bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face mask mandates and risk compensation: an analysis of mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Wadud Zia , Rahman Sheikh Mokhlesur , Enam Annesha 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionConcerns have been raised about the potential for risk compensation in the context of mask mandates for mitigating the spread of COVID-19. However, the debate about the presence or absence of risk compensation for universal mandatory mask-wearing rules—especially in the context of COVID-19—is not settled yet.MethodsMobility is used as a proxy for risky behaviour before and after the mask mandates. Two sets of regressions are estimated to decipher (any) risk-compensating effect of mask mandate in Bangladesh. These include: (1) intervention regression analysis of daily activities at six types of locations, using pre-mask-mandate and post-mandate data; and (2) multiple regression analysis of daily new COVID-19 cases on daily mobility (lagged) to establish mobility as a valid proxy.Results(1) Statistically, mobility increased at all five non-residential locations, while home stays decreased after the mask mandate was issued; (2) daily mobility had a statistically significant association on daily new cases (with around 10 days of lag). Both significances were calculated at 95% confidence level.ConclusionCommunity mobility had increased (and stay at home decreased) after the mandatory mask-wearing rule, and given mobility is associated with increases in new COVID-19 cases, there is evidence of risk compensation effect of the mask mandate—at least partially—in Bangladesh.
Tumor MHC Class I Expression Associates with Intralesional IL2 Response in Melanoma
Authors: Pourmaleki Maryam , Jones Caitlin J. , Ariyan Charlotte E. , Zeng Zheng , Pirun Mono , Navarrete Daniel A. , Li Yanyun , Zhang Mianlei , Nandakumar Subhiksha , Campos Carl , Nadeem Saad , Klimstra David S. , Temple-Oberle Claire F. , Brenn Thomas , Lipson Evan J. , Schenk Kara M. , Stein Julie E. , Taube Janis M. , White Michael G. , Traweek Raymond , Wargo Jennifer A. , Kirkwood John M. , Gasmi Billel , Goff Stephanie L. , Corwin Alex D. , McDonough Elizabeth , Ginty Fiona , Callahan Margaret K. , Schietinger Andrea , Socci Nicholas D. , Mellinghoff Ingo K. , Hollmann Travis J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy can result in lasting tumor regression, but predictive biomarkers of treatment response remain ill-defined. Here, we performed single-cell proteomics, transcriptomics, and genomics on matched untreated and IL2 injected metastases from patients with melanoma. Lesions that completely regressed following intralesional IL2 harbored increased fractions and densities of nonproliferating CD8+ T cells lacking expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 (PD-1−LAG-3−TIM-3−). Untreated lesions from patients who subsequently responded with complete eradication of all tumor cells in all injected lesions (individuals referred to herein as “extreme responders”) were characterized by proliferating CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype (PD-1+LAG-3+TIM-3+), stromal B-cell aggregates, and expression of IFNγ and IL2 response genes. Loss of membranous MHC class I expression in tumor cells of untreated lesions was associated with resistance to IL2 therapy. We validated this finding in an independent cohort of metastatic melanoma patients treated with intralesional or systemic IL2. Our study suggests that intact tumor-cell antigen presentation is required for melanoma response to IL2 and describes a multidimensional and spatial approach to develop immuno-oncology biomarker hypotheses using routinely collected clinical biospecimens.
Trançados e técnicas de entretrançado dos índios Kaschuyana do Nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Detering Dascha , Moreira Marcelo 
Published: January 2022

Neste artigo, a autora Dascha Detering faz um panorama descritivo e iconográfico de técnicas de entretrançado usadas pelos ameríndios Katxuyana a partir de seu estudo sobre o acervo do Museu de Arte Popular de Hamburgo (Alemanha). Relata que a estes dados complementou informações a partir de visita e estudo da coleção Kaschúyana, preservada no Museu Nacional da Dinamarca (Copenhagen). Outras informações, obteve através de conversas com G. Polykrates e de carta de Protásio Frikel. Nesse artigo a autora descreve detalhadamente etapas de confecção de diferentes artefatos cesteiros, como cestos, peneiras, abanadores e a base trançada para adorno plumário (cocar) tchimátchima. Ao final a autora aponta acelerado processo de “aculturação” dos Katxuyana e de outros grupos da região o que justificaria o trabalho com produtos de sua “cultura tradicional”.
Genes That Escape X Chromosome Inactivation Modulate Sex Differences in Valve Myofibroblasts
Authors: Aguado Brian A. , Walker Cierra J. , Grim Joseph C. , Schroeder Megan E. , Batan Dilara , Vogt Brandon J. , Rodriguez Andrea Gonzalez , Schwisow Jessica A. , Moulton Karen S. , Weiss Robert M. , Heistad Donald D. , Leinwand Leslie A. , Anseth Kristi S. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Aortic valve stenosis is a sexually dimorphic disease, with women often presenting with sustained fibrosis and men with more extensive calcification. However, the intracellular molecular mechanisms that drive these clinically important sex differences remain underexplored.

Methods:
Hydrogel biomaterials were designed to recapitulate key aspects of the valve tissue microenvironment and to serve as a culture platform for sex-specific valvular interstitial cells (VICs; precursors to profibrotic myofibroblasts). The hydrogel culture system was used to interrogate intracellular pathways involved in sex-dependent VIC-to-myofibroblast activation and deactivation. RNA sequencing was used to define pathways involved in driving sex-dependent activation. Interventions with small molecule inhibitors and siRNA transfections were performed to provide mechanistic insight into sex-specific cellular responses to microenvironmental cues, including matrix stiffness and exogenously delivered biochemical factors.

Results:

In both healthy porcine and human aortic valves, female leaflets had higher baseline activation of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin compared with male leaflets. When isolated and cultured, female porcine and human VICs had higher levels of basal α-smooth muscle actin stress fibers that further increased in response to the hydrogel matrix stiffness, both of which were higher than in male VICs. A transcriptomic analysis of male and female porcine VICs revealed Rho-associated protein kinase signaling as a potential driver of this sex-dependent myofibroblast activation. Furthermore, we found that genes that escape X-chromosome inactivation such as
BMX
and
STS
(encoding for Bmx nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and steroid sulfatase, respectively) partially regulate the elevated female myofibroblast activation through Rho-associated protein kinase signaling. This finding was confirmed by treating male and female VICs with endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, factors that are secreted by endothelial cells and known to drive myofibroblast activation through Rho-associated protein kinase signaling.

Conclusions:
Together, in vivo and in vitro results confirm sex dependencies in myofibroblast activation pathways and implicate genes that escape X-chromosome inactivation in regulating sex differences in myofibroblast activation and subsequent aortic valve stenosis progression. Our results underscore the importance of considering sex as a biological variable to understand the molecular mechanisms of aortic valve stenosis and to help guide sex-based precision therapies.
Re-examining Gender Earning Differentials in Malaysian Manufacturing
Authors: Cheong Jia-Qi , Narayanan Suresh , Fernandez Jacqueline Lisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The manufacturing sector is a major avenue for female employment in the urban labor market in Malaysia. Only two studies, both published more than two decades ago, have examined gender earning differentials in this sector. Since then, the percentage of women being educated has increased, along with their participation rate, and several laws protecting their rights have also been passed, making it timely to re-examine the earnings gap. We do this by drawing on more recent data from a larger representative survey of manufacturing employees. The Blinder-Oaxaca technique, utilized in the previous two studies, was used to estimate the existing earnings gap and to decompose it to differences attributable to endowments, coefficients (traditionally viewed as subsuming discrimination), and the interaction between the two. We found a smaller gap than previously reported, with better female endowments helping to narrow the gap, and unexplained differences in coefficients being responsible for the remaining gap. The interaction effect was not statistically significant. Contrary to the earlier studies, the differential treatment of women in the manufacturing sector, rather than endowment differences, is hampering the equalization of earnings. This calls for newer approaches to closing the earnings gap.
Morpheme Ordering Across Languages Reflects Optimization for Processing Efficiency
Authors: Hahn Michael , Mathew Rebecca , Degen Judith 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe ordering of morphemes in a word displays well-documented regularities across languages. Previous work has explained these in terms of notions such as semantic scope, relevance, and productivity. Here, we test a recently formulated processing theory of the ordering of linguistic units, the efficient tradeoff hypothesis (Hahn et al., 2021). The claim of the theory is that morpheme ordering can partly be explained by the optimization of a tradeoff between memory and surprisal. This claim has received initial empirical support from two languages. In this work, we test this idea more extensively using data from four additional agglutinative languages with significant amounts of morphology, and by considering nouns in addition to verbs. We find that the efficient tradeoff hypothesis predicts ordering in most cases with high accuracy, and accounts for cross-linguistic regularities in noun and verb inflection. Our work adds to a growing body of work suggesting that many ordering properties of language arise from a pressure for efficient language processing.
Empires and Nations in the Modern World: Shifting Political Orders
Authors: Manning Patrick 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This essay traces the path of empires and nations as forms of governance, the eventual predominance of nations and disappearance of empires, and the contemporary interplay of large and small nations as the dominant form of global governance. It also gives attention to the rise of capitalist economic organization as a factor expanding empires and later encouraging nationhood. The essay emphasizes two stages in the emergence of nations: the emergence in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of nations and eventually of the great powers, and the post-1945 emergence of nations as the universal form of government, consisting mostly of small powers, linked by the United Nations.
The Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Diurnal Cycle in Two WRF Simulations of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Evans Rebecca C. , Nolan David S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe properties of diurnal variability in tropical cyclones (TCs) and the mechanisms behind them remain an intriguing aspect of TC research. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of diurnal variability in two simulations of TCs to explore these mechanisms. One simulation is a well-known Hurricane Nature Run (HNR1), which is a realistic simulation of a TC produced using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The other simulation is a realistic simulation produced using WRF of Hurricane Florence (2018) using hourly ERA5 data as input. Empirical orthogonal functions and Fourier filtering are used to analyze diurnal variability in the TCs. In both simulations a diurnal squall forms at sunrise in the inner core and propagates radially outward and intensifies until midday. At midday the upper-level outflow strengthens, surface inflow weakens, and the cirrus canopy reaches its maximum height and radial extent. At sunset and overnight, the surface inflow is stronger, and convection inside the RMW peaks. Therefore, two diurnal cycles of convection exist in the TCs with different phases of maxima: eyewall convection at sunset and at night, and rainband convection in the early morning. This study finds that the diurnal pulse in the cirrus canopy is not advectively driven, nor can it be attributed to weaker inertial stability at night; rather, the results indicate direct solar heating as a mechanism for cirrus canopy lifting and enhanced daytime outflow. These results show a strong diurnal modulation of tropical cyclone structure, and are consistent with other recent observational and modeling studies of the TC diurnal cycle.
Diagnostic Classification of Flash Drought Events Reveals Distinct Classes of Forcings and Impacts
Authors: Osman Mahmoud , Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Badr Hamada S. , Otkin Jason , Zhong Yafang , Lorenz David , Anderson Martha , Keenan Trevor F. , Miller David L. , Hain Christopher , Holmes Thomas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent years have seen growing appreciation that rapidly intensifying flash droughts are significant climate hazards with major economic and ecological impacts. This has motivated efforts to inventory, monitor, and forecast flash drought events. Here we consider the question of whether the term “flash drought” comprises multiple distinct classes of event, which would imply that understanding and forecasting flash droughts might require more than one framework. To do this, we first extend and evaluate a soil moisture volatility–based flash drought definition that we introduced in previous work and use it to inventory the onset dates and severity of flash droughts across the contiguous United States (CONUS) for the period 1979–2018. Using this inventory, we examine meteorological and land surface conditions associated with flash drought onset and recovery. These same meteorological and land surface conditions are then used to classify the flash droughts based on precursor conditions that may represent predictable drivers of the event. We find that distinct classes of flash drought can be diagnosed in the event inventory. Specifically, we describe three classes of flash drought: “dry and demanding” events for which antecedent evaporative demand is high and soil moisture is low, “evaporative” events with more modest antecedent evaporative demand and soil moisture anomalies, but positive antecedent evaporative anomalies, and “stealth” flash droughts, which are different from the other two classes in that precursor meteorological anomalies are modest relative to the other classes. The three classes exhibit somewhat different geographic and seasonal distributions. We conclude that soil moisture flash droughts are indeed a composite of distinct types of rapidly intensifying droughts, and that flash drought analyses and forecasts would benefit from approaches that recognize the existence of multiple phenomenological pathways.
Comprehensive assessment of Mahaim accessory pathways’ anatomic distribution
Authors: Gormel Suat , Yasar Salim , Yildirim Erkan , Asil Serkan , Baris Veysel Ozgur , Gokoglan Yalcın , Celik Murat , Yuksel Uygar Cagdas , Vurgun Veysel Kutay , Kabul Hasan Kutsi , Kose Sedat 
Published: January 2022

Objective To present the authors’ experience of Mahaim-type accessory pathways (MAPs), focusing on anatomic localizations. Methods Data from consecutive patients who underwent electrophysiological study (EPS) for MAP ablation in two tertiary centres, between January 1998 and June 2020, were retrospectively analysed. Results Of the 55 included patients, 27 (49.1%) were male, and the overall mean age was 29.5 ± 11.6 years (range, 12–66 years). MAPs were ablated at the tricuspid annulus in 43 patients (78.2%), mitral annulus in four patients (7.3%), paraseptal region in three patients (5.5%), and right ventricle mid-apical region in five patients (9.1%). Among 49 patients who planned for ablation therapy, the success rate was 91.8% (45 patients). Conclusion MAPs were most often ablated at the lateral aspect of the tricuspid annuli, sometimes at other sides of the tricuspid and mitral annuli, and infrequently in the right ventricle. The M potential mapping technique is likely to be a useful target for ablation of MAPs.
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for prevention of migraine: The multicenter, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled PREMIUM II trial
Authors: Najib Umer , Smith Timothy , Hindiyeh Nada , Saper Joel , Nye Barbara , Ashina Sait , McClure Candace K , Marmura Michael J , Chase Serena , Liebler Eric , Lipton Richard B 
Published: January 2022

Aim Evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for migraine prevention. Methods After completing a 4-week diary run-in period, adults who had migraine with or without aura were randomly assigned to receive active non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation or sham therapy during a 12-week double-blind period. Results Of 336 enrolled participants, 113 (active, n = 56; sham, n = 57) completed ≥70 days of the double-blind period and were ≥66% adherent with treatment, comprising the prespecified modified intention-to-treat population. The COVID-19 pandemic led to early trial termination, and the population was ∼60% smaller than the statistical target for full power. Mean reduction in monthly migraine days (primary endpoint) was 3.12 for the active group and 2.29 days for the sham group (difference, −0.83; p = 0.2329). Responder rate (i.e. the percentage of participants with a ≥50% reduction in migraine days) was greater in the active group (44.87%) than the sham group (26.81%; p = 0.0481). Prespecified subgroup analysis suggested that participants with aura responded preferentially. No serious device-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions These results suggest clinical utility of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for migraine prevention, particularly for patients who have migraine with aura, and reinforce the well-established safety and tolerability profile of this therapy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03716505).
Comparing Patient-Reported Outcomes From Sham and Saline-Based Placebo Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From a Randomized Clinical Trial of Lorecivivint
Authors: Tambiah Jeyanesh R.S. , Simsek Ismail , Swearingen Christopher J. , Kennedy Sarah , Cole Brian J. , McAlindon Timothy E. , Yazici Yusuf 
Published: January 2022

Background: Durable, meaningful symptom responses to intra-articular saline placebo injections are observed in knee osteoarthritis (OA) trials, but it is unclear if these are due to physiological effects. Purpose: To perform a prospective comparison of patient-reported outcome responses among participants with knee OA who underwent intra-articular injection of saline-based placebo or sham (dry needle). Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: From a 24-week randomized double-blind trial, participants with moderate to severe knee OA received 2-mL intra-articular injections of saline-based placebo (PBO; 99.45% PBS) or sham (dry needle) to the target knee. Least squares mean differences of changes from baseline to week 24 were compared between the PBO and sham groups for the following: pain Numeric Rating Scale; Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain, stiffness, and function; and patient global assessment. Bang Blinding Index was used to evaluate all-group blinding on day 1 and week 24. Results: In total, 116 and 117 participants were randomized to the PBO and sham groups, respectively. Within the full trial population, the mean ± SD age and body mass index were 59.0 ± 8.5 years and 28.97 ± 4.01, respectively. An overall 406 (58.4%) were female, and 394 (57.3%) had Kellgren-Lawrence grade 3 target knee OA. The PBO and sham groups demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements (≥10%) from baseline in all patient-reported outcomes at all time points (ie, weeks 4-24). Mean differences (95% CI) at week 24 between the PBO and sham groups were as follows: pain Numeric Rating Scale, –0.10 (–0.79 to 0.59; P = .78); WOMAC pain, –2.89 (–9.70 to 3.92; P = .40); WOMAC stiffness, –2.37 (–9.37 to 4.63; P = .51); and WOMAC function, –1.39 (–8.06 to 5.29; P = .68). Bang Blinding Index indicated that blinding was maintained. Conclusion: PBO and sham groups demonstrated equivalent patient-reported outcomes at all time points through week 24, suggesting that responses attributed to saline were contextual (ie, to the procedure) and not physiological. Registration: NCT03122860 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
QT Prolongation in Critically Ill Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: El Nekidy Wasim S. , Almuti Khalid , ElRefaei Hazem , Atallah Bassam , Mohammad Lana M. , AlMahmeed Wael , Badr Mohamed , Abdallah Khaled , Hamed Fadi , Mallat Jihad 
Published: January 2022

Background: Several reports linked the use of repurposed drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, and favipiravir with QT interval prolongation in patients with SARS-CoV2 infection. Little is known about the risk factors for QT interval prolongation in this population. We sought to describe the prevalence and identify the main risk factors associated with clinically significant corrected QT (QTc) prolongation in this population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients who were admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU), had at least one electrocardiogram performed during their ICU stay, and tested positive for SARs-CoV-2. Clinically significant QTc interval prolongation was defined as QTc >500 milliseconds (ms). Results: Out of the 111 critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, QTc was significantly prolonged in 47 cases (42.3%). Patients with a clinically significant QTc prolongation had significantly higher proportions of history of cardiac diseases/surgery (22 [46.8%] vs. 10 [15.6%], P < .001), hypokalemia (10 [21.3] vs. 5 [7.8%], P = .04), and male gender (95% vs. 82.8%, P = .036) than patients with QTc ≤500 ms, respectively. A total of 46 patients (41.4%) received HCQ, 28 (25.2%) received lopinavir/ritonavir, and 5 (4.5%) received azithromycin. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a history of cardiac disease was the only independent factor associated with clinically significant QTc prolongation ( P = .004 for the likelihood-ratio test). Conclusion: The prevalence of clinically significant QTc prolongation in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection was high and independent of drugs used. Larger prospective observational studies are warranted to elucidate independent risk factors associated with clinically significant QTc prolongation in this study population.