bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the Extended X-Ray Emission in the Merging Pair NGC 6240: Photoionization and Winds
Authors: Paggi A. , Fabbiano G. , Nardini E. , Karovska M. , Elvis M. , Wang J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a detailed spectral and imaging analysis of the central 15″ radius (∼7.5 kpc) region of the merger galaxy NGC 6240 that makes use of all the available Chandra-ACIS data (0.3–3 keV effective exposure of ∼190 ks). This region shows extended X-ray structures with lower-energy counterparts imaged in CO, [O iii], and Hα line emission. We find both photoionized phases of possible nuclear excitation and thermal shock-excited emission in the different large-scale components: the northwest “loop” detected in Hα, the region surrounding the two nuclei, the large outflow region to the northeast detected in [O iii], and the southern X-ray extensions. The latter could be the ionization cone of the northern nucleus, with the N counterpart being obscured by the galaxy disk. The radial distribution of the X-ray surface brightness suggests a confined hot interstellar medium at r < 2.5 kpc, with a free-flowing wind at larger radii; if the confinement is magnetic, we estimate B-field values of ∼100 μG, similar to those measured in the halo of M82. The thermal gas of the extended halo at kT ∼ 1 keV absorbs soft X-rays from the active galactic nucleus, but not the extreme ultraviolet radiation leading to a rapid increase in F
[O III]/F
X beyond ∼3 kpc. The α-element to Fe abundance ratios of the thermal components in the different regions of the extended X-ray emission are generally compatible with Type II supernova yields, confirming the importance of active star formation in NGC 6240.
The Farthest Quasar Mini-Broad Absorption Line Outflow from Its Central Source: Very Large Telescope/UVES Observation of SDSS J0242+0049
Authors: Byun Doyee , Arav Nahum , Hall Patrick B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We analyze Very Large Telescope/UVES observations of the quasar SDSS J024221.87+004912.6. We identify four absorption outflow systems: a C iv broad absorption line (BAL) at v ≈ −18,000 km s−1 and three narrower low-ionization systems with centroid velocities ranging from –1200 to –3500 km s−1. These outflows show similar physical attributes to the [O iii] outflows studied by Liu et al. (2013). We find that two of the systems are energetic enough to contribute to active galactic nucleus feedback, with one system reaching above 5% of the quasar’s Eddington luminosity. We also find that this system is at a distance of 67 kpc away from the quasar, the farthest detected mini-BAL absorption outflow from its central source to date. In addition, we examine the time-variability of the BAL and find that its velocity monotonically increases, while the trough itself becomes shallower over time.
He ii Lyα Transmission Spikes and Absorption Troughs in Eight High-resolution Spectra Probing the End of He ii Reionization
Authors: Makan Kirill , Worseck Gábor , Davies Frederick B. , Hennawi Joseph F. , Prochaska J. Xavier , Richter Philipp 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present statistics of He ii Lyα transmission spikes and large-scale absorption troughs using archival high-resolution (R = λ/Δλ ≃ 12,500–18,000) far-UV spectra of eight He ii-transparent quasars obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. The sample covers the redshift range 2.5 ≲ z ≲ 3.8, thereby probing the rapidly evolving He ii absorption at the end of He ii reionization epoch. The measured lengths of the troughs decrease dramatically from L ≳ 100 cMpc at z > 3 to L ≃ 30 cMpc at z ∼ 2.7, signaling a significant progression of He ii reionization at these redshifts. Furthermore, unexpectedly long L ∼ 65 cMpc troughs detected at z ≃ 2.9 suggest that the UV background fluctuates at larger scales than predicted by current models. By comparing the measured incidence of transmission spikes to predictions from forward-modeled mock spectra created from the outputs of a (146 cMpc)3 optically thin Nyx hydrodynamical simulation employing different UV background models, we infer the redshift evolution of the He ii photoionization rate ΓHe II
(z). The photoionization rate decreases with increasing redshift from ≃ 4.6 × 10−15 s−1 at z ≃ 2.6 to ≃ 1.2 × 10−15 s−1 at z ≃ 3.2, in agreement with previous inferences from the He ii effective optical depth, and following expected trends of current models of a fluctuating He ii-ionizing background.
2021 Census of Interstellar, Circumstellar, Extragalactic, Protoplanetary Disk, and Exoplanetary Molecules
Authors: McGuire Brett A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To date, 241 individual molecular species, composed of 19 different elements, have been detected in the interstellar and circumstellar medium by astronomical observations. These molecules range in size from two atoms to 70 and have been detected across the electromagnetic spectrum from centimeter wavelengths to the ultraviolet. This census presents a summary of the first detection of each molecular species, including the observational facility, wavelength range, transitions, and enabling laboratory spectroscopic work, as well as listing tentative and disputed detections. Tables of molecules detected in interstellar ices, external galaxies, protoplanetary disks, and exoplanetary atmospheres are provided. A number of visual representations of these aggregate data are presented and briefly discussed in context.
Magnetocentrifugal Origin for Protostellar Jets Validated through Detection of Radial Flow at the Jet Base
Authors: Lee Chin-Fei , Li Zhi-Yun , Shang Hsien , Hirano Naomi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Jets can facilitate the mass accretion onto the protostars in star formation. They are believed to be launched from accretion disks around the protostars by magnetocentrifugal force, as supported by the detections of rotation and magnetic fields in some of them. Here we report a radial flow of the textbook-case protostellar jet HH 212 at the base to further support this jet-launching scenario. This radial flow validates a central prediction of the magnetocentrifugal theory of jet formation and collimation, namely, the jet is the densest part of a wide-angle wind that flows radially outward at distances far from the (small, sub-au) launching region. Additional evidence for the radially flowing wide-angle component comes from its ability to reproduce the structure and kinematics of the shells detected around the HH 212 jet. This component, which can transport material from the inner to outer disk, could account for the chondrules and Ca–Al-rich inclusions detected in the solar system at large distances.
L’Anthropocène n’est pas durable : que pouvons-nous faire ?
Authors: von Weizsäcker Ernst Ulrich , Delau-Wendt Maïté 
Published: March 2022

Reprenons la distinction introduite par Herman Daly entre le « monde vide » et le « monde plein » : le monde vide, dans son ensemble, était « durable », tandis que le monde plein – aujourd’hui – ne l’est pas. En un sens, l’Anthropocène est un terme qui décrit la non-durabilité. On peut dater les débuts de l’Anthropocène en 1950, soit quelques années seulement après la terrible Seconde Guerre mondiale. L’un des faits les plus marquants de l’Anthropocène est le réchauffement climatique. Il convient également de mentionner la perte dramatique de biodiversité au cours des 75 dernières années. Le réchauffement climatique va certainement faire monter le niveau de la mer, ce qui pourrait entraîner la submersion de l’espace vital d’un milliard d’êtres humains. Que pouvons-nous faire pour réduire la probabilité d’une telle catastrophe ? L’agenda 2030 des Nations Unies, qui prévoit 17 objectifs de développement durable, n’est certainement pas la solution, car la plupart des pays le perçoivent comme un programme axé sur la croissance. La corrélation quasi parfaite entre l’activité économique par habitant et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre représente un obstacle majeur à tous les efforts en faveur de la durabilité. Tous les pays du monde aspirent à une augmentation de la croissance économique, ce qui signifie, pour le dire cyniquement, que les pays veulent accélérer le réchauffement climatique. Décorréler la croissance économique des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pourrait constituer une réponse optimiste à cette tragédie. La transition entre une économie fondée sur les énergies fossiles et une autre basée sur l’énergie solaire est une avancée audacieuse. Une autre étape (moins populaire) consisterait à améliorer considérablement la productivité de l’énergie et des matériaux, ce qui signifierait plus de richesses avec moins d’énergie et de minerais. Une multiplication par cinq de la productivité des ressources est techniquement réalisable. Augmenter les coûts des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de l’exploitation des minerais semble être la voie à suivre pour parvenir à de telles améliorations. Ce processus doit se dérouler de manière équitable, afin que les pays industrialisés à l’origine du réchauffement climatique soient amenés à débourser davantage. Mais il serait également plus rentable pour les pays en développement d’investir dans l’efficacité énergétique et matérielle.
Pandémie de Covid-19 : quelles implications pour le climat et pour la politique climatique locale ?
Authors: Zeigermann Ulrike , Böcher Michael , Windels Loïc 
Published: March 2022

Si, d’un côté, les limitations des contacts sociaux imposées pendant la première année de la pandémie de Covid-19 ont permis de réduire considérablement les émissions de CO 2 et si l’Allemagne a ainsi pu atteindre ses propres objectifs climatiques pour l’année 2020, les scientifiques mettent d’ores et déjà en garde contre un « effet rebond » et contre un recentrage de la politique sur les défis sanitaires et économiques au détriment de la protection du climat et de l’adaptation au changement climatique. Cet article se propose de confronter les différentes positions en présence dans le débat sur les implications de la crise du Covid-19 pour la politique climatique allemande, en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à la politique climatique locale. En effet, bien que la loi fédérale sur la protection du climat soit considérée en Allemagne comme une étape essentielle vers l’accomplissement des objectifs internationaux de protection du climat, on constate au niveau régional une forte fragmentation au niveau des priorités, des instruments politiques, de la configuration des acteurs et des ressources, alors même que de nombreuses mesures concrètes de protection du climat sont mises en œuvre à ce niveau. En outre, l’application de mesures de protection du climat au niveau local est soumise à une pression croissante en raison de la gestion de la pandémie de Covid-19. Cet article s’appuie sur les résultats de recherches menées dans le cadre du projet « Land-Kreis-Gemeinde » (2019-2022) et une étude comparative des activités dites « de protection du climat » dans douze districts (Landkreis) répartis sur six Länder.
Correlation between Blood Urea Nitrogen Level and Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Function in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Purnami Nyilo , Roosmilasari Alfarika , Artono Artono , Mardiana Nunuk 
Published: March 2022

Background Hearing loss due to impaired cochlear function, which results from increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, is one of the important clinical problems in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with uremia. This study aims to determine correlation between blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) dysfunction in non-dialysis stage 3-5 CKD patients so that the BUN levels may also be used to determine the presence of cochlear OHC dysfunction. Design and methods An observational analytic study with a cross sectional design and consecutive sampling. This study was conducted from November 2019 to February 2020 at the Department of Internal Medicine, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, and Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Non-dialysis CKD patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to a Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) test to assess cochlear OHC function at the Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Results Female patients were in larger number than male patients in a ratio of 1 : 2. Most of the patients were between 51-60 years of age. DPOAE distribution was refer in 25 patients (83.3%) and pass in 5 patients (16.7%). The highest pass was at 2000 Hz in 24 patients (80.0%), while the refer results were mostly at 12,000 Hz in 29 patients (96.7%). The highest average signal to noise ratio (SNR) was at 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz (12.77 dB and 11.13 dB), while the lowest at 11,000 Hz and 12,000 Hz (1.60 dB and 1.03 dB). Pearson's correlation test on DPOAE results did not show a significant correlation (p>0.05) between BUN levels and impaired cochlear OHC function. Conclusions There was no correlation between increased blood urea nitrogen levels and cochlear outer hair cell function disorders in non-dialysis patients with CKD stage 3-5.
Perceptions of postgraduate family medicine supervision at decentralised training sites, South Africa
Authors: Erumeda Neetha J. , Jenkins Louis S. , George Ann Z. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Specialist training in family medicine (FM) is growing rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa. The strong emphasis on workplace-based learning for speciality training makes it vital to gain in-depth insights into registrar supervision. Previous studies have explored aspects of supervision at decentralised sites in high-income countries, however, little is known about the benefits and constraints of decentralised postgraduate supervision in low- to middle-income countries, especially in Africa.Aim: This study aimed to explore family physicians’ and registrars’ perceptions of the strengths and challenges of clinical and educational supervision across decentralised training sites.Setting: The study was conducted across two provinces at five decentralised training sites affiliated with the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Methods: This qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 11 FPs and 11 registrars. The data were thematically analysed.Results: Two of the four themes identified, ‘supervision is context-specific and supervisor-dependent’, and ‘the nature of engagement matters’, involved strengths and challenges. The other two, ‘supervision is not ideal’ and ‘the training environment is challenging’, focussed on challenges.Conclusion: Supervisors and registrars described the postgraduate FM supervision as context-specific and supervisor-dependent. Supervisors displayed good clinical-teacher characteristics and supervisory relationships. However, several challenges, including registrars’ workload, resource shortages and a lack of standardisation across training sites, need to be addressed. Regular faculty development is essential for supervisors to be aware of relevant aspects of, and current trends in, postgraduate training.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in public hospital medical doctors in an Eastern Cape metro
Authors: Spies Ruan , Potter Matthew , Govender Sudarshan , Kirk Luke , Rauch Simon , Black John 
Published: March 2022

Background: Evidence-based Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures are critical in protecting medical doctors from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Concerns surrounding access to personal protective equipment (PPE), compliance with IPC measures and the quality of available PPE have been raised as possible causes for high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in medical doctors in high transmission settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk factors for occupational infection in doctors in the hospitals in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB).Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study wherein we electronically surveyed medical doctors in public-sector NMB hospitals from 01 March 2020 to 31 December 2020. We collected demographic, health, occupational and SARS-CoV-2 infection and exposure data. Categorical data were described as proportions and a multiple variable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Results: The survey was distributed amongst 498 doctors, 141 (28%) of whom replied. Forty-three (31%) participants reported that they had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period. Eighty-nine participants (64%) reported inadequate access to PPE whilst only 68 (49%) participants adhered to PPE recommendations when interacting with patients with confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. We were unable to identify any significant predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in public hospital doctors in NMB. Most participants reported inadequate access to PPE and poor compliance with IPC protocols. These findings suggest an urgent need for the improved implementation of IPC measures to protect doctors from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Silent upsurge of gestational diabetes: Are we aware? A rural tertiary care experience of Central Gujarat
Authors: Shah Charmi S. , Vaishnav Smruti B. , Mankad Saptak P. , Sharma Tanishq S. , Sapre Shilpa A. , Raithatha Nitin S. , Patel Mamta R. , Mannari Jyoti G. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus has been on the rise. With the dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and inactivity amongst the population, it’s becoming a common problem affecting antenatal women and their offspring.

Subjects and Methods:
A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out involving antenatal women between 24-28 weeks of gestation at a tertiary care centre in a rural part of Gujarat. Patients were screened using the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI) guidelines. Analysis was carried out using Chi-square and ANOVA test.

Results:
Patients having PG2BS ≥140 mg/dl were diagnosed as having Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), while those having PG2BS values between 120–139 mg/dl were diagnosed as having Gestational Glucose Intolerance (GGI). Out of the 300 patients screened, we found an overall prevalence of 52 (17.33%) having GDM and 65 (21.67%) having GGI. Most patients belonged to the age bracket of 21-30 years across all groups. The prevalence of GDM in rural antenatal women was 23 (44.2%) and in semi-urban antenatal women was 25 (48.1%) while GGI in the rural antenatal women was 45 (69.2%) followed by semi-urban antenatal women 19 (29.2). We found that Occupation, Residence, Lifestyle, Socio-Economic Class, Family history of Diabetes Mellitus, Body Mass Index (BMI) were all statistically significant whereas Antenatal Complications and Perinatal outcomes weren’t.

Conclusion:
With such a high prevalence of GGI, almost equivalent to GDM, it is important to identify patients having GGI and monitor them to prevent progression to GDM by starting an appropriate treatment modality.
Prevalence and associated factors of domestic violence among married women in an urban slum in South India
Authors: Das Biranchi N. , Mohandas Anu , Killi Bhavani 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Domestic violence (DV) is a public health problem with an estimated global prevalence of 35%. The prevalence rate of spousal domestic violence in Telangana is 36.4% which is higher than the national average of 25.3%. Despite being a punishable offense, DV is still on the rise in India. Hence, there is need to assess its extent and determining factors for planning of remedial measures. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of domestic violence and its associated factors among married women of an urban slum in Telangana.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 18- to 45-year-old married women in urban slums of Telangana. The sample size was 200. Multistage random sampling was done. Data collection was done using questionnaire with information regarding socio-demographic details, types of domestic violence, help-seeking behaviours, awareness, and outcome. The victims were directed towards medical and legal help, and further counselling. Descriptive analysis was done to find proportion of domestic violence. The associated factors were found using Chi-square test and logistic regression.

Results:
Domestic violence was reported by 70.5% of the study participants. Physical abuse (67%) was the main offense followed by emotional abuse (38.5%). Though 89% of women were aware of domestic violence being punishable by law, only 9.5% of women sought help. Woman’s older age (COR = 2.015, 95% CI: 1.088-3.733, P = 0.026), illiteracy (COR = 2.181,95% CI: 1.097-4.3381, P = 0.026), longer married life (COR = 1.961, 95% CI: 1.008-3.815, P = 0.047), husband’s early exposure to abuse (COR = 4.439, 95% CI: 1-19.705, P = 0.034) and alcohol intake (COR: 1.995, 95% CI: 1.038-3.838, P = 0.037) were found to be significant factors in the bivariate analysis. Husband’s exposure to abuse in childhood (AOR = 5.326, 95% CI: 1.163-24.400, P = 0.031) and alcohol intake (AOR = 2.206, 95% CI: 1.109-4.389, P = 0.024) were found to be independent predictors.

Conclusion:
Domestic violence is highly prevalent in urban slums of south India. A woman’s age, education, duration of marriage, husband’s early exposure to abuse, and alcohol intake are determining factors. Awareness programs need to be conducted regarding helplines, medical and legal aspects. All domestic violence cases should be registered, and social, psychological and legal support be provided to the victim.
Prevalence of serum cobalamin and folate deficiency among children aged 6–59 months: A hospital-based cross-sectional study from Northern India
Authors: Gupta Surbhi , Haldar Partha , Singh Archana , Malhotra Sumit , Kant Shashi 
Published: March 2022

Context:
Cobalamin and folate are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and in the maintenance of myelin. They are required during the period of the rapid growth of infancy and childhood. Their deficiency may result in nutritional anemia and neurological manifestations. There is paucity of literature regarding the prevalence of cobalamin and folate deficiency among North Indian children aged 6–59 months.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of serum cobalamin and folate deficiency among children aged 6–59 months, attending a secondary care hospital.

Settings and Design:
Children were recruited from pediatrics OPD of the sub-district hospital (SDH), Ballabgarh, Haryana, through systematic random sampling. Hemoglobin was measured by an automated analyzer. Serum cobalamin and serum folate were estimated using enhanced chemiluminescence based immunoassay.

Results:
A total of 420 children were recruited, of which 392 provided a blood specimen. Prevalence of cobalamin, folate deficiency, and anemia were 22.3% (95% CI: 18.3–26.7), 10.9% (95% CI: 8.2–14.6), and 81.9% (95% CI 77.7–85.4), respectively. The proportion of children with cobalamin deficiency who had anemia was 97.7% compared to 95.7% among those with no cobalamin deficiency (P = 0.396). Similarly, the proportion of children with folate deficiency who had anemia was 95.2% compared to 96.2% among those with no folate deficiency (P = 0.765).

Conclusion:
We found that almost one in five children aged 6–59 were deficient in cobalamin, and one in ten were deficient in folate.