bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomagnetic data from the GOCE satellite mission
Authors: Michaelis I. , Styp-Rekowski K. , Rauberg J. , Stolle C. , Korte M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is part of ESA’s Earth Explorer Program. The satellite carries magnetometers that control the activity of magnetorquers for navigation of the satellite, but are not dedicated as science instruments. However, intrinsic steady states of the instruments can be corrected by alignment and calibration, and artificial perturbations, e.g. from currents, can be removed by their characterisation correlated to housekeeping data. The leftover field then shows the natural evolution and variability of the Earth’s magnetic field. This article describes the pre-processing of input data as well as calibration and characterisation steps performed on GOCE magnetic data, using a high-precision magnetic field model as reference. For geomagnetic quiet times, the standard deviation of the residual is below 13 nT with a median residual of (11.7, 9.6, 10.4) nT for the three magnetic field components (x, y, z). For validation of the calibration and characterisation performance, we selected a geomagnetic storm event in March 2013. GOCE magnetic field data show good agreement with results from a ground magnetic observation network. The GOCE mission overlaps with the dedicated magnetic field satellite mission CHAMP for a short time at the beginning of 2010, but does not overlap with the Swarm mission or any other mission flying at low altitude and carrying high-precision magnetometers. We expect calibrated GOCE magnetic field data to be useful for lithospheric modelling and filling the gap between the dedicated geomagnetic missions CHAMP and Swarm.
Graphic Abstract
Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes: population-based cohort study
Authors: Bansal Narinder , Hudda Mohammed , Payne Rupert A. , Smith Daniel J. , Kessler David , Wiles Nicola 
Published: September 2022

Background
Antidepressants are one of the most widely prescribed drugs in the global north. However, little is known about the health consequences of long-term treatment.

Aims
This study aimed to investigate the association between antidepressant use and adverse events.

Method
The study cohort consisted of UK Biobank participants whose data was linked to primary care records (N = 222 121). We assessed the association between antidepressant use by drug class (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and ‘other’) and four morbidity (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CV)) and two mortality (cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause) outcomes, using Cox's proportional hazards model at 5- and 10-year follow-up.

Results
SSRI treatment was associated with decreased risk of diabetes at 5 years (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.49–0.83) and 10 years (hazard ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.87), and hypertension at 10 years (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.66–0.89). At 10-year follow-up, SSRI treatment was associated with increased risks of CV (hazard ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.02–1.77), CVD mortality (hazard ratio 1.87, 95% CI 1.38–2.53) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.48–2.03), and ‘other’ class treatment was associated with increased risk of CHD (hazard ratio 1.99, 95% CI 1.31–3.01), CVD (hazard ratio 1.86, 95% CI 1.10–3.15) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.20, 95% CI 1.71–2.84).

Conclusions
Our findings indicate an association between long-term antidepressant usage and elevated risks of CHD, CVD mortality and all-cause mortality. Further research is needed to assess whether the observed associations are causal, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
The use of consultation on Incontinence Questioner – Nocturia (ICIQ-N) in Indonesian population: an affirmation study
Authors: Adityagama Miftah , Rahardjo Harrina Erlianti 
Published: September 2022

Background: Nocturia is a urological condition in which individuals urinate more frequently than usual at night and it affects both genders. The clinician frequently uses questionnaires to diagnose nocturia however, some validated questions were in English. This study evaluated the validity of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Nocturia (ICIQ-N) in Indonesian patients. Methods: Two certified bilinguals (English-Indonesian) translated the ICIQ-N questionnaire from English to Indonesian. The reverse translation was done by two certified bilingual (Indonesian-English) translators, and the writers reviewed all of the translations leading to the final Indonesian translation. Instead of a linguistic translation, this technique ensured a thorough and unambiguous intellectual translation. The translated ICIQ-N was presented twice to the subjects, two weeks apart, to verify the questionnaire. The responses' validity and reliability were then investigated. Pearson and Cronbach’s alpha analysis were used to determine validity and reliability. Results: The r-Pearson correlation values ranged from 0.933 to 1 (p:0.001). The translated ICIQ-N questioner items were found to be reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.994 (>0.6). Conclusions: The ICIQ-N Indonesian version generated for this study is valid and reliable. As a result, it may be utilized as a diagnostic tool in Indonesian population.
Acute effects of cigarette smoke on Endothelial Nitric Oxide synthase, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and aortic intima media thickness
Authors: Ardiana Meity , Santoso Anwar , Hermawan Hanestya Oky , Nugraha Ricardo Adrian , Pikir Budi Susetyo , Suryawan I. Gde Rurus 
Published: September 2022

Background. Cigarette smoking could induce endothelial dysfunction and the increase of circulating markers of inflammation by activation of monocytes. This can lead to increased intima media thickness (IMT) of entire blood vessels and result in acceleration of the atherosclerosis process. However, to our knowledge, little is known about the role of cigarette smoking in this atherosclerotic inflammatory process. The aim of this study is to explore the link between cigarette smoking and its effect on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Methods. An experimental study with a post-test only controlled group design was used. We used 18 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) randomly subdivided into two groups: group K (-) were not exposed to tobacco smoke, whereas group K (+) were exposed to smoke equivalent of more than 40 cigarettes for 28 days daily. After 28 days, samples were analyzed for e-NOS, VCAM-1 and aortic IMT. Results. Our results indicate that tobacco smoke can enhance the expression of VCAM-1 on rat cardiac vascular endothelial cells, resulting in a decreased expression of e-NOS level and increase of aortic IMT. Linear regression model found that eNOS level negatively correlated wiith aortic IMT (r2 = 0.584, β = -0.764, p < 0.001), whereas VCAM-1 expression did not correlate with aortic IMT (r2 = 0.197, p = 0.065). Conclusion. Low e-NOS level and high VCAM-1 level observed after cigarette smoke exposure which may increase aortic IMT.
Surgical site infections: a scoping review on current intraoperative prevention measures
Authors: Bath MF , Davies J , Suresh R , Machesney MR 
Published: September 2022

Introduction Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity for surgical patients worldwide and with growing rates of antibiotic resistance, the development of new nonantimicrobial techniques to target SSI reduction is crucial. This review aimed to explore available nonantibiotic intraoperative interventions to reduce the risk of SSI. Methods A literature search was undertaken using Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Any study published from 1 January 1980 to 1 September 2021 that described any nonantibiotic intraoperative physical technique aiming to reduce SSI rates, with a primary or secondary outcome of SSI rates, was included. Findings A total of 45 articles were included in the final scoping review. The current nonantibiotic intraoperative interventions advised for use include chlorhexidine skin preparation with alcohol, pressurised wound irrigation, Triclosan-coated sutures for skin closure, and negative pressure wound therapy. Many other widely used surgical practices do not have the supporting evidence to validate their routine use in clinical practice to reduce SSI rates. Conclusions We identified several techniques that can be used in the operating theatre to provide additional opportunities to reduce SSI rates. However, strict adherence to current established SSI prevention guidelines remains the mainstay of ensuring SSI rates remain low.
Deconstructing operations to improve recording of surgical training experience for the new curriculum
Authors: Scroggie DL , Dewi F , Pathak S , Blencowe NS , Hollowood A , Strong S , Smith A , Jah A , Van Laarhoven S 
Published: September 2022

Surgical training in the UK has become outcomes-based with the implementation of the new curriculum. Performance is evaluated against the standard expected of a new consultant. Accurate recording of operative experience and performance is necessary to demonstrate achievement of this standard. The current eLogbook system for recording surgical experience is a significant improvement over paper-based records but may misrepresent actual experience because operations are considered as a whole; involvement in steps within many operations cannot be recorded. We describe how surgical training logbooks, such as eLogbook, can be improved by using an existing typology to deconstruct operations into steps, using a worked example. Trainees will gain the ability to record their experience of operations and simulations in considerably more detail. It will be particularly useful in recording complex operations, which trainees are not expected to complete in their entirety. Less experienced trainees will benefit from being able to record their involvement in more basic parts of operations. We also propose integrating a component-based training discussion in the surgical team brief and debrief to complement the deconstructed logbook by promoting a training culture. The suggested approach may reduce misrepresentation of experience, encourage proactive planning of training opportunities and reduce the impact of crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical training.
A retrospective clinical, multi-center cross-sectional study to assess the severity and sequela of Noma/Cancrum oris in Ethiopia
Authors: Gebretsadik Heron Gezahegn , de Kiev Laurent Cleenewerck 
Published: September 2022

Introduction
Noma is a disfiguring gangrenous disease of the orofacial tissue and predominantly affects malnourished children. The tissue gangrene or necrosis starts in the mouth and eventually spreads intra-orally with the destruction of soft and hard tissues. If not controlled, the natural course of the condition leads to a perforation through the skin of the face, creating a severe cosmetic and functional defect, which often affects the mid-facial structures. Furthermore, the course of the disease is fulminating, and without timely intervention, it is fatal.

Materials and methods
A retrospective clinical cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the sequela and severity of Noma in Ethiopia. Medical records of patients diagnosed with Noma were reviewed. The medical files were obtained from Yekatik 12 Hospital, Facing Africa, and the Harar project,—the three major Noma treatment centers in Ethiopia. The severity of facial tissue damage and the extent of mouth trismus (ankylosis) were examined based on the NOIPTUS score.

Results
A total of 163 medical records were reviewed. Of those, 52% (n = 85) and 48% (n = 78) have reported left-sided and right-sided facial defects, respectively. The facial defects ranged from minor to severe tissue damage. In other words, 42.3% (n = 69), 30.7% (n = 50), 19% (n = 31), and 8% (n = 13) have reported Grade-2 (25–50%), Grade-3 (50–75%), Grade-1 (0–25%), and Grade-4 (75–100%) tissue damages respectively. Cheek, upper lip, lower lip, nose, hard palate, maxilla, oral commissure, zygoma, infra-orbital region, mandible, and chin are oftentimes the major facial anatomic regions affected by the disease in the individuals identified in our review. Complete loss of upper lip, lower lip, and nose were also identified as a sequela of Noma.

Discussion
The mortality rate of Noma is reported to vary between 85% and 90%. The few survivors suffer from disfigurement and functional impairment affecting speech, breathing, mastication, and/or even leading to changes in vision. Often, the aesthetic damage becomes a source of stigma, leading to isolation from society, as well as one’s family. Similarly, our review found a high level of facial tissue damage and psychiatric morbidity.
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, COVID-19 related hospitalizations and deaths, among individuals aged ≥65 years in Portugal: A cohort study based on data-linkage of national registries February-September 2021
Authors: Machado Ausenda , Kislaya Irina , Rodrigues Ana Paula , Sequeira Duarte , Lima João , Cruz Camila , Leite Pedro Pinto , Matias Dias Carlos , Nunes Baltazar 
Published: September 2022

Background
Using data from electronic health registries, this study intended to estimate the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the population aged 65 years and more, against symptomatic infection, COVID-19-related hospitalizations, and deaths, overall and by time since complete vaccination for the period February to September 2021

Methods
We established a cohort of individuals aged 65 and more years old, resident in Portugal mainland, using the National Health Service User number to link eight electronic health registries. Outcomes included were symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, COVID-19-related hospitalizations or deaths. The exposures of interest were the mRNA vaccines (Comirnaty or Spikevax) and the viral vector (Vaxzevria) vaccine. Complete schedule VE was estimated as one minus the confounder adjusted hazard ratio, for each outcome, estimated by time-dependent Cox regression with time-dependent vaccine exposure.

Results
For the cohort of individuals aged 65–79 years, complete scheme VE against symptomatic infection varied 43 (95%CI: 37–49) (Vaxzevria) and 65 (95%CI: 62–68) (mRNA vaccines). This estimate was slightly lower in the ≥80 years cohort (53, 95%CI: 45–60) for mRNA vaccines). VE against COVID-19 hospitalization varied between 89% (95%CI: 52–94) for Vaxzevria and 95% (95%CI: 93–97) for mRNA vaccines for the cohort aged 65–79 years and was 76% (95%CI: 67–83) for mRNA vaccines in the ≥80 years cohort. High VE against COVID-19-related deaths was estimated, for both vaccine types, 95% and 81 (95%CI:76–86) for the 65–79 years and the ≥80 years cohort, respectively. We observed a significant waning of VE against symptomatic infection, with VE estimates reaching approximately 34% for both vaccine types and cohorts. Significant waning was observed for the COVID-19 hospitalizations in the ≥80 years cohort (decay from 83% (95%CI:68 to 91) 14–41 days to 63% (95%CI:37 to 78) 124 days after mRNA second dose). No significant waning effect was observed for COVID-19-related deaths in the period of follow-up of either cohort.

Conclusions
In a population with a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 complications, we observed higher overall VE estimates against more severe outcomes for both age cohorts when compared to symptomatic infections. Considering the analysis of VE according to time since complete vaccination, the results showed a waning effect for both age cohorts in symptomatic infection and COVID-19 hospitalization for the 80 and more years cohort.
Blends: an intermediate category at the crossroads of morphology and phonology
Authors: Hamans Camiel 
Published: September 2022

Blends are traditionally seen as irregular and unsystematic. In this paper it is shown that one must make a distinction between stub compounds or clipped compounds (sitcom, misper) and real blends (brunch, advertorial). In much of the literature on blends, however, stub compounds are classified as blends.
Stub compounds appear to be compounds and follow the Compound Stress Rule, whereas blends turn out to form a category of its own. Blends exhibit a right-hand head and insofar they can be compared to compounds. However, their prosodic structure is a copy of the second source word, the word where the final part of the word comes from. The analysis presented here demonstrates that blends consist of one prosodic word, whereas compounds consist of two. This proves that blends are an intermediate category of their own at the intersection of phonology and morphology. The examples discussed mainly come from English. Data from Dutch and German is also presented.
The Girls Are Alright: Examining Protective Factors of US Black Culture and Its Impact on the Resilience of Black Girls and Women
Authors: Zinobia Bennefield , Taylor Jackson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn overarching narrative exists that the self-concept of Black girls is adversely impacted by the negative portrayals of Black Americans in the mainstream media. We assert that this mainstream narrative presents a deficit model account in which Black girls are perpetual victims of white racism. A more complete narrative, one that we offer in this essay, is that while the white patriarchal society has tried, through various means, to undermine the self-esteem of Black Americans, Black girls are healthy, confident, and full of belief in themselves, their beauty, and their power. We argue that much of the power exhibited by Black girls can be attributed to three crucial supports. First, the Black childhood facilitated by the Black family, Black spirituality or “Black girl magic” as it has come to be known in the mainstream, and sisterhood with peers and elders. We offer this counter narrative in order to challenge the predominate account but also to enable critical thought about the resilience Black girls possess, a magic wherein they engage in self-definition and see their worth despite society’s attempts to crush their souls.
Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles usingCeratonia siliqua L.aqueous extract: improvement of colloidal stability by optimizing synthesis parameters, and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Aksu Demirezen Derya , Yılmaz Şeyda , Demirezen Yılmaz Dilek , Yıldız Yalçın Şevki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study focused on the colloidal stability enhancement of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of theCeratonia siliqua L.(carob pod) by optimizing the synthesis parameters. The synthesis parameters were determined as the concentration of iron ions, the concentration of extract,pHof extract, temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time. The significance of the studied factors in controlling the particle size distribution of nanoparticles was quantitatively evaluated via analysis of variance (ANOVA). Iron oxide nanoparticles were produced with an average zeta potential of +41 ± 0.8 mV, hydrodynamic size of 78 ± 22 nm, and a polydispersity value of 0.42 ± 0.06, respectively. As a result of the stability study by measuring the zeta potential, it was determined that the colloidal stability was maintained for 3 months. Green iron oxide nanoparticles (gIONPs) showed inhibition zones of 24.27 ± 0.12 mm and 20.83 ± 0.11 mm in 250 mg/mL concentration against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains, respectively.S. aureuswas susceptible to the gIONPs according to the standard antibiotics of Cefotaxime (≥23 mm), Tetracycline (≥19 mm), Gentamicin (≥15 mm), and Cefoxitin (≥22 mm).E. coliwas susceptible to the gIONPs according to the standard antibiotics of Tetracycline (≥19 mm) and Gentamicin (≥15 mm), but showed resistance to the Cefotaxime (15–22 mm) and Cefoxitin (≤21 mm) standard antibiotics. This study suggests that the green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles could be used as an antimicrobial agent and a promising candidate for usage in sensor, biomedical, and electronics applications for being in a highly stable structure.
On the general position number of two classes of graphs
Authors: Yao Yan , He Mengya , Ji Shengjin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The general position problem is to find the cardinality of the largest vertex subset

S

S

such that no triple of vertices of

S

S

lies on a common geodesic. For a connected graph

G

G

, the cardinality of

S

S

is denoted by

gp

(

G

)

{\rm{gp}}\left(G)

and called the

gp

{\rm{gp}}

-number (or general position number) of

G

G

. In the paper, we obtain an upper bound and a lower bound regarding the

gp

{\rm{gp}}

-number in all cacti with

k

k

cycles and

t

t

pendant edges. Furthermore, the exact value of the

gp

{\rm{gp}}

-number on wheel graphs is determined.
Over represented – under represented: the juxtaposition of Black males in special education programs
Authors: Gibson Lenwood 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The disproportionate, over-representation of Black boys in special education continues to be a matter of social injustice and inequity in education. Many Black students are placed in special education due to subjective identification processes. This is especially true when it comes to classifications such as Emotional Behavior Disorders (EBD). Black boys classified with EBD are more likely to be educated in exclusionary settings, and once placed, are less likely to return to integrated environments. This often leads to poor educational and life outcomes. The topic of disproportionality in special education has been studied and discussed over the past several decades, yet the problems persist. The purpose of this article is to discuss reasons for the over representation of Black boys who are identified as having EBD. Moreover, this discussion is extended to include the disproportionate, under-representation of Black men as special education professionals, classroom teachers and full-time faculty members in special education teacher preparation programs. The impact of this juxtaposition continues to exacerbate both sides of disproportionality of Black males in special education.
“Life is in the Ears”: what Black learners should hear from general and special educators
Authors: Obiakor Festus E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What Black learners hear from their general and special education professionals affect how they communicate and interact in classrooms and other learning situations and environments. Most students, no matter how young, are very perceptive—they can tell if the teacher or the learning environment is welcoming or unwelcoming. When the environment is not welcoming, Black learners feel psychologically disenfranchised, disadvantaged, and disillusioned. And, when the environment is welcoming, these learners feel motivated and inspired to maximize their fullest potential. Rather than engage Black learners with implicit and explicit messages that are results of negative assumptions, unrealistic expectations, illusory generalizations, and systemic racist statements, general and special educators should send inspiring messages to their learners while also trying to hear from them to allow their silenced voices to be visible in school programs. This is the premise of this article.