bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
22 Young Scholar Talk PHD: Investigating Ovine Mastitis: Microbial Sources and Management Methods to Reduce the Prevalence
Authors: Knuth Ryan , Woodruff Kelly , Hummel Gwendolynn , Williams Jordan , Austin Kathleen J , Stewart Whit C , Cunningham-Hollinger Hannah C , Bisha Bledar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Subclinical mastitis, a common intramammary disease in sheep production, can be costly to producers due to compromised performance and decreased longevity. Our research focused on preventative and therapeutic measures on mammary health where the objectives were to identify (1) the impact of Zn supplementation on the milk microbiome and (2) the impact of management practices at lambing and weaning on prevalence and cure rate of subclinical mastitis, the milk microbiome, and levels of antimicrobial resistance in milk bacteria. In study 1, the milk microbiome was characterized during the first 3 wk of lactation and at weaning in ewes divergent in dietary Zn supplementation (1× = CON or 3× recommendations = ZnTRT). Mammary health was assessed using somatic cell count (SCC) class. Amplicon sequencing revealed the presence of Staphylococcus, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas, all major mastitis pathogens. Effects of breed, dietary Zn concentration, and SCC class on diversity were limited to early lactation, where CON milk had greater composition stability than ZnTRT milk (P = 0.02). In study 2, milk bacteria were characterized by culture; Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Subclinical mastitis prevalence ranged from 22–66% where coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 59%), bacilli (35%), Mannheimia haemolytica (10%), S. aureus (8%), streptococci (5%), and Corynebacterium spp. (5%) were common. Milk samples were compared by jug bedding treatment: jugs were cleaned and dried with barn lime before adding fresh straw (CLEAN) or fresh straw was added atop soiled bedding (SOILED). Bedding had no effect on subclinical mastitis (P = 0.57), but CoNS had greater sulfadimethoxine resistance in SOILED isolates (P = 0.03). Additional mastitis control methods at weaning were evaluated: penicillin injection (PENN), restricted feed access (FAST), or their combination (COMBO). Weaning treatment did not affect cure rate from weaning to 3-d post- weaning (P = 0.21). Further characterization of these samples via microbial sequencing are underway with source tracking analyses to investigate an exogenous route via retrograde transfer and environmental bacteria or endogenous route via an entero-mammary pathway. Results support that breed, animal husbandry, and mammary health variably affect the milk microbiome and provide novel insight to the impact of management practices in a milk microbiome longitudinal study.
1 Characterization of Mature Beef Bull Seminal Fluid and Blood Serum Metabolome During a 65-Day Breeding Season
Authors: Williams Jordan D , Field Catherine E , Dubowsky Jason , Banwarth Megan , Cochrane Tyree , Fanter Rob , La Frano Michael , McFarlane Zachary D 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The American beef bulls have been neglected in terms of animal science research. Metabolomics is a respected for of science that will aid in developing hypothesis for future research in beef bulls. The objective of this study was to identify metabolites within a 65-day breeding season that were affect by breeding season duration and workload. Over a two-year period, 8 purebred Angus bulls owned and housed by the Cal Poly beef unit were surveyed using serum (collected via the coccygeal vein) and seminal fluid (collected via electroejaculation) at the beginning and end of a 65-day post-AI breeding season. Samples underwent HPLC-MS to observe metabolites within the fluids. Data were stratified for sample day and workload and compared using t-test for day and ANOVA for workload. Within serum, 8 metabolites of interest were observed. Effects included differences between workload groups in the abundance of guanosine (P = 0.01) a metabolite associated with purine metabolism. Within seminal fluid, 13 metabolites of interest were observed including Inosine, a metabolite also involved in purine metabolism and fluctuating based on workload (P = 0.05). Purine metabolism will be of interest to future research of beef bulls.
3 Impacts of Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Beef Heifers During Gestation on Performance Measures of the Neonatal Calf, Trace Mineral Status, and Organ Weights at 30 Hours After Birth
Authors: Hurlbert Jennifer L , Menezes Ana Clara B , Baumgaertner Friederike , Bochantin Kerri A , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Sedivec Kevin K , Swanson Kendall C , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplement to beef heifers during gestation on calf performance, body measurements, trace mineral status, and organ weights at 30 h after birth. We hypothesized that VTM supplementation during gestation would improve mineral status in the neonatal calf but not impact calf performance parameters and body and organ weights at 30 hours after birth. Fourteen Angus-based heifers [initial body weight (BW)] = 273.7 ± 1.10 kg) were randomly assigned to receive either a basal diet (CON; n = 7) or a basal diet plus a VTM supplement (VTM; n = 7; 113 g•heifer-1•d-1, targeting gain of 0.45 kg/day) from 60 d pre-breeding through gestation. Immediately after parturition, blood samples were collected from dams and calves, then calves were separated from their dams. Calves were fed one feeding of colostrum replacer, followed by milk replacer every 12 h, then euthanized at 30 h. Body weight and measurements were recorded, then organs and viscera were removed, weighed, and sampled. Dam serum and neonatal serum, liver, and blood were analyzed for concentrations of minerals. Data were analyzed using the GLM Procedure of SAS with individual animal as the experimental unit. Dietary treatments did not impact calf weight (0 h or 30 h), calf body measurements, or body weight of the dam at calving (P ≥ 0.32). Further, neonatal organ weights were not influenced (P ≥ 0.21) by maternal VTM treatment. Concentrations of Se and Co in calf serum and Se in calf liver were increased (P ≤ 0.02) by VTM treatment; however, concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn in calf muscle, liver, and serum were not impacted (P ≥ 0.07) by VTM treatment. Concentrations of Co in serum of the dam was the only mineral affected by dietary treatments, being greater (P = 0.001) in VTM than CON dams. In the current experiment providing trace mineral supplementation throughout gestation did not impact calf weight or body measurements at birth. However, the implications of altered mineral status of the neonatal calves at birth, and presumably throughout gestation, may have additional postnatal effects that warrant further investigation.
PS-5 In Vitro NDF Digestibility and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility and Disappearance Are Similar Between Beef Heifers Differing in Feed Efficiency
Authors: Arellanes Jeff Dominguez , Duran Itzel T , Melchior Emily A , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Ivey Shanna L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Feed efficiency is a critical component of improving beef production. Previous research has indicated that differences among lowly and highly feed efficient animals may be the result of differences in digestibility through the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in the rumen and cecum over time. To determine feed efficient animals to utilize, 134 yearling heifers were individually fed ad libitum for 84 days using a Calan Broadbent Feeding system (Northwood, NH, USA). Heifers were fed a total mixed ration containing 86% ground brome hay, 10% wet distillers grains with solubles, and 4% mineral supplement. Heifers were stratified by body weight and at the end of the feeding period, and sixteen heifers with the least and greatest average daily gain (ADG) were chosen for sampling. Low ADG heifers (n = 8) gained 0.5 ± 0.6 kg/d and high ADG heifers (n = 8) gained 0.85 ± 1.0 kg/d. Rumen content and cecal content were collected from heifers and incubated to determine in vitro NDF and IVDMD over 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. Samples were incubated in triplicate in individual conicals utilizing the Tilly and Terry method. After incubation, samples were freeze-dried. After freeze-drying, 0.3g of sample was added to F57 fiber bags for determination of NDF disappearance using the ANKOM 200 fiber analysis system. Samples were grouped by site and time of incubation to avoid errors between samples. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with fixed effects of treatment (efficiency), collection site (rumen or cecum), incubation time, and interactions. Significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at 0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10. There was a significant effect of site (P &lt; 0.0001), and incubation time (P &lt; 0.0001), as well as a site × incubation interaction (P = 0.01) for NDF disappearance. Treatment did not impact NDF disappearance (P = 0.53), and site × treatment was not significant (P = 0.26), however a tendency for a treatment × incubation time was observed (P = 0.08). In vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by time of incubation (P &lt; 0.0001), site × incubation (P = 0.01), and site × treatment (P = 0.03). Treatment did not affect IVDMD (P = 0.87), nor did site of sampling site (P = 0.64), and a treatment × incubation effect was not observed (P = 0.14). In conclusion, the efficiency of cattle was determined to not play a role in NDF disappearance or in vitro dry matter digestibility. These data indicate that additional factors, including forage type, microbial communities, and host genetics, play a larger role in influencing differences in forage digestibility.
PSI-1 Effects of Pre-Transit Diets and Road Transportation on Plasma, Salivary Cortisol, and Rumen Environment of Beef Heifers
Authors: Birkenstock Bianca , Figueroa-Zamudio Joaquin J , Soto-Navarro Sergio A , Duff Glenn C , Gouvea Vinicius N , Marks-Nelson Eileen , Yates Dustin T , Akter Afroza , Smythe Brandon G , Smith Kathryn E , Löest Clint A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Increased salivary cortisol in cattle may be detrimental to rumen bacterial diversity. Effects of transportation and diet before transportation on plasma and salivary cortisol and on rumen conditions of 20 ruminal-cannulated heifers (346 ± 16 kg BW) were evaluated. Heifers were fed ad libitum 40% Sorghum Sudan grass hay and 60% commercial pellet (64% TDN, 12.4% CP, DM basis) for 13 d before study initiation. Heifers were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 8-h transportation (TR) vs. no transportation (NT) and 100% Sorghum Sudan grass hay (HAY) vs. 30% hay and 70% pellets (H+P) fed ad libitum for 3 d before transportation. All groups were fasted during the 8-h transit period. Upon feedlot arrival at 8 h, cattle were fasted an additional 4 h. At 12 h, cattle were fed 30% wheat hay and 70% commercial feed (69% TDN, 16.6% CP, DM basis). Blood and ruminal fluid were sampled at 0, 8, 12, 24, 28 and 72 h. No diet × transport interactions were observed for any variable. Plasma cortisol was decreased for HAY vs. H+P heifers at 72 h (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations did not differ between groups. Molar percentages of acetate increased, molar percentages of propionate decreased, and acetate-to-propionate ratios increased at 0 and 12 h for HAY compared to H+P (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). At 0 h, molar percentages of butyrate were less for HAY vs. H+P (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). Bacterial phyla richness was decreased for NT/HAY compared to NT/H+P and was increased for TR/HAY compared to TR/H+P heifers (P &lt; 0.05, diet × transport). Proteobacteria relative abundances were less at 0 h for heifers fed HAY vs H+P (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). Genera evenness was increased at 8 h for TR compared to NT cattle (P &lt; 0.05, transport × hour). Genera Shannon-wiener indices were greater at 0 and 8 h for cattle consuming HAY compared to H+P (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). Genera richness was increased at 0 h for cattle fed HAY compared to H+P (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). Prevotella relative abundances were less for cattle fed HAY compared to H+P at 0 and 8 h (P &lt; 0.05, diet × hour). In summary, due to negligible response to transportation, salivary cortisol effect on bacteria population and diversity were presumably minimal.
PSII-4 Effects of Late Gestation Supplementation of Vitamin B Complex for Beef Cows
Authors: Ranches Juliana , Hernandez Gracia M , Rezende Aline , Ferreira Matheus , Bohnert David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of late gestation and early lactation supplementation of a vitamin B complex on the performance of beef cows and their calves. A total of 48 mature Angus x Hereford cows were randomly assigned (d0) to one of two treatments (1) vitamin (n = 24) or 1) control (n = 24) in early January, allowing for a minimum of 45 days of supplementation before calving and 15 days post-calving. Cows were fed daily with alfalfa hay to the maintenance level. Cows were individually supplemented 3 times weekly (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) with dried distiller’s grains fortified or not with a vitamin B complex. The vitamin B complex was provided at 2/g daily, and therefore was provided at 4.7g/ feeding event. The vitamin B complex contained pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9), biotin (B7), and cyanocobalamin (B12). Cows and calves were considered the experiment unit for this study and all data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Although all cows were artificially inseminated and pregnancy was checked before the beginning of the study, not all cows enrolled in the study calved within the expected calving range. Therefore, a total of 20 calves were born to cows assigned to control treatment and 19 calves were born to cows assigned to the vitamin treatment. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.21) were observed for initial (d 0) body weight (BW; 1065 vs.1079 lb, respectively for control and vitamin) or body condition score (BCS; 4.7 vs. 4.8, respectively for control and vitamin) among cows. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.34) were observed for BW (1168 vs.1161 lb, respectively for control and vitamin) or BCS (5.3 vs. 5.4, respectively for control and vitamin) among cows post-supplementation at turnout (d 90). No differences (P = 0.95) were observed for calf birth weight (81.7 lb); however, calves born to cows supplemented with vitamin tended to be heavier at turnout (P = 0.07; 169.7 vs. 180.5 lb, respectively). These results indicate that supplementation of vitamin B complex to beef cows during late gestation might lead to improved performance of offspring shortly after birth.
PSII-7 Feed Intake and Behavioral Responses of Mature Rams Provided Feed Containing Phenylthiocarbamide
Authors: Southerland Claire N , Yelich Joel V , Taylor Joshua B , Ellison Melinda J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bitter taste perception has been studied in various species, including humans, using the synthetic compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Human perception of PTC is linked to the ability to taste bitter foods. Sheep express varying levels of aversion to PTC delivered in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of PTC delivered in feed on dietary intake and behavior in mature rams. We hypothesized that rams previously classified into PTC-taster categories using PTC-spiked drinking water would rank similarly when PTC was added to feed. Mature Targhee, Rambouillet, Polypay, and composite-breed rams, previously classified as either super- (n = 3), intermediate- (n = 5), or non-PTC tasters (n = 4), were subjected to 4-d acclimation and 6-d test phases. Alfalfa (70%), corn (15%), and beat pulp (15%) meal were mixed with ethanol (150 g/kg, as fed) only (control) or PTC solubilized in ethanol (150 g/kg, as fed) to create three pelleted (6.3 mm) test diets (110, 220 and 330 mg PTC/kg feed, as fed). Rams received control and PTC diets (0.87% BW) daily for 30 min in a side-by-side presentation, which was replicated for each PTC concentration. Feeding duration, number of bucket approaches and switches, sniffs, drinks, lip smacks and licks, and head bobs, jerks, and shakes were recorded throughout the trial using video surveillance. For each PTC concentration, consumption of PTC and control diets was similar (P = 0.22) when measured as a percentage of total diet (control + PTC) consumed. Individual PTC diet intakes ranged from 1.5 to 89.8% of total diet consumed. The CV for intake of 110, 220 and 330 mg/kg diets increased from 22.4 to 34.1 to 36.1%, respectively. Intake of total diet offered decreased (P = 0.01) between 110 mg/kg (80.9 ± 3.2%) and 330 mg/kg (72.3 ± 3.2%), while 220 mg/kg (78.4 ± 3.2%) was intermediate (P ≥ 0.06). Rams were classified by average PTC diet consumption relative to ± 1.0 SD of the population mean (50.2 ± 7.5%). Using this method, only 7 of the 12 rams were classified similarly to the former classification established when PTC was added to drinking water. Total feeding duration was less (P ≤ 0.03) when rams were offered 330 mg/kg (805.4 ± 18.2 s) compared with 110 (858.1 ± 19.3 s) and 220 mg/kg (862.7 ± 19.5 s). Rams switched between the control and PTC diets more (P ≤ 0.02) when offered 110 mg/kg (21.2 ± 10.0) than the 220 (16.4 ± 7.8) and 330 mg/kg (18.4 ± 8.4). These results suggest that sheep perceive and exhibit variable responses to PTC when incorporated into a pelleted feed. More research is needed to identify mechanisms by which sheep perceive bitter-tasting feeds.
PSII-8 Impact of Grazing High Nitrate Forages on Serum Nitrate Concentration and Production Performance in Beef Heifers
Authors: Debasitis Catherine , Goddard Sandra , Ellison Melinda J , Chibisa Gwinyai E , Yelich Joel V , Hall John B 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare nitrate concentrations in soil, forage, and the serum of animals grazing high (HNO3) and low (LNO3) nitrate forages. The fall before the study began one-half of a 6-ha field was amended with manure to increase nitrate levels in the soil. Forage barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Vernal) was planted in spring at 45 kg/ha. The 6-ha field was divided into twenty-seven 0.2-hectare paddocks (n = 13 HNO3; n =14 LNO3). Twenty-four crossbred yearling heifers were stratified by body weight (389.8 ± 2.8 kg) and randomly assigned to HNO3 (n = 12) or LNO3 (n = 12) with three replicates per treatment. Heifers entered paddocks when forage was 30 to 46 cm tall and removed when residual height was 10 cm. Heifers grazed for a total of 58 days. Each grazing period lasted 7-8 d. Soil samples were collected at the beginning of the study and sent to a commercial laboratory for soil analyses. Forage samples were collected prior to animal introduction to each grazing paddock, and before re-grazing. Heifers were weighed on d1 and every 14 d. Serum samples for nitrate analysis were collected on d 28, 42 and 57 of the trial. Forage samples were analyzed by near infrared spectrometry. Serum samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations by ion chromatography. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS. Analysis of body weights and average daily gain included repeated measures. Soil, nitrate-nitrogen (ppm) and nitrate-nitrogen content (kg/ha) were greater (P &lt; 0.001) in HNO3 compared to LNO3 paddocks. Soil P (P &lt; 0.03) and K (P = 0.0002) levels were also greater in HNO3 than LNO3 paddocks. Average forage nitrate ion concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for HNO3 (1.58%) compared to LNO3 paddocks (0.42%). Forage nitrate ion concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.002) with increasing grazing days. Peak nitrate ion concentration in HNO3 paddocks was 2.45%. Forage ADF, TDN, NDF, NEm, NEg were similar (P ≥ 0.07) between treatments. Forage crude protein was greater in HNO3 compared to LNO3 paddocks (P &lt; 0.0001). Serum nitrate levels were undetectable (&lt; 2 ppm) regardless of treatment. Heifer bodyweight and average daily gain were similar (P &gt; 0.7) across treatments. Heifers gained an average of 1.1 kg/d resulting in a linear increase (P &lt; 0.04) in body weight. In summary, grazing vegetative forage containing toxic concentrations of nitrate did not result in an increase in the serum nitrate concentration. Animal performance also did not differ across dietary treatments. This is suggestive of adaptive changes that prevented toxicity and compromised production performance for heifers grazing high nitrate forages. Supported by the Mary A. Turner Research Endowment
PSII-10 The Influence of Synovex-C Growth Implants at Weaning with Different Supplementation Levels on Growth Performance and Antral Follicle Counts in Developing Beef Heifers
Authors: Andrews Taylor N , Cushman Robert A , Snider Alexandria P , Cox Shad H , Dunlap Richard L , Anderson Collin , Chavez Maria K , Gallacher Kristie L , Melchior Emily A , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Summers Adam F 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dormant forage at weaning in Southwestern rangelands may not be nutritionally sufficient to support growth potential of calves administered a growth promoting implant. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of level of supplementation when heifers were administered a Synovex-C implant at weaning on growth and antral follicle counts (AFC). At weaning (8 months old), heifers (n = 17) were stratified by bodyweights (BW) and AFC and assigned to receive one of two levels of supplement (High or Low) and implant (Implant and No Implant; all heifers received a Synovex C implant at 2 months old). Heifers assigned to the Implant group received a second Synovex-C implant at weaning, thus creating four treatment groups: High Implant (n = 4), High No Implant (n = 4), Low Implant (n = 5), and Low No Implant (n = 4). Heifers were utilized in a complete randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial. Heifers were individually fed supplement three times a week for 26 weeks with refusals being weighed after each feeding to determine intake. During the receiving phase High and Low heifers were offered 1.94 kg/h/d and 1.17 kg/h/d, respectively, of 20% CP cube for the first 4 weeks of the study. After acclimation High and Low heifers were offered 1.26 kg/h/d and 0.68 kg/h/d, respectively, of 32% CP cube for the remainder of the study. Biweekly BW and monthly body condition scores (BCS) were recorded. Prior to the start of the project and 45 d before the breeding season, AFC were conducted via transrectal ultrasonography. Average daily gain (ADG), BW, and BCS were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS (PROC MIXED). Antral follicle counts were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS. Implant, supplement level, implant × supplement level, and implant × supplement level × week did not impact BW or BCS (P ≥ 0.22). Week (P &lt; 0.0001), implant × week (P &lt; 0.0004), and supplement level × week (P &lt; 0.0001) impacted BW. Week (P &lt; 0.0001), implant × week (P = 0.008), and supplement level × week (P = 0.0005) influenced ADG. Implant heifers tended to have increased ADG (P &lt; 0.09) and High Implant heifers tended to have increased ADG compared to the other implant x supplement level treatments (P ≤ 0.09). Body condition score was significantly different across weeks (P &lt; 0.0001). There was no difference between week (P = 0.64) on AFC. Implant (P &gt; 0.22), supplement level (P &gt; 0.43), and implant x supplement level (P &gt; 0.80) did not influence AFC. In conclusion, administration of a second Synovex-C implant at weaning did not impact AFC and feeding implanted heifers at a higher supplementation level tended to improve ADG.