bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Cutting Operations
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Cook N. H. , Smith P. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The oblique tool, which has a cutting edge that is inclined to the direction of motion of the workpiece at an angle other than 90 deg, represents the most general type of cutting tool. The more complex three-dimensional tools of production may be related to an equivalent oblique tool having a given inclination angle and a corresponding effective rake angle. In this investigation the chip-flow direction and the velocity and force relations for an oblique cutting tool were compared with experimental results. The angle between the direction of chip flow and a normal to the cutting edge was found to be approximately equal to the inclination angle for ordinary friction conditions, but to be progressively larger than the inclination angle as the friction decreased. The effective rake angle for an oblique tool is found to increase without a corresponding decrease in the included tool angle. The direction of the force component in the tool face was found to deviate considerably from the chip-flow direction, particularly for larger values of inclination angle. However, the directions of maximum shear stress and shear strain on the shear plane were found to be nearly colinear for values of inclination up to 30 deg. The analytical consequences of these observations are discussed. The method of applying the oblique-tool results to three-dimensional tools is illustrated by three examples involving a lathe tool, a face-milling cutter, and a drill point. The drill-point discussion is extended to illustrate the value to be derived from a qualitative application of basic oblique-tool mechanics to the interpretation of drill test data.
The Influence of Aging on the Bauschinger Effect in Inelastically Strained Beams
Authors: Elsesser T. M. , Sidebottom O. M. , Corten H. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In many engineering applications the elastic-limit loads for members are increased by overloading the members until inelastic deformation occurs in regions of peak stresses. The extent of the inelastic deformation may be of the order of magnitude of the elastic-limit strain in such members as overstrained beams and autofrettaged thick-walled cylinders. An increase in the elastic-limit loads for these members is possible because of the beneficial macroscopic (measurable) residual stresses resulting from the inelastic deformation. However, the full theoretical beneficial effect of the residual stresses is never realized since they are reduced by the inelastic deformation caused by the Bauschinger effect which occurs when the member is unloaded. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether the full benefit of the macroscopic residual stresses could be retained by aging the member while loaded, and in this way eliminate the Bauschinger effect before its detrimental influence could occur. Tests were conducted on beams of rectangular cross section made from annealed mild (SAE 1020) and high-carbon (rail) steels. An aging treatment of 180 F for 20 hr was found to be sufficient to remove practically all of the Bauschinger effect in the mild steel but was not sufficient to remove all of the Bauschinger effect in the high-carbon steel.
The Effect of Slightly Elevated-Temperature Treatment Upon Microscopic and Submicroscopic Residual Stresses Induced by Small Inelastic Strains in Metals
Authors: Corten H. T. , Elsesser T. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Inelastic deformation of metals introduces structural changes which during unloading and reversed loading cause the Bauschinger effect. This effect may be interpreted in terms of microscopic and submicroscopic residual stresses. A slightly elevated-temperature treatment applied to an overstrained tension specimen at zero load allows two mechanisms to occur, namely, (a) relaxation of microscopic residual shear stresses in slip bands, and (b) a reduction of submicroscopic residual forces around flaws and disordered regions by the place change of atoms. Each of these mechanisms, (a) and (b) partially or completely removes the Bauschinger effect. In brass and low-carbon steel, the application of a slightly elevated-temperature treatment at a high stress level, during which mechanism (a) does not occur, very nearly or completely removes the Bauschinger effect. It appears therefore that the removal of the Bauschinger effect can be attributed, under these conditions to mechanism (b). This fact means that in load-resisting members made of these metals and containing favorable macroscopic residual stresses induced by inelastic deformation, the undesirable microscopic and submicroscopic residual stresses which cause the Bauschinger effect may be removed, thereby retaining the full theoretical value of the favorable macroscopic residual stresses.
Additional Measurements of Heat Conductivity of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Mixtures
Authors: Keyes F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Since the Annual Meeting of 1950, measurements of the heat conductivity of three mixtures of nitrogen-carbon dioxide have been continued to higher temperatures and the earlier reported measurements repeated. It is now established for the N2–CO2 mixtures at low pressure that the sign of the deviation of the observed heat conductivities, relative to the conductivities computed on the basis of the linear composition proportionality, changes, passing from negative at room temperature to zero at about 150 C, and becoming increasingly positive at higher temperatures. This behavior is unexpected and appears not to have been hitherto observed. The Enskog theory of the conductivity of mixtures does not predict the observed trend nor does the empirical formula of Lindsay and Bromley. The data have been formulated at each of the three constant concentrations of constituents using the same type of equation that has proved useful for the pure components. A new installation for low-temperature measurements has been completed and tested in the course of calibrating the copper-constantan thermocouples to be used for measuring the temperature gradient and absolute temperature from 30 to −180 C of the fluids whose heat-conductive properties are of interest. The N2–CO2 mixtures will be measured along with a series of pure gases and liquids. The measurement of the pressure effect for the heat conductivities of the N2–CO2 mixtures has been attempted but without satisfactory results above 50 C. The difficulty consists of failure of the fluid in the cell to arrive at a steady state above a comparatively low pressure. The cause of the phenomenon is believed, as expressed in last year’s report, to be directly related to the known tendency of the constituents of a mixture to separate in a temperature gradient.
Photographic Study of Surface-Boiling Heat Transfer to Water With Forced Convection
Authors: Gunther F. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effect of forced convection on the mechanism of heat transfer with surface boiling, a high-speed, high-resolution photographic study was made. The test section was a transparent channel of rectangular cross section 3/16 × 1/2 × 6 in., with an electrically heated metal strip 1/8 in. wide suspended lengthwise to divide the channel into two flow passages. To facilitate photography of boiling on the metal strip near burnout conditions, the burnout limits for this section were determined experimentally. An empirical equation was fitted to the points.
Comparative Strengths of Some Adhesive-Adherend Systems
Authors: DeLollis N. J. , Rucker Nancy , Wier J. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The strength properties of various adhesive-adherend combinations were determined as one phase of an investigation of the nature of adhesion. The adhesives were polyvinyl acetate, cellulose nitrate, resorcinol resin, casein, gum arabic, natural rubber, and neoprene. The adherends were stainless steel, aluminum alloy, paper-phenolic laminate, glass, birchwood, and hard rubber. The properties studied were double-lap shear, tensile, long-time loading shear, and impact strengths. The tensile-adhesion and shear-strength values for a given adhesive-adherend combination did not differ greatly except for wood and paper-phenolic laminate, which are nonisotropic. The highest values (up to 3600 psi) were obtained with polyvinyl-acetate and cellulose-nitrate adhesives. The thermosetting resorcinol resin showed no appreciable flow in supporting a load of 680 psi for 6 months, whereas the thermoplastic polyvinyl acetate failed in 45 days under a load of 200 psi. The rubber-type adhesives which were weak compared with the other adhesives in the static load tests were definitely superior in the impact tests. Better correlation of shear strengths was observed with the moduli of elasticity than with the dielectric constants of the materials used in the various adhesive-adherend combinations.
Principles of Foundation Design for Engines and Compressors
Authors: Newcomb W. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the elastic character of the ground and shows that foundations for reciprocating machines can be treated as spring-supported masses, the machine and foundation representing the mass, and the ground the spring. Such elastic systems have natural periods of vibration; if the frequency of unbalanced inertia or other exciting force is near the natural frequency of the foundation, resonance will occur producing excessive vibration. Examples of this phenomenon are given and tests on foundations having resonance are described. Also, the nature of inertia forces found in reciprocating machines is explained. Examples of good and bad foundation design are shown and a rational method for foundation design is outlined.
An Investigation of Flow Through Screens
Authors: Baines W. D. , Peterson E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Analytical and experimental studies on the three principal aspects of flow through screens are described: (a) The relative drop in pressure as a function of screen form and solidity ratio; (b) the capacity of screens to modify the velocity distribution; and, (c) the characteristics of the turbulence which screens produce. Because of their frequent hydraulic application, primary attention is given to relatively coarse lattices and perforated plates. Results are presented in dimensionless graphs which are immediately usable for design purposes.
Orifice Meters With Supercritical Compressible Flow
Authors: Cunningham R. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The discharge characteristics of orifices at low pressure ratios were investigated. Probe measurements of high-velocity jets confirm and extend the work of Stanton. Expansion factors (Y) at pressure ratios down to r = 0.13 were measured for the flow of air in a 2-in. pipe meter and for the flow of steam in a 3-in. pipe meter. Both meters were installed in accordance with ASME specifications, and operated at a diameter ratio of 0.15. The effects of high approach velocity on the discharge characteristics of square-edged orifices at low pressure ratios were investigated; expansion factors were determined for diameter ratios from 0.2 to 0.8 over a range of pressure ratios from unity to 0.2. A linear Y-r correlation is shown to exist at low pressure ratios; a change of flow regime occurs at a pressure ratio of 0.63. A theoretical solution for supercritical flow, previously established by the author, is further compared with experimental results.
Strength Behavior of Adhesive Bonds
Authors: Meissner H. P. , Baldauf G. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Practically all adhesive systems show an increase in strength with decreasing thickness of the adhesive layer. At least five different explanations for this “thickness-strength” rule have been proposed, based upon the following concepts: (a) Molecular orientation of the adhesive. (b) Differences in physical structure. (c) Theory of flaws. (d) Reduction of plastic flow during test. (e) Distribution of internal stresses. An investigation of these alternatives was made by testing butt joints between metal cylinders using eutectic solder, wax, and polystyrene as adhesives. Evidence indicating the correct explanation of the thickness-strength rule was obtained from a study of the effect on bond strength of bond geometry, from the location of bond failure, and from the relations between bond strength and bulk strength.
Basic Factors in Hot-Machining of Metals
Authors: Krabacher E. J. , Merchant M. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the influence of basic metal-cutting quantities when machining metals at elevated temperatures. Much of the investigation centered around some of the commoner high-temperature alloys. Studies on the mechanics of cutting at elevated temperatures were made in which such basic quantities as chip friction, shear strength, and machining constant were measured. In addition, tool-chip interface temperatures were calculated. These data were correlated with data obtained from milling tool-life tests on the same materials. Two main factors oppose each other in their effect on tool life in hot-machining. These are the increased ease with which the heat-softened tool material can be abraded away and the decreased ability of the heat-softened chip and workpiece to produce such abrasion. It was found that these two factors can be evaluated roughly from tool-temperature data taken in combination with data on the mechanics of cutting.
Simplified Process for Determining Steam Purity
Authors: Powell S. T. , McChesney I. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A method and apparatus are described for measuring electrical conductivity of steam from boilers and vapor from evaporators. The stainless-steel capillary sampling line throttles the flow and condenses part of the sample by radiation, normally requiring no cooling water. The condensed part of the sample is kept at the boiling point and continuously swept by uncondensed vapor so that gases cannot go into solution. No reboiling or degassing is required. Design and operating details are given, based upon successful operation for many months, with no attention or adjustment required.
Review of Combustion Phenomena for the Gas Turbine
Authors: Shepherd D. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Combustion-chamber design information is comparatively meager except for over-all performance data from existing gas turbines, such as combustion intensity and fractional pressure loss. Some information is available from established practices in other fields but many new or intensified problems remain. However, there is a rapidly increasing interest in the basic mechanism of combustion from the viewpoint of the physical chemistry of ignition, flame propagation, and burning, which together with reconsideration of the older empirical data of a fundamental nature shows promise of being fruitful. The purpose of this paper is to present a survey of some of this basic material as a step in helping the combustion engineer to correlate it with his knowledge of existing over-all performance.
Some Biological Fundamentals of Marine Fouling
Authors: Clapp William F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The common mussel is identified as the organism most important in the fouling of sea-water conduits and most difficult to control. Relevant features of its construction, living habits, rates of propagation and growth, and methods of locomotion and self-protection are described. While very young organisms, in general, are less resistant to unfavorable conditions than the mature of their respective kinds, and the mussel is probably no exception; in the case of the young mussel very high resistance is found very shortly after the permanent shell takes complete formation. Chlorination tests on mussels at Kure Beach, N. C., are described and results quoted.
Density-Pressure Relationships for Two Low-Viscosity Dimethyl Siloxanes
Authors: Gunst S. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An instrument used to determine liquid compressibilities is described as is its use in the determination of density versus pressure for hexamethyldisiloxane and octamethyltrisiloxane. Results at pressures to 10,000 psi, and at temperatures to 200 F for the hexamethyldisiloxane and to 300 F for the octamethyltrisiloxane are shown. The densities are precise within 0.3 per cent.
An Automatic Degasser for Steam Sampling in Power Plants
Authors: Rivers H. M. , Trautman W. H. , Gibble G. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Electrical conductivity procedures are widely preferred for measuring the purity of condensed steam. Because gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia contribute to the conductivity as do dissolved salts carried over from the boiler, interpretation of conductivity measurements may be somewhat uncertain. A new degasser has been developed which automatically splits a steam sample into two approximately equal streams of condensate, one containing all solid impurities, the other containing all gaseous impurities in the original sample. Heat-exchange elements are combined in a unique way which guarantees that the weight ratio of one stream to the other will remain substantially constant. Both streams pass through conductivity flow cells so the degree of contamination can be measured continuously by conductometric means.
Zero-Pressure Thermodynamic Properties of Some Monatomic Gases
Authors: Goff J. A. , Gratch Serge , Van Voorhis S. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents definitive values of the zero-pressure thermodynamic properties of the stable naturally occurring isotopes and the normal isotopic mixtures of the following monatomic gases: Hydrogen (H), helium (He), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), argon (A), bromine (Br), iodine (I), mercury (Hg). These values cover the range 100 to 5000 deg R at the intervals indicated by the numbers in parentheses: 100(5)130(10)240(20)500(50)1000(100)2000(200)5000. They have been computed by the methods of quantum statistical mechanics from present best values of the relevant (a) general physical constants, (b) isotopic weights and fractional abundances, (c) spectroscopic data. Computational accuracy well beyond present physical accuracy has been maintained for practical reasons, final results being given to seven significant figures. Present physical accuracy is indicated by charts of estimated uncertainties. For some of the monatomic gases here considered, accurate values of their zero-pressure thermodynamic properties hitherto have been unavailable; for others the data presented are the first based upon recent spectroscopic and other input data to be made available at temperatures sufficiently close for convenient practical application.
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Gaseous Normal Hydrogen From Its Boiling Point to Room Temperature and From 0–200 Atmospheres
Authors: Johnston H. L. , White David 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of accurate measurements on data of state for normal hydrogen gathered over a period of years by a group of investigators in The Ohio State University Cryogenic Laboratories. Results cover a wide range of temperature and pressure.
Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Some Compact Heat-Exchanger Surfaces: Part 1—Test System and Procedure
Authors: Kays W. M. , London A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a test apparatus and method of analysis used for the accurate determination of the basic heat-transfer and flow-friction characteristics of compact heat-exchanger surfaces. The experimental accuracy is discussed and the results of test of a typical louvered-plate-fin heat-exchanger surface are included to illustrate the quality of data obtainable. It is hoped that the experience presented here may lead to a standardization of test methods so that more accurate design data will be forthcoming.
Do Cognitive, Physical, and Combined Tasks Induce Similar Levels of Mental Fatigue? Testing the Effects of Different Moderating Variables
Authors: Rubio-Morales Ana , Díaz-García Jesús , Barbosa Carlos , Habay Jelle , López-Gajardo Miguel Ángel , García-Calvo Tomás 
Published: July 2022

Experts have highlighted the importance of coaches knowing the level of mental fatigue (MF) induced by different tasks. This study aimed to compare the mentally fatiguing nature of cognitive, physical, and combined tasks and, additionally, assess the effect of different moderating variables on MF. Twenty-three physically active (16 males: Mage = 24 years; seven females: Mage = 22.57 years) participants performed three experimental sessions: (a) physically fatiguing: 30 min of cycloergometer work (at 65%–75% of maximum heart rate), (b) mentally fatiguing: 30 min of an incongruent Stroop task, and (c) mixed fatiguing: 30 min of combining the physically and mentally fatiguing protocols. Subjective MF (visual analog scale), reaction time (psychomotor vigilance task), and cognitive performance (Stroop) were measured throughout the different protocols. Results showed significant increments in subjective MF after all tasks, with the mental and mixed protocols showing significantly higher increases. Only the mentally fatiguing protocol caused significant impairments in reaction time. No significant effects of sex, years of experience, or degree of mental toughness were observed. These results suggest that the use of all these tasks, and especially the mentally fatiguing exercises, should be avoided immediately prior to competitions due to the negative consequences of MF on performance. Moreover, this effect seems to be independent of the sex, years of experience, or mental toughness of athletes.
Double heterozygosity for mutations in the β-myosin heavy chain and in the cardiac myosin binding protein C genes in a family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Richard Pascale , Isnard Richard , Carrier Lucie , Dubourg Olivier , Donatien Yves , Mathieu Bénédicte , Bonne Gisèle , Gary Françoise , Charron Philippe , Hagege Albert , Komajda Michel , Schwartz Ketty , Hainque Bernard 
Published: July 2022

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal dominant disease, caused by mutations in several sarcomeric protein genes. So far, seven genes have been shown to be associated with the disease with the β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) and the cardiac myosin binding protein C (MYBPC3) genes being the most frequently involved.We performed electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in 15 subjects with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from a French Caribbean family. Genetic analyses were performed on genomic DNA by haplotype analysis with microsatellite markers at each locus involved and mutation screening by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Based on ECG and echocardiography, eight subjects were affected and presented a classical phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two new mutations cosegregating with the disease were found, one located in the MYH7 gene exon 15 (Glu483Lys) and the other in the MYBPC3 gene exon 30 (Glu1096 termination codon). Four affected subjects carried the MYH7 gene mutation, two the MYBPC3 gene mutation, and two were doubly heterozygous for the two mutations. The doubly heterozygous patients exhibited marked left ventricular hypertrophy, which was significantly greater than in the other affected subjects.We report for the first time the simultaneous presence of two pathological mutations in two different genes in the context of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This double heterozygosity is not lethal but is associated with a more severe phenotype.