bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Color Enhancement of Pepper Fruits by Multiple Applications of Ethephon1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Goodwin P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] increased the yield of red fruit and reduced green fruit and total yields on 5 cultivars of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in the greenhouse. The effectiveness of ethephon was dependent on its concentration, the number of sprays, and cultivar. The cultivar Shepherd was the most sensitive to ethephon. A 10-ppm spray applied twice to ‘Shepherd’ was more effective in promoting red fruit coloring than any of the single sprays. Double or single sprays were equally effective in ‘Sweet Hungarian’, ‘Cascabella,’ and, to a lesser degree, ‘Staddon’s Select’, but double sprays were more effective in ‘Vinedale.’ The higher single concentrations of ethephon caused more chlorosis, defoliation, and fruit abscission than repeated application at lower concentration, and total yields were substantially reduced.
In the field, 3 applications of 300 ppm ethephon significantly increased yield of red fruit and decreased green fruit in ‘Vinedale’, whereas all multiple applications were equally effective on ‘Shepherd.’ Only a single 750 ppm ethephon treatment significantly promoted fruit ripening in ‘Staddon’s Select.’ Ethephon effectively concentrated fruit maturity in the field for once-over harvest without reducing yield.
Response of Growth and Mineral Composition of Potato to Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrogen1
Authors: Polizotto Kim R. , Wilcox Gerald E. , Jones Charles M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fertilization of 2 cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in solution culture with NH4—N resulted in growth reduction, leaf roll, suppression of Ca and Mg uptake, and enhancement of P uptake compared with responses with NO3—N. Calcium and Mg decreased as time under NH4 nutrition increased. Solution pH had little affect on response to N form.
Simulation Models for Harvesting of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Chen L. H. , Miller C. H. , Sowell R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simulation models for harvesting pickling cucumbers were developed for both once-over and multiple harvesting. The models predict the optimum harvest date, yield, and size distribution of cucumbers harvested. Average time required for a fruit to advance from one grade to the next and the probability of a fruit arrival on a plant during a given day were found to be critical. The multiple harvesting model shows promise of being a valuable tool in scheduling operations of the cucumber production system.
Core Breakdown of New York ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage studies with NY grown ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) indicated that core breakdown in fruits ripened after storage was influenced by crop load on the tree, harvest date, storage temperature, the use of CA, and folded polyethylene box liners, as well as the length of the storage period, and post storage ripening temperature. Core breakdown was controlled by storage in air at −1.1 °C (30°F).
Effects of CO2 During and Following Storage on Removal of Astringency and Keeping Quality of ‘Triumph’ Persimmons1
Authors: Guelfat-Reich Sylvia , Ben-Arie Ruth , Metal N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage of astringent persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.f. cv. Triumph) at −1° or 0°C enabled removal of astringency if CO2 content of storage atmosphere was 12% or more and O2 content was 3 to 5%. These gas combinations caused severe pulp injury and gave an alcoholic flavor to the fruit. At 3 to 9% CO2, astringency was reduced but not entirely removed and subsequent treatment of 12 hrs in 90% CO2 at 17°C was necessary to make the fruit edible. Storage life at −1°C was prolonged in 3% CO2 and 3 to 5% O2 due to less fruit softening and pulp discoloration. Higher CO2 concentration in the storage atmosphere accelerated softening, increased pulp injuries, and elevated respiration rates during shelf-life. Post-storage treatment in 90% CO2 at 17°C to remove astringency, slowed down the rate of fruit softening but accelerated the respiration rate, especially of CA-stored fruit.
Fruit Anthocyanin Pigments of Red Raspberry Cultivars 1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Torre Louis C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The distribution of cyanidin and pelargonidin fruit anthocyanins is presented for 37 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars and selections. Nine cultivars contained 2 major fruit pigments, cyanidin 3-glucoside (Cy 3-G1) and cyanidin 3-sophoroside (Cy 3-Sop); 27 cultivars contained in addition 2 other major pigments, cyanidin 3-rutinoside (Cy 3-Ru) and cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside (Cy 3-G1Ru); and 1 selection ‘SHRI 6626/41’ contained in addition to the 4 pigments, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (Cy 3-Sam) and cyanidin 3-xylosylrutinoside (Cy 3-XylRu). Related pelargonidin glycosides were detected most cultivars and cyanidin 3, 5-diglucoside (Cy 3, 5-diG1) was detected in 13 cultivars.
Weed Control in Cucumber and Watermelon1
Authors: Glaze Norman C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven herbicides, alone or in combinations, were tested for weed control on watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Charleston Gray, and cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. cv. Chipper, during 1967 to 1972. Preemergence applications of nitralin (4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline) controlled most weed species without seriously injuring either crop. The combination of bensulide (O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide) with either chloramben, methyl ester (methyl 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoate) or naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) controlled a broader spectrum of weeds than any of the compounds applied singly.
Municipal Compost as a Medium Amendment for Chrysanthemum Culture1
Authors: Gogue G. Jay , Sanderson Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar analysis data (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and B) and growth parameters (flower diameter and dry weight and flowering stem weight and length) indicated that municipal compost could be used as a soil amendment for chrysanthemum culture. Compost amendment produced plants high in foliar K, Cu, B, and Zn. A marginal leaf injury was observed in compost-grown plants. While K, Cu, and Zn toxicities were disproven, B toxicity still remained a possible explanation for the symptoms. Plants grown in perlite media were high in K, Ca, Cu, Al, B, and Zn, and perlite amendment may have accented the leaf injury observed in compost media. Negative correlations of growth parameters occurred with foliar K, Cu, Al, B, Na, and Zn concentrations.
Performance of Trifluralin, Nitralin, and Oryzalin in Nursery Containers1
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Butler Joel F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trifluralin applied as a spray to a growing medium in nursery containers remained near the surface over a 42 day period at all rates. Oryzalin moved readily through the containers at all rates and after only a small amount of leaching. Nitralin was intermediate in movement. Top and root growth measurements of Ilex cornuta (Lindl) ‘Burford’ treated with the 3 herbicides showed that as herbicide movement increased, fresh weights of tops and roots decreased. When herbicides were applied a second time during the growing season, damage from nitralin and oryzalin increased. Trifluralin did not damage established holly plants at the 4.5 or 8.9 kg rate after 1 or 2 applications.
Effects of Evaporative Cooling on Temperature and Development of Apple Buds1
Authors: Anderson J. L. , Ashcroft G. L. , Richardson E. A. , Alfaro J. F. , Griffin R. E. , Hanson G. R. , Keller J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) were sprinkled intermittently with an overhead irrigation system after completion of winter rest. A 2-minute sprinkling cycle operated automatically whenever the ambient air temperature of the orchard exceeded 7°C until the control trees reached full bloom. Evaporative cooling of the treated trees reduced bud temperatures to within 2°C of the wet bulb temperature. Treated trees reached full bloom 17 days after the untreated controls.
The Relationship of Node Position to Bloom Date, Fruit Size, and Endosperm Development of the Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Sullivan’s Elberta1
Authors: Spencer Stuart , Couvillon G. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits on uniform peach shoots selected from the periphery of trees were thinned to leave only those nodes of the terminal, intermediate, or basal regions of the shoot, or at 6” spacings along the shoot. The control consisted of unthinned shoots. During one year of the study the date of 90% bloom of buds at the various node positions and size of the subsequent fruit was determined. During the second year fruit volume and mean ovule length were determined for each thinning treatment.
Flower buds from the terminal nodes were the first to bloom the resulting fruit were the largest at harvest. Conversely, buds at the basal nodes were the last to bloom and produced the smallest fruit. In treatments that included fruit from all node positions, the mean fruit volume was smaller than for shoots having fruit only at the terminal nodes. Mean ovule length was also influenced by node position.
Effect of Peach/Plum Graft Incompatibility on Seasonal Carbohydrate Changes1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spring-budded trees of peach/plum (Prunus persica Batsch. cv. Fay Elberta on the plum P. cerasifera Ehrh. × P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. cv. Marianna 2624) showed foliar symptoms of incompatibility in early August, whereas a reciprocal combination, plum/peach, remained healthy. Within 2 weeks leaves and scion bark of the incompatible combination contained several times the concentration of starch found in comparable tissues of peach/peach trees. The level of polyols were similar in the peach scions of both combinations until end of summer. In the plum rootstock starch in the bark of the incompatible trees reached a maximum concentration at the beginning of August but was essentially depleted within the next 3 weeks, while the level of sorbitol decreased by half. In relation to compatible combinations, free sugars increased in the bark above the incompatible union and declined below. Presumably, failure of the phloem to function across the peach/plum union in mid-summer resulted in the markedly dissimilar carbohydrate levels in the graft components.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization of Southernpeas for One-time Harvest on a Sandy Soil1
Authors: Johnson W. A. , Evans Clyde E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Different rates of N, P, and K on southernpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. grown for one-time harvest during 4 years in field experiments on Alaga sand (Typic Quartzipsamments) soil showed that N had the greatest effect on yield of mature green southernpeas. Pea yields increased to a maximum of 67 kg/ha of N. Soil test P ranged from high to extremely high in the untreated soil; therefore, fertilizer P did not affect yield. Yields were increased by K only in the location-year in which soil-test K was low. At 35 days there was an increase in leaf N concentration as the rates of N were increased from 34 to 101 kg/ha; at 49 days the N concentration was lower and was not affected by N rates. Increasing fertilizer rates of K increased leaf concentration of K at both 35 and 49 days. Fertilizer P did not affect N, P, or K concentration.
Reduction of Chilling Injury in Grapefruit by Thiabendazole and Benomyl during Long-Term Storage1
Authors: Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Chalutz E. , Waks J. , Dagan M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest treatments with thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl reduced the incidence of chilling injury (Cl) in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, MacFadyen) as expressed by peel pitting. The effect persisted during prolonged storage at 2, 5 and 8°C. Thiabendazole was more effective than benomyl. The effectiveness of both TBZ and benomyl in water suspension increased when followed by waxing, but the greatest reduction in Cl was obtained with the chemicals incorporated in the wax coating. The effect of TBZ was enhanced by increasing concentration and residues, while the effect of benomyl did not change with concentration. Both chemicals were effective in reducing rots during cold storage. There was a marked increase in the incidence of rots during shelf-life. These rots, primarily of the mold type—Penicillium digitatum Sacc. and P. italicum Wehmer, developed mostly in pits induced by the low storage temperatures.
Outcrossing in Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Tucker C. L. , Harding James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twelve common bean cultivars were utilized to obtain estimates of outcrossing at Davis in 1971 and 1972. The maximum and minimum rates of outcrossing were estimated to be 0.007 and zero. Thus, outcrossing blocks cannot be used successfully in environments like that at Davis in 1971 and 1972, and little or no isolation is needed to obtain selfed seed.
Effects of Lime and Phosphorus on Yield, Growth, and Petiole Composition of Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. , Suehisa R. , Kanehiro Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Papaya plants, Carica papaya L. cv. Solo, were treated with 3 levels of lime combined with 3 levels of P in a split-plot arrangement. Optimal yield of papaya was maintained when the pH of the surface soil ranged from 5.5 to 6.7. Liming lowered petiole concentrations of Mn, K, and Mg and raised those of Ca and P; petiole P was raised when P was applied only. Phosphorus fertilization increased the growth rate of the tree-trunk circumference only at the early stage of growth, while liming affected growth later than P. Phosphorus fertilization raised the petiole concentrations of P, N, Mn, and Zn and lowered petiole concentrations of K and Cu.
Effect of Storage Atmosphere on Postharvest Growth of Mushrooms1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage prolonged the shelf life of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, [Lange] Sing.) if the O2 concentration was 9% or the CO2 concentration was 25 or 50%. Concentrations of 2 to 10% O2 stimulated pileus expansion and stipe elongation with maximal stimulation of growth occurring at 5% O2. Levels of CO2 above 5% markedly inhibited growth, even after air was substituted for the CO2 treatment. Five percent CO2 stimulated stipe elongation and suppressed pileus expansion. Protein degradation, as indicated by protease activity and the level of a-amino N in the tissue, increased during postharvest maturation of mushrooms. As in starving bacteria, it is suggested that the main physiological function of proteolysis in the postharvest maturation of mushrooms is as a source of C and N.
Effects of Benomyl and Thiabendazole on Growth of Several Plant Species1
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Hock W. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Benomyl and thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicides incorporated into soil greatly depressed the growth of seedlings of American elm (Ulmus americana L.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and, to a lesser degree, silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Both chemicals were phytotoxic to sycamore. Pepper (Capsicum sp.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), were less sensitive than the other species when grown in benomyl-treated soil. The growth of corn (Zea mays L.) and that of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were not affected. The growth of turfgrass was stimulated by benomyl. Neither benomyl nor TBZ affected the time of seed germination of American elm and marigold. Seedlings of these species, when transplanted to unamended soil, resumed normal growth. The activity of benomyl that had been incorporated into air-dried soil for 10 months was still high, but less than its activity in a fresh mix.
Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai1
Authors: Robinson R. W. , Provvidenti R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five hundred ninety accessions of Citrullus lanatus, obtained from 42 countries, were exposed to natural infection with Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht) Poll. Only one line, P.I. 269677 from Belize, was highly susceptible. The fungus attacked all aerial parts of plants of this line, including fruits. All other lines, including those from areas of the world where powdery mildew of watermelon commonly occurs, were resistant or tolerant to the race of the fungus prevailing in NY.
Effects of Storage and Germination Conditions on the Germination of Four Species of Wild Flowers1
Authors: Salac S. S. , Hesse M. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of 4 ornamentally useful species of native Nebraska wild flowers (butterfly milkweed, Asclepias tuberosa L.; rough gayfeather, Liatris aspera Michx; thickspike gayfeather, Liatris pvcnostachva Michx.; and shell-leaf pentstemon, Pentsemon grandiflorus Nutt.) were subjected to 3 storage conditions, 6 periods of storage, and 4 germination temp and photoperiod regimes in a germination study. Seeds of all species germinated best and most rapidly when stratified at 4C prior to germination although response to length of storage was generally variable. Depending on the species, germination incubators simulating Nebraska growing seasons of late spring or early fall, midsummer, and 1 with alternating temp provided the best germination conditions following an appropriate pregermination treatment.
Use of Ethephon to Stimulate Red Color Without Hastening Ripening of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Forshey C. G. , Styles W. C. , Green D. W. , Lord W. J. , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A regional experiment was conducted to determine if 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) could be used to increase red color of ‘McIntosh’ apples without stimulating fruit ripening. Ethephon was applied at 75 or 150 ppm in combination with succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and either 20 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 10 ppm 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop). All combinations enhanced red color, but 150 ppm ethephon usually softened the fruit slightly. Following CA storage, apples treated with 150 ppm ethephron, or 75 ppm ethephon plus 20 ppm NAA, were slightly softer than ones sprayed with only SADH. Nevertheless, 5-member panels were generally unable to distinguish ripeness differences among the samples. We concluded that with careful restrictions, low concentrations of ethephon can be used to enhance red color without sacrificing fruit condition following storage.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. III. Isolation of Indole-3-acetic Acid from the Seed1
Authors: Hopping Murray E. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acidic ethyl ether-soluble growth substances extracted from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) seeds were subjected to repeated paper chromatography. A growth promoting substance was isolated, active in both the Avena first internode and Avena curvature bioassays, with chromatographic and chromogenic properties similar to those of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). This tentative identification was strengthened by gas-liquid co-chromatography of the trifluoroacetyl derivatives of authentic IAA and the endogenous growth promoter. Conclusive confirmation that the growth promoting substance is IAA was provided by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Cherry Fruit Abscission: Peroxidase Activity in the Abscission Zone in Relation to Separation1
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peroxidase activity was demonstrated in the abscission zone and adjacent tissues of sour cherry fruit (Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency) from Stage I of fruit growth to maturity. Activity was markedly greater in the receptacle and abscission zone, than in the fruit tissues. A difference was observed histochemically in the peroxidase of the abscission layer from that of the adjacent tissues. Moreover, peroxidase activity in the abscission zone increased to a maximum at a stage of development coinciding with the initiation of the separation phase. This increase in activity was accompanied by an increase in 2 of the major isoenzymes and the appearance of a third. The relationship between changes in peroxidase and abscission in fruit explants was less clear. Ethylene and ethephon had no significant effect on total peroxidase activity; however, ethylene appeared to increase the activity of a basic isoenzyme. Cycloheximide treatment decreased total and isoenzyme activity. Lowering the endogenous ethylene level did not reduce total activity, although the activity of a basic isoenzyme was decreased.
Effect of N6-BA, GA3, and Removal of Terminal Buds on Dwarf Shoot Development in Pinus ponderosa1
Authors: Cohen Michael A. , Shanks James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five year old container grown plants of Pinus ponderosa when treated with N6-BA at 500 and 1000 ppm during 1972 showed an increase in the number of dwarf shoots with developed buds on long shoots while lower concentrations used in 1971 were ineffective. Foliar applications of GA3 made during 1971 and 1972 were found not to increase bud development. Foliar applications of N6-BA applied in the spring of 1972 were more effective than fall applications. Removal of terminal buds also increased bud development within the dwarf shoot while combinations of N6-BA with removal of terminal buds was the most effective treatment.
Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Quality of Onion Bulbs (Allium cepa L.) Used for Dehydration1
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Paulson K. N. , Kinsella M. N. , Bernhard R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three cultivars of onions used for dehydration were grown in a greenhouse at constant soil (bulb) temperatures of 13°, 18°, 24°, and 29°C. Growth of tops was best at 24° and poorest at 13°; the number of foliage leaves increased until about the time the bulbs reached half maximum diameter; thereafter the number declined, due to cessation of new foliage leaves and senescence of old leaves. In all plants at 13°, visible bulbing occurred before emergence of the scape. Bulbs matured earliest at 29° but yields were highest at 18° and 24°. The length of bulbs increased with increasing temperature, but the diameters were not significantly different, resulting in very elongated bulbs at high soil temperatures. Soil temperature had no effect on lateral bud formation (doubles). Pungency or votatile propyl sulfur compounds were highly correlated with temperature but percent dry wt, total sugars, and bulb pinking were not correlated.
Effect of CO2 Enriched Internal Atmosphere on Tuberization and Growth of the Potato1
Authors: Paterson D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure of potato tubers to an atmosphere of 80% CO2-20% O2 increased sprout growth and yield. There was a significant interaction between CO2 treatment and cultivar. Treated potato tuber halves absorbed CO2 and had a higher respiratory rate than control pieces of the same tuber. Treated tissues demonstrated a greater rate of nonosmotic water uptake than similar nontreated tissue. Exposure of the root system of ‘Red LaSoda’ plants to 80% CO2 20% O2 atmosphere for 12 hours resulted in the formation of significantly more tubers than on checks. Treated plants showed either increased tuberization along the length of the stolons or vegetative tuber stolons and branching of the stolons. High levels of CO2 in the internal atmosphere of potato tubers were accompanied by physiologically active levels of ethylene (C2H4).