bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un quaderno di lettere dell’azienda Cambini di Firenze
Authors: D’Arienzo Luisa 
Published: July 2022

Il contributo analizza un Quaderno di lettere dell’azienda mercantile-bancaria dei Cambini, attiva a Firenze nel periodo 1444-1481, anno del suo fallimento. Nel ricco archivio dell’azienda, conservato presso l’Ospedale degli Innocenti di Firenze, sono presenti, con qualche lacuna, circa 80 registri contabili di varia natura; fra essi è stato esaminato un quaderno di lettere, unico nella sua tipologia, relativo al biennio 1 gennaio 1476- 31 dicembre 1477, realizzato da Francesco e Bernardo di Niccolò Cambini. Il Quaderno riporta nella prima parte le tratte e rimesse, nella seconda le lettere inviate dall’azienda ai numerosi corrispondenti. Dopo l’esame degli aspetti codicologici del libro, lo studio approfondisce la tipologia dei documenti e le formule che li contraddistinguono, anche in relazione ai rimandi interni agli altri libri dell’azienda. Vengono presentate tre tabelle con gli elenchi dei corrispondenti dell’azienda e delle piazze italiane ed europee dove operavano, ed ancora l’elenco delle tratte e rimesse e delle lettere inviate dai Cambini. Si allega una carta europea con la distribuzione geografica nel Mediterraneo e in Atlantico dei corrispondenti del banco.
This contribution analyzes a book of letters from the business-banking concern owned by the Cambini, active in Florence in the 1444-1481 period, year of its bankrupt. The rich archive, kept at Florence’s Hospital of Innocenti, holds, with some missing portions, about 80 accounting books on miscellaneous subjects. Among them, it was analyzed a handbook of letters, unique for its kind, relating to the two years January 1, 1476 to December 31, 1477, executed by Francesco and Bernardo di Niccolò Cambini. In the first section of the Handbook are reported withdrawals and deposits, whereas the second reports the letters sent by the company to its numerous correspondents. After a review of the codicological aspects of the book, the study examines the nature of the documents and the formulas characterizing them, also in relation to the company’s internal references in other books. Three tables, reporting the list of the company’s correspondents and the name of Italian and the European squares where they operated, is also reported, as well as a list of deposits and withdrawals jointly with the letters sent by the Cambini. It is attached a map displaying the geographical distribution in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic of the bank’s correspondents.
The lettres de foire of Ypres (second half XIIIth century)
Authors: De Hemptinne Thérèse , Howell Martha 
Published: July 2022

The Flemish city of Ypres left a collection of credit records from the second half of the XIIIth century that is considerably richer than any from the north of Europe before the later XVth century, even the XVIth. One of the most important of the industrial and commercial powerhouses of the late medieval southern Low Countries, Ypres was renowned as producer of high-quality drapery and as the site of one of the five Flemish fairs linked to those of Champagne. Although Ypres was completely destroyed during WW I, the substance of more than 7,000 of the original records (all in the form of chirographs) are available to us, either in transcription or as summaries compiled before the war. Most treat loans taken by Yprois either from foreign creditors or from fellow citizens, thus providing a precious window into the socioeconomic structure of the city – and by implication that of similar cities of the day – as well as a fuller understanding of the diplomatic procedures used to register and secure debt in that heavily urbanized region.
La ville flamande d’Ypres a laissé une collection de lettres de crédit de la deuxième moitié du XIIIe siècle considérablement plus riche que toute autre ville du nord de l’Europe avant la fin du XVe et même du XVIe siècle. Un des plus importants centres industriels et commerciaux des anciens Pays-Bas au bas Moyen Âge, Ypres était renommée pour sa production de draps de haute qualité et comme l’endroit où se tenait une des cinq foires de Flandre, liées avec celles de Champagne. Même si Ypres fut presque totalement détruite durant la première guerre mondiale, le contenu de plus de 7 000 de ces lettres (toutes des chirographes) nous est connu, soit grâce à des transcriptions soit par des résumés compilés avant la guerre. La plupart ont pour objet des emprunts contractés par des habitants d’Ypres envers des créditeurs étrangers ou envers des concitoyens. Ces lettres nous procurent donc une précieuse ouverture sur les structures socio-économiques de cette ville – et par extension sur celles de villes similaires de l’époque – ainsi qu’une meilleure compréhension des procédures diplomatiques utilisées pour enregistrer et garantir les dettes dans cette région fortement urbanisée.
« A no grant besoing, en boine mounoie et bien contee »
Authors: De Paermentier Els 
Published: July 2022

Throughout the XIIIth century, the countesses of Flanders Joan (1212- 1244) and her sister Margaret of Constantinople (1244-1278) had to rely on ad hoc loans in order to cover their expenses caused by political, economic or military decisions. Such ad hoc credits were granted by the Flemish towns and by the countesses liege lords, the French king and English king (money fief), but also by « foreign » partners. Among these « external » financiers, not only Northern Italian merchants (Lombards) but also several members of the bourgeoisie of Arras played a significant role. For the latter group, several letters of obligation and quittances reporting on the financial transactions between the countesses of Flanders and the Arras families Crespin, Louchart, Wago and le Brogne have survived. So far, the well-documented case of Arras loans has mainly been analyzed for its content. However, studying the diplomatic and material features of these records might lead to additional conclusions on how these financial transactions were prepared, performed, recorded and finalized. By bridging the gaps between « content » and « form », separate documents and compiled records, and making use of different methodological approaches, this contribution will offer a more in-depth view of the usurarios de Attrebato in XIIIth century Flanders, and more particularly of their role and representation in the financial comital administration.
Au cours du XIIIe siècle, les comtesses de Flandre Jeanne (1212-1244) et sa sœur Marguerite de Constantinople (1244-1278) ont dû faire appel, à maintes reprises, à des crédits externes ad hoc pour financer leurs dépenses causées par des décisions politiques, économiques et militaires. De tels crédits ont été accordés par les villes de Flandre et les suzerains des comtesses, les rois de France et d’Angleterre (ce dernier en procurant un fief de bourse), mais aussi par des partenaires étrangers. Parmi ces créditeurs extérieurs, des marchands italiens du Nord (Lombards), ainsi que plusieurs membres de la bourgeoisie arrageoise, ont joué un rôle prépondérant. Quant à ce dernier groupe, un grand nombre de lettres obligatoires et de quittances sont préservées, et nous rendent compte des transactions financières entre les comtesses de Flandre et les familles arrageoises des Crespin, des Louchart, des Wagon et des Le Brogne. Jusqu’à présent, le cas des financiers d’Arras, lequel est richement documenté, a été étudié principalement du point de vue du contenu des documents. Cependant, analyser leurs caractéristiques diplomatiques et matérielles peut également aider à mieux comprendre la manière dont ces opérations de prêts ont été préparées, présentées, enregistrées et finalisées. En comblant le fossé qui sépare le contenu de la forme des documents, et en utilisant différentes approches méthodologiques, cette contribution s’attache à donner une vue plus générale sur les usurarios de Attrebato actifs en Flandre au XIIIe siècle, en particulier sur leur rôle et représentation dans l’administration financière comtale.
Handel und Schriftkultur in den böhmischen Ländern IM Spätmittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Bláhová Marie 
Published: July 2022

Die Autorin befasst sich mit Schriftstücken, die mit dem Handel mit landwirtschaftlichen und handwerkschaftlichen Produkten und mit Rohstoffen in den Böhmischen Ländern im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit zusammenhängen.
Die Ergebnisse der Analyse limitiert die konkrete Erhaltung der Quellen, weil in einem viel umfangreicheren Maß normative Quellen erhalten wurden, also Schriftstücke mit einer langfristigen –« unbegrenzten »– Gültigkeit, als Schriftstücke, die direkt in dem geschäftlichen Verkehr, deren Gültigkeit in der Regel nach dem Abschluss der Transaktion endete.
In die erste Gruppe der Schriftstücke gehören vor allem Zollordnungen und Privilegien, die zur Unterstützung des Handels herausgegeben wurden, Handelsordnungen und Stauten. Die konkrete Handelstätigkeit beweisen vor allem Schuldscheine, die von dem 13. Jahrhundert belegt sind, von dem 14. Jahrhundert Stadtbücher. Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhundert kommen schon Belege von der Benutzung der privaten Kaufmannsbücher vor. Erst zu Ende des Mittelalters wurde die Verwendung der Quittungen und Obligationen (Schuldverschreibungen) belegt. Wechsel wurden erst ab Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts bekannt, aber ihre Benutzung war nicht sehr verbreitet.
The Author concentrates on the written documents related to the trade in agriculture and craft products and in raw materials in the Czech Lands in the late Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The results of the analysis are limited by the extant sources because the normative sources, i.e. written documents with long-term – « unlimited » – validity, survived in greater extent than those written documents used directly in the traffic, whose validity generally expired after the transaction was finished.
The first group of documents includes mainly customs orders and privileges issued to boost the trade, trading orders and statutes. The specific trading activities can be found predominantly in the promissory notes documented from the XIIIth century, and the municipal books from the XIVth century. From the second half of the XIVth century, the proves of private merchant books usage are available. The usage of receipts and bonds is documented only at the end of the Middle Ages. The promissory notes have been known in the Czech Lands only at the end of the XVth century, but their usage wasn’t widely spread.
Lettere e documenti di mercanti nel Portogallo del cinquecento
Authors: Helena Da Cruz Coelho Maria , António Gomes Saul 
Published: July 2022

Dall’arrivo di Vasco da Gama in India, nel 1498, il Portogallo si trasformò in una vera e propria piattaforma del commercio mondiale, che attirava gli interessi di numerosi mercanti e banchieri internazionali e rendeva dinamici i mercati economici interni. Nell’archivio reale portoghese si trovano molte tracce documentarie che illustrano il mondo della scrittura di commercianti e mercanti, di banchieri e prestatori di denaro, i quali intrattenevano strette relazioni con la Corona. Troviamo, così, documentazione dalle tipologie formali diversificate e provenienti dalle botteghe dei mercanti o dei notai di cui questi si servivano: dalle missive e corrispondenza varia, ai contratti tra mercanti, alle richieste e concessioni di regalìe da parte dei commercianti, alle procure e alle deleghe fino alle numerose ricevute e quietanze di pagamenti effettuati. La stessa cancelleria regia, a sua volta, incorporò nelle sue pratiche modelli di produzione documentaria di tipica matrice contabile e commerciale, con la moltiplicazione di bilanci e di libri giornale, con la registrazione delle spese e delle entrate, di cambiali o di ordini di acquisto di prodotti commerciali.
Ever since Vasco da Gama arrived to India, in 1498, Portugal has shaped itself into a platform for world commerce – one that attracted mercantile and banking interests and invigorated internal markets. From the Portuguese royal archives, documents bring light to many merchant and businessman, and banker and lender writings – involved in crown affairs and personal deals. Thus, we come across documentation originating from merchant’s writing desks, or the notaries they recurred to. Such communications assumed different diplomatic typologies such as missives and general correspondence, contract letters between merchants, privilege concession requests, procurator affairs and power delegations, receipts and collected payment quittance. The very royal chancellery incorporated frameworks to produce accounting and commercial documents into its practices. This gave way to the multiplication of budgets, accounting books, payment orders and purchasing orders for commercial products.
An Insight Into the Implementation of Integrated Reporting Practices in an Emerging Economy
Authors: Alabi Abdulkadri Toyin 
Published: July 2022

Integrated reporting is a modern kind of corporate reporting designed for businesses. The main goal of this study is to examine the degree to which listed corporations in Nigeria have been able to implement the framework's integrated reporting principles and practices. Due of a lack of data on the implementation of integrated reporting from reporting entities, a documentary mixed with descriptive research technique was used. The purposive random sampling approach was used to determine sample size, utilizing eleven (11) Nigerian listed companies from each sector. The result of the tested hypothesis yielded F-value of 0.632 (P-value = 0.088; which is insignificant being greater than the 0.05 threshold), as such, the null hypothesis was accepted. This signifies no substantial evidence of integrated reporting implementation practices among Nigerian listed firms. This finding might be attributed to the recent nature of integrated reporting disclosures as well as a lack of a regulatory framework in Nigeria to motivate it.
Decoding an Old 1907 Prescription of Dr. Ing Hay (“Doc Hay”): One of the Earliest Chinese Medicine Doctors in the United States
Authors: Fan Arthur Yin , Jin Louis Lei , Huang Boling , Yu Mingxia , Zhao Xiaoyin , Alemi Sarah Faggert 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Chinese medicine doctors have practiced in the United States since April of 1854, the world's first Chinese medicine doctor's memorial is Kam Wah Chung Museum in John Day, Oregon, U.S., to commemorate Dr. Ing Hay (”Doc Hay” 伍于念) and his business partner Lung On (梁光荣). There were few studies to explore Doc Hay's real practice and prescription, while most of papers focused on Doc Hay's legend life. This paper aims to analyze and interpret one of the intriguing herbal prescriptions that Doc Hay had hand-written.

Materials and Methods:
Dr. Arthur Yin Fan made an academic travel to Kam Wah Chung museum on August 5, 2018 and examined the books and hand-written prescriptions of Doc Hay, which were not exhibited to the public at that time. This paper analyzes and interprets one of herbal prescriptions that Doc Hay had hand-written in 1907. Interpretation process included four steps: (1): Transform Doc Hay's hand-written prescription (with original herb names) to standard herb names in Chinese. (2): Induct and rearrange the herb name into groups based on herb property characteristics and then translate them into both PinYin names and English names. Analyzation of the prescription may include in what classic formula (s) routinely introduced in Chinese medicine textbooks. (3): Analyze the herbal action for each group and potential symptoms or conditions the patient may have had. An analysis of classic formula (s) used in the prescription may represent what clinical condition was being treated at that time. (4): Combine the analysis to give a comprehensive picture of the patient.

Results:
The prescription consists of 67 herbs, total 934.6 grams, and including Yin Qiao Powder (银翘散), Sang Ju Decoction (桑菊饮), Zhi Sou Powder (止嗽散), Qing Ying Decoction (清营汤), Xi Jiao Di Huang Decoction (犀角地黄汤), Long Dan Xie Gan Decoction (龙胆泻肝汤) and Chai Hu Shu Gan Powder (柴胡疏肝散). Speculation indicated that the prescription was for a patient who had obvious pulmonary infection accompanied by severe cough, and probably had prolonged pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) also with acute respiratory infection caused by other bacteria or viruses. Based on the analysis of composition of this prescription, it can be used for the treatment of epidemic diseases.

Conclusion:
The majority of herbs used in this prescription are commonly included in the herbal medicines in China used to effectively counter severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 and currently COVID-19, it might be Doc Hay's basic formula for patients with “Spanish Flu” during the 1918-1920 pandemic.
C-reactive protein Lymphocyte Ratio in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: KOÇ İbrahim , GULLU Yusuf Taha 
Published: July 2022

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a severe problem in underdeveloped and developing countries. Diagnostic tests are unavailable in every health institution, and TB culture can take up to 45 days. Therefore, there is a need for cheaper, faster, and easily accessible diagnostic methods that can guide the diagnosis. This study aimed to determine whether red blood cell distribution width (RDW), C-reactive protein (CRP)-lymphocyte ratio (CLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) can be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in patients with no comorbidities.
Material and Methods: Files of microbiologically confirmed 122 patients with pulmonary TB and 153 patients in whom pulmonary TB was excluded were retrospectively reviewed. Out of them, patients with comorbidities were excluded from the study. Eighty-one patients with TB and 100 controls were included in the study.
Results: The lymphocyte, eosinophil, and LMR levels remained significantly lower in the TB group, while neutrophil, monocyte, RDW, platelet, and PLR levels were higher in the same group.
Conclusion: In those patients suspicious of pulmonary TB, higher levels of RDW, PLR, and CLR, whereas lower levels of eosinophil, PDW, and LMR may predict the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in previously healthy individuals.
The Effects of Short Films About Mental Health and Diseases Shot by Nursing Students on Their Attitudes Towards Psychiatric Patients
Authors: DURGU Nihan , NEHİR Sevgi , AYDEMİR Ömer 
Published: July 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of short films about mental health and diseases shot by nursing students on their attitudes towards psychiatric patients.
Material and Method: The population of the semi-experimental research in pre-test and post-test design consisted of 196 nursing students. The sample selection method was not used, and the research was completed with a total of 126 nursing students who were at school on the date the data was collected and volunteered to participate in the research. This number is the sample of the research at the same time. Information Form and Attitudes Towards Mentally Ills Scale was used. The number, percentage distribution, and paired samples were evaluated by using a t-test.
Results: There were eleven short films made in the first academic semester and nine short films made in the second academic semester. Most of the films were about mental disorders related to psychopathology. The pre-test mean score of the Attitudes Towards Mentally Ills Scale was 64.50±13.77, and the post-test score of the scale was 72.50±14.72. The difference between the pre-test and post-test scale scores of the students was found to be significant.
Conclusion: This study concluded that short films about mental health disorders made by students have a positive effect on nursing students’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients.
Incidence of sports injuries and their association with training characteristics of football referees in Türkiye
Authors: Şenışık Seçkin , Köyağasıoğlu Ogün , Denerel Nevzad , Emre Meydanal Yunus 
Published: July 2022

Objective: There is an abundant number of studies that investigated injuries of football players. However, injuries of football referees remains under-researched. This cohort study aims to determine the sports injuries of Turkish football referees and also to investigate the relationship between the injury and demographic characteristics and the referees’training patterns.
Materials and Methods: At the onset of the season, a questionnaire involving personal characteristics, training content, and injury characteristics was administered to the referees. Then, the referees kept injury diaries throughout the season. Injury logs were analyzed at the end of the season.
Results: From 335 referees who were approached, a total of 286 completed the study. During the 2018-2019 football season, 134 injuries were reported from 94 (32.9%) referees, with more injuries during training than matches (n=114 vs 20; 85.1% vs 14.9%). Injuries were classified as acute injuries (n=36; 26.9%) and chronic/overuse injuries (n=86; 64.2%), while 12 (9%) injuries did not receive any clinical diagnosis. The most common injured body part was the lower leg (n=40, 29.9%). A significant difference was found between injured and non-injured referees for their ages, years of refereeing, the leagues they refereed, and the intensity of running training. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age groups affected the injury status with a variance of 12.4% with an odds ratio of 70.3% and %95 CI. The risk of injury for the referees in the 22-25 age group was 73% lower than those in the 30-year-old age group.
Conclusions: Our findings present the demographic profile and training characteristics of Turkish referees, and highlights the possible role of age, league level, years of refereeing and training planning in injury prevention.
Implementation of open-heart surgery in Dong Nai General Hospital: A preliminary result
Authors: Tai Le Trung Duc , Tien Nguyen Cong , Dũng Nguyen Anh , An Nguyen Thai , Anh Vo Tuan 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Implementation of open-heart surgery in local hospitals might be necessary to help economize the treatment, improve the quality of the local medical staff and unload central hospitals. Since 2018, Dong Nai General Hospital, such a program with the assistance from Cho Ray Hospital. After 4 years, a research was conducted to assess the efficacy of this program
Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of the cardiac surgery program in Dong Nai general hospital. Demographic characteristics, the preoperative cardiac lesions, comorbidities, early postoperative results, mid-term outcome were collected and analyzed.
Results: From May 2018 to May 2022, a total of 62 patients underwent cardiac surgery at Dong Nai General Hospital. 33.9% were male, mean age was 45.6 ± 15.5. 47 cases were operated in the first phase and 15 underwent surgery in the second phase. The overall short-term mortality was 1.6% (1 patient), early complications rate was 9.7%. These complications did not lead to prolonged sequelae.
Conclusion: Implementing cardiac surgery program in Dong Nai General Hospital under the assistance of Cho Ray hospital was proved safe and efficient in terms of short-term result. The success of this program should encourage other regional hospitals to start a new field and ameliorate the capacity of local healthcare system.