bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of PP, 1988
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 32-yr-old ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Kelseyville, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied on 12 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Control of PP nymphs was evaluated by examining under magnification 25 leaves from the top of each tree on 12 Jul, 25 Jul, 1 Aug, 8 Aug, and 15 Aug. Control of PP adults was evaluated by taking 4 standard 3-tap-beating-tray samples per tree on 8 and 15 Aug. Control of TSSM was evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree and counting all active mite stages under magnification on 25 Jul.
Spanworm Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 13 May (Test 1), 16 May (Test 2), and 3 Jun (Test 3) to 23- by 23-ft plots in crop-year blueberry fields at Township 19 (Tests 1 and 2) and Jonesboro (Test 3), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 5- or 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 Teejet nozzles and at 35 psi. At treatment in Tests 1 & 2, 80% of the plants were in loose cluster bud stage, 10% were in tight cluster, and 10% were in swollen cluster; in Test 3, 90% of the plants were blooming and 10% were in loose cluster stage. The larvae were generally first to third, second to fourth, and third to fifth instars at treatment time for Tests 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. Significant rainfall occurred on 17 May (0.6 inches), 18 May (1.0 inches), and 26 May (1.0 inches).
Pesticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Keulaarts Jozef L. W. , Williams Roger N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied to 6-yr-old ‘Riesling’ grapevines at the Grape Research Branch at Kingsville, Ohio. A randomized complete block design of 3-vine plots replicated 5 times/treatment was used. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 7 ft within rows. Applications were made on 8 Jun and 16 Jul with a hand-operated CO2 sprayer at 45 psi equipped with a 95005-E-TeeJet nozzle. All applications were made at the rate of 120 gal/acre. The spreader-sticker Triton-B was used at a rate of 6 oz/100 gal in all treatments. Four apical leaves were sampled from 10 shoots from the center vine of each plot. The number of mite-induced blisters (erinea) was counted on 30 Jun, 7 and 15 Jul, and 11 Aug. Only fully expanded leaves that were at least 1 inch wide were included in a sample.
Control Test, 1986
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Beardsley J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of 4 emulsifiable concentrate and 4 bait formulated insecticides was tested against bigheaded ants in 0.2-ha plots of second ratoon pineapple on Lanai Island, Hawaii. The emulsifiable concentrates were applied diluted in 300 gal water/acre by boom sprayer. The bait formulations were applied at 1.5 lb bait/acre with a hand-held whirlybird fertilizer applicator. Pretreatment ant density counts were made 6 Oct using 6 stakes baited with peanut butter and soybean oil (50:50 mixture) placed near the center of each. Treatments were applied 14 Oct. Ant counts (ants/stake) were indexed for each stake, and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were equal to 0, 1-25, 26-100, 101-300, 301-500, and &gt;500 ants/stake, respectively.
Insecticide Control of Mango Bud Mite on Guam, 1987
Authors: Muniappan R. , Rajendran R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in Agana, Guam, on mango seedlings of varying ages. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The trees were mixed varieties of about 2 yr old and 4-6 ft high. Materials were applied by backpack sprayer 26 Mar; 2, 9, and 21 Apr; and 8 and 14 May. At 30 and 60 DAT new shoots were counted.
Acaricide Efficacy Against Citrus Mites, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on 3 x 3 (9-tree) plots in a randomized complete block design. Only the center tree was sampled. Unsprayed buffer trees separated treatments within and between rows. Treatments were applied on 26-27 May with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer at 160 psi delivering 125 gal/acre of finished spray at 1.5 mph. Water pH was 7.8. Ten (precount only on 23 May) or 20 leaves from the hardened spring flush were picked at random from the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals before and after spraying. Each 10- or 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces for CRM on 23 May. The spider mite or CRM count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Twenty fruit were examined from the canopy of each sample tree at various times after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10 X hand lens. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite-day totals were calculated.
Control in Fall Snap Beans, 1988
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Spurt’ snap beans were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 1 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 30 inches wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 63 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 23 and 30 Sep. All plots were harvested and yields (plot weights) were recorded on 10 Oct, and 100 bean pods/plot were randomly selected and examined for ECB holes and CEW damage.
Management of Lepidofterous Pests, 1988:
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Buker D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 17 Dec 1987. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with blue plastic mulch on 25 Nov 1987; the mulch was perforated on 15 Dec. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72-ineh-center beds. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice/wk (0.75-1.00 inches/acre). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft-long section of untreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one untreated bed and a 6-ft alleyway. Applications were made on ten dates: 14, 21, and 27 Jan; 3, 10, 17, and 24 Feb; and 2, 9, and 16 Mar, using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. Plyac (38 ml/gal) was added to each treatment to improve spray coverage and persistence. An ultraviolet light protectant adjuvant was added to 1 treatment (EG2038). The center 30 plants of the two middle rows of each treatment plot were seeded with BAW first instars (10/plant) on 11 Jan. The number of small, medium, and large DBM larvae and pupae, and the number of small, medium, and large BAW larvae were recorded on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment, on 11 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment on 3 dates, 4, 10, and 18 Mar, and on 24 plants per replicate, 96 plants per treatment at harvest (22 Mar), using a 1-6 scale (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined based on ratings ≤3.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 3 locations (parks) in Jasper, Covington and Lauderdale Counties in south Mississippi. Each location consisted of 3 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 8, 9, and 10 Aug in Jasper, Covington and Lauderdale Counties, respectively. Treatments were applied with a spray volume of 2 gal/1,000 ft2. Imported fire ant kill density was determined by visual observation. Pretreatment counts were made on 8 Aug and post-treatment counts were made on 15, 22 and 28 Aug.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1988
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways with sandy loam soils in Jackson and Hancock Counties on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications 1000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 27 Jun in Jackson County and on 28 Jun in Hancock County. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal/ 1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.3 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 27 Jun and post-treatment counts were made on 13 Jul.
Annual White Grub Control in a Kentucky Bluegrass Golf Course Rough, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Kalisch J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 17 Aug, 9 insecticides were applied to 4 × 6 ft Kentucky bluegrass plots located in a golf course rough at Lincoln, Nebraska. Topography in the treated area ranged from level to a gentle slope, and the predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%). Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 74°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Granular formulations were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and a 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.50 inch of water. An additional 0.4 inch of irrigated water was applied, and 13.3 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 DAT (14 Sep) by removing two 1 ft2 sections of sod, ca. 2 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1989
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt;0.25 inches. On 2 Sep, turf/soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from the plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over ends of pipe and the pipes and cores were replaced in the plot. The plot was then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 5 Sep. Ten SMC were placed in each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied on 7 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken into the cylinders. The liquid formulations were sprayed with 10 ml of water into the cylinders. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. On 21 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and surviving SMC grubs were counted.
Residual Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1989
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass plot in Fayette County, Ky. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) with pH 6.2. Thatch accumulation was &lt; 0.25 inches. Replicated plots (6 × 6 ft) were treated with isazaphos (Triumph 4 E), trichlorfon (Dylox 80 WP), or isofenphos (Oftanol 2 F) on 23 Jun, 6 Jul, 20 Jul, 3 Aug, or 17 Aug, corresponding to 10, 8, 6, 4, or 2 wk before grubs were implanted into the turf. Rates (Al/acre) were a) Triumph: 2 lb; b) Dylox: 8 lb; and c) Oftanol: 2 lb. Treatments were applied as liquids using a CO2 powered sprayer that delivered 1.3 gal/1000 ft2. All plots were then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. There were 4 replicates/treatment/date, the plots for each date arranged in a randomized complete block design. On 29 Aug, turf/soil cores (6 by 6 inches) were removed from each plot and set inside 6-inch-diam by 7-inch-long sections of plastic pipe; the bottoms of the soil cores were even with the bottom of the pipe. A piece of fiberglass window screen was placed over the end of each pipe, and the pipes with cores were replaced in the plot. Plots were then irrigated. Third-instar SMC grubs were collected from an untreated golf course rough on 30 Aug. Ten SMC were placed into each cylinder; those that did not burrow into the soil within 10 min were replaced. A “remedial” treatment was applied to one set of plots on 31 Aug after grubs had been implanted to provide comparative data on effectiveness of insecticides applied when grubs were present. On 15 Sep, the cylinders were removed from the plot, the soil cores were broken apart, and the living and dead or obviously moribund SMC were counted.
Control of the Melon Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Glasshouse Conditions, 1988
Authors: Vehrs Stacy , Garcia Jacinto , Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted (1/pot, 6 inch dia) 3 wk prior to use. Plants were exposed to an infestation of aphids (Aphis gossypii) in the greenhouse. Four wk post-exposure, pre-treatment counts of aphids were made. Plants were separated into 5 treatments and a control and isolated on a separate raised bench within the greenhouse. Treatments were applied to 10 plants/treatment by a hand sprayer at approximately 45-60 psi. Counts of live aphids were made 4, 10, and 15 days posttreatment on both leaves and terminal (undifferentiated leaves) portions of the mums.
Control of the Sweet Potato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Glasshouse Conditions, Fall 1988
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias (Annette Hegg cv. 'Brilliant Diamond) were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 6 inch pots in a greenhouse and allowed 4 wk growth before use. At such time, 10 whiteflies were confined to one expanded leaf on each of 60 plants for a 48 h period by clip cages. Ten days later the number of immature (first and second instar) sweetpotato whitefly were counted. Ten plants were assigned to treatments in a randomized block design and treated on 10 Oct with 5 treatments and a water control using a 2 gal hand sprayer at 45 psi. Treated plants were kept in a greenhouse at 80°F, 14:10 LD photoperiod, and ambient relative humidity for the remainder of the trial. A second pre-treatment count was made on day 7 (17 Oct) prior to treating 5 of the 10 plants a second time. Posttreatment counts of emerged whiteflies were taken 14 d later when adults were sure to have emerged. No apparent phytotoxicity appeared on any treatment nor were there significant differences between treatments and control after 7 days. Therefore, percent emergence was calculated using number emerged per replicate divided by the number of live immatures from this 7 day count. Results indicate that Enstar performed best.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch bug at Site Two on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/ 1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and coverted to a ft2 count.
Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Several Insecticide Comrinations on Greenhouse Whitefly, Massachusetts Greenhouse, 1989
Authors: Mimms R. A. S. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plants were grown in Metromix 200 and sterilized field soil (1:1) and were pinched to between 7 and 9 leaves on 2 Oct. The bracts began to color in the third week of Nov. Several insecticides were tested singly and in combination with horticultural oil (Sunspray 6 E) or Insecticidal Soap. Each material was sprayed to run-off on the upper and lower heat surfaces, using a 21 capacity hand pump sprayer. Each treatment consisted of 4 plants, which were then arranged randomly on benches. Insecticides were applied on 21 Sep and then weekly from 12 Oct through 21 Nov. Observations for phytotoxic response and whitefly efficacy (number/leaf) were made weekly, normally 2 days after application.
Soil Drenches to Control Rhododendron Gall Midge, 1989
Authors: Hanula James L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil drenches were evaluated as a method of controlling overwintering pupae of the rhododendron gall midge. Heavily damaged rhododendron plants were transferred from an unheated to a heated greenhouse on 27 Jan. The plants were grown in 4-liter black plastic containers filled with potting soil consisting of humus, peat and perlite (1:1:1). The plants were held for 5 d and watered once 2 d before treatment. Treatments consisted of high and low rates of 5 insecticides applied by pouring 500 ml of insecticide solutions over the soil surface of each container. The plant stem was then severed at the soil line and an adult emergence trap was placed over the top of each container. Emergence traps consisted of a truncated cone (16.5 cm diam bottom and 8 cm diam top) constructed from white cardboard (6 ply). A 10 cm diameter polypropylene funnel was inverted and pushed up inside the cone until the funnel lip formed a tight seal with the cardboard. The funnel was held in place with gray duct tape. A 1.5 cm diam hole was cut into the lid of a 30 ml plastic portion cup, and then the lid and cup were slipped over the spout of the funnel. Each treatment was replicated 10 times and adult emergence was monitored until 4 Apr.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, OH, 1988
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rhododendron and taxus (0.3 m tall) growing in containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults by feeding treated foliage to weevils at specified intervals after application. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 40 psi was used to apply sprays to run-off. Treatments were applied 25 Jul under sunny skies, 24°C, and a 0-8 kph breeze. Treated plants received ca. 0.8 cm rainfall 6 hAfter sprays were applied. In addition to 2.8 cm of natural rainfall during the test, plants received 1.27 cm of overhead irrigation every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday after the first foliage samples were removed. Two 10—15 cm twigs were removed from each taxus plant, and along with 3 ovipositing weevils, were placed in a 1-liter Fonda cup with a mesh top. Two rhododendron leaves were taken from each plant and caged with weevils in the aforementioned manner. Treatments were replicated 3 times. Weevils had been collected from large rhododendrons at a nursery in Lake County and maintained on taxus foliage in the laboratory at 21-23°C, &gt;80% RH, with a 16 h (L:D) photoperiod until used in the test. Efficacy was evaluated 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT by allowing weevils to feed on sprayed foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed with unsprayed foliage, and final percent mortality was assessed 72 h later.
Bronze Birch Borer Larval Control Using Systemic Insecticides in Ohio, 1989
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Duncan Charles A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A mixed stand of 3.5-5.0 m tall birches planted in 1983 were evaluated in Aug 88 for BBB. Nine paper birches with old BBB exit holes, nine paper birches with gouting but no exit holes, 18 European birches with exit holes and 12 European birches with gouting only were selected for treatments. Each tree category was divided into blocks of 3 trees (=16 total replicates). On the date of application, 26 Aug 88, the soil moisture was low due to a drought. Normal rainfall returned for Sep and Oct. Mauget Inject-A-Cide B 1.0 ml injector units with inch mini-microfeeder tubes (normal feeder tubes are inch) were used at rates of one tube/tree with breast diameter height (BDH) less than 8.0 cm and 2 tubes/tree with BDH ≥ 8.0 cm. The feeder tubes were attached at the root flare zone and the units remained on the trees until empty. Cygon 4 E was applied by mixing 150 ml in 1.0 gal of water and pouring around the tree base within a 0.3 m radius. Untreated checks received 1.0 gal of water. During the wk of 29 May 89 a 1.0 m long section of each tree was marked with a waterproof pen about 1.5 to 2.0 m above ground level. All existing BBB exit holes were marked. All trees were examined on 9 Aug 89 and the number of new exit holes/1.0 m segment were recorded.
Pear Thrips Control with Sevin Sl, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a sugar maple plantation in Ackworth, NH. Eighteen understory trees less than 6 ft tall were randomly selected. Nine trees were randomly assigned to the chemical treatment, and the remainder were check trees. Sevin SL was applied using a backpack sprayer and a wand on 25 May. The chemical treatment was applied to the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves up to the point of run off. After 2 h drying time, 0.5 inch rain fell. Periodically, light showers fell the next 3 days. Treatments were rated by counting the number of live adult and juvenile thrips on a single 2 ft long branch/tree.