bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New IAGA data bases established
Authors: Barton C. E. 
Published: September 2022

An international effort to establish relational data bases for various classes of paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data is being coordinated by International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Working Groups I‐5 (Paleomagnetism) and I‐6 (Rock Magnetism). This article traces developments so far.It has become virtually impossible for any individual to keep track of, or access, the wealth of paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic information that is available. Working Groups I‐5 and I‐6 of the IAGA have responded by seeking to establish data bases for various types of paleomagnetic data.
Using commerce to fund Third World geomagnetic observatories
Authors: Stuart W.F. 
Published: September 2022

In answer to Patrick Taylor in Forum (Eos, April 16, 1991) I will not pursue the question further if it is defeated democratically in Vienna in August.Two years after Exeter the proposal is no longer a “shock to the system” of the scientific establishment. It has been put formally to IAGA, and the Executive has not moved to oppose it. Instead IAGA recognizes the merit, the legality, and the operational viability of the principle I have raised by proposing an amendment which is completely acceptable to me. The turnaround reflects opinion in the international community.
Atmospheric CO estimates may be low
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: September 2022

Carbon monoxide, an atmospheric gas that plays an important role in the chemical interactions involved in the global greenhouse effect, may have been underestimated by as much as 25% in some studies, according to a paper published in the Journal of Geophysical Research (vol. 96, D7, July 20, 1991).Paul C. Novelli and L. Paul Steele of the University of Colorado and James W. Elkins of NOAA developed a series of carbon monoxide reference mixtures for use in the calibration of measurements of atmospheric concentrations of CO. They compared various existing CO reference gases from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), whose standards were referenced to those maintained by the Oregon Graduate Institute for Science and Technology (OGIST).
Weather data gap problem resolved
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

It looks as though the United States will avoid the crisis situation of a gap in weather data resulting from the aging GOES‐7 satellite and technical problems with the next generation of weather satellites (GOESNEXT). Officials at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which oversees the National Weather Service, recently announced their decision to borrow at least one and possibly several European satellites until the GOES‐NEXT program gets off the ground.The GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites) series is currently 3 years behind schedule and $500 million over budget. Problems with its complex design, program management by both NOAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and poor performance by the contractor led Department of Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher to slow down the GOES‐NEXT series to ensure that it is built right.
Spring 1991 Meeting outstanding papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The Atmospheric Sciences Committee has presented Kaye Brubaker and Jichun Shi with Outstanding Student Paper awards for presentations given at the AGU 1991 Spring Meeting, held in Baltimore May 28–31.Brubaker's paper, “Precipitation Recycling Estimated from Atmospheric Data,” presented quantitative estimates of the contribution of locallyevaporated moisture to precipitation over several large continental regions. Recycled precipitation is defined as water that evaporates from the land surface of a specified region and falls again as precipitation within the region. Brubaker applied a control volume analysis based on a model proposed by Budyko.
Bering Glacier may be in retreat
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The Bering Glacier, the largest (6000 km2) and longest (200 km) glacier in North America, may be undergoing a stage of irreversible calving retreat, said Bruce Molnia of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. The situation there today appears to be a rapid breaking apart of blocks of ice (icebergs). The retreat has resulted in the formation of Vitus Lake (Figure 1), a large freshwater, icemarginal lake, which may evolve into a saltwater bay or fiord system, said Molnia, the spokesperson for a USGS research group that includes Austin Post, Dennis C. Trabant, and James W. Schoonmaker.Unlike most glaciers that lose ice through melting, calving glaciers like Bering end in bodies of water, such as lakes, and lose icebergs from their termini or margins through fracturing or fragmentation. The icebergs, influenced by surface currents and wind, then drift away. During the past 80 years, retreat of the Bering Glacier has resulted in much of its terminus becoming an iceberg calving margin.
New Magellan data to fuel Fall Meeting
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine 
Published: September 2022

A detailed map of Venus was released by Magellan scientists on October 29. Magellan has just completed its 3,000 orbit of Venus and, according to the project's chief scientist Steve Saunders, “We now have a better globe of Venus than of Earth, because no maps of Earth have so completely traced the surface topography hidden beneath the oceans.”But the data have not lead researchers to any consensus on whether the surface of Venus was created by one long episode of catastrophic activity 800 million years ago or if continuous eruptions have steadily spread lava over the plains and transformed the surface over time.
JGR Editor Goertz killed in Iowa
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine 
Published: September 2022

JGR‐Space Physics editor Christoph K. Goertz, two other professors, a student, and an administrator were killed and an administration staff member was critically wounded in a tragic shooting spree at the University of Iowa on November 1.Victims Goertz, Dwight R. Nicholson, Linhua Shan, and Robert A. Smith were all AGU members. Goertz was currently serving as JGR‐Space Physics editor. He had served as associate editor of Journal of Geophysical Research from 1979–1983, and associate editor of Geophysical Research Letters from 1982–1988. He joined the SPR‐Magnetospheric Physics section of AGU in 1976.
1991 IAPSO Meeting
Authors: Brink Ken 
Published: September 2022

The International Association for the Physical Science of the Ocean (IAPSO) component of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) meeting is held every 4 years and is the preeminent international meeting for physical oceanography. IAPSO met most recently on August 12–24, 1991, in Vienna, Austria, and was another considerable success. With a meeting so broad that covers all aspects of physical oceanography as well as some aspects of marine meteorology and chemical oceanography, it is hard to identify a single unifying theme. This diversity, of course, is part of the strength of the meeting.Trying to describe the highlights of the IAPSO meeting is a task analogous to try ing to describe compactly the Ocean Sciences section of an AGU Fall Meeting. The y T format is similar, in terms of how the ses sions are broken down, but typically a given IAPSO session will run 2–3 days and sometimes will allow for longer, more thorough talks than an AGU Annual Meeting session. Furthermore, the sessions and attendance have considerably more international flavor that provides a much broader range of geographical focus and allows for the development of valuable international contacts. In the following paragraphs, I will try to describe a few aspects of the meeting and highlight some of the many high‐quality scientific sessions.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

As in many areas of human knowledge, the notion of climate acquired a deeper historical content around the turn of the 19th century. Natural philosophers, geographers, and others became increasingly aware of climate's own history and its relation to human, plant and animal, and Earth history. This article examines several aspects of this “historicization” of climate.The lively 18th century discussion of the influence of climate on society is well known. Montesquieu is its most famous representative, but Voltaire, Hume, Kant, and others also participated. Their debate was literary more than scientific, their goal the understanding of man, not climate. Partly for this reason and partly because of the lack of good information on climates, they made no attempt to gather substantial climatic data. In fact, the importance of systematically collecting reliable data was scarcely understood in any area of natural philosophy before the last decades of the century [Cf. Frängsmyr et al., 1990; Feldman, 1990]. Instead, participants in the debate repeated commonplaces dating from Aristotle and Hippocrates and based their conclusions on unreliable reports from travelers. As Glacken wrote of Montesquieu, “his dishes are from old and well‐tested recipes” [Glacken, 1967, chapter 12]. This is not to say that the debate over climatic influence was not significant—only that its significance lay more in the history of man than in the atmospheric sciences.
On becoming a fellow
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo , Bush Susan M. 
Published: September 2022

AGU's Congressional Science Fellow Vivian Pan said that it was her interest in science education that inspired her to apply for the AGU fellowship. Not enough students are interested in science, she says, adding that she hopes her experience on the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs will enable her to work toward making changes in this area.Pan applied for the fellowship last February and was interviewed by AGU's Public Affairs Committee at the 1991 Spring Meeting. She also made a presentation to the committee on women and minorities in science. Her advice to future candidates is to “let the committee know you are sensitive to political issues.”
Henry M. Stommel
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Henry M. Stommel (1920–1992)Bowie Medalist Henry Melson Stommel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution died on January 17 in Boston, Mass. Stommel made fundamental contributions to the field of physical oceanography during his long career at Harvard, MIT, and Woods Hole.In addition to receiving AGU's Bowie Medal in 1982, Stommel was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Agassiz Medal in 1979 and the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1989. He was a member of the Academy and The Royal Society, London.
NADW formation as a branch of the hydrological cycle
Authors: Stocker Thomas F. , Broecker Wallace S. 
Published: September 2022

The wide interest in the nature and evolution of deep ocean circulation as a key factor to understanding climate change set the stage for a conference devoted to North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation held at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO), Palisades, N.Y., from November 11 to 12, 1991. Sponsored by the LDGO Climate Center and hosted by Wally Broecker, about seventy scientists attended. Twenty‐seven invited papers were presented at the 2‐day conference.The rates and paths of NADW formation were the focus of the first day. Bob Dickson, Lowestoft, U.K., summarized the present state of the “northern end” of global thermohaline circulation. In contrast to the view one obtains from many existing numerical models, especially the simpler ones, NADW derives, in reality, from a mixture of distinctly different water masses before it spreads into the world ocean. At most, 50% of the estimated 20 Sv (1 sverdrup = 106 m3/s) of North Atlantic overturning actually comes from the Arctic via the overflows east and west of Iceland; the rest is thought of as recirculating water from the Labrador Sea. The Greenland‐Iceland ridge overflow conspicuously lacks both seasonal and interannual variability in the transport. This is an important constraint for future modeling efforts.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

John W . Harshbarger, founder of the University of Arizona's Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, died October 10, 1991, at age 77. He joined AGU (Hydrology) in 1960.Harshbarger was regarded as one of Arizona's and the nation's leading experts in the field of water resources. He provided guidance and leadership in the development of water supplies nationally and internationally during a career that spanned nearly 5 decades. At the University of Arizona, Harshbarger served as head of the geology department from 1961 to 1966 and as head of the hydrology department from 1966 to 1967. During his tenure, Harshbarger, with assistance from the U.S. Geological Survey, organized the first academic program in the United States to combine teaching and research in all aspects of hydrology. Under Harshbarger's direction, the hydrology department achieved a national and international reputation for excellence.
Eclipse Photo Captures Solar Magic Act
Authors: White Oran , Hundhausen Art 
Published: September 2022

Of all visual solar effects, the sudden—even mystical—appearance and disappearance of the white light corona at eclipse is the most striking. On November 3, 1994, the High Altitude Observatory eclipse expedition to Putre, Chile, obtained this photograph showing the form of the solar corona late in Solar Cycle 22. This image adds to the long series of drawings and photographs made by many past observers that have recorded the form of the corona at eclipse and thus show coronal variability in the 11‐year solar activity cycle.Several features in this recent solar image are important to understanding the structure of the corona and its extension through the heliosphere. The striking appearance of bright “streamers” separating dark “polar holes” is characteristic of the corona late in a solar cycle. The very long streamer on the SW limb is a cross section of a much larger coronal arcade covering 270° in solar longitude. The long tip of this streamer was visible to the naked eye out to 3 solar radii. This long structure is the cross section of a current sheet separating solar wind flows along field lines of opposite polarity. In addition, the polar plumes at the Sun's south pole show a structure that requires the polar fields to be ‘patchy’ and not uniformly distributed in the polar coronal hole. Both the streamers and the plumes clearly show the departure of coronal structures from a radial orientation. These observations have important implications for the Ulysses mission because the spacecraft was 3 AU behind the southern solar pole and in the polar solar wind at the time of the eclipse.
Pairing of radar instruments on satellites could provide optimal mapping of sea surface winds
Authors: Wu Jin 
Published: September 2022

Scientists pairing two radar instruments with different sensitivities to ripples on the ocean surface may be able to measure the entire range of sea surface wind speeds—vital parameters that affect climate and the ocean environment.Ocean ripples detected via remote radar sensing are effective tracers of sea surface wind velocity [Woiceshyn et al., 1986; Wu, 1990b]. The scatterometer, which detects the scattering of radar waves by ripples on the sea surface, is deployed on Earth‐orbiting satellites to map wind velocities over the world' oceans. The scatterometer/wind anemometry relationship has been derived from data collected mainly under intermediate wind velocities.
Asteroid/comet mega‐impacts may have triggered major episodes of crustal evolution
Authors: Glikson Andrew Y. 
Published: September 2022

A view of Earth from space reveals a tranquil planet, distinct from the crater‐scarred Moon, Mars, Venus, Mercury, and the Galilean satellites. This impression is consistent with models of continuous crustal evolution caused exclusively by endogenic mantle convection and plate tectonics manifested by ocean ridge spreading and arc‐trench subduction. However, the purely endogenic paradigm does not account for the tectonic and thermal effects of the large‐scale extraterrestrial impacts that postdated the late heavy bombardment ˜3.9 Gyr.Precambrian models that hinge exclusively on mantle dynamics ignore the predicted effects of extraterrestrial impacts and cannot explain the episodicity of major igneous/rifting events. There may be a connection between mega‐impacts and Precambrian rifts, onset of mobile belts, accelerated plate movements indicated by paleomagnetic data, and related igneous activity. Such connections may be consistent with suggested triggering of Phanerozoic volcanic activity by mega‐impacts, that is, possible correlations between the Deccan Traps and the K/T boundary Chicxulub crater.
Fertilized water
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Following the most extensive study of nutrients in the nation's water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey finds that the drinking water standard for nitrate, a nutrient commonly derived from fertilizer, was exceeded in 21% of shallow wells in agricultural areas. The standard was exceeded in only 1% of public supply wells and in very few streams.The study indicates that nitrate levels in ground and surface waters are higher in agricultural areas, indicating patterns of contamination related to land use. The highest concentrations of nitrate were in shallow ground water, less than 100 feet below the surface. Concentrations were higher in parts of the Northeast, Midwest, and on the West Coast, with generally lower concentrations in the Southeast.
NASA's new millenium
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The first of 3 deep‐space missions to be flown by the year 2000 under the New Millennium technology validation effort will feature a 1998 launch of a small spacecraft destined for a flyby of an asteroid and a comet.The proposed 200‐pound spacecraft will demonstrate a variety of advanced technologies that will help enable deep‐space and Earth‐orbiting missions envisioned for flight early in the next century. The spacecraft will be the first to rely on solar electric propulsion rather than conventional solid or liquid propellant‐based systems.
Paying off?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Americans who study science and engineering in college are very likely to put their major to use in the job market, according to the National Science Foundation's National Survey of College Graduates conducted in 1993. More than 70% of all students who have an undergraduate science degree eventually work in a science‐related job; 28.6% work in the discipline they studied. Among those who earn advanced degrees, roughly 68% hold jobs in science and engineering, 59.3% in their field of study.Whether they end up in science or not, college graduates with science degrees earn more than their counterparts in other fields. Graduates of science programs take home 17.6% more pay than other bachelor's degree recipients, and 6.1% more than other graduates with advanced degrees.
Filling in the holes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Remove the CFCs from the atmosphere and you could regenerate the ozone layer in less than a year, according to a Stanford University civil engineer. Using a computer model that accounts for gas and aerosol chemistry, radiation and pollution, and general atmospheric circulation, Mark Jacobson has postulated that if all halogenated, ozone‐depleting compounds were removed from the stratosphere, atmospheric ozone would return to normal levels within 9 months.To arrive at the rate of regeneration of ozone, Jacobson removed all chlorine compounds and ozone from his model stratosphere, then allowed the program to simulate the processes by which the atmosphere would regenerate ozone naturally. In this extreme model, ozone concentrations rose from 1 DU to 150 DU within 10 days, and up to 200 DU within 27 days.
Golden dish
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico was both shaken and stirred this year, but not by an earthquake or a tropical storm. The world's largest curved radio telescope—which is operated by Cornell University and the National Science Foundation—makes a stellar appearance in the climax of Goldeneye, the latest film in the James Bond series. At 300 m in diameter, 8 hectares (20 acres) in area, and 51 m in depth from lip to trough, the giant radio astronomy dish looms large in the film as a satellite antenna that will be used to cause an electromagnetic pulse over London.During shooting of the film, actors raced along the antenna's 129 m‐long, 545‐metric ton bridge, which is suspended by 12 cables hanging from reinforced concrete towers.
La Ni˜na Summit
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Billed as the world's first summit meeting on La Niña, a July 15–17 conference in Boulder, Colo, will examine what is known about this weather anomaly, and its societal and environmental impacts.La Niña, a cooling of the normal sea‐surface temperatures across the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, often follows on the heels of El Niño. Previous La Niña incidences have been connected to the 1988 drought in the United States' Midwest and to an increased hurricane threat in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
The sprawl crawl
Authors: Showstrack Randy 
Published: September 2022

In West Palm Beach, Florida, and in the smaller, neighboring communities to the north and south, the old landscape is quickly disappearing as developers clear the remaining orange groves and gardens for shopping malls and gated communities.Between 1990 and 1996, the population of metropolitan West Palm Beach increased more than 30% and the urban area expanded by 75%. While the density of population actually dropped by about 25%, the metro area sprawled out into the surrounding open space.
Searching for life out there
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

The University of Washington is about to become the first institution anywhere to offer a doctoral program to search for life outside of the Earth.An astrobiology program, financed by the National Science Foundation and the university, will recruit about a dozen students to participate in a highly interdisciplinary curriculum beginning in the fall of 1999 that involves 11 degree programs, including astronomy, oceanography, microbiology, and geophysics.
Taking the ocean pledge
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is sponsoring an “ocean ambassadors pledge campaign” to encourage students and others to make a personal, long‐term commitment to caring for the world's oceans.The pledge campaign, which is part of NOAA's public awareness efforts for the International Year of the Ocean, calls for people to learn what they can about oceans, be considerate to ocean wildlife, conserve water, and implement other simple measures.