bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease relapsing posterior uveitis
Authors: Elhamaky Tarek R 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
To investigate the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of relapsing posterior uveitis in patients with chronic recurrent Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease.

Methods:
This was a prospective study of 29 eyes of 16 patients with posterior uveitis in chronic recurrent VKH disease. All patients received previous systemic steroid and immunosuppressive regimens. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). All patients underwent intravitreal injection with sustained-release dexamethasone 0.7 mg implant (Ozurdex®). Primary outcome measures included mean change in BCVA and central foveal thickness (CFT) at 24 months of follow-up compared to the baseline.

Results:
At 24 month of follow-up, the mean BCVA improved from 0.82 ± 0.13 to 0.38 ± 0.06 logMAR (P < 0.0001). The mean CFT reduced from 505 ± 29 to 244 ± 23 um (P < 0.0001). The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) changed from 15.1 ± 2.2 to 16.9 ± 3.1 mmHg with no significant value (P-value = 0.0955). Twenty-one eyes (72.4%) received one injection, whereas eight eyes (27.6%) required two injections. The mean number of injections was 1.2 ± 0.60. The mean follow-up time was 24.75 ± 0.9 months. No serious ocular or systemic adverse events were noted during the follow-up period. Ocular hypertension was recorded in three (10.3%) eyes and controlled by IOP lowering medications. Cataract progression occurred in 11 (37.9%) eyes.

Conclusion:
Our cohort highlights the beneficial effects of the dexamethasone implant of 0.7 mg in the treatment of VKH disease relapsing posterior uveitis improving visual acuity, reducing macular edema, and minimizing the burden of systemic steroids in this sample study.
Morphological variations influencing the outcomes in posterior polar cataract
Authors: Aswin PR , Harika Kandukuri , Shekhar Madhu , Sankarananthan R , Shah Amish , Lakshmanan P , Aravind Haripriya 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
To study the intraoperative complications and postoperative clinical outcomes in different types of posterior polar cataract (PPC) following phacoemulsification, based on morphological classification.

Methods:
All consecutive patients with PPC who underwent phacoemulsification during the study period from 2016 to 2019 were included and sub-grouped based on the morphological characteristics according to Daljit Singh’s classification. Intraoperative complications such as posterior capsular rupture (PCR), vitreous loss, nucleus drop, and Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at day 1 and day 30 were documented.

Results:
A total of 388 eyes of 380 patients were included. Eighty nine (22.9%) eyes belonged to type 1, 135 (34.8%) belonged to type 2, 8 (2.1%) belonged to type 3, and 156 (40.2%) belonged to type 4. Thirty-five (9.3%) eyes had intraoperative PCR, with vitreous loss in 21 (60%) eyes, and nucleus/cortex drop in 5 (1.3%) eyes. Six (75%) eyes of type 3, 14 (10.04%) eyes of type 2, 12 (17.7%) eyes of type 4, and 3 (3.4%) eyes of type 1 PPC had PCR. PCR occurred more during the emulsification of the nucleus (18 cases, 51.4%). A significant correlation was seen between intraoperative PCR and type of PPC with a higher incidence in type 3 (P < 0.001). BCVA was found to be significantly worse on day 1 among patients with PCR compared to those who did not and improved well by day 30.

Conclusion:
PPC morphology is significantly co-related with the occurrence of PCR, emphasizing the need for careful grading of posterior polar cataracts in predicting the risk of intraoperative complications.
Comparison of clinical and biometric characteristics between nanophthalmic children and age-matched controls
Authors: Rajendrababu Sharmila , Vaishali Venkatraman , Senthilkumar Vijayalakshmi A , Ramesh Sujitha , Uduman Mohammed Sithiq 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
To compare the clinical and biometric characteristics of children presenting with nanophthalmos (NO group) with that of age-matched controls (CO group).

Methods:
Electronic medical records of 40 children (<18 years of age) with diagnosis of nanophthalmos (NO), presented to a tertiary center in Tamil Nadu between January 2010 and December 2019, were reviewed and compared with 30 age-matched controls (CO) presenting for routine eye examination between October 2019 and December 2019. Clinical parameters compared were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length (AxL), keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), retinochoroidal scleral thickness (RCS), corneal diameter, central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), lens axial length factor (LAF), and lens thickness/anterior chamber depth ratio (LT/ACD).

Results:
Mean age of the NO group was 8.95 ± 4.0 years. Mean spherical equivalent (SE) in NO group was 10.87 ± 3.1 D and was inversely correlated to AxL (r = −0.46, P value = 0.003). All biometric parameters (AxL, ACD, LT, RCS, LAF, and LT/ACD), except CCT were significantly different between NO and CO groups. NO group children had 52.5% visual impairment with BCVA ≤ 6/24 and 17.5% had esotropia. Common ocular associations in NO group were amblyopia (64.3%), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) (17.8%), pigmentary retinopathy (14.3%), and retinal detachment (3.6%). Angle-closure disease was seen in 50% of NO group and 30% underwent laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). There was a significant difference in SE, ACD, and LAF among NO children with AxL <17 mm or >17 mm. Multivariable regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of SE and ACD with AxL.

Conclusion:
Nanophthalmos in children often present as amblyopia with visual impairment and strabismus. NO group with AxL <17 mm, had angle-closure disease as a common association with significantly lower ACD, higher SE, and LAF. All morphometric characteristics, except CCT, were significantly different between NO and CO groups. Close monitoring with serial biometry in NO group is needed for the timely diagnosis and prompt intervention to avoid visual impairment, due to glaucoma.
Prevalence, clinical profile, investigations, and visual outcome of sarcoid intermediate uveitis in a tertiary eye care center in South India
Authors: Ramdoss Jeyasooriya , Jain Anupreeti , Thejesvi GN , Biswas Jyotirmay 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
To report the prevalence, clinical profile, investigations, and visual outcomes of sarcoid intermediate uveitis in a tertiary eye care center in South India.

Methods:
Retrospective, observational case series. Records of 29 patients with sarcoid intermediate uveitis were retrieved. Complete ophthalmic evaluation and systemic examination by a pulmonologist with appropriate laboratory investigations were done. Results were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results:
Mean age group was 42.14 ± 11.31 years. The bilateral presentation was more common and females were more affected than males. Anterior chamber cells and flares in 22.4% of cases (N = 11 eyes), posterior synechiae in 20.4% (N = 10 eyes), and both small and mutton fat keratic precipitates in 14.2% of cases (N = 7 eyes) were noted; only one eye had Busacca nodules similar to other granulomatous uveitis. Cystoid macular edemas were present in three eyes. Treatment with oral steroids and systemic immunosuppression resulted in good visual recovery. The mean presenting visual acuity in right and left eye were 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. The mean final visual acuity in right and left eye was 0.1 and 0.3, respectively.

Conclusion:
Sarcoid intermediate uveitis is quite common in a tuberculosis endemic country like India. A complete review of systems with appropriate investigations is essential to prevent visual complications.
Prevalence of primary angle-closure disease in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Pradhan Zia S , Shroff Sujani , Bansod Apurva , Poornachandra B , Shetty Anisha , Devi Sathi , Rao Dhanaraj A S , Puttaiah Narendra K , Rao Harsha L 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence of primary angle-closure disease (PACD) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Methods:
This was a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of all RP patients over the age of 10 years attending the Genetics Eye Clinic of a tertiary-care hospital during a 7-year period. Information regarding age, gender, vision, refraction, lens, intraocular pressure (IOP), type of RP, and inheritance pattern using pedigree charts for all patients were obtained. Patients with a shallow anterior chamber, high IOP, or glaucomatous optic discs were referred to the glaucoma department where they underwent additional IOP measurements, a gonioscopy, and disc evaluation by a glaucoma specialist. The prevalence of PACD was determined.

Results:
A total of 618 RP patients were examined during the study period, of which 95.1% had typical RP. The prevalence of primary angle-closure suspects was 2.9%, primary angle closure was 0.65%, and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) was 2.27%. In contrast, the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma was 1.29%. The prevalence of PACG in those older than 40 years was 3.8% (95% confidence interval: 1.6–6.0).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of PACG in RP patients over 40 years was higher than that found in the general population of a similar age (3.8% vs. 0.8%). In our cohort of RP patients, 5.9% had PACD. Hence, gonioscopy is warranted in all RP patients to identify this condition and treat it appropriately.
Exudative retinal detachment as an initial presentation of retinopathy of prematurity: Clinical profile and outcomes of a rare presentation
Authors: Agarwal Komal , Jayanna Sushma , Padhi Tapas Ranjan , Jalali Subhadra 
Published: July 2022

Purpose
To describe the clinical profile and treatment outcomes of infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) presenting with isolated exudative retinal detachment (ERD).

Methods
Retrospective interventional case series. Preterm infants diagnosed with ROP with ERD at presentation were included. All demographic details, clinical findings, and treatment given were documented. The anatomical outcome was categorized as good, fair, and poor. Refractive outcome was classified into mild, moderate, and severe according to spherical equivalent at the last visit.

Results
Fifteen eyes (8 patients) were included. Mean gestational age was 31.3 weeks, and birth weight was 1462.6 g. All eyes presented with aggressive ROP. Patches of retinal edema in avascular retina were seen in all eyes. A total of 86.6% of eyes had vascular sclerosis while 86.6% of eyes had subretinal exudates. The anatomical outcome was good in all eyes. In addition, 40% of eyes had a mild refractive error.

Conclusion
Exudative retinal detachment in ROP is rare. The use of unregulated oxygen can be a contributory factor. Vascular sclerosis is consistent with hyperoxia-induced retinopathy models. Retinal edema and subretinal exudates indicate disrupted inner and outer blood-retinal barrier. Treatment outcomes are good when diagnosed and treated in time.
Tessier cranio-facial clefts presenting to a tertiary eye care center in Northern India: Ophthalmic features and a review of management
Authors: Das Deepsekhar , Modaboyina Sujeeth , Agrawal Sahil , Pushker Neelam , Meel Rachna , Bajaj Mandeep S 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
Tessier classification is used to classify congenital facial cleft disorders utilizing the anatomical location of the cleft and its extension. The orbital and ocular morbidities associated with the birth disorder are numerous. The authors decided to perform a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of the patients who presented to a tertiary care hospital with orbito-cranial clefts.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with craniofacial clefts who had presented to a tertiary eye care hospital in northern India in the last 2 years (January 2019–December 2020). The clinical features were studied, entered in MS Excel, and the data were evaluated.

Results:
The data of 40 patients with Tessier cleft were found. The majority of the patients were male and presented in the pediatric age group. Unilateral involvement was more common, with maxillary hypoplasia being the most common facial anomaly associated. Eyelid coloboma and euryblepharon was the most common periocular finding; lateral epibulbar dermoid and corneal opacity were the most common ocular surface anomaly. The majority of patients had presented for cosmetic correction. The syndromic association was with Goldenhar syndrome (n = 13), Fraser (n = 2), and one each of Treacher Collins, blepharocheilodontic, organoid nevus, and oculo-dento-digital syndrome. Combined clefts were also seen.

Conclusion:
Tessier cleft classification is a useful tool to classify cranio-facial left anomalies. Multitudes of ocular and orbital anomalies can be associated with their different forms. Better knowledge and understanding of the classification will aid immensely in predicting the ocular defects and planning their management.
Drug-induced priapism
Authors: Dayapule Sreedhar , Prabhat Arvind Kumar , Parthasri Mallipeddi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Priapism is defined as persistent penile erection that continues more than 4-h unrelated to sexual stimulation, arising from dysfunction of regulating mechanism of tumescence, rigidity and flaccidity. It is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.7/100,000 men per year, in the age group of 20–50 years. We are reporting the case of drug-induced priapism in a 30-year-old male and managed by aspiration of intracorporeal blood. Hence, initial management of priapism in early hours relieves most of the cases of ischaemic priapism.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia presenting as acute pulmonary thromboembolism
Authors: Shetty Mallikarjuna , Purushotham Reddy Rami Reddy Gari , Kumar Srigadha Vivek , Kumar Dasarapu Sravan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are associated with increased viscosity and thrombosis most commonly leading to splanchnic vein thrombosis and Budd Chiari syndrome. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a rare possibility. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia commonly present with anaemia, splenomegaly. In cases presenting with thrombosis, leucocytosis is generally observed. Eosinophilia is also a rare presentation of CML. Here we present a case of young male presented with unprovoked Acute Pulmonary Embolism and eosinophilia. On evaluation found to be having Philadelphia Chromosome positive and improved on treatment with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. This case highlights the importance of consideration of pulmonary embolism as one of cause of acute onset shortness of breath especially when there are suggestive ECG changes and emphasises the need for evaluation of cause of Acute thromboembolism.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Pediatric Cases Managed During the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria
Authors: Garba Maria A. , Mohammed Abdullahi A , Mohammed Aisha J. , Musa Sani , Rufai Hafsat A. 
Published: July 2022

Context:
Over 161 million cases of COVID-19 have so far been confirmed globally with over 3.3 million deaths. An understanding of the local epidemiological characteristics in the pediatric population is necessary to enable proper planning of mitigation strategies.

Aim:
To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with COVID-19.

Setting and Design:
We conducted a retrospective study on cases of COVID-19 diagnosed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal samples and oropharyngeal swabs managed during the first wave of the pandemic at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital. The severity of illness was graded based on clinical features as classified by the World Health Organization. Statistical Analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Version 23 (California, USA).

Results:
Forty-six children met the above criteria. The median age was 7 yrs (IQR = 3.75-12). There were more females than males with Covid-19 infection (M:F = 1:1.55). A third (32.6%) of children were asymptomatic while half (50%) had only mild symptoms. Although school-aged children aged 6-11 years were the most infected (30.4%), more severe disease was seen in infants (25%) and those with co-morbidities. Nasal discharge, cough, and fever were the most common presentation occurring in 34.8%, 32.6%, and 26.1%, respectively. The case fatality rate was 6.5%, all occurring amongst those with comorbidities.

Conclusion:
COVID-19 infection in children is largely mild or asymptomatic. Symptoms when present are indistinguishable from symptoms of other common viruses causing upper respiratory tract infections. Severe disease and mortality were observed among infants and children with co-morbidities.
Anticonvulsant Effect of Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Ficus platyphylla Stem Bark on Pentylenetetrazole Induced Seizure in Mice
Authors: Hassan Madinat , Bala Sunday Z. , Gadanya Aisha M. 
Published: July 2022

Context:
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Several antiepileptic drugs have been used over the years and these drugs have shown serious side effects, thereby prompting the use of medicinal plants to avert the resultant side effects of anti-epileptic drugs.

Aim:
To evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice.

Study Design:
Experimental cohort study.

Subjects and Methods:
We evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction (FRF) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in mice by measuring its antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro and identify possible flavonoids present via Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

Statistical Analysis:
One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level of significance at a 95% confidence interval followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test using SPSS software.

Result:
The FRF of FPSB exhibited weak anticonvulsant activity against PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Maximum anticonvulsant activity (25% protection) was observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg with a delay in the meantime of onset of myoclonic jerks and latency to tonic seizure. The effect of the fraction was found to be dose-independent. The FRF contains a flavanone Astilbin (flavonoid 3 O glycosides) which may have effectuated the high antioxidant activity against 2,2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) while increasing brain glutathione content and decrease in malondialdehyde content.

Conclusion:
Although the anticonvulsant capacity of FRF on PTZ-induced mice was minimal, this further requires an exploration of other seizure models to ascertain its mechanism of action.
Evaluation of radiological pattern of HSG in female patients with infertility in Katsina Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Saidu Habiba B. , Mohammed Mustapha , T. Abdullahi Naimatu A. T. , El habeeb Mohammed A. , Salihu Fatai A. , Ibrahim Habib , Suwaid Mohammad A. , Hikima Mustapha S. , Sunusi Abubakar S. , Haruna Maikudi M. , Umar Aliyu M. , Hamza Mohammed A. , Sani Abdullahi A. , Abdulwaheed Murtala O. , Abdulrasheed S. , Abubakar S. M. 
Published: July 2022

Context:
Hysterosalpingography (HSG), is the radiographic evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes after the administration of a contrast medium through the cervical canal.

Aims:
To determine the pattern of infertility, the risk factors for infertility in women presenting for HSG, and the findings among women with infertility at Federal Medical Centre Katsina.

Study Design:
Cross-sectional, descriptive study design.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective study of HSG findings done at the federal medical center Katsina over a 12-month period. Information on the patients was obtained from the Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS) system which includes the presenting clinical history, the age, and the outcome of HSG.

Statistical Analysis:
Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0.

Results:
A total of one hundred and forty-four (144) women were examined. Their age ranged from 17 48 years with a mean of 31.2 ± 6.3 years. The most common indication for the procedure was infertility, accounting for 89.6% of all cases. The most common Radiological finding was tubal occlusion (factor), which was seen in 40 patients constituting 28% of the radiological findings. The right tubal occlusion was seen at 11.8% while the left tubal occlusion was seen at 6.9%. Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 9.0%.

Conclusions:
The frequent indication for HSG is infertility and the common finding on HSG was a tubal factor with hydrosalpinx being the frequent cause of infertility in our environment. The right tubal occlusion constitutes a higher percentage than the left. Secondary infertility was more common than primary infertility
Pattern of Substance Abuse in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Musa Sanni , Ibrahim Zainab Uba , Isah Idris Ainavi , Abdulsalam Kabiru 
Published: July 2022

Context:
Available information indicates that substance abuse poses a major political, social, and health challenge worldwide. Availability of drugs, negative peer pressure, poverty, and frustration are among the factors that increase the burden of substance abuse. Urine drug testing (UDT) is a reliable laboratory method of analyzing substances of abuse because many drugs and their metabolites remain detectable in the urine for longer periods.

Aims:
To detect the laboratory pattern of substance abuse among youths in North-Western Nigeria and to make recommendations based on the overall pattern to curtail the effect on society.

Settings and Design:
A retrospective cross-sectional survey of secondary data of patients who presented to a clinical laboratory for urine drug tests.

Methods and Material:
Trained personnel carried out a supervised collection of fresh urine samples, which were analyzed using a qualitative immunoassay technique. The presence of a drug was determined by reaching the drug's limit of detection.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 2 software.

Results:
The screen prevalence of substance abuse was 60.9%. Among those who tested positive, 97% were males, whereas 3% were females. The majority of participants were youths below 30 years of age. The observed pattern revealed a few of the participants (26.48%) had only one drug substance present in their urine, whereas 73.53% tested positive for multiple substances ranging from two to five drugs in a urine sample.

Conclusion:
A high prevalence of substance abuse was observed and most of the participants were multidrug users.