bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rafi Uzma , Kabir Mahvish , Asif Hina , Kanwal Shazia 
Published: April 2022

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer worldwide. Regular oral checkup is recommended for smokers and drinkers and preventive measures should be taken for discouraging and giving up the smoking. Persons who don’t use tobacco and alcohol individually but in the combined form, they are at more risk, because the combination which raises the risk of oral cancer 15 times in users than non-users. Although tobacco smoking and alcohol intake are risk factors of oral cancer but their combined effects are more harmful as compare to individual ones. After tobacco smoking, HPV is the most common causative agent for oral cancer in the United states. Different types of HPV are associated with infections. Skin warts are also caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV infection is transmitted through many ways. The most important of which are prenatal. genital infections, through blood, shared objects and hands. If the objects are contaminated with HPV infection, and they are shared to one person to the other, then there is a possible chance of transmission of HPV. Fingers-genital contact is a unlikely to be a significant source but it is a possible way of HPV to be transmitted.
Iron expression in the biopsies of patients with different grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Faridi Tallat Anwar , Dar Ali Junaid , Tanvir Imrana , Hassan Bilal 
Published: April 2022

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is becoming a frequent problem all over the world and its etiological factors are different in different areas of the world. Iron is a pivotal nutrient and its deficiency is considered as malnutrition. The possibility that low iron intake might cause oral cancer needs to be investigated Objective: To evaluate the expression of iron in different grades of oral cancer. Methods: A total of 40 biopsy samples of OSCC were included in this study, comprising of 35% well and moderately differentiated and 25% in poorly differentiated cases.Iron staining was performed on all the cases and routine hematoxylin-eosin staining was also performed. Cases were then assessed by two independent hisptopathologists Results: Increased expression of iron in early stage of cancer was observed, which is well differentiated stage. Moderate expression was observed in moderately differentiated stage and almost no expression was observed in highly advanced stage of cancer which is poorly differentiated stage. Conclusions: According to this study, it has been concluded that there is more prevalence of oral cancer in males than in females because the males of this region are more involve in cigratte smoking and the use of oral drugs like pan, gutka, mishri and other types of chewing drugs. Iron deficiency in the body may lead to OSCC.
Physicochemical Properties of Water Chestnut
Authors: Alam Hajra Mir , Naeem Rubab , Rubab Ghulam , Bilal Hania , Arooj Huria , Ashraf Iqra , Hassan Mashal , Nasir Laiba , Rizwan Bisma , Shehzad Shehreen , Tariq Rameesha 
Published: April 2022

Trapa natans, sometimes known as water chestnut, is a small herb that belongs to the Trapaceae family and is widely used across the world due to its nutraceutical characteristics. Gongorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital infections are all treated using the whole plant. It is most commonly used to treat diarrhoea, constipation, ophthalmopathy, ulcers, and wounds. These are also used to treat serious conditions in pitta, such as consuming sensations, dipsia, dyspepsia, discharge, hemoptysis, looseness of the bowels, diarrhoea, and, strangely, irregular fever, disease, weakness, aggravation, urethrorrhea, breaks, erysipelas, lumbago, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and general debility Trapa natans has a great quantity of minerals, particles, to be particular, Ca, K, Na, Zn, and nutrients; saponins, phenols, alkaloids, H-gift, and flavonoids are accounted to be in the plants, maybe because to their photochemical characteristic. Dietary and biochemical studies of Trapa natans derivatives in 100 g revealed. Carbohydrate content was 22.30 and 71.55 percent, protein content was 4.40 percent and 10.80 percent, moisture content, fiber content, and fat content were 70.35 and 7.30, 2.05 and 6.35, 2.30 and 8.50, and 0.65 and 1.85, respectively, the mineral content of the seeds was 32 mg and 102.85 mg calcium, 1.4 and 3.8 mg iron, and 121 and 325 mg phosphorus in 100 g, and seeds of Trapa natans.
Beneficial vs Adverse Role of Food in Autoimmune disease: A Controversy
Authors: Imran Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Autoimmune diseases are elaborated as the failure of white blood cells (WBS’s) auto-tolerance system thus, creating a loop of inactivity of immune response. Imbalance WBC’s activation initiates the autoantigens production that leads to tissue damage in body. It is estimated that autoimmune diseases beat the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases along with cancer in all over the world. Women are more likely to suffer as compared to men. Some of the prevailing autoimmune disease includes rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s and celiac disease and several more. Autoimmune diseases have two main factors, non-modifiable such as age, gender, genetic history and past infection history. On the other side, modifiable factors are one that can be changed to cure or reduce the chances of autoimmune disease. Dietary patterns are one of the leading modifiable factors in autoimmune disease. It has been concluded that the type of food we consume, plays a huge role in occurrence or as a therapy to treat autoimmune disease. It all depends on the type of food we eat. Autoimmune diseases may cause dysbiosis, disturbed microflora, inflammation in intestine and systematic inflammation in the body.
Consuming excessive amount of vegetable oil, trans fats and hydrogenated oils results in the occurrence of autoimmune disease. However, omega-3 fatty acid enriched diet along with antioxidant supplementation, shields the body from lymphocytes disturbed mechanism in immune system. Emerging techniques in researches proofs that intake of whole and natural foods and following vegan diet, high fiber intake, gluten free diet with excluding processed food ultimately lowers the dysbiosis thus, reduces the chances of autoimmunity in tissue or organs. Similarly, consuming food with less arachidonic acid in diet or limiting arachidonic acid, upto 6 portions of fruits and vegetables daily and low sodium intake positively support intestinal functions and micro flora. These factors protect the body from etiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity of human body is one of the vast subjects and requires a lot of research to study the cause, treatment with its inter-related factors. Around 50 million people of US alone suffer from autoimmune diseases and women are more likely to develop autoimmunity as compared to men.
As previous data is not enough to conclude that which type of food is beneficial or harmful in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases, so it is necessary to conclude more researches, experiments and surveys to find out the sustainability of certain food in autoimmune disease. Environmental factors also play an integral role along with dietary factors. To understand the relation of food, type of food and its role in triggering the autoimmunity of tissues or organs, we need more researchers to figure out the nature of food components and their interaction with human body. Thus, we can introduce new and safe initiatives to cure autoimmune diseases.
Role of Stevia in Diabetes
Authors: Tanvir Imrana 
Published: April 2022

Around 80% of the world populaces rely only upon plants for their wellbeing and recovery. While in the developed countries, dependence on medical procedure and drug medication is more habitual nevertheless in the recent times, an ever increasing number of individuals are preferring natural supplements. These days inspiration of individuals towards herbs is expanding because of the worry about the adverse effects of synthetic medications. Stevia is a nutritious sugar and could be of tremendous assistance for diabetic patients. It has an extremely low caloric value. Stevia contains two glycosides, in particular stevioside and rebaudioside A. Besides glycosides, Stevia contains an assorted combination of labdanediterpenes, triterpenes, stigmasterol, tannins as well as volatile oils. One might say that Stevia is a very secure and a non-harmful sugar for diabetics and might be useful in preventing cardiovascular ailments in patients with long-standing diabetes in its long term use. The feasible glucose lowering activity is because of the immediate effect of steviosides on pancreatic beta cells to discharge more insulin and to work on their capacity in gluco-toxicity. It can likewise force its hypoglycemic impact as it improves the first stage insulin reaction and consequently decreases the glucagon levels. It is in this way firmly suggested for the use of diabetic patients and might be utilized as a sugar substitute also with an extraordinary level of viability and wellbeing. Because of the attention on stevia for individuals with diabetes, many individuals keep thinking about whether it can treat or fix the condition. Presently there is no cure for diabetes, yet individuals can deal with the condition by using medications and by changing way of life. Stevia can assist with supporting these way of life changes. Consuming stevia instead of sugar in sweetened beverages and foods might assist individuals with diabetes settle their blood glucose levels. This substitution for sugar may likewise decrease the quantity of calories that an individual consumes, which is probably going to help in weight reduction. As excessive fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications, which consists of heart and kidney issues.
Association Between Morning Sickness and Quality of Life Among Pregnant Females
Authors: Arshad Aimen , Aslam Maria 
Published: April 2022

Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) is very common and may have great impact on quality of life of women. Nausea and vomiting causes negative effect on physical and mental health of women Objective: To find the association between morning sickness and nausea and vomiting in pregnant women Methods: A Cross Sectional study performed at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore for period of 4 months. 100 pregnant females were selected by non-probability sampling technique. The information on nausea and vomiting was measured by using questionnaire at enrollment, as well as potential confounders (i.e., maternal/gestational age, educational level, parity, body mass index, chronic/infectious conditions, sleep quality, headache, anxiety, and depression) WHOQOL scale was used to assess the quality of life of patients Results: Out of 100 pregnant females, 45 females were in their 1st trimester, 37 females were in their 2nd trimester and 18 were in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The mean age of patients was 1.85±0.989. 76 were suffering from morning sickness at some point. Low scores were found for physical health domain, psychological domain and environmental domain of WHOQOL among pregnant females. There was a strong association between fatigue due to nausea and physical health domain and psychological health domain of WHOQOL. There was also a strong association between depression and disturbed activities due to nausea and vomiting. There was no significant association found in socio-economic status and nausea and vomiting Conclusions: Nausea and vomiting is a physically morbid disease, affecting most pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting have a significant detrimental impact on quality of life, especially physical quality of life. It also affects psychological health of a person causing depression. Despite this, we found low treatment, even in those with moderate/severe symptoms. Women should be encouraged to seek assistance for morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum from the health practitioner.
Some Factors Affecting the Defense-Security in Central Highland Region Today
Authors: Tan Nguyen Van 
Published: April 2022

The Central Highlands region is strategically important locations on national defense and security. Currently, there are many objective and subjective factors that have been affecting the strengthening and establishment of national defense - security in particular, development and international integration in this area in general. The article focuses on clarifying a number of factors that have been directly and generator affecting the assurance of national defense and security in the Central Highlands today.
BENTUK PERBUATAN YANG MERUPAKAN TINDAK PIDANA DI BIDANG PERTANAHAN
Authors: Sari Liani , Rifai Rahawarin Ahamad , Abdullah Burhan 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini berjudul “Bentuk Perbuatan Yang Merupakan Tindak Pidana Di Bidang Pertanahan”. Salah satu kebutuhan hidup manusia yang sangat mendasar adalah tanah yang dapat dikatakan hampir kegiatan hidup manusia baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung selalu berhubungan dengan tanah, hubungan ini terjadi oleh karena tanah itu memberi penghidupan bagi manusia dalam hal tempat tinggal, sebagai mata pencaharian seperti pertanian, perkebunan, perumahan, perkantoran bahkan industri yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Adanya ketidakseimbangan antara jumlah dan luas tanah yang tersedia yang tidak bertambah dengan kebutuhan penggunaan masyarakat yang semakin meningkat menyebabkan tanah mempunyai arti yang sangat penting, sehingga campur tangan negara melalui aparatnya dalam tatanan hukum pertanahan merupakan hal yang mutlak untuk diadakan. Konflik agraria merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang banyak terjadi di Indonesia. Konflik agraria menimbulkan efek yang besar bagi masyarakat baik dalam hal ekonomi, sosial, politik dan budaya. Kurangnya penanganan masalah konflik agraria di Indonesia membuat kasus konflik agraria semakin banyak
POLITIK HUKUM NEGARA DALAM MENUJU MASYARAKAT SEJAHTERA
Authors: Febrianty Yenny , Amin Hamid Muhammad , Rumbewas Zachrias 
Published: April 2022

Semangat demokrasi bertujuan mendukung kesejahteraan masyarakat lewat politik hukum yang isinya adanya pemenuhan hak-hak sipil dan politik dan hak-hak sosial-ekonomi supaya negara maksimal memberikan kehidupan yang baik terhadap masyarakat. Negara dituntut untuk menyelesaikan dinamika masalah dengan cepat dan tepat dengan memutuskan suatu kebijakan politik hukum walaupun terjadi kekosongan hukum. Politik hukum negara sedapat mungkin bisa meralisasikan suatu kesejahteraan rakyat yang pasti sehingga tidak ada lagi masyarakat yang menderita kemiskinan atau tidak mendapatkan jaminan sosial, meskipun diketahui tidak mudah bagi negara bisa menciptakan kesejahteraan itu secara merata)
The Siberian Arctic Ocean Highway – Redefining the World’s Trading Patterns
Authors: Femenia Jose 
Published: April 2022

Over the centuries, the world’s trading patterns have changed due to population migration and growth, climate changes, politics and technological advances. Some trading patterns and routes have declined and others have emerged. This paper will investigate the technical, environmental and economic potential of using an Arctic Ocean route as a substitute for present day northern hemisphere, long-haul, container shipping routes. Issues such as the impact of climate changes on the potential for using the Arctic as an ocean highway will be noted. Proposed routes and ports of call as well as various model containerships movements will be investigated. Issues such as basic ship and terminal design, transit times, and ship induced emissions will also be addressed. The use of nuclear power for ship propulsion will be considered.
The paper will concentrate on discussing the shipment of containers to and from the East and West Coasts of the United States, Western Europe, and the Far East with large containerships in liner service using the Arctic Ocean highway and smaller feeder ships moving the containers from four, specifically selected, ports to final destination ports. Winter shipping conditions as well as summer shipping conditions will be considered. Problems, advantages and limitations of the proposed system will be discussed.
Factors Influencing the Development of Routes for Regular Oil Transport from Dikson
Authors: Riska Kaj , Breivik Kåre , Eide Svein Inge , Gudmestad Ove , Hildén Tor 
Published: April 2022

Year-round oil transportation by ships from the north-western Russian Arctic areas requires a transport system that can achieve a regular and reliable transport under difficult ice conditions. The tankers and the assisting icebreakers must be designed for operation under severe Arctic conditions. Factors influencing the design of the vessels are investigated with special attention to
o One icebreaker escorting tanker(s) with wider beam than that of the icebreaker
o Passage through pressurized ice fields
o Passage through ridge fields.
Apart from investigating the physics of the above factors, the paper describes the design of the whole transport system.
Ice Observations and Forecasting During the Arctic Coring Project, August - September 2004
Authors: Pilkington Roger , Keinonen Arno , Sheikin Igor 
Published: April 2022

The Arctic Coring Expedition or ACEX was conducted as a special project under the Integrated Ocean Drilling Project. A review of the operational and ice management aspects of this project is provided in Keinonen et al (2006). This current paper reviews the ice observations and forecasting in more detail.
Six scientists and naval architects were on board the IB Oden and Sovetskiy Soyuz to collect relevant ice data and forecast ice movement. The work involved the collection of ice data during transit and ice management, interpreting satellite imagery, ice forecasting, and providing the information to the vessels. The purpose of the project was to obtain a core from the seafloor to bed rock (420 m) on the Lomonosov Ridge, to study the paleo history of the polar cap region. This was achieved.
The optimum transit route was determined using the Fengyun and Envisat satellite data which were showed the region of most leads. Once at the drill site at 88º north, Radarsat satellite data were used to identify regions of lighter ice. Ice thickness was generally 2.5 to 3.5 m, with mainly second year and old ice. Ice forecasting, using a very simple model, allowed the identification of any heavy ice expected to pass over the site and the regions where more information on ice severity was required. During the first two weeks at the drill site, the inertial oscillations of the ice were very small and not noticeable. Later the oscillations became much larger and the ice went through several complete loops, which created a minor problem for the drilling operation. Ice drift was measured by means of GPS buoys placed onto the ice and recovered by helicopter. This method worked well as the ice moved very slowly so that the buoys were within range for 2 to 3 days.
A recent publication indicates that tropical conditions existed at the pole about 55 million years ago. Preliminary. Results indicated that the Polar Cap region was a shallow fresh water sea until about 15 million years ago. At that time, the region between Greenland and Norway opened, allowing the water from the Atlantic Ocean to flow north, with the result that the upper 15 million years of sediments are saline.
Latest Development in Ice Model Testing
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Forsén Ann-Cristin , Mattsson Tom 
Published: April 2022

The next generation ice model testing facility of Aker Arctic Inc. (AARC) was inaugurated in March 2006. The new facility is located in Helsinki at the Vuosaari Marine Business Park, next to the new Helsinki harbour. This facility is the third in the history of Aker Arctic starting in 1969 with Wärtsilä Ice Model Basin (WIMB).
Today the new facility has been in operation for two a half years. This period has been still quite a lot of learning and developing practices even the transfer of the ice making happened quite well.
The new facility has also opened new possibilities.
The paper describes the new facilities and highlights the work done so far. Also among other things the further development possibilities of the AARC FGX model ice is discussed.
Making of thick weak ice in the model basin has always been quite a problem. In this respect the enhanced use of AARC FGX ice has given new possibilities in testing. Firstly ice sheets with thickness close to 100 mm were prepared for the new Russian multipurpose icebreaker project to simulate full-scale level ice thickness of 2.85m. Recently model ice with thickness close to 240 mm with flexural strength of 10-20 kPa was manufactured.
The paper will discuss also the processes of making these thick/week ice sheets.
Icebreaking Ore Carrier Project for Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Arpiainen Matti , Kiili Riku , Mattsson Tom , Cooper Rod , Stubbs John T. 
Published: April 2022

Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation is planning to utilize the iron deposits on the northern Baffin Island (Canada). The iron ore was discovered in the beginning of 1960ies. The mine is 100-142km from the sea shore (Milne Inlet or Steensby Inlet). The sea area from Milne Inlet and Steensby Inlet to North Atlantic is most of the year ice covered. Open water period may be only three months, from July to October.
The operation is planned to be year-round.
The amount of iron ore to be transported in the beginning of the production in 2014 is c. 18 million tonnes/year. The ore carriers are to be operated independently without icebreaker assistance. The ore carriers are assumed to operate at full draught both in loaded and ballast condition when operating in ice. The ship size was selected to be of main dimensions as a Dunkirkmax/Capesize vessel. There are two basic ore carrier alternative designs; The first alternative is conventional icebreaking vessel, which mainly operates by breaking ice with the bow. The second alternative is the so called Double Acting Ship (DAS). In the DAS concept the vessel is designed to operate bow first most of the time, in open water and in light ice conditions, but in severe ice conditions running astern. This paper describes the design process of the vessels including the basic requirements, operational conditions, transit simulations, model tests and the vessel designs.
Methods and Approaches for the Classification of Ships Designed for Stern First Operation in Ice
Authors: Hindley Robert , Tustin Robert 
Published: April 2022

Podded propulsion units, or azimuthing thrusters, have enabled the development of commercial ships with hull forms optimized for bow first operation in open water, or light ice conditions, combined with an icebreaking stern optimized for stern first operation in ice.
This paper describes the methods and approaches adopted by Lloyd’s Register for classification of two ships specified and designed for stern first operation in ice.
These methods and approaches include interpretation of classification and ice class rules, as well as the adoption of first principle methods to assess the ship structural arrangements and propulsion systems.
Performance Trials of a Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft
Authors: Igloliorte Gareth , Kendrick Andrew , Brown Robert , Boone Jim 
Published: April 2022

In the early spring of 2006, a research team, lead by BMT Fleet Technology, undertook a set of performance trials of a TEMPSC in ice covered water. The trials were performed in the bays of New World Island, Newfoundland and Labrador. The TEMPSC was operated in ice conditions of concentrations up to 9.5/10ths and in thicknesses up to 35cm.
The trials provided results indicating a TEMPSC can have a reasonable level of performance in ice covered water.