bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared external reflection spectroscopic studies of phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers of heneicosanol
Authors: Buontempo Joseph T. , Rice Stuart A. 
Published: July 2002

We report the results of an infrared external reflection spectroscopic study of phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers of heneicosanol. One of our main goals was to examine monolayers which were pure and at equilibrium. The monolayers we have studied were fully relaxed, judging from the exceptionally good long term stability demonstrated by each state on the isotherms. In addition, our fully relaxed systems displayed good reversibility, though each compression–expansion cycle showed a small hysteresis, which may possibly be a real physical property of these systems. The phase boundaries displayed in these fully relaxed systems differed in number and location from those in the partially relaxed systems usually studied. Our second goal was to advance the utility of infrared external reflection spectroscopy for the study of Langmuir monolayer structure, especially molecular conformation and orientation, by examining the hydrocarbon CH2 symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes as a function of surface pressure, temperature, etc. In pursuit of this goal we have exploited nonimaging optics to improve the signal to noise in these difficult experiments.
Our studies of the relaxed structure of Langmuir monolayers of heneicosanol have uncovered new and interesting phase behavior. In general, we find a clear trend showing that at high surface pressure and low temperature the hydrocarbon chains are rather highly ordered, perhaps all-trans; at low surface pressure and high temperature the hydrocarbon chains become somewhat disordered, containing a higher concentration of gauche defects, though that concentration is still lower than that found in the fluid phase. In all of the cases studied the region of the isotherm immediately prior to the highest density phase can be associated with a distinct ordering transition of the hydrocarbon chain. Regarding the molecular orientation, we have obtained data which are often in disagreement with the current x-ray data, the latter taken on what appear to be partially relaxed monolayers. For example, as the surface pressure increases from 0 to 13 dyn/cm for our 20 °C monolayer the hydrocarbon chains continuously become more ordered, and the molecules retain a collective tilt of perhaps 30°–50°. However, the current view is that along this isotherm there is a continuous tilting transition as the surface pressure increases in the range mentioned. We have rationalized this difference by assuming a kinetic model in which the collective tilting of the molecules can respond to a change in area much more quickly than can a reduction in gauche conformation concentration. Finally, we have found that there are no liquid phases present when the surface pressure is nonzero. In this way fatty alcohol monolayers are quite different from phospholipid monolayers. In fact, even at nearly zero surface pressure and fairly low density the fatty alcohol monolayer still exists as a mesophase.
Fluorescence spectra and torsional potential functions for trans-stilbene in its S and S1(π,π*) electronic states
Authors: Chiang Whe-Yi , Laane Jaan 
Published: July 2002

The fluorescence excitation spectra and dispersed fluorescence spectra of trans-stilbene have been recorded and analyzed. Vibrational assignments for the eight low-frequency modes have been made for both the S0 and S1(π,π*) electronic states, and these differ substantially from those of previous workers. Two-dimensional kinetic and potential energy calculations were carried out in order to determine the potential energy surfaces for the two phenyl internal rotations ν37 and ν48. The function V(φ1,φ2)= 1/2V2(2+cos 2φ1+cos 2φ2)+V12 cos 2φ1 cos 2φ2 +V12′ sin 2φ1 sin 2φ2, with V2=1550 cm−1, V12=337.5 cm−1, and V12′ = 402.5 cm−1 for the S0 state and with V2=1500 cm−1, V12=−85 cm−1, and V12′ = −55 cm−1 for the S1(π,π*) state fits the observed data (nine frequencies for S0 and six for S1) extremely well. The barriers to simultaneous internal rotation of both phenyl groups are given by twice the V2 values. The fundamental frequencies for these torsions are ν37=9 cm−1 and ν48=118 cm−1 for the S0 state and ν37=35 cm−1 and ν48=110 cm−1 for the S1 excited state. The third torsion ν35, which is the internal rotation about the C=C bond, was assigned at 101 cm−1 for the S0 state based on a series of overtone frequencies (202, 404 cm−1, etc.). For S1, ν35=99 cm−1 based on observed frequencies at 198, 396 cm−1, etc.
Kinetic energy calculations were also carried out for this mode, and a one-dimensional potential energy function of the form V(θ)=1/2V1(1−cos θ)+1/2V2(1−cos 2θ)+1/2V4(1−cos 4θ) was utilized to reproduce the frequencies for the ground state. For the excited state, an additional V8 term was added in order to fit the data for the trans potential energy well. The data indicate that the trans→twist barrier for the S1 state is higher than 1400 cm−1. However, a somewhat revised frequency assignment would be compatible with a barrier of 1250 cm−1, which is close to the value of 1200 cm−1 determined from dynamics studies.
Crossed beam rovibrational energy transfer from S1 glyoxal. IV. Reduced mass effects and an overview of the inelastic scattering characteristics from four initial levels
Authors: Gilbert Brian D. , Parmenter Charles S. , Krajnovich Douglas J. 
Published: July 2002

Crossed molecular beam studies of rotationally and rovibrationally inelastic scattering of S1 glyoxal from H2 and He have been extended to one additional light gas, D2, and to two heavy gases of identical masses, Kr and cyclohexane, C6H12 (84 amu). Laser excitation was used to prepare glyoxal in its 00 level with K′=0 and 0≤J′≤10. Dispersed fluorescence detection was used to observe the final K′ and vibrational states of the inelastic scattering. The relative scattering cross sections for D2 and He collisions are identical to within experimental error and differ substantially from those of H2. The Kr and C6H12 cross sections are also a matched set. These results show that the competition among the approximately 25 observable scattering channels is far more sensitive to the reduced mass of the collision than to variation in the intermolecular potential or even the internal structure of the target gas. An overview of rotational and rovibrational scattering in glyoxal from four vibrational levels (00, 72, 51, and 81) extending to εvib=735 cm−1 is used to uncover generalities and insights about the energy transfer. For all four initial levels the vibrational state changes are highly selective. The detectable channels are always limited to ±1 quantum change in only one of the 12 modes, specifically ν7′ = 233 cm1, the lowest frequency mode. The cross sections for vibrational state change are surprisingly large relative to those for pure rotationally inelastic scattering.
Many cases occur with the light target gases where the ΔK resolved cross sections for rovibrational interactions are nearly equal to those for pure rotationally inelastic scattering with equivalent energy transfer ΔE. Scattering from 72, K′=0 glyoxal contains examples with both H2 and He where the rovibrational cross sections actually exceed those for rotational scattering. Plots of the entire set of cross sections [rotational (ΔK) plus rovibrational (Δυ7=+1)] against ΔE are essentially superimposible for He scattering from 00, 51, and 81 glyoxal. In contrast, scattering from 72 glyoxal with the active mode initially excited is distinctive. For all initial levels, the distribution of cross sections for different ΔK within rotational channels differs from that within rovibrational channels. It is further seen in these comparisons that the change in angular momentum ΔK rather than ΔE controls the relative sizes of cross sections within these channels. The theoretical predictions of Clary, Kroes, and Rettschnick are in accord with these trends and distinctions, agreeing even on some rather subtle points.
Rotational spectra and structures of the C6H6–HCN dimer and Ar3–HCN tetramer
Authors: Gutowsky H. S. , Arunan E. , Emilsson T. , Tschopp S. L. , Dykstra C. E. 
Published: July 2002

A comparative study has been made of the rotational properties of C6H6–HCN and Ar3–HCN, observed with the Balle/Flygare pulsed beam, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. C6H6–HCN is found to be a prolate symmetric top and Ar3–HCN an oblate one, both with the H in the middle. The rotational constants B0, DJ, and DJK of the parent species are 1219.9108(4) MHz, 1.12(3) kHz, and 18.32(8) kHz for C6H6–HCN, and 886.4878(1) MHz, 10.374(2) kHz, and 173.16(1) kHz for Ar3–HCN. Rotational constants are reported for the isotopic species C6H6–H13CN, -HC15N, and 13CC5H6–HC15N, and for Ar3–HC15N and -DCN. Analysis of the 14N hyperfine interaction χ finds its projection on the figure axis to be −4.223(4) MHz in C6H6–HCN and −1.143(2) in Ar3–HCN. They correspond to average projection angles θ between the HCN and figure axes of 15.2° and 45.3°, respectively. A pseudodiatomic analysis of the rotational constants gives the c.m. to c.m. distance to be 3.96 Å in C6H6–HCN and 3.47 Å in Ar3–HCN. While the rotational properties of C6H6–HCN are ‘‘normal,’’ those of Ar3–HCN display a long list of ‘‘abnormalities.’’
They include a J-dependent χ(14N) similar to that of Ar–HCN; a very large projection angle θ; large centrifugal distortion including higher-order terms in HJ and HJK; splitting of the K=3 transitions into J-dependent doublets; and the ready observation of an excited vibrational state. These behavioral differences are related qualitatively to the interaction surfaces for the two clusters, calculated with the molecular mechanics for clusters (MMC) model, and discussed. The potential minimum for C6H6–HCN is smooth, circular, steep except for a flat bottom, and deep (1762 cm−1). That for Ar3–HCN is tricuspid, with large gullies, and shallow (507 cm−1). In addition to the dispersion forces, the dominant interaction forming C6H6–HCN is between the benzene quadrupole moment and the HCN dipole moment, a strong 4-2 potential. That in Ar3–HCN is polarization of the spherical Ar by the HCN dipole and quadrupole moments, a weak 0–2,4 potential.
Family business in Russia: the path to middle class?
Authors: Barkhatova Nonna , McMylor Peter , Mellor Rosemary 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe paper seeks to explore via a series of interview‐based case studies aspects of the emergence of an entrepreneurial middle‐class in Russia. The paper notes the origins of those studied in the professional or highly skilled workers in the former Soviet Union. The paper reveals the complexity and fragility of the circumstances of these entrepreneurs and suggests that commentary in both Russia and the West that pins its hopes for social stability on the emergence of a new property owning middle class in Russia are, at best, premature.
Weird Lullaby: Jane Campion's The Piano
Authors: Attwood Feona 
Published: July 2002

This article examines the construction of woman's voice, gaze and desire in Jane Campion's Oscar-winning film The Piano, 1993, with particular reference to the film's central character, Ada, and to the traditional female figures which her character suggests – siren, mermaid, Little Red Riding Hood, Bluebeard's wife. It investigates the ways in which The Piano interrogates and disturbs traditional patriarchal narratives, ways of speaking and seeing, and patriarchal constructions of bodily pleasure and desire; revealing these as partial, hard of hearing, short sighted and incapable of pleasure. It argues that while the film succeeds in this interrogation, it goes further in its attempt to envisage forms of speech, sight and pleasure which do not conform to traditional models based on the notion of rigid oppositions between self and other, masculine and feminine, active and passive. Instead, by focusing on mutual pleasure, sensuality, communication and the ability to be moved, it sets in motion ‘other’ ways of experiencing and understanding women's voices, looks, desires. It concludes that The Piano articulates a demand for an encounter with men, in which women are neither marginalized as ‘the feminine’ nor re-incorporated into a patriarchal order; and imagines the possibility of both autonomy and connection, power and pleasure.
A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination
Authors: Richardson Gary 
Published: July 2002

Popular texts typically assert that guilds of craftsmen “monopolized” markets in medieval England. Norman Cantor's Medieval Reader declares “craft guilds' … main purpose and activity was narrow regulation of industrial productivity in order to restrain competition” (Cantor 1994, p. 278). Douglass North's Structure and Change in Economic History asserts “… guilds organized to protect local artisans … [and their strength] in preserving local monopolies against encroachment from outside competition was frequently reinforced by the coercive power of kings and great lords” (North 1981, p. 134). Henry Pirenne's Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe proclaims:craft guilds, under a diversity of names, officium or ministerium in Latin, metier or jurande in French, arte in Italian, ambacht or neering in the Netherlands, amt, innung, aunft, or handwerk, in German, craft-gild or mistery in English, … fulfilled the need of economic protection. The pressing necessity to stand by one another, so as to resist competition from newcomers (Pirenne 1937, pp. 177–79).
Journeys to the other spaces of Fascist Italy
Authors: Burdett Charles 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn the essay, ‘Of Other Spaces’, Michel Foucault contends that every society constructs sites which can be defined as effectively enacted utopias (heterotopias), sites where social policies are articulated and where ideals of social ordering are physically performed. The article examines how a number of places in Fascist Italy, which conformed entirely to the principles of the heterotopia that Foucault sets out, were perceived by a selection of prominent writers and journalists. It examines the recorded journeys to the cemeteries of the First World War, to various renovated prisons within Italy and finally to the new towns south of Rome. It explores the kind of mental and physical sensations which the different writers evoked as well as examining the ways in which their written accounts of their imaginative experiences interacted with the myths of identity and social control which were central to Fascist ideology.
Required Early Complement Activation in Contact Sensitivity with Generation of Local C5-dependent Chemotactic Activity, and Late T Cell Interferon γ: A Possible Initiating Role of B Cells
Authors: Tsuji Ryohei F. , Geba Gregory P. , Wang Yi , Kawamoto Keiko , Matis Louis A. , Askenase Philip W. 
Published: July 2002

Complement (C) is an important component of innate immunity, and was also shown recently to participate in induction of acquired B cell humoral immunity. In this study, we present evidence that C also participates in acquired T cell immunity.
We found that C was involved in early events of the efferent elicitation phase of contact sensitivity (CS), and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Thus, CS and DTH were inhibited by administration of a C-blocker, soluble recombinant C receptor-1 (sCR1), when given 30 min before, but not 3 h after local antigen challenge. Among C components, local C5 were thought crucial to elicitation of CS, since local administration of anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies or locally injected C-depleting cobra venom factor also inhibited CS and DTH. These findings were consistent with our previous finding of the importance of C5 for CS elicitation, using congenitally C5-deficient mice. To dissect the mechanism of C dependence in CS, we demonstrated that locally increased early macrophage chemotactic activity (probably C5a) in evolving CS skin extracts, as well as late elaboration of IFN-γ, were both inhibited by anti-C treatment. In addition, histological analysis showed that leukocyte recruitment into CS ear sites was similarly C-dependent. Furthermore, an initiating role of B cell–derived C-fixing immunoglobulin was suggested by demonstration of impaired CS responses in B cell–deficient mice.
In summary, these results suggest that C was activated locally, perhaps via a B cell product, in an important early component of the stepwise events necessary to elicit CS, leading to local production of C5-dependent macrophage chemotactic activity and later IFN-γ, and subsequently leading to cell infiltration, for development of T cell–dependent CS.
Book Reviews
Authors: Morgan Cliff , Gray Lesley , Marshall Adam , Mabe Michael , Hezlet Susan 
Published: July 2002

Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians and Publishers by Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Washington, DC: SLA Publishing, 2000Science Editing and Information Management edited by Connie J. Manson. USA: Geoscience Information Society, 1999. Pp. 118. Paperback, $25.00. ISBN 0‐934485‐30‐5Futurize Your Enterprise: Business Strategy in the Age of the E‐Customer by David Siegel. Chichester: Wiley, 1999. Hardback, £19.50, ISBN 0‐471‐357634The Impact of Electronic Publishing on the Academic Community (the Wenner–Gren International Series, Volume 73) edited by I. Butterworth. London: Portland Press 1998, Pp. 191. Price £75. ISBN 1‐85578‐122‐0University Library Spending on Books and Journals: A Major Concern by Peter Sowden. Available from CAPP at the Publishers Association (1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6XF)
New business models: AgBiotechNet™, a case study
Authors: Nicholson David 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe article examines the launch by CABI Publishing of a new internet product called AgBiotechNet™. The product was launched in January 1999 and features a range of content from news stories through to review articles and a bibliographic database taken from CAB ABSTRACTS™. The article describes the pre‐ and post‐launch phases of AgBiotechNet™, and does, so the author hopes, provide some pointers on what it means to develop a new business model for the internet.
How are electronic journals and CD‐ROMs being accepted in Japan?
Authors: Kubota Teruzo 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe market for electronic journals and CD‐ROMs in Japan is analysed. The electronic journal is changing the roles of the main players: publishers, libraries, and agents. Publishers go directly to libraries, while agents are trying to survive as coordinators for libraries to finalize licence agreements. CD‐ROMs are selling as an alternative to books although not all the advantages of their digital format are yet being fully exploited. The time, however, is close when CD‐ROMs will generate revenue by usage through a campus local area network.
The XML revolution
Authors: Kasdorf Bill 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTXML, the Extensible Markup Language, is key to the current revolution in publishing technology. Liberating content from proprietary systems and presentational coding, XML enables content to be published efficiently in a multitude of forms – print and electronic. This article discusses XML itself – a metalanguage by which publishers can describe the particular features of their publications apart from how those features are to be rendered in specific presentations – and also surveys a number of other related technologies in the XML family for styling, transforming, and linking. The result of an unprecedented degree of collaboration among competing interests, XML is an enabling technology that greatly enriches our publishing environment.
Official information: scholarly publishers can help the Government get it right
Authors: Owen Tim 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTCoPI: the Coalition for Public Information, has been formed to ensure that the developing information revolution benefits all sections of society. Its early dialogue with Government is of great potential value to learned and professional publishers, addressing such issues as efficient access to official documents and the current restrictions imposed by crown copyright. CoPI's Manifesto also calls for citizens of the future to be equipped to deal with information overload – an essential skill needed to recognise, the high quality refereed work of academic publishers'.
Book Reviews
Authors: Aubyn John St. , Rosenberg Diana , Goodman Neville , Williamson Alex 
Published: July 2002

Current legal issues in publishing A. Bruce Strauch (Editor), Hayworth Press Inc. July 1996, 144pp, $29.95 (outside USA/Canada/Mexico $36.00), ISBN: 1‐56024‐804‐1Publishing and Book Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: an annotated bibliography by Hans M. Zell & Cécile Lomer, London Hans Zell Publishers 1996, 409pp £60, ISBN 1‐873836‐46‐5The Scholar's Courtesy by Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham, 1995, 124pp, £25Society of Freelance Editors and Proofreaders, Directory of Members' Services 1997, Published by SFEP, Mermaid House, 1 Mermaid Court, London SE1 1HR, 198pp, £10, including p+p, ISSN 0960‐5533
Fast evaluation of multiple zeta sums
Authors: Crandall Richard 
Published: July 2002

We show that the multiple zeta sum:

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for positive integers

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Risk Factors for Uterine Leiomyoma: A Practice-based Case-Control Study. I. African-American Heritage, Reproductive History, Body Size, and Smoking
Authors: Faerstein Eduardo , Szklo Moyses , Rosenshein Neil 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The authors conducted a case-control study among premenopausal women in the Baltimore, Maryland, area to examine the associations of uterine leiomyoma with ethnicity and hormone-related characteristics. Cases of uterine leiomyoma (n = 318) were surgically or sonographically first confirmed between January 1990 and June 1993. A total of 394 controls were selected from women who were visiting their gynecologist for a routine checkup. Data were collected through telephone interviews and abstraction of medical records; 77.8% of eligible cases and 78.0% of eligible controls were interviewed. Positive adjusted associations were observed between risk of uterine leiomyoma and self-described African-American ethnicity (vs. Whites: odds ratio (OR) = 9.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7, 15.7), early menarche (&lt;11 years vs. &gt;13 years: OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.6), and high body mass index (upper quartile vs. lower quartile: OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.8). Inverse associations were observed with use of oral contraceptives (current use vs. never use: OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.6) and duration of smoking (≥19 years vs. never: OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1). Younger ages at infertility diagnosis and at first and last childbirth were more common among cases; however, analyses of data on tumor location suggested that these associations represent predominantly consequences of uterine leiomyoma. These results suggest that development of uterine leiomyoma is associated with increased exposure to ovarian hormones. Possible reasons for the very elevated risk among African-American women need further investigation.