bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1938. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Adults Who Rely on Social Media for Health Care Information in Cameroon, Africa
Authors: Baecher Kendall , Boutwell Alexander , Gunawardhana Nuwan , Gunawardhana Nuwan , Tebit Denis M , Dionne Jodie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
In Africa, uptake of effective COVID-19 vaccines has been limited by accessibility and vaccine hesitancy (VH). VH is multifactorial but influences include disinformation through social media with Whats App being the most popular form in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that frequent users of social media would have higher vaccine hesitancy due to exposure to disinformation in Cameroon in Central Africa.

Methods
A survey study was conducted at urban and suburban hospital facilities in four of the ten regions of Cameroon. Participants were asked to self-report socio-demographics, perceptions of COVID-19 infection, and interest in vaccination. They were also asked to rank their top two sources of health care information, including social media. Bivariate analysis was used to explore the perceptions of infection and vaccination stratified by social media preference with statistical significance set at p&lt; 0.05.

Results
We found that 18% (151/835) of participants cited social media (SM) as a top source of health care information. Health care professionals were cited by 82% as the most trusted source for health information (n=681). Fewer than one-third of survey participants were interested in receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (31%, 257/835) and rates did not differ by SM preferences. More people in the social media group, 53% vs 38% (p=0.046) stated that more information about vaccine safety may help reduce hesitancy. Perceived risks of COVID-19 vaccination ranged from death (33%) to fetal harm (31%) to supernatural reactions (1.4%). The SM group was not more likely to site perceived risks of the vaccine (p=0.244).
Participant Characteristics.

Conclusion
Although vaccine hesitancy in Cameroon was high at the time of the survey, adults who prefer to get health information from social media were not more likely to express vaccine hesitancy. Public education campaigns led by healthcare professionals may have the greatest impact on vaccine acceptability based on trusted information sources cited by participants.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1940. COVID-19 Vaccines and Related Adverse Effects among Health Sciences and Non-Health Sciences Students from Two Large Public Universities in Thailand
Authors: Jongmekwamsuk Kanathip , Hanvivattanakul Sirashat , Vanichanan Jakapat , Khawcharoenporn Thana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Existing data on vaccine regimens received by university students and related adverse effects are limited.

Methods
An online survey study was conducted among students from 12 Health Sciences faculties (HS), including Faculty of Medicine and from 16 non-Health Sciences faculties (NHS) of two large urban Thai universities from October 2021 to January 2022. Types, doses and adverse effects (AEs) of COVID-19 vaccines received by HS and NHS were assessed.

Results
There were 1,439 participating students who had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Of these 1,439 students, 522 (36%) were HS (208 were medical students), 393 (27%) were from faculties of Sciences, and 524 (37%) were from faculties of Social Sciences. The types of the first dose vaccine received were inactivated (49%), viral vector (46%) and mRNA (5%), while the types of the second dose vaccine received were viral vector (53%), inactivated (40%) and mRNA (7%). For the first dose vaccines, the most common AE of inactivated, viral vector and mRNA vaccines were muscle pain (47%, 82%, 58%, respectively). For the second dose vaccines, the most common AE were cough (47%) for inactivated vaccines and muscle pain (49% for viral vector and 56% for mRNA vaccines). Viral vector vaccines were more likely to cause fever, muscle pain, diarrhea, headache and rashes while inactivated vaccines were more likely to cause cough. The mRNA vaccines caused injection site pain more than inactivated vaccines. Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate the type and onset of AEs by types of the vaccines. Overall, the majority of AEs occurred at 24-48 hours after vaccination (57-68%), were more severe with the first dose compared to the second dose (59%) and resolved spontaneously or with symptomatic treatment without the need for hospitalization (98%). The AEs experienced by HS and NHS were different according to the types of vaccine they received. Table 1Adverse effects of the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine, stratified by type, of those who had received two doses of the vaccinesTable 2Adverse effects of the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine, stratified by type, of those who had received two doses of the vaccines.

Conclusion
The AEs experienced by the students were different according to the type and number of doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The AEs were mostly non-severe and occurred less for the second dose compared to the first dose. The study findings could serve as information provided to university students for decision making regarding COVID-19 vaccination.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1941. Describing the immune response kinetics to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines among previously SARS-CoV-2–infected and –uninfected nursing home residents, a prospective longitudinal observational cohort evaluation—Georgia, October 2020 – September 2021
Authors: Chisty Zeshan A , Haile Melia , DaSilva Juliana , Biology M A , Houston Hollis , Le Shoshona , Li Deana , Overton Rahsaan , Arons Melissa , Schuh Amy J , Tsang Clarisse A , Selenic Dejana , Clemente Jacob , Bugrysheva Julia , Branch Alicia , Thornburg Natalie J , Epperson Monica , Rasheed Mohammed A , Bohannon Caitlin D , Stuckey Matthew J , McDonald L C , Brown Allison C , Kutty Preeta K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
To describe post-COVID-19 vaccination [fully vaccinated (FV) and first booster] immune response and occurrence of reinfection ( &gt;90 days from prior infection) in nursing home residents (NHr) with/without evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods
In a longitudinal prospective cohort of 36 NHr from 3 NHs, interviews, chart abstractions, and specimens [blood and anterior nasal swabs (ANs)] were collected at baseline and monthly visits. ANs underwent molecular and BinaxNOW™ antigen testing. Quantitative Meso Scale Discovery platform tested blood specimens for anti-spike (S) protein and anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. In addition, in a subset (n=13), S-specific memory B cells (MBCs) were tested with ELISpot assays.

Results
The cohort's median age was 72 years; 46% male, 64% White Non-Hispanic, 80% had ≥3 comorbidities, and 29 (81%) had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of 36, 76% received Pfizer-BioNTech and 24% Moderna homologous vaccine. The median distribution of anti-S IgG concentrations among those with prior infection increased 15‒30 days post-FV, remained stable for 90 days, and declined by 120 days. The anti-S IgG remained above the estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) thresholds published [Pfizer-BioNTech (95% VE: 530 BAU/ml), Moderna (90% VE: 298 BAU/ml)]. Among those without previous infection, anti-S IgG declined after 60 days and stayed near the VE thresholds until a recent infection/booster. Age, sex, and comorbidities had no appreciable impact on anti-S IgG. From enrollment to November 2021, 1of 29 had reinfection. From December 2021 to January 2022, 2 of 7 had a new infection, and 4 of 29 had reinfection, as shown by anti-N IgG rise. Persistently low numbers of total and anti-S MBC were seen across the evaluation, even with post-booster anti-S MBC rise. There was an immediate rise in anti-S IgG concentrations in all participants post-booster, irrespective of recent infection.

Conclusion
These findings from a NH convenience cohort suggest that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection has a pronounced immunomodulatory enhancing effect on the magnitude and duration of FV immune response. The decline of anti-S antibodies post-FV and rise after booster supported the booster recommendation in this cohort. The low MBC counts indicate immunosenescence in this high-risk population.

Disclosures
Hollis Houston, BA, Fidelity: Stocks/Bonds.
1947. Evaluating the Relationship Between Obesity and the Humoral Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Tables LaKesha , Ali Fatima , Gaines Eric , Sim Yul Eum , Johnson Erica L , Immergluck Lilly 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
The pro-inflammatory state associated with obesity leads to B- and T-lymphocyte dysfunction that may lead to an inadequate immune response to natural infection and vaccination. Preliminary studies, conducted outside of the US, involving multiple COVID-19 vaccines indicate that obesity may impact antibody response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of inflammatory status as a mediator in the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 vaccine immune response in a predominantly African-American population.

Methods
This cross-sectional analysis involved 54 participants ≧ 18 years of age who had completed the primary dosing schedule and booster for Novavax’s recombinant COVID-19 vaccine, NVX-CoV2373. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) measurements were taken. Medical history including COVID-19 vaccination and known COVID-19 infection were obtained. Blood samples were taken for measurement of c-reactive protein (CRP) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG levels. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the presence of a relationship between BMI and CRP, WC and CRP, CRP and spike protein IgG, BMI and spike protein IgG, and finally, WC and spike protein IgG. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the moderating effect of plasma CRP on the relationship between WC and spike protein IgG while adjusting for suspected confounders. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; .05.

Results
There was an expected positive relationship between WC and CRP, (ρ = 0.37, p&lt; .05). CRP and spike protein IgG trended towards a weak, negative relationship (ρ= -0.13, p &gt; .05). WC and BMI both trended towards a positive relationship with anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG (ρ = 0.29 and 0.15, respectively, p &gt;.05). The mediation analysis showed that WC positively influenced spike protein IgG (p&lt; .05), and this effect was not mediated by CRP.

Conclusion
Inflammation may be negatively associated with antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines. WC and antibody response may be positively related in NVX-CoV2373 recipients, in spite of chronic low-grade inflammation. Further research is needed to fully characterize the impact of obesity on COVID-19 vaccine immunogenic responses.

Disclosures
Lilly Immergluck, MD, MS, GSK: Clinical Trial- PI|Merck: Vaccine Trial Site- serve as PI|Moderna: Board Member|Novavax: Part of CoVID-19 Phase 3 Trial through US Covid Prevention Network.
1955. Immunogenicity And Safety of a Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Protein Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adults: a Phase 1/2 Study
Authors: Scott Robert , Thackwray Susan , Hourguettes Nicholas , Gelderblom Huub , Kanesa-thasan Niranjan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality globally. It is likely that booster vaccinations will be needed in future years to protect older adults and those with chronic medical conditions. We present interim topline results of a phase 1/2 study of IVX-411 [ACTRN12621000738820.; ACTRN12621000882820], an investigational VLP protein subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in adults aged 18–69 years (Figure 1).

Methods
In Part 1, 84 SARS-CoV-2-naïve adults were randomized to receive two doses on Days 0 and 28 of either IVX-411 (5, 25, or 125µg) ± adjuvant, or placebo (Figure 2a). In Part 2, 84 subjects received a single dose of either IVX-411 ± adjuvant or placebo 3–6 months after completion of a primary licensed vaccine regimen (Figure 2b). Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for 7 days after each dose, with immunogenicity assessed on Days 0, 28, and 49 [(Part 1) and on Days 0, 7 and 28 (Part 2). Primary outcomes in both parts were solicited and unsolicited AEs, neutralizing antibody titers, and spike protein-specific IgG antibody titers.

Results
Demographics were similar in the IVX-411 groups vs placebo. In Part 1 and Part 2, local reactogenicity was mild-to-moderate, with higher rates of AEs with increasing doses and addition of adjuvant (Figure 3a). Rates of systemic AEs were similar to placebo across groups (Figure 3b). No vaccine-related severe or serious AEs were noted. IVX-411 was immunogenic in both primary and booster vaccination: in SARS-CoV-2-naïve subjects, a limited dose effect was seen, with significantly higher antibody titers in the groups receiving adjuvanted IVX-411 vaccine (p&lt; 0.01; Figure 4a). The magnitude of antibody responses was similar to, or below, Human Convalescent Sera levels. In previously vaccinated subjects, IVX-411 boosted baseline antibody titers, with no conclusive dose or adjuvant effect (Figure 4b). Immunogenicity was observed across all variants of concern (beta, delta, and omicron) in both parts, with up to 7- fold rises from baseline (Figure 5).

Conclusion
The study met all primary safety and immunogenicity objectives, with acceptable tolerability profiles in primary and booster vaccination. A clear adjuvant effect was observed in SARS-CoV-2-naïve subjects.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1956. Impact of an Implementation Science-Based Project to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
Authors: Ratzan Scott C , Hultgren Erin , Carter Jeffrey D , Rodriguez Melissa , Simone Laura , Molloy Leah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 vaccine uptake remains suboptimal. This project aimed to identify and mitigate reasons for vaccine hesitancy.
Baseline patient knowledge and attitudes about COVID-19 vaccination

Methods
Between 9/2021 and 1/2022, 16 live in-person and/or virtual patient education programs were held in community centers/clinics in NC and GA. Surveys were administered before/after each session, and longitudinal outcomes 3 weeks later.

Results
Surveys were conducted amongst the 1381 participating patients. 64% were already fully vaccinated against COVID-19, 19% had received 1 of 2 doses, and 17% were either unvaccinated (14%) or unsure of their status (3%). Baseline vaccine knowledge was higher among fully vaccinated patients, with patient attitudes varied per vaccination status (Figure). Patients not planning to get vaccinated cited concern for long-term (21%) and short-term (18%) side effects, thinking the vaccines were developed too quickly (16%), not feeling the vaccine would protect them (10%), and not feeling at risk for serious illness (10%). When asked what they thought would increase patient interest in vaccination, providers (n = 28) identified a strong recommendation (39%) or more information (36%) from a patient’s own doctor, while patients prioritized transportation (28%) , vaccine availability in their doctor’s office (23%), and information from their doctor (23%). Provider confidence in counseling patients improved after the program; more providers felt confident discussing vaccine safety (69%) and efficacy (69%) after the program than at baseline (33% and 41%, respectively). More patients felt confident sharing COVID-19 vaccine information with family and friends after the program (73%) than before (53%). Gains in patient views about COVID-19 vaccination were greatest among those who were unvaccinated/unsure; among this group, more patients agreed that vaccines are safe (72%), effective (76%), and important (78%) after the education, compared to 42%, 46%, and 52% at baseline, respectively. In the longitudinal patient follow-up survey 86% of unvaccinated patients got vaccinated after completing the education session.

Conclusion
Patient knowledge and attitudes varied based on vaccine experience, as did patient and provider perceptions about improving vaccine acceptance. Vaccine uptake was high following the program.

Disclosures
Scott C. Ratzan, MD, MPA, Abbvie: Stocks/Bonds|Astra Zeneca: Stocks/Bonds|baxter: Stocks/Bonds|Bristol Myers Squibb: Stocks/Bonds|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Quest Diagnostics: Stocks/Bonds|United Health Group: Stocks/Bonds|Usana Health. Services: Stocks/Bonds|vertex: Stocks/Bonds.
1962. Perceptions of the COVID-19 Vaccine within the Sudanese-American Community
Authors: Freese Jonathan R , Sayles Harlan R , Ahmed Fatima , Abdellatif Mujtaba , Fadul Nada 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
One of the primary issues affecting COVID-19 vaccine uptake in high-income countries is vaccine hesitancy, which is prevalent in people from different countries of origin. Characterizing vaccine uptake in immigrant and refugee populations in the US could provide a unique window into both local and global health behaviors. The goal of this project is to characterize Sudanese American perspectives on the COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods
We conducted an anonymous, online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey directed toward Sudanese Americans, with survey development guided by principles from the Vaccine Examination Scale. The survey was distributed in both English and Arabic and included questions about vaccination history, motives for getting the vaccination, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and barriers to vaccination. Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze evaluate possible associations between vaccine uptake and sources of information on the vaccine and social media use, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using STATA SE v17.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).

Results
A total of 108 survey responses were received; 4 were excluded for failing to meet inclusion criteria. A total of 92% received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, with the primary motivation being to protect oneself (62%). Only 8 had not been vaccinated and, of those, 2 were willing to take the vaccine. Of the 6 unwilling to take the vaccine, the most cited reason was a belief that it had not been studied enough. Of the 14 possible hesitancy responses, 9 were selected at least once.
When asked about their primary source of information on COVID-19, 44% used government websites, followed by mass media (22%), social media (12%) and health personnel (11%). Using Fisher’s exact tests, no statistically significant conclusions were drawn between vaccine uptake and primary source of information (P = .097) or specific types of social media.

Conclusion
Vaccine uptake among our survey population (92%) was much higher than that of the US (77%) or Sudanese population (11%). Overall motivators for vaccine hesitancy and vaccine uptake varied and no specific correlations were found to be associated to vaccine uptake. Future research should evaluate high levels of vaccine uptake in this community.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1963. Peripartum Outcomes Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Watanabe Atsuyuki , Yasuhara Jun , Iwagami Masao , Miyamoto Yoshihisa , Yamada Yuji , Suzuki Yukio , Takagi Hisato , Kuno Toshiki 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
The risk and benefits of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination during pregnancy are under investigation. Pooled evidence regarding neonatal and maternal outcomes in relation to COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is scarce.

Methods
We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases in April 2022 without language restrictions. We included Prospective trials and observational studies comparing the women who received at least one COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with those who did not and reporting neonatal outcomes. Two independent investigators extracted relevant data from each study. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using random-effects models. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines.
The primary outcomes were the neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), low Apgar score (&lt; 7 at 5 min), neonatal intensive care units (NICU) admission, and intrauterine fetal death (IFD). The secondary outcomes were maternal outcomes, including maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and chorioamnionitis.

Results
Nine observational studies involving 81,349 vaccinated (mean age, 32.0±4.6 years) and 255,346 unvaccinated women during pregnancy (mean age, 30.5±5.1 years) were included. COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with lower risk of NICU admission (OR, 0.88; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.80-0.97) and IFD (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.94), whereas it was not associated with preterm birth (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76-1.04), SGA (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94-1.04), and low Apgar score (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.02). COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.93), but not associated with increased risk of cesarean delivery (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.93-1.20), postpartum hemorrhage (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83-1.07), and chorioamnionitis (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83-1.07).
Flowchart of study selection
Forest plots showing the odds ratio of neonatal outcomes
a: neonatal intensive care units admission, b: intrauterine fetal death, c: preterm birth, d: small for gestational age, e: low Apgar score
Forest plots showing the odds ratio of maternal outcomes
a: maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, b: cesarean delivery, c: postpartum hemorrhage, d: chorioamnionitis

Conclusion
COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy did not increase the risk of peripartum outcomes but decreased the risk of NICU admission, IFD, and maternal COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 vaccination should be encouraged for pregnant women.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.