bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of restrictive measures on cross‐border investment: Evidence from OECD and emerging countries
Authors: Zongo Amara 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of global and sectoral restrictive measures on cross‐border FDI among 49 advanced and emerging countries. We use a gravity model with panel data from 2010 to 2019 and the FDI Restrictiveness Index of the OECD that quantifies the level of restriction in FDI. Our results suggest that global restrictive measures do not significantly affect cross‐border FDI in OECD countries, while restrictions in the service sector have negative and significant effects on FDI. Moreover, the overall restrictive measures and those in the primary, secondary and service sectors negatively impact inward FDI among OECD and big emerging countries. The restrictions in the primary sector are a main obstacle to inward FDI in the big emerging countries. In addition, global and sectoral restrictions do not have a significant effect on FDI between advanced and African countries. The analysis of disaggregated sectoral restrictive measures shows that restrictions in business and other financial services are negatively associated with intra‐OECD FDI. We also find that restrictions in the manufacturing sector have restrictive impacts on inward FDI in the large emerging countries, and those in the mining, quarrying and oil extraction sector hinder inward FDI in African countries. Reforms to liberalise sectoral restrictions by country have positive effects on FDI, but deregulation of the services sector has beneficial effects on inward FDI from advanced and emerging countries.
Exercises to Maximize Stress in Bones During Bed Rest Studies
Authors: Batson Christina A. , Horne Stephanie M. , Poe Mandy E. , Butts Ryan , Graffeo Lauren , Todd Beth A. , Shackelford Linda C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) loss seen in astronauts can be simulated on Earth by prolonged horizontal bed rest. A device known as the Horizontal Exercise Machine (HEM) has been designed to test the effectiveness of heavy resistive exercise regimens for bed rest subjects. The objective of this project is to estimate the mechanical stress on the skeletal system due to various types of exercises and determine which exercises will best prevent BMD loss. The stress will be calculated at skeletal locations of most concern during long-duration space flight.
Biomechanical Evaluation of a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Knee Using Robotic Technology
Authors: Vogrin Tracy M. , Woo Savio L.-Y. , Höher Jürgen , Janaushek Marsie A. , Ma C. Benjamin , Harner Christopher D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clinical outcomes of reconstructive surgery for injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) of the knee have been unsatisfactory, with persistent instability predisposing patients to early degenerative joint disease [Clancy, 1983]. One explanation for these outcomes has been the high incidence (up to 60%) of associated injuries to the posterolateral structures (PLS), which include the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and popliteus complex. Combined PCL/PLS injuries are particularly debilitating because restraints to both posterior tibial translation and external rotation are lost [Grood, 1988]. Further, PLS injuries are difficult to reconstruct due to its complex anatomy; thus, often only the PCL is reconstructed when combined injuries occur.
Interactions Between Oscillatory Flow and Spasmic Coronary Artery: A FVM Study With Prescribed Moving Wall
Authors: Liu Hao , Yamaguchi Takami 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A FVM (finite volume method) computational system has been developed to investigate the interactions between oscillatory flow and spasmic coronary artery with prescribed moving wall. Computational analyses of the unsteady blood flow induced by the interactions between moving wall and oscillatory flow are presented by using a self-developed, effective, FVM-based NS solver (Liu, 1997) with global conservation in a boundarey-fitted coordinate (BFC) system. Two extensive studies of the oscillatory flow induced by a flushing in/out indentation with fully developed flow at inlet (Poiseuille flow), and by a fixed asymmetric indentation with pulsatile inlet flow were conducted to investigate geometric and kinematics effects of the unsteady flow with the prescribed moving wall in blood vessel. The present study gives results concerning the variability of WSS (wall shear stress) both in space and in time, which enhances our understanding for the self-excited oscillations that develop when fluid flows through an externally compressed collapsible tube.
The Phase Angle Between Fluid Wall Shear Stress and Solid Circumferential Strain: Its Distribution in the Circulation
Authors: Qiu Y. C. , Lee C. S. , Tarbell J. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) on blood vessel walls are exposed to both the wall shear stress (WSS) of blood flow and the cyclic circumferential strain (CS) of the pulsing vessel wall. The WSS and CS are both oscillatory and approximately perpendicular to each other in their direction of action. Due to wave reflection in the circulation and inertial effects in blood flow, WSS is not always in phase with CS. The interaction of CS and WSS generates a complex, time varying mechanical force pattern applied to the EC layer, which is believed to play a role in determining EC biological response, remodeling of blood vessels, and possibly development of arterial disease. The stress phase angle (SPA) between CS and WSS, which characterizes the dynamic force pattern on ECs, varies throughout the circulation as discussed in this paper.
Determination of Vascular Geometry and Flow Velocity in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) Using Double Contrast and High-Speed Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Lieber B. B. , Wakhloo A. K. , Divani A. , Rudin S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Successful therapeutic embolization, i.e., catheter-based occlusion of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using liquid embolic agents requires precise knowledge of highly variant AVM architecture, blood flow velocity, and transit times through the AVM fistulae. In this study we tried to visualize both the AVM vascular substructure and dynamics of discrete microdroplets traveling through the AVM using a single injection composed of both soluble and non-soluble contrast material. The contrast injection is traced with high-speed digital subtraction angiography. This novel technique serves as a valuable diagnostic tool to the interventionist prior to embolization of the AVM.
Toward Defining the Role of Ca2+ and MAP Kinases in Fluid-Induced Shear Regulation of Aggrecan in Chondrocytes
Authors: Hung Clark T. , Wang Changbin B. , Henshaw Ross , Valhmu Wilmot B. , Goldring Mary B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, the role of two candidate cell signaling pathways, one related to intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and the second involving mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), in chondrocyte mechanotransduction was investigated. It is our aim to begin to relate these cell signaling pathways to the regulation of aggrecan gene expression in chondrocytes.
Numerical Study of an Asymmetrical Stenosis
Authors: Jin Suo , Giddens Don P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Asymmetrical stenoses are typical in atherosclerosis (1), and it is expected that 3-D flow field effects in the poststenotic region may be significant. Wall shear stress (WSS) which oscillates in direction about a low mean value has been shown to increase the expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) in cultured endothelial cells, with a consequent increase in monocyte adhesion (2). Thus, the flow field in the vicinity of a raised atherosclerotic lesion may be favorable to monocyte infiltration with subsequent release of matrix-degrading substances (3), leading to plaque rupture.
Validation of Complex Separation Patterns in an End-to-Side Anastomosis Model
Authors: Ethier C. R. , Steinman D. A. , Couch G. , Ojha M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Velocity and wall shear stress patterns were studied in a model end-to-side anastomosis consisting of two equal diameter tubes joined at 45°. Photochromic dye tracer experiments and finite element-based numerical simulations were carried out under steady flow conditions at various Reynolds numbers. For ReD = 550, detailed mesh convergence studies were done. Good general agreement between computed and experimental velocity fields was seen, particularly in the presence of multiple complex separation zones. Good qualitative agreement in wall shear stresses was also seen, although quantitative agreement was less satisfactory, particularly within regions of complex separation. Computed wall shear stresses showed minor mesh dependence even when the velocity field appeared to be essentially “mesh-independent”, but were sufficiently accurate for purposes of hemodynamic studies. However, we caution that mesh-independence of velocities does not necessarily imply mesh-independence in the wall shear stress field.
Numerical Simulation of Pulsatile Flow Inside an End-to-Side Vascular Graft
Authors: Loth Francis , Kang Kai , Lei Ming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A numerical simulation of the flow field inside a three-dimensional graft geometry was performed under pulsatile flow conditions. Velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) values were calculated and compared to experimentally determined values. The movement of the floor stagnation point was estimated from both the numerical and experimental results. Overall, good agreement was found between the numerical and experimental results although some differences were found in the WSS traces.
Computational Optimization of Biomedical Devices
Authors: Siegel J. M. , Makhijani V. B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Computational (virtual) prototyping of equipment is a widely accepted design concept in the aerospace and automotive industries, which is becoming increasingly popular in the materials processing and semiconductor industries as well. The concept of virtual prototyping involves the development of computer models for simulation of the physical phenomena that govern equipment performance. Once the computer model has been validated, it can be used for design analysis and optimization studies for that particular equipment/device. Physical prototyping is undertaken only after the virtual prototype has satisfied all the requisite design criteria.
The Influence of Wall Flexibility and Surfactant on Liquid Bolus Propagation Along a Liquid-Lined Tube
Authors: Waters Sarah L. , Howell Peter D. , Grotberg James B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The thin liquid lining that coats the airways is susceptible to a Rayleigh instability driven by capillarity at its free surface. If a sufficiently large volume of fluid is present, the instability results in the formation of a liquid bridge or lens that blocks the flow of air along the airway. This phenomena is known as airway closure.
Advances in Computational Imaging of Blood Flow
Authors: Steinman David A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Velocity measurements from medical imaging technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasound are widely used in the clinic to help diagnose and treat vascular disease. At present, however, it is difficult to extract from in vivo velocity measurements the detailed hemodynamic information (e.g. wall shear stress and residence time) routinely available from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) studies. Our research efforts are therefore currently directed at extending CFD-based techniques to novel in vivo imaging applications where such detailed hemodynamic information is required. In this context we define “computational imaging” as the use of computer modeling and visualization techniques to mimic, enhance, or extend the capabilities of conventional medical imaging. In this presentation we describe areas of active research in which we are developing and applying such computational imaging techniques to further the basic understanding, diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease.
Catheter Delivered, Endoluminal Grafts for Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Kopchok George E. , Donayre Carlos , Haji-Aghaii Massoud , White Rodney A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The evolution of endovascular surgery is rapidly expanding the armamentarium available for minimally invasive surgical procedures. This is especially true in the area of aortic aneurysm repair. Endoluminal graft development which began over 20 years ago, was limited by the inability to successfully secure a graft to the arterial wall without the aid of sutures. With the development of the balloon expandable stent by Palmaz, newer devices were developed and tested which led to the first clinical evaluation in 1990. Although the overall results from this series were very good, the deployment techniques, as well as the endoluminal grafts, underwent several refinements which greatly improved their later results.(Parodi et al., 1991) Newer advances, including fully supported, bifurcated endoluminal grafts, are continuing to push the envelope of minimally invasive endoluminal bypass surgery even further. Initial studies described herein suggest that a modular, self expanding device may be effective in the treatment and exclusion of aortic aneurysm.
The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Design and Optimization of Perfusion Equipment
Authors: Hamlen Cushing , Clague Cynthia , Petersen Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The purpose of using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing perfusion equipment is to maximize blood handling within the context of achieving design goals for specific devices. In the current case, the goals were: to reduce priming volume and blood damage due to fluid shear in the Medtronic Maxima Forte® oxygenator; to reduce blood damage due to shear in the new Medtronic Bio-Medicus Bio-Pump®; and to maintain low shear and promote good mixing in the Maxima Forte Hardshell Reservoir.
CFD allows prediction of, among other phenomena, regions of high shear and regions of stagnation that are detrimental within blood handling devices. These predictions allow a directed approach to design of blood handling devices that is more effective than a prototype-and-test approach in establishing efficient yet safe designs.
In the case of the Maxima Forte oxygenator, CFD indicated that a very low volume inlet manifold was not only achievable, but also necessary to eliminate large areas of recirculation.
The design of the transition manifold between the heat exchanger and the gas exchange bundle resulted from a sequence of CFD models: the final design, which is incorporated in the Maxima Forte oxygenator, being arrived at by balancing priming volume and fluid shear.
In the design of the Maxima Forte Hardshell Reservoir, CFD was used to verify effective mixing between the cardiotomy and venous blood, and to choose between design alternatives while maintaining low fluid shear.
In optimizing the new Medtronic Bio-Medicus Bio-Pump, CFD was used to identify the pump’s cutwater as a location of high fluid shear, and to decide between five design alternatives to minimize shear on the cutwater. In-vitro feasibility testing indicates that the cumulative effect of design changes identified by using CFD results in reduction of hemolysis of 22% (p = 0.000014) over the BP-80 Bio-Pump.
CFD is a powerful predictive design tools that, when used suitably with experiment, can be used to improve the design of all perfusion equipment directly involving flowing blood.
Continuous Static and Dynamic Moment-Rotation Curves of the Human Cervical Intervertebral Joint
Authors: Voo Liming M. , Pintar Frank A. , Yoganandan Narayan , Liu Y. King 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The quasistatic and dynamic bending responses of the human mid-lower cervical spine were determined using cadaver intervertebral joints fixed at the base to a six-axis load cell. Flexion bending was induced to the superior end of the specimen using an electrohydraulic piston. Each specimen was tested under three cycles of quasistatic load-unload and one high-speed dynamic load. A total of five specimens were included in this study. The maximum intervertebral rotation ranged from 11.0 to 15.4 degrees for quasistatic tests and from 22.9 to 34.4 degrees for dynamic tests. Exponential functions described the quasistatic and dynamic bending moment-rotation responses. The dynamic responses were stiffer than the corresponding quasistatic responses by a factor of 1.5 to 2.6. These results provide input data for lumped-parameter models and validation data for finite element models to better investigate the biomechanics of the human cervical spine.
Pelvic Injury in Simulated Automotive Side Impact: Effects of Loading Rate on Fracture Etiology
Authors: Arbelaez Raul A. , Dakin Greg J. , Molz Fred J. , Alonso Jorge , Eberhardt Alan W. , Mann Kenneth A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Side impact collisions in the automobile environment often result in fractures of the acetabulum and pelvis. The objective of this study was to determine if the fracture type in the pelvis is a function of impact loading rate. It was hypothesized that higher loading rates would cause acetabular fractures, and lower loading rates would result in pubic rami fractures. Simulated side-impact experiments using 15 whole fresh pelves were conducted. The pelves were laterally impacted with a drop tower and the loading rate was controlled by changing the constraints placed on the contralateral side of the pelvis. In the impacts where loading rate was high (8.16 kN/msec), either no fracture (n = 5) or acetabular wall fractures (n = 4) resulted. In the cases where loading rate was slower (1.59 kN/ms), almost all impacts (5 of 6) resulted in pubic rami fractures.
Stability of the Lumbar Spine Subjected to a Follower Load: Part I — Experimental Results
Authors: Patwardhan Avinash , Havey Robert , Meade Kevin , Lee Brian , Dunlap Brian , Gavin Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Compression on the lumbar spine is estimated to reach 1000 N during standing and walking activities and is higher during lifting (McGill, 1990). Ex vivo experiments show it buckles at approximately 80–100 N (Crisco and Panjabi, 1992). Differences between maximum ex vivo and in vivo loads have not been satisfactorily explained. Many studies agree that muscles stabilize the spine. However, there is no agreement on the mechanism of stabilization.
Parametric Finite Element Study of a Vertebra: Effect of Cortical Shell Geometry
Authors: Kasra Mehran , Timmer Mark , Grynpas Marc D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis are generally considered to be caused by excessive loss of cancellous bone. With the loss of cancellous bone, the contribution of the cortical shell to the overall strength of the vertebral body becomes important [1]. The effect of different parameters, such as cortical shell thickness and material properties, on the cortical shell contribution to the strength of vertebral body have been studied using finite element modelling [2]. Another major parameter which could affect the strength of cortical shell is its geometry represented by the concavity of the vertebral body [1]. Measurements of vertebral geometry are mainly used to quantify the extent of vertebral fractures in osteoporotic patients [3,4]. However, to what extent the changes in geometry increases the chance of vertebral fractures still needs to be clarified. Kasra and Grynpas [1] introduced a new geometrical parameter, namely “curvature”, representing cortical shell concavity. By testing sheep vertebral bodies in compression, they found significant negative correlation between the vertebral failure load and the cortical shell curvature. They showed that this correlation became more significant in vertebrae with a low trabecular bone density (osteoporotic vertebrae). In continuation of previous experimental investigation [1], the objective of this study was to develop a parametric finite element model of a human vertebra In order to investigate the effect of cortical shell curvature in changing the stress patterns within the cortical shell structure and also to find the stress concentration regions. This investigation was conducted to shed new light on the vertebral failure characteristics related to geometry.
Bending Mechanical Performance of the Intervertebral Disc Is Affected by In Vivo Compressive Loading
Authors: Colliou Olivier K. , Lotz Jeffrey C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Excessive spinal loading is thought to play a central role in intervertebral disc degeneration, however, the mechanisms are unclear. We have developed an in vivo mouse model for disc degeneration induced solely by the application of a precisely controlled static compressive load. The primary goal of our research is to investigate how in vivo compressive loadings can cause deleterious effects in both the biology and mechanical performance of the disc. The study, herein described, focuses on the latter issue of mechanical performance. Specifically, we studied the effect of in vivo compressive loading on the following bending mechanical properties of the disc: 1) neutral zone; 2) bending stiffness; and 3) bending strength.
Anterior Cervical Plating Reverses the Loading Mechanics of Multi-Level Strut-Grafts
Authors: DiAngelo Denis J. , Vossel Keith A. , Jansen Thomas H. , Foley Kevin T. , Rampersaud Y. Raja 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cervical spondylosis is the most prevalent degenerative disease of the cervical spine and is often treated surgically to prevent progressive neurological deterioration. A key goal of the surgical treatment is fusion of multiple adjacent vertebrae. Strut-graft fusion with anterior instrumentation is an accepted surgical treatment for multi-level cervical disease. Although the surgery should restore the mechanical integrity of the operated spine, little is known of the load-sharing mechanics between the SG and anterior plate. Clinically, strut-grafts fail by fracturing, pistoning into the adjacent vertebrae, or dislodging at the vertebral interfaces. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of anterior cervical plates on multi-level strut-graft loading mechanics in vitro.
Development and Calibration of a Nanometer Manipulation and Measurement System for Molecular Biomechanical Testing
Authors: Luo Zong-Ping , An Kai-Nan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An optical tweezers system has been adopted for molecular biomechanical testing. To achieve nanometer manipulation and measurement, the system was modified with a piezo-stage and an interferometer. A systematic calibration was then performed on the displacement resolution. The results revealed that the system has a nanometer resolution which is sufficient for the measurement of deformation and stiffness of single macro-molecules.
Quantification of Femoral Surface Strain by Computer Analysis of the Photoelastic Method
Authors: Morris Randal P. , Grecula Michael J. , Buford William L. , Patterson Rita M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An important consideration in total hip arthroplasty is a prosthetic design that allows the femur to retain its normal loading characteristics following implantation. Despite the success of cementless femoral stems, bone remodeling phenomenon such as stress shielding and resorption have been observed to occur to a greater degree and over a shorter time than after implantation of a cemented prosthesis (Sumner and Galante, 1992). Surface strain measurement is an effective method for evaluating the stress distributions in femoral bone, and has widespread use in the form of strain gauge measurements, finite element analysis, and photoelastics.
Computational Analysis of the Dislocation Resistance of a New Total Hip Component Design
Authors: Scifert Christopher F. , Brown Thomas D. , Lipman Joseph D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dislocation is a devastating complication, and is the second leading cause of total hip failure, with rates ranging from 2–11% in primary surgeries and from 5% to 25% in revisions (Grigoris 1994, Woo 1982).