bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements for FIFA’s feminist transformation: The case for indicators on football and women’s rights
Authors: Heerdt Daniela , Bernaz Nadia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2015, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) commissioned John Ruggie, the architect of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), to help FIFA embed human rights into its operations, taking the UNGPs as the “authoritative standard.” In the following years, FIFA made a number of human rights-related commitments and policy changes. However, progress has been more limited in relation to women’s rights. Cases of women’s rights abuses related to football occur regularly and remain unresolved. In this article we explore key elements for a feminist transformation of FIFA’s policies and practices based on the gender framework developed by the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights in 2019. We consider the use of indicators as one way to achieve this transformation. Overall, we aim to answer the following research question: how can the 2019 UNGP gender framework help FIFA engage in a feminist transformation of their human rights policies and practices in a way that includes FIFA’s confederations and member associations?
Severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema precipitated by pepper spray-induced acute laryngitis: a case report
Authors: Ye Fangfan , Fu Qiang , Huang Jia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report a patient with severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax and widespread subcutaneous emphysema with acute epiglottitis after inhaling pepper spray. The effects of pepper spray, which is a lachrymatory agent, on the respiratory system have not been reported. Upper airway obstruction is not a well-described cause of SPM, with which subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax might coexist; thus, mechanical ventilation might be detrimental.
Geometric Generalized Wronskians: Applications in Intermediate Hyperbolicity and Foliation Theory
Authors: Etesse Antoine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a sub-family of the usual generalized Wronskians, which we call geometric generalized Wronskians. It is well known that one can test linear dependance of holomorphic functions (of several variables) via the identical vanishing of generalized Wronskians. We show that such a statement remains valid if one tests the identical vanishing only on geometric generalized Wronskians. It turns out that geometric generalized Wronskians allow to define intrinsic objects on projective varieties polarized with an ample line bundle: in this setting, the lack of existence of global functions is compensated by global sections of powers of the fixed ample line bundle. Geometric generalized Wronskians are precisely defined so that their local evaluations on such global sections globalize up to a positive twist by the ample line bundle. We then give three applications of the construction of geometric generalized Wronskians: one in intermediate hyperbolicity and two in foliation theory. In intermediate hyperbolicity, we show the algebraic degeneracy of holomorphic maps from ${\mathbb {C}}^{p}$ to a Fermat hypersurface in $\textbf {P}^{N}$ of degree $\delta&gt; (N+1)(N-p)$: this interpolates between two well-known results, namely for $p=1$ (first proved via Nevanlinna theory) and $p=N-1$ (in which case the Fermat hypersurface is of general type). The first application in foliation theory provides a criterion for algebraic integrability of leaves of foliations: our criterion is not optimal in view of current knowledge, but has the advantage of having an elementary proof. Our second application deals with positivity properties of adjoint line bundles of the form $K_{\mathcal {F}} + L $, where $K_{\mathcal {F}}$ is the canonical bundle of a regular foliation $\mathcal {F}$ on a smooth projective variety $X$, and where $L$ is an ample line bundle on $X$.
Prevalence of carbapenem resistance and its potential association with antimicrobial use in humans and animals in rural communities in Vietnam
Authors: Yen Nguyen Thi Phuong , Nhung Nguyen Thi , Phu Doan Hoang , Dung Nguyen Thi Thuy , Van Nguyen Thi Bich , Kiet Bach Tuan , Hien Vo Be , Larsson Mattias , Olson Linus , Campbell James , Quynh Nguyen Pham Nhu , Duy Pham Thanh , Carrique-Mas Juan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Vietnam and Southeast Asia are hotspots for antimicrobial resistance; however, little is known on the prevalence of carriage of carbapenem resistance in non-hospitalized humans and in animals. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), particularly Escherichia coli (CREC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and also Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) are emerging threats worldwide.

Methods
We investigated healthy humans (n = 652), chickens (n = 237), ducks (n = 150) and pigs (n = 143) in 400 small-scale farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Samples (rectal swabs, faecal swabs) were investigated for carriage of CRE/CRAB and were further characterized phenotypically and genotypically.

Results
In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, the prevalence of CRE isolates in human rectal swabs was 0.6%, including 4 CREC and 1 CRKP. One pig was infected with CREC (prevalence 0.7%). CRAB was isolated from chickens (n = 4) (prevalence 2.1%) and one duck (prevalence 0.7%). CRKP was isolated from a human who was also colonized with CREC. The CRKP strain (ST16), from an 80 year-old person with pneumonia under antimicrobial treatment, genetically clustered with clinical strains isolated in a hospital outbreak in southern Vietnam. The prevalence of CRE was higher among humans that had used antimicrobials within 90 days of the sampling date than those had not (4.2% versus 0.2%) (P = 0.005). All CRE/CRAB strains were MDR, although they were susceptible to colistin and neomycin. The carbapenemase genes identified in study strains were blaNDM and blaOXA.

Conclusions
The finding of a CRKP strain clustering with previous hospital outbreak raises concerns about potential transmission of carbapenem-resistant organisms from hospital to community settings or vice-versa.
Identification and characterization of a serine racemase in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Tanaka Yui , Yoshimura Tohru , Hakamata Maho , Saito Chiaki , Sumitani Megumi , Sezutsu Hideki , Hemmi Hisashi , Ito Tomokazu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The pupae of lepidopterans contain high concentrations of endogenous d-serine. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, d-serine is negligible during the larval stage but increases markedly during the pupal stage, reaching 50% of the total free serine. However, the physiological function of d-serine and the enzyme responsible for its production is unknown. Herein, we identified a new type of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent serine racemase (SR) that catalyses the racemization of l-serine to d-serine in B. mori. This silkworm SR (BmSR) has an N-terminal PLP-binding domain that is homologous to mammalian SR and a C-terminal putative ligand-binding regulatory-like domain (ACT-like domain) that is absent in mammalian SR. Similar to mammalian SRs, BmSR catalyses the racemization and dehydration of both serine isomers. However, BmSR is different from mammalian SRs as evidenced by its insensitivity to Mg2+/Ca2+ and Mg-ATP—which are required for activation of mammalian SRs—and high d-serine dehydration activity. At the pupal stage, the SR activity was predominantly detected in the fat body, which was consistent with the timing and localization of BmSR expression. The results are an important first step in elucidating the physiological significance of d-serine in lepidopterans.
Population Genomics of New Zealand Pouched Lamprey (kanakana; piharau;Geotria australis)
Authors: Miller Allison K , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Smith Jeramiah J , Gillum Joanne , Sharif Saeed , Clarke Shannon , Baker Cindy , Kitson Jane , Gemmell Neil J , Alexander Alana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPouched lamprey (Geotria australis) or kanakana/piharau is a culturally and ecologically significant jawless fish that is distributed throughout Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite its importance, much remains unknown about historical relationships and gene flow between populations of this enigmatic species within New Zealand. To help inform management, we assembled a draft G. australis genome and completed the first comprehensive population genomics analysis of pouched lamprey within New Zealand using targeted gene sequencing (Cyt-b and COI) and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq) methods. Employing 16 000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from RADSeq (n = 186) and sequence data from Cyt-b (766 bp, n = 94) and COI (589 bp, n = 20), we reveal low levels of structure across 10 sampling locations spanning the species range within New Zealand. F-statistics, outlier analyses, and STRUCTURE suggest a single panmictic population, and Mantel and EEMS tests reveal no significant isolation by distance. This implies either ongoing gene flow among populations or recent shared ancestry among New Zealand pouched lamprey. We can now use the information gained from these genetic tools to assist managers with monitoring effective population size, managing potential diseases, and conservation measures such as artificial propagation programs. We further demonstrate the general utility of these genetic tools for acquiring information about elusive species.
(Re)Solving reionization with Lyα: how bright Lyα Emitters account for the z ≈ 2–8 cosmic ionizing background
Authors: Matthee Jorryt , Naidu Rohan P , Pezzulli Gabriele , Gronke Max , Sobral David , Oesch Pascal A , Hayes Matthew , Erb Dawn , Schaerer Daniel , Amorín Ricardo , Tacchella Sandro , Paulino-Afonso Ana , Llerena Mario , Calhau João , Röttgering Huub 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The cosmic ionizing emissivity from star-forming galaxies has long been anchored to UV luminosity functions. Here, we introduce an emissivity framework based on Lyα emitters (LAEs), which naturally hones in on the subset of galaxies responsible for the ionizing background due to the intimate connection between production and escape of Lyα and LyC photons. Using constraints on the escape fractions of bright LAEs (LLyα &gt; 0.2L*) at z ≈ 2 obtained from resolved Lyα profiles, and arguing for their redshift-invariance, we show that: (i) quasars and LAEs together reproduce the relatively flat emissivity at z ≈ 2–6, which is non-trivial given the strong evolution in both the star formation density and quasar number density at these epochs and (ii) LAEs produce late and rapid reionization between z ≈ 6−9 under plausible assumptions. Within this framework, the &gt;10 × rise in the UV population-averaged fesc between z ≈ 3–7 naturally arises due to the same phenomena that drive the growing LAE fraction with redshift. Generally, a LAE dominated emissivity yields a peak in the distribution of the ionizing budget with UV luminosity as reported in latest simulations. Using our adopted parameters ($f_{\rm {esc}}=50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, ξion = 1025.9 Hz erg−1 for half the bright LAEs), a highly ionizing minority of galaxies with MUV &lt; −17 accounts for the entire ionizing budget from star-forming galaxies. Rapid flashes of LyC from such rare galaxies produce a ‘disco’ ionizing background. We conclude proposing tests to further develop our suggested Lyα-anchored formalism.
Decade-long time-monitoring of candidate luminous blue variable stars in the two very metal-deficient star-forming galaxies DDO 68 and PHL 293B
Authors: Guseva N G , Thuan T X , Izotov Y I 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTWe have studied the spectral time variations of candidate luminous blue variable (cLBV) stars in two low-metallicity star-forming galaxies, DDO 68 and PHL 293B. The LBV in DDO 68, located in H ii region #3, shows an outburst, with an increase of more than 1000 times in H α luminosity during the period 2008–2010. The broad emission of the H i and He i lines display a P Cygni profile, with a relatively constant terminal velocity of ∼800 km s−1, reaching a maximum luminosity L(H α) of ∼2 × 1038 erg s−1, with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼1000–1200 km s−1. On the other hand, since the discovery of a cLBV in 2001 in PHL 293B, the fluxes of the broad components and the broad-to-narrow flux ratios of the H i and He i emission lines in this galaxy have remained nearly constant over 16 yr, with small variations. The luminosity of the broad H α component varies between ∼2 × 1038 erg s−1 and ∼1039 erg s−1, with the FWHM varying in the range ∼500–1500 km s−1. Unusually persistent P Cygni features are clearly visible until the end of 2020 despite a decrease of the broad-to-narrow flux ratio in the most recent years. A terminal velocity of ∼800 km s−1 is measured from the P Cygni profile, similar to the one in DDO 68, although the latter is 3.7 more metal-deficient than PHL 293B. The relative constancy of the broad H α luminosity in PHL 293B suggests that it is due to a long-lived stellar transient of type LBV/SN IIn.
IGM damping wing constraints on reionization from covariance reconstruction of two z ≳ 7 QSOs
Authors: Greig Bradley , Mesinger Andrei , Davies Frederick B , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Hennawi Joseph F 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Bright, high-redshift (z &gt; 6) QSOs are powerful probes of the ionization state of the intervening intergalactic medium (IGM). The detection of Ly α damping wing absorption imprinted in the spectrum of high-z QSOs can provide strong constraints on the epoch of reionization (EoR). In this work, we perform an independent Ly α damping wing analysis of two known z &gt; 7 QSOs; DESJ0252−0503 at z = 7.00 (Wang et al.) and J1007+2115 at z = 7.51 (Yang et al.). For this, we utilize our existing Bayesian framework which simultaneously accounts for uncertainties in: (i) the intrinsic Ly α emission profile (reconstructed from a covariance matrix of measured emission lines; extended in this work to include N v) and (ii) the distribution of ionized (H ii) regions within the IGM using a 1.63 Gpc3 reionization simulation. This approach is complementary to that used in the aforementioned works as it focuses solely redward of Ly α (1218 &lt; λ &lt; 1230 Å) making it more robust to modelling uncertainties while also using a different methodology for (i) and (ii). We find, for an EoR morphology driven by galaxies within Mh ≳ 109 M⊙ haloes, $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.64\substack{+0.19 \\-0.23}$ (68 per cent) at z = 7 and $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.27\substack{+0.21 \\-0.17}$ at z = 7.51 consistent within 1σ to the previous works above, though both are slightly lower in amplitude. Following the inclusion of N v into our reconstruction pipeline, we perform a reanalysis of ULASJ1120+0641 at z = 7.09 (Mortlock et al.) and ULASJ1342+0928 at z = 7.54 (Bañados et al.) finding $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.44\substack{+0.23 \\-0.24}$ at z = 7.09 and $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.31\substack{+0.18 \\-0.19}$ at z = 7.54. Finally, we combine the QSO damping wing constraints for all four z ≳ 7 QSOs to obtain a single, unified constraint of $\bar{x}_{\mathrm{H\, {\scriptscriptstyle I}}{}} = 0.49\substack{+0.11 \\-0.11}$ at z = 7.29.
The synchronized dance of the magellanic clouds’ star formation history
Authors: Massana P , Ruiz-Lara T , Noël N E D , Gallart C , Nidever D L , Choi Y , Sakowska J D , Besla G , Olsen K A G , Monelli M , Dorta A , Stringfellow G S , Cassisi S , Bernard E J , Zaritsky D , Cioni M-R L , Monachesi A , van der Marel R P , de Boer T J L , Walker A R 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We use the SMASH survey to obtain unprecedented deep photometry reaching down to the oldest main-sequence turn-offs in the colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and quantitatively derive its star formation history (SFH) using CMD fitting techniques. We identify five distinctive peaks of star formation in the last 3.5 Gyr, at ∼3, ∼2, ∼1.1, ∼0.45 Gyr ago, and one presently. We compare these to the SFH of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), finding unequivocal synchronicity, with both galaxies displaying similar periods of enhanced star formation over the past ∼3.5 Gyr. The parallelism between their SFHs indicates that tidal interactions between the MCs have recurrently played an important role in their evolution for at least the last ∼3.5 Gyr, tidally truncating the SMC and shaping the LMC’s spiral arm. We show, for the first time, an SMC–LMC correlated SFH at recent times in which enhancements of star formation are localized in the northern spiral arm of the LMC, and globally across the SMC. These novel findings should be used to constrain not only the orbital history of the MCs but also how star formation should be treated in simulations.
Contrasting patterns of nickel distribution in the hyperaccumulatorsPhyllanthus balgooyiandPhyllanthus rufuschaneyifrom Malaysian Borneo
Authors: van der Ent Antony , Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz Jolanta , Przybyłowicz Wojciech J , Barnabas Alban D , de Jonge Martin D , Harris Hugh H 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGlobally, the majority of Ni hyperaccumulator plants occur on ultramafic soils in tropical regions, and the genus Phyllanthus, from the Phyllanthaceae family, is globally the most represented taxonomical group. Two species from Sabah (Malaysia) are remarkable because Phyllanthus balgooyi can attain &gt;16 wt% of Ni in its phloem exudate, while Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi reaches foliar concentrations of up to 3.5 wt% Ni, which are amongst the most extreme concentrations of Ni in any plant tissue. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, nuclear microbe (micro-PIXE+BS) and (cryo) scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to spatially resolve the elemental distribution in the plant organs of P. balgooyi and P. rufuschaneyi. The results show that P. balgooyi has extraordinary enrichment of Ni in the (secondary) veins of the leaves, whereas in contrast, in P. rufuschaneyi Ni occurs in interveinal areas. In the roots and stems, Ni is localized mainly in the cortex and phloem but is much lower in the xylem. The findings of this study show that, even within the same genus, the distribution of nickel and other elements, and inferred processes involved with metal hyperaccumulation, can differ substantially between species.
“I think everybody will have to get together for it to work”: NYCHA Tenant Perspectives on HUD’s 2018 Smoke-Free Mandate Captured Prior to Policy Implementation
Authors: Mohindra Mandakini , Hernández Diana 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
In July 2018, a new federal mandate by the Department of Housing and Urban Development went into effect requiring all US public housing authorities to implement policies banning smoking in living units, indoor common areas, administrative buildings, and outdoor areas within 25 feet of these buildings. Although some housing authorities had smoke-free policies in place for decades, others had to implement them for the first time. Housing authorities continue to face challenges in ensuring compliance with these policies, and resident perspectives can greatly inform measures to promote adherence.

Aims and Methods
We conducted in-person interviews with 20 New York City Housing Authority tenants in April 2018. Our thematic analysis examined resident opinions on the upcoming smoke-free housing policy.

Results
Although 65% of residents supported the policy, 50% anticipated poor adherence due to expected lack of enforcement, safety issues with smoking outdoors, and general discontent with the housing authority and living conditions. However, many participants felt adherence could be improved if the housing authority optimized resource-provision and communication with tenants.

Conclusions
Our study adds to existing literature examining tenant views on the controversial topic of mandatory smoke-free housing policies, and our interviews were conducted at a unique time prior to policy implementation in the country’s largest public housing authority. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for housing authorities including: (1) information and resource-provision, (2) safety enhancement, and (3) relationship building with tenants in order to maximize policy adherence.

Implications
Our study is unique because we captured resident views prior to policy implementation in a housing authority without a preexisting smoke-free policy in place. In comparison, most recent research on this topic has focused on the postimplementation period or used survey research methods in the preimplementation phase. Our findings add to extant research about tenant perspectives on smoke-free housing policies and offer suggestions to address barriers to compliance.
Carbonate-Induced Chemical Reductants Are Responsible for Iron Acquisition in Strategy I Wild Herbaceous Plants Native to Calcareous Grasslands
Authors: Wang Baolan , Wei Haifang , Chen Zhuo , Li Yuting , Zhang Wen-Hao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in understanding Strategy I iron (Fe) acquisition using crop/model plants under controlled conditions in laboratories. However, plant species native to calcareous soils may have evolved unique strategies for adaptation to high carbonate/pH-induced Fe deficiency. Until now, little information is available on the Fe acquisition mechanisms in these plants. Here, we explored the Fe acquisition mechanisms in wild dicot species native to calcareous grasslands, by monitoring the Fe nutrition–related rhizosphere processes in field and greenhouse conditions. Most of these wild species displayed comparable shoot Fe concentration to those of crops, and some dicots actually accumulated very high shoot Fe. However, these species did not exhibit ferric reductase oxidase (FRO)-dependent Strategy I responses to Fe deficiency, including visual rhizosphere acidification and increased Fe3+ reduction. In contrast, chemical reductants exuded by roots of dicots were responsible for Fe3+ reduction in these wild plants. These features were not observed in the FRO-dependent Strategy I crop plant cucumber. Neither leaf chlorophyll nor shoot/root Fe was depressed by 10% CaCO3 application in all the examined wild species. Furthermore, their root exudation was significantly activated by CaCO3, leading to an increased Fe3+ reduction. We show that chemical reductant–mediated Fe3+ reduction occurs preferentially in these wild dicots and that these mechanisms are not sensitive to high soil carbonate/pH. Our findings support that Fe acquisition in Strategy I wild plants native to calcareous soils is substantially different from the enzyme-dependent system of Strategy I plants.