bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of motor-evoked potentials below the noise floor: rethinking the motor stimulation threshold
Authors: Li Zhongxi , Peterchev Angel V , Rothwell John C , Goetz Stefan M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objective. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) are among the most prominent responses to brain stimulation, such as supra-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation. Understanding of the neurophysiology and the determination of the lowest stimulation strength that evokes responses requires the detection of even smaller responses, e.g. from single motor units. However, available detection and quantization methods suffer from a large noise floor. This paper develops a detection method that extracts MEPs hidden below the noise floor. With this method, we aim to estimate excitatory activations of the corticospinal pathways well below the conventional detection level. Approach. The presented MEP detection method presents a self-learning matched-filter approach for improved robustness against noise. The filter is adaptively generated per subject through iterative learning. For responses that are reliably detected by conventional detection, the new approach is fully compatible with established peak-to-peak readings and provides the same results but extends the dynamic range below the conventional noise floor. Main results. In contrast to the conventional peak-to-peak measure, the proposed method increases the signal-to-noise ratio by more than a factor of 5. The first detectable responses appear to be substantially lower than the conventional threshold definition of 50 µV median peak-to-peak amplitude. Significance. The proposed method shows that stimuli well below the conventional 50 µV threshold definition can consistently and repeatably evoke muscular responses and thus activate excitable neuron populations in the brain. As a consequence, the input–output (IO) curve is extended at the lower end, and the noise cut-off is shifted. Importantly, the IO curve extends so far that the 50 µV point turns out to be closer to the center of the logarithmic sigmoid curve rather than close to the first detectable responses. The underlying method is applicable to a wide range of evoked potentials and other biosignals, such as in electroencephalography.
Homogeneous Etherification Modification of Chitosan and Preparation of High-Strength Hydrogel
Authors: Ding Ning 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
At present, the ocean as a treasure house of human development resources has attracted widespread attention. Chitin is the most abundant biomass resource in the ocean, and it is also a natural macromolecule second only to cellulose in nature. Its deacetylated product, chitosan, is not only easy to modify physically and chemically, but can be processed into various forms and has excellent properties. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial, tissue adhesion and other biological activities. Derivatization reactions are often used to improve the properties of chitosan and give it new structures and functions.
In this paper, a series of chitosan ether derivatives were synthesized using alkali/urea aqueous solution as the solvent and homogeneous etherification reaction medium of chitosan, and their structures and properties were characterized. Then, chitosan and quaternized chitosan are dissolved in the acrylic acid monomer aqueous solution, and the chitosan/polyacrylic acid and quaternized high-strength polyelectrolyte composite hydrogel (PEC) are obtained by in-situ polymerization. Finally, the above-mentioned composite hydrogel is treated with Ag+ to obtain the ultra-high strength of the dual interaction of static electricity and coordination bonds, and at the same time a physical cross-linked hydrogel (DPC) with anti-fatigue. The chitosan-based hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties has good application prospects in articular cartilage, wound dressings, bionic stents and the like.
Technologies and Principles Indicated in The Black Hole Image
Authors: Li Zehui 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
On April 10, 2019, Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) released the first image of a black hole in the M87 galaxy [3]. This picture became popular on the Internet all over the world and a great number of people started to discuss it. However, many of them could not understand the scientific meaning of this picture and the laborious process to capture this image. Therefore, this paper is going to explain the works and results of EHT to non-physicists. This paper is separated into two parts, including the technologies and principles that are indicated in the black hole image. Technologies include very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), which is used to increase the details of the image and the general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) simulation used to simulate different black hole models. The principles contain Kerr’s model, which is the main model used in EHT’s research and Doppler effect. This research also discussed that the image of the black hole is similar to the Kerr’s model. However, some alternatives of the the Kerr model are different from the actual data.
A Stochastic Process for Music: The Example of K-pop Music
Authors: Park S , Kim I , Ahn K 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study analyzes music using a stochastic process, particularly, the Vasicek model. This approach interprets note progression in a song as a mean-reverting process, allowing the estimation of three parameters such as the speed of the revision to the mean, long-term level of the mean, and volatility. In addition, the entropy is evaluated for each song to identify the randomness of rise–fall patterns for each music genre. Our results characterize certain types of music and could be used to create new indicators for music classification.
The Regional Expressions of Secular Stagnation
Authors: Zhou Zhiye , Mao Yating , Wang Xinyao , Qian Yuqing 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This The terminology secular stagnation is suggested by Larry Summers in the last decade to demonstrate the globally economic downward trend. Although this standpoint was not paid importance at that time, the unstoppable decrease in world economy of recent years has shown this. Driven by these miscellaneous data, this report aims to search for evidence that can argue the secular stagnation. Thereby, we first analyse and select the objective tabular data from 1970s to 2010s covering all countries to apply the multiple linear regression model. Then the statistical theory is used for both preliminary measurement and subsequent regression diagnostics, also for the estimation method. In data processing, this paper explores the relationship between economic slow-down rate and (the logarithm of) affluence level with the random forest logarithm to find the threshold. Through the data visualization, the economic trend during the corresponding objective period can be observed intuitively. Finally, in the extension of the slow-down rate, we try to excavate the deep interactive terms among all countries. By the Solow growth model, it can be concluded that the gap between developing countries and developed countries is narrower due to the low original capital of poor countries. This phenomenon is also known as the catch-up effect. This report conducts the slow-down rate to verify the secular stagnation and meanwhile provides evidence for the relationship between slow-down and affluence levels.
Research Progress Based on Gaia DR2 and the Comparison of the Gaia Proper Motions to the Galaxia Model of the Milky Way
Authors: Ritter A , Li Jiaju 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The background of the Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) is introduced and research progress based on Gaia DR2 is reviewed. Gaia DR2 coordinates and proper motions are transformed to Galactic coordinates to allow for a comparison of the Gaia data to models of the Galaxy. A comparison of the absolute predicted and measured numbers of stars per unit area on the sky as well as the corresponding proper motions in Galactic X, Y, and Z are made. It is found that there is a very big difference between the measurements taken from the Gaia Survey and the predictions made by the Galaxia Model of the Galaxy for the proper motions. A further in depth analysis, taking into account the proper motions as a function of distances, is required to fully understand the discovered discrepancies.
Impact of direct oral anticoagulant use on mortality in very old patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Takahashi Masahiko , Okawa Keisuke , Morimoto Takeshi , Tsushima Ryu , Sudo Yuya , Sakamoto Ai , Sogo Masahiro , Ozaki Masatomo , Doi Masayuki , Morita Hiroshi , Okumura Ken , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared with that of warfarin in very old patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) have been reported in terms of thromboembolisms and bleeding. However, the association of DOAC use and mortality in such patients remains unclear.

Objectives
this study aimed to investigate the incidence of mortality, as well as thromboembolisms and major bleeding, in very old patients with NVAF using DOACs as compared with warfarin.

Methods
we conducted a single-centre historical cohort study of consecutive patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years who used oral anticoagulants. We compared the 5-year outcomes (all-cause mortality, thromboembolism, major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage) between the DOAC and Warfarin groups.

Results
of 1,676 patients with atrial fibrillation aged 80 years and over, 1,208 with NVAF were included. Propensity score matching provided 461 patients in each group, and the risk of all-cause mortality, thromboembolisms, major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhages was significantly lower in the DOAC group than Warfarin group (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] for DOAC use, 0.68 [0.54–0.87], 0.31 [0.19–0.53], 0.56 [0.36–0.88], 0.23 [0.10–0.56], log-rank P = 0.002, P &lt; 0.001, P = 0.010, P &lt; 0.001). The mortality rate within 1 year after major bleeding was significantly lower in the DOAC group than Warfarin group (14% versus 38%, P = 0.03), however, that after a thromboembolism was similar between the two groups (33% versus 35%).

Conclusion
patients with NVAF aged ≥80 years and using DOACs had a lower mortality than those using warfarin.
Value of Monocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio in Screening of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Young and Middle-Aged Patients With Essential Hypertension
Authors: Sang Wan-yue , Wang Xue-hua , Li Hong-jian , Lyu Zhong-ying , Luo Xiao-mei , Zou Ting 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
To investigate the relationships of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (MHR) with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in young and middle-aged patients with essential hypertension (EH).

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 294 young and middle-aged patients with EH (aged from 18 to 65 years old). According to the left ventricular mass index (LVMI), the patients were divided into LVH (n = 98) and non-LVH (n = 196) groups. The data on echocardiography, routine blood test, biochemical examination, and so on were collected in all subjects, then LVMI and MHR were calculated. The association between MHR and hypertensive LVH was analyzed by correlation and binary logistic regression analyses. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the predict value of MHR.

Results
MHR was higher while HDL-C was lower in the LVH group compared with the non-LVH group (MHR: 0.47 ± 0.11 vs. 0.33 ± 0.12, P &lt; 0.001; HDL-C: 1.05 [0.94–1.22] vs. 1.27 [1.07–1.47] mmol/l, P &lt; 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that LVMI was positively correlated with MHR (r = 0.381, P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MHR was an independent risk factor for LVH in young and middle-aged EH patients (odds ratio = 2.914, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.084–4.068, P &lt; 0.001) after adjusting for body mass index, smoking, HDL-C, and other confounding factors. The area under the ROC curve of MHR for predict LVH was 0.831 (95% CI 0.782–0.880), and the optimal cutoff value of MHR was 0.37, with a sensitivity of 93.9% and a specificity of 75.5%.

Conclusions
MHR is positively correlated with LVH in young and middle-aged patients with EH. MHR is an independent risk factor for LVH in this population, and can be used for LVH risk screening.
Evaluating beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) blow samples as a potential diagnostic for immune function gene expression within the respiratory system
Authors: Richard Justin T , Schultz Krystle , Goertz Caroline E C , Hobbs Roderick C , Romano Tracy A , Sartini Becky L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Evaluating respiratory health is important in the management of cetaceans, which are vulnerable to respiratory diseases. Quantifying the expression of genes related to immune function within the respiratory tract could be a valuable tool for directly assessing respiratory health. Blow (exhale) samples allow DNA analysis, and we hypothesized that RNA could also be isolated from blow samples for gene expression studies of immune function. We evaluated the potential to extract RNA from beluga blow samples and tested whether transcripts associated with immune function could be detected with endpoint polymerase chain reaction. A total of 54 blow samples were collected from clinically healthy aquarium belugas (n = 3), and 15 were collected from wild belugas temporarily restrained for health assessment in Bristol Bay, Alaska (n = 9). Although RNA yield varied widely (range, 0–265.2 ng; mean = 85.8; SD = 71.3), measurable RNA was extracted from 97% of the samples. Extracted RNA was assessed in 1–6 PCR reactions targeting housekeeping genes (Rpl8, Gapdh or ActB) or genes associated with immune function (TNFα, IL-12p40 or Cox-2). Fifty of the aquarium samples (93%) amplified at least one transcript; overall PCR success for housekeeping genes (96/110, 87%) and genes associated with immune function (90/104, 87%) were similarly high. Both RNA yield and overall PCR success (27%) were lower for wild beluga samples, which is most likely due to the reduced forcefulness of the exhale when compared with trained or free-swimming belugas. Overall, the high detection rate with PCR suggests measuring gene expression in blow samples could provide diagnostic information about immune responses within the respiratory tract. While further study is required to determine if quantitative gene expression data from blow samples is associated with disease states, the non-invasive nature of this approach may prove valuable for belugas, which face increasing anthropogenic disturbances.
Translanguaging options for note-taking in EAP and EMI
Authors: Siegel Joseph 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Taking notes while simultaneously listening to academic content in a second language is a daunting task for many students. While doing so, the note-taker is faced with a number of choices, including when, where, and how to take notes. Choices that students make are related to the overall format and system of notes as well as how to record specific pieces of information. The option of translanguaging, or making use of their multilingual resource, in note-taking is often overlooked by students and teachers in English for academic purposes (EAP) settings. The present article reports results of an international survey of EAP students with respect to their translanguaging habits and preferences when taking notes and presents a range of related pedagogic implications with the intent of preparing students for English medium instruction (EMI) in higher education.
Effects of dietary supplementation of gestating sows with adenosine 5ʹ-monophosphate or adenosine on placental angiogenesis and vitality of their offspring
Authors: Wu Deyuan , Feng Li , Hao Xiangyu , Huang Shuangbo , Wu Zifang , Ma Shuo , Yin Yulong , Tan Chengquan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Our previous study found that dietary nucleotide supplementation, including adenosine 5ʹ-monophosphate (AMP), could increase AMP content in sow milk and promote piglet growth, but its effects on placental efficiency and piglet vitality remain unknown. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary AMP or its metabolite adenosine (ADO) supplementation on sow reproductive performance and placental angiogenesis. A total of 135 sows with a similar farrowing time were blocked by backfat and body weight (BW) at day 65 of gestation and assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups (n = 45 per treatment): basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% AMP or 0.1% ADO, respectively. Placental analysis and the characteristics of sows and piglets unveiled that compared with control (CON) group, AMP or ADO supplementation could improve sow placental efficiency (P &lt; 0.05) and newborn piglet vitality (P &lt; 0.05), increase piglet birth weight (P &lt; 0.05), and reduce stillbirth rate (P &lt; 0.05). More importantly, AMP or ADO supplementation could increase the contents of AMP, ADO, and their metabolites in placentae (P &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, AMP or ADO supplementation could also increase placental vascular density (P &lt; 0.05) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (P &lt; 0.05), as well as promote the migration and tube formation of porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, maternal dietary AMP or ADO supplementation could increase their contents in the placenta, thereby improving placental angiogenesis and neonatal piglet vitality.
Heat Stress Tolerance 2 confers basal heat stress tolerance in allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Zhang Runqi , Liu Guoyu , Xu Huanwen , Lou Hongyao , Zhai Shanshan , Chen Aiyan , Hao Shuiyuan , Xing Jiewen , Liu Jie , You Mingshan , Zhang Yufeng , Xie Chaojie , Ma Jun , Liang Rongqi , Sun Qixin , Zhai Huijie , Ni Zhongfu , Li Baoyun 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Heat stress substantially reduces the yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the most widely cultivated staple crops, and greatly threatens global food security in the context of global warming. However, few studies have explored the heat stress tolerance (HST)-related genetic resources in wheat. Here, we identified and fine-mapped a wheat HST locus, TaHST2, which is indispensable for HST in both the vegetative and reproductive stages of the wheat life cycle. The studied pair of near isogenic lines (NILs) exhibited diverse morphologies under heat stress, based on which we mapped TaHST2 to a 485 kb interval on chromosome arm 4DS. Under heat stress, TaHST2 confers a superior conversion rate from soluble sugars to starch in wheat grains, resulting in faster grain filling and a higher yield potential. A further exploration of genetic resources indicated that TaHST2 underwent strong artificial selection during wheat domestication, suggesting it is an essential locus for basal HST in wheat. Our findings provide deeper insights into the genetic basis of wheat HST and might be useful for global efforts to breed heat-stress-tolerant cultivars.
Real-World Efficacy and Tolerability of Brigatinib in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Prior ALK-TKIs in the United States
Authors: Jahanzeb Mohammad , Lin Huamao M , Wu Yanyu , Zhang Pingkuan , Gorritz Magdaliz , McGuiness Catherine B , Huang Wei-Ti , Sun Kainan , Chen Chi-Chang , Camidge D Ross 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Real-world evidence for brigatinib, a next-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK-TKI) used in ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer, is scarce. This retrospective study evaluated real-world brigatinib utilization in the US post other ALK-TKIs.

Materials and Methods
Adults with ≥1 brigatinib claim (index date) between 1 April 2017 and 30 September 2020 in the IQVIA longitudinal pharmacy claims database were followed until dose reduction, discontinuation, or end of follow-up. Patients had ≥12 months pre– and ≥1-month post–index observations.

Results
A total of 413 patients treated with brigatinib were analyzed. Over 80% received ≥1 prior ALK-TKI; alectinib and crizotinib were the most common (58.8% and 51.3% patients, respectively). The median follow-up was 8.4 months. The median time to treatment discontinuation (TTD) for brigatinib was 10.3 months (95% CI, 8.2-15.0), with 45% remaining on therapy at 12 months. The TTD was shortest (~8 months) in patients receiving both crizotinib and alectinib and longest in patients who received alectinib only prior to brigatinib (11.8 months). Adherence was high, with 92.7% of patients having a medication possession ratio of &gt;80%. The mean dose compliance score was 1.0. Most patients reached the brigatinib dose of 180 mg/day (77%); 13.2% of patients had a dose reduction, with 89.3% and 84.6% continuing 180 mg/day therapy at 3 and 6 months, respectively.

Conclusions
Brigatinib appears to be effective and well-tolerated in the real-world ALK+ NSCLC population in the US, showing benefit in patients after a next-generation ALK-TKI. Notably, dose reduction rates appeared markedly less than those seen in trials when most trial-related dose reductions were for asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities.
Pollen sequencing reveals barriers and aberrant patterns of recombination in interspecific tomato hybrids
Authors: Fuentes Roven Rommel , Nieuwenhuis Ronald , Chouaref Jihed , Hesselink Thamara , van Dooijeweert Willem , van den Broeck Hetty C. , Schijlen Elio , Fransz Paul , Stam Maike , de Jong Hans , Trivino Sara Diaz , de Ridder Dick , van Dijk Aalt D.J. , Peters Sander A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTomato is the most consumed vegetable in the world. Increasing its natural resistance and resilience is key for ensuring food security within a changing climate. Plant breeders improve those traits by generating crosses of cultivated tomatoes with their wild relatives. Specific allele introgression relying on meiotic recombination, is hampered by structural divergence between parental genomes. However, previous studies of interspecific tomato hybridization focused in single cross or lacked resolution due to prohibitive sequencing costs of large segregating populations. Here, we used pooled-pollen sequencing to reveal unprecedented details of recombination patterns in five interspecific tomato hybrids. We detected hybrid-specific recombination coldspots that underscore the influence of structural divergence in shaping recombination landscape. Crossover regions and coldspots show strong association with specific TE superfamilies exhibiting differentially accessible chromatin between somatic and meiotic cells. We also found gene complexes associated with metabolic processes, stress resistance and domestication syndrome traits, revealing undesired consequences of recombination suppression to phenotypes. Finally, we demonstrate that by using resequencing data of wild and domesticated tomato populations, we can screen for alternative parental genomes to overcome recombination barriers. Overall, our results will allow breeders better informed decisions on generating disease-resistant and climate-resilient tomato.