bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of hardware and software techniques to enhance the characteristics of focused ultrasound (FUS) spectra
Authors: Smith Michael , Khan Sonia , Curiel Laura 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. Microbubble cavitation generated by focused ultrasound (FUS) can induce safe blood-brain-barrier (BBB) opening allowing therapeutic drug passage. Spectral changes in the hydrophone sensor signal are currently used to distinguish stable cavitation from inertial cavitation that can damage the BBB. Gibbs’ ringing, peak intensity loss and peak width increase are well-known distortions evident when using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to transform data containing a few hundred points. We investigate overcoming the fact that FUS time signals (10 ms providing 312 500 points sampled at 32 ns intervals) can generate such sharp spectral peaks that variations in their DFT-related distortions can significantly impact the values of the key metrics used for cavitation characterization. Approach. We introduce low-pass filter hardware to improve how the analogue to digital convertor handles high-frequency noise components and the orders of magnitude differences between FUS harmonic intensities. We investigate the enhanced FUS spectral stability and resolution obtained from a new technique, physical sparsification (PH-SP), customized to the a-priori information that all key FUS components are harmonically related. Results are compared with standard DFT optimizations involving time data windowing and Fourier interpolation. Main results. A new simulation model showed peak intensity, widths and metrics modified by small changes in the transformed signal’s length when removing the noisy starting transient of the FUS hydrophone signal or following minor excitation frequency or sampling rate adjustments. 25%–60% area-under-the-curve changes occurred in phantom studies at different pressure levels. Spectral peak sharpness was best optimized and stabilized with PH-SP. Significance. Special FUS characteristics mean starting transients and minor variations in experimental procedures lead to significant changes in the spectral metrics used to monitor cavitation levels. Customizing PH-SP to these characteristics led to sharper, more stable spectra with the potential to track the impact of microbubble environment changes.
Fibre-optic measurement of strain and shape on a helicopter rotor blade during a ground run: 1. Measurement of strain
Authors: James Stephen W , Kissinger Thomas , Weber Simone , Mullaney Kevin , Chehura Edmond , Pekmezci Huseyin H , Barrington James H , E Staines Stephen , Charrett Thomas O H , Lawson Nicholas J , Lone Mudassir , Atack Richard , Tatam Ralph P 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Optical fibre strain and shape measurement sensors were deployed on a 5-m long rotor blade during a full-speed (rotation rate 6.6 Hz) helicopter ground run, with real-time data wirelessly streamed from rotor hub-mounted sensor interrogators. In Part 1 of a 2-part paper series, the strain sensing capabilities of the two optical fibre-based sensing techniques, optical fibre Bragg grating (FBG) and fibre segment interferometry (FSI), are compared, while Part 2 (Kissinger et al 2022 Smart Mater. Struct. accepted) specifically investigates the blade shape measurement based on the FSI approach. In part 1, the rotor hub-mounted instrumentation is described, and data on the dynamics of the blade obtained from a sequence of controlled pilot inputs are analysed both in the time and spectral domains. It is shown that this can provide insights into the aeroelastic properties of the blade. Noise standard deviations of 0.2 n

ϵ

/

Hz

and 30 n

ϵ

/

Hz

for the FSI and FBG-based sensing approaches, respectively, were observed over a strain range of 3500 µϵ.
Thermodynamic parameters of atomically thin superconductors derived from the upper critical field
Authors: Talantsev Evgeny F 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The amplitude of the ground-state superconducting energy gap Δ(0) and relative jump in the electronic specific heat at the transition temperature

Δ

C

γ

T
c

are the primary fundamental parameters of any superconductor. Several well-established techniques are available for measuring these values in bulk samples. However, a limited number of techniques can be used to measure these parameters in atomically thin superconductors. Here, we propose a new approach for extracting Δ(0) and

Δ

C

γ

T
c

in atomically thin superconductors by utilizing the upper critical field data from perpendicular, B
c2,Δ(T) (when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the film surface) and parallel, B
c2,‖(T) (when a magnetic field is applied in the direction parallel to the film surface), external field directions. The deduced parameters for few-layer-thick Al, Sn, NbSe2, MoS2, magic angle twisted trilayer graphene, and WTe2 are well-matched values expected for strongly and moderately strongly coupled electron-phonon-mediated superconductors. In many reports, the enhancement of B
c2,‖(0) above the Pauli–Clogston–Chandrasekhar limiting field (i.e. magnetic field required to break the Cooper pair) in atomically thin superconductors has been explained based on the assumption of exotic pairing mechanisms, for instance, Ising-type pairing. Here, we explain the observed B
c2,‖(0) enhancement based on the geometrical enhancement factor that originates from the sample geometry. This approach does not assume the existence of novel exotic pairing mechanisms in atomically thin superconductors.
Resource speed limits: maximal rate of resource variation
Authors: Campaioli Francesco , Yu Chang-shui , Pollock Felix A , Modi Kavan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recent advances in quantum resource theories have been driven by the fact that many quantum information protocols make use of different facets of the same physical features, e.g. entanglement, coherence, etc. Resource theories formalise the role of these important physical features in a given protocol. One question that remains open until now is: how quickly can a resource be generated or degraded? Using the toolkit of quantum speed limits we construct bounds on the minimum time required for a given resource to change by a fixed increment, which might be thought of as the power of said resource, i.e., the rate of resource variation. We show that the derived bounds are tight by considering several examples. Finally, we discuss some applications of our results, which include generalisations of thermodynamic work, heat, and power to any given resource, as well as fundamental bounds on the computation rate in leading quantum processing architectures.
Complete conversion between one and two photons in nonlinear waveguides: theory of dispersion engineering
Authors: Solntsev Alexander S , Batalov Sergey V , Langford Nathan K , Sukhorukov Andrey A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
High-efficiency photon-pair production is a long-sought-after goal for many optical quantum technologies, and coherent photon conversion (CPC) processes are promising candidates for achieving this. We show theoretically how to control coherent conversion between a narrow-band pump photon and broadband photon pairs in nonlinear optical waveguides by tailoring frequency dispersion for broadband quantum frequency mixing. We reveal that complete deterministic conversion as well as pump-photon revival can be achieved at a finite propagation distance. We also find that high conversion efficiencies can be realised robustly over long propagation distances. These results demonstrate that dispersion engineering is a promising way to tune and optimise the CPC process.
Evaporation of dark matter from celestial bodies
Authors: Garani Raghuveer , Palomares-Ruiz Sergio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scatterings of galactic dark matter (DM) particles with the constituents of celestial bodies could result in their accumulation within these objects. Nevertheless, the finite temperature of the medium sets a minimum mass, the evaporation mass, that DM particles must have in order to remain trapped. DM particles below this mass are very likely to scatter to speeds higher than the escape velocity, so they would be kicked out of the capturing object and escape. Here, we compute the DM evaporation mass for all spherical celestial bodies in hydrostatic equilibrium, spanning the mass range [10-10 - 102] M⊙, for constant scattering cross sections and s-wave annihilations. We illustrate the critical importance of the exponential tail of the evaporation rate, which has not always been appreciated in recent literature, and obtain a robust result: for the geometric value of the scattering cross section and for interactions with nucleons, at the local galactic position, the DM evaporation mass for all spherical celestial bodies in hydrostatic equilibrium is approximately given by Ec/Tχ
∼ 30, where Ec
is the escape energy of DM particles at the core of the object and Tχ
is their temperature. In that case, the minimum value of the DM evaporation mass is obtained for super-Jupiters and brown dwarfs, m
evap ≃ 0.7 GeV. For other values of the scattering cross section, the DM evaporation mass only varies by a factor smaller than three within the range 10-41 cm2 ≤ σp
≤ 10-31 cm2, where σp
is the spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering cross section. Its dependence on parameters such as the galactic DM density and velocity, or the scattering and annihilation cross sections is only logarithmic, and details on the density and temperature profiles of celestial bodies have also a small impact.
Double-balanced mixer based on monolayer graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Wu Min , Hong Weida , Liu Guanyu , Zhang Jiejun , Tian Ziao , Zhang Miao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Graphene field-effect transistors (GFET) have attracted much attention in the radio frequency (RF) and microwave fields because of its extremely high carrier mobility. In this paper, a GFET with a gate length of 5 μm is fabricated through the van der Walls (vdW) transfer process, and then the existing large-signal GFET model is described, and the model is implemented in Verilog-A for analysis in RF and microwave circuits. Next a double-balanced mixer based on four GFETs is designed and analyzed in advanced design system (ADS) tools. Finally, the simulation results show that with the input of 300 and 280 MHz, the IIP3 of the mixed signal is 24.5 dBm.
Algorithm for optimization of methanol consumption in the «gas inhibitor pipeline-well-gathering system»
Authors: Proshutinskiy M S , Raupov I R , Brovin N M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The article proposes an algorithm of actions to optimize the consumption of methanol which is used as an inhibitor of hydrate formation in the process chain of oil and gas production. The proposed approach was developed in the process of analyzing the methanol supply system and planning measures to optimize it for the Eastern section of the Orenburg oil and gas condensate field. The algorithm consists of five sections which to a greater extent affect the efficiency of the inhibition system and are closely related to each other. These are data preparation, determination of equilibrium conditions of hydrate formation, calculation of methanol consumption rates, analysis of the inhibition system flexibility, operational control. The proposed solution in the form of an algorithm makes it possible to carry out a complex analysis of the hydrate formation prevention system, to determine the most optimal solutions to reduce the consumption of methanol.
Survey of knowledge and practice related health risks of mercury exposure among gold craft workers in Rappocini area, Makassar city
Authors: Rahmadani Nanang , Syafri Muhammad 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Mercury (Hg) can cause acute and chronic intoxications in humans, such as damage to the central nervous system, lungs, and kidneys. Goldsmiths pose the risk of exposure to Hg through direct skin contact or inhalation of Hg vapor during the amalgam burning process. This study aims to assess the level of workers' knowledge regarding the risk of exposure to Hg and investigate the practice of preventing health risks from exposure to Hg in household-level gold-crafting activities. The study used a descriptive observational approach. The population of the study was 110 gold craftsmen in the Rapokkaling Village, Makassar City. The number of samples was 52 people determined by the purposive sampling technique. The data collection instruments included a structured questionnaire, camera, recorder, and field note. The results of the data analysis showed that the proportion of respondents with a sufficient level of knowledge was greater than that with a low level of knowledge (65.4% and 34.6%, respectively). On the other hand, the results of the observation showed that 100% of gold craft workers had unsecure work practices. Sufficient knowledge about the risks of exposure to Hg does not guarantee the discipline of implementing secure work practices including using personal protective equipment.
UV spectroscopy for discrimination of two arabica coffee cultivars in West Java Indonesia: a feasibility study
Authors: Yulia M , Ningtyas K R , Suharyatun S , Rahmawati W , Suhandy D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Arabica coffee variety is one of the key parameters that highly influence the cup quality of arabica coffee. The objective of this current research is to evaluate the possible application of UV spectroscopy for the discrimination of arabica coffee with different cultivars. Green beans from two arabica coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica) of Typica and Sigarar Utang were collected from the same origin in Papandayan mountain West Java, Indonesia. The samples were subjected to the same postharvest treatments (wet cherry processing method). All samples were roasted in medium roasting with 200°C for 16 minutes using a portable roasting machine. A total of 40 samples of Typica and Sigarar Utang were provided by weighing 1 gram of coffee powder (mesh 40) for each sample. The extraction of coffee samples was performed based on previously reported work. The UV-visible spectral data of aqueous coffee samples were acquired by using a benchtop of UV-vis spectrometer in the range of 190-1100 nm. The first two PCs (principal components) with 94% of CEV (cumulative explained variance) could be used to separate between the Typica and Sigarar Utang samples. The Typica samples were situated on the left of PC1 (PC1<0) and Sigarar Utang samples were on the right of PC1 (PC1>0). In the future, it is promising to apply UV spectroscopy for simple and reliable discrimination of arabica coffee cultivar.
Conditions for Successful Local Collective Action in Mangrove Forest Management: Some Evidences from Eastern Coastal Area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Suharti S , Darusman D , Nugroho B , Sundawati L 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Resource management characterized by Common Pool Resources (CPRs) requires collective action for its sustainable management. CPRs with “rivalry” and “non-excludable” features face overexploitation problems because unlike the nature of pure public goods, the use of CPRs by one user will reduce the chances of other users taking advantage of it. This study aims to analyze the most appropriate local institutions and tenure arrangements for sustainable mangrove management in Eastern coast area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data and information were collected through in-depth interviews involving key informants selected by using snow-ball method and continued by Focus Group Discussion. Design principles for sustainable management of common pool resources of Ostrom has been used in this study as an analytical framework which illustrate the structure of rules established and imposed by the local CPR’s institutions. The findings show that collective action in sustainable mangrove management can be achieved through accepted rules and agreements that are participatory formulated. The agreed norms and rules have enacted as a benchmark for collective action in maintaining mangrove and to enforce sanctions for violators. The success of the community in sustainable mangrove resources management is mainly supported by the existence of several prerequisites that facilitate collective action. It is necessary to strengthen regulations both at the local and higher level through socialization to the community along with the development of incentive and disincentives system.
Bioethanol production from seaweed solid waste biomass of agar processing
Authors: Winarni I , Uju  , Santoso J , Wibowo T 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper describes about the potential application of renewable energy sources from biomass (seaweed waste) to replace fossil fuels combustion which produced CO2 emission and heavy metal pollution. The objective of the research is to utilize the seaweed solid waste from agar production industry for bioethanol feedstock. The enzymatic method was carried out for glucose production with the addition 1% of surfactant Tween 20 during the saccharification process of three kinds of substrate concentration (20, 25, 30% dw) and 10 FPU/g substrate for the cellulose concentration and usedS. cerevisaeas yeast in the fermentation process for bioethanol production. The result showed that the highest reducing sugar value (122.4 mg/mL) and 2.86% for the bioethanol content were from 30% dw treatment of substrate concentration of solid agar waste. Therefore, the waste from agar industry is a potential raw material to be used as biofuel and could reduce the heavy metal problems.
Farmers perceptions of paddy rice cultivation technology in Jakarta city
Authors: Ammatillah Chery Soraya , Sutardi Susi , Aminah Syarifah , Nurmalinda Dan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Rice cultivation technology from the IAARD has been introduced to several rice farmers in DKI Jakarta. The introduction carried out to optimize rice productivity amid all the limited urban agricultural resources. Farmers in urban areas have different characteristics. Easy access to information and access to farming locations should influence farmers' perceptions of the technology introduced. Therefore, this research aims to determine the characteristics of rice farmers in Jakarta and to find out the farmers' perceptions of introducing rice cultivation technology. The study was conducted in DKI Jakarta involving 25 farmers. Qualitative descriptive analysis was used to determine the characteristics of rice farmers in Jakarta. Quantitative analysis was used to determine perception of paddy rice cultivation technology. Perception analysis with a Likert scale approach was used to determine farmers' perceptions. The results show that although most of the rice farmers in Jakarta are not owners of cultivated rice fields and have limited land in various aspects, they have good accessibility. The analysis results also show that most respondent farmers have good/positive perceptions of introducing rice cultivation technology.
On dynamics of elliptic solitons in lossy optical fibers
Authors: Nfor Nkeh Oma , Jaja Mangeh Elsie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
By exploiting the theory of electromagnetic waves from Maxwell’s equations, the damped nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation is shown to govern the evolution of nonlinear periodic optical signals in a lossy optical fiber. These optical periodic pulses are mainly generated by the classical process of modulational instability (MI) in which nonlinearity is balanced by chromatic dispersion in the anomalous regime, with the linear loss generally suppressing the existence of soliton trains during propagation down the lossy fiber. When the periodic optical wave trains are subjected to weak external perturbations, this leads to the exposure of some internal modes of the system which are bound states solutions of the first order Lamé equation. These modes generally characterize various fundamental background excitations that co-propagate with the optical periodic signals in the fiber. Direct numerical simulations of the DNLS amplitude equation depict the exponential decrease in the amplitude and corresponding increase in the width of the wave trains during propagation. Power lasers are used in order to compensate for fiber losses; this is realized via time-division multiplexing of optical pulses which are periodically pumped into the lossy fiber at regular distances within the framework of a distributed amplification scheme. This leads to the regular energy restoration in the lossy fiber as a result of the interactions between the energized multiplexed light signals (generated by the power lasers) and the propagating damped optical pulses, hence ensuring effective transmission over long distances.
The life
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
‘The life’ presents an outline of the composer’s life from his early years in Bonn to his move to Vienna in 1792 to his death there in 1827. We know more about Beethoven than any composer who lived before him, and for that matter a great many who have come since. The sheer quantity of the historical record can seem overwhelming at times. The correspondence—more than 2,000 letters to and from him—extends across six hefty, printed volumes. The document now known as the Heiligenstadt Testament, written in 1802 but secreted away and not discovered until after his death, is a deeply personal and emotionally direct confrontation with the growing reality that he was losing his sense of hearing. In his later years, when his deafness had become severe, visitors often communicated by a combination of shouting and writing, and the 139 conversation books that have survived give us detailed insights into his daily concerns, with entries that range from the mundane to the metaphysical. The diary he kept sporadically between 1812 and 1818 records both philosophical and practical observations. Reminiscences of those who knew him personally fill two substantial volumes. And we have some 8,000 pages of musical sketches that range from brief melodic fragments to extensively drafted complete movements. These sketches allow us to trace the step-by-step growth of many of Beethoven’s landmark compositions, along with countless others he abandoned.
Love
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
‘Love’ notes that Beethoven was “frequent in love, but usually only for a very short time,” according to his pupil Ferdinand Ries. The most intense of his many relationships was with a woman whose identity to this day remains disputed, known only as the “Immortal Beloved,” the composer’s appellation to her in a passionate letter of 1812. Antonie Brentano and Josephine von Brunsvick-Deym-Stackelberg are the two most plausible candidates. The letter was discovered in a secret compartment of Beethoven’s desk after his death. How and to what extent this affair affected Beethoven’s composition remains altogether unclear: the work most often associated with the Immortal Beloved—the song cycle An die ferne Geliebte, op. 98—has recently been shown to have been written as a commissioned memorial to the late wife of Prince Lobkowitz, one of the composer’s most important patrons in Vienna.
Composing
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
‘Composing’ argues that the act of artistic creation of any kind is a process shrouded in mystery, and perhaps nowhere more so than in the realm of purely instrumental music, the kind on which Beethoven’s reputation has always rested. We nevertheless have a good sense of how Beethoven went about composing, thanks to the many sketchbooks he left behind. They document in fascinating detail the progression of a brief idea, sometimes little more than a simple interval, into a full-fledged theme which in turn undergoes multiple transformations of its own. The principal large-scale forms in which Beethoven and his contemporaries worked include sonata form, variation, and rondo. The fantasia, which follows no conventional outline, reflects Beethoven’s storied ability to improvise on the spot.