bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Distributed Power
Authors: Alderfer R. Brent , Starrs Thomas J. , Eldridge M. Monika 
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on cases where barriers to distributed powerare present. It offers the following findings about current restrictions tointerconnection of DG power generation projects.• A variety of technical, business practice, and regulatory barriersdiscourage interconnection in the US domestic market.• These barriers sometimes prevent distributed generationprojects from being developed.• The barriers exist for all distributed-generation technologies andin all regions of the country.• Lengthy approval processes, project-specific equipment require-ments, or high standard fees are particularly severe for smallerdistributed generation projects.• Many barriers in today’s marketplace occur because utilitieshave not previously dealt with small-project or customer-genera-tor interconnection requests.• There is no national consensus on technical standards for con-necting equipment, necessary insurance, reasonable charges foractivities related to connection, or agreement on appropriatecharges or payments for distributed generation,• Utilities often have the flexibility to remove or lessen barriers.
• Distributed generation project proponents faced with technicalrequirements, fees, or other burdensome barriers are often ableto get those barriers removed or lessened by protesting to theutility, to the utility’s regulatory agency, or to other public agen-cies. However, this usually requires considerable time, effort,and resources.• Official judicial or regulatory appeals were often seen as toocostly for relatively small-scale distributed generation projects.• Distributed generation project proponents frequently felt thatexisting rules did not give them appropriate credit for the contri-butions they make to meeting power demand, reducing trans-mission losses, or improving environmental quality.
Las Habilidades de Autocontrol y Autorregulación en la Edad Preescolar
Authors: Restrepo Escobar Sandra Milena , Quintero Gil Jessica , Álvarez Pèrez Paola Andrea 
Published: April 2022

La etapa del preescolar es uno de los momentos más importantes en la vida del ser humano; es allí donde los niños presentan avances significativos en todas las dimensiones, pero en especial desarrollan la parte socio emocional en el momento en que interactúan con el otro, la empatía y el amor propio. También se enmarcan las habilidades de autocontrol y autorregulación, las cuales tienen gran significado en esta etapa ya que se enfocan en que los niños sean capaces de regular lo que piensan y sienten, distinguiendo a partir de ello, el modo como responden ante cualquier situación que se les presente en la vida. Por medio de este artículo se propone desarrollar una mirada general sobre las habilidades de autocontrol y autorregulación en la etapa del preescolar, se realizó una revisión narrativa, donde se tuvo a consideración literatura científica que permitiera conocer sobre estudios donde se hubiera evaluado la autorregulación y el autocontrol en niños. Según los hallazgos de la revisión literaria se presentan los resultados teniendo en cuenta las siguientes categorías: conceptualización de las habilidades de autocontrol y autorregulación, autorregulación en la infancia y estilos parentales y autorregulación y el juego. Por medio de este recorrido teórico y partiendo de la indagación motivante respecto al reconocimiento de las habilidades de autocontrol y autorregulación en la edad preescolar, se logra desprender la importancia de reconocer y concebir la diferenciación entre los conceptos de autorregulación y el autocontrol, en tanto, que desde su singularidad, logran establecer importantes herramientas desde los primeros años de vida para alcanzar cognitivamente un dominio en la obtención de metas y la adaptación al medio, aspectos que contribuyen en el aprendizaje.
Experimental demonstration of a transmitter with a 50° divergence angle, 50  Mbps rate, and 476  mW optical power for underwater wireless optical communication based on an engineered diffuser
Authors: Han Biao , Yang Jingchuan , Sun Kelin , Sun Yanling 
Published: April 2022

In practical application of underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC), the transmitter should have a larger divergence angle to make it easier to establish a communication link, besides high modulated rate and high optical power. Laser diodes (LD) are suitable to design such transmitter, thanks to their simpler structure and much faster switching speed. However, it is difficult to implement for widespread use in ocean engineering because of its quite small divergence angle. For this, we present a simple way to enlarge the divergence angle for an LD transmitter based on an engineered diffuser in this paper. First, we design a blue LD transmitter that has 476 mW output power, 50 Mbps rate, and 50° divergence angle. Then, using such transmitter, we establish a UWOC system in a large experimental tank with 13.3 m communication distance and about

0.26

m

−
1

attenuation coefficient of water. The results show that if the deviation of the transmitting direction is up to

±

25

∘

, the communication system is workable. Emission light from the transmitter could cover a 42.5% solid angle of the hemisphere space. The combination performances of speed, angular coverage, and optical power are suitable for ocean engineering. Also, it implies that a light field could be designed by using a suitable engineered diffuser for UWOC. The method presented in this paper is simple and pragmatic, which is useful to reduce the difficulty in establishing communication links and is easy to popularize.
Sulfite preservatives effects on the mouth microbiome: Changes in viability, diversity and composition of microbiota
Authors: Irwin Sally V. , Deardorff Luz Maria , Deng Youping , Fisher Peter , Gould Michelle , June Junnie , Kent Rachael S. , Qin Yujia , Yadao Fracesca 
Published: April 2022

OverviewProcessed foods make up about 70 percent of the North American diet. Sulfites and other food preservatives are added to these foods largely to limit bacterial contamination. The mouth microbiota and its associated enzymes are the first to encounter food and therefore likely to be the most affected.MethodsEight saliva samples from ten individuals were exposed to two sulfite preservatives, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite. One sample set was evaluated for bacteria composition utilizing 16s rRNA sequencing, and the number of viable cells in all sample sets was determined utilizing ATP assays at 10 and 40-minute exposure times. All untreated samples were analyzed for baseline lysozyme activity, and possible correlations between the number of viable cells and lysozyme activity.ResultsSequencing indicated significant increases in alpha diversity with sodium bisulfite exposure and changes in relative abundance of 3 amplicon sequence variants (ASV). Sodium sulfite treated samples showed a significant decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a marginally significant change in alpha diversity, and a significant change in the relative abundance for Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and for 6 ASVs. Beta diversity didn’t show separation between groups, however, all but one sample set was observed to be moving in the same direction under sodium sulfite treatment. ATP assays indicated a significant and consistent average decrease in activity ranging from 24–46% at both exposure times with both sulfites.Average initial rates of lysozyme activity between all individuals ranged from +/- 76% compared to individual variations of +/- 10–34%. No consistent, significant correlation was found between ATP and lysozyme activity in any sample sets.ConclusionsSulfite preservatives, at concentrations regarded as safe by the FDA, alter the relative abundance and richness of the microbiota found in saliva, and decrease the number of viable cells, within 10 minutes of exposure.
The efficacy and safety of cardio-protective therapy in patients with 5-FU (Fluorouracil)-associated coronary vasospasm
Authors: Zafar Amna , Drobni Zsofia D. , Lei Matthew , Gongora Carlos A. , Quinaglia Thiago , Lou Uvette Y. , Mosarla Ramya , Murphy Sean P. , Jones-O’Connor Maeve , Mahmood Ali , Hartmann Sarah , Gilman Hannah K. , Weekes Colin D. , Nipp Ryan , Clark John R. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Blaszkowsky Lawrence S. , Tavares Erica , Neilan Tomas G. 
Published: April 2022

Background
Coronary vasospasm is a known side effect of 5-FU (fluorouracil) therapy. Beyond switching to non-5FU-based chemotherapy, there are no established treatments for 5-FU associated coronary vasospam. Our objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of re-challenge with 5-FU after pre-treatment with calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and long-acting nitrates among patients 5-FU associated coronary vasospasm.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of patients with 5-FU coronary vasospasm at a single academic center. By protocol, those referred to cardio-oncology received pre-treatment with either combination [nitrates and CCBs] or single-agent therapy [nitrates or CCBs]) prior to re-challenge with 5-FU. Our primary outcome was overall survival. Other important outcomes included progression-free survival and safety.

Results
Among 6,606 patients who received 5-FU from January 2001 to Dec 2020, 115 (1.74%) developed coronary vasospasm. Of these 115 patients, 81 patients continued 5-FU therapy, while 34 stopped. Of the 81 who continued, 78 were referred to cardio-oncology and prescribed CCBs and/or nitrates prior to subsequent 5-FU, while the remaining 3 continued 5-FU without cardiac pre-treatment. Of the 78, 56.4% (44/78) received both nitrates and CCBs, 19.2% (15/78) received CCBs alone, and 24.4% (19/78) received nitrates alone. When compared to patients who stopped 5-FU, those who continued 5-FU after pre-treatment (single or combination therapy) had a decreased risk of death (HR 0.42, P = 0.005 [95% CI 0.23–0.77]) and a trend towards decreased cancer progression (HR 0.60, P = 0.08 [95% CI 0.34–1.06]). No patient in the pre-treatment group had a myocardial infarct after re-challenge; however, chest pain (without myocardial infarction) recurred in 19.2% (15/78) among those who received cardiac pre-treatment vs. 66.7% (2/3) among those who did not (P = 0.048). There was no difference in efficacy or the recurrence of vasospasm among patients who received pre-treatment with a single agent (nitrates or CCBs) or combination therapy (14.7% (5/34) vs. 25.0% (11/44), P = 0.26).

Conclusion
Re-challenge after pre-treatment with CCBs and nitrates guided by a cardio-oncology service was safe and allowed continued 5-FU therapy.
Individual and community-level factors associated with animal source food consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model
Authors: Hamza Hassen Ali , Oumer Abdu , Kabthymer Robel Hussen , Ali Yeshimebet , Ahmed Mohammed Abbas , Shaka Mohammed Feyisso , Assefa Kenzudin 
Published: April 2022

Background
Diversified diet in childhood has irreplaceable role for optimal growth. However, multi-level factors related to low animal source food consumption among children were poorly understood in Ethiopia, where such evidences are needed for decision making.

Objectives
To investigate the magnitude and individual- and community-level predictors of animal source food (ASF) consumption among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia.

Methods
We utilized a cross-sectional pooled data from 2016/19 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys. A stratified two-stage cluster design was employed to select households with survey weights were applied to account for complex sample design. We fitted mixed-effects logit regression models on 4,423 children nested within 645 clusters. The fixed effect models were fitted and expressed as adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence intervals and measures of variation were explained by intra-class correlation coefficients, median odds ratio and proportional change in variance. The deviance information criterion and Akaike information Criterion were used as model fitness criteria.

Result
in Ethiopia, only 22.7% (20.5%-23.9%) of children aged 6–23 months consumed ASF. Younger children aged 6–8 months (AOR = 3.1; 95%CI: 2.4–4.1), home delivered children (AOR = 1.8; 1.4–2.3), from low socioeconomic class (AOR = 2.43; 1.7–3.5); low educational level of mothers (AOR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.48–2.45) and children from multiple risk pregnancy were significant predictors of low animal source consumption at individual level. While children from high community poverty level (AOR = 1.53; 1.2–1.95); rural residence (AOR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.7–2.8) and pastoralist areas (AOR = 5.4; 3.4–8.5) significantly predict animal source food consumption at community level. About 38% of the variation of ASF consumption is explained by the combined predictors at the individual and community-level while 17.8% of the variation is attributed to differences between clusters.

Conclusions
This study illustrates that the current ASF consumption among children is poor and a multiple interacting individual- and community level factors determine ASF consumption. In designing and implementing nutritional interventions addressing diversified diet consumption shall give a due consideration and account for these potential predictors of ASF consumption.
Association of weight change following smoking cessation with the risk of tuberculosis development: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Kim Seung Hoon , Park Yong-Moon , Han Kyungdo , Ko Seung Hyun , Kim Shin Young , Song So Hyang , Kim Chi Hong , Hur Kyu Yeon , Kim Sung Kyoung 
Published: April 2022

Background
Smoking or weight loss is a risk of tuberculosis (TB) development. However, the impact of weight change after smoking cessation on the occurrence of TB remains elusive. We aimed to determine the relationship between weight change after smoking cessation and the risk of TB development.

Methods
We conducted a population-based cohort study using the national database in Republic of Korea. Of the 10,490,491 subjects who underwent health check-up in 2009, we enrolled 9,953,124 subjects without a previous TB history and followed them until 2017. We divided all study participants into the following three groups: never, former, and current smokers. The primary endpoint was newly developed TB.

Results
Among 9,953,124 subjects analyzed, 5,922,845 (59.5%) were never smokers, 1,428,209 (14.4%) were former smokers, and 2,602,080 (26.1%) were current smokers. The risk of TB development was significantly higher in current smokers than in never smokers (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.158; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.131–1.186). Among current smokers, individuals who stopped smoking and maintained weight after baseline evaluation had a significantly lower risk of TB development compared with those who continued to smoke (aHR 0.771; 95% CI 0.741–0.892). However, even after smoking cessation, individuals who lost weight were at a significantly higher risk of TB development compared with those who continued to smoke (aHR 1.327; 95% CI 1.119–1.715).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that smoking is a risk factor for TB and weight maintenance (neither gaining or losing) after quitting smoking might reduce the risk of TB development.
Concerted action of berberine in the porcine intestinal epithelial model IPEC‐J2: Effects on tight junctions and apoptosis
Authors: Cornelius Valeria , Droessler Linda , Boehm Elisa , Amasheh Salah 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe plant alkaloid berberine has been shown to have many beneficial effects on human health. This has led to its use as a treatment for various cancer types, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, a described barrier‐strengthening effect in human cancer cell lines indicates that it might be useful for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Detailed information regarding its effects on intestinal epithelium remains limited. In our current study, we describe the impact of berberine on a non‐transformed porcine small intestinal epithelial cell model, IPEC‐J2. Incubation of IPEC‐J2 monolayers with berberine revealed dose‐ and time‐dependent effects on barrier properties. A viability assay confirmed the specific effect of berberine on the apoptotic pathway, paralleled by the internalization of the sealing tight‐junction (TJ) proteins claudin‐1, claudin‐3, and occludin within 6 h. Hence, the barrier function of the cells was reduced, as shown by the reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and the increased [3H]‐D‐Mannitol flux. A decrease of claudin‐1, claudin‐3, and occludin expression was also observed after 24 h, whereas ZO‐1 expression was not significantly changed. These data indicate an early effect on both cell viability and barrier integrity, followed by a general effect on TJ architecture. The intracellular co‐localization of claudin‐1 and occludin or claudin‐3 and occludin points to an initial induction of apoptosis accompanied by the internalization of sealing TJ proteins. Although barrier strengthening has been reported in cancerogenic epithelial models, our results show a barrier‐weakening action, which represents a new aspect of the effect of berberine on epithelia. These results agree with the known toxic potential of plant alkaloids in general and show that berberine is also capable of exerting adverse effects in the intestinal epithelium.
Binge eating disorder during COVID-19
Authors: Mumtaz Sara , Farhat Syeda Mehpara , Saeed Rida Fatima , Younis Sidra , Ali Mahwish 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the onset of coronavirus disease in December 2019, the normal routine and lifestyle of the humans has adversely affected all over the world. This change in lifestyle not only increased the level of stress and anxiety, but also badly modified the eating habits during the lockdown period. This increased the rate of binge eating disorder in people who were already immune-compromised. This rapid communication aims to develop awareness among people to stay calm during this pandemic and eat healthy.
Mobility of Top Income Taxpayers in Response to Regional Differences in Personal Taxes: Evidence from Spain
Authors: López-Laborda Julio , Rodrigo Fernando 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The study empirically tests whether regional differences in personal taxes (Personal Income Tax, Wealth Tax, and Inheritance and Gift tax) have had some influence on the decision of the richest Spanish taxpayers to change their residence. The estimates use the Personal Income Tax (IRPF) Panel database provided by the Ministry of Public Finance. The study offers evidence that regional tax differences affect the decision to change residence of the top income taxpayers and also that this decision is also affected by other attractiveness and opportunity factors offered by the regions, and by certain characteristics of the individuals. However, the marginal effects are very slight, except for the coefficient of the variable showing regional differences in IRPF: If the difference between average regional IRPF rates increases by 10 percentage points in favour of the other regions, the probability of a top 1% taxpayer changing its residence increases by 11.2 percentage points. The study also documents the importance of the Community of Madrid in the relocation decisions of rich taxpayers. Finally, the study finds that the behaviour of taxpayers aged 65 years and over in the top 1% does not seem very different from that of all taxpayers in the same income bracket.
Developing a questionnaire for diabetes mellitus type 2 risk effects and precondition factors – multivariate statistical paths
Authors: Nedyalkova Miroslava , Romanova Julia , Naneva Ludmila , Simeonov Vasil 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The primary purpose of the present study is to summarize and explain the results of a questionnaire about diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) endangered individuals. The 275 participants (age between 21 and 76 years) answered 18 questions related to the possible danger of DMT2 disorder. Multivariate statistical methods – cluster analysis, factor and principal components analysis applied for the survey analysis. The final goal was to detect similarity patterns between the variables of interest (questions), to reveal hidden factors regulating the data structure and susceptibility to DMT2 among the participants or between them, to elucidate the health status of the different groups and the similarities within the groups. It was found that five hidden factors regulate the data structure, which are conditionally named “declined general health status”; “metabolic syndrome factor”; “smoking, alcohol abuse and stress factor”; “heredity and sex impact”; “healthy food” impact. The participants could be divided into four similarity patterns, each with probably different susceptibility to DMT2. Thus, the results of the questionnaire could be of use for prophylactic purposes.
Das sei ferne!
Authors: Kakridis Yannis 
Published: April 2022

Summary
The dialogical exchange with a fictitious opponent is the main feature of the so-called Cynic-Stoic Diatribe, a mode of exposition that was developed in Ancient Greek and Roman literature. In Greek diatribe, the formula μὴ γένοιτο ‘far from it’ is used to reject the views of the fictitious opponent. The Apostle Paul, whose writings exhibit many features of diatribe, makes ample use of this formula. In the Church Slavonic translation of the New Testament, μὴ γένοιτο appears as да не бѫдетъ or (less often) не бѫди. In the Fourth (Athonitic) redaction of this translation, да не бѫдетъ is used throughout. This text served as the basis for the first printed edition of the second part of the New Testament, the Apostolos (Vilna, 1525). The editor, Franciscus Skorina, tried – albeit in a very inconsistent manner – to modernize the text. He either retained the diatribal formula да не бѫдетъ or replaced it by то не естъ, да не будеть сеє при насъ, никако, да не будеть то, да не будемъ, никакоже and николиже. This diversity arose independently of the Czech Bible of Venice (1506), which was the second main source of Skorina’s Bible translations. The use of the 1st person plural (при насъ, да не будемъ) reflects similar forms in the preceding context of Paul’s Letter to the Romans.
Functions of Expressive Timing in Hip-Hop Flow
Authors: Duinker Ben 
Published: April 2022

Expressive timing in hip-hop flow concerns the practice whereby an MC (rapper) inflects their flow rhythms on a minuscule scale not easily representable with standard musical notation—how far “ahead” or “behind” the beat they rap. Mitchell Ohriner (2019) positions expressive timing as an integral part of hip-hop flow and discusses it in detail. This paper complements his work by surveying flow timing across the broader hip-hop genre.Three broad practices of expressive timing in flow are identified. Swung timing subdivides the tactus unequally, similar to a common jazz drum timekeeping pattern. Lagging timing refers to the patterned delay of flow rhythm in relation to the underlying instrumental or sampled beat. And conversational timing pertains to flow performances that resemble rhythmic patterns idiomatic of spoken language. Theoretical and notational concepts developed by Fernando Benadon (2006, 2009) and Ohriner (2019) are used to illustrate the extent to which a flow performance involves these approaches to expressive timing, and propose analytical methods for these approaches that highlight their functional and rhetorical appeal. Expressive timing is investigated in light of Signifyin(g) in African American music (Samuel Floyd Jr., 2002), groove-based expressive microtiming (Vijay Iyer, 2002), Afrocentric models of rhetoric (Ronald Jackson, 1995), and narrativity.