bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The case for (and challenges surrounding) increased de-enveloping within residential and commercial real property taxation
Authors: Broadway Luke 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article offers an appraisal of England and Wales’ real property tax regime, exploring both residential and commercial property taxation from the perspective of enveloping. It will be demonstrated that the residential property regime has been successful in closing many enveloping-based taxation loopholes, whilst the commercial property regime has taken a clear policy-based stance in permitting a limited degree of inheritance tax mitigation. That said, though both regimes are capable of drawing significant yields from direct property taxation, both struggle in obtaining revenue from enveloped holdings. Given the current socio-economic landscape in England and Wales, a de-enveloping policy is desirable. Unfortunately, uncertainty surrounding overseas entity classification—particularly as regards foundations and anstalts—thwarts this preferred de-enveloping aim. This obstacle has not been overcome by the beneficial ownership register recently introduced by the Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022. Remedial reforms are therefore proposed.
Relationship Between Psychological Distress and Poverty Among Japanese Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sawamoto Naoya , Ishimaru Tomohiro , Mafune Kosuke , Muramatsu Keiji , Nagata Tomohisa , Tateishi Seiichiro , Tsuji Mayumi , Ogami Akira , Fujino Yoshihisa ,   for the CORoNaWork Project
Published: November 2022

Objective
This study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological distress and poverty among Japanese workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method
An Internet-based prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 11,081 individuals who were not experiencing poverty at baseline in December 2020 were included. The exposure variable was psychological distress evaluated using the Kessler 6 scale at baseline. The outcome variable was whether participants were experiencing poverty at the 1-year follow-up, as defined by household financial distress.

Result
Compared with individuals without psychological distress, the adjusted odds ratios of household financial distress among those with mild and severe psychological distress were 2.88 (95% confidence interval, 2.47–3.33, P < 0.001) and 3.19 (95% confidence interval, 2.52–4.04, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions
Workers’ psychological distress is a notable public health concern in the context of poverty.
The Relationship Between Neuropsychiatric Diagnoses and Revision Surgery After Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Seitz Allison J. , Attaluri Pradeep K. , Edalatpour Armin , Wood Kasey Leigh , Nkana Zeeda H. , Michelotti Brett F. , Poore Samuel O. 
Published: November 2022

Background
A neuropsychiatric diagnosis (ND) has the potential to affect patient satisfaction after breast reconstruction. However, literature regarding the interplay between neuropsychiatric diagnoses and revision operations after reconstruction remains sparse. In this study, we aim to determine whether neuropsychiatric diagnoses result in increased revision operations and healthcare utilization of plastic surgery resources after alloplastic and autologous breast reconstruction.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 200 patients from 2010 to 2019 who underwent postmastectomy alloplastic or autologous breast reconstruction by a single surgeon at our institution. We evaluated for the presence of neuropsychiatric diagnoses, type of neuropsychiatric diagnoses, number of revisions, and number of postreconstruction plastic surgery appointments. Continuous variables were compared using independent samples t tests, and categorical variables were compared using χ2 tests.

Results
Of the 196 patients who met inclusion criteria, the majority underwent at least one revision (65.3%). The presence of an ND did not predict a higher number of revision operations (P = 0.512) nor was the timing of the diagnosis (preoperative vs postoperative) significantly associated with the number of revision procedures (P = 0.156). The patients who had a ND at any point during the reconstructive process had a significantly higher number of plastic surgery appointments and a longer duration of follow-up compared with the patients without any neuropsychiatric diagnoses (P = 0.009 and P = 0.040, respectively). Complications did not impact the number of revision operations (P = 0.780).

Conclusions
Neuropsychiatric diagnoses do not significantly influence the number of revision operations after breast reconstruction. However, neuropsychiatric diagnoses result in increased healthcare utilization of plastic surgery resources that may lead to increased healthcare costs.
Accelerated Angiogenesis of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Under Negative Pressure Was Associated With the Regulation of Gene Expression Involved in the Proliferation and Migration
Authors: Fukui Michika , Matsuoka Yuki , Taketani Shigeru , Higasa Koichiro , Hihara Masakatsu , Kuro Atsuyuki , Kakudo Natsuko 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Negative pressure has been used as a preferred therapy for wound healing; however, the mechanisms by which negative pressure promotes tissue restoration remain unclear. In the present study, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to negative pressure. Cell viability and DNA synthesis were examined using the cell counting kit-8 assay and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, respectively. Cell migration was assessed using tube formation, Transwell, and wound healing assays. Activity of the serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling pathway was also examined by measuring the levels of phospho-paxicillin, phospho-focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), and p-AKT1. The exposure of HUVECs to negative pressure enhanced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Negative pressure enhanced the migration and invasion of HUVECs, which was accompanied by upregulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, and cytoskeletal organization. The mRNA levels of growth factors, including placental growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor B, also increased. In addition, phosphorylation of paxicillin, focal adhesion kinase, and AKT increased under negative pressure. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrated that negative pressure stimulates the angiogenic activity of HUVECs by increasing their proliferation and migration via activation of the AKT signaling pathway.
An In Vitro Model of the Efficacy of Breast Implant Irrigant Solutions Against Gram-Negative Infections
Authors: Ha Michael , Ngaage Ledibabari M. , Smith Richard D. , Izac Jerilyn R. , Kim Peter C. , Singh Devinder , Slezak Sheri , Ernst Robert K. , Harro Janette , Rasko Yvonne M. 
Published: November 2022

Background
In implant-based breast surgery, infections remain a clinically challenging complication. Surgeons often prophylactically address this risk by irrigating the implant at the time of placement. However, there remain few data on the ideal irrigant for gram-negative species.

Methods
The authors assessed the relative efficacy of 10% povidone-iodine, triple-antibiotic solution, Prontosan, Clorpactin, and normal saline (negative control) against 3 gram-negative bacterial backgrounds: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus species. A laboratory-adapted strain and a clinical isolate were selected for each group of bacteria. Sterile, smooth implant discs were immersed in each irrigant solution and then incubated in suspensions of each bacterial strain overnight at 37°C. Each disc was then rinsed and sonicated to displace biofilm-forming bacteria from the implant surface. The displaced bacteria were enumerated by plating, and normalized values were calculated for the bacterial counts of each irrigant.

Results
Povidone-iodine resulted in the greatest reduction of bacterial load for all 6 strains by a factor of 101 to 106. Prontosan had a lesser, yet significant reduction in all bacterial strains. Triple-antibiotic solution demonstrated the greatest reduction in one Proteus species strain, and Clorpactin reduced bacterial counts in only half of the bacterial strains. When comparing laboratory strains to clinical isolates, significant differences were seen in each bacterial species in at least 2 irrigant solutions.

Conclusions
Povidone-iodine has been proven the most effective at reducing bacterial contamination of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Proteus species in both laboratory-adapted strains and clinical isolates.

Clinical Relevance
This study proves that povidone-iodine is the most effective at preventing gram-negative infections in breast implant surgery.
Comparison of Lumbar Artery and Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flaps for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Hidaka Takeaki , Mori Hiroki , Shimizu Hiroaki , Takahashi Susumu , Tanaka Kentaro , Okazaki Mutsumi 
Published: November 2022

Background
Although the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap is the criterion standard for autologous breast reconstruction, lumbar artery perforator (LAP) and superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flaps are recent trends as alternatives. The purpose of our study was to clarify differences of these flaps based on multislice CT findings of the same patient.

Methods
Retrospective study was conducted on 58 patients who underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced multislice CT for breast reconstruction using deep inferior epigastric artery perforator. Of these, 32 patients' data were evaluated excluding 26 patients' data either for the lumbar or gluteal fat being outside the imaging range or for nondepiction of the vascular pedicle origin of LAP or SGAP flap. Vascular pedicle diameter, pedicle length, and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured for LAP and SGAP flaps.

Results
The vascular pedicle diameter, pedicle length, and fat thickness were 2.1 (SD, 0.3) mm, 3.4 (SD, 0.4) cm, and 4.9 (SD, 1.0) cm, respectively, for LAP flaps; and 1.7 (SD, 0.2) mm, 5.6 (SD, 1.1) cm, and 2.7 (SD, 0.7) cm, respectively, for SGAP flaps.

Conclusions
The LAP flaps had thicker subcutaneous fat and a larger vascular pedicle diameter, whereas the SGAP flaps had a longer vascular pedicle. As donor material for breast reconstruction, the LAP flap is indicated for cases where absolute volume is needed; otherwise, the SGAP flap is more advantageous as it facilitates vascular anastomosis with its longer vascular pedicle.
A 3-Dimensional Analysis of Flap Volume Change in Hemi-Tongue Reconstruction
Authors: Woo Soo Hyun , Kim Young Chul , Jeong Woo Shik , Choi Jong Woo 
Published: November 2022

Background
An adequate volume of the tongue flap is essential to preserve speech and swallowing functions. However, it is generally known that the volume of the free flap tends to decrease over time because of various reasons. Especially in hemi-tongue reconstruction, as half of the normal tongue is retained, some functions are maintained; consequently, there are few studies related to the volume of the flap and function. This study investigated the relationship between flap volume change and function after hemi-tongue reconstruction.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of 26 patients who underwent hemi-tongue reconstruction between 2003 and 2020 was performed. Patient demographic data, postoperative radiotherapy (RT), and data on flap types were collected. The volume of the flap was measured by converting the computed tomography and magnetic resonance images into 3 dimensions using the Mimics software. In addition, speech scores and feeding scores were collected.

Results
The first follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (T1) was performed after an average of 2.09 months, and the second follow-up imaging study (T2) was performed at 16.58 months on average. On average, the T2 volume was 64% of the T1 volume (range, 45.75%–90.54%). Factors including speech and swallowing functions were compared by dividing the group into a group with a more than average decrease in volume (group 1) and a group with a less than average decrease in volume (group 2). In group 1, there were significantly more cases of postoperative RT than in group 2 (85.7%, 50.0%, in group 1 and group 2, respectively; P = 0.049). However, there was no difference in the functional aspects between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
The present study revealed that the flap volume decreased more when RT was performed. However, there was no association between the degree of volume loss and speech and swallowing functions. Regardless of the group, the loss of function was not severe, probably because the remaining half of the tongue was functioning.
The Role of Stem Cells Derived From the Mesenchyme of the Umbilical Cord in Reducing Immunosuppressive Drug Doses Used in Allogenic Transplantations
Authors: Guray Evin Seyda , Sutcu Mustafa , Aktan Tahsin Murad , Duman Selcuk , Harmankaya Ismail , Abusoglu Sedat 
Published: November 2022

Background
This study evaluated the potential of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells with high tolerogenic properties in reducing immunosuppressive dosage and related adverse effects.

Methods
A 4- to 6-week-old, 30–40 g weight, male inbred CD57BL/6 mice were used as skin allograft donors, whereas Balb/c mice with similar characteristics were used as recipients. Wharton's jelly stem cells were obtained from a commercial kit sourced from human umbilical cord. Skin allografts were performed from CD57Bl6 to Balb/c mice (day 0). Group 1 (control) received no treatment. Group 2 received 15 mg/kg cyclosporin A on days 0 to 30. Group 3 received 5.7 × 106 and 10.3 × 106 cell/kg Wharton's jelly stem cells on days 0 and 3, respectively. Groups 4, 5, and 6 received a combination of 15, 10, and 5 mg/kg per day cyclosporine A (days 0 to 30) with the same stem cell dose with group 3, respectively. Graft rejection was evaluated with digital photography and thermal imaging, histopathology (Banff grading, epithelialization scores, dermoepidermal dissociation), immunochemistry (Ki-67 and Bcl-2), and biochemical methods (interleukin 10, interleukin 2, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α) (day 10). Cumulative adverse effects of cyclosporin A occurring in the groups were revealed by histopathological evaluation of kidney and liver (a modified semiquantitative method of infiltration of inflammatory cells around the portal area and lobular region in liver; modification of the Banff rating of proximal tubules and hypertrophia of juxtaglomerular apparatus cells in kidney) (day 30).

Results
There was no rejection in groups 2, 4, and 5 until the end of study. These were statistically different versus groups 1 (day 10 ± 0.71), 3 (day 11 ± 0.82), and 6 (day 11 ± 0.58) (all P's < 0.05). Groups 4 and 5 have exhibited statistically similar findings in histopathological (4 epithelization score: 3.7 ± 1.3; 5 epithelization score: 3.5 ± 0.5; 4 Banff grading score: 0.8 ± 0.6; 5 Banff grading score: 1.0 ± 0.5; both P's = 1.00), immunohistochemical (4 Bcl-2 score: 3.5 ± 0.5, P = 0.618; 5 Bcl-2 score: 3.4 ± 0.5, P = 1.00; 4 Ki-67 score: 3.7 ± 0.4, P = 1.00; 5 Ki-67 score: 3.5 ± 0.5, both P's = 1.00), and levels of cytokines (both P's = 1.00) versus group 2. Adverse effects on kidneys and liver were lowest and statistically similar in groups 3, 5, and 6 (all P's = 00) versus group 1.

Conclusions
Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells alter bioavailability of cyclosporine, albeit at much lower doses and with fewer systemic adverse effects.
Saving the Exposed Deep Brain Stimulation Implant: A Comprehensive Review of Implant Extrusion and Reconstructive Options
Authors: Zhang Steven Liben , Lim Jia Xu , Ho Siyun Michelle , Cheong Ee Cherk , Lee Geraldine Hwee Ping , Wan Kai Rui , Ng Wai Hoe , Pek Chong Han 
Published: November 2022

Introduction
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of Parkinson disease is susceptible to complications, such as hardware extrusion, most commonly at the scalp and chest. The authors describe their experience with the management of hardware extrusion and reconstruction with one of the largest single-institution experience and suggest an evidence-based treatment algorithm for the management of such cases.

Methods
A retrospective review of hospital records was performed to identify patients who underwent DBS-related surgery and reconstruction from January 2015 to April 2020. Management of these patients involved culture-directed antibiotics, local wound debridement, various forms of reconstruction, and hardware removal when indicated.

Results
Ninety-four patients with 131 DBS-related procedures were included. Twelve patients (12.8%) had hardware extrusion, of which 6 occurred primarily at the scalp and 6 occurred primarily at the chest. Primary closure of scalp wounds (odds ratio, 0.05 [0.004–0.71], P = 0.035) was negatively associated with treatment success. The type of reconstruction of chest wounds did not affect its success (P = 0.58); however, none of them involved a new surgical bed, such as contralateral or hypochondrial placement.

Conclusions
Hardware extrusion is a significant complication of DBS-related surgery. Management of extrusion at the scalp should involve the use of tension-free, well-vascularized locoregional flaps as opposed to primary closure. Implantable pulse generator extrusions at the chest can be managed with both primary closure and repositioning in a new surgical bed. Extruded DBS implants may be salvaged with appropriate reconstructive considerations, and the authors suggest an evidence-based treatment algorithm.
A New Dissection Ladder Approach for Perforator Vessels in Infant Meningomyelocele Soft Tissue Reconstruction
Authors: EL-Shaier Mohammed , Abdelhamid Mahmoud S. , Abdelaal Mahmoud , Abdel-Tawab Mohamed , Morsy Abdalla , Askalany Awny 
Published: November 2022

Background
Meningomyelocele reconstruction is a lifesaving procedure. A freestyle propeller perforator flap is an ideal option for moderate to large soft tissue meningomyelocele reconstruction. Previous studies that focused on the reliability of perforator flaps for meningomyelocele reconstruction recommended preserving a cuff of soft tissue around the perforators to avoid vasospasm. This method is a very conservative approach in comparison to the recently well-established principles of pedicled perforator flap dissection. In this study, we used a dissection ladder approach. In this method, the pedicle is freed by just islanding the pedicle, skeletonization of the perforator, or further dissection of the perforators beyond the muscles, based on intraoperatively monitoring of the flap.

Materials and Methods
Thirty-six infants with a mean age of 2.1 ± 1.1 months underwent surgery for dorsolumbar meningomyelocele at Assuit University Hospital for 3 years. During surgery, the freestyle perforator flap followed a dissection ladder for perforating vessels and intraoperative flap monitoring. Flap viability, seroma, hematoma, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage were evaluated.

Results
Nine cases required perforator skeletonization, 4 cases required dissection beyond the muscle, and 23 cases required islanding the flap on the perforators. The average operative time was 43.37 ± 7.87 minutes. Partial tip ischemia was detected in 2 cases. These cases exhibited partial dehiscence and healed by secondary intention. Complete flap loss did not occur in any cases.

Conclusions
A conservative approach for perforator flap elevation in infants did not provide optimal results in all cases of thoracolumbar meningomyelocele reconstructions. Well-established principles of perforator dissection, including skeletonization and dissection beyond the muscle, are safe, prevent vasospasms, and improve flap viability.
Evaluating the Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Outcomes
Authors: Marxen Troy , Faulkner Heather R. , Losken Albert 
Published: November 2022

Background
In complex abdominal wall reconstruction, maintenance and follow-up are vital to effective long-term patient care. This can present a challenge for individuals from a low-income household who may have less ability to afford time away from work or caring for dependents as well as challenges with transportation to and from follow-up appointments. Given the expenses and high complication rate in abdominal wall reconstruction, we elected to determine whether socioeconomic status had an impact on patient outcomes.

Methods
After obtaining institutional review board approval, all patients who underwent complex abdominal wall reconstruction between 2002 and 2021 by the senior author were reviewed in a retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively maintained database. Complications were classified into overall, major, infection, and delayed wound healing. Outcomes were classified into recurrence and reoperation. The cohort was divided by median household income (MHI) level and race.

Results
A total of 478 patients received complex abdominal wall repair over a 19-year interval. A total of 324 patients identified MHI as <$75,000 (low MHI), and 154 patients identified MHI as > $75,000 (high MHI). Mean patient age was 53.9 (SD, 12.3) years. Mean patient body mass index (BMI) was 32.1 (SD, 7.8) kg/m2. There was no significant difference in age between the 2 MHI cohorts. There was a significant difference in BMI between MHI cohorts, with higher BMI among patients with low MHI (P = 0.0001). The majority of risk factors and surgical techniques were comparable. There was a statistically significant difference in hernia etiology, with higher rates of recurrent hernia repair among patients with low MHI (P = 0.007). The risk of overall complications (P = 0.0307) and delayed wound healing (P = 0.0263) was higher among patients with low MHI. Median household income was found to be an independent risk factor for complications after controlling for BMI, diabetes mellitus, and hernia etiology. There was no significant difference in follow-up time between cohorts.

Conclusion
Patients with low MHI who undergo complex abdominal wall reconstruction are at an increased risk for complications and poor outcomes, including delayed wound healing and hernia recurrence. This indicates the need to provide resources to address barriers to follow-up and maintenance following complex abdominal wall reconstruction in this patient cohort.
Quasi-steady-state modelling and characterization of diffusion-controlled dissolution from monodisperse prolate and oblate spheroidal particles
Authors: Wang Yanxing , Wan Hui , Wei Tie , Nevares Dominick , Shu Fangjun 
Published: November 2022

A quasi-steady-state model of the dissolution of a single prolate or oblate spheroidal particle has been developed based on the exact solution of the steady-state diffusion equation for mass transfer in an unconfined media. With appropriate treatment of bulk concentration, the model can predict the detailed dissolution process of a single particle in a container of finite size. The dimensionless governing equations suggest that the dissolution process is determined by three dimensionless control parameters, initial solid particle concentration, particle aspect ratio and the product of specific volume of solid particles and saturation concentration of the dissolved substance. Using this model, the dissolution processes of felodipine particles are analysed in a broad range of space of the three control parameters and some characteristics are identified. The effects of material properties indicated by the product of specific volume and saturation concentration are also analysed. The model and the analysis are applicable to the system of monodisperse spheroidal particles of the same shape.