bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizing the National Loan
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the organizational structure that underpinned the National Loan campaign, highlighting the way in which it strengthened the Dáil’s authority over Sinn Féin and the IRA. At the same time, it sets out the archival material left behind by the National Loan’s bureaucracy. It argues that this bureaucracy was a key disincentive to opportunistic behaviour within the National Loan organization, but also constituted a security risk. The chapter reveals the prominence of Roman Catholic clergy in the organization of the National Loan, as well as front organizations such as the New Ireland Assurance Company and the National Land Bank. It also documents the British government’s efforts to locate funds raised by the National Loan and the measures taken by the Dáil to stop them.
Diaspora Finance
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 gives an overview of the history of Irish nationalist fundraising in America, from 1820 to 1920. It explores the relationships between Irish nationalist figures such as Daniel O’Connell, Charles Stewart Parnell, and John Redmond and their sympathizers in America such as the Fenian Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, or the United Irish League of America. Based on this exploration, it introduces the particular dynamics that determined the bargaining position of Irish nationalists in Ireland relative to Irish nationalist organizations in the United States. As gatekeepers of Irish-American money, the leading Irish-American organizations had considerable bargaining power relative to the Irish nationalist politicians. However, the Irish-American organizations derived their legitimacy from their ability to provide an outlet for Irish nationalist sympathy in America. For this, they needed recognition from the leading Irish nationalist organization in Ireland. Having set out the dynamics of diaspora finance, the chapter then charts the role of Irish-American money in the development of politics in Ireland, from the reunification of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1900s to the rise of Sinn Féin in the 1910s.
Showtime
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 follows the promotion of the First External Loan across the United States, which included rallies, parades, press advertising, celebrity endorsement, and some more innovative marketing tactics. It also looks at the External Loan’s detractors, including the Wall Street press and the British diplomatic missions to the United States. The chapter has a particular focus on the Dáil’s efforts to become synonymous with the brand ‘Ireland’, strengthening its bargaining position with the Irish-American leadership. Likewise it notes the Dáil mission’s attempts to make Éamon de Valera become the recognized leader of the Irish nation.
‘A Roll of Honor of the Irish Race’
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores the results of the First External Loan. It provides a nationwide overview of the amounts raised by US state. It also notes the hostile response from the leadership of the ‘Friends of Irish Freedom’ organization. Then, combining a previously unknown register containing the names and addresses of 3,067 subscribers in Manhattan, New York, with the US Federal Census of 1920 and qualitative material from around the country, it provides the first large demographic analysis of supporters of Irish independence in America. It reveals characteristics such as the subscribers’ age, sex, literacy, birthplace, parents’ birthplace, native language, immigration date, marital status, home ownership status, occupation, and employment status. It then explores popular responses from the bond drive’s detractors. In particular, the characterization of subscribers as gullible female domestic servants is interrogated, tracing the trope back to nineteenth-century Irish-American fundraising. The prevalence of non-Irish supporters of the bond drive is also investigated, including Jewish-Americans, African-Americans, Chinese-Americans, and Americans born elsewhere in Europe.
Encore
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 focuses on the Dáil’s Second External Loan, relating it to developments in Ireland and the Anglo-Irish peace talks in London. Bringing together several strands of the book, it looks at the role of fundraising in determining the bargaining power of individuals within the Dáil, between the Dáil and the Irish-Americans, the Dáil and the IRA, and the Dáil and the British government, all of which was contingent on the Dáil’s relationship with American opinion. It explores the downfall of the Friends of Irish Freedom, the establishment of the American Association for the Recognition of the Irish Republic, and the activities of the American Committee for Relief in Ireland (Acomri). Finally, it follows the Dáil’s Second External Loan, which was raised in Illinois and Washington, DC, but was prematurely closed in December 1921 with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Coda
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 surveys the Dáil’s abortive attempts to raise funds outside Ireland and the United States. It briefly explores the Dáil’s fundraising efforts in Great Britain, South Africa, and Australia, before focusing on Argentina, where a bond drive was launched but prematurely terminated with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The chapter follows Dáil envoy Laurence Ginnell’s attempts to gain the support of wealthy Irish-Argentinians, to contend with their reliance on Britain as an export market and source of investment and navigate Irish-Argentinian politics. It also follows his unsuccessful attempts to enlist the support of President Yrigoin and the Argentine government.
Zitkála-Šá
Authors: Sarker Sonita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter illuminates how the only author in this study to be categorized in dominant discourse as “Native,” Zitkála-Šá, demonstrates through her mixed lineage (Lakota/White), associations with land and learning, and through her labor, the co-constitutions of “Native” and “native.” The chapter analyzes how her claims both to citizenship in “America” and to sovereignty form a unique argument about belonging in the early twentieth century. Her writings range from collections of folktales to speeches, and from accounts of her childhood to official reports; this variety in her oeuvre bears testament to her political and cultural versatility. The trauma of boarding schools and the continued marginalization on the basis of gender and culture only strengthened her commitment to the cause of meaningful citizenship.
Commune and (Relief) Camp
Authors: Barbora Sanjay 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ramifications of such violence and its capacity to corrode democratic institutions and social structures. These processes were highlighted by civil rights groups throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century in Assam. In the three decades of insurgency that produced a retaliatory and disproportionate violence from the state, political actors and their positions underwent inversions where politics acquired other lives outside its location in law, authority, and institutions. This chapter reflects on how violence and the access to tools that allow its perpetuation have shaped political discourse in contemporary Assam. Additionally, it focuses on organic attempts at peacebuilding that engage with issues of social justice and equity.
Conclusion
Authors: Barbora Sanjay 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter looks at the paradoxical events that have transpired in Assam in the 21st century. From the pacification of insurgencies to the deepening of militarized rhythms of everyday life, the transformation of political and social relations in the state has led to the shrinking of democratic spaces for dialogue and negotiation for individuals and collectives. It reflects on the concerns that animated politics in the 20th century and reconnects the various disparate threads of the preceding chapters. It does so to make sense of a rapidly changing world, where the transformation of politics, economy, and society have left older interpretations very far behind.
Excessive Pricing for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Cheng Thomas K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the phenomenon of exorbitant drug prices in developing countries and surveys the different means afforded by the TRIPS Agreement to tackle the problem. It reaches the conclusion that none of the mechanisms provided by the TRIPS Agreement is satisfactory and competition law hence has a limited, but important, role to play in regulating excessive drug prices, especially in instances of a sudden and substantial price hike and of reverse price discrimination under which the same drug is more expensive, often much more so, in developing than in developed countries. The chapter thus proposes that developing countries resort to excessive pricing enforcement to tackle the most egregious instances of excessive drug prices. The proposal is surely not the widespread use of excessive pricing regulation as a general price control tool. It is important to be mindful of the limitations of excessive pricing enforcement and not to overuse or abuse it. The chapter then addresses some of the strongest objections to excessive pricing enforcement in general and in the context of excessive drug prices in developing countries in particular.
Literary Performative Space
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings out the predominance of the literary network shaping the attributes of post-independence Marathi films. Vernacular performative space is conceptualized here to describe the contouring of Marathi filmmaking between 1950s and 1970s. It is proposed that the Marathi cinema is not disassociated from the sphere of performance. Performative forms are ambivalently positioned in the narrative aspects and industrial relations of Marathi films. The chapter traces the emergence of such a performative space in the work of two major literary figures: Pralhad Keshav Atre (Acharya Atre) and G. D. Madgulkar. The idea of literary dominance is also an ideological interpellation shaping the vernacular performative space. This space is simultaneously situated within legitimization of a new nation and responsive to the contradictions of regional expressions.
Towards Renewal
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, the scenario of Marathi cinema in the 1990s is briefly outlined against the contestations set-off by globalization and liberalization. This is evidenced through the expansion of the televisual network. It is observed that the circulation of Marathi films in Marathi social spaces was rendered insignificant in the neo-liberal age. However, there were attempts towards aligning Marathi filmmaking to the new contexts. Transitions in public culture is identified as a major factor for the renewal of form and social connections. The chapter considers the implications of genre films to bring out the ambivalence of industry, social circulation, and textual content. In the final sections, the dialectics of liminality are highlighted as a concluding argument. The chapter ends with a deliberation on the prospects of spatial histories of India cinemas.
The 1960s and the Rise of Romantic Liberalism
Authors: Watts Galen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces the rise of the religion of the heart to the wider moral, social, and political developments that swept across Western liberal democracies during the 1960s. Drawing from innovative historical and political theoretical scholarship, it argues that it was during this era that an unprecedented alliance between romanticism and liberalism took root and blossomed, eventually crystallizing into a stable social imaginary. It then links key social and political developments of this period—for instance, the New Age, Charismatic Christian, environmental, feminist, and gay liberation movements—demonstrating that they were equally motivated by a romantic liberal social imaginary. It concludes that the rise of the religion of the heart reflects the religious wing of a wider romantic liberal revolt, to which both the rights revolution and liberation movements of the period belong.
The Making of Romantic Liberal Modernity
Authors: Watts Galen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter retells the story narrated in Chapter 4, but from a cultural sociological perspective which is sensitive to the fact that modern societies are institutionally—and thereby morally—differentiated. Treating the 1960s counter-culture as a set of expressive institutions, the chapter makes clear how counter-culturalists launched a moral crusade against the competing economic and legal-political spheres of Western liberal democracies. It then demonstrates how the counter-culture successfully transformed the private sphere, while also reforming the legal-political sphere, thereby giving life to a new social order—romantic liberal modernity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the moral, political, epistemic, and economic developments, which have precipitated not only the decline of Christendom, but also the flourishing of the religion of the heart.
The Greek East
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the theology of wisdom in the Greek East from Dionysius the Areopagite to St Gregory Palamas. While offering a general account of wisdom in the authors covered, the chapter also explores the space or gap for Sophiology that can be traced through Dionysius’ beneficent processions, Maximus’ doctrine of the logoi, and Palamas’ doctrine of the divine energies. In all these figures wisdom can, in different but profoundly compatible ways, be construed as divine but without reduction to categories of essence or hypostasis alone. Palamas is of particular import here in that he became, for Bulgakov, a source of patristic reference and validation without equal. These figures are treated in tandem with some indispensable monastic material in the shape of the lived wisdom of Evagrius of Pontus and Macarius (Macarius-Symeon, pseudo-Macarius).
A European Movement
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a close look at 102 actors-authors (mainly British, Dutch, German, Swiss, and Swedish, as well as handful of Frenchmen and a couple of Italians) and approximately two hundred works they published. More details on the 102 men are provided by Appendix 2: ‘Biographical Shortlist of Physico-theologians’. On the European scale these works were published at forty-eight printing locations. While returning to the concept of an intellectual movement, developed in Chapter 1, this succeeding chapter looks at the role of bestsellers, e.g. by John Ray, William Derham, Bernard Nieuwentijt, and translations of their works, as well as of works of Robert Boyle, John Woodward, and Friedrich Christian Lesser, into other European languages sustaining the growth and consolidation of the movement. The examination of the 102 actors-authors mentioned above shows that relatively few among these were scientists working at the forefront of contemporary research and that many more were virtuosi, the majority of which had a clerical or medical background.
Early Central European Physico-theology
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scholars have frequently associated the spread of physico-theology in Germany with the proliferation of vernacular physico-theological treatises whose linguistic aspects were closely related to the didactic aims of the early Enlightenment. However, I argue that there was an earlier, Latinate phase of physico-theology in Central Europe which began in the late 1670s. Its pioneer was Johann Christoph Sturm, professor at the University of Altdorf near Nuremberg. He stood at the beginning of a whole series of academic disputations at the universities of Altdorf and Jena and beyond that celebrated human physiology as an area of study that led to the recognition of a wise Creator. Sturm’s connections with the Dutch University of Leiden, one of the leading academic institutions in late seventeenth-century Europe are investigated, as are his contacts with members of the Royal Society. The last section of this chapter looks at the use of human anatomy as a field of knowledge that offered strong arguments against atheism.
‘The great English pilgrimage’
Authors: Reynolds Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The battlefield tourism and relic collecting covered in this chapter were crucial to the British rediscovery of the continent following 1815. Although the field of Waterloo saw visitors from every social level that had disposable income, it was of particular significance to Britain’s newly modernizing middle class, for whom a trip to the kingdom of the Netherlands/Belgium and Waterloo was the equivalent of the eighteenth century’s aristocratic grand tour. Battlefield tourism was also inevitably shaped by questions of international ownership. Waterloo saw a continued four-way international skirmish over its ownership between Britain, Prussia, the kingdom of the Netherlands/Belgium, and France. Thus, Waterloo became a site of British national pilgrimage, which was shaped by poetry, guidebooks, and tourists who were aware that it was just as important to be seen to visit Waterloo as it was to actually visit.
‘Grand Military and National Spectacle’
Authors: Reynolds Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines representations of Waterloo in the arts, where the informal approval of veterans at the centre of the previous chapter took on the more traditional trappings of patronage. Artists such as Sir Thomas Lawrence, Jan Willem Pieneman, and William Salter benefited significantly from the access granted by Wellington and his fellow veterans, while those veterans effectively employed their patronage to shape their depictions and the memory of the battle captured in the resulting paintings. On the stage, Astley’s Royal Amphitheatre’s phenomenally popular hippodrama The Battle of Waterloo took the same approach as the exhibitions discussed previously, burnishing its credentials with reports of attendance by, and thus the approval of, Wellington and other senior military figures.
What Is Sjögren’s?
Authors: Vivino Frederick B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s is an autoimmune rheumatic disease that can affect the entire body. Commonly, Sjögren’s causes dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis, and fatigue. It can also affect internal organs and body systems, such as the nervous system. It is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration (inflammation) of the exocrine (moisture producing) glands in association with the production of autoantibodies in the blood. Proper evaluation usually requires a battery of tests to look for objective evidence of dry eyes, objective evidence of dry mouth, and proof of autoimmune disease processes. A correct diagnosis will facilitate more comprehensive treatment in order to help individuals avoid costly and devastating medical and dental complications. Patients should be monitored regularly for potential, serious complications.
Sjögren’s and the Immune System
Authors: Fox Robert I. , Carsons Steven E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s disease is an autoimmune disorder in which environmental, genetic, and hormonal factors result in the disruption of the body’s innate and acquired immune systems. The activation of interferon, the presence of autoantibodies such as anti-SSA and anti-SSB, and dietary factors promote the release of inflammatory factors; this in turn produces the release of immune complexes that, when deposited in the patient’s tissue, lead to damage. Most of the damage produced by Sjögren’s disease reflects glandular disease, but approximately 10% of patients with Sjögren’s have extraglandular manifestations of the disease. Future interventions are expected to address defects in these pathways.
Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s
Authors: Makara Matthew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The process of diagnosing a patient with Sjögren’s can differ depending on whether the diagnosis is being made for ongoing management in a physician’s office or for participation in a clinical trial. For the former, the diagnostic criteria are much looser and include the expert opinion of the diagnosing physician. For the latter, official, validated classification criteria are used, which are much more stringent. This chapter will discuss both diagnostic and classification criteria for Sjögren’s, including key differences and why and how they are used in clinical and research settings. The criteria rely upon certain biopsy findings, biomarkers, and exclusion of other related conditions and similar presenting disorders. Using the criteria allows for a more precise understanding of Sjögren’s epidemiology and provides a way to ensure uniformity in clinical trials.
Assessing the Salivary Gland Component in Sjögren’s
Authors: Jonsson Malin V. , Skarstein Kathrine , Baldini Chiara 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The combination of imaging of salivary gland tissue and analysis of biopsy samples provides an optimal diagnostic tool for Sjögren’s disease. These techniques enable the treating physician to rule out lymphoma, infection, and other inflammatory or infiltrative processes. The clinician can use various imaging, biopsy, and scoring systems to rate the degree of disease involvement. Obtaining serial measurements can be used to assess the patient’s response to treatment and the degree of disease reversibility. Only a small percentage of patients with Sjögren’s disease undergo these studies, however, and the discussion offered in this chapter provides a rationale for their use.
Management of Dry Mouth in Sjögren’s
Authors: Sankar Vidya 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Salivary dysfunction and a feeling of dryness of the mouth (xerostomia) are common characteristics in patients with Sjögren’s. Saliva serves many functions, and salivary dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of dental caries as well as a host of difficulties with the protective features of the oral cavity. Symptomatic and supportive care should include good oral hygiene, proper dietary control, and the use of saliva substitutes, fluoride, and a sialogogue. This chapter will review the role of saliva and treatments that are currently available and discusses ways to maximize the potential benefit of products the patients is either currently using or may have given up on due to improper use or understanding of what the product is intended to do.
Management of Peripheral Nervous System Complications in Sjögren’s
Authors: Mahajan Shalini , Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s disease can affect the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Peripheral neuropathy, which is more common than central nervous system complications, may include sensory polyneuropathy, sensorimotor polyneuropathy, small fiber neuropathy, sensory ganglionopathy, or cranial neuropathies. Autonomic dysfunction may be characterized by feelings of lightheadedness, dizziness, changes in blood pressure, sweating abnormalities, and more. When managing these conditions, a three-pronged approach may be considered that includes treating the underlying pathophysiology and providing symptomatic and supportive treatments.