bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plato’s Market Optimism
Authors: McDavid Brennan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite the extensiveness of top-down control in his ideal city, Plato takes seriously the idea that the market does not require total regulation via legislation and that participants in the market may be capable of self-regulation. This paper examines the discussion of market regulation in the Republic and argues that the philosopher rulers play a very limited role in regulating market activities. Indeed, they are concerned only with averting excesses of wealth and poverty. The rules and regulations that are foundational to the daily functioning of the market – enforcement of contracts, resolution of disputes, etc. – are endogenous to the market participants themselves. In allowing for this self-regulation, Plato expresses tempered optimism about the market and a profound confidence in his ideal city’s educational program.
Aristotle’s Philosophy of Histories
Authors: Hull Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aristotle is often considered to have a very pessimistic view about what histories can tell us, considering them too particular and lacking the generality required for scientific knowledge. Most importantly, they are considered to lack causal explanations. I argue against this view and instead that Aristotle considers histories to provide a highly practical level of knowledge. Histories can provide instances of both accidental and hypothetically necessary causation. I draw on the Athenian Constitution and the Constitution of the Spartans to show that the historiai which were written under Aristotle’s direction display these causal explanations. While these explanations are still not at the level of generality characteristic of the most rigorous forms of epistemē, the causal pictures presented are still rich enough to provide valuable insights for both the politician and the political scientist.
Freedom of Religion, Religious Employment, and Conflicts of Rights: Europe at a Crossroads
Authors: Valero-Estarellas María-José 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Religious communities and churches have traditionally been significant sources of employment. Many European countries have found ways to integrate into their legal systems particularities of religious employment that are alien to other areas of labor law. Until recently, constitutional courts have been reluctant to question the right of churches to define the occupational requirements of their secular employees, but the recognition of church autonomy in religious employment has not been straightforward in the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union.
This paper provides some reflections on where Europe may be headed in this field, and whether well-tested principles, such as denominational neutrality, may offer some insight on how to address the still unresolved conflict between important human rights: freedom of religion and the right to autonomy of religious employers, and the individual fundamental freedoms of their employees.
On the Death Penalty as Seen in the *Falü Dawen 法律答問 Manuscript from the Shuihudi 睡虎地 Qin Slips: A Discussion of the Terms Lu 戮 and Dingsha 定殺
Authors: Tang (鄧佩玲) Pui-ling 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive discussion of the terms lu 戮 and dingsha 定殺 for the death penalty in the excavated legal document entitled *Falü dawen 法律答問 (Questions and Answers on Law) of the Shuihudi 睡虎地 slips. After a detailed philological and grammatical analysis, this paper argues that lu was a term for the death penalty by which mutilation was imposed on the offenders either before or after the executions. In this regard, the lu penalty was divided into shenglu 生戮 and silu 死戮. On the other hand, dingsha, also known as xingsha 刑殺 in received texts, belongs to a form of death penalty in which the offender was killed by drowning or being buried alive, and that these two procedures are identified in the manuscript as shengdingsha 生定殺 and shengmai 生埋 respectively.
A Review of the Hot Topics in 20 Years of Collating and Researching the Documents from the Three Kingdoms State of Wu Excavated at Zoumalou
Authors: Xu (徐暢) Chang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 1996, a batch of slips (jian 簡) and tablets (du 牘) from the Three Kingdoms state of Sun Wu was excavated at Zoumalou, Changsha. It is the largest batch of slips and tablets ever discovered in China. As of 2016, the cleaning, protection and study of the Zoumalou materials has been going on for 20 years. Both the publication of the materials and research on their contents have yielded fruitful results. This paper does not seek to comprehensively review all of that work, but rather intends to outline the development of the field of Wu slip studies itself, and the topics that have been hotly debated have changed over time. When the Zoumalou slips were discovered, they had been damaged and mixed up, so the ideal situation would have been to start with reconstructing the documents, and then use relatively complete historical texts to explore relevant historical issues. Due to the long publication process, scholarship first centered on reconstructing the Household Registration and Accounting Documents in the Wu slips, and then on the Wu’s administrative documents as published in the successive official volumes of the slips and boards of official documents. These included a wealth of administrative information that needed to be sorted out. One of the main directions for future research on Wu slips will be using these official documents to study the administrative document system of Sun Wu’s commanderies and counties.
Use of Telehealth Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: White-Williams Cynthia , Liu Xinliang , Shang Di , Santiago Jared 
Published: September 2022

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has propelled the use of technology for health care services delivery. Because of inequities in health care and technology access, we investigated the use of telehealth services among racial and ethnic minority groups before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: For this retrospective study, we examined the electronic health records of privately insured patients in the Healthjump database, provided by the COVID-19 Research Database Consortium. We examined 17.98 million unique visit records of 2.93 million patients from March through December 2019 and 22.17 million records of 3.55 million patients from March through December 2020. We conducted a descriptive analysis and used multiple logistic regression to examine differences in the use of telehealth services among 3 racial and ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic people. Results: Telehealth visits before and during COVID-19 accounted for 8.3% and 10.9% of total visits, respectively, with a peak of 15.5% in April 2020. Pre–COVID-19, Hispanic patients had a significantly lower monthly utilization rate (5.3%) than non-Hispanic White patients (8.4%, P < .001) and non-Hispanic Black patients (10.4%, P = .001). During the pandemic study period, Hispanic patients were 41% less likely than non-Hispanic White patients to have a telehealth visit, controlling for age and sex. Conclusions: The likelihood of using telehealth was lower among Hispanic patients than among non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black patients during the pandemic. Culturally sensitive measures are needed to support telehealth use among the Hispanic population.
Skin necrosis following sclerotherapy. Part 2: Risk minimisation and management strategies
Authors: Kang Mina , Yang Anes , Hannaford Patricia , Connor David , Parsi Kurosh 
Published: September 2022

Tissue necrosis is a serious but rare complication of sclerotherapy. Early detection and targeted management are essential to prevent progression and minimise serious complications. In the first instalment of this paper, we reviewed the pathogenic mechanisms of post-sclerotherapy necrosis. Here, we describe risk minimisation and management strategies. Risk factors must be addressed to reduce the chance of necrosis following sclerotherapy. These may be treatment-related including poor choice of sclerosant type, concentration, volume or format, poor injection technique, suboptimal ultrasound visualisation and treatment of vessels in high-risk anatomical areas. Risk factors specific to individual patients should be identified and optimised pre-operatively. Tissue necrosis is more likely to occur with extravasation of irritant sclerosants such as absolute alcohol, sodium iodide, bleomycin and hypertonic saline, whereas extravasation of foam detergent sclerosants rarely results in tissue loss. Proposed treatments for extravasation of irritant sclerosants include infiltration of an isotonic fluid and hyaluronidase. Management of inadvertent intra-arterial injections may require admission for neurovascular observation and monitoring for ischaemia, intravenous systemic steroids, anticoagulation, thrombolysis and prostanoids infusion when required. Treatment of veno-arteriolar reflex vasospasm (VAR-VAS) necrosis follows the same protocol involving systemic steroids but rarely requires hospital admission and may not require anticoagulation. In general, treatment of post-sclerotherapy necrosis is challenging and most proposed treatment measures are not evidence-based and only supported by anecdotal personal experience of clinicians. Despite all measures, once the necrosis has set in, it is very difficult to reverse the process and all measures described here may only be useful in prevention of progression and extension of the ulceration. Mid to long-term measures include addressing exacerbating factors, management of medical and psychosocial comorbidities, treatment of secondary infections and referrals to relevant specialists. All ulcers should be managed with compression and prescribed dressing regimes in line with the healing stage of the ulcer.
CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has heterogeneous clinical features and poor prognosis: a single-center retrospective study in China
Authors: Yin Ting , Qi Ling , Zhou Yulan , Kong Fancong , Wang Shixuan , Yu Min , Li Fei 
Published: September 2022

Objective De novo CD5-positive (CD5+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has different clinical characteristics compared with CD5-negative (CD5−) DLBCL. However, few studies have been reported in Chinese cohorts. We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of patients with CD5+ DLBCL and summarized the related literature. Methods Data from 245 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL were retrospectively assessed. Results Thirty-one and 214 patients were diagnosed with CD5+ DLBCL or CD5− DLBCL, respectively. In the CD5+ DLBCL group, there were significantly higher proportions of patients with older age (≥60 years), International Prognostic Index (IPI) ≥3, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scores ≥ 2, bone marrow involvement, positive B-cell lymphoma 2 expression, and positive MYC expression. Survival analysis showed that CD5+ DLBCL had a markedly poorer 2-year progression-free survival than CD5− DLBCL (18.2% vs. 56.2%). Univariate analysis indicated that age ≥60 years, ECOG score ≥ 2, IPI ≥ 3, B symptoms, and no rituximab-based treatment were poor predictive factors for overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis revealed that B symptoms and no rituximab-based treatment, but not positive CD5 expression, were independent factors for OS. Conclusions Patients with CD5+ DLBCL had heterogeneous clinical characteristics and poor survival. The development of more targeted and effective therapies is needed.
Fidaxomicin-Associated Hypersensitivity Reactions: Report of a Morbilliform Drug Eruption
Authors: Molleti Radha R. , Bidell Monique R. , Tatara Alexandra W. 
Published: September 2022

Purpose We report a probable case of morbilliform drug eruption secondary to fidaxomicin in a patient with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Summary: A 62-year-old female presented to our institution’s emergency department (ED) with symptoms consistent with Clostridioides difficile infection. The patient was prescribed 2 weeks of oral vancomycin for CDI prior to presentation. Given insufficient response to vancomycin, the patient was started on fidaxomicin with a planned 10-day course. After 2 doses of fidaxomicin, the patient developed a rash on her back that spread within 24 hours. The patient did not experience relief upon administration of a variety of medications for allergic reaction. Improvement was noted upon discontinuation of fidaxomicin. The Food and Drug Administration reports that < 2% of adults treated with fidaxomicin experience a rash as an adverse effect. Conclusion: Fidaxomicin was a probable cause of morbilliform drug eruption in our patient with CDI. The patient improved upon discontinuation of fidaxomicin.
Does sex impact outcomes after mitral valve surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: EL-Andari Ryaan , Bozso Sabin J. , Fialka Nicholas M. , Kang Jimmy J.H. , Nagendran Jeevan 
Published: September 2022

Background and objective: The published literature investigating the impact of sex on outcomes after mitral valve (MV) surgery has demonstrated inferior outcomes for females over males. However, the true relationship between sex and outcomes after MV surgery continues to be poorly understood. Materials: PubMed, Medline, and Embase were systematically searched for articles published from 1 January 2005 to 1 August 2021. This systematic review included retrospective and prospective studies investigating the relationship between sex and outcomes after MV surgery. In all, 2068 articles were initially screened and 12 studies were included in this review. Results: Few studies were adequately powered or structured to investigate this topic. Few studies propensity matched patients or isolated for surgical approach. In individual studies, females experienced increased rates of short-term and long-term mortality and increased 1-year mortality in the pooled data. Males experienced increased rates of required pacemaker insertion. The remaining rates of morbidity and mortality did not differ significantly between males and females. Conclusions: This review identified increased rates of 1-year mortality in the pooled data for females, while males had increased rates of pacemaker insertion. Despite this, the absence of propensity matching and isolating for surgical approach has introduced confounding variables that impair the ability of the included studies to interpret the results found in the current literature. Studies isolating for surgical approach, propensity matching patients, and examining outcomes with long-term follow-up are required to elucidate the true nature of this relationship.
Changes in systemic inflammation after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD and severe physical inactivity – an exploratory study
Authors: Thyregod Mimi , Løkke Anders , Skou Søren T. , Larsen Jacob , Bodtger Uffe 
Published: September 2022

Background: Severe physical inactivity (SPI) in patients with COPD is associated with a poor prognosis. It is unknown whether there is a link between SPI and systemic inflammation, and if systemic inflammation in SPI changes following pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Methods: A prospective, observational study of patients referred for at least 7 weeks of PR comprising 2 h of exercise therapy and education twice weekly. At baseline and after PR, daily physical activity level (PAL) was measured with a validated activity monitor, SenseWear® as well as systemic inflammation: b-eosinophils, p-fibrinogen, p-CRP, s-IL-6 and s-CD 163. SPI was defined as PAL <1.4. Results: At baseline, SPI was present in 31 of the 57 patients included, and 23% (7/31) improved to non-SPI after PR. We observed no differences between patients with SPI and non-SPI, except baseline plasma fibrinogen level was slightly yet significantly higher in patients with SPI (median 13.3 [6.2–23.6] vs 11.2 [6.5–16.7] µmol/l) but change in fibrinogen levels differed insignificantly between patients who improved to non-SPI at follow-up compared to patients with persistent SPI (−0.6 [−16.9–9.9] vs −0.4 [−11.2–1.2] µmol/l). Conclusion: SPI in COPD appears not to be associated with a distinct inflammatory profile compared to less sedentary COPD patients attending pulmonary rehabilitation. Currently biomarkers have no role in the detection of SPI in COPD.
Efficacy of Abductor Pollicis Longus Suspension Arthroplasty Combined With Mini TightRope for Osteoarthritis of Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint
Authors: Yamaura Kohei , Inui Atsuyuki , Mifune Yutaka , Mukohara Shintaro , Furukawa Takahiro , Kuroda Ryosuke 
Published: September 2022

Background: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of abductor pollicis longus (APL) suspension arthroplasty with trapeziectomy combined with first and second metacarpal fixation using suture button device. Methods: Thirteen patients (14 thumbs) who underwent APL suspension arthroplasty combined with suture button device for osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (Eaton grade III: 6 and IV: 8 thumbs) at our institution between 2015 and 2019 and were followed up for more than 24 months were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion (ROM) of radial and palmar abduction, grip and key pinch strength, visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain, and the trapezial space ratio (TSR) on radiographic images before and after surgery were statistically examined. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.6 ± 8.1 years, and the mean follow-up period was 45.4 ± 12.2 months. While grip and pinch strength did not significantly change between preoperative and final follow-up measurements, the ROM of radial and palmar abduction and the VAS score at the latest follow-up were significantly better than the preoperative values ( P < .05). The mean TSR immediately after surgery and at the latest follow-up was 0.28 ± 0.089 and 0.22 ± 0.084, respectively, indicating a mean reduction rate of 23.3 ± 15.2%. Conclusions: This surgical technique showed significant improvement in the ROM of radial and palmar abduction and the VAS score for pain, and the combined fixation of the first and second metacarpals with suture button device suppressed the subsidence of the first metacarpal.
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment targets in vascular surgery patients
Authors: Braet Drew J , Pourak Kian , Mouli Vibav , Palmon Itai , Dinh Dan , Osborne Nicholas H , Vemuri Chandu , Brandt Eric J 
Published: September 2022

Introduction Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is a known contributing factor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and a primary therapeutic target for medical management of ASCVD. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL) has recently been identified as a secondary therapeutic target but is not yet widely used in vascular surgery patients. We sought to assess if vascular surgery patients were undertreated per non-HDL therapeutic guidelines. Methods This was an observational study that used a single-center database to identify a cohort of adult patients who received care from a vascular surgery provider from 01/2001 to 07/2021. ICD-9/10-CM codes were used to identify patients with a medical history of hyperlipidemia (HLD), coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular occlusive disease (CVOD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), hypertension (HTN), or diabetes mellitus (DM). Patient smoking status and medications were also identified. Lab values were obtained from the first and last patient encounter within our system. Primary outcomes were serum concentrations of LDL and non-HDL, with therapeutic thresholds defined as 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL, respectively. Results The cohort included 2465 patients. At first encounter, average age was 59.3 years old, 21.4% were on statins, 8.4% were on a high-intensity statin, 25.7% were diagnosed with HLD, 5.2% with CAD, 15.3% with PAD, 26.3% with DM, 18.6% with HTN, and 2.1% with CVOD. At final encounter, mean age was 64.8 years, 23.5% were on statins with 10.1% on high-intensity statin. Diagnoses frequency did not change at final encounter. At first encounter, nearly two-thirds of patients were not at an LDL <70 mg/dL (62.3%) or non-HDL <100 mg/dL (66.0%) with improvement at final encounter to 45.2 and 40.5% of patients not at these LDL or non-HDL treatment thresholds, respectively. Patients on statins exhibited similar trends with 51.1 and 50.1% of patients not at LDL or non-HDL treatment thresholds at first encounter and 39.9 and 35.4% not at LDL or non-HDL treatment thresholds at last encounter. Importantly, 6.9% of patients were at LDL but not non-HDL treatment thresholds. Discussion Among vascular surgery patients, over half did not meet non-HDL targets. These results suggest that we may be vastly under-performing adequate medical optimization with only about one-fourth of patients on a statin at their final encounter and approximately one-tenth of patients being treated with a high-intensity statin. With recent evidence supporting non-HDL as a valuable measurement for atherosclerotic risk, there is potential to optimize medical management beyond current high-intensity statin therapy. Further investigation is needed regarding the risk of adverse events between patients treated with these varied therapeutic targets.
Arterial diameter ratio as a reliable predictor for upper limb steal syndrome in patients with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis
Authors: Alsaadi Mohammed J. 
Published: September 2022

Objectives The aim of this study is to assess the association between the anastomosis diameter enlargement and steal syndrome incidence in patients with upper limb arteriovenous fistula using ratios as reliable predictors. Material and Methods An analytical cross-sectional prospective study was conducted. A total of 49 patients with AVF hemodialysis access were recruited. Twenty-four participants with positive steal syndrome and 25 control were enrolled in the study. Anastomosis diameter, anastomosis diameter ratio, and volume flow ratio were measured ultrasonographically by two expert vascular sonographers. These clinical parameters were recorded and analyzed to assess the difference and association. Patient risk factors and steal syndrome association were emphasized. Results The study analysis indicates a strong association in the anastomosis diameter and anastomosis diameter ratio between steal and non-steal patients with a p-value ≤0.05. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the volume flow ratio in the patients with steal syndrome compared to the control group ( p-value ≤0.05). There was a strong relationship between steal syndrome and the presence of peripheral arterial disease (73.9%, p = 0.001). The ICC index of absolute agreement between the two observers was ICC= 0.99 (95% CI 0.99–0.99, n = 10), indicating excellent agreement between observers. Conclusion Anastomosis diameter and volume flow ratio strongly suggest that steal syndrome is associated with the increased diameter of anastomosis. Patients with a≥1.05 anastomosis diameter ratio have a greater risk of developing steal syndrome than those with an anastomosis ratio of ≤0.8. In addition, patients with a volume flow ratio ≥0.98 have an increased risk of developing steal syndrome than those with a volume flow ratio of ≤0.75.