bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Politics
Authors: Silveira Pedro , Silva Patrícia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the functioning of the central executive branch of the Portuguese government. It explores the institutional context that crafts the conditions for the prime ministerialization of the Portuguese executive. Cabinet stability, composition, and performance provide relevant cues regarding the prime minister’s leeway in the executive. In terms of the inner functioning of the executive, the trend towards prime ministerialization identified in the first decades of democratic experience has persisted—if not increased—in the last decades, granting the prime minister more effective control over government decision-making. The last two decades unveil relevant signs of an erosion of collective government and the empowerment of coordination mechanisms which reinforce the central role played by the prime minister, who becomes more powerful within the executive and less constrained by long-standing party loyalties.
Portuguese National Identity: Historical Constructions and Contemporary Expressions
Authors: Sobral José , Vala Jorge 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Portuguese national identity in an historical, socio-psychological, and comparative perspective. Following a processual approach to identity construction, we begin by presenting an overview of the historical development of Portuguese national identity. Then we explore the salience of national identification, showing that a high national attachment is prevalent among the Portuguese. The analysis of a fundamental emotion in national identification, pride, reveals how history is central in Portuguese expressions of it. Finally, two questions are explored. One ponders the relative weight of ethnic and civic characterizations of national belonging. The Portuguese case reveals that a combination of both is at the core of representations of national identity. The second question focuses on the possible exclusionary consequences of national identification. Specifically, results show that national identification per se does not impact on those attitudes, only an exclusivist conception of identity impacts on anti-immigration tendencies.
Social, Economic, and Demographic Change during the Portuguese Democracy (1974–2020)
Authors: Amaral Luciano 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Portugal went through substantial social and economic changes since the onset of democracy in 1974. The general transformation of Portuguese economy and society was defined by a general pattern of convergence with Western European standards in many aspects: Portugal became a high-income country, having previously been a mid- to low-income country at the beginning of the democratic period; it also became a service economy, much like its European counterparts. This convergence was also visible in the role played by the government, both in terms of its growth (as measured by public spending) and its structure, with the expansion of social elements (social security, education, and health), bringing Portugal closer to the standard of European welfare states. One final aspect where convergence was noticeable was demographic behaviour, as Portugal quickly completed the process generally known as ‘demographic transition’.
Empire and Decolonization in Portuguese Africa
Authors: Jerónimo Miguel Bandeira , Monteiro José Pedro 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses some of the most important historical processes that shaped Portuguese late colonialism and decolonization from 1945 to 1975. The authors argue that to fully apprehend the dynamics that led to the transfers of power, the independence of several former Portuguese African colonies, and its post-imperial aftermath, it is fundamental to understand the profound consequential political, economic, cultural, and social changes that took place in the Portuguese African colonies after 1945. From the reconfiguration of the imperial politics of difference to the modernizing impetuses that marked the empire during the last thirty years of Portuguese colonialism, this chapter tackles the ways in which pro-imperial advocates and anti-colonial activists, among others, engaged in a dispute with global ramifications regarding the legitimacy of Portuguese rule over different territories and populations. Portuguese late colonialism is thus addressed through a comparative framework that brings together the trajectories of imperial demise of other European powers and the universalization of political national self-determination as the cornerstone of the contemporary global order.
Trade, Insecurity, and the Costs of Conflict
Authors: Garfinkel Michelle R. , Skaperdas Stergios , Syropoulos Constantinos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Typically, economics assumes that property rights over productive resources or goods are perfectly defined and costlessly enforced. The costs of insecurity and the resultant conflict are, however, real and often economically significant. In this chapter, the authors examine how international trade regimes affect the costs of conflict and, in turn, how the desirability of international trade is affected by these costs. The authors consider both domestic and international conflict. Trade openness reduces the costs of these types of conflict for countries that import goods whose production relies on supplies of contested resources. For countries that export such goods, trade openness intensifies conflict. The effect of conflict on the allocation of productive resources through prices under trade can also explain the “natural resource curse” and can overturn a country’s natural comparative advantage. Finally, the authors consider alternative channels through which trade can affect arming and conflict costs, with effects that can either improve or worsen international relations.
Navigating Religious Identity and Embodiment in Digital Games
Authors: Borchert John W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The study of digital religion emerged both in reaction to the proliferation of digital technologies and as an observation of how religious actions and ideas interacted with this new media. Researching identity and embodiment in digital games has reached a point in the study of digital religion where it must continue to challenge an in- or out-of-game divide by looking to places like queer studies and posthumanism as exemplary for understanding hybrid embodiments. A history of this study that attends to problems of embodiment or disembodiment and identities as either playful or sincere reveals progress toward research that can contribute to understanding religious identity and embodiment in digital games as emergent, processual, and constructed.
Digital Materiality in Protestant Evangelical Christianity
Authors: Goh Robbie B. H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Materiality—the role of objects, bodies, physical contact—plays an important part in many religious traditions. Protestant evangelical Christianity offers an interesting perspective on materiality, given that its megachurches rely on the growth, size, and vibrancy of their congregations and services, and that connectional ties and/or the transmission of supernatural power play important organizational and spiritual roles. The Coronavirus epidemic has accelerated the process of digitalization (if nothing else as a hybrid of or backup to physical services). Protestant evangelical churches’ strategies of digital materiality can be considered under the three main rubrics of the “mega,” “accountability,” and “anointing,” each of which strategy has its particular characteristics, capabilities, and limitations. The case of Protestant evangelical Christianity shows the ways in which materiality poses one of the most significant challenges to online religious forms, which is also likely to provoke the most innovative digital solutions looking ahead.
Robots, Ethics, and Digital Religion
Authors: Balle Simon , Ess Charles 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As robotic artifacts begin to appear in religious practice, they become compelling objects for digital religion studies. The authors explore current research on robotics in religion to develop conceptual and theoretical space for robots within digital religion. A brief history of automata in diverse religions provides important grounding for then reviewing foundational philosophical and culturally variable aspects of robots. The authors then introduce the most prominent religious robots employed in Buddhist and Christian contexts today. Within and beyond these religious contexts, robots pose unique opportunities and challenges: the authors catalogue and develop these within the frame of three central digital religion themes: identity, community, and authority. These endeavors set the stage for further analyses of robots in religion, starting with authenticity and ritual as additional themes in digital religion studies.
Christianity and Digital Media
Authors: Gelfgren Stefan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes and discusses how digital media has been used, implemented, and negotiated within Christianity and how these processes vary between and within different traditions (divided here into Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox). The view on digital media differs between different traditions, and therefore the goals and purposes of digital media also differ. For example, the presence of differing theology, history, and established structures and practices influence how digital media is perceived and implemented by different actors, such as churches and denominations, and their representatives. Related to differences, similarities, and tensions across traditions, this chapter also discusses the future of research on digital religion. While research on Protestant digital religion is thoroughly researched today, the growing body of research on other cases—other traditions and in other geographical locations—will probably change how digital religion is viewed and interpreted.
Developing an Evidence-Based Military Auditory Fitness-for-Duty Standard Based on the 80-Word Modified Rhyme Test
Authors: Brungart Douglas S. , Sheffield Benjamin M. , Galloza Hector , Schurman Jaclyn R. , Russell Shoshannah , Barrett Mary E. , Witherell Krystal , Makashay Matthew J. , Heil Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Objectives:
One important function of military audiology is to conduct evaluations of service members (SMs) with hearing loss to ensure they are fit for deployment in dangerous operational environments. The objective of this study was to establish evidence-based auditory fitness-for-duty criteria based on speech-in-noise performance on the 80- and 160-word clinical versions of the Modified Rhyme Test (MRT80 and MRT160).

Design:
Approximately 2400 SMs with various levels of hearing loss were recruited to complete the MRT80 in conjunction with their annual hearing conservation evaluations. These SMs were also asked to perform one or more operationally-relevant listening tasks based on audio recordings made in highly realistic military training environments. The scores on these tests were compared to determine how well a proposed cutoff criterion for the MRT80 was able to identify individuals who are hard of hearing with an exceptionally high risk of abnormally poor performance on operationally-relevant hearing tasks.

Results:
The results show that a cutoff criterion that combines the percent correct score on two lists of the MRT80 (i.e. MRT160) with information about the better-ear threshold at 2 kHz is generally able to separate listeners with hearing loss into those who are likely to perform relatively well on operational listening tests and those who are likely to perform poorly on these tasks. This is consistent with current military acquisition standards, which identify the MRT as the preferred test for evaluating speech intelligibility for radios, headsets, and other communication equipment. It is also consistent with prior studies conducted in high-fidelity military simulations which have shown a significant correlation between MRT performance and operational outcomes.

Conclusions:
The proposed selection criteria, along with the new hearing profile standards that were recently adopted by the US Army, appear to provide an effective evidence-based methodology for identifying those SMs with hearing loss who are most at risk for poor performance on hearing-critical military tasks.
A Simplified Electroencephalography Montage and Interpretation for Evaluation of Comatose Patients in the ICU
Authors: Abid Sonia , Papin Gregory , Vellieux Geoffroy , de Montmollin Etienne , Wicky Paul Henri , Patrier Juliette , Jaquet Pierre , Bouadma Lila , Rouvel-Tallec Anny , Timsit Jean-François , Sonneville Romain 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the main tools for diagnosis and prognostication of encephalopathy. Our two objectives were to assess: 1) the reliability of intensivists’ interpretations (one trained intensivist and nonexpert intensivists) on specific EEG patterns and 2) the feasibility of performing simplified EEG by a trained intensivist in ICU.

DESIGN:
Prospective, single-center study.

SETTING:
One French tertiary-care center.

PATIENTS:
Thirty-six consecutive ICU patients with encephalopathy.

INTERVENTION:
A trained intensivist (1-year specific electrophysiologic course) recorded and interpreted EEGs using a 10 monopod montage at bedside. Then, 22 nonexpert intensivists underwent a 1-hour educational session on interpretation of EEG background (activity, continuity, and reactivity) and common patterns seen in ICU. Trained and nonexpert intensivists’ interpretation of EEG recordings was evaluated and compared with an expert neurophysiologist’s interpretation (gold standard). The agreement between the two interpretations was evaluated. Second, the duration of the entire EEG procedure (specifically EEG installation) at bedside was recorded.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Agreements and reliability between the trained intensivist and the neurophysiologist were acceptable for minimal (agreement, 94%; Pearson coefficient, 0.60) and maximal (89%, 0.89) background frequency, burst suppression (agreement, 100%; Kappa coefficient, 1), background continuity (83%, 0.59), and reactivity to auditory stimulus (78%, 0.44). Agreements between the 22 nonexpert intensivists and the neurophysiologist were heterogeneous. As a result, 87% of the 22 nonexpert intensivists obtained an acceptable reliability for the minimum background frequency, 95% for the maximum background frequency, and 73% and 95% for burst suppression and isoelectric background identification, respectively. The median duration of the entire EEG procedure was 47 minutes (43–53 min), including 22 minutes (20–28 min) of EEG installation.

CONCLUSIONS:
Intensivists can rapidly learn background activity and identify burst-suppression and isoelectric background. However, more educational sessions are required for interpretation of other EEG patterns frequently observed in the ICU setting.
A Cochlea-Slice Model using Floquet Boundary Conditions shows Global Tuning
Authors: Tubelli Andrew , Motallebzadeh Hamid , Guinan John J. , Puria Sunil 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTA common assumption about the cochlea is that the local characteristic frequency (CF) is determined by a local resonance of basilar-membrane (BM) stiffness with the mass of the organ-of-Corti (OoC) and entrained fluid. We modeled the cochlea while avoiding sucha prioriassumptions by using a finite-element model of a 20-μm-thick cross-sectional slice of the middle turn of a passive gerbil cochlea. The model had anatomically accurate structural details with physiologically appropriate material properties and interactions between the fluid spaces and solid OoC structures. The longitudinally-facing sides of the slice had a phase difference that mimicked the traveling-wave wavelength at the location of the slice by using Floquet boundary conditions. A paired volume-velocity drive was applied in the scalae at the top and bottom of the slice with the amplitudes adjusted to mimic experimental BM motion. The development of this computationally efficient model with detailed anatomical structures is a key innovation of this work. The resulting OoC motion was greatest in the transverse direction, stereocilia-tip deflections were greatest in the radial direction and longitudinal motion was small in OoC tissue but became large in the sulcus at high frequencies. If the source velocity and wavelength were held constant across frequency, the OoC motion was almost flat across frequency,i.e., the slice showed no local resonance. A model with the source velocity held constant and the wavelength varied realistically across frequency, produced a low-pass frequency response. These results indicate that tuning in the gerbil middle turn is not produced by a resonance due to local OoC mechanical properties, but rather is produced by the characteristics of the traveling wave, manifested in the driving pressure and wavelength.STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEThe sensory epithelium of hearing, the organ of Corti, is encased in the bone of the fluid-filled cochlea and is difficult to study experimentally. We provide a new method to study the cochlea: making an anatomically-detailed finite-element model of a small transverse slice of the cochlea using Floquet boundary conditions and incorporating global cochlear properties in the slice drive and the wavelength-frequency relationship. The model shows that the slice properties do not show a mechanical resonance and therefore do not produce the frequency-response tuning of the cochlea. Instead, tuning emerges from global cochlear properties carried by the traveling wave.
Uncovering the principles coordinating systems-level organelle biogenesis with cellular growth
Authors: Wang Shixing , Mukherji Shankar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAmong the hallmark properties of the eukaryotic cell is its organization into specialized biochemical compartments known as organelles. Understanding how organelle biogenesis at systems-scale is coordinated with cellular growth rate and size is a major goal of quantitative cell biology. Here we map out the correlation structure of systems-level organelle biogenesis with cellular growth using “rainbow yeast”, a strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaethat expresses fluorescent labels for 6 major organelles. By carrying out hyperspectral imaging of thousands of single rainbow yeast cells, we decomposed the systems-level organelle biogenesis program into specific modes that characterize the response to changes in nutrient availability. Upon chemical biological dissection of this response, our results suggest that systems-level organelle biogenesis represents the sum of distinct organelle modes excited by growth rate and cell size separately. The flexibility afforded by this regulatory architecture may underlie how eukaryotic cells leverage compartmentalization to independently tune cell sizes and growth rates and satisfy potentially incompatible environmental and developmental constraints.
Molecular Mechanism for Bacterial Degradation of Plant Hormone Auxin
Authors: Ma Yongjian , Li Xuzichao , Wang Feng , Zhang Lingling , Che Xing , Yu Dehao , Liu Xiang , Li Zhuang , Sun Huabing , Yu Guimei , Zhang Heng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPlant-associated bacteria play important regulatory roles in modulating plant hormone auxin levels, affecting the growth and yields of crops. A conserved auxin-degradation (adg) operon was recently identified in theVariovoraxgenomes, which is responsible for root growth inhibition (RGI) reversion, promoting rhizosphere colonization and root growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying auxin degradation byVariovoraxremains unclear. Here, we systematically screenedVariovoraxadg operon products and identified two proteins, AdgB and AdgI, that directly associate with auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Further biochemical and structural studies revealed that AdgB is a highly IAA-specific ABC transporter solute binding protein, likely involved in IAA uptake. AdgI interacts with AdgH to form a functional Rieske non-heme dioxygenase, which works in concert with a FMN-type reductase encoded by geneadgJto transform IAA into the biologically inactive 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA), representing a new bacterial pathway for IAA inactivation/degradation. Importantly, incorporation of a minimum set ofadgH/I/Jgenes could enable IAA degradation byE. coli, suggesting a promising strategy for repurposing the adg operon for IAA regulation. Together, our study identifies the key components and underlying mechanisms involved in IAA transformation byVariovoraxand brings new insights into the bacterial turnover of plant hormones, which would provide the basis for potential applications in rhizosphere optimization and ecological agriculture.
Is ultrasound imaging effective in teaching anatomy in undergraduate medicine? A systematic review protocol
Authors: Powell Eloise , Hammond Lucy , Marlowe Frederick 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAnatomy knowledge is a foundation of learning medicine and is traditionally taught to students using cadaveric dissection. In the last few decades, a variety of adjuncts to teaching anatomy have been developed including plastic models, plastinated human specimens, living anatomy (surface) and radiological images to aid learning. Portable ultrasound (US) has become a useful learning tool that is safe and non-invasive allowing for visualisation of organs and associated structures. The role of ultrasound has been widely discussed in the literature with some institutions integrating it into the medical curriculum.This protocol describes a planned study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound in teaching anatomy to medical students by systematically reviewing the existing literature available in the public domain. Data gathered by these studies can be extracted and analysed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of ultrasound in medical education. The outcome will potentially support medical educators in integrating ultrasound aided learning into the curriculum with the aim of improving students understanding of anatomy. A secondary outcome may be basic understanding and competency in ultrasound.
Human FcγRIIIa activation on splenic macrophages drives the in vivo pathogenesis of dengue disease
Authors: Yamin Rachel , Kao Kevin S. , MacDonald Margaret R. , Cantaert Tineke , Rice Charles M. , Ravetch Jeffrey V. , Bournazos Stylianos 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlthough dengue virus (DENV) infection typically causes asymptomatic disease, DENV-infected patients can experience severe complications. A risk factor for symptomatic disease is pre-existing anti-DENV IgG antibodies. Cellular assays suggested that these antibodies can enhance viral infection of Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing myeloid cells. Recent studies, however, revealed more complex interactions between anti-DENV antibodies and specific FcγRs by demonstrating that modulation of the IgG Fc glycan correlates with disease severity. To investigate thein vivomechanisms of antibody-mediated dengue pathogenesis, we developed a mouse model for dengue disease that recapitulates the unique complexity of human FcγRs. Our studies reveal that thein vivopathogenic activity of anti-DENV IgG antibodies is exclusively mediated through engagement of FcγRIIIa expressed on splenic macrophages, resulting in inflammatory sequelae and mortality. These findings highlight the importance of IgG-FcγRIIIa interactions in dengue disease, with important implications in the design of safer vaccination approaches and effective therapeutic strategies.