bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating genotypic richness and proportion of identical multi-locus genotypes in aquatic microalgal populations
Authors: Sassenhagen Ingrid , Erdner Deana L , Lougheed Bryan C , Richlen Mindy L , SjÖqvist Conny 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The majority of microalgal species reproduce asexually, yet population genetic studies rarely find identical multi-locus genotypes (MLG) in microalgal blooms. Instead, population genetic studies identify large genotypic diversity in most microalgal species. This paradox of frequent asexual reproduction but low number of identical genotypes hampers interpretations of microalgal genotypic diversity. We present a computer model for estimating, for the first time, the number of distinct MLGs by simulating microalgal population composition after defined exponential growth periods. The simulations highlighted the effects of initial genotypic diversity, sample size and intraspecific differences in growth rates on the probability of isolating identical genotypes. We estimated the genotypic richness for five natural microalgal species with available high-resolution population genetic data and monitoring-based growth rates, indicating 500 000 to 2 000 000 distinct genotypes for species with few observed clonal replicates (&lt;5%). Furthermore, our simulations indicated high variability in genotypic richness over time and among microalgal species. Genotypic richness was also strongly impacted by intraspecific variability in growth rates. The probability of finding identical MLGs and sampling a representative fraction of genotypes decreased noticeably with smaller sample sizes, challenging the detection of differences in genotypic diversity with typical isolate numbers in the field.
Quis judicabit ipsos judices? A case study on the dynamics of competitive funding panel evaluations
Authors: Santos João M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Securing research funding is essential for all researchers. The standard evaluation method for competitive grants is through evaluation by a panel of experts. However, the literature notes that peer review has inherent flaws and is subject to biases, which can arise from differing interpretations of the criteria, the impossibility for a group of reviewers to be experts in all possible topics within their field, and the role of affect. As such, understanding the dynamics at play during panel evaluations is crucial to allow researchers a better chance at securing funding, and also for the reviewers themselves to be aware of the cognitive mechanisms underlying their decision-making. In this study, we conduct a case study based on application and evaluation data for two social sciences panels in a competitive state-funded call in Portugal. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find that qualitative evaluations largely resonate with the evaluation criteria, and the candidate’s scientific output is partially aligned with the qualitative evaluations, but scientometric indicators alone do not significantly influence the candidate’s evaluation. However, the polarity of the qualitative evaluation has a positive influence on the candidate’s evaluation. This paradox is discussed as possibly resulting from the occurrence of a halo effect in the panel’s judgment of the candidates. By providing a multi-methods approach, this study aims to provide insights that can be useful for all stakeholders involved in competitive funding evaluations.
Understanding why civil servants are reluctant to carry out transition tasks
Authors: Braams Rik B , Wesseling Joeri H , Meijer Albert J , Hekkert Marko P 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The transition literature attributes various transition tasks to government to support socio-technical transitions toward overcoming societal challenges. It is, however, difficult for civil servants to execute these transition tasks, because they partly conflict with Public Administration (PA) traditions that provide legitimacy to their work. This dilemma is discussed in neither the transition literature nor the PA literature. In this paper, we ask civil servants about the normative arguments that reflect their role perception within the institutional structures of their ministry, when it comes to executing transition tasks. We see these situated and enacted normative arguments and underlying assumptions as implicit rules determining legitimacy. The arguments civil servants used confirm that transition tasks are currently difficult to execute within the civil service. We found seven institutionalized rules that explain this difficulty and highlight the inadequacy of civil servants to adhere to the PA traditions while trying to execute transition tasks.
Modest Dress at Work as Lived Religion: Women’s Dress in Religious Work Contexts in Saudi Arabia and the UK
Authors: Aune Kristin , Lewis Reina , Molokotos-Liederman Lina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article explores how women in religious workplaces respond to organizational norms of and requirements for modest dress and behavior, both implicit and explicit. It compares two case studies: women working for faith-based organizations (FBOs) in the UK, and women working for secular organizations who travel for work to Saudi Arabia, where the state requirement to dress modesty meant wearing an abaya (slightly relaxed in 2019). Data come from semi-structured interviews with 43 women: 21 who travelled from the UK to Saudi Arabia and 22 who work in UK FBOs. It examines three themes: how women adapt to forms of modest dress, how they navigate dress regulation, and how they negotiate habitus and authenticity. The article proposes that women’s modest dress in workplaces governed by religious codes be understood as a form of lived religious practice and one that raises dilemmas of habitus and authenticity.
A toxicological profile of silica nanoparticles
Authors: Liu James Y , Sayes Christie M 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHumans are regularly exposed to silica nanoparticles in environmental and occupational contexts, and these exposures have been implicated in the onset of adverse health effects. Existing reviews on silica nanoparticle toxicity are few and not comprehensive. There are natural and synthetic sources by which crystalline and amorphous silica nanoparticles are produced. These processes influence physiochemical properties, which are factors that can dictate toxicological effects. Toxicological assessment includes exposure scenario (e.g. environmental, occupational), route of exposure, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics. Broader considerations include pathology, risk assessment, regulation, and treatment after injury. This review aims to consolidate the most relevant and up-to-date research in these areas to provide an exhaustive toxicological profile of silica nanoparticles.
Reminiscence About Work Life in Retirement: What Is Remembered? Why Might it Matter?
Authors: Hommelhoff Sabine , Leickert Tina , Liao Hsiao-Wen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Retirement and reminiscence research prosper largely independent of another. The current research integrates both perspectives to explore what retirees remember when they look back upon their work life and whether reminiscing work life is related to their current well-being. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six retirees to develop initial codebooks. To characterize work-related memories and explore links between memory characteristics and retirees’ well-being, 66 retirees participated in an online study. They reported memories in text and rated memory valence and indicators of subjective well-being. Qualitative content analyses of memory narratives show that retirees recalled both work tasks and workplace relationships that were particularly pleasant or conflict ridden. They reminisced about profound (e.g., job loss) and small events (e.g., appreciative gestures from the leadership). Most retirees described their work life in an accepting way, although some expressed bitterness. Correlational analyses indicate links between memory valence and retirees’ perceived stress in work life and subjective well-being. We discuss our findings within the resource perspective on retirement with consideration of reminiscence as internal resources with permanent access. We suggest that well-being in retirement depends not only on external resources, but also on what retirees reflect on and remember. Practically, we discuss how work could be designed to build up such internal resources. We conclude with future research ideas, emphasizing the importance of a rigorous mixed-methods approach to studying how the life chapter of work that is long gone may continue to shape the lives of retirees.
Management of epilepsy in brain tumor patients
Authors: van der Meer Pim B. , Taphoorn Martin J.B. , Koekkoek Johan A.F. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
A concise review of recent findings in brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), with focus on the effect of antitumor treatment on seizure control and the management of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Recent findings
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation and its active metabolite d-2-hydroxyglutarate seem important contributing factors to epileptogenesis in BTRE. A beneficial effect of antitumor treatment (i.e. surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) on seizure control has mainly been demonstrated in low-grade glioma. AED prophylaxis in seizure-naïve BTRE patients is not recommended, but AED treatment should be initiated after a first seizure has occurred. Comparative efficacy randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are currently lacking, but second-generation AED levetiracetam seems the preferred choice in BTRE. Levetiracetam lacks significant drug-drug interactions, has shown favorable efficacy compared to valproic acid in BTRE, generally causes no hematological or neurocognitive functioning adverse effects, but caution should be exercised with regard to psychiatric adverse effects. Potential add-on AEDs in case of uncontrolled seizures include lacosamide, perampanel, and valproic acid. Ultimately, in the end-of-life phase when oral intake of medication is hampered, benzodiazepines via nonoral administration routes are potential alternatives.

Summary
Management of seizures in BTRE is complex and with currently available evidence levetiracetam seems the preferred choice. Comparative efficacy RCTs in BTRE are warranted.
Bactericidal Efficacy of High Irradiance Ultraviolet A Photoactivation of Riboflavin Versus Standard Corneal Cross-Linking Protocol In Vitro
Authors: Tarff Andreina , Drew-Bear Laura E. , Yee Rebecca , Cano Marisol , Zhang Ying , Behrens Ashley 
Published: July 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of high ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiance photoactivation of riboflavin (vitamin B2) versus the standard corneal cross-linking protocol on bacterial viability.

Methods:
Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Newman strain and methicillin-resistant multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDR-MRSA) USA300, CA409, CA127, GA656, and NY315 strains were exposed to a UVA energy dose of 5.4 to 6 J/cm2 by 2 high irradiance regimens: A) 30 mW/cm2 for 3 minutes and B) 10 mW/cm2 for 10 minutes with B2 0.1%. Control groups included B2/UVA alone, CA409 exposed to standard B2 0.1% + UVA (3 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes), and an untreated sample. Cell viability was assessed. Triplicate values were obtained. The Mann–Whitney test and Student t test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
There was no difference comparing the median bacterial load (log CFU/mL) of the untreated samples versus regimen A: Newman P = 0.7, CA409 P = 0.3, USA300 P = 0.5, CA127 P = 0.6, GA656 P = 0.1, and NY315 P = 0.2 (P ≥ 0.1); and B: Newman P= 0.1, CA409 P = 0.3, USA300 P = 0.4, CA127 P = 0.6, GA656 P = 0.1, and NY315 P = 0.3 (P ≥ 0.1). Standard regimen killed 100% of CA409.

Conclusions:
Photoactivation of B2 by high UVA irradiance does not seem to be effective for bacterial eradication in this study.
Understanding the pathways leading to socioeconomic inequalities in HIV testing uptake in 18 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Ante-Testard Pearl Anne , Hamidouche Mohamed , Apouey Bénédicte , Baggaley Rachel , Larmarange Joseph , Benmarhnia Tarik , Temime Laura , Jean Kévin 
Published: July 2022

Objective:To better understand the different pathways linking socioeconomic position and HIV testing uptake in 18 sub-Saharan African countries.Design:We used cross-sectional population-based surveys between 2010 and 2018.Methods:Using a potential outcomes framework and the product method, we decomposed the total effect linking wealth and recent (<12 months) HIV testing into direct effects, and indirect effects, viainternal(related to individual's ability to perceive need for and to seek care) orexternal(ability to reach, pay for and engage in healthcare) mediators to calculate the proportion mediated (PM) by each mediator.Results:High levels of inequalities were observed in nine and 15 countries among women and men, respectively. The mediator indirect effect varied greatly across countries. The PM tended to be higher for internal than for external mediators. For instance, among women, HIV-related knowledge was estimated to mediate up to 12.1% of inequalities in Côte d’Ivoire; and up to 31.5% for positive attitudes towards people with HIV (PWH) in Senegal. For the four external mediators, the PM was systematically below 7%. Similar findings were found when repeating analyses on men for the internal mediators, with higher PM by attitudes towards PWH (up to 39.9% in Senegal).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that wealth-related inequalities in HIV testing may be mediated by internal more than external characteristics, with important variability across countries. Overall, the important heterogeneities in the pathways of wealth-related inequalities in HIV testing illustrate that addressing inequalities requires tailored efforts and upstream interventions.
High burden of malaria among Malawian adults on antiretroviral therapy after discontinuing prophylaxis
Authors: Mungwira Randy G. , Laurens Matthew B. , Nyangulu Wongani , Divala Titus H. , Nampota-Nkomba Nginache , Buchwald Andrea G. , Nyirenda Osward M. , Mwinjiwa Edson , Kanjala Maxwell , Galileya Lufina Tsirizani , Earland Dominique E. , Adams Matthew , Plowe Christopher V. , Taylor Terrie E. , Mallewa Jane , van Oosterhout Joep J. , Laufer Miriam K. 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
Many individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) reside in areas at high risk for malaria but how malaria affects clinical outcomes is not well described in this population. We evaluated the burden of malaria infection and clinical malaria, and impact on HIV viral load and CD4+ cell count among adults on ART.

Design:
We recruited Malawian adults on ART who had an undetectable viral load and ≥250 CD4+ cells/μl to participate in this randomized trial to continue daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS), discontinue daily co-trimoxazole, or switch to weekly chloroquine (CQ).

Methods:
We defined clinical malaria as symptoms consistent with malaria and positive blood smear, and malaria infection as Plasmodium falciparum DNA detected from dried blood spots (collected every 4–12 weeks). CD4+ cell count and viral load were measured every 24 weeks. We used Poisson regression and survival analysis to compare the incidence of malaria infection and clinical malaria. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01650558.

Results:
Among 1499 participants enrolled, clinical malaria incidence was 21.4/100 person-years of observation (PYO), 2.4/100 PYO and 1.9/100 PYO in the no prophylaxis, TS, and CQ arms, respectively. We identified twelve cases of malaria that led to hospitalization and all individuals recovered. The preventive effect of staying on prophylaxis was approximately 90% compared to no prophylaxis (TS: incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08, 0.15 and CQ: IRR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06, 0.13). P. falciparum infection prevalence among all visits was 187/1475 (12.7%), 48/1563 (3.1%), and 29/1561 (1.9%) in the no prophylaxis, TS, and CQ arms, respectively. Malaria infection and clinical malaria were not associated with changes in CD4+ cell count or viral load.

Conclusion:
In clinically stable adults living with HIV on ART, clinical malaria was common after chemoprophylaxis stopped. However, neither malaria infection nor clinical illness appeared to affect HIV disease progression.
Gut-dependent inflammation and alterations of the intestinal microbiota in individuals with perinatal HIV exposure and different HIV serostatus
Authors: Tincati Camilla , Ficara Monica , Ferrari Francesca , Augello Matteo , Dotta Laura , Tagliabue Claudia , Diana Alfredo , Camelli Vittoria , Iughetti Lorenzo , Badolato Raffaele , Cellini Monica , Marchetti Giulia 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
HIV-exposed infected (HEI) and uninfected (HEU) children represent the two possible outcomes of maternal HIV infection. Modifications of the intestinal microbiome have been linked to clinical vulnerability in both settings, yet whether HEI and HEU differ in terms of gut impairment and peripheral inflammation/activation is unknown.

Design:
We performed a cross-sectional, pilot study on fecal and plasma microbiome as well as plasma markers of gut damage, microbial translocation, inflammation and immune activation in HIV-infected and uninfected children born from an HIV-infected mother.

Methods:
Fecal and plasma microbiome were determined by means of 16S rDNA amplification with subsequent qPCR quantification. Plasma markers were quantified via ELISA.

Results:
Forty-seven HEI and 33 HEU children were consecutively enrolled. The two groups displayed differences in fecal beta-diversity and relative abundance, yet similar microbiome profiles in plasma as well as comparable gut damage and microbial translocation. In contrast, monocyte activation (sCD14) and systemic inflammation (IL-6) were significantly higher in HEI than HEU.

Conclusion:
In the setting of perinatal HIV infection, enduring immune activation and inflammation do not appear to be linked to alterations within the gut. Given that markers of activation and inflammation are independent predictors of HIV disease progression, future studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of such processes and elaborate adjuvant therapies to reduce the clinical risk in individuals with perinatal HIV infection.
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in contemporary antiretroviral therapy: a single cell analysis
Authors: Hunt Matthew , McNiff Megan M. , Vincent Amy E. , Sabin Caroline , Winston Alan , Payne Brendan A.I. 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
To quantify mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of people treated with contemporary antiretroviral therapy.

Design:
Cross-sectional observational study.

Methods:
Quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence was performed to determine mitochondrial mass and respiratory chain complex abundance in individual myofibres from tibialis anterior biopsies. Individual myofibres were captured by laser microdissection and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and large-scale deletions were measured by real-time PCR.

Results:
Forty-five antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated people with HIV (PWH, mean age 58 years, mean duration of ART 125 months) were compared with 15 HIV negative age-matched controls. Mitochondrial complex I (CI) deficiency was observed at higher proportional levels in PWH than negative controls (P = 0.008). Myofibre mitochondrial mass did not differ by HIV status. No ART class was significantly associated with mitochondrial deficiency, including prior exposure to historical NRTIs (nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors) associated with systemic mitochondrial toxicity. To exclude an effect of untreated HIV, we also studied skeletal muscle from 13 ART-naive PWH (mean age 37). These showed negligible CI defects, as well as comparable myofibre mitochondrial mass to ART-treated PWH. Most CI-deficient myofibres contained mtDNA deletions. No mtDNA depletion was detected.

Conclusion:
Here, we show that PWH treated with contemporary ART have mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle, exceeding that expected due to age alone. Surprisingly, this was not mediated by prior exposure to mitochondrially toxic NRTIs, suggesting novel mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in contemporary ART-treated PWH. These findings are relevant for better understanding successful ageing in PWH.
Long-term antiretroviral therapy mitigates mortality and morbidity independent of HIV tropism: 18 years follow-up in a women's cohort
Authors: Weiser Barbara , Shi Binshan , Kemal Kimdar , Burger Harold , Minkoff Howard , Shi Qiuhu , Gao Wei , Robison Esther , Holman Susan , Schroeder Tamara , Gormley Alissa , Anastos Kathryn , Ramirez Christina 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV-1 was found previously to herald CD4+ cell depletion and disease progression in individuals who were antiretroviral-naive or took combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for less than 5 years. We updated this finding by investigating whether the deleterious effect of X4-tropic strains is mitigated by long-term cART.

Design:
We examined morbidity and mortality in relation to HIV-1 tropism and cART in 529 participants followed up to 18 years in the Women's Interagency HIV Study; 91% were women of color.

Methods:
Plasma-derived HIV-1 tropism was determined genotypically.

Results:
We categorized participants according to the number of visits reported on cART after initiation. Group 1: three or less visits, 74% of these participants reporting no cART; group 2: at least four visits and less than 70% of visits on cART; group 3: at least 70% of visits on cART. AIDS mortality rates for participants in each group with X4 virus compared with those with R5 virus exclusively were, respectively: 62 vs. 40% (P = 0.0088); 23% vs. 22% [nonsignificant (NS)]; 7% vs. 14% (NS). Kaplan–Meier curves showed accelerated progression to AIDS death or AIDS-defining illness in participants with three or less cART visits and X4 viruses (P = 0.0028) but no difference in progression rates stratified by tropism in other groups. Logistic regression found that HIV-1 suppression for at least 10 semiannual visits (≥5 years total) mitigated X4 tropism's deleterious effect on mortality, controlling for maximal viral load, and CD4+ nadir.

Conclusion:
Long-term cART markedly mitigated the deleterious effect of X4 viruses on AIDS morbidity and mortality. Mitigation was correlated with duration of viral suppression, supporting HIV-1 suppression as a crucial goal.
Donors with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus for solid organ transplantation: what's new
Authors: Lushniak Stephanie A. , Durand Christine M. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of the review
Passage of the HOPE Act and the advent of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies have allowed for expansion of the donor organ pool to include donors with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), thus providing new opportunities for waitlist candidates. This article provides updates on recent studies in solid organ transplantation (SOT) utilizing donors with HIV and HCV.

Recent findings
The first pilot studies of kidney and liver transplantation from donors-with-HIV to recipients-with-HIV (HIV D+/R+) show robust patient survival, comparable graft survival to transplantation from donors without HIV (HIV D-/R+) and no increased rates of HIV breakthrough. The number of HIV D+ organs utilized has been lower than initial estimates due to several potential factors. With high numbers of overdose deaths from the opioid epidemic, there have been more HCV D+ organs available, leading to transplantation in recipients without HCV (HCV D+/R-) in combination with DAAs. Outcomes in both abdominal and thoracic HCV D+/R transplantation are excellent.

Summary
With recent findings of good outcomes in both HIV D+/R+ and HCV D+/R- SOT, we feel the evidence supports both practices as standard clinical care options to mitigate organ shortage and reduce waitlist mortality.