bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Padded rugby clothing to prevent laceration and abrasion injuries from stud raking: a method of assessment
Authors: Hughes Angus C. , Dixon Joe , Driscoll Heather F. , Booth Jamie , Carré Matt J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPadded clothing (shoulder padding) is worn in Rugby Union to give players an opportunity to protect themselves. A performance specification for padded clothing has been set out by World Rugby™, with the intention that padded clothing only protects against lacerations and abrasions. Test protocols in this specification provide an assessment of the impact force attenuative properties of the material, this itself will not indicate what injuries they may have the potential to prevent or lessen the severity of. The current study has used previously established biomechanical parameters to develop a mechanical test procedure to assess the ability of padded clothing to prevent or lessen the severity of stud-induced laceration and abrasion injuries. A synthetic skin and soft tissue surrogate was developed and validated to mimic human anatomy. Without the addition of padded clothing, both wearing (abrasion) and tearing (laceration) of the synthetic tissue surrogate were seen. The addition of padded clothing saw no sign of stud-induced injury, even after six repeated trials of the same product, showing padded clothing can prevent or lessen the severity of lacerations and abrasions. The developed testing protocols could be used to assess the safety of any sports stud designs in relation to skin injury as well as the effectiveness of various protective clothing products across the sports industry.
The combined effect of water deficit stress and TiO2 nanoparticles on cell membrane and antioxidant enzymes in Helianthus annuus L.
Authors: Ramadan Taha , Sayed Suzan A. , Abd-Elaal Amna K. A. , Amro Ahmed 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNanotechnology has become one of the several approaches attempting to ameliorate the severe effect of drought on plant's production and to increase the plants tolerance against water deficit for the water economy. In this research, the effect of foliar application of TiO2, nanoparticles or ordinary TiO2, on Helianthus annuus subjected to different levels of water deficit was studied. Cell membrane injury increased by increasing the level of water deficit and TiO2 concentration, and both types of TiO2 affected the leaves in analogous manner. Ord-TiO2 increased H2O2 generation by 67–240% and lipid peroxidation by 4–67% in leaves. These increases were more than that induced by Nano-TiO2 and the effect was concentration dependent. Proline significantly increased in leaves by water deficit stress, reaching at 25% field capacity (FC) to more than fivefold compared to that in plants grown on full FC. Spraying plants with water significantly decreased the activities of enzymes in the water deficit stressed roots. The water deficit stress exerted the highest magnitude of effect on the changes of cell membrane injury, MDA, proline content, and activities of CAT and GPX. Nano-TiO2 was having the highest effect on contents of H2O2 and GPX activity. In roots, the level of water deficit causes highest effect on enzyme activities, but TiO2 influenced more on the changes of MDA and H2O2 contents. GPX activity increased by 283% in leaves of plants treated with 50 and 150 ppm Nano-TiO2, while increased by 170% in those treated with Ord-TiO2, but APX and CAT activities increased by 17–197%, in average, with Ord-TiO2. This study concluded that Nano-TiO2 didn’t ameliorate the effects of drought stress on H. annuus but additively increased the stress, so its use in nano-phytotechnology mustn’t be expanded without extensive studies.
Mobile time banking on blockchain system development for community elderly care
Authors: Chen Hungyi , Chu Yuan-Chia , Lai Feipei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aims to develop a mobile time-banking system on blockchain (MTBB), which can track service transaction records for community elderly care via mutual service exchange. The MTBB was developed to enable organizations, either corporate-social-responsibility organizations or nonprofit organizations to issue proprietary time tokens to members who participate in the organizations’ volunteer activities. Database applications with smartphone apps integrated with MultiChain blockchain technology were developed. Metadata with the service transaction information are stored in the MultiChain blocks so that the transaction records are immutable and can be analyzed in the future. Cahn’s time-banking guidelines were applied in developing this MTBB with MultiChain blockchain technology integrated for tracking service transaction records. The study also combines one-to-one mutual service exchange with organizations which offer volunteer activities and issue proprietary time tokens. With the blockchain transaction tracking mechanism, all elderly care service records via or within organizations can be tracked and analyzed to show their alignment with some of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
Augmented Reality, Augmented Epistemology, and the Real-World Web
Authors: Turner Cody 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAugmented reality (AR) technologies function to ‘augment’ normal perception by superimposing virtual objects onto an agent’s visual field. The philosophy of augmented reality is a small but growing subfield within the philosophy of technology. Existing work in this subfield includes research on the phenomenology of augmented experiences, the metaphysics of virtual objects, and different ethical issues associated with AR systems, including (but not limited to) issues of privacy, property rights, ownership, trust, and informed consent. This paper addresses some epistemological issues posed by AR systems. I focus on a near-future version of AR technology called the Real-World Web, which promises to radically transform the nature of our relationship to digital information by mixing the virtual with the physical. I argue that the Real-World Web (RWW) threatens to exacerbate three existing epistemic problems in the digital age: the problem of digital distraction, the problem of digital deception, and the problem of digital divergence. The RWW is poised to present new versions of these problems in the form of what I call the augmented attention economy, augmented skepticism, and the problem of other augmented minds. The paper draws on a range of empirical research on AR and offers a phenomenological analysis of virtual objects as perceptual affordances to help ground and guide the speculative nature of the discussion. It also considers a few policy-based and designed-based proposals to mitigate the epistemic threats posed by AR technology.
Portable ultrasound assessment of jugular venous pressure is an accurate method for estimating volaemic status in patients with cardiac disease
Authors: Jenkins Sam , Knowles Patrick , Briffa Norman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The objective of this study was to determine whether ultrasound-measured jugular venous pressure (U-JVP) could accurately estimate central venous pressure (CVP).

Methods
This prospective, diagnostic, single-centre study was performed at the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of the Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK. Post-cardiac surgery patients were recruited from January to May 2019. The investigators were blinded to the central venous pressure when measuring the jugular venous pressure. U-JVP and direct CVP were measured simultaneously. Measurements were taken whilst the patient was ventilated and then repeated when the patient was extubated, providing non-ventilated readings.

Results
One-hundred and fourteen consecutive participants with a male predominance of 71% and mean age of 65 ± 12 years were included in the analysis. Bland–Altman plots revealed that U-JVP marginally overestimated CVP by 0.91 mmHg (95% limits of agreement were −2.936 to 4.754) in ventilated patients and by 0.11 mmHg (95% limits of agreement between −2.481 and 2.695) in non-ventilated patients. Reasonable sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound-measured jugular venous pressure was achieved for low and high central venous pressure in both ventilated and non-ventilated patients.

Conclusion
U-JVP accurately estimates cardiac filling pressure and fluid status in patients after cardiac surgery, irrespective of their ventilatory status. Jugular venous pressure measurement by insonation is a reliable technique that can be taught to medical students and other health professionals to non-invasively estimate central venous pressure and may be useful for assessment of volaemic status in patients with heart failure.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov public (identifier NCT03815188).

Graphical abstract
Photodynamic treatment of pathogens
Authors: Delcanale Pietro , Abbruzzetti Stefania , Viappiani Cristiano 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe current viral pandemic has highlighted the compelling need for effective and versatile treatments, that can be quickly tuned to tackle new threats, and are robust against mutations. Development of such treatments is made even more urgent in view of the decreasing effectiveness of current antibiotics, that makes microbial infections the next emerging global threat. Photodynamic effect is one such method. It relies on physical processes proceeding from excited states of particular organic molecules, called photosensitizers, generated upon absorption of visible or near infrared light. The excited states of these molecules, tailored to undergo efficient intersystem crossing, interact with molecular oxygen and generate short lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), mostly singlet oxygen. These species are highly cytotoxic through non-specific oxidation reactions and constitute the basis of the treatment. In spite of the apparent simplicity of the principle, the method still has to face important challenges. For instance, the short lifetime of ROS means that the photosensitizer must reach the target within a few tens nanometers, which requires proper molecular engineering at the nanoscale level. Photoactive nanostructures thus engineered should ideally comprise a functionality that turns the system into a theranostic means, for instance, through introduction of fluorophores suitable for nanoscopy. We discuss the principles of the method and the current molecular strategies that have been and still are being explored in antimicrobial and antiviral photodynamic treatment.
COVID-19, The Rule of Law and Democracy. Analysis of Legal Responses to a Global Health Crisis
Authors: Grogan Joelle 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe strain on health systems globally, while simultaneously presenting a social, economic, legal, political, and regulatory challenge. Where the efficacy of pandemic laws adopted by governments are a matter of life and death, the urgency with which action needs to be taken during a pandemic creates a law-making environment which incentivises rapid action without scrutiny and the use of power without restraint. Under such conditions, adherence to the foundational values of democracy and the rule of law come under increased pressure if not threat. The demands of emergency provide a convenient guise and means of justification for the use of power which only serves to consolidate power within the executive to the detriment of the separation of powers and weakening of the institutions of liberal democracy. This article provides a preliminary analysis on how the global health crisis has affected the state of democracy and the rule of law. While the specific examples are drawn from across the globe to highlight common trends and concerns, specific highlight is given to the EU and its Member States. It offers an outlook on how to prepare for future emergencies by building on the lessons of the current one.
Grazia, Gabe und Salz
Authors: Mainberger Sabine 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungAn der Gabenpraxis traditioneller Gesellschaften, die Marcel Mauss im Essai sur le don (1923-24) untersucht hat, ist die ästhetische Dimension von großer Bedeutung; zu sozial konstitutiven (und politisch wirksamen) Gaben, die v.a. Akte wechselseitiger Anerkennung sind, eignen sich nämlich nur besondere Dinge und Leistungen. Diese werden im Rahmen festlicher Gelegenheiten getauscht. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Gabe und Ästhetik an einem konkreten Fall der europäischen Vormoderne, an Benvenuto Cellinis Saliera für den französischen König François Ier. In der Renaissance verklammert der Begriff grazia Hofkunst mit höfischem Habitus, Selbstdarstellung der Elite und Inszenierung der Macht. Das hier verhandelte kostbare Objekt und seine Geschichte realisieren grazia in ihrer doppelten Bedeutung als Erscheinung im Kunstwerk und soziopolitische Beziehung; beide verweisen auf die Gabenpraxis und deren symbolische Funktionen, und umgekehrt. Für die Analyse sind Materialität des Gegenstands und Textualität (namentlich Cellinis Autobiographie) gleichermaßen wichtig.
Auf Solidarität muss Solidität folgen
Authors: Busch Berthold , Matthes Jürgen 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union (EU) haben sich in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten in erheblichem Ausmaß solidarisch mit einzelnen Ländern verhalten, die in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten gekommen sind. Solidarität ist keine Einbahnstraße, sie erfordert Gegenseitigkeit. Diese können die Mitgliedstaaten leisten, indem sie auf mehr Solidität in der nationalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftspolitik setzen. Die erste große Solidaritätsaktion reagierte auf die Euro-Schuldenkrise. Trotz wirtschaftspolitischer Fehler und der Tatsache, dass die Krise in dieser Tiefe selbst verursacht war, bewiesen die übrigen EU-Staaten Solidarität. Sie gingen dabei erhebliche finanzielle Risiken für ihre eigenen Steuerzahler ein, indem sie umfassende Unterstützungsmaßnahmen ergriffen und einen Euro-Rettungsfonds etablierten. Solidarisch zeigte sich die EU mit umfangreichen Hilfspaketen auch in der Corona-Pandemie. Auf das erste Corona-Krisenpaket der EU vom Mai 2020 folgte ein als Next Generation EU (NGEU) bezeichnetes Aufbauinstrument. Es umfasst ein Volumen von fast 807 Milliarden Euro. Der größte Teil davon fließt in die Aufbau- und Resilienzfazilität und soll für Investitionen und Reformen in den Mitgliedstaaten der EU eingesetzt werden. Die Auszahlung der Mittel ist an Aufbau- und Resilienzpläne gebunden, die von den Mitgliedstaaten vorgelegt werden müssen und von der Europäischen Kommission bewertet werden. Dass die Länder die Pläne selbst machen und die Europäische Kommission diese nicht vorschreibt, sondern nur prüft, erhöht das sogenannte Ownership und die Umsetzungschancen. Die produktive Nutzung der umfangreichen Hilfsgelder ist als Grundvoraussetzung dafür anzusehen, dass sich die Solidarität auch auf lange Sicht als sinnvoll erweist.
Salinity analysis based on multivariate nonlinear regression for web‐based visualization of oceanic data
Authors: Wu Jian-Heng , Lin Bor-Shen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTraditionally, temperature-salinity (T-S) relationship was analysed to indicate the characteristic of water mass, and prediction models based on regression may be built to estimate the salinity in earlier researches. Temperature-salinity characteristic however might change dynamically with respect to the geographic location, season, or water layer, and is quite sensitive to the depth for the same location. It is therefore of interest whether including depth into the regression model could help to improve the prediction accuracy. In this paper, multivariate nonlinear regression is investigated to predict the salinity according to both temperature and depth. Experimental results show that depth is very effective for improving the prediction accuracy, and season-dependent model may achieve better performance than season-independent model. In addition, when the analysis was conducted for 5-year range, it is found the prediction accuracy is significantly higher than the result for all years, which indicates there might exist long-term variation on the characteristics of the water masses. Furthermore, 3D model and visualization scheme were proposed to explore the effect of depth on the temperature-salinity-depth characteristic, and a visualization system was built accordingly. This system may present the T-S curve and 3D Model according to the assigned criteria of season or multi-year range, and allows the user to view the similarity map for the given T-S-D data so as to conduct comparative study of water masses for a wide area of ocean.
Hermann Versus Varus at the Battle of Nations in Leipzig (1813): The Reception of the Hermann Myth during and after the Napoleonic Wars in Austria
Authors: Haarmann Daniela 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Battle of the Teutoburg Forest between the Germanic Cherusci chieftain Arminius, or Hermann, and the Roman armies under Varus (9 AD) had served as an analogy for German–French hereditary enmity since the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). This analogy was particularly popular during the Napoleonic Wars as it symbolized the unity, independence, and identity of German lands that were previously united during the Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806). Little is known about the reception of the Hermann narrative in the Austrian Hereditary Lands (more or less present-day Austria) of the Habsburg Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Austria, Hermann also served as a symbol of the Austrian lands belonging to the German nation and as an expression of Habsburg hegemony over German lands. This article examines this specific narrative by analyzing its reception in Austrian newspapers, belles lettres, and paintings.
Patterns of childhood maltreatment predict emotion processing and regulation in emerging adulthood
Authors: Warmingham Jennifer M. , Duprey Erinn B. , Handley Elizabeth D. , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is a potent interpersonal trauma associated with dysregulation of emotional processes relevant to the development of psychopathology. The current study identified prospective links between patterns of maltreatment exposures and dimensions of emotion regulation in emerging adulthood. Participants included 427 individuals (48% Male; 75.9% Black, 10.8% White, 7.5% Hispanic, 6% Other) assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, children (10–12 years) from families eligible for public assistance with and without involvement with Child Protective Services took part in a research summer camp. Patterns of child maltreatment subtype and chronicity (based on coded CPS record data) were used to predict Wave 2 (age 18–24 years) profiles of emotion regulation based on self-report, and affective processing assessed via the Affective Go/No-Go task. Results identified associations between task-based affective processing and self-reported emotion regulation profiles. Further, chronic, multi-subtype childhood maltreatment exposure predicted difficulties with aggregated emotion dysregulation. Exposure to neglect with and without other maltreatment subtypes predicted lower sensitivity to affective words. Nuanced results distinguish multiple patterns of emotion regulation in a sample of emerging adults with high exposure to trauma and socioeconomic stress and suggest that maltreatment disrupts emotional development, resulting in difficulties identifying emotions and coping with emotional distress.
Email Mobilization Messages Suppress Turnout Among Black and Latino Voters: Experimental Evidence From the 2016 General Election
Authors: Rivera Michael U. , Hughes D. Alex , Gell-Redman Micah 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEmail can deliver mobilization messages at considerably lower cost than direct mail. While voters’ email addresses are readily available, experimental work from 2007 to 2012 suggests that email mobilization is ineffective in most contexts. Here, we use public data to reexamine the effectiveness of email mobilization in the 2016 Florida general election. Unsolicited emails sent from a university professor and designed to increase turnout had the opposite effect: emails slightly demobilizing voters. While the overall decrease in turnout amounted to less than 1 percent of the margin of victory in the presidential race in the state, the demobilizing effect was particularly pronounced among minority voters. Compared to voters from the same group who were assigned to control, black voters assigned to receive emails were 2.2 percentage points less likely to turn out, and Latino voters were 1.0 percentage point less likely to turn out. These findings encourage both campaigns and researchers to think critically about the use and study of massive impersonal mobilization methods.
Similar Magnetic Enhancement Mechanisms Between Chinese Loess and Alluvial Sediments From the Teruel Basin, NE Spain, and Paleoclimate Implications
Authors: Gao Peng , Nie Junsheng , Breecker Daniel O. , Gallagher Timothy , Serach Lily , Alonso‐Zarza Ana M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Pliocene is considered an analog for future climate. Insolation is found the dominant forcing for Asian precipitation over the late Pliocene, evidenced by magnetic enhancement of Chinese loess caused by formation of nanometer‐scale ferrimagnetic grains during pedogenesis corresponding to high precipitation. However, lack of European loess limits understanding of Pliocene European climate. We identified likely similar magnetic enhancement mechanism between Pliocene alluvial sediments from Spain and Chinese loess despite different depositional settings. This provides an opportunity to improve understanding of Pliocene climate in Europe. Spectral analysis shows that European wet‐dry variations during the early Pliocene were forced by insolation and during the late Pliocene by both insolation and ice sheets development. During the Quaternary, in contrast, the forcing was dominantly from high latitude. These results demonstrate the importance of insolation during warm climates and the growing importance of ice sheets with global cooling in controlling Northern Hemisphere precipitation changes.
Massive Volcanism May Have Foreshortened the Marinoan Snowball Earth
Authors: Lan Zhongwu , Huyskens Magdalena H. , Le Hir Guillaume , Mitchell Ross N. , Yin Qing‐Zhu , Zhang Gangyang , Li Xian‐Hua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Cryogenian Period (717–635 Ma) experienced two low‐latitude “snowball Earth” glaciations, the Sturtian and the Marinoan of contrasting 57 and <16 Myr durations, respectively. A lack of reliable age controls on extensional tectonics and associated magmatic rocks during the Marinoan has hampered an understanding of the deglaciation. Furthermore, although deglaciation is generally assumed to have occurred once ongoing magmatism accumulated enough atmospheric CO2, as suggested by cap carbonates, specific geologic evidence linking volcanic events with deglaciation are lacking. Here, we present high‐precision zircon geochronology with chemical abrasion‐isotope‐dilution isotope ratio mass spectrometry that indicates an extensive and thick sequence of rift‐related magmatic rocks in South Qinling, Central China, erupted 2–6 Myr before the termination of the Marinoan. Climate modeling proposes a scenario explaining why the Marinoan was the shorter snowball and how volcanism may have driven the deglaciation.