bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control on Watermelon, 1988
Authors: Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of several insecticides was investigated in 2 tests with small plots of watermelons grown on a sandy loam soil near Hinton, Okla. Plots in each test were 30 ft long by 6 ft wide, and each treatment was replicated 3 times. A single insecticide application was made on 1 Sep 1988 using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer delivered 28 gal/acre at 60 psi through 2 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles. Rigo crop oil concentrate was added to the RH-7988 treatments at the rate of 1 qt/acre to improve leaf penetration. Efficacy was assessed by counting aphids (alate and apterous) on 15 leaves randomly selected from each plot. Counts were made on 5 Sep (4 DAT), 8 Sep (7 DAT), and 15 Sep (14 DAT). Henderson's formula was used to calculate percentage of control for each treatment.
Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Delicious,’ both spur types. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 35 ft. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 5.6 gal of spray was applied to each replicate tree (350 gal/acre) except where noted. Spray dates were as follows: 22 Jun, 29 Jun (UBIA-1335 and Omite treatments only), 7 Jul (all treatments but EL-193136 at 0.168 lb [AI]/100 gal, UBIA-1335, and Omite treatments), 18 Jul (Vendex 4 L, Omite 6 E, and Omite 30 W treatments only). General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Polyram, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin), and calcium chloride were made at 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials against mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), and 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Control of Early-Season Pests, 1988
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a field of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa at the Southcentral Research Station in Chickasha, Okla. Efficacy of several foliar insecticides was determined for AW larvae, PA, and BAA. Pretreatment counts made 21 Mar indicated an infestation level for AW in excess of the economic threshold (1.5 larvae/stem). PA numbered less than 1/stem, and there were approximately 20 BAA/stem. Insecticides were applied 21 Mar with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were 4.0 by 7.0 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. AW population densities were estimated from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on each posttreatment sampling date. Larvae were extracted from foliage with Berlese funnels prior to counting. Efficacy data for control of each aphid species were determined by clipping 10 stems/plot and washing the aphids into jars of alcohol for counting and identification. Yield was determined by harvesting a 1.0- by 5.0-m area from each plot using a Carter harvester.
Control on Alfalfa, 1986
Authors: Flessel John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 1-yr-old stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used in this study. Treatments were applied 10 May using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 20 psi, using 80015 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 25 by 80 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 18 inches tall at treatment and 28 inches tall at the completion of the study. The weather was warmer than usual, and it rained 10 d, 7 d in succession commencing 3 DAT, for a total of 1.41 inches during the study. Carbofuran 4 F at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was the standard.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Lee James W. , Quisenberry Sharron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa at the Dean Lee Research Station near Alexandria, La. Plots of 15 by 40 ft were arranged in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied 11 Mar with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 18.6 gal/acre at 30 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7-ft boom. The alfalfa height was 20 cm when treated. Winds at treatment were less than 5 mph, air temperature was 71°F, and water temperature was 65°F. Pretreatment and 3, 7, and 14 DAT counts were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Kinney Karl , Dazey Doyle , Troxclair Noel , Krapf Kyle 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lorsban and Penncap (1 rate each) and an insect growth regulator (IGR), UBI-A1335 (3 rates) were evaluated in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa near Highland, Madison County, 111. Plots were 20 by 30 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied on 29 Apr when AW population counts averaged 9.6 first and second instars/sweep and 4.0 third and fourth instars/sweep. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-mounted 10-ft boom equipped with flat-fan nozzles (XR 8004) at the rate of 21 gal/acre at 40 psi. Insect samples were collected 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, and 19 DAT with a 15-inch-diam in 10-20 pendulum sweeps from each plot. Thirty-five stems were randomly removed from each plot at 7, 14, and 19 DAT and the morphological stage of development for larvae on individual stems was determined. Crop height was measured from 10 randomly selected plants at 7, 14, and 19 DAT and at 13 d after harvest. A 3- by 30-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 18 May. Subsamples were used for measurements of forage yield and quality (leaf-stem ratio and percentage crude protein).
Alfalfa Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots (12 by 12 m) were established in a field of ‘Olds-88’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 Aug from a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles delivering 188 liters finished spray/ha at 35 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot with a standard 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Control in Dryland Barley, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Clark’ Barley was planted 1 May in a summer fallow 300- by 2600-ft strip of clay loam soil with a 10-inch Hoe drill operating at a seeding rate of 60 lb/acre. Di-Syston 15 G (6.7 lb [AI]/acre) was applied at planting to the entire strip, except for 2 untreated plots (100 by 25 ft), which served as the control. Total BWM/linear ft of plants were counted in 2 treated areas and in 10 locations randomly chosen in each untreated plot.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated at 3 sites in southwestern Virginia (Giles, Wythe, and Montgomery Counties) for control of larvae of NCR and WCR. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows of wide and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied at planting in all but 2 instances in a 6-inch wide band directly over the rows, with a hand-pushed granular spreader. In one treatment each in Wythe and Montgomery, insecticides were applied directly into the furrow with a plastic hose connected to the spreader. In all cases, one application of insecticide was made to each row. The plants in the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot counted about a month after planting. In mid-summer, damage by larvae to corn roots was estimated on a 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, complete destruction of the root wad). Root wads of 10 plants/plot were prepared for inspection by the following method. One person stood at either end of each of the 2 center rows, walked about 10 ft toward the center, and unearthed the root wad of every fourth corn plant encountered until each had 5 root wads. The roots were then thoroughly washed with hot water from a pressurized sprayer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting all the stalks from the center 30 ft of the center 2 rows of each plot and weighing these stalks using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA. In the Giles test, ‘789 DeKalb’ field corn was planted 15 May no-till, in 36-inch-wide rows; insecticides were applied the same day. Plants were counted 10 Jun, roots were rated 1 Jul, and yields were determined 15 Sep. In Wythe, ‘Southern States 950’ field corn was planted 18 May, conventional till, in 36-inch-wide rows; and insecticides were applied the same day. Plants were counted 12 Jun, roots were rated 18-22 Sep, and yields were determined 18 Sep. In Montgomery, SeedTec Hybrid field corn ‘ST7750’ was planted 30 May, no-till, in 30-inch-wide rows; insecticides were applied 1 Jun. Plants were counted 7 Jul, roots were rated 24-25 Aug, and yields were determined 8-9 Oct.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae was evaluated in small plot trials at Rosemount, Minn. Each plot consisted of a single row, 15.2 m long. This study was initiated in a continuous corn field (since 1985) with Waukegan silt loam soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides calibrated in the laboratory were applied at planting on 16 and 17 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Stand counts/5.3 m of row and height of 5 plants/plot were measured 20 Jun to test for phytotoxicity. Five roots were dug from each plot 27 Jul. Roots were washed and rated for root injury using the Iowa 1-6 rating system (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Severe drought during the growing season reduced pollination because of delayed silking, and the corn was not harvested for yield.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Rarnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. , Peters L. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time (Test 1) and first-cultivation (Test 2) soil insecticide trials were conducted at Mead, Nebr., and in Clay County, Nebr. The Mead plots were in trap crop (no insecticide) during 1987 and had been used periodically for multiclass soil insecticide trials for at least 10 yr. The Clay County plots were in trap crop during 1987, were used for multiclass soil insecticide trials in 1981-1982 and 1985, and were insecticide free in 1983-1984 and 1986-1987. The soil at each site was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 (Mead) or 40 ft (Clay) long and 30 inches apart. Equipment for Test 1 consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply soil insecticides in Test 2. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by the cultivator. The Mead and Clay trials were planted 6 May and 21 Apr, respectively. Test 1 treatments were applied 2 Jun (Mead) and 3 Jun (Clay). Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied except for Test 2 at Clay; insecticides were placed into a fairly dry seed bed. Initial egg hatch was detected 1 Jun at Mead. Stand counts were taken on 16 May (Clay) and 27 May (Mead). Feeding damage was evaluated 7-11 Jul at Mead and 13 Jul at Clay by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage according to the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Rorer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular insecticides are commonly regarded as better than liquid insecticides for control of first-generation ECB larvae. The purpose of this small-plot trial was to evaluate the efficacy of liquid insecticides and to compare granular and liquid formulations of selected insecticides. Plots of 2 40-ft-long rows (30-inch row spacing) were located in a commercial production field near Red Wing, Minn., planted on 2 May. Insecticide treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid insecticides were applied in 17 gal water/acre with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer through 8002 nozzles operating at 40 psi. Granular formulations of selected insecticides were applied with a one-row, electrically driven Gandy applicator manually pushed through the plots. The treatments were applied on 23 Jun when temperatures ranged from 75 to 82°F and there little to no wind (&lt;2 mph). Efficacy was evaluated on 5 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the number of tunnels.
Compatibility of a Biological Fungicide with Selected In-Furrow Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Temik 15 G, Nemacur 15 G, Di-Syston 15 G, and Orthene 75 S were evaluated with and without Dagger G for effects on plant stand and height as well as for seedling insect pest control. Terraclor Super X (TSX) was used as a fungicide standard and Temik 15 G + TSX served as the standard in-furrow insecticide treatment. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,000 plants/acre on 5 May on a Commerce silt loam soil fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. The crop for the previous 2 yr was corn. Granular test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 30 May. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 30 May and 16 Jun. Plant population data reported are means for these dates. Plant height data are reported as means of 3 observations made 30 May, 15 Jun, and 30 Jun. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester 23 Sep.
Boll Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation of insecticides for BW control on cotton was conducted at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Ala. Cotton was planted 4 May in 40-inch rows. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows by 100 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 7.6 gal spray/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications of test materials were made 25 and 29 Jul and 3, 8, 18, 22, and 30 Aug. Bolstar was applied to all plots at 1 lb (AI)/acre on 3 Aug to control Heliothis spp. populations, and Monitor was applied to all plots at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre on 4 Aug to control aphids. BW feeding and oviposition damage were determined by examining 25 squares randomly selected from plants in the middle 3 rows in each plot at 2-5 DAT.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the effects of 6 treatments on survival of tobacco budworm eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. The eggs were obtained from pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colonies maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Plots were oversprayed with malathion 26 Jul to remove parasites and predators that could confound ovicide test results. Before the 27 Jul application, fresh eggs (24 h old) were manually placed on the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Resistant eggs were placed on leaves separate from susceptible eggs. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field. Treatments were applied to plants within 30 min of egg placement. At 1 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae.
Heliothis Spp. Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 4 rows wide and 40 ft long. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer with 110° LF3 fan tips every 19 inches. The sprayer applied 15 gal/acre at 4 mph. Bidrin at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre was applied 2 and 21 May and 19 and 26 Jun for control of thrips and cotton fleahoppers. Predators were reduced by applying 0.2 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin on 29 Jun, 9 Jul, and 22 Jul. The percentage of damaged squares was determined by examining 50 squares from the center 2 rows on 14, 21, and 28 Jul. Boll damage was measured by counting 50 bolls/plot on 30 Jul, 4, and 10 Aug. Seed cotton yields were determined by stripping the center 2 rows with a IH stripper on 14 Sep.
Boll Weevil Mortality Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Price J. R. , Slosser J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 1 Jun at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Munday. Insecticide treatments were applied 14 Jul with a John Deere HiCycle 6000 traveling at 5.2 km/h. Drops were used providing 3 nozzles/row, delivering a volume of 93.5 liters/ha at 275 kilopascals. Treatments were applied between 2:15 and 3:30 P.M. when the temperature was 30°C, 52% RH, and a south wind 6.5-12.9 km/h. Water was about pH 7 and was reduced to pH 5 by adding 7.8 ml Spray Aide/liter. After treatment, 10 terminal leaves (5.0-6.5 cm diam) were picked from treated and untreated plots. These leaves were placed individually in Petri dishes containing moistened filter paper and taken to the laboratory at Vernon, Tex. Leaf samples were maintained at room (26.7°C) at a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates of 10 boll weevils/each, using laboratory-reared boll weevils 5-30 d old. At 3 h after treatment, boll weevils were placed in the Petri dishes containing the leaves, and dead boll weevils were counted 24 and 48 h later. At 48 h, another complete set of leaves was collected from each plot as before, and after 24 and 48 h dead boll weevils were counted.
Boll Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Stringer S. J. , Tugwell N. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The evaluation was conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark. Cotton was planted 12 May in 38-inch rows. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots of 4 rows by 50 ft were placed end-to-end, separated by 2.5-ft alleys and 2 fallow rows. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 10.5 gal/acre (3.0 mph, 30 psi, 3 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Two foliar applications of Baythroid and Scout X-TRA were made at 7-d intervals, 1 and 8 Aug; 4 applications of Scout X-TRA and Guthion were made at 3-4-d intervals, 1, 4, 8, and 11 Aug. Boll weevil feeding and egg-punctured squares were estimated by examining 100 randomly collected squares/plot on each sampling date.
Control of Jojoba Looper, 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five treatments were replicated 4 times for control of last-instar jojoba loopers in a 5-yr-old jojoba plantation near Tacna, Ariz. Each plot consisted of 20 ft of row in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Both sides of the plot row were treated on 27 May. Counts were taken at 1 and 3 DAT by spraying a directed mist into the canopy and counting the agitated loopers as they moved violently about or hung from the foliage on a silken strand.
Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: McCaffrey Joseph P. , Rice Marlin E. , Harmon Bradley L. , Schoteko Dennis J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty plots measuring 20 by 20 ft with 6-ft alleys were established in a winter rapeseed field 10 May at Big Bear Ridge, Idaho, 10 miles south of Deary. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, insecticide applications were made 13 Jun with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 54 gal/acre at 32 psi. At the time of treatment, the crop was 6 ft tall and in the late-flowering stage (5% blooms remaining), wind conditions were calm, and the ambient temperature was above 70°F. Plots were sampled 20 Jul by collecting 4 plants/plot. Plants were individually bagged and taken to the laboratory for examination. Two pods each from raceme number (beginning from the lowest on the plant) 1, 3, 5, and 7 were examined for CSW larval exit holes and CSW-damaged seeds.
Control of Corn Earworm, 1988
Authors: Steward V. B. , Yearian W. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An infestation of corn earworm larvae was observed on grain sorghum (premilk) planted 20 Apr in Foreman, Ark. Insecticide treatments were applied to plots of 100 ft by 3 rows. An untreated buffer row was left between plots. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied using a backpack sprayer delivering 13.6 gal/acre at 30 psi through a single Teejet TX10 nozzle. Sprays were applied 10-12 inches above the sorghum panicles on 30 Jul between 7:00 P.M. and 8:00 P.M. Five panicles/plot were randomly tagged before treatment. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated 31 Jul (24 h after application) by sampling the tagged panicles from each treatment in each replication. The panicles were shaken in a white plastic bucket and live corn earworms were counted. Data were analyzed by conventional ANOVA and multiple comparison procedures.