bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping review and interpretation of myofascial pain/fibromyalgia syndrome: An attempt to assemble a medical puzzle
Authors: Plaut Shiloh 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundMyofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is a common, overlooked, and underdiagnosed condition and has significant burden. MPS is often dismissed by clinicians while patients remain in pain for years. MPS can evolve into fibromyalgia, however, effective treatments for both are lacking due to absence of a clear mechanism. Many studies focus on central sensitization. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review is to systematically search cross-disciplinary empirical studies of MPS, focusing on mechanical aspects, and suggest an organic mechanism explaining how it might evolve into fibromyalgia. Hopefully, it will advance our understanding of this disease.MethodsSystematically searched multiple phrases in MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, PEDro, and medRxiv, majority with no time limit. Inclusion/exclusion based on title and abstract, then full text inspection. Additional literature added on relevant side topics. Review follows PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PROSPERO yet to adapt registration for scoping reviews.Findings799 records included. Fascia can adapt to various states by reversibly changing biomechanical and physical properties. Trigger points, tension, and pain are a hallmark of MPS. Myofibroblasts play a role in sustained myofascial tension. Tension can propagate in fascia, possibly supporting a tensegrity framework. Movement and mechanical interventions treat and prevent MPS, while living sedentarily predisposes to MPS and recurrence.ConclusionsMPS can be seen as a pathological state of imbalance in a natural process; manifesting from the inherent properties of the fascia, triggered by a disrupted biomechanical interplay. MPS might evolve into fibromyalgia through deranged myofibroblasts in connective tissue (“fascial armoring”). Movement is an underemployed requisite in modern lifestyle. Lifestyle is linked to pain and suffering. The mechanism of needling is suggested to be more mechanical than currently thought. A “global percutaneous needle fasciotomy” that respects tensegrity principles may treat MPS/fibromyalgia more effectively. “Functional-somatic syndromes” can be seen as one entity (myofibroblast-generated-tensegrity-tension), sharing a common rheuma-psycho-neurological mechanism.
Practice of people towards COVID-19 infection prevention strategies in Benishangul Gumuz Region, North–West Ethiopia: Multilevel analysis
Authors: Zelka Muluwas Amentie , Jimma Melkamu Senbeta , Wondashu Paulos Jaleta , Aldo Atnafu Morka , Abshoko Nigatu Disassa , Sadi Dula Ayana , Gibina Wagari Kelbessa 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID– 19) is an acute respiratory viral infectious disease in human being caused by RNA virus that belonged to the family of corona virus. The incidence of this disease was growing exponentially and affects millions of the world population that leads to expose thousands of peoples for death. Thus, this study was targeted to assess the practice of people on COVID-19 infections prevention strategies in the region.

Methods
A community based cross sectional study design was conducted in Benishangul Gumuz Region from May 25 –June 15, 2020. Multistage sampling technique was carried out to select 21 kebeles/ketena and 422 study participants. Data were collected by face to face interview using semi-structured questionnaires. The collected data were entered, cleaned and analyzed using STATA software version 14.0. Descriptive, bi-variable and multivariable multilevel models were applied. Variables with p value < 0.25 in bi-variable analysis were selected as candidates for multivariable analysis. Finally, the variables with p-value < 0.5 were considered as statistically significant, then variables with odds ratio, 95% CI were used to interpret the effect of association.

Results
The magnitude of good practice on prevention strategies of COVID– 19 infections was 62.1%. The most frequently practiced prevention strategies for COVID-19 infections were hand washing with water and soap (80.7%), alcohol-based hand rub (68.8%), maintaining social/physical distance (74.2%) and avoiding touching eyes. Individual and community level factors that affecting practice of COVID– 19 infection prevention strategies were discovered. Hence, community level factor was place of origin (AOR = 0.1; 95%CI: 0.03, 0.35) whereas individual level factors were able to read and write (AOR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.81) and being merchant (AOR = 2.07; 95%CI: 1.01, 4.28).

Conclusion
The level of practice of community towards COVID-19 infections prevention strategies were low as compared with the expected outcome. Individual and community level factors were identified. This implies that social mobilization and community engagement was not effective. Thus, designing appropriate strategies to improve of practice prevention strategies are strongly recommend.
Semiotics, language, and law: the linguistic turn in Western jurisprudence
Authors: He Huanhuan , Dong Xiaobo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the latter half of the 20th century, with the development of philosophy studies, Western jurisprudence also witnessed a linguistic turn in its field. A series of academic schools appeared consecutively, such as the school of semantic analysis, the school of new rhetoric, the school of legal interpretation, and the school of structural semiotics. Their analytical paradigms, which were skeptical of the views of legal languages in traditional theories of jurisprudence, are interdisciplinary and multidimensional in nature and characteristics. Normally, there are three methods used in the linguistic turn of Western jurisprudence, that is, the method of symbolic restoration, the method of structural and functional analysis, and the method of legal hermeneutics. Promoted by the linguistic turn, two traditions of legal semiotics also developed. One is the legal theory based on Greimasian semiotics, and the other is based on Peircean semiotics. The linguistic turn in jurisprudence still represents a breakthrough and innovation in the paradigm of legal theoretical studies, as it leads to a re-examination of language, which is no longer treated as a tool but as a philosophical afterthought in relation to the human being.
The Export Strategy and SMEs Employment Resilience During Slump Periods
Authors: Aparicio-Pérez Daniel , Calatayud Carolina , Rochina-Barrachina María E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Spanish economy was the most hit by the Great Recession. It suffered a greater decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) (affecting especially internal demand). However, it suffered a greater increase in exports (the so-called Spanish “miracle”). Particularly, Spanish SMEs incorporation into exports has been spectacular since 2008. Further, this has coincided with a huge increase in unemployment. Therefore, our main objective is to investigate the moderating role of exports in job destruction associated with recessive contexts of domestic demand using Spanish manufacturing SMEs as a case study. We obtain for SMEs that export participation helps compensate for the decrease in the number of workers generated by a (domestic) downturn, also increasing their survival. Otherwise, SMEs’ survival is negatively affected by financial constraints, production costs, and a recessive demand. This compensatory effect of exports on employment works in favor of permanent workers, meaning that the ratio of permanent to temporary workers may increase for SMEs during recessive periods. Finally, we provide evidence that supports that participation of SMEs in exports is also due to a reaction to the fall in the domestic demand (the so-called “venting out” hypothesis) and, mainly, that this occurs for firms with high utilization of its productive capacity.
Synthesis and properties of tetrazole-containing polyelectrolytes based on chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan
Authors: Pokatilov Fedor A. , Akamova Helen V. , Kizhnyaev Valery N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of tetrazole-containing derivatives of chitosan, starch, and arabinogalactan was carried out by a sequence of reactions including cyanoethylation of polysaccharides and subsequent azidation of cyanoethyl derivatives. The reaction of cyanoethylation of polysaccharides with acrylonitrile proceeds in the temperature range 40–60°C in the presence of NaOH. The transformation of nitrile groups into tetrazole rings (azidation) of cyanoethylated polysaccharide derivatives was carried out with a mixture of sodium azide with ammonium chloride in DMF at 105°C. The reaction with the participation of derivatives of starch and arabinogalactan is characterized by the degree of conversion of nitrile groups into tetrazole rings, which is close to the maximum. The introduction of unsubstituted tetrazole rings into the structure of polysaccharides of acidic N–H substantially changes some of their properties. Like other carbo- and hetero-chain polymers containing N–H unsubstituted tetrazole rings in the structure, tetrazolated polysaccharides exhibit the properties of acidic polyelectrolytes. Tetrazole-containing derivatives of chitosan exhibit the properties of polyampholytes. The presence of tetrazole rings in the structure of modified polysaccharides allows the reaction with epoxy compounds to yield network polymers capable of limited swelling in aqueous media with the formation of polyelectrolyte hydrogels.
Bruchmechanische Nachweise zur Stahlgütewahl für moderne Feinkornbaustähle
Authors: Langenberg P. , Dahl W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Niedriglegierte Qualitätsstähle mit hoher bis höchster Festigkeit bis 1100 MPa und sehr guter Zähigkeit und Schweißeignung sind heute verfügbar. Für Schweißkonstruktionen im Stahlbau, im Druckbehälterbau, für Pipelines, Schiffe und Ölbohrplattformen können diese Stähle wirtschaftlich eingesetzt werden, wenn die Sprödbruchsicherheit gewährleistet ist. Die bisher gültigen, meist empirischen Berechnungsmethoden zur Sprödbruchsicherheit behindern jedoch den Einsatz dieser modernen Stähle. Im Zuge der Harmonisierung von europäischen Bemessungsnormen wurden daher bruchmechanische Sicherheitsnachweise eingeführt. Der Anhang C des Eurocode 3 (Stahlbau) und der Anhang D der prEN 13445 (Druckbehälter) sind Beispiele der erfolgreichen Anpassung bruchmechanischer Sicherheitskonzepte für den Sprödbruchsicherheitsnachweis.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse dieser Entwicklung vergleichend gegenübergestellt.
Dehnratenabhängige Beschreibung der Fließkurven für erhoöhte Temperaturen
Authors: El-Magd Essam , Treppmann Christoph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Die kontinuierliche Beschreibung des Werkstoffverhaltens in großen Bereichen der Dehngeschwindigkeit (10–3–104 s–1) bei gleichzeitig hohen Temperaturen erfordert die Kombination verschiedener Formulierungen für die unterschiedlichen physikalischen Vorgänge während der Verformung. Im Bereich hoher Temperaturen bei gleichzeitig niedrigen Dehnraten sind Kriechprozesse maßgeblich, für den Bereich erhöhter Dehnraten (< 103 s–1) bei niedrigeren Temperaturen findet plastisches Fließen statt. Im dynamischen Bereich (>103 s–1) kann linear viskoses Werkstoffverhalten angenommen werden. Der Übergang zwischen diesen Prozessen wird mit Hilfe einer kontinuierlichen Funktion beschrieben. Anhand von Fließkurven an AA7075, Ck45N und TiA16V4, die bei Dehnraten von 10–3–104 s–1 und Temperaturen von Raumtemperatur bis zu 900 °C ermittelt wurden, wird eine neue Beschreibung verifiziert, die diese drei Verformungsmechanismen in einer kombinierten Formulierung berücksichtigt.
Preparation of Ca-α-sialon Ceramics with Compositions along the Si3N4-1/2 Ca3N2:3AIN Line
Authors: Xie Rong-Jun , Mitomo Mamoru , Mitomo Mamoru , Xu Fang-Fang , Uheda Kyouta , Bando Yoshio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Starting from a powder mixture of α-Si3N4, A1N and Ca3N2, calcium α-sialon ceramics with extensive compositions on the line of Si3N4 – l/2Ca3N2 : 3A1N (with a nominal composition of Ca
m/2Si12
–

m
Al
m
N16) ranged from m = 0.5 up to m = 6.0 were hot pressed at 1700 °C for 1 h under 20 MPa. The sintering behavior of the sample was found to be significantly composition-dependent, and full densification was achieved for all compositions. The solubility of Ca2+ in the present α-sialon was defined in the range of 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.7, which was wider than that in the Ca-α-sialon prepared from CaO. The single-phase samples revealed a similar microstructure comprising the matrix α-sialon grains and a grain boundary phase as the usual α-sialons. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that 70 – 85 % Ca2+ ions entered the α-sialon structure accompanying the Si substitution by Al.
SiC–Si3N4Nanocomposite Prepared by the Addition of SiO2+ C
Authors: Šajgalík P. , Hnatko M. , Lenčéš Z. , Warbichler P. , Hofer F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPaper deals with the low cost route of the preparation of SiC/Si3N4nanocomposite. It is shown that SiC nanoinclusions distributed within the Si3N4matrix can be produced by carbothermal reduction of fine SiO2particles added into a starting mixture. The amount of SiC nanoinclusions can be adjusted by the appropriate amount of SiO2+ C additives. Almost full density of the final composite was achieved by hot-pressing at 1750 °C using a “special” heating regime allowing the outgasing of CO as a product of carbothermal reduction.
Evolution of the Microstructure during Hot Working of Gamma-Based TiAl Alloys
Authors: Brossmann U. , Oehring M. , Lorenz U. , Appel F. , Clemens H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cast products of two-phase titanium aluminides suffer from microsegregation of the alloying elements, which arises from the peritectic solidification pathway. The resulting variation in composition and microstructure occurs on a length scale in the range of 1 mm and, thus, cannot be tolerated for the anticipated applications of the materials. A significant structural and chemical consolidation can be achieved by homogenization and hot-working procedures, however, the processing experience is limited. This problem is addressed in the present paper in that the evolution of the microstructure of two-phase alloys after different stages of wrought processing is characterized by structural and chemical microanalysis involving scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The investigations involve different two-phase alloys in order to assess the effects of ternary and higher alloying elements on the finally obtained microstructure.
Temperature dependence of Young’s Modulus of alumina short fiber reinforced Zn–Al MMCs produced by pressure die-casting
Authors: Kurnaz S. C. , Durman M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Conventional pressure die-casting was used to produce δ-Al2O3 (Saffil) short fiber reinforced Zn–Al based metal matrix composites, containing 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 vol.% fibers. The temperature dependence of the elasticity modulus of the composites and the matrix material were measured at temperatures from 20 to 200 °C, at 20 °C intervals. It was found that the modulus of elasticity of the composites gradually increased with increasing fiber volume, but decreased with increasing temperature. The rate of change in both, however, differed depending on the fiber volume content of the composites in such a manner that the higher the volume content of fibers the lower the rates of decrease in the modulus of elasticity values with increasing fiber volume and temperature. In addition, the data obtained from the Young’s modulus measurements over the temperature range studied were compared with theoretical results predicted by the shear-lag and Nielsen–Chen models and found to be in a better agreement with those of the later model.
Phases and phase equilibria in the Fe–Al–Zr system
Authors: Stein F. , Sauthoff G. , Palm M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIsothermal sections at 800, 1000, and 1150 °C as well as a tentative partial liquidus surface of the ternary Fe–Al–Zr system were established by means of electron-probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and light-optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. The most prominent features of the ternary phase diagram are the extended homogeneity ranges of the Laves phases. By continuous substitution of Fe by Al, the structure changes three times starting from the cubic C15 structure of Fe2Zr to hexagonal C14 (λ1) back to cubic C15 (λ2) and again to hexagonal C14 (Al2Zr). The various Laves phase fields are separated by very small two-phase fields. Besides the Laves phases λ1and λ2, three more ternary intermetallic phases were found, whose homogeneity ranges have been determined for the first time. In addition, new results concerning the homogeneity ranges of intermetallic phases in the binary subsystems Fe–Al and Al–Zr are reported. The solubilities of the third components in the binary phases are found to be generally very low with the exception of the Laves phases. As a consequence, extended two-phase fields between the Fe(Al) solid solution and Laves phase or between Fe(Al) solid solution and the ternary ThMn12-type phase τ1are formed.
Mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr alloys in relation to microstructure and atomic defects
Authors: Rablbauer Ralf , Fischer Rainer , Frommeyer Georg 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe quasi-binary eutectic NiAl–Cr of the ternary Ni–Al–Cr system is composed of B2 type NiAl(Cr) solid solutions and the b.c.c. transition metal chromium as second phase. This constitution enables a systematic alloy design in dependence on the Cr content for improving elastic stiffness, high temperature strength, creep resistance, and fracture toughness of intermetallic NiAl. Elasticity and mechanical properties of NiAl(Cr) reinforced by nano-sized Cr particles or quasi-continuous Cr fibres of several microns in diameter are presented and discussed in respect to single phase NiAl and literature data. The microstructural characterization and discussion of mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr alloys are supplemented by atom probe field ion microscopy analysis (APFIM). APFIM was used to determine the atomic defect structures, the Cr site preference and reveals Cr segregations at antiphase boundaries.
Influence of surface defects and edge geometry on the bending strength of slip-cast ZrO2 micro-specimens
Authors: Gronych D. , Auhorn M. , Beck T. , Schulze V. , Löhe D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bending tests on slip-cast ceramic micro-specimens made of Y2O3-stabilised ZrO2 of the dimensions 0.2 × 0.2 × 1.2 mm3 were performed. Despite nominally identical feedstock make-up as well as identical parameters for slip-casting, debinding and sintering, the bending strengths of three process batches scatter between 1400 and 3400 MPa. As reasons for the scattering of the mechanical properties, surface defects and differently sized edge radii were determined. Correlations between surface roughness, edge radius and bending strength of the micro-specimens are presented. Additionally, the validity of the Weibull size effect could be confirmed with micro-specimens that have relatively smooth surfaces (peak-to-valley heights Rt between 0.5 and 1.5 μm) and relatively large edge radii (between 11 and 18 μm).
Formation volume of atomic vacancies in body-centred cubic metals
Authors: Kurita Nobuaki , Numakura Hiroshi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The formation volume of an atomic vacancy has been calculated by molecular statics simulation by the method originally proposed by Johnson and Brown (1962) for some transition metals of the body-centred cubic structure using several interatomic potentials. The values obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the analytic approximations proposed by Maysenhölder (1986). The formation volume is found to be correlated with Poisson’s ratio of the host crystal.
Crack-tip residual stresses and crack propagation in cyclically-loaded specimens under different loading modes
Authors: Jägg Stefan , Scholtes Berthold 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Residual stress distributions near crack tips in a finegrained low-alloyed steel (German Grade S690QL1) were measured by X-ray diffraction techniques after single and multistep loading sequences, using mode-I, mode-II, or mixed-mode loading parameters. The consequences of overload cycles applied under different loading modes on the residual stress distributions and crack propagation rates were analyzed. Characteristic examples are presented demonstrating the influences of loading modes, loading sequences as well as of amount of loading on the resulting crack tip residual stress fields. Crack retardation effects on mode-I crack propagation after overloads were observed, which were most pronounced for mode-I overloads and negligible for mode-II overloads.
Material-related fundamentals of cutting techniques for GaAs wafer manufacturing
Authors: Hammer Ralf , Bergner Frank , Flade Tilo , Jurisch Manfred , Kleinwechter André , Schaper Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Driven by the requirement of high cutting efficiency and improvement of wafer flatness, wire sawing of GaAs single crystals under brittle material removal conditions has been studied. Crack nucleation and crack propagation were investigated by indentation and scratching tests on polished {100}-oriented semi-insulating GaAs wafers. Based on these results a concept has been developed that allows to control the force balance in the cutting slits so that the deflection of the wires perpendicular to the cutting planes is minimal resulting in cuts of high flatness. The concept has been successfully introduced in mass production of GaAs wafers.
Determination of RuAl phase boundaries in binary Ru–Al phase diagram at room temperature and 1200 °C
Authors: Gobran H. A. , Heger D. , Mücklich F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Binary Ru–Al alloys with nominal compositions from 29.39 at.% Al up to 60.47 at.% Al were manufactured by powder-metallurgy processing. Single-phase RuAl with a homogeneous microstructure was prepared which is difficult to achieve by melting metallurgy. The microstructure and lattice parameters of the alloys were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The parametric method was employed to determine the RuAl phase boundaries. Single-phase RuAl was found to exist from near-stoichiometry up to 53.8 at.% Al at room temperature and up to 54.5 at.% Al at 1200 °C, respectively. In addition, the phase Ru2Al3 was found to be stable at room temperature and to have a very narrow range of stoichiometry.
Combining complementary techniques to study precipitates in steels
Authors: Bischof Michael , Erlach Stefan , Staron Peter , Leitner Harald , Clemens Helmut , Scheu Christina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the precipitation reactions is of vital importance for the development of advanced steels. A comprehensive characterization of all phases, however, is still demanding in these complex materials. Transmission electron microscopy is widely used, but the prevailing ferromagnetism makes the analysis of small precipitates difficult. Furthermore, the investigated specimen volume is small, making statistically relevant findings time-consuming. Therefore, in our study, transmission electron microscopy measurements are complemented by small-angle neutron scattering and atom-probe field ion microscopy. These methods were used to characterize the precipitates in a model steel which hardens by secondary hardening carbides and an intermetallic NiAl-based phase. Assets and drawbacks of each method are discussed and it will be shown that an appropriate combination of the differently obtained findings leads to a detailed description of the precipitation behavior.