bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early detection of changes in visual function in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ismail G. M. , Whitaker D. 
Published: July 2002

Purpose: Several measures of visual performance were used to investigate the possibility of a reliable, quick and low‐cost method of differentiating between diabetic patients with and without early retinopathy.Methods: Four groups of patients were recruited: a normal control group (30 patients); a non‐insulin dependent diabetic group without retinopathy (30 patients); a similar group with early retinopathy (30 patients); a similar group with more advanced retinopathy (14 patients). High‐ and low‐contrast LogMAR visual acuity, Pelli‐Robson contrast sensitivity and the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue colour vision test were performed on all patients by an experimenter who was independent of the classification stage.Results: Comparison of mean test scores for each subject group reveals deficits in performance for all tests as a function of severity of diabetic retinal changes. However, none of the tests were successful in differentiating the subject groups with and without early retinopathy (P>>0.05). Larger differences in performance were found when comparing the non‐diabetics against diabetics without retinopathy. Both the Pelli‐Robson chart and the 100‐Hue test result in mean scores which were significantly different in these two groups (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). QROC analysis of the results confirmed this impression, with kappa coefficients for efficiency of discriminability being generally higher for comparison between non‐diabetics and those without retinopathy (0.17 < k < 0.37) than between early diabetic groups (0.13 < k < 0.26). Discrimination between patients with pre‐clinical diabetics and those with moderate retinopathy was more efficient (0.21 < k < 0.62).Conclusion: Tests of visual function appear to be of limited value in screening for the presence of early retinopathy. Rather, a mild decline in visual function appears to already be present in those diabetics without retinopathy.
The multi‐sensory approach to the optometric management of children with specific learning difficulties (such as dyslexia and dyspraxia)
Authors: Grounds Annette R. 
Published: July 2002

In the 1920's Skeffington portrayed vision as a product of the interaction of four component subprocesses. These sub‐processes were depicted as four overlapping intertwined circles, with vision emerging as a product of their interaction. The circles represent the antigravity system, centring, identification and speech auditory processes. He postulated that if any of these sub‐processes fails to develop correctly, the emergent vision will be affected.In children with specific learning difficulties these sub‐processes can be affected to different degrees. So as well as the more well documented problems with tracking eye movements, convergence insufficiency, reduced fusional reserves and accommodative facility, all of which can be improved with specific exercises, attention should also be given to multisensory exercises.Visual space is a varying mix of central and peripheral vision. The attention given to each will vary with visual task, and also from person to person. For best visual performance the correct balance between the two systems is required. If a person is too centrally oriented they tend to be very “focal” in their behavior, ignoring peripheral stimuli and paying too much attention to detail and tend to process sequentially. In contrast the peripherally biased person has poor concentration, jumps from one thing to the other and is easily distracted by peripheral stimuli; a particular problem in a busy classroom environment.The types of problems commonly found in youngsters with specific learning difficulties will be presented, with the emphasis on a multisensory exercise programme specifically designed to improve these problems.
Fixation disparity at different viewing distances and the preferred viewing distance in a laboratory near‐vision task
Authors: Jaschinski Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

SummaryPrevious research has shown that subjects with normal binocular vision differ reliably in the extent to which their fixation disparity changes in the exo direction when the viewing distance is shortened from 100 to 20 cm. Since fixation disparity can lead to asthenopic complaints, the present study investigates whether an exo fixation disparity induced by proximity may cause subjects to move to a longer viewing distance during a near‐vision task in order to reduce exo fixation disparity. In two optometric sessions, fixation disparity and accommodation were tested at 60, 40, and 30 cm viewing distance. In a further session, subjects were required to begin a one‐hour near‐vision task at about 40 cm viewing distance, at which the text characters subtended a comfortable visual angle of 21 min arc. Later, the subjects were free to adopt any viewing distance. In the initial phase of the task, subjects moved back from the screen to a greater or lesser extent that was correlated with the amount of proximal exo fixation disparity: the more a subject's fixation disparity changed to exo when the viewing distance had been shortened from 60 to 30 cm the more he or she moved to longer viewing distances in the course of the near‐vision task. Further, the more distant the resting position of vergence (dark vergence), the more visual complaints the subjects indicated after the task relative to before.
Vision with disposable toric contact lenses and daily‐wear toric contact lenses
Authors: Velasco Cabrera J. , Bermúdez Rodríguez J. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe study compared the vision, the use and evaluation criteria in a group of students with corrective daily‐wear toric contact lenses and disposable toric contact lenses, in order to ascertain which of the two optical systems is more advantageous. We fitted 114 subjects with daily‐wear and disposable lenses to be worn for 12 months, one type of lens in one eye and the other type in the fellow eye. The results reveal no significant differences between the two systems in terms of visual acuity attained; both lenses centred well and were comfortable. Nevertheless, the deposits were significantly greater in the daily‐wear lenses. The ocular reactions were less with the disposable toric lenses. In conclusion, the disposable lenses led to fewer deposits and less ocular reactions, but are limited in parameters. However, both optical systems were appropriate for correcting for astigmatism, and provided good visual acuity.
Early detection of changes in visual function in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ismail Galal M. , Whitaker David 
Published: July 2002

SummaryPsychophysical measurements were performed with a view to providing an assessment of early neural functional integrity in the presence of no or minimal diabetic retinopathy (DR). The investigations were carried out on a normal group and a number of age‐ and sex‐matched non‐insulin dependent diabetic groups with different levels of DR. Results were considered in terms of the presence of functional changes relative to the severity of DR and the duration of diabetes. Significant deficits were found for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and colour vision. Both CS and colour vision measurements differentiated between non‐diabetics and those with diabetes but without DR. However, none of the tests reliably distinguished diabetics without DR from those with early retinal changes although VA and colour vision (especially along a blue‐yellow colour axis) were sensitive to more substantial retinal changes. This finding suggests such tests may be useful as screening tests for more advanced levels of background DR.
The Last 48 Hours of Life in Long‐Term Care: A Focused Chart Audit
Authors: Hall Pippa , Schroder Cori , Weaver Lynda 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:TAs a component of palliative care educational program development, the faculty at the University of Ottawa Institute of Palliative Care wished to assess end‐of‐life care for patients in long‐term care (LTC) settings to develop an educational strategy for physicians.DESIGN:A chart audit, focusing on the last 48 hours of life of residents dying in LTC facilities.SETTING:Five LTC facilities in a city in Canada.PARTICIPANTS:Residents who died in the LTC facilities in a 12‐month period. Those who died suddenly (i.e., with no palliation period) or in a hospital were excluded.MEASUREMENTS:Symptoms highlighted in the literature as commonly found in the terminally ill and the matching treatments were recorded on an audit form created by the authors. Included were pain, dyspnea, noisy breathing, delirium, dysphagia, fever, and myoclonus.RESULTS:One hundred eighty‐five charts were reviewed. A large number of patients were cognitively impaired. Cancer was the final diagnosis in 14% of cases. Respiratory symptoms were the most prevalent symptom, with dyspnea being first and noisy breathing third. Pain was second, with a prevalence similar to that found in studies of cancer patients. Dyspnea was not treated in 23% of the patients with this symptom; opioids were used in only 27% of cases with dyspnea. Ninety‐nine percent of patients who experienced pain were treated for it. Less than one‐third of patients with noisy breathing were treated. Delirium was not treated in 38% of the cases, and no antidopaminergic medications were administered. Nurses were primarily responsible for documenting end‐of‐life issues, supporting the families of the dying residents, and communicating with other team members.CONCLUSION:The focused chart audit identified the high prevalence of cognitive impairment in the patient population, which complicates symptom management. Respiratory symptoms predominated in the last 48 hours of life. This symptom profile differs from that of cancer patients, who, according to the literature, have more pain and less respiratory trouble. Management of symptoms was variable. Nurses played a crucial role in the care of dying residents through their documentation and communication of end‐of‐life issues. Appropriate palliative care education can provide knowledge and skills to all healthcare professionals, including physicians, and assist them in the control of symptoms and improvement of quality of life for patients dying in LTC facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:501–506, 2002.
Natural Governance and the Governance of Nature: The Hazards of Natural Law Feminism
Authors: Ruhl Lealle 
Published: July 2002

This article examines the precepts of natural law feminism, and in exploring the writings of two Canadian feminists, Maureen McTeer and Louise Vandelac, examines how natural law feminism is deployed in debates about how to theorize reproduction. I contend that the natural law perspective obscures many issues worthy of feminist inquiry, and, perhaps more critically, eschews a discourse that emphasizes reproductive freedom in favour of one which has at its centre a largely unproblematized view of reproduction that follows a biologically driven script of conception, gestation, childbirth and mothering as inherently and necessarily connected. I argue that this stance is particularly evident in natural law feminist analyses of ecology and the regulation of new reproductive and genetic technologies. In both these areas, natural law feminism poses the central problem as one in which feminists must zealously protect the natural association between women and reproduction; in so doing, natural law feminists gloss over the nature of this association. I suggest a reframing of the focus of debates on reproduction from what is natural and what is socially constructed to how we demarcate the two.
Sequential Choice in Group Settings: Taking the Road Less Traveled and Less Enjoyed
Authors: Ariely Dan , Levav Jonathan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Many individual decisions take place in a group context wherein group members voice their choices sequentially. In this article we examine the impact of this dynamic decision process on individuals' choices and satisfaction with their outcomes. We propose that choices reflect a balancing of two classes of goals: goals that are strictly individual and goals that are triggered by the existence of the group. The latter sometimes results in choices that undermine personal satisfaction and increase regret. We find support for goal balancing in three studies in which we tracked consumers' orders of dishes and drinks. In the Lunch study we found that real groups (tables) choose more varied dishes than would be expected by random sampling of the population of all individual choices across all tables. The Beer study demonstrates that this group-level variety seeking is attributable to the interaction—implicit or explicit—among group members, and can be dissipated when the group is forced to “disband” and its members make strictly individual choices. Finally, the Wine study demonstrated that individual choices in a group context are also aimed at satisfying goals of information gathering and self-presentation in the form of uniqueness.
The rapid evolution of scholarly communication
Authors: Odlyzko Andrew 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTTraditional journals, even those available electronically, are changing slowly. However, there is rapid evolution in scholarly communication. Usage is moving to electronic formats. In some areas, it appears that electronic versions of papers are being read about as often as the printed journal versions. Although there are serious difficulties in comparing figures from different media, the growth rates in usage of electronic scholarly information are sufficiently high that if they continue for a few years, there will be no doubt that print versions will be eclipsed. Further, much of the electronic information that is accessed is outside the formal scholarly publication process. There is also vigorous growth in forms of electronic communication that take advantage of the unique capabilities of the web, and which simply do not fit into the traditional journal publishing format. This paper presents some statistics on usage of print and electronic information. It also discusses some preliminary evidence about the changing patterns of usage. It appears that much of the online usage comes from new readers (esoteric research papers assigned in undergraduate classes, for example) and often from places that do not have access to print journals. Also, the reactions to even slight barriers to usage suggest that even high‐quality scholarly papers are not irreplaceable. Readers are faced with a ‘river of knowledge’ that allows them to select among a multitude of sources, and to find near substitutes when necessary. To stay relevant, scholars, publishers and librarians will have to make even greater efforts to make their material easily accessible.
Eigenvalue asymptotics and exponential decay of eigenfunctions for Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields
Authors: Shen Zhongwei 
Published: July 2002

We consider the Schrödinger operator with magnetic field,

H
=
(

1
i

∇
−

a
⇀

(
x
)

)

2

+
V
(
x
)
in

R

n

.

\begin{equation*}H=(\frac {1}{i}\nabla -{\overset {\rightharpoonup }{a}}(x))^{2}+V(x) \text { in } \mathbb {R}^{n}. \end{equation*}

Assuming that

V
≥
0

V\ge 0

and

|

curl

a
⇀

|

+
V
+
1

|\text {curl}\, \overset {\rightharpoonup }{a}|+V+1

is locally in certain reverse Hölder class, we study the eigenvalue asymptotics and exponential decay of eigenfunctions.
Associations among 5-Year Changes in Weight, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Mexican Americans
Authors: Rainwater David L. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Comuzzie Anthony G. , VandeBerg John L. , Stern Michael P. , MacCluer Jean W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Recent changes in lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity. To determine the associations of these changes with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, the authors correlated changes in CVD risk factors with changes in weight and physical activity in a population-based sample of 539 Mexican Americans in the San Antonio Heart Study in 1992–1999 who were examined twice approximately 5 years apart. Average weight change during that interval was 2.7 kg. While change in physical activity (expressed as percent change) was associated modestly only with change in low density lipoprotein cholesterol median diameter (p = 0.017), weight change was strongly and positively associated with unfavorable changes in lipid and lipoprotein traits, insulin levels, and blood pressure, explaining 2–10% of the variation in the risk factor changes during the interval. The unfavorable associations with weight gain tended to be more pronounced in lean compared with obese individuals and in men compared with women. However, the associations were significant for most CVD risk factors in all groups. In Mexican Americans, a population at high risk for obesity, weight change was positively correlated with metabolic variables associated with risk of CVD. Therefore, increasing adiposity in this population may tend to slow, or even reverse, the decline in CVD morbidity and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:974–82.
Genetic network inference: from co-expression clustering to

reverse engineering
Authors: D’haeseleer Patrik , Liang Shoudan , Somogyi Roland 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
motivation: Advances in molecular biological, analytical and computational technologies are enabling us to systematically investigate the complex molecular processes underlying biological systems. In particular, using high-throughput gene expression assays, we are able to measure the output of the gene regulatory network. We aim here to review datamining and modeling approaches for conceptualizing and unraveling the functional relationships implicit in these datasets. Clustering of co-expression profiles allows us to infer shared regulatory inputs and functional pathways. We discuss various aspects of clustering, ranging from distance measures to clustering algorithms and multiple-cluster memberships. More advanced analysis aims to infer causal connections between genes directly, i.e. who is regulating whom and how. We discuss several approaches to the problem of reverse engineering of genetic networks, from discrete Boolean networks, to continuous linear and non-linear models. We conclude that the combination of predictive modeling with systematic experimental verification will be required to gain a deeper insight into living organisms, therapeutic targeting and bioengineering.
Contact: patrik@cs.unm.edu; sliang@mail.arc.nasa.gov; rsomogyi@incyte.com
SACS—Self-maintaining database of antibody crystal
structure information
Authors: Allcorn Lee C. , Martin Andrew C. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The rapid increase in the number of structures in the Protein Databank (PDB) makes it difficult to find all structures in a given protein class. Automatically-maintained web-based summaries are one solution to this problem.
Results: Summary of Antibody Crystal Structures (SACS), a self-maintaining web-site containing summary information on antibody structures in the PDB, is described. Mirrored PDB data are processed automatically using a Make-based system to identify new antibody structures. The PDB header records and sequence data are then parsed to identify a number of features of the structure and the data are stored using eXtensible Markup Language (XML). eXtensible Stylesheet Language: Transformations (XSLT), a new style sheet language for XML, is used to generate Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) pages containing either a one-line summary of every structure or a more detailed page describing a single antibody.
Availability: The pages are accessible at http://www.bioinf.org.uk/abs/sacs/or http://www.rubic.rdg.ac.uk/abs/sacs/
Contact: a.c.r.martin@reading.ac.uk; andrew@bioinf.org.uk
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
LigBase: a database of families of aligned ligand binding sites
in known protein sequences and structures
Authors: Stuart Ashley C. , Ilyin Valentin A. , Sali Andrej 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: A database comprising all ligand-binding sites of known structure aligned with all related protein sequences and structures is described. Currently, the database contains approximately 50000 ligand-binding sites for small molecules found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structure–structure alignments are obtained by the Combinatorial Extension (CE) program (Shindyalov and Bourne, Protein Eng. , 11, 739–747, 1998) and sequence–structure alignments are extracted from the ModBase database of comparative protein structure models for all known protein sequences (Sanchez et al. , Nucleic Acids Res. , 28, 250–253, 2000). It is possible to search for binding sites in LigBase by a variety of criteria. LigBase reports summarize ligand data including relevant structural information from the PDB file, such as ligand type and size, and contain links to all related protein sequences in the TrEMBL database. Residues in the binding sites are graphically depicted for comparison with other structurally defined family members. LigBase provides a resource for the analysis of families of related binding sites.
Availability: LigBase is accessible on the web at http://guitar.rockefeller.edu/ligbase.
Contact: ash@guitar.rockefeller.edu; sali@rockefeller.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
The Sulfinator: predicting tyrosine sulfation sites in
protein sequences
Authors: Monigatti Flavio , Gasteiger Elisabeth , Bairoch Amos , Jung Eva 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: Protein tyrosine sulfation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that go through the secretory pathway. No clear-cut acceptor motif can be defined that allows the prediction of tyrosine sulfation sites in polypeptide chains. The Sulfinator is a software tool that can be used to predict tyrosine sulfation sites in protein sequences with an overall accuracy of 98%. Four different Hidden Markov Models were constructed, each of them specialized to recognize sulfated tyrosine residues depending on their location within the sequence: near the N-terminus, near the C-terminus, in the center of a window with a size of at least 25 amino acids, as well as in windows containing several tyrosine residues.
Availability: The Sulfinator is accessible at (http://www.expasy.org/tools/sulfinator/).
Supplementary information: Sulfinator documentation is accessible at (http://www.expasy.org/tools/sulfinator/sulfinator-doc.html).
Abbreviations: SWP: SWISS-PROT accession number.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.