bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating Streambank Erosion with Overland and Ephemeral Gully Models Improves Stream Sediment Yield Simulation
Authors: Mankin Kyle R. , Modala Naga Raghuveer 
Published: July 2022

HighlightsSimulation of overland (AnnAGNPS) and ephemeral gully (REGEM) erosion underestimated watershed sediment yield.Three methods were used to disaggregate contribution of streambank sediment loads to daily streamflow events.A rainfall-based method, with scaling factor and threshold term, had good performance and low bias in all watersheds.Calibrated model results indicated that most sediment yield was from streambank sources (78% to 93%).Abstract. Models used to guide watershed management must account for sediment from all erosion sources (interrill and rill, ephemeral gully (EG), and streambank), each of which operates at different spatial and temporal scales. Our hypothesis was that the use of separate models to explicitly simulate sediment yield contributions for each of these three sources would improve model agreement with measured watershed sediment yield data. We tested this hypothesis using AnnAGNPS (overland flow/erosion model), REGEM (EG erosion model), and field-measured streambank erosion disaggregated to an event basis using three methods in three watersheds (North Fork, Main Stem, and Irish Creek, Kansas). AnnAGNPS alone and in combination with REGEM underestimated sediment yields and had a poorly calibrated performance in all three watersheds, which reinforced the need to include sediment loads from stream sources. The three streambank sediment disaggregation methods each included two calibration terms: a scaling factor and a threshold term, which disaggregated 2-year-total streambank erosion measurements into event-based values based on rainfall, streamflow, or stream power. All three methods gave “very good” sediment-yield calibration results (event-based Ef = 0.6, PBIAS near 0%) for Main Stem and Irish Creek but gave “satisfactory” results only for the rainfall-based streambank disaggregation method in the evaluation watershed (North Fork). Calibrated model results indicated that most of the measured outlet sediment yields in the study watersheds were from streambank sources (78% to 93%), with less from overland erosion (7% to 22%) and little from EG erosion (0% to 7%). These methods could be equally effective in scaling and disaggregating stream-based sediment contributions without measured streambank erosion, but the calibration terms would lose physical meaning in reference to measured streambank values. The skill demonstrated by all three streambank disaggregation thresholds may provide a foundation for building simple, process-based streambank sediment yield simulation models. Keywords: Ephemeral gully erosion, Interrill and rill erosion, Modeling, Streambank erosion, Watershed.
Green Fruit Removal Dynamics for Development of Robotic Green Fruit Thinning End-Effector
Authors: Hussain Magni , He Long , Schupp James , Heinemann Paul 
Published: July 2022

HighlightsPulling and stem-cutting methods were used for measuring the green fruit removal dynamics.A stem-cutting end-effector prototype was designed, developed, and tested for green fruit removal.No significant correlation was found between the fruit or stem size and the force required for fruit removal.The success rate of the stem-cutting end-effector prototype for all experiments was over 90%.Abstract. Green fruit thinning is one of the most important operations in apple production for obtaining high-quality fruit. Manual thinning is time-intensive, making it impractical for large orchards. Some alternative methods, such as chemical and mechanical thinning, have greatly improved work efficiency, but both methods have drawbacks due to non-selective targeting. Robotic green fruit thinning can potentially be as selective as manual thinning. This study developed an effective end-effector for robotic green fruit thinning. Prior to designing the end-effector, a series of fruit removal dynamics tests were conducted to determine the forces required for robotic thinning using pulling or stem-cutting methods on three different apple cultivars. The overall mean forces for pulling detachment were 24.78 ±0.48 N and 19.91 ±0.55 N when detaching stem from the fruit-end and the spur-end, respectively. The average force required for stem-cutting was 33.6 ±8.0 N among the three cultivars. No significant differences were found between the fruit or stem dimensions and the force required for fruit removal. A stem-cutting end-effector prototype was then developed to conduct fruit removal experiments in field conditions. Two end-effector prototype configurations were tested: one placing the end-effector on a handheld bar, and the other integrating the end-effector with a six DoF robotic manipulator. The success rates of green fruit removal for all end-effector prototype experiments were over 90%. The end-effector is a core component of an automated green fruit thinning system. Integration with the robotic manipulator also indicated the potential of a robotic green fruit system to remove fruit at different locations and orientations. A machine vision system will be developed and integrated with the end-effector to develop a robotic green fruit thinning system. Keywords: Apple, Crop load management, End-effector, Fruit removal dynamics, Robotic thinning.
Validation Principles of Agricultural Machine Multibody Dynamics Models
Authors: Adams Bailey , Darr Matthew 
Published: July 2022

HighlightsThis study focused on proper validation methodology for agricultural machine multibody dynamic models.Experimental design included categorizing subsystems, data acquisition, testing, and data pre-processing.Three error quantification metrics are proposed to summarize model performance and overall agreement.Abstract. Multibody dynamic (MBD) models are required to be accurate if they are to be used with confidence. To determine the overall accuracy of an agricultural machine MBD model, the model needs to be validated through proper experimental design principles and error analysis. At a high-level, the main methodology concepts for the experimental design involve categorizing dynamic subsystems, creating a data acquisition plan, determining and completing experimental testing, and pre-processing of physical and virtual time series datasets. This paper provides a methodology and example validation process for an MBD model of an agricultural self-propelled sprayer. As part of the experimental testing, a tip test revealed that the vertical center of gravity of the MBD model resulted in a 2.8% error from the physical machine. Furthermore, to summarize simulation model performance against physical data, three error quantification metrics for time-series data comparison are proposed: (1) correlation coefficient, (2) two-sample t-test and two-sample F-test, and (3) standard deviation of absolute error. For determining whether there is an acceptable level of agreement, this study proposes that the correlation coefficient should be greater than 0.7, the two-sample t-test and two-sample F-test should both pass (but with special consideration of the resulting confidence intervals if they fail), and that the standard deviation of absolute error should be less than 25% of the standard deviation of physical time series data. These error metrics, together with their defined sets of agreement criteria, resulted in detecting where the self-propelled sprayer system was experiencing validation issues and eventually the overall practical validation of the MBD model. Keywords: Agricultural machines, Confidence, Error metrics, Models, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Simulation, Validation.
Polarization-multiplexing achromatic metasurfaces for manipulation of terahertz waves
Authors: Qin Chong , Fan Wenhui , Wu Qi , Jiang Xiaoqiang , Yan Hui 
Published: July 2022

Metasurfaces that can effectively manipulate electromagnetic waves provide a novel solution to realize efficient terahertz functional devices. However, the chromatic aberration of metasurfaces is a remarkable challenge for their extensive applications. Multi-functional metasurfaces are highly desirable in practical applications. Here, we demonstrate polarization-multiplexing achromatic metasurfaces working in the terahertz regime based on anisotropic meta-atoms which exhibit the form birefringence. Specifically, a polarization-multiplexing achromatic metalens working in the frequency range from 0.8 THz to 1.2 THz is proposed and verified numerically, which can focus terahertz waves within the working bandwidth to different focal planes by varying the polarization state of an incident terahertz wave; the deviation of focal length is less than 8.88% across the whole working bandwidth. In addition, a polarization-multiplexing achromatic deflector working in the frequency range from 0.8 THz to 1.2 THz is also designed and simulated, which can deflect a terahertz wave within the working bandwidth to different directions by manipulating the polarization state of an incident terahertz wave. The metasurfaces demonstrated here are of great significance for the development of ultra-compact, flexible, and multi-functional terahertz devices based on metasurfaces.
Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction in single-phased
Ti1−xInxO2 (x = 0∼0.1) thin
films
Authors: Niu Ruifeng , Cui Liqi , Wang Weitian 
Published: July 2022

In this study, single-phased rutile

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transmission spectra reveal that the films show good transparency in
the wavelength range of 330–900 nm. The absorption edge of the

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thin films is blueshifted compared
with that of undoped

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films. A single-beam

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operating at 532 nm with a duration of 55 ps was employed to evaluate
the films’ nonlinear optical characteristics. The results show that
the prepared

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film obviously increases with the
increasing doping of In ions. The local electron-pinned defect-dipoles
and widening bandgaps in the

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thin films could be used to explain
the observed results.
Multiwavelength absorption switching based on the metal-dielectric-metal multilayer Kerr metamaterial
Authors: Chen F. , Yu C. C. 
Published: July 2022

In this paper, quintuple-band absorption switch has been demonstrated and studied. Finite-difference time-domain simulations indicate the absorption originated from localized surface plasmon polaritons and Fabry–Perot resonance effect. Quintuple-band plasmonic perfect absorption with maximum absorption of 99.8%, 86.2%, 99.9%, 95.8%, and 97.8% at the resonance wavelength of 635 nm, 694 nm, 915 nm, 1125 nm, and 1345 nm, respectively. We calculate the sensitivity of the five modes is about

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(RIU is the refractive index unit). Angle and polarization independent of the quintuple-band absorption are also investigated. Moreover, by adjusting the pump light on and off, absorption ratios of 3.9, 10.3, 3.8, 3.4, and 6.8 have been achieved. Besides, the proposed multiwavelength absorption switching has excellent absorption stability and polarization tolerance. We believe the proposed structure can find potential applications in the fields of multiband sensor and all-optical modulation.
Perfect terahertz absorber with dynamically tunable peak and bandwidth using graphene-based metamaterials
Authors: Wu Jian-Xin , Deng Xin-Hua , Liu Hong-Fei , Yuan Jiren 
Published: July 2022

A graphene-based dynamic tunable terahertz (THz) perfect absorber is proposed in this paper. The absorber consists of periodic gold nanoribbons on a graphene-coated silica layer supported by a flat gold substrate, and the graphene is sandwiched between two hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers. We demonstrate that the proposed structure can lead to perfect THz absorption because of strong photon localization surrounding the graphene layer of the structure. The THz absorption may be tuned continuously from 0 to 100% by controlling the chemical potential through a gate voltage. Moreover, the peak position and bandwidth of absorption spectra can be tuned by adjusting the width of the gold nanoribbons and duty ratio. The absorber can maintain high-efficiency light absorption of more than 90% at a wide range of light incidence angles of 0 to 85 deg. Using the existing technology, our design scheme is easy to realize, which will be helpful to promote the development and application of optoelectronic devices.
Molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed in patients previously treated for Hodgkin lymphoma or testicular cancer
Authors: Rigter Lisanne S. , Snaebjornsson Petur , Rosenberg Efraim H. , Altena Estelle , van Grieken Nicole C. T. , Aleman Berthe M. P. , Kerst Jan M. , Morton Lindsay , Schaapveld Michael , Meijer Gerrit A. , van Leeuwen Flora E. , van Leerdam Monique E. ,   PALGA group
Published: July 2022

Introduction
The risk of developing gastric cancer is increased in patients treated with radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or testicular cancer (TC). This study aims to assess if gastric adenocarcinoma after treatment for HL/TC (t-GC) is molecularly different from gastric adenocarcinoma in the general population.

Methods
Patients were diagnosed with t-GC ≥5 years after treatment for HL/TC. Four molecular subtypes were identified using immunohistochemical and molecular analyses: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency or microsatellite instability (MSI), aberrant p53 staining as surrogate for chromosomal instability (sCIN), and a surrogate for genomic stability (sGS) without these aberrations. Results were compared with gastric cancer in the general population (p-GC) described in literature.

Results
Molecular subtyping of 90 t-GCs resulted in 3% EBV, 8% MSI, 36% sCIN and 53% sGS. 3/6 of MSI t-GCs had MLH1 promoter methylation and 2/6 were explained by double somatic mutations in MMR genes. T-GCs were more frequently sGS than p-GCs (53% vs. 38%, p = 0.04). T-GC was more frequently sGS in HL/TC patients diagnosed before 1990, than after 1990 (63% vs. 38%, p = 0.03). T-GCs located in the antrum, an area that receives high irradiation doses, were more frequently sGS (61% vs. 28% in p-GCs, p = 0.02).

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that t-GCs are more frequently of the sGS subtype than p-GCs. An association of t-GC of the sGS subtype with prior anticancer treatment is suggested by the high frequency in HL/TC patients who were treated before 1990, a time period in which HL/TC treatments were more extensive.
Hand size estimates of fibromyalgia patients are associated with clinical and experimental pain
Authors: Staud Roland , Carpenter Rachel , Godfrey Melyssa , Robinson Michael E. 
Published: July 2022

Introduction
Simply inspecting one’s own body can reduce clinical pain and magnification of body parts can increase analgesia. Thus, body perceptions seem to play an important role for analgesia. Conversely, pain may also affect bodily perceptions. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of clinical and/or experimental pain on perceived hand size in fibromyalgia patients (FM) and healthy controls (HC).

Methods
To investigate the effects of chronic and/or acute pain on size perception we compared hand size estimates of 35 HC and 32 FM patients at baseline and during tonic mechanical pain stimuli applied to one ear lobe. Mechanical stimuli were adjusted for each individual pain sensitivity to achieve a rating of 4 ± 1 VAS (0–10) units. Photographs of each subject’s hands were digitally manipulated to produce a monotonic series of 5 images larger and 6 smaller than actual size which were then presented to the participants in ascending and descending order (total number of images: 12).

Results
FM and HC participants’ clinical pain ratings at baseline were 3.3 (3.1) and .3 (.8) VAS units, respectively. At baseline, FM participants selected significantly smaller hand images than HC as representative of their actual size (p < .02). During application of tonic experimental pain, the image size chosen to represent their actual hand size decreased significantly in FM participants and HC (p < .001) but this decrease was not different between groups (p > .05). Hand size estimates of FM participants correlated negatively with their clinical pain ratings (p < .04).

Conclusion
The decreased hand size perception of FM patients and HC was associated with their clinical and/or experimental pain, supporting the hypothesis that pain can result in visual body distortions.
Comparing timelines and evidence available to support new TB, HIV, and HCV drug approvals: The same, only different
Authors: LaHood Allison , Rahman Rifat , McKenna Lindsay , Frick Mike , Mitnick Carole D. 
Published: July 2022

Background
Tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share a global presence and propensity to disproportionately affect marginalized populations. However, over recent decades, many fewer drugs have been brought to market for TB than for the others. Although three new anti-TB drugs have been approved in the US or Europe in the last 10 years, uptake of these drugs has been limited. Using case examples of drugs developed recently for TB, HIV, and HCV, we explore possible reasons. We examine the use and effect of regulatory pathways intended to address weak economic incentives in the face of urgent, unmet needs; evaluate the extent of data underpinning authorizations for these indications; document development timelines and evidence available at the time of each approval; consider explanations for observed differences; and discuss the implications for clinical guidelines and use.

Methods and findings
For each indication, we selected two drugs: one recently approved and one approved between 2012 and 2014, when the first new anti-TB drug from a novel class in more than 40 years received marketing authorization. We calculated time from first published peer-reviewed evidence of activity to date of approval; the number of phase 1, 2, and 3 trials; the number of trial participants randomized to treatment arms containing the drug; and the total number of participants in each trial from the individual drug approval packages. We found that the two TB drugs took longer to gain approval (8.0 and 19.2 years for bedaquiline and pretomanid, respectively) despite availing of special regulatory pathways meant to expedite approval, when compared to the HIV (2.6 years for dolutegravir and 4.7 years for doravirine) and HCV drugs (3.2 and 1.6 years for sofosbuvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, respectively). Moreover, fewer participants were studied prior to TB drug approvals (380 and 879) than prior to approvals for HIV (1598 and 979) and for HCV (2291 and 2448) drugs.

Conclusions
The dramatic disparities observed in TB drug development reaffirm the importance of several actions. Increased investment in TB research and development is necessary to rapidly advance drugs through the pipeline. Development plans and partnerships must provide safety and efficacy evidence on combinations and durations that are relevant to real-world use in heterogeneous populations. Reliable, validated surrogate markers of relapse-free cure are essential to decrease the duration and cost of TB treatment trials and increase the confidence and speed with which new regimens can advance. Lastly, regulators and normative bodies must maintain high evidentiary standards for authorization while ensuring timely and broad approval for TB drugs and regimens.
Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal
Authors: Khanal Mahesh Kumar , Bhandari Pratiksha , Dhungana Raja Ram , Gurung Yadav , Rawal Lal B. , Pandey Gyanendra , Bhandari Madan , Devkota Surya , Courten Maximilian de , Courten Barbora de 
Published: July 2022

Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has limited data on these CVD risk parameters, we assessed the prevalence of poor glycemic control, CVD risk factors, and their clustering among patients with T2DM.

Methods
Using a cross-sectional study design, we collected data of 366 patients with T2DM. We applied a multistage cluster sampling technique and used the WHO STEPS tools. Binary logistic and Poisson regression was applied to calculate odds and prevalence ratio of clustering of risk factors, considering P< 0.05 statistically significant.

Results
The mean age of participants was 54.5±10.7 years and 208 (57%) were male. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 66.4% (95% C.I: 61.5–71.2). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol users, inadequate fruit and vegetables intake and physical inactivity were 18% (95% C.I:14 to 21.9), 14.8% (95% C.I:11.1 to 18.4), 98.1% (95% C.I: 96.7–99.4), and 9.8% (95% C.I:6.7–12.8), respectively. Overall, 47.3% (95% C.I: 42.1–52.4) were overweight and obese, 59% (95% C.I: 52.9–63) were hypertensive, and 68% (95% C.I: 63.2–72.7) had dyslipidemia. Clustering of two, three, four, five and more than five risk factors was 12.6%, 30%, 30%,19%, and 8.7%, respectively. Four or more risk factors clustering was significantly associated with gender, age, level of education, T2DM duration, and use of medication. Risk factors clustering was significantly higher among males and users of anti-diabetic medications with prevalence ratio of 1.14 (95% C.I:1.05–1.23) and 1.09 (95% C.I: 1.09–1.18)], respectively.

Conclusions
The majority of the patients with T2DM had poor glycemic control and CVD risk factors. Policies and programs focused on the prevention and better management of T2DM and CVD risk factors should be implemented to reduce mortality in Nepal.