bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dilatation of the bridging cerebral cortical veins in childhood hydrocephalus suggests a malfunction of venous impedance pumping
Authors: Bateman Grant A. , Bateman Alexander R. , Subramanian Gopinath M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDogs with a naturally occurring form of hydrocephalus have an elevated transmural venous pressure leading to cortical vein dilatation. The purpose of this study is to discover if there is vein dilatation in childhood hydrocephalus and to estimate the pressure required to maintain any enlargement found. Children with hydrocephalus between the ages of 4 and 15 years were compared with a control group. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and flow quantification were performed. The arterial inflow, sagittal sinus and straight sinus venous outflow were measured and the outflow percentages compared to the inflow were calculated. The cross-sectional area of the veins were measured. There were a total of 18 children with hydrocephalus, compared to 72 age and sex matched control MRV’s and 22 control flow quantification studies. In hydrocephalus, the sagittal sinus venous return was reduced by 12.9%, but the straight sinus flow was not significantly different. The superficial territory veins were 22% larger than the controls but the vein of Galen was unchanged. There is evidence of a significant increase in the superficial vein transmural pressure in childhood hydrocephalus estimated to be approximately 4 mmHg. An impedance pump model is suggested to explain these findings.
Silhouette images enable estimation of body fat distribution and associated cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Klarqvist Marcus D. R. , Agrawal Saaket , Diamant Nathaniel , Ellinor Patrick T. , Philippakis Anthony , Ng Kenney , Batra Puneet , Khera Amit V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInter-individual variation in fat distribution is increasingly recognized as clinically important but is not routinely assessed in clinical practice, in part because medical imaging has not been practical to deploy at scale for this task. Here, we report a deep learning model trained on an individual’s body shape outline—or “silhouette” —that enables accurate estimation of specific fat depots of interest, including visceral (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous (ASAT), and gluteofemoral (GFAT) adipose tissue volumes, and VAT/ASAT ratio. Two-dimensional coronal and sagittal silhouettes are constructed from whole-body magnetic resonance images in 40,032 participants of the UK Biobank and used as inputs for a convolutional neural network to predict each of these quantities. Mean age of the study participants is 65 years and 51% are female. A cross-validated deep learning model trained on silhouettes enables accurate estimation of VAT, ASAT, and GFAT volumes (R2: 0.88, 0.93, and 0.93, respectively), outperforming a comparator model combining anthropometric and bioimpedance measures (ΔR2 = 0.05–0.13). Next, we study VAT/ASAT ratio, a nearly body-mass index (BMI)—and waist circumference-independent marker of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. While the comparator model poorly predicts VAT/ASAT ratio (R2: 0.17–0.26), a silhouette-based model enables significant improvement (R2: 0.50–0.55). Increased silhouette-predicted VAT/ASAT ratio is associated with increased risk of prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease independent of BMI and waist circumference. These results demonstrate that body silhouette images can estimate important measures of fat distribution, laying the scientific foundation for scalable population-based assessment.
DNA sequence-selective G-A cross-linking ADC payloads for use in solid tumour therapies
Authors: Procopiou George , Jackson Paul J. M. , di Mascio Daniella , Auer Jennifer L. , Pepper Chris , Rahman Khondaker Miraz , Fox Keith R. , Thurston David E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAntibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are growing in importance for the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies. There is a demand for new payloads with novel mechanisms of action that may offer enhanced therapeutic efficacy, especially in patients who develop resistance. We report here a class of Cyclopropabenzindole-Pyridinobenzodiazepine (CBI-PDD) DNA cross-linking payloads that simultaneously alkylate guanine (G) and adenine (A) bases in the DNA minor groove with a defined sequence selectivity. The lead payload, FGX8-46 (6), produces sequence-selective G-A cross-links and affords cytotoxicity in the low picomolar region across a panel of 11 human tumour cell lines. When conjugated to the antibody cetuximab at an average Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2, an ADC is produced with significant antitumour activity at 1 mg/kg in a target-relevant human tumour xenograft mouse model with an unexpectedly high tolerability (i.e., no weight loss observed at doses as high as 45 mg/kg i.v., single dose).
Gene networks under circadian control exhibit diurnal organization in primate organs
Authors: Li Jie , Nie Pengxing , Turck Christoph W. , Wang Guang-Zhong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMammalian organs are individually controlled by autonomous circadian clocks. At the molecular level, this process is defined by the cyclical co-expression of both core transcription factors and their downstream targets across time. While interactions between these molecular clocks are necessary for proper homeostasis, these features remain undefined. Here, we utilize integrative analysis of a baboon diurnal transcriptome atlas to characterize the properties of gene networks under circadian control. We found that 53.4% (8120) of baboon genes are oscillating body-wide. Additionally, two basic network modes were observed at the systems level: daytime and nighttime mode. Daytime networks were enriched for genes involved in metabolism, while nighttime networks were enriched for genes associated with growth and cellular signaling. A substantial number of diseases only form significant disease modules at either daytime or nighttime. In addition, a majority of SARS-CoV-2-related genes and modules are rhythmically expressed, which have significant network proximities with circadian regulators. Our data suggest that synchronization amongst circadian gene networks is necessary for proper homeostatic functions and circadian regulators have close interactions with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Concurrence percolation threshold of large-scale quantum networks
Authors: Malik Omar , Meng Xiangyi , Havlin Shlomo , Korniss Gyorgy , Szymanski Boleslaw Karol , Gao Jianxi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractQuantum networks describe communication networks that are based on quantum entanglement. A concurrence percolation theory has been recently developed to determine the required entanglement to enable communication between two distant stations in an arbitrary quantum network. Unfortunately, concurrence percolation has been calculated only for very small networks or large networks without loops. Here, we develop a set of mathematical tools for approximating the concurrence percolation threshold for unprecedented large-scale quantum networks by estimating the path-length distribution, under the assumption that all paths between a given pair of nodes have no overlap. We show that our approximate method agrees closely with analytical results from concurrence percolation theory. The numerical results we present include 2D square lattices of 2002 nodes and complex networks of up to 104 nodes. The entanglement percolation threshold of a quantum network is a crucial parameter for constructing a real-world communication network based on entanglement, and our method offers a significant speed-up for the intensive computations involved.
Distributed cooperative cruise control for high‐speed trains with multi‐objective optimization
Authors: Huang Zhiwu , Wang Pingping , Zhou Feng , Chen Bin , Wu Yue , Liu Yongjie , Li Fei , Wang Jing , Peng Jun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel cooperative cruise control strategy to jointly optimize the energy consumption and ride comfort for multiple high‐speed trains. The cooperative control strategy is constructed by combining the consensus algorithm and potential function to achieve the synchronization of train speed and keep a safe tracking interval. A multi‐objective optimal function of multiple high‐speed trains is constituted of cruise following error, energy consumption and ride comfort. The non‐dominated quick sorting algorithm (NSGA‐II) is used to find the global Pareto‐optimal solutions to obtain the optimal cooperative control gains, which achieve the optimal trade‐offs between energy consumption and riding comfort for high‐speed trains. The asymptotic stability of the proposed control strategy is proved strictly. The simulation results verify that the proposed control strategy can effectively reduce energy consumption and improve the riding comfort simultaneously when compared with existing methods.
Segmentation of ten fetal heart components with coarse‐to‐fine cascading and dynamic feature powering
Authors: Yang Tingyang , Zhang Ye , Zhu Mengxiao , Wang Yan , An Shan , Gu Xiaoyan , Liu Xiaowei , Han Jiancheng , He Yihua , Zhu Haogang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSegmenting heart components in the apical four‐chamber view of fetal echocardiography is of critical significance in clinical practice. However, it is difficult to recognize these components due to small‐scale components and the imbalanced ventricular apex orientation. In this study, a novel segmentation framework is proposed to segment ten general fetal heart components for the first time. This framework consists of a multi‐directional fine‐density (MDFD) data augmentation method and a coarse‐to‐fine cascade network (CFCN). MDFD enhances the apex orientation diversity and balances the orientation distribution. CFCN has two stages including a coarse network and a fine network. These two stages have similar structures that consist of a feature extractor and a feature refined layer named as Element‐Wise Power with Dynamic Exponent layer (EWPDE). EWPDE which is a plug‐and‐play module for segmentation refines the features from the feature extractor to position small components accurately. By adopting EWPDE, the influence of each pixel is adjusted and hard pixels of small components are segmented precisely. Based on the dataset, the method is proved to be effective with the high mean intersection over union (mIoU) value and low missing ratio (MR). With MDFD and EWPDE, CFCN that adopts DeepLabV3+ as the feature extractor outperforms the best segmentation results (mIoU:0.480, MR:0.035). Compared to the original performance (mIoU:0.407, MR:0.085) of DeepLabV3+, the method improves the results significantly.
Ejection velocities, age, and formation process of SPE meteoroid cluster
Authors: Čapek David , Koten Pavel , Spurný Pavel , Shrbený Lukáš 
Published: July 2022

Context. Meteoroid clusters represent a unique opportunity to study processes of meteoroid disruptions in interplanetary space. We follow our previous work about the September epsilon Perseid (SPE) meteoroid cluster from 2016 with a detailed analysis of the observed data and cluster formation conditions.
Aims. Our goal is to determine ejection velocities of the cluster members and SPE’s age, as well as to estimate the most probable formation process.
Methods. We precisely determined mutual positions and masses of all meteoroids including the errors. We assumed that the massdominated meteoroid is the parent body of the cluster and that the observed positions of meteoroids are controlled by the ejection velocities and the action of solar radiation pressure. A formula for the dependence of meteoroid ejection velocities on the mutual positions, masses, and cluster age was derived. It was assumed that the time at which the initial kinetic energy of all meteoroids reached a minimum value corresponds to the age of the cluster. Knowing values and directions of ejection velocities together with meteoroid masses then allowed us to determine the most likely process of cluster formation.
Results. The meteoroids occupy a volume of 66 × 67 × 50 km and are shifted in the antisolar direction by 27 km relative to the parent meteoroid. The age of the cluster is 2.28 ± 0.44 days. The ejection velocities range from 0.13 ± 0.05 m s−1 to 0.77 ± 0.34 m s−1 with a mean value of 0.35 m s−1. The ejection velocity directions are inside the cone with an apex angle of 101 ± 5°. The axis of the cone is ~45° away from the solar direction and ~34° away from the mean direction of the flux of small meteoroids’ incident on the parent meteoroid. Formation due to the separation of part of the surface due to very fast rotation is the least likely thing to occur. We estimate the rotation frequency to be about 2 Hz and the corresponding stress is several orders of magnitude lower than the predicted strength limit. It is also difficult to explain the formation of the cluster by an impact of a small meteoroid on the parent body. However, this possibility, although not very likely, cannot be completely ruled out. The most probable process is the exfoliation due to thermal stresses. Their estimated magnitude is sufficient and the derived ejection velocities are consistent with this process of formation.
Towards a consistent model of the hot quadruple system HD 93206 = QZ Carinæ
Authors: Brož M. , Harmanec P. , Zasche P. , Catalan-Hurtado R. , Barlow B. N. , Frondorf W. , Wolf M. , Drechsel H. , Chini R. , Nasseri A. , Labadie-Bartz J. , Christie G. W. , Walker W. S. G. , Blackford M. , Blane D. , Henden A. A. , Bohlsen T. , Božić H. , Jonák J. 
Published: July 2022

Aims.HD 93206 is a massive early-type stellar system composed of components resolved by direct imaging (Ab, Ad, B, C, D) and a compact subsystem (Aa1, Aa2, Ac1, Ac2). Its geometry was already determined on the basis of extensive photometric, spectroscopic, and interferometric observations. However, the fundamental absolute parameters are still not known precisely enough.Methods.We use an advancedN-body model to account for all mutual gravitational perturbations among the four close components, and all observational data types, including astrometry, radial velocities, eclipse timing variations, squared visibilities, closure phases, triple products, normalized spectra, and spectral energy distribution (SED). The model has 38 free parameters, grouped into three sets of orbital elements, component masses, and their basic radiative properties (T, logg,vrot).Results.We revised the fundamental parameters of QZ Car as follows. For a model with the nominal extinction coefficientRV ≡ AV/E(B − V) = 3.1, the best-fit masses arem1 = 26.1 MS,m2 = 32.3 MS,m3 = 70.3 MS, andm4 = 8.8 MS, with uncertainties of the order of 2 MS, and the system distanced = (2800 ± 100) pc. In an alternative model, where we increased the weights of the radial velocity (RV) and transit timing variation (VTT) observations and relaxed the SED constraints, because extinction can be anomalous withRV ∼ 3.4, the distance is smaller:d = (2450 ± 100) pc. This corresponds to the distance of the Collinder 228 cluster. Independently, this is confirmed by dereddening the SED, which is only then consistent with the early-type classification (O9.7Ib for Aa1, O8III for Ac1). Future modelling should also account for an accretion disk around the Ac2 component.
Fundamental physics with ESPRESSO: Constraining a simple parametrisation for varying α
Authors: da Fonseca Vitor , Barreiro Tiago , Nunes Nelson J. , Cristiani Stefano , Cupani Guido , D’Odorico Valentina , Leite Ana C. O. , Marques Catarina M. J. , Martins Carlos J. A. P. , Milaković Dinko , Molaro Paolo , Murphy Michael T. , Schmidt Tobias M. , Abreu Manuel , Adibekyan Vardan , Cabral Alexandre , Di Marcantonio Paolo , González Hernández Jonay I. , Palle Enric , Pepe Francesco A. , Rebolo Rafael , Santos Nuno C. , Sousa Sérgio G. , Sozzetti Alessandro , Mascareño Alejandro Suárez , Osorio Maria-Rosa Zapatero 
Published: July 2022

Context. The spectrograph ESPRESSO recently obtained a limit on the variation of the fine-structure constant, α, through measurements along the line of sight of a bright quasar with a precision of 1.36 ppm at 1σ level. This imposes new constraints on cosmological models with a varying α. We assume such a model where the electromagnetic sector is coupled to a scalar field dark energy responsible for the current acceleration of the Universe. We parametrise the variation of α with two extra parameters, one defining the cosmological evolution of the quintessence component and the other fixing the coupling with the electromagnetic field.
Aims. The objective of this work is to constrain these parameters with both astrophysical and local probes. We also carried out a comparative analysis of how each data probe may constrain our parametrisation.
Methods. We performed a Bayesian analysis by comparing the predictions of the model with observations. The astrophysical datasets are composed of quasar spectra measurements, including the latest ESPRESSO data point, as well as Planck observations of the cosmic microwave background. We combined these with local results from atomic clocks and the MICROSCOPE experiment.
Results. The constraints placed on the quintessence parameter are consistent with a null variation of the field, and are therefore compatible with a ΛCDM cosmology. The constraints on the coupling to the electromagnetic sector are dominated by the Eötvös parameter local bound.
Conclusions. More precise measurements with ESPRESSO will be extremely important to study the cosmological evolution of α as it probes an interval of redshift not accessible to other types of observations. However, for this particular model, current available data favour a null variation of α resulting mostly from the strong MICROSCOPE limits.
Hot subdwarfs in close binaries observed from space
Authors: Schaffenroth V. , Pelisoli I. , Barlow B. N. , Geier S. , Kupfer T. 
Published: July 2022

Context. About a third of the hot subdwarfs of spectral type B (sdBs), which are mostly core-helium-burning objects on the extreme horizontal branch, are found in close binaries with cool, low-mass stellar, substellar, or white dwarf companions. They can show light variations due to different phenomena.
Aims. Many hot subdwarfs now have space-based light curves with a high signal-to-noise ratio available. We used light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and the K2 space mission to look for more sdB binaries. Their light curves can be used to study the hot subdwarf primaries and their companions, and obtained orbital, atmospheric, and absolute parameters for those systems, when combined with other analysis methods.
Methods. By classifying the light variations and combining these with the fit of the spectral energy distribution, the distance derived by the parallaxes obtained by Gaia, and the atmospheric parameters, mainly from the literature, we could derive the nature of the primaries and secondaries in 122 (75%) of the known sdB binaries and 82 newly found reflection effect systems. We derived absolute masses, radii, and luminosities for a total of 39 hot subdwarfs with cool, low-mass companions, as well 29 known and newly found sdBs with white dwarf companions.
Results. The mass distribution of hot subdwarfs with cool, low-mass stellar and substellar companions, differs from those with white dwarf companions, implying they come from different populations. By comparing the period and minimum companion mass distributions, we find that the reflection effect systems all have M dwarf or brown dwarf companions, and that there seem to be several different populations of hot subdwarfs with white dwarf binaries – one with white dwarf minimum masses around 0.4 M⊙, one with longer periods and minimum companion masses up to 0.6 M⊙, and at the shortest period, another with white dwarf minimum masses around 0.8 M⊙. We also derive the first orbital period distribution for hot subdwarfs with cool, low-mass stellar or substellar systems selected from light variations instead of radial velocity variations. It shows a narrower period distribution, from 1.5 h to 35 h, compared to the distribution of hot subdwarfs with white dwarfs, which ranges from 1 h to 30 days. These period distributions can be used to constrain the previous common-envelope phase.
Die senile Katarakt
Authors: Neuhann Irmingard , Neuhann Lukas , Neuhann Thomas 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Vorstellung der alten Griechen war, dass eine trübe Flüssigkeit über das Auge herabrinne – daher die vom Verb καταρρηγνυναι = herabfließen hergeleitete Bezeichnung. Diese Auffassung zur
Pathophysiologie der Katarakt hat sich heute grundlegend geändert.
Indirect inverse flux mapping of a concentrated solar source using infrared imaging
Authors: Abuseada Mostafa , Alghfeli Abdalla , Fisher Timothy S. 
Published: July 2022

With the growing interest in high-flux solar sources, a need exists for simple, accurate, and inexpensive strategies to characterize their output radiative flux. In this paper, the irradiation output from a 10 kWe xenon lamp solar simulator is characterized by an inverse mapping technique that uses a custom radiometer and infrared camera, validated by a direct characterization method (heat flux gauge). The heat flux distribution is determined in a vacuum chamber using an easily obtainable graphite target and an inverse heat transfer model. The solar simulator produces peak fluxes in the range of 1.5–4.5 MW/m2 as measured directly by a heat flux gauge, and its output can be controlled using a variable power supply. Spectral measurements indicate that minor variations in the simulator’s output with respect to its current supply occur in the spectral range of 450–800 nm. The radiometer presented in this work allows for characterizing solar irradiation under practical conditions (e.g., inside a solar reactor) and thus accounts for deviations due to additional components, such as viewport effects. Additionally, it provides an inexpensive and efficient means of monitoring any deterioration in the performance of solar sources over time without the need for complex recalibration.
A cold cesium beam source based on a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap
Authors: Xie Weibin , Wang Qing , He Xuan , Fang Shengwei , Yuan Zhichao , Qi Xianghui , Chen Xuzong 
Published: July 2022

A beam source is proposed for the production of an intense cold cesium atomic beam that can be used in cesium beam atomic clocks. The source is based on a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT), but introduces hollow cooling and pushing lights in the axial direction to create a 2D+-MOT, which separates the cooling and pushing functions while the low-power pushing light pushes atoms out to form a cold atomic beam. This cold cesium atomic beam source reduces the light shift due to leakage light and retains longitudinal cooling to increase the flux of the cold atomic beam compared with that of the conventional 2D+-MOT scheme. The specifics of the design are investigated, the atomic velocity and beam flux are calculated, and the results are experimentally verified. The results demonstrate that when the power of the pushing light is 180 µW and when its frequency resonates with the 4 → 5′ transition of the Cs D2 line, the most probable longitudinal velocity of the outgoing cold atomic beam, the width of velocity distribution, and the atomic beam flux are 19.38 m/s, 8.1 m/s, and 1.7 × 1010 atoms/s, respectively.