bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a nursing home mortality index to identify nursing home residents nearing the end of life in dental clinics
Authors: Chen Xi , Caplan Daniel J. , Comnick Carissa L. , Hartshorn Jennifer , Shuman Stephen K , Xie Xian‐Jin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundNursing home (NH) residents seek care at dental offices, yet many of them are at the end of life. The uncertain life expectancy further complicates the care of NH residents. This study aimed to develop and validate a Nursing Home Mortality Index (NHMI) to identify NH residents in the last year of life.MethodsLogistic modeling was used to develop predictive models for death within 1 year after initial appointment by utilizing the new patient examination data and mortality data of 903 Minnesota NH residents. The final model was selected based on areas under the curve (AUC) and then validated using data from 586 Iowa NH residents. Based on the final model, the NHMI was developed with the estimated 1‐year mortality for the low, medium and high risk group.ResultsOne‐year mortalities were 21% and 26% in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Predictors included age, gender, communication capacity, physical mobility, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease and liver disease. AUCs for the development and validation models were 0.73 and 0.68, respectively. For the validation cohort, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.79 and 0.53, respectively. The estimated 1‐year mortality risks for three risk groups were 0%–10%, 11%–19%, and ≥20%, respectivelyConclusionThe high mortality rate of NH residents following a dental exam highlighted a need to incorporate patients’ prognoses in treatment planning along with normative needs and patients’ preferences. The NHMI provides a practical way to guide treatment decisions for end‐of‐life NH residents.
YTGT: A new high‐prevalence antigen in the Yt blood group system in two unrelated Native Americans and transfusion management
Authors: Van Buren Nancy L. , Gillen Barbara , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Burgos Anna , Pease Daniel , Beaver Maria , Imbryk Adam , Dugger Julia , Fugate Alexandra , Hebel Eric , Lodermeier Michelle , Vege Sunitha , Westhoff Connie M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Yt system consists of five antigens: antithetical Yta/Ytb and the high‐prevalence antigens YTEG, YTLI, and YTOT. We investigated a sample from a Native American (NA) female with post‐operative anemia and an unidentified antibody who developed rigors, tachycardia, and hypotension on transfusion of incompatible RBCs.Methods and MaterialsSerologic testing methods included LISS, PEG, and IgG gel. Test RBCs were treated with papain, trypsin, alpha‐chymotrypsin, 2‐amino‐ethylisothiouronium, and dithiothreitol. Rare RBCs were tested, and inhibition studies were performed. DNA extracted from WBCs was used for Sanger sequencing.ResultsInitial testing showed strong 3–4+ plasma reactivity with all panel cells at LISS IAT; auto control was negative. Positive reactions were observed with numerous rare RBCs except for PNH‐III, which lack GPI‐linked DO, Yt, CROM, JMH, and Emm. Enzyme sensitivity patterns suggest Yt specificity, and soluble recombinant srYt neutralized reactivity. ACHE sequencing revealed YT*A/A genotype but with a homozygous change in exon 2, c.290A>G (p.Gln97Arg). Antibody reactivity was reminiscent of that seen in an unrelated NA male investigated previously. His RBCs were nonreactive with her plasma. ACHE carried the same c.290G/G change.ConclusionTwo unrelated NA patients were found to have an antibody to a new high‐prevalence Yt antigen, designated YTGT (YT6), associated with a clinically significant transfusion reaction. Identification of the specificity relied on enzyme sensitivity, use of PNH‐III RBCs, neutralization using soluble recombinant Yt, and the finding of a novel change in ACHE, c.290A>G (p.Gln97Arg), designated YT*01.‐06. IVIG and steroids were used to mitigate further reactions to transfusion.
Assessment of corneal and limbal epithelial thickness by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography in brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Jeong Youngseok , Kang Seonmi , Ahn Junyeong , Kim Sol , Kim Hyelin , Park Jisoo , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the variance in corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and limbal epithelial thickness (LET) according to the age and skull type by using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in normal dogs.Animals and proceduresThis study used an eye each from 46 dogs (24 brachycephalic and 22 non‐brachycephalic dogs) assessed to have clear corneas. Each dog was classified according to age into groups 1 (0–5 years), 2 (6–10 years), and 3 (>11 years). OCT imaging was performed on the central cornea for CET and perpendicular to the quadrant of the limbus for LET. The average of the maximum LET (maxLET) value was measured in four eye quadrants.ResultsCorneal epithelial thickness was not significantly different according to age in brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs. Visualization of the limbal invagination was better when the maxLET was thick. Nasal and temporal maxLETs were significantly thicker than superior and inferior maxLETs in non‐brachycephalic dogs. In brachycephalic dogs, there was a significant decrease in nasal maxLET with age (rs = −0.489, p = .015). Significant differences between brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs were observed in nasal maxLET (p = .024) and temporal maxLET (p = .011).ConclusionsInvagination was better visualized in the nasal and temporal limbal quadrants of non‐brachycephalic dogs compared with brachycephalic dogs, and the maxLETs of the regions were thicker than those of the brachycephalic dogs. CET and LET measurements using SD‐OCT can help in clinical assessment and research on ocular surface diseases in dogs.
A Clearanceometer for Determining Blade-Tip Clearances of Axial-Flow Compressors
Authors: Brunot A. W. , Fulton R. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper covers the design and use of an instrument for determining blade-tip clearances of axial-flow compressors. The development of the measuring head and control circuits for operating the probe-type head and the results obtained from the use of this instrument are covered with illustrations and graphs which show clearances in axial-flow compressors under various operating conditions.
A Study of Burner Oscillations of the Organ-Pipe Type
Authors: Putnam A. A. , Dennis W. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Three simplified combustion systems have been investigated for acoustical oscillations. The systems are: (a) a mixing chamber and multiple-port burner mounted in a combustion tube open at both ends; (b) a similar mixing chamber and multiple-port burner which completely blocked the secondary-air inlet of the combustion tube; and (c) a system similar to (b), but utilizing separate fuel and primary-air inlets, giving a diffusion flame rather than a premixed-gas flame. Oscillations were found to occur only for certain ranges of the variables. In the first system, the pitch differed significantly in adjacent ranges of oscillation. In the two latter systems, the frequency of the oscillations remained fairly uniform and close to the fundamental of the combustion tube, although breaks occurred in the data as the configurations of the inlet supply systems were varied. These results are explained on the basis of (a) the time of feedback of pressure pulses which ultimately cause changes in the heat-release rate, and (b) the location of the flame relative to a section of maximum pressure amplitude in the combustion tube. In further substantiation of the implications of the test results, the Appendix presents a thermodynamic treatment of the phase requirement between rate of heat release and pressure.
A Nondimensional Correlation of Flame Propagation at Subatmospheric Pressures
Authors: Cullen R. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The effect of ambient pressure on the propagation rate of Bunsen flames in propane-air and ethylene-air mixtures is described. It is concluded that the normal flame speed for the fuels studied varies inversely with the logarithm of the pressure from atmospheric pressures to as low as 1 in. Hg abs. A nondimensional parameter, the Peclet number, is established that correlates the results with four burner sizes, two fuels, and for the range of pressures investigated. It is concluded that the Peclet number must be kept large to avoid considerable reductions in flame speeds at subatmospheric pressures.
The Significance of the Thermal Number in Metal Machining
Authors: Chao B. T. , Trigger K. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The theoretical analysis of heat flow in conjunction with cutting data in high-speed orthogonal metal-machining operations reveals that, for a given tool rake, the temperature distribution along the shear plane is solely dependent on the thermal number, Vct/k. An explanation is offered for the difference in chip curvature as the cutting conditions are changed. Further significance of the thermal number in metal machining is presented.
A Sensitive Pressure Controller for High-Pressure Service
Authors: Golden P. L. , Headrick A. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An automatic, sensitive, pneumatic pressure controller has been developed for regulating the flow of hydrogen to a bench-scale, high-pressure, hydrogenation unit. It utilizes a 20-turn helical Bourdon tube which is connected to the flapper of a nozzle-flapper combination. When the nozzle is closed, air pressure in the controller acts through a system of bellows and cylinders on a rack which drives a gear connected to the regulating valve. The controller prevents slow drifts of pressure and has operated satisfactorily at 9000 psig pressure.
Rupture-Disk Design Evaluation and Bursting Tests
Authors: Prescott G. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The use of rupture disks as a quick-acting pressure-relief device in the chemical industry is well established. High-pressure synthesis units must be protected adequately against abnormal pressure surges caused by malfunctioning of equipment and chemical decompositions and reactions which may occur with explosive violence. The results of a recent investigation into the design and application of rupture disks at du Pont’s Belle Works in West Virginia constitute the basis of this paper.
Design and Application of Controlled-Volume Pumps for High Pressure in the Range of 10,000 to 30,000 Psi
Authors: Jones D. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Any thorough examination of current trends in process development should include consideration of the steady move toward higher operating pressures in various fields. Certain reactions which are favored at higher pressures are being investigated not only in the laboratory, but now are being expanded into semiworks and even into full commercial scale. Reactions formerly undertaken only at lower pressures are being developed for use at high pressures because of higher efficiencies and better yields. Equipment manufacturers certainly have felt the impact of this trend in that high-pressure specifications are definitely increasing. Controlled-volume pumps are required for many developments in this high-pressure field and this paper is an examination of their design and application in the range of 10,000 to 30,000 psi.
A Simple High-Speed Air Spinner for Centrifugal Testing of Small Mechanical Devices
Authors: Bild C. F. , Vial P. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This centrifuge was developed for the purpose of testing the functioning of mechanical and electromechanical devices while these devices were spinning up to 1000 rps. A typical device is a clock mechanism, in which parts of considerable mass shift position during test.
Plastic Flow in a Lead Extrusion
Authors: Yang C. T. , Thomsen E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Commercially pure lead was extruded through a sharp-edged circular orifice by an indirect or inverted extrusion process. Metal flow directions and plastic strains were determined during a small stepwise deformation process from distorted, originally square, grid-line network scribed on a meridian plane. It was found that the metal flow directions do not coincide with instantaneous grid-line directions nor with the streamline directions in frictionless or potential fluid flow. It was further found that the metal located in the corner, formed by cylinder wall and die face, was in a state of plastic deformation. This observation is contrary to previously reported investigations and shows that the surface quality of the finished extrusion is dependent on the surface quality of the billet from which the extrusion was pressed. A strain analysis was made from which principal stress directions in the plastic metal were calculated.
Deformation Work Absorbed by the Workpiece During Metal Cutting
Authors: Thomsen E. G. , Lapsley J. T. , Grassi R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The deformation work absorbed by the workpiece during metal cutting is analyzed. It was shown from photomicrographs that this is appreciable and may constitute the major energy absorbed in metal cutting when the depth of cut becomes small. The so-called “size effect in metal cutting,” in part, may be explained by this workpiece deformation. Correcting cutting forces for workpiece deformation in no way detracts from Merchant’s analysis, based on the minimum-energy principle. However, the criteria of plasticity in metal cutting and the correlation of metal-cutting data with tensile data remain in doubt.
Stress Relaxation in Compression of Rubber and Synthetic-Rubber Vulcanizates Immersed in Oil
Authors: Beatty J. R. , Juve A. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Stress relaxation in compression in air has been studied for compounds of various polymers. However, rubber seals, gaskets, and other applications are widely used where swelling agents, such as oil, are encountered. It was thought desirable to measure the stress-relaxation properties of various rubbers to determine their performance under such conditions. The results show that continuous stress relaxation is inhibited by the presence of oil and that unconfined swelling measurements predict the degree of inhibition directly. The variables of temperature and type of oil were investigated.
Effect of Preloading and Fatigue on Mechanical Properties of Glass-Cloth Plastic Laminates
Authors: Freas A. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Tensile tests of glass-cloth plastic laminates showed that modulus of elasticity and proportional-limit stress may be changed considerably after the first application of stress. A small number of preloads, in either tension or compression, have no appreciable effect on the strength of the laminate. The application of many repeated or reversed stresses, however, may result in a fatigue strength that is much lower than the static strength of the material.
The Rotary Regenerative Air Preheater for Gas Turbines
Authors: Bowden A. T. , Hryniszak W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
After some brief definitions, the paper deals with the influence of a regenerative air preheater on the performance of a simple open-cycle gas turbine, and formulas are given to show this influence, as well as the connection between the regenerator dimensions and the condition of minimum fuel consumption.
Some NACA Research on Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Johnsen I. A. , Ginsburg Ambrose 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of some of the results obtained in the NACA program of aerodynamic research on centrifugal compressors, including both theoretical and experimental aspects. The material presented is not intended to give specific design rules, but rather is intended to give some insight into the flow processes in centrifugal turbomachinery, to establish general trends of good design practice, and to indicate portions of the field that remain to be explored. The paper is arranged in three sections; (a) impeller research, (b) diffuser research, and (c) general aspects of application of centrifugal compressor to aircraft gas-turbine engines.
Optimum Three-Mode Controller Settings for Automatic Start-Up
Authors: Pessen D. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a formula empirically derived from laboratory analog tests, which yields controller settings for a specific class of three-mode controllers. The controller settings specified by this formula will produce automatic start-up without overshooting, and, at the same time, provide close to optimum response to process load disturbances. Typical start-up and response curves obtained on an electric process analog by the use of this formula are presented. Finally, a rule of thumb is suggested, giving an indication of the maximum amount of dead time that can be tolerated in a process which must be started up automatically without overshooting.
Analogies for Hydraulic and Electric Drives in Servomechanisms
Authors: Chu Yaohan , Gould L. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper demonstrates the analogy between the d-c electric and hydraulic drives, commonly used in servomechanisms. This analogy is developed from their analogous basic relations, and their analogous methods of speed control are then shown. The analogous dynamic behavior of such servomechanisms is shown both in the derivation of the respective electric and hydraulic circuits and in the block diagrams. One distinguishing non-analogous character is that there is no hydraulic analogy to the mutual flux of electric machines. Nevertheless, it is shown that analogous dynamic behavior of the servo-mechanism resulting from an advantageous flux compounding in the electric drive can be achieved by applying certain pressure feedback in the hydraulic drive.
Laminar-Flow Forced Convection in Rectangular Tubes
Authors: Clark S. H. , Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The problem of laminar-flow heat transfer in tubes of rectangular and triangular cross section is considered. A numerical relaxation method is used to obtain minimum limiting Nusselt-number magnitudes to supplement the presently available data. Boundary conditions of both constant heat input per unit of length, and constant wall temperature are included. For the case of rectangular tubes sufficient points have been calculated so that interpolation of the limiting Nusselt numbers for any aspect ratio can be accomplished. Experimental data are presented for a square tube for both constant wall temperature and constant heat input, and for a rectangular tube, aspect ratio 2.62, for constant wall temperature. These data, together with the limiting Nusselt-number theory, provide a rational basis for estimation of entrance-length effects for rectangular tubes, and result in a correlation in the form, NNu = ϕ[NRNPr/(l/4rh)], applicable to the design of gas-flow heat exchangers.
Stress-Crazing of Plastics
Authors: Sauer J. A. , Hsiao C. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The effect of various factors on the inception and growth of crazing is reviewed and some of the similarities between crazing in plastics, exposure-cracking in rubber, and stress-cracking in metals are described. Various examples of stress-crazing in transparent plastics are presented and the stress-strain behavior reported for crazed, noncrazed, and oriented material. Rate of propagation of crazing also has been investigated. The test results indicate that penetration of crazing cracks in polystyrene can be represented over a limited stress range by a linear function of both time and stress magnitude. Some measures advocated for avoiding the undesirable effects of crazing include use of special coatings, annealing, and establishment of working stresses based on onset of crazing rather than on static fracture.
Some Design Considerations for Injection-Molding Heating Chambers
Authors: Gilmore G. D. , Thayer G. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The general design of injection-molding heating chambers has become established after gradual development through several years of experience. Some of the details of design which are directly concerned with the plastic-material characteristics have been examined to a limited extent. Very little engineering-design information has been available for a careful consideration of these details. Heat-transfer and pressure losses in the heating chamber are interrelated and the geometry of the passages through which the plastic moves can be arranged for optimum heat-transfer rate with minimum pressure loss. The available theoretical, experimental, and practical information concerning the behavior of plastic materials, under high pressures, in granular and fluid conditions is considered. This information is combined into a systematic approach to the geometrical problems of the design of injection-molding heating chambers.
Furnace Heat Absorption in a Spreader-Stoker-Fired Steam Generator: 2—Variation in Furnace Heat Absorption as Shown by Measurement of Temperature of Exposed Side of Furnace Tubes
Authors: Feeley F. G. , Miller E. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This is a report of test work performed under the auspices of the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors, and covers the testing of a spreader-stoker-fired furnace. Previous test work was performed on three pulverized-coal-fired furnaces and one gas-fired furnace. In so far as possible the present test work followed the technique developed on the previous tests. Furnace heat absorption was determined by furnace heat balance and also by measuring the surface temperature of the exposed side of the furnace tubes. Part 2 of this paper covers the measurement of furnace heat absorption by the latter method. The test procedure required a series of tests to determine the stack dust loading. Because of the many questions received concerning the results of this portion of the test work the data have been included.
Modern Trends in Hydraulic-Turbine Design in Europe
Authors: Bovet G. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with modern trends in the design of hydraulic turbines in Europe, especially in so far as they differ from standard American practice. The paper describes and discusses the general arrangement of large hydrounits, the use of high-grade alloys, the efficiency tests of large turbines, various improvements in speed regulation, and departures from accepted practice in the field of gates and valves.
Pressure Surges at Large Pump Installations
Authors: Parmakian John 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the method of water-hammer analysis and control used in the design of the large pump installations at Grand Coulee, Granby, and Tracy Pumping Plants for the condition of power failure at the pump motors. It includes a summary of the major features of these installations and a comparison between the observed and computed water-hammer effects. Useful charts for obtaining the approximate water-hammer effects in any pump-discharge line resulting from power failure are also presented.
Corrosion of Mercury-Boiler Tubes During Combustion of a Heavy Residual Oil
Authors: Hall A. M. , Douglass D. , Jackson J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Tube wastage in the mercury boiler at the South Meadow Station of the Hartford Electric Light Company became so serious after 3076 hours of operation that it was necessary to reduce the rating from its 15,000-kw capacity to 13,500 kw. On June 1, 1950, the company engaged Battelle Memorial Institute to study the problem. Two approaches were considered: (a) Reduction of tube wastage to an acceptable rate by covering the tubes with a suitable protective coating; and (b) reduction of the corrosiveness of the combustion products of the fuel to an acceptable level by making a special addition to the fuel. The test procedure and results are given in the paper.