bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creep, Long-Time Tensile and Flexural Fatigue Properties of Melamine and Phenolic-Plastics Materials
Authors: Telfair D. , Adams C. H. , Mohrman H. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper reports work done to compare the tensile creep, long-time tensile strength, and dynamic flexural fatigue-strength properties of some commercial melamine and phenolic-plastic materials. Tensile-creep data for woodflour-filled phenolic and cellulose-filled melamine indicate that these plastics exhibit similar characteristics, that is, the rate of elongation at 500 hr is essentially the same for the two materials. Likewise, the total elongation at 1000 hr is of the same order of magnitude for each of the materials. Similarly, asbestos-filled phenolic and asbestos-filled melamine show comparable tensile-creep properties. The long-time tensile strength of the cellulose-filled melamine is superior to that of the woodflour-filled phenolic material. The melamine has a long-time tensile strength of about 67 per cent of the short-time value (A.S.T.M. D638-41T), as compared with a value for the phenolic of approximately 36 per cent. Results of the repeated flexural-stress tests indicate that the woodflour-filled phenolic plastic is slightly superior to the cellulose-filled melamine, the endurance limit for the phenolic being approximately 4000 psi, or 34 per cent of the short-time static flexural strength, and for the melamine 3000 psi or 31 per cent of the short-time static flexural strength. Further tests of this nature would be desirable for the purpose of studying the effect of other fillers and formulations.
Laboratory Testing of Rubber Torsion Springs
Authors: Cornell D. H. , Beatty J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cylindrical rubber torsion spring consists of three essential members — an intermediate member of flexible rubber, securely bonded to two rigid cylindrical metal shells, forming concentric inner and outer members. If such a spring is stressed in torsional shear, many advantages are realized, such as versatility of design, no static friction, inherent stability, elimination of serious stress concentrations, and elimination of lubrication needs. Laboratory tests have been performed to establish the load-deflection modulus, creep, and fatigue properties of rubber torsion springs. Other work has been done to a limited degree to investigate the effect of temperature on all of the properties mentioned. Such a program necessitated the development of test methods for these particular investigations. Methods have been developed to find accurately and conveniently the static and dynamic moduli of any rubber torsion spring if its physical dimensions and the fundamental data of the rubber are known.
Damping of Textile-Mill Movement by Frahm System
Authors: Crede Charles E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One of the most prevalent vibration problems in the operation of textile mills is associated with the lay movement of looms. The lay is a relatively heavy member driven with a reciprocating motion in essentially a horizontal path. Harmonic inertia forces are set up, and with the simultaneous operation of many looms large forces are transmitted to the floor and. thence to the walls of the building. Particularly where looms are mounted on upper floors of a mill building, the consequent side-to-side swaying movement is liable to exceed proportions of safety to the structure. In some cases, looms have been moved to lower floors, and in others remedial steps have been taken. Such remedies have taken the form of external abutments to reinforce the walls; the speeds of a number of looms have been changed to reduce the duration of the in-phase periods; and looms have been reoriented to distribute the forces in several different directions. Some of these measures have been helpful but not entirely corrective. The approach described in this paper is to apply to the Frahm tuned vibration damper to the restraint of mill movement.
Test Data on Gas-Side Sulphate-Type Deposits on Tubes Beyond Boiler Furnace
Authors: Barkley J. F. , Burdick L. R. , Berk A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Owing to accumulations of troublesome deposits on the gas side of tubes in one of the boilers at the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, a thorough study of the formation of the deposits was undertaken. From this work an improved method of analyzing products of combustion for SO2 and SO3 content was developed, details and procedure for which are given in the paper.
Cross-Laminated Oak
Authors: Stern E. George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three-ply cross-laminated oak panels with oak or yellow-poplar core of 25/32 or 1¼ in. total thickness, and 7 × 7 in., or 12 × 12 in. in area, were subjected to exposure tests of repetitive and/or alternating drying at slightly below 100 C, and/or soaking at laboratory temperature for 48 hr, in order to determine the influence of internal stresses due to exposure on the dimensional stability and durability of such panels. The test results indicate that these panels can be cross-laminated satisfactorily to with-stand extreme exposure conditions such as may occur in service, if their cross sections are properly balanced and their plies are properly assembled. The Tennessee Valley Authority designed and built a continuous-press pilot plant for the production of these 12-in-wide panels of any desirable length.
Stress Notch Sensitivity With Eccentric Holes
Authors: Schapiro L. , Esling R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tension strength of several cross sections containing holes of several diameters in several positions of eccentricity have been determined experimentally for aluminum alloys 24S-T, 75S-T, and 14S-T. A mathematical expression is suggested for the relationship between strength, hole size, and eccentricity of hole. The relative stress notch sensitivity of the three aluminum alloys is found to be the same with eccentric holes as had been reported for central holes or external notches.
Effect of Some Processing Variables on the Stress Required to Draw Tubular Parts
Authors: Espey George , Sachs George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tubular brass parts were drawn to determine the effects of a number of variables upon the draw forces and stresses. The variations were in the tube dimensions, the contour and finish of the die and punch, the temper and surface condition of the tubular parts, and the lubricant. The draw stress for a given reduction increased with decreasing die angle, this being the most important die variable. Radiused dies behaved in a manner similar to conical dies of the same contact area. Other die variables investigated had little effect upon the draw stress, these being various lengths of the cylindrical portion of the die at the exit (bearing or land), the die material, and the die finish. Tests with tapered punches yielded results similar to those obtained with cylindrical punches. Experimentation with punches of various degree of finish revealed that rough punches gave higher draw forces than polished punches, particularly when used in conjunction with small-angle dies. A number of lubricants were investigated, none of which excelled the performance of a 2 per cent aqueous solution of soap. The draw stresses were found to decrease with increasing time of immersion in soap solution.
The 2000-Psi, 1050 F, and 1000 F Reheat Cycle at the Philip Sporn and Twin Branch Steam-Electric Stations
Authors: Sporn Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The economical generation of steam-electric energy is affected by such factors as site, fuel, cycle, and equipment. A discussion of these basic factors serves as introduction to a description of the program involving the addition of 525,000 kw of generating capacity to the Central System of the American Gas and Electric Company at the Tidd, Philip Sporn, and Twin Branch Steam-Electric Stations. The discussion of the design employing 2000-psi 1050 F initial temperature with 1000 F reheat at the Philip Sporn Plant includes the location of the plant on the system, features of the site, the heat cycle, turbine, boiler, and plant layout. A net plant heat rate of 9270 Btu per net kwhr output is expected.
Gas-Turbine Plant Combustion-Chamber Efficiency
Authors: London A. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concepts of gas-turbine plant combustion-chamber efficiency are considered. Three distinct efficiency terms are required, one applying to incomplete combustion and setting losses, one to the flow friction and auxiliary-drive energy requirements, and the third to the influence of these losses on over-all plant thermal efficiency and output. These efficiencies are defined and details of application indicated. The proposed concepts are recommended for consideration as standards since they are thermodynamically meaningful, unambiguous, and relatively easy to apply both in evaluation of test performance and in cycle analysis.
Temperature Measurements and Combustion Efficiency in Combustors for Gas-Turbine Engines
Authors: Olson Walter T. , Bernardo Everett 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In investigations of the general altitude performance of combustors for aircraft gas-turbine engines at the Cleveland laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the combustors have been instrumented with a large number of thermocouples for determining average temperatures, temperature distributions, and combustion efficiencies. Presented herein is a discussion of the thermocouple installations used, some of the construction details of typical thermocouples, and representative temperature and combustion-efficiency measurements made in combustors. The results of numerous investigations of the general altitude performance of combustors for gas-turbine engines have indicated that air temperatures at the inlet to the combustors can be adequately measured with common bare-wire thermocouples, and that, at the combustor outlet, large variations in temperature distributions, nonuniform velocity distribution, and fluctuations in the temperatures are among the possible sources of errors in measuring the average combustor-outlet temperatures. In addition, the results indicate that the temperatures measured at the combustor outlet, although admittedly not accurate, are generally satisfactory for evaluating the altitude performance of combustors, and that the values of combustion efficiencies obtained from temperature measurements are satisfactory approximations of combustion efficiencies and serve to show the effect of primary variables on combustion efficiency.
Furnaces for By-Product Fuels
Authors: de Lorenzi Otto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Present-day costs of standard fuels such as coal, oil, and gas have advanced to a high level and concepts must now be revised regarding so-called refuse fuels. Their value as low-cost substitute fuels, for steam generation, will depend largely upon the manner in which they are prepared, and upon the use of suitable furnace designs. A number of furnace designs have been developed to handle by-product fuels from oil-refinery operations, and the manufacture of steel, coke, lumber, pulp, and sugar. Others are still in various experimental stages and many improvements in methods of drying, feeding, and burning fuels will be presently available. The characteristics of several of these fuels are discussed, and actual furnace designs illustrate the manner in which they are fired to provide process steam and save fuel dollars.
Laboratory Investigations of the Mechanism of Cavitation
Authors: Knapp R. T. , Hollander A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper describes some experimental investigations of the formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles. The experiments were carried on in the high-speed water tunnel of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology under the sponsorship of the Research and Development Division of the Bureau of Ordnance of the U. S. Navy and the Fluid Mechanics Section of the Office of Naval Research. A detailed study of the formation and collapse of the individual bubbles has been carried on by the use of high-speed motion pictures taken at rates up to 20,000 per sec. From these records calculations have been made of rate of formation and collapse of the bubbles. Deductions have been drawn from these results concerning the physical mechanism of the cavitation phenomenon.
Frequency-Response Measurements of a Hydraulic Power Unit
Authors: Hannah M. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hydraulic power units continue to find important applications in a wide variety of servomechanisms wherein high-performance power sources are required. In such applications the servo designer is concerned with the fidelity of the power unit in responding to the controlling signals, and this information is often obtained or corroborated by means of experimental data. This report outlines an investigation into the dynamic response of a typical hydraulic power unit comprising a transmission and associated stroke control. The well-known tool of frequency analysis has been employed to investigate the effects of certain system parameters on the performance of the several components of the power unit. The results have been evaluated with a view toward effecting improvement in the response of the power unit as a whole.
Prediction of Pressure Drop During Forced-Circulation Boiling of Water
Authors: Martinelli R. C. , Nelson D. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A tentative method for the rapid calculation of the pressure drop during forced-circulation boiling of water is presented. The method is based upon the application of pressure-drop data, obtained during the isothermal flow of air and various liquids, to the evaluation of local pressure gradients during forced-circulation boiling. Curves are developed by means of which the pressure drop during boiling can be estimated quickly once the exit quality, the boiling pressure, and the pressure drop for 100 per cent liquid are known. The proposed method is definitely an extrapolation of existing data and, as such, requires further experimental verification.
Experimental Combustion of Pulverized Coal at Atmospheric and Elevated Pressures
Authors: Hazard H. R. , Buckley F. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the basic problems associated with the development of a gas-turbine plant to use pulverized coal are those related to the burning of the pulverized coal under gas-turbine conditions. These conditions include high heat-release rates, high excess air, high static pressures, and a wide range of variation in all operating conditions. No previous data indicating the effects of pressure on the reaction rate of pulverized coal were available at the start of this investigation, and there had been little occasion to burn pulverized coal at the high heat-release rates used in gas-turbine practice when burning liquid fuels. This paper presents results obtained in a study of the effect of pressure upon the combustion reaction, and describes tests made with four small air-cooled combustors operated at high heat-release rates and low pressure in connection with a small gas-turbine unit. The work described was sponsored by the Locomotive Development Committee of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., under J. I. Yellott, director of research. It was one of several projects, related to the development of the coal-burning gas-turbine locomotive, which have been assigned to a number of universities and research institutions, and which have been described by Yellott in a recent paper. At the present time, large-scale development work is under way both at Battelle, where full-scale atmospheric-pressure combustors are under test, and at the Dunkirk, N. Y., plant of the American Locomotive Company, where full-scale coal-preparation equipment is being operated with a ⅓-scale combustor at full pressure.
Energy-Temperature Relations in the Combustion of Fuels in Gas Turbines
Authors: Kleinschmidt R. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses procedures for evaluating energy, temperature, and pressure relations based on precise knowledge of thermodynamic properties of the gases resulting from the combustion of fuel in thermal devices, including gas turbines. The problem of computing thermal efficiency and fuel required to cause a given temperature rise in the working fluid of a gas turbine is discussed.
Further Investigation on the Graphitization of Piping for the EEI and AEIC
Authors: Hall A. M. , Hoyt S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The graphitization test program initiated in 1943 at Battelle Memorial Institute by the EEI and AEIC was continued during 1947. Carbon-molybdenum, chromium-molybdenum, and vanadium-molybdenum compositions were tested at 1125 F. An effort was made to relate plastic deformation with graphitization on a laboratory basis. The high resistance of chromium-molybdenum steels was confirmed and further information was developed on the existence of an incubation period in the graphitization process.
Oscillating-Piston Meters for Fuel Consumption in Aircraft
Authors: Hazard C. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The amount of fuel remaining in the tanks of an airplane in flight may be determined in two ways: (a) by measuring the liquid levels in the tanks; or (b) by measuring the fuel as it is consumed and subtracting from the amount on board at take-off. The oscillating-piston type of displacement meter has been used successfully in the latter system. This paper describes two such meters, and gives data on the accuracy of this method of fuel measurement.
Analysis of Heat Transfer Over a Small Cylinder in Icing Conditions on Mount Washington
Authors: Tribus Myron , Young G. B. W. , Boelter L. M. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The data reported by Schaefer (1) for the heat required to maintain a heated rod (Calrod) dry and with a small trace of ice are compared to the heat requirements determined analytically. Satisfactory agreement (within the limits of the simplifying assumptions) was obtained for the first case only. Discrepancies between experimental and computed results are discussed. A new design for the heated cylinder is proposed as a possible means of measuring liquid-water content and drop size in flight through clouds.
Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Combustion 2021 Max Jakob Memorial Award Paper
Authors: Modest Michael F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In many important combustion applications, heat transfer is dominated by thermal radiation from combustion gases and soot. Thermal radiation from combustion gases is extremely complicated, and accurate and efficient predictions are only now becoming possible with the use of accurate global methods, such as full-spectrum k-distributions, and with state-of-the-art line-by-line accurate Monte Carlo methods. The coupling between turbulence and radiation can more than double the radiative loss from a flame, while making theoretical predictions vastly more complicated. This paper is an embellished version of the 2021 Max Jakob Award lecture: Radiative properties and computational methods will be briefly discussed, and several examples of turbulent reacting flows, an oxy-fuel furnace, and high-pressure fuel sprays in combustion engines will be presented. Thermal radiation can also be used as an optical diagnostic tool to determine temperature and concentration distributions, which will be briefly discussed.
Patterns of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid middle-aged and older-aged adults in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Khowaja Salima , Hashmi Shahkamal , Zaheer Sidra , Shafique Kashif 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the patterns of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid middle-aged and older-aged individuals in Karachi, Pakistan.Study designThis was an observational cross-sectional study conducted during 2015–2016.Study setting and participantsA total of 3250 participants aged 30 years and above, residing in the Gulshan-e-Iqbal town, Karachi, Pakistan were enrolled in the study through systematic random sampling. The selected area of residence represents diverse socioeconomic and ethnic groups of the city. People who could speak and write English or Urdu, and those who provided written informed consent were included in the study.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure of the study was to determine the differences in patterns of tobacco consumption among multimorbid and non-multimorbid adult individuals.ResultsWe found no difference in patterns of smoked (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.15, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.50, p=0.289) or smokeless tobacco (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.48, p= 0.379) use among multimorbid and non-multimorbid individuals. Individuals who perceived tobacco as a risk were less likely to consume smokeless tobacco products.ConclusionThere was no difference in tobacco consumption among individuals with and without multimorbidity. Evidenced-based guidelines are required to implement mental and behavioural interventions in patients with multiple chronic diseases to help them modify their behaviours.
Design of the FP-RESTORE study: a protocol for prospective, observational study of real-world treatments with endovascular therapy in patients with femoropopliteal artery Tosaka III in-stent restenosis
Authors: Li Xu , Zhou Min , Ding Yong , Wu Ziheng , Feng Zibo , Guo Lianrui , Li Qiang , Fang Xin , Sang Hongfei , Ye Meng , Shi Zhenyu 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionFemoropopliteal artery in-stent restenosis (FP-ISR) represents one of the main obstacles for stent implantation in peripheral artery disease patients, especially Tosaka III FP-ISR, which is also referred to as in-stent occlusion. Diverse endovascular treatments of Tosaka III FP-ISR are available, and the results are unequivocal. However, real-world data are limited. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety and health economics evaluation of various endovascular procedures in the treatment of Tosaka III FP-ISR.Method and analysisThis study is a prospective, multicentre, real-world, observational clinical study. Patients diagnosed with Tosaka III FP-ISR and treated with endovascular procedures in nine centres from 1 April 2021 to 31 December 2022 will be recruited. The relevant clinical information, Ankle-Brachial Index and CT angiography will be collected. All the participants will undergo follow-up at 1, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the operation. The primary outcome is freedom from clinically driven target lesion revascularisation at 24 months. Safety and health economics issues will also be reported.Ethics and disseminationThe FP-RESTORE clinical trial has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/). This study was also approved by the Institutional Review Board and Human Research Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (approval number: B2021-427). Moreover, written informed consent will be obtained at the time of recruitment. The study outcomes will be disseminated by publication in a peer-reviewed journal to provide information for further clinical practice.Trial registration numberNCT04801004.