bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Toxicity of Herbicide Active Ingredients, Safener Additives, and Commercial Formulations to the Nontarget Alga Raphidocelis Subcapitata
Authors: Lanasa Sarah , Niedzwiecki Mark , Reber Keith P. , East Andrew , Sivey John D. , Salice Christopher J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chloroacetanilide herbicides are used worldwide to control weeds that affect crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton. These herbicides are frequently paired with a “safener,” which prevents herbicidal damage to the crop without diminishing weed control. Formulated herbicide products that include safeners and other ingredients are infrequently assessed for toxicity. Our goal was to understand the potential toxicity of safeners and herbicide + safener formulations relative to the toxicity of associated active ingredients. We quantified the concentration of safeners in commercially available formulations and tested effects on nontarget algae, Raphidocelis subcapitata, when exposed to individual herbicide active ingredients, safeners, and commercial formulations. The median effective concentrations (EC50s) causing 50% reduction in population growth for the herbicide active ingredients S-metolachlor and acetochlor were 0.046 and 0.003 ppm, respectively. The safeners benoxacor, AD-67, furilazole, and dichlormid were all substantially less toxic than the herbicides and were not toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations. The commercial formulations Dual II Magnum®, Me-Too-Lachlor II®, Harness®, and Surpass EC® all resulted in EC50 values that fell within the 95% confidence interval of the associated active ingredient herbicide. Interestingly, a significant increase in cell size was observed when algae were exposed to all the formulations, herbicides (acetochlor and S-metolachlor), and safener (dichlormid). The safener furilazole caused a significant decrease in cell size, whereas benoxacor and AD-67 had no observed effect on algae cell size. Significant algae cell size effects all occurred at or above the EC50 concentrations for each chemical, suggesting that other morphological effects may be occurring. Importantly, safeners in commercial formulations appeared not to impact toxicity to R. subcapitata compared with the active ingredient alone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1466–1476. © 2022 SETAC
Gut microbiota–derived short‐chain fatty acids regulate group 3 innate lymphoid cells in HCC
Authors: Hu Chupeng , Xu Bingqing , Wang Xiaodong , Wan Wen‐Hua , Lu Jinying , Kong Deyuan , Jin Yu , You Wenhua , Sun Hua , Mu Xiaoxin , Feng Dongju , Chen Yun 
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims:
Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are essential for host defense against infection and tissue homeostasis. However, their role in the development of HCC has not been adequately confirmed. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory role of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) derived from intestinal microbiota in ILC3 regulation.

Approach and Results:
We report that Lactobacillus reuteri was markedly reduced in the gut microbiota of mice with HCC, accompanied by decreased SCFA levels, especially acetate. Additionally, transplantation of fecal bacteria from wild‐type mice or L. reuteri could promote an anticancer effect, elevate acetate levels, and reduce IL‐17A secretion in mice with HCC. Mechanistically, acetate reduced the production of IL‐17A in hepatic ILC3s by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity, increasing the acetylation of SRY (sex‐determining region Y)‐box transcription factor 13 (Sox13) at site K30, and decreasing expression of Sox13. Moreover, the combination of acetate with programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 blockade significantly enhanced antitumor immunity. Consistently, tumor‐infiltrating ILC3s correlated with negative prognosis in patients with HCC, which could be functionally mediated by acetate.

Conclusions:
These findings suggested that modifying bacteria, changing SCFAs, reducing IL‐17A‐producing ILC3 infiltration, and combining with immune checkpoint inhibitors will contribute to the clinical treatment of HCC.
Role dimensions of practice nurses and interest in introducing advanced nurse practitioners in general practice in Ireland
Authors: Casey Mary , O'Connor Laserina , Rohde Daniela , Twomey Liam , Cullen Walter , Carroll Áine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundInternationally many countries have implemented strategies to enhance primary care, to strengthen their health systems to cope with an aging population, the rise of chronic conditions, and increased costs. Primary care has the potential to address these challenges, however, general practitioners are increasingly struggling to meet patient demand resulting from a growing and aging population. Expanding the role of general practice nurses to advanced nurse practitioner (ANP) level has worked internationally and could equally be a solution to the Irish context. However, their current role must first be established as well as their level of interest in becoming an ANP.AimTo explore the role of general practice nurses and their interest in becoming an ANP.DesignA survey design.MethodA purposeful sample of general practice nurses (n = 40) was undertaken between April and June 2019. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS V 25.0; IBM).ResultsGeneral practice nurses appear to have an agenda in relation to activities associated with wound care, immunizations, respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Just over half of the respondents were not interested in becoming an ANP. Their perceived challenges associated with the implementation of the role include a lack of support from general practitioners, a lack of resources, insurance issues, and a lack of understanding of the role. Challenges were associated with undertaking further training and their experience of having more work transferred to general practice without concomitant reallocation of resources.ConclusionGeneral practice nurses have extensive clinical experience to deliver major improvements in primary care. Educational opportunities need to be provided for upskilling existing general practice nurses to advanced practice level. Greater understanding of the role and the potential contribution of the role in general practice is required among medical colleagues and the public.
The effect of variable gravity on rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a sparsely packed porous layer
Authors: Shekhar Suman , Ragoju Ravi , Yadav Dhananjay 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe effect of variable gravity on rotating convection in a sparsely packed porous layer is studied numerically. For gravity force variation, the linear, parabolic, cubic, and exponential functions are considered. Boundary conditions for the governing equations are considered to be either free or rigid. The normal mode method is employed, and the resulting eigenvalue problem is solved numerically for free–free and rigid–rigid boundaries using bvp4c in MATLAB R2020b. The influence of Darcy number (), gravity variation parameter (), and Taylor number () on the stability of the system is investigated graphically. It is confirmed that the gravity variation parameter and Taylor number delay the onset of convection and Darcy number enhances the onset of convection. The size of convection cells decreases on raising the variable gravity parameter and rotation parameter, while the Darcy number amplifies the size of convection cells. It is also observed that the system is stable for exponential gravity function and less stable for the cubic gravity function.
The relation of echo‐derived lateral MAPSE to left heart functions and biochemical markers in patients with preserved ejection fraction: Short‐term prognostic implications
Authors: Ozer Pelin Karaca , Govdeli Elif Ayduk , Demirtakan Zeynep Gizem , Nalbant Aslı , Baykiz Derya , Orta Huseyin , Bayraktar Berk Batuhan , Baskan Serra , Umman Berrin , Bugra Zehra 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveMitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is a simple way to evaluate—left ventricle (LV) function. Our aim was to explain the relationship of MAPSE with LV function and biochemical markers in patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF), and to determine whether it has an effect on prognosis in echocardiography (echo) practice.MethodsConsecutive patients referred to the echo laboratory between November 2020 and March 2021 were included in the study. In addition to conventional parameters, MAPSE of the lateral mitral annulus was measured in all patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to lateral MAPSE: low (<12 mm), relatively preserved (12–15 mm), and high (≥15 mm).ResultsA total of 512 patients with preserved EF were included in the study. MAPSE was low in 44 patients (9%), relatively preserved in 231 patients (45%), and high in 237 patients (46%). The mean age was higher in the low group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001) and the body mass index was increased in the low group compared to the high group (p = 0.010). Atrial fibrillation and hypertension were more common in patients with low MAPSE. The rate of diastolic dysfunction (DD) and all‐cause hospitalization were higher in the low and relatively preserved groups than in the high group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002; respectively). The pro‐BNP level and mortality rate were higher in the low group compared to the relatively preserved and high groups (p = 0.007, p = 0.005; respectively). MAPSE was identified as independent predictor of hospitalization (OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.093–0.862, p = 0.026) via multivariate analysis and independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality (HR: 0.002, 95% CI: 0–0.207, p = 0.008).ConclusionsAnalysis of LV longitudinal function by echo‐derived lateral MAPSE when LV ejection fraction is normal provides important information about DD and related heart failure and may predict prognosis in echo practice.
Maternal prenatal stress and depression‐like behavior associated with hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammation in the offspring: An experimental study
Authors: Özdamar Ünal Gülin , Hekimler Öztürk Kuyaş , Erkılınç Gamze , Dönmez Feyza , Kumbul Doğuç Duygu , Özmen Özlem , Sezik Mekin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrenatal stress can negatively impact neonatal health, growth, and bonding with the mother. However, molecular basis of these modifications is not completely understood. The aim of this experimental study was to test the hypothesis that intrauterine stress exposure may contribute to subsequent depression‐like comorbidities associated with neuroinflammation. Wistar Albino nulliparous female rats were divided into two groups (each, n = 6): controls and pregnancy stress (Days 1 through 21). Two live rat pups (one female and one male) from each term delivery were randomly selected, and depression‐like behavior tests were performed on Postpartum Days 30–34, followed by euthanasia on Day 35. NOD‐, LRR‐, and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway gene expressions in the hippocampus and immunohistochemical caspase 3 (cas‐3), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) staining in the temporal and prefrontal cortices were evaluated. Compared with controls, exposure to prenatal stress was associated with increased depression and anxiety‐like behavior, hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome activation (p = 0.022 and p = 0.035 for female and male pups, respectively), neuronal degeneration and increased cas‐3, mTOR, and TRPM immunostaining in the prefrontal and temporal cortices of both female and male offspring (p < 0.05 for all comparisons except p < 0.01 for cas‐3 in the male cortex and female temporal cortex). Exposure to antenatal stress can lead to depression‐like behavior in the infant, mainly driven by hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cortical neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Future perspectives include NLRP3‐targeted therapies with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effects against adverse prenatal effects of maternal stress.
A hybrid regional climate downscaling for the southern Brazil coastal region
Authors: de Souza Danilo Couto , Ramos da Silva Renato , Gomes da Silva Paula , Fetter Filho Antonio Fernando Härter , Mendez Fernando Javier , Werth David 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA hybrid method is applied to generate a high‐resolution regional downscaling of atmospheric conditions to the southern coast of Brazil. The method consists of applying a principal component analysis to daily fields of the sea level pressure (SLP) data from the NCEP‐CFSR reanalysis. A cluster analysis (K‐means) is then applied to the 87 principal components that explained 95% of the variance of the time series. Daily atmospheric conditions were clustered into 36 weather types which represent the most predominant conditions observed in the study area. The estimated weather types were able to represent the major atmospheric systems affecting local climate, including the cyclones and anticyclones that are usually present in this region. Then, we applied the numerical Ocean‐Land‐Atmosphere Model (OLAM) to dynamically downscale the atmospheric condition that is closest to the centroid of each cluster. The model was set with a global grid and a refining approach with 6 km grid spacing over the coastal region of south Brazil. This approach allowed us to represent simultaneously the planetary waves and the local mesoscale systems, and their mutual interactions. The results provided new high‐resolution atmospheric fields for the coastal region and showed that the model was capable of resolving the major local mesoscale features. The main advantage of applying such a method is in reducing the number of numerical simulations (lower computational cost) at the same time it represents the totality of the atmospheric conditions observed in the study area. The final results consist in detailed information of the local climate that can be related to injuries to the coastal area and thus is useful to support decision‐makers.
Preparation of bamboo‐derived magnetic biochar for solid‐phase microextraction of fentanyls from urine
Authors: Zhang Suling , Hua Ziluo , Yao Weixuan , Lü Ting , Zhang Dong , Zhao Qingwei , Li Jianhong , Zhao Hongting 
Published: March 2022

In this study, a biochar‐based magnetic solid‐phase microextraction method, coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, was developed for analyzing fentanyl analogs from urine sample. Magnetic biochar was fabricated through a one‐step pyrolysis carbonization and magnetization process, followed by an alkali treatment. In order to achieve desired extraction efficiency, feed stocks (wood and bamboo) and different pyrolysis temperatures (300–700°C) were optimized. The magnetic bamboo biochar pyrolyzed at 400°C was found to have the greatest potential for extraction of fentanyls, with enrichment factors ranging from 58.9 to 93.7, presumably due to H‐bonding and π–π interactions between biochar and fentanyls. Various extraction parameters, such as type and volume of desorption solvent, pH, and extraction time, were optimized, respectively, to achieve the highest extraction efficiency for the target fentanyls. Under optimized conditions, the developed method was found to have detection limits of 3.0–9.4 ng/L, a linear range of 0.05–10 μg/L, good precisions (1.9–9.4% for intrabatch, 2.9–9.9% for interbatch), and satisfactory recoveries (82.0–111.3%). The developed method by using magnetic bamboo biochar as adsorbent exhibited to be an efficient and promising pretreatment procedure and could potentially be applied for drug analysis in biological samples.
Light absorption spectra of naturally mixed phytoplankton assemblages for retrieval of phytoplankton group composition in coastal oceans
Authors: Sun Xuerong , Shen Fang , Brewin Robert J.W. , Li Mengyu , Zhu Qing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPhytoplankton group composition is complex and highly variable in coastal waters. Given that different taxonomic groups have different pigment signatures, which in turn impact the light absorption spectra of phytoplankton, the absorption spectral‐based approach has the potential for distinguishing phytoplankton groups. Using a large dataset of in situ surface observations of concurrent HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) pigments and phytoplankton absorption spectra collected from 2015 to 2018 in Chinese coastal oceans, in situ phytoplankton group composition was obtained from chemotaxonomic analysis (CHEMTAX). By using the linear additive principle on phytoplankton absorption spectra and CHEMTAX results, the chlorophyll‐specific absorption spectra of eight phytoplankton groups were reconstructed, including prasinophytes, dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, diatoms, chrysophytes, and prymnesiophytes. These chlorophyll‐specific absorption spectra were subsequently used as inputs to a spectral‐based inversion model for estimating phytoplankton group composition from the phytoplankton absorption coefficient. The optimal band selection and initial guesses of the phytoplankton group composition, derived from correlation and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) analyses, were included in the model inversion to improve the accuracy of retrievals. The performance of the proposed model was validated using an independent dataset, showing accurate estimates of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations for seven phytoplankton groups (0.371 ≤ r ≤ 0.721, p < 0.05), apart from chrysophytes. Our results suggest that the absorption spectral‐based approach is able to discriminate phytoplankton group composition quantitatively, which has implications for retrieving Chl a concentrations of phytoplankton groups from hyperspectral platforms and satellites.
Upstream and Downstream Dispersal Behavior of Hard- and Soft-Released Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Mokdad A. I. , Garner S. R. , Neff B. D. , Pitcher T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Failure of reintroduction efforts of extirpated populations is thought to be linked to maladaptive behaviors exhibited by captive-bred individuals in the environment where they are released. Soft-release conditioning tactics attempt to reduce maladaptive behaviors by providing reintroduced animals an acclimatization period prior to release. We used implanted passive integrated transponder tags and antennae to monitor the spatial and temporal dispersal behavior of captive-bred Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar that were acclimatized for 6 d prior to release (soft-release), with fish that were directly released (hard-release) into East Duffins Creek in Ajax, Ontario, Canada. In total, 232 of the 610 tagged fish (38%) dispersed from the release site. Downstream spatial dispersal did not differ significantly between the hard-release (32%, n = 98 of 310) and soft-release fish (30%, n = 91 of 300), but the hard-release fish were significantly more likely to move upstream (11%) than were the soft-release fish (3%). Timing of dispersal also significantly differed between the two groups: soft-release fish were detected dispersing, on average, approximately 15 d earlier than hard-release fish. These results suggest that soft-release tactics do affect dispersal behavior, and the findings will be of particular interest to fisheries management agencies that are charged with improving the success for stocking salmonids as part of reintroduction efforts.
Energy management strategy integrating self‐adaptive adjustment and Pontryagin's minimum principle‐based optimization for fuel‐cell hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Fu Jiangtao , Fu Zhumu , Song Shuzhong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA hierarchical energy management strategy (EMS) integrating self‐adaptive adjustment and Pontryagin's minimum principle‐based optimization is proposed for a fuel cell hybrid electrical vehicle. First, the proposed EMS estimate the future power requirement by using Markov chain Metropolis–Hastings sampling, second the parameters of the low‐pass filter is adjusted according to the state of charge estimation of the super capacitor, finally the best fuel economy is realized through Pontryagins minimum principle‐based optimization. The evaluation of the EMS is verified via simulation and real driving cycle, the results are compared with another global optimization EMS. The results show that the proposed EMS can fully exert the function of the super capacitor and improve the fuel economy 0.3% and 8.8% for simulation and real driving cycle, respectively.
Sustainable built environment for facilitating public health of older adults: Evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Chen Shuangzhou , Bao Zhikang , Chen Junjie , Yang Linchuan , Lou Vivian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn response to the United Nations' call to build a sustainable and age‐friendly society, older adults' public health, normally measured by functional capacity, has been of increasing concern on a global scale. The built environment is closely intertwined with the functional capacity of older adults, as evidenced by extensive studies. However, most studies have focused on exploring linear relationships between the built environment and functional capability yet overlooking non‐linear relationships. This study aims to investigate non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. Therefore, this study conducted in 2018 adopts a generalized additive mixed model based on a sample of 1083 participants in a typical aging society of Hong Kong. The results discover improved functional capability among older adults who are younger, female, living with family members, with a longer care cycle and fewer comorbidities. The results also support non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. The optimal functional capability of older Hong Kong adults was found under a specific threshold of built environment factors, such as park density with a desirable number of 5 ± 2, intersection density with a maximal threshold of 200, the highest sky view percentage possibly, and land‐use diversity with a minimum threshold of 0.6 for entropy index. The study is of value for relevant stakeholders and policymakers to implement sustainable and age‐friendly urban planning for the built environment for facilitating older adults' public health.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 6‐Benzyl‐2‐benzylidene‐2H‐thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazine‐3,7‐diones as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Si‐jie , Zhao Xing , Zhang Zhi‐hui , Wang Juan , He Jing‐yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn order to search for high activity acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, novel 2H‐thiazole[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazine‐3,7‐diones were synthesized by substituted benzaldehyde, bromoacetonitrile and 6‐benzyl‐3‐thio‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5(2H)‐one in one pot under the assistance of ultrasound. The synthesis possible reaction mechanism were proposed. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. All the target compounds had inhibitory activity against AChE, and the compound 6‐benzyl‐2‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene)‐2H‐thiazolo[3,2‐b]‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3,7‐dione had the best activity (0.37±0.02 μM) according to the activity experimental results. The binding mode of the compound and AChE was studied by molecular docking. 2H‐thiazole[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazine‐3,7‐diones could provide reference for the development of new AChE inhibitors with independent intellectual property rights.