bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation in microenterprises
Authors: Carlson Natalie A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResearch SummarySmall unregistered firms contribute to a substantial proportion of global economic activity, particularly in developing regions. In explaining variation in productivity in these types of informal firms, research has focused primarily on the adoption of effective business practices and access to capital, with little focus on fundamental positioning. This article explores the nature of differentiation in microenterprises, introducing a text‐based measure of differentiation using state‐of‐the‐art sentence embeddings. Using a combined sample of nearly 10,000 microenterprises across eight developing countries, I examine whether (and which) microenterprises differentiate, whether differentiation is related to performance (and for whom), and whether any existing policy interventions affect differentiation.Managerial SummarySmall unregistered firms contribute to a substantial proportion of global economic activity, particularly in developing regions. In studying how to improve the productivity of these types of tiny firms, researchers and policy makers have primarily focused on business practices and access to capital, rather than the fundamental market position of the product or service offered. This article explores the extent to which microenterprises differentiate themselves from peer businesses, introducing a measure of differentiation based on computational text analysis. Using a combined sample of nearly 10,000 microenterprises across eight developing countries, I examine whether (and which) microenterprises differentiate, whether differentiation is related to performance (and for whom), and whether any existing policy interventions affect differentiation.
Superhydrophobic 3D‐Assembled Metallic Nanoparticles for Trace Chemical Enrichment in SERS Sensing
Authors: Liu Youhai , Zhang Nan , Tua Dylan , Zhu Yingkun , Rada Jacob , Yang Wenhong , Song Haomin , Thompson Alexis C. , Collins R. Lorraine , Gan Qiaoqiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe performance of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is determined by the interaction between highly diluted analytes and boosted localized electromagnetic fields in nanovolumes. Although superhydrophobic surfaces are developed for analyte enrichment, i.e., to concentrate and transfer analytes toward a specific position, it is still challenging to realize reproducible, uniform, and sensitive superhydrophobic SERS substrates over large scales, representing a major barrier for practical sensing applications. To overcome this challenge, a superhydrophobic SERS chip that combines 3D‐assembled gold nanoparticles on nanoporous substrates is proposed, for a strong localized field, with superhydrophobic surface treatment for analyte enrichment. Intriguingly, by concentrating droplets in the volume of 40 µL, the sensitivity of 1 nm is demonstrated using 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐ethylene molecules. In addition, this unique chip demonstrates a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2% in chip‐to‐chip reproducibility for detection of fentanyl at 1 µg mL–1 concentration, revealing its potential for quantitative sensing of chemicals and drugs. Furthermore, the trace analysis of fentanyl and fentanyl‐heroin mixture in human saliva is realized after a simple pretreatment process. This superhydrophobic chip paves the way toward on‐site and real‐time drug sensing to tackle many societal issues like drug abuse and the opioid crisis.
Transformer‐based code search for software Q&A sites
Authors: Peng Yaohui , Xie Jing , Hu Gang , Yuan Mengting 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn software Q&A sites, there are many code‐solving examples of individual program problems, and these codes with explanatory natural language descriptions are easy to understand and reuse. Code search in software Q&A sites increases the productivity of developers. However, previous approaches to code search fail to capture structural code information and the interactivity between source codes and natural queries. In other words, most of them focus on specific code structures only. This paper proposes TCS (Transformer‐based code search), a novel neural network, to catch structural information for searching valid source codes from the query, which is vital for code search. The multi‐head attention mechanism in Transformer helps TCS learn enough information about the underlying semantic vector representation of codes and queries. An aligned attention matrix is also employed to catch relationships between codes and queries. Experimental results show that the proposed TCS can learn more structural information and has better performance than existing models.
Concurrent extra‐adrenal paraganglioma and uterine leiomyosarcoma in a degu (Octodon degus)
Authors: Payne Imogen Louise , Munns Clive , Urresti Sonia Tome , Rich Andrew Frederick 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn adult, female degu (Octodon degus) presented with a single, firm, nodular, 8 × 8 × 10 mm, fast‐growing mass located between the cranial thoracic vertebrae and the cranial aspect of the right scapula. Cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed an extra‐adrenal paraganglioma (chromogranin A, neuron‐specific enolase and S100 positive, and cytokeratin AE1/3 negative) within the deep adipose tissue underlying the panniculus muscle. Complete surgical excision was achieved; however, within 1 month after surgery, a novel fast‐growing intra‐abdominal mass was detected. The animal was subsequently euthanased. Postmortem examination only revealed a single, well‐demarcated, spherical, firm, 40 × 40 × 42 mm tumour arising from within the left uterine horn. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a uterine leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle actin positive). This case report represents the first case of an extra‐adrenal paraganglioma and the second case of a uterine‐specific leiomyosarcoma in this species.
Three‐port transoral robotic thyroidectomy without axillary incision: A preliminary report of 20 cases in China
Authors: Zhang Bin , Rai Bikash , Fei Kuang‐yu , Han Zong‐hui , Savu Michelle 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTransoral scarless thyroid surgery has proven to be a popular alternative to traditional approaches. Transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT) has been reported using ports on the lower lip and axilla. Avoiding axillary incision can further reduce scars on the armpit. Here, we present our preliminary data from the initial 20 consecutive patients to explore the feasibility of three‐port TORT without axillary incision.MethodsFrom September 2017 to June 2019, we performed TORT at Beijing United Family Hospital using three intraoral ports without axillary incision via the da Vinci Si system with three robotic arms. The outcomes of the procedure were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAmong 20 patients (mean age 30 ± 7 years; mean tumor size 1.64 ± 0.96 cm), 16 patients underwent unilateral thyroid lobectomy and four had total thyroidectomy with or without central neck dissection. Eighteen patients had papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), one had a follicular thyroid carcinoma, and one had a thyroid adenoma. The mean surgical time was 221 ± 68 min. The mean number of retrieved central lymph nodes in the PTC patients was 5.6 ± 5. There was no permanent vocal cord palsy or hypocalcemia postoperatively. One patient had transient vocal cord palsy, which resolved within 1 week. Paresthesia of the lower lip and the chin was observed in nine patients, and one patient had a first‐degree burn of the skin flap due to the lens.ConclusionThree‐port TORT without axillary incision is feasible for selected patients and would be a potential alternative for remote‐access thyroid surgery to avoid leaving scars on the neck or the armpit.
Intergenerational Processes of Disadvantage in the Lives of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Australians: From Relationships with Parents to Parenting Expectations
Authors: Campbell Alice , Perales Francisco 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAustralia remains a heteronormative society, with many of our social, legal, and moral structures still assuming and reinforcing heterosexuality as the default norm. The impacts of heteronormativity on the family lives of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) Australians can be profound. In this chapter, we draw from the lifecourse principles of linked lives, trajectories and turning points to examine how family dynamics produce disadvantage in the lives of LGB Australians. We begin by documenting trajectories of satisfaction, closeness, and support in relationships between LGB children and their parents. We then test associations between the quality of the parent-child relationship and LGB people’s mental health and emotional wellbeing across the life course. Next, we turn our attention to LGB people’s desires and expectations to have children of their own, and test whether relationships with parents play a role in shaping these. Overall, we find evidence that family dynamics continue to be a source of disadvantage in the lives of some LGB Australians. On average, LGB people are less likely to report a positive relationship with their parents than heterosexual people, and negative relationships with parents appear to suppress desires for having children of one’s own. Further, gay men who desire to have children are significantly less likely to expect to fulfill those desires the more dissatisfied they are with their relationships with their parents. Our findings demonstrate how social structures have the power to shape our most important, personal relationships and, through these, our mental health and wellbeing.
Influencing Social Policy on Families through Research in Australia
Authors: Reddel Tim , Hand Kelly , Lata Lutfun Nahar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThere is an emerging academic and public policy discourse about better research engagement, impact and policy translation. In this chapter we examine the place of research in making ‘real world’ impact on the social policies and practices affecting Australian families, especially the transmission of (dis)advantage over the life course and across generations. We begin by briefly reflecting on the influence of ‘policy research’ in shaping Australia’s early social development through the 1907 Basic Wage Case by Justice Higgins (The Harvester judgement), which placed the intersection of work and family life at the centre of economic and social policy debates. While historical, these reforms laid the foundations for what can be seen as tentative life course social policy frameworks engaged in the dynamics of family life from birth to death, changing family structures, and increasing economic and gender inequality. We then examine selected historical and contemporary social policy episodes consistent with the book’s central themes where research from academia, the public sector and civil society has been impactful in key national and state-based policy systems such as social security, balancing work and family, child care, addressing gender inequality and support for vulnerable and complex families.
Families, Life Courses and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantage in Australia
Authors: Lee Rennie , Lam Jack , Baxter Janeen , Povey Jenny , Zubrick Stephen R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe the life course approach and explain key concepts and principles. We also review variations in life course theory across disciplines including differences in terminology and understanding of core elements of life course theory. We outline why the life course approach is useful for examining intergenerational transmission of inequality and why a focus on family background is important. We review research on intergenerational inequality, family dynamics and variations across social groups and conclude by briefly outlining new directions in life course theory toward a more integrated theoretical framework.
Early Years and Disadvantage: Matching Developmental Circumstances in Populations to Prevention and Intervention Opportunities
Authors: Zubrick Stephen R. , Taylor Catherine , Christensen Daniel , Hancock Kirsten 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this chapter we use rich longitudinal data to examine the typical growth of vocabulary in children as they age from 4 years onwards. Vocabulary is a robust indicator of language development and of early cognitive growth. The data demonstrate the surprising variability among children of similar ages in their early cognitive growth. This variability leads to difficulties in predicting early vulnerability and in subsequently selecting children for targeted interventions. By examining the developmental circumstances that accelerate or retard changes in the growth of this aspect of language development we assess the implications of the findings for the subsequent population reach and actual participation of children in programs designed to reach those who are variously vulnerable.
Differences in Higher Education Access, Participation and Outcomes by Socioeconomic Background: A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Tomaszewski Wojtek , Perales Francisco , Xiang Ning , Kubler Matthias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status is driven to a significant extent through parents with higher socio-economic status providing advantages to their children as they move through the education system. At the same time, attainment of higher education credentials constitutes an important pathway for upwards social mobility among individuals from low socio-economic family backgrounds. Given the critical importance of higher education for socio-economic outcomes of children, this chapter focuses on young people’s journeys into and out of university. Drawing on the life course approach and opportunity pluralism theory, we present a conceptual model of the university student life cycle that splits individuals’ higher education trajectories into three distinct stages: access, participation and post-participation. Using this model as a guiding framework, we present a body of recent Australian evidence on differences in pathways through the higher education system among individuals from low and high socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. In doing so, we pay attention to factors such as family material circumstances, students’ school experiences and post-school plans, and parental education and expectations—all of which constitute important barriers to access, participation and successful transitions out of higher education for low SES students. Overall, our results indicate that socio-economic background plays a significant role in shaping outcomes at various points of individual’s educational trajectories. This is manifested by lower chances amongst low-SES individuals to access and participate in higher education, and to find satisfying and secure employment post-graduation. Our findings bear important implications for educational and social policy.
Emerging Adulthood in Australia: How is this Stage Lived?
Authors: Ribar David C. , Wong Clement 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe period during which young people are financially and residentially dependent on their parents is lengthening and extending into adulthood. This has created an in-between period of “emerging adulthood” where young people are legal adults but without the full responsibilities and autonomy of independent adults. There is considerable debate over whether emerging adulthood represents a new developmental phase in which young people invest in schooling, work experiences, and life skills to increase their later lifetime chances of success or a reflection of poor economic opportunities and high living costs that constrain young people into dependence. In this chapter we examine the incidence of emerging adulthood and the characteristics and behaviours of emerging adults, investigating data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We find that a majority of young Australians who are 22 years old or younger are residentially and financial dependent on their parents and thus, emerging adults. We also find that a substantial minority of 23- to 25-year-olds meet this definition and that the proportion of young people who are emerging adults has grown over time. Emerging adults have autonomy in some spheres of their lives but not others. Most emerging adults are enrolled in school. Although most also work, they often do so through casual jobs and with low earnings. Young people with high-income parents receive co-residential and financial support longer than young people with low-income parents. Similarly, non-Indigenous young people and young people from two-parent families receive support for longer than Indigenous Australians or young people from single-parent backgrounds. The evidence strongly supports distinguishing emerging adulthood from other stages in the life course.
Moduli spaces for PT-regularized solitons
Authors: Correa Francisco , Fring Andreas , Taira Takano 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We construct and analyse the moduli space (collective coordinates) for a classical field theory in 1 + 1 dimensions that possesses complex stable multi-soliton solutions with real energies when PT-regularized. For the integrable Bullough-Dodd model we show, by comparing with the exact solutions, that a one-dimensional moduli space captures well the main feature of the centre of mass motion of the one and two-soliton solutions. We demonstrate that even the time-delay and spatial displacements occurring for the one-soliton constituents in a multi-soliton scattering process can be extracted from a moduli space analysis. We propose a two dimensional moduli space to describe the newly found triple bouncing scattering amongst the constituents of a dark two double peakon scattering.
Heterotic global anomalies and torsion Witten index
Authors: Yonekura Kazuya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We study the structure of anomalies in general heterotic string theories by considering general 2-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (0, 1) supersymmetric quantum field theories (SQFTs), without assuming conformal invariance nor the correct central charges. First we generalize the precise notion of the B-field introduced by Witten. Then we express the target space anomalies by invariants of SQFTs. Perturbative anomalies correspond to the Witten index of some class of SQFTs, while global anomalies correspond to a torsion version of the Witten index. The torsion index gives some of the invariants of SQFTs suggested by topological modular forms, and is expected to be zero for the cases that are relevant to actual heterotic string theories.
Cascades of high-energy SM particles in the primordial thermal plasma
Authors: Mukaida Kyohei , Yamada Masaki 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
High-energy standard model (SM) particles in the early Universe are generated by the decay of heavy long-lived particles. The subsequent thermalization occurs through the splitting of high-energy primary particles into lower-energy daughters in primordial thermal plasma. The principal example of such processes is reheating after inflation caused by the decay of inflatons into SM particles. Understanding of the thermalization at reheating is extremely important as it reveals the origin of the hot Universe, and could open up new mechanisms for generating dark matter and/or baryon asymmetry. In this paper, we investigate the thermalization of high-energy SM particles in thermal plasma, taking into account the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect in the leading-log approximation. The whole SM particle content and all the relevant SM interactions are included for the first time, i.e., the full gauge interactions of SU(3)c×SU(2)L×U(1)Y and the top Yukawa interaction. The distribution function of each SM species is computed both numerically and analytically. We have analytically obtained the distribution function of each SM species after the first few splittings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, after a sufficient number of splittings, the particle distributions are asymptotic to certain values at low momentum, independent of the high-energy particles injected by inflaton decay. The results are useful to calculate the DM abundance produced during the pre-thermal phase. An example is provided to illustrate a way to calculate the DM abundance from the scattering between the thermal plasma and high-energy particles in the cascade.
Sampling Trajectories for the Short-Time Fourier Transform
Authors: Speckbacher Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe study the problem of stable reconstruction of the short-time Fourier transform from samples taken from trajectories in $${\mathbb {R}}^2$$

R

2

. We first investigate the interplay between relative density of the trajectory and the reconstruction property. Later, we consider spiraling curves, a special class of trajectories, and connect sampling and uniqueness properties of these sets. Moreover, we show that for window functions given by a linear combination of Hermite functions, it is indeed possible to stably reconstruct from samples on some particular natural choices of spiraling curves.
Out-of-pocket expenses of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison of patient-reported outcomes across 12 European countries
Authors: Holko Przemysław , Kawalec Paweł , Sajak-Szczerba Magdalena , Avedano Luisa , Mossakowska Małgorzata 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
There is a high variability of out-of-packet patient costs of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but the issue is not widely recognised. Therefore, we compared patient costs of IBDs between 12 European countries.

Methods
A questionnaire-based study was conducted among adult patients with IBD. Data on patient characteristics and out-of-pocket expenses were anonymously collected. Ordered logit regression models were used to analyse the responses provided by patients. The results were adjusted for confounders and multiplicity.

Results
The questionnaires obtained from 3687 patients were analysed. Patients with comorbidities and active disease indicated higher out-of-pocket expenses than those without comorbidities and with disease in remission, respectively. Compared with other IBD, patients with ulcerative colitis indicated higher expenses on medications prescribed or recommended by physicians [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, 95% CI 1.48–2.67]. Expenses on dietary supplements, special diet or equipment, ostomy pouches, and transportation to a medical facility differed slightly between patients at different ages and were lower among men than among women (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.93). The expenses differed significantly between countries. An adjusted mean patient cost per month varied from €77 (patient with Crohn disease in remission from Denmark) to €376 (patient with active ulcerative colitis from Romania). Compared with active disease, patients with IBD in remission had a lower out-of-pocket cost by 29–62% (€10–€22 monthly; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The study revealed a high relevance of the out-of-pocket cost of IBD in the context of economic evaluation and a high variability of the cost between countries.