bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1992
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips were evaluated spring, 1992 in Field 12 (22-yr old Atwood ‘navel’ oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied 28, 29 Apr or 11, 12 May with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gal/acre. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block; each replicate consisted of four trees (except one replicate in treatment 24 had three trees). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1992 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study). In 1992, late Apr and May were relatively warm. Daily maximums were between 79 and 95°F (mean of 87.4°), mean average temperature of 73.7°, in the 4 weeks after petal-fall. A little precipitation occurred (0.04 inch on both 1 May and 6 May; 0.08 inch on 30 Jun) but probably had little effect on the treatments.
Control of Biomodal First Flight Codling Moth in Walnuts, 1992
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F. , Bisabri B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on ‘Serr’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Arbuckle, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows by 8 trees planted on a 30 ft. by 30 ft. spacing (1.32 acres). Treatments were applied with an air blast sprayer operating at 1.7 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre of finished spray. The first application was applied on 27 Apr, at the end of the first peak of the first CM flight (368 degree days [DD]). The second application was applied on 19 May, at the end of the second peak of the first CM flight (817 DD). Control of the first peak was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from 4 trees in the center or each plot weekly from 19 May through 16 Jun. Control of the second peak was evaluated by determining the percent CM infestation from 200 nut pairs from the bottom V4 of the 4 trees in the center of each plot on 16 Jun. Walnut aphids were monitored by inspecting 10 leaflets/tree from the 4 trees in the center of each plot weekly from 2 Jun through 16 Jun.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Dry (Kidney) Bean, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In earlier trials on navy bean, insecticide use against foliar insects appeared to reduce yields. This trial was established at the Staples Irrigation Station using kidney bean as the plant host. The field was planted on 20 May with 4 row plots, each row 0.76 m wide and 7.6 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil treatments were banded in a 10 cm. band over the row the day of planting. Foliars were applied on 11 and 29 Jul using 2 liter of total material on 0.0023 ha. All plots were regularly irrigated. Data on stand, moisture and yield were collected and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Broccou and Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Chu C.C , Henneberry T.J. , Akey D.H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, California. Head lettuce, ‘Empire MI’, was planted at 28 seeds/m of seed row, and hybrid broccoli. ‘Packman’, at 25 seeds/m of seed row, each in separate plots, on 18 Sep. Plots of each crop were two rows (beds) in 40-inch row spacings with rows 20 ft long. Seed rows of each crop were spaced 20 inches apart on a bed. Plots were separated by two fallow rows and 20-ft fallow alleys that separated experimental blocks. Treatments were (1) 0.53 lb Al/acre of NTN 33893 granular formulation applied on the soil surface above seed rows, (2) foliar application of NTN 33893 (240 FS) at 0.13 lb Al/acre, (3) foliar applications of 0.5% liquid detergent, (4) foliar applications of 1% soybean oil plus 0.7% oil emulsifier (Comate-102), (5) foliar application of 0.08 lb Al/acre of Capture, and (6) untreated plots. NTN 33893 granules were applied immediately after planting. Foliar applications were made on 1, 15, and 22 Oct with a backpack sprayer to deliver 32 gal of spray per acre. Ten leaves from each plot were sampled four times at weekly intervals beginning on 7 Oct. Initial samples were 6 days after the first foliar sprays and 19 days after soil application of granular NTN 33893.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 8 Feb 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 1 Feb. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart in rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 26 Jan. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 3 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates. Treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 1.8 m alleyway.
Control of Mexican Bean Beetle in Soybeans with Systemic Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. , Bellinger Robert G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans were planted May 28'76 with a conventional 4-row unit planter equipped with granular insecticide applicators. The insecticides were placed in a 4-inch band over the seed furrow, behind the planter shoe and in front of the press wheel. Two drag chains were attached behind the press wheel of each planter. Plots consisted of 16 rows (12 rows soybeans and 4 rows snap beans), 175 ft long with 30 in between rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Every 4th row was planted with Early Gallatin snap beans to encourage an infestation of Mexican bean beetle. No insecticide was applied to the snap beans. Soil was classified as a Bertie silt loam and the soil temp at the time of treatment was 72°F at the 4 in depth. At late pod-fill, 20 plants were selected at random following an “x” pattern in each plot. Each plant was rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from 2 rows,16 ft long, in the center of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture and reported in bu/A. Rainfall was below normal except for the period during pod formation.
Screening of Fungi and Bacteria For Control of The Forest Tent Caterpillar 1970-1973
Authors: Lewis R. , Filer T. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The original objective of the study was to screen various fungi imperfect! for eventual use in control of the forest tent caterpillar In southern river bottom hardwoods. Initially, only Beauveria bassiana, Spicaria sp. and Metarrhizium sp. were screened; however, commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Thuricide 90 ts, Thuricide HPC, Biotrol A-12, Biotrol W-25, and combinations of these) were later screened. Combinations of B. bassiana and the B. thuringiensis preparations also were tested. Tent caterpillars were sprayed with the various preparations and maintained in a chamber at 21°C. Thuricide concentrations ranged from 416 to 8,333 ppm. Biotrol and B. bassiana preparations ranged from 0.25 to 10 mgs. per petri dish. Each dish contained 10-50 2nd, or 3rd instar larvae. Since Spicaria sp. and Metarrhizium sp. showed low virulence, they were eliminated from the study after the initial tests. The effectiveness of the various preparations is summarized in the table.
P.

ERICHSONII

CONTROL WITH DIMILIN ON LARCH, 1976
Authors: Valovage Walter D. , Kulman Herbert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
on June 24, branches on larch field trees were sprayed to the drip point with 1 of 6 treatments; tap water (check), 50, 125, 250, 625, and 1250 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. There was a mixed population of 15 to 20 1st and 2nd instar larch sawfly larvae on each branch. A dacron mesh bag was tied over the branch to contain the larvae. Three replicate branches, each on a different tree, were used for each Dimilin treatment. Five replicate branches, each on a different tree, were sprayed with tap water as checks. Mortality counts were taken 5 days after treatment. In addition, 2 identical experiments were set up in the laboratory - one using a mixed population of 1st and 2nd instar larvae and the other only 4th instar larvae. Clipped branches were dipped in 1 of 5 treatments; tap water (check), 2.5, 25, 250, and 2500 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. After drying, each branch was placed in a separate cardboard rearing carton with the cut end immersed in water to reduce desiccation. Ten to 15 larvae were placed in each carton and 3 replicates were used per treatment. Mortality counts were taken 5 days after treatment.
D

.

SIMILIS

CONTROL WITH DIMILIN ON WHITE PINE, 1976
Authors: Valovage Walter D. , Kulman Herbert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A mixture of 3rd and 4th instar introduced pine sawfly larvae was collected near Ponemah, Mn. on July 8. White pine branches were cut and dipped in 1 of 6 treatments; tap water (check), 0 . 2 5 , 2 . 5, 25, 250, and 2500 ppm a . i . Dimilin W-25. After drying, each branch was placed in a separate cardboard rearing carton with the cut end immersed in water to reduce desiccation. Ten to 15 larvae were transferred to the branches in each carton. Three replicates were set up for each treatment, and mortality counts were taken after 4 days.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control By Spraying and Trunk Implantation, 1975
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Romoland, California, a randomized block experiment was laid out on 9 home properties having 44 infested elms from 6 to 15 feet tall and under varying conditions of care. Untreated check and treatments consisted of single tree plots replicated 4 times. A sample from each tree consisted of counting all larvae on leaves of ten 18-in terminal twigs pruned randomly from the lateral periphery pf the tree. Counts were made 1 , 2 , 5 , and 8 weeks after treating July 22'75. Counts of each date were transformed to (X + 0.5)1/2 and subjected to an analysis of variance. Thorough coverage sprays, buffered to pH 6.5 and at 3.1 gal/tree, were applied with a power sprayer at 175 psi. For trunk implantation a 1/2 in hole 1 3/8 in deep was made with an electric drill per each 4 in of trunk circumference 18 in above ground. Each plastic Medicap was hammered into its hole until the flared, outer end was ca. 1/8 in inside the outer bark surface. For Cygon 2.67EC implant a hypodermic syringe measured 1 ml into each hole which was then stoppered with a no. 2 cork. All implanted trees were thoroughly irrigated for 24 hrs just prior to treatment.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control, California, 1976
Authors: Morishita Frank S. , Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fuchsia plants were in 1 gal cans on greenhouse benches. Eight treatments were applied in each test and each treatment consisted of 4 plants. The treatments were replicated 6 times. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of runoff with a Bean 5 gpm sprayer at 150 psi. Greenhouse temperature was 21° C and the treatments were applied on May 14'76 in test A and July 5'76 in test B. Samples consisted of 4 leaves/plant taken at 7 day intervals. The number of live and dead nymphs were counted and the results are expressed as the mean number/replication.
Scots Pine,

P

.

APPROXIMATUS

CONTROL, ILLINOIS, 1976
Authors: Appleby J. E. , Farris M. , Randell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An acre planting of 15-year-old Scots pine was selected in Pope County, Illinois for evaluating the efficacy of treatments applied to pine stumps to prevent weevil infestations in the stumps. A total of 56 trees were felled in December, 1975, leaving stumps of 3-5 inches in height. The felled trees were removed from the site and burned. On March 31 each treatment was applied onto 8 stumps using a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied using knapsack sprayers and each stump was covered thoroughly. The diesel oil treatment was applied with a large paint brush until the entire surface area of the stumps were oil-covered. On June 4 selected stumps were retreated. On July 21 the bark of each stump was removed and the number of cocoons counted from each stump.
Root Weevil Control on Rhododendron, 1976
Authors: Campbell R. Lee , Barstow D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As a follow-up to 1975 studies which showed Orthene to be an effective deterrent to leaf damage caused by adult root weevil, a completely randomized trial with 4 replicates of each of 10 treatments was set up. Each block consisted of a group of plants whose number varied according to the area necessary to ensure that adequate feeding from 1975 was represented. In all cases all plants in each block were sprayed to run off with a gasoline-powered sprayer according to the schedule in the table beginning on June 14. The treatments were evaluated by selecting plants which had been fed on in 1975 and sampling 5 representative 1976 leaves from each block on Oct 5. As each leaf was collected, a 1975 leaf was taken from the same twig. The area of each leaf was measured by use of a K&E Compensating Polar Planimeter Model 4236 and the amount of feeding was determined. It is planned to analyze the differences between each treatment and the amount of damage which occurred in 1975 as well as the difference between the treatments. At this time we are reporting only the data on the amount of feeding which occurred in 1976. The mean amount of leaf tissue which was consumed in the 40 blocks in 1975 was 0.83 sq cm per leaf (n= 200).
Phytotoxicity Test, Ohio, 1976
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Balderston C. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 18 species and cultivars of woody ornamental nursery crops in northeastern Ohio. All plants utilized exhibited both mature and developing foliage when insecticides were applied Jul 14, 15 and 16 under sunny skies with ca 30° C temperatures. Each experimental rate was applied to 4 single-plant replicates growing in field blocks. Compressed air sprayers were used to apply finished spray to runoff. Plants were examined 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after treatment.
Insecticide Screening For Control of Chicken Lice, 1976
Authors: Darrow D. I. , LeMeilleur C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chickens, naturally or artificially infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthusstramineus (Nitzsch), were treated with acetone, ethanol, or water solution of compounds prepared from technical or finer grades. Material was applied by spraying 40 ml of solution onto the infested chickens with an artist's airbrush modified to give a coarse spray at a pressure of 40 psi. The chickens were suspended with a soft cotton rope by the legs and rotated to assure complete and adequate coverage. Treated animals were confined separately in cage-layer cells for a 28-day posttreatment observation period. Animals treated similarly were placed in adjacent cells, but those treated with different materials or concentrations were separated by one cell. Reinfestation, when it did occur, was limited to lice arising from viable eggs present on the test animals at time of treatment. Pretreatment louse populations were estimated by counting the motile forms found in 10 partings of feathers; 2 each at the vent, breast, back, neck, and wings. Posttreatment counts made in the same way were taken at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days. If the initial test concentration of 0.25% Al was effective in controlling the lice ^90% reduction at 28 days posttreatment), subsequent tests were made at lower concentrations to determine the minimal effective dosage to achieve&gt;90% reduction. A standard (0.01% malathion) and an acetone control were run with each series of tests. At least 2 animal replicates/concentration were treated. Methods of treatment and assessment of results were modified after R. A. Hoffman and B. F. Hogan, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(2): 468-70. Compounds were rated according to the following classifications based upon examination at 28 days posttreatment.
Apple, P. Ulmi Control with Acaracides, 1976
Authors: Hall Franklin R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to run-off with the use of a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450-500 psi. Approximately 4-5 gallons of spray were applied to each of 4 Red Delicious per treatment (equal to ca 400 gal/A). All plots were treated July 13, '76. Leaves (25/tree) were randomly sampled at 4-81 around each replicate tree on each date. ERM and other mites were brushed onto glass plates and counted on the day of sample.
Apple, Prebloom Mite Treatments, 1976
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments with three oil formulations along with commonly used and experimental acaricides were applied to York apple trees using a Bean, 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer at 540 psi to single tree plots replicated 5 times. The trees were sprayed to run-off. The oils were applied on March 26 at green bud stage of the apple. April 6, at the pre-pink stage of the apple, the remaining acaricide treatments were applied. Omite, at low dosage, was reapplied on May 17 and June 10. A modified standard spray program utilizing Polyram 80W, Captan 50W, wettable sulfur, Imidan and Phosphamidon was applied to the test trees during the test period with an airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of spray per acre.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticides Test, 1976
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute to run off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) petal fall through 6th cover sprays on May 2 1 , June 2 , June 16, June 2 9 , July 15, August 3 , and August 18. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on 6 tree plots (Mcintosh, Cortland, Rhode Island Greening, Golden Delicious, and Red Rome) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 Mcintosh and 100 Cortland apples were scored from each replication. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves from a Rhode Island Greening tree in each replication. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was also recorded on these trees during a search from the ground to eye level once around the outer circumference of the canopy.
Cherry Fruit Fly Control, 1976
Authors: AliNiazee M. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a semi-abandoned, mixed variety cherry orchard located in Benton County, Oregon. Single-tree plots were thoroughly sprayed to the point of run-off using a powered, pull-tank type sprayer with a hand gun. Chemicals were applied at 300-350 psi pressure and a rate of about 350-400 gallons/acre. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized design. The fly emergence in the study orchard was determined by employing Zoecon's Pherocon - AM traps and treatments applied accordingly. The first spray was applied on June 4, within a week after the emergence of the first fly. The sprays were repeated on jLne 21, and July 6. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by collecting varied number of cherries (150 cherries/tree or all available fruit whichever was larger) and examining for maggots under a binocular microscope.
Gas Propelled Aerosols and Dusts Against Caribbean Fruit Flies in Simulated Aircraft Tests 1975-1976
Authors: Von Windeguth D. L. , Burditt A. K. , Arner A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aircraft disinsection tests were made against the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in Miami, FL. As a part of a continuing series of insecticide screening trials to evaluate the toxicants for use in the control of insects on international aircraft flights. Flies were encaged in open-ended, screened pint ice cream cartons (4 cages/test, 200 flies/cage) and the cages attached to walls within the testing space. Semi trailers (ca 2000 ft3) were used to simulate aircraft volume. Test insects were 1 to 2 weeks old, laboratory reared, fruit flies. Insecticides were formulated as aerosols or dusts. Aerosols were applied from conventional spray cans (Freon 11 and 12 propellant); dusts were "shot" from a cartrige by a CO2 or compressed air charge. Insects were removed from treated area 30 minutes after insecticide release (10 minutes in the closed test space, plus 20 minutes with the door open for ventilation of the treated space). Knock Down (KD) was recorded for the flies in the cages at 30 minutes post treatment, and mortality at 24 hr. All tests were performed at 20-25°C air temperatures inside the trailers.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1976
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected acaricides were evaluated in a completely randomized experiment with each treatment replicated four times in single-tree plots. Trees were 20-years-old and planted on a 30 ft × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied with a handgun of a John Bean Model 1010-MBTB sprayer at 225 psi, using ca 20 gal per tree. Acaricides were applied initially on May 6'76 and reapplied on Jul 27'76. Rainfall between May 6 and Jul 27 was 11.4 inches and between Jul 27 and Oct 27 was 9.8 inches. Citrus rust mites were counted at 30-day-intervals after treatment. For each count, 20-25 leaves were collected at random from each treated tree and examined microscopically. Density of live rust mites per leaf was rated on the following scale: 0 = no mites; 1 = 1-5; 2 = 6-10; and 3 = &gt; 10 mites per leaf. Kelthane was the standard acaricide.
Commercial Evaluation of Acaricides For Rust Mite Control, 1976
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each acaricide treatment was applied to a separate row of 5 - year - old grapefruit tre,es (50 trees/row). Tree spacing was 24 ft x 18 f t , with an unsprayed guard row between treatments. All applications were made by a John Bean Model-F-357-CP speed sprayer, with nozzle adjustment, pressure and speed regulated to apply 250 gal of spray per acre. Treatments were made i n i t i a l l y on May 11'76 and reapplied on Jul 22'76. Mite counts were made at 30-day-intervals after treatment. At each counting date 50-100 leaves were collected at random from each treatment and examined microscopically for rust mite. Density of l i ve rust mites per leaf was rated on the following scale: 0 = no mites; 1 = 1-5; 2 = 6-10; and 3 = ^ 1 0 mites per leaf. Acaraben was the standard acaricide.
Evaluation of Zardex on Lemons, 1976
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five treatments with Zardex were made to 2-acre plots of mature lemon trees (Eureka) in 1976 on the Yuma mesa, Yuma, AZ. The sprayers were applied with a speed sprayer using 100 gallons of spray per acre on March 17. The mite population was moderate and the number of mites on some leaves were noticeable.