bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Reid Kenneth G C , Schmidt Jan Peter , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Prologue explains some ideas which are important for understanding administration of estates as a topic of comparative study. First, the ‘heir’ of civil law systems is not only the residuary beneficiary of the estate but also, in most cases, its administrator; and in respect of the latter role, the functional equivalent of the heir in common law systems is the ‘personal representative’. Secondly, while there are important differences between heirs and personal representatives, both are the universal successors of the deceased person, in the sense of succeeding to the entire estate of that person, liabilities as well as assets. Thirdly, the result of universal succession is either for the deceased’s estate to be integrated into the estate of the administrator or to be held separately from it. Common law systems recognize only the second possibility, but both the ‘integrated’ and the ‘separate’ modes are found in civil law systems.
Administration of Estates in Russia
Authors: Reid Elspeth Christie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter reviews the administration of estates in modern Russia. It begins by looking at the historical background, tracing the changing patterns of personal wealth in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods, and the impact that these have had upon the development of inheritance law. It then moves to the modern law, explaining the terminology of inheritors, heirs, and legatees and examining the key role played by the notary in all aspects of the administration of estates—a distinctive feature of the Russian system. The appointment of executors, their powers and duties, and their status are considered in comparative context. The limited situations in which the courts intervene are noted, and there is discussion of insolvent estates and the position of creditors. Finally, an appendix draws attention to some related recent developments: rules for the ‘trust management’ of assets, inheritance contracts, inheritance foundations, and inheritance tax and duties.
Administration of Estates in the United States of America
Authors: Scalise Ronald J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the United States, the administration of estates (or, more generally, probate) is often characterized by high cost and long delays. Although improvements have been made in recent times, more wealth passes today outside the probate process than through the traditional mechanism of succession, as an increasing number of citizens attempt to avoid probate. When an administration does occur, a court must validate and give effect to a will, if one exists, and appoint a personal representative to administer the deceased’s estate. The personal representative collects and manages the deceased’s assets, pays any just debts and expenses, distributes the assets to heirs or legatees, and closes the estate. Because the administration of a deceased’s estate is a matter regulated by state rather than federal law, variation exists among the fifty states, particularly with respect to Louisiana, given its civil law heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Introduction first points out the increasing demand for respect within national societies, but also in the international sphere (especially on the part of Trump, Putin, the Chinese leadership, and governments in the Global South). Thereafter, the Introduction describes the main aims and arguments of the book, as well as relevant gaps and shortcomings of existing approaches, in particular theories of international recognition, ontological security, and international status struggles. As will be emphasized, the book goes beyond philosophical considerations of respect or recognition by adopting a decidedly social-scientific perspective that focuses on the empirical effects of respect and disrespect. The innovative contribution to the discussion on international status lies chiefly in the elaboration of the ethical and moral psychological aspects of status disputes as well as in the effort to make mainstream concepts of status more consistent with recent psychological research and international respect disputes.
Social and Political Consequences of Respect and Disrespect
Authors: Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Drawing on research in social psychology and organizational studies, the chapter first considers the ways in which the experience of respect can promote pro-social attitudes and behaviours, particularly by enhancing ‘we-feelings’, trust, and opportunities for open-minded deliberation. Even more importantly, the chapter then addresses the negative consequences of disrespect, focusing both on people’s impulse to (re)assert their status and on the contributing role that anger or ressentiment play in this context. By charting the interplay between leaders’ experiences, government institutions, and public sentiments, the chapter further examines how group processes and organizational features mediate reactions to dis/respect in interstate relations. Building on these insights, the chapter finally outlines hypotheses and analytical criteria that will guide the case studies.
The Battle, July 1–2
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter describes the first two days of the Battle of Gettysburg, including its impact on the local residents of the town and the surrounding area. It argues that General Lee did not have to attack on July 2, and that doing so, given the strength of the Union Army’s defensive position, was a high-risk choice. The chapter discusses Longstreet’s actions on July 2 and the many events of that day including the battles in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, Culp’s Hill, and Little Round Top. The second day of battle drew to a close with the armies in virtually the same positions as they had been at dawn. Yet for Lee, the partial, temporary successes of the assaults appear to have validated his instinct that a great victory was within his army’s grasp.
Coming to Terms with Victory and Defeat, c.1865–1880
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the early efforts to preserve the battlefield and the fights over the war’s (and therefore Gettysburg’s) meaning during Reconstruction. It is sometimes said that the American Civil War disproves the maxim that the winners write the history, but this is not really true. The white South’s “Lost Cause” narrative was a potent way of portraying themselves as the true victims of the war, and victimhood, when appropriately garbed with heroic struggle, has a strong psychological allure. But ultimately the meaning of the war—and thus of Gettysburg’s significance—was framed more by white Northerners than any other group. The impulse for reconciliation, and therefore the recasting of former foes as chivalrous warriors, was not a political concession so much as a strategic reincorporation of Southern elites back into the national fold.
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
What is the future of Gettysburg’s place in American memory? In one possible future, Gettysburg becomes marginalized, the preserve only of those who mourn the loss of a national story in which they had once found comfort and a sense of purpose. But the slide into a backwater status seems unlikely if only because the pull of the American national myth remains so strong. The shocking violence of those July days in 1863 should be a source of meditation into how complex and contradictory human beings—and thus the nations they invent, sustain, and sometimes overthrow—can be.
Pirate Protest Music
Authors: Burkart Patrick , Fredriksson Martin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The emergence of P2P technologies has reconfigured the relationship between protest and music by politicizing the modes of music distribution. Protest music has indeed always relied on alternative distribution networks. Still, the ideological significance attributed to open P2P networks and pirate radio channels defines the mode of distribution itself as liberating, regardless of the content that is distributed. If previous music movements have aimed to achieve something outside itself—peace, equality, freedom—then the piracy movement essentially sees the freedom of distribution as a means to its own end. This movement has been countered by a growing range of legal and commercial streaming services controlled by the music industry. At the same time, new technologies have enabled other alternative distribution networks. This chapter discusses the digital radio piracy collective Noisebridge against a long history of media piracy and renegade radio networks to highlight the inherent connection between hacking, piracy, and alternative media distribution.
Hood Politics
Authors: Bonnette-Bailey Lakeyta M. , Dongo Lestina M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Black music has served as a resistance mechanism for African Americans throughout their history in the United States. In keeping with this tradition, hip-hop culture has continued to fight against injustices and for political and social rights through music, elements of the culture (such as breakdancing and graffiti art), and previously successful political models. This chapter examines hip-hop culture as a social movement. Utilizing Doug McAdams’s political process model as a basis of examination, we demonstrate how hip-hop culture has worked as a social movement in its fight against the political and social injustices marginalized communities experience. We discuss the existing political opportunities that are the basis for movement formation, the creation and inclusion of various indigenous hip-hop organizations, and the sense of cognitive liberation expressed within hip-hop music. We summarize how hip-hop culture has been a political outlet since its founding and has satisfied the elements of a social movement.
Yucatec Maya Biocultural Heritage/History Embodied in Ts’ono’oto’ob
Authors: McAnany Patricia A. , Batún Alpuche Adolfo Iván 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Yucatán, México, large limestone sinkholes number in the thousands, bear Yucatec Mayan or Spanish names, and contain water year-round. These geomorphic features—commonly called “cenotes”—play(ed) an integral role in sustaining life in the distinctive tropical environment of northern Yucatán that largely is devoid of surface water. Within archaeology, cenotes have long been recognized as places of offering (e.g., the Sacred Cenote of Chichén Itzá) where the rain deity could be encountered. Yucatec Mayan mythic histories plus pre-sixteenth-century codices provide deeper insights into relationality with deities, spirits, and guardians that reside in/near cenotes. This biocultural heritage posed dangers to human frailties that are vividly encoded through accounts of cenotes as home to formidable, feathered serpents (La Tzucán) as well as femme fatales (X’tabay). Conceptions about the interconnectivity of cenotes braid well with current scientific understanding of the Yucatec groundwater aquifer and its vulnerability to pollution. The authors found that middle-school students residing in small communities in eastern Yucatán embrace this biocultural heritage and express deep concerns about cenote pollution.
Section I: Reframing History, Theory, and Practice
Authors: Watkins Joe , Smith Claire 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This section examines how Indigenous archaeologies challenge colonial narratives, amplify Indigenous voices, and advocate for social justice within the discipline. It builds on foundational works like Bruce Trigger’s 1984 article and analyzes how sociopolitical forces shape archaeological practices and marginalize Indigenous knowledge. This section explores participatory mapping with the Emberá tribe in Panama and reinterpretations of Innu and GunaiKurnai histories, demonstrating how braided approaches integrate Indigenous and Western methodologies. It highlights Indigenous communities reclaiming their heritage and resisting colonial stereotypes, such as those perpetuated in Argentina and the Greater Antilles. Ultimately, this section shows how collaborative archaeology strengthens Indigenous sovereignty, reframes historical perspectives, and fosters equitable partnerships.
Section III: Indigenous Science
Authors: Smith Claire 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This section examines the interplay between Indigenous sciences and Western sciences, focusing on their philosophical contrasts and potential synergies. Indigenous science integrates place-based, spiritual, and holistic understandings, emphasizing interconnectedness, reciprocity, and a sentient view of nature. This section discusses Western science’s prioritization of reductionism, empiricism, and detached observation, often treating nature as an inert resource. It highlights examples such as Aboriginal ecological knowledge, Sumi Naga climate predictors, and sustainable water and food systems in India, illustrating Indigenous science’s contributions to addressing global challenges. Taken together, the chapters in this section advocate for blending these approaches to broaden the definition of science and to enrich our understandings of both humanity’s past and present.
Mountain Palynology
Authors: Röpke Astrid , Festi Daniela 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter condenses the findings of many researchers who have used palynology to investigate the historical and prehistorical vegetation and human impacts in the European Alps. The Alpine region’s distinctive altitudinal vegetation zones and abundant archaeological evidence make it an ideal location for examining long-term environmental and cultural dynamics. Through the analysis of pollen spectra from lakes, mires, and soils, the studies collectively trace human-environment interactions from the Mesolithic period to modern times. Early evidence from the Mesolithic indicates minimal but detectable human influence, mainly through controlled use of fire. During the Neolithic and Copper Age, human activities expanded to include agriculture and pastoralism, evidenced by forest clearings for cereal cultivation. The Bronze Age marks a period of intensified land use, with significant deforestation and the development of complex alpine farming systems. These developments are contextualized within climatic changes and socio-economic factors, including population growth and resource exploitation. The synthesis of these studies emphasizes the dynamic nature of mountain ecosystems and highlights the profound impact and adaptability of human on the Alpine landscape over thousands of years.
La Llorona’s Blackness in Latin American Horror Films La Llorona (Mexico, 1960) and La Llorona (Guatemala, 2019)
Authors: Leer Kristen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
La Llorona’s story has been retold, re-adapted, and remonstrosized in films throughout the decades. Scholars have analyzed depictions of La Llorona through feminist, Chicano/a, cultural, folkloric, and sociological lenses. However, the evaluating of La Llorona’s racialization in Latin American horror films has not yet been holistically analyzed through an interdisciplinary lens. This chapter unveils the function, presence, and cultural meanings of Blackness in two film adaptations of La Llorona’s story: La Llorona (Mexico, 1960) and La Llorona (Guatemala, 2019). Specifically, the films’ utilization of colorism serves as a powerful lens for understanding deep-rooted cultural anxieties. Given Latin American racial formations, these films show that Blackness operates not only for Latin Americans of African descent but also those with darker skin tones, including Indigenous communities. Ultimately, this research contends that examining Blackness in Latin American horror films broadens conversations and understandings of Blackness, especially when it is positioned outside Western and U.S. frameworks.
Historicized Traumas
Authors: Lawrence Novotny , Means Coleman Robin R. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nia Da Costa’s Candyman (2021) exemplifies the ways in which Black filmmakers and artists can use the horror genre to explore important questions about global Blackness, such as, What does it mean when trauma moves across Black lived experiences? and What does it mean for film and art to address trauma across the temporal plane? Using Candyman (2021) and enriched by an interview with Trinidadian-born artist and Northwestern University professor Sherwin Ovid, who created six paintings for Nia DaCosta’s film, this chapter illustrates the vital role that visual culture, specifically art, plays in memorializing and (de)constructing Black traumas. Particularly, his work on the film, and beyond, operates in conjunction with DaCosta’s iteration of the Candyman to illustrate the power of Black arts traditions in meditating on and preserving Black trauma born out of racism.
The Politics of Black Women’s Identity as Monstrous Fetishism in Early Hollywood Horror Cinema
Authors: Subero G. E. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which early Hollywood cinema uses Blackness in horror as a trope to portray monstrosity and justify (post)colonial domination of people of African origin in the African-Caribbean diaspora. It argues that early Hollywood horror movies set in the Caribbean (usually on plantations) operate as cultural texts that seek to justify the (post)colonization of racial others while fetishizing Black culture as intrinsically evil and transgressive toward the heteropatriarchy. Black bodies are stereotyped in such films to demonstrate that racism does not reside outside the realm of the ordinary and that the colonial enterprise was necessary to ensure racial harmony among people whose cultural and religious practices were regarded as backward and, in most cases, lethal to those who fell prey to such primitive and monstrous customs. The chapter focuses on George Terwilliger’s Ouanga (1936) and The Devil’s Daughter (1939), and Roy William Neill’s Black Moon (1934), demonstrating how these films conflate white femininity and Black masculinity. In doing so, it illustrates the ambivalent representations of race, gender, and monstrosity in an attempt to reaffirm (post)colonial subjugation of the West over the “monstrous” other.
The Bolshevik Revolution and the Global South
Authors: Djagalov Rossen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of the Bolshevik Revolution on the Global South on three different levels: (1) its immediate impact on national liberation movements, (2) its longer-term political and intellectual role on articulating anticolonial projects intertwined in different ways with Marxist thought, and (3) its cultural consequences, especially the popularization of both critical/proletarian/socialist realism and the avant-garde. In each case, it focuses on the dialectic between Soviet initiatives and their reception by activists in the colonies, arguing that the latter productively misinterpreted and repurposed the Revolution and the political, social, and cultural experiments that came out of it. Such radical reappropriation was perhaps inevitable: while Soviet anticolonialism was very real, it lacked the resources and knowledge to engage the whole of the postcolonial world. The networks connecting it with most parts of the Global South were simply too weak: not even in the high Stalinist period was it able to dictate its policies let alone aesthetic visions. Leftist anticolonial activists more than made up for that structural weakness with their imagination, taking inspiration from the Soviet experiment but also taking great liberties in applying it to their particular political and aesthetic conditions, liberties that came to account for the innovations of anticolonial Marxism, whether of a Maoist, Guevarist, Fanonist stripe, or the creativity of postcolonial literatures, especially in cases in which they were directly inspired by Soviet culture.
Promises and Limits of Empathy for Global Cooperation
Authors: Bayram A. Burcu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
What exactly is empathy? Are there different kinds of it? Is it a viable tool for international cooperation and for ameliorating global ills? Drawing from both psychological and neuroscientific perspectives, this chapter defines empathy, explores its promises and limits for global cooperation, and charts future avenues of research that might be useful to international relations scholars with interests in such topics as humanitarianism, global development and justice, and inter-group cooperation. The chapter concludes by calling attention to the normative complexities involved in the study of empathy and encourages international relations scholars to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue with anthropological and sociological perspectives.
Emotions and Ontological Security
Authors: Rumelili Bahar , Togay Batur Ozan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how emotions have been incorporated into ontological security, theorizing to elucidate the experiences of ontological security and insecurity, to differentiate between their varied degrees, and to explain their varied effects. It focuses on the emotions of anxiety, fear, trust, faith, shame, pride, euphoria, and joy that are dominantly invoked in the literature. The chapter also discusses how the ontological security literature’s growing engagement with the psychoanalytical and existentialist traditions is contributing in turn to the theorizing of emotions in international relations. It highlights the role of affect in the constitution of subjectivity and facilitates the theorization of collective emotions. Overall, it is argued that the nexus between emotions and ontological security in international relations merits further exploration and more explicit theorization.
Securitization, Desecuritization, and Just Securitization
Authors: Floyd Rita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Unlike realism, liberalism, and mainstream constructivism, securitization theory is not associated with a well-known explanation of NATO’s continued existence and/or its double enlargement (of geographic area and remit/function). This chapter remedies this lacuna in the literature. It shows that the political construction of new threats after the end of the Cold War served to secure NATO’s existence into the future, but in parallel, that construction was the cause of military insecurity for outsiders (notably Russia). The chapter also articulates the idea of just and mandatory securitization. From this, certain practical policy recommendations follow—namely, that NATO may have a moral and legal obligation to securitize certain issues and so offer its protection as a matter of course to the NATO allies and their populations. These concepts provide a means to reconsider NATO’s Article 5 mutual defence clause. As worded, that commitment is anachronistic and should be revised for the twenty-first century.
Non-Traditional Security Threats
Authors: Shea Jamie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO has always had more than one challenge to deal with at any given time, even during the Cold War. Threats are rarely one-dimensional and the larger and more powerful the Alliance’s adversaries, the more likely they are to challenge the NATO allies’ collective interests in different geographic regions and in different domains. What is particularly testing for today’s NATO is the large and concurrent number of non-traditional threats it has to grapple with. NATO’s security agenda has embraced domestic resilience alongside the conventional defence of the allies against hostile foreign powers. This chapter considers four critical issues on the non-traditional security agenda: cyber defence, energy security, counterterrorism, and climate change. A number of questions then arise. Are these new threats ‘for real’ or simply a ‘branding exercise’ designed to give NATO continued relevance? Can NATO meet these non-traditional threats by relying on military instruments? What lessons can be drawn from NATO’s efforts so far to meet these challenges?