bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and ethnic subgroup reporting in diabetes randomized controlled trials published from 2000 to 2020: A survey
Authors: Li Guowei , Zhang Jingyi , Chen Bo , Li Likang , Thabane Lehana , Sun Xin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundIt remained unknown about the status of and trends in racial/ethnic subgroup reporting in the diabetes trials over the past two decades.ObjectivesIn this survey, we aimed to evaluate the current state of and temporal trends in subgroup reporting by race/ethnicity regarding the effects of interventions in diabetes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from year 2000–2020 and to explore the potential trial factors in relation to racial/ethnic subgroup reporting.MethodsWe searched electronic databases for eligible diabetes RCTs. The outcome was whether the trials had the event of racial/ethnic subgroup reporting regarding the intervention effects on trial primary outcomes. Poisson regression was used to assess the temporal trends in racial/ethnic subgroup reporting, and univariable logistic regression models were employed for evaluating trial factors related to racial/ethnic subgroup reporting.ResultsA total of 405 diabetes RCTs were eligible for inclusion. There were 26 (6.42%) trials with racial/ethnic subgroup reporting. A chronological trend towards increased rates of racial/ethnic subgroup reporting was observed; however, the trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Advanced patients' age (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–6.88), follow‐up duration (OR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.13–11.00), and BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour) enrolment (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.01–5.62) were found to positively relate with racial/ethnic subgroup reporting, while the industrial funding was associated with decreased reporting (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19–0.97). Less than one fourth of the trials with racial/ethnic subgroup reporting predefined the subgroup analysis.ConclusionsThe majority of diabetes RCTs did not report intervention effects by racial/ethnic subgroup, which was not temporally improved over the past two decades. More efforts and strategies are needed to improve the racial/ethnic subgroup consideration and reporting in diabetes trials.
National glorification and attachment differentially predict support for intergroup conflict resolution: Scrutinizing cross‐country generalizability
Authors: Li Mengyao , Watkins Hanne M. , Hirschberger Gilad , Kretchner Mabelle , Leidner Bernhard , Baumert Anna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResearch on national identity distinguishes between national glorification and attachment. We tested whether glorification and attachment differentially predicted support for military and diplomatic conflict resolution strategies (CRS) in response to international conflicts. Using data collected in seven countries (Australia, United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Israel, China; total N = 1784), we investigated whether glorification and attachment can be equivalently measured (using tests of measurement invariance) and whether their relationships with CRS were generalizable across countries. The results revealed metric, but not scalar, measurement invariance of the two‐factor structure of national identification across six countries, excluding China. Among these six countries, glorification predicted more support for military CRS, whereas attachment predicted more support for diplomatic CRS. Our study is novel in scrutinizing the cross‐cultural generalizability of the bi‐dimensional model of national identification. Implications for studying national identification and intergroup conflict cross‐culturally are discussed.
Loss context enhances preferences for generosity but reduces preferences for honesty: Evidence from a combined behavioural‐computational approach
Authors: Zhang Yijie , Zhai Yuzhu , Zhou Xingmei , Zhang Zhixin , Gu Ruolei , Luo Yue‐jia , Feng Chunliang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe current literature has revealed mixed evidence on whether loss (vs. gain) context promotes or curtails human prosociality. The current study (N=96) aimed to address this issue by examining whether gain/loss context has distinct effects on different prosocial preferences combining computational modelling with Dictator Game and Message Game. These interactive games allow for dissociating preferences for generosity and honesty, which have been respectively associated with intuitive and deliberative systems. Our behavioural and computational modelling results indicate that loss context enhances concerns for generosity but reduces concerns for honesty. These findings support an account under the framework of dual process model asserting that loss facilitates intuitive responses during social decision‐making, regardless of whether they are prosocial or proself. The current findings reconcile previous debates on the relationship between loss‐gain context and human prosociality and shed light on the design of institutions to promote human prosocial behaviours.
How do conspiratorial explanations differ from non‐conspiratorial explanations? A content analysis of real‐world online articles
Authors: Meuer Marcel , Oeberst Aileen , Imhoff Roland 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe present research aims to identify unique characteristics of written conspiracy theories. In two pre‐registered quantitative human‐coded content analyses, we compared 36 pairs of conspiratorial and non‐conspiratorial online articles about various events. As predicted, conspiratorial articles—compared to non‐conspiratorial articles—contained less factual, more emotional and more threat‐related information. Also, we predicted and found that conspiratorial articles presented more argumentation against the opposing standpoint and that they provided explanations that were more dispositional and less falsifiable. Contrary to our predictions, we did not consistently observe that conspiratorial articles presented less argumentation for their own standpoint. Also, we did not find consistent support that conspiratorial articles provided less information about the specific process or more information about the underlying goals of the respective events, or that conspiratorial explanations attributed the events to a lesser extent to situational factors. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the understanding of conspiracy theories.
Effect of diesel and propanol blends on regulated pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under lean combustion conditions
Authors: Yilmaz Nadir , Vigil Francisco , Donaldson Burl 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlcohols such as n‐propanol and diesel fuel can be mixed to increase the rate of bioalcohol utilization while reducing harmful pollutants. Examination of exhaust emissions from diesel engines, in terms of both regulated pollutants and unregulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is very important to the environment, public health, and engine durability. For this purpose, in this study, diesel blends with various n‐propanol concentrations (5%, 20%, and 35% by volume) were evaluated in a diesel engine. Regulated emissions were measured using a standard 5‐gas analyzer and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effect of blended fuels on PAH formation (total PAHs, PAH distribution, and PAH toxicity) was examined in detail and compared with baseline diesel. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were reduced by 18.30% with higher n‐propanol concentrations. The addition of n‐propanol to diesel decreased total PAHs by as much as 71.20%. The fuel blend with a 20% n‐propanol concentration stood out with a maximum reduction of 91.23% in the toxicity of PAHs. In addition, n‐propanol led to a substantial decrease in the distribution of high ring aromatic compounds. Overall, it was demonstrated that n‐propanol is an effective additive to not only reduce the total PAH emissions and toxicity but also heavier PAHs which are more carcinogenic and cause a greater risk of the wetstacking issues for engines under cold operating or low load conditions.
The beneficial effects of alpha‐tocopherol on intestinal function and the expression of tight junction proteins in differentiated segments of the intestine in piglets
Authors: Huang Yanjun , He Caimei , Hu Zheng , Chu Xuetong , Zhou Sichun , Hu Xin , Deng Jun , Xiao Di , Tao Ting , Yang Huansheng , Chen Alex F. , Yin Yulong , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlpha (α)‐tocopherol is a major component of dietary vitamin E. Despite being one of the most widely used food supplements in both animals and humans, its role in intestinal functions remains unknown. We were able to examine and accurately demonstrate its permeability effect in vitro and its differentiated effect on tight junction expression in different segments of the intestine in vivo using cultured intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC‐J2) and piglets. A cultured IPEC‐J2 demonstrated that α‐tocopherol upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins and improved their integrity, with a maximum effect at concentrations ranging from 20 to 40 μmol/L. In vivo data from weaned pigs fed different doses of α‐tocopherol for 2 weeks revealed that α‐tocopherol effectively increases the expression of tight junction proteins in all sections of the intestinal mucosa, with the highest effect on the duodenum at an optimum dose of 20–50 mg/kg. In contrast, α‐tocopherol did not affect intestinal inflammation. These findings suggest that α‐tocopherol maintains intestinal integrity and increases the expression of tight junction proteins both in vitro and in vivo.
Reducing toxic constituents of ginkgolic acid content and improving bioactive flavonoid content from Ginkgo biloba leaves by high‐temperature pretreatment processing
Authors: Zhao Fen , Huang Shan , Ge Liufeng , Wang Yongzhen , Liu Yuwei , Chen Cunshe , Liu Xinqi , Han Qianwen 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHigh‐temperature pretreatment was developed in this article to remove the main toxic constituents of ginkgolic acids (GAs) from Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs) and improve the bioactive flavonoid content by water extraction. To optimize the effects of high‐temperature pretreatment process parameters on removing toxic GAs to a limited level and improving the content of bioactive flavonoids, a Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was also conducted. The results showed that the content of GAs could be reduced to 4.11 ppm and the highest content of flavonoids could reach 3.51% under the optimized conditions of high‐temperature pretreatment process of 177°C with water extraction at 96°C at a liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 56:1. The content of toxic GAs substantially decreased by 83.50% while the content of bioactive flavonoids increased by 44.30% compared with the conventional water extraction method. Moreover, the new process was more efficient, environmentally friendly, and could get avoid a subsequent multi‐step process of removing toxic GAs. The crude extracts were then purified by macroporous resin to obtain the 60% ethanol fraction. After purification, the flavonoid content increased to 43.50% while the GAs were not detected. The main compounds of 60% ethanol fraction were identified by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS. Antioxidant activities including reducing powder, 2,2‐diphenyl−1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and OH· scavenging assays all showed that the 60% ethanol fraction was better than the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) standard.
Impact of Pregnancy and Vitamin A Supplementation on CYP2D6 Activity
Authors: Amaeze Ogochukwu U. , Czuba Lindsay C. , Yadav Aprajita S. , Fay Emily E. , LaFrance Jeffrey , Shum Sara , Moreni Sue L. , Mao Jennie , Huang Weize , Isoherranen Nina , Hebert Mary F. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe mechanism of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) induction during pregnancy has not been evaluated in humans. This study assessed the changes in CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities during pregnancy and postpartum, and the effect of vitamin A administration on CYP2D6 activity. Forty‐seven pregnant CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (with CYP2D6 activity scores of 1 to 2) received dextromethorphan (DM) 30 mg orally as a single dose during 3 study windows (at 25 to 28 weeks of gestation, study day 1; at 28 to 32 weeks of gestation, study day 2; and at ≥3 months postpartum, study day 3). Participants were randomly assigned to groups with no supplemental vitamin A (control) or with supplemental vitamin A (10 000 IU/day orally for 3 to 4 weeks) after study day 1. Concentrations of DM and its metabolites, dextrorphan (DX) and 3‐hydroxymorphinan (3HM), were determined from a 2‐hour post‐dose plasma sample and cumulative 4‐hour urine sample using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Change in CYP2D6 activity was assessed using DX/DM plasma and urine metabolic ratios. The activity change in CYP3A was also assessed using the 3HM/DM urine metabolic ratio. The DX/DM urine ratio was significantly higher (43%) in pregnancy compared with postpartum (P = .03), indicating increased CYP2D6 activity. The DX/DM plasma ratio was substantially higher in the participants, with an activity score of 1.0 during pregnancy (P = .04) compared with postpartum. The 3HM/DM urinary ratio was significantly higher (92%) during pregnancy, reflecting increased CYP3A activity (P = .02). Vitamin A supplementation did not change CYP2D6 activity during pregnancy; however, plasma all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) concentrations were positively correlated with increased CYP2D6 activity during pregnancy and postpartum. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of increased CYP2D6 activity during pregnancy.
Synthetic strategies and medicinal perspectives of 4‐thiazolidinones: Recent developments and structure–activity relationship studies
Authors: Chawla Pooja A. , Wahan Simranpreet K. , Negi Meenakshi , Faruk Abdul , Chawla Viney 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe 4‐thiazolidinone moiety is a privileged scaffold showing diversity in biological responses like antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antitubercular, anesthetic, hypnotic, antiviral and many more. As a result of this, researchers have been studying and synthesizing this class of heterocycles through several simple as well as complex pathways as the target scaffold for biological studies. This review recapitulates the recent advances in the chemical and biological activities of 4‐thiazolidinones that have proved to be of immense importance in the discovery and development of several molecules and, thereby, the treatment of many ailments. This study will add to previously published reviews by examining the research on various biological activities of 4‐thiazolidinones, including patents, with a focus on structure–activity relationship (SAR) investigations. Literature and patents emphasizing synthetic schemes and biological activities of 4‐thiazolidinones have covered the data in the last decade. Here, sufficient efforts have been put into place to compile the synthetic strategies, establish SARs and enlist various patents so far for this fantastic molecule. The facile synthetic schemes and a vast range of biological activity profiles possessed by this nucleus may provide researchers with new opportunities toward novel therapeutics.
Synthesis of 4‐imidoyl‐, 4‐oxiranyl‐ and 4‐propargyloxyphenyl‐substituted β‐lactam building blocks
Authors: Deketelaere Sari , Kaur Gurkirat , Piens Nicola , Deturck Daan , Depestel Robin , Van Hecke Kristof , Stevens Christian V. , Kumar Vipan , D'hooghe Matthias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this study, the preparation of 4‐imidoyl‐, 4‐oxiranyl‐, and 4‐propargyloxyphenyl‐substituted β‐lactams as versatile building blocks in heterocyclic chemistry was realized. Efforts were made to deploy these polyvalent compounds for ensuing cyclization reactions en route to new bi‐ or polycyclic frameworks, which, in the case of a 3‐chloro‐4‐propargyloxyphenyl‐β‐lactam substrate, enabled the preparation of an unprecedented β‐lactam‐fused benzotriazolo‐oxazocane scaffold. The chemical structure of the latter polyheterocycle was unequivocally secured by means of X‐ray analysis.
V‐NeuroStack: Open‐source 3D time stack software for identifying patterns in neuronal data
Authors: Naik Ashwini G. , Kenyon Robert V. , Taheri Aynaz , BergerWolf Tanya Y. , Ibrahim Baher A. , Shinagawa Yoshitaka , Llano Daniel A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnderstanding functional correlations between the activities of neuron populations is vital for the analysis of neuronal networks. Analyzing large‐scale neuroimaging data obtained from hundreds of neurons simultaneously poses significant visualization challenges. We developed V‐NeuroStack, a novel network visualization tool to visualize data obtained using calcium imaging of spontaneous activity of neurons in a mouse brain slice as well as in vivo using two‐photon imaging. V‐NeuroStack creates 3D time stacks by stacking 2D time frames for a time‐series dataset. It provides a web interface to explore and analyze data using both 3D and 2D visualization techniques. Previous attempts to analyze such data have been limited by the tools available to visualize large numbers of correlated activity traces. V‐NeuroStack's 3D view is used to explore patterns in dynamic large‐scale correlations between neurons over time. The 2D view is used to examine any timestep of interest in greater detail. Furthermore, a dual‐line graph provides the ability to explore the raw and first‐derivative values of activity from an individual or a functional cluster of neurons. V‐NeuroStack can scale to datasets with at least a few thousand temporal snapshots. It can potentially support future advancements in in vitro and in vivo data capturing techniques to bring forth novel hypotheses by allowing unambiguous visualization of massive patterns in neuronal activity data.
Steroid injections in musculoskeletal conditions and COVID infection rates: What is the impact on positive rates following the injection?
Authors: Lethbridge Daniel , O’Shea Simon 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground and AimTherapeutic glucocorticosteroid injections are commonly utilised to manage musculoskeletal (MSK) complaints. Following the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, national guidelines advised against their use due to potential immunosuppressant effects. The aim of the study was to determine whether steroid injections for MSK conditions impacts on positive COVID 19 infection rates.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective evaluation involved primary care participants who received a steroid injection for a MSK condition. 291 participants receiving a total of 299 steroid injections entered the study between the 25 September 2020 and the 29 April 2021.ResultsSix participants had positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, averaging 22.83 days (SD 10.48) after the injection. An infection rate of 2.06% was demonstrated in the injection group with the control group demonstrating 6.97% (p = 0.000752) with statistical significance set at p = 0.05. The odds ratio was identified as 0.27 indicating a lower odds of a positive PCR test compared with the control group.ConclusionsThis retrospective evaluation found a low risk of positive PCR tests for low and moderate COVID‐19 risk patients injected during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Glucocorticosteroid injections within the COVID‐19 pandemic were not associated with higher COVID‐19 rates compared to the local population, in fact, they were related to lower rates. For future studies, large scale studies and meta analyses are needed to provide greater generalisation to the population.
Trendbericht Theoretische Chemie 2022: Maschinelles Lernen für elektronisch angeregte Zustände
Authors: Marquetand Philipp 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMaschinelles Lernen eignet sich, um Photochemie und somit elektronisch angeregte Zustände zu beschreiben; klassische Molekulardynamiktechniken erlauben, bestimmte Aspekte der nuklearen Quanteneffekte in Probleme der physikalischen Chemie einzubeziehen, und was Finite‐Feld‐Methoden mit alten Sternen zu tun haben.
Tissue response curve‐shape analysis of dynamic glucose‐enhanced and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with brain tumor
Authors: Seidemo Anina , Wirestam Ronnie , Helms Gunther , Markenroth Bloch Karin , Xu Xiang , Bengzon Johan , Sundgren Pia C. , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Knutsson Linda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDynamic glucose‐enhanced (DGE) MRI is used to study the signal intensity time course (tissue response curve) after D‐glucose injection. D‐glucose has potential as a biodegradable alternative or complement to gadolinium‐based contrast agents, with DGE being comparable with dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI. However, the tissue uptake kinetics as well as the detection methods of DGE differ from DCE MRI, and it is relevant to compare these techniques in terms of spatiotemporal enhancement patterns. This study aims to develop a DGE analysis method based on tissue response curve shapes, and to investigate whether DGE MRI provides similar or complementary information to DCE MRI. Eleven patients with suspected gliomas were studied. Tissue response curves were measured for DGE and DCE MRI at 7 T and the area under the curve (AUC) was assessed. Seven types of response curve shapes were postulated and subsequently identified by deep learning to create color‐coded “curve maps” showing the spatial distribution of different curve types. DGE AUC values were significantly higher in lesions than in normal tissue (p < 0.007). Furthermore, the distribution of curve types differed between lesions and normal tissue for both DGE and DCE. The DGE and DCE response curves in a 6‐min postinjection time interval were classified as the same curve type in 20% of the lesion voxels, which increased to 29% when a 12‐min DGE time interval was considered. While both DGE and DCE tissue response curve‐shape analysis enabled differentiation of lesions from normal brain tissue in humans, their enhancements were neither temporally identical nor confined entirely to the same regions. Curve maps can provide accessible and intuitive information about the shape of DGE response curves, which is expected to be useful in the continued work towards the interpretation of DGE uptake curves in terms of D‐glucose delivery, transport, and metabolism.