bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological–physical processes regulate autumn prey availability of spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctic
Authors: Yang Qingyuan , Reid Keith , Zhu Guoping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study examines the adaptability of a Southern Ocean predator, which is dependent on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), to potential changes in food availability. Muscle fatty acids (FAs) of the spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni collected from three areas in the Bransfield Strait (BS), northern Antarctic Peninsula during February–April 2016 give a good representation of their feeding variability. The compositions of 22:6n3 (DHA) and 20:5n3 (EPA) were both higher in the Transitional Zonal Water with Bellingshausen influence (TBW)‐controlled C. wilsoni than in the Transitional Zonal Water with Weddell Sea influence (TWW)‐controlled fish. This was positively correlated with photoadaptation and carbon sequestration in TBW‐controlled phytoplankton. Results for the FAs 16:1n7, 16:0, DHA and EPA indicate the presence of dinoflagellates in all three areas, suggesting that during late summer and early fall, there is a seasonal phytoplankton succession, where small phytoplankton become dominant, in the BS. In addition, the compositions of some long‐chain FAs (>20, such as 20:0, 20:1, 22:0 and 22:1n9) and ∑18 indicated that the food chain based on flagellates and copepods was more apparent in TWW‐controlled C. wilsoni, especially the effect of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the variation of prey communities in TWW‐controlled areas. FA markers such as SFA/(PUFA+MUFA), ∑15 + ∑17 and ARA were more pronounced in TWW‐controlled C. wilsoni, indicating a more strongly carnivorous and benthic food source. In the TBW–TWW confluence, the complex hydrological structure, including the presence of a large number of mesoscale eddies, allows rich nutrients and krill larvae to remain in it, providing a rich food source for the C. wilsoni. Overall, the FA data of this study show that the diet of C. wilsoni varies in different marine environments, aiding their survivability at the face of climate change.
The Economics of Deferral and Clawback Requirements
Authors: HOFFMANN FLORIAN , INDERST ROMAN , OPP MARCUS 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTWe analyze the effects of regulatory interference in compensation contracts, focusing on recent mandatory deferral and clawback requirements restricting incentive compensation of material risk‐takers in the financial sector. Moderate deferral requirements have a robustly positive effect on risk‐management effort only if the bank manager's outside option is sufficiently high; otherwise, their effectiveness depends on the dynamics of information arrival. Stringent deferral requirements unambiguously backfire. Our normative analysis characterizes whether and how deferral and clawback requirements should supplement capital regulation as part of the optimal policy mix.
Assessment of in vitro fertilization outcomes after hysteroscopic isthmoplasty in recurrent implantation failure
Authors: Mutlu Ahmet Emin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess the in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments outcomes of women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) after hysteroscopic isthmoplasty for isthmocele.MethodsThis retrospective, observational study included 61 patients with RIF and isthmocele who presented to IVF Unit of Hüma Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital between January, 2018 and December, 2020. Thirty‐one patient who underwent hysteroscopic isthmoplasty—before IVF procedure—were included. Remaining 30 patients underwent IVF without hysteroscopic isthmoplasty were included as controls. The fertility outcome were compared between groups.ResultsAfter 3 months, spontaneous pregnancy was achieved in 18.4% (7/38) of patients with isthmocele who underwent hysteroscopic isthmoplasty. In the isthmoplasty group, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, biochemical pregnancy rate, and the miscarriage rate were 41.9% (13/31), 35.5% (11/31), 6.5% (2/31), and 9.7% (3/31), respectively. The live birth rate after in vitro fertilization was 25.8% (8/31) in the isthmoplasty group and 3.3% (1/30) in the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the IVF outcomes such as the biochemical pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate between the isthmoplasty and control groups.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that hysteroscopic isthmoplasty improves pregnancy and live birth rates for women with a history of RIF and isthmocele. Reproductive results of the IVF cycles after hysteroscopic correction of isthmocele were comparable to those of the patients without any uterine abnormalities and those with diagnosis of unexplained infertility.
Nutrition and stem cell integrity in aging
Authors: Stover P. J. , Field M.S. , Brawley H.N. , Angelin B. , Iversen P.O. , Frühbeck G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdult stem cells (SCs) represent the regenerative capacity of organisms throughout their lifespan. The maintenance of robust SC populations capable of renewing organs and physiological systems is one hallmark of healthy aging. The local environment of SCs, referred to as the niche, includes the nutritional milieu, which is essential to maintain the quantity and quality of SCs available for renewal and regeneration. There is increased recognition that SCs have unique metabolism and conditional nutrient needs compared to fully differentiated cells. However, the contribution of SC nutrition to overall human nutritional requirements is an understudied and underappreciated area of investigation. Nutrient needs vary across the lifespan and are modified by many factors including individual health, disease, physiological states including pregnancy, age, sex, and during recovery from injury. Although current nutrition guidance is generally derived for apparently healthy populations and to prevent nutritional deficiency diseases, there are increased efforts to establish nutrient‐based and food‐based recommendations based on reducing chronic disease. Understanding the dynamics of SC nutritional needs throughout the life span, including the role of nutrition in extending biological age by blunting biological systems decay, is fundamental to establishing food and nutrient guidance for chronic disease reduction and health maintenance. This review summarizes a 3‐day symposium of the Marabou Foundation (www.marabousymposium.org) held to examine the metabolic properties and unique nutritional needs of adult SCs and their role in healthy aging and age‐related chronic disease.
Vehicles for justice: buses and advancement
Authors: LAYARD ANTONIA ,   ROOM 13 AT HARECLIVE E‐ACT ACADEMY
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article draws on the findings from The Bus Project (2018–2021) in Bristol, which found that children living in some of the most deprived streets in England cannot afford to visit the centre of their city. The article explains that the problem of children ‘not being on the buses’ is the consequence of a series of policy choices in bus governance. Empirically, the article demonstrates that the causes of bus immobility – cost, fear of the unknown, unfamiliarity, and unreliability – have clear detrimental effects on children's ability to access leisure and civic opportunities, independent travel, and education of choice. Theoretically, it argues that discrimination and equality law – the dominant legal paradigms for addressing inequality – have limitations in this setting when they do not explicitly provide for socio‐economic inequality. This article suggests that we could develop a concept of ‘advancement’, drawing on aspects of Section 1 of the Equality Act 2010 (still unimplemented in England, though in force in Scotland and Wales), moving beyond protected characteristics. As a policy, advancement could be implemented using administrative means, including existing data sets on free school meals or indices of deprivation. A concept of advancement could become a mechanism to enable us to address socio‐economic inequality as a ‘vehicle for justice’, just as buses are vehicles capable of facilitating spatial justice in practical terms.
Narcolepsy
Authors: Barateau Lucie , Pizza Fabio , Plazzi Giuseppe , Dauvilliers Yves 
Published: May 2022

SummaryThis article addresses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of narcolepsy type 1 and 2, with a focus on recent findings. A low level of hypocretin‐1/orexin‐A in the cerebrospinal fluid is sufficient to diagnose narcolepsy type 1, being a highly specific and sensitive biomarker, and the irreversible loss of hypocretin neurons is responsible for the main symptoms of the disease: sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep‐related hallucinations and paralysis, and disrupted nocturnal sleep. The process responsible for the destruction of hypocretin neurons is highly suspected to be autoimmune, or dysimmune. Over the last two decades, remarkable progress has been made for the understanding of these mechanisms that were made possible with the development of new techniques. Conversely, narcolepsy type 2 is a less well‐defined disorder, with a variable phenotype and evolution, and few reliable biomarkers discovered so far. There is a dearth of knowledge about this disorder, and its aetiology remains unclear and needs to be further explored. Treatment of narcolepsy is still nowadays only symptomatic, targeting sleepiness, cataplexy and disrupted nocturnal sleep. However, new psychostimulants have been recently developed, and the upcoming arrival of non‐peptide hypocretin receptor‐2 agonists should be a revolution in the management of this rare sleep disease, and maybe also for disorders beyond narcolepsy.
Help for insomnia from the app store? A standardized rating of mobile health applications claiming to target insomnia
Authors: Simon Laura , Reimann Josephin , Steubl Lena Sophia , Stach Michael , Spiegelhalder Kai , Sander Lasse Bosse , Baumeister Harald , Messner Eva‐Maria , Terhorst Yannik 
Published: May 2022

SummaryA large number of mobile health applications claiming to target insomnia are available in commercial app stores. However, limited information on the quality of these mobile health applications exists. The present study aimed to systematically search the European Google Play and Apple App Store for mobile health applications targeting insomnia, and evaluate the quality, content, evidence base and potential therapeutic benefit. Eligible mobile health applications were evaluated by two independent reviewers using the Mobile Application Rating Scale‐German, which ranges from 1 – inadequate to 5 – excellent. Of 2236 identified mobile health applications, 53 were included in this study. Most mobile health applications (68%) had a moderate overall quality. Concerning the four main subscales of the Mobile Application Rating Scale‐German, functionality was rated highest (M = 4.01, SD = 0.52), followed by information quality (M = 3.49, SD = 0.72), aesthetics (M = 3.31, SD = 1.04) and engagement (M = 3.02, SD = 1.03). While scientific evidence was identified for 10 mobile health applications (19%), only one study employed a randomized controlled design. Fifty mobile health applications featured sleep hygiene/psychoeducation (94%), 27 cognitive therapy (51%), 26 relaxation methods (49%), 24 stimulus control (45%), 16 sleep restriction (30%) and 24 sleep diaries (45%). Mobile health applications may have the potential to improve the care of insomnia. Yet, data on the effectiveness of mobile health applications are scarce, and this study indicates a large variance in the quality of the mobile health applications. Thus, independent information platforms are needed to provide healthcare seekers and providers with reliable information on the quality and content of mobile health applications.
What facilitates hepatitis B and hepatitis C testing and the role of stigma among primary care patients in China?
Authors: Marley Gifty , Seto Wai‐Kay , Yan Weihui , Chan Polin , Tucker Joseph D. , Tang Weiming , Wong William C. W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractApproximately 80% of primary healthcare facilities in China were ready to deliver hepatitis care services by 2021. This study aimed to assess hepatitis B and C test uptake, identify the factors associated with testing and determine the predictors of hepatitis stigma among primary care patients. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey among patients seeking care in the family medicine and primary care unit of the University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen Hospital, China. Participants were 30 years or older and had not tested for HBV and HCV in the preceding 12 months. Test uptake was defined as self‐reported previous HBV and HCV testing. Descriptive statistics, Chi‐square test, forward multivariable logistic regression and stepwise multiple linear regression were conducted, and a p‐value <.05 was deemed statistically significant. A total of 750 eligible patients completed the survey, and 54.5% (404 ± 0.9) were between 30 and 40 years old. Most participants were heterosexuals 98.0% (n = 735), female 57.5% (n = 431), married 78.3% (587) and earned ≤1500 USD per month 54.4% (n = 408). A 66.1% (n = 496) and 13.7% (n = 103) self‐reported previous HBV and HCV testing, respectively, and 62% (n = 468) were vaccinated. HCV testing was associated with HBV testing (aOR = 13.7, 95% CI:2.1–91.5); and HBV testing was associated with family history of HBV (aOR = 2.4, 95%CI:1.1–5.5). Overall hepatitis stigma was about average and decreased with family history of HBV (p = .017). In conclusion, HCV testing uptake among primary care patients was low and needs to be further promoted. Integrating HBV and HCV testing interventions and fostering family‐based support for disclosure could effectively improve testing uptake.
Vertical and horizontal light heterogeneity along gradients of secondary succession in cool‐ and warm‐temperate forests
Authors: Matsuo Tomonari , Hiura Tsutom , Onoda Yusuke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsLight availability varies drastically in forests, both vertically and horizontally. Vertical light heterogeneity (i.e., patterns of light attenuation from the forest canopy to the floor) may be related to light competition among trees, while horizontal light heterogeneity (i.e., variations in light intensity at a given height within forests) may be associated with light‐niche partitioning among tree species. However, light heterogeneity in vertical and horizontal directions and their associations with forest structure are rarely studied to date. Here we report the first comprehensive study to compare the vertical and horizontal light heterogeneity in differently aged forests in two forest types.LocationTwelve forest stands of different ages in cool‐temperate forests (consisting of deciduous broad‐leaved trees) and five of different ages in warm‐temperate forests (evergreen conifer and deciduous broad‐leaved trees) in Japan.MethodsWe measured vertical light profiles at 1‐m intervals from the understorey (1 m above the ground) to the top canopy (12–22 m depending on stands) at 16 locations for each stand (20 m × 20 m). We also measured structural parameters (diameter at breast height, height, and crown dimensions) for all major trees in these stands.ResultsAlong the secondary successional gradients, the vertical and horizontal light heterogeneity changed in a systematic manner in both forests. The vertical light attenuation rate was steeper in early succession and more gradual in late succession, and the horizontal light heterogeneity was relatively small in early succession and more pronounced in late succession. The vertical light attenuation rate was different between the two forest types; the light intensity dropped more sharply from the canopy surface in the cool‐temperate forests due to the crown being vertically shorter and denser (i.e., higher leaf density per unit volume).ConclusionIn early succession, a steeper light attenuation rate is likely related to the strong light competition among co‐occurring trees and thus a self‐thinning process. In late succession, the high spatial light heterogeneity in forests (i.e., larger horizontal light heterogeneity and gradual light attenuation rate) may allow more species to partition light, and thus may enhance species coexistence and diversity.
Is horn length crucial for Alpine chamois?
Authors: Grignolio S. , Brivio F. , Chirichella R. , Apollonio M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAnimal weapons are one of the most studied morphological traits, particularly in Artiodactyla. Since in polygynous species males with larger weapons tend to be more successful in gaining access to females, researchers have traditionally focused on horn size. However, in species with limited horn size, weapon size has been assumed to have a reduced or null effect on life history traits. We examined the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the length of the second and third segments of Alpine chamois horns (Rupicapra rupicapra) in a population living in a poor environment. Our aim was to test how environmental conditions affected weapon growth and whether compensatory growth occurred. We showed that horn length was isometric to body size, although male horns grew more quickly. Ecological factors such as snow and forage availability affected weapon length, though mildly. No sign of compensatory growth was detected. We inferred that chamois mainly use horns as armament in intrasexual interactions. However, horn length was not a key element since horn growth remained isometric, at least under suboptimal ecological conditions. In species without extreme weapons, the handicap caused by longer horns is likely not compensated by an increase in individual fitness.
Incidental and Multimodal High Variability Phonetic Training: Potential, Limits, and Future Directions
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Hanzawa Keiko , Petrova Katya , Kachlicka Magdalena , Suzukida Yui , Tierney Adam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractScholars have extensively investigated the effectiveness of high variability phonetic training (HVPT), that is, identification and discrimination of second language speech sounds produced by multiple speakers followed by trial‐by‐trial feedback. Building on the notion of incidental and multimodal learning in cognitive psychology (e.g., Lim & Holt, 2011), we developed a new, HVPT‐based videogame paradigm in which participants aimed to shoot clay targets as fast as possible while being guided to learn sound cues as a by‐product of planned learning. Focusing on the speech acquisition of 58 Japanese English‐as‐a‐foreign‐language learners, the current study set out to test the pedagogical potential and limits of the incidental HVPT approach. According to the results of statistical analyses, the effectiveness of incidental HVPT can be more clearly observed if it focuses on more learnable targets (e.g., acquisition of English [æ]–[ʌ] rather than [r]–[l] contrasts) with gains being more generalizable from trained to new speakers’ voices and from perception to production dimensions.
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) distribution modeling on their Nordic and Barents Seas feeding grounds
Authors: Duengen Diandra , Burkhardt Elke , El‐Gabbas Ahmed 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUnderstanding cetacean distribution is essential for conservation planning and decision‐making, particularly in regions subject to rapid environmental changes. Nevertheless, information on their spatiotemporal distribution is commonly limited, especially from remote areas. Species distribution models (SDMs) are powerful tools, relating species occurrences to environmental variables to predict the species' potential distribution. This study aims at using presence‐only SDMs (MaxEnt) to identify suitable habitats for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) on their Nordic and Barents Seas feeding grounds. We used spatial‐block cross‐validation to tune MaxEnt parameters and evaluate model performance using spatially independent testing data. We considered spatial sampling bias correction using four methods. Important environmental variables were distance to shore and sea ice edge, variability of sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity, and depth. Suitable fin whale habitats were predicted along the west coast of Svalbard, between Svalbard and the eastern Norwegian Sea, coastal areas off Iceland and southern East Greenland, and along the Knipovich Ridge to Jan Mayen. Results support that presence‐only SDMs are effective tools to predict cetacean habitat suitability, particularly in remote areas like the Arctic Ocean. SDMs constitute a cost‐effective method for targeting future surveys and identifying top priority sites for conservation measures.
Current situation of fungal diseases in Eritrea
Authors: Werkneh Sara , Orefuwa Emma , Denning David W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe epidemiology of fungal infections in Eritrea is unknown. Most cases are under‐reported due to a lack of diagnostics. This study estimates the burden of serious fungal infections and highlights treatment and diagnostic gaps in the country. All publications related to fungal infections were identified by searches using PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. Where no data were available, data from neighbouring countries, then sub‐Saharan African countries, then other parts of the world were considered for deriving estimates. The Eritrea population was 3,546,427 in 2020. In 2020, HIV/AIDS patients numbered 1400 and TB incidence were 2875. The five‐year adult prevalence of asthma (2016–2020) was 41,390, and the total prevalence estimate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was 308,328. The annual incidence of cryptococcal meningitis and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in AIDS patients was estimated at 96 and 205 cases. Oesophageal candidiasis incidence is 715 HIV‐infected patients. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis prevalence, including post‐tuberculosis cases, was estimated at 1399 (39/100,000). Fungal asthma has a prevalence of 1035 and 1366 in adults. The estimated prevalence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and tinea capitis is 59,391 and 342,585, respectively. There are no data on candidaemia, but it is estimated at 5/100,000 (177 cases annually). Invasive aspergillosis in leukaemia, lung cancer, COPD and HIV is estimated at 540 cases and fungal keratitis in 514 cases annually. Serious fungal infections are prevalent in Eritrea with approximately 408,164 people (11.5%) affected annually. Studies on fungal diseases to improve diagnosis and treatment are required with the implementation of a national surveillance program.