bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Above-Ground Biomass Estimation for Urban Forest Management Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Hosni Ahmad Taufiq , Teriman Suharto , Adnan Nor Aizam , Kamar Muhamad Asri Abdullah 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The urban forest acts as excellent storage for carbon dioxide (CO2). Quantifying the above-ground biomass can be vital in understanding the role of urban forest in mitigating excessive carbon dioxide in the urban environment. This study aimed to quantify and compare the above-ground biomass changes that occur from 1995 to 2005 and from 2005 to 2015 in Bandar Meru Raya, Ipoh, Perak using Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images. The estimation of above-ground biomass was carried out using two methods, the development of a model equation using correlation analysis for the oil palm plantation inside the study area and an existing model equation that uses normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the urban forest. The results obtained shows that the above-ground biomass content inside the study area has decreased by 6.60% in the first 10 years and decreased by another 33.78% in the second 10 years. These above-ground biomass changes show that there is a severe loss of carbon storage in the study area. Hence, the results can enable authorities to take action in managing the urban forest in order to maintain a stable climate and achieve low carbon city status.
Landslide’s analysis and Hazard mapping based on ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) using GIS, in Lawas, Sabah-Sarawak
Authors: Ibrahim M.B , Mustaffa Z. , Balogun A.B. , Indra S.H.H. , Nur Ain A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This research was conducted to establish a landslides hazard map in a district called Lawas in Malaysia’s Sabah–Sarawak region using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) methods. Several landslides conditioning factors in the area were identified and used to build the AHP matrix. The landslides triggering factor(s) of the area was observed to be rainfall based on previous investigation reports for landslides in the regions and the landslides history records. The weightage values for the conditioning factors were assigned considering the contributions of each factor as observed from the spatial data analysis. These landslides’ conditioning factors were; slope, aspect, soil type, SPI, STI, rainfall intensity, elevation, Profile curvatures, and lithology. Satellite images constituted the primary part of the database used for the AHP analysis. GIS tools such as ArcMap were also utilized to read and analyze the remotely sensed data for the analysis. The susceptibility or hazard map was finally developed using ArcMap software through weighted overlay in a GIS (Geographic Information System) platform. The hazards map was later formulated by reclassifying the landslides susceptibility maps. Overall, the study revealed that all factors collected were very influential to landslides occurrence in the study area and that the AHP method was also discovered to be effective.
Spatial analysis approach for sustainability of Campus Radio in Malaysia: Case study of UMS KKFM Campus Radio
Authors: Eboy Oliver V , Ahmad Syahruddin Ag , Kalang Lizalin , Sieng Kong T 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe campus radio in Malaysia usually established for educational purpose which is important for the student’s development in soft skills. Unfortunately, some campus radio is regarded as not popular and irrelevant due to the emergence of the Internet. Thus, this leads to low utilization of campus radio among students and the public. Although, there are listeners to the campus radio but it is difficult to identify the distribution pattern especially the location of the listeners. Therefore, this study was conducted using spatial analysis to determine the distribution pattern of radio listeners specifically towards campus radio in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) KKFM. The study was based on the perceptions of the respondents reside around the area of UMS with distance within 15km. Techniques such as interpolation, hotspot and geographic distribution measurement were applied in this study using ArcGIS software. Based on the result, the spatial pattern shows that the public and those reside far from UMS are among the regular listeners of the campus radio. Finally, the outcome of this study indicates that the campus radio is still relevant specifically for certain programmes. This study is important for service improvement and to achieve sustainability of the campus radio.
The Effectiveness of an Interactive Digital Map for Visually Impaired People
Authors: Amrullah Muhammad Erwin , Ramdani Fatwa , Tolle Herman 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Individuals with visual impairment or blindness often experience problems with unfamiliar surroundings, especially when they want to know about the existence of an area where they live or a place they want to visit. With a map application that can help people with visual impairments, the application is developed unlike ordinary maps, which have sound and vibration features to support visually impaired users. The map application was developed based on interviews and literature studies of respondents during the research. The test scenario used 12 respondents divided into 3 experimental groups, each given 20 minutes, 10 minutes, and 5 minutes. Furthermore, the use of questions for spatial knowledge of an area is given to test the success of the maps that have been made during the research. The test scenario results show an increase in spatial knowledge when using a map developed with sound and vibration features for visually impaired users. With the technology created, it can help individuals with visual impairments in understanding an area and with the help of sound and vibration support features in the map application for users with visual impairments.
Computational Fluid Dynamics of Wind Flow and Air Pollution Modelling: A Review on 3D Building Model Standards
Authors: Ridzuan Nurfairunnajiha , Ujang Uznir , Azri Suhaibah , Yusoff Izham Mohamad 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to monitor air pollution events supported by real-world conditions digitally. Besides, wind flow that has a close relationship with air pollutants dispersion also can be visualized by using CFD simulation. The presence of a building, especially in terms of the building’s geometry, impacts the air pollution dispersion and wind flow that occur around a building or in a specific research area. As there is an involvement of building models in the simulation, some of the standards for the building modelling: Computer-Aided Design (CAD), City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML), and Building Information Modelling (BIM), are being utilized in this type of study. Many types of research have been conducted to study the pollutants and wind flow using the CFD technique of these three standards. Hence, this review paper is used to presents several pieces of research on this related topic. Through this review paper, some of the drawbacks of the study were identified, such as the detailing of the building’s geometry and the compatibility of each standard to be implemented in the CFD simulation.
Association of Life-Course Neighborhood Deprivation With Frailty and Frailty Progression From Ages 70 to 82 Years in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Baranyi Gergő , Welstead Miles , Corley Janie , Deary Ian J , Muniz-Terrera Graciela , Redmond Paul , Shortt Niamh , Taylor Adele M , Ward Thompson Catharine , Cox Simon R , Pearce Jamie 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Neighborhood features have been postulated to be key predictors of frailty. However, evidence is mainly limited to cross-sectional studies without indication of long-term impact. We explored how neighborhood social deprivation (NSD) across the life course is associated with frailty and frailty progression among older Scottish adults. Participants (n = 323) were persons selected from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 with historical measures of NSD in childhood (1936–1955), young adulthood (1956–1975), and mid- to late adulthood (1976–2014). Frailty was measured 5 times between the ages of 70 and 82 years using the Frailty Index. Confounder-adjusted life-course models were assessed using a structured modeling approach; associations were estimated for frailty at baseline using linear regression and for frailty progression using linear mixed-effects models. Accumulation was the most appropriate life-course model for males; greater accumulated NSD was associated with higher frailty at baseline (b = 0.017, 95% confidence interval: 0.005, 0.029). Among females, the mid- to late adulthood sensitive period was the best-fitting life-course model, and higher NSD in this period was associated with widening frailty trajectories (b = 0.005, 95% confidence interval: 0.0004, 0.009). To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the life-course impact of NSD on frailty in a cohort of older adults. Policies designed to address deprivation and inequalities across the full life course may support healthy aging.
Implications of topological imbalance for representation learning on biomedical knowledge graphs
Authors: Bonner Stephen , Kirik Ufuk , Engkvist Ola , Tang Jian , Barrett Ian P 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Adoption of recently developed methods from machine learning has given rise to creation of drug-discovery knowledge graphs (KGs) that utilize the interconnected nature of the domain. Graph-based modelling of the data, combined with KG embedding (KGE) methods, are promising as they provide a more intuitive representation and are suitable for inference tasks such as predicting missing links. One common application is to produce ranked lists of genes for a given disease, where the rank is based on the perceived likelihood of association between the gene and the disease. It is thus critical that these predictions are not only pertinent but also biologically meaningful. However, KGs can be biased either directly due to the underlying data sources that are integrated or due to modelling choices in the construction of the graph, one consequence of which is that certain entities can get topologically overrepresented. We demonstrate the effect of these inherent structural imbalances, resulting in densely connected entities being highly ranked no matter the context. We provide support for this observation across different datasets, models as well as predictive tasks. Further, we present various graph perturbation experiments which yield more support to the observation that KGE models can be more influenced by the frequency of entities rather than any biological information encoded within the relations. Our results highlight the importance of data modelling choices, and emphasizes the need for practitioners to be mindful of these issues when interpreting model outputs and during KG composition.
‘A Prison Is a Prison’: Perspectives From Incarcerated Men on the Therapeutic and Punitive Aspects of Halden Prison in Norway
Authors: Abdel-Salam Sami , Kilmer Ashley 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Halden prison in Norway was architecturally designed to create a humane space conducive to mental wellbeing and motivation for personal growth. However, little is known about how those imprisoned perceive these design choices and its impact on their daily lived experience. The current study uses data from surveys and semi-structured interviews to examine the perceptions of incarcerated men at Halden regarding the prison’s design and its effect on overall impressions of the prison, therapeutic benefits and experiences of punishment. Findings indicate that although incarcerated individuals acknowledge the positive design elements of the prison, they do not perceive a therapeutic or motivational benefit. Furthermore, certain ‘pains’ of imprisonment persist within this environment, and the juxtaposition of therapeutic design elements and security practices may have unintended punitive effects. Results from this study serve as an important counterbalance to overwhelmingly favorable impressions of Halden’s design as mitigating the pains of imprisonment while promoting rehabilitation.
Edoxaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and age-adjusted predictors of clinical outcomes in routine clinical care
Authors: Kirchhof Paulus , Pecen Ladislav , Bakhai Ameet , de Asmundis Carlo , de Groot Joris R , Deharo Jean Claude , Kelly Peter , Levy Pierre , Lopez-de-Sa Esteban , Monteiro Pedro , Steffel Jan , Waltenberger Johannes , Weiss Thomas W , Laeis Petra , Manu Marius Constantin , Souza José , De Caterina Raffaele 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Aims
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with oral anticoagulation still suffer from cardiovascular complications including cardiovascular death, stroke, and major bleeding. To identify risk factors for predicting stroke and bleeding outcomes in anticoagulated patients, we assessed 2-year outcomes in patients with AF treated with edoxaban in routine care. We also report the age-adjusted risk predictors of clinical outcomes.

Methods and results
The Edoxaban Treatment in Routine Clinical Practice for Patients With Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation (ETNA-AF) Europe (NCT02944019) is a prospective, multi-centre, post-authorisation, observational study with an overall 4-year follow-up conducted in 825 centres enrolling edoxaban-treated patients in 10 European countries. Of the 13 133 patients with AF (mean age: 73.6 ± 9.5 years), 5682 (43.3%) were female. At the 2-year follow-up, 9017/13 133 patients were still on edoxaban; 1830 discontinued treatment including 937 who died (annualised event rate of all-cause death was 3.87%). 518 (2.14%) patients died of cardiovascular causes; 234 (0.97%) experienced major bleeding and 168 (0.70%) experienced stroke or systemic embolic events (SEE). Intracranial haemorrhage was noted in 49 patients (0.20%). History of transient ischaemic attack (TIA) at baseline was the strongest predictor of ischaemic stroke or SEE (Wald χ2: 73.63; P &lt; 0.0001). Low kidney function at baseline was the strongest predictor of major bleeding (Wald χ2: 30.68; P &lt; 0.0001). History of heart failure (HF) was the strongest predictor of all-cause (Wald χ2: 146.99; P &lt; 0.0001) and cardiovascular death (Wald χ2: 100.38; P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusion
Patients treated with edoxaban in ETNA-AF-Europe reported low 2-year event rates in unselected AF patients. Prior stroke, reduced kidney function, and HF identify patients at high risk of stroke, bleeding and all-cause/cardiovascular death, respectively.
Pulmonary hypertension during exercise underlies unexplained exertional dyspnoea in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gojevic Tin , Van Ryckeghem Lisa , Jogani Siddharth , Frederix Ines , Bakelants Elise , Petit Thibault , Stroobants Sarah , Dendale Paul , Bito Virginie , Herbots Lieven , Hansen Dominique , Verwerft Jan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Aims
To compare the cardiac function and pulmonary vascular function during exercise between dyspnoeic and non-dyspnoeic patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods and results
Forty-seven T2DM patients with unexplained dyspnoea and 50 asymptomatic T2DM patients underwent exercise echocardiography combined with ergospirometry. Left ventricular (LV) function [stroke volume, cardiac output (CO), LV ejection fraction, systolic annular velocity (s′)], estimated LV filling pressures (E/e′), mean pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAPs) and mPAP/COslope were assessed at rest, low- and high-intensity exercise with colloid contrast. Groups had similar patient characteristics, glycemic control, stroke volume, CO, LV ejection fraction, and E/e′ (P &gt; 0.05). The dyspnoeic group had significantly lower systolic LV reserve at peak exercise (s′) (P = 0.021) with a significant interaction effect (P &lt; 0.001). The dyspnoeic group also had significantly higher mPAP and mPAP/CO at rest and exercise (P &lt; 0.001) with significant interaction for mPAP (P &lt; 0.009) and insignificant for mPAP/CO (P = 0.385). There was no significant difference in mPAP/COslope between groups (P = 0.706). However, about 61% of dyspnoeic vs. 30% of non-dyspnoeic group had mPAP/COslope &gt; 3 (P = 0.009). The mPAP/COslope negatively predicted V̇O2peak in dyspneic group (β = −1.86, 95% CI: −2.75, −0.98; multivariate model R2:0.54).

Conclusion
Pulmonary hypertension and less LV systolic reserve detected by exercise echocardiography with colloid contrast underlie unexplained exertional dyspnoea and reduced exercise capacity in T2DM.
A Deeper Look into the EU Text and Data Mining Exceptions: Harmonisation, Data Ownership, and the Future of Technology
Authors: Margoni Thomas , Kretschmer Martin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper focuses on the two exceptions for text and data mining (TDM) introduced in the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM). While both are mandatory for Member States, Art. 3 is also imperative and finds application in cases of text and data mining for the purpose of scientific research by research and cultural institutions; Art. 4, on the other hand, permits text and data mining by anyone but with rightholders able to ‘contract-out’ (Art. 4). We trace the context of using the lever of copyright law to enable emerging technologies such as AI and the support innovation. Within the EU copyright intervention, elements that may underpin a transparent legal framework for AI are identified, such as the possibility of retention of permanent copies for further verification. On the other hand, we identify several pitfalls, including an excessively broad definition of TDM which makes the entire field of data-driven AI development dependent on an exception. We analyse the implications of limiting the scope of the exceptions to the right of reproduction; we argue that the limitation of Art. 3 to certain beneficiaries remains problematic; and that the requirement of lawful access is difficult to operationalize. In conclusion, we argue that there should be no need for a TDM exception for the act of extracting informational value from protected works. The EU’s CDSM provisions paradoxically may favour the development of biased AI systems due to price and accessibility conditions for training data that offer the wrong incentives. To avoid licensing, it may be economically attractive for EU-based developers to train their algorithms on older, less accurate, biased data, or import AI models already trained abroad on unverifiable data.
To trust or not to trust: an exploratory qualitative study of personal and community perceptions of vaccines amongst a group of young community healthcare workers in Soweto, South Africa
Authors: Watermeyer Jennifer , Scott Megan , Kapueja Lethu , Ware Lisa Jayne 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As South Africa debates the implementation of mandatory vaccination policies to address coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy, many adults remain unpersuaded of the need and benefits of vaccination. Several surveys suggest that this is particularly true for younger adults and for those living in low-income communities. Therefore, we sought the views of youth training to become community health workers (CHWs) as a youth group at the intersection of the community and the health system. This research was conducted in a township of South Africa, a country with a long history of political mistrust. Using semi-structured interviews and an interview guide, we explored young CHWs’ perceptions (n = 20) of vaccine hesitancy for themselves, their peers and the community. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed, and thematic analysis was undertaken. Findings suggest widespread COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in this community, especially amongst young people. Reported reasons for this hesitancy appear linked to a complex interrelated network of factors, including ‘uncertainty’ about the outcome and effectiveness of the vaccines; ‘fear’ of the vaccines, driven by a myriad of rumours and conspiracy theories within the community; a ‘lack of control’ over other people’s behaviour and a desire not to be controlled especially by the government but at the same time a resignation towards impending mandatory vaccine policies and a ‘lack of trust’ particularly in the government’s intentions with vaccine roll-out and their health messaging. While mandatory vaccination policies in several organizations have shown success, with South Africa’s complex social history and recent civil unrest, the roll-out of any mandatory vaccination policy will require careful health messaging with a focus on trust-building between communities, health systems and authorities through more personalized approaches that consider contextual nuances.
Endoscopic Stenting in Crohn’s Disease-related Strictures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes
Authors: Chandan Saurabh , Dhindsa Banreet S , Khan Shahab R , Deliwala Smit , Kassab Lena L , Mohan Babu P , Chandan Ojasvini C , Loras Carme , Shen Bo , Kochhar Gursimran S 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic progressive condition that is complicated by intestinal or colonic stricture in nearly 30% of cases within 10 years of the initial diagnosis. Endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) is associated with a risk of perforations and recurrence rates of up to 60% at 5 years. Endoscopic stenting has been used as an alternative to EBD, but data on its safety and efficacy are limited. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the outcomes of endoscopic stenting in CD-related strictures.

Methods
A systematic and detailed search was run in January 2022 with the assistance of a medical librarian for studies reporting on outcomes of endoscopic stenting in CD-related strictures. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects model, and results were expressed in terms of pooled proportions along with relevant 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Nine studies with 163 patients were included in the final analysis. Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) including both partial and fully covered were used in 7 studies, whereas biodegradable stents were used in 2 studies. Pooled rate of clinical success and technical success was 60.9% (95% CI, 51.6-69.5; I2 = 13%) and 93% (95% CI, 87.3-96.3; I2 = 0%), respectively. Repeat stenting was needed in 9.6% of patients (95% CI, 5.3-16.7; I2 = 0%), whereas pooled rate of spontaneous stent migration was 43.9% (95% CI, 11.4-82.7; I2 = 88%). Pooled incidence of overall adverse events, proximal stent migration, perforation, and abdominal pain were 15.7%, 6.4%, 2.7%, and 17.9%, respectively. Mean follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 69 months.

Discussion
Endoscopic stenting in CD-related strictures is a safe technique that can be performed with technical ease, albeit with a limited clinical success. Postprocedure abdominal pain and proximal stent migration are some of the common adverse events reported.