bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐assembly and antistatic property of ionic liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Tang Xinqiao , Yan Guiyang , Wang Jiwei , Cui Luan , Jiang Beihong , Zhu Boyan , Meng Fanbao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeries of ionic liquid crystalline polymers (ILCPs) containing bipyridinium groups were synthesized by ionic self‐assembly technology, and the chemical structure, self‐assembly behavior, liquid crystalline property, and antistatic property were investigated by various techniques. All the polymers exhibit good thermotropic liquid crystal on heating cycle. The precursor bromo‐polyesters displayed nematic phase, but the ILCPs (IPPy‐Br, IPP‐BF4and IPP‐PF6series) containing bipyridine groups and different counter‐anions showed smectic C phase. The effects of different counter‐ions on liquid crystalline behavior were discussed in this study. The antistatic properties of these ILCPs were investigated by a four‐probe measuring instrument. The surface resistivity was slight sensitivity to the surface water absorption due to the special structure of conductive channels of these ILCPs. It was found that all these ILCPs exhibited superior antistatic performance and ionic conductivity properties. In these ILCPs containing Br−, BF4−and PF6−counter‐ions, the IPPy‐BF4series of polymers with BF4−showed the maximum conductivity due to the influence of the BF4−anion in the ordered structure.
Sampling in the case‐time‐control design among drug users when outcome prevents further treatment
Authors: Madsen Jeppe Ekstrand Halkjær , Hallas Jesper , Delvin Thomas , Scheike Thomas , Pipper Christian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this article is to advocate a new way of sampling controls in the case‐time‐control design in a cohort of drug users when the studied outcome prevents further treatment.MethodsMathematically we demonstrate how a standard sampling of controls, where controls are sampled among all subjects without an event at end‐of‐study, leads to a biased effect estimate. We propose to add the requirement that controls initiate treatment before the calendar time of event of their matched case to circumvent this. The standard and proposed sampling methods are compared in a simulation study and in an empirical data example examining the effect of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug usage on the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.ResultsWhen the controls are sampled the standard way, the case‐time‐control design confers a bias because cases and controls have a different time‐trend of exposure.The bias has been upwards in all the scenarios we have investigated. The requirement we add to be a potential control ensures that cases and controls have the same time‐trend of exposure when treatment and outcome are independent. The simulation study confirms that the proposed sampling method removes the bias between treatment and outcome. The proposed sampling method lowered the odds‐ratio estimate from 3.72 to 3.26 in the data example.ConclusionThe proposed sampling method makes it possible to use the case‐time‐control design in a cohort of subjects with registered use of a drug when outcome prevents further treatment.
Patient, caregiver, and oncologist predictions of quality of life in advanced cancer: Accuracy and associations with end‐of‐life care and caregiver bereavement
Authors: Hoerger Michael , Gramling Robert , Epstein Ronald , Fenton Joshua J. , Mohile Supriya G. , Kravitz Richard L. , Mossman Brenna , Prigerson Holly G. , Alonzi Sarah , Malhotra Kirti , Duberstein Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundInformed treatment decision‐making necessitates accurate prognostication, including predictions about quality of life.AimsWe examined whether oncologists, patients with advanced cancer, and caregivers accurately predict patients’ future quality of life and whether these predictions are prospectively associated with end‐of‐life care and bereavement.Materials & MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of clinical trial data. Patients with advanced cancer (n = 156), caregivers (n = 156), and oncologists (n = 38) predicted patient quality of life 3 months into the future. Patients subsequently rated their quality of life 3 months later. Medical record data documented chemotherapy and emergency department (ED)/inpatient visits in the 30 days before death (n = 79 decedents). Caregivers self‐reported on depression, anxiety, grief, purpose, and regret 7‐months post‐mortem. In mixed‐effects models, patient, caregiver, and oncologist quality‐of‐life predictions at study entry were used to predict end‐of‐life care and caregiver outcomes, controlling for patients’ quality of life at 3‐month follow‐up, demographic and clinical characteristics, and nesting within oncologists.ResultsCaregivers (P < 0.0001) and oncologists (P = 0.001) predicted lower quality of life than what patients actually experienced. Among decedents, 24.0% received chemotherapy and 54.5% had an ED/inpatient visit. When caregivers’ predictions were more negative, patients were less likely to receive chemotherapy (P = 0.028) or have an ED/inpatient visit (P = 0.033), and caregivers reported worse depression (P = 0.002), anxiety (P = 0.019), and grief (P = 0.028) and less purpose in life (P < 0.001) 7‐months post‐mortem.ConclusionWhen caregivers have more negative expectations about patients’ quality of life, patients receive less intensive end‐of‐life care, and caregivers report worse bereavement outcomes.
Parallel Gate Operations Fidelity in a Linear Array of Flip‐Flop Qubits
Authors: Rei Davide , Ferraro Elena , De Michielis Marco 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuantum computers based on silicon are promising candidates for long term universal quantum computation due to the long coherence times of electron and nuclear spin states. Furthermore, the continuous progress of micro‐ and nano‐electronics, also related to the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor systems, makes it possible to control the displacement of single dopants thus suggesting their exploitation as qubit holders. Flip‐flop qubit is a donor based qubit where interactions between qubits are achievable for distance up to several hundred nanometers. In this work, a linear array of flip‐flop qubits is considered and the unwanted mutual qubit interactions due to the simultaneous application of two one‐qubit and two two‐qubit gates are included in the quantum gate simulations. In particular, by studying the parallel execution of couples of one‐qubit gates, namely and , and of couples of two‐qubit gate, that is, , a safe inter‐qubit distance is found where unwanted qubit interactions are negligible thus leading to parallel gates fidelity up to 99.9%.
Tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis‐associated peripheral ulcerative keratitis: A 1‐year follow‐up case report
Authors: Huang Jia , Chen Zhen , Zhao Like , Cheng Yongjing , Gao Ming , Huang Cibo , Wang Zheng , Wang Fang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClinical caseWe report a case of rheumatoid arthritis‐associated peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) successfully treated with tocilizumab. Despite being treated with systemic corticosteroids and several disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, evern though received corneal transplantation, the patient was still going to lose her sight. Tocilizumab resulted in a good response with control of her systemic illness and preventing the progress of corneal lesions.DiscussionTocilizumab may be an additional tool for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis associated PUK that is refractory to other drugs.
Carbon Dot Therapeutic Platforms: Administration, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Truskewycz Adam , Yin Hong , Halberg Nils , Lai Daniel T. H. , Ball Andrew S. , Truong Vi Khanh , Rybicka Agata Marta , Cole Ivan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltrasmall nanoparticles are often grouped under the broad umbrella term of “nanoparticles” when reported in the literature. However, for biomedical applications, their small sizes give them intimate interactions with biological species and endow them with unique functional physiochemical properties. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging class of ultrasmall nanoparticles which have demonstrated considerable biocompatibility and have been employed as potent theragnostic platforms. These particles find application for increasing drug solubility and targeting, along with facilitating the passage of drugs across impermeable membranes (i.e., blood brain barrier). Further functionality can be triggered by various environmental conditions or external stimuli (i.e., pH, temperature, near Infrared (NIR) light, ultrasound), and their intrinsic fluorescence is valuable for diagnostic applications. The focus of this review is to shed light on the therapeutic potential of CQDs and identify how they travel through the body, reach their site of action, administer therapeutic effect, and are excreted. Investigation into their toxicity and compatibility with larger nanoparticle carriers is also examined. The future of CQDs for theragnostic applications is promising due to their multifunctional attributes and documented biocompatibility. As nanomaterial platforms become more commonplace in clinical treatments, the commercialization of CQD therapeutics is anticipated.
Review on Microscale Sensors with 3D Engineered Structures: Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Qu Menglong , Fu Xiuqing , Lin Jian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe intelligence of modern technologies relies on perceptual systems based on microscale sensors. However, because of the traditional top‐down fabrication approaches performed on planar silicon wafers, a large proportion of existing microscale sensors have 2D structures, which severely restricts their sensing capabilities. To overcome these restrictions, over the past few decades, increasing efforts have been devoted to developing new fabrication methods for microscale sensors with 3D engineered structures, from bulk chemical etching and 3D printing to molding and stress‐induced assembly. Herein, the authors systematically review these fabrication methods based on the applications of the resulting 3D sensors and discuss their advantages compared to their 2D counterparts. This is followed by a perspective on the remaining challenges and possible opportunities.
Erläuterungen zur aktuell überarbeiteten Richtlinie 805 zur Bewertung von Ingenieurbauwerken der Deutschen Bahn
Authors: Steffen Sascha , Niemann Peter , Geißler Karsten 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFür die Nachrechnung und Bewertung von Eisenbahnbrücken hat sich die seit ca. 30 Jahren angewandte Richtlinie 805 sehr gut bewährt. Im Rahmen der aktuellen, durch die DB Netz AG vorgenommenen Überarbeitung der Richtlinie wird eine gewisse Angleichung an die europäischen Normen, insbesondere bei den charakteristischen Werten, Sicherheitsfaktoren und Kombinationsbeiwerten angestrebt. Allerdings muss sehr sensibel mit den normativen Regelungen umgegangen werden, da eine Neubauvorsorge für die Bestandsbewertung nicht möglich und auch nicht notwendig ist – im Gegenteil, diese würde zu volkswirtschaftlich relevanten Fehlbewertungen von Bauwerken mit ausreichender Zuverlässigkeit führen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden zu den einzelnen Modifikationen der Richtlinie 805 hinsichtlich Festlegungen von Einwirkungen, Sicherheitselementen sowie Nachweisen im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit und der Ermüdung die wesentlichen Hintergründe erläutert.
‘Because you’re all covered up’: Islamophobia in the ELT Classroom
Authors: Yaghi Esra , Ryan Jonathon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractApplied linguists have increasingly focused on how the lives of English language teachers and learners are shaped by race and its intersections with other marginalized identities (e.g. Von Esch et al, 2020). Curiously overlooked, however, are the experiences of one particularly stigmatized group in English‐majority countries: Muslim women veiled in niqab or hijab. In a global climate wary of displays of Muslim identity, such women are particularly visible, misunderstood and disproportionately targeted. The present study explored ESL classroom‐based experiences of Islamophobia in the stories of twelve Saudi women sojourning in New Zealand. Presented here are stories related to encounters with classmates that were perceived by the women to be hostile or discriminatory. Analysis included a focus on recurring features of interactional conduct, which were interpreted as expressions of underlying discourses and ideologies. Among other findings, the women reported condescending interrogations of their lives and Muslim identities, with appeals to discourses such as that of ‘imperiled Muslim women’. Also reported were incidents of verbal aggression, whether bald or masked as ‘joking’. While arguing for tolerance, the authors urge the importance of recognizing, monitoring and addressing classroom‐based Islamophobia.
Numerical integration of loop integrals through local cancellation of threshold singularities
Authors: Kermanschah D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We propose a new approach that allows for the separate numerical calculation of the real and imaginary parts of finite loop integrals. We find that at one-loop the real part is given by the Loop-Tree Duality integral supplemented with suitable counterterms and the imaginary part is a sum of two-body phase space integrals, constituting a locally finite representation of the generalised optical theorem. These expressions are integrals in momentum space, whose integrands were specially designed to feature local cancellations of threshold singularities. Such a representation is well suited for Monte Carlo integration and avoids the drawbacks of a numerical contour deformation around remaining singularities. Our method is directly applicable to a range integrals with certain geometric properties but not yet fully generalised for arbitrary one-loop integrals. We demonstrate the computational performance with examples of one-loop integrals with various kinematic configurations, which gives promising prospects for an extension to multi-loop integrals.
α′-corrections to near extremal dyonic strings and weak gravity conjecture
Authors: Ma Liang , Pang Yi , Lü H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We construct non-extremal dyonic string solutions in 6D minimal supergravity where the leading higher derivative corrections arise from either the type IIA string theory compactified on K3 or the heterotic string theory compactified on 4-torus. The thermodynamical quantities and Euclidean actions of the strings are computed. In the near extremal regime, we calculate the force felt by a probe fundamental string in the background of the macroscopic dyonic string with leading α′ corrections. We find that in both the IIA and heterotic setups, away from extremality, the attractive force overwhelms the repulsive force. However, close to extremality, the α′ corrections can reduce the attractive force in the isoentropic process, where the charges are fixed. This feature may be used as a new constraint for supergravity models with consistent quantum gravity embedding, in cases where the extremal limit coincides with the BPS limit and the higher derivative corrections do not affect the mass-to-charge ratio. By contrast, the α′ corrections can enhance the attractive force in the isothermal or isoenergetic processes.
First saturation correction in high energy proton-nucleus collisions. Part III. Ensemble averaging
Authors: Li Ming , Skokov Vladimir V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn high energy proton-nucleus collisions, the gluon saturation effects from the nucleus are fully incorporated into the light-like Wilson lines. The gluon saturation effects from the proton, which are anticipated to be important either in the extreme high energy limit or towards the dense-dense (nucleus-nucleus) collision regimes, have been studied perturbatively within the Color Glass Condensate effective theory in previous papers of this series. A configuration-by-configuration expression for the single inclusive semi-hard gluon production including the first saturation correction was obtained. In this paper, we perform ensemble averaging in the McLerran-Venugopalan model and the Dipole Approximation. We find that, in the saturation correction, the effects of the initial state interactions are negligible while the final state interactions play most important role and give a positive-valued contribution to the semi-hard gluon spectrum. Furthermore, we show that the single gluon spectrum scales approximately 1/$$ {k}_{\perp}^4 $$k⊥4at smallk⊥, suggesting that a resummation of higher order saturation corrections is required to regulate the infrared region of the gluon spectrum.
Extremal chaos
Authors: Kundu Sandipan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In maximally chaotic quantum systems, a class of out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) saturate the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford (MSS) bound on chaos. Recently, it has been shown that the same OTOCs must also obey an infinite set of (subleading) constraints in any thermal quantum system with a large number of degrees of freedom. In this paper, we find a unique analytic extension of the maximally chaotic OTOC that saturates all the subleading chaos bounds which allow saturation. This extremally chaotic OTOC has the feature that information of the initial perturbation is recovered at very late times. Furthermore, we argue that the extremally chaotic OTOC provides a Källen-Lehmann-type representation for all OTOCs. This representation enables the identification of all analytic completions of maximal chaos as small deformations of extremal chaos in a precise way.
Holographic Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and the quantum Lyapunov spectrum
Authors: Maier Georg , Schäfer Andreas , Waeber Sebastian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In classical chaotic systems the entropy, averaged over initial phase space distributions, follows a universal behavior. While approaching thermal equilibrium it passes through a stage where it grows linearly, while the growth rate, the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy (rate), is given by the sum over all positive Lyapunov exponents. A natural question is whether a similar relation is valid for quantum systems. We argue that the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford bound on quantum Lyapunov exponents implies that the upper bound on the growth rate of the entropy, averaged over states in Hilbert space that evolve towards a thermal state with temperature T, should be given by πT times the thermal state’s von Neumann entropy. Strongly coupled, large N theories with black hole duals should saturate the bound. To test this we study a large number of isotropization processes of random, spatially homogeneous, far from equilibrium initial states in large N, $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Super Yang Mills theory at strong coupling and compute the ensemble averaged growth rate of the dual black hole’s apparent horizon area. We find both an analogous behavior as in classical chaotic systems and numerical evidence that the conjectured bound on averaged entropy growth is saturated granted that the Lyapunov exponents are degenerate and given by λi = ±2πT. This fits to the behavior of classical systems with plus/minus symmetric Lyapunov spectra, a symmetry which implies the validity of Liouville’s theorem.
Do high aspirations lead to better outcomes? Evidence from a longitudinal survey of adolescents in Peru
Authors: Graham Carol , Pozuelo Julia R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUsing a novel panel survey of relatively poor urban Peruvian adolescents, we explore the link between educational aspirations and propensity to invest in the future. Aspirations comprise hope and agency. We find remarkably high educational aspirations, even among relatively poor individuals and adolescents who were exposed to negative shocks, suggesting high levels of resilience. We also find high occupational aspirations and aspirations to migrate. High-aspiration respondents were also more likely to invest in their education and avoid risky behaviors. These are associations as we do not have enough data to establish causality, although we were able to control for within-person traits. Aspirations are stable over time and positively associated with personality traits such as self-efficacy and life satisfaction, which help explain their persistence over time. Our findings complement those of other recent studies that highlight the role of personality traits in addition to cognitive skills in long-term educational, health, and socioeconomic outcomes.
Social externalities, endogenous childcare costs, and fertility choice
Authors: Dzhumashev Ratbek , Tursunalieva Ainura 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe reconcile the steep decline in fertility rates during the demographic transition with the fertility rebound observed in recent decades in high-income countries. The micro-foundations of the optimal choice of agents in our expanded model include endogenous childcare costs and social externalities stemming from human capital, consumption, and fertility norms. Combining these factors with the quality-quantity trade-off in fertility choice explains the inverse J-shaped relationship between fertility and economic development. Moreover, the simulated average fertility rates based on the model are reasonably consistent with the observed pattern of the evolution of the cohort fertility rates in high-income countries. Sensitivity analyses show that the model fits historical cohort fertility rates only when it includes the effects of social externalities and endogenous childcare costs.
A comparison of the associations between bone health and three different intensities of accelerometer-derived habitual physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Brailey Gemma , Metcalf Brad , Lear Rebecca , Price Lisa , Cumming Sean , Stiles Victoria 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPositive associations have been identified between bone outcomes and accelerometer-derived moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) physical activity (PA) in youth; however, it remains unclear which intensity is most beneficial. This systematic review aimed to summarise accelerometer-derived methods used to estimate habitual PA in children and adolescents and determine whether the magnitude of association was consistently stronger for a particular intensity (MPA/MVPA/VPA). Observational studies assessing associations between accelerometer-derived MPA and/or MVPA and VPA with bone outcomes in children and adolescents (≤ 18 years) were identified in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Thirty articles were included (total n = 20,613 (10,077 males), 4–18 years). Chi-square tests determined whether the proportion of significant associations and strongest within-study associations differed significantly between intensities. Results demonstrated that accelerometer methods were highly variable between studies. Of the 570 associations analysed, 186 were significant (p < 0.05). The proportion of within-study strongest associations differed by PA intensity (3 × 2 χ2 = 86.6, p < 0.001) and was significantly higher for VPA (39%) compared to MVPA (5%; 2 × 2 χ2 = 55.3, p < 0.001) and MPA (9%, 2 × 2 χ2 = 49.1, p < 0.001). Results indicated a greater benefit of VPA over MPA/MVPA; however, variability in accelerometer-derived methods used prevents the precise bone-benefitting amount of VPA from being identified. Long epochs and numerous intensity cut-point definitions mean that bone-relevant PA has likely been missed or misclassified in this population. Future research should explore the use of shorter epochs (1 s) and identify bone-specific activity intensities, rather than using pre-defined activity classifications more relevant to cardiovascular health.