bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potato Psyllid Control, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potato seed pieces were planted Feb 24‘78 in Laveen clay loam on 34-inch row spacing, using a John Deere 2-row planter. Plots were 30-feet long, 4 times in a randomized block design. Granular phorate was applied at planting time using a Gandy dry insecticide applicator mounted on the potato planter. Granules were placed in the fertilizer band, 2 inches below and 4 inches to the side of the seed piece. Fertilizer was placed on both sides of the seed piece and the granular phorate on only 1 side. The other treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a 2 gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer and a lightweight 2-nozzle boom operating at 50-55 psi. Psyllid nymphs and adults were counted at weekly intervals beginning Apr 4 on 25 selected leaves from each plot. Major psyllid population build up in the plots did not begin until about the last week of Apr particularly in the untreated check plots. Potatoes were harvested on Jun 2‘78 using a single row potato digger. They were then graded according to U. S. standards with grades and yields for each plot and treatment recorded.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Synthetic Pyrethroids, 1979
Authors: Arnett W. Harold 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Main Station Field Laboratory at Reno on a 6 year old stand of alfalfa. Treatments were applied at near full bud stage with 30 - 40% of the plants showing tip damage. Plots were 25 x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Sprays were applied with a CO2 psi. Treatments were made on May 22‘79. Post treatment counts were taken on May 25, 29 and Jun 5 and were based on 10 (180 degree) sweeps of a standard net from each rep.
Alfalfa Insect Control Studies, 1980
Authors: Cuperus Gerrit W. , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfalfa was planted Jun 4 at the Rosemount Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minnesota on Waukegan silt soil. Plots were 49 X 50 ft arranged so each treatment was replicated at 3 random intervals along the flight path of the aircraft. Sprays were applied Jul 15, 21, 28, Aug 5, 19 and 26, with an agricultural spray airplane which delivered 5 gal water/acre at 33 psi. Sampling consisted of 10 pendulum sweeps/plot.
Effect of Potato Leafhopper Control on Yield and Protein Content of Alfalfa, 1980
Authors: Luna John M. , Allen W. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of three insecticides in controlling potato leafhopper was evaluated on 3rd cutting, 4-year old alfalfa at Harrisonburg, VA. Insecticide treatments and an unsprayed check were arranged in a four-replicate, randomized block design within a 10-acre alfalfa field. Replicate blocks were 40 x 40 ft. A 6 ft border of Furadan at 1.0 lb al/acre was sprayed around the perimeter of the experimental block. Insecticides were applied July 10 in 30 gal water/acre at 22 psi using a hand-carried, CO2-powered boom sprayer. Insect densities were estimated using a 15-in dia sweep net, with 10 pendular sweeps/sample and 8 samples/treatment/date. Insect densities were also estimated in the remaining field outside the experimental block, and these density estimates are indicated in Table 1 as “control (OUT)”. To estimate yields and protein content, twelve 0,1m2 quadrats per treatment were randomly selected. All alfalfa stems within a quadrat were clipped at ground level and counted, and 5 stem lengths/quadrat were randomly selected, measured and recorded. Each quadrat sample was bagged and returned to the laboratory where they were dried at 43°C for five days and dry weights per quadrat then measured. To reduce sources of variance in yield due to stem density, yields per stem/ quadrat were calculated by dividing dry weight by total number of stems per quadrat. Protein analyses were performed by the Virginia Tech Forage Testing Laboratory using a kjeldahl nitrogen method. Yield and protein samples were taken only within the experimental block.
Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1980
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pirimor and Marshal at various rates were compared with 2 standards, Supracide and Furadan, for control of aphids on alfalfa. The population was approximately 60% blue alfalfa aphid and 40% pea aphid and had persisted longer than other years due to lower than normal temperatures. Plots of 20 x 20 ft replicated 4 times were sprayed Apr 17 with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 36 gpa and 40 psi. Results were obtained by placing 10 stems from each plot in a canister, charged with Ketone and aphids counted.
Corn (Field), Cutworm Control in No-Till Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lorsban 4E, Orthene 75S, and Penncap M 2 FM were applied using techniques that simulate present equipment methods for control of black cutworm. Corn was planted in small grain stubble on Apr 15 in two fields located in Bedford Co., VA. Light weed growth was observed in both fields. Field 1 was planted using ‘Pioneer 3147’ and field 2 with ‘Dekalb 72-B’. The tests consisted of plots measuring 14 x 50 ft (4 rows) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design.
Insecticide Treatments for Plant Bug Control and Their Effect on Beneficials, 1980
Authors: Lentz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hancock variety cotton was planted Apr 23 at the West Tenn. Expt. Sta., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots, 40 ft long were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. The plots were bordered on the north by alfalfa. Pretreatment counts were taken over the entire plot Jul 30 by shaking 12 3-row-ft samples over a drop cloth. Insecticides were applied Jun 30 with a 4-rOw boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Single 3-row-ft post-treatments counts were taken from each plot Aug 1 as described above. All plots were oversprayed Aug 7, 11, 15, and 22 with standard bollworm insecticides to suppress bollworms. The two center rows of each plot were machine harvested Sep 12 and Oct 7. Posttreatment insect and spider counts and yield data were analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by Duncan’s new multiple range test where appropriate.
Apple, Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Fisher G. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied in a IX dilution at 250 psi so that foliage and fruit were treated to runoff. All treatments of insecticides were made on a regular apple schedule allowing approximately 7-10 day interval between cover sprays. Mature standard Delicious, Mcintosh, and Cortland trees were randomized and replicated four times in a 50-free block. Application dates were: May 5 (tight cluster); May If (Pink); May 19 (Bloom-No insecticide applied); May 24-25 (Petal fall). Cover sprays were: Jun 3, Jun 14, Jun 20, Jun 28, Jul 12, Jul 26, Aug 8, Aug 21. Evaluations were made as final harvest fruit scoring (Sep 11-20). Disease control was accomplished by applying Captan 50W (2 lb/100) or Dodine 65W (3/4 lb/100) with each insecticide application and as a bloom spray. Due to unusual (cold) weather conditions in 1980, several Mcintosh trees in the research block bore no fruit, and a mid-season drought reduced insect and mite activity. Early post bloom rainy periods necessitated more 7 day interval treatments than usual.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control by Mound Drenches, 1980
Authors: Gardner Wayne A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests using mound drenches of individual colonies established in Cecil clay soil were initiated on May 22 and Sept 18. The amount of water used in each drench was dependent upon the mound diameter (0-33 cm = 2 I, 34-48 cm = 4 I, 49-58 cm-6 I, 59-68 cm = 8 I, 69-76 cm = 10 I). Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times with 3 mounds per replicate. Control was evaluated 1 and 7 days after application. Colony survival was indicated by the presence of defensive workers or the appearance of newly constructed mounds in the vicinity of treated mounds.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Drought Stressed Peanuts, 1980
Authors: Adams David B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A five acre field of Florunner peanuts on Norfolk sandy loam soil located in Tift Co., GA was treated on Aug 201 for a heavy infestation of lesser cornstalk borer larvae (LCSB). Three treatments were applied to 4 ca 0.5 acre replicates each. Treatments consisted of, a control; monocrotophos, Azodrin (1.0 lb ai/acre); and encapsulated methyl parathion, PennCap-M (1.0 lb ai/acre). Each treatment (excluding control) was applied in 45 gal water/acre with a tractor mounted boom covering two rows with two fan tip nozzles per row (ca 6 in apart) In a tandem arrangement. The front nozzle (4010) was directed toward the rear at 45° to apply an 8 in band over the row. The rear nozzle (4008) was directed straight down over the row with the band turned ca 20° to the line of the row to concentrate spray on the drill area. A piece of 0.25 paneling ca 6 in wide at the base was attached to the boom in front of each 4010 nozzle. During operation the boom was lowered into the canopy so that the paneling pushed the plant terminals forward aiding in spray penetration to the crown of the plants. This arrangement was used because the crop conditions were poor and plant development of the “limb” crop. The peanuts were under severe drought stress and the official high temperatures ranged from 32.2°C to 37.8°C during the time of the test. Pre-treatment and 72 hr post-treatment counts were made using two sampling methods. At each of the 6 sampling locations per replication the soil for a distance of 2 linear row feet, extending 6 inches laterally from the drill area, and 3 inches vertically down was removed and sifted through a 1 sq ft 100 mesh screen and observed for LCSB larvae. This procedure exposed the tap root and pods for 2 linear feet on one side of the row, where further visual inspections were made.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control Under Dry Soil Conditions, 1980
Authors: Chapin J.W. , Sullivan M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a Lucy sand soil in Sumter County, South Carolina. The peanuts were twin row planted (7 in apart) with 38 in between centers of the twin rows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, 5 x 30 ft. The middle 3 rows were treated and counts made on the middle row. Sprays (Ambush, Azodrin, parathion, Penncap-M) were applied using a knapsack sprayer, 50 psi, flat fan nozzle (8003). Two passes were made on each twin row to give a total volume of 76 gal/acre. The nozzle was directed to give a 6-8 in band each side of the twin row center. Wilting of the plants allowed good soil coverage to the plant base. The granular treatment (Dyfonate) was applied by weighing out the proper amount for each row in a paper bag and uniformly distributing it in a 10-12 in band along the row length. By using several passes, consistent distribution was obtained. Treatments were applied on Aug 26 and counted on Aug 29. During this period the soil remained very dry with day time highs reaching 31°C - 34°C. Larval counts were made by placing a 2 ft long metal frame over the row and removing all plant material within the 2 ft of row. The plants and top 3 In of soil were carefully examined, then the top 3 inches of soil within the frame was sifted through a 100 mesh screen. Repeated preliminary trials indicated that the sifting was only accounting for about 10% of the total larvae found and therefore this time consuming part of the procedure was dropped.
Granulate Cutworm Control in Peanuts, 1980
Authors: Stephenson J.C. , Rohlfs W. Mitchell , Bass Max H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticide tests were conducted in a first year peanut field near Cottonwood, Alabama. Plot size was .01 acre (four 36 ft 7 in rows, 36 In apart). There were four randomized replications. Sprays were applied with a back-pack CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of mixed spray per acre. Post-treatment counts were made by shaking the peanut vines vigorously in a section of row 3 ft long, then rolling the vines back from the middle to the row, first on one side of the row, then on the other, and counting and recording the number live cutworms on the ground. This was done twice per plot 36 hr after treatment, starting about midnight. Light was provided by means of hand held flashlights.
Low Rates of Orthene for Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1979
Authors: Foster R.N. , Staten R.T. , Reuter C.K. , Henderson J.A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 75% water-soluble powder formulation of Orthene 75S was applied at 0.094, 0.063, 0.031 lb ai/acre to contiguous 40 acre mixed grass range land plots, approximately 13 miles northeast of Wheatland, Wyoming on June 28 and 29, 1979. Each dose was applied in water at 1 qt/acre and replicated 4 times. Three 40 acre plots of 8 fluid oz/acre of ULV Malathion and four 40 acre untreated control plots were used for comparison. All doses were applied at 40 psi pressure with a Piper Brave, PA-36-350 PC turbocharged aircraft using (18) 8002 nozzles for orthene plots and (12) 8001 nozzles for malathion plots. All nozzles were rotated 30° aft. Applications were made at 120 mph and at a height of 30 ft. The swath widths for orthene and malathion were 60 and 75 ft, respectively. Pre and post application grasshopper densities were ascertained by counting grasshoppers in (40) 0.1m rings, separated from each other by at least 5m, at the center of each plot. Pre treatment counts were taken 24 hr prior to treatment and post treatment counts were conducted 48 hr and 12-13 days following treatment. Rings were left in place throughout the test. The above species were in the 4rd instar through adult stage of development and comprised approximately 80% of the population. Pre count densities ranged from 6.75 to 26.25 grasshoppers/m2 in treated plots and from 4.75 to 12.25/m2 in control plots with a total pre count density mean of 14.41/m2. Data were converted to 0.825 times (percent mortality + 21) and the angular transformations of these values were analysed as a randomized block design with one missing malathion measurement. Forty sweeps were taken in each plot to determine grasshopper species frequency.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth (Test I) and Winthrop, Maine (Tests 2 and 3), as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi at rates of 200 gal/A (Test I) and 300 gal/A (Tests 2 and 3). The trees were sprayed on May 17-20 (pink), May 31-Jun 2 (petal fall), Jun 17-18, Jul I, 13-15, 28-29, and Aug 13-14 (first cover through fifth cover); the cover spray on Jul 28-29 was repeated on Jul 31-Aug I because a 0.6 inch rain was recorded on Jul 29 and maggot fly activity was peaking. Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. In Test I the fungicide program (rates are per 100 gal) consisted of captan 80W (10 oz) plus Benlate 50W (3 oz) on 10 dates. In Tests 2 and 3 the fungicide program consisted of Phygon 50W (6 oz) plus Difolatan 4F (4 qt) on May I ( ca. half-inch green ), Phygon 50W (4 to 6 oz) on 2 dates, and Cyprex 65W (8 oz) at petal fall. In addition Polyram 80W (2 lb) was tank-mixed with each insecticide at each spray in all tests. There were 4 to 5 single-tree replications/treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 “Mcintosh” and 2 “Spartan” cultivars/treatment in Test I; 4 “Mclntosh”/treatment in Test 2; and 2 “Cortland”, 2 “Red Delicious” and I “Mclntosh”/freatment in Test 3. Except for the test trees, these orchards were unsprayed. On Aug 28-29, three-fourths box of apples was picked from each tree and generally ca. 465-555 apples (Test I and 2) and 590-670 apples (Test 3) were examined per treatment on Sep 6 to 13 for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feeding injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm). Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and I furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 2 dates from Aug 5 to 18. European red mites were counted on 2 dates from Aug 5 to 25 on 20 to 25 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. The heaviest population pressures were by the plum curculio and mites. Except for heavy rains on Jun 20, Jul 23, and 29, Jun, Jul, and Aug were hot and dry.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Gardner Wayne A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests evaluated the effectiveness of various materials in preventing damage to seedling and whorl-stage sorghum by lesser cornstalk borer larvae. Test 1 was planted on May 28 with Funk’s G522DR by conventional tillage methods following wheat on the University of Georgia Beckham Farm,Pike County. Test 2 was planted on July 26 with DeKalb C42Y by conventional tillage methods following sod on the McKinnon Farm in Forsyth, Georgia. Soil type at both locations was Cecil loamy clay. Plots were 6.1 m x 3 rows and were separated by 1 untreated row or 1 m alley. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granules were applied over the rows with a Gandy Ro-Bander. Sprays were applied with compressed-air sprayers calibrated to deliver 40 gal of water per acre at 30 psi. Applications were made on June 13 in Test 1 and Aug 15 in Test 2 immediately after seedling emergence. Control was evaluated 3, 7, and 14 days after application by counting the number of plants killed or stunted by lesser cornstalk borer larvae within a 3 m section of the middle row of each plot.
Flea Beetle Control with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Jones G. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Burley Tobacco variety Ky 14 was transplanted on June 5, in Maury silt loam soil at a spacing of 18 inches within the row. Individual plots were 5 rows x 30 ft. Row spacing was 42 inches and plots were separated by 2 skip rows. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. Fertilization consisted of 2000 lb/acre 5-10-15, broadcase prior to transplanting. Weed control was by Tillam at 2.0 lb ai/acre pre-transplanting. Granular chemicals were applied with a Cyclone seeder and liquid chemicals were applied with a CO2 sprayer which had 4 nozzles at a ground speed to apply the material in water at 25 gal/acre. All materials were applied prior to transplanting and incorporated to a depth of 2 inches with a disk harrow. Plots were not irrigated but rainfall was sufficient for good quality and production.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Virginia, 1978
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘McNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was planted on May 21 at the Southern Piedmont Research and Continuing Education Center, Blackstone, Virginia. Four-row plots 40 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Insecticides were applied to Test 1 on July 5 and to Test 2 on Aug 16 at 23.3 gal/acre using a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer with an operating pressure of 60 psi. A single solid cone nozzle was used to apply insecticides to individual rows. In addition to natural populations of tobacco hornworms, tomato hornworms, tobacco flea beetles, and green peach aphids, plots were artificially infested with three tobacco hornworms and one tobacco budworm per plant 5 days before treatments were applied. Immediately following the completion of the first test, the tobacco was cut back to ca 6 inches and single suckers were allowed to grow from each stub. Tobacco flea beetle and green peach aphid populations were counted on 5 plants per plot. Flea beetles were counted on one side of randomly selected plants, while green peach aphids were counted or estimated on 2 upper leaves of the sample plants. Tobacco hornworms, tomato hornworms, and tobacco budworms were counted on all plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Aphid counts were transformed to Log (aphid count + 1) before analysis.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1979
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘MeNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in a fine sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Center near Blackstone, Virginia on May 21. Spacing was 20 in between plants within the row and 4 ft between rows. Treatment plots, 2 rows x 40 ft and bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows, were established in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Blocks were separated by 5 and 12 ft alleys. Sprays were applied on July 3 with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre at 60 psi through a single solid cone nozzle/row. Ambient temperature at the time of application ranged from 80 to 84°F. Wind speed was less than 5 mph. The only precipitation to fall during the test period was .15 in on July 4. The first row of each plot was artificially infested with 3 1st instar tobacco hornworm larvae/plant on June 30, while the second row were infested with one 2- to 3-day old tobacco budworm larvae/plant. Pretreatment tobacco hornworm (3rd instar and larger) and green peach aphid counts were made on July 3, while post-treatment green peach aphid, tobacco budworm, and tobacco hornworm counts were made at 3, 7, and 14 days after application. Artificially infested tobacco rows were examined for hornworms and budworms while aphids were counted or estimated on the upper half of 10 plants/plot. Green peach aphid counts were converted to LOG10+ 1 for statistical analysis.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetle on Burley Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five soil insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Soil insecticides were applied and incorporated prior to transplanting on June 2. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 40 in spacing between rows; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Live flea beetle counts were based on an average number/10 plants. Flea beetle damage was based on average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 in) from the top of the plant. Soil type was Hermitage silt-loam of pH 6.3.