bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Self-incompatibility Reaction in Easter Lily by Using Heat Treatments
Authors: Hiratsuka S. , Tezuka T. , Yamamoto Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Self-incompatibility of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was overcome by heating the styles. Immersing detached prepollinated styles in distilled water at 45C for 5 min promoted the growth of incompatible pollen tubes. When heat-treated styles were kept at 25C for various periods before pollination, the effect of overcoming selfincompatibility diminished as the period between the heat treatment and pollination was increased. Heat treatment of styles within 2 hr after incompatible pollination promoted the growth of pollen tubes to a distance comparable to compatible ones. When the styles were heated during the period from 3 to 8 hr after incompatible pollination, the growth of pollen tubes was retarded to some extent as compared to those treated within 2 hr after pollination. Treatment at 12 or more hours after pollination no longer promoted the growth of incompatible pollen tubes. These results suggest that overcoming self-incompatibility by heating is temporary and the incompatibility machinery is already induced at ≈3 hr after pollination.
Respiration and Ethylene Production in Harvested Watermelon Fruit: Evidence for Nonclimacteric Respiratory Behavior
Authors: Elkashif Mohamed E. , Huber Donald J. , Brecht Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Respiration and Ethylene Production in Harvested Watermelon Fruit: Evidence for Nonclimacteric Respiratory Behavior,” by Mohamed E. Elkashif, Donald J. Huber, and Jeffrey K. Brecht [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114(1):81–85, January, 1989], the respiratory drifts in Fig. 1 were not clearly visible. An improved figure is printed below.
Organogenesis and Patterns of Floral Bud Development in Two Eastern Thornless Blackberry Cultivars
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Wisniewski Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Axillary buds on lateral branches of ‘Black Satin’ and ‘Hull Thornless’ thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) were examined from September to May in 1984–1985 and 1986–1987, and in Spring 1988. Initial inflorescence development in ‘Black Satin’ was evident in October; however, most buds remained vegetative until January. Perianth primordia became distinct around the terminal floral apex in some buds in late February to early March. Buds sampled from lateral branches at the top portion of plants were more advanced than buds from the bottom portion at several sampling dates. Axillary buds of ‘Hull Thornless’, in contrast, remained vegetative in all floricane portions until late March. Subsequent developmental rates were rapid and uniform. Once the terminal flower appeared, the most basal floral apex in the primary (A1) axis was next to develop. Remaining floral apices along the axis developed sequentially in an acropetal direction. Neither uniformity and time of bud initiation nor subsequent rate of development appeared to affect the length of bloom period.
Lime and Nitrogen Influence Soil Acidity, Nutritional Status, Vegetative Growth, and Yield of Muskmelon
Authors: Bhella Harbans S. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field study was conducted on an acidic loamy sand to evaluate muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Classic) response to calcitic limestone and 0, 67, and 100 kg N/ha. Lime application increased soil pH and Ca concentration and lowered soil NH4-N and Mn concentrations. Higher levels of N increased soil NH4-N, NO3-N, and K concentrations and decreased soil pH. Plants developed Mn toxicity symptoms in unlimed plots and the severity of foliar injury increased with increasing N levels. Lime application increased P, Ca, and Mg and reduced Mn and Zn concentrations in leaf tissue. Tissue concentrations of N, Mn, and Zn were higher and Ca, Mg, and B were lower as N level increased from 0 to 100 kg N/ha. Muskmelon fruit yields and soluble solids content were increased and culls reduced both by lime and N. Maximum vegetative growth and total fruit yield were obtained at 67 kg N/ha with lime application.
Analysis of Water Potential Isotherms in Two Ornamental Shade Tree Species Entering Winter Dormancy
Authors: Augé Robert M. , Stodola Ann J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Osmotic adjustment in response to onset of winter dormancy was characterized in well-watered, potted sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) growing outdoors in Knoxville, Tenn. Analyses of water potential isotherms indicated that adjustment occurred in both species, with osmotic potential (ψπ) at full turgor decreasing 0.8 MPa in sweetgum (by the time of first color, 27 Oct.) and 1.0 MPa in magnolia (by 1 Dec.). Osmotic adjustment occurred despite the fact that plants did not suffer osmotic stress; morning and afternoon leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (ψ) remained high throughout the fall. Leaf conductance was halved in sweetgum and doubled in magnolia as the autumn progressed. A correlation was found in magnolia between turgid : dry weight ratio and ψπ at full turgor. Tissue elasticity decreased somewhat, as the elastic modulus increased ≈2 to 3 MPa in each species through the autumn. Water potential isotherms changed most dramatically through the autumn in magnolia. Initially, ψ was −1 MPa at 82% RWC and, by December, leaves were able to withstand ψs of −3 MPa before RWC dropped to 82%. These changes are similar to those commonly reported as responses to drought or salinity.
Pollination and Pollen Tube Growth in Relation to Cranberry Fruit Development
Authors: Birrenkott Brian A. , Stang Elden J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollination and pollen tube growth were evaluated in two years as potential factors suppressing cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) fruit set. Supplementing insect pollination with hand pollination increased fruit set from ≈30% to ≈38% in both years. The number of flowers per unit area was an important contributor to fruit set variation in one year. Cranberry uprights exhibited a temporal decline in fruit set when flowers were pollinated sequentially; the first flowers to open had a higher probability of fruit development than flowers opening later. Examination of stigmas indicated flowers receiving low amounts of pollen (<10 tetrads), or pollen that fails to germinate, are more likely to abort. An inadequate number of pollen tubes and lack of subsequent fertilization provides a partial explanation of fruit abortion in cranberry. Cranberry fruit set under existing field conditions appears to be limited, in part by insufficient pollination and pollen tube growth, with the latter apparently the result of intraplant competition for resources. Providing supplemental hand pollination increased cranberry yields in both years, 48% over natural insect pollination when the number of flowering uprights per unit area was high (≈3000/m2). A significant amount of yield variation was explained by the number of flowering uprights per unit area in both years.
Fruit and Seed Development of Seven Jojoba Clones over Two Seasons
Authors: Simons Robert A. , Palzkill David A. , Younes Mohamed H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit and seed development of seven jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. Schneid.] clones were monitored over two seasons. Pollination occurred in late February and early March. However, most of the seed dry matter and wax accumulated after 15 June in both years. Fruit weight rapidly increased during May, followed by a leveling off in June and a 70% drop in weight in July as fruit matured and water was lost. While all seven clones exhibited similar fruit and seed developmental patterns, there were large differences between clones in the actual values observed over the two seasons. Differences in final seed weight between clones were due to differences in both rate and length of time of filling.
Yield and Production Efficiency of Four Apple Cultivars in Selected Orchard Management Systems
Authors: Ferree David C. , Funt Richard C. , Bishop Bert L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Topred Delicious’, ‘Millersturdeespur Delicious’, and ‘Sundale Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown in two or more of the following orchard management systems established in 1973: slender spindle (SS), 2151 trees/ha, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Sundale Golden Delicious’; trellis (TR), 1121 trees/ha, all cultivars; interstem hedgerow (IH), 795 trees/ha, all cultivars; and pyramid hedgerow (PH), 425 trees/ha, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Topred Delicious’. Yields of ‘Golden Delicious’ in the SS and TR were similar during the first 7 years and these systems generally produced higher yields than the less-intensive systems (IH and PH) during this period. Except for a drop in yield in the TR system in year 10, ‘Golden Delicious’ trees ≥8 years old in all systems produced >50 t·ha−1. ‘Topred’ in the TR system outyielded IH and PH every year, while IH had higher yields than PH in three out of the eight cropping years. The spur-type cultivars Sundale and Millersturdeespur had lower yields per hectare than the standard-habit cultivars because they were spaced too widely. Yields of the systems with ‘Sundale’ generally followed plant density, with the SS being highest, IH lowest, and TR in between and often not significantly different from the other two systems. Orchard management systems had no consistent effects on fruit size. The cumulative yield per hectare of ‘Golden Delicious’ over 11 years grown as SS outproduced the IH and PH systems, with the TR yields intermediate. ‘Sundale’ managed as SS outproduced both the TR and IH systems. ‘Topred’ in the TR had higher cumulative yields per hectare than the PH system. An economic comparison of the ‘Golden Delicious’ systems indicated that PH provided the highest rate of return and the SS the lowest, with the IH and TR systems intermediate.
Determination of Heat Unit Requirements for Collard Harvest in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Decoteau Dennis R. , Garrett J. Thomas , Nagata Russell T. , Batal K. Dean , McLaurin Wayne J. , Granberry Darbie M. , Perry Katharine B. , Sanders Douglas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Champion’, ‘Georgia’, ‘Heavicrop’, and ‘Vates’ collards (Brassica oleracea L. var acephala) were planted in Fletcher and Lewiston, N.C.; Charleston, Clemson, and Florence, S.C.; and Attapulgus and Plains, Ga. to determine the most reliable method to predict harvest maturity based on temperature. Although cultivar differences existed within some of the planting dates, when pooled over all planting dates, cultivars yielded similarly within locations. Eight methods of calculating heat units from planting to harvest were applied to daily maximum and minimum air temperatures supplied from local weather bureaus for the spring and fall growing seasons from 1985 through 1987 in the three-state area. Coefficients of variation were used to determine which method was most reliable in predicting day of first harvest. The method with the lowest cv was to sum, over days for planting to harvest, the difference between the daily maximum and a base temperature of 13.4C; however, if the maximum was >23.9C, the base temperature was subtracted from an adjusted maximum equal to 23.9C minus the difference between the maximum and 23.9C. This method produced a cv of 9.1% compared to 11.4% for the standard method of summing the mean temperature minus the base of 4.4C over the entire growing season, or compared to 13.4% for counting days to harvest from planting.
Derivation of DRIS Norms from a High-density Apple Orchard Established in the Quebec Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Parent L.E. , Granger R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diagnosis and Recommendations Integrated System (DRIS) norms for trees on dwarfing rootstocks were derived from a 7-year fertilization trial on a Blanford loam (coarse loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Fragiorthod) in southern Quebec. ‘Morspur McIntosh’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) scions budded on M.7, M.26, Ott.3, or M.9 dwarfing rootstocks received 12 fertilization regimes involving N-, P-, K-, Ca-, and Mg-based materials applied at three rates each. Top yielding trees on Ott.3 had lower Mg concentration in their leaves than those on other rootstocks. Year-to-year variation of DRIS norms led to yearly defined DRIS norms. Annual yields can be used instead of cumulative yields to generate DRIS norms, especially from the 6th year after planting. If tissue samples are collected at the appropriate sampling period, incorporating the dry matter index into the nutrient balance equation (M-DRIS) of orchard trees helps to separate limiting from nonlimiting nutrients and also integrates numerical information on nutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios. These concentrations and ratios are commonly diagnosed independently or concomitantly with the sufficiency range approach and with DRIS, respectively. M-DRIS may be particularly useful when available critical values are not fully satisfactory, as was the case in this investigation.
Effects of Shading on Structural Characteristics of the Leaf and Yield of Fruit in Capsicum annuum L1,2
Authors: Schoch Paul G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two groups of peppers, cv. Yolo Wonder, were cultivated and examined during their vegetative growth period, 1 group in full sun, the other in shade. An analysis of early foliation was initiated following appearance of 3 leaves characteristic of the juvenile growth stage. Observation of the epiderm is indicated that shading increases leaf surface, increases cell division, and cell expansion. Shade decreases the number of stomata per mm2 and the percentage of stomata in relation to other cells. Shade also increases by more than 40% the overall wt of dry materials. After flowering, the 2 lots were transplanted under identical conditions to open fields. Analysis of their fruit yield confirms recommendation of shading during the vegetative growth period in tropical regions.
Leaf, Pod, and Systemic Chlorosis Reactions in Phaseolus vulgaris to Halo Blight Controlled by Different Genes1
Authors: Kenneth Hill , Coyne D. P. , Schuster M. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Great Northern (GN) Nebraska #1, sel. 27’ and PI 150414 dry bean lines were highly tolerant to races 1 and 2 of halo blight bacterium (Pseudomonas phaseolicola) when inoculated with 5 × 106 and 2 × 108 cells per ml. The tolerant reactions to both races was completely dominant in the F1 ‘Gallatin 50’ (susceptible) crossed with both tolerant parents when inoculated with the low cell concn. However, tolerant and susceptible plants occurred in F1’s when inoculated with the high cell concn. In the F2 generation derived from the above crosses, the tolerant inoculated leaf, pod, and plant non-systemic chlorosis reactions to race 1, were each controlled by a different major dominant gene designated by the symbols LHB-1, PD HB-1, SC HB-1, respectively. Coupling linkage was detected between the genes controlling the leaf and systemic chlorosis reactions. This is the first report of 3 different genes, each separately controlling the expression of the halo blight reaction in different plant parts, namely, susceptible water-soaked reaction in inoculated pods and leaves, and systemic chlorosis reaction of leaves.
The leaf tolerant reaction to race 1 in ‘GN Nebraska #1, sel. 27’ and PI 150414 was controlled by the same allele. The same dominant allele in PI 150414 controlled the tolerant reactions to races 1 and 2.
Influence of the Tree on the Response of Citrus Fruits to Preharvest Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preharvest applications of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on ‘Bearss’ lemons were relatively ineffective for inducing degreening or abscission. This was not due to lack of absorption or ethylene production. Similar rates of application as a postharvest dip induced degreening, suggesting that a factor from the tree inhibited the response to ethylene. This possibility was supported by data from further tests on ‘Bearss’ lemons and on ‘Robinson’, ‘Lee’, and ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Hamlin’ oranges. Degreening and abscission responses to ethephon in detached fruit or fruit on which the stem was girdled were greater than in fruit on the tree. Applications of gibberellic acid retarded these responses. The results varied among cultivars and between the degreening and abscission responses. However, the general response pattern suggests that the tree provides a factor (or factors) which, on translocation to the fruit, inhibits degreening and abscission. This inhibitory factor may be a growth promoter such as auxin, gibberellin, or cytokinin.
Levels of Endogenous Growth Regulators in Abscising and Persisting Peach Fruits1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nishijima Chikara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At “June drop”, the abscission zone occurs predominantly between the fruit and the receptacle. The abscising fruits had low levels of a growth promoter and high levels of a growth inhibitor, tentatively identified as ABA. Persisting fruits had higher levels of the growth promoter and lower levels of the growth inhibitor than did abscising fruit. Treatment of immature fruits with the chemical thinners 3-CPA or ethephon induced levels of growth regulators in the abscising fruits equivalent to those in abscising non-treated fruits.
A Morphological and Histochemical Study of (2-Chloroethyl)Phosphonic Acid-Enhanced Abscission of Sour and Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) significantly reduced the fruit removal force (FRF) at the lower abscission zone of ‘Montmorency’ sour (Prunus cerasus L.) and ‘Windsor’ sweet (Prunus avium L.) cherry fruit near maturity. No qualitative differences were detected in abscission layer development as a result of ethephon treatment. The primary effect was an acceleration of fruit separation following a pattern similar to that observed in the control. Separation in both treated and control sour cherry fruit was preceded by a loss of pectin and polysaccharides and a loss of cellulose orientation in the walls of cells comprising the abscission layer. Although separation in treated sweet cherry fruit was more extensive than in the control at maturity, it was still localized as in nontreated fruit and was not preceded or accompanied by a change in pectin, cellulose, or polysaccharides in the abscission layer. No effect of ethephon was observed on the upper abscission zone for either species through fruit maturity. Ethephon caused a dramatic increase in ethylene evolution from cherry fruit.
Citrate and Malate Concentrations in Tomato Fruits: Genetic Control and Maturational Effects1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There is continual change in the acidity of tomato fruits during development and maturation. The concn increases during development and reaches a maximum near incipient color, then decreases until well beyond maturity. The inheritance of citrate and malate concn in ‘Tondo Liscio’ (TL) and PI 263713 (PI) is controlled by a single gene for each compound. The dominant alleles, which were linked in the coupling phase in PI, condition a high concn of citrate and a low concn of malate. Recombination was about 18%. Study of divergent tomato accessions indicated that there are factors which condition higher and lower concn of citrate than the range delimited by TL and PI. There appears to be more than one malate factor controlling higher concn, but many tomato accessions are similar to the dominant low parent (PI). Current evidence indicates that there is no practical reason to breed for a specific citrate/malate ratio.
Multivariate Studies of Variations in Yams (Dioscorea alata L.)1,2
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Martin F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two multivariate techniques, cluster analysis and principal components with varimax rotation, were applied to a model consisting of 100 characters and 30 cultivars of yams. Cluster analysis indicated 3 major groups of cultivars. Varimax solution indicated that the first component was highly loaded with anthocyanin characters; the second component with spiny vines and small tubers with long necks; and the third component, with tuber quality. Components 1 and 2 helped confirm the results of cluster analysis by delineating 3 overlapping groups of cultivars, Component 3 indicated cultivars of the 3 groups which were thought to be the most primitive because of their low quality culinary characteristics. The 2 techniques are, thus, complementary and each technique provides information not evident from the other.
Peach Fruit Abscission as Influenced by Applied Gibberellin and Seed Development1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postbloom application of gibberellin A3 (GA3) to open pollinated peach trees prevented seed development in some fruit, and also resulted in the persistence and maturation of both seeded and seedless fruit on the same trees. GA3 temporarily promoted fruit growth and delayed abscission of both seeded and seedless fruit, but the final crop load was not altered. Both seeded and seedless fruit abscised from treated trees during physiological drop. The persisting seedless fruit, therefore, competed successfully with seeded fruit. Seedlessness was associated with smaller fruit size at maturity.
Accumulation and Usability of Tomato Fruit from a Single Harvest1
Authors: Nelson Philip E. , Wilcox Gerald E. , Bennett Ronald F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato fruit were found to accumulate at optimum harvest in proportions of 52-55% all red, 15-20% orange, 7-10% pink, and 15-26% green or overripe. A harvest ratio of 8 parts all red, 3 parts orange, and 1 part pink fruit gave a USDA tomato color index reading ranging from 66.1 to 67.4. In comparison, the all red fruit portion produced a 68.9 to 73.0 color index. Quality changes of the 8:3:1 blend processed juice were found in color, flavor, and ascorbic acid content, but the blends from all cultivars appeared to be commercially acceptable. Taste panel tests indicated no significant preference for all red over blended juice samples. The pH, titratable acidity, and refractive index were not significantly altered by the use of less than red ripe fruit. Utilizing the single harvest ratio of all red, orange, and pink fruits increased per acre yields 20-30%.
Biochemical Components of Highbush Blueberry Fruit as Influenced by Nitrogen Nutrition1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Ballinger Walter E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The amino acid, organic acid, and free sugar contents as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, of ‘Wolcott’ fruit were not influenced quantitatively or qualitatively by different ratios of NH4-N and NO3-N applied in nutrient solution via a constant-flow gravity drip system to blueberries planted in sand. The amino acids detected in order of decreasing concn in the ‘Wolcott’ fruit were: tyrosine, glutamine, lysine, glutamic acid, tryptophane, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, leucine, cysteine, threonine, isoleucine, valine, proline, and glycine. Citric acid was the predominant organic acid accompanied by lesser concn of shikimic and quinic acids. Fructose was the free sugar present in greatest concn in the fruit followed by beta-glucose and alpha-glucose. Sucrose was present at extremely low concn. The sugar/acid ratio of the ‘Wolcott’ fruit was not influenced by the N nutrient treatment.