bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pear, Pyrus communis L.1
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Mitchell F. G. , Sommer N. F. , Snyder R. G. , Rae H. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At any stage of the ripeness of ‘Bartlett’ pear fruits, subsequent ripening was inhibited if the fruits were warmed to 40°C. Both production of, and sensitivity to, ethylene (C2H4) were almost totally suppressed. Even at 30°C, C2H4 production was greatly reduced in both early- and late-season fruit. Unless treated with C2H4, early-season fruit failed to ripen at 30°C although late-season fruit ripened spontaneously, presumably because of high internal concentrations of the gas. In both cases ripening was characterized by a watery breakdown of the floral end of the fruit.
At 40° and 50°C, respiratory rates declined progressively unless the fruits were treated with C2H4, whereupon a stimulation occurred although ripening was unaffected.
Gas exchange was not limiting at temperatures as high as 50°C, even when the ends of the fruits were sealed with paraffin wax. Maximum modification of the internal atmosphere of any individual fruit resulted in 15.7% O2 and 7.2% CO2. Ripening of fruits held at 20°C in that atmosphere was delayed about 3 days, presumably via mild competitive CO2 inhibition of C2H4 action.
We conclude that failure of ‘Bartlett’ pears to ripen at 40°C results from lack of C2H4 production and loss of sensitivity to the gas. The mechanisms are unknown.
Evaporative Cooling of ‘Delicious’ Apples — The Economic Feasibility of Reducing Environmental Heat Stress1
Authors: Unrath C. R. , Sneed R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of ‘Red Delicious’ apples to low volume overtree evaporative cooling (EC) irrigation was studied over a 4-year period from 1969-72. While the amount of thermal load and irrigation system run-time varied from year to year, EC consistently resulted in fruit temperature reductions averaging 5.6°C (10.1°F) for the entire 509 hr the system operated over the 4-year period. In each of the 4 years, EC improved fruit quality; on the average increasing total reddish color 8%, solid red color 13%, soluble solids 1%, and fruit weight 22-g while reducing corking 8% and bitter pit 7%. The additional fruit coloration stimulated by EC concentrated harvest in the earlier portion of the harvest season. During the 4 years of the experiment, an additional 1/3 of the cooled crop was harvested, with sufficient solid red color to meet “extra fancy” U.S. grade, during the 1st 2 weeks of the seasons. Because of higher early-season prices, the concentrated earlier harvest of EC fruit is of considerable economic benefit. In locations where heat stresses are common, the use of EC and soil irrigation should be economically feasible.
Parthenocarpy in Cucumber: Mechanism of Action of Auxin Transport Inhibitors1
Authors: Beyer E. M. , Quebedeaux B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A hypothesis is proposed and tested for the mechanism of action of parthenocarpy induction in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. ‘GY3’) by the potent inhibitors of auxin transport 3,3a-dihy dro-2-(p-methoxy phenyl)-8H-pyrazolo [5,1-a] isoindol-8-one (DPX1840), methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin), N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid (naptalam), and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA). The transport of NAA-l-14C in 5-mm peduncle sections was strongly polar in the basipetal direction (i.e., out of the ovary toward the stem) and was inhibited within 0.5 hr by each transport inhibitor when applied at 500 to 1000 mg/1 to intact plants. Ether extractions of ovary tissue from plants treated in a similar manner contained significantly greater auxin activity as determined by the Avena coleoptile straight growth bioassay.
These results are compatible with the hypothesis that auxin transport inhibitors induce parthenocarpy in cucumber by rapidly blocking the natural outward flow of auxin from the ovary thereby resulting in an accumulation of auxin within the ovary sufficient to trigger parthenocarpy.
Effect of Chilling on Bud Break in Rabbiteye Blueberry1,2
Authors: Spiers J. M. , Draper A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) differed in cold requirements for bud break. ‘Woodard’ and ‘Tifblue’ plants required 400 and 600 hr, respectively, of constant chilling (6-7°C) for normal flowering. Two hundred and 400 hr of chilling, respectively, were insufficient for bud break. Additional chilling increased the amount and rate of bud break. Defoliation hastened vegetative bud break but did not affect flower buds.
Evidence for Hybrid Vigor in F1 Citrus Populations with Pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] as One Parent1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 5 separate field-planted groups at 2 climatic locations, F1 populations and 3-way crosses involving pummelo as an immediate parent have all shown significantly larger mean trunk size, and generally larger canopy size, than crosses which lack pummelo. The other parents included oranges, mandarins, tangors (tangerine × orange), grapefruit, and the related genus Poncirus. F2 progenies and backcrosses to non-pummelo cultivars showed less vigor than the compared F1’s. Fruiting has occurred earlier and in higher proportions of trees among the pummelo crosses with Poncirus, and often with the other pummelo hybrids. These characteristics seem to represent hybrid vigor based on favorable combining ability of the pummelo, although only a limited number of pummelo cultivars were tested. The species appears to be relatively homogenous, and is one of the few Citrus species which reproduce entirely by sexual embryony. The behavior of its hybrids supports the concept that pummelos carry fewer unfavorable genes, and may be more homozygous, than Citrus species and cultivars which reproduce largely by asexual embryony.
Flowering, Pod Set, and Pod Retention of Lima Bean in Response to Night Temperature, Humidity, and Soil Moisture1
Authors: Fisher V. J. , Weaver C. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Thaxter’ and ‘Fordhook 242’ lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars were subjected to climatic variables in controlled-environment cabinets to determine conditions which were adverse to their reproduction. High night temperature promoted flower opening but was deleterious to pod set and retention. High humidity increased pod set and retention, apparently by promoting good pollen germination. High humidity, however, was unfavorable when it was combined with high temperature. Low night temperature was unfavorable when it was combined with low humidity. The most favorable environment for pod set and retention consisted of high humidity, low night temperature, and high soil moisture. ‘Fordhook 242’ set and retained fewer pods under environmental stress than ‘Thaxter’.
Studies on Lettuce Seed Quality: V. Nutritional Effects1
Authors: Soffer Hillel , Smith O. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., plants were grown in soil irrigated at various intervals with nutrient solution and in hydroponics culture. Increased nutrient level added to the soil increased seed yield but did not give a corresponding increase in seedling performance.
Hydroponically propagated seed, although heavier than soil propagated seed, were relatively poor in vigor and germinability. A positive linear correlation was found between N levels (5-15 meq) and seed yield, weight per seed, and seedling vigor. Amounts of amino acids and lipids were not positively correlated with nutrient supply, N level, or seedling vigor. Lettuce seed weight was a useful parameter in predicting seedling vigor only within a seed lot obtained from plants grown under the same environmental and nutritional conditions.
Polyphenol Oxidase-Catalyzed Browning of Young Shoot Extracts of Citrus Taxa1
Authors: Esen Asim , Soost Robert K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Based on the occurrence or absence of browning in young shoot extracts, Citrus taxa can be classified into 2 phenotypes: browning and nonbrowning. Browning results from the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic substrate present in the browning taxa. The enzyme responsible for browning is polyphenol oxidase (ortho-diphenol oxidase, EC 1.10.3.1). Nonbrowning taxa lack the substrate(s) and have little or no polyphenol oxidase activity. Browning appears to be a dominant trait. It should be useful as a genetic marker and a taxonomic criterion.
A Study of Indices for Earliest Acceptable Harvest of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 3 harvest seasons 363 lots of ‘Delicious’ apples were harvested and analyzed after a 1-day and after an 8-day ripening period at room temp. An attempt was made to relate objective indices of maturity to the ability of fruits to ripen with acceptable eating quality. A sliding scale for firmness and soluble solids appeared to be a useful index to separate ‘Delicious’ apples into 2 categories: mature - fruits which ripened with acceptable eating quality; immature - fruits which did not develop acceptable eating quality.
The Effect of Calcium on the Ripening of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruits1
Authors: Tingwa P. O. , Young R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatment with calcium (0.1 M CaSO4, 0.1 M CaCl2) depressed respiration of avocado fruits during preclimacteric and climacteric phases. Na2SO4 was ineffective. Calcium not only inhibited respiration but delayed the onset of the climacteric and depressed the peak of ethylene production at the climacteric rise. Determinations of endogenous Ca confirmed that higher levels were positively correlated to delay in ripening and negatively correlated to peak of CO2 and ethylene production. It is inferred that this difference in Ca level is one of the factors causing lack of uniformity in ripening.
Fatty Acids in the Major Lipid Fractions of Maturing Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Pascual Loreto R. , Wiley Robert C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven mutant maize genotypes with sweet corn backgrounds and 4 commercially grown sweet com cultivars were harvested from 18-45 days after pollination (DAP). The lipids were extracted, separated into major lipid fractions, transesterified and measured as methyl esters of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Neutral lipids had a low ratio of polyunsaturates to monounsaturates (1.7:1), i.e., linoleic and linolenic to oleic fatty acids. Glycolipids had the highest proportion of linoleic and linolenic acids. Phospholipids tended to be more saturated than other fractions because of their high proportion of palmitic acid. All fatty acids in the neutral lipid fraction increased on an absolute basis with advancing maturity. Fatty acids in the glycolipid and phospholipid fractions generally peaked at 28 DAP on a mg fatty acid/g corn wet weight basis and then decreased with increased maturity. The percentage of oleic acid in the glycolipid fraction doubled from 12-24 percent during the 18-45 DAP period. Experimental lines and commercial cultivars contained 18.4, 1.4, 21.5, 57.1 and 2.1 percent respectively of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid over the maturity ranges studied.
SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF CARDIOPULMONARY REHABILITATION AND NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY, MYOCARDIAL TISSUE DOPPLER AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY
Authors: ÖZÜBERK Burcu , KUNDURACILAR Zuhal , BAŞ ASLAN Ummuhan , TURAN Sıtkı , ÇAKIR Mustafa Ozan , TÜTÜN Ufuk 
Published: August 2022

Purpose: Exercise capacity is associated with diastolic function. The aim of our study is to investigate the short term effects of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and NMES on functional capacity and myocardial tissue doppler (MTD) after coronary artery surgery.
Methods: Forty patients with coronary artery bypass graft were randomly divided into two groups: CPR+NMES and CPR. Functional capacity were analyzed through 2 minutes walk test (2MWT) and sit to stand test (SST), left ventricular (LV) diastolic functions were analyzed with MTD and thoracic expansion was analyzed with chest wall measurement on the 2nd and 7th postoperative days.
Results: Statistically significant difference was identified between the groups in 2MWT distance (CPR+NMES, Zt*p=0.000*), SST (CPR, Zt*p=0.000*), E’ (CPR+NMES, Zt*p=0.002*), E (CPR+NMES, Zt*p=0.025*), E/E’ (CPR+NMES, Zt*p=0.007*), A (CPR, Zt*p=0.006*) (p
Rap2A/p-ERK1/2 is involved in glioma proliferation and migration.
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Jingjing , Liang Richu , He Jian , Liao Quan , Jiang Yuanding 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Gliomas, the most common and malignant primary tumors, relate to the highest mortality rate of all central nervous system cancers. Previously, it has been demonstrated that Rap2A plays an essential role in tumor growth in human cancer cell lines. However, it remains largely unclear as to whether and how Rap2A is involved in the development of gliomas. In the current study, the role of Rap2A in glioma and its specific molecular mechanism are investigated by our group.

Methods:
Expression of Rap2A was examined in glioma cell lines and human normal astrocyte cells using Western blot analysis. Using the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell migration assay, we elucidated the role of Rap2A in glioma cell proliferation and migration. Levels of E-cadherin, vimentin and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were also determined using Western blot.

Results:
The results suggested that Rap2A expression was remarkably decreased in glioma cells compared to the normal astrocyte cells. Overexpression of Rap2A prominently suppressed cell proliferation and migration as well as enhanced E-cadherin expression and reduced vimentin level in both U87 and U251 cells. In vivo assay proved that Rap2A overexpression slowed tumor growth of glioma. In particular, Rap2A overexpression remarkably inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

Conclusions:
Therefore, our findings demonstrated that Rap2A functioned as a tumor suppressor via modulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which may be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating glioma.
Propiolic Acids in the Synthesis of N-heterocycles
Authors: Wang Zhan-Yong , Liu Zhantong , Wang Nan , Tong Yuanfeng 
Published: August 2022

:
This review discussed the synthetic applications of propiolic acids in the preparation of
diverse N-heterocycles. 3~9-membered rings like azirines, β-lactams, oxazolidin-2-ones, 2-oxindoles,
indoles, isoindolin-1-ones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, triazoles, 2-pyridones, 2-quinolones, 1,4-
benzothiazines, thiazinones, spiroindolines, etc. could be constructed via radical addition, fourcomponent
Ugi reactions, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, or Diels-Alder reaction mechanism. We hope
this review will promote future research in this area

Introduction;:
Synthesis of azirines; Synthesis of lactams; Construction of five-membered rings; Construction
of six-membered rings; Double cyclization for N-heterocycles; Construction of 7~9-
membered rings; Conclusion.
Evaluation of Risk Assessment for Acrylamide in Bread Consumed in
Tehran
Authors: Koohi Mohammad Kazem , Azimoshan Naghmeh , Hassan Jalal 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
This study was aimed to investigate the average amount of acrylamide in two types of traditional bread (Barbari and Sangak) and one type of industrial bread (toast) and to investigate their hazard potential (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR).

Methods:
Twenty samples of each Barbari, Sangak, and Toast from a bakery in one of the neighborhoods of Tehran in a period of one month were prepared completely randomly.

Results:
These results were obtained using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method and a chromatographic device equipped with a phosphorus-nitrogen detector (NPD). The highest amount of acrylamide was obtained in Sangak (59.7 ng g-1), Barbari (52.6 ng g-1) and toast (38.2 ng g-1) bread, respectively.

Conclusion:
Carcinogenic risk factor (CR) in Sangak and Barbari bread in the amounts of 320 and 500 g per day can be problematic for the consumer and increase the risk of carcinogenic diseases. However, these values do not prohibit the consumption of toast.
Sensory Characteristic, Nutritional Content, and Glycemic Analysis of
Instant Porridge Made of Red Rice, Pumpkin, and Tuna Formulated for
the Elderly
Authors: Sudargo Toto , Larasati Adisti Qamahadlina , Aulia Bianda , Prameswari Atika Anif , Aristasari Tira , Putri Sheila Rosmala 
Published: August 2022

Background:
The elderly experience decreased muscle mass and strength, which is often coupled with a reduced dietary intake that may affect physical fitness and quality of life.

Objectives:
This study aimed to develop Bensuka, an instant porridge product made from red rice, pumpkin, and tuna, formulated for the elderly.

Methods:
To find the right formulation with a low glycemic index (GI) and favorable sensory characteristics, the ingredients were mixed with different ratios, F1 (40% rice, 25% pumpkin, 20% tuna), F2 (35% rice, 25% pumpkin, 25% tuna), and F3 (35% rice, 20% pumpkin, 30% tuna).The sensory characteristics, such as appearance (color), aroma, flavor, texture) were assessed by 64 semi trained panelists using a 7-point Likert scale, with 1=strongly dislike and 7= strongly like. One-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the different characteristics between formulations. The nutritional content was assessed using standardized laboratory analysis according to AOAC guidelines.

Results:
The formula with a higher ratio of tuna had a higher protein content, while the formula with a higher proportion of red rice had higher calorie and ash content (mineral content). There were no significant differences in sensory characteristics between the three formulations, but F2 had the highest Likert score for flavor and texture. F2 also had the lowest glycemic index and load.

Conclusion:
Bensuka instant porridge has favorable sensory and nutrient properties. F2 formulation had the lowest GI and GL. In terms of sensory properties, F2 texture, flavor, and aroma were the most favorable. Therefore, F2 will be used for further elderly functional food studies.
Managing Maternal Fatigue During Childbirth: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chaisitsanguan Kunnikar , Kongwattananon Puangpaka , Hawthrone Dawn 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Fatigue is a complex phenomenon. It is a common problem that occurs at
all periods of childbearing. Pregnancy and labor are recognized as a normal physiological process,
and fatigue, a common symptom that occurs frequently throughout the childbearing experience, has
the potential to negatively affect the woman’s prenatal and birth experience. Fatigue is often overlooked
by health professionals.

Objective:
The aim of this systematic review is to review the literature regarding the factors influencing
maternal fatigue during childbirth and its management.

Methods:
The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review was used to guide this study. Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was performed to report
this systematic review. The database was searched from CINALH, Pubmed, PsyInfo, ThaiJO,
and other sources for grey literature from 1990-2021. The methodological quality process used the
critical appraisal tool for RCT study and MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-randomized
Studies). Nine published articles were selected for this study.

Results:
The factors influencing maternal fatigue during childbirth were found to be physiological,
psychological, and situational. The physiological factors were age, parity, uterine contractility,
available energy substrate, nutrition adequacy, and prenatal exercise. The psychological factors
were pain and anxiety. The situational factors were childbirth education, pain medication, prenatal
employment, sleep, breathing technique, and pushing intervention. The strategies of managing fatigue
during childbirth were 1) assessing maternal fatigue in early pregnancy; 2) childbirth preparation; 3)
conservation of energy; 4) shortened duration of labor; and 5) reduced labor pain and anxiety.

Conclusion:
Maternal fatigue during childbirth impacts the mother, the child, and the family. It is
important for nurses to understand the deleterious effects of fatigue on childbearing women and to
promote interventions that reduce or prevent fatigue during pregnancy and childbirth.
Design Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of Tacrine-flavone Hybrids as
Multifunctional Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Remya R. S. , Ramalakshmi N. , Nalini C.N. , Niraimathi V. , Amuthalakshmi S. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder.
The multifactorial etiology of AD has led to the design of multitarget directed ligands (MTDL) for
AD. Tacrine an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor was the first FDA approved drug for AD but
is discontinued due to hepatotoxicity.

Objective:
Present research focused on incorporating a flavone to the tacrine nucleus to enhance the
anti-Alzheimer’s property of the tacrine with the synergistic effect of flavone which is a very good
antioxidant. It is expected that the antioxidant property and hepatoprotective nature of flavones will
reduce the hepatotoxic side effect of tacrine.

Method:
We designed and synthesized ten flavone substituted tacrine derivatives and evaluated for
in vitro AChE and BuChE inhibitoy activity by modified Ellman’s method using eeAChE and
eqBuChE. In vitro antioxidant activity was studied by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Molecular
modeling studies were conducted in Schrodinger and AutoDock Vina with TcAChE(PDB
ID:1H23),hAChE(PDB ID:4EY7) and hBuChE(PDB ID:4TPK).

Results:
All the compounds exhibited potent inhibitory effect on AChE and BuChE with IC50 values
in μM concentration. The compounds exhibited very good antioxidant activity in DPPH radical
scavenging assay. Among the compounds the compound AF1 showed highest activity with IC50
value of 0.93 μM for AChE and 1.48 μM for BuChE and also showed significant antioxidant activity
(2.6 nM). A correlation graph was plotted for IC 50 values vs Dock score and the results are
promising with r2 values of 0.62 and 0.73 for AChE and BuChE inhibition respectively which
proved the reliability of docking approaches.

Conclusion:
The results highlighted the multifunctional nature of the novel Tacrine-Flavone hybrids
and they may be promising MTDL for AD.