bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Protecting Biological Diversity in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Argüello Gabriela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper analyses the opportunities to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) beyond national jurisdiction in the Arctic Ocean. For this, the author scrutinises the legal processes allowing UNCLOS to adapt to current and future ocean governance challenges concerning biological diversity and the limits of such adaptability. Some significant limitations are found in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) in the Arctic Ocean. The low political commitment of Arctic States to cooperate in fora such the Arctic Council leaves the ABNJ of the Arctic Ocean in a very precarious situation. With extensive areas of the seabed potentially falling under national jurisdiction and the water column remaining as ‘high seas,’ there is a possibility that Arctic cooperation will be eroded.
Due Diligence and Compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Foster Caroline E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Due diligence standards have been read into treaty provisions for the protection for the environment and beyond in a wide range of international legal settings. The compliance provision of the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, Article 13, invites a similar analysis. Despite the doubts of ten years ago that a due diligence standard would be sufficient and appropriate for protecting the Antarctic environment the concept has arguably evolved to the point where it can provide an effective framework for operationalising States’ responsibilities under the Protocol as well as more widely in international environmental law, subject to adequate contextualisation.
Between Economic Nationalism and Globalism: Evaluating Russia’s Recent Regulations on Arctic Shipping
Authors: Sergunin Alexander 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study examines how recent changes in Russia’s legal regulations affected shipping via the Northern Sea Route. The paper discusses whether these regulations are helpful for making the NSR a popular international transport corridor or, on the contrary, may lead to its isolation and retaining its status of Russia’s national seaway? This study also reviews Russian legal and practical measures to implement the International Maritime Organization’s Polar Code. The author concludes that despite some legal inconsistencies, the lack of a proper infrastructure and residual environmental problems, the NSR will remain an important priority for the Russian future strategy in the Arctic region. The NSR is viewed by Moscow as an effective instrument to develop the Russian Arctic both domestically and internationally. However, Moscow still faces a dilemma: On the one hand, it wants to keep its control over the NSR and support Russian shipbuilding industry and shipping companies. On the other hand, the Kremlin is willing to open up this passage for international cooperation and integrate it to the global transportation system.
The Fate of the Defeated: Qin’s Treatment of Their Enemies
Authors: Yates Robin D.S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Through an examination of documents from the Qin county of Qianling excavated from Well no. 1, Liye, Hunan Province, and looted documents held by the Yuelu Academy, Hunan University, that were rescued from the Hong Kong antiques market, this paper discusses the ways in which the victorious Qin state treated the enemy that they had defeated in the wars of unification leading to the establishment of the Qin Empire. It also considers how the Qin treated those who resisted the imposition of their rule. It is determined that the Qin categorized these people into three types or groups and applied Qin law to them. It also discusses the establishment of a bureaucratic system through which the Qin tracked down fugitive enemies.
The Withdrawal of the Qin Army from Qianling Prefecture: From the End of Conquest to the Beginning of Occupation
Authors: Miyake (宮宅潔) Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
After having conquered the Liye region and establishing Qianling prefecture, the Qin army departed from this newly occupied territory stepwise. According to the withdrawal, the ruling system was also gradually adjusted. In this article, the author analyzes the Liye Qin strips chronologically, and examines the process through which military victories resulted in rule by the occupying forces.
The Statute Regarding the Remarriage of Women in The Qin Bamboo Slips in the Collection of Yuelu Academy (Vol. 5) and the Scandal of Lao’ai
Authors: Yang (楊振紅) Zhenhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Slips 001-008 in The Qin Bamboo Slips in the Collection of Yuelu Academy (Vol. 5) contain a legal statute issued on the wuyin day of the twelfth month of the twenty-sixth year of the First Emperor of Qin. It is related to re-establishing a family by means of a woman’s remarriage. The content includes the following: it was forbidden to call the husband in a remarriage as jiafu “substitute father.” It was forbidden for children to call each other as brothers and sisters if they were not fathered by the same man. A widow with children was not allowed to transfer the property of her deceased husband to her maternal family or to the family she remarried into. It was forbidden to force a widow to remarry. The issuance of the wuyin statute was directly associated with the scandal of Lao’ai 嫪毐. Lao’ai had had an affair with the mother of the First Emperor of Qin, fathering two sons with her, and claiming himself as the substitute father of the First Emperor. The Stele of Mount Tai and the Stele of Mount Kuaiji praised the First Emperor for “defending and demarcating the boundary of the inner and the outer, forbidding licentious behavior, so that both men and women are pure and honest” 防隔内外，禁止淫泆，男女絜誠. The First Emperor also named the widow Qing 清 of the Ba 巴 region as a chaste woman and built the Terrace of the Woman Huai Qing 女懷清臺. Those events serve to confirm the relevance between the wuyin statute and the scandal of Lao’ai. Because the term “substitute father” had a notorious reputation, the Han people replaced it with “stepfather” (jifu
繼父) when calling the husband of a remarried mother.
A Preliminary Study of “Other Post Slips” from Liye Site J1
Authors: Tsuchiguchi (土口史記) Fuminori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Liye J1 is an archaeological site where the official documents belonging to the county court of Qianling County (遷陵縣) were discarded during the Qin dynasty. Among those unearthed slip manuscripts, some are called “Other Post Slips” 異處簡 These were meant to be delivered to other offices rather than the county court. This article discusses the possible significance revealed by their variety in quantity, and to point out that the frequency of the appearance of “Other Post Slips” reflects the relative distance between the county court and affiliated offices. At the same time, this work provides support to restore the spatial layout of these offices within the county.
What Operations Should a Modern Rural Surgeon Do?
Authors: Dissanaike Sharmila 
Published: April 2022

Rural patients have fewer complications and deaths, shorter hospital stay, and less resource utilization than their urban counterparts. They also tend to have fewer chronic illnesses; this reflects a system working as intended, with high-risk patients transferred to better-resourced institutions, while others receive surgical care closer to home. Deciding which operations a modern rural surgeon should—and shouldn’t—perform starts with the question “Who decides?” Government, insurers, hospitals, surgeons, and patients are all stakeholders, with a vested interest in the answer. Rural hospitals depend on surgeons for their financial existence, and rural surgeons need hospitals to function. The closure of rural hospitals throughout the country threatens the future of rural surgery. Without surgeons, rural patients will die unnecessarily. During the first COVID surge, patients died from such basic surgical emergencies as small bowel obstruction, when tertiary referral hospitals were full. Rural surgeons are essential in providing timely care of the injured patient; even today, patients die in isolated facilities from treatable injuries from lack of a surgeon who can do a splenectomy, or tube thoracostomy for traumatic pneumothorax, for example. Recruitment of rural surgeons requires identifying interested trainees, often from rural backgrounds, and a defined residency curriculum with emphasis on endoscopy and vascular surgery plus basic gynecology, obstetrics, urology, and orthopedics. Financial incentives & credentials support are also essential for the new rural surgeon. We need to develop many more focused rural surgery programs, and quickly, before the possibility of a broadly skilled rural surgeon in the USA evaporates.
Intergenerational effects of posttraumatic stress symptoms in family: The roles of parenting behavior, feelings of safety, and self-disclosure
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Huang Jiali , Zhen Rui 
Published: April 2022

This study examined the effects of parents’ posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and parenting behaviors, children’s feelings of safety, and children’s self-disclosure on children’s PTSS, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying intergenerational effect of PTSS. Three months after the Super Typhoon Lekima occurred in China, August 2019, self-report questionnaires were used to investigate 866 Chinese parent–child dyads (children’s mean age was 10.55 years, 52.2% were boys; parents’ mean age was 37.99 years, 23.2% were fathers) in the area most affected by the typhoon. The results found that parents’ PTSS may have disrupted the provision of emotionally warm parenting, in turn reducing children’s feelings of safety and limiting their self-disclosure, ultimately increasing the severity of children’s PTSS. This suggested that the mechanisms underlying the intergenerational effect of PTSS between parents and children involve the combined role of parents’ emotionally warm parenting, children’s feelings of safety, and children’s self-disclosure.
Inter-individual differences in Hindi–English code-switching: A quantitative approach
Authors: Si Aung , Mark Ellison T. 
Published: April 2022

Aims and objectives: Variationist studies on code-switching (CS) have focused on community-level differences driven by variables such as age, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Studies on inter-individual variation that make use of naturalistic speech need to be prioritised, especially in countries with large, diverse populations, such as India. This article presents a quantitative analysis of the Hindi–English CS (HECS) patterns among speakers of comparable socio-economic status and clusters them based on similarities in their CS strategies. Methodology: Television interviews of Hindi movie (Bollywood) personalities were transcribed and coded for Hindi and English lexemes. Bespoke software in Python was used to calculate five numerical indices to describe each speaker’s CS pattern. Data and analysis: The interviews from 28 speakers ranged between 20 and 40 minutes each. Cluster analysis was carried out in SPSS to produce a typology of CS strategies. Findings/conclusions: A total of six CS strategies were identified, with five being employed by both older and younger speakers and only one being used only by a single age group. Most CS strategies are therefore not age-specific. A number of hypothetical scenarios are presented, to demonstrate how individual CS strategies might change with time. Originality: This is the first study to systematically and quantitatively investigate inter-individual differences in HECS, using naturalistic speech in semi-controlled conditions. It is also the first to propose a typology of HECS strategies. Implications: There was significant variation in CS strategy even within the relatively homogeneous group of speakers investigated in this study. The overall variation in the whole of Hindi-speaking India must therefore be far greater. This suggests that certain predictions regarding the predictability of CS patterns from the contact situation (e.g., that postcolonial contexts result in insertional CS) may need to be refined.
Early Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Neoaortic Valve Repair Incorporating Geometric Ring Annuloplasty
Authors: Kupferschmid John P. , Turek Joseph W. , Hughes G. Chad , Austin Erle H. , Alsoufi Bahaaldin , Smith J. Michael , Scholl Frank G. , Rankin J. Scott , Badhwar Vinay , Chen Jonathan M. , Nuri Muhammad A. , Romano Jennifer C. , Ohye Richard G. , Si Ming-Sing 
Published: April 2022

Objectives During congenital heart surgery, the pulmonary valve and root may be placed into the systemic position, yielding a “neoaortic” valve. With the stress of systemic pressure, the pulmonary roots can dilate, creating aneurysms and/or neoaortic insufficiency (neoAI). This report analyzes the early outcomes of patients undergoing neoaortic valve repair incorporating geometric ring annuloplasty. Methods Twenty-one patients underwent intended repair at six centers and formed the study cohort. Thirteen had previous Ross procedures, five had arterial switch operations, and three Fontan physiology. Average age was 21.7 ± 12.8 years (mean  ±  SD), 80% were male, and 11 (55%) had symptomatic heart failure. Preoperative neoAI Grade was 3.1  ±  1.1, and annular diameter was 30.7  ±  6.5 mm. Results Valve repair was accomplished in 20/21, using geometric annuloplasty rings and leaflet plication (n = 13) and/or nodular release (n = 7). Fourteen had neoaortic aneurysm replacement (13 with root remodeling). Two underwent bicuspid valve repair. Six had pulmonary conduit changes, one insertion of an artificial Nodulus Arantius, and one resection of a subaortic membrane. Ring size averaged 21.9  ±  2.3 mm, and aortic clamp time was 171  ±  54 minutes. No operative mortality or major morbidity occurred, and postoperative hospitalization was 4.3  ±  1.4 days. At discharge, neoAI grade was 0.2  ±  0.4 ( P < .0001), and valve mean gradient was ≤20 mm Hg. At average 18.0  ±  9.1 months of follow-up, all patients were asymptomatic with stable valve function. Conclusions Neoaortic aneurysms and neoAI are occasionally seen late following Ross, arterial switch, or Fontan procedures. Neoaortic valve repair using geometric ring annuloplasty, leaflet reconstruction, and root remodeling provides a patient-specific approach with favorable early outcomes.
Impact of Fluoride on Associations between Free Sugars Intake and Dental Caries in US Children
Authors: Melough M.M. , Sathyanarayana S. , Zohoori F.V. , Gustafsson H.C. , Sullivan E.L. , Chi D.L. , Levy S.M. , McKinney C.M. 
Published: April 2022

Objective: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease in US children, with the highest burden among Black and Hispanic youth. Sugars are a primary risk factor, but few studies have specifically measured intakes of free sugars and related this to dental caries or explored the extent to which water fluoride mitigates the cariogenicity of free sugars. Furthermore, the cariogenicity of certain free sugars sources, such as extruded fruit and vegetable products, is unclear. Methods: Using cross-sectional data on 4,906 children aged 2 to 19 y in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016, we examined associations of free sugars intake with counts of decayed or filled primary tooth surfaces (dfs) and decayed, missing, or filled permanent surfaces (DMFS) in negative binomial regressions. Stratified models examined these associations in children with home water fluoride above or below the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)–recommended level of 0.7 ppm. Results: Free sugars accounted for 16.4% of energy, primarily contributed by added sugars. In adjusted models, a doubling in the percentage of energy from free sugars was associated with 22% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1%–47%) greater dfs among children aged 2 to 8. A doubling in energy from added sugars was associated with 20% (95% CI, 1%–42%) greater dfs and 10% (95% CI, 2%–20%) greater DMFS in children aged 6 to 19 y. Beverages were the most important source of added sugars associated with increased caries. Other free sugars were not associated with dfs or DMFS. Associations between free sugars and caries were diminished among children with home water fluoride of 0.7 ppm or greater. Conclusions: Free sugars intake, especially in the form of added sugars and specifically in sweetened beverages, was associated with higher dental caries. Water fluoride exposures modify these associations, reducing caries risk in the primary dentition of children whose home water meets recommended fluoride levels. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Intake of free sugars, especially in the form of added sugars and specifically in beverages, was associated with higher dental caries in US children in this study. Water fluoride exposure at CDC-recommended levels protected against caries, especially in the primary dentition. These findings suggest that household water fluoridation at CDC-recommended levels protects against the cariogenic potential of free and added sugars during childhood.
Respiratory viruses in hematopoietic cell transplant candidates: impact of preexisting lower tract disease on outcomes
Authors: Kim Yae-Jean , Waghmare Alpana , Xie Hu , Holmberg Leona , Pergam Steven A. , Jerome Keith R. , Leisenring Wendy M. , Ogimi Chikara , Campbell Angela P. , Englund Janet A. , Boeckh Michael 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPretransplant respiratory virus infections (RVIs) have been shown to negatively affect hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes. The impact of and need for delay of HCT for pretransplant infection with human rhinovirus (HRV) or endemic human coronavirus (HCoV; 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) remain controversial. We analyzed the impact of symptomatic RVI within ≤90 days before HCT on overall mortality, posttransplant lower respiratory tract disease (LRD), and days alive and out of hospital (DAOH) by day 100 post-HCT in multivariable models. Among 1,643 adult HCT recipients (58% allogeneic recipients), 704 (43%) were tested for RVI before HCT, and 307 (44%) tested positive. HRV was most commonly detected (56%). Forty-five (15%) of 307 HCT recipients had LRD with the same virus early after HCT. Pretransplant upper respiratory tract infection (URI) with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, HRV, or endemic HCoV was not associated with increased overall mortality or fewer DAOH. However, in allogeneic recipients who received myeloablative conditioning, LRD due to any respiratory virus, including HRV alone, was associated with increased overall mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 10.8 [95% confidence interval, 3.29-35.1] for HRV and 3.21 [95% confidence interval, 1.15-9.01] for all other viruses). HRV LRD was also associated with fewer DAOH. Thus, the presence of LRD due to common respiratory viruses, including HRV, before myeloablative allogeneic HCT was associated with increased mortality and hospitalization. Pretransplant URI due to HRV and endemic HCoV was not associated with these outcomes. Improved management strategies for pretransplant LRD are warranted.
Efficacy of combined immunosuppression with or without eltrombopag in children with newly diagnosed aplastic anemia
Authors: Goronkova Olga , Novichkova Galina , Salimova Tatiana , Kalinina Irina , Baidildina Dina , Petrova Ulyana , Antonova Kristina , Sadovskaya Maria , Suntsova Elena , Evseev Dmitry , Matveev Victor , Venyov Dmitry , Khachatryan Lili , Litvinov Dmitry , Pshonkin Alexey , Ovsyannikova Galina , Kotskaya Natalia , Gobadze Darina , Olshanskaya Yulia , Popov Alexander , Raykina Elena , Mironenko Olga , Voronin Kirill , Purbueva Bazarma , Boichenko Elmira , Dinikina Yulia , Guseynova Evgeniya , Sherstnev Dmitry , Kalinina Elena , Mezentsev Sergey , Streneva Olga , Yudina Natalia , Plaksina Olga , Erega Elena , Maschan Michael , Maschan Alexey 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We compared the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag (ELTR) combined with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and IST alone in treatment-naïve children with severe (SAA) and very severe (vSAA) aplastic anemia. Ninety-eight pediatric patients were randomized to receive horse antithymocyte globulin (hATG) and cyclosporin A (CsA) with (n = 49) or without (n = 49) ELTR. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR) at 4 months. After 4 months, nonresponders were crossed over to the alternative group. In all patients, the ORR in ELTR + IST and IST groups was similar (65% vs 53%; P = .218); however, the complete response (CR) rate was significantly higher in the ELTR + IST group (31% vs 12%; P = .027). In severity subgroups, the ORR was 89% vs 57% (P = .028) in favor of IST + ELTR in SAA, but it did not differ in patients with vSAA (52% vs 50%; P = .902). At 6 months after the crossover, 61% of initial ELTR(−) patients achieved a response compared with 17% of initial ELTR(+) patients (P = .016). No significant difference in ELTR + IST and IST groups was observed in the 3-year overall survival (OS) (89% vs 91%; P = .673) or the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) (53% vs 41%; P = .326). There was no unexpected toxicity related to ELTR. Adding ELTR to standard IST was well tolerated and increased the CR rate. The greatest benefit from ELTR combined with IST was observed in patients with SAA but not in those with vSAA. The second course of IST resulted in a high ORR in initial ELTR(−) patients who added ELTR and had limited efficacy among patients who received ELTR upfront. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03413306.
Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension with hyperpolarised129Xe magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Authors: Bier Elianna A. , Alenezi Fawaz , Lu Junlan , Wang Ziyi , Mammarappallil Joseph G. , O'Sullivan-Murphy Bryan , Erkanli Alaattin , Driehuys Bastiaan , Rajagopal Sudarshan 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundThe diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains challenging. Pre- and post-capillary PH have different signatures on noninvasive129Xe gas-exchange magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dynamic MR spectroscopy (MRS). We tested the accuracy of129Xe MRI/MRS to diagnose PH status compared to right heart catheterisation (RHC).Methods129Xe MRI/MRS from 93 subjects was used to develop a diagnostic algorithm, which was tested in 32 patients undergoing RHC on the same day (n=20) or within 5 months (42±40 days) (n=12). Three expert readers, blinded to RHC, used129Xe MRI/MRS to classify subjects as pre-capillary PH, post-capillary PH, no PH and no interstitial lung disease (ILD), or ILD.ResultsFor pre-capillary PH,129Xe MRI/MRS diagnostic accuracy was 75% (95% CI 66–84) with a sensitivity of 67% (95% CI 54–79) and a specificity of 86% (95% CI 75–96); for post-capillary PH accuracy was 69% (95% CI 59–78) with sensitivity of 54% (95% CI 34–74) and specificity of 74% (95% CI 63–84). The model performed well in straightforward cases of pre-capillary PH but was less accurate in its diagnosis in the presence of mixed disease, particularly in the presence of ILD or combined post- and pre-capillary PH.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the potential to develop129Xe MRI/MRS into a modality with good accuracy in detecting pre- and post-capillary PH. Furthermore, the combination of129Xe dynamic MRS and gas-exchange MRI uniquely provide concurrent, noninvasive assessment of both haemodynamics and gas-exchange impairment that may aid in the detection of PH.