bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balancing the Photo‐Induced Carrier Transport Behavior at Two Semiconductor Interfaces for Dual‐Polarity Photodetection
Authors: Fang Shi , Wang Danhao , Kang Yang , Liu Xin , Luo Yuanmin , Liang Kun , Li Liuan , Yu Huabin , Zhang Haochen , Memon Muhammad Hunain , Liu Boyang , Liu Zhenghui , Sun Haiding 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe carrier transport dynamics at the surface/interface of semiconductors determine the electronic and optical properties of devices. Thus, precise control of their dynamic processes while understanding the nature of these characteristics is crucial for modulating device functionalities. Here, a photoelectrochemical‐type photosensor is built using monocrystalline p‐GaN nanowires on the Si platform, which unambiguously exhibits either positive or negative photocurrent upon different light illumination. Such dual‐polarity photocurrents are attributed to photogenerated‐carrier‐transport competition at two interfaces: the GaN/electrolyte and GaN/Si interface. Particularly, a rational Pt decoration successfully accelerates the carrier migration at the GaN/electrolyte interface that breaks the original balance of carrier transport. This mechanism is further elaborated by Kelvin‐probe‐force‐microscopy characterization, which intuitively reveals the impact of Pt decoration on modulating nanowires’ surface band bending and the consequent carrier dynamics at the interfaces. These insights into the control of carrier dynamics shed light on achieving multi‐functional PEC devices built upon simple semiconductor architectures.
Transition Metal Carbo‐Chalcogenide “TMCC:” A New Family of 2D Materials
Authors: Majed Ahmad , Kothakonda Manish , Wang Fei , Tseng Eric N. , Prenger Kaitlyn , Zhang Xiaodong , Persson Per O. Å. , Wei Jiang , Sun Jianwei , Naguib Michael 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHere, a new family of 2D transition metal carbo‐chalcogenides (TMCCs) is reported, which can be considered a combination of two well‐known families, TM carbides (MXenes) and TM dichalcogenides (TMDCs), at the atomic level. Single sheets are successfully obtained from multilayered Nb2S2C and Ta2S2C using electrochemical lithiation followed by sonication in water. The parent multilayered TMCCs are synthesized using a simple, scalable solid‐state synthesis followed by a topochemical reaction. Superconductivity transition is observed at 7.55 K for Nb2S2C. The delaminated Nb2S2C outperforms both multilayered Nb2S2C and delaminated NbS2 as an electrode material for Li‐ion batteries. Ab initio calculations predict the elastic constant of TMCC to be over 50% higher than that of TMDC.
Tailoring the Nature of Interface States in Efficient and Stable Bilayer Organic Solar Cells by a Transfer‐Printing Technique
Authors: Wang Rong , Jiang Youyu , Gruber Wolfgang , He Yakun , Wu Mingjian , Weitz Paul , Zhang Kaicheng , Lüer Larry , Forberich Karen , Unruh Tobias , Spiecker Erdmann , Deibel Carsten , Li Ning , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ‐OSCs) are designed to overcome inefficient charge generation and limited exciton diffusion of organic semiconductors. However, there are some disadvantages involving inherent voltage losses, microstructure control, and operational instability. Bilayer solar cells (BL‐OSCs) without mixed regions are free from these problems and offer a platform to explore the photophysical processes at the donor–acceptor interface. Here, a breakthrough for n‐i‐p BL‐OSCs in charge generation efficiency is reported. A gradual adjustment of the molecular interface orientation of the polymer donor (PM6) is accompanied by the evolution of charge‐transfer states and Forster energy transfer. Besides, less recombination losses and superior morphological stability of BL‐OSCs are achieved at a PCE comparable to that of BHJ‐OSCs with similar layer thickness. This investigation confirms the feasibility of manufacturing BL‐OSCs by a transfer printing method and provides a versatile architecture to study fundamental interface phenomena in OSCs independent from microstructure disorder.
Inverse Design of Unidirectional Transmission Nanostructures Based on Unsupervised Machine Learning
Authors: Li Yu , Deng Miaoyi , Liu Zhengchang , Peng Pu , Chen Yuxiang , Fang Zheyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStructural design is an important driving force for technological development in nanophotonics. To achieve better performance of nanophotonic devices, the freedom of structural design space needs to be expanded. Unsupervised learning algorithm in deep learning provides a great platform to expand design freedom of structures and avoid the “curse of dimensionality” effectively. It performs well on extracting important features from high‐dimensional data and excavating potential rules. In this work, an unsupervised convolutional neural network is built to inversely design nanostructures with unidirectional transmission. Near‐field information with high dimensions is recognized and extracted into a 2D feature space which maintains high physical continuity and maps to far‐field transmittance effectively. The feature space is further expanded to the whole space by optimistic Bayesian multisampling, from which nanostructures with transmittance over 95% forward while less than 40% backward are inversely designed. Moreover, the relation between near‐field information and far‐field transmittance is explored. A feasible design method of nanostructures is proposed based on unsupervised learning with design space expanded. This design mentality exhibits a way of extracting near‐field features to analyze far‐field spectra with deep learning algorithms, which is suitable for more abundant physical design and can be extended to other similar systems.
Designer Metasurfaces for Antireflective Applications Enabled by Advanced Nanoparticle Technology
Authors: Ray Nathan J. , Yoo Jae‐Hyuck , Nguyen Hoang T. , Feigenbaum Eyal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOptic processing advances have shifted system limitations, with current constraints consisting of antireflective (AR) coatings applied to optics and the inability to reduce size, weight, and price. Metasurfaces, and more broadly metaoptics, provide an avenue to overcome these limitations. The ability to generate substrate‐engraved metasurfaces that can be tailored is demonstrated within a broad design space to satisfy large‐area AR applications for bandpass or broadband needs, demonstrating an optically equivalent surface roughness standard deviation of only 5 Å. Using an advanced nanoparticle masking approach, two metasurfaces are fabricated: 1) vertical sidewall nanofeature metasurface (MS) for AR applications at 351 nm, and 2) sloped sidewall MS designed for broadband AR applications. For the 351 nm MS, the reflectance is measured to be 0.127%. In the case of the sloped sidewall MS, the reflectance is measured to be <0.25% over 400–700 nm and <1% over 400–1100 nm. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a broadband AR capable of this performance. The tunability of these structures, with a parameter space spanning even more remarkable designs such as broader bands and acceptance angles, coupled with high laser‐induced damage durability and mechanical robustness, displays the strength of metasurfaces for AR applications.
The Rise of 1,4‐BN‐Heteroarenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Chen Cheng , Du Cheng‐Zhuo , Wang Xiao‐Ye 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBN‐heteroarenes, which employ both boron and nitrogen in aromatic hydrocarbons, have gained great attention in the fields of organic chemistry and materials science. Nevertheless, the extensive studies on BN‐heteroarenes are largely limited to 1,2‐azaborine‐based compounds with B–N covalent bonds, whereas 1,3‐ and 1,4‐BN‐heteroarenes are relatively rare due to their greater challenge in the synthesis. Recently, significant progresses have been achieved in the synthesis and applications of BN‐heteroarenes featuring 1,4‐azaborines, especially driven by their significant potential as multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) materials. Therefore, it is timely to review these advances from the chemistry perspective. This review summarizes the synthetic methods and recent achievements of 1,4‐azaborine‐based BN‐heteroarenes and discusses their unique properties and potential applications of this emerging class of materials, highlighting the value of 1,4‐BN‐heteroarenes beyond MR‐TADF materials. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the conversation and cooperation between chemists who are interested in azaborine chemistry and materials scientists working in the fields of organic optoelectronics, metal catalysis, and carbon‐based nanoscience etc.
Genomic analysis reveals geography rather than culture as the predominant factor shaping genetic variation in northern Kenyan human populations
Authors: Taravella Oill Angela M. , Handley Carla , Howell Emma K. , Stone Anne C. , Mathew Sarah , Wilson Melissa A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterize the genetic relationships within and among four neighboring ethnolinguistic groups in northern Kenya in light of cultural relationships to understand the extent to which geography and culture shape patterns of genetic variation.Materials and methodsWe collected DNA and demographic information pertaining to aspects of social identity and heritage from 572 individuals across the Turkana, Samburu, Waso Borana, and Rendille of northern Kenya. We sampled individuals across a total of nine clans from these four groups and, additionally, three territorial sections within the Turkana and successfully genotyped 376 individuals.ResultsHere we report that geography predominately shapes genetic variation within and among human groups in northern Kenya. We observed a clinal pattern of genetic variation that mirrors the overall geographic distribution of the individuals we sampled. We also found relatively higher rates of intermarriage between the Rendille and Samburu and evidence of gene flow between them that reflect these higher rates of intermarriage. Among the Turkana, we observed strong recent genetic substructuring based on territorial section affiliation. Within ethnolinguistic groups, we found that Y chromosome haplotypes do not consistently cluster by natal clan affiliation. Finally, we found that sampled populations that are geographically closer have lower genetic differentiation, and that cultural similarity does not predict genetic similarity as a whole across these northern Kenyan populations.DiscussionOverall, the results from this study highlight the importance of geography, even on a local geographic scale, in shaping observed patterns of genetic variation in human populations.
Effect of thermal damage on pore development and oxidation reaction of coal
Authors: Shao Huadi , Yang Shengqiang , Yang Kai 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWith the coal entering deep mining, the thermal damage to the destruction of the coal body structure, causing the phenomenon of coal spontaneous combustion is more and more common. To better understand the effect of thermal damage on coal spontaneous combustion, the law of thermal damage on pore structure and free radical of coal was studied by automatic specific surface area analyzer and electron spin resonance spectrometer. It was concluded that 225°C was a key point of thermal damage on coal spontaneous combustion. The pore structure analysis indicates that the specific surface area and pore volume of coal decrease with the increase of thermal damage temperature, while the average pore diameter increases gradually. While the specific surface area of Qianyingzi coal is the lowest at 225°C, which is 67.5% of that of raw coal. The average pore size of Zhaotong coal continues to increase by 18.9%. In addition, the pore structure of coal changes greatly in the thermal damage temperature range of 150–225°C, and the connectivity of coal pore is greatly strengthened at this range. The free radical results show that the free radical concentration in thermally damaged coal soars, compared with that in raw coal, and reaches the maximum value at 225°C, indicating that the active groups in coal are greatly active at this temperature. The g factor value declines firstly, then increases, and finally falls. These investigations may serve to reveal the internal mechanism of thermal damage on coal structure and natural oxidation characteristics and provide experimental basis for the prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion affected by thermal damage.
Measuring volatile emissions from moss gametophytes: A review of methodologies and new applications
Authors: Brennan Danlyn L. , Kollar Leslie M. , Kiel Scott , Deakova Timea , Laguerre Aurélie , McDaniel Stuart F. , Eppley Sarah M. , Gall Elliott T. , Rosenstiel Todd N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMosses inhabit nearly all terrestrial ecosystems and engage in important interactions with nitrogen‐fixing microbes, sperm‐dispersing arthropods, and other plants. It is hypothesized that these interactions could be mediated by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Moss BVOCs may play fundamental roles in influencing local ecologies, such as biosphere–atmosphere–hydrosphere communications, physiological and evolutionary dynamics, plant–microbe interactions, and gametophyte stress physiology. Further progress in quantifying the composition, magnitude, and variability of moss BVOC emissions, and their response to environmental drivers and metabolic requirements, is limited by methodological and analytical challenges. We review several sampling techniques with various analytical approaches and describe best practices in generating moss gametophyte BVOC measures. We emphasize the importance of characterizing the composition and magnitude of moss BVOC emissions across a variety of species to better inform and stimulate important cross‐disciplinary studies. We conclude by highlighting how current methods could be employed, as well as best practices for choosing methodologies.
Cinnamic acid hybrids as anticancer agents: A mini‐review
Authors: Feng Lian‐Shun , Cheng Jin‐Bo , Su Wen‐Qi , Li Hong‐Ze , Xiao Tao , Chen De‐An , Zhang Zhi‐Liu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCancer, as a long‐lasting and dramatic disease, affects almost one‐third of human beings globally. Chemotherapeutics play an important role in cancer treatment, but multidrug resistance and severe adverse effects have already become the main causes of failure in tumor chemotherapy. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutics. Cinnamic acid contains a ubiquitous α,β‐unsaturated acid moiety presenting potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer as these derivatives could act on cancer cells by diverse mechanisms of action. Accordingly, cinnamic acid derivatives are critical scaffolds in discovering novel anticancer agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cinnamic acid hybrids as anticancer agents. The structure–activity relationship, as well as the mechanisms of action, are also discussed, covering articles published from 2012 to 2021.
Lipid Clustering in Mycobacterial Cell Envelope Layers Governs Spatially Resolved Solvation Dynamics
Authors: Adhyapak Pranav , Dong Wanqian , Dasgupta Souradip , Dutta Anindya , Duan Mojie , Kapoor Shobhna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe mycobacterial cell envelope acts as a multilayered barrier to drugs. However, the role of lipid composition in the properties of different mycobacterial membranes, otherwise dictating their interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. In this study, we found that hydration states, solvation relaxation kinetics, rotational lipid mobility, and lateral lipid diffusion differed between inner and outer mycobacterial membranes. Molecular modeling showed that lipid clustering patterns governed membrane dynamics in the different layers of the cell envelope. By regulating membrane properties, lipid composition and structure modulated water abundance and interactions with lipid head groups. These findings can help deepen our understanding of the physical chemistry underlying membrane structure and function, as well as the interaction of mycobacterial membranes with drugs and host membranes.
Protective effect of cistanoside A on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease via mitophagy
Authors: Xu Chengcheng , Wu Yao , Tang Lili , Liang Yan , Zhao Yang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne of the main pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Cistanoside A (CA) has a strong neuroprotective effect in PD, but the exact mechanism is unclear. In the present study, the MPTP‐stimulated mouse model of PD and MPP+‐treated PD model in the MES23.5 neuronal cell model of PD were used to investigate the neuroprotective effects of CA on PD and its potential mechanism. The in vivo experiment results indicated that CA improved the motor function in mice and increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells in SNc. In vitro experiments showed that CA reduced the MPP+‐induced decrease in neurons and mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted the activation of autophagosomes. Furthermore, we found that CA promoted the recruitment of PINK1 and Parkin aggregation to impair mitochondrial membranes and inhibited mitochondrial damage via LC3‐ and p62‐mediated autophagy. In conclusion, CA protects against MPTP‐induced neurotoxicity in vivo and MPP+‐induced neurotoxicity in vitro, possibly by promoting the PINK1/Parkin/p62 pathway to accelerate the degradation of damaged mitochondria thereby reducing oxidative stress.
The curious case of TMEM120A: Mechanosensor, fat regulator, or antiviral defender?
Authors: Qian Nianchao , Li Shuo , Tan Xu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMechanical pain sensing, adipogenesis, and STING‐dependent innate immunity seem three distinct biological processes without substantial relationships. Intriguingly, TMEM120A, a transmembrane protein, has been shown to detect mechanical pain stimuli as a mechanosensitive channel, contribute to adipocyte differentiation/function by regulating genome organization and promote STING trafficking to active cellular innate immune response. However, the role of TMEM120A as a mechanosensitive channel was challenged by recent studies which cannot reproduce data supporting its role in mechanosensing. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which TMEM120A contributes to adipocyte differentiation/function and promotes STING trafficking remains elusive. In this review, we discuss these multiple proposed functions of TMEM120A and hypothesize the molecular mechanism underlying TMEM120A's role in fatty acid metabolism and STING signaling.
Efficient route to 1‐aryl‐2,2‐difluoroethenyl(t‐butyldimethyl)silanes via cross‐coupling reaction of 2,2‐difluoro‐1‐(t‐butyldimethyl)silylethenyl tosylate with arylboronic acids
Authors: Lee Seo Hee , Ryu Hyun Gyu , Jeon Sung Lan , Jeong In Howa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSuzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of 2,2‐difluoro‐1‐(t‐butyldimethyl)silylethenyl tosylate with arylboronic acids in the presence of Pd2(dba)3 (10 mol%), SPhos (20 mol%), and Cs2CO3 (1.7 equiv) in Dioxane/H2O (10/1) at 100 °C for 6–9 h afforded the corresponding 1‐aryl‐2,2‐difluoroethenyl(t‐butyldimethyl)silanes in 61%–84% yields. This method is a nice tool for the direct introduction of 2,2‐difluoro‐1‐(t‐butyldimethyl)silylethenyl substituent onto an aromatic ring system from the easily accessible 2,2‐difluoro‐1‐(t‐butyldimethyl)silylethenyl tosylate. Addition‐elimination reactions of 1‐phenyl‐2,2‐difluoro‐ ethenyl(t‐butyldimethyl)silane with alkyllithium reagents such as n‐butyllithium and i‐propyllithuim provided highly (Z)‐stereoselective 1‐(t‐butyldimethyl)silyl‐2‐fluoro‐1‐phenyl‐1‐alkenes in good yields.
A new approach to evaluate environmental strategy: Empirical evidence from international petroleum companies using the balanced scorecard model
Authors: Rahuma Abdulhamid , Fethi Sami 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe core of this study is to empirically evaluate the environmental strategy in terms of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) from the perspectives of both managers and investors. The study incorporates the Porter hypothesis and the balanced scorecard (BSC) assumptions to analyze data from 17 international petroleum companies for the period 2005q1–2016q4 by linking the strategy map and BSC to the actual key performance indicators (KPIs). Panel dynamic regression analysis is employed to evaluate the said strategy for both the short and the long terms. The results clearly indicate that the environmental strategy has a significant and positive impact on the environmental performance not only in the short term but also in the long term. This study contributes to the BSC studies on this topic by presenting a perspective of the strategy in the form of a mathematical model that can be statistically testable for both the short and the long terms, thereby providing a guideline to managers for strategy evaluation purposes, optimization of resource allocation, and improvements in both the environmental and financial performances in the long term.
Sex offending among adolescents and young men with history of psychiatric inpatient care in adolescence
Authors: Kaltiala Riittakerttu , Holttinen Timo , Ellonen Noora 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSome mental disorders have been associated with increased likelihood of sexual offending in adolescents (and adults), but relevant studies tend to be of established sex offenders.AimsTo examine relationships between adolescent mental disorders and subsequent involvement in sex offending and to explore any predictive value of primary diagnoses for subsequent interpersonal offending, whether sexual or violent.MethodsWe analyse national register‐based longitudinal data on males in Finland admitted for their first psychiatric inpatient treatment between the ages of 13–17 in the period 1980–2010 (N = 6749). Cox regression was used for the analysis of multivariate associations.ResultsA subsequent criminal record for sex crime in the 10‐year follow up was rare among former child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) inpatient males (1.5%). Having a subsequent criminal record for non‐sex‐related violent crime was more common (25%). Time to either sex crimes or non‐sex‐related violent crimes after a first CAP inpatient treatment was 3–4 years. Whilst the risk of committing non‐sex‐related violent crimes was elevated in all diagnostic groups compared to those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the risk of committing subsequent sex crimes was elevated only in the group with substance use, conduct or personality disorders. Among those with pre‐existing criminal history of sex crime, the risk of a subsequent criminal record for sex crime after CAP treatment was increased 11‐fold, but the risk for later non‐sex‐related violent crimes was not increased compared to the rest of the male adolescent CAP population.Conclusions and implications for practiceIn this first longitudinal study of criminal convictions for sex offending after a period of inpatient psychiatric treatment as an adolescent such convictions were rare, but the difference in post discharge risk of further convictions for sexual offending and non‐sexual violent offending raises questions about whether more attention and specific treatment for aberrant sexual behaviours is needed for male adolescents with severe mental disorders.