bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Witness Interviewing for the Investigation of Disappeared Persons Due to Armed Conflict
Authors: Congram Derek , Mikellide Maria , Vennemeyer Matthew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInvestigating missing persons who are presumed dead in conflict contexts almost always involves witness interviews. Interviews can be critical both to locating burial sites and to positively identifying bodies that are located. Despite the importance of interviews, the authors have found that investigators in these contexts seldom have formal training on interviewing. This article highlights three principal problems that the authors have experienced relative to interviewing as part of missing persons investigations in armed conflict contexts: that interviewing is not treated as a professional activity; the tendency to overvalue technical tools in the search for burial sites; and a lack of awareness about cultural and contextual factors that impact interviews. The article concludes with five recommendations on how to improve witness interviewing.
A general justification for hybrid functionals in DFT by means of linear response theory*
Authors: Ludeña Eduardo V , Torres F Javier , Rincón Luis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the present work, resorting to linear response theory, we examine the plausibility of postulating Kohn–Sham (KS)-type equations which contain, by definition, an effective hybrid potential made up by some arbitrary mixture of local and non-local terms. In this way a general justification for the construction of hybrid functionals is provided without resorting to arguments based on the adiabatic connection, the generalized KS theory or the Levy’s constrained search (or its variations). In particular, we examine the cases of single-hybrid functionals, derived from non-local exchange and of double-hybrid functionals, emerging from non-local second-order expressions obtained from the KS perturbation theory. A further generalization for higher-order hybrid functionals is also included.
Dosimetry impact of gating latency in cine magnetic resonance image guided breath-hold pancreatic cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Hu Panpan , Li Xiaoyang , Liu Wei , Yan Bing , Xue Xudong , Yang Fei , Ford John Chetley , Portelance Lorraine , Yang Yidong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. We investigated dosimetry effect of gating latency in cine magnetic resonance image (cine MRI) guided breath-hold pancreatic cancer radiotherapy. Approach. The gating latency was calculated based on cine MRI obtained from 17 patients who received MRI guided radiotherapy. Because of the cine MRI-related latency, beam overshoot occurs when beam remains on while the tracking target already moves out of the target boundary. The number of beam on/off events was calculated from the cine MRI data. We generated both IMRT and VMAT plans for all 17 patients using 33 Gy prescription, and created motion plans by applying isocenter shift that corresponds to motion-induced tumor displacement. The GTV and PTV coverage and dose to nearby critical structures were compared between the motion and original plan to evaluate the dosimetry change caused by cine MRI latency. Main results. The time ratio of cine MRI imaging latency over the treatment duration is 6.6 ± 3.1%, the mean and median percentage of beam-on events <4 s are 67.0 ± 14.3% and 66.6%. When a gating boundary of 4 mm and a target-out threshold of 5% is used, there is no significant difference for GTV V33Gy between the motion and original plan (p = 0.861 and 0.397 for IMRT and VMAT planning techniques, respectively). However, the PTV V33Gy and stomach Dmax for the motion plans are significantly lower; duodenum V12.5 Gy and V18Gy are significantly higher when compared with the original plans, for both IMRT and VMAT planning techniques. Significance. The cine MRI gating latency can significantly decrease the dose delivered to the PTV, and increase the dose to the nearby critical structures. However, no significant difference is observed for the GTV coverage. The dosimetry impact can be mitigated by implementing additional beam-on control techniques which reduces unnecessary beam on events and/or by using faster cine MRI sequences which reduces the latency period.
Origin of the anomalous electromechanical interaction between a moving magnetic dipole and a closed superconducting loop
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Yang Tianhui , Li Wenxin , Xin Ying , Li Chao , Iacchetti Matteo F , Smith Alexander C , Mueller Markus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Lenz’s law states that ‘the current induced in a circuit due to a change in a magnetic field is directed to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force which opposes the motion’. This statement has been widely adopted to predict many effects in electromagnetism. However, multiple recent experimental measurements have shown that the interactions between a moving permanent magnet (PM) and a closed superconducting loop can disobey the fundamental statement of Lenz’s law: during the entire process of a PM threading a high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil, the current induced in the HTS coil keeps the same direction, and thus the mechanical force exerted on the PM does not always oppose its movement. The seeming ‘Lenz’s law-violated phenomenon’, namely the anomalous electromechanical interaction between a moving PM and a closed superconducting loop, can bring about numerous potential applications in the domains of superconducting magnetic energy storage, electromagnetic ejection, and flux pumps, etc. However, the cause of this anomalous phenomenon remains controversial. By representing the PM as a magnetic dipole, taking the perfect conductor approximation for the closed superconducting loop, this paper has theoretically studied the anomalous electromechanical effect with rigorous mathematical formulae derivation. The proposed analytical equations have been verified by numerical modelling and experimental measurements, which further confirms the effectiveness of the perfect conductor approximation in ease of calculation. Results have shown that both the induced electromotive force and the intrinsic properties of the conductive loop (resistance-dominant or inductance-dominant) determine together the electromechanical performance of the studied energy conversion system, and the nearly zero resistivity of superconductors is the dominant cause of the anomalous phenomenon. This paper has illuminated the origin of the anomalous electromechanical interaction between a moving magnetic dipole and a closed superconducting loop, provided an efficient and reliable tool to predict the electromechanical performance of the studied energy conversion system, and is believed to deepen people’s understanding of the interactions between magnetic field sources and superconductors.
Spatial profile of accelerated electrons from ponderomotive scattering in hydrogen cluster targets
Authors: Aurand B , Reichwein L , Schwind K M , Aktan E , Cerchez M , Kaymak V , Lessmann L , Prasad R , Thomas J , Toncian T , Khoukaz A , Pukhov A , Willi O 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study the laser-driven acceleration of electrons from overdense hydrogen clusters to energies of up to 13 MeV in laser forward direction and several hundreds of keV in an outer ring-structure. The use of cryogenic hydrogen allows for high repetition-rate operation and examination of the influence of source parameters like temperature and gas flow. The outer ring-structure of accelerated electrons, originating from the interaction, that is robust against the change of laser and target parameters can be observed for low electron densities of ca 3 × 1016 cm−3. For higher electron densities, an additional central spot of electrons in the laser forward direction can be observed. Utilizing 3D particle-in-cell simulations, it is revealed that both electron populations mainly stem from ponderomotive scattering.
Evaluating impact of medium variation on dose calculated through planning system in a low cost in-house phantom
Authors: Saini Amit , Pandey V P , Singh Avtar , Kumar Pankaj 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Purpose: In radiotherapy, accuracy in dose estimation of dose calculation methods is critical. The influence of deformity on radiation dose calculations derived by planning system is evaluated in present study. The goal of study was to create a low-cost inhomogeneous phantom for measuring absorbed dose using an Ionisation chamber and Gafchromic film, which was validated using treatment planning system (TPS) dose outcome. Methods:and Materials: The central axis dose calculations were computed using Pencil Beam Convolution algorithm (PBC), Collapsed Cone Convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm in the Monaco treatment planning system using an In-house phantom (20 × 20 × 20cm3) made up of acrylic sheet containing water and inhomogeneous material wooden powder equivalent to lung. Phantom was scanned in Computed Tomography (CT) scanner and image set was sent to the planning workstation. The depth dose evaluations were performed using ionization chamber and Gafchromic film with same beam settings and monitor units in every setup. Following that, the calculated doses obtained from TPS and measured depth doses were compared. Results: The results was reported for photon energies 6MV, 10MV, 15MV, 6FFF and 10FFF at varying field sizes of 4 × 4 cm2, 5 × 5 cm2, 10 × 10 cm2, and 15 × 15 cm2. MC maximum dose variation predicted was 2.06% in 15MV of measured chamber dose and −2.06% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MVFFF. CCC maximum dose variation predicted was 2.68% of measured chamber dose in 6MV and 3.31% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MV whereas PB maximum dose variation predicted was −5.94% in 15MV of measured chamber dose and −11.6% of measured gafchromic film dose in 6MVFFF. Conclusion: Low-cost in-house phantoms can be utilised to assess point and planar doses during patient-specific quality assurance in centres that don’t have accessibility to phantoms due to the high cost of commercially available tools.
A few-shot U-Net deep learning model for lung cancer lesion segmentation via PET/CT imaging
Authors: Protonotarios Nicholas E , Katsamenis Iason , Sykiotis Stavros , Dikaios Nikolaos , Kastis George A , Chatziioannou Sofia N , Metaxas Marinos , Doulamis Nikolaos , Doulamis Anastasios 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Over the past few years, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging for computer-aided diagnosis has received increasing attention. Supervised deep learning architectures are usually employed for the detection of abnormalities, with anatomical localization, especially in the case of CT scans. However, the main limitations of the supervised learning paradigm include (i) large amounts of data required for model training, and (ii) the assumption of fixed network weights upon training completion, implying that the performance of the model cannot be further improved after training. In order to overcome these limitations, we apply a few-shot learning (FSL) scheme. Contrary to traditional deep learning practices, in FSL the model is provided with less data during training. The model then utilizes end-user feedback after training to constantly improve its performance. We integrate FSL in a U-Net architecture for lung cancer lesion segmentation on PET/CT scans, allowing for dynamic model weight fine-tuning and resulting in an online supervised learning scheme. Constant online readjustments of the model weights according to the users’ feedback, increase the detection and classification accuracy, especially in cases where low detection performance is encountered. Our proposed method is validated on the Lung-PET-CT-DX TCIA database. PET/CT scans from 87 patients were included in the dataset and were acquired 60 minutes after intravenous 18F-FDG injection. Experimental results indicate the superiority of our approach compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Structural and bonding properties of small hydrocarbons inside Ca(squarate)-metal organic framework: ab-initio study
Authors: Alnemrat Sufian , Hooper Joseph P , Guo Lidong , Bao Zongbi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ab−initio Molecular Dynamic (MD) and static Density Functional Theory (DFT) are used to study the structural and bonding properties of small hydrocarbon adsorbates inside Ca(squarate)−Metal Organic Framework (MOF). Car−Parrinello Molecular Dynamics (CPMD) simulations of a single−adsorbate−MOF structure are used to obtain the adsorbate most preferred site of adsorption. This site is used for further structural and bonding analyses using static DFT. Unlike many other MOFs; we found that the Ca(squarate)−MOF physisorbs and weakly binds small adsorbate molecules such as C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H8 with no observed charge transfer and minimal hybridization with the MOF orbitals. No covalent bonding is seen near the preferred site of adsorption. The calculated binding energies decreases as the H content in the adsorbate molecule increases and found to be −18.71 kJ/mol, −18.14 kJ/mol, −15.75 kJ/mol, and—4.47 kJ/mol for C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H8 molecules respectively. Density of State (DOS) and a Crystal Orbital Overlap Population (COOP) analyses show that the interactions between C and H atoms in the molecule and C and O atoms in the MOF have antibonding characteristics near the Fermi level. These antibonding states tend to destabilize the overall electronic structure of the combined adsorbate/MOF system and hence decrease the binding energies of these adsorbates inside the MOF.
The definition of the non-growing season matters: a case study of net ecosystem carbon exchange from a Canadian peatland
Authors: Rafat Arash , Byun Eunji , Rezanezhad Fereidoun , Quinton William L , Humphreys Elyn R , Webster Kara , Van Cappellen Philippe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Climate change is a threat to the 500 Gt carbon stored in northern peatlands. As the region warms, the rise in mean temperature is more pronounced during the non-growing season (NGS, i.e., winter and parts of the shoulder seasons) when net ecosystem loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) occurs. Many studies have investigated the impacts of climate warming on NGS CO2 emissions, yet there is a lack of consistency amongst researchers in how the NGS period is defined. This complicates the interpretation of NGS CO2 emissions and hinders our understanding of seasonal drivers of important terrestrial carbon exchange processes. Here, we analyze the impact of alternative definitions of the NGS for a peatland site with multiple years of CO2 flux records. Three climatic parameters were considered to define the NGS: air temperature, soil temperature, and snow cover. Our findings reveal positive correlations between estimates of the cumulative non-growing season net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NGS-NEE) and the length of the NGS for each alternative definition, with the greatest proportion of variability explained using snow cover (R
2 = 0.89, p < 0.001), followed by air temperature (R
2 = 0.79, p < 0.001) and soil temperature (R
2 = 0.54, p = 0.006). Using these correlations, we estimate average daily NGS CO2 emitted between 1.42 and 1.90 gCO2 m−2, depending on which NGS definition is used. Our results highlight the need to explicitly define the NGS based on available climatic parameters to account for regional climate and ecosystem variability.
Cefiderocol for the Treatment of Infections Due to Metallo-B-lactamase–Producing Pathogens in the CREDIBLE-CR and APEKS-NP Phase 3 Randomized Studies
Authors: Timsit Jean Francois , Paul Mical , Shields Ryan K , Echols Roger , Baba Takamichi , Yamano Yoshinori , Portsmouth Simon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the CREDIBLE-CR and APEKS-NP studies, cefiderocol treatment was effective against gram-negative bacteria producing metallo-B-lactamases; rates of clinical cure (70.8% [17/24]), microbiological eradication (58.3% [14/24]), and day 28 all-cause mortality (12.5% [3/24]) compared favorably with comparators of best-available therapy and high-dose meropenem (40.0% [4/10], 30.0% [3/10], and 50.0% [5/10], respectively).
Late spontaneous internal thoracic artery graft dissection after coronary bypass grafting: a case report
Authors: Ishibuchi Kasumi , Yajima Shin , Yamamoto Wataru , Otsuji Satoru 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts are commonly used for coronary artery bypass grafting, with dissection to the graft being a rare occurrence. Herein, we describe a case of spontaneous ITA graft dissection occurring 11 years after grafting, with no clear precipitating incidence.

Case summary
The patient was a 61-year-old man who presented with a 3-month history of chest pain and dyspnoea. Dissection of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) graft was observed on angiography, with a thrombolysis in the myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 2 blood flow. Intravascular ultrasound confirmed an intimal tear in the proximal graft, with an intramural haematoma. In the absence of atherosclerotic changes, the dissection was treated directly using multiple drug-eluting stents to prevent further extension of the intramural haematoma proximally into the subclavian artery and distally to the anastomosis site. Post-procedural angiography revealed an enlarged true lumen of the LITA, shrinking of the intramural haematoma, and improvement in blood flow to a TIMI grade 3. Chest symptoms resolved immediately after the procedure, with the patient remaining asymptomatic over the 6-month period following the procedure.

Discussion
Dissection of the ITA graft can occur spontaneously long after the initial grafting. Intravascular ultrasound is useful for diagnosis. Ensuring adequate coverage of the edges of the dissection with stenting could prevent further extension of the intramural haematoma.
Watchman FLX vs. Watchman 2.5 in a Dual-Center Left Atrial Appendage Closure Cohort: the WATCH-DUAL study
Authors: Galea Roberto , Mahmoudi Khalil , Gräni Christoph , Elhadad Simon , Huber Adrian T , Heg Dik , Siontis George C M , Brugger Nicolas , Sebag Frederic , Windecker Stephan , Valgimigli Marco , Landolff Quentin , Roten Laurent , Amabile Nicolas , Räber Lorenz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
No studies have compared Watchman 2.5 (W2.5) with Watchman FLX (FLX) devices to date. We aimed at comparing the FLX with W2.5 devices with respect to clinical outcomes, left atrial appendage (LAA) sealing properties and device-related thrombus (DRT).

Methods and results
All consecutive left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) procedures performed at two European centres between November 2017 and February 2021 were included. Procedure-related complications and net adverse cardiovascular events (NACE) at 6 months after LAAC were recorded. At 45-day computed tomography (CT) follow-up, intra- (IDL) and peri- (PDL) device leak, residual patent neck area (RPNA), and DRT were assessed by a Corelab. Out of 144 LAAC consecutive procedures, 71 and 73 interventions were performed using W2.5 and FLX devices, respectively. There were no differences in terms of procedure-related complications (4.2% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.626). At 45-day CT, the FLX was associated with lower frequency of IDL [21.3% vs. 40.0%; P = 0.032; odds ratio (OR): 0.375; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.160–0.876; P = 0.024], similar rate of PDL (29.5% vs. 42.0%; P = 0.170), and smaller RPNA [6 (0–36) vs. 40 (6–115) mm2; P = 0.001; OR: 0.240; 95% CI: 0.100–0.577; P = 0.001] compared with the W2.5 group. At 45 days, rate of DRT as detected by CT and/or transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), was higher with W2.5 (6.0% vs. 0%, P = 0.045). At 6-month follow-up, NACE did not differ between groups.

Conclusions
In this cohort of consecutive LAACs, FLX as compared to W2.5, was associated with similar procedure-related complications and 6-month NACE, but with improved LAA neck coverage, and lower IDL and DRT.
Along-arc heterogeneous rheology inferred from post-seismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake
Authors: Dhar Sambuddha , Muto Jun , Ito Yoshiaki , Miura Satoshi , Moore James D P , Ohta Yusaku , Iinuma Takeshi 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARYThe Japan forearc plays a crucial role in modulating the post-seismic deformation in response to the enormous stress perturbation induced by the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. Dense geodetic observations across Japan have revealed coupled interactions between afterslip on the subducting plate interface and viscous deformation within the mantle wedge, and detailed numerical models can provide further profound insights into the forearc rheology. Recent studies have revealed the presence of a stagnant section in the forearc mantle of the Tohoku subduction zone, and here we investigate the associated along-arc variation of the stagnant part of the mantle wedge (cold nose) across Japan. We utilize a newly deployed geodetic network along a corridor in the Fukushima–Niigata region and compare the surface deformation pattern to that of the Miyagi–Yamagata corridor close to the main rupture area. We present a 3-D rheological model using laboratory-derived constitutive laws to simulate the geodetic observations including displacement fields and their time-series. Our results suggest along-arc heterogeneity in the forearc mantle rheology; specifically, we find a narrower cold nose in the Miyagi region and a wider one in the Fukushima forearc. The geodetic inferences on the forearc variation are consistent with along-arc spatial heterogeneity in the cut-off depth for shallow earthquakes as well as comparative measurements of the respective geothermal gradients between the Miyagi and Fukushima regions.
Responses to unexpected events; folk-rock-blues anthems; memes and other non-genetically inherited traits
Authors: DeMartini Edward E 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What follows is a look back over a long and productive career and avocation in a field that I love, but one that has also been struck occasionally by personal tragedy, including the loss of my father at an early age, the unexpected death of my beloved wife and life partner in 2010, and a stroke in 2020 that has left me partially disabled. But impactful events can be serendipitous in prompting productive research. The lesson learned by such experiences is that opportunities—and the self-imposed responsibilities—to make positive contributions to the world, and to thereby honor the memories of those lost, continue beyond such events. The lessons I have learned along the way should inspire others at the start of and during their own personal life trajectories, particularly in developing the ability to recognize and appreciate opportunities for mentorship and to inspire emerging scholars and junior researchers to both respond to such opportunities to be mentored and subsequently to be mentors themselves. Everyone, especially students and junior scientists, in particular those who will become resource managers, should realize that they are links in a chain—an important one connecting the past and the future! My goal herein is to use my story to advise students and young scientists, and remind my older colleagues, of the importance of keeping this perspective as they go forward. I have tried to weave this message together with justification for motivation.