bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Scheme for Spreading & De-spreading in the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Mechanism
Authors: ElSharkawy Magdy Ibrahim 
Published: July 2022

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) techniques are widely used to implement code-division multiple access (CDMA) in wireless communication systems. Both DSSS and FHSS systems help reducing the effects of interference on the transmitted information making it robust against channel impairments. DSSS uses a signal bandwidth that is much broader than the information signal bandwidth. Traditionally, the wide band signal is generated by multiplying the narrowband information signal with a binary code, often designated as a spreading code, to generate the wideband signal that is transmitted. The original information signal can be recreated at the receiver by multiplying the received wideband signal by the same binary code (now designated as a de-spreading code) used to generate the wideband transmitted signal. To extract the original information signal, the spreading and de-spreading codes must be in synchronism at the receiver and amplitude match with each other. A new modification for the direct sequence spread spectrum is proposed in this paper. The mechanism introduced in this approach implicates generating the wideband signal by circularly shifting the spreading code (PN) by n places, where n represents the value of the current byte of information signal. The yielded signal is modulated using BPSK modulator before transmitting it. The original information signal is extracted at the receiver by correlating the received signal (which is actually the original spread sequence circularly shifted by n places) with a locally generated replica of the spreading code. The position of the maximum value of the cross-correlation vector represents the value of the information signal byte. The proposed configuration has been implemented using Simulink simulator and the obtained results show that its performance is identical with the conventional DSSS.
Using Quaternion Fourier Transform in Steganography Systems
Authors: ElSharkawy Magdy Ibrahim 
Published: July 2022

steganography is the discipline of exchanging information messages in such way that no one, other than the intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message. The transmitted message can be in textual or multimedia form (audio, image or video) and can be hidden within cover media. Moreover, the hidden message can be in either plain or cipher form. In steganography, the majority of hiding techniques are implemented either in spatial domain or in frequency domain of the cover media. The current contribution introduces a new a steganography technique for hiding a textual message within a cover image. Both the message and the cover image is converted to quaternion form and then only the quaternion message is converted to the frequency domain using Quaternion Fast Fourier Discrete Transform (QFFDT) technique. Simple quaternion mathematics are used to combine the message (in quaternion frequency domain) within the cover image (in quaternion form). Conversely, the hidden message can be revealed at the receiver using simple quaternion mathematics in presence of the original cover image. The proposed method allows hiding a huge amount of data and it is much complicated against steganalysis compared to the traditional methods. The method is assessed using the known performance metrics and the obtained results show that it is robust and more secure against steganalysis attacks without affecting the consumed bandwidth of the communication channel.
Dictionary, Translation and Chinese Language in Domingo Fernández de Navarrete
Authors: Busquets Alemany Anna 
Published: July 2022

One of the essential elements of the much-admired accommodation of the Jesuits was their dedication to the study of the Chinese language. However, this orientation is not exclusively to the Jesuits. The other religious orders also showed the same orientation from the first moment. Although following the imperial guidelines of Nebrija evangelization should be done in Spanish, the friars who left for America and Asia were focused from the first moment to learn thelocal languages. Following the line of sixteenthcenturyMexican dictionaries and languages,the translation of texts between Spanish andChinese already had a clear representationin the Philippine Islands with the work of JuanCobo. Throughout the XVII several vocabularies,grammars and language arts would appear whilethe work of the Dominican Domingo Fernández deNavarrete would include a very brief dictionary.This interest of mendicants by the local languageswould culminate in the work of the DominicanFrancisco Varo. Starting from the original sources—manuscripts and printed— of the seventeenthcentury, this communication will analyze in detailthe linguistic accommodation of the mendicantorders with special emphasis on the Franciscansand the Dominicans.
The Relations of “shi tun” (示屯) during the Reign of Wu-Ding of Shang (≈1250 B.C. - 1222 B.C.)
Authors: Jinjing Xu 
Published: July 2022

In Annals of Spring and Autumn it is stated that: “State affairs are worship and military affairs.” The inscriptions on turtle shells and bones are records of the escapulimancia during the Shang dynasty (≈1600 BC - 1046 BC), and that covers all aspects of life and society. The “tun” (屯) is a unit of measurement used for the turtle shells and bones of the oracle during the Shang dynasty. A shell or a bone is “a pian (丿)”, and a pair is “a tun (屯)”. “Shi tun” (示屯) refers to the “offering of shells and prepared bones”, is one of the important sources of oracular bones. The organization and analysis of reception records in those bones allow us to get to know this dynasty of more than 3,000 years ago from a new perspective. In addition, we can also understand the social status of taxpayers and signatories,through comparisons with the content of otheroracular bones.
Non-Verbal Communication in Greetings in Chinese: a Pedagogical Proposal
Authors: Qu Lu Xianghong 
Published: July 2022

Due to the problems detected in the practice of teaching Chinese as second Language, on the other hand with the theoretical advances both in nonverbal communication and in pedagogy, especially in that of Chinese language, we began to reflect on the importance of the nonverbal language in intercultural communications. It is found that it necessary to make a theoretical and practical proposal for the integration of nonverbal communication into the Chinese language teaching materials, for the purposeof improving our students’ communication andthe comprehension on the culture and societyof China. In this goal, the present work consistsin the analysis of nonverbal signs used in somespecific communicative contexts in Chineserelated to the topic of “greetings”, and in theidentification of those nonverbal signs that canmore easily cause errors of interpretation in thestudents, mainly by questionnaire, interviews andbibliographic review. Finally, based on the resultsof our study, we present a concrete pedagogicalproposal composed by five activities, in orderto offer a complementary material that couldhelp the students to avoid misinterpretations inspoken or written context that block and distortthe transmission of messages.
Problems in the Translation of Phraseologisms in Bilingual Dictionaries Spanish-Chinese / Chinese-Spanish
Authors: Xiaoxiao Lyu 
Published: July 2022

The phraseology is part of the linguistic studies on phrases, proverbs, idioms, proverbs and other units of syntax totally or partially fixed. It is the reflection of a certain tradition and idiosyncrasy of society. The native speaker recognizes the phraseological units in the praxis of speech without difficulty. However, because of their idiomaticity and the sociocultural divergence between two linguistic communities, Spanish sayings and expressions cannot always be understood by the Chinese speakers. Students of Spanish as a foreign language have difficulty recognizing the non-literal meaning of an expression, the use of this type of expression in language teachingdevelops communicative competence, linguisticscompetence, sociolinguistics and pragmaticscompetence. Then, when producing a bilingualdictionary, it is not enough to translate it into thetarget language, but rather to contrast the twolanguages in order to inform non-native speakersof unknown elements, such as historical andcultural backgrounds, uses, and their frequencyof application, variants, etc.
The Confucius’ Traces in Current Chinese University Teaching
Authors: Redondo Martínez José Carlos 
Published: July 2022

The study in-depth of The Analects gives us an idea of how the Confucius’ ideas for society were. The Master always advocated bringing social reforms through the education of individuals in society. He wanted to develop an ideal social order through the cultivation of ideal lifestyles and the full development of the personality of the individuals. Through years of experience and the thorough analysis of the behaviour of Chinese teachers and students when teaching and learning it has been shown that the main principles of Confucian teachings are still present in crucial figures such as the teacher, the class monitor and the students; as well as in several factors that determine the teaching such as motivation, the teacher's reprimand, the students’ shyness and the memorization of concepts.Furthermore, it is particularly important to compare the European teacher with the Chinese one, sincethe former is mainly influenced by the Greco-Roman philosophy and the thinkers of the Enlightenment;the latter is tremendously influenced by the ideas of Confucius despite the fact that they were bornmore than 2,500 years ago.
Cross-border Waters in Asia
Authors: Luo Huiling 
Published: July 2022

The high concentration of transboundary waters in China and the dependence that the riparian countries have on these waters, as well as their economic growth and *the* changes in water cycles due to climate change, make transboundary water management a first order task for the Chinese government. This document analyzes the main transboundary river basins in China and the unresolved problems of transboundary waters. Finally, the agreements, treaties and memoranda in force, whichhelp to maintain a certain atmosphere of dialogue, to avoid future military confrontations, especiallybetween countries that are nuclear powers such as China, India and Pakistan.
ONLINE METHODS IN THEMATIC LEARNING: APPLICATION OF CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Sopiah Sopiah , Khasanah Nur , Chonitsa Ana , Tanti Nursya Sekar 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the application of online methods to thematic learning, the obstacles and solutions to the application of online methods to thematic learning of fifth grade students at MIS Wonoyoso, Buaran District, Pekalongan Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach. The primary data sources in this study were classroom teachers and students. The secondary data sources in this study were the principal, documents, photos, school administration, and class administration at MIS Wonoyoso. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that MIS Wonoyoso had implemented the online method according to the recommendations suggested by the government. The online method applied is internet-based in the form of whatsapp, google from and workshit applications. The online method is applied to thematic learning by combining several subjects. The obstacles are students do not have cellphones, do not have quotas, students and parents cannot stand by in collecting assignments, students do not understand the material sent by the teacher. The solution is that the teacher calls students who do not have cellphones to come to school, the school cooperates with smartphone operators to provide free quotas, the teacher cooperates with parents, the teacher provides material with an explanation in the form of voice recordings. After the teacher gives the material, the students are evaluated through google from and workshit to measure the extent to which students are able to understand the material presented.
Sobre la innovación de diccionarios en el contexto de la convergencia mediática
Authors: Luan Yun 
Published: July 2022

La digitalización y la comunicación por internet se han integrado en todos los niveles del desarrollo social, y la convergencia mediática se ha convertido en una tendencia inevitable en el procesamiento y la difusión de la información. En este trabajo se estudia el mecanismo de innovación en la compilación y publicación de diccionarios mediante la confluencia y colaboración entre los medios de comunicación, que incluyen: (1) los nuevos métodos y tendencias de compilación de diccionarios, (2) las características y el enfoque de la convergencia mediática para lalexicografía, (3) la estructura y función de los diccionarios basados en la convergencia mediática, (4) la innovación de las organizaciones lexicográficas. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la convergencia mediática ofrece una gran oportunidad para la transformación digital de los diccionarios, de ahí la importancia de adoptar este enfoque para producir textos lexicográficos multimodales que puedan ser consultadosy mostrados a través de diversos medios de comunicación y terminales digitales.
Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with spondyloarthritis: a relationship between systemic inflammation and anemia
Authors: Safarova К. N. , Fedotov E. A. , Rebrov A. P. 
Published: July 2022

Aim. To assess the relationship between the activity of systemic inflammation and the hemoglobin level in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA).Materials and methods. We examined 92 patients with SpA aged 42.9 ± 11.6 years (SpA duration – 14.8 ± 9.6 years, 55 (60%) men). We calculated the BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP scores, performed complete blood count, evaluated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferrokinetic parameters, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).Results. Anemia was found in 52 (57%) patients: 13 (25%) patients were diagnosed with anemia of inflammation (AI), 39 (75%) individuals had a combination of AI and iron deficiency anemia. A significant increase in CRP (17.8 vs. 9.0 mg / l, respectively; p = 0.001) and ESR (23 vs. 10 mm / h, p < 0.001), a tendency toward an increase in IL-6 levels (5.4 vs. 4.1 pg / ml, p = 0.051), and no difference in TNF-α levels (3.4 vs. 3.0 pg / ml, p = 0.245) were revealed in patients with anemia compared with patients with normal hemoglobin level. The hemoglobin concentration was negatively correlated with the CRP level (r = –0.327, p = 0.001) and ESR (r = –0.527, p < 0.001). IL-6 was positively correlated with the levels of TNF-a, CRP, and ESR (r = 0.431, r = 0.361, r = 0.369; all p < 0.001). With the IL-6 concentration >10 pg / ml, the odds for anemia were 5.3 times higher (95% confidence interval: 1.4–19.9, p = 0.009).Conclusion. The relationship between the activity of systemic inflammation and anemia in patients with SpA was confirmed. Taking into account the pathogenesis of AI, the aim of antianemic treatment is to achieve remission or minimal activity of SpA. Additional studies are required to determine the effect of anti-inflammatory therapy on the development and course of anemia in patients with SpA.
Pathogenetic features of experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc
Authors: Gladkova E. V. 
Published: July 2022

The aim of the study was to investigate the pathogenesis of experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc by examining the structure and defining the morphometric and metabolic features of knee joint skeletal connective tissues in rats.Materials and methods.We performed a morphometric evaluation of articular cartilages (their thickness, extracellular matrix arrangement, spatial arrangement of the main components, distribution density, and main cellular indices of chondrocytes), as well as changes in subchondral bones (the presence of trabeculae in the basal layer of the articular cartilage and individual osteophytes) in 30 rats with a model of primary osteoarthrosis induced by sequential administration of 0.5 ml dexamethasone (2 mg) and 1 ml 10% sterile talc suspension mixed with normal saline into the joint cavity. We studied the histologic specimens of the knee joints stained with hematoxylin – eosin, Alcian blue (рН 1.0 and 2.5), as well as with Van Gieson’s, Masson’s, and Mallory’s trichome stains. The metabolic features of the articular cartilage and bone tissues were investigated by determining the hyaluronan, osteocalcin, and type I collagen levels in the serum of the rats.Results. In the rats with dexamethasone- and talc-induced osteoarthrosis, the thickness of cartilages in their weight-bearing areas decreased by 50%, the spatial arrangement of chondrocytes was impaired, and the nuclear – cytoplasmatic ratio (р < 0.01) decreased to 0.3. Besides, a rise in the serum levels of hyaluronan (p < 0.001) to 110.2 ng / ml, type I collagen fragments (p < 0.001) to 217.9 ng / ml, and osteocalcin (p < 0.001) to 231.1 ng / ml was detected.Conclusion. The main pathogenetic features of experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc include impaired distribution density, morphological characteristics, and functional activity of chondrocytes, which results in inhibited synthesis of extracellular matrix components in the articular cartilage and activated destruction of proteoglycans containing unsulphated glycosaminoglycans. The subchondral bone remodeling in experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc is characterized by intensification of synthetic activity of osteoblasts.
Relationship of parameters of the impulsivity – reflexivity cognitive style with propensity to Internet addiction in high school students
Authors: Grigoriev E. P. , Galchenko A. S. , Poskotinova L. V. 
Published: July 2022

Aim. To study the relationship between parameters of the impulsivity – reflexivity cognitive style and the level of Internet addiction among high school students.Materials and methods. 154 students from general education institutions aged 16–17 years were diagnosed using the J. Kagan’s reflection – impulsivity test and the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. The one-way analysis of variance was used, followed by post-hoc pairwise comparisons using the Tukey’s test.Results. An inverse relationship between the level of Internet addiction and decision latency in a multiple-choice situation and a direct relationship between the level of Internet addiction and the number of errors in the J. Kagan’s reflection – impulsivity test were revealed.Conclusion. High school students with propensity to Internet addiction tend to have the impulsive cognitive style, while students without such a tendency – the reflective style. In cognitive activity, the impulsive cognitive style is generally less productive than the reflexive one. The impulsive cognitive style is similar to the so-called clip thinking, which allows to consider the relationship between Internet addiction and this phenomenon through the prism of cognitive and style features.
Markers of kidney injury, lipid metabolism, and carbonyl stress in patients with type 1 diabetes and different levels of albuminuria
Authors: Darenskaya M. A. , Chugunova E. V. , Kolesnikov S. I. , Grebenkina L. A. , Semyonova N. V. , Nikitina O. A. , Kolesnikova L. I. 
Published: July 2022

The aim of this work was to study the levels of podocalyxin and β-2-microglobulin and parameters of lipid metabolism and carbonyl stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with different levels of albuminuria.Materials and methods. 56 men of reproductive age with T1DM were divided into two groups: 24 patients with stage A1 albuminuria (group A1) and 32 patients with stage A2 albuminuria (group A2). The control group consisted of 28 healthy men. The levels of renal function markers, lipid metabolism parameters, and methylglyoxal were assessed using enzyme immunoassay and spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods.Results. Higher values for total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and very-low-density lipoprotein medians in both groups A1 and A2 were found. In these groups, increased podocalyxin and methylglyoxal medians were revealed. Correlation analysis in the group A1 showed the presence of a relationship between the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and creatinine. In the group A2, correlations between the generally accepted parameters of kidney injury (the albumin / creatinine ratio and GFR) and the duration of the disease and between GFR and the creatinine and methylglyoxal levels in the blood were identified. The podocalyxin level in this group correlated with the β2- microglobulin and methylglyoxal levels and lipid metabolism parameters. The level of β2-microglobulin correlated with the lipid metabolism parameters.Conclusion. Regardless of the level of albuminuria, men with T1DM had significantly increased levels of podocalyxin, lipid metabolism parameters, and methylglyoxal, as well as strong relationships between these parameters. The data of this study can be used for development of potential strategies for prevention and early treatment of diabetic nephropathy.