessation (HR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.01–4.02), treatment gap relapse (HR = 6.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.65–14.41), switch from NTZ (HR compared to injectable therapies 4.08, 95% CI = 1.35–12.33) and age at cladribine start (HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.91–0.99). Conclusion: Relapse during or prior to the treatment gap, and younger age, are of prognostic relevance in the year after switching to cladribine. Switching from NTZ is also independently associated with greater relapse hazard.
Investigating inflammation in depression in the chronically ill: Theoretical model and perspectives
Authors: Clesse Christophe , Yaqoob Muhammad Magdi , Jayakumar Simone , Bhui Kamaldeep , Carvalho Livia A 
Published: July 2022

Background: Inflammation is a risk factor for chronic physical illnesses. Evidence is building that inflammation is also a risk factor for mental illnesses making inflammation a common mechanism which could explain the high comorbidity between mental and physical illnesses. Methods: Based on a systematic search, a review on factors associated with inflammation in the depressed chronically ill has been conducted. Relevant articles have been selected according to the methodological considerations (scope, sample size, type of analysis and bias). Results: Five categories of factors mediate the association between chronic physical and mental illnesses: (1) social–demographic factors, (2) social–economic background, (3) adverse health behaviours, (4) psychological stress and (5) genetics. Psychological therapies and medication also moderate this association. A theoretical model of the interplay between inflammation, depression and chronic physical illness is then presented. Discussion: Inflammation contribute to both chronic physical and mental illnesses. These conclusions support future advances in clinical and research practice, as well as training and education.
Analyzing households’ food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public policies to mitigate it: evidence from Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Santana Onélia Maria Moreira Leite de , Sousa Luiz Vinicius de Alcantara , Lima Rocha Hermano Alexandre , Correia Luciano Lima , Gomes Laécia Gretha Amorim , Aquino Camila Machado de , Rocha Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira , Araújo David Augusto Batista Sá , Soares Maria Dagmar de Andrade , Machado Márcia Maria Tavares , Adami Fernando 
Published: July 2022

Objective: To evaluate the association of conditional cash transfer policies to mitigate the food insecurity (FI) among families living in poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará, Brazil. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out through telephone contact during the period of May–July 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará. Families in a situation of high social and economic vulnerability participated in this study (monthly per capita income of less than US$16.50). FI was assessed using the EBIA, a Brazilian validated questionnaire. The participation of families in government programs and public policies was also investigated. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the several factors assessed with food insecurity. Results: The prevalence of any food insecurity in this sample was 89.1% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI: 86.2 – 92.1) and of severe food insecurity, 30.3% (95% CI: 26.0 – 34.6). The Mais Infância card program, adopted as a cash transfer supplement in the state of Ceará, was significantly associated with food insecurity (OR 4.2 (95% CI: 1.7 – 10.2), with a p-value of 0.002. In addition, families affected by job losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic presented higher odds of FI. Conclusions: In this study, 89% of evaluated families presented food insecurity. Conditional cash transfer programs were associated with FI. We highlight the need for policies and interventions to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity. Such policies can adopt appropriate criteria for defining the participants, as well as connect the participants to an appropriate set of broader social protection measures.
Gender and early-career faculty disparities in hematology and oncology board review lecture series
Authors: Syaj Sebawe , Al-Kraimeen Leen , Akhdar Marah , Abushukair Hassan , Mohty Razan , Al Hadidi Samer 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Participation of women and early-career faculty in hematology and medical oncology board review lecture series has not been studied previously. We aimed to evaluate gender and early-career faculty disparities in hematology and medical oncology board review lecture series. Speakers at major hematology and/or oncology board review lecture series meetings in the United States were analyzed in this cross-sectional study during a 5-year period from the years 2017 through 2021. Data about the lecture topic, field, speaker’s gender, years of experience, and the frequency at which the lecture was given by the speaker were collected. Of 386 speakers participating, 315 (81.6%) were ABIM (American Board of Internal Medicine)-certified. A total of 1,224 board review lectures were given in the studied period, of which 1,016 (83%) were given by an ABIM-certified speaker. Women constituted 37.7% of all speakers, with less than 50% representation in five out of six courses. Lectures discussing malignant hematology topics had the lowest proportion of women presenters (24.8%), followed by solid tumors (38.9%) and benign hematology lectures (44.1%). Faculty with more than 15 years since initial certification presented more than 50% of lectures. The median time from initial hematology or medical oncology certification to lecture presentation was 12.5 years and 14 years, respectively. A positive trend in the participation of women was found at all board review conferences across the studied period. Our data suggest that women and early-career faculty participation in hematology and oncology board review series is inadequate.
Gold Nanorods-Based Photothermal Therapy: Interactions Between Biostructure, Nanomaterial, and Near-Infrared Irradiation
Authors: Zhou Ruili , Zhang Meigui , Xi Jiahui , Li Jing , Ma Ruixia , Ren Longfei , Bai Zhongtian , Qi Kuo , Li Xun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGold nanorods (AuNRs) are ideal inorganic nanophotothermal agents with unique characteristics, including local surface plasmon resonance effects, easy scale preparation and functional modification, and good biocompatibility. This review summarizes several recent advances in AuNRs-based photothermal therapy (PTT) research. Functionalized AuNRs photothermal agents have optimized biocompatibility and targeting properties. The multifunctional AuNRs nanoplatform composite structure meets the requirements for synergistic effects of PTT, photoacoustic imaging, and other therapeutic methods. Photothermal therapy with AuNRs (AuNRs-PTT) is widely used to treat tumors and inflammatory diseases; its tumor-targeting, tumor metastasis inhibition, and photothermal tumor ablation abilities have remarkable curative effects. An in-depth study of AuNRs in living systems and the interactions between biological structure, nanomaterial, and near-infrared irradiation could lay the foundation for further clinical research and the broad application of AuNRs in PTT.
Elevation of GABA levels in the globus pallidus disinhibits the thalamic reticular nucleus and desynchronized cortical beta oscillations
Authors: Villalobos Nelson , Almazán-Alvarado Salvador , Magdaleno-Madrigal Victor Manuel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe external globus pallidus (GP) is a GABAergic node involved in motor control regulation and coordinates firing and synchronization in the basal ganglia–thalamic–cortical network through inputs and electrical activity. In Parkinson's disease, high GABA levels alter electrical activity in the GP and contribute to motor symptoms. Under normal conditions, GABA levels are regulated by GABA transporters (GATs). GAT type 1 (GAT-1) is highly expressed in the GP, and pharmacological blockade of GAT-1 increases the duration of currents mediated by GABA A receptors and induces tonic inhibition. The functional contribution of the pathway between the GP and the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTn) is unknown. This pathway is important since the RTn controls the flow of information between the thalamus and cortex, suggesting that it contributes to cortical dynamics. In this work, we investigated the effect of increased GABA levels on electrical activity in the RTn by obtaining single-unit extracellular recordings from anesthetized rats and on the motor cortex (MCx) by corticography. Our results show that high GABA levels increase the spontaneous activity rate of RTn neurons and desynchronize oscillations in the beta frequency band in the MCx. Our findings provide evidence that the GP exerts tonic control over RTn activity through the GP–reticular pathway and functionally contributes to cortical oscillation dynamics.