bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Anomalies Caused by 3D Polyhedral Structures With Arbitrary Polynomial Magnetization
Authors: Ren Zhengyong , Zhang Yuanlei , Zhong Yiyuan , Pan Kejia , Wu Qihong , Tang Jingtian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMagnetization is a natural property of magnetic materials which is widely used to analyze paramagnetic data, locate unexploded ordnance, explore mineral deposits and gas resources, and image anomalous magnetic structures in the Earth's crust. An essential and challenging task is to compute accurate magnetic anomalies caused by realistic magnetic 3D structures. In this study, for the first time, we derive the analytical expressions of magnetic potential, magnetic field and magnetic gradient tensor for magnetic materials with 3D polyhedral shapes and magnetization vectors that may vary in the space following polynomial trends. The order of polynomials can vary from one to high positive integers in both horizontal and vertical directions. Synthetic and realistic deposit models are used to validate our analytical solutions. We release the open‐source code in C++.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solar Wind Implantation in the Permanently Shadowed Regions on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Huang Ziyu , Nomura Ken‐ichi , Morrissey Liam S. , Wang Joseph 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReactive molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate solar wind implantation on lunar surface. This study resolves both the chemical reactions and physical interactions of implantation, analyzes the effects from hydroxyl saturation, solar wind reflection, and water molecule sputtering, and quantifies the contribution of solar wind proton implantation on lunar water formation. The results show that, while solar wind implantation can lead to the formation of some hydroxyl groups and water molecules, the contribution by the implantation process itself is not significant enough to account for the observed lunar water content.
On the Role of Rheological Memory for Convection‐Driven Plate Reorganizations
Authors: Fuchs L. , Becker T. W. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the temporal variability of plate tectonics is key to unraveling how mantle convection transports heat, and one critical factor for the formation and evolution of plate boundaries is rheological “memory,” that is, the persistence of weak zones. Here, we analyze the impact of such damage memory in global, oceanic‐lithosphere‐only models of visco‐plastic mantle convection. Self‐consistently‐formed weak zones are found to be reactivated in distinct ways, and convection preferentially selects such damaged zones for new plate boundaries. Reactivation of damage zones increases the frequency of plate reorganizations, and hence reduces the dominant periods of surface heat loss. The inheritance of distributed lithospheric damage thus dominates global surface dynamics over any local boundary stabilizing effects of weakening. In nature, progressive generation of weak zones may thus counteract and perhaps overcome any effects of reduced convective vigor throughout planetary cooling, with implications for the frequency of orogeny and convective transport throughout Wilson cycles.
High‐Resolution Post‐Process Corrected Satellite AOD
Authors: Taskinen Henri , Väisänen Arttu , Hatakka Lauri , Virtanen Timo H. , Lähivaara Timo , Arola Antti , Kolehmainen Ville , Lipponen Antti 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPoor air quality poses a great threat to human health. Accurate high‐resolution satellite remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols would highly benefit satellite‐based air quality estimates. We have developed and validated a post‐process correction and downscaling approach for satellite remote sensing of aerosols. We use NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Washington D.C.—Baltimore area during the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks campaign in 2011 to evaluate our approach. We derive and evaluate the AOD fields at high 250 m resolution. The results show that the post‐process correction approach is suitable for deriving downscaled, high‐resolution AOD estimates and significantly improves the accuracy of the AOD retrievals.
Strong Asymmetry of Interhemispheric Ice Volume During MIS 11, MIS 9, and MIS 7 Drives Heterogeneity of Interglacial Precipitation Intensity Over Asia
Authors: Cheng Liangqing , Wu Yubin , Song Yougui , Yang Linhai , Miao Xiaodong , Sun Huanyu , Qiang Xiaoke , Chang Hong , Long Hao , Dong Zhibao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGaining insight into the characteristics of past interglacials enhances our understanding of the current warm period and improves predictions of future climate. In this study, we analyze precipitation records of the past 900 ka and find that precipitation intensity during interglacials varied across Asia, especially between interglacials that occurred before and after the mid‐Brunhes transition. To clarify the mechanism of precipitation intensity variation during interglacials, we present a high‐resolution eolian record documenting the past 900 ka, which is from the thickest loess core (202.49 m) drilled in Ili Basin, Central Asia and conduct modeling with Community Earth System Model 1.2.2. We propose that sorting coefficient of Ili loess is a sensitive proxy for wind intensity, and it indirectly reflects Northern Hemisphere ice volume. Supported by numerical modeling experiments, we suggest that strong asymmetry of interhemispheric ice volume during marine isotope stages 11, 9, and 7 drives heterogeneity of interglacial precipitation intensity over Asia.
Vegetation‐Promoted Soil Structure Inhibits Hydrologic Landslide Triggering and Alters Carbon Fluxes
Authors: Fan Linfeng , Lehmann Peter , Zheng Chunmiao , Or Dani 
Published: September 2022

AbstractVegetation modulates rainfall‐induced shallow landslides in mountainous regions primarily via root reinforcement, canopy interception, and evapotranspiration. An understudied consequence of vegetation activity is the promotion of soil structure development—an important soil trait often neglected in hydromechanical models. Here we propose a novel mechanism for how vegetation‐promoted soil structure inhibits landslides via enhanced hillslope infiltration capacity and drainage that delay the onset of landslide triggering. The hydrologic alterations due to developed soil structure also decrease sediment yields and associated particulate organic carbon (POC) transport to rivers while promoting export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) via hydrologic leaching. We identified global “hotspots” for soil structure impacts that support the putative role of vegetation‐promoted soil structure in observed POC/DOC partitioning. The incorporation of soil structure in Earth system models is not only important for infiltration‐runoff quantification, but also for its potential role in controlling regional and global carbon fluxes to oceans.
Joint Inversion of Body Wave Arrival Times, Surface Wave Dispersion Data and Receiver Functions: Method and Application to South China
Authors: Han Shoucheng , Zhang Haijiang , Gao Lei , Liu Ying , Chai Chengping , Maceira Monica 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe have developed a new joint inversion method that incorporates body wave arrival times, surface wave dispersion and receiver functions to simultaneously update earthquake locations and constrain three‐dimensional P‐wave (Vp) and S‐wave velocity (Vs) models. Due to complementary sensitivities of the three types of data, the proposed joint inversion algorithm can reduce the intrinsic non‐uniqueness of inversions using fewer types of data and better determine smooth velocity variations and velocity discontinuities. Synthetic tests demonstrate the advantages of this new joint inversion algorithm in resolving velocity structures, especially in constraining velocity gradients across the Moho interface. We have applied the proposed joint inversion algorithm to image the lithosphere velocity structure of south China. The inverted Vp and Vs models fit body wave arrival times, surface wave dispersion and receiver functions well. We further analyzed the distribution of Vs gradients across the Moho interface in detail, which helps us better understand tectonics in south China.
A Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation: Revisiting Competing Ice Nucleation
Authors: Kärcher B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study develops an advanced physically‐based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation in cirrus clouds that includes an updated parameterization of stochastic homogeneous freezing of supercooled solution droplets. Both components are formulated based on the same methodology and level of approximation, without numerical integration of the underlying ice supersaturation equation. The new scheme includes measured ice nucleation spectra describing deterministic ice activation from an arbitrary number of types of ice‐nucleating particles (INPs), tracks the competition for available water vapor between the different ice nucleation modes, and allows for new ice formation and growth within pre‐existing cirrus clouds. The computationally efficient scheme works with a minimal set of physical input parameters and predicts total nucleated ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) along with the maximum ice supersaturation attained during cirrus formation events. Aspects of its implementation into host models are discussed, including the provision of suitably parameterized vertical wind speeds. The parameterization is validated by comparisons to numerical simulations. First off‐line applications to mineral dust and aviation soot particles are presented, including ICNC ensemble statistics resulting from the coupling with statistics of updraft speed variability.
Soil Respiration Response to Simulated Precipitation Change Depends on Ecosystem Type and Study Duration
Authors: Morris Kendalynn A. , Hornum Shoshanah , Crystal‐Ornelas Robert , Pennington Stephanie C. , Bond‐Lamberty Ben 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSoil respiration—the flow of biologically‐generated CO2from the soil surface to the atmosphere—is a major component of global carbon cycling, but the long‐term response of this flux to altered precipitation regimes remains uncertain, due to different responses of soil respiration in distinct ecosystems with varying degrees of water limitation. We conducted a meta‐analysis to determine the role of soil characteristics (organic carbon stock and clay content), study duration, and ecosystem type (e.g., forest, grassland, etc) in modifying the response of soil respiration to precipitation change. In general, decreased precipitation (N = 128 effect size pairs) decreased soil respiration rates. In contrast, increased precipitation (N = 141) had a more variable and on‐average weak positive effect on this flux; significantly increasing soil respiration only in desert ecosystems. The long‐term response of ecosystems varied, with those that are less constrained by water‐availability (e.g., forests) showing acclimation over time to altered precipitation. Soil organic carbon stock strongly modified the response of soil respiration to decreased precipitation (p < 0.0001), but only weakly modified the response to increased precipitation (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that ecosystems with limited soil water‐holding capacity and strong inherent water‐limitation will show long‐term dynamic change in soil respiration regardless of the direction of precipitation change.
Improved Simulations of Atmospheric River Climatology and Variability in High‐Resolution CESM
Authors: Liu Xue , Chang Ping , Fu Dan , Saravanan Ramalingam , Wang Hong , Rosenbloom Nan , Zhang Shaoqing , Wu Lixin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs), referring to long and narrow filamentary bands of intense water vapor transport in the atmosphere, can cause extreme precipitation, floods, and drought events. Their variability has been linked to various climate modes, such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Pacific‐North America pattern. Understanding and improving simulation of this linkage can provide the potential to predict ARs at subseasonal‐to‐decadal timescales. Up to now, the extent to which climate model simulations of ARs are dependent on model resolutions has not been fully assessed. Here, we compare and evaluate ARs in a pair of high‐resolution (HR) and a low‐resolution (LR) Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations against the observations. The results show that within this CESM framework, climatological AR strength and associated precipitation are severely underestimated by LR compared to the observations, and their relationships with major modes of climate variability are also poorly reproduced. These deficiencies in LR are alleviated to a significant extent in HR. Using a linear regression analysis, we show that HR is able to capture with high fidelity the observed relationships between ARs and major climate modes in the Northern Hemisphere at seasonal‐to‐decadal time scales. These results suggest that the use of HR CESM may potentially lead to an improved forecast skill of ARs at season‐to‐decadal time scales.
The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)
Authors: Madarieta‐Txurruka Asier , González‐Castillo Lourdes , Peláez José A. , Catalán Manuel , Henares Jesús , Gil Antonio J. , Lamas‐Fernández Francisco , Galindo‐Zaldívar Jesús 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFault barriers are key structures for studying seismic hazard in regions of intense brittle deformation. The interaction between fault sets affects their seismogenic behavior, if some of them act as barriers. The Granada Basin, in the Betic Cordillera, is a region affected by shallow brittle deformation, as it was the scenario for the recent Granada 2021 seismic sequence. This seismicity presented a swarm behavior at the beginning of the sequence, followed by mainshock‐aftershock features. Geological and gravity data presented here reveal that the basement is affected by two sets of NW‐SE and NE‐SW normal faults and intensely deformed by vertical NW‐SE joints. Improved relocation of the Granada 2021 seismicity reveals a confined chimney‐shape seismicity caused by the activity of a 2 km long NW‐SE normal fault segment. The confinement of the sequence is associated with the NE‐SW fault set acting as a barrier that restricts the rupture area, limiting the maximum magnitude, and favoring the recurrence of events with smaller magnitude. The chimney‐shape of the seismic sequence suggests that the deformation is propagated vertically to the surface, facilitated by preexisting fractures. The shallow extensional deformation during the uplift of the central Betic Cordillera drove the activity of the local structures obliquely to the regional extensional trends, as evidenced by the seismic sequence. This multidisciplinary study improves the knowledge on the origin of the Granada Basin and underlies the important role of preexisting fractures on fault segmentation and seismic propagation, decreasing the seismic potential of this area.
Design, fabrication, characterization and reliability study of CMOS-MEMS Lorentz-force magnetometers
Authors: Valle J. J. , Sánchez-Chiva J. M. , Fernández D. , Madrenas J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article presents several design techniques to fabricate micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) using standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. They were applied to fabricate high yield CMOS-MEMS shielded Lorentz-force magnetometers (LFM). The multilayered metals and oxides of the back-end-of-line (BEOL), normally used for electronic routing, comprise the structural part of the MEMS. The most important fabrication challenges, modeling approaches and design solutions are discussed. Equations that predict the Q factor, sensitivity, Brownian noise and resonant frequency as a function of temperature, gas pressure and design parameters are presented and validated in characterization tests. A number of the fabricated magnetometers were packaged into Quad Flat No-leads (QFN) packages. We show this process can achieve yields above 95 % when the proper design techniques are adopted. Despite CMOS not being a process for MEMS manufacturing, estimated performance (sensitivity and noise level) is similar or superior to current commercial magnetometers and others built with MEMS processes. Additionally, typical offsets present in Lorentz-force magnetometers were prevented with a shielding electrode, whose efficiency is quantified. Finally, several reliability test results are presented, which demonstrate the robustness against high temperatures, magnetic fields and acceleration shocks.
The evolving view of thermogenic fat and its implications in cancer and metabolic diseases
Authors: Yin Xinpeng , Chen Yuan , Ruze Rexiati , Xu Ruiyuan , Song Jianlu , Wang Chengcheng , Xu Qiang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe incidence of metabolism-related diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached pandemic levels worldwide and increased gradually. Most of them are listed on the table of high-risk factors for malignancy, and metabolic disorders systematically or locally contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis of patients. Importantly, adipose tissue is fundamental to the occurrence and development of these metabolic disorders. White adipose tissue stores excessive energy, while thermogenic fat including brown and beige adipose tissue dissipates energy to generate heat. In addition to thermogenesis, beige and brown adipocytes also function as dynamic secretory cells and a metabolic sink of nutrients, like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Accordingly, strategies that activate and expand thermogenic adipose tissue offer therapeutic promise to combat overweight, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders through increasing energy expenditure and enhancing glucose tolerance. With a better understanding of its origins and biological functions and the advances in imaging techniques detecting thermogenesis, the roles of thermogenic adipose tissue in tumors have been revealed gradually. On the one hand, enhanced browning of subcutaneous fatty tissue results in weight loss and cancer-associated cachexia. On the other hand, locally activated thermogenic adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment accelerate cancer progression by offering fuel sources and is likely to develop resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we enumerate current knowledge about the significant advances made in the origin and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of thermogenic adipocytes in different tumors. Ultimately, we summarize imaging technologies for identifying thermogenic adipose tissue and pharmacologic agents via modulating thermogenesis in preclinical experiments and clinical trials.
Computer International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) algorithms: a review
Authors: Walden Kristen , Schuld Christian , Noonan Vanessa K. , Rupp Rüdiger 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Study design
Literature review and survey.

Objectives
To provide an overview of existing computerized International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) algorithms and to evaluate the use of the current algorithms in research and clinical care.

Setting
Not applicable.

Methods
Literature review according to three organizing concepts for evaluation of Health Information Products (reach, usefulness, and use) was conducted.

Results
While the use of computerized ISNCSCI algorithms has been around for many years, many were developed and used internally for specific projects or not maintained. Today the International SCI community has free access to algorithms from the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury (EMSCI) and the Praxis Spinal Cord Institute. Both algorithms have been validated in large datasets and are used in different SCI registries for quality control and education purposes. The use of the Praxis Institute algorithm by clinicians was highlighted through the Praxis User Survey (n = 76) which included participants from 27 countries. The survey found that over half of the participants using the algorithm (N = 69) did so on a regular basis (51%), with 54% having incorporated it into their regular workflow.

Conclusions
Validated computerized ISNCSCI classification tools have evolved substantially and support education, clinical documentation, communication between clinicians and their patients, and ISNCSCI data quality around the world. They are not intended to replace well-trained clinicians, but allow for reclassification of ISNCSCI datasets with updated versions of the ISCNSCI, and support rapid classification of large datasets.
Identification of a pleiotropic effect of ADIPOQ on cardiac dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease based on genetic evidence and health care records
Authors: Paik Hyojung , Lee Junehawk , Jeong Chan-Seok , Park Jun Sung , Lee Jeong Ho , Rappoport Nadav , Kim Younghoon , Sohn Hee-Young , Jo Chulman , Kim Jimin , Cho Seong Beom 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObservations of comorbidity in heart diseases, including cardiac dysfunction (CD) are increasing, including and cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia (AD/D). This comorbidity might be due to a pleiotropic effect of genetic variants shared between CD and AD/D. Here, we validated comorbidity of CD and AD/D based on diagnostic records from millions of patients in Korea and the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center (odds ratio 11.5 [8.5–15.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)]). By integrating a comprehensive human disease–SNP association database (VARIMED, VARiants Informing MEDicine) and whole-exome sequencing of 50 brains from individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease (AD), we identified missense variants in coding regions including APOB, a known risk factor for CD and AD/D, which potentially have a pleiotropic role in both diseases. Of the identified variants, site-directed mutation of ADIPOQ (268 G > A; Gly90Ser) in neurons produced abnormal aggregation of tau proteins (p = 0.02), suggesting a functional impact for AD/D. The association of CD and ADIPOQ variants was confirmed based on domain deletion in cardiac cells. Using the UK Biobank including data from over 500000 individuals, we examined a pleiotropic effect of the ADIPOQ variant by comparing CD- and AD/D-associated phenotypic evidence, including cardiac hypertrophy and cognitive degeneration. These results indicate that convergence of health care records and genetic evidences may help to dissect the molecular underpinnings of heart disease and associated cognitive impairment, and could potentially serve a prognostic function. Validation of disease–disease associations through health care records and genomic evidence can determine whether health conditions share risk factors based on pleiotropy.