bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic development model for long gap discharge streamer-leader system based on fractal theory
Authors: GENG Jianghai , WANG Quansheng , Liu Xiaomin , WANG Ping , LYU Fangcheng , DING Yujian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Establishing a long air gap discharge model considering the streamer-leader transition and randomness of the discharge path is of great significance to improve the accuracy of discharge characteristic prediction and optimize external insulation design. Based on fractal theory and thermal ionization theory of streamer-leader transition, this work establishes a dynamic development model for the long air gap discharge streamer-leader system, which includes streamer inception, streamer development, leader inception, development of streamer-leader system and final jump. The positive discharge process of a 3 m rod plate is simulated to obtain the fractal distribution of the discharge path and the law of leader development for comparison with the discharge test results. The results show that the simulation model is similar to test results in the development characteristics of leader path distribution, each stage time and leader velocity. Finally, a simulation calculation of a 50% breakdown voltage of the rod-plate gap and ball-plate gap is carried out, with results fairly consistent with test data, proving the effectiveness and practicality of the model.
A bifurcated palea mutant infers functional differentiation of WOX3 genes in flower and leaf morphogenesis of barley
Authors: Yoshikawa Takanori , Hisano Hiroshi , Hibara Ken-Ichiro , Nie Jilu , Tanaka Yuki , Itoh Jun-Ichi , Taketa Shin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most highly produced cereal in the world after wheat, rice and maize and is mainly utilized as malts and for animal feed. Barley, a model crop of the tribe Triticeae, is important in comparative analyses of Poaceae. However, molecular understanding about the developmental processes is limited in barley. Our previous work characterized one of two WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 (WOX3) genes present in the barley genome: NARROW LEAFED DWARF1 (NLD1). We demonstrated that NLD1 plays a pivotal role in the development of lateral organs. In the present study, we describe a bifurcated palea (bip) mutant of barley focusing on flower and leaf phenotypes. The palea in the bip mutant was split into two and develop towards inside the lemma surrounding the carpels and anthers. The bip mutant is devoid of lodicules, which develop in a pair at the base of the stamen within the lemma in normal barley. bip also exhibited malformations in leaves, such as narrow leaf due to underdeveloped leaf-blade width, and reduced trichome density. Map-based cloning and expression analysis indicated that BIP is identical to another barley WOX3 gene, named HvWOX3. The bip nld1 double mutant presented a more severe reduction in leaf-blade width and number of trichomes. By comparing the phenotypes and gene expression patterns of various WOX3 mutants, we concluded that leaf bilateral outgrowth and trichome development are promoted by both NLD1 and HvWOX3, but that HvWOX3 serves unique and pivotal functions in barley development that differ from those of NLD1.
ViBE: a hierarchical BERT model to identify eukaryotic viruses using metagenome sequencing data
Authors: Gwak Ho-Jin , Rho Mina 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in humans and various environments and continually mutate themselves. Identifying viruses in an environment without cultivation is challenging; however, promoting the screening of novel viruses and expanding the knowledge of viral space is essential. Homology-based methods that identify viruses using known viral genomes rely on sequence alignments, making it difficult to capture remote homologs of the known viruses. To accurately capture viral signals from metagenomic samples, models are needed to understand the patterns encoded in the viral genomes. In this study, we developed a hierarchical BERT model named ViBE to detect eukaryotic viruses from metagenome sequencing data and classify them at the order level. We pre-trained ViBE using read-like sequences generated from the virus reference genomes and derived three fine-tuned models that classify paired-end reads to orders for eukaryotic deoxyribonucleic acid viruses and eukaryotic ribonucleic acid viruses. ViBE achieved higher recall than state-of-the-art alignment-based methods while maintaining comparable precision. ViBE outperformed state-of-the-art alignment-free methods for all test cases. The performance of ViBE was also verified using real sequencing datasets, including the vaginal virome.
Differential effects of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors on spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents in spine-innervating double bouquet and parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting GABAergic interneurons in human neocortex
Authors: Lukacs Istvan P , Francavilla Ruggiero , Field Martin , Hunter Emily , Howarth Michael , Horie Sawa , Plaha Puneet , Stacey Richard , Livermore Laurent , Ansorge Olaf , Tamas Gabor , Somogyi Peter 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDiverse neocortical GABAergic neurons specialize in synaptic targeting and their effects are modulated by presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) suppressing neurotransmitter release in rodents, but their effects in human neocortex are unknown. We tested whether activation of group III mGluRs by L-AP4 changes GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in 2 distinct dendritic spine-innervating GABAergic interneurons recorded in vitro in human neocortex. Calbindin-positive double bouquet cells (DBCs) had columnar “horsetail” axons descending through layers II–V innervating dendritic spines (48%) and shafts, but not somata of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. Parvalbumin-expressing dendrite-targeting cell (PV-DTC) axons extended in all directions innervating dendritic spines (22%), shafts (65%), and somata (13%). As measured, 20% of GABAergic neuropil synapses innervate spines, hence DBCs, but not PV-DTCs, preferentially select spine targets. Group III mGluR activation paradoxically increased the frequency of sIPSCs in DBCs (to median 137% of baseline) but suppressed it in PV-DTCs (median 92%), leaving the amplitude unchanged. The facilitation of sIPSCs in DBCs may result from their unique GABAergic input being disinhibited via network effect. We conclude that dendritic spines receive specialized, diverse GABAergic inputs, and group III mGluRs differentially regulate GABAergic synaptic transmission to distinct GABAergic cell types in human cortex.
Graph-theoretical insights into the effects of aging on the speech production network
Authors: Schill Jana , Simonyan Kristina , Corsten Maximilian , Mathys Christian , Thiel Christiane , Witt Karsten 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSpeech production relies on the interplay of different brain regions. Healthy aging leads to complex changes in speech processing and production. Here, we investigated how the whole-brain functional connectivity of healthy elderly individuals differs from that of young individuals. In total, 23 young (aged 24.6 ± 2.2 years) and 23 elderly (aged 64.1 ± 6.5 years) individuals performed a picture naming task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We determined whole-brain functional connectivity matrices and used them to compute group averaged speech production networks. By including an emotionally neutral and an emotionally charged condition in the task, we characterized the speech production network during normal and emotionally challenged processing. Our data suggest that the speech production network of elderly healthy individuals is as efficient as that of young participants, but that it is more functionally segregated and more modularized. By determining key network regions, we showed that although complex network changes take place during healthy aging, the most important network regions remain stable. Furthermore, emotional distraction had a larger influence on the young group’s network than on the elderly’s. We demonstrated that, from the neural network perspective, elderly individuals have a higher capacity for emotion regulation based on their age-related network re-organization.
Network-specific selectivity of functional connections in the neonatal brain
Authors: Sylvester Chad M , Kaplan Sydney , Myers Michael J , Gordon Evan M , Schwarzlose Rebecca F , Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Nielsen Ashley N , Kenley Jeanette K , Meyer Dominique , Yu Qiongru , Graham Alice M , Fair Damien A , Warner Barbara B , Barch Deanna M , Rogers Cynthia E , Luby Joan L , Petersen Steven E , Smyser Christopher D 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe adult human brain is organized into functional brain networks, groups of functionally connected segregated brain regions. A key feature of adult functional networks is long-range selectivity, the property that spatially distant regions from the same network have higher functional connectivity than spatially distant regions from different networks. Although it is critical to establish the status of functional networks and long-range selectivity during the neonatal period as a foundation for typical and atypical brain development, prior work in this area has been mixed. Although some studies report distributed adult-like networks, other studies suggest that neonatal networks are immature and consist primarily of spatially isolated regions. Using a large sample of neonates (n = 262), we demonstrate that neonates have long-range selective functional connections for the default mode, fronto-parietal, and dorsal attention networks. An adult-like pattern of functional brain networks is evident in neonates when network-detection algorithms are tuned to these long-range connections, when using surface-based registration (versus volume-based registration), and as per-subject data quantity increases. These results help clarify factors that have led to prior mixed results, establish that key adult-like functional network features are evident in neonates, and provide a foundation for studies of typical and atypical brain development.
Impact of treatment adherence on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lee Won Kyung , Woo Seong Ill , Hyun Dong Keun , Jung Sun-Young , Kim Mi-sook , Lee Joongyub 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
The impact of adherence to oral anticoagulation has not been reported in terms of absolute risk, which would enhance patients’ understanding and treatment adherence.

Methods and results
This retrospective cohort study analysed data from the National Health Insurance Database of Korea, from January 2010 to December 2018, on 84 227 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The participants were analysed according to their overall adherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) and further divided into four groups: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) adherent, vitamin K antagonist (VKA) adherent, NOAC non-adherent, and VKA non-adherent. The incidence of ischaemic stroke, major bleeding, and death was compared between the four groups using risk difference, number needed to treat and number needed to harm. Among the participants, 50 178 were adherent to (OACs), while 34 049 were non-adherent. The incidence of major bleeding was higher in the adherent group (4.49%; 95% confidence interval, 4.11–4.85%) than in the non-adherent group (3.61%; 3.16–4.06%), and the incidence of ischaemic stroke was higher in the non-adherent group (7.68%; 7.08–8.33%) than in the adherent group (5.61%; 5.17–6.07%). In terms of risk difference, adherence to OACs increased the risk of major bleeding by 0.87% and decreased the risk of ischaemic stroke by 2.08%. This finding suggests that one additional major bleeding event occurred for every 115 adherent patients, and one additional ischaemic stroke event was prevented for every 48 adherent patients.

Conclusion
The benefits of OAC adherence in NVAF patients for ischaemic stroke prevention exceeding the risk of bleeding are shown more clearly in terms of absolute risk.
The Grand Tour of Mercantilism: Lord Fauconberg’s Italian Mission (1669–1671)
Authors: Fusaro Maria , Addobbati Andrea 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The extraordinary mission of Lord Fauconberg to some of the Italian states in 1669–1671 took place at a pivotal moment in early modern diplomatic relations, and is a most evocative case-study of the relationship between Restoration England and Europe in the last decades of the seventeenth century. This article will provide a close analysis of the mission and its protagonists, aiming to re-evaluate English diplomacy through cross-referencing English and Italian documentary evidence, but with a special attention to the Italian side of the story. By analysing how the Republic of Venice and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany—the major Italian trade partners of England––perceived and interpreted English trade policy, it provides an original analysis of Caroline diplomacy and trade in the early Restoration era.
The Uneasy Interplay between Digital Inequality and International Economic Law
Authors: Peng Shin-yi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article addresses the questions of what role international economic law has played in the story of digital inequality’s emergence and evolution and how international economic law can reduce digital inequality instead of enhancing it. The first part of this study illustrates the uneasy interplay between digital inequality and international economic law. At the network layer, the economic benefit of the General Agreement on Trade in Services’ Mode 3 (foreign investment) market access commitments in the telecommunications sector has never been realized in many developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs). There is a missing link between the consequences of trade liberalization and broadband investment. At the application layer, today’s platformization of services was an ‘unforeseen development’ at the time the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established. Through the pro-liberalization of WTO jurisprudence, members’ decades-old Mode 1 (cross-border) market access commitments have played more than a marginal legal role in global datafication. The second part of this study discusses how international economic law can confront and potentially redress that inequality. In the context of trade and development, it remains to be seen how the WTO members can find the common ground needed to balance digital trade liberalization and development needs. Unless infrastructure concerns from developing countries and LDCs are addressed, the ongoing WTO e-commerce trade deal may end up being labelled the Digital ‘Haves’ Trade Agreement. In the context of trade and competition, the increasing inequality in digital platforms calls for a set of international competition rules to appropriately address market power in the data sector. By imposing cross-border disciplines for competition policy and thus curbing the power of big digital platforms, the proposed WTO Data Reference Paper may well be an effective instrument to address the second dimension of ‘digital inequality’ – data colonization.
Development of a ribosome profiling protocol to study translation in Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Fenton Darren A , Kiniry Stephen J , Yordanova Martina M , Baranov Pavel V , Morrissey John P 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Kluyveromyces marxianus is an interesting and important yeast because of particular traits such as thermotolerance and rapid growth, and for applications in food and industrial biotechnology. For both understanding its biology and developing bioprocesses, it is important to understand how K. marxianus responds and adapts to changing environments. For this, a full suite of omics tools to measure and compare global patterns of gene expression and protein synthesis is needed. We report here the development of a ribosome profiling method for K. marxianus, which allows codon resolution of translation on a genome-wide scale by deep sequencing of ribosome locations on mRNAs. To aid in the analysis and sharing of ribosome profiling data, we added the K. marxianus genome as well as transcriptome and ribosome profiling data to the publicly accessible GWIPS-viz and Trips-Viz browsers. Users are able to upload custom ribosome profiling and RNA-Seq data to both browsers, therefore allowing easy analysis and sharing of data. We also provide a set of step-by-step protocols for the experimental and bioinformatic methods that we developed.
An analytical solution simulating growth of Lewy bodies
Authors: Kuznetsov Ivan A , Kuznetsov Andrey V 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper reports a minimal model simulating the growth of a Lewy body (LB). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model simulating LB growth. The LB is assumed to consist of a central spherical core, which is composed of membrane fragments and various dysfunctional intracellular organelles, and a halo, which is composed of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils. Membrane fragments and α-syn monomers are assumed to be produced in the soma at constant rates. The growth of the core and the halo are simulated by the Finke–Watzky model. Analytical (closed-form) solutions describing the growth of the core and the halo are obtained. A sensitivity analysis in terms of model parameters is performed.
Distress vocalizations in five species of armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata)
Authors: Amaya Juan P , Abba Agustín M , Pardo Victor M , Zufiaurre Emmanuel , Bustillos Cayoja Huascar , Superina Mariella , Areta Juan I 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Distress vocalizations are emitted by animals experiencing extreme physical distress, such as when caught by a predator. These signals are emitted by numerous and phylogenetically distant vertebrate species and are composed of sequences of broadband and high-amplitude notes. In this study, we provide the first acoustic characterization of distress vocalizations in four armadillo species: pink fairy armadillo (Chlamyphorus truncatus), greater fairy armadillo (Calyptophractus retusus), Southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus), and Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous chacoensis). We also recharacterized the weeping call of the screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus) to compare vocalizations, discuss potential homologies, and examine possible causes of structural and acoustic similarities among these species. In three species the vocalizations were sequences of exhaled notes that differed in their fine spectral structure (exhaled harmonic notes in C. retusus, and exhaled harsh notes in C. truncatus and T. matacus). The vocalization of C. chacoensis was composed of exhaled harsh and inhaled harsh notes that occurred alternately and continuously in a quick sequence. Based on the mode of production and acoustic similarity, we propose that the notes of C. retusus and C. truncatus would be homologous to the conspicuous crying notes of C. vellerosus. The exhaled harsh notes of T. matacus and C. chacoensis may also be homologous to the crying notes of C. vellerosus, but the notes of T. matacus are quite different in various acoustic parameters. Furthermore, the inhaled and exhaled harsh notes of C. chacoensis are similar to the inhaled and exhaled sobbing notes of C. vellerosus, making assessments of homologies uncertain in these species. Because a common motivational state (physical distress) underlies these vocalizations, we propose that the notable differences in body size and habitat preferences of the armadillos could represent potential drivers of the acoustic divergence among their vocalizations.
Is There Life After Death?: The Persuasive Value of Annulled Investment Awards
Authors: Csernus Máté 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In investment arbitral jurisprudence, previous decisions of arbitral tribunals are held in high regard. But what happens to an award’s persuasive value when it is annulled? The article seeks to examine the legal status, legitimacy, and, through these factors, the persuasiveness of annulled investment awards. The article finds that since the quasi-precedential system of investment arbitration is largely governed by meta-legal considerations, the status of annulled awards is also governed by these considerations, that is, considerations of legitimacy. The author compares the persuasive value of annulled investment awards with that of dissenting opinions of arbitrators and with overturned World Trade Organization (WTO)Panel Reports with the aim of shedding some additional light on questions of legitimacy and persuasiveness. Finally, the article offers a typology of investment arbitral tribunals’ possible reasons for referring to annulled awards and illustrates the relevant categories with some of the more influential annulled investment awards of recent years.
Constraining parameter uncertainty for predicting oxygen and hydrogen isotope values in fruit
Authors: Cueni Florian , Nelson Daniel B , Lehmann Marco M , Boner Markus , Kahmen Ansgar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Understanding δ18O and δ2H values of agricultural products like fruit is of particular scientific interest in plant physiology, ecology, and forensic studies. Applications of mechanistic stable isotope models to predict δ18O and δ2H values of water and organic compounds in fruit, however, are hindered by a lack of empirical parameterizations and validations. We addressed this lack of data by experimentally evaluating model parameter values required to model δ18O and δ2H values of water and organic compounds in berries and leaves from strawberry and raspberry plants grown at different relative humidities. Our study revealed substantial differences between leaf and berry isotope values, consistent across the different relative humidity treatments. We demonstrated that existing isotope models can reproduce water and organic δ18O and δ2H values for leaves and berries. Yet, these simulations require organ-specific model parameterization to accurately predict δ18O and δ2H values of leaf and berry tissue and water pools. We quantified these organ-specific model parameters for both species and relative humidity conditions. Depending on the required model accuracy, species- and environment-specific model parameters may be justified. The parameter values determined in this study thus facilitate applications of stable isotope models where understanding δ18O and δ2H values of fruit is of scientific interest.