bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic trade‐offs and unexpected life history traits shape local adaptation in Trifolium repens
Authors: Anderson Jill T. 
Published: May 2022

Local adaptation has evolved in numerous taxa across the tree of life in response to divergent selection acting on populations that inhabit different environments (Briscoe Runquist et al., 2019; Hargreaves et al., 2019; Hereford, 2009). The genetic basis of local adaptation has intrigued researchers for decades. In their foundational reciprocal transplant study, Clausen and Hiesey (1960) evaluated the genetics of adaptation primarily using hybrid lines derived from crosses of low elevation and alpine Potentilla glandulosa (Rosaceae) ecotypes. Their work revealed that transgressive segregation can lead to a wider range of trait values than expressed by the parents, complex traits are often genetically correlated and evolve in tandem, and local adaptation is typically polygenic, that is, controlled by many loci of small effect (Clausen & Hiesey, 1960). Within the past 15 years, a burgeoning literature has investigated whether local adaptation evolves through genetic trade‐offs, such that local alleles at a QTL (quantitative trait locus) or candidate gene have a fitness advantage in their home environment, but suffer a fitness cost when transplanted into a contrasting habitat type (Mitchell‐Olds et al., 2007). Alternatively, local adaptation could arise through conditional neutrality, in which an allele native to one habitat type has elevated fitness in its home site relative to foreign alleles, but is not at a fitness disadvantage elsewhere. Conditional neutrality could maintain local adaptation if gene flow is spatially restricted (Hall et al., 2010). In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Wright et al. (2022) examined the genetic basis of local adaptation in white clover (Trifolium repens), discovering strong signatures of local adaptation, and revealing that both genetic trade‐offs and conditional neutrality contribute to local adaptation. The most surprising and intriguing result to emerge from this study was that variation in a key antiherbivore defence did not appear to influence contemporary patterns of local adaptation. Rather, divergence in life history strategies was crucial, with early reproduction favoured in the southern garden and delayed reproduction and longer lifespans emerging in the north. These findings highlight the challenges of identifying the multivariate targets of divergent selection in locally‐adapted systems, and reveal that not all traits that vary across populations contribute to adaptive differentiation. As studies continue to investigate local adaptation, experiments that manipulate environmental conditions and quantify the magnitude and direction of selection on traits will shed light on the processes that drive local adaptation.
Monstrosity in P. B. Shelley'sThe Triumph of Lifethrough Akkerman’sCitadel‐to‐Gardentrajectory
Authors: Datli Beigi Roohollah , Abbasi Pyeaam , Jannessari Ladani Zahra 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThrough its impossible and grotesque form, the monstrous expresses an original sense of the Dionysian philosophical critique of rationality. Challenging the epistemological authority of form, structure, and identity, the monster guides the mind toward a new understanding about the nature of things. Presenting Rousseau and the rider of the chariot of life as a deformed monster, Shelley'sThe Triumph of Lifechallenges the poet's previous identity as an alienated self and paves the way for a new understanding and a restoration of his communal self that provides the basis for the New Jerusalem as the opposite of the Tower of Babel, that is, the biblical prototype of the Citadel. Using the concept of monster and applying Abraham Akkerman's myths of the Garden and the Citadel, this article will attempt to explore the modality of the transition from the Tower of Babel (the Citadel) to the New Jerusalem (the Garden) in Shelley'sThe Triumph.
Treatment zone decentration promotes retinal reshaping in Chinese myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses
Authors: Li Xue , Huang Yingying , Zhang Jiali , Ding Chenglu , Chen Yunyun , Chen Hao , Bao Jinhua 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether the treatment zone (TZ) decentration in orthokeratology (OK) lenses affects retinal expansion in Chinese children with myopia.MethodsChildren aged 8 to 13 years (n = 30) were assessed over 13 months comprising 12 months of OK lens wear followed by discontinuation of lens wear for 1 month. Corneal topography was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 13 months. TZ decentration of the OK lens was calculated, and subjects were subdivided into a small decentration group (group S) and a large decentration group (group L) based on the median value of the weighted average decentration (dave). Central axial length (AL) and peripheral eye lengths (PELs) at the central retina, as well as 10°, 20° and 30° nasally and temporally were measured at 0 and 13 months under cycloplegia. Second‐order polynomial (y = ax2 + bx + c) and linear fits (y = Kx + B) were applied to the peripheral relative eye length (PREL), and the coefficients ‘a’ and ‘K’ were used to describe the shape of the eye.ResultsMean AL growth for one year was 0.28 ± 0.17 mm. In a multiple linear regression model, AL elongation was related to the baseline age (β = −0.41, p = 0.01) and the dave (β = −0.37, p = 0.03) (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.002). When compared with smaller dave (0.45 ± 0.15 mm), a larger dave (0.89 ± 0.17 mm) was associated with slower ocular growth (central: 0.20 ± 0.13 mm vs. 0.35 ± 0.17 mm, p = 0.009; 10° nasal: 0.26 ± 0.18 mm vs. 0.45 ± 0.21 mm, p = 0.02; 10° temporal: 0.17 ± 0.14 mm vs. 0.32 ± 0.19 mm, p = 0.02) and more oblate retina shape (‘a’: −0.13 ± 0.02 vs. −0.14 ± 0.02, p = 0.02; Knasal: 0.35 ± 0.11 vs. 0.39 ± 0.09, p = 0.02; Ktemporal: −0.42 ± 0.08 vs. −0.46 ± 0.08, p = 0.004).ConclusionsGreater TZ decentration with the use of OK lenses was associated with slower axial growth and a more oblate retinal shape. TZ decentration caused local defocusing changes, which may inhibit myopic progression. These findings may have important implications for improving optical designs for myopia control.
Prediction of visual field defects from macular optical coherence tomography in glaucoma using cluster analysis
Authors: Tong Janelle , Alonso‐Caneiro David , Kalloniatis Michael , Zangerl Barbara 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeTo assess the accuracy of cluster analysis‐based models in predicting visual field (VF) defects from macular ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements in glaucomatous and healthy cohorts.MethodsGCIPL measurements were extracted from posterior pole optical coherence tomography (OCT), from locations corresponding to central VF test grids. Models incorporating cluster analysis methods and corrections for age and fovea to optic disc tilt were developed from 493 healthy participants, and 5th and 1st percentile limits of GCIPL thickness were derived. These limits were compared with pointwise 5th and 1st percentile limits by calculating sensitivities and specificities in an additional 40 normal and 37 glaucomatous participants, as well as applying receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to assess the accuracy of predicting VF results from co‐localised GCIPL measurements.ResultsClustered models demonstrated globally low sensitivity, but high specificity in the glaucoma cohort (0.28–0.53 and 0.77–0.91, respectively), and high specificity in the healthy cohort (0.91–0.98). Clustered models showed similar sensitivities and superior specificities compared with pointwise methods (0.41–0.65 and 0.71–0.98, respectively). There were significant differences in accuracy between clusters, with relatively poor accuracy at peripheral macular locations (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons).ConclusionsCluster analysis‐based models incorporating age correction and holistic consideration of fovea to optic disc tilt demonstrated superior performance in predicting VF results to pointwise methods in both glaucomatous and healthy eyes. However, relatively low sensitivity and poorer performance at the peripheral macula indicate that OCT in isolation may be insufficient to predict visual function across the macula accurately. With modifications to criteria for abnormality, the concepts suggested by the described normative models may guide prioritisation of VF assessment requirements, with the potential to limit excessive VF testing.
Gaze tracker parameters have little association with visual field metrics of intrasession frontloaded SITA‐Faster 24–2 visual field results
Authors: Phu Jack , Kalloniatis Michael 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeTo determine the usefulness of Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) SITA‐Faster 24–2 gaze tracker outputs on interpreting intra‐visit visual field (VF) result pairs.MethodsAnalysis of 1380 right–left eye pairs and 1432 pairs of test 1‐test 2 intrasession VF results of patients seen within a university‐based glaucoma service was undertaken to understand gaze deviation distributions. Output gaze tracker results were aggregated into total ticks, sum of amplitudes and average amplitudes. Correlations between visual field indices (mean deviation [MD], “events” and overall hill of vision) and independent variables (age and test order) were performed using one eye from each subject.ResultsThere was no association of test order (right–left, test 1‐test 2) with eye movements. There was a significant, but weak correlation between eye movements and age (r = 0.16). Correlations of eye movements with MD were driven by more severe MD values. There were no significant correlations between intrasession difference in eye movements and the change in MD, number of “events” and hill of vision, or in the root mean square of sensitivity and total deviation values. There was also no significant correlation between gaze tracker outputs and another commonly used “reliability” metric, false positive rate.ConclusionsEye movement parameters as currently reported by the HFA do not appear to be correlated with key sensitivity parameters when considering the repeatability of intrasession SITA‐Faster 24–2 VF results. Thus, current gaze tracker outputs do not appear to provide clinically meaningful information for interpretation of intra‐visit visual field results that cannot already be garnered using other strategies.
Learning retinoscopy: A journey through problem space
Authors: Hollis Jarrod , Allen Peter M , Heywood Jamie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeRetinoscopy is a skill that requires the integration of procedural skill and declarative knowledge. Whilst the actual technique is simple, retinoscopy is a complex skill to acquire and is one that students often find challenging. This study compared the strategies that novices, third‐year students and experts use when performing retinoscopy, with the aim of identifying the key stages of learning that may enlighten teaching practice.MethodThis study employed a protocol‐based approach in which the verbal protocols and cognitive strategies of novices, students and experts were recorded and then subjected to ‘problem space’ analysis.ResultsClear differences existed when the retinoscopy of novices, students and experts was directly compared using a standardised simulated task. Experts were more accurate in performance and used defined strategies to reach the goal. The presence of these strategies significantly predicted the accuracy of the retinoscopy result.ConclusionThis study highlights the importance of meta‐cognitive strategies and the need for an adequate theoretical foundation in skill acquisition. The underpinning knowledge provides a pedagogic tool that specifies activities which are beneficial to learning a clinical skill.
Uncommon output‐dependent paced QRS morphology transition during left bundle branch pacing
Authors: Iida Yoji , Makishima Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe report a patient who underwent left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) because of intermittent complete heart block. During unipolar pacing at a deep septal site, a transition in QRS morphology from nonselective to selective pacing (presence of a discrete component on the intracardiac electrogram) was observed, but this was accompanied by concomitant prolongation of the stimulus‐to‐left ventricular activation time (Stim‐LVAT) from 96 to 116 ms. However, with several additional turns of the lead, a transition from nonselective to selective LBBP with a short and constant Stim‐LVAT of 78 ms was achieved. Our case suggests that a paced QRS morphology transition from nonselective to selective pacing does not always indicate LBBP. Assessment of high‐output pacing is mandatory to achieve LBBP.
Using Kotter's 8 steps of change to tackle over‐fasting of children attending day surgery
Authors: Ong Su Ying , Walker Alyson 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOver‐fasting before surgery can lead to dehydration, irritability, lethargy, nausea, hypoglycemia, tricky intravenous cannulation, and decreased patient satisfaction (Newton et al., Pediatr Anesth, 2017, 27, 793). We used “Kotter's 8 steps for change” as an approach to tackling the problem of over‐fasting in our day surgery unit (Kotter, Leading Change, Harvard Business School Press, 1996). Using a video of a patient's experience with overfasting, we created a sense of urgency and need for change (Step1: create urgency). We formed a multi‐disciplinary fasting improvement team (FIT) (Step2: form a powerful coalition) and conducted a retrospective data analysis to establish a baseline. We then studied the system thoroughly using Ishikawa charts, process mapping, bench‐marking, user surveys, and Pareto charts. Using these findings, we created a vision for our change (Step3: create a vision for change). Within 6 months, we aimed for 90% of patients to have a fluid fasting time of <2 h and for 90% of afternoon patients to have had breakfast. We communicated this vision to all staff involved in the day surgery (Step4: communicate the vision). Following this, we empowered them (Step5: empower action) by asking for their opinions for changes and let them take over various tasks without micromanagement. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Psychology of Change Framework described a focus on the human side of change, to increase the likelihood that improvement efforts will succeed by activating people's agency (Hilton & Anderson. IHI Psychology of Change Framework to Advance and Sustain Improvement, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2018). Our change ideas were divided into “short‐term wins,” “intermediate term goals,” and “longer term goals.” We focussed on creating short‐term wins (Step6: create quick wins) and celebrated successes along the way to create initial momentum. We did this in parallel with working on longer term changes. We continued to work on cementing these new ideas (Step7: build on the changes), so that transformation in the day surgery would persist before using the same system to spread the change to the rest of the hospital (Step8: making it stick).
TAZ Reduces UVA‐mediated Photoaging through Regulates Cell Proliferation in Skin Fibroblasts
Authors: Wang Mei , Guo Yingying , Wan Meiyin , Chen Zheng , Zhong Julia Li 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) is a significant transcription factor downstream of the Hippo pathway regulating organ size, tissue regeneration, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we report on TAZ in response to photoaging mediated by repeated UVA irradiation in skin fibroblasts. Continuous UVA irradiation caused a decrease in TAZ and targeted CTGF mRNA and protein expression in fibroblasts, accompanied by reduced cell proliferation, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and S phase reduction. Furthermore, P16 and P21 expression levels were increased, whereas Lamin B1 and Lamin A/C expression were decreased as a result of repeated UVA exposure. We further demonstrated that TAZ reduction enables photoaging caused by continuously UVA‐irradiated fibroblasts. TAZ overexpression decreases G1 phase, augments the S phase and reduces P16 and P21 protein expression levels in fibroblasts. However, TAZ overexpressing cells exposed to chronic‐UVA radiation show induced G1 phase arrest, an S phase reduction, and elevated P16 and P21 protein levels in fibroblasts, compared with TAZ overexpression cells. These findings suggest a novel function of TAZ to reduce photoaging in fibroblasts. This regulation implies that TAZ might be a viable therapeutic target for photoaging or UVA‐related skin disorders.
The risk of algorithm transparency: How algorithm complexity drives the effects on the use of advice
Authors: Lehmann Cedric A. , Haubitz Christiane B. , Fügener Andreas , Thonemann Ulrich W. 
Published: May 2022

Although algorithmic decision support is omnipresent in many managerial tasks, a lack of algorithm transparency is often stated as a barrier to successful human–machine collaboration. In this paper, we analyze the effects of algorithm transparency on the use of advice from algorithms with different degrees of complexity. We conduct a set of laboratory experiments in which participants receive identical advice from algorithms with different levels of transparency and complexity. Our results indicate that not the algorithm itself, but the individually perceived appropriateness of algorithmic complexity moderates the effects of transparency on the use of advice. We summarize this effect as a plateau curve: While perceiving an algorithm as too simple severely harms the use of its advice, the perception of an algorithm as being too complex has no significant effect. Our insights suggest that managers do not have to be concerned about revealing algorithms that are perceived to be appropriately complex or too complex to decision‐makers, even if the decision‐makers do not fully comprehend them. However, providing transparency on algorithms that are perceived to be simpler than appropriate could disappoint people's expectations and thereby reduce the use of their advice.
Transcriptional cascades in the regulation of 2‐AP biosynthesis under Zn supply in fragrant rice
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Liu Yanhua , Shafiq Sarfraz , Abbas Farhat , Ilahi Sara , Rehman Naveed , Ahmar Sunny , Fiaz Sajid , Baran Nurettin , Pan Shenggang , Mo Zhaowen , Tang Xiangru 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTranscription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression to control certain genetic programs, such as growth and development, phytohormone regulation, and environmental stresses. 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP) is the key element involved in aroma biosynthesis pathway, and the application of micronutrients can increase the 2‐AP levels. However, little is known about the micronutrient‐induced TFs involved in 2‐AP biosynthesis. Here, we identify a number of TF families in two fragrant rice varieties, “Meixiangzhan‐2” (M) and “Xiangyaxiangzhan” (X), in response to Zinc (Zn) application through transcriptomic analysis. A total of ~678 TFs were identified and grouped into 26 TF families, each of which was found to be involved in numerous signaling pathways. The WRKY TF family was found to be the most abundant, followed by bHLH and MYB. Furthermore, members of the WRKY, bHLH, MYB, ERF, HSF, MADS‐box, NFY, and AP2 TF families were significantly upregulated and may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of aroma biosynthesis. In brief, this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of 2‐AP biosynthesis and highlights the key TFs potentially involved in the production of aroma in fragrant rice.
Examining the impact of multilevel upper airway surgery on the obstructive sleep apnoea endotypes and their utility in predicting surgical outcomes
Authors: Wong Ai‐Ming , Landry Shane A. , Joosten Simon A. , Thomson Luke D. J. , Turton Anthony , Stonehouse Jeremy , Mansfield Darren R. , Burgess Glen , Hays Andrew , Sands Scott A. , Andara Christopher , Beatty Caroline J. , Hamilton Garun S. , Edwards Bradley A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and objectiveUpper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is an alternative treatment for patients who are intolerant of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, upper airway surgery has variable treatment efficacy with no reliable predictors of response. While we now know that there are several endotypes contributing to OSA (i.e., upper airway collapsibility, airway muscle response/compensation, respiratory arousal threshold and loop gain), no study to date has examined: (i) how upper airway surgery affects all four OSA endotypes, (ii) whether knowledge of baseline OSA endotypes predicts response to surgery and (iii) whether there are any differences when OSA endotypes are measured using the CPAP dial‐down or clinical polysomnographic (PSG) methods.MethodsWe prospectively studied 23 OSA patients before and ≥3 months after multilevel upper airway surgery. Participants underwent clinical and research PSG to measure OSA severity (apnoea–hypopnoea index [AHI]) and endotypes (measured in supine non‐rapid eye movement [NREM]). Values are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).ResultsSurgery reduced the AHITotal (38.7 [23.4 to 79.2] vs. 22.0 [13.3 to 53.5] events/h; p = 0.009). There were no significant changes in OSA endotypes, however, large but variable improvements in collapsibility were observed (CPAP dial‐down method: ∆1.9 ± 4.9 L/min, p = 0.09, n = 21; PSG method: ∆3.4 [−2.8 to 49.0]%Veupnoea, p = 0.06, n = 20). Improvement in collapsibility strongly correlated with improvement in AHI (%∆AHISupineNREM vs. ∆collapsibility: p < 0.005; R2 = 0.46–0.48). None of the baseline OSA endotypes predicted response to surgery.ConclusionSurgery unpredictably alters upper airway collapsibility but does not alter the non‐anatomical endotypes. There are no baseline predictors of response to surgery.
Rigorous justification of the Whitham modulation equations for equations of Whitham type
Authors: Clarke William A. , Marangell Robert , Perkins Wesley R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe prove that the modulational instability criterion of the formal Whitham modulation theory agrees with the spectral stability of long‐wavelength perturbations of periodic traveling wave solutions to the generalized Whitham equation. We use the standard WKB procedure to derive a quasilinear system of three Whitham modulation equations, written in terms of the mass, momentum, and wave number of a periodic traveling wave solution. We use the same quantities as parameters in a rigorous spectral perturbation of the linearized operator, which allows us to track the bifurcation of the zero eigenvalue as the Floquet parameter varies. We show that the hyperbolicity of the Whitham system is a necessary condition for the existence of purely imaginary eigenvalues in the linearized system, and hence also a prerequisite for modulational stability of the underlying wave. Since the generalized Whitham equation has a Hamiltonian structure, we conclude that strict hyperbolicity is a sufficient condition for modulational stability.