bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Fresh and Aged Bark Growing Media and Zinc Nutrition on the Growth, Zinc Uptake, and N Content of Tomato1
Authors: Cotter D. J. , McGregor C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant dry weight of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in aged bark media was equal to or greater than that of those cultured in a control medium of perlite-sand. Plant growth in fresh bark was inhibited initially and then recovered. Zn concentration and total content per plant were high for plants cultured in bark media even when little or no Zn was applied. The intereaction between media and applied Zn was significant. Plant Zn increased with increasing amount of applied soluble Zn when cultured in perlite-sand, but did not normally change for plants cultured in bark. High Zn concentration of plants cultured in fresh bark was too low to account for the initial growth inhibition. N concentration and content per plant were normally lower for plants grown in fresh bark. N of plants in aged bark was similar to plants in the standard medium. Growth inhibition of plants in fresh bark did not appear to be due to N deficiency.
Water-stress-induced Cold Hardening of Young Citrus Trees1
Authors: Yelenosky George 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water-stressed young, potted citrus seedlings and budded trees on different rootstocks were tested for freeze avoidance and tolerance. Water stress increased the supercooling of cold-sensitive citrus seedlings in freezeavoidance tests and increased the cold hardiness of grapefruit and orange trees in freeze-tolerance tests. Water stress was most effective in reducing injury during freezes above −6.7°C. Temperatures below −6.7° resulted in complete kill regardless of −25 bars water stress in the leaves. Tissue analyses showed increased in proline accompanying increases in sugars during forced dehydration of citrus leaves.
The Influence of Ethylene Treatment of Immature Fruit of Prune (Prunus domestica L.) on the Enzyme-mediated Isolation of Mesocarp Cells and Protoplasts1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Labavitch J. M. , Weinbaum Z. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Immature fruit of ‘French’ prune were treated in air or ethylene and mesocarp tissues incubated with crude cell wall degrading enzymes to release cells and protoplasts. Ethylene treatment substantially reduced the release of cells and protoplasts and increased the proportion of pectic polymers in the cell walls.
Storage Behavior of Pelleted, Tableted, and Taped Lettuce Seed1
Authors: Roos Eric E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coated and raw (uncoated) lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed obtained from commercial sources were subjected to 6 storage conditions (ranging from 21° C, 90% relative humidity (RH) to 5°, 40% RH) for a period of 3 years. Four types of packaging material differing in moisture-barrier properties were used. Samples were removed periodically for moisture and germination tests. Under poor storage conditions, coated seed deteriorated more rapidly than the raw seed controls. Under favorable storage conditions, both coated and raw seed retained full viability for the 3 years.
Consumer Demand Analysis for Roses1
Authors: Hutchison N. R. , Robertson J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conjoint analysis was used to evaluate the effect of form, composition, flower type, flower color, and price on the marketability of roses. Form was the most important floral product attribute influencing the consumers’ impulse rose purchasing. Mixed rose arrangements with carnations and pompon chrysanthemums were more marketable in an impulse purchasing environment than was the traditional all-rose package. Trade-off analysis of product form, composition and price indicated that as consumer impulse purchasing increased, the red Hybrid Tea rose lost its competitive position at the expense of non-red Floribunda and Sweetheart roses. Male and female subjects were shown to have differing priorities concerning desirable characteristics of the rose product. Price variation was relatively unimportant in the purchase selection of roses.
Boron Tolerance of Twenty-five Ornamental Shrub Species1
Authors: Francois L. E. , Clark R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Boron (B) tolerance of 25 ornamental shrub species was determined in large, outdoor sand cultures. Tolerant species such as Natal plum (Carissa grandiflora (E. H. Mey.) A. D. C.), Indian hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl.), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), oleander (Nerium oleander L.), Japanese boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold and Zucc.), bottlebrush (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf), ceniza (Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland.) I. M. Johnst.), and blue dracaena (Cordyline indivisa (G. Forst) Steud.) were affected little, if at all, by 7.5 mg B/liter in the irrigation water. Sensitive species like yellow sage (Lantana camara L.), juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.), Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. and Paxt.), Wax-leaf privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.), thorny elaeagnus (Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.), xylosma (Xylosma congestum (Lour.) Merrill), photinia (Photinia ☓ Fraseri Dress.), and Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) were severely damaged or killed by 7.5 mg B/liter and moderately damaged by 2.5 mg B/liter in the irrigation water. B tolerance and B accumulation in the leaves were not correlated and no correlation was found between B tolerance and salinity tolerance.
Captan Deposition in Peach Orchard Hedgerows1
Authors: Gaynor J. D. , Layne R. E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four hedgerow types: oblique fan, canted oblique fan, modified central leader, and open center, in a peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Olinda) orchard were evaluated in 1975 and 1977 for their effect on deposition of captan (N-trichloromethyl-4-cyclohexene-l,2,dicarboximide). Within hedgerows captan residues on leaves were generally higher on bottoms than tops of trees but among hedgerows, leaf residues were higher on oblique fan. The higher leaf residues resulted in 10.8% more of the captan applied per tree retained by oblique fan compared to 31.7% intercepted by the other hedgerows. Ground deposits for oblique fan and open center averaged 11.7% but were 6.3% higher for canted oblique fan and modified central leader. Ground deposits did not relate to area below trees or hedgerow type but leaf residues and that unaccounted for related to tree canopy volume. Compared to the standard open center, oblique fan was 41% more efficient at intercepting captan, modified central leader 20% more efficient and canted oblique fan showed no improvement in efficiency. Hedgerows with smaller tree canopy volumes increased captan interception, reduced spray drift and thereby provided economic and environmental gains through more efficient captan use.
Light Compensation Point and Leaf Distribution of Ficus benjamina as Affected by Light Intensity and Nitrogen—Potassium Nutrition1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Krantz J. K. , Joiner J. N. , Conover C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Ficus benjamina L. had less leaves in the upper half of sun and shade-grown plants with higher N rates. Potassium affected leaf distribution only in bottom portion of canopy and had no effects on LCP. High N levels increased light compensation point (LCP) of sun-grown plants, but reduced LCP of shadegrown plants. Increased number of leaves in upper half of sun-grown plants reduced LCP but shade-grown plants showed an opposite effect.
Physiological, Morphological, and Anatomical Studies of Tomato Genotypes Varying in Carboxylation Efficiency1
Authors: Augustine J. J. , Stevens M. Allen , Breidenbach R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative growth rates for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes differing in carboxylation efficiency (CE) were similar. Manapal (dg), which had a high CE, had a more rapid vegetative phase growth rate and LA 1098 (low CE) was slower growing. Specific leaf dry weight was greater in high CE genotypes indicating that it may be a useful selection criterion. Leaf thickness was greater in the high CE genotypes (Manapal (dg) and 067) than in the intermediate CE cultivars. Manapal (dg) and 067 (high CE) has much greater percent air space in the palisade tissue and much longer palisade cells than 7879 and VF 36 (intermediate CE). Conversely the number of palisade cells cm−2 was much less in the high CE genotypes. These results indicate that differences in gaseous diffusion potential may in part account for genotypic differences in CE. Differences in CE at 21 and 2% O2 indicated that genotypic differences for photorespiration rate was not an important contributor to the variation in CE.
Differential Response of Lycoperiscon and Solanum Species to Salinity1
Authors: Phills B. R. , Peck N. H. , MacDonald G. E. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lycopersicon and Solanum species and an F1 hybrid of L. esculentum × S. lycopersicoides differed in growth and concentration of elements in leaves in response to levels of NaCl in outdoor sand culture. S. lycopersicoides and its hybrid with the tomato were more sensitive to NaCl on the basis of reduction in dry matter accumulation than L. esculentum, L. peruvianum, or S. pennellii. The dry weights of S. lycopersicoides and the F1 grown without NaCl in the rooting medium were 6 times greater than the average of L. esculentum, L. peruvianum, and S. pennellii, but only 2 times greater when the plants were grown with 294 meq NaCl/liter of rooting medium nutrient solution. S. lycopersicoides and the F1 were fruitless. The average tops without fruit of all species had 10.9% dry weight when grown without NaCl while tops of plants grown with 294 meq NaCl/liter nutrient solution had 14.0% dry wight. NaCl in the rooting medium increased the concentration of Na less in the leaves of S. lycopersicoides and the F1 than the other species and increased the Cl concentration in the leaves of all species. S. lycopersicoides and the F1 had higher concentration of K, and lower Ca in the leaves than the other species. S. pennellii had higher concentrations of Fe and Mn in the leaves than other species.
Effect of Soil Temperature and Photoperiod on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alstroemeria ‘Regina’ plants produced more vegetative shoots when the soil temperature alternated between 15°C (40 days) and 21° (20 days) as compared to a constant 15° soil temperature. However, a higher percentage of the shoots flowered from plants grown at the constant 15° soil temperature. Short days (8 hours light) inhibited flowering irrespective of soil temperature. Plants given a long-day treatment by exposing them to a night break with incandescent light flowered 6 weeks earlier than plants grown under normal day photoperiods during winter and spring and produced 30% more flowering stems. Treatments favoring flower development produced shorter flowering stems with fewer leaves. Maximum flower production resulted from plants grown at a constant 15° soil temperature and irradiated with incandescent lights as a night interruption.
Seasonal Changes in the Physiology of Vegetative Buds of Normal and Bud-failure Affected ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Trees1
Authors: Hellali Rachid , Kester D. E. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vegetative buds from ‘Nonpareil’ almond trees affected by noninfectious bud-failure with (BF) and without (non-BF) symptoms were compared to plants without noninfectious bud-failure (normal). Samples were collected every 2 weeks from June until the following March to establish seasonal trends in weight and abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA). Increases in bud fresh and dry weight occurred during July and August, followed by progressive dehydration up to the end of September. These changes were accompanied first by an increase in ABA and GA-like activity, and then a decrease in both hormones. During the remainder of the year (October to January) bud weight increased gradually and ABA and GA were low. Buds from BF and non-BF plants increased in weight in July and August, but much less than the normal. ABA levels were much less than from the normal, but the GA activity was comparable to normal. BF symptom development is characterized by lower production of ABA during the critical July-Aug. period. A disruption of the normal rest induction and recovery pattern was also hypothesized.
Bolting Control by Ethephon in Fall-planted, Short-day Onions1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Izquierdo Juan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fall and late-winter treatments of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 2500 or 5000 ppm reduced bolting of fall-planted, short-day cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). Ethephon inhibited plant growth and reduced bulb size. Ethephon reduced yields when bolting in control plots was low or when cool spring weather restricted growth. With warm spring weather and 18% bolting in control plots, ethephon reduced bolting to 3% with no effect on yield. Ethephon caused some winter plant loss in 1 of the 3 years. Loss was greatest when higher rates of ethephon were applied in the fall to very young plants.
Some Effects of Gibberellins A4+7 plus Benzyladenine on Fruit Weight, Shape, Quality, Ca Content, and Storage Behavior of ‘Spartan’ Apple1
Authors: Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits on individual spurs, on branch units, and on whole ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees treated with a proprietary mixture of gibberellins A4 + A7 plus benzyladenine (GA4+7 plus BA) were generally heavier and longer than untreated fruits in 2 seasons. The principle effect of treatments applied at first petal fall (FPF) was an increase in the fruit length/diameter (L/D) ratio. Treatments applied 3 days to 5 weeks after FPF increased fruit weight and enhanced the L/D ratio. Ca concentration was reduced by the treatments which enhanced fruit weight and the incidence of ‘Spartan’ breakdown was increased. Fruit firmness and soluble solids were unaltered by the GA4+7 plus BA treatments. Fruit acidity was reduced in one experiment.
Water Stress Responses of Apple Trees. I. Effects of Light and Soil Preconditioning Treatments on Tree Physiology1
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Lakso Alan N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Empire) were grown either in the greenhouse at 40% of available photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), or outdoors for 9 weeks. Although greenhouse trees displayed much lower specific leaf weights than outdoor trees, net photosynthetic (Pn) rates were comparable at light saturation. Half the trees in each group were subjected to 3 successive soil preconditioning treatments. Preconditioning the trees by withholding water did not affect Pn, transpiration (E), or stomatal conductance (ks) during a subsequent drought period in outdoor trees; however, preconditioning increased ks in greenhouse trees. Water-use efficiency increased for both greenhouse and outdoor trees as stomata closed and soil water potential decreased. Total growth and root:shoot ratios were unaffected by either light or soil preconditioning, indicating that potted apple trees are adaptable to different environmental conditions.
Water Stress Responses of Apple Trees. II. Resistance and Capacitance as Affected by Greenhouse and Field Conditions1
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Lakso Alan N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown potted apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Empire) on Malling-Merton (MM) 111 rootstocks displayed much lower water potentials at the end of the season than did similar trees grown outdoors when measured under the same soil moisture and evaporative demand conditions. Differences in water potentials over a wide range of soil moistures were due to the much higher plant and root resistances and the lower leaf capacitances of the greenhouse-grown trees as calculated by using electric analogue circuits. Root resistance differences could not be explained by changes in feeder root percentages or root:shoot ratios.
Effects of Defoliation and Root Height Above a Water Table on Some Red Oak Root Metabolites1
Authors: Parker Johnson 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Quercus rubra L. were subjected to moisture stress and defoliation. Root growth and starch content declined as moisture stress and defoliation severity increased. Fructose and glucose, as well as several amino acids, were sharply higher with increasing moisture stress and these sugars were higher in defoliated than in undefoliated seedlings. Sucrose decreased with increasing severity of defoliation and tended to decrease with increasing moisture stress among defoliated seedlings.
Stunting of Peach Seedlings Following Soil Fumigation1
Authors: Lambert D. H. , Stouffer R. F. , Cole H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) seedlings which became stunted in soil fumigated with methyl bromide-chloropicrin indicated that poor growth was associated with a major deficiency of P aggravated by marginal levels of Cu and Zn. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg were also lower in stunted plants. Where stunting occurred, mycorrhizal root colonization was very poor and viable inoculum was low. These results indicate that elimination of mycorrhizal fungi is the primary factor in fumigation-induced stunting of peach, and also suggest that a reduction in Cu uptake in combination with previously recognized P and Zn deficiencies may contribute to poor growth.
Mechanical Stress Induces Ethylene Production and Epinasty in Poinsettia Cultivars1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Pharr D. M. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mechanically bent petioles of potted poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch ex. Willd., cvs. V-14, Eckespoint C-1 Red, Annette Hegg Diva, Annette Hegg White, and Annette Hegg Hot Pink) produced 3 to 70 times as much ethylene as petioles from unstressed plants. The Annette Hegg cultivars which were most susceptible to leaf epinasty after being sleeved for 24 hours showed the greatest enhancement of ethylene evolution after being mechanically stressed for 24 hours. Exposure to 10 ppm ethylene in air produced the same cultivar dependent pattern of epinasty in 4 hours as was produced by 24 hours of mechanical stress. Spraying with 250 ppm AgNO3, an antagonist of ethylene synthesis and action, reduced the severity of epinasty in ‘Annette Hegg Diva’ plants sleeved for 24 hours. The less susceptible ‘Eckespoint C-1 Red’ and ‘V-14’, produced less stress ethylene and were less susceptible to ethylene-induced epinasty.
The Influence of Storage Temperature and Warming During Storage on Peach and Nectarine Fruit Quality1
Authors: Anderson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peaches and nectarines (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) ripened after storage for 4 weeks at 0°C retained a significantly better internal appearance and had less internal breakdown than those ripened after storage at 5°. Shifting fruit to 5° after storage for 1 or 2 weeks at 0° resulted in fruit with very severe internal breakdown. Breakdown in these fruit was as severe as in fruit stored continually at 5°. However, fruit shifted to 0° after storage for 1 or 2 weeks at 5° developed significantly less breakdown than those shifted from 0° to 5°. Fruit that were warmed (2 days at about 18.3°) during low temperature storage developed significantly less internal breakdown than comparable fruit that were not warmed. Peaches and nectarines that were warmed during storage also tended to have lower respiration rates than those that were not warmed. Acidity was significantly higher after storage in fruit stored at 0° than it was in fruit stored at 5° and acidity tended to remain higher in warmed than in nonwarmed fruit.
Comparative Sensitivity of Cultivars of Coleus to Increased UV-B Radiation1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Stewart Robert N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coleus cultivars differed in their response to enhanced levels of UV-B. With 80% or greater increase in biologically effective radiation, some distorted leaves developed, anthocyanin pigmentation was decreased, and absorbance at several peaks in the UV region increased. Coleus was less sensitive during seasons of high ambient photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) than during low PAR suggesting photorepair was a factor in the response. None showed a response in height, number of nodes, fresh weight, or dry weight.
Role of the Various Seed Parts in Peach Seed Dormancy and Initial Seedling Growth
Authors: Toit du H. J. , Jacobs G. , Strydom D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold requirement for germination of excised ‘Kakamas’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) embryos was satisfied after 2 weeks at 4.4°C; embryos with testas intact required 4 weeks, while seeds with intact endocarps required 12 weeks stratification. Leaching of unstratified excised embryos stimulated germination. The endocarp affected germination by delaying water uptake. Supplying additional O2 during stratification or germination of seeds with intact endocarps did not improve germination. Cracking the endocarps stimulated germination of stratified seeds, but sealing the cracks with lanolin paste prevented this effect. The endocarps may interfere with the leaching of inhibitors from the testa and embryo. Initial seedling growth of embryos with or without testas increased linearly with increasing time of stratification in terms of shoot length, dry weight of shoots and leaves, dry weight of roots and leaf area, length and width. Seedlings arising from embryos with intact testas were taller and had a greater dry mass of shoots, leaves and roots compared to seedlings arising from embryos without testas.
Stomatal and Leaf Surface Features as Related to the Ozone Sensitivity of Petunia Cultivars1
Authors: Elkiey T. , Ormrod D. P. , Pelletier R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Under the light microscope the stomata of 3 cultivars of Petunia hybrida Vilm. were similar in shape and type. However, scanning electron microscopic examination of ‘White Cascade’ petunia (O3 sensitive) revealed guard cell cuticle was not raised above the epidermal surface. ‘Capri’ (O3 insensitive) had the greatest number of stomata/mm2 and the shortest pore length whereas ‘White Cascade’ had the lowest number but the longest pore length. The cultivar with intermediate O3 sensitivity, ‘White Magic’, had an intermediate stomatal density and pore size. The stomatal pore area (mm2/mm2 leaf surface area) was found to be about equal in all 3 cultivars. ‘Capri’ had many more trichomes per unit area than ‘White Cascade’ while ‘White Magic’ had intermediate numbers. No major differences existed in leaf diffusive resistance among the cvs. in either light or dark. The O3 insensitivity of ‘Capri’ was not explained by inherently fewer stomata and/or smaller stomatal size and/or greater leaf diffusive resistance than those of the sensitive ‘White Cascade’. Number of trichomes, sizes of epidermal cells and configuration of guard cell cuticle in relation to epidermal cells may be related to sensitivity.