bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychometric Properties of the Christian Nationalism Scale
Authors: Davis Nicholas T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA growing body of research connects Christian nationalism—a preference for a religiously conservative political regime—to social and political beliefs. This paper raises questions about the validity of a popular scale used to measure those attitudes. I begin by exploring the factor structure of the six-item Christian nationalism index. I then show how semi-supervised machine learning can be used to illustrate classification problems within that scale. Finally, I demonstrate that this index performs poorly at the interval level, a combination of measurement error and the sorting out of religious and political preferences. These attitudes have become so bound up in conventional politics that they often exhibit athresholdrather than alinearrelationship to political preferences. I conclude with an appeal for care in matching theory to empirics: Christian nationalism is a prominent political theology, but research must grapple with the limitations of prevailing measurement tools when operationalizing it.
Judicial Review at the Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal
Authors: PANGALANGAN Raul C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInternational organizations create independent administrative tribunals to decide employment disputes that jurisdictional immunities place beyond the reach of national courts. The Asian Development Bank Administrative Tribunal's express mandate is to enforce the terms of employment of staff members but, in discharging that function, it has not hesitated to review the validity of those terms and strike down those that contravene the Bank's basic legal documents and “general principles of law”. This paper reviews how this power of judicial review emerged in the case law of the Tribunal, and what it has meant for both the institutional autonomy of international organizations and the fair treatment of staff members.
Evaluations of alternative herbicides to glyphosate for wilding pine control during forestry site preparation in the southeastern United States
Authors: Clabo David C. , Dickens E. David 
Published: July 2022

AbstractControl of southern pine species that easily establish from seed, such as loblolly pine and slash pine (wilding pines), has historically been achieved economically through the use of prescribed fire or application of glyphosate or glyphosate and saflufenacil during site preparation. Currently, alternatives to glyphosate are being investigated for wilding pine control because of health and safety concerns over glyphosate reported by some organizations. Two exploratory studies in the Coastal Plain Region of Georgia investigated the potential of several herbicides for wilding pine control with 0.56 to 0.70 kg ha−1 of 0.9-kg ae imazapyr included in all herbicide treatments. Application timings for Study 1 were July and September (n = 8 treatments per timing), whereas Study 2 took place in July and early November (n = 4 treatments per timing). In Study 1, various rates of choline triclopyr, ester triclopyr, fluroxypyr, aminopyralid + florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and aminopyralid + triclopyr were tested, while two treatments contained glyphosate. Study 2 investigated mixtures containing flumioxazin, glufosinate, and triclopyr. Results for Study 1 revealed that the two treatments containing glyphosate had the greatest percent loblolly pine control after 120 d (87.5% and 88.6% control, respectively), while the next best control was offered by a treatment containing imazapyr plus 3.36 kg ha−1 choline triclopyr (52.6% control). July treatments offered better control than September treatments, but the efficacy of September treatments may have been impacted by a severe drought. In Study 2, treatments applied during early November that contained imazapyr and glufosinate or imazapyr, glufosinate, and flumioxazin resulted in 100% control of mixed loblolly and slash pine seedlings and saplings. All November treatments offered better control than July treatments in Study 2. Promising results from Study 2 suggest that glufosinate may warrant additional study for use in forestry site preparation as an alternative to glyphosate to control wilding pines.
Intercropping sweet corn with summer savory to increase weed suppression and yield
Authors: Naderi Ruhollah , Bijani Farzad , Weyl Philip S. R. , Mueller-Schaerer Heinz 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA 2-yr field experiment was conducted to explore the effects on weed growth and crop productivity of intercropping sweet corn with summer savory. Five cropping patterns were set up: sweet corn alone (16 seeds m−2, in rows, 75 cm apart), summer savory alone (40 seeds m−2, broadcasted), and three intercropping ratios of 75% sweet corn, 25% summer savory (75%C:25%S), 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, of plant densities used in respective monocultures. When intercropping, weed biomass decreased as the proportion of summer savory increased, with a reduction of 48%, 61%, and 70 % in 75%C:25%S, 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, respectively, compared to sweet corn alone. In parallel, sweet corn yield was higher under intercropping compared to its monoculture and increased as the proportion of summer savory decreased, with yield increases compared to corn monoculture of 38%, 32%, and 15% in the first year and 48%, 23%, and 14 % in the second year in 75%C:25%S, 50%C:50%S, and 25%C:75%S, respectively. However, the intercropping pattern had the opposite effect on summer savory yield, with a significant reduction in yield with an increasing ratio of sweet corn. Our results indicate that intercropping sweet corn with summer savory can increase both weed suppression and yield of sweet corn compared to crop monoculture.
Coral Reef Exposure to Damaging Tropical Cyclone Waves in a Warming Climate
Authors: Dixon Adele M. , Puotinen Marji , Ramsay Hamish A. , Beger Maria 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTropical cyclones generate large waves that physically damage coral communities and are commonly cited as a worsening threat to coral reefs under climate change. However, beyond projections of ocean basin‐scale changes in cyclone intensity, the other determinants of future coral reef damage such as cyclone size and duration remain uncertain. Here, we determine the extent to which downscaled cyclones represent observed cyclone characteristics that influence wave damage to Australian coral reef regions. We then investigate mid‐century (2040–2060) and end of century (2080–2100) downscaled tracks to assess whether cyclone characteristics will change with future warming under a high‐emissions scenario. We find that spatial uncertainties in downscaled cyclogenesis and track positions limit estimates of reef damage for individual coral reefs and regions. Further, the models are unable to reproduce the most reef damaging cyclones for any of the regions. The downscaled tracks capture observed cyclone characteristics, such as size, impacting the Great Barrier Reef well, but perform poorly for the Northern Territory, with mixed performance for the Coral Sea and Western Australia. We find no clear evidence that cyclones will cause more damage to Australian coral reef regions in the future, at least based on the climate models and downscaling approach examined here. There is increasing interest in using tropical cyclone projections to assess future coral reef exposure to damaging waves. We recommend caution when interpreting such projections due to large uncertainty in the mechanisms that influence reef damaging tropical cyclone characteristics and how these will change with future warming.
Evidence for Fluctuating Wind in Shaping an Ancient Martian Dune Field: The Stimson Formation at the Greenheugh Pediment, Gale Crater
Authors: Banham Steven G. , Gupta Sanjeev , Rubin David M. , Bedford Candice C. , Edgar Lauren A. , Bryk Alex B. , Dietrich William E. , Fedo Christopher M. , Williams Rebecca M. , Caravaca Gwénaël , Barnes Robert , Paar Gerhard , Ortner Thomas , Vasavada Ashwin R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTemporal fluctuations of wind strength and direction can influence aeolian bedform morphology and orientation, which can be encoded into the architecture of aeolian deposits. These strata represent a direct record of atmospheric processes and can be used to understand ancient Martian atmospheric processes as well as those on Earth. The strata can: give insight to ancient atmospheric circulation, how the atmosphere evolved in response to global changes in habitability, and how ancient processes differ from modern processes. The Stimson formation at the Greenheugh pediment (Gale crater) records evidence of fluctuating wind across multiple temporal scales. The strata can be subdivided into three intervals–Gleann Beag, Ladder, and Edinburgh intervals. Internally, the intervals record changes of dune morphology and orientation, correlatable to wind fluctuations at multiple temporal scales. The basal Gleann Beag interval comprises compound cross‐strata, deposited by oblique compound dunes. These dunes record a bimodal wind regime, resulting in net sediment transport toward the north. The Ladder interval records a reversal of sediment transport to the south, where straight‐crested simple‐dunes shaped by a seasonally variable winds formed. Finally, the Edinburgh interval records sediment transport to the west, where a unimodal wind formed sinuous‐crested simple dunes. These observations demonstrate active and variable atmospheric circulation in Gale crater during the accumulation of the Stimson dune field, at multiple temporal scales from seasonally driven winds to much longer time‐frames, during the Hesperian. These observations can be used to further understand ancient atmospheric conditions and processes, at a high temporal resolution on Mars.
Mapping Current and Future Seawater Desalination Plants Globally Using Species Distribution Models
Authors: Ai Zhipin , Ishihama Fumiko , Hanasaki Naota 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDesalinized seawater is a vital freshwater source for regions with coastal water scarcity. Mapping seawater desalination plants enables a spatially detailed water resource assessment. Here, which is the first of its kind, we investigated the potential application of species distribution models (SDMs), which are widely used in ecology, to predict the global spatial distribution of seawater desalination plants. Two regression SDMs, a generalized linear model and a generalized additive model, along with two machine learning SDMs, a random forest model and a generalized boosted regression model, were trained and tested using the cross‐validation method at 0.5°. For each SDM, we considered four explanatory variables: aridity, distance to coastline, gross domestic product per capita, and annual domestic and industrial water withdrawal. Our results showed that machine learning SDMs had a relatively strong performance in capturing the historical locations of seawater desalination plants. We then mapped the future distribution of seawater desalination plants under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Our predictions showed that the number of predicted locations of seawater desalination plants increased by 31%, 47%, 55%, 57% in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090, respectively, relative to 2014. The largest increase occurred under SSP3_RCP7.0, while the lowest increase was found under SSP1_RCP2.6, which is mainly determined by the differences in the volume of annual domestic and industrial water withdrawal. Our study provides an insight into how SDMs can be used to predict the geographic locations of water management facilities.
Self‐Aeration of Supercritical Water Flow Rushing Down Artificial Vegetated Stepped Chutes
Authors: Wang Hang , Bai Zhongtian , Bai Ruidi , Liu Shanjun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractVegetation flow is commonly studied for subcritical flow motions, while in supercritical flow, the presence of vegetation often leads to enhancement of flow self‐aeration, which would in turn alter the flow hydraulics and water‐plant interaction. This paper presents an experimental investigation of aerated water flow cascading down a vegetated stepped chute. The 21.8° sloping chute is equipped with a 12‐m‐long uniformly stepped invert section. The 0.12‐m‐high steps have grate‐shaped rough top surface covered by 0.07‐m‐high flexible artificial plants, and three vegetation densities are tested in skimming flows, in addition to the reference cases of smooth steps and rough steps covered by bare grate only. The air‐water flow properties and free‐surface fluctuations are systematically measured from the upstream clear‐water region to the downstream fully developed aerated region. The experiment results demonstrate that, compared to a man‐made concrete stepped chute, the presence of vegetation cover on the steps reduces the overall self‐aeration and unsteady fluctuating motions of the flow, while it enhances the dissipation of the flow kinetic energy. The present finding also suggests that the modification to flow aeration and energy loss in the vegetated flow over macrostep‐shaped roughness is dependent on the flow regime which is primarily determined by the flow rate for a given slope and step‐induced macroroughness height.
Pumping Optimization Under Uncertainty in an Island Freshwater Lens Using a Sharp‐Interface Seawater Intrusion Model
Authors: Coulon Cécile , Lemieux Jean‐Michel , Pryet Alexandre , Bayer Peter , Young Nathan L. , Molson John 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPumping optimization under uncertainty is a powerful approach for the management of groundwater resources, and its implementation would be valuable in island aquifers where freshwater lenses are affected by seawater intrusion. Sharp‐interface numerical models are especially well suited for the task as they offer fast simulation times, but to date they have not been used because of a lack of guidelines and due to the specific challenges associated with this approach. This study presents a methodology for pumping optimization under uncertainty for island freshwater lenses using a sharp‐interface model (MODFLOW‐SWI2) and demonstrates it for a real case (Magdalen Islands, Quebec, Canada). The total pumping in a well field was maximized while avoiding well salinization due to upconing. To do so, the sharp interface simulated below the pumping wells was corrected successively for cell‐to‐well upconing and for dispersion. Pumping optimization under uncertainty was then conducted using PESTPP‐OPT, considering parameter and observation uncertainty, and was repeated for 23 reliability levels to illustrate a large range of risk‐averse, tolerant and neutral stances. The maximum pumping was obtained as a function of risk of well salinization. This approach enabled quantification of the tradeoffs between pumping and risk, allocation of pumping amongst wells, and an examination of the ability of the well field to meet the water demand while maintaining an acceptable level of risk. Ultimately, this framework allows groundwater managers to select the final pumping scenario themselves, depending on their attitude toward risk.
Changes in Canada's Phosphorus Cycle 1961–2018: Surpluses and Deficits
Authors: Wang Jiaxin , Qi Zhiming , Bennett Elena M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHuman activities have greatly changed global phosphorus (P) cycling, posing urgent challenges related to both supply uncertainty and aquatic eutrophication. However, the long‐term dynamics of P across Canada remain unquantified and under‐explored. Using a material flow analysis model, we quantified temporal dynamics of P cycling in Canadian provinces from 1961 to 2018 and characterized the changes in soil P balances through the study period. We found most Canadian agricultural regions had soil P surpluses except Saskatchewan, where large P deficits (−10‐0 kg ha−1 y−1) were detected in almost all study years (except 1961). In 2018, Quebec and Atlantic provinces had the highest P surpluses (34 and 159 kg ha−1 y−1, respectively), and low P surpluses were observed in Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia (9, 16, 5, and 28 kg ha−1 y−1, respectively). P surplus was reduced in Quebec and Ontario after the nutrient management regulations were put in place in the 1980s. We demonstrated that P flows in cropland played a larger role in Canada P cycling than pasture. P use efficiency tended to be greatest in the Prairie provinces (0.74 in 2018), and least in the Atlantic provinces (0.12 in 2018). However, the rate of increase was considerably steeper in Ontario and Quebec than other provinces. Reducing inorganic fertilizer and manure application would be the most effective method to reduce remaining P surpluses.
Technical Note: Open‐Source Software for Water‐Level Measurement in Images With a Calibration Target
Authors: Chapman Kenneth W. , Gilmore Troy E. , Chapman Christian D. , Birgand François , Mittelstet Aaron R. , Harner Mary J. , Mehrubeoglu Mehrube , Stranzl John E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractImage‐based water level measurements offer data quality assurance through visual verification that no other method can provide. GaugeCam Remote Image Manager‐Educational 2 (GRIME2) is a mature, open‐source commercial friendly software application that automatically detects and measures water level in laboratory and field settings. The software relies on a dedicated target background for water line detection and image calibration. The system detects the change in pixel gray scale values associated with the intersection of the water level at the target surface. Fiducials on the target background are used to precisely create a pixel to real world coordinate transfer matrix and to correct for camera movement. The presented software package implements the algorithms and automates the water level measurement process, annotation of images with result overlays, creation of animations, and output of results to files that can be further analyzed in a spreadsheet or with R or Python. These GRIME2 features are illustrated using imagery from a coastal marsh field site. Tradeoffs between workflow and algorithm complexity and ease of use are discussed and future improvements are identified with the intention that this Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable‐inspired software can be adopted, modified and improved by the user community. While image resolution, quality and other factors associated with field deployment (e.g., water surface roughness, sun glare, shadows, and bio‐fouling) will have an impact on measurement quality, previous controlled laboratory testing that did not manifest these issues showed potential for accuracy of ±3 mm (Gilmore et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.011).
Angstrom-confined catalytic water purification within Co-TiOx laminar membrane nanochannels
Authors: Meng Chenchen , Ding Baofu , Zhang Shaoze , Cui Lele , Ostrikov Kostya Ken , Huang Ziyang , Yang Bo , Kim Jae-Hong , Zhang Zhenghua 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe freshwater scarcity and inadequate access to clean water globally have rallied tremendous efforts in developing robust technologies for water purification and decontamination, and heterogeneous catalysis is a highly-promising solution. Sub-nanometer-confined reaction is the ultimate frontier of catalytic chemistry, yet it is challenging to form the angstrom channels with distributed atomic catalytic centers within, and to match the internal mass transfer and the reactive species’ lifetimes. Here, we resolve these issues by applying the concept of the angstrom-confined catalytic water contaminant degradation to achieve unprecedented reaction rates within 4.6 Å channels of two-dimensional laminate membrane assembled from monolayer cobalt-doped titanium oxide nanosheets. The demonstrated degradation rate constant of the target pollutant ranitidine (1.06 ms−1) is 5–7 orders of magnitude faster compared with the state-of-the-art, achieving the 100% degradation over 100 h continuous operation. This approach is also ~100% effective against diverse water contaminates with a retention time of <30 ms, and the strategy developed can be also extended to other two-dimensional material-assembled membranes. This work paves the way towards the generic angstrom-confined catalysis and unravels the importance of utilizing angstrom-confinement strategy in the design of efficient catalysts for water purification.
Intuitive physics learning in a deep-learning model inspired by developmental psychology
Authors: Piloto Luis S. , Weinstein Ari , Battaglia Peter , Botvinick Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract‘Intuitive physics’ enables our pragmatic engagement with the physical world and forms a key component of ‘common sense’ aspects of thought. Current artificial intelligence systems pale in their understanding of intuitive physics, in comparison to even very young children. Here we address this gap between humans and machines by drawing on the field of developmental psychology. First, we introduce and open-source a machine-learning dataset designed to evaluate conceptual understanding of intuitive physics, adopting the violation-of-expectation (VoE) paradigm from developmental psychology. Second, we build a deep-learning system that learns intuitive physics directly from visual data, inspired by studies of visual cognition in children. We demonstrate that our model can learn a diverse set of physical concepts, which depends critically on object-level representations, consistent with findings from developmental psychology. We consider the implications of these results both for AI and for research on human cognition.
The Toronto older adults gait archive: video and 3D inertial motion capture data of older adults’ walking
Authors: Mehdizadeh Sina , Nabavi Hoda , Sabo Andrea , Arora Twinkle , Iaboni Andrea , Taati Babak 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe introduce the Toronto Older Adults Gait Archive, a gait dataset of 14 older adults containing 2D video recordings, and 2D (video pose tracking algorithms) and 3D (inertial motion capture) joint locations of the lower body. Participants walked for 60 seconds. We also collected participants’ scores on four clinical assessments of gait and balance, namely the Tinneti performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA-gait and -balance), the Berg balance scale (BBS), and the timed-up-and-go (TUG). Three human pose tracking models (Alphapose, OpenPose, and Detectron) were used to detect body joint positions in 2D video frames and a number of gait parameters were computed using 2D video-based and 3D motion capture data. To show an example usage of our datasets, we performed a correlation analysis between the gait variables and the clinical scores. Our findings revealed that the temporal but not the spatial or variability gait variables from both systems had high correlations to clinical scores. This dataset can be used to evaluate, or to enhance vision-based pose-tracking models to the specifics of older adults’ walking.