bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Police Misconduct Contagious? Non-trivial Null Findings from Dallas, Texas
Authors: Simpson Cohen R. , Kirk David S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objectives
Understanding if police malfeasance might be “contagious” is vital to identifying efficacious paths to police reform. Accordingly, we investigate whether an officer’s propensity to engage in misconduct is associated with her direct, routine interaction with colleagues who have themselves engaged in misbehavior in the past.

Methods
Recognizing the importance of analyzing the actual social networks spanning a police force, we use data on collaborative responses to 1,165,136 “911” calls for service by 3475 Dallas Police Department (DPD) officers across 2013 and 2014 to construct daily networks of front-line interaction. And we relate these cooperative networks to reported and formally sanctioned misconduct on the part of the DPD officers during the same time period using repeated-events survival models.

Results
Estimates indicate that the risk of a DPD officer engaging in misconduct is not associated with the disciplined misbehavior of her ad hoc, on-the-scene partners. Rather, a greater risk of misconduct is associated with past misbehavior, officer-specific proneness, the neighborhood context of patrol, and, in some cases, officer race, while departmental tenure is a mitigating factor.

Conclusions
Our observational findings—based on data from one large police department in the United States—ultimately suggest that actor-based and ecological explanations of police deviance should not be summarily dismissed in favor of accounts emphasizing negative socialization, where our study design also raises the possibility that results are partly driven by unobserved trait-based variation in the situations that officers find themselves in. All in all, interventions focused on individual officers, including the termination of deviant police, may be fruitful for curtailing police misconduct—where early interventions focused on new offenders may be key to avoiding the escalation of deviance.
Elite Cues and Economic Policy Attitudes: The Mediating Role of Economic Hardship
Authors: Cavaillé Charlotte , Neundorf Anja 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDo voters update their attitudes toward economic issues in line with their material self-interest? The consensus among students of public opinion is that material self-interest plays a very limited role and that competing non-material factors, such as partisanship or ideological predispositions, do most of the heavy lifting. This paper moves beyond comparing the role of material and non-material factors. Instead, we examine how these factors combine to shape policy preferences. Specifically, we propose a friendly amendment to Zaller’s influential model according to which attitudinal change results from the interaction between changes in elite messaging on the one hand and individual political predispositions on the other. In Zaller’s model, partisanship and ideological predispositions help explain why some resist and others embrace new elite messaging. We hypothesize that material self-interest also conditions the effect of elite messaging. Using British individual-level panel data collected over more than a decade, we show that material hardship predicts who, among left-wing voters, resist new right-wing partisan cues. Our results highlights the incremental impact of material self-interest on economic attitudes.
Earnings forecasts of female CEOs: quality and consequences
Authors: Francoeur Claude , Li Yuntian , Singer Zvi , Zhang Jing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study examines the voluntary disclosure of earnings forecasts by female CEOs. We find that in the backdrop of increased pressure to perform from investors and other stakeholders, female CEOs tend to issue more earnings forecasts than male CEOs, and those forecasts are more accurate. We also find that while financial analysts generally prefer to follow companies headed by male CEOs, female CEOs’ efforts to issue accurate earnings forecasts pay off, as these efforts help them close the analyst coverage gap. We provide complementary evidence on the disclosure efforts of female CEOs with regard to updates to the forecast and the 10-K report. Lastly, we show that financial analysts rely more on the earnings forecasts of female CEOs, possibly because they recognize female CEOs’ superior forecasting quality. Our results are robust to the use of alternative research designs, including difference-in-difference, propensity score matching, and entropy balancing. Overall, our study documents gender differences in voluntary disclosure by senior management.
Social Workers’ Causal Attributions for Poverty: Does the Level of Spatial Concentration of Disadvantages Matter?
Authors: Husz Ildikó , Kopasz Marianna , Medgyesi Márton 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSocial workers may play an important role in the implementation of welfare policies targeted at the poor. Their norms, beliefs, and attitudes form local anti-poverty programmes and affect discretionary practices with their clients. Despite this, we know little about how social workers’ exposure to poverty shapes their attitudes towards poverty and their causal attributions for poverty. This study investigates social workers’ poverty explanations and the extent to which they depend on the level of local poverty. Data from a survey conducted among Hungarian social workers were analysed using multilevel linear regression models. To measure local poverty, we used a composite index of poverty, as well as a subjective measure of exposure to poverty. Our analysis revealed that most social workers explained poverty with structural causes, but individual blame was also frequent. Contrary to our hypothesis, the level of local poverty did not significantly increase the adoption of structural explanations but did raise the occurrence of individualistic ones. However, the effect of local poverty was non-linear: social workers tended to blame the poor for their poverty in the poorest municipalities, where multiple disadvantages are concentrated, while moderate poverty did not lead to such opinions. Our results suggest that efforts should be made to improve the poverty indicator framework to better understand the phenomenon of spatial concentration of multiple disadvantages and its consequences for the poor.
Boride Coatings on Steel Protecting it Against Corrosion by a Liquid Lead-Free Solder Alloy
Authors: Salyi Zsolt , Kaptay George , Koncz-Horvath Daniel , Somlyai-Sipos Laszlo , Kovacs Peter Zoltan , Lukacs Attila , Benke Marton 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe goal of this research is to study the applicability of the diffusion boriding process as a high-temperature thermochemical heat treatment to enhance the lifetime of steel selective soldering tools. The main purpose of the work is to discuss the behavior of double-phase (FeB/Fe2B) iron-boride coating on the surface of different steels (DC04, C45, CK60, and C105U) against the stationary SAC309 lead-free solder liquid alloy. The boride coating was formed on the surface of the steel samples through the powder pack boriding technique. The microstructure of the formed layer was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The borided samples were first cut in half and then immersed into a stationary SAC309 lead-free solder liquid alloy (Sn–3Ag–0.9Cu) for 40 days. Microstructure examinations were performed by SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and an elemental distribution map after the dissolution test. Excessive dissolution/corrosion of the original steel surface was observed at the steel/SAC interfaces, leading also to the formation of Fe–Sn intermetallic phases. This was found to be the major reason for the failure of selective soldering tools made of steel. On the contrary, no dissolution and no intermetallic compounds were observed at the FeB/SAC and at the Fe2B/SAC interfaces; as a result, the thicknesses of the FeB and Fe2B phases remained the same during the 40-day dissolution tests. Thus, it was concluded that both FeB and Fe2B phases show excellent resistance against the aggressive liquid solder alloy. The results of the dissolution tests show a good agreement with the thermodynamic calculations.
Autochthonous Human Dirofilaria repens Infection in Austria
Authors: Geissler Nora , Ruff Johanna , Walochnik Julia , Ludwig Wilhelm , Auer Herbert , Wiedermann Ursula , Geissler Werner 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This report describes a rare autochthonous case of human D. repens infection in Austria. Dirofilariosis is a mosquito-borne parasitic infection that predominantly affects dogs. Human D. repens infections have primarily been reported in Mediterranean countries, but are emerging throughout Central and Northern Europe.

Methods
The worm was removed surgically and identified using PCR and DNA sequencing. The consensus sequences were compared against reference sequences of Dirofilaria repens from GenBank.

Results
The 56-year-old woman acquired the infection, which presented as a subcutaneous nodule, in Vienna, Austria. This is the second autochthonous case of human D. repens infection in Austria.

Conclusion
The reasons for the emergence of D. repens and other parasitic infections in Central and Northern Europe are manifold, including climate change and globalization. This case demonstrates that with the growing number of D. repens infections, health care professionals must place further emphasis on emerging infectious diseases to ensure appropriate diagnostics and treatment in the future.
Application of an edge detection algorithm for surface determination in industrial X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Busch Matthias , Hausotte Tino 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSurface determination is an essential step of the measurement process in industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The starting point of the surface determination process step is a single grey value threshold within a voxel volume in conventional surface determination methods. However, this value is not always found in the reconstructed volume in the local environment of the surface of the measurement object due to various artefacts, so that none or incorrect surfaces are determined. In order to find surfaces independently of a single grey value, a three-dimensional approach of the initial contour determination based on a Prewitt edge detection algorithm is presented in this work. This method is applied to different test specimens and specimen compositions which, due to their material or material constellation, their geometric properties with regard to surfaces and interfaces as well as their calibrated size and length dimensions, embody relevant properties in the examination of joining connections. It is shown that by using the surface determination method in the measurement process, both a higher metrological structure resolution and interface structure resolution can be achieved. Surface artefacts can be reduced by the application and it is also an approach to improved surface finding for the multi-material components that are challenging for XCT.
Growth Envelopes of Some Variable and Mixed Function Spaces
Authors: Haroske Dorothee D. , Schneider Cornelia , Szarvas Kristóf 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe study unboundedness properties of functions belonging to Lebesgue and Lorentz spaces with variable and mixed norms using growth envelopes. Our results extend the ones for the corresponding classical spaces in a natural way. In the case of spaces with mixed norms, it turns out that the unboundedness in the worst direction, i.e., in the direction where$$p_{i}$$piis the smallest, is crucial. More precisely, the growth envelope is given by$${\mathfrak {E}}_{{\mathsf {G}}}(L_{\overrightarrow{p}}(\varOmega )) = (t^{-1/\min \{p_{1}, \ldots , p_{d} \}},\min \{p_{1}, \ldots , p_{d} \})$$EG(Lp→(Ω))=(t-1/min{p1,…,pd},min{p1,…,pd})for mixed Lebesgue and$${\mathfrak {E}}_{{\mathsf {G}}}(L_{\overrightarrow{p},q}(\varOmega )) = (t^{-1/\min \{p_{1}, \ldots , p_{d} \}},q)$$EG(Lp→,q(Ω))=(t-1/min{p1,…,pd},q)for mixed Lorentz spaces, respectively. For the variable Lebesgue spaces, we obtain$${\mathfrak {E}}_{{\mathsf {G}}}(L_{p(\cdot )}(\varOmega )) = (t^{-1/p_{-}},p_{-})$$EG(Lp(·)(Ω))=(t-1/p-,p-), where$$p_{-}$$p-is the essential infimum of$$p(\cdot )$$p(·), subject to some further assumptions. Similarly, for the variable Lorentz space, it holds$${\mathfrak {E}}_{{\mathsf {G}}}(L_{p(\cdot ),q}(\varOmega )) = (t^{-1/p_{-}},q)$$EG(Lp(·),q(Ω))=(t-1/p-,q). The growth envelope is used for Hardy-type inequalities and limiting embeddings. In particular, as a by-product, we determine the smallest classical Lebesgue (Lorentz) space which contains a fixed mixed or variable Lebesgue (Lorentz) space, respectively.
Effects of Movement Behaviors on Overall Health and Appetite Control: Current Evidence and Perspectives in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Julian Valérie , Haschke Ferdinand , Fearnbach Nicole , Gomahr Julian , Pixner Thomas , Furthner Dieter , Weghuber Daniel , Thivel David 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo present the definitions and recommendations for movement behaviors in children and adolescents, including physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB), and sleep, and to provide an overview regarding their impact on health and obesity outcomes from childhood to adulthood, as well as interactions with appetite control.Recent FindingsPA represents a variable proportion of daily energy expenditure and one can be active with high SB or vice versa. Studies have described movements across the whole day on a continuum from sleep to SB to varying intensities of PA. More PA, less SB (e.g., less screen time) and longer sleep are positively associated with indicators of physical health (e.g., lower BMI, adiposity, cardiometabolic risk) and cognitive development (e.g., motor skills, academic achievement). However, less than 10% of children currently meet recommendations for all three movement behaviors. Movement behaviors, adiposity, and related cardiometabolic diseases in childhood track into adolescence and adulthood. Furthermore, low PA/high SB profiles are associated with increased energy intake. Recent studies investigating energy balance regulation showed that desirable movement behavior profiles are associated with better appetite control and improved eating habits.SummaryEarly identification of behavioral phenotypes and a comprehensive approach addressing all key behaviors that directly affect energy balance will allow for individual strategies to prevent or treat obesity and its comorbidities. Investigating exercise as a potential “corrector” of impaired appetite control offers a promising weight management approach.
Machine learning models for prediction of co-occurrence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Abdalrada Ahmad Shaker , Abawajy Jemal , Al-Quraishi Tahsien , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Diabetic mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause significant healthcare burden globally and often co-exists. Current approaches often fail to identify many people with co-occurrence of DM and CVD, leading to delay in healthcare seeking, increased complications and morbidity. In this paper, we aimed to develop and evaluate a two-stage machine learning (ML) model to predict the co-occurrence of DM and CVD.

Methods
We used the diabetes complications screening research initiative (DiScRi) dataset containing >200 variables from >2000 participants. In the first stage, we used two ML models (logistic regression and Evimp functions) implemented in multivariate adaptive regression splines model to infer the significant common risk factors for DM and CVD and applied the correlation matrix to reduce redundancy. In the second stage, we used classification and regression algorithm to develop our model. We evaluated the prediction models using prediction accuracy, sensitivity and specificity as performance metrics.

Results
Common risk factors for DM and CVD co-occurrence was family history of the diseases, gender, deep breathing heart rate change, lying to standing blood pressure change, HbA1c, HDL and TC\HDL ratio. The predictive model showed that the participants with HbA1c >6.45 and TC\HDL ratio > 5.5 were at risk of developing both diseases (97.9% probability). In contrast, participants with HbA1c >6.45 and TC\HDL ratio ≤ 5.5 were more likely to have only DM (84.5% probability) and those with HbA1c ≤5.45 and HDL >1.45 were likely to be healthy (82.4%. probability). Further, participants with HbA1c ≤5.45 and HDL <1.45 were at risk of only CVD (100% probability). The predictive accuracy of the ML model to detect co-occurrence of DM and CVD is 94.09%, sensitivity 93.5%, and specificity 95.8%.

Conclusions
Our ML model can significantly predict with high accuracy the co-occurrence of DM and CVD in people attending a screening program. This might help in early detection of patients with DM and CVD who could benefit from preventive treatment and reduce future healthcare burden.
Rights in the Balance
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractProfessor Walen’s book rejects the familiar argument of “double effect,” namely the doctrine that an action that knowingly causes the death of another person cannot be justified merely by its good consequences but only by its good intentions. Professor Walen offers a rival argument. He proposes that we rethink the killing of non-combatants in war on the basis of a theory of “the mechanics of claims” so that the intentional killing of civilians may be occasionally permissible. Such targeting of civilians may be justified, according to the book’s argument, by the aim of eliminating the threat that these civilians may pose—innocently or not—to other persons. In these circumstances, it will not only be permissible, but it would also be a matter of right to kill civilians, which would be derived from a balancing of “claims.” The argument is impressively made but is ultimately unconvincing. All the decisive questions appear to be matters of a balance of “goodness.” The “mechanics of claims” organizes a structure of welfare values that ultimately work as a proxy for act-utilitarianism. As a result, the argument is open to well-known objections regarding justice and the separateness of persons.
A review of late-stage tungsten fuzz growth
Authors: Wright Jacob A. R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTungsten will be used as the plasma-facing divertor material in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) fusion reactor. Under high temperatures and high ion fluxes, a ‘fuzz’ nanostructure forms on the tungsten surface with dramatically different properties and could contaminate the plasma. Although simulations and experimental observations have provided understanding of the initial fuzz formation process, there is debate over whether tungsten or helium migration is rate-limiting during late-stage growth, and the mechanisms by which tungsten and helium migrations occur. Here, the proposed mechanisms are considered in turn. It is concluded that tungsten migration occurs by adatom diffusion along the fuzz surface. Continual helium migration through the porous fuzz to the tungsten bulk is also required for fuzz growth, for continued bubble growth and rupture. Helium likely migrates due to ballistic penetration, although diffusion may contribute. It is difficult to determine the limiting process, which may switch from helium penetration to tungsten adatom diffusion above a threshold flux. Areas for further research to clarify the mechanisms are then considered. A greater understanding of the fuzz formation mechanism is key to the successful design of plasma-facing tungsten components, and may have applications in forming porous tungsten catalysts.
Intraocular Robotic Surgical Systems
Authors: Gerber Matthew J. , Hubschman J. P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
In this review, we provide a brief history of intraocular robotic surgical systems and review the latest technological advancements. The goals are to (a) provide readers with a clear understanding of the important work that has been done in this field; (b) illuminate existing challenges towards full clinical adoption; and (c) speculate on future directions.

Recent Findings
The majority of work on intraocular robotic surgical systems has been done in university research settings, although two systems have been evaluated in human clinical trials and one system is commercially available for use in human patients.

Summary
The future of robotic systems in intraocular surgical procedures will depend on the results of ongoing clinical trials and the success of recent start-up companies. Many challenges remain before such systems can become safe and effective treatment options. However, the future of intraocular robotic surgical systems is bright and full of promise.
De la Santé vers Drancy: Trajectoires de persécution des contrevenants au statut des juifs en France (1941-1944)
Authors: Lehr Johanna 
Published: January 2022

Trajectoires de persécution des contrevenants au statut des juifs en France (1941-1944)L’étude systématique des registres d’écrou des hommes détenus à la maison d’arrêt de la Santé à Paris entre juillet 1941 et la Libération, inculpés par les juges du Tribunal correctionnel de la Seine d’infraction à la « loi » du 2 juin 1941 portant statut des juifs, met en évidence le rôle pivot de la prison française dans l’internement et la déportation des juifs. Cet article propose d’une part d’éclairer la répression pénale française de ces infractions sur la base d’archives judiciaires inédites donnant accès aux discours des acteurs et, de l’autre, de révéler le fonctionnement de la « consignation provisoire » postcarcérale des juifs en lien avec le pouvoir allemand. En effet, la reconstitution de leurs trajectoires de persécution, par le croisement des registres d’écrou et des archives policières de la persécution antijuive, a montré que, contrairement à ce que la lecture des archives judiciaires laissait penser, ces détenus n’ont pas été libérés à l’issue de leur peine, mais ont fait l’objet, de la part des autorités françaises, d’une mesure de sûreté, prélude à leur internement au camp de Drancy. Celle-ci s’est d’abord appliquée aux juifs étrangers, pour s’étendre ensuite aux juifs français à partir d’octobre 1941. Jusqu’alors passé inaperçu, ce rouage français de la persécution antijuive, bien connu des acteurs des mondes judiciaire et policier de l’époque, a ainsi contribué au génocide des juifs en les menant de la Santé à Drancy jusqu’à leur déportation vers Auschwitz dès mars 1942.