bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Aflatoxin in ‘Stuart’ Pecans as Affected by Shell Integrity1
Authors: Schroeder Harry W. , Storey James B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The intact shell of pecans Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch cv. Stuart provided a protective barrier to invasion of the kernels by Aspergillus flavus and to the development of kernel discoloration. After 28 days exposure to high humidity on A. flavus infested soil 36% of the surface area of pecan kernels from sound inshell nuts was discolored compared to 100% of the surface area of kernels from pecans with cracked shells. Aflatoxins were detected after 8 days in kernels (not obviously discolored or moldy) from cracked inshell nuts at a concentration of 3500 ppb and reached a maximum concentration of 1,000,000 ppb after 21 days. Aflatoxins (840 ppb) were detected in pecans with sound shells after only one of 5 exposure periods (21 days) suggesting that one nut may have had a defective shell or may have been previously contaminated. The mycotoxin, zearalenone, was extracted from kernels with sound shells after 28 days.
Cold Storage Maintenance of Strawberry Meristem Plantlets1
Authors: Mullin R. H. , Schlegel D. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Long preservation of potentially valuable germplasm of strawberry (Fragaria spp.) was facilitated by cold storage of “pathogen-free” meristem plantlets. More than 50 different cultivars have been maintained for up to 6 years as meristem plantlets in sterile culture tubes at 4°C air temperature in darkness.
Relation of Pruning Time and Inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall to Short Life of Peach Trees Growing on Old Peach Land1
Authors: Chandler Webster A. , Daniell Jeff W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old peach trees [Prunus persica (L) Batsch. cv. Elberta] growing on old peach land where a high incidence of bacterial canker was suspected in previous plantings, were pruned or pruned and inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall in October, December, February, or April. All trees pruned and inoculated in October or December were either dead or dying by May. P. syringae was recovered from all of the October-inoculated and from 86% and 71% of the December- and February-inoculated trees, respectively. Also, 43% mortality occurred in February-pruned and inoculated trees. Uninoculated but early-pruned trees showed severe short life or decline symptoms with 43% mortality following October and December pruning. On the other hand, April-pruned trees, whether inoculated or not, showed less short life or decline symptoms than early-pruned trees and no deaths occurred in April-pruned and inoculated trees.
The Effect of Covering Apples during Development1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Lougheed E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Covering apples with foil bags about 1 month after bloom to harvest had no effect on fruit size or starch content, had inconsistent effects on fruit firmness, and reduced soluble solids, anthocyanin and chlorophyll. Uncovering fruits at various times before harvest allowed formation of anthocyanin, maximum amounts being dependent on cultivar and time of exposure.
Changes in Ambient SO2 by Rhododendron and Pyracantha1
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. , Krause Charles R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The capacity of rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx., cv. Nova Zembla) and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roem. var. Lalandii (Duren) Dipp.) to change ambient SO2 levels in a closed fumigation system was studied. P. coccinea removed greater quantities of SO2 at faster rates than R. catawbiense. Differences in leaf surface characteristics between the 2 species suggest that at least part of the SO2 uptake mechanism may involve a surface-mediated response to the pollutant.
National Considerations in the Development of Tropical Horticultural Crops
Authors: Tai Egbert A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is generally accepted that modern agriculture in tropical areas was first practised in the early days of colonialism when the main aim was production of items required in large quantities by the metropolitan nations. For this reason there developed plantations where crops like coffee, cotton, sugarcane and tobacco were grown on an extensive scale for export after simple preparation of the produce to enable it to withstand slow travel by sea; interest in horticultural crops which require intensive methods of production and rapid travel was to come much later. However, the existence of tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants in abundance and great variety could not be ignored for long and, in time, the traditional approach to horticulture in temperate regions was adopted in the tropics also: plants were grown to produce crops for immediate use and the local market. It is remarkable that sometimes the names of horticultural crops of more temperate areas were attached quite inappropriately to a number of them, like avocado pear (Persea americana) and rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus mutabilis). Increasing familiarity bred appreciation of tropical horticultural produce and led to a growing demand most notably, for fruits but also for vegetables, flowers and ornamental foliage. The inevitable outcome has been the movement of larger quantities from the areas of production to the expanding areas of consumption – a prerequisite of a satisfactory export trade.
Multiple Cropping with Trickle Irrigation1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Johnson A. W. , Jaworski C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) and summer squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.) were grown in immediate succession in undisturbed beds using trickle irrigation with various treatments. Highest combined yield in metric tons/ha for both crops was obtained with film mulch + soil fumigation (117.6) followed by film mulch (112.3), soil fumigation (93.4) and control (69.0), respectively. Yield from the second crop was negatively correlated (r=−.87) with the degree of plant infection with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood). Intensive production in this manner allows fixed costs to be defrayed over two crops thus increasing the magnitude of return per dollar invested. Multiple cropping of pepper and squash with trickle irrigation has an excellent potential in south Georgia provided nematodes and other soil-borne pathogens can be adequately controlled.
Glabrous Seedstalk in Carrot: Inheritance and Use as a Genetic Marker1
Authors: Morelock T. E. , Hosfield George L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The mutant trait glabrous seedstalk was observed in carrot (Daucus carota L.) inbred W93 and, in crosses with pubescent inbred MSU 1558, was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene, gls. Cytoplasmic effects on the expression of the character were not detected. Glabrous seedstalk has practical application as a genetic marker to detect outcrosses in hybrid carrot seed production fields.
Gibberellin-like Substances of 3 Species of Lycopersicon1
Authors: Aung L. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin-like substances (GAs) were demonstrated in the ethyl acetate-soluble basic, acidic and bound fractions of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.), L. peruvianum (L.) Mill and L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. The distribution of GAs activity differs in the fractions of the 3 species. The total amount of GAs of L. pimpinellifolium was 96-fold and 44-fold that of L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum, respectively. The vegetative growth of the species may be inversely related to the content of GAs.
Distribution of Fiber Content in Asparagus Cultivars1
Authors: Sosa-Coronel Jorge , Vest G. , Hemer R. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Analysis of spears of 9 cultivars of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) revealed differences in fiber content between cultivars. The least fiber was found in ‘MSU-1’, ‘Mary Washington’, and ‘U.C. 72’, and the most in ‘N.J. Improved’ and ‘U.C. 711’. There were significant differences in fiber content in the 5 sections of spear studied; the tip (10 cm) portion of spear had the least while the bottom section (17.5 – 20.0 cm from the tip) had the most fiber.
Effect of Temperature on Growth of Shoot Apices Excised from Onions in Rest1
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Herner Robert C. , Dennis Frank G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Excised onion (Allium cepa L.) shoot apices exposed directly to temperatures of 10 to 15°C grew more than those excised from similarly treated half or whole bulbs. The temperature pretreatments which promoted the greatest growth of excised onion shoots at 20° ranged from 5 to 12.5°. Exposure to 30° following a 10° treatment negated the promotive effect of the lower temperature.
‘Bassateen Edfina’Guava11
Authors: Rokba A. M. , Ezzat A. H. , E Wakeel A. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Bassateen Edfina’, a new cultivar of guava (Psidium guajava L.), is characterized by its higher yield and better fruit quality than the parent stock ‘Bassateen El Sabahia’.
Ethylene Antidote
Authors: Beyer Elmo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the most sensitive plant tissues to ethylene is the orchid flower (cover photo). “Dry sepal,” a condition characterized by a progressive drying and fading of the sepals starting at the tip and extending downward, can be triggered by a brief exposure to only several ppb of ethylene. Recently, a potent ethylene antidote was found that will prevent ethylene action in plants including “dry sepal.” It is the most specific and effective plant hormone antidote known. The Cattleya orchids shown on the cover were protected with this ethylene antidote from an ethylene exposure 30 times that which would normally induce this condition.
Crop Productivity: A National View1
Authors: Wittwer S. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
On December 3, 1974 our Chief Executive wrote to the President of the National Academy of Sciences and to the Secretary of Agriculture calling for an assessment of the food problem. A program with research and development recommendations to insure our food supply and improve nutrition for ourselves and other nations was requested. Priorities were to be set, specific programs outlined, and needed resources determined. A report is now available (2).
Horticulture's Action Band in the Spectrum of the World's Food Supply1
Authors: Oyer Edwin B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is tempting to overemphasize the role of horticultural crops in man's diet. Horticultural crops rank a poor second after the cereal grains as an energy source (Table 1) (5). It is clear that roots and tubers, fruits, nuts and vegetables contribute less than a third of the dietary calories supplied by the cereal grains. There are several factors which deserve consideration in interpreting these data.
The Origin, Cytogenetics and Reproductive Morphology of the Zonal Geranium: A Review1
Authors: Harney Patricia M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The zonal geranium, Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey2, probably originated from hybridization of natural species of the subgenus Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey of the genus Pelargonium l’Her. ex Ait. (11, 25). Although P. zonale was introduced into Europe from South Africa in 1609, it was not until 1814 that other Pelargonium species reached Europe. Since interspecific hybridization is readily accomplished under greenhouse conditions, the plant breeders of the time soon produced a number of forms different from the wild species (10, 11). Pelargonium breeding has, therefore, been carried out for over 150 years and, as few records have been kept until quite recently, the problem of species classification and determining the phylogeny of the culti-gens is difficult (28).
Silver Ion: A Potent Antiethylene Agent in Cucumber and Tomato1
Authors: Beyer Elmo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ag+, applied foliarly as AgNO3 to intact cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Wisconsin SMR-18 and GY3) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Homestead) plants, was a potent inhibitor of ethylene action. In tomatoes, AgNO3 concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/liter counteracted ethylene-induced epinasty, senescence, and abscission during a continuous 6-day-exposure to 1.5 μl/liter of ethylene. In cucumber, 50 and 100 mg/liter treatments of AgNO3 provided outstanding protection against ethylene-induced growth inhibition and senescence during a similar ethylene exposure. AgNO3 applied to ‘GY3’ gynoecious cucumbers at 500 mg/liter effectively shifted sex expression from female to male. Of over 20 other metal ions tested, only Pd and Hg were found to possess antiethylene properties, but their effect was marginal.
Evaluation of Root Viability Following Freezing by the Release of Ninhydrin-reactive Compounds1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Good George L. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A modification of the ninhydrin method of evaluating injury was made by expressing the release of ninhydrin-reactive compounds following freezing as a percentage of the potential release. This method eliminates a laborious weighing procedure and also eliminates variability due to differences in endogeneous concentrations of ninhydrin-reactive compounds in roots. The technique correlated well with survival of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. cv. Lalandii Dipp. roots and stems 3 weeks after freezing, and lends itself to studies requiring large numbers of viability determinations using relatively small sample sizes.
Surfactant Removes Flower Buds from Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Tjia B. , Heafy H. , Buxton J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar application of 5% and 10% alkaryl polyoxyethylene glycol (X–77) surfactant to greenhouse forced pre-cooled ‘Georgia’ Easter lilies resulted in flower bud abortion and shorter plants. No phytotoxic effects were observed following application of 5% X–77 and only slight curving of young leaves were noted with 10% X–77 when applied to plants after 60 or more leaves had unfolded. There was no decrease in leaf number or damage to leaf area.
Light Intensity Effects on Redosier Dogwood1
Authors: Sheppard Robert , Pellett Harold 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants of Cornus stolonifera Michx were grown in shade frames providing 100%, 75%, 53% and 27% natural light Plants with 75% light grew the most and plants with 27% light grew the least as indicated by plant height and weight. Other treatments produced intermediate growth responses.
Effectiveness of Organo-phosphate Insecticides in Controlling Rhodesgrass Scale in Sunturf Bermudagrass1
Authors: Murdoch L. , Mitchell W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rhodesgrass scale (Antonina graminis Maskell) is an important pest of turfgrass in many southern states of the U.S. Because of the positioning of the adults and the waxy coating of nymphal and adult stages, they are very difficult to control with insecticides. Excellent control of rhodesgrass scale in Sunturf bermudagrass (Cynodon magennissii Hurcombe) was obtained with Akton, diazinon, chlorpyrifos and leptophos. Ortho Dibrom Lawn Insect Spray was generally less effective than other materials.
Cabbage Looper Oviposition and Survival of Progeny on Leafy Vegetables1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , Whitaker T. W. , Berry Wade , Toba H. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When given a choice, the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), preferred lettuce for oviposition over chard [Beta vulgaris L. (Cicla group)], cabbage [Brassica oleracea (Capitata group)], broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. [Italica group)], and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Preference did not appear to be related to leaf area or to any factor that enhances the survival of progeny of a particular plant species. A 20- to 29-fold difference in oviposition was noted on lettuce grown under 2 environmental conditions.
Sugar and Dry Matter Content of Cucumber Fruits1
Authors: McCombs C. L. , Sox H. N. , Lower R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fruits of several cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars were analyzed for sugar and dry matter content shortly after harvest and after a 3-day storage period (16°C). The storage period produced no consistent pattern of differences in reducing and total sugar and dry matter content Large fruits (3.81–5.08 cm diameter) had more sugar than small fruits (<2.70 cm diameter). Fructose, glucose and sucrose were shown to be present Storage had little quantitative effect on sugar concentration. Additional data from other seasons confirmed that nearly all of the sugar present was reducing sugar. Correlations between refractive index and reducing sugar were from .42 to .93 in one experiment and from .05 to .84 in another. The sugar concentration was higher in locule tissue than in the carpel wall tissue. The sugar concentration of the fruit was generally less than 3% and refractive index expressed as percent soluble solids does not appear to be an accurate indicator of sugar content.
The Effect of Aqueous Sprays of Ammonium Fluoride on Oxygen Consumption and Firmness of Suture and Dorsal Tissues of ‘Early Improved Elberta’ Peaches1
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Rowe K. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aqueous ammonium fluoride (NH4F) sprays on ‘Early Improved Elberta’ peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) resulted in increased O2 consumption of suture tissue and inconsistent changes in O2 consumption of dorsal tissue as the spray concentration was increased. Flesh firmness on the suture side of treated fruit was less than non-sprayed fruit and decreased as either the NH4F spray concentration or number of sprays increased. The effect of the spray on the dorsal side differed from year to year. Levels of fluoride (F) in the fruit tissue were associated with F concentration and number of F sprays applied only within the same year.
Mass Screening of Young Strawberry Seedlings for Resistance to Phytophthora fragaria Hickman1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D. , Maas J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Young strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) seedlings were screened over a 4-year period for resistance to a composite of races of the red stele root rot causal organism, Phytophthora fragariae. A mixture of mycelia of 5 races of the organism, agar and water used as a root dip at the time of planting into sand on 6- to 8-week-old seedlings gave uniform results in the elimination of susceptible seedlings approximately five months later. The technique lends itself to efficient and effective mass screening of strawberry seedlings for relative resistance to P. fragariae.
Red Stele Disease of Strawberry: Soil pH, Pathogen, and Cultivar Interactions1
Authors: Maas John L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The interrelationships among red stele infection (Phytophthora fragariae Hickman races A-2 and A-5), symptom development (in susceptible ‘Blakemore’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) runner plants and ‘Midland’ × ‘Midland’ and ‘Sequoia’ × ‘Earlibelle’ seedlings), and soil pH were examined in two experiments. Percent of plants infected and disease symptom severity ratings were high when plants were grown in soil infested with P. fragariae race A-2 and soil pH 5.4 to 8.0. The length of incubation period had a greater effect on infection and disease development by race A-2 than did either soil pH or type of plant (runner plant or seedling). Symptom severity ratings among ‘Blakemore’ runner plants and ‘Sequoia’ × ‘Earlibelle’ seedlings grown in soil infested with race A-5 was highest at low to intermediate pH levels and decreased as soil pH increased. No direct relationship between soil pH and plant infection was found. Interactions among soil pH, pathogen race, and runner plant or seedling populations were significant.
‘Patriot’ Blueberry1
Authors: Hepler P. R. , Draper A. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Patriot’ a new hardy blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., originated in the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It has performed well at Jonesboro, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, and Oregon. The name ‘Patriot’ was assigned in recognition of the U.S. Bicentennial.
Minnesota 266 Muskmelon Breeding Line1
Authors: Davis D. W. , Shehata M. A. , Eide C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Minnesota 266 is an early maturing, andromonecious, short-internode breeding line of muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., from the vegetable improvement program of the Departments of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, and Plant Pathology. It has value for the home garden and, in addition, it should be useful as a germplasm source for selection as well as for the development of commercial hybrids and/or types for mechanical harvesting.
Small Fruits In Iowa1
Authors: Denisen Ervin L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticulture production management positions that have been filled by paraprofessionals for many years are gradually becoming available to better qualified men and women with horticultural degrees. Although some horticultural industries had long sought horticultural graduates for their management positions, others have only recently become aware of the larger profits available to them through fewer mistakes made by horticultural graduates. It is true that the young, inexperienced graduate from the various horticulture departments around the country will need to be trained in procedures peculiar to the company that has employed them. In fact, most successful enterprises insist on training their own personnel in their particular operational procedures. However, a basic knowledge of olericulture, ornamentals, pomology, plant growth and development, propagation, genetics, pathology, entomology, soils, nutrition, systematics, and all other segments of horticulture must be obtained through a good course of study in horticulture to prepare the graduate so that he or she may make the contribution needed by industry.
A Bright Future for Horticulture Graduates
Authors: Storey J. Benton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticulture production management positions that have been filled by paraprofessionals for many years are gradually becoming available to better qualified men and women with horticultural degrees. Although some horticultural industries had long sought horticultural graduates for their management positions, others have only recently become aware of the larger profits available to them through fewer mistakes made by horticultural graduates. It is true that the young, inexperienced graduate from the various horticulture departments around the country will need to be trained in procedures peculiar to the company that has employed them. In fact, most successful enterprises insist on training their own personnel in their particular operational procedures. However, a basic knowledge of olericulture, ornamentals, pomology, plant growth and development, propagation, genetics, pathology, entomology, soils, nutrition, systematics, and all other segments of horticulture must be obtained through a good course of study in horticulture to prepare the graduate so that he or she may make the contribution needed by industry.
Comparing Treatment Means: A Compendium1
Authors: Chew Victor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The equality of the true average responses of several treatments (cultivars, insecticides, concentrations, temperatures, etc.) is usually tested statistically by means of the F-test or the analysis of variance. If the F-test rejects the hypothesis that the treatment means are all equal, it does not necessarily follow that these means are all unequal. The next stage in the data analysis is to determine which treatment means are different. Repeated application of the Student's t-test to all possible pairs of treatment means is usually discouraged, since this procedure gives a large probability of declaring one or more pairs of treatment means to be different, when they are in fact equal. Special techniques called multiple comparison procedures are available for this purpose.