bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal evolution of orographic precipitating clouds over the southernmost part of the Western Ghats of India during summer and winter monsoons
Authors: Subrahmanyam Kandula Venkata , Kumar Karanam Kishore 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the present communication, diurnal evolution of vertical structure of precipitating clouds over the southernmost part (7°–11°N) of the Western Ghats (WG) of Indian region during summer and winter monsoon periods is discussed using 17 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar measurements. This part of the WG experiences both summer and winter monsoons and provides a unique opportunity to study the orographical processes involved in the formation of precipitating clouds at diurnal scales during two contrasting background environments. During summer monsoon, the lower tropospheric winds are dominated by the presence of strong low‐level westerly jets, which interact with steep slopes of the WG whereas during winter monsoon, winds are very weak easterlies and encounter the WG from eastern side. The composite longitudinal distribution of vertical structure of precipitating clouds in terms of frequency of occurrence of radar reflectivities ≥23 dBZ is constructed at four local time intervals. The results are discussed in terms of bands of high frequency of occurrence of precipitating clouds and their longitudinal position with respect to the WG. A band of high frequency of occurrence of precipitation clouds is observed to be moving eastwards and their potential formation mechanism is attributed to the forced lifting over the upslope regions and to the upstream blocking over the offshore during the summer monsoon. During winter monsoon, a two band structure is observed one over the southern BOB, which is attributed to the persistent low‐pressure system observed over this region and another over the upslope of the WG from eastern side. Thus the present study for the first time brings out the diurnal evolution of the vertical structure of precipitating clouds during summer and winter monsoon over the southernmost part of the WG and discuss the potential physical processes involved in their formation.
Exploration of suitable in vitro simulated digestion model for lipid oxidation of flaxseed oil emulsion during digestion
Authors: Li Xiaowen , Huang Qingde , Wang Xintian , Zhang Mingkai , Quan Shuang , Geng Fang , Chen Hongjian , Deng Qianchun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe INFOGEST model is a standardized general in vitro digestion study, but it cannot accurately simulate the fatty acid release process of lipids in the stomach and small intestine. In this study, the internationally universal INFOGEST 2019 was used as the basic model and flaxseed oil emulsion was used as the research object. In various improvement models, the effect of fatty acid release rate on the oxidation stability of flaxseed oil was assessed by adding rabbit stomach extract and changing the order of bile salts addition.RESULTSWith the presence of rabbit gastric extract, flaxseed oil emulsion flocculation and coalescence in stomach were reduced, and the absolute value of ζ‐potential increased. Moreover, the release rate of fatty acids in the small intestine increased by 12.14%. The amount of lipid oxidation product (i.e. hexanal) in the gastric and intestinal phases increased by 0.08 ppb. In addition, the fatty acid release rate in the small intestine phase increased by 5.85% and the hexanal content increased by 0.011 ppb in the digestion model of adding bile salts before adjusting the pH in the small intestine phase compared with the model of adjusting the pH first and then adding bile salts.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained from this study will contribute to finding the most suitable static digestion model for simulating digestion and oxidation of lipid during lipid gastrointestinal digestion. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Electrophoretic display comprising black, white, red, and yellow particles
Authors: Zang HongMei , Lin Craig , Du Hui , Gu Haiyan , Parent Mary , Chen Yajuan , Liu Lei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA four‐particle electrophoretic display (EPD), Spectra™ 3100, was released in 2021. It targets electronic shelf label applications and signage applications by providing four primary optical states of black, white, red, and yellow, as well as dithering capability to show graphic images. Specially engineered black, white, red, and yellow particles in the electrophoretic ink respond to different electric fields to show pigment intrinsic colors on the display. The imaging film produced from this technology can reach a typical contrast ratio of 30:1 while maintaining a maximum driving voltage of ±15 V. The vibrant red and yellow colors are ideal for highlighting. Consistent optical performances are achieved for all four optical states across the operating temperature range of 0°C to 40°C for a typical indoor environment. The electrophoretic ink is coated and sealed in a thin‐film Microcup® structure using an additive and high yield roll‐to‐roll manufacturing process to produce the imaging film. Active matrix (AM) module integration follows the conventional EPD module production process of lamination between the imaging film and thin‐film transistor (TFT) backplane.
Assessing meaning violations in Syrian refugees: A mixed‐methods cross‐cultural adaptation of the Global Meaning Violations Scale–ArabV
Authors: Matos Lisa , Água Joana , Sinval Jorge , Park Crystal L. , Indart Monica J. , Leal Isabel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRefugees are disproportionately affected by extreme traumatic events that can violate core beliefs and life goals (i.e., global meaning) and cause significant distress. This mixed‐methods study used an exploratory sequential design to assess meaning violations in a sample of Syrian refugees living in Portugal. For this purpose, we cross‐culturally adapted the Global Meaning Violations Scale (GMVS) for use with Arabic‐speaking refugees. In total, 43 war‐affected Syrian adults participated in the two‐phase study. Participants completed measures of trauma and narrated violations as they filled out the newly adapted GMVS‐ArabV. GMVS‐ArabV validity evidence based on response processes was investigated through Phase 1 focus groups (FGs;n = 2), whereas data from Phase 2 cognitive interviews (n = 38) were used to preliminarily explore the measure's internal structure through descriptive statistics as well as culture‐ and trauma‐informed content evidence through thematic analysis. The results suggested highest goal (M = 3.51,SD = 1.46) and lowest belief (M = 2.38,SD = 1.59) violations of educational goals and religious beliefs, respectively. Themes related to stressors, item formulation, response scale, and the global meaning construct suggested that (a) beliefs and goals can be differentially violated by different stressors; (b) much like war trauma, including torture, daily stressors can additionally shatter pretrauma global meaning; and (c) refugees reappraise meaning and suffer violations anew throughout their migration journeys. The GMVS‐ArabV offers a promising tool for exploring shattered cognitions in refugees and informs evidence‐based approaches to trauma recovery and psychological adjustment in postmigration settings (the Arabic abstract and keywords are available in theSupplementary Materials).
Eye Tracking and Motion Data Predict Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Skill
Authors: Berges Alexandra J. , Vedula S. Swaroop , Chara Alejandro , Hager Gregory D. , Ishii Masaru , Malpani Anand 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveEndoscopic surgery has a considerable learning curve due to dissociation of the visual‐motor axes, coupled with decreased tactile feedback and mobility. In particular, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) lacks objective skill assessment metrics to provide specific feedback to trainees. This study aims to identify summary metrics from eye tracking, endoscope motion, and tool motion to objectively assess surgeons' ESS skill.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, expert and novice surgeons performed ESS tasks of inserting an endoscope and tool into a cadaveric nose, touching an anatomical landmark, and withdrawing the endoscope and tool out of the nose. Tool and endoscope motion were collected using an electromagnetic tracker, and eye gaze was tracked using an infrared camera. Three expert surgeons provided binary assessments of low/high skill. 20 summary statistics were calculated for eye, tool, and endoscope motion and used in logistic regression models to predict surgical skill.Results14 metrics (10 eye gaze, 2 tool motion, and 2 endoscope motion) were significantly different between surgeons with low and high skill. Models to predict skill for 6/9 ESS tasks had an AUC >0.95. A combined model of all tasks (AUC 0.95, PPV 0.93, NPV 0.89) included metrics from eye tracking data and endoscope motion, indicating that these metrics are transferable across tasks.ConclusionsEye gaze, endoscope, and tool motion data can provide an objective and accurate measurement of ESS surgical performance. Incorporation of these algorithmic techniques intraoperatively could allow for automated skill assessment for trainees learning endoscopic surgery.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope, 133:500–505, 2023
Seasonal shifts in diurnal variations of pCO2 and O2 in the lower Ganges River
Authors: Haque Md. Morshedul , Begum Most Shirina , Nayna Omme K. , Tareq Shafi M. , Park Ji‐Hyung 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHigh‐frequency, paired measurements of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and dissolved O2 were combined with dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization to investigate diurnal (7:00–19:00) and seasonal variations in CO2 dynamics in the lower Ganges River. Diurnal variations in pCO2 shifted seasonally, concurring with changes in DOM optical properties, biodegradable DOM, and O2 departures from atmospheric equilibrium (ΔO2). Increased pCO2 and CO2 flux (FCO2) in August–September corresponded to monsoonal floods carrying more terrestrial materials. Lower dry‐season pCO2 and FCO2 concurred with higher ΔO2, and exhibited strong relationships with DO and pH, indicating a dominant influence of phytoplankton production. Despite large variations in pCO2, the year‐long positive FCO2 implied that the lower Ganges acted as a CO2 source, reaching 122 mmol m−2 d−1. Increasing hydrologic variability and pollution in the Ganges Basin can amplify pCO2 variations linked to seasonal shifts in terrestrial inputs and phytoplankton production.
Broadband Single‐Chip Full Stokes Polarization‐Spectral Imaging Based on All‐Dielectric Spatial Multiplexing Metalens
Authors: Sun Ti , Hu Jingpei , Zhu Xiaojun , Xu Feng , Wang Chinhua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCompared with intensity imaging, more inherent information of objects can be obtained by polarization and multispectral imaging. Here, a broadband and highly integrated single‐chip full Stokes polarization‐spectral (FSPS) imaging is demonstrated using all‐dielectric spatially multiplexed metalens (SMM) in the wavelength band from 1400 to 1700 nm. The proposed FSPS‐SMM is composed of three sets of off‐axis sub‐metalens simultaneously working for pairs of 0°/90°, 45°/135° linear polarization (LP), and left‐handed/right‐handed circular polarization (CP), respectively. Experimental results show that the optical resolution of each sub‐metalens of the fabricated FSPS‐SMM reaches the diffraction limit of the full‐aperture metalens although the area of each sub‐metalens is only 1/3 of the entire metalens, the averaged polarization extinction ratio of both LP and CP reaches 32.8:1, and the energy efficiency reaches 81.8% at the design wavelength and 60% averagely in the whole 300 nm bandwidth, which breaks the 50% limit of conventional polarizer‐based methods. The proposed design provides a new idea for high‐efficiency and high‐resolution full Stokes polarization‐spectral imaging and multichannel information processing.
Enzyme‐Induced Ferrification of Hydrogels for Toughening of Functional Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Milovanovic Marko , Rauner Nicolas , Civelek Emre , Holtermann Tim , Jid Oualid El , Meuris Monika , Brandt Volker , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEnzyme‐induced mineralization (EIM) has been shown to greatly enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels by precipitation of calcium salts. Another feature of such hydrogels is their high toughness even when containing finely nanostructured mineral content of ≈75 wt%. This might be useful for bendable materials with high content of functional inorganic nanostructures. The present study demonstrates that EIM can form homogeneous nanostructures of water‐insoluble iron salts within hydrogels. Crystalline iron(II) carbonate precipitates urease‐induced within polyacrylate‐based hydrogels and forms platelet structures that have the potential of forming self‐organized nacre‐like architectures. The platelet structure can be influenced by chemical composition of the hydrogel. Further, amorphous iron(II) phosphate precipitates within hydrogels with alkaline phosphatase, forming a nanostructured porous inorganic phase, homogeneously distributed within the double network hydrogel. The high amount of iron phosphate (more than 80 wt%) affords a stiffness of ≈100 MPa. The composite is still bendable with considerable toughness of 400 J m−2 and strength of 1 MPa. The high water content (>50%) may allow fast diffusion processes within the material. This makes the iron phosphate‐based composite an interesting candidate for flexible electrodes and demonstrates that EIM can be used to deliberately soften ceramic materials, rendering them bendable.
Bovine milk microbiota: Evaluation of different DNA extraction protocols for challenging samples
Authors: Schwenker Julia A. , Friedrichsen Meike , Waschina Silvio , Bang Corinna , Franke Andre , Mayer Ricarda , Hölzel Christina S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe use of an adequate protocol that accurately extracts microbial DNA from bovine milk samples is of importance for downstream analysis such as 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Although sequencing platforms such as Illumina are very common, there are reservations concerning reproducibility in challenging samples that combine low bacterial loads with high amounts of host DNA. The objective of this study was to evaluate six different DNA extraction protocols applied to four different prototype milk samples (low/high level of colony‐forming units [cfu] and somatic cells). DNA extracts were sequenced on Illumina MiSeq with primers for the hypervariable regions V1V2 and V3V4. Different protocols were evaluated by analyzing the yield and purity of DNA extracts and the number of clean reads after sequencing. Three protocols with the highest median number of clean reads were selected. To assess reproducibility, these extraction replicates were resequenced in triplicates (n = 120). The most reproducible results for α‐ and β‐diversity were obtained with the modified DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit after a chemical pretreatment plus resuspension of the cream fraction. The unmodified QIAamp DNA Mini kit performed particularly weak in the sample representing unspecific mastitis. These results suggest that pretreatment in combination with the modified DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit is useful in extracting microbial DNA from challenging milk samples. To increase reproducibility, we recommend that duplicates, if not triplicates, should be sequenced. We showed that high counts of somatic cells challenged DNA extraction, which shapes the need to apply modified extraction protocols.
Coronary microvascular function and visceral adiposity in patients with normal body weight and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chowdhary Amrit , Thirunavukarasu Sharmaine , Jex Nicholas , Coles Lauren , Bowers Charles , Sengupta Anshuman , Swoboda Peter , Witte Klaus , Cubbon Richard , Xue Hui , Kellman Peter , Greenwood John , Plein Sven , Levelt Eylem 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study sought to assess whether diabetes affects coronary microvascular function in individuals with normal body weight.MethodsSeventy‐five participants (30 patients with type 2 diabetes [T2D] who were overweight [O‐T2D], 15 patients with T2D who were lean [LnT2D], 15 healthy volunteers who were lean [LnHV], and 15 healthy volunteers who were overweight [O‐HV]) without established cardiovascular disease were recruited. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of subcutaneous, epicardial, and visceral adipose tissue areas, adenosine stress myocardial blood flow (MBF), and cardiac structure and function.ResultsStress MBF was reduced only in the O‐T2D group (mean [SD], LnHV = 2.07 [0.47] mL/g/min, O‐HV = 2.08 [0.42] mL/g/min, LnT2D = 2.16 [0.36] mL/g/min, O‐T2D = 1.60 [0.28] mL/g/min; p ≤ 0.0001). Accumulation of visceral fat was evident in the LnT2D group at similar levels to the O‐HV group (LnHV = 127 [53] cm2, O‐HV = 181 [60] cm2, LnT2D = 182 [99] cm2, O‐T2D = 288 [72] cm2; p < 0.0001). Only the O‐T2D group showed reductions in left ventricular ejection fraction (LnHV = 63% [4%], O‐HV = 63% [4%], LnT2D = 60% [5%], O‐T2D = 58% [6%]; p = 0.0008) and global longitudinal strain (LnHV = −15.1% [3.1%], O‐HV= −15.2% [3.7%], LnT2D = −13.4% [2.7%], O‐T2D = −11.1% [2.8%]; p = 0.002) compared with both control groups.ConclusionsPatients with T2D and normal body weight do not show alterations in global stress MBF, but they do show significant increases in visceral adiposity. Patients with T2D who were overweight and had no prior cardiovascular disease showed an increase in visceral adiposity and significant reductions in stress MBF.image
Hepatocyte‐specific eNOS deletion impairs exercise‐induced adaptations in hepatic mitochondrial function and autophagy
Authors: Cunningham Rory P. , Moore Mary P. , Dashek Ryan J. , Meers Grace M. , Jepkemoi Vivien , Takahashi Takamune , Vieira‐Potter Victoria J. , Kanaley Jill A. , Booth Frank W. , Rector R. Scott 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveEndothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a potential mediator of exercise‐induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations.MethodsHere, male and female hepatocyte‐specific eNOS knockout (eNOShep−/−) and intact hepatic eNOS (eNOSfl/fl) mice performed voluntary wheel‐running exercise (EX) or remained in sedentary cage conditions for 10 weeks.ResultsEX resolved the exacerbated hepatic steatosis in eNOShep−/− male mice. Elevated hydrogen peroxide emission (~50% higher in eNOShep−/− vs. eNOSfl/fl mice) was completely ablated with EX. Interestingly, EX increased [1‐14C] palmitate oxidation in eNOSfl/fl male mice, but this was blunted in the eNOShep−/− male mice. eNOShep−/− mice had lower markers of the energy sensors AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/phospho‐ (p)AMPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p‐mTOR, as well as the autophagy initiators serine/threonine‐protein kinase ULK1 and pULK1, compared with eNOSfl/fl mice. Females showed elevated electron transport chain protein content and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (transcription factor A, mitochondrial, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator 1α).ConclusionsCollectively, this study demonstrates for the first time, to the authors’ knowledge, the requirement of eNOS in hepatocytes in the EX‐induced increases in hepatic fatty acid oxidation in male mice. Deletion of eNOS in hepatocytes also appears to impair the energy‐sensing ability of the cell and inhibit the activation of the autophagy initiating factor ULK1. These data uncover the important and novel role of hepatocyte eNOS in EX‐induced hepatic mitochondrial adaptations.
Spatial Distribution of Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Aggregate‐Forming HeLa Cells Analyzed by μ‐XRF Imaging
Authors: Gräfenstein Andreas , Rumancev Christoph , Pollak Roland , Hämisch Benjamin , Galbierz Vanessa , Schroeder Walter H. , Garrevoet Jan , Falkenberg Gerald , Vöpel Tobias , Huber Klaus , Ebbinghaus Simon , Rosenhahn Axel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractProtein aggregation is a hallmark of several severe neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's disease. Metal ions play a profound role in protein aggregation and altered metal‐ion homeostasis is associated with disease progression. Here we utilize μ‐X‐ray fluorescence imaging in combination with rapid freezing to resolve the elemental distribution of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and zinc in huntingtin exon‐1‐mYFP expressing HeLa cells. Using quantitative XRF analysis, we find a threefold increase in zinc and a 10‐fold enrichment of potassium that can be attributed to cellular stress response. While the averaged intracellular ion areal masses are significantly different in aggregate‐containing cells, a local intracellular analysis shows no different ion content at the location of intracellular inclusion bodies. The results are compared to corresponding experiments on HeLa cells forming pseudoisocyanine chloride aggregates. As those show similar results, changes in ion concentrations are not exclusively linked to huntingtin exon‐1 amyloid formation.
Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data of normal, tumour, and co‐occurring leukoplakia tissue triads drawn from patients with gingivobuccal oral cancer identifies signatures of tumour initiation and progression
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Das Chitrarpita , Ghose Sandip , Maitra Arindam , Roy Bidyut , Majumder Partha P. , Biswas Nidhan K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA thickened, white patch — leukoplakia — in the oral cavity is usually benign, but sometimes (in ~9% of individuals) it progresses to malignant tumour. Because the genomic basis of this progression is poorly understood, we undertook this study and collected samples of four tissues — leukoplakia, tumour, adjacent normal, and blood — from each of 28 patients suffering from gingivobuccal oral cancer. We performed multiomics analysis of the 112 collected tissues (four tissues per patient from 28 patients) and integrated information on progressive changes in the mutational and transcriptional profiles of each patient to create this genomic narrative. Additionally, we generated and analysed whole‐exome sequence data from leukoplakia tissues collected from 11 individuals not suffering from oral cancer. Nonsynonymous somatic mutations in the CASP8 gene were identified as the likely events to initiate malignant transformation, since these were frequently shared between tumour and co‐occurring leukoplakia. CASP8 alterations were also shown to enhance expressions of genes that favour lateral spread of mutant cells. During malignant transformation, additional pathogenic mutations are acquired in key genes (TP53, NOTCH1, HRAS) (41% of patients); chromosomal‐instability (arm‐level deletions of 19p and q, focal‐deletion of DNA‐repair pathway genes and NOTCH1, amplification of EGFR) (77%), and increased APOBEC‐activity (23%) are also observed. These additional alterations were present singly (18% of patients) or in combination (68%). Some of these alterations likely impact immune‐dynamics of the evolving transformed tissue; progression to malignancy is associated with immune suppression through infiltration of regulatory T‐cells (56%), depletion of cytotoxic T‐cells (68%), and antigen‐presenting dendritic cells (72%), with a concomitant increase in inflammation (92%). Patients can be grouped into three clusters by the estimated time to development of cancer from precancer by acquiring additional mutations (range: 4–10 years). Our findings provide deep molecular insights into the evolutionary processes and trajectories of oral cancer initiation and progression. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.