bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the relationship between populism and belief in conspiracy theories: The role of cynicism, powerlessness and zero‐sum thinking
Authors: Papaioannou Kostas , Pantazi Myrto , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn recent years, it has been argued that conspiracy beliefs and populist attitudes go hand in hand. Despite their theoretical and empirical similarities, it remains unclear why these constructs are so closely associated. Across three studies, we examined the processes underlying the relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and populist attitudes. Study 1 (Greece, N = 275) and Study 2 (United Kingdom, N = 300) revealed that the relationship between populist attitudes and conspiracy beliefs is mediated by political cynicism and zero‐sum thinking. In Study 3 (USA, N = 300, pre‐registered), we use a vignette of a fictitious country to experimentally show that having a newly elected populist party in power (as compared to a well‐established party) reduced participants' tendency to believe conspiracy theories. Moreover, this was due to increased empowerment, decreased political cynicism and decreased zero‐sum thinking. These findings reveal various complementary mediators of the link between populist attitudes and conspiracy thinking and suggest that electing a populist party in power may reduce conspiracy beliefs among the public.
Effectiveness of peer support programmes for improving well‐being and quality of life in parents/carers of children with disability or chronic illness: A systematic review
Authors: Lancaster Katharine , Bhopti Anoo , Kern Margaret L. , Taylor Rachel , Janson Annick , Harding Katherine 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimThis systematic review synthesized quantitative evidence from the past decade of the effectiveness of peer support programmes in improving the well‐being and/or quality of life (QoL) for parents/carers of children with disability/chronic illnesses.BackgroundFor children with disability or chronic illness, parents/carers are critical in enabling or limiting their child's development. The parent's/carer's ability to provide the necessary responsive and structured care is impacted by several factors, including their own personality, skills, resources and well‐being. Peer support programmes often aim to build parent/carer and/or family capabilities. Although studies and reviews have found positive benefits arising from such programmes, the impact of such programmes, specifically on well‐being and QoL, is unknownResultsQuantitative studies published between 2011 and 2020 that examined the impact of programmes with a significant peer support component on parental/carer well‐being, QoL and/or distress were identified from four databases and were searched and yielded 3605 articles, with 13 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. The results suggested that peer support is effective for reducing distress and improving the well‐being and QoL among parents of children with disabilities; however, the evidence is limited by a high risk of bias in the included studies.ConclusionsAlthough existing evidence suggests that programmes for parents/carers with a significant peer support component are beneficial for well‐being and QoL, rigorous methodologies are needed in the future to gain a better understanding of the benefits of such programmes.
Diversity and representation in studies of infant perceptual narrowing
Authors: Singh Leher , Rajendra Sarah J. , Mazuka Reiko 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the past 50 years, scientists have made amazing discoveries about the origins of human language acquisition. Central to this field of study is the process by which infants' perceptual sensitivities gradually align with native language structure, known as perceptual narrowing. Perceptual narrowing offers a theoretical account of how infants draw on environmental experience to induce underlying linguistic structure, providing an important pathway to word learning. Researchers have advanced perceptual narrowing theory as a universal developmental theory that applies broadly across language learners. In this article, we examine diversity and representation of empirical evidence for perceptual narrowing of speech in infancy. As demonstrated, cumulative evidence draws from limited types of learners, languages, and locations, so current accounts of perceptual narrowing must be viewed in terms of sampling patterns. We suggest actions to diversify and broaden empirical investigations of perceptual narrowing to address core issues of validity, replicability, and generalizability.
Contact allergy to metals in metalworkers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Alinaghi Farzad , Havmose Martin , Thyssen Jacob P. , Zachariae Claus , Johansen Jeanne D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOccupational hand eczema is frequent in metalworkers. The contribution of metal allergies is poorly elucidated even though such exposures are common at the workplace. To estimate the prevalence of metal allergy to cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in metalworkers and compare these to estimates from the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA). Two authors independently searched PubMed for studies reporting on the prevalence of metal allergy in metalworkers. Proportion meta‐analyses were performed to calculate the pooled proportions of metal allergy in metalworkers. In total, 29 studies (22 from Europe) were included yielding 5691 subjects for quantitative analysis. The pooled proportion (95% confidence interval) of Co, Cr and Ni in European metalworkers with dermatitis referred to patch test clinics was 8.2% (5.3%–11.7%), 8.0% (5.1%–11.4%), and 11.0% (7.3%–15.4%), respectively. The corresponding estimates for unselected metalworkers from workplace studies were 4.9% (2.4%–8.1%), 5.2% (1.0%–12.6%), and 7.6% (3.8%–12.6%), respectively. In comparison, the prevalence of metal allergy in 13 382 consecutive European males with dermatitis was 3.9% (3.6%–4.2%), 4.4% (4.1%–4.8%) and 6.7% (6.3%–7.0%) for Co, Cr and Ni, respectively. Data on sex, age, body piercings and atopic dermatitis in metalworkers with metal allergy was mostly lacking. Metal allergy to all three metals was significantly more common in European metalworkers with dermatitis attending patch test clinics as compared to ESSCA data, indicating a relationship to occupational exposures, however, confounders could not be accounted for.
Investigating the effectiveness of a well‐managed hatchery as a tool for hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) conservation
Authors: Evans Sean , Schulze Melissa Jane , Dunlop Stuart , Dunlop Bronwyn , McClelland James , Hodgkiss Rebecca , Brown Mark 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe critically endangered hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is of conservation concern worldwide. Conservation actions which act to reduce high levels of embryonic mortality aid to boost hatchling production. At Cousine Island, Seychelles, a mixed management method has been adopted to maximize the number of hatchlings entering the ocean. We examined the effectiveness of a hatchery at increasing hatching and emergence success from four seasons of data (2017–2021). Hatchery nests had significantly higher hatching and emergence success across all years relative to nests left in situ (i.e., natural), with inter‐annual variation observed. A greater percentage of in situ clutches was found to be influenced by both crab activity and predation as compared to relocated clutches. Overall, the mixed management approach increased hatching success (mean = 75.1%) relative to the various nest management techniques previously used (2004/2005–2016/2017; mean = 63.5%). By mitigating external influences such as tidal flooding, beach erosion, and crab activity/predation, this study provides evidence for the success of a hatchery in directly increasing hatchling recruitment. Strict and careful hatchery management as well as timely and efficient relocation procedures are needed to minimize potential negative effects of nest relocation.
Rectifying inequities in resource collection in young children
Authors: Sobel David M. , Blankenship Jayd , Yockel Mary Rose , Kamper David G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNumerous studies have documented children's understanding of fairness through their ability to rectify inequities when distributing resources to others. Understanding fairness, however, involves more than just applying norms of equity when distributing resources. Children must also navigate situations in which resources are collected from them for a common good. The developmental origins and the trajectory of equitable resource collection are understudied in the literature on children's prosocial behavior. Experiment 1 presented 4‐ to 8‐year‐olds (N = 130) with characters who started with different amounts of resources that were available for both personal use and a group project in school. Participants were asked how a teacher should fairly collect resources from the two characters, contrasting the teacher taking the same amount of resources from each individual (preserving the inequity) or leaving each individual with the same amount of resources (rectifying the inequity). Four‐ and 5‐year‐olds responded randomly; 6‐ to 8‐year‐olds preferred to rectify the inequity. Experiment 2 reproduced this finding on a new group of 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds (N = 69), eliciting justifications for their choice. Justifications in terms of fairness related to equitable choices. Experiment 3 reproduced this finding again in a new group of 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds (N = 77), contrasting children's preference for equitable resource collection with that of resource distribution. Children were more likely to rectify an inequity when collecting resources than when distributing resources to individuals who started with an inequity. This difference was driven more by the younger children in the sample. We discuss potential mechanisms for these findings in terms of children's developing concepts of fairness.Research Highlights
Across three experiments, children developed preferences for equitable collection of resources by age 6.
Preferences for equitable resource collection were more likely to be justified by appealing to concepts of fairness.
Although preferences for equitable resource collection emerged slightly before equitable resource distribution, these data suggest children develop a unified mechanism for prosocial resource allocation.
Resistance to quambalaria shoot blight and myrtle rust in Corymbia calophylla seedlings
Authors: Duong Hoa T. , Pegg Geoff S. , Mazanec Richard , McComb Jen A. , Burgess Treena , Hardy Giles E. St. J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCorymbia calophylla (marri), an endemic keystone tree species in southwest Western Australia, is increasingly impacted by the introduced basidiomycete smut Quambalaria pitereka. The basidiomycete rust Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust), an invasive pathogen recently introduced to Eastern Australia, is expected to spread to the southwest of Western Australia eventually. Austropuccinia psidii has similar epidemiology to Q. pitereka, and there is concern that C. calophylla may be susceptible. Preliminary pathogenicity tests showed significant differences in aggressiveness between twelve Q. pitereka isolates, and there was evidence of interactions between isolates and C. calophylla provenances. Seedlings from 59 open‐pollinated families from 11 provenances covering the natural range of marri were screened for resistance to Q. pitereka and A. psidii under controlled glasshouse conditions. Resistance of seedlings within provenances to Q. pitereka and A. psidii differed significantly. There was no significant correlation between resistance to Q. pitereka and resistance to A. psidii. Seedlings of provenances from wetter regions were more resistant to both pathogens, but the correlation coefficients were insignificant. Seedlings of four families in three provenances (Serpentine, Chidlow, and Kingston) showed 100% resistance to Q. pitereka. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were 0.07 for quambalaria shoot blight resistance and 0.34 for myrtle rust resistance. The results indicate the potential to use selected families/individuals resistant to Q. pitereka and A. psidii for tree improvement programs and adaptive management strategies.
Screening of Persea borbonia clones for resistance to the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola
Authors: Hughes Marc A. , Smith Katherine E. , Sims Andrew , Zhang Junli , Held Benjamin W. , Blanchette Robert A. , Smith Jason A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLaurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola, has caused widespread mortality to Persea borbonia across the southeastern United States. The invasive ambrosia beetle vector of the pathogen, Xyleborus glabratus, attacks and infects trees, leaving only P. borbonia seedlings, saplings, and stump sprouts in heavily affected areas. To facilitate mitigation of this ecological damage, we initiated a screening program for laurel wilt disease resistance. We established circular field plots (0.08 hectare) in six significantly impacted sites, measured laurel wilt epidemiological characteristics, and selected 61 survivor P. borbonia ortets (≥7.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) for vegetative propagation, screening, and monitoring. Disease incidence in the plots ranged from 50% to 87% of P. borbonia stems thicker than 2.5 cm DBH and ortet survival per site ranged from 0% to 70% a decade after initial selection. Clonal ramets from 38 survivor ortets were out planted and screened for resistance to R. lauricola in a series of field inoculation trials. Results indicate variable levels of host susceptibility and suggest rare individuals exist with tolerance to R. lauricola. Scanning electron microscopy imaging of xylem samples from three infected P. borbonia clones suggests that reduced tylose production and granular deposition in xylem lumina are associated with increased resistance to R. lauricola. Results from this study will aid in the selection of disease‐resistant P. borbonia germplasm for restoration plantings in affected sites and provide new insights into the host–pathogen interaction of this deadly vascular disease.
Phenotype of BTK‐lacking myeloid cells during prolonged COVID‐19 and upon convalescent plasma
Authors: Gomes André M. C. , Farias Guilherme B. , Trombetta Amelia C. , Godinho‐Santos Ana , Parreira Inês , Gonçalves Hélder Diogo , Simões Mariana Lessa , Aguiar Patrício , Deveza Maria Manuel , Inácio João , Sousa Ana E. , da Silva Susana Lopes 
Published: October 2022

AbstractXLA patient with 7‐month course of COVID‐19 with persistent plasma SARS‐CoV‐2 load revealed a sustained non‐inflammatory profile of myeloid cells in association with contained severity of disease, arguing in favor of the use of BTK inhibitors in SARS‐COV‐2 infection.
Effect of ceftriaxone on intestinal transit time
Authors: Arpacık Mehmet , Yıldız Zeliha Akış 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCeftriaxone reduces gallbladder and ileal contractility. Many studies have shown that ceftriaxone causes biliary sludge and pseudolithiasis. However, its effect on intestinal transit time has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ceftriaxone on intestinal transit time. Sixteen rats were examined in two groups: The study group (group A, n = 8) was administered with 100 mg/kg ceftriaxone intramuscularly for 7 days. The control group (group B, n = 8) was administered with intramuscular distilled water for 7 days. On the seventh day, a mixture of 2 ml barium and saline was given orally to both groups. Barium transit was evaluated using serial digital X‐ray images. The stomach was full and the transition into the small intestine loop was observed in all rats at 45 min in both groups. At the 2nd hour, colonic transition was observed in two rats in group A (2/8, 25%) and in seven rats in group B (7/8, 87.5%). At the 4th hour, five (62.5%) rats in group A had transverse colonic transition, and all rats in group B (8/8, 100%) had transverse and/or left colonic transition. At the 6th hour, no rat in group A had rectal transition, and all rats in group B (8/8, 100%) had complete passage of colonic contrast material. Ceftriaxone significantly prolongs the small intestine transit time, large intestine transit time, and total intestinal transit times.
Bayesian optimized collection strategies for fatigue strength testing
Authors: Magazzeni Christopher Massimo , Rose Rory , Gearhart Chris , Gong Jicheng , Wilkinson Angus J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA statistical framework is presented enabling optimal sampling and analysis of constant life fatigue data. Protocols using Bayesian maximum entropy sampling are built based on conventional staircase and stress step methods, reducing the requirement of prior knowledge for data collection. The Bayesian Staircase method shows improved parameter estimation efficiency, and the Bayesian Stress Step method shows equal accuracy to the standard method at larger step size allowing experimentalists to lessen concerns of loading history. Statistical methods for determining model suitability are shown, highlighting the influence of protocol. Experimental validation is performed, showing the applicability of the methods in laboratory testing.
Mediating role of cognitive status on performance in the two‐minute step test and its normative data among Malaysian community‐dwelling older persons
Authors: Ibrahim Azianah , Singh Devinder Kaur Ajit , Mat Sumaiyah , Mat Ludin Arimi Fitri , Shahar Suzana 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionThe two‐minute step test (2MST) has been used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness and optimum scores are needed for performing activities of daily living with ease among older persons. However, there is limited information on the mediating role of cognitive impairment on 2MST performance and the 2MST normative data. Hence, we aim to identify the mediating role of cognitive status on performance in the 2MST among community‐dwelling older adults and to establish the normative values of the 2MST.MethodsParticipants aged 60 years and above were recruited through multistage random sampling from four states in Malaysia. The participants performed the 2MST using standard protocols. Mean comparison was done using an independent sample t‐test or one‐way analysis of variance. The 2MST normative values were then outlined descriptively.ResultsOlder age groups (60–69 years: 65.4 ± 21.9 times; 70–79 years: 61.7 ± 22.9 times; ≥80 years: 51.6 ± 24.5 times) had significantly lower levels of 2MST performance (p < 0.001). Women (56.6 ± 20.9 times) and participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (58.7 ± 21.7 times) also had significantly lower levels of 2MST performance (p < 0.001) compared with men (69.1 ± 20.7 times) and participants with normal cognition (63.7 ± 21.6 times). Cognitive status had a significant mediation effect for age and sex on 2MST performance (p < 0.001). Therefore, the 2MST normative values were stratified according to cognitive status, sex, and age groups.ConclusionValidation of these findings in a larger number of older populations with MCI may provide directions for cardiorespiratory fitness training to be emphasised among older persons with MCI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 950–955.
Low‐grade oncocytic tumour of the kidney is characterised by genetic alterations of TSC1, TSC2, MTOR or PIK3CA and consistent GATA3 positivity
Authors: Williamson Sean R , Hes Ondrej , Trpkov Kiril , Aggarwal Aditi , Satapathy Abhishek , Mishra Sourav , Sharma Shivani , Sangoi Ankur , Cheng Liang , Akgul Mahmut , Idrees Muhammad , Levin Albert , Sadasivan Sudha , San Miguel Fraile Pilar , Rogala Joanna , Comperat Eva , Berney Daniel M , Bulimbasic Stela , McKenney Jesse K , Jha Shilpy , Sampat Nakul Y , Mohanty Sambit K 
Published: October 2022

Low‐grade oncocytic tumour (LOT) of the kidney has recently emerged as a potential novel tumour type. Despite similarity to oncocytoma or eosinophilic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, it shows diffuse keratin 7 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and negative KIT (CD117), which differs from both. We aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of these tumours. Seventeen tumours (one male, 16 female, nine previously published) fitting the original description of this entity (solid eosinophilic cell morphology, often with areas of tumour cells loosely stretched in oedematous stroma, and the above IHC features) were analysed with a next‐generation sequencing panel of 324 cancer‐associated genes from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. All tumours harboured at least one alteration in either TSC1 (n = 7, 41%), TSC2 (n = 2, 12%), MTOR (n = 5, 29%) or PIK3CA (n = 4, 24%). Four tumours harboured a second alteration, including two NF2, one each in conjunction with MTOR and TSC2 alterations, one PTEN with TSC1 alteration and one tumour with both MTOR and TSC1 alterations. No other renal cancer‐related or recurring gene alterations were identified. In addition to the previously described IHC findings, 16 of 16 were positive for GATA3. Eleven patients with follow‐up had no metastases or recurrent tumours. Recurrent tuberous sclerosis/MTOR pathway gene alterations in LOT support its consideration as a distinct morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic entity. PIK3CA is another pathway member that may be altered in these tumours. Further study will be necessary to determine whether tumour behaviour or syndromic associations differ from those of oncocytoma and chromophobe carcinoma, warranting different clinical consideration.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be devoid of squamoid cells by immunohistochemistry: expanding the histologic and immunohistochemical spectrum of MAML2‐ rearranged salivary gland tumours
Authors: Bishop Justin A , Thompson Lester D R , Siegele Bradford , Gagan Jeffrey , Mansour Mena , Chernock Rebecca D , Rooper Lisa M 
Published: October 2022

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is historically defined by a mix of squamoid, intermediate, and mucous cells, but we have recently encountered several cases lacking immunoreactivity for squamous markers p40, p63, and CK5/6 despite MAML2 fusions. This study will characterise these unique tumours. Ten MEC were collected arising from the parotid gland (n = 4), submandibular gland (n = 2), nasopharynx (n = 1), base of tongue (n = 1), bronchus (n = 1), and trachea (n = 1). Six tumours were low‐grade, two intermediate‐grade, one high‐grade, and one demonstrated low‐grade areas with high‐grade transformation. Four cases were oncocytic, four had clear‐cell features, two had spindle cell features, and one high‐grade MEC had prominent solid, cord‐like, and micropapillary features. The tumours were negative for p40 (10/10), p63 (10/10), and CK5/6 (9/9). Targeted RNA sequencing demonstrated CRTC1::MAML2 in five cases, CRTC3::MAML2 in two, and a novel MAML2::CEP126 in the unusual high‐grade case. In two cases with insufficient RNA, MAML2 fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) showed rearrangement. Genetically‐confirmed MEC may lack overt squamous differentiation by histology and immunohistochemistry. While most cases harboured canonical fusions and fit within the spectra of MEC variants with oncocytic, clear cell, and/or spindle cell features, one had a novel MAML2::CEP126 fusion and unusual morphology. In MEC without squamoid cells, the use of immunohistochemistry may hinder, rather than aid, the correct diagnosis. In such cases, MAML2 analysis is most useful. The historical definition of MEC as a carcinoma with squamoid, intermediate and mucous cells should be revisited.