bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Total and Soluble Fluoride Content in Commercial Dentifrices and Mouthwashes Available in the Indian Market
Authors: Keswani Akanksha Haresh , Thakkar Parthkumar Kamleshbhai , Mansata Anuj Vasantray , Shah Jill J , Patel Anil Manubhai , Shah Kena Kalpesh 
Published: September 2022

Introduction:
Dental caries is the most common dental problem across the globe. Due to the increase in the use of refined sugars and lack of fluoride exposure, dental caries is becoming a serious issue for public health. The present study was conducted to determine the total fluoride (TF) concentration and soluble fluoride concentration in different dentifrices and mouthwashes available in the Indian market.

Materials and Methods:
Ion-specific electrode and fluoride ion metre were used to determine the soluble fluoride, as well as the TF concentration of seven dentifrices and five mouthwashes, and the findings were recorded in particle per million of fluoride. Descriptive statistic was used, and mean ± standard deviation of TF and soluble fluoride content of dentifrices and mouthwashes were reported.

Results:
Nine samples contained sodium fluoride and three samples contained sodium monofluorophosphate Na MFP as the fluoride compound. The TF and soluble fluoride levels showed variations from the fluoride concentration mentioned on the packaging.

Conclusions:
This study found that the concentration of total soluble fluoride and TF was lower than the fluoride level mentioned on the packaging.
Emergence of “Urban Scrub Typhus” during Monsoon Season in an Urban Pocket and Biodiversity Hotspot of New Delhi, India
Authors: Khan Inam Danish , Bahal Pradeep , Singh Bhagwat , Priya Pallawi , Pandey Rahul , Makkar Anuradha , Jindal Ashok Kumar 
Published: September 2022

Introduction:
Scrub typhus is an endemic disease transmitted within the “epidemiological tetrad” of rains, rodents, chigger mites, and scrub vegetation prevalent in “Tsutsugamushi Asia-Pacific triangle,” predisposing one billion population at risk and annual incidence of one million. Scrub typhus is difficult to differentiate clinically from coendemic vector-borne acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI). Untreated scrub typhus may cause disseminated vasculitis, serositis, and hemophagocytic syndrome. Outbreaks of scrub typhus have been reported from Thailand, China, Korea, and rural India. Transmission of scrub typhus in urban areas is relatively rare. Three consequent outbreaks in a urban pocket in New Delhi, India, highlight emergence of urban scrub typhus.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional, clinicoepidemiological, ambispective outcome surveillance study was conducted among all clinicodemographically homogenous patients presenting with AUFI during 2016–2018. Clinically suspected or intuitively investigated scrub typhus was screened by IgM/IgG immunochromatography and confirmed through IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Spatial, temporal, and vector surveillance through epidemiological mapping, line listing, and mite surveillance was done.

Results:
Scrub typhus outbreaks affected 161 patients during 2016–2018. Mean age was 31.77 ± 17 years. Most common clinical presentation was fever with headache. Eschar was present in 46.88% patients commonly on abdomen, chest, perineum, and extremities. Coinfections and comorbidities were seen in 3.75% and 14.37% patients, respectively. Seventy percent and 14.8% patients were managed in acute care and intensive care. Mean hospital stay was 8.96 ± 3.86 days. Doxycycline and doxycycline-azithromycin combination were given in 92.5% and 7.5% patients, respectively. All-cause mortality was 6.25%. 126/160 (78.75%) patients were geospatially distributed from urban landscape depicted in epidemiological maps. Temporal-seasonal distribution revealed bell-shaped curve from May to November. Mite carriage was seen in 16% rodents.

Conclusion:
Urban scrub typhus is emerging in microhabitats fulfilling the epidemiological tetrad and chigger mites undergoing transovarian transmission. Geospatial and temporal mapping are required in urban neighborhoods for risk stratification, outbreak management, vector control, and community education. A high index of suspicion in AUFI and early initiation of doxycycline therapy are required.
Auditory and Cognitive Functioning in Hidden Hearing Loss Due to Noise Exposure, Aging, and Tinnitus
Authors: Vasudevamurthy Sahana , Kumar Ajith U. 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
Since the inception of the term cochlear synaptopathy, extensive research is carried out to study the effects of noise and age on suprathreshold hearing in individuals with otherwise normal hearing. Yet, there is a lack of a standard test battery. We hypothesize that this variability in the results across studies may be due to the use of “cochlear synaptopathy” or “hidden hearing loss” as a blanket term to refer to auditory deficits seen in individuals with noise exposure, aging, and tinnitus with normal hearing. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature on hidden hearing loss due to noise exposure, aging, and tinnitus.

Method:
Keywords were combined using Boolean operations, and an electronic search was carried out through PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases. Screening for abstracts, title, and full text resulted in 46 articles eligible for data extraction.

Results:
Among the 46 studies considered for the review, 30 studies included human participants and 16 included animal participants. The possibility of noise-induced synaptopathy was assessed in 30 studies; age-induced synaptopathy in 6 studies; and synaptopathy in normal-hearing individuals with tinnitus in 10 studies. The results revealed conclusive findings of synaptopathy in animals; however, the evidence in studies involving human participants was inconclusive.

Conclusions:
Auditory brainstem response (ABR), histopathology, and middle ear muscle reflex (MEMR) are the widely used measures of synaptopathy in animals. Human studies indicated that temporal processing, speech perception in the presence of background noise, and working memory are majorly affected in individuals with hidden hearing loss. Specifically, speech perception in noise (SPiN), temporal resolution, MEMR, ABR wave I amplitude growth, and electrocochleography (ECochG) are identified as the potential measures of hidden hearing loss due to noise exposure. Further, the effect of common recreational noise on these measures is less compared to high life-time noise exposure. The results of synaptopathy due to aging or tinnitus are inconclusive.
Speech Perception in Noise and Localization Performance of Digital Noise Reduction Algorithm in Hearing Aids with Ear-To-Ear Synchronization
Authors: Chinnaraj Geetha , Tanniru Kishore , Rajan Raveendran Raja 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
The present study aimed to compare speech perception in noise and horizontal localization with and without activating digital noise reduction (DNR) in hearing aids with and without an ear-to-ear synchronization.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-five listeners with mild-to-moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, aged between 18 and 55 years, were the participants. Each participant’s horizontal sound-source localization performance was measured as a root-mean-square degree of error. Speech recognition in the presence of speech babble noise was measured as the signal-to-noise ratio required for 50% recognition score (SNR-50). Further, SNR-50 was measured with noise source from four different directions and was recorded in four aided conditions, with and without an independent activation of wireless link and DNR.

Results:
Results showed that wireless synchronization technology in hearing aids improved localization and speech perception in noise under certain conditions. Adding the activation of DNR improved the overall performance in the horizontal sound-source localization task. However, the amount of improvement in speech perception in noise with the activation of wireless synchronization and/or DNR depended on the spatial separation between the direction of speech and the noise.

Conclusions:
The activation of DNR and wireless synchronization in hearing aids showed a better performance in assessed parameters in the current study. However, the improvement in scores may or may not be beneficial to the listener, depending on the direction of noise and speech.
La politique agricole et rurale en Algérie : de la centralisation à la gouvernance
Authors: Saidoun Rym , Aït Hammou Sihem , Chehat Fouad 
Published: September 2022

La politique du renouveau agricole et rural (PRAR) propose une nouvelle manière de gouverner le secteur agricole et rural, fondée sur une responsabilité partagée et un partenariat entre les acteurs publics, privés et associatifs. Cette réorientation de l’action publique vers de nouveaux modes de gouvernance s’ appuie sur les principes d’implication et de participation de l’ensemble des acteurs parties prenante s dans l’action de développement de l’agriculture et des territoires ruraux. Afin de pouvoir appréhender ces nouvelles modalités d’intervention publique nous nous intéressons aux instruments déployés d an s le cadre de cette politique. Cette approche par les inst ruments nous permettra d’analyser le changement opéré en matière d’action publique et de résultats obtenus.
KARAKTERISTIK TAFSIR SURAH AL-FĀTIḤAH DALAM KITAB NAẒAM TAṢFIYYAH BAHASA JAWA PEGON KARYA K.H. AHMAD RIFA’I KALISALAK
Authors: Rizqiyyah Siti 
Published: September 2022

This research discusses the characteristics of the Naẓam Taṣfiyyah that interpreting Surah Al-Fātiḥah by K.H. Ahmad Rifa'i Kalisalak. This study is important because writing about interpretations using naẓam and the Javanese Pegon language is carried out to impart information about the importance of using nazam in the medium of interpretation, thus facilitating its delivery. This research is library research that uses a descriptive-analytic method of Naẓam Taṣfiyyah as the primary source. The results of this study show that the Naẓam Taṣfiyyah uses the interpretation’s type of bi al-ra'yi or interpretation based on reason (ijtihad). This was done to adjust the context that existed when the interpreter lived and as a way to answer the problems that occurred at that time. Interpretation of K.H. Ahmad Rifa'i uses a thematic method that discusses one theme in one surah, which is Surah al-Fātiḥah. In addition, this interpretation has a combination tendency, namely the theological (tawhid) trend, and the 'adabi al-ijtima'i (social-society) trend. These two patterns can be seen from his thinking which includes theological statements in the context of the leadership of the Dutch infidels to return to the teachings of the Qur'an and the Prophet Muhammad Sallā Allāhu 'Alayhi wa Sallam.
Mengelola Keragaman Agama di Lembaga Pendidikan Tinggi Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Ambon
Authors: Ambarita Jenri , Ririhena Ira 
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan potret keragaman dan bagaimana Institut Agama Kristen Negeri Ambon mengelola keragaman antar umat beragama. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potret keragaman di IAKN Ambon meliputi keragaman keyakinan, etnis dan juga keragaman fisik. Dalam mengelola keragaman, IAKN Ambon melakukan Langkah-langkah seperti: 1) Meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran timbal balik dari semua unsur di lingkup kerja IAKN Ambon (Mahasiswa, pegawai dan dosen); 2) Memberikan kebebasan dalam beribadah menurut keyakinan masing-masing; 3) Menyediakan fasilitas ibadah, yaitu rumah moderasi yang didalamnya ada Musholaa untuk mereka yang beragama islam dan gereja (Capel) untuk yang beragama Kristen dan Katolik; 4) Menciptakan ruang bersama melalui berbagai kegiatan seperti webinar, workshop, pengabdian, penelitian. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa IAKN Ambon menunjukkan sikap yang positif dalam mengelola keragaman melalui berbagai kegiatan seperti workshop, webinar, pengabdian, penelitian, pembangunan rumah moderasi yang semuanya disambut baik oleh semua pihak dan mampu mewujudkan kampus yang harmoni dalam keragaman.
Kata Kunci: mengelola, keragaman, agama
This study aims to describe the portrait of diversity and how the Ambon State Christian Institute manages inter-religious diversity. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and observation techniques. The results show that the portrait of diversity in IAKN Ambon includes diversity of beliefs, ethnicities and also physical diversity. In managing diversity, IAKN Ambon takes steps such as: 1) Increasing mutual understanding and awareness of all elements within the scope of work of IAKN Ambon (students, employees and lecturers); 2) Give freedom to worship according to their respective beliefs; 3) Providing worship facilities, namely a house of moderation in which there is a prayer room for those who are Muslim and a church (Capel) for Christians and Catholics; 4) Creating a common space through various activities such as webinars, workshops, community service, research. Thus it can be concluded that IAKN Ambon shows a positive attitude in managing diversity through various activities such as workshops, webinars, community service, research, construction of a moderation house, all of which are welcomed by all parties and are able to create a campus that is harmonious in diversity.
Keywords: managing, diversity, religion
Work Readiness of Graduates Responding to User Needs for a “Ready to Work” Workforce from University Perspective
Authors: Sartika Didi , Nengsi Ayu Rahma 
Published: September 2022

There is a fundamental difference in the concept of "ready to work" between the user perspective and the university, especially for prospective graduates who will enter the workforce. The research aims to provide an assessment of the job-readiness of prospective graduates from a university perspective. Job readiness of prospective graduates is assessed based on four aspects: work competence, personal intelligence, social intelligence, and organizational intelligence. The research uses the Mixing method by conducting interviews, distributing the work readiness scale (WRS) instrument developed by Caballero, and making additional modifications to suit the needs. The instrument was filled out by 64 respondents, 8 men and 56 women, spread over 4 study programs at Faculty of Tarbiyah, IAIN Takengon. Job readiness assessment of prospective graduates shows a good quantitative for all aspects measured. The percentage figures show that, on average, each aspect occupies more than 50%. Specifically, the communication skills section, quantitative assessment, and interviews reveal conditions that require special attention in communicating effectively, both oral and written communication. All aspects are assessed to represent the university's perspective in preparing its graduates to have all competencies they should have when entering the work environment. Some shortcomings are not denied. Universities should improve themselves to produce high-quality graduates to align themselves with user / employers needs.
Increasing knowledge on the diversity of canelas-de-ema in the campo rupestre: two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) from the southern Espinhaço Range, Brazil
Authors: Cabral Andressa , Albuquerque Magri Renato , Lopes Jenifer de Carvalho 
Published: September 2022

Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group.
Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied.
Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.
Comparison of middle- and low-latitude sodium layer from a ground-based lidar network, the Odin satellite, and WACCM–Na model
Authors: Yu Bingkun , Xue Xianghui , Scott Christopher J. , Jia Mingjiao , Feng Wuhu , Plane John M. C. , Marsh Daniel R. , Hedin Jonas , Gumbel Jörg , Dou Xiankang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The ground-based measurements obtained from a lidar network and the 6-year OSIRIS (optical spectrograph and infrared imager system) limb-scanning radiance measurements made by the Odin satellite are used to study the climatology of the middle- and low-latitude sodium (Na) layer. Up to January 2021, four Na resonance fluorescence lidars at Beijing (40.5∘ N, 116.0∘ E), Hefei (31.8∘ N, 117.3∘ E), Wuhan (30.5∘ N, 114.4∘ E), and Haikou (19.5∘ N, 109.1∘ E) collected vertical profiles of Na density for a total of 2136 nights (19 587 h). These large datasets provide multi-year routine measurements of the Na layer with exceptionally high temporal and vertical resolution. The lidar measurements are particularly useful for filling in OSIRIS data gaps since the OSIRIS measurements were not made during the dark winter months because they utilize the solar-pumped resonance fluorescence from Na atoms. The observations of Na layers from the ground-based lidars and the satellite are comprehensively compared with a global model of meteoric Na in the atmosphere (WACCM–Na). The lidars present a unique test of OSIRIS and WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model), because they cover the latitude range along 120∘ E longitude in an unusual geographic location with significant gravity wave generation. In general, good agreement is found between lidar observations, satellite measurements, and WACCM simulations. On the other hand, the Na number density from OSIRIS is larger than that from the Na lidars at the four stations within one standard deviation of the OSIRIS monthly average, particularly in autumn and early winter arising from significant uncertainties in Na density retrieved from much less satellite radiance measurements. WACCM underestimates the seasonal variability of the Na layer observed at the lower latitude lidar stations (Wuhan and Haikou). This discrepancy suggests the seasonal variability of vertical constituent transport modelled in WACCM is underestimated because much of the gravity wave spectrum is not captured in the model.
Quantifying NOx emissions in Egypt using TROPOMI observations
Authors: Rey-Pommier Anthony , Chevallier Frédéric , Ciais Philippe , Broquet Grégoire , Christoudias Theodoros , Kushta Jonilda , Hauglustaine Didier , Sciare Jean 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Urban areas and industrial facilities, which concentrate the majority of human activity and industrial production, are major sources of air pollutants, with serious implications for human health and global climate. For most of these pollutants, emission inventories are often highly uncertain, especially in developing countries. Spaceborne measurements from the TROPOMI instrument, on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite, are used to retrieve nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column densities at high spatial resolution. Here, we use 2 years of TROPOMI retrievals to map nitrogen oxide (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions in Egypt with a top-down approach using the continuity equation in steady state. Emissions are expressed as the sum of a transport term and a sink term representing the three-body reaction comprising NO2 and hydroxyl radical (OH). This sink term requires information on the lifetime of NO2, which is calculated with the use of the CAMS near-real-time temperature and OH concentration fields. We compare this derived lifetime with the lifetime inferred from the fitting of NO2 line density profiles in large plumes with an exponentially modified Gaussian function. This comparison, which is conducted for different samples of NO2 patterns above the city of Riyadh, provides information on the reliability of the CAMS near-real-time OH concentration fields; it also provides some hint on the vertical levels that best represent typical pollution sources in industrial areas and megacities in the Middle East region. In Egypt, total emissions of NOx are dominated by the sink term, but they can be locally dominated by wind transport, especially along the Nile where human activities are concentrated. Megacities and industrial regions clearly appear as the largest sources of NOx emissions in the country. Our top-down model infers emissions with a marked annual variability. By looking at the spatial distribution of emissions at the scale of different cities with different industrial characteristics, it appears that this variability is consistent with national electricity consumption. We detect lower emissions on Fridays, which are inherent to the social norm of the country, and quantify the drop in emissions in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, our estimations of NOx emissions for Egypt are 7.0 % higher than the CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v4.2 inventory and significantly differ in terms of seasonality.
Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Siswa yang Kesulitan Belajar dalam Memanfaatkan Media Flashcard di MIS Sakuru Kecematan Monta Kabupaten Bima
Authors: Hardiningsih Sri , Komalasari Desy Ningsih , Hakim Ari Rahman 
Published: September 2022

Penelitian tentang “Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Siswa yang Berkebutuhan Khusus dengan Kesulitan Belajar dalam Memanfaatkan Media Flashcard di MIS Sakuru Kecamatan Monta Kabupaten Bima” memiliki tujuan sebagai berikut: (1) Menampilkan metode dengan penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran khususnya di MIS Sakuru Kecamatan Monta Kabupaten Bima; (2) Menambahkan reverensi pembelajaran bagi guru MI di MIS Sakuru Kecamatan Monta Kabupaten Bima; (3) Menstimulasi Kemampuan Mengenal Huruf dan Kata bagi Siswa kesulitan belajar di MIS Sakuru Kecamatan Monta. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Sementara itu data dalam penelitian menggunakan triangulasi data. Triangulasi data, berupa sumber informasi dari guru, kepala sekolah dan kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan media flashcard di MIS Sakuru Kecamatan Monta Kabupaten Bima. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media flashcard (kartu kata) yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran dapat memberikan stimulu atau membantu siswa dengan kesulitan belajar (disleksia) di MI. peningkatan kemampuan mengenal huruf dan kata siswa MI Sakuru Kecamatan Monta Kabupaten Bima, meliputi: identifikasi kesulitan mengenal huruf dan kata siswa yang diperoleh dari instrument pelevelan kemampuan literasi awal yang digunakan peneliti dan informasi yang didapat dari pendidik.
Métaphores d’orientation identitaires dans le roman concentrationnaire français
Authors:   Université Marien Ngouabi, Congo, Ngakosso Séverin 
Published: September 2022

This article deals with identity-oriented metaphors in the camp novel. It aims to highlight the metaphorical characterisation of the exaggerated ostentation of certain Nazi characters during the Shoah towards the Jews between 1939 and 1945. It will essentially be based on two criteria of reception aesthetics, that of symbolic meaning and that of connotation. On this basis, the results of our study focus on the metaphors inventoried by the antisemitic protagonists during the aforementioned period, namely that they are God, angels, supermen or blockowa. In sum, our conclusion is that orientation metaphors have negative impacts on those who advocate them.	Keywords: Metaphors; orientation; Shoah; Nazis; Jews.