bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ediacaran Period: It's lower and upper boundaries in India
Authors: Kumar Gopendra , Maithy P.K. 
Published: September 2022

The newly established Ediacaran Period (terminal Proterozoic) 'begins with termination of the last great global glaciation (Marinoan) of the Neoproterozoic Era' and ends with appearance of biologically distinct world characterised by an assemblage of diverse skeletal fossils of bilaterian animals of the Cambrian Period. Significant depletion in C-isotope values is also recorded at both the boundaries. In India, Ediacaran sequences form part of a continuous sequence that rests unconformably over the oldest platform sequences (Meso-Cryogenian) in many parts of the Lesser and Tethys/Higher Himalaya, and grade into Cambrian. Of the various sections studied, the Maldeota section of the Baliana-Krol-Tal succession, Krol Belt, Lesser Himalaya is found to be the best for the study of both the boundaries. The Lower boundary of the Period is marked at the base of red-green shale and pinkish lenticular dolomite (Member G) - the cap carbonate, forming topmost bed of the Blaini Formation, Baliana Group. There is marked change in assemblage of acritarch and cyanobacteria within upper part of the Baliana Group with appearance and extinction of Ediacaran fauna in the overlying Krol. This change is also accompanied with a significant depletion in C-isotope values in the 'cap carbonate'. The upper boundary could not be precisely demarcated in the absence of boundary diagnostic trace fossils. However, a significant depletion in C-isotope values is recorded in the upper part of the Krol Group with appearance of spiny and processed acritarch (acanthomorphs), scaphomorphs and hercomorphs, small shelly fossils, trace fossils and trilobites of Early Cambrian age in the overlying Tal Group, which is considered to mark the boundary.
A review of biota recorded from older sequences viz. Vindhyan Supergroup, Bhima, Kurnool, Chhattisgarh, and Indravati Groups, etc. of the peninsular India, suggest them to be of Mesoproterozoic-Cryogenian (pre-Sturtian glaciation) age. The paper discusses in detail both lower and upper boundaries of the Ediacaran Period and attempts at the correlation with GSSP.
Some aspects of Palaeozoic pteridophytes of India: A critical reappraisal
Authors: Srivastava Pradeep Chandra 
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with spatial and temporal distribution of pteridophytic megafossils within Palaeozoic plant bearing horizons of India. An attempt has been made to describe the pteridophytic assemblages in various strata of different ages, dynamism of the relative dominance pattern of various types of pteridophytes within each assemblage vis-Ã -vis the environment they lived in. Critical discussion has been done regarding increasing diversity of Palaeozoic pteridophytic taxa, taxonomic riddles, plant architecture, ecological analysis and phylogenetic implications. Special attention has been given to the floristic regionalism of Lower Carboniferous flora of India in reference to the world palaeophytogeography and occurrence of admixture of Cathaysian, Euramerian and Gondwana pteridophytic elements in palaeoecotone zone near the northwestern boundary of Indian Gondwana Plate.
Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas of Russia and India's Characteristics and Contrasts
Authors: Sergeev Vladimir N. , Sharma Mukund , Shukla Yogmaya 
Published: September 2022

The paper analyses eight silicified Mesoproterozoic microbiotas of peritidal and shallow subtidal settings from Siberia, Ural and India. These microbiotas, subdivided into three main types - Kotuikan, Satka and Kataskin-are characterized by different taxonomic composition of microfossils. Mat-building entophysalidacean algae Eoentophysalis, ellipsoidal akinetes of nostocalean cyanobacteria genus Archaeoellipsoides and spherical large planktic microfossils Myxococcoides grandis of uncertain affinities dominate the Kotuikan-type microbiotas, the short trichomes are a rare but a distinctive element of these assemblages. The Satka type microbiotas are dominated by mat-building hormogonian cyanobacteria of genus Siphonophycus and chroococcacean dwellers genera Gloeodiniopsis, Eosynechococcus, Sphaerophycus, whereas entophysalidacean cyanobacteria are conspicuously missing and akinetes of genus Archaeoellipsoides occur but never abundant. Besides, microbiotas of Satka type include morphologically simple remains of phytoplanktic eukaryotic microorganisms-sphaeromorphic acritarchs genera Satka, Pterospermopsimorpha, Granomarginata? and Leiosphaeridia. The late Mesoproterozoic Kataskin-type microbiotas contain mat-forming entophysalidacean, oscillatoriacean and nostocalean as well as mat-dwelling and planktic chroococcacean cyanobacteria, but the most typical feature of these microfossil assemblages is the presence of a stalked cyanobacterium, Polybessurus bipartitus.
Almost all-available data on relevant silicified Mesoproterozoic microbiotas from China, Greenland and North America have been analysed. Further different types of Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas have been compared with Palaeo- and Neoproterozoic microbiotas in cherts as well as with the assemblages of organic-walled microfossils throughout the world and explained differences and similarities in their composition. The analysis indicate that the Mesoproterozoic microbiotas have their own specific taxonomic composition and differ from the Palaeo- and Neoproterozoic microfossils occurring in the same and different palaeoenvironmental setting. The presence of newly evolved type of cyanobacteria, red algae and acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Kataskin-type microbiotas and contemporaneous open-shelf facies suggest that the terminal Mesoproterozoic can be separated as an independent biostratigraphical unit.
Plant fossils of Maitur Formation: possibly the ultimate stage of Glossopteris flora in Raniganj Coalfield, India
Authors: Pal Pankaj K. , Srivastava A.K. , Ghosh Amit K. 
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with the plant megafossil assemblage from the Maitur Formation, the lower part of Panchet Group of rocks, unconformably overlain by coal bearing Raniganj Formation in Raniganj Coalfield, West Bengal. The plant fossils are collected from two localities exposed in Nonia Nala Section near Asansol, Burdwan District, West Bengal. The assemblages are represented by the typical elements of Glossopteris flora, viz. Trizygia speciosa, Neomariopteris hughesii. N. lobifolia, Dichotomopteris lindleyii, D. ovata, Glossopteris indica, G. tenuifolia, G. emarginata, G. angustifolia. G conspicua, G. intermedia, G. retifera, G. gopadensis, G. taeniensis, Glossopteris sp. cf. G. dhenkanalensis, one new species G. burdwanensis sp. nov., glossopterid scale-leaves and seed-like body.
The age of Maitur Formation has been assigned to Early Triassic but the plant fossil assemblages are comparable with the Late Permian plant fossils of Kamthi, Pachhwara and Bijori formations in having narrow leaf forms of Glossopteris. The investigation supports the view that there is no floral break at the Raniganj-Panchet Boundary and flora of Maitur Formation in all probability represents the ultimate stage of Glossopteris flora in Raniganj Coalfield before the onset of Early Triassic Dicroidium flora in Deoli/Hirapur Formation belonging to upper part of Panchet Sequence in Raniganj Coalfield, West Bengal.
Petrographic evaluation of the coal seams from Gundala area, Godavari Valley Coalfield, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Sarate Omprakash S. , Basava Chary M. 
Published: September 2022

Gundala area represents the north-western extremity of Lingala-Koyagudem Coal Belt, Godavari Valley Coalfield. Andhra Pradesh. The sub-surface explorations from the virgin tracts of Gundala area revealed the existence often coal seams. Representative coal samples collected from seams III A, III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A, V(Top) and V(Bottom), pertaining to Bore Hole No. SGK-124 and III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A and V seams of Bore Hole No. SGK-128 have been critically analyzed for their maceral constitution and vitrinite reflectance measurements to understand the quality, rank, depositional environment, besides the economic and coal bed methane potentialities.
Based on the ternary mineral matter free (m. m. f.) maceral plotting, it has been inferred that, various coal seams intersected in Gundala area, in general contain mixed type of coal, barring V Top (Bore hole No. SGK-124) and III Top (Bore hole No. SGK-128) seams, which contain vitric type of coal. However, liptinite rich coal has been recorded from III Bottom seam of Bore Hole No. SGK-124. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro max %) has been recorded between 0.47 and 0.60%, which suggests that the coal has attained high volatile bituminous C stage of rank. Existence of low (8 to 21 %) frequency of mineral matter indicates the better quality of coal, which may find its commercial utility. The maceral constitution suggests that the coal deposits of this basin have evolved with prolonged spell of cold climatic condition, besides a few dry oxidizing spells. The slowly sinking basin has received continuous input of vegetal resource. The facies model based on maceral and mineral matter contents of these coals have shown the development of alternate oxic and anoxic moor at the depositional site.
Reappraisal of palaeofloristics of Himmatnagar Sandstone vis-à-vis palaeogeographic significance
Authors: Prakash Neeru , Das Neelam , Bhat Nishith Y. , Solanki Paras M. 
Published: September 2022

The state of Gujarat physiographically comprises three distinct zones–the Gujarat Mainland, the Saurashtra and the Kachchh. The sedimentary deposits of Himmatnagar Sandstone (23°36'00": 72°57'45") are mainly exposed in Gujarat Mainland. Palaeobotanical study reveals occurrence of plant fossils Matonidium, Weichselia, Cladophlebis, Gleichenia, Sphenopteris, Dictyophyllum, Pachypteris, Pagiophyllum and Araucarites. Bennettitales are absent. Numerically pteridophytes are represented by 61%, pteridosperms are represented by 7% and cyacads are represented by 7% while conifers are represented by 24%.
The assemblage is compared and correlated with contemporaneous deposits in India and other Gondwanic continents and found that it is coeval to fossil floral assemblage of Dharangdhara Formation, (Saurashtra) and Bansa Formation of South Rewa (in central part of India) and Athgarh Formation on east–coast of India, in having common occurrence of Wealden frond Weichselia with dominance of pteridophytic fronds and conifers of family Araucariaceae. Due to common occurrence of pteridophytes and conifers (at generic level) the flora also resembles to Bluff flora of Alexander Island (Antarctica) and Barcó flora of Baqueró Formation of Patagonia (South America) indicating that the dispersal of biota might have taken place through Kerguelen Plateau or Gunners ridge via Antarctica.
‘Law smells’
Authors: Meuwese A.C.M. , Timmer I. 
Published: September 2022

‘Law smells’. Over digitale vertalingen van regelgeving en de uitvoeringspraktijk
Nu steeds meer wetgeving op digitale wijze wordt uitgevoerd, is er ook toenemende aandacht voor het proces en de methode van ‘digitale vertaling’ van regelgeving. Deze bijdrage maakt de aansluiting tussen de digitaliseringspraktijk en de wetgevingspraktijk concreter door ervaringen uit verschillende projecten, en met name het RAAK-project, te delen en te laten zien wat wetgevingsjuristen hiervan kunnen leren.
Child Culture and Contemporary Challenges Using Digital Scientific Communication Sites
Authors: Sadiq Abdul Razzaq Jinan , Jassim Hadi Enas 
Published: September 2022

The objectives of the research focus on defining the sources of deriving the childs culture and social upbringing with the intention of determining the characteristics of the childs culture determining the main foctors in the type of child socialization,and clarifying the most important foctors that help in changing the culture of society on children and contemporary challenges using digitalscientific communication sites with an explanation of the childs psychological growth in eriksons theory and its impact on child cuilure .and clarify the reasons that prevent the child and culture with a focus on the contemporary challenges of the childs culture .
The research delegation came out with a number of conclusions which were .

The most important climatesand the most influential on academic achievement is the family community climate ,so that the level of family culture , its capabilities and its ability to help the child in his academic achievement , as well as the availability the family climate predisposing to achievement and based on positive interactions between the child ,his parents and his siblings , as well as the care and positive familial orientation of the children are all conditions and factors whose exisitence leads to the achievement of
Encouraging children to use digital scientific communication sites, which is the most important challenge facing educationl instituttions in developing countries , which confirms the need to employ e- learning and e- teaching to develop the educational performance of the child if the studies confirm that modem technology is not necessarily the cure for all problems .

In light of the conclusions that the research came out with, we recommend
the following .
1-taking into account the similarities and differences between children ,developing their comparative skills , classification and dialogue , and the importance of following up on their use of digital scientific communication sites .
2-summarizing and taking notes , summarizing the main ideas that focus on analyzing informationand thus enhancing childrens , understanding of the curriculum content using the most important modem technologies
A survey and phenotypic study of carpenter bee species recorded in Kzo village and its environs / Dohuk Governorate – Iraq
Authors: Bamarni Rawshan Z. , Elsaiegh Muzahim A. 
Published: September 2022

All studies were conducted during the years 2020-2021 in the village of Kzo and its environs of Dohuk Governorate / northern of Iraq, the results of the survey led to the collection of 42 samples, Samples which all belongs to the genus Xylocopa , Six samples represent four species from all samples were sent to Dr Munazah Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture and Science and Technology of Kashmir, India for classification , The result of classification showed that three of them were belong to the sub-genus Xylocopa represent two species,one male of species Xylocopa varentzowi The main character is that the front legs were contained a dense group of long white hairs on the outer part of the tibia, Male and female of species Xylocopa violacea the female were contained a density of black hairs on the front legs and more on the hind legs,The males of this species are distinguished by their antenna, in which the flagella consists of 11 segments and its segments is brown, but the ninth and tenth segments (9-10) which were characterized by their yellowish-orange color,and the other three specimens were belong to the sub-genus Proxylocopa represent two species, one female of species Xylocopa rufa were characterized by the calyx sita or hairs which covering edges of the abdominal region which were interrupted and unconnected in the middle, male and female of species Xylocopa olivieri were characterized by the hairs which were covered the edges of the abdominal tergit segments, pale yellow color, continuous and unbroken in the middle, The results of phenotypic studies of male and females samples of the four species Xylocopa varentzowi, Xylocopa violacea, Xylocopa rufa and Xylocopa olivieri is reported for the first time from the high altitudes of Duhok Governorate( more than 1,140 m above sea level), Iraq.
El funcionamiento familiar y el logro de aprendizaje en estudiantes un colegio público peruano
Authors: Rivas Plata Aury Pimentel , Chiri Saravia Paulo Cesar , Alvarado Acuña Georgina Rosa , Ramirez Vilchez Edgar Abhat , Gutierrez Gomez Rocio 
Published: September 2022

El bajo desempeño escolar de los alumnos es una preocupación para los padres debido a que afecta el desarrollo del alumno hacia su proyecto de vida. El propósito fue analizar la relación entre la familia y el logro de aprendizaje en un colegio público peruano. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, de diseño correlacional. La muestra fue de 60 estudiantes. se empleó el cuestionario para la recopilación de datos. El resultado fue que el grado de relación entre la familia y el logro de aprendizaje, es de muy alta significatividad (r = 0.99576607). Se determinó que el funcionamiento familiar observado por el alumnado es poco saludable, por lo cual los estudiantes no logran los niveles de aprendizaje adecuados. Asimismo, la inadecuada funcionalidad en la familia es un elemento de riesgo para un bajo desempeño en la escuela.
Propuesta metodológica para la enseñanza de la coordinación y lateralidad desde un análisis al currículo ecuatoriano
Authors: Guapi-Morocho Darwin , Castro-Cevallos Roberto , Arias-Moreno Edison 
Published: September 2022

El objetivo del artículo es presentar una Propuesta Metodológica para la Enseñanza de la Coordinación y Lateralidad, con base en una revisión de 27 documentos, enmarcado en un periodo de los últimos 5 años, la búsqueda de información se la realizo en las siguientes bases de datos: Dialnet, Redalyc, Scielo, Google Scholar , EmásF, Educare y bibliotecas de universidades, sin excluir información relevante de años anteriores, las temáticas vinculantes tienen pertinencia a cuatro dimensiones: currículo de educación física ecuatoriano, metodología activas, enseñanza de coordinación, enseñanza de lateralidad. Esto permitió la construcción de una propuesta curricular enfocado al desarrollo de la coordinación y lateralidad, que sirva como una guía de programación para docentes del área de Educación Física, convirtiéndose en aporte esencial a la adquisición motriz, permitiendo su modificación y establecimiento de corporeidad generando en el estudiantado autonomía para la ejecución de actividades físicas, como seres críticos, reflexivos, activos y saludables.
Crustal Evolution of the Himalaya since Paleoproterozoic
Authors: Adlakha Vikas , Sain Kalachand 
Published: September 2022

Understanding the crustal evolution of any orogen is essential in delineating the nomenclature of litho units, stratigraphic growth, tectonic evolution, and, most importantly, deciphering the paleogeography of the Earth. In this context, the Himalayas, one of the youngest continent-continent collisional orogen on the Earth, has played a key role in understanding the past supercontinent cycles, mountain building activities, and tectonic-climate interactions. This chapter presents the journey of Himalayan rocks through Columbian, Rodinia, and Gondwana supercontinent cycles to the present, as its litho units consist of the record of magmatism and sedimentation since ~2.0 Ga. The making of the Himalayan orogen started with the rifting of India from the Gondwanaland and its subsequent movement toward the Eurasian Plate, which led to the closure of the Neo-Tethyan ocean in the Late-Cretaceous. India collided with Eurasia between ∼59 Ma and ∼40 Ma. Later, the crustal thickening and shortening led to the metamorphism of the Himalayan crust and the development of the north-dipping south verging fold-and-thrust belt. The main phase of Himalayan uplift took place during the Late-Oligocene-Miocene. This chapter also provides insights into the prevailing kinematic models that govern the deep-seated exhumation of Himalayan rocks to the surface through the interplay of tectonics and climate.
WSN System Warns Producer When Micro-Sprinklers Fail in Fruit Trees
Authors: Hahn Schlam Federico , Martínez Solís Fermín 
Published: September 2022

Salts in the irrigation water cause micro-sprinklers to clog. Farmers find it difficult to detect sprinkler clog due to the great number of trees grown in commercial orchards, causing a reduction in yield and timing problems. In this article, IoT can support farmers with daily soil moisture detection. A wireless sensor network, WSN was developed to warn the farmer from micro-sprinkling clogging. Trees were gathered into groups of 9 trees, where the central tree holds the master microcontroller and the other eight trees presented slave microcontrollers (nodes). The system uses BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) to communicate between the master microcontroller by BLE. A second WSN using lasers was also tested but resulted to be a little more expensive. Soil moisture sensor performance against corrosion and current consumption was analyzed being the best sensors the V1.2 capacitance probe and the sprinkler-encoder one. When micro-sprinklers did not apply water to a tree, its number was transmitted via LoRa from the master to the producer’s smartphone to warn him/her. A hexacopter was used to detect canopy stress from a height of 30 m, but only after 7 days of water removal did the NDVI indexes detect it.
Biofilm Formation by Pathogenic Bacteria: The Role of Quorum Sensing and Physical - Chemical Interactions
Authors: Das Theerthankar , C. Young Brandon 
Published: September 2022

Pathogenic bacteria cause infectious diseases, mainly when the host (humans, animals, and plants) are colonised by bacteria, especially in its biofilm stage, where it is known to cause chronic infections. Biofilms are associated with resistance to antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, antiseptics, detergents, and other therapeutic approaches. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest public health challenges of our time and is termed a ‘silent pandemic’ by the United Nations. Biofilm formation, pathogenicity and the associated AMR are regulated through a bacterial cell-to-cell communication system termed “Quorum Sensing (QS)’. As the bacterial cells sense the fluctuations in their population, they biosynthesise and secrete the signalling molecules called autoinducers (AI). In gram-negative, the signalling molecules are primarily homoserine lactones (AHL) whereas in gram-positive the signalling molecules are autoinducing peptides. The AI binds to receptor and regulator proteins in the bacterial cells to activate the complete QS system, which controls the regulations of various genes that are essential for the biosynthesis of virulence factors, extracellular biopolymers (EPS) production, biofilm formation and bacterial fitness.