bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei – II. Retention and growth of seed intermediate-mass black holes
Authors: Askar Abbas , Davies Melvyn B , Church Ross P 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
In many galactic nuclei, a nuclear stellar cluster (NSC) co-exists with a supermassive black hole (SMBH). In this second one in a series of papers, we further explore the idea that the NSC forms before the SMBH through the merger of several stellar clusters that may contain intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). These IMBHs can subsequently grow by mergers and accretion to form an SMBH. To check the observable consequences of this proposed SMBH seeding mechanism, we created an observationally motivated mock population of galaxies, in which NSCs are constructed by aggregating stellar clusters that may or may not contain IMBHs. Based on several assumptions, we model the growth of IMBHs in the NSCs through gravitational wave (GW) mergers with other IMBHs and gas accretion. In the case of GW mergers, the merged BH can either be retained or ejected depending on the GW recoil kick it receives. The likelihood of retaining the merged BH increases if we consider the growth of IMBHs in the NSC through gas accretion. We find that nucleated lower mass galaxies (${\it M}_{\star } \lesssim 10^{9}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$; e.g. M33) have an SMBH seed occupation fraction of about 0.3–0.5. This occupation fraction increases with galaxy stellar mass and for more massive galaxies ($\rm 10^{9} \ \lesssim {\it M}_{\star } \lesssim 10^{11}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$), it is between 0.5 and 0.8, depending on how BH growth is modelled. These occupation fractions are consistent with observational constraints. Furthermore, allowing for BH growth also allows us to reproduce the observed diversity in the mass range of SMBHs in the ${\it M}_{\rm NSC}\!-\!{\it M}_{\rm BH}$ plane.
Crosstalk in image plane beam combination for optical interferometers
Authors: Mortimer Daniel J , Buscher David F 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Image plane beam combination in optical interferometers multiplexes the interference fringes from multiple baselines on to a single detector. The beams of starlight are arranged in a non-redundant pattern at the entrance of the combiner so that the signal from each baseline can be separated from one another in the frequency domain. If the signals from different baselines overlap in the frequency domain, this can give rise to a systematic error in the fringe measurements known as baseline crosstalk. In this paper, we quantify crosstalk arising from the combination of atmospheric seeing and beam propagation over distances of the order of hundreds of metres. We find that in idealized conditions atmospheric wavefront errors and beam propagation do not contribute to crosstalk. However, when aperture stops are included in the optical beam train we observe that wavefront errors can result in squared visibility errors arising from crosstalk as high as ΔV2 = 6.6 × 10−3 under realistic observing conditions.
First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) – III. The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
Authors: Vijayan Aswin P , Wilkins Stephen M , Lovell Christopher C , Thomas Peter A , Camps Peter , Baes Maarten , Trayford James , Kuusisto Jussi , Roper William J 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Using the First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (flares), we explore the dust-driven properties of massive high-redshift galaxies at z ∈ [5, 10]. By post-processing, the galaxy sample using the radiative transfer code skirt we obtain the full spectral energy distribution. We explore the resultant luminosity functions, IRX–β relations as well as the luminosity-weighted dust temperatures in the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). We find that most of our results are in agreement with the current set of observations, but underpredict the number densities of bright IR galaxies, which are extremely biased towards the most overdense regions. We see that the flares IRX–β relation (for 5 ≤ z ≤ 8) pre-dominantly follows the local starburst relation. The IRX shows an increase with stellar mass, plateauing at the high-mass end (∼1010 M⊙) and shows no evolution in the median normalisation with redshift. We also look at the dependence of the peak dust temperature (Tpeak) on various galaxy properties including the stellar mass, IR luminosity, and sSFR, finding the correlation to be strongest with sSFR. The luminosity-weighted dust temperatures increase towards higher redshifts, with the slope of the Tpeak–redshift relation showing a higher slope than the lower redshift relations obtained from previous observational and theoretical works. The results from flares, which are able to provide a better statistical sample of high-redshift galaxies compared to other simulations, provides a distinct vantage point for the high-redshift Universe.
Rapid and accurate identification of ribosomal RNA sequences via deep learning
Authors: Deng Zhi-Luo , Münch Philipp C , Mreches René , McHardy Alice C 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Advances in transcriptomic and translatomic techniques enable in-depth studies of RNA activity profiles and RNA-based regulatory mechanisms. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences are highly abundant among cellular RNA, but if the target sequences do not include polyadenylation, these cannot be easily removed in library preparation, requiring their post-hoc removal with computational techniques to accelerate and improve downstream analyses. Here, we describe RiboDetector, a novel software based on a Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) neural network, which rapidly and accurately identifies rRNA reads from transcriptomic, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, noncoding RNA, and ribosome profiling sequence data. Compared with state-of-the-art approaches, RiboDetector produced at least six times fewer misclassifications on the benchmark datasets. Importantly, the few false positives of RiboDetector were not enriched in certain Gene Ontology (GO) terms, suggesting a low bias for downstream functional profiling. RiboDetector also demonstrated a remarkable generalizability for detecting novel rRNA sequences that are divergent from the training data with sequence identities of &lt;90%. On a personal computer, RiboDetector processed 40M reads in less than 6 min, which was ∼50 times faster in GPU mode and ∼15 times in CPU mode than other methods. RiboDetector is available under a GPL v3.0 license at https://github.com/hzi-bifo/RiboDetector.
X-ray hot spots in the eastern ear of the supernova remnant W 50 and the microquasar SS 433 system
Authors: Hayakawa Ryota , Yamada Shinya , Suda Hirotaka , Ichinohe Yuto , Higurashi Ryota , Sakemi Haruka , Machida Mami , Ohmura Takumi , Katsuda Satoru , Uchiyama Hideki , Sato Toshiki , Akamatsu Hiroki , Axelsson Magnus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We examined the X-ray and radio spatial structure at the eastern ear of the W 50/SS 433 system to clarify a characteristic feature of the termination region of the SS 433 jet, and found that a hot spot ahead of the filament structure, which is considered to be a terminal shock of the SS 433 eastern jet, is clearly different from a single point source. The detailed spatial structure of the X-ray emission is finely resolved by Chandra observations, showing that there are two sources. By comparing the point-spread function of Chandra with the radial profiles of the two sources, the northern one is clearly more extended than a point source while the other seems marginally extended. Since there are no point sources nearby, the northern hot spot is likely a localized diffuse source. The northern hot spot spatially corresponds to the peak of the radio emission. Its spatial correlation is confirmed by an X-ray image using XMM-Newton. The X-ray spectra of the two sources are reproduced by a single absorbed power-law but the column density of the northern part is larger by a factor of ∼3. When a radiation model comprising synchrotron emission and inverse Compton emission is applied to the spectral energy distribution of the northern hot spot, the emission from this spot can be explained by the radiation from an electron population accelerated up to 30 TeV in a magnetic field strength of B ≲ 50 μG. This model also agrees with the radio and X-ray data, as well as the upper limit of gamma-ray emission obtained by the Fermi satellite.
Occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update
Authors: De Matteis Sara 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
This brief narrative review aims to highlight relevant recent updates on occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Recent findings
The most recent literature has been searched for any new relevant association between occupational exposures and COPD. Only large epidemiological studies of high quality have been included. Beyond the more traditional exposures, such as mineral or organic dusts, new chemicals have emerged as potential occupational causal agents for COPD. In particular, pesticides and cleaning products, including disinfectants, that have shown also positive exposure-response trends. For cleaning products, some specific chemicals have been identified, but for pesticides the identification of specific causal compounds is more challenging. The biological underlying mechanisms are still under study.

Summary
In the recent literature, occupational exposure to pesticides and cleaning products has emerged as potential cause of COPD. Awareness on occupational causes of COPD should increase among all stakeholders, from health professionals to public to prevent the associated public health burden. More studies on identifying the specific causal agents and mechanisms are needed to focus preventive strategies.
Regional anesthesia and the acute pain service: compliance and controversies
Authors: May Keith A. , Craven Jack M. , Wright Crystal , Tran Bryant 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
The aims of this article are three-fold: first, to describe the necessary elements that result in accurate and compliant billing practice; second, to discuss billing in the context of new blocks and liposomal bupivacaine; and third, to gain a better understanding of compliance law.

Recent findings
Regional anesthesia techniques provide an appealing alternative to opioid medication for pain management. However, these techniques also increase the cost of care. As new peripheral and fascial plane blocks emerge, proper coding has become more complex.

Summary
Familiarity with documentation, billing, and compliance requirements can help maintain proper reimbursement rates, as well as limit potential downstream consequences. Most importantly this can help increase the viability and success of an acute pain service.
Controlling for Lexical Factors in the Word Auditory Recognition and Recall Measure
Authors: Ryan David B. , Smith Sherri L. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to confirm that lexical factors associated with the Word Auditory Recognition and Recall Measure (WARRM) items have minimal impact WARRM scores. As the WARRM test was designed to minimize the impact of lexical factors, we hypothesized that lexical factors would have no effect on WARRM recognition or recall.

Method:
This report provides a complementary analysis to the original study. Generalized linear mixed models were applied to examine the effects of lexical factors (frequency, neighborhood density, neighborhood frequency) on the WARRM recognition and recall scores.

Results:
There were no significant effects of lexical factors on WARRM recognition or recall. These null effects were attributed to selection and distribution of words on the WARRM, and the balancing of lexical factors for each set size.

Conclusions:
Word selection and test design of the WARRM successfully controlled for potential effects of lexical factors on recognition and recall.
Interobserver Variability of Hip Dysplasia Indices on Sweep Ultrasound for Novices, Experts, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ghasseminia Siyavash , LIM Andrew Kean Seng , Concepcion Nathan D.P. , Kirschner David , TEO Yi Ming , Dulai Sukhdeep , Mabee Myles , Kernick Sara , Brockley Cain , Muljadi Siska , Singh Pavel , Rakkunedeth Hareendranathan Abhilash , Kapur Jeevesh , Zonoobi Dornoosh , Punithakumar Kumaradevan , Jaremko Jacob L. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Ultrasound for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is challenging for nonexperts to perform and interpret. Recording “sweep” images allows more complete hip assessment, suitable for automation by artificial intelligence (AI), but reliability has not been established. We assessed agreement between readers of varying experience and a commercial AI algorithm, in DDH detection from infant hip ultrasound sweeps.

Methods:
We selected a full spectrum of poor-to-excellent quality images and normal to severe dysplasia, in 240 hips (120 single 2-dimensional images, 120 sweeps). For 12 readers (radiologists, sonographers, clinicians and researchers; 3 were DDH subspecialists), and a ultrasound-FDA-cleared AI software package (Medo Hip), we calculated interobserver reliability for alpha angle measurements by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) and for DDH classification by Randolph Kappa.

Results:
Alpha angle reliability was high for AI versus subspecialists (ICC=0.87 for sweeps, 0.90 for single images). For DDH diagnosis from sweeps, agreement was high between subspecialists (kappa=0.72), and moderate for nonsubspecialists (0.54) and AI (0.47). Agreement was higher for single images (kappa=0.80, 0.66, 0.49). AI reliability deteriorated more than human readers for the poorest-quality images. The agreement of radiologists and clinicians with the accepted standard, while still high, was significantly poorer for sweeps than 2D images (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
In a challenging exercise representing the wide spectrum of image quality and reader experience seen in real-world hip ultrasound, agreement on DDH diagnosis from easily obtained sweeps was only slightly lower than from single images, likely because of the additional step of selecting the best image. AI performed similarly to a nonsubspecialist human reader but was more affected by low-quality images.
Comparative Evaluation of the Radiographic Parameters for Screening Early Blount Disease
Authors: Wongcharoenwatana Jidapa , Chotivichit Apakorn , Eamsobhana Perajit , Ariyawatkul Thanase , Chotigavanichaya Chatupon 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Radiographic findings in young children with physiological bowing sometimes difficult to distinguish from early Blount disease. However, early diagnosis of the disease is critical because of the poor treatment outcomes for Blount disease. In this study, we aim to evaluate the accuracy of the metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (MDA) compared with the medial metaphyseal beak (MMB) angle for differentiating between physiological bowing and early Blount disease and to determine which parameter to adequately screen for the subsequent development of Blount disease.

Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted on children aged 1 to 3 years old who were brought to our outpatient clinic with bowed leg between 2000 and 2017. Data on the patients’ age, sex, and affected sides were collected. Radiographic measurements of the femorotibial angle (FTA), MDA, and MMB angle were evaluated from the initial radiographs. An observer repeated the measurements on all the radiographs 2 weeks after they were first done.

Results:
In total, 158 legs were considered from 79 children (48 males/31 females), whose average age was 26.0±6.1 months old. Eighty-seven legs were diagnosed with Blount disease and 71 legs had physiological bowing. Using single cutoff values of 16 degrees for the MDA showed low sensitivity (50.6%), very high specificity (100.0%), and a very high positive predictive value (PPV); while using MMB angle cutoff values ≥122 degrees showed very high sensitivity (92.0%), high specificity (80.3%), and a high PPV. Considering the MDA and MMB angle simultaneously showed very high sensitivity (93.1%), high specificity (80.3%), and a high PPV. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the MDA and MMB showed excellent (0.89) and outstanding (0.93) discriminative ability, respectively. When combining the MDA and MMB angles, it was also considered outstanding performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.95).

Conclusions:
The MMB angle represents a potential radiographic screening parameter for predicting early Blount disease in children 1 to 3 years old, offering high sensitivity and specificity. The MDA showed excellent specificity as a confirmation parameter for Blount disease patients. Applying both the MDA and MMB angles is another option to increase early recognition and confirm the diagnosis in early Blount disease patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
ALIF Versus TLIF for L5-S1 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: ALIF Demonstrates Superior Segmental and Regional Radiographic Outcomes and Clinical Improvements Across More Patient-reported Outcome Measures Domains
Authors: Lightsey Harry M. , Pisano Alfred J. , Striano Brendan M. , Crawford Alexander M. , Xiong Grace X. , Hershman Stuart , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Simpson Andrew K. 
Published: February 2022

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to compare segmental and regional radiographic parameters between anterior interbody fusion (ALIF) and posterior interbody fusion (TLIF) for treatment of L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis, and to assess for changes in these parameters over time. Secondarily, we sought to compare clinical outcomes via patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between techniques and within groups over time.

Summary of Background Data.
Isthmic spondylolistheses are frequently treated with interbody fusion via ALIF or TLIF approaches. Robust comparisons of radiographic and clinical outcomes are lacking.

Methods.
We reviewed pre- and postoperative radiographs as well as Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) elements for patients who received L5-S1 interbody fusions for isthmic spondylolisthesis in the Mass General Brigham (MGB) health system (2016–2020). Intraclass correlation testing was used for reliability assessments; Mann-Whitney U tests and Sign tests were employed for intercohort and intracohort comparative analyses, respectively.

Results.
ALIFs generated greater segmental and L4-S1 lordosis than TLIF, both at first postoperative visit (mean 26 days [SE = 4]; 11.3° vs. 1.3°, P
< 0.001; 6.2° vs. 0.3°, P
= 0.005) and at final follow-up (mean 410days [SE = 45]; 9.6° vs. 0.2°, P < 0.001; 7.9° vs. 2.1°, P = 0.005). ALIF also demonstrated greater increase in disc height than TLIF at first (9.6 vs. 5.5 mm, P < 0.001) and final follow-up (8.7 vs. 3.6 mm, P < 0.001). Disc height was maintained in the ALIF group but decreased over time in the TLIF cohort (ALIF 9.6 vs. 8.7 mm, P = 0.1; TLIF 5.5 vs. 3.6 mm, P < 0.001). Both groups demonstrated improvements in Pain Intensity and Pain Interference scores; ALIF patients also improved in Physical Function and Global Health - Physical domains.

Conclusion.
ALIF generates greater segmental lordosis, regional lordosis, and restoration of disc height compared to TLIF for treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis. Additionally, ALIF patients demonstrate significant improvements across more PROMs domains relative to TLIF patients.

Level of Evidence: 3
Ten-Year Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Versus Open Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Patients With Single-Level Lumbar Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Kwon Ji-Won , Park Yung , Lee Byung Ho , Yoon So Ra , Ha Joong-Won , Kim Hyunkyo , Suk Kyung-Soo , Moon Seong-Hwan , Kim Hak-Sun , Lee Hwan-Mo 
Published: February 2022

Study Design.
A retrospective observational study.

Objective.
This study investigated the clinical and radiological results of minimally invasive (MI) versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis over a 10-year period.

Summary of Background Data.
Few studies have compared 10-year follow-up outcomes between MI-TLIF and open TLIF.

Methods.
We retrospectively collected the outcome data of patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis who underwent TLIF procedures using an MI (n = 108) or open (n = 53) approach. Fifty-two (48%) and 31 (58%) patients in the MI-TLIF and open TLIF groups, respectively, completed the 10-year follow-up. A primary clinical outcome included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) as well as visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain at baseline and at 2, 5, and 10 years postoperatively. The radiographic fusion rate and incidence of secondary surgery due to adjacent segment disease were assessed at 2, 5, and 10 years postoperatively.

Results.
Intraoperative blood loss and length of hospitalization were significantly lower in the MI-TLIF group than in the open TLIF group. At 2 years postoperatively, the ODI and VAS scores for back and leg pain were significantly lower in the MI-TLIF group than in the open TLIF group. No significant differences were found in VAS scores for back and leg pain or ODI scores between the two groups at 10 years postoperatively. Radiographic fusion rates and prevalence of secondary surgery for adjacent segment disease were not significantly different between the groups at 10 years postoperatively.

Conclusion.
Efficacy of MI-TLIF for patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis is comparable to that of open TLIF over 10-years. However, MI-TLIF may have superior perioperative recovery and 2-year postoperative functional outcomes than open TLIF.

Level of Evidence: 3
Health Service Utilization by Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Versus Global Developmental Delay at a Tertiary Center in a Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Okwara Florence N. O. , le Roux Stanzi M. , Donald Kirsten A. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
We investigated patterns and predictors of health service utilization (HSU) among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and global developmental delays (GDD, non-ASD) attending tertiary services in a resource-constrained setting.

Method:
Caregivers and children (diagnosed with either ASD or GDD) attending the developmental service were enrolled into a retrospective cohort study. Sociodemographic factors, clinical factors, and service use over the preceding year were collected using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews.

Results:
We enrolled 240 households (116 ASD, 124 GDD; ages 3–8 years; male:female ratio 2:1). The majority (84%) had moderate-to-severe symptoms, and 42% were nonverbal. Children with GDD had higher levels of underlying syndromic diagnoses than those with ASD (46, 37.1%; 14, 9.5%); (p < 0.01) and more co-occurring comorbidities (51, 41.0%; 14, 12.1%; p = 0.0001). Those with GDD had higher mean total HSU visits (13.3; 11.5; p = 0.02), higher mean specialist visits (4.0:2.0; p = 0.001), and more hospitalizations than those with ASD (38, 31%; 16, 14%; p = 0.02). Other services were similarly attended by both groups: therapy 6.0 (2.0–10.0), emergency visits 1.0 (1.0–2.0), auxiliary services 0 (0–1.0), and primary care visits 0 (0–1.0). Having an employed parent was the strongest predictor of increased HSU (p = 0.05).

Conclusion:
Despite high functional impairment in this cohort, many households underutilized therapy services. There was skewed attendance of emergency and specialist services over primary care services. Children with GDD had greater HSU compared with those with ASD, primarily because of more specialist visits. HSU could be improved by caregiver education, household economic empowerment, and strengthening of primary care services.