bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing African Free Trade Area and WTO for Clean Energy Transition
Authors: Turksen Umut , Abukari Adam 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In 2018, the African Union adopted the Agreement on the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) with the aim of creating a common market for goods and services that would serve over 1.3 billion people in Africa. This is a paradigm shift towards a deeper continental integration in Africa whereby AfCFTA would be one of the biggest multilateral trading areas in the world. Although AfCFTA pursues sustainable development goals that embed reducing carbon dioxide emissions in line with international legal instruments on sustainability which applies to Member States of the WTO too, the legal provisions of AfCFTA and WTO that link trade and CET appear rather weak. This article provides a comparative analysis of AfCFTA and WTO legal frameworks with a focus on relationships, challenges and opportunities that incentivise clean energy transition (CET) as part of their sustainability agenda. The article contributes to the discourse on the interplay between regional trade and global trade laws in relation to climate change and sustainable development. As no previous study has compared the legal dynamics of the WTO and AfCFTA in relation to CET, the article provides a novel contribution to the efforts of unlocking the development potential of AfCFTA while enhancing global and regional multilateral trading systems.
The Dual State in the United States: The Case of Lynching and Legal Lynchings
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article uses Ernst Fraenkel’s concept of the “dual state” as the vehicle for examining the role of “lynch law” as a mode of governance of African Americans in the United States from 1865 to 1940 (roughly). It begins with a largely jurisprudential inquiry placing my interpretation of Ernst Fraenkel’s distinction between the normative state and the prerogative state in dialogue with a version of American Legal Realism, in which law consists entirely of “moves” such as permissible distinctions and analogies that are treated (sociologically) as acceptable by relevant professional communities. Seen through that lens the distinction between the normative state and the prerogative state thins out. The arbitrariness Fraenkel associates with the prerogative state infects the normative state and the prerogative state is pervaded by norms that aren’t mere simulacra of legal norms. The two kinds of state are different in degree rather than in kind—but differences in degree can matter. Part II uses the revised distinction in a preliminary examination of lynch law in the U.S. South. Lynch law was not an example of Fraenkel’s prerogative state; the norms enforced through lynch law might have been popular versions of norms drawn from the prerogative state. And yet “lynch law” was different not only in content from the rules of law formally applicable to all people in the United States but also in the lived experience of those subject to lynch law. Lynch law might not have been arbitrary in the sense that it had no knowable normative content, but, perhaps because the norms were popular rather than legislated or formal, it was substantially vaguer than the formal law and significantly less able to guide the choices made by those subject to it.
Cerebral infarction following bee stings: Case report and literature review
Authors: Yang Shuiquan , Wellington Jack , Chen Juanmei , Regenhardt Robert W. , Chen Alex Y. , Li Guilan , Yan Zile , Fu Pingzhong , Hu Zhaohui , Chen Yimin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo date, only 25 cases of cerebral infarction following a bee or wasp sting have been reported. Due to its rarity, undefined pathogenesis, and unique clinical features, we report a case of a 62-year-old man with progressive cerebral infarction following bee stings, possibly related to vasospasm. Furthermore, we review relevant literature on stroke following bee or wasp stings.Case presentationA 62-year-old retired male presented with progressive ischemic stroke after bee stings to the ear and face. Initial magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed small punctate infarcts in the left medulla oblongata. Head and neck computed tomography angiography showed significant stenosis in the basilar artery and occlusion in the left V4 vertebral artery. The patient received intravenous alteplase (0.9 mg/kg) without symptomatic improvement. Digital subtraction angiography later demonstrated additional near occlusion in the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Thrombectomy was considered initially but was aborted due to hemodynamic instability. Repeated CT brain after 24 h showed acute infarcts in the left parieto-occipital region and left thalamus. The near occluded PCA was found to be patent again on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 25 days later. This reversibility suggests that vasospasm may have been the underlying mechanism. Unfortunately, the patient had persistent significant neurological deficits after rehabilitation one year later.ConclusionCerebral infarction following bee stings is rare. There are several proposed pathophysiological mechanisms. While the natural course of this phenomenon is not well characterized, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Furthermore, it is important to establish standardized care procedures for this unique entity.
Analytical solutions of nonlocal forced vibration of a functionally graded double-nanobeam system interconnected by a viscoelastic layer
Authors: Chen Bo , Lin Baichuan , Yang Yukang , Zhao Xiang , Li Yinghui 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The double-nanobeam system has important applications in nano-optomechanical systems (NOMS), its dynamic analysis is of importance to the effective design of nanodevices. This paper aims to present analytical solutions of the forced vibration of a functionally graded double-nanobeam system (FGDNS) interconnected by a viscoelastic layer supported on an elastic foundation subjected to time-harmonic external forces. Employing the Hamilton’s principle, the governing differential equations of the FGDNS are derived in the context of the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. Green’s functions method in conjunction with the superposition principle are adopted to obtain the explicit expressions of the steady-state responses of the FGNDS. A unified strategy applied to various boundary conditions is proposed to determine unknown constants involved in the Green’s functions. Meanwhile, the implicit equation calculating the natural frequency of the FGDNS is proposed. Numerical calculations are performed to check the validity of the present solutions and to discuss the influences of the small-scale parameter, material distribution parameter, and connecting layer parameters on dynamic behaviors of the FGNDS. Results show that the bond between the two nanobeams can be significantly reinforced by increasing the stiffness and damping coefficient of the connecting layer; the small-scale effect can soften or harden the system, depending upon the boundary conditions and the size of the frequency of external force.
Roles of Tenascin-XB in the Glioma Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Ma Chaofu , Qiu Ouwen , Huang Chengying , Huang Jing , Qu Shanqiang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have reported the critical roles of tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment in tumor prognosis and immunotherapeutic response. However, how Tenascin-XB (TNXB) expression relates to glioma prognosis and to the levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in various cancers has remained elusive. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the expression, prognostic value, biological function and correlation between TNXB expression and the levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in glioma tissues.

Methods: First, we explored TNXB expression in glioma tissues by using online biological databases. Second, we assessed the clinical importance of TNXB expression with chi-squared tests, Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curve analyses. Third, we examined the relationship between TNXB expression and the levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in glioma tissues in an online database. Additionally, we assessed the associations of TNXB expression with genetic markers of immune cells and common immune-checkpoint molecules.

Results: Elevated TNXB expression in glioma tissues correlated with tumor grade, according to several databases. Elevated TNXB expression was significantly associated with negative clinicopathological manifestations and poorer prognosis, on the basis of TCGA (n=510) data. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate Cox regression indicated that TNXB was an independent indicator of glioma prognosis. Pathway enrichment analyses suggested that TNXB participates in the immune response, humoral immune response and interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathways. Importantly, TNXB expression was significantly associated with higher levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in diverse cancers. Furthermore, TNXB expression was strongly associated with genetic markers of immune cells and common immune-checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, TIM-3, LAG3, PDCD1LG2, TIGIT and Siglec-15).

Conclusions: TNXB expression correlates with poorer prognosis and higher levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in several cancers. In addition, TNXB expression is likely to contribute to the regulation of dendritic cells, exhausted T cells, regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages in gliomas. Consequently, TNXB may serve as an important prognostic marker and may play an immunomodulatory role in tumors.
Discrete spread model for COVID‐19: the case of Lebanon
Authors: Mourad Ayman , Mroue Fatima 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundMathematical models are essential to predict the likely outcome of an epidemic. Various models have been proposed in the literature for disease spreads. Some are individual based models and others are compartmental models. In this study, discrete mathematical models are developed for the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).MethodsThe proposed models take into account the known special characteristics of this disease such as the latency and incubation periods, and the different social and infectiousness conditions of infected people. In particular, they include a novel approach that considers the social structure, the fraction of detected cases over the real total infected cases, the influx of undetected infected people from outside the borders, as well as contact‐tracing and quarantine period for travelers. The first model is a simplified model and the second is a complete model.ResultsFrom a numerical point of view, the particular case of Lebanon has been studied and its reported data have been used to estimate the complete discrete model parameters using optimization techniques. Moreover, a parameter analysis and several prediction scenarios are presented in order to better understand the role of the parameters.ConclusionsUnderstanding the role of the parameters involved in the models help policy makers in deciding the appropriate mitigation measures. Also, the proposed approach paves the way for models that take into account societal factors and complex human behavior without an extensive process of data collection.
Intersubjectivity and the meaning of Nordic Walking practice in the view of people with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Casarotto Veronica Jocasta , Bubols Milena Nardini , Figueiredo Anelise Ineu , Baptista Rafael Reimann , Peyré-Tartaruga Leonardo Alexandre , Mestriner Régis Gemerasca 
Published: July 2022

Aims: whilst Nordic Walking (NW) practice is spreading worldwide, few studies have addressed the issue of intersubjectivity and the perception of PD individuals practicing NW and its possible impact on their daily life across different countries and cultures. This pilot study sought to explore the possible relationship between the habit of practicing NW and the perception of functionality and quality of life in the participants’ cultural context. Methods: the focus group (FG) technique was used, with 10 individuals participating in a NW program. Results: content analysis revealed five main discourse categories: a) “NW benefits for people with PD”; b) “incorporation of the NW poles in daily life”; c) “Belonging to a NW group as a treatment aid”; d) “how PD people feel about their condition”; and, finally, e) “the present and the future: expectations and issues”. Conclusion: in general, NW was found to generates positive content regarding coping with PD, beyond the biomechanical and quantitative functional effects previously studied. We suggest NW might be an important adjuvant resource for improving perceived functionality among people with PD.
Adaptive single case design (ASCD)
Authors: Leppink Jimmie 
Published: July 2022

Aims: single case designs (SCDs) can help us understand change in learning-related variables, such as knowledge and skill, at the level of an individual learner, at the level of a team or group of learners, or at the level of a situation or system. Adaptive single case design (ASCD) is a new model that integrates (i.) elements of methods of education, training, and assessment that, through research methods other than SCDs, have received solid empirical evidence in the research literature and (ii.) principles of SCDs that can facilitate the integration of research in everyday practice. The rationale behind ASCD is to allow rapid evidence-based decision making in the practice of education, training, and assessment, at the unit of analysis – individual, group, team, situation, or system – that is considered appropriate in the context at hand. Method: an ASCD algorithm is introduced and discussed in the context of change at the level of the individual, change in a group or team, and change in a situation or system. Results: ASCD can be used to understand change at each of the previously mentioned units of analysis at any number of units including a single unit (one individual, one team, or one situation or system), and this change can be used for research purposes as well. Conclusion: ASCD enables both evidence-based practical decision making and research without stringent demands on the number of learners, groups, teams, situations, or systems.
PENGEMBANGAN USAHA PERIKANAN TANGKAP SKALA KECIL DI KABUPATEN KOLAKA, SULAWESI TENGGARA
Authors: S Ramlah , Adimu Hasan Eldin , Asni Asni , Fekri Latifa 
Published: July 2022

Sektor perikanan tangkap memiliki peran penting dalam upaya meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Salah satunya dengan pengembangan usaha nelayan skala kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi pengembangan usaha perikanan skala kecil dan menganalisis tingkat efisiensi jenis alat tangkap nelayan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer berdasarkan hasil wawancara langsung di lapangan serta data sekunder dikumpulkan dari instansi pemerintah terkait. Kegiatan usaha perikanan tangkap skala kecil, khususnya pada alat tangkap pancing tonda dan rawai dasar, memiliki nilai efisiensi yang rendah jika dilihat dari nilai profitabilitasnya, yaitu 20% dan 30%, jika dibandingkan dengan alat tangkap jala jatuh berkapal dan bagan dengan nilai profitabilitas, yaitu 40% dan 50%. Secara umum, perikanan skala kecil di Kolaka masih sangat memiliki ketergantungan dengan pemilik modal usaha untuk menjalankan kegiatan perikanan. Pengembangan usaha perikanan, khususnya pada alat tangkap yang memiliki nilai efisiensi rendah, perlu bantuan modal yang besar untuk meningkatkan nilai pendapatannya. Kebijakan perikanan skala kecil di Kabupaten Kolaka dikelola oleh Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas (UPTD) Perikanan Tangkap, khususnya pada bidang pemberdayaan nelayan skala kecil. Title: Analysis of Small Scale Catch Fisheries Business in Kolaka District, South SulawesiThe capture fisheries sector has an important role in efforts to improve the community’s economy, one of which is the development of small-scale fishing businesses. This study aims to determine the potential for developing small-scale fisheries and to analyze the efficiency level of types of fishing gear. The research location is in Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, the data used is primary data based on the results of direct interviews in the field and secondary data collected from relevant government agencies. Small-scale capture fishery business activities, especially in line fishing gear and basic longlines, have low-efficiency values seen from their profitability values, namely 20%, and 30% compared to fishing gear, Jalah Jatu, and boats, with profitability values of 40% and 50%, respectively. In general, small-scale fisheries in Kolaka are still very dependent on business capital owners to carry out fishing activities. The development of fisheries business, especially in fishing gear that has a low-efficiency value, requires large capital assistance to increase the value of its income. Small-scale fisheries policies in Kolaka Regency are managed by the Capture Fisheries Technical Implementation Unit, especially in the field of empowering small-scale fishermen.
Analysis of the effect of biomass variants (fish waste, tamanu waste and duckweed) on the characteristics of syngas, bio oil, and carbon charcoal produced in the pyrolysis process
Authors: Syuriadi Adi , Siswantara Ahmad Indra , Nurhakim Fadia Ramadhania , Irbah Yubdina Nurfazlia , Al Rizky Bagas , Zulfa Fara Arinda , Devitra Faisal Azizi , Permana Sulaksana , Susanto Iwan 
Published: July 2022

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that are often found around the Indonesia area. It can be converted into various forms of fuel by pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of biomass through a heating process at high temperatures that occurs with no or little oxygen. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the type of biomass on the characteristics of syngas, bio oil and carbon charcoal produced in pyrolysis.
Syngas consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be used as raw materials for the chemical industry in addition to electrical energy, such as methanol, formic acid and ammonia industries. Bio-oil contains a number of chemical compounds that have the potential as raw materials for preservatives, antioxidants, disinfectants, or as biopesticides. Carbon charcoal is useful as an energy source, activated carbon with higher economic value such as catalysts, adsorbents, and supercapacitors.
This research used an experimental method. Biomass comes from fish waste, tamanu waste, and duckweed. The parameters observed were temperature of 400–500 °C, for 30 minutes, and 150 grams biomass, in order to determine the duration of the syngas flame and the amount of bio-oil and carbon charcoal. The syngas produced from duckweed has a longer flame test with a time of 126 seconds with a blue flame while the syngas from tamanu waste produces a reddish blue flame for 18 seconds. On the other hand, the results of the bio-oil produced from fish waste, 19.1 grams are weightier than from duckweed, 3.2 grams. Then the most carbon charcoal is produced by tamanu waste weighing 141.9 grams while the least is produced by duckweed weighing 27.7 grams
Building a model for managing the cost and duration of motor road projects
Authors: Kharchenko Anna , Tsybulskyi Vitalii , Chechuha Oleksandr , Zavorotnii Sergei , Shuliak Ivan 
Published: July 2022

This paper considers the processes of cost management and the duration of road maintenance projects. A conceptual model is proposed to describe the relationship between time, cost, and quality of projects, which is based on the theory of the «silver triangle». Based on the results of studying the influence of factors, a model has been built for determining the cost and duration of road maintenance projects. Multiple optimization approaches to the components of the «silver triangle» of projects were used. The model constructed at the stage of initiating projects for the maintenance of roads, in contrast to the previous ones, is based on the pre-project level of quality indicators.
Owing to the introduction of additional parameters and coefficients, the proposed model of cost management, quality, and duration of road projects was calibrated. The model graph was constructed and optimization was carried out on the example of a long-term road operation project. The algorithm of application of cost and duration management model of highway projects under conditions of uncertainty has been developed, which was checked for adequacy at an estimated error of about 3 %. This makes it possible to assert the effectiveness of the devised model for solving tasks related to project management for maintenance.
The model was used to perform calculations based on a real example of the project, which showed that the optimization of the parameters of long-term contracts for the maintenance of highways produces a multiplier effect. This is expressed by reducing the administrative costs of the customer, reducing the responsibility of road services, creating prerequisites for stable financing of road works, the satisfaction of road users, and building strong partnerships between the customer and contractor
Determining regularities of the stressed-strained state of flexible shell of the pneumatic spring made of polymeric material
Authors: Masliyev Vyacheslav , Dushchenko Vladislav , Yepifanov Vitalii , Ahapov Oleh , Masliіev Anton , Nanivskyi Roman 
Published: July 2022

Pneumatic springs make it possible to implement the «soft» characteristics of the suspension of vehicles, which provides comfortable conditions for passengers and reduces the dynamic load on the road surface. The issue of the strength of the flexible shells of pneumatic springs, which are made of rubber cord, remains relevant. Strains that stretch flexible shells, which arise in the process of movement, cause ruptures of rubber cord, thereby reducing their reliability. At present, there is a global tendency to replace rubber cord with polymeric materials. This paper reports a study of the strength of a two-sided flexible shell of the cylinder type under different operational modes of a pneumatic spring. The research was carried out using a finite-element method. The peculiarity of the pneumatic spring design is that the diameters of the bottoms and inter-corrugation ring are increased to the size of the outer diameter of the flexible shell in order to improve the stability and damping properties of the pneumatic suspension. The flexible pneumatic spring shell is made of polymeric material. It is proved that the stress in the material of the flexible shell increases in proportion to the air pressure in its cavity; their greatest values are observed in places where the flexible shell is fixed to the bottoms. When approaching the equator of the shell, they gradually decrease by an average of 20 % in both corrugations. The increase in the radius of the equator in both corrugations of the flexible shell did not exceed 20 mm. With a mutual transverse displacement of the bottoms by 40 mm and excessive air pressure of 0.5 and 1.0 MPa, the stress in the flexible shell material was 2.9 MPa and 5.9 MPa, respectively. This is almost five times less than the strength limit of the material for breaking (30 MPa). Thus, the selected parameters ensure the strength of the flexible pneumatic spring shell: it can be recommended for use on vehicles