bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic inequalities in stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates: evidence on Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in eastern India
Authors: Busch Sophie L.P. , Houweling Tanja A.J. , Pradhan Hemanta , Gope Rajkumar , Rath Shibanand , Kumar Amit , Nath Vikash , Prost Audrey , Nair Nirmala 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Tribal peoples are among the most marginalised groups worldwide. Evidence on birth outcomes in these groups is scant. We describe inequalities in Stillbirth Rate (SBR), Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR), and uptake of maternal and newborn health services between tribal and less disadvantaged groups in eastern India, and examine the contribution of poverty and education to these inequalities.

Methods
We used data from a demographic surveillance system covering a 1 million population in Jharkhand State (March 2017 – August 2019) to describe SBR, NMR, and service uptake. We used logistic regression analysis combined with Stata’s adjrr-command to estimate absolute and relative inequalities by caste/tribe (comparing Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) and other Scheduled Tribes (ST) with the less marginalised Other Backward Class (OBC)/none, using the Indian government classification), and by maternal education and household wealth.

Results
PVTGs had a higher NMR (59/1000) than OBC/none (31/1000) (rate ratio (RR): 1.92, 95%CI: 1.55–2.38). This was partly explained by wealth and education, but inequalities remained large after adjustment (adjusted RR: 1.59, 95%CI: 1.28–1.98). NMR was also higher among other STs (44/1000), but disparities were smaller (RR: 1.47, 95%CI: 1.23–1.75). There was a systematic gradient in NMR by maternal education and household wealth. SBRs were only higher in poorer groups (RRpoorest vs. least poor:1.56, 95%CI: 1.14–2.13). Uptake of facility-based services was low among PVTGs (e.g. institutional birth: 25% vs. 69% in OBC/none) and among poorer and less educated women. However, 65% of PVTG women with an institutional birth used a maternity vehicle vs. 34% among OBC/none. Visits from frontline workers (Accredited Social Health Activists [ASHAs]) were similar across groups, and ASHA accompaniment of institutional births was similar across caste/tribe groups, and higher among poorer and less educated women. Attendance in participatory women’s groups was similar across caste/tribe groups, and somewhat higher among richer and better educated women.

Conclusions
PVTGs are highly disadvantaged in terms of birth outcomes. Targeted interventions that reduce geographical barriers to facility-based care and address root causes of high poverty and low education in PVTGs are a priority. For population-level impact, they are to be combined with broader policies to reduce socio-economic mortality inequalities. Community-based interventions reach disadvantaged groups and have potential to reduce the mortality gap.
Synergistic photothermal-photodynamic-chemotherapy toward breast cancer based on a liposome-coated core–shell AuNS@NMOFs nanocomposite encapsulated with gambogic acid
Authors: Li Rong-Tian , Zhu Yi-Dan , Li Wen-Ya , Hou Ying-Ke , Zou Yi-Ming , Zhao Ying-Hua , Zou Quan , Zhang Wen-Hua , Chen Jin-Xiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA multifunctional nanoplatform with core–shell structure was constructed in one-pot for the synergistic photothermal, photodynamic, and chemotherapy against breast cancer. In the presence of gambogic acid (GA) as the heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor and the gold nanostars (AuNS) as the photothermal reagent, the assembly of Zr4+ with tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) gave rise to the nanocomposite AuNS@ZrTCPP-GA (AZG), which in turn, further coated with PEGylated liposome (LP) to enhance the stability and biocompatibility, and consequently the antitumor effect of the particle. Upon cellular uptake, the nanoscale metal − organic framework (NMOF) of ZrTCPP in the resulted AuNS@ZrTCPP-GA@LP (AZGL) could be slowly degraded in the weak acidic tumor microenvironment to release AuNS, Zr4+, TCPP, and GA to exert the synergistic treatment of tumors via the combination of AuNS-mediated mild photothermal therapy (PTT) and TCPP-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). The introduction of GA serves to reduce the thermal resistance of the cell to re-sensitize PTT and the constructed nanoplatform demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Our work highlights a facile strategy to prepare a pH-dissociable nanoplatform for the effective synergistic treatment of breast cancer.
Graphical Abstract
TT-Mars: structural variants assessment based on haplotype-resolved assemblies
Authors: Yang Jianzhi , Chaisson Mark J.P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractVariant benchmarking is often performed by comparing a test callset to a gold standard set of variants. In repetitive regions of the genome, it may be difficult to establish what is the truth for a call, for example, when different alignment scoring metrics provide equally supported but different variant calls on the same data. Here, we provide an alternative approach, TT-Mars, that takes advantage of the recent production of high-quality haplotype-resolved genome assemblies by providing false discovery rates for variant calls based on how well their call reflects the content of the assembly, rather than comparing calls themselves.
Energy-efficient recovery of fermented butyric acid using octyl acetate extraction
Authors: Oh Hyeon Woo , Lee Seong Chan , Woo Hee Chul , Kim Young Han 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
A butyric acid recovery process using octyl acetate is proposed, and the design details of the extraction and subsequent distillation processes were investigated. Ternary equilibrium data for the extractor design were derived from molecular simulations and experimental measurements.

Results
A new procedure for estimating the thermodynamic parameters was introduced to determine the effect of the parameters on extractor design by comparison with previously reported parameters. Using the proposed recovery process with the newly estimated thermodynamic model, 99.8% butyric acid was recovered from the fermentation broth at a recovery rate of 99%. The energy demand for the proposed process was found to be lower than the average demand for several reported butyric acid recovery processes.

Conclusions
The investment cost is projected to be lower than that of other butyric acid processes due to the high efficiency of extraction solvent. The recovery cost of butyric acid was comparable to its selling price.
A dynamic single cell-based framework for digital twins to prioritize disease genes and drug targets
Authors: Li Xinxiu , Lee Eun Jung , Lilja Sandra , Loscalzo Joseph , Schäfer Samuel , Smelik Martin , Strobl Maria Regina , Sysoev Oleg , Wang Hui , Zhang Huan , Zhao Yelin , Gawel Danuta R. , Bohle Barbara , Benson Mikael 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Medical digital twins are computational disease models for drug discovery and treatment. Unresolved problems include how to organize and prioritize between disease-associated changes in digital twins, on cellulome- and genome-wide scales. We present a dynamic framework that can be used to model such changes and thereby prioritize upstream regulators (URs) for biomarker- and drug discovery.

Methods
We started with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) as a disease model, by analyses of in vitro allergen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SAR patients. Time-series a single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of these cells were used to construct multicellular network models (MNMs) at each time point of molecular interactions between cell types. We hypothesized that predicted molecular interactions between cell types in the MNMs could be traced to find an UR gene, at an early time point. We performed bioinformatic and functional studies of the MNMs to develop a scalable framework to prioritize UR genes. This framework was tested on a single-cell and bulk-profiling data from SAR and other inflammatory diseases.

Results
Our scRNA-seq-based time-series MNMs of SAR showed thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple cell types, which varied between time points. Instead of a single-UR gene in each MNM, we found multiple URs dispersed across the cell types. Thus, at each time point, the MNMs formed multi-directional networks. The absence of linear hierarchies and time-dependent variations in MNMs complicated the prioritization of URs. For example, the expression and functions of Th2 cytokines, which are approved drug targets in allergies, varied across cell types, and time points. Our analyses of bulk- and single-cell data from other inflammatory diseases also revealed multi-directional networks that showed stage-dependent variations. We therefore developed a quantitative approach to prioritize URs: we ranked the URs based on their predicted effects on downstream target cells. Experimental and bioinformatic analyses supported that this kind of ranking is a tractable approach for prioritizing URs.

Conclusions
We present a scalable framework for modeling dynamic changes in digital twins, on cellulome- and genome-wide scales, to prioritize UR genes for biomarker and drug discovery.
Superficial venous thrombosis as a possible consequence of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: two case reports
Authors: Sah Mukesh Kumar , Singh Bishnu Mohan , Sinha Puja , Devkota Prerit , Yadav Sudhira Kumari , Shrestha John , Shrestha Ashis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Many scientists across the world got involved in the race to develop successful anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to overcome COVID-19 pandemic. Among the different vaccines developed against SARS-CoV-2, Covishield was the first vaccine approved for emergency use in Nepal. We report two cases of Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) for the first time in the literature after vaccination with the Chimpanzee Adenovirus-vectored Vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine).

Cases presentation
Two cases, a 24-year-old young Chhetri male and a 62-year-old Chhetri female who have received Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccine, developed pain in left calf after 2 weeks and 10 weeks of vaccination, respectively. Both the case belongs to the Chhetri ethnic group of Nepal. The pain became severe on the fourth week of immunization in the first case while the pain was acute and severe on the 10th week of vaccination in the second case. The first presented to emergency room and second case was referred to the emergency room from Orthopedic Clinic. On evaluation the first patient had normal vitals with no history of fever and swelling yet displayed non-radiating mild to moderate intensity pain localized to left leg below the knee which became aggravated by movements. In the second case however pain was more intense with other characteristics as first case. Both cases had low wells score (< 4). On local examination tenderness was noted on squeezing but other systemic examination findings of the patient were within normal limits in both cases. Among the numerous vaccines used to fight the battle against COVID-19 disease, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, Covishield, has been widely used in Nepal and India. Apart from other minor side effects, in few cases thromboses have been reported after vaccination of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Covishield, vaccine.

Conclusion
These cases reporting Superficial Vein Thrombosis may be an additional adverse effect to the list of adverse events associated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Covishield, vaccine. However, the benefits of the vaccine in breaking the chain of COVID 19 spread are certainly greater than the risk of thromboses.
Thermostability mechanisms of β-agarase by analyzing its structure through molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Liu Lixing , Cai Lixi , Chu Yunmeng , Zhang Min 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAgarase is a natural catalyst with a good prospect in the industry. However, most of the currently discovered β-agarases are unsuitable for relatively high-temperature and high-pressure conditions required by industrial production. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were first used to investigate the dynamic changes of folding and unfolding of mesophile and thermophile β-agarases (i.e., 1URX and 3WZ1) to explore the thermostability mechanism at three high temperatures (300 K, 400 K, and 500 K). Results showed that the sequence identity of 3WZ1 and 1URX reaches 48.8%. 1URX has a higher thermal sensitivity and less thermostability than 3WZ1 as more thermostable regions and hydrogen bonds exist in 3WZ1 compared with 1URX. The structures of 1URX and 3WZ1 become unstable with increasing temperatures up to 500 K. The strategies to increase the thermostability of 1URX and 3WZ1 are discussed. This study could provide insights into the design and modification of β-agarases at a high temperature.
Students’ university mobility patterns in Europe: an introduction
Authors: Attanasio Massimo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis thematic series collects some papers on Italian students' mobility. The aim of this thematic series is twofold. First, to describe the phenomenon which is important for universities and for its negative socio-economic implications for the South of Italy. Second, to propose new applications of statistical methods for this topic and applications which can be extended to other forms of migration, too.
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form (DERS-SF): psychometric properties and invariance between genders
Authors: Gouveia Patrícia , Ramos Catarina , Brito José , Almeida Telma C. , Cardoso Jorge 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
The understanding of how individuals manage their emotional experiences has flourished dramatically over the last decades, including assessing of emotion (dys)regulation. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a well-validated and extensively used self-report instrument for emotion regulation problems. Despite the wide use of DERS in both clinical and research settings, its length potentially increases fatigue and frustration in respondents and limits its inclusion in brief research protocols. Consequently, a short-form version of the DERS (DERS-SF) was developed, which requires cross-cultural adaptations and the study of its reliability and validity.

Objectives
In order to address this issue, this study aimed to analyze the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of DERS-SF and examine the DERS-SF factor structure invariance between men and women.

Methods
The sample comprised 646 participants aged between 18 and 66 years (M = 29.93, SD = 11.71).

Results
The correlated six-factor structure of the original version has an acceptable fit, good reliability, and convergent validity. Our results also suggested the invariance of the factor structure of the DERS-SF across genders.

Conclusion
The DERS-SF has good psychometric properties, and it may be useful for future research and clinical work to use this six-factor brief version and improve emotion regulation assessment.
Clinician Agreement on the Classification of Thyroid Nodules Ultrasound Features: A Survey of 2 Endocrine Societies
Authors: Burgos Nydia , Zhao Jing , Brito Juan P , Hoang Jenny K , Pitoia Fabian , Maraka Spyridoula , Castro M Regina , Lee Ji-Hyun , Singh Ospina Naykky 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Thyroid nodule risk stratification allows clinicians to standardize the evaluation of thyroid cancer risk according to ultrasound features.

Objective
To evaluate interrater agreement among clinicians assessing thyroid nodules ultrasound features and thyroid cancer risk categories.

Design, setting, and participants
We surveyed Endocrine Society and Latin American Thyroid Society members to assess their interpretation of composition, echogenicity, shape, margins, and presence of echogenic foci of 10 thyroid nodule cases. The risk category for thyroid cancer was calculated following the American College of Radiology-Thyroid Imaging Reporting & Data System (ACR-TIRADS) framework from individual responses.

Main Outcomes and Measures
We used descriptive statistics and Gwet’s agreement coefficient (AC1) to assess the primary outcome of interrater agreement for ACR-TIRADS risk category. As secondary outcomes, the interrater agreement for individual features and a subgroup analysis of interrater agreement for the ACR-TIRADS category were performed (ultrasound reporting system, type of practice, and number of monthly appraisals).

Results
A total of 144 participants were included, mostly endocrinologists. There was moderate level of agreement for the absence of echogenic foci (AC1 0.53, 95% CI 0.24-0.81) and composition (AC1 0.54, 95% CI 0.36-0.71). The agreement for margins (AC1 0.24, 95% CI 0.15-0.33), echogenicity (AC1 0.34, 95% CI 0.22-0.46), and shape assessment (AC1 0.42, 95% CI 0.13-0.70) was lower. The overall agreement for ACR-TIRADS assessment was AC1 0.29, (95% CI 0.13-0.45). The AC1 of ACR-TIRADS among subgroups was similar.

Conclusions
This study found high variation of judgments about ACR-TIRADS risk category and individual features, which poses a potential challenge for the widescale implementation of thyroid nodule risk stratification.
Elevated Levels of Follicular Fatty Acids Induce Ovarian Inflammation via ERK1/2 and Inflammasome Activation in PCOS
Authors: Lai Yuchen , Ye Zhenhong , Mu Liangshan , Zhang Yurong , Long Xiaoyu , Zhang Chunmei , Li Rong , Zhao Yue , Qiao Jie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractContextPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is accompanied by chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. Whether metabolic abnormalities affect inflammation in PCOS or not, the underlying mechanism remains to be clarified.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate changes in fatty acids and their effects on inflammatory response in the follicular niche of PCOS patients.MethodsThis study recruited 50 PCOS patients and 50 age-matched controls for follicular fluids and ovarian mural granulosa cells collection. The human ovarian granulosa cell line KGN was used for evaluating the effect of oleic acid (OA) stimulation. The levels of follicular fatty acids were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were detected by electrochemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The regulation of inflammation-related genes was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting after OA stimuli.ResultsThree saturated fatty acids and 8 unsaturated fatty acids were significantly elevated in follicular fluids of PCOS patients compared to those in controls. The concentrations of follicular interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and mature IL-18 were significantly higher in the PCOS group and were positively correlated with the levels of fatty acids. Moreover, OA stimulation upregulated the transcription levels of IL-6 and IL-8 via extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways in KGN cells. Furthermore, OA treatment induced reactive oxygen species production and inflammasome activation, which is manifested by enhanced caspase-1 activity and mature IL-18 protein level.ConclusionFatty acid metabolism was significantly altered in the follicular niche of PCOS patients. Elevated levels of fatty acids could induce ovarian inflammation both at the transcriptional level and in posttranslational processing.
Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and Dynamics: A Call for Medical Education Reform
Authors: Atchley Travis J. , Vukic Barbara , Vukic Miroslav , Walters Beverly C. 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND:
The flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been described as a unidirectional system with the choroid plexus serving as the primary secretor of CSF and the arachnoid granulations as primary reabsorption site. This theory of neurosurgical forefathers has been universally adopted and taught as dogma. Many neuroscientists have found difficulty reconciling this theory with common pathologies, and recent studies have found that this “classic” hypothesis may not represent the full picture.

OBJECTIVE:
To review modern CSF dynamic theories and to call for medical education reform.

METHODS:
We reviewed the literature from January 1990 to December 2020. We searched the PubMed database using key terms “cerebrospinal fluid circulation,” “cerebrospinal fluid dynamics,” “cerebrospinal fluid physiology,” “glymphatic system,” and “glymphatic pathway.” We selected articles with a primary aim to discuss either CSF dynamics and/or the glymphatic system.

RESULTS:
The Bulat–Klarica–Orešković hypothesis purports that CSF is secreted and reabsorbed throughout the craniospinal axis. CSF demonstrates similar physiology to that of water elsewhere in the body. CSF “circulates” throughout the subarachnoid space in a pulsatile to-and-fro fashion. Osmolarity plays a critical role in CSF dynamics. Aquaporin-4 and the glymphatic system contribute to CSF volume and flow by establishing osmolarity gradients and facilitating CSF movement. Multiple studies demonstrate that the choroid plexus does not play any significant role in CSF circulation.

CONCLUSION:
We have highlighted major studies to illustrate modern principles of CSF dynamics. Despite these, the medical education system has been slow to reform curricula and update learning resources.
Tubulin isotypes – functional insights from model organisms
Authors: Nsamba Emmanuel T. , Gupta Mohan L. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The microtubule cytoskeleton is assembled from the α- and β-tubulin subunits of the canonical tubulin heterodimer, which polymerizes into microtubules, and a small number of other family members, such as γ-tubulin, with specialized functions. Overall, microtubule function involves the collective action of multiple α- and β-tubulin isotypes. However, despite 40 years of awareness that most eukaryotes harbor multiple tubulin isotypes, their role in the microtubule cytoskeleton has remained relatively unclear. Various model organisms offer specific advantages for gaining insight into the role of tubulin isotypes. Whereas simple unicellular organisms such as yeast provide experimental tractability that can facilitate deeper access to mechanistic details, more complex organisms, such as the fruit fly, nematode and mouse, can be used to discern potential specialized functions of tissue- and structure-specific isotypes. Here, we review the role of α- and β-tubulin isotypes in microtubule function and in associated tubulinopathies with an emphasis on the advances gained using model organisms. Overall, we argue that studying tubulin isotypes in a range of organisms can reveal the fundamental mechanisms by which they mediate microtubule function. It will also provide valuable perspectives on how these mechanisms underlie the functional and biological diversity of the cytoskeleton.
The roles of inter-tissue adhesion in development and morphological evolution
Authors: Smith Sarah Jacquelyn , Guillon Emilie , Holley Scott A. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The study of how neighboring tissues physically interact with each other, inter-tissue adhesion, is an emerging field at the interface of cell biology, biophysics and developmental biology. Inter-tissue adhesion can be mediated by either cell–extracellular matrix adhesion or cell–cell adhesion, and both the mechanisms and consequences of inter-tissue adhesion have been studied in vivo in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the many functions of inter-tissue adhesion in development and evolution. Inter-tissue adhesion can couple the motion of adjacent tissues, be the source of mechanical resistance that constrains morphogenesis, and transmit tension required for normal development. Tissue–tissue adhesion can also create mechanical instability that leads to tissue folding or looping. Transient inter-tissue adhesion can facilitate tissue invasion, and weak tissue adhesion can generate friction that shapes and positions tissues within the embryo. Lastly, we review studies that reveal how inter-tissue adhesion contributes to the diversification of animal morphologies.