bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Outlook for Deep Learning in Ecosystem Science
Authors: Perry George L. W. , Seidl Rupert , Bellvé André M. , Rammer Werner 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRapid advances in hardware and software, accompanied by public- and private-sector investment, have led to a new generation of data-driven computational tools. Recently, there has been a particular focus on deep learning—a class of machine learning algorithms that uses deep neural networks to identify patterns in large and heterogeneous datasets. These developments have been accompanied by both hype and scepticism by ecologists and others. This review describes the context in which deep learning methods have emerged, the deep learning methods most relevant to ecosystem ecologists, and some of the problem domains they have been applied to. Deep learning methods have high predictive performance in a range of ecological contexts, leveraging the large data resources now available. Furthermore, deep learning tools offer ecosystem ecologists new ways to learn about ecosystem dynamics. In particular, recent advances in interpretable machine learning and in developing hybrid approaches combining deep learning and mechanistic models provide a bridge between pure prediction and causal explanation. We conclude by looking at the opportunities that deep learning tools offer ecosystem ecologists and assess the challenges in interpretability that deep learning applications pose.
The Interplay of the Tree and Stand-Level Processes Mediate Drought-Induced Forest Dieback: Evidence from Complementary Remote Sensing and Tree-Ring Approaches
Authors: Moreno-Fernández Daniel , Camarero J. Julio , García Mariano , Lines Emily R. , Sánchez-Dávila Jesús , Tijerín Julián , Valeriano Cristina , Viana-Soto Alba , Zavala Miguel Á. , Ruiz-Benito Paloma 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDrought-induced forest dieback can lead to a tipping point in community dominance, but the coupled response at the tree and stand-level response has not been properly addressed. New spatially and temporally integrated monitoring approaches that target different biological organization levels are needed. Here, we compared the temporal responses of dendrochronological and spectral indices from 1984 to 2020 at both tree and stand levels, respectively, of a drought-prone MediterraneanPinus pineaforest currently suffering strong dieback. We test the influence of climate on temporal patterns of tree radial growth, greenness and wetness spectral indices; and we address the influence of major drought episodes on resilience metrics. Tree-ring data and spectral indices followed different spatio-temporal patterns over the study period (1984–2020). Combined information from tree growth and spectral trajectories suggests that a reduction in tree density during the mid-1990s could have promoted tree growth and reduced dieback risk. Additionally, over the last decade, extreme and recurrent droughts have resulted in crown defoliation greater than 40% in most plots since 2019. We found that tree growth and the greenness spectral index were positively related to annual precipitation, while the wetness index was positively related to mean annual temperature. The response to drought, however, was stronger for tree growth than for spectral indices. Our study demonstrates the value of long-term retrospective multiscale analyses including tree and stand-level scales to disentangle mechanisms triggering and driving forest dieback.
Voluntary metering of rural groundwater extractions: understanding and resolving the challenges
Authors: Rochford Louisa M. , Ordens Carlos M. , Bulovic Nevenka , McIntyre Neil 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the rate of extraction from bores (or wells) can be essential in estimating groundwater discharge at a regional scale and understanding pressures on sustainable use. The challenges in doing so include the impracticality of directly measuring extractions from all, or even a large proportion of, operating bores using flow meters, especially in rural and remote areas. This challenge may be addressed by metering a representative sample of bores and generalising results to develop estimation methods; however, even achieving this presents considerable obstacles. While the benefits of metering a subset of bores to progress groundwater science and management are recognised, the obstacles to implementing metering and guidance on overcoming them are not well documented. In the Surat Basin, Australia, most groundwater bores are used for stock watering and domestic purposes, with less than 0.1% metered. As part of a research program to understand regional groundwater extraction in this area, a voluntary bore metering program has been undertaken. In this paper the challenges that arose when recruiting participants, installing and maintaining flow metering equipment, and interpreting and using data collected are described. Lessons learnt during implementation of the program that can guide other voluntary metering of rural groundwater extractions are discussed.
A review of drivers of environmental non-migration decisions in Africa
Authors: Balgah Roland Azibo , Kimengsi Jude Ndzifon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In spite of growing scholarship on environmentally induced non-migration research in Africa, comprehensive empirical evidence of non-migration drivers is extremely difficult to find. We review 77 rigorously selected empirical articles on the drivers of environmental non-migration. A variety of relevant keywords was applied to search, identify, and select key publications from ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and the Climig databases. Content analysis and inter-rater reliability (IRR) analysis were used to summarize the literature and identify key drivers of environmental non-migration decisions across all retained articles. The study structure was informed by the Foresight (2011a) conceptual framework. A growth in the non-migration literature across the time period was observed. Social factors, particularly place-based attachment and family/cultural obligations, was identified as the most important driver of non-migration (IRR score = 0.67). Environmental factors were ranked second, particularly the ability of the affected to develop coping capacity through experiential learning even in contexts marred by resource scarcity and widespread poverty. Given the limited literature on environmental non-migration decisions, we recommend increased non-migration research across Africa to better inform policy decisions. This is particularly important as climate-related disasters surge. Frequent reviews on diverse aspects of non-migration studies are recommended to redefine future research and non-migration policy considerations in Africa.
Estimating healthcare expenditures after becoming divorced or widowed using propensity score matching
Authors: Meulman Iris , Loef Bette , Stadhouders Niek , Moger Tron Anders , Wong Albert , Polder Johan J. , Uiters Ellen 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBecoming divorced or widowed are stressful life events experienced by a substantial part of the population. While marital status is a significant predictor in many studies on healthcare expenditures, effects of a change in marital status, specifically becoming divorced or widowed, are less investigated. This study combines individual health claims data and registered sociodemographic characteristics from all Dutch inhabitants (about 17 million) to estimate the differences in healthcare expenditure for individuals whose marital status changed (n = 469,901) compared to individuals who remained married, using propensity score matching and generalized linear models. We found that individuals who were (long-term) divorced or widowed had 12–27% higher healthcare expenditures (RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.11–1.14; RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.26–1.29) than individuals who remained married. Foremost, this could be attributed to higher spending on mental healthcare and home care. Higher healthcare expenditures are observed for both divorced and widowed individuals, both recently and long-term divorced/widowed individuals, and across all age groups, income levels and educational levels.
Genomic resources of Colletotrichum fungi: development and application
Authors: Tsushima Ayako , Shirasu Ken 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an economically important disease of many plants, including grain, vegetable, and fruit crops. Next-generation sequencing technologies have led to a dramatic growth in the size and availability of genomic data in public repositories. Beginning with genome sequencing projects of C. higginsianum and C. graminicola, many Colletotrichum spp. genomes have been sequenced due to their scientific and agricultural importance. Today, we can access more than a hundred genome assemblies of Colletotrichum spp. Utilizing those abundant genomic datasets would enable a better understanding of adaptation mechanisms of Colletotrichum spp. at the genomic level, which could help to control this important group of pathogens. In this review, we outline the development and application of genomic resources of Colletotrichum spp. with a focus on the benefits of genomic data-driven studies, including reverse-genetics, a range of comparative genomic analyses, species identification, taxonomy, and diagnosis, while describing the potential pitfalls of genome analysis. Further, we discuss future research directions that could allow a more comprehensive understanding of genomic diversity within the genus Colletotrichum.
Consensus Head Acceleration Measurement Practices (CHAMP): Study Design and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Rowson Steve , Mihalik Jason , Urban Jillian , Schmidt Julianne , Marshall Steve , Harezlak Jaroslaw , Stemper Brian D. , McCrea Mike , Funk Jim 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHead impact measurement devices enable opportunities to collect impact data directly from humans to study topics like concussion biomechanics, head impact exposure and its effects, and concussion risk reduction techniques in sports when paired with other relevant data. With recent advances in head impact measurement devices and cost-effective price points, more and more investigators are using them to study brain health questions. However, as the field's literature grows, the variance in study quality is apparent. This brief paper aims to provide a high-level set of key considerations for the design and analysis of head impact measurement studies that can help avoid flaws introduced by sampling biases, false data, missing data, and confounding factors. We discuss key points through four overarching themes: study design, operational management, data quality, and data analysis.
Near-term climate risks and sunlight reflection modification: a roadmap approach for physical sciences research
Authors: Wanser Kelly , Doherty Sarah J. , Hurrell James W. , Wong Alex 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Current impacts and escalating risks of climate change require strong and decisive action to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. They also highlight the urgency of research to enhance safety for human and natural systems, especially for those most vulnerable. This is reflected in two recent US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine studies that recommended a national focus on advancing our understanding of how to manage urgent current and future climate risks, and the study of approaches for increasing the reflection of sunlight from the atmosphere to reduce global warming, a process referred to as sunlight reflection modification (SRM). Here, we build on these recommendations by proposing a roadmap approach for the planning, coordination, and delivery of research to support a robust scientific assessment of SRM to reduce near-term climate risks in a defined timeframe. This approach is designed to support the evaluation of SRM as a possible rapid, temporary, additive measure to reduce catastrophic impacts from anthropogenic climate change, not as a substitute for aggressive GHG mitigation. Assessing SRM is proposed to be undertaken in the context of climate hazard risks through 2050, weighing the impacts associated with likely climate change trajectories against scenarios of possible SRM implementations. Provided that research is undertaken openly and that scientific resources are made widely available, the transparency of the process and the evidence generated would contribute to the democratization of information, participation by diverse stakeholders, more informed decision-making, and better opportunities for all people to weigh SRM options against climate change risks.
Influence of HRM on CSR and performance of upscale hotels in developed and developing countries
Authors: Sarwar Huma , Ishaq Muhammad Ishtiaq , Franzoni Simona 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe researchers showed their increased interest in linking human resource management (HRM) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in recent studies. HRM is a critical factor in how CSR should be enacted, developed, and understood at a broader level to achieve organizational benefits. Hence, it is evident that current studies are asking for more studies on HRM–CSR nexus, and we argue that such a relationship is necessary and relevant. Probing more in this research stream, the current research investigates the impact of HRM and CSR on sustainable performance. More specifically, this study explores how 3-star, 4-star, and 5-star hotels achieve sustainable performance through HRM and CSR in the hospitality industry of the UK, Italy, and Pakistan. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the hotels by collecting hotel details from Chambers of the Commerce United Kingdom, Italian Government Statistics, and Pakistan Hotel Associations for the UK, Italy, and Pakistan. Through a highly structured survey questionnaire, the data were collected from 438 UK, 520 Italian, and 354 Pakistani hotels. The results confirm the HRM–CSR–sustainable performance nexus in the hospitality industries of three countries. They show that HRM impact on CSR and sustainable performance is relatively stronger in five-star hotels followed by three-star and then four-star hotels. These results supported the resource-based view theory by providing strong evidence that HRM and CSR are essential resources for achieving sustainable performance and competitive advantage.
Prediction of Residential Slab Foundation Movement Through a Finite Element-Based Deep Learning Algorithm
Authors: Teodosio B. , Wasantha P. L. P. , Guerrieri M. , van Staden R. C. , Fragomeni S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDeep learning networks were employed to predict the maximum differential deflection of stiffened and waffle rafts due to reactive soil movements, Δmax. Four deep learning networks were used to predict Δmax, these are (1) stiffened rafts on shrinking soil, (2) stiffened rafts on swelling soil, (3) waffle rafts on shrinking soil, and (4) waffle rafts on swelling soil. The deep learning models were used to create design lines, which showed that both soil and structural features strongly influence the stiffened rafts. In contrast, waffle rafts showed a strong dependence on soil features in shrinking soils and beam depth in swelling soils. This demonstrates that the finite element-based deep learning networks captured the effect of the embedment of the beams. The results of the deep learning models led to non-linear design curves, which are disparate from the suggested standard Australian design. These results suggest that increasing the value of beam depth can have a positive or negative impact on the global residential slab depending on the type of substructure and whether the founding reactive soil is shrinking or swelling. Global sensitivity analyses of the deep learning models showed that for stiffened rafts on shrinking soil, the slab length, slab width and active depth zone of reactive soil had the most significant influence on Δmax, whilst for stiffened rafts on swelling soil, the primary drivers are ground movement, beam depth, and slab width. The prediction of Δmax for waffle rafts on shrinking soil was driven by the surface characteristic and mound movements, and the active depth zone, whilst waffle rafts on swelling soil was driven by the beam depth. Overall, the finite element-based deep learning showed the capacity to estimate Δmax in both shrinking and swelling design scenarios for different types of residential footing systems to further understand the characteristic behaviour of shallow residential slab foundations on reactive soils leading to improved designs.
Homology bounds for hyperbolic orbifolds
Authors: Senska Hartwig 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe will provide bounds on both the Betti numbers and the torsion part of the homology of hyperbolic orbifolds. These bounds are linear in the volume and are a direct consequence of an efficient simplicial model of the thick part, which we will construct as well. The homology statements complement previous work of Bader, Gelander and Sauer (torsion homology of manifolds), Samet (Betti numbers of orbifolds) and a classical theorem of Gromov (Betti numbers of manifolds). For arithmetic, non-compact hyperbolic orbifolds—i.e. in the case of arithmetic, non-uniform lattices in $${\text {Isom}}(\mathbb {H}^n)$$

Isom
(

H

n

)

—the strongest results will be obtained.
Early Child-care Arrangements and Both Parents’ Subjective Well-being
Authors: Ryser Valérie-Anne , Heers Marieke 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study focuses on Switzerland where child-care is limited in offer and costly. It examines what child-care patterns parents of 0- to 4-years old children use; and, how different arrangements relate to several domains of mothers’ and fathers’ cognitive and affective subjective well-being (SWB). A major contribution of the present study is the distinction between child-care provided by parents, grandparents, relatives, formal institutions and mixed arrangements. Based on data from the Swiss Household Panel (SHP) from 2002 to 2017, multilevel regression models are applied to estimate the relationship between child-care arrangements and both parents’ SWB. The results demonstrate that grandparental care relates positively to both parents’ SWB: Compared to grandparental child-care, relatives and formal or mixed child-care arrangements tend to decrease most of the satisfaction dimensions. Formal child-care and child-care provided by relatives as well as mixed arrangements relate to a decrease in positive affect. Negative affect is not significantly associated to the different child-care arrangements.
The AC conductivity and dielectric permittivity for PVA-treated MWCNT electrolyte composite
Authors: AlFannakh Huda , Ibrahim S. S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThree-phase polymer electrolyte nanocomposite composed of polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA), manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using the cast techniques. Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the AC electrical conductivity (σac) of two- and three-phase samples with different weight ratios of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) over a wide frequency range and at various fixed temperatures (30 °C to 120 °C). The frequency-dependent nature of σac was seen to follow Jonscher’s power law. The redistribution of accumulated charges was used to explain the change in the pre-exponent (n) and the constant (A) after the percolation threshold. As the temperature approached the glass transition temperature, the mobility of ions and polymeric chains also played an important role in this change. The Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) model was considered as the most predicted model for the samples at temperatures below 100 °C. However, the Quantum Mechanical Tunneling (QMT) model was predicted to be the most prevalent conduction model for temperatures greater than 100 °C. The values of the activation energy calculated from both Z” and M” are mostly close. Equivalent circuits were used to analyze the impedance spectra of the two- and three-phase samples. An attempt was made to explain the impedance behavior of the samples through the elements participating in the equivalent circuits.
Breeding targets for heat-tolerant rice varieties in Japan in a warming climate
Authors: Masutomi Yuji , Takimoto Takahiro , Manabe Toru , Imai Yoko , Tamura Makoto , Kobayashi Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The breeding of heat-tolerant (HT) varieties is considered an effective adaptation measure to reduce the impacts of global warming on crops. However, little is known about how much heat tolerance needs to be attained in the breeding of HT varieties and by when the HT varieties should be introduced in a warming climate. Here, we assessed the effect of the introduction of HT rice varieties on the incidence of low-quality rice grains (chalky rice grain, CRG, as a result of high temperatures), and formulated a breeding target for rice in Japan, where high incidence of CRG is already a concern. Varieties with a 3 °C higher temperature tolerance should be bred and introduced until the 2040s under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5, in the pessimistic scenario, considering the uncertainties in climate models and an impact assessment model, which were large. In the median case, varieties with a 1 and 2 °C higher temperature tolerance are needed until the 2040s under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. The findings revealed necessary efforts in breeding research and programs under conditions of global warming.
Continuous design control for machine learning in certified medical systems
Authors: Stirbu Vlad , Granlund Tuomas , Mikkonen Tommi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractContinuous software engineering has become commonplace in numerous fields. However, in regulating intensive sectors, where additional concerns need to be taken into account, it is often considered difficult to apply continuous development approaches, such as devops. In this paper, we present an approach for using pull requests as design controls, and apply this approach to machine learning in certified medical systems leveraging model cards, a novel technique developed to add explainability to machine learning systems, as a regulatory audit trail. The approach is demonstrated with an industrial system that we have used previously to show how medical systems can be developed in a continuous fashion.