bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of at-the-bedside formulae for estimating ventilator driving pressure during airway pressure release ventilation using computer simulation
Authors: Mistry Sonal , Das Anup , Saffaran Sina , Yehya Nadir , Scott Timothy E. , Chikhani Marc , Laffey John G. , Hardman Jonathan G. , Camporota Luigi , Bates Declan G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAirway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is widely available on mechanical ventilators and has been proposed as an early intervention to prevent lung injury or as a rescue therapy in the management of refractory hypoxemia. Driving pressure ($$\Delta P$$ΔP) has been identified in numerous studies as a key indicator of ventilator-induced-lung-injury that needs to be carefully controlled.$$\Delta P$$ΔPdelivered by the ventilator in APRV is not directly measurable in dynamic conditions, and there is no “gold standard” method for its estimation.MethodsWe used a computational simulator matched to data from 90 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to evaluate the accuracy of three “at-the-bedside” methods for estimating ventilator$$\Delta P$$ΔPduring APRV.ResultsLevels of$$\Delta P$$ΔPdelivered by the ventilator in APRV were generally within safe limits, but in some cases exceeded levels specified by protective ventilation strategies. A formula based on estimating the intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure present at the end of the APRV release provided the most accurate estimates of$$\Delta P$$ΔP. A second formula based on assuming that expiratory flow, volume and pressure decay mono-exponentially, and a third method that requires temporarily switching to volume-controlled ventilation, also provided accurate estimates of true$$\Delta P$$ΔP.ConclusionsLevels of$$\Delta P$$ΔPdelivered by the ventilator during APRV can potentially exceed levels specified by standard protective ventilation strategies, highlighting the need for careful monitoring. Our results show that$$\Delta P$$ΔPdelivered by the ventilator during APRV can be accurately estimated at the bedside using simple formulae that are based on readily available measurements.
Loss of perivascular aquaporin-4 localization impairs glymphatic exchange and promotes amyloid β plaque formation in mice
Authors: Simon Matthew , Wang Marie Xun , Ismail Ozama , Braun Molly , Schindler Abigail G. , Reemmer Jesica , Wang Zhongya , Haveliwala Mariya A. , O’Boyle Ryan P. , Han Warren Y. , Roese Natalie , Grafe Marjorie , Woltjer Randall , Boison Detlev , Iliff Jeffrey J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSlowed clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) is believed to underlie the development of Aβ plaques that characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is cleared in part by the glymphatic system, a brain-wide network of perivascular pathways that supports the exchange of cerebrospinal and brain interstitial fluid. Glymphatic clearance, or perivascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange, is dependent on the astroglial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as deletion ofAqp4in mice slows perivascular exchange, impairs Aβ clearance, and promotes Aβ plaque formation.MethodsTo define the role of AQP4 in human AD, we evaluated AQP4 expression and localization in a human post mortem case series. We then used the α-syntrophin (Snta1) knockout mouse model which lacks perivascular AQP4 localization to evaluate the effect that loss of perivascular AQP4 localization has on glymphatic CSF tracer distribution. Lastly, we crossed this line into a mouse model of amyloidosis (Tg2576 mice) to evaluate the effect of AQP4 localization on amyloid β levels.ResultsIn the post mortem case series, we observed that the perivascular localization of AQP4 is reduced in frontal cortical gray matter of subjects with AD compared to cognitively intact subjects. This decline in perivascular AQP4 localization was associated with increasing Aβ and neurofibrillary pathological burden, and with cognitive decline prior to dementia onset. In rodent studies,Snta1gene deletion slowed CSF tracer influx and interstitial tracer efflux from the mouse brain and increased amyloid β levels.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the loss of perivascular AQP4 localization may contribute to the development of AD pathology in human populations.
The cerebrospinal fluid biomarker ratio Aβ42/40 identifies amyloid positron emission tomography positivity better than Aβ42 alone in a heterogeneous memory clinic cohort
Authors: Amft Michaela , Ortner Marion , Eichenlaub Udo , Goldhardt Oliver , Diehl-Schmid Janine , Hedderich Dennis M. , Yakushev Igor , Grimmer Timo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for detecting amyloid positivity may be as reliable as positron emission tomography (PET). We evaluated the performance of the amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40 ratio for predicting amyloid positivity by PET, compared with Aβ42 alone, and phosphorylated tau 181 (pTau181)/Aβ42 and total tau (tTau)/Aβ42 ratios, using fully automated CSF immunoassays (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with a range of cognitive disorders reflecting the typical population of a memory clinic.

Methods
CSF samples from 103 patients with known amyloid PET status (PET positive = 54; PET negative = 49) were retrospectively selected from one site in Germany; 71 patients were undergoing treatment for mild cognitive impairment (n = 44) or mild-to-moderate dementia (n = 27) due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 32 patients were undergoing treatment for non-AD-related cognitive disorders. Aβ42, pTau181, and tTau concentrations were measured in CSF samples using the respective Elecsys® CSF immunoassays modified for use on the cobas e 411 analyzer; Aβ40 concentrations were measured using a non-commercially available robust prototype assay. Sensitivities/specificities for amyloid positivity cut-offs (Youden-derived and pre-defined) were calculated, and receiver operating characteristic analyses determined area under the curve (AUC) versus amyloid PET status. Limitations include a small sample size, use of a pre-analytical protocol not in accordance with the Elecsys CSF immunoassay method sheets, and the lack of a pre-defined cut-off for Aβ42/40.

Results
Point estimates for sensitivity and specificity of CSF biomarkers and biomarker ratios versus amyloid PET were 0.93 and 0.57 for Aβ42, 0.96 and 0.69 for pTau181/Aβ42, 0.92 and 0.69 for tTau/Aβ42, and 0.94 and 0.82 for Aβ42/40. For AUCs, point estimates (95% confidence intervals) versus amyloid PET were 0.78 (0.68−0.88) for Aβ42, 0.88 (0.81−0.95) for pTau181/Aβ42, 0.87 (0.80−0.95) for tTau/Aβ42, and 0.90 (0.83−0.97) for Aβ42/40.

Conclusions
CSF Aβ42/40 ratio can predict PET amyloid positivity with high accuracy in patients with a range of cognitive disorders when evaluating Aβ pathology independent of tau and neurodegeneration for research purposes. The performance of Aβ42/40 was comparable with pTau181/Aβ42 and tTau/Aβ42 used in clinical practice and better than Aβ42 alone.
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum and associations with blood-brain barrier integrity, age, cognition, and biomarkers
Authors: Zebhauser Paul Theo , Berthele Achim , Goldhardt Oliver , Diehl-Schmid Janine , Priller Josef , Ortner Marion , Grimmer Timo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels have been suggested to be associated with disease severity and progression in several neurological diseases as an indicator of impaired energy metabolism, neuronal death, or microglial activation. Few studies have examined CSF lactate levels in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and found higher values in AD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). However, these studies were mostly small in size, the inclusion criteria were not always well defined, and the diagnostic value and pathophysiological significance of CSF lactate in AD remain unclear.

Methods
We examined CSF lactate levels and potentially associated factors in a large (n=312), biologically and clinically well-defined sample of patients with AD at the stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI-AD) and dementia (ADD), HC, and patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).

Results
Contrary to previous studies, patients with ADD and HC did not differ in CSF lactate levels. However, we found higher values for patients with MCI-AD compared to those with ADD and to HC in univariate analysis, as well as for MCI-AD compared to ADD when controlling for age and blood-brain barrier integrity. CSF lactate levels were associated with age and blood-brain barrier integrity but not with clinical severity or CSF biomarkers of AD.

Conclusions
CSF lactate does not indicate biological or clinical disease severity in AD, nor does it differentiate between patients with AD and HC or patients with FTLD. However, higher CSF lactate levels were found in earlier stages of AD, which might be interpreted in the context of inflammatory processes.
Interaction between AhR and HIF-1 signaling pathways mediated by ARNT/HIF-1β
Authors: Zhang Mengdi , Hu Yuxia , Yang Fan , Zhang Jingwen , Zhang Jianxin , Yu Wanjia , Wang Minjie , Lv Xiaoli , Li Jun , Bai Tuya , Chang Fuhou 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The main causes of lung cancer are smoking, environmental pollution and genetic susceptibility. It is an indisputable fact that PAHs are related to lung cancer, and benzo(a) pyrene is a representative of PAHs. The purpose of the current investigation was to investigate the interaction between AhR and HIF-1 signaling pathways in A549 cells, which provide some experimental basis for scientists to find drugs that block AhR and HIF-1 signaling pathway to prevent and treat cancer.

Methods
This project adopts the CYP1A1 signaling pathways and the expression of CYP1B1 is expressed as a measure of AhR strength index. The expression of VEGF and CAIX volume as a measure of the strength of the signal path HIF-1 indicators. Through the construction of plasmid vector, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, real-time quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunoprecipitation, the interaction between AhR signaling pathway and HIF-1 signaling pathway was observed.

Results
BaP can enhance the binding ability of HIF-1α protein to HIF-1β/ARNT in a dose-dependent manner without CoCl2. However, the binding ability of AhR protein to HIF-1β/ARNT is inhibited by HIF-1α signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner with CoCl2.

Conclusion
It is shown that activation of the AhR signaling pathway does not inhibit the HIF-1α signaling pathway, but activation of the HIF-1α signaling pathway inhibits the AhR signaling pathway.
20 years of ordinal patterns: Perspectives and challenges
Authors: Leyva Inmaculada , Martínez Johann H. , Masoller Cristina , Rosso Osvaldo A. , Zanin Massimiliano 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2002, in a seminal article, Bandt and Pompe proposed a new methodology for the analysis of complex time series, now known as Ordinal Analysis. The ordinal methodology is based on the computation of symbols (known as ordinal patters) which are defined in terms of the temporal ordering of data points in a time series, and whose probabilities are known as ordinal probabilities. With the ordinal probabilities the Shannon entropy can be calculated, which is the permutation entropy. Since it was proposed, the ordinal method has found applications in fields as diverse as biomedicine and climatology. However, some properties of ordinal probabilities are still not fully understood, and how to combine the ordinal approach of feature extraction with machine learning techniques for model identification, time series classification or forecasting, remains a challenge. The objective of this perspective article is to present some recent advances and to discuss some open problems.
Does Childbearing Affect Cognitive Health in Later Life? Evidence From an Instrumental Variable Approach
Authors: Bonsang Eric , Skirbekk Vegard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cognitive decline is a widespread concern as populations grow older. However, population aging is partly driven by a decrease in fertility, and family size may influence cognitive functioning in later life. Prior studies have shown that fertility history is associated with late-life cognition, but whether the relationship is causal remains unclear. We use an instrumental variable approach and data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe to examine whether having three or more versus two children affects late-life cognition. Parents often prefer to have at least one son and one daughter. We thus exploit the sex composition of the first two children as a source of exogenous variation in the probability of having three or more children. Results indicate that having three or more versus two children has a negative effect on late-life cognition. This effect is strongest in Northern Europe, perhaps because higher fertility decreases financial resources yet does not improve social resources in this region. Future studies should address the potential effects of childlessness or having one child on late-life cognition and explore the mediating mechanisms.
Experimental warming during incubation improves cold tolerance of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) chicks
Authors: Page Jennifer L. , Nord Andreas , Dominoni Davide M. , McCafferty Dominic J. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTClimate change and increasing air temperature may alter environmental conditions for developing birds, with a range of phenotypic consequences for offspring. The thermal environment during incubation may affect the trade-off between growth and thermoregulation, but the effects of temperature on the ontogeny of endothermy are not fully understood. Therefore, we experimentally tested whether heating the nest cup of Eurasian blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) during incubation would influence cold tolerance of the chicks after hatching. Chicks from both heated and control nests showed a decrease in cooling rate with age as they became increasingly endothermic and homeothermic. However, chicks from previously heated nests cooled at a lower rate per unit surface area and from across the whole body. These chicks also had a greater body mass during the first 12 days of life compared with chicks from control nests. Lower cooling rates in heated chicks may reflect greater thermogenic capacity or a reduced surface area to volume ratio owing to a greater body mass. Future projections for climate change predict rising air temperature and increased likelihood of heatwaves, even in temperate regions. Our results indicate that nest microclimate can affect thermoregulation in offspring, and thus may be used to predict some of the future physiological responses of birds to climate change during breeding.
Salt-Assisted Pyrolysis of Covalent Organic Framework for Controlled Active Nitrogen Functionalities for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Charles-Blin Youn , Kondo Taiga , Wu Yang , Bandow Shunji , Awaga Kunio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The development of defect-containing metal-free carbon materials is an exciting challenge, as it could contribute greatly to the emergence of more sustainable fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Here we report the combination of a covalent organic framework (COF) as a host material and potassium carbonate as an activator to synthesize, from relatively low temperature and with good control, hierarchical mesoporous/microporous structures, high-porosity (up to 2053 m2 g−1) and nitrogen-doped carbon materials with oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Indeed, the formation of large sp2 domains and the nature of heteroatom catalytic active sites, ranging from a large content of pyridinic (N-6) to quaternary (N-Q) functionalities, could be simply controlled within a range of pyrolysis temperatures from 625 °C to 775 °C. The resulting ORR properties of carbon material exhibit systematic behaviour regarding the pyrolysis temperature, testifying good control upon carbon material nature. Thus, this work opens new ways to explore COF capabilities to efficiently synthesize metal-free carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Ni(II) Salt-catalyzed Direct Aryl Thioetherification of 1-Naphthylamine and Its Derivative with Disulfides
Authors: Jiang Chunfeng , Liu Kaixuan , Zhang Le , Liu Tian , Zhang Nan , Xu Youjun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The direct C–H aryl thioetherification of 1-naphthylamine and its derivative with diaryl disulfides was developed with a Ni(II) salt catalytic system under air. The protocol was compatible with a wide range of functional groups. 1-Naphthylamine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine were converted into various aryl sulfide compounds under standard conditions. The application of the proposed methodology to prepare some highly-functionalized small molecules as building blocks for bioactive compounds was explored. Control experiments revealed the Ni(II)/Ni(IV) cyclic mechanism of the catalytic system.
Correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency in children
Authors: Zhang Yuanda , Bi Jing , Wang Meiying , Deng Hongyu , Yang Wen-li 
Published: April 2022

Objectives: To investigate the correlation between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and Iron deficiency (ID) in children.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Baoding Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019. A total of one thousand children who came to our hospital for physical examination and met the inclusion criteria were continuously included in this study. All the children were given questionnaires (personal and family social and economic status), a stool Hp antigen test and/or a 13C-urea breath test, as well as measurements of hemoglobin (Hb), mean red blood cell volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Children who tested positive for Hp were divided into the Hp group and children who tested negative for Hp were divided into the control group. ID or IDA was diagnosed based on the child's blood test results.
Results: A total of 902 children met the inclusion criteria, including 194 (21.5%) in the Hp group and 708 (78.5%) in the control group. The incidence of ID and IDA in Hp group was higher than that in control group (2=9.112, 2=4.478; All P < 0.05); The levels of MCV, SI, SF and Hb in Hp group were lower than those in control group (t=5.288; T = 3.864; T = 6.751; T =11.841, all P < 0.05), TIBC level was higher than that of control group (T =7.630, P < 0.05); The levels of MCHC and RDW in THE Hp group were not statistically significant compared with the control group. Logistic regression showed that Hp infection was not a combined risk factor for ID. Older age, higher educational background of the mother, living in the city, and higher family income were the combined protective factors to prevent the occurrence of ID in children.
Conclusion: Hp infection is not a combined risk factor for the development of ID in children. The influence of family social and economic factors should be taken into consideration when analyzing the correlation between Hp infection and ID.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5175
How to cite this:Zhang Y, Bi J, Wang M, Deng H, Yang W. Correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency in children. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(5):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.5.5175
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Evaluation of lead toxicity on the retina of pregnant rats and their pups: the possible ameliorative role of pomegranate juice
Authors: El-Beltagy Abd El-Fattah B. M. , Abdelaziz Karoline K. , Saleh Amira M. B. , Elsayyad Hassan I. H. , Gahnem Reham A. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Lead (Pb) exposure even at a low dose can induce functional and structural impairments in both humans and experimental animals. The present study evaluated the potential ameliorative role of pomegranate juice (PJ), as a powerful antioxidant fruit against histopathological and ultrastructural changes caused by Pb in the retina of pregnant rats and their neonates. Methods: 24 pregnant female rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=6): control, PJ supplemented (100 μL PJ), Pb treated (18.5 mg / kg B.Wt), and Pb co-supplemented alternatively with PJ group. After birth, the mother rats, as well as their neonates at different ages (7, 14, and 21 days old), were dissected and the eyes were removed for histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigation of the retina. Results: The obtained results revealed deleterious histological and ultrastructural lesions in all retinal cell layers of Pb-treated female rats and their offspring. Such lesions included hypertrophied cells of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) with pronounced vacuolated mitochondria and fragmented Bruch's membrane. The outer and inner segments of photoreceptors appeared fragmented and detached from the RPE. Additionally, the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) appeared disorganized with vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. The immunohistochemical results displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) weak expression and P53 strong expression in the retinal sections of the Pb-treated group of female rats and their neonates if compared with control. Conclusions: PJ successfully alleviated the deleterious histological and ultrastructural as well as immunohistochemical changes induced by lead.
The role of ePortfolios in supporting vocational teacher students’ learning
Authors: Roos Liana , Trasberg Karmen , Eller Diana , Kalk Karmen 
Published: April 2022

Siinses uurimuses seati eesmärgiks selgitada välja kutseõpetajakoolituse üliõpilaste arusaamad kutsestandardile toetuva e-portfoolio rollist õpingute toetamisel ning nende kogemused e-portfoolio koostamise protsessis. Viie fookusrühma intervjuu (n = 19) induktiivse sisuanalüüsi tulemused näitavad, et kutsestandardile toetuvat e-portfooliot kogetakse õpingute teljena, mis muudab nähtavaks varasema erialase töökogemuse, õppimise ja arengu ning kujundab arusaama kutseõpetaja elukutsest. Samas rõhutavad tulemused e-portfoolio lõimimise olulisust kutseõpetaja bakalaureuseõppekavasse ning vajadust tõhustada juhendamist eeskätt protsessi alguses, et toetada üliõpilaste toimetulekut e-portfoolio avatud olemuse ning kohati vastuoluliste eesmärkidega.
Summary
Learning-related neuromyths among student teachers in Estonia
Authors: Poom-Valickis Katrin , Aus Kati , Malleus-Kotšegarov Elina 
Published: April 2022

Haridusüldsusel on suur huvi neuroteaduste uurimustulemuste rakendamise vastu praktikas, kuid valdkondlike teadmiste puudumine ning teadlaste ja õpetajate vähene kommunikatsioon keeruliste teadustulemuste tõlgendamisel on viinud mitmete väärarusaamade ehk neuromüütide tekkeni. Siinse uuringu eesmärk oli kaardistada, kuivõrd on rahvusvahelistes uuringutes esitatud väärarusaamad levinud meie tulevaste õpetajate hulgas ning kas õpetajaks õppijaid iseloomustavad taustategurid (nt vanus, läbitud õpingud, õppekava või töökogemus õpetajana) on seotud sellega, milliseid väärarusaamu enam tõeseks peetakse. Küsitluses osales kokku 297 õpetajakoolituse üliõpilast Tallinna ja Tartu Ülikoolist. Kõige levinum neuromüüt tudengite hulgas on arusaam, et inimesed õpivad paremini, kui info jagamisel arvestatakse nende visuaalse, auditiivse ja kinesteetilise õpistiiliga. Õppekavade arendus ja interdistsiplinaarne koostöö teadusvaldkondade vahel on võti teaduspõhise õpetajakoolituse arendamisel.
Summary