bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Early Season Foliar Sprays of GA4+7 on Russeting and Return Bloom of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Meador Daniel B. , Taylor Bradley H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early season multiple spray applications of 5, 10, or 20 ppm of gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7) reduced the severity and frequency of russet on four strains of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit at three locations over 1, 2, or 3 years. The distribution of fruit in the U.S. extra fancy and fancy categories (graded for russet only) increased with increasing concentration of GA4+7 sprays. Regression analysis of data pooled from seven trials predicted for the 5-, 10-, and 20-ppm GA4+7 sprays, respectively, 68%, 74%, and 76% of the fruit falling in the combined extra fancy and fancy grades as compared to 40% on the untreated control trees. Additional experiments revealed tank-mixing GA4+7 with pesticides reduced the degree of russet suppression in one trial, but not in another. Return bloom was diminished on trees sprayed with GA4+7 in the previous year and the flower cluster density was inversely related to GA4+7 concentration. Chemical names used: (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA4+7); polyoxyethylene-polypropoxypropanol dihydroxypropane (Regulaid).
Effects of Supplementary Lighting on the Growth and Flowering of Clematis
Authors: French C. J. , Lin W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Clematis × ‘Jackmanii’ (C. lanuginosa × C. viticella × C. × eriostemon) and Clematis × ‘Comtesse de Bouchard’ (cultivar of C. × ‘Jackmanii’) were evaluated for winter flowering with supplementary lighting treatments combining two photoperiods and two levels of irradiance during September to January. The dormancy of ‘Jackmanii’ was overcome by long (16 hr) days or by high (HPS) irradiance during natural photoperiods (8.5-12 hr); the dormancy of ‘Comtesse de Bouchard’ was overcome only by long days, irradiance having no effect. Terminal flower bud formation was affected similarly by supplementary lighting. The development of lateral flower buds of both cultivars was greatly enhanced by combining long photoperiods and high irradiance.
Effect of Core Cultivation on Preemergence Herbicide Activity in Bermudagrass
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was initiated to determine herbicidal activity on large crabgrasses (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] when core cultivation was performed in a common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf after herbicide application. Core cultivation treatments were made prior to preemergence herbicide application or at 1, 2, 3, or 4 months after the chemicals were applied. Where oxadiazon (4.4 kg·ha−1), bensulide (11.2 kg·ha−1), bensulide + oxadiazon (6.7 + 1.7 kg·ha−1) and benefin (3.4 kg·ha−1) were applied, the timing of core cultivation had no significant influence on preemergence large crabgrass control. DCPA (14.0 kg·ha−1) was ineffective in controlling large crabgrass, regardless of core cultivation parameter. Chemical names used: 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 0,0-bis(1-methylethyl)S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino] ethyl]phosphorodthioate (bensulide); N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (benefin); dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA).
Effects of Paclobutrazol on Growth and Flowering of Bouvardia humboldtii
Authors: Wilkinson R. I. , Richards D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant height of potted Bouvardia humboldtii Hort. was controlled effectively by foliar or drench applications of paclobutrazol. Three foliar applications of 250 mg·liter−1 paclobutrazol or a drench of 2 mg/100-mm-diameter pot reduced plant height by≈30% and increased the total number of flowers per plant by ≈35%. Overall, paclobutrazol significantly reduced total plant dry weight, and sprays were more inhibitory than drenches. Paclobutrazol altered the shoot : root ratio in favor of the shoot. Foliar sprays of daminozide (5000 mg·liter−1) or chlormequat (2000 mg·liter−1) were ineffective in controlling growth or flowering. It is concluded that paclobutrazol application may be a useful technique in the commercial production of Bouvardia as a flowering pot plant. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol [paclobutrazol (ICI-PP333)].
Chemical Weed Control in Gypsophila
Authors: Gilreath J. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postemergence and preemergence herbicides were evaluated for crop phytotoxicity and weed control in seepage-irrigated ‘Bristol Fairy’ gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.). DCPA, napropamide, pronamide, and oryzalin were severely injurious to gypsophila. Metolachlor, oxyfluorfen, alachlor, and oxadiazon provided varying degrees of weed control and did not reduce plant vigor or yield. Best weed control was provided by two applications of 4.48 kg·ha-1 oxadiazon. Chemical names used: dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); 2-(napthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); 3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon).
Changes in Ascorbic Acid Content of Blackspot-resistant and -susceptible Potatoes Following Bruising
Authors: Thornton Michael K. , Workman Milton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine if changes in tuber ascorbic acid content following bruising were related to blackspot susceptibility in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Tubers of four potato clones were bruised at three locations. Ascorbic acid content of bruised and nonbruised tissue on the same tubers was determined 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr after bruising. Differences in initial ascorbic acid content between clones were highly significant, but not related to blackspot susceptibility. Differences in ascorbic acid content between bruised and nonbruised tissue of a tuber were significant in two of the four clones. Changes in ascorbic acid content of tubers with time occurred to a similar extent in bruised and nonbruised tissue. This experiment indicates that factors other than ascorbic acid content may determine differences in clonal susceptibility to blackspot.
In Vitro Micropropagation of Eucalyptus sideroxylon
Authors: Burger David W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nodes from field-grown coppice regrowth and mature trees of Eucalyptus sideroxylon were cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing BAP and NAA. BAP (2-4 μm) and NAA (0.5-1.0 μm) were most effective in promoting axillary shoot proliferation from coppice and adult tissues. IBA was more effective than NAA in stimulating the formation of adventitious roots from in vitro-derived shoots. Plantlets from tissue culture were easily transferred to the greenhouse environment. Chemical names used: N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Tree-row-volume Spraying Rate Calculator for Apples
Authors: Byers R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most pesticide recommendations for apple orchards have been based on a specified rate per hectare. These recommendations are based on dilute applications of materials in 3740 liters·ha−1 (400 gallons/acre) to trees in a “standard” orchard, which are about 6.1 m (20 ft) high, 7.0 m (23 ft) wide, and 10.7 m (35 ft) between rows (3, 6). Most orchards today do not conform to this standard, and many pesticides are applied at concentrations other than dilute.
Pyracantha × ‘Pueblo’
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pyracantha × ‘Pueblo’ is the sixth disease-resistant cultivar introduced by the U.S. National Arboretum. Pyracantha, also referred to as firethom because of the brilliant, colored fruit clusters on a thorny plant, is one of the most showy berried shrubs in autumn. Firethom landscape merit is not restricted to the autumn and early winter but extends throughout the seasons with dense evergreen foliage that is further highlighted by profuse, cream-white bloom in early May. The previously introduced cultivars are ‘Shawnee’, NA 28179 (1), ‘Mohave’, NA 32225 (2); ‘Navaho’, NA 38451; ‘Teton’, NA 38450 (3); and ‘Apache’, NA 48240 (4).
‘Sumas’ Strawberry
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Sumas’ is a new strawberry cultivar released from the breeding program at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Vancouver, B.C. In trials throughout the Pacific Northwest it has been noted for high yields and fruit qualities that compare favorably with those of ‘Totem’, currently the most widely grown cultivar in the region. Plants of ‘Sumas’ are winter hardy, show a high level of virus tolerance, and some resistance to red stele caused by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman. These traits will contribute to longevity of plantings. ‘Sumas’, an Indian word meaning “a big level opening,” now refers to Sumas Prairie, which is the fertile farm land at the eastern extremity of the B.C. Lower Mainland strawberry production region.
Observations on Communication Barriers Facing New Researchers at Off-campus Locations
Authors: Wilcox-Lee Darlene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Certain barriers limit communication and intellectual stimulation for a new researcher located at an off-campus facility. Most of these limitations are, of course, directly related to distance, a very real physical barrier. When located off-campus, communication resources often taken for granted can be quite distant: a library, for instance, or seminars, which serve to keep you abreast of what is going on outside your immediate area of expertise. When off-campus, you are removed from interaction with faculty and graduate students, visiting post-docs, and fellows. In short, in an off-campus location, you are removed from the healthy flux of people and ideas that comprise the academic community of which you are a part.
Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Jones J. Benton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the Feb. 1987 issue of HortScience 22:34-36, I was interested in the paper by Charles A. Mullins entitled “Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Production of Mechanically Harvested Snap Beans”. However, I found that two very important items of significance were not given:
The form of N applied was not given. It would be assumed that the N fertilizer was applied at seeding, although this was not specifically indicated. The form of N can have a marked effect on the response of snap bean to applied N.
Soil-testing information was given, but no identification of the method of extraction. Therefore, the values reported are meaningless without knowing how the test result was obtained. Such details are significant if the reader is to use the findings reported.
Apples on the Lincoln Canopy—Mechanized Management
Authors: Dunn John S. , Stolp Martyn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Lincoln canopy method of training apple trees originated at the New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute during a program to mechanize the production of fresh-market-grade fruit. Work began in 1970. The shallow formalized tree form that results and the easy access that it offers from below and above have simplified the imposition of mechanized processes for spraying, pruning, and harvesting. This form, and a tree density of ≈ 1000/ha, a continuous canopy width of 3 m, and the ease with which branches can be developed and positioned to produce a full canopy all contribute to high light interception and a high yield potential.
Control of Necrotic Leaf Blotch and Premature Leaf Drop in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Ducroquet Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) foliage is subject to necrotic leaf blotch (NLB) associated with premature leaf drop with up to 50% defoliation at harvest time. In Santa Catarina State, Brazil, incidence of this physiological disorder could be reduced significantly by spraying with ziram, a fungicide containing 19% metallic zinc. An oil paste formulation of ziram was especially effective. The addition of zinc oxide (0.1%) to spray mixture at 2-week intervals further reduced the rate of premature leaf drop. When zinc oxide was added to ziram oil paste fungicide, premature leaf drop was reduced from 41% for the worst treatment down to 4.7%.
Response of Potted Plants and Vegetable Seedlings to Chlorinated Water
Authors: Frink C. R. , Bugbee G. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Eleven species of potted foliage plants, eight species of potted flowering plants, and four species of vegetable seedlings were tested for their response to irrigation with chlorinated water containing 0, 2, 8, 18, 37, or 77 mg·liter-1 residual chlorine. Growth and appearance were determined after 12 weeks for potted plants and after 6 weeks for seedlings. When compared with the control, growth of geranium and begonia declined at 2 mg·liter-1; pepper and tomato at 8 mg·liter-1; kalanchoe, lettuce, and tradescantia at 18 mg·liter-1; broccoli, marigold, and petunia at 37 mg·liter-1; and Swedish ivy, impatiens, madagascar palm, and english ivy at 77 mg·liter-1. The appearance of the plants followed a similar pattern. Germination of vegetable seeds was not affected by any of the chlorine treatments. Thus, current water chlorination practices with residual chlorine concentrations <1 mg·liter-1 should not adversely affect either the growth or appearance of most potted plants and vegetable seedlings grown in soilless media.
Reactions of Muskmelon Cultigens to Myrothecium roridum
Authors: Kuti J. O. , Ng T. J , Bean G. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The reactions of 50 cultivars and breeding lines of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to inoculation with a pathogenic strain of Myrothecium roridum Tode ex Fries were evaluated using detached leaf tissues from greenhouse plants and immature fruits from field-grown plants. Leaf susceptibility was characterized by chlorosis, necrosis, and extensive fungus sporulation, whereas fruit susceptibility was evidenced by host tissue decay and fungus sporulation. Differences in reactions among muskmelon cultigens using detached leaves were consistent among tests and correlated well with susceptibility of young, immature fruits. Tolerance appeared to decrease with increasing physiological age of the immature fruits. ‘Hales Best’ exhibited the greatest tolerance, whereas ‘Summet’ was very susceptible.
Resistance in Wild Lettuce to Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus
Authors: McCreight James D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lactuca saligna L., Lactuca serriola L., and Lactuca virosa L., which are cross-fertile with cultivated lettuce (L. sativa L.) were tested for resistance to lettuce infectious yellows virus in greenhouse and field tests. Fifteen of 25 L. saligna accessions were resistant, whereas 50 accessions of L. serriola and seven accessions of L. virosa were susceptible.
Thickness and Cell Layer Number of the Pericarp of Sweet Corn and Some of Its Relatives
Authors: Tracy W. F. , Galinat W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thirty six cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.) and three of its relatives (northern teosinte, Tripsacum dactyloides L., and Coix lachryma-jobi L.) were evaluated for pericarp thickness and number of cell layers in the pericarp. Both traits were examined using a light microscope. Pericarp thickness ranged from 50 to 185 pm and cell layer number from 5 to 22 within the 36 cultivars; pericarp thickness and cell layer number were positively and highly significantly correlated (r = 0.93**). The three relatives of corn had pericarps with 2 to 3 cell layers totaling 30 μm in thickness.
An Improved Firmness Tester for Juicy Fruit
Authors: Lustig I. , Bernstein Z. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The firmness tester for juicy fruit measures firmness by the compression of the fruit between two parallel surfaces with a measured force until a given applanation area is reached. An improved hydrostatic measuring head for this instrument is described that allows the direct determination of this area instead of the measurement of its diameter in the optical head formerly used. The firmness index is defined as the applied force per unit applanation area. Examples of firmness measurements of Prunus avium L., Vitis vinifera L., and Carica papaya L. are given.
Human Stress Reduction Through Horticultural Vocational Training
Authors: Doxon Lynn Ellen , Mattson Richard H. , Jurich Anthony P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Five physiological measures of stress were made of 20 developmentally disabled adults working in a greenhouse or training center. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, electrodermal response, and finger skin temperature were significantly lower for adults in the greenhouse as compared to the training center. Pulse rates were significantly lower after training had occurred. Vocational training of mentally retarded adults in a greenhouse environment could lead to healthier, more productive workers.
15Nitrogen Uptake by Grapes with Divided Roots Growing in Differentially Salinized Soils
Authors: Taylor R. M. , Fenn L. B. , Pety C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several different split-root techniques, both horizontal zonation (1, 3, 6) and vertical zonation (2, 4, 7, 8), have been employed to study plant growth and water and nutrient uptake from differentially salinized root zones. High salinity level in one portion of the root zone may not affect overall plant performance if other portions of the root zone are relatively salt free (1, 3, 8). With uniform salinization, sodium chloride concentrations up to −0.8 MPa did not affect the 15N absorption rate in cotton, but osmotic pressures of −1.2 MPa substantially reduced it. However, water uptake and plant growth were affected to a greater extent than was 15N absorption (5).
“Endo-, Para, and Ecodormancy: Physiological Terminology and Classification for Dormancy Research”
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Early Jack D. , Martin George C. , Darnell Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “Endo-, Para-, and Ecodormancy: Physiological Terminology and Classification for Dormancy Research” by Gregory A. Lang, Jack D. Early, George C. Martin, and Rebecca L. Darnell (HortScience 22:371–377, June 1987), in the second column of Table 5 under part III-B (paradormancy), the term “Cryogenic endodormancy” should be changed to “Cryogenic paradormancy”.
Principles of Gas Exchange in Bulky Plant Tissues
Authors: Solomos Theophanes 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Determination of diffusivity of gases in bulky plant tissues is of both theoretical and practical interest. For instance, a precise knowledge of O2 diffusion is needed for studying the nature of “oxidases” that may be involved in fruit respiration and also for predicting minimum O2 levels that can be safely used in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Further, a precise knowledge of the internal concentration of ethylene may be useful in determining the maturity of apples before harvest (15). Principles and techniques used for determining resistance to gas diffusion in bulky plant organs, and some practical applications for CA storage of apples are presented here.
Production of Modified Atmospheres in Deciduous Fruits by the Use of Films and Coatings
Authors: Smith Steve , Stow John , Geeson John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A range of techniques are used to preserve postharvest quality of fruit, vegetables, and other perishable produce. Refrigeration is the principal technique used but, in some instances, low temperature alone may be insufficient to retard ripening of fruit and prevent detrimental quality changes. Moreover, low temperatures for prolonged periods may lead to physiological damage, e.g., low temperature breakdown in apples (14). Pioneering work of Kidd and West (23) led to the development of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, a sophisticated technique that extends the life of some produce more than refrigeration alone. CA storage is used mainly for apples (40), although recommendations for other fruits (15) and vegetables (16) can be found. Where CA techniques are applied, the concentrations of CO2 and O2 are controlled at optima specific for each cultivar, facilitated by the recent development of automatic control systems (22). However, both refrigeration and application of CA techniques are expensive, requiring large capital outlay for installation and maintenance and high energy inputs, especially for cooling. Moreover, it is not practical to provide equipment for CA control or refrigeration for small quantities of produce or individual fruit. Thus, once produce is harvested or removed from storage, it is subject to ambient conditions during marketing, which often lead to rapid quality deterioration.
Two Methods of Studying Rest: Temperature Alternation and Genetic Analysis
Authors: Dennis Frank G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Explaining the physiological basis of rest or endodormancy (23) in seeds and buds has been the goal of considerable research effort within the past 40 years. One of the most popular approaches has been to study hormonal control, based on the hypothesis that growth-inhibiting compounds accumulate in buds and seeds as growth slows or seeds mature, and that these are metabolized, or that growth promoters are synthesized, or both, during subsequent exposure to rest-breaking treatments (moist chilling, dry after-ripening, exposure to light, etc.)
Performance of ‘Swiss Bartlett’ Pear on Several Old Home × Farmingdale Quince and Seedling Rootstocks in British Columbia
Authors: Denby L. G. , Meheriuk M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Swiss Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) was evaluated on Old Home × Farmingdale (OH × F) rootstocks 34, 69, 87, 130, 230, 333, and 515; EM Quince A and LePage C Quince, and Old Home and Bartlett seedlings planted in 1974 at 2.4 × 4.8 m. All trees on OH × F 51 were winter-killed within 2 years of planting and thus could not be evaluated. Marketable yields from 1975 to 1979 inclusive showed OH × F 87 to be the most precocious rootstock, followed by OH × F 515, 34, and 69. Yields from 1975 to 1984 inclusive were highest for OH × F 87, 515, 34, and 69, but were not significantly different from each other. Tree size, as indicated by trunk cross-sectional area, was largest for OH × F 515 and 34, followed by OH × F 87 and 69. Tree efficiency values as recorded for the trees in their 5th and 10th year of production were higher for OH × F 87, OH × F 69, EM Quince A, and Lepage Quince C than for most of the other rootstocks.
The Effects of Nutrient Solution Sterilization on the Growth and Yield of Hydroponically Grown Lettuce
Authors: Schwartzkopf Steven H. , Dudzinski Diane , Minners R. Sjhon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two methods of removing bacteria from hydroponic nutrient solution [ultraviolet (UV) radiation and submicronic filter] were evaluated for efficiency and for their effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production. Both methods were effective in removing bacteria; but, at high intensity, the ultraviolet sterilizer significantly inhibited the production of plants grown in the treated solution. Bacterial removal by lower intensity UV or a submicronic filter seemed to promote plant growth slightly, but showed no consistent, statistically significant effect.