bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemo‐ and mechanosensing by dendritic cells facilitate antigen surveillance in the spleen*
Authors: Liu Dan , Duan Lihui , Cyster Jason G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpleen dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of adaptive immune responses against blood‐borne invaders. Key to DC function is their positioning at sites of pathogen entry, and their abilities to selectively capture foreign antigens and promptly engage T cells. Focusing on conventional DC2 (cDC2), we discuss the contribution of chemoattractant receptors (EBI2 or GPR183, S1PR1, and CCR7) and integrins to cDC2 positioning and function. We give particular attention to a newly identified role in cDC2 for adhesion G‐protein coupled receptor E5 (Adgre5 or CD97) and its ligand CD55, detailing how this mechanosensing system contributes to splenic cDC2 positioning and homeostasis. Additional roles of CD97 in the immune system are reviewed. The ability of cDC2 to be activated by circulating missing self‐CD47 cells and to integrate multiple red blood cell (RBC)‐derived inputs is discussed. Finally, we describe the process of activated cDC2 migration to engage and prime helper T cells. Throughout the review, we consider the insights into cDC function in the spleen that have emerged from imaging studies.
Preparation, luminescence properties, and application of temperature sensing and anti‐counterfeiting of La2MgTiO6:Yb3+/Ln3+/Mn4+
Authors: Jiang Zhong , Cheng Hao , Lai Fengqin , Xiao Zongliang , Chen Jiangmin , Sun Jing , You Weixiong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe doping of transition metal ions in the up‐conversion (UC) luminescent material doped with Yb3+/Ln3+ is a facile way to increase their UC luminescence intensities and alter their colors. In this study, La2MgTiO6:Yb3+/Mn4+/Ln3+ (Ln3+ = Er3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+) phosphors showing excellent luminescence properties were prepared by a solid‐state method. The sensitivity of the La2MgTiO6:Yb3+/Ln3+/Mn4+ phosphor was double that without Mn4+, because Mn4+ affects the UC emissions of Ln3+ via energy transfer between these ions. Moreover, Mn4+ also acts as a down‐conversion activator, which can combine with UC ions to achieve multi‐mode luminescence at different wavelengths. Under 980 nm excitation, these samples emit green light (from Er3+ and Ho3+) and blue light (from Tm3+). In contrast, under 365 nm excitation, they emit red light (from Mn4+). Further testing revealed that the La2MgTiO6:Yb3+/Mn4+/Ln3+ phosphors have potential applications in temperature sensing and anti‐counterfeiting.
Adolescent gender diversity: sociodemographic correlates and mental health outcomes in the general population
Authors: Ghassabian Akhgar , Suleri Anna , Blok Elisabet , Franch Berta , Hillegers Manon H.J. , White Tonya 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundGender diversity in young adolescents is understudied outside of referral clinics. We investigated gender diversity in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from the general population and examined predictors and associated mental health outcomes.MethodsThe study was embedded in Generation R, a population‐based cohort of children born between 2002 and 2006 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (n = 5727). At ages 9–11 and 13–15 years, adolescents and/or their parents responded to two questions addressing children’s contentedness with their assigned gender, whether they (a) ‘wished to be the opposite sex’ and (b) ‘would rather be treated as someone from the opposite sex’. We defined ‘gender‐variant experience’ when either the parent or child responded with ‘somewhat or sometimes true’ or ‘very or often true’. Mental health was assessed at 13–15 years, using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment.ResultsLess than 1% of the parents reported that their child had gender‐variant experience, with poor stability between 9–11 and 13–15 years. In contrast, 4% of children reported gender‐variant experience at 13–15 years. Adolescents who were assigned female at birth reported more gender‐variant experience than those assigned male. Parents with low/medium educational levels reported more gender‐variant experience in their children than those with higher education. There were positive associations between gender‐variant experience and symptoms of anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, rule‐breaking, and aggressive behavior as well as attention, social, and thought problems. Similar associations were observed for autistic traits, independent of other mental difficulties. These associations did not differ by assigned sex at birth.ConclusionsWithin this population‐based study, adolescents assigned females were more likely to have gender‐variant experience than males. Our data suggest that parents may not be aware of gender diversity feelings in their adolescents. Associations between gender diversity and mental health symptoms were present in adolescents.
Exploratory surveys in Taiwan of the roseau cane scale Nipponaclerda biwakoensis Kuwana (Hemiptera: Aclerdidae) and its associated parasitoids
Authors: Cortez Amado O. , Chu Cheng‐Lung , Broadley Hannah J. , Lo Yong‐Sin , Chen Yu‐Chun , Gates Michael W. , Meyerson Laura A. , Hoelmer Kim A. , Gould Juli R. , Hwang Shaw‐Yhi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRoseau cane (Phragmites australis (Cav). Trin. ex Steud.) is the dominant plant species of the Mississippi River Delta in Louisiana, USA, and protects the coastline from erosion and storm‐related impacts, maintaining shipping channels and oil infrastructure. Widespread dieback and thinning of P. australis were noted in the Mississippi River Delta in the fall of 2016. Invasive populations of the roseau cane scale (Nipponaclerda biwakoensis Kuwana), which is native to Asia, were found at outbreak levels in the stands. Subsequent research implicated N. biwakoensis in the diebacks. As a safe, cost‐effective and long‐term approach for managing this invasive scale, classical (importation) biological control methods are being considered. As the first step to developing biological control, research evaluating the natural enemies of the N. biwakoensis in the native range is necessary. This study investigated the population dynamics of N. biwakoensis and its associated parasitoids on P. australis in Taiwan from July to November 2019 at five study sites. Scale densities across sites increased over the growing season, peaking in September at 85.77 ± 6.36 scales/stem, which is half as dense as found in Louisiana. Mean parasitism of adult female scales across sites and season was 14.00%, while parasitism on immature scales was lower (3.00%). Four parasitoid wasp species were reared from the scale—Asytymachus lasallei Noyes and Higashiura, Boucekiella depressa Hoffer, Neastymachus japonicus Tachikawa and Aprostocetus sp. Westwood. Neastymachus japonicus was the dominant species parasitizing adult female scales, while A. lasallei was the dominant wasp species parasitizing immature scales. Astymachus lasallei and B. depressa were frequently reared from the same individual host, suggesting multiparasitism or hyperparasitism. Overall, this study provides important information on the identity and role of parasitoids of N. biwakoensis in its native range, which will aid in developing a classical biological control programme for the invasive N. biwakoensis.
Wild bees are less abundant but show better pollination behaviour for sweet cherry than managed pollinators
Authors: Mateos‐Fierro Zeus , Garratt Michael P. D. , Fountain Michelle T. , Ashbrook Kate , Westbury Duncan B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPollinating insects provide pollination services to many crop species, including sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and this can be delivered by both managed and wild pollinators. Managed pollinators are often used to pollinate a range of fruit crops, but increasingly the role of wild insects is being studied. However, the importance of pollinator species depends on their relative abundance and pollination effectiveness, which depends on their foraging activity and their variability throughout the day. In this study, insect visitors of blossoms were observed in commercial sweet cherry orchards to explore abundance, diversity and pollination foraging behaviour of different insect pollinator groups throughout the day. A total of 1,174 pollinators from 31 different species were recorded visiting cherry blossoms over 2 years, of which 71.0% of total visits were by managed pollinators (western honeybee, Apis mellifera L. and buff‐tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L.) compared to 29.0% by wild pollinators. On average, solitary bees visited a sweet cherry blossom for the longest duration (20.7 (±2.0 SE) seconds), whereas wild queen bumblebees visited the greatest number of flowers per minute (mean of 19.0 (±1.3 SE)). As both these pollinator groups contacted cherry stigmas more often and moved more frequently between tree rows than managed bees and hoverflies, they are more likely to facilitate cross‐pollination. The different pollinator groups also showed variation in behavioural parameters throughout the day, but less variation was recorded when all pollinator groups were considered altogether. This suggests diverse pollinator communities might be expected to provide a more stable pollination service to sweet cherry. This study demonstrates that whilst cherry blossoms were more frequently visited by managed pollinators, wild solitary bee and bumblebee behaviours are likely to be more effective at enhancing pollination in sweet cherry orchards, which, in turn, might lead to increased yields.
Co‐extrusion and extrusion microencapsulation: Effect on microencapsulation efficiency, survivability through gastrointestinal digestion and storage
Authors: How Yu‐Hsuan , Lai Ka‐Wai , Pui Liew‐Phing , In Lionel Lian‐Aun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractProbiotic is a functional food ingredient that is commonly used in the manufacturing of fermented dairy products and vegetable‐based foods. The consumption of probiotics has been claimed to confer health benefits to the host. However, probiotic cells are sensitive to harsh environments such as extreme pH and enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, the microencapsulation technique is often adopted to shield probiotics from the outer environment. This review introduces a more advanced extrusion technique called co‐extrusion, which has been used to microencapsulate probiotics over the last few years. Both co‐extrusion technique and extrusion technique in microencapsulating probiotics were discussed extensively in this article. Furthermore, the impact of encapsulating probiotics in contrast with unencapsulated cells was also presented. This review highlighted some of the factors that might cause low viable cell count during microencapsulation and large microbead size. Lastly, the survivability of encapsulated probiotics in gastrointestinal digestion and storage under different temperatures were evaluated and the importance of probiotic microencapsulation was also emphasized.Practical ApplicationsThe detailed information on extrusion and co‐extrusion techniques for probiotics microencapsulation is presented in this review. This information is useful for researchers and industrialists in understanding and applying both encapsulation techniques on probiotics for different purposes. Through this paper, the readers would also gain more insight into the factors affecting the viability and microbead size of the encapsulated probiotic to further optimize the extrusion and co‐extrusion encapsulation process. Furthermore, the ideal storage temperature and additional drying process for the encapsulated probiotic identified in this review would open opportunities for industrialists to produce functional probiotic products with a high viable cell count.
Rapid, risk‐based levee design framework for greater risk reduction at lower cost than standards‐based design
Authors: Johnson David R. , Wang Jingya , Geldner Nathan B. , Zehr Andrew B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStandards‐based levee design aims to protect against events with specific probabilities, for example eliminating overtopping from a storm surge with a 1% annual exceedance probability (i.e., a “100‐year” event). This allows levee segments to be analyzed independently but ignores interior dynamics and overall risk. We present and implement a framework for calculating optimal risk‐informed design heights. Using this design paradigm and multi‐objective evolutionary algorithms, we identify levee and floodwall design heights that minimize the total system cost and expected flood losses over 50 years. With our model, decision makers may feasibly evaluate hundreds or thousands of alternative designs over a large ensemble of future states of the world. Comparing to the existing design elevations of the Larose to Golden Meadow Hurricane Protection Project in coastal Louisiana, over multiple climate change scenarios, we identify system configurations of similar cost that reduce the expected value of discounted residual risk of 26%–73% ($8–85 million). We also achieve the same residual risk at 90%–97% of the cost of the existing system (saving $19–73 million).
Comprehensive expression analysis for the core cell cycle regulators in the chicken embryo reveals novel tissue‐specific synexpression groups and similarities and differences with expression in mouse, frog and zebrafish
Authors: Alaiz Noya Marta , Berti Federica , Dietrich Susanne 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe core cell cycle machinery is conserved from yeast to humans, and hence it is assumed that all vertebrates share the same set of players. Yet during vertebrate evolution, the genome was duplicated twice, followed by a further genome duplication in teleost fish. Thereafter, distinct genes were retained in different vertebrate lineages; some individual gene duplications also occurred. To which extent these diversifying tendencies were compensated by retaining the same expression patterns across homologous genes is not known. This study for the first time undertook a comprehensive expression analysis for the core cell cycle regulators in the chicken, focusing in on early neurula and pharyngula stages of development, with the latter representing the vertebrate phylotypic stage. We also compared our data with published data for the mouse, Xenopus and zebrafish, the other established vertebrate models. Our work shows that, while many genes are expressed widely, some are upregulated or specifically expressed in defined tissues of the chicken embryo, forming novel synexpression groups with markers for distinct developmental pathways. Moreover, we found that in the neural tube and in the somite, mRNAs of some of the genes investigated accumulate in a specific subcellular localisation, pointing at a novel link between the site of mRNA translation, cell cycle control and interkinetic nuclear movements. Finally, we show that expression patterns of orthologous genes may differ in the four vertebrate models. Thus, for any study investigating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, tissue regeneration, stem cell behaviour and cancer/cancer therapy, it has to be carefully examined which of the observed effects are due to the specific model organism used, and which can be generalised.
Whole‐exome sequencing of transforming oral lichen planus reveals mutations in DNA damage repair and apoptosis pathway genes
Authors: Xie Fangyi , Gleue Casey A. , Deschaine Maria , Dasari Surendra , Lau Julie S. , Sartori‐Valinotti Julio C. , Meves Alexander , Lehman Julia S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundOral lichen planus confers a 1% risk of transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma. While prior exome sequencing studies have identified multiple genetic mutations in oral squamous cell carcinoma, mutational analyses of lichen planus‐derived OSCC are lacking. We sought to clarify genomic events associated with oral lichen planus transformation.MethodsUsing rigorous diagnostic criteria, we retrospectively identified patients with non‐transforming oral lichen planus (i.e., known to be non‐transforming with 5 years of clinical follow‐up; n = 17), transforming oral lichen planus (tissue marginal to oral squamous cell carcinoma, n = 9), or oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in lichen planus (n = 17). Gene mutational profiles derived from whole‐exome sequencing on fixed mucosal specimens were compared among the groups.ResultsThe four most frequently mutated genes in transforming oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma (TP53, CELSR1, CASP8, and KMT2D) identified 12/17 (71%) of oral squamous cell carcinomas and 5/9 (56%) of transforming oral lichen planus but were absent in non‐transforming oral lichen planus. We identified other known oral squamous cell carcinoma mutations (TRRAP, OBSCN, and LRP2) but also previously unreported mutations (TENM3 and ASH1L) in lichen planus‐associated oral squamous cell carcinomas.ConclusionsThese findings suggest alterations in DNA damage response and apoptosis pathways underlie lichen planus‐related oral squamous cell carcinoma transformation and are supported by mutational signatures indicative of DNA damage. This study characterized patterns of mutational events present in oral lichen planus associated with squamous cell carcinoma and in squamous cell carcinoma associated with oral lichen planus but not in non‐transforming oral lichen planus.
Behavioural emergencies in a paediatric hospital environment
Authors: Mitchell Marijke , Newall Fiona , Williams Katrina 
Published: February 2022

AimAggression and high‐risk behaviours triggered by children in paediatric hospitals are increasing globally. There is a paucity of research describing behavioural emergencies in paediatric acute care settings.MethodsWe conducted a 1‐year retrospective study of behavioural emergencies that triggered an emergency response team attendance in a quaternary paediatric hospital.ResultsIn 2018, 218 children triggered 1050 behavioural emergencies, which utilised 386 h of the emergency response team time. Thirty‐three (15%) children triggered more than five activations each (range 6–272) and nearly half (16) were children with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability. More than 80% of children who triggered an emergency team response also had at least one psychiatric co‐morbidity.ConclusionsBehavioural emergencies, by definition, put staff, children or their families at risk. They occur frequently in hospital with some children repeating these behaviours despite allocation of resources and expertise. New approaches to prevention and amelioration are needed.
Mitogenomics and hidden‐trait models reveal the role of phoresy and host shifts in the diversification of parasitoid blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
Authors: López‐Estrada Estefany Karen , Sanmartín Isabel , Uribe Juan Esteban , Abalde Samuel , Jiménez‐Ruiz Yolanda , García‐París Mario 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChanges in life history traits are often considered speciation triggers and can have dramatic effects on the evolutionary history of a lineage. Here, we examine the consequences of changes in two life history traits, host‐type and phoresy, in the hypermetamorphic blister beetles, Meloidae. Subfamilies Nemognathinae and Meloinae exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple metamorphoses and parasitoidism. Most genera and tribes are bee‐parasitoids, and include phoretic or nonphoretic species, while two tribes feed on grasshopper eggs. These different life strategies are coupled with striking differences in species richness among clades. We generated a mitogenomic phylogeny for Nemognathinae and Meloinae, confirming the monophyly of these two clades, and used the dated phylogeny to explore the association between diversification rates and changes in host specificity and phoresy, using state‐dependent speciation and extinction (SSE) models that include the effect of hidden traits. To account for the low taxon sampling, we implemented a phylogenetic‐taxonomic approach based on birth‐death simulations, and used a Bayesian framework to integrate parameter and phylogenetic uncertainty. Results show that the ancestral hypermetamorphic Meloidae was a nonphoretic bee‐parasitoid, and that transitions towards a phoretic bee‐parasitoid and grasshopper parasitoidism occurred multiple times. Nonphoretic bee‐parasitoid lineages exhibit significantly higher relative extinction and lower diversification rates than phoretic bee‐and grasshopper‐parasitoids, but no significant differences were found between the latter two strategies. This suggests that Orthopteran host shifts and phoresy contributed jointly to the evolutionary success of the parasitoid meloidae. We also demonstrate that SSE models can be used to identify hidden traits coevolving with the focal trait in driving a lineage's diversification dynamics.
A practical guide on stable isotope analysis for cetacean research
Authors: Teixeira Clarissa R. , Troina Genyffer C. , Daura‐Jorge Fabio G. , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. , Botta Silvina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTrophic ecology information about cetaceans is essential to understand their role in ecosystem dynamics. Stable isotope analysis is a valuable complementary approach to conventional methods usually applied to the study of the foraging behavior of cetaceans because it provides dietary information over different time scales and can potentially use tissues archived in scientific collections. However, the considerable increase in stable isotope analysis by a growing number of cetacean research groups demands the use of proper protocols to ensure that accurate isotopic data are obtained. We provide a theoretical background of stable isotope analysis and its application to assess cetaceans‘ trophic ecology. We review the factors that can influence isotopic measurements and propose a practical guideline with suitable techniques for sample preparation of biological tissues to be employed by researchers to yield reliability in the interpretation of isotopic data. We summarized the main assumptions and inherent limitations that can lead to confounding interpretations of isotopic data, such as species‐ and tissue‐specific discrimination factors, temporal or spatial variation in prey, and baseline isotopic values in the context of cetacean ecology. Our detailed review offers important guidance for researchers who want to use stable isotope analysis to address different ecological questions with cetacean species.
Skull morphometric variability related to offshore and inshore ecotypes of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from northwestern Mexico
Authors: Esteves‐Ponte María Alejandra , Aurioles‐Gamboa David , García‐Rodríguez Francisco J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe distribution of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus is associated with environmental factors, which influence morphological adaptations. In the present study, we examined the cranial characteristics of this species from the Pacific Northwest of Mexico to detect the main variations using geometric morphometric analysis. From stable isotope concentrations (δ13C), we identified 24 specimens of the inshore coastal ecotype and 18 of the offshore ecotype. Maturity was determined using the degree of fusion of the maxillae and premaxillae. Allometry was detected in the skull lateral region, indicating that the relationship between shape and size is maintained in adults. After eliminating the allometric effect by discarding the smallest individuals, morphometric comparisons indicated differences between the ecotypes that were associated mainly with the intersection between the frontal bone and zygomatic process, the anteriormost point in the curvature of the zygomatic process, and the meeting of the suture between squamosal and exoccipital bones, with the supramastoid crest to anteriormost in the curvature of the temporal crest of the intersection between the parietal and interparietal. No significant differences were found in the ventral view. The cranial differences between both Tursiops truncatus ecotypes could be mainly associated with the different types of feeding.