bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial stiffness and blood pressure are similar in naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive pill‐using women during the higher hormone phases
Authors: Eagan Lauren E. , Chesney Catalina A. , Mascone Sara E. , Ranadive Sushant M. 
Published: February 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Are there differences in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and indices of pressure waveforms between young oral contraceptive pill‐using and naturally menstruating women during lower and higher hormone phases of their cycles?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Blood pressure, arterial stiffness and indices of pressure waveforms are influenced similarly by exogenous and endogenous hormones. However, lower levels of exogenous hormones moderately increase blood pressure among oral contraceptive pill‐using women.

AbstractElevations in blood pressure (BP) are understood as having a bidirectional relationship with stiffening of central and peripheral arteries. Arterial stiffness is mitigated by oestrogen, which aides in arterial vasorelaxation. To evaluate whether BP, stiffness, and pressure waveforms were different between young healthy naturally menstruating (non‐OCP) and oral contraceptive pill (OCP)‐using women, we measured brachial and aortic BPs, carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid β‐stiffness, elastic modulus, central augmentation index and augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm, and forward and backward pressure waveforms in 22 women (22 (1) years, OCP: n = 12). To assess phasic differences, women were studied during the early follicular (≤5 days of menstruation onset) and early luteal (4 (2) days post‐ovulation) phases of non‐OCP and compared to the placebo pill (≤5 days of onset) and active pill (≤5 days of highest‐dose active pill) phases of OCP. During the lower hormone phases, OCP users had significantly higher brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) (119.3 (8.3) vs. 110.2 (8.3) mmHg, P = 0.02) and aortic SBP (104.10 (7.44) vs. 96.80 (6.39) mmHg, P = 0.03) as compared to non‐OCP users; however, during the higher hormone phases, there were no differences in measures of brachial or aortic BP, arterial stiffness, or indices of BP waveforms between OCP and non‐OCP users (P ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, exogenous and endogenous hormones have similar influences on BP and arterial stiffness; however, lower levels of exogenous hormones augment both central and peripheral BPs.
Identifying the Effect of PWHT on Strength of Laser Beam Welding Joints of AA2024 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Rajendran C. , Ben Ruben R. , Ashokavarthanan P. , Mallieswaran K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The corrosion-resistant and strength-to-weight ratios are the primary factors in high-strength aluminum alloy. Hence, the AA2024 alloy is a possible candidate in the critical structural fabrication industry. The traditional joining method is ineffective for welding aluminum alloys. Higher melting point and temperature variations cause alloy isolation; porosity and hot cracking are caused by melting point variations. As a result, to fabricate joints, a light heat source laser beam was used. The weaker area of most fusion-welded joints was the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The post-weld heat treatment was used at HAZ to improve the properties. According to the experimental findings, the joint welded with solution treatment and artificial aging had a maximum tensile strength of 358 MPa. Re-precipitation of precipitates may accomplish in HAZ.
Influence of the Tool Wear on the Quality and Service Life of Gears for the Geared Turbofan Technology Machined by Five-Axis Milling
Authors: Zachert Christoph , Lakner Thomas , Greschert René , Schraknepper Daniel , Bergs Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The geared turbofan technology is one essential way to reduce the fuel consumption, the environmental footprint, and the noise pollution of civil aircrafts. An added gearbox between the fan and the low-pressure compressor that reduces the fan speed, which allows higher bypass ratios, achieves the mentioned benefits of geared turbofans. To withstand the high mechanical loads, large double helical gears are used. Gear hobbing and gear grinding require large tool maneuvering spaces. This leads to a larger required space between the single gears of the double helical gear. As a result, the gears are larger and heavier, which lead to a reduced economy of the aircraft. The tool maneuvering space of five-axis milling with solid carbide end mills is much smaller. This enables the design of smaller, lighter, and more efficient aircraft engines. However, manufacturing these gears in tolerances better than IT5 is very challenging on five-axis milling machine tools. This paper presents investigations about finish machining of hardened gears on five-axis machine tools. In the investigations performed, varying tool substrates and tool coatings have been investigated together with tool travel paths in order to reduce the tool wear, which is key to achieve the demanded tolerances. Finally, the five-axis milled gears were compared to conventionally manufactured gears on test benches to enable statements regarding the expectable service lives of the manufactured gears.
Agreement Between Two Methods for Computing the Anterior–Posterior Positions of Native Femoral Condyles Using Three-Dimensional Bone Models With and Without Articular Cartilage and Smoothing
Authors: Simileysky Alexander , Hull M. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Knowledge of anterior–posterior (AP) movement of the femoral condyles on the tibia in healthy knees serves to assess whether an artificial knee restores natural movement. Two methods for identifying AP positions and hence condylar movements include: (1) the flexion facet center (FFC) and (2) the lowest point (LP) methods. The objectives were to determine (1) agreement between the two methods and (2) whether addition of articular cartilage and/or smoothing significantly affects AP positions. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of healthy knees were obtained from eleven subjects, who subsequently performed a dynamic, weight-bearing deep knee bend under fluoroscopy. Four different types of MR models of the distal femur were created: femur, smoothed femur, femur with articular cartilage, and femur with smoothed articular cartilage. In the medial and lateral compartments for the femur with smoothed articular cartilage at 0 deg flexion, mean AP positions of the LPs were 7.7 mm and 5.4 mm more anterior than those of the FFCs, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001, p = 0.0002) and limits of agreement were ±5.5 mm. In the flexion range 30 deg to 90 deg, differences in mean AP positions were 1.5 mm or less and limits of agreement were bounded by ±2.4 mm. Differences in mean AP positions between model types were &lt;1.3 mm for both LPs and FFCs. Since omitting articular cartilage from three-dimensional (3D) models of the femur minimally affected AP positions, faster and less expensive imaging techniques such as computed-tomography (CT) can be used to generate 3D bone models for kinematic analysis. In addition, the LP method is preferred over the FFC method because of its inherent accuracy in indicating the AP position of the instant center of curvature of the femoral condyles which varies with the knee in extension versus flexion.
Effect of Coolant Crossflow on Film Cooling Effectiveness of Diffusion Slot Hole With and Without Ribs
Authors: Li Chen , An Baitao , Liu Jianjun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The coolant flow condition at the film hole entrance has a notable effect on film cooling effectiveness. The previous studies about internal ribbed crossflow effects are the hole with a circular inlet cross section. In this study, a diffusion slot hole with a race-track inlet cross section is examined in a low-speed wind tunnel by the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The film cooling effectiveness of three different hole configurations are investigated: a normal diffusion slot hole, a compound angle diffusion slot hole, and a lateral inclination angle diffusion slot hole. Two internal perpendicular crossflow conditions with and without ribs for the 45 deg inline crossflow and the 135 deg counter crossflow are discussed. The blowing ratios are varied from 0.5 to 2.5 at a constant crossflow-to-mainstream velocity ratio of 0.36. A detailed method for the uncertainty analysis of the PSP is also presented. It is found that the normal diffusion slot hole always shows the best cooling performance than other holes. The ribs under the crossflow condition have a positive effect on the film cooling effectiveness for the normal diffusion slot hole even though the compound angle changes the hole’s orientation. However, the ribs have a negative effect on the film cooling effectiveness for the geometrically asymmetric diffusion slot hole.
Conjugate Heat Transfer and Flow Features of Single-Hole and Combined-Hole Film Cooling With Rib-Roughened Internal Passages
Authors: Zhu Rui , Li Shulei , Xie Gongnan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Internal cooling and film cooling, as two main cooling methods in modern gas turbines, work together to protect the high-temperature components of gas turbines. This paper presents the results of a computational study on cooling performance for a flat plate with both film cooling and internal cooling using a conjugate heat transfer analysis. Three internal delivery channel geometries, smooth channel, channel roughened by square ribs (SR), and channel roughened by crescent ribs (CR), are studied with two film cooling geometries, cylindrical hole, and sister holes (SS). The respective conjugate cooling performances are compared. Detailed flow and heat transfer characteristics are presented and discussed. Results show that both film cooling effectiveness and internal cooling performances are influenced by the delivery channel geometry near the hole inlets. The sink flow effects of film cooling enhance the heat transfer coefficient near the film cooling hole inlet. At the same time, film cooling performance is affected by the internal channel as the flow inside the film cooling hole is influenced by the ribs near the hole inlets. When using sister holes, ribs in the internal channels make the anti-kidney vortex structure created by sister holes more effective by changing the mass flow distribution among the three holes.
A Novel Design of Multistable Metastructure With Nonuniform Cross Section
Authors: Hua Jian , Lei Hongshuai , Gao Cun-Fa , Fang Daining 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Multistable metastructure can be used as a reusable energy-absorbing structure which is usually accompanied by relatively low energy absorption capacity. In this work, a novel structure with variable cross-sectional width was designed to improve the energy dissipation efficiency of multistable structures. To this end, we theoretically obtained the specific optimization configuration of the bistable unit cell structure. Compared to the traditional bistable unit cell structure with uniform curved beam, the as-obtained optimized structure showed improved mechanical properties, while maximum strain remained relatively reduced during deformation. Systematic parameter analyses were carried out through theoretical analysis, finite element simulation, and experimental verification to determine the optimized range of the unit cell structure. Compared to the traditional structure with the same maximum strain during deformation, the mechanical properties like the maximum peak force, minimum negative force, and energy absorption efficiency of the optimized structure increased by at least 155%, 91%, and 136%, respectively.
Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Analysis of Entropy Generation on Laminar Natural Convection in Enclosures With Partitioned Walls and for Different Heating Positions
Authors: Zemani Farah , Sabeur Amina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A numerical investigation is performed to analyze air's steady natural convection phenomena in an enclosure with partial active sidewalls. A partition is attached to the hot wall for different active locations to study the effect of the partition position on the heat transfer. First, a finite volume method solves the coupled equations of continuity, momentum, and energy. The SIMPLE algorithm is used to solve the pressure velocities coupling iteratively. Second, based on the obtained dimensionless velocity and temperature values, the distributions of the local entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction and the total entropy generation are determined for different parameters. The results are presented graphically in streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt numbers. Three different configurations of active region arrangement are considered in this study, while the partition length has been changed. In order to identify the optimum location of the partition for better heat transfer, the effect of entropy generation has been studied. The heat transfer rate decreases with the increased partition length, especially for l = L/2. Thus, the maximum average Nusselt number occurs for the middle–middle arrangement, while the minimum one occurs for the bottom–bottom arrangement. The numerical investigations in this analysis are made over a wide range of parameters, Rayleigh number 103 to 105, dimensionless partitions length (l = L/8, L/4, L/2), and irreversibility coefficients 10−4&lt; ϕ &lt; 10−2; however, the Prandtl numbers was fixed to 0.71.
Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury epidemiology in children: a systematic review
Authors: Williams Chloe , Hankinson Charlotte , McWilliam Stephen J , Oni Louise 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionVancomycin is a recognised cause of drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to summarise the incidence of, and the risk factors for, vancomycin-associated AKI (v-AKI) in children.DesignA systematic search was performed in November 2020 on the search engines PubMed, Web of Science and Medline, using predefined search terms. The inclusion criteria were primary paediatric studies, intervention with vancomycin and studies that included AKI as an outcome. Study quality was assessed using the relevant Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. The data are reported using descriptive statistics.Results890 studies were identified and screened with 25 studies suitable for inclusion. A cohort of 12 730 patients with v-AKI were included and the incidence of v-AKI in children was found to be 11.8% (1.6%–27.2%). The median age of the cohort was 2.5 years (range 0–23) and 57% were male patients. Risk factors that increased the likelihood of v-AKI were concomitant use of nephrotoxic medications, increased trough concentrations and, to a lesser extent, increased dose, longer duration of treatment, impaired renal function and if the patient required paediatric intensive care.ConclusionsThe incidence of v-AKI in children is significant and methods to reduce this risk should be considered. Further prospective interventional studies to understand the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity from vancomycin are needed and targeting risk factors may make vancomycin administration safer.
Proxy responses regarding quality of life of patients with terminal lung cancer: preliminary results from a prospective observational study
Authors: Takura Tomoyuki , Koike Tomoko , Matsuo Yoko , Sekimoto Asuko , Mutou Masami 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveThis prospective study used the EQ-5D utility and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores to analyse the potential usefulness of proxy responses in quality of life assessments of Japanese patients with terminal lung cancer sufficiently healthy to communicate and reply by themselves. We did not investigate the potential usefulness of using proxy responses for patients who could not respond by themselves.DesignA prospective observational study.SettingSingle centre.ParticipantsThe EQ-5D and VAS responses were gathered from 30 in-hospital patients with lung cancer for a total of three observation points. At nearly the same time, two nurses responded by providing proxy responses.Primary and secondary outcome measuresEQ-5D and VAS responses.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the patients’ and nurses’ responses for EQ-5D utility and VAS scores. For the five dimensions of the EQ-5D, significant differences were found between the patients’ and nurses’ responses for usual activities (patients’ response 1.64±0.07, nurses’ response 1.41±0.05, p=0.03) and anxiety/depression (patients’ response: 1.40±0.05, nurses’ response: 1.19±0.03, p=0.02). There was a significant weak positive correlation between patients’ and nurses’ responses regarding changes in responses from the first to the third observation point (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ=0.228; p<0.01).ConclusionThe results suggest that proxy responses are useful because there were no significant differences between the patients’ and nurses’ responses for EQ-5D utility and VAS scores at the three observation points. These findings should, however, be verified in future large-scale trials.
Clinical efficacy and safety outcomes of bempedoic acid for LDL-C lowering therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Yingfeng , Parco Claudio , Karathanos Athanasios , Krieger Torben , Schulze Volker , Chernyak Nadja , Icks Andrea , Kelm Malte , Brockmeyer Maximilian , Wolff Georg 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesBempedoic acid (BA) is a novel oral low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering drug. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess efficacy and safety for clinical outcomes in high cardiovascular (CV) risk patients.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Clinical Trial Results and the American College of Cardiology web site were searched.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of BA versus placebo in high CV risk patients reporting clinical outcomes were included.Main outcomes and measuresPrimary efficacy outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), all-cause mortality, CV mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI). Safety outcomes included new onset or worsening of diabetes mellitus (DM), muscular disorders, gout and worsening of renal function.ResultsSix RCTs with a total of 3956 patients and follow-ups of four to 52 weeks were identified. Heterogeneity mainly derived from differing follow-up duration and baseline CV risk. No difference in MACE (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.15), all-cause mortality (OR 2.37; CI 0.80 to 6.99) and CV mortality (OR 1.66; CI 0.45 to 6.04) for BA versus placebo was observed. BA showed beneficial trends for non-fatal MI (OR 0.57; CI 0.32 to 1.00) and was associated with a lower risk of new-onset or worsening of DM (OR 0.68; CI 0.49 to 0.94), but higher risk of gout (OR 3.29; CI 1.28 to 8.46) and a trend for muscular disorders (OR 2.60; CI 1.15 to 5.91) and worsening of renal function (OR 4.24; CI 0.98 to 18.39).ConclusionBA in high CV risk patients showed no significant effects on major CV outcomes in short-term follow-up. Unfavourable effects on muscular disorders, renal function and gout sound a note of caution. Hence, further studies with longer term follow-up in carefully selected populations are needed to clarify the risk/benefit ratio of this novel therapy.
Side effects of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol of randomised trials
Authors: Medeiros Kleyton Santos , Costa Ana Paula Ferreira , Sarmento Ayane Cristine Alves , Freitas Cijara Leonice , Gonçalves Ana Katherine 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a large number of global COVID-19 cases. Strategies such as social isolation, personal hygiene and frequent hand washing have been implemented; however, a protective vaccine is required to achieve sufficient herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection to ultimately control the COVID-19 pandemic. To meet the urgent need for a vaccine, a reduction in the development schedule has been proposed from 10–15 years to 1–2 years. For this reason, this systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aims to compare the side effects, safety and toxicity of COVID-19 vaccines available globally, including their combinations.Methods and analysisWe will select randomised controlled trial-type studies that evaluate the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, LILACS, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), medRxiv.org, biorxiv.org, preprints.org and the Cochrane Library will be searched for eligible studies until December 2021. Three reviewers will independently screen and select studies, assess methodological quality and extract data. A meta-analysis will be performed, if possible, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations summary of findings will be presented.Ethics and disseminationThis study will review published data, and thus it is unnecessary to obtain ethical approval. The findings of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021231101.
Need for support among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study at an academic hospital in the Netherlands
Authors: Kranenburg Leonieke W , de Veer Mathijs R , Oude Hengel Karen M , Kouwenhoven-Pasmooij Tessa A , de Pagter Anne PJ , Hoogendijk Witte JG , Busschbach Jan JV , van Mol Margo MC 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesThe aim of the current study is to gain insight into the factors that benefit vitality and resilience of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, to develop and direct specific support strategies.Design, setting and participantsThis study applies a qualitative design, consisting of six focus groups and five interviews among 38 frontline healthcare workers in a large Dutch academic hospital. Included were professionals of the intensive care unit, COVID-19 departments, infection prevention units and facility management services. The study was conducted in October and November 2020, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Data analysisThematic analysis was applied to focus group and interview data to gain insight into the factors that contribute to maintaining vitality and resilience, and to assess specific support needs.ResultsData analysis of the focus groups and individual interviews resulted in a thematic map of the factors that contribute to maintaining resilience and vitality. The map stretches over two axes: one ranging from a healthy basis to adequate professional functioning and the other from individual to organisation, resulting in four quadrants: recharge and recover (healthy basis, individual), safety and connectedness at work (healthy basis, organisational), collaboration (professional functioning, organisational) and professional identity (professional functioning, individual).ConclusionAreas for organisational support strategies to increase vitality and resilience among healthcare professionals are: consistent communication, realistic job performance expectations, monitor and improve mental resilience, showing appreciation and act upon practical support requests.