bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster analysis of velocity models around the Hudson Bay region, Eastern Canada
Authors: Kharita Akash , Gilligan Amy 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYUnderstanding deep crustal structure can provide us with insights into tectonic processes and how they affect the geological record. The deep crustal structure can be studied using a suite of seismological techniques such as receiver function analysis, body and surface wave tomography. Using models of crustal structure derived from these methods, it is possible to delineate tectonic boundaries and regions that may have been affected by similar processes. However, often velocity models are grouped in a somewhat subjective manner, potentially meaning that some geological insight may be missed. Cluster analysis, based on unsupervised machine learning, can be used to more objectively group similar velocity profiles and, thus, put additional constraints on the deep crustal structure. In this study, we apply hierarchical agglomerative clustering to the shear wave velocity profiles obtained by previous studies focused on the region from the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion data at 59 sites surrounding the Hudson Bay. This location provides an ideal natural laboratory to study the Precambrian tectonic processes, including the 1.8Ga Trans-Hudson Orogen. We use Ward linkage to define the distance between clusters, as it gives the most physically realistic results, and after testing the number of clusters from 2 to 10, we find there are 5 main stable clusters of velocity models. We then compare our results with different inversion parameters, clustering schemes (K-means and GMM), as well as results obtained for profiles from receiver functions in different azimuths and find that, overall, the clustering results are consistent. The clusters that form correlate well with the surface geology, crustal thickness, regional tectonics and previous geophysical studies concentrated on specific regions. The profiles in the Archean domains (Rae, Hearne and Superior) are clearly distinguished from the profiles in regions influenced by Proterozoic orogenic events (Southern Baffin Island and Ungava Peninsula). Further, the crust of Melville Peninsula is found to be in the same cluster as the crust of the western coast of Ungava Peninsula, suggesting a similar crustal structure. Our study shows the promising use of unsupervised machine learning in interpreting deep crustal structures to gain new geological insights.
Characteristics of early Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.) catches based on otoliths recovered from archaeological excavations at medieval to early modern sites in northern Norway
Authors: Pedersen Torstein , Amundsen Colin , Wickler Stephen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe compared stock origin, size- and age-distributions, and length growth rates derived from Atlantic cod otoliths from archaeological excavations at two sites in northern Norway: Vágar in Lofoten (68°12′N, ad 1156–1285) and the Værbukta site (70°57′N, ad 1450–1680). For comparison, modern otoliths were sampled during 1993–2001 from areas situated close to Vágar and Værbukta. Length-at-age from pre-20th century samples was back-calculated from otolith growth increments. The pre-20th century cod from Vágar was dominated by northeast Arctic cod (NEAC) of age 9–16 years and were much older and larger than the pre-20th century cod from Værbukta, which were dominated by coastal cod of age 2–6 years. Cod from Vágar had smaller increments and a shorter back-calculated length-at-age than modern cod from Lofoten. In contrast, the predominantly coastal cod from Værbukta had similar increments width and length-at-age as in modern samples. Age-distributions and mortality rates of the pre-20th century Vágar cod and NEAC from Lofoten in the 1930s were similar, indicating that both age at maturity and longevity were similar for these time periods. This contrasts with truncated and young age-distributions of spawning NEAC in the 1980s and 1990s following the strong increase in fishing and total mortality rate in the period 1955–2000.
Flow cytometric detection and microscopic observation of activated eosinophils in peripheral blood
Authors: Nishikawa Satomi , Matsuhiroya Shiori , Kono Mari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Eosinophils possess highly electron-dense granules with crystal-like structures and are characterized as high side scatter (SSC) areas by flow cytometry analysis. Eosinophils with low SSC features have been noted in extremely rare cases; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. Eosinophils in the low SSC area were analyzed using microscopy. A transmission electron microscope revealed the loss of crystal-like structures in granules with low electron density and piecemeal degranulation, which was undetectable by May–Grünwald–Giemsa staining. Based on the results of flow cytometry, May–Grünwald–Giemsa staining and transmission electron microscopy, SSC values could help potentially detect crystal-like structures and piecemeal degranulation eosinophils.
Support motion of a finite bar with a viscously damped boundary
Authors: Chen Jeng-Tzong , Kao Hao-Chen , Lee Jia-Wei , Lee Ying-Te 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we extended the previous experience to solve the vibration problem of a finite bar with a viscously damped boundary and the support motion on the other side. Two analytical methods, the mode superposition method in conjunction with the quasi-static decomposition method and the method of diamond rule based on the method of characteristics, were employed to derive two analytical solutions. One is a series solution by using the mode superposition method. The other is an exact solution by using the method of diamond rule. The non-conservative system with an external damper is solved straightforward by using the method of diamond rule to avoid the complex-valued eigen system. Agreement is made well. Both advantages and disadvantages of two methods were discussed.
‘[D]onning the Garb of a Pit Girl again’: Imagining the ‘Pit Brow Lassie’ in Late-Victorian Fiction
Authors: Sanders Mike 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article analyses various representations of the figure of the ‘pit brow lassie’ with a particular emphasis on two novels; Frances Hodgson Burnett’s That Lass O’ Lowrie’s (1877) and John Monk Foster’s A Pit Brow Lassie (1889). It argues that pit brow women provided a focus for discussions of the interplay of class and gender roles in Victorian Britain. The article begins by tracing the history of attitudes towards women’s employment in the mines in Victorian Britain and the role which visual representations of pit brow women played in the campaigns for and against their employment. It then analyses the way in which the representation of the pit brow women in That Lass O’ Lowrie’s shifts from an ideologeme of pity to one of respect and self-respect. It argues that Burnett’s novel is, in part, a re-purposing of earlier ‘Condition of England’ novels with gender replacing class as the main axis of social reconciliation. As part of this re-purposing it argues that while the novel uses the perceived deficiencies of working-class women to justify the agency of their middle-class counterparts, it also represents its working-class heroine as an object of middle-class desire. Next the article explores John Monk Foster’s A Pit Brow Lassie highlighting the ways in which it both normalizes and defends the work of pit brow women and, in contrast to Burnett’s novel, makes female labour integral to the development of its plot. It analyses the ways in which Foster’s representation of pit brow women differs from Burnett’s and argues that these differences arise from a combination of generic, publication and authorial factors. However, despite these differences the article argues that Foster’s novel also eschews the ideologeme of pity in favour of respect/self-respect.
A new understanding of why the aurora has explosive characteristics
Authors: Akasofu Syun-Ichi 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
This article describes a new understanding of the explosive nature of auroras, called auroral substorms, on the basis of a series of processes, from power supply (dynamo), circuit/current, and dissipation (auroral substorms) – the electric current approach, in which the magnetosphere or more specifically the primary magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling system (the primary M-I system) plays a crucial role. The primary M-I system has an anomaly; it cannot dissipate the dynamo power much for about 1 h after the dynamo power becomes above 1011 w. This anomaly is due to a low conductivity of the quiet-time ionosphere to dissipate increasing power. Thus, the power is accumulated in the inner magnetosphere (at about 6 Re; Re = earth’s radius) as magnetic energy, inflating the inner magnetosphere. When the accumulated energy reaches to about 1016 J, the primary M-I system seems to become unstable and unload impulsively the accumulated magnetic energy, deflating the magnetosphere. This deflating process generates the secondly M-I system, which is associated with an electric field 5–50 mV/m and field-aligned currents, ionizing the ionosphere and increasing the conductivity. Therefore, the primary M-I system can perform like an ordinary electrical system. It is this particular nature that exhibits explosive auroral displays. This paper describes systematically and semiquantitatively key points of this series of processes based on a few decades of work. The electric current approach is rather ‘new’ in substorm research and thus is rudimental at its development stage, so that n crucial issues are mentioned for future studies at the end.
Final stage of merging binaries of supermassive black holes: observational signatures
Authors: Wang Jian-Min , Songsheng Yu-Yang , Li Yan-Rong , Du Pu 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
There are increasing interests in binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs), but merging binaries with separations smaller than $\sim 1\,$ light-days ($\sim 10^{2}\,$ gravitational radii for 108 M⊙), which are rapidly evolving under control of gravitational waves, are elusive in observations. In this paper, we discuss fates of mini-discs around component SMBHs for three regimes: (1) low rates (advection-dominated accretion flows: ADAFs); (2) intermediate rates; (3) super-Eddington accretion rates. Mini-discs with intermediate rates are undergoing evaporation through thermal conduction of hot corona forming a hybrid radial structure. When the binary orbital periods are shorter than sound propagation time-scales of the evaporated mini-discs, a new instability, denoted as sound instability, arises because the discs will be highly twisted so that they are destroyed. We demonstrate a critical separation of Acrit(∼102Rg) from the sound instability of the mini-discs and the cavity is full of hot gas. For those binaries, component SMBHs are accreting with Bondi mode in the ADAF regime, showing periodic variations resulting from Doppler boosting effects in radio from the ADAFs due to orbital motion. In the mean while, the circumbinary discs (CBDs) are still not hot enough (ultraviolet deficit) to generate photons to ionize gas for broad emission lines. For slightly super-Eddington accretion of the CBDs, Mg ii line appears with decreases of UV deficit, and for intermediate super-Eddington Balmer lines appear, but C iv line never unless CBD accretion rates are extremely high. Moreover, if the CBDs are misaligned with the binary plane, it is then expected to have optical periodical variations with about ten times radio periods.
The MeerKAT Galaxy Clusters Legacy Survey: star formation in massive clusters at 0.15 &lt; z &lt; 0.35
Authors: Kesebonye K C , Hilton M , Knowles K , Cotton W D , Clarke T E , Loubser S I , Moodley K , Sikhosana S P 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We investigate dust-unbiased star formation rates (SFRs) as a function of the environment in 20 massive clusters ($M_{200}\gt 4\times 10^{14}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) between 0.15 &lt; $z$ &lt; 0.35 using radio luminosities (L1.4GHz) from the recently released MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey catalogue. We use optical data from the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey to estimate photo-$z$s and assign cluster membership. We observe a steady decline in the fraction (fSF) of star-forming galaxies from 2R200 to the cluster centres in our full cluster sample, but notice a significant difference in fSF gradients between clusters hosting large-scale extended radio emission in the form of haloes and relics (associated with ongoing merger activity) and non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters. For star-forming galaxies within R200, the fSF in clusters hosting radio haloes and relics (0.148 ± 0.016) is $\approx 23{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ higher than in non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters (0.120 ± 0.011). We observe a 3σ difference between the total SFR normalized by cluster mass for non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters (21.5 ± 1.9 M⊙yr−1/1014M⊙) and for clusters with radio haloes and relics (26.1 ± 1.4 M⊙yr−1/1014M⊙). There is a ≈4× decline in the mass normalized total SFR of clusters for galaxies with SFR above the luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) SFR limit at our redshift slice, corresponding to 2 Gyr in lookback time. This is consistent with the rapid decline in SF activity with decreasing redshift amongst cluster LIRGs seen by previous studies using infrared-derived SFR.
Fermi-LAT detection of G118.4+37.0: a supernova remnant in the Galactic halo seen around the Calvera pulsar
Authors: Araya M 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
The discovery of a non-thermal radio ring of low surface brightness about one degree in diameter has been recently reported around the location in the sky of the Calvera pulsar, at a high Galactic latitude. The radio properties point to it likely being a new supernova remnant (SNR), G118.4+37.0. We report an analysis of almost 14 yr of observations of this region by the γ-ray Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi satellite. We detect extended GeV emission consistent with the size and location of the radio source, which confirms the presence of relativistic particles. The spectrum of the high-energy emission is fully compatible with an origin in the same relativistic particles producing the radio emission. These features and its similarities to other isolated SNRs establish this source as the remnant of a supernova. A simple model of the non-thermal emission from radio to GeV energies resulting from leptonic emission from electrons produced by the SNR is presented. G118.4+37.0 and other similar isolated remnants could be part of a radio-dim SNR population evolving in low density environments showing hard GeV emission of leptonic origin. Future deeper surveys in radio and γ-rays could discover new members of the group.
Trajectories of Return to Cigarette Smoking Up to 1 Year Postpartum Among People Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy
Authors: De Genna Natacha M , Qu Yang , Cheng Yu , Emery Tavernier Rebecca L , Kolko Conlon Rachel P , Levine Michele D 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionPrevious work has identified predictors of relapse to smoking postpartum among parenting people who quit during pregnancy, but less is known about the time course of postpartum relapse. The study goals were to document patterns and correlates of smoking resumption among people who quit smoking during pregnancy and were motivated to remain abstinent.Aims and MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis among participants in a randomized controlled trial of postpartum-specific smoking relapse prevention interventions who self-reported no smoking since the quit date to delivery (n = 280). Participants provided expired air samples of carbon monoxide, and completed self-report measures of mood, perceived stress, and demographic and pregnancy-related information. Timeline follow-back interviews were conducted at the end of pregnancy and 12-, 24-, and 52-weeks postpartum.ResultsThe largest group (49.7% of participants) belonged to a trajectory reflecting abstinence across 1 year postpartum. Another 13% remained abstinent 5–6 months after delivery. However, one in five started to smoke consistently within 100 days after delivery, and 16% relapsed in a pattern that can be described as inconsistent smoking. Participants with more prior quit attempts and those who smoked more cigarettes prior to their quit attempt were more likely to relapse within 100 days of delivery.ConclusionsThe first 3 months postpartum represent a critical window for relapse prevention, given that most individuals who relapsed did so in the first 100 days or so after delivery. Assessing prior smoking history can help identify pregnant people who will need additional support in the early postpartum period.ImplicationsRelapse to smoking during the year after childbirth is common, but the time course of relapse after delivery is poorly understood. This study provides evidence for 4 distinct trajectories of relapse, and highlights variables linked to early relapse that may improve efforts to target and time intervention efforts. Specifically, assessing age at initiation, quantity of tobacco use prior to quit attempt, and number of previous quit attempts will identify pregnant people at greatest risk of early relapse. These findings also suggest that additional support early in the postpartum period is crucial for most people in the postpartum who will relapse.
Dissent
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores dissent from nationalist wartime policies by the most morally valiant in different societies and generations. It cites Siegfried Sassoon’s famously vehement dissent from Britain’s war, which he had supported in 1914 but turned against by 1916. Pockets of resistance to regime exterminationist policies existed within the Wehrmacht and in small civilian groups during WWII. German and Austrian soldiers dissented by deserting, some even fighting for the other side. There were individuals of conscience who did what they could to stop atrocities in China, France, Poland, and Lithuania, including a German businessman in Nanjing, foreign diplomats from Iran and Sweden, and Wehrmacht officers in the occupied East. Soviet mothers who objected to the invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s showed the way to Russian mothers who opposed war in Ukraine in 2022. Some American officers dissented over child abuse and corruption in Afghanistan. Others went along.
Civilians
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate killings in the jus in bello, the laws of wartime behavior. It explores how the laws of war were drafted by the powerful to favor themselves, noting that the strong disdain restraint by law because they can, while the weak disregard law in war because they must. It critiques the Lieber code said to have advanced the laws of war as a wartime justification for hard war against any resistance to state authority. That leads to extremism at both ends with civilians trapped in the middle. The chapter talks about targeting persons for torture or killing who would be classified as civilians, an established pattern in First Nations conflicts in the Americas. Precolonial wars were fought down to the village level between Iroquois and Algonquin in upper New York, Lower Canada, the Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence River valley. It all got worse in the 20th century, as major belligerents in the two world wars and afterward all turned to blockade, starvation, and terror tactics to break civilian morale.
Steel
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Following the Crimean War, lawyers and reformers thought that even war might be made more rule-bound and humane. Those peaceful decades led to codified rules of “cruiser warfare” in 1856 for surface ships on distance raids, supplemented by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Declaration of London in 1909. War at sea was still about control of world sea lanes, with battleship versus battleship fleet actions supposed to decide wars via a reprise of Trafalgar. Neither the prediction of a more peaceful world nor the ideal of rule-based war proved true. But some sea captains tried. This chapter tells the tale of warship captains who fought with unusual honor and decency, against a background of hellish war and death at sea and war crimes perpetrated by others.
Introduction
Authors: Sloan Stephen M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The rise of both oral and environmental history in the 1960s and 1970s were fueled by kindred passions to introduce new counter-narratives into understandings of the past and to effect change in the present. As environmental historians have gone from the soil up in researching and understanding historical phenomena, so oral historians used the most fundamental element, the individual perspective, to reshape research in several areas and disciplines. The turn of the twenty-first century saw a growing connection between the two approaches as environmental oral history applications emerged in a variety of areas, including studies of environmental disaster and examinations of local, or indigenous, ecological knowledge.
Grim Humor and Hope
Authors: Anderson Deb 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Mallee Climate Oral History Collection is the product of a four-year research partnership with Museum Victoria. From 2004 to 2007, a series of annual recordings were conducted on the experience of drought with people in wheat-belt communities dotted across the semiarid Mallee. The timing of the project during the millennium drought coincided with a momentous shift in Australian public awareness of climate change, prompting reflexive discussion of the meaning of drought. Interviewees wore several “hats” in life—farming to health work, public service to parenting, local business to education, government science to community advocacy for rural social and environmental sustainability. These stories bear the mark of rural endurance: as the drought wore on, just one interviewee left the Mallee; the rest were determined to continue making a living here, at the inland edge of the Australian cropping zone.
When Little Fish Encounter a Big Dam
Authors: Qing Dai , Xue Kang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Founded in 1994, Friends of Nature was the first green NGO created in China. The group has served as an incubator for the explosion of environmental organizations over the last few decades. Friends of Nature has worked to inform Chinese citizens on critical environmental issues through a host of educational programs, policy reform initiatives, and community advocacy. The Friends of Nature Greenbook, published annually, provides the definitive record of the ongoing top environmental issues in China. Zhang Boju, CEO of Friends of Nature, leads a team of more than 20,000 members working to preserve fragile Chinese ecosystems and promote the development of more green citizens in the rapidly developing country.
The Free Play of Natural Forces
Authors: Lee Debbie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
From 2010 to 2014, the author directed the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness History Project, whose mission was to chronicle the human history of one of America’s largest wilderness areas. Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the project was a joint effort between Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and the US Forest Service. She interviewed mule packers, backpackers, river rangers, river outfitters, Forest Service employees, backcountry pilots, a Native American tour guide, artists, educators, scientists, archivists, volunteers, and caretakers of inholdings (three privately held parcels within the wilderness boundary). She wanted to preserve the human history of the wilderness with the same passion that people had used to preserve the land itself.