bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johannes Brahms, Connoisseur of Graphic Arts
Authors: Avins Styra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
While Brahms’s engagement with the work of the artist Max Klinger has often been explored, less attention has been paid to other aspects of his lifelong interest in the graphic arts. Brahms’s favorite artists included Jacques Callot, William Hogarth, Anselm Feuerbach, Julius Allgeyer, Adolph Menzel, Daniel Chodowiecki, Arnold Böcklin, and Henri Fantin-Latour. Larger issues of the day involved the possible creation of “musical” paintings that could evoke the types of nonverbal emotional responses more usually associated with music. Contemporary artistic currents included the continued production of paintings depicting classical historical scenes and tableaus influenced by Greek mythology, and genre paintings (scenes of everyday life). Brahms’s interests encompassed them all. Drawing on a wide range of primary source materials, this chapter suggests what these interests might have had in common with each other and with Brahms, the person as well as the composer.
Rehearing Brahms’s Late Intermezzi
Authors: Babyak Tekla 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes Brahms’s use of the title “intermezzo,” and its connotations of “in-betweenness,” as a starting point for hermeneutic inquiry. A series of close readings of passages from Op. 118, No. 1 and No. 6, and Op. 119, No. 1, explore harmonic, rhythmic, and formal procedures that invite the listener to engage in reflection before and after each rehearing. This process allows each intermezzo to be flanked by the listener’s own contemplative and analytical work. Brahms’s late intermezzi might thus be heard as enacting a cycle of rehearing and reflection, generated by means of enigmatic passages that support multiple interpretations. The ambiguity seems to create a regenerative temporality of rehearing insofar as the late intermezzi have the potential to be imagined anew in ever-changing ways.
Formal Elision in the Chamber Music of Mendelssohn and Brahms
Authors: Taylor Benedict 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The parallels between Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms have often been noted; more seldom, though, have the musical links been examined in any detail. Although clear influence can be demonstrated in numerous places, this investigation proposes that it may be more productive to situate such parallels within recent approaches to musical form (or the “New Formenlehre”). Where similarities exist between Mendelssohn’s and Brahms’s approaches to form—ones that appear idiosyncratic compared to a classical model—these might alert us to a potentially distinct post-classical sonata practice. The following chapter examines the commonalities between the two composers’ formal procedures by spotlighting the technique of elision at the onset of sonata form recapitulations. Paradoxically, analyzing Brahms’s chamber music from a perspective informed by Mendelssohn’s practice helps to bring out what is distinctively Brahmsian about what the later composer does, despite—or perhaps because of—the similarities in formal procedure.
Compositional Range versus Compositional Ideal Type
Authors: Smith Peter H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dvořák’s music remains relatively understudied and here serves as a route to rethinking Brahms as a composer of chamber music. Two case studies illustrate Brahms’s embrace of compositional strategies not paradigmatically associated with him—creatively in his own chamber music and critically in chamber works of Dvořák that received Brahms’s approbation. The first case study focuses on local and large-scale tonal continuities and recapitulatory-like restatements that counterbalance the uncommon repetitiveness of the finales of Brahms’s G-minor Piano Quartet and Dvořák’s E♭-major String Quintet. The second case study compares the tight motivic integration of the first movement of Brahms F-minor Clarinet Sonata with the more spontaneous juxtaposition of motivic harmonies in the first movements of his G-major Violin Sonata and Dvořák’s E-major String Quartet. These comparisons illustrate that it is the range of compositional resources, rather than one ideal type of invention, that we may admire in Brahms and Dvořák—and that, we may speculate, they admired in each other.
Images, Monuments, Constructs
Authors: Sandberger Wolfgang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Soon after the death of Johannes Brahms in April 1897 there arose the need for public and lasting tributes to the composer. The memorial markers took very different forms. The most artistically significant are to be found in Meiningen, in Brahms’s birth city of Hamburg, and in the city of Vienna—the site of his most sustained creative activity. This chapter considers these monuments in the broader context of Brahms’s iconographic representation, including a range of depictions of the composer that originated within his own lifetime. Of central importance here is the ceiling painting known as the “Composers’ Heaven” in the Tonhalle in Zürich from 1895. These depictions are worth contemplating, because our notions of Brahms—beyond his actual music—are to this day directly shaped by aspects of his iconographic canonization and its attendant discourses; the photographs, busts, and monuments have helped to define the image of Brahms in the collective consciousness.
Specters and “Derangements”
Authors: Venn Edward 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Brahms represents a composer with whom (in Ian Pace’s words) Michael Finnissy “has had a recurrent fascination but something of a love-hate relationship,” replicating, perhaps, a wider cultural ambivalence to the Brahmsian heritage in the twentieth century, and in particular Brahms in the Schoenbergian guise of “the Progressive.” This chapter examines Finnissy’s In stiller Nacht (1990; rev. 1997) and Brahms-Lieder (2015), both of which approach Brahms’s progressive “manner” via his settings of German folksongs. Approaching Finnissy’s reworking of notions of developing variation in these works and his allusions to other compositions by Brahms with reference to Derrida’s hauntological concept of specters, the investigation demonstrates how Finnissy’s “derangements” of Brahms’s music offers listeners the opportunity to reconfigure, reappraise, and rethink their (plural) images of Brahms and his legacy.
Pascal’s The Wager
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Blaise Pascal’s famous wager concerning God’s existence. The first section briefly introduces Pascal’s life and works. The second section introduces the concept of expected payoff via an example of a simple coin toss. The third section presents Pascal’s wager—that is, his argument that belief in God has a greater expected payoff than not believing in God. The fourth section considers a number of background assumptions to Pascal’s argument, including assumptions about background evidence, voluntary control over belief, the earthly benefits of non-belief, and the assumption that God must either exist or not exist. Finally, the fifth takes up possible objections and replies to Pascal’s wager.
Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers various objections to the argument from design in the context of Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. The first section looks at Hume’s famous regress objection to the argument from design. The second section takes up the general objection that the argument from design supports nontraditional theist views more than traditional theist views. The third section examines the charge that the argument from design is consistent with there being an immanent designer, while the fourth section considers the possibility that design is consistent with there being no designer at all. Finally, the fifth section considers three contemporary objections to the argument from design.
Ecology of a Changed World
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In a rapidly changing world, six threats to biodiversity can be summarized by the acronym COPHID: Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, and Disease. These threats have led to many extinctions and are on course to generate many more. Each threat can be traced back to the growth of the human population and a general increase in wealth and technology. This text is designed to provide a summary of what has happened and why, as well as ask how to predict what will happen under various scenarios. The ecological principles of species interactions—mutualism, competition, predation, and parasitism—are applied to food security and to human disease, demonstrating how simplification of communities threatens both wild species and humans. Dramatic changes in the environment have been brought about by the removal of species (collapse of coral reefs), by addition of species (predators destroying island faunas), by pollution (dead zones in the ocean), and by habitat conversion (about 75% of the world’s productive land is now exploited for agriculture or forestry). Despite these issues, the global increase in wealth and education, coupled with a decline in the fertility rate, are causes for optimism. Eventually, the result may be a declining human population, as well as placement of more value on an increasingly scarce commodity, wild lands and wild oceans.
The Changed World
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The world has changed substantially over the past 10,000 years, especially so over the last 70 years. Presently, more than half of the world’s former plant growth is thought to be on land we use for crops, grazing, or cities, and the combined mass of humans and their domestic animals outweighs that of wild mammals by a factor of 25. Many extinctions have already happened, and the possibility of a mass extinction on par with the last one 66 million years ago is very real. The consequences are potentially disastrous to humans. Threats to wild species are summarized by the acronym COPHID—Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, Disease. These threats stem from human population growth and equally from the rise in personal wealth. The book considers the ecology of species in this altered world, the six threats, and the science behind species preservation.
Population Regulation
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Exponential growth, where birth and death rates do not change over time, leads to either extinction or impossibly large population sizes. This chapter introduces the second and final model, that of logistic growth, which leads to a stable population size at what is termed the carrying capacity, K. In this model, competition between individuals increases as their numbers increase (density dependence). A feature of density-dependence is that population growth is maximized at some intermediate population size (in the logistic model, exactly when the population is half the carrying capacity). Discussion of this leads to the concept of maximum sustainable yield, illustrated by a model of fishing on George’s bank off the coast of Maine, which predicts that the maximum sustainable harvest of a combined set of fish will result when the total mass of fish present is about 40% of carrying capacity.
Evolution and Disease
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The concept of evolution by natural selection is illustrated by HIV patients’ acquisition of resistance to the drug azidothymidine (AZT). Parasites and pathogens (such as HIV) are under selection to exploit their hosts, but their hosts are under selection to resist exploitation, so unlike drugs, both are constantly evolving to counter each other. One consequence is the complex immune system that has evolved in many hosts. The evolution of both parasite and host is documented for myxomatosis, a viral disease that devastated the rabbit population and subsequently resulted in the evolution of increased host resistance, as well as decreased pathogen virulence. In general, levels of virulence can be well understood by considering selection pressures on the parasite for efficient transmission between hosts. This is illustrated by comparing the virulence of different malarial species, cholera strains, and diarrheal diseases more generally.
Food Security
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Over the last 50 years, per capita food supply has increased despite a doubling of the human population. Nevertheless, more than 800 million people are undernourished, primarily because they are too poor to purchase enough food. Assuming people come out of poverty and the population continues to grow, this chapter asks how calorie consumption could be doubled by 2050. Preventing food waste, along with a shift to a pescatarian or vegetarian diet, would achieve this goal, but habits are currently trending in the opposite direction. Increased fertilizer plus technological advances could double production on current lands. Rapid gains in productivity result from selection, hybridization, and, more recently, genetic modification (GM) of cultivated species. GM has largely been devoted to introducing pesticide and herbicide-resistant genes into corn, soybeans, and cotton: most of those crops grown in the United States and China, are now genetically modified. The benefits and drawbacks of GM are discussed.
Growth of Wealth and Urbanization
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The rapid increase in income is as spectacular as population growth. On average, an individual’s spending power increased 25% in the 10 years 2009–2019 and shows little sign of slowing down. Increases have been most rapid in high-density urban centers, where about half the world’s population lives, and in Asian countries. Increase in earnings leads to increase in spending; for example, between 2000 and 2019 the number of foreign tourist trips tripled. The correlation of a country’s per capita income with environmental impact is strong. Because increased spending power leads to increased consumption, it is essential to make consumption patterns more environmentally friendly (e.g., a transition from fossil fuels to renewables). As this may often involve increased costs to companies, government legislation and incentives can be used to stimulate technological advances, illustrated by efforts to improve air quality in the United States.
Habitat Conversion
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The amount of annual plant growth left on the land by the end of the year is less than three-quarters of what it would be in a world without humans, and presently about half the world is being exploited for crops, grazing land, and cities. Natural habitats, such as wetlands and forests, have been correspondingly lost. By 1990, global forest cover was thought to be about half of what it was 8,000 years ago. Monitoring by satellite finds that more than 9% of standing forest was removed between 2001 and 2015, and it occurred for four equally important reasons: forestry; shifting agriculture; land-use conversion (e.g., to soy and oil palm); and fire. Deforestation continues, but some areas remain unaffected, including central Amazonia, parts of West Africa, and boreal regions. In Borneo and Amazonia, the rates of deforestation were greater at the end of the last century than they are presently, but in other locations, including West Africa and New Guinea, they appear to be increasing.
Economics of Habitat Conversion
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis of natural lands sometimes shows that they have greater value than alternative uses of the land. This may become increasingly the case as natural lands become scarcer and more valued for recreation and other services. Assessment of costs and benefits is not easy. First, it is intrinsically difficult to assign a value to some benefits, such as storm protection by mangroves or access to a national park. Second, costs often fall on a different set of people than those gaining the benefits, illustrated here by conversion of mangrove to shrimp farms. Third, benefits of different options accrue over different timescales, with those from conservation often taking longer than those from development. Examples are given where benefits of conservation clearly exceed costs, and also where this is the case only under restricted conditions, such as governments paying for carbon storage, or the costs to an entire country’s population are factored in.
Climate Crisis
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Over the past 66 million years the earth has cooled down, a phenomenon associated with a drawdown in CO2 from the atmosphere. The culmination was the recent glacial period, beginning about 2.5 million years ago, punctuated by short interglacial periods, such as the one starting about 12,000 years ago. The last 150 years have been characterized by the burning of fossil fuels. Approximately 30% of the consequently emitted CO2 is taken up on land through increased plant growth, and a further 20% has been absorbed in the ocean. The rest remains in the atmosphere, raising CO2 levels 45% higher than they were 100 years ago. Average temperature on land is 1.5oC higher, and sea level is 20 cm higher, than in 1900. Global warming has surely contributed to the increased frequency of Amazon droughts, heat waves, and storms. The geographical ranges of species are moving toward higher latitudes and upslope on mountains, and some high-elevation populations have disappeared.
Introduced Disease
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Introduced diseases are sometimes considered to be part of the general problem of invasive species and many of the same principles apply. However, they also include jumps between species in the same location. Devastating population declines as a consequence of disease are starkly illustrated by the mortality of perhaps 50 million Native Americans from diseases Europeans brought to the New World in the sixteenth century; the recent loss of 6 million bats in the United States from an introduced fungal disease; and a fungal infection that caused a transition away from wheat cultivation in Brazil. In amphibians, an introduced fungal disease, sometimes interacting with other threats, has caused the extinction of many species. Explanations for the virulence of these diseases include undefended hosts and the presence of reservoirs (species or populations that are tolerant to the disease, and carry it without suffering). With regard to some diseases, common species can be more prone to massive population declines and even extinction than rare species because of the increased possibilities of transmission during the early stages of its spread.
Species
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Preserving species, the major focus of conservation efforts, requires a clear definition of species. Three definitions are widely employed. One (“morphological species concept”) is based on clustering individuals based on appearance. A second (“phylogenetic species concept”) uses relationships based on DNA sequences. A third (“biological species concept”) is based on the failure of individuals of one species to successfully breed with individuals from another and is used mainly to study the process whereby new species form. Over 2 million morphological species have been described. More than 6 million may remain to be discovered. The number may be even larger because cryptic species, which are outwardly similar but genetically different, may be common, and because parasites may be more diverse than currently appreciated. These undescribed species fall under the radar of conservation initiatives. While species continue to be the main unit of conservation, distinct populations also contribute to overall biodiversity. The Endangered Species Act in the United States allows the listing of population segments, even when the species as a whole is not threatened.
Species across Space
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tropical regions contain more species than temperate regions, both on land and in the ocean. Recent efforts to measure total genetic diversity show similar patterns. Explanations for the presence of many species in the tropics are broadly divided into present-day conditions (e.g., land-based, warm, and wet environments with a long growing season enable the coexistence of multiple species) and past history (tropical environments have been large and undisturbed, allowing species to accumulate). Alternatives are difficult to separate, as both can account for the presence of many rare and small-ranged species in the tropics. The uneven distribution of rare and small-ranged species, as well as differences in the extent of current threats (habitat loss), have led to the identification of biodiversity hotspots, which contain a large fraction of all threatened species. They include the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and Madagascar.
Island Biogeography and Reserve Design
Authors: Price Trevor 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Habitat is increasingly fragmented into “islands” surrounded by unsuitable conditions. For the equivalent area, real islands have fewer species than continents, which can be modelled as resulting from a balance between colonization of the island (the further from the source, the lower the colonization rate); extinction (smaller islands, higher extinction); and time since the island was formed or isolated. These principles are applied to species loss from habitat fragments; tropical forest fragments the size of 10 km2 typically lose a bird species within 7 years. Mechanisms include the loss of species that require large areas (sometimes triggering trophic cascades), and influence of the edge (e.g., wind disturbance, access for invasive species). Two separate reserves of combined area equal to a single large reserve provide insurance against threats such as disease, but small reserves often retain a similar subset of the species present in the larger one, resulting in the deterministic loss of some species everywhere.
Reporting the Local and Global of Borderlands
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues for the importance of reporting the specific local-global aspects of borderlands. The importance of understanding the glocal nature of social vulnerabilities has already been raised as a key issue in sociology. Likewise, anthropologists argue the local/global dynamic is at the heart of the cosmopolitan condition in borderlands. Using the specific examples of reporting around artisanal mining, journalist-source relations in refugee camps, and foreign correspondent-fixer relations in borderlands, decolonizing concepts developed in previous chapters are applied to analyze how current reporting practices can fall short of glocal reporting—and what can be done to move past these blocks. All three examples point to the crucial role that could be played by foreign correspondence in creating new knowledge around the glocal dynamics of borderlands and how this can empower a move toward a global public sphere at the grassroots level.