bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Newtonian Alternative To Special Relativity
Authors: Samuel Eric A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper offers elegant Newtonian explanations for key experiments that support special relativity (SR). Rossi’s high altitude µ-meson measurements are shown to accurately reveal µ-meson flight times between known altitudes, consistent with µ-meson speeds of up to 20 c, thus contradicting SR’s universal speed limit concept. The speed-limited E‑field and spiral H-field trajectories of electrons are explained classically by augmenting the Lorentz force with a flux-proportional radiation damping Lentz force: F = (eE + e v x B ) - [(e/c) (v ∙E) E/|E| + e α (B x v x B)/|B|]In the above model, an electron in an E-field reaches a terminal velocity of c when its Lorentz motive and radiation damping forces are equally opposed. The spiral trajectories of charged particles in H-fields are shown to be due to the progressive radiation dampening of their tangential velocities while their Lawrence cyclotron frequencies remain unaffected. The remarkable experiments of Ives and Stillwell, and of Kundig are re-interpreted as being due to impulsive momentum transfer to photons emitted from accelerating molecules or nuclei. However, the impulsive momentum transfer time is a fraction of the photon emitter lifetime that is proportional to the characteristic light transit time. SR’s time-dilatation formulation is shown to be theoretically flawed because: (i) both its postulates are traceable to Newton’s Corollary V, in which time and mass invariance are implicit, and (ii) SR’s unjustified expectation of an inertial frame outcome for a non-inertial experimental design that places observer and apparatus in separate frames; a simple solution by Galilean velocity transformation proves no time dilation. Additionally, SR’s time dilation formulation is ambiguous for rotations and wave-clock types. Replacing the light clock with a sonar clock also leads to ambiguous time dilations and an unlikely upper speed limit. Consequently, Newton’s laws alone are sufficient to fully explain the experimental data that are now believed to support SR.
Duration of untreated illness in Obsessive compulsive disorder and its associated factors
Authors: Osman Abdelgadir H. , Ibnauf Anas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background Many well-cited reasons hinder early detection and treatment of mental disorders, leading to variable periods before effective treatment is administered. Conceptually, this is known as the duration of untreated illness (DUI). In most functional psychotic illnesses, DUI has been found to relate to prognoses and sensitivity to treatment. The DUI is yet fully to be investigated in relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study examined a sample of 89 patients who presented with OCD over a span of one year and who were treated at a clinic in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. We examined the mean DUI before the patients received an effective psychiatric intervention. We also gauged different socio-demographic and clinical presentations associated with DUI.Results The sample consisted of 55 male (61.8%) and 34 female patients (38.2%). Around 75% were single (N = 67); 34 participants (38.2%) were students; 28 (31.5%) were employed; and 27 (30.3%) were unemployed. The mean age of the participants was 27.12 years (SD ± 8.72) and the mean age at the first onset of the disorder was 21.72 years (SD ± 7.51). The mean of DUI was 5.41 years (SD ± 5.53). There was no significant difference in DUI in respect of age or gender. It was significantly longer in unemployed patients (7.59 years ± 5.93) than in employed (6.37 years ± 6.64) or students (2.88 years ± 2.59); p = .002. Married OCD patients had a longer DUI than single patients.Conclusion The present study highlighted a considerable delay before OCD patients received effective treatment. Although many intractable cultural and socioeconomic factors were tested, the strongest associations were found to be unemployment and marital status.
Resurgence of Pertussis -- The Resurgence of a Vaccine-Preventable Disease in China
Authors: Luo Yizhe , Zhu Changqiang , Lv Heng , Wu Yifan , Nie Danyue , Ai Lele , Ye Fuqiang , Li Jiaqiao , Wu Jiahong , Tan Weilong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
In 2017, pertussis made a comeback in China. Altogether, 10 390 cases were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.7530 cases per 100 000 people, the most in 24 years.
Methods
Using epidemiological data of pertussis cases in China from 1950 to 2021 extracted from the National Notifiable Infectious Diseases Surveillance System and the official website of the National Health Commission, we investigated the epidemic of pertussis in China in 2017. The data came from 31 provinces and regions in mainland China, including geographic, seasonality and patient demographic information.
Results
From 1950 to 2021, there was a cumulative total of 34703090 cases of pertussis. In 2017, 10390 cases were diagnosed, with the annual incidence of pertussis during the 2017–2021 surge is almost 2.5 times higher than the 1991–2016 period (1.1048 vs 0.4279 per 100 000; IRR 2.582, 95% CI 2.503 ~ 2.663; p < 0·0001) and peaked in 2019 (2·1947 per 100 000). In the past 71 years, the hardest hit regions the epidemic has increase from southern China towards northern China and spread to all provinces. The peak incidence is from July to August each year; most cases are children, with the highest annual incidence in 0-year-old children (16.983 per 100,000). In 2017, as compared with 2004 through 2016, incidence increased in younger infants and older children; the percentages of cases according to age group were as follows: 0 to 12 months, 10.23 percent from 2004 through 2016 and 60.86 percent from 2017 through 2018 (P < 0.05); 1 years to 2 years, 2.77 percent and 14.40 percent (P < 0.05); 2 to 6 years, 1.14 percent and 4.17 percent (P = 0.037).
Conclusions
Since the introduction of universal immunization in 1978, it took only 27 years from the control of the epidemic in 1990 to the recovery. Since the 2017 pertussis resurge in China occurred mainly in children who had been appropriately immunized, it is clear that the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine failed to give full protection against the disease.
Dynamic Programming of the Stochastic 2D-Navier-Stokes Equations Forced by L’evy Noise
Authors: Mohan Manil T. , Sakthivel Kumarasamy , Srith Sivaguru S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this article, we study optimal feedback control synthesis of stochastic 2DNavier-Stokes equations perturbed L´evy type noise with distributed stochastic control process acting on the state equation. We use the dynamic programming approach to solve this control problem which involves the study of second order infinite dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation consisting of an integro-differential operator with L´evy measure associated with the stochastic control problem. Using the regularizing propertiesof the transition semigroup corresponding to the stochastic 2D Navier-Stokes equation, we obtain a smooth solution in weighted function space for the HJB equation and solve the resultant feedback control problem.
Risk Assessment of the Continuity of Essential Medications for Low Socioeconomic patients in Syria: A Case Study of Diabetes Mellitus.
Authors: Shaloul Lujain , Bouri Feras , Bsso Eman , Saleh Aya , Darwish Ebaa , Yaseen Lamiaa , Mustafa Ammar Muhamed , Hatahet Taher 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
During the past decade, the health system in Syria has been devastated due to the ongoing conflict which affected the production of pharmaceuticals as well. Patients of chronic diseases, such as Diabetes Mellitus, were significantly affected by the shortages of oral anti-diabetic medications, especially those of lower socioeconomic status.
Aims
The aim of this paper is to study the causes and effects of the shortage in oral anti-diabetic agents in the Syrian market on patients with low socioeconomic status who find difficulties in accessing these medications.
Methods
The methodology of the study includes determining the availability of nationally produced oral anti diabetic agents in different local pharmacies. Then, it studied the effects of this availability on low socioeconomic status patients whom prescriptions were registered in a local NGO and analysed using Excel (Microsoft, USA).
Results
The study shows that many of the anti-diabetic medications included in the study have less than 50% availability in the pharmacies. Metformin, which is considered as a first-line treatment in diabetes has 40% availability. In addition, Metformin was the most prescribed medication with about 57% frequency followed by Gliclazide with 37% prescription’s frequency.
Conclusion
This study examines the availability of the most prescribed anti-diabetic medications in the Syrian market and highlights the most common challenges in the supply chain of medications due to sanction.
Super-enhancer associated nine-gene prognostic score model for prediction of survival in chronic lymphoic leukemia patients
Authors: Liang Xue , Meng Ye , Li Cong , Wang Yangyang , Pu Lianfang , Hu Linhui , Li Qian , Zhai Zhimin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a group of highly heterogeneous mature B cell malignancy with various disease courses and diagnoses. Although there is a multitude of prognostic markers in CLL, insights into the role of super-enhancer(SE)-related risk indicators are still lacking. Super-enhancer(SE) is a novel concept drew in recent years which is a cluster of enhancers involved in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis ,and is one of the promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. The CLL-related super-enhancers in training database were processed by Lasso penalized Cox regression analysis to screen a nine-gene prognostic model including TCF7, VEGFA, MNT, GMIP, SLAMF1, TNFRSF25, GRWD1, SLC6AC, and LAG3. A SE-related risk score was further constructed and the predictive performance with overall survival and time-to-treatment (TTT) was satisfactory. Besides, a high correlation was found between the risk score and already known prognostic markers of CLL. Meantime, we noticed that the expression of TCF7, GMIP, SLAMF1, TNFRSF25, and LAG3 in CLL were different from healthy donors(P < 0.01), moreover, the risk score and LAG3 level of matched pairs before and after treatment samples varied significantly, although these results were not completely consistent in different datasets. An interactive nomogram consisting of the nine-gene risk group and four clinical traits was established. And the inhibitors of mTOR and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) were considered effective in patients of high-risk group according to the pRRophetic algorithm. Therefore, the SE-associated nine-gene prognostic model developed here may be used to predict the prognosis and assist in the risk stratification ,treatment of CLL patients in the future.
INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND GROSS MOTOR CAPACITY IN CHILDREN WITH NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1
Authors: ÇANKAYA Özge , SEL Sinem Asena , GÜRLER Gökçe , ALTUNBÜKER Hira , GÜNEL Mintaze 
Published: April 2022

Purpose: To assess physical fitness, gross motor capacity, and their relationship in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
Materials and Methods: Children with NF1 (n=40, age 6-17, mean 9.70±3.8 years) and typically developing children (TDC) (n= 28, age 5,5-17,5, mean 11.35±3.0 years) were evaluated by the six-minute walking test, sit-up test, sit-and-reach test, flamingo balance test and body mass index. Gross motor capacity was assessed with the Gross Motor Function Measure D and E subdimensions.
Results: Physical fitness and gross motor capacity differed significantly between NF1 and TDC (p
Water surface profile in converging compound channel using gene expression programming
Authors: Naik Bandita , Kaushik Vijay , Kumar Munendra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Assessment of water surface profile in compound channels is essential for flood defence systems. Agriculture and development activities in floodplains affect the floodplain shape over the length, leading in a converging compound channel. Few laboratory investigations proved overbank flow in converging floodplains. Therefore, innovative and precise approaches are still in great demand. In this paper, new approach has been proposed to forecast the water surface profile of various compound channels with converging floodplains using gene expression programming (GEP). The models are constructed utilising pertinent experimental data from past studies. A new equation is devised to compute water surface profile in such channels using non-dimensional geometric and flow parameters such as converging angle, width ratio, relative distance, relative depth, aspect ratio and bed slope. The findings demonstrate that the GEP-derived water surface profile is in good correlation with the experimental data and data from other studies (R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.028 for the training data and R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.027 for the testing data). According to the results of statistically based investigations, the GEP model created for the study of compound channel flow is reliable and can be used in this domain.
Hydrological variation and hydro-sediment interrelation of the Luozha River in the Lancang River Basin
Authors: Li Zongyu , Sun Zhilin , Sun Lixia , Liu Jing , Xiong Wenhua , Dong Haiyang , Zheng Haolei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The research on water and sediment variations is of great importance for regional resource and watershed management. Studying the relationship between precipitation, runoff and sediment load, traditional methods are based on observational data fitted or artificial intelligence predictions, whose accuracy is directly dependent on the quality and quantity of the data. This paper developed a new approach for researching the relationship between precipitation, runoff and sediment load. Based on the sliding accumulative anomaly method, the M-K mutation analysis and the wavelet functions, variation of precipitation and runoff annually were discussed. The results indicated the annual variation trend of the precipitation and runoff have been consistent since 1969, both with a 28-year main cycle, and runoff variations were less subject to human influence in the Luozha River. Therefore, the formula of the relationship between annual runoff and sediment load can be obtained by integrating discrepancy in the magnitude of its variation in the natural state, which was verified by the observational data and was applicable to acquisition of annual sediment load. The current work broadens the current knowledge of recent changes in the Lancang River Basin and improves the recognition of the water-sediment interrelation in the river.
Demonstration study of bypass stabilization pond system in the treatment of eutrophic water body
Authors: Xu Jiefei , Huang Yongbing , Li Zhipeng , Ni Shang , Huang Fuyao , Jia Junzuo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study involved a comprehensive renovation of fish ponds to improve the water quality of a eutrophic river in Dongguan City. The abandoned fish ponds were transformed into three different types of stabilization ponds: facultative, aerated biological, and submerged plant stabilization ponds. The water of the eutrophic section of the river was pumped into the facultative stabilization pond and discharged into the Haizai River through an aerated biological pond and a submerged plant pond. In the aerated biological pond, secondary treatment was carried out using plant zoning and artificial floating island aeration system. The submerged plant pond used fountain-type aeration and an underwater forest for tertiary treatment. After four months of monitoring the water quality of the stabilization pond and the river, the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) levels in the raw sewage reduced from 6.53 mg/L to 1.13 mg/L, 1.76 mg/L to 0.29 mg/L, and 63 mg/L to 22 mg/L, respectively; the transparency of water increased to 45 cm, and dissolved oxygen (DO) level increased to 5.32 mg/L. This study provides a reference for the ex-situ treatment of urban eutrophic waterbodies.
Construction and Validation of a Protein-associated Prognostic Model for
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Miao Yandong , Mi Denghai , Mu Linjie , Chen Yonggang , Tang Xiaolong , Wang Jiangtao , Quan Wuxia 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) is a prevalent and lethal malignant tumor. It
is obligatory to investigate innovative biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis. Proteins play a
crucial role in regulating the occurrence and progression of GIC. However, the prognostic value of
proteins is unclear in GIC.

Objective:
This paper aims to identify the hub prognosis-related proteins (PAPs) and construct a
prognosis model for GIC patients for clinical application.

Methods:
Protein expression data of GIC was obtained from The Cancer Proteome Atlas (TCPA) and
downloaded the clinicopathological data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Besides,
hub proteins were filtrated via univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Moreover, survival
analysis and nomogram were used to predict overall survival (OS). We used the calibration curves to
assess the consistency of predictive and actual survival rates. The consistency index (C-index) was
used to evaluate the prognostic ability of the predictive model. Furthermore, functional enrichment
analysis and protein co-expression of PAPs were used to explore their roles in GIC.

Results:
Finally, a prognosis model was conducted based on ten PAPs (CYCLIND1, DVL3, NCADHERIN,
SYK, ANNEXIN VII, CD20, CMET, RB, TFRC, and PREX1). The risk score calculated by
the model was an independent prognostic predictor. Compared with the high-risk subgroup, the low-risk
subgroup had better OS. In the TCGA cohort, the area under the curve value of the receiver operating
characteristic curve of the prognostic model was 0.692. The expression of proteins and risk score had a
significant association with the clinicopathological characteristics of GIC. Besides, a nomogram based
on GIC clinicopathological features and risk scores could properly predict the OS of individual GIC patients.
The C-index is 0.71 in the TCGA cohort and 0.73 in the GEO cohort.

Conclusion:
The results indicate that the risk score is an independent prognostic biomarker and is
related to the malignant clinical features of GIC patients. Besides, several PAPs associated with the
survival and clinicopathological characteristics of GIC might be potential biomarkers for GIC diagnosis
and treatment.
Suppression of Melanoma Growth in a Murine Tumour Model Using Orthosiphon
stamineus Benth. Extract Loaded in Ethanolic Phospholipid Vesicles (Spherosome)
Authors: Nazari V. Mansoureh , Mahmood Syed , Shah Amin Malik , Al-Suede Fouad Saleh Resq 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (O.S) is a traditional south-east Asian herb. The extract of O.S
is used in the formulation of ethanolic nanolipid vesicle system to have considerable potential for tumour therapeutics.

Method:
The research objective is to develop and characterise the anticancer and antiangiogenic effect of O.S extract
in the form of nano-ethanolic spherosomes (ESP) using phospholipids in melanoma. Spherosomes formulation
of O.S was developed using the thin-film re-hydration method and converted to gel using Acrypol 1%. The formulations
were subjected to optimisation and physical-chemical characterisations like particle size, surface charge, DSC,
FTIR, and TEM. Cytotoxicity of O.S and ESP was studied using an endothelial cell line (EA. hy926). Furthermore,
anti-melanoma effect of O.S spherosome gel was studied in albino mice after topical administration.

Results:
ESP-6 with the ratio of extract (O.S): cholesterol: phospholipid (1: 6: 0.5) showed the highest entrapment
efficiency (80.56 ± 0.84%) using ultraviolet spectroscopy. In-vivo permeation/penetration studies revealed deeper
absorption of ESP-6 compared to a hydroethanolic gel of O.S. In-vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma studies demonstrated
the significant tumour-suppressing effect of ESP-6 on murine melanoma. Percentage inhibition of tumour
growth by O.S and ESP-6 at 3000 mg/kg showed to be 63.98 ± 7.86% and 87.76 ± 7.90%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Spherosome vesicles were developed with a smooth surface. The results demonstrated that O.S extract
showed no toxicity when tested on the endothelial cell line. O.S loaded in spherosomes has the potential to lower the
growth of melanoma in mice. The spherosomes loaded with O.S do not promote tumour growth or act as antiangiogenetic
in melanoma.
Synthesis and Characterization of Curcumin Incorporated Multi Component
Nano-Scaffold with Enhanced Anti‐bacterial and Wound Healing
Properties
Authors: Reddy Desu Naveen Kumar , Huang Fu-Yung , Wu Yi-Ying , Kumar Ramya , Wong Chi-Cheng 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Wound healing is one of the major challenges in chronic diseases; the current
treatment options are less effective with undesirable side effects and are expensive. Extensive research
is carried out to develop cost-effective, natural, biodegradable wound dressings that can reduce oxidative
stress and inflammation and prevent bacterial infections. Curcumin has a plethora of therapeutic
applications; however, its low solubility limits its clinical use.

Objective:
In this study, curcumin nanoparticles (Cur NP) and curcumin-chitosan nanoparticles (CCNP)
were incorporated into the chitosan collagen vanillin scaffold, characterized, and investigated their potential
wound healing properties.

Method:
The nano-scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying method and were characterized using
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and scanning
electron microscopy. The drug release, antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound healing properties were
assessed by in vitro assays.

Results:
Cur nano-scaffolds showed particle sizes of 195.9 nm and 110.6 nm for Cur NP+VC and
CCNP+VC, respectively. The curcumin encapsulated in the Cur NP+VC and CC+VC nano-scaffolds
showed a release profile of > 60% and an improved antioxidant activity of greater than 80%. The nanoscaffolds
were antagonistic against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and enhanced wound
healing capacity of 85.62 % and 77.05% in the murine cell line.

Conclusion:
The curcumin nano-scaffold is a biodegradable and effective drug delivery system for
topical use that can act as an antioxidant, facilitate wound healing, as well as prevent bacterial infections.