bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of External Monitoring on Conservative Financial Reporting in the Property-Casualty Insurance Industry
Authors: Reddic Willie D , Bisco Jill , Booker Kayla D 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARY
When property-casualty (P&C) insurers understate their loss reserves, they increase the appearance of solvency. Understating loss reserves can lead to inadequate loss protection for policyholders. This paper investigates the effect of external monitoring by state regulators on financial reporting by P&C insurers. Specifically, we analyze whether a regulatory financial examination of P&C insurers, as mandated and conducted by state law, results in reporting more conservative loss reserve estimates. We find that P&C insurers report more conservative loss reserve estimates during and following a regulatory financial examination. Whereas past studies use audits as external monitoring events around which fluctuations in loss reserves are observed, we focus on regulatory financial examinations as external monitoring events that mitigate the use of loss reserves to manage perceptions of company health.
JEL Classifications: G22; H79; M42; M48.
Persistence of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Diaz-Santana Mary V. , O’Brien Katie M. , Park Yong-Moon Mark , Sandler Dale P. , Weinberg Clarice R. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE
Gestational diabetes mellitus complicates ∼6% of pregnancies and strongly predicts subsequent type 2 diabetes. It has not been fully elucidated how risk depends on the number of affected pregnancies or how long the excess risk persists.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We assessed reproductive histories in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes using a nationwide cohort of 50,884 women. Among participants who initially did not have diabetes, 3,370 were diagnosed with diabetes during 10 years of follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models that allowed risk to depend on age, cumulative number of pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus, and time since the most recent affected pregnancy, adjusting for BMI, educational level, and race/ethnicity.

RESULTS
History of one or more pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus predicted elevated age-specific risk of type 2 diabetes, with a hazard ratio of 3.87 (95% CI 2.60–5.75) 6–15 years after an affected pregnancy. Risk increased steeply with multiple affected pregnancies. The age-specific associations attenuated over time after an affected pregnancy, with an estimated 24% reduction of the hazard ratio per decade. Risk remained elevated, however, for &gt;35 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Gestational diabetes mellitus predicted markedly increased rates of type 2 diabetes. Relative risk increased substantially with each additional affected pregnancy. The estimated hazard ratio declined with time after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus but remained elevated for &gt;35 years. Women recalling a history of gestational diabetes mellitus should be screened regularly for type 2 diabetes, even late in life.
PEMANFAATAN MEDIA LIFT THE FLAP BOOK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA
Authors: Triyanto Yuli , Zubaidah Enny 
Published: February 2022

This research is about the reading skills of the grade I students and the method is classroom action research by doing classroom study using lift the flap book media. The purpose of the research is to improve the reading skills of the grade I students of SD Negeri Puren Depok Sleman using the lift the flap book media. Learning to read in grade I SD Negeri Puren is still not in accordance with the expected results. Evidenced by the results of reading skills, there are still many who have not reached the complete score. The results showed that the use of lift the flap book media can improve student’s reading skills. This can be seen from the increase in the learning process on each indicator of reading ability. Students are increasingly interested in learning, and teachers have used other media besides books from school. The process of learning to read has increased, namely that the average score increase from cycle 1 the score is 76 and in cycle 2 the score is 83. Students whose average scores are above the average increase from cycle 1 by 46.4% and cycle 2 as much as 85%.Penelitian yang dilakukan ini tentang kemampuan membaca siswa kelas 1, dan metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (classroom action research) dengan melakukan pembelajaran didalam kelas menggunakan media lift the flap book. Tujuan penelitian adalah kemampuan membaca siswa kelas 1 SD Negeri Puren Depok meningkat dengan menggunakan bantuan media lift the flap book. Kegiatan belajar mengajar membaca di SD Negeri Puren kelas I hasilnya masih belum sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Terbukti dengan kemampuan membaca masih banyak yang yang nilainya belum sesuai yang diharapkan. Hasil penelitian kemampuan membaca meningkat setelah menggunakan media lift the flap book hal ini dapat diketahui meningkatnya pada proses pembelajaran pada setiap indikator kemampuan membaca. Siswa semakin tertarik mengikuti pembelajaran, dan guru sudah menggunakan media lain selain buku dari sekolah. Proses pembelajaran membaca mengalami peningkatan yaitu nilai rata-rata meningkat dari siklus 1 nilainya 76 dan siklus 2 nilainya 83. Siswa yang nilainya diatas rata-rata meningkat dari siklus 1 sebanyak 46,4% dan siklus 2 sebanyak 85%.
Do Individuals with History of Patellofemoral Pain Walk and Squat Similarly to Healthy Controls? A 3D Kinematic Analysis During Pain Remission Phase.
Authors: Martins Diego , de Castro Marcelo Peduzzi , Ruschel Caroline , Pierri Carlos Alberto Atherinos , de Brito Fontana Heiliane , Moraes Santos Gilmar 
Published: February 2022

Background Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is typically accompanied by changes in movement pattern. However, it is unclear if these changes persist in the remission phase of symptoms. Investigating movement patterns in individuals in remission phase of PFP may help to further guide the rehabilitation process and to understand whether changes are due to high levels of pain or related to other factors. Purpose To compare 3D kinematics during walking and the single leg squat (SLS) between individuals with history of PFP in remission phase and a control group without history of lower limb injuries and PFP. Study Design Cross-sectional case-control study. Methods Individuals with onset of PFP for at least one year and in phase of remission of symptoms (experimental group [EG]; n=13, 30±8 years) were compared to a control group (CG, n=13, 28±7 years). A 10-camera motion analysis system (Vicon-Nexus®) was used to record 3D ankle, knee, hip and trunk angles during walking and SLS. Results The EG presented less ankle dorsiflexion, knee and hip flexion during the stance phase of walking compared to the CG (p=0.005, large effect size ηp2 = 0.141). During the SLS, no between-group differences were observed for the ankle, knee and hip angles at the peak of knee flexion (p>0.05). A trend for increased trunk range of movement in the EG compared to the CG was observed (p=0.075, medium effect size ηp2 = 0.127). Conclusion The results of this study indicate less movement in the sagittal plane during walking, and a trend towards more movement of the trunk during SLS in the EG compared to the CG. The participants of the EG had minimal symptoms, to the point of not classifying them as pathological. However, the between-group differences suggest that even in the remission phase, kinematic differences persist for some reason and may contribute to the recurring pain in PFP individuals. Level of Evidence Level 3.
Electromyographic Characteristics of a Single Motion Shoulder Exercise: A Pilot Study Investigating a Novel Shoulder Exercise
Authors: Henehan Michael J , Brand-Perez Tamar , Peng Jeffrey C , Tsuruike Masaaki 
Published: February 2022

Background Shoulder exercises focused on strengthening the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizing muscles as well as addressing scapular dyskinesis and motor control have been shown to improve rotator cuff function and decrease shoulder pain. A single motion shoulder exercise that effectively activates the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizing muscles, engages the scapulohumeral rhythm, and includes eccentric contractions may be more effective and easier for patients to consistently perform as compared to multiple standard shoulder exercises. Purpose To compare the electromyographic muscle activation of key shoulder complex muscles during a single motion exercise and individual exercises (standard exercises) typically included in shoulder rehabilitation protocols. Study Design Case-controlled, cohort study Methods Nineteen healthy men and women without shoulder pain or dysfunction were studied. Muscle activity of the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizing muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, trapezius [upper, middle and lower], serratus anterior, middle deltoid) was measured using surface EMG while subjects performed, in a standing position, several standard shoulder exercises typically included in shoulder rehabilitation protocols (resisted shoulder flexion, abduction in the scapular plane/scaption, external rotation, extension) and a single motion shoulder exercise consisting of a continuous movement creating the shape of “Figure of 8” in the transverse plane. The subjects used a weight between 5-15 pounds that produced muscle activation at 40-60% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for shoulder external rotation. That weight was then used for all of the exercises performed by the subject. The single highest EMG reading for each of the eight muscles studied, expressed as a percentage of MVIC, at any point during the second, third and fourth repetitions in a five repetition set was used to compare the single motion shoulder exercise and each exercise in the standard exercises set. Results Ten men and nine women between 18-65 years of age were tested. No significant difference (p=.05) between the exercises was noted for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, serratus anterior, middle deltoid or upper trapezius. There was a significant difference favoring the standard exercises in the middle and lower trapezius. (p= 0.0109 and 0.0002 respectively) Conclusion In this pilot study, muscle activation during the single motion, Figure of 8 pattern exercise was not significantly different from the standard shoulder exercises in six of eight key muscles that are usually included in shoulder rehabilitation protocols. The exceptions were the middle and lower trapezius which were activated to a significantly higher degree with the standard exercises. Further evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of the single motion shoulder exercise is needed. Level of Evidence Level 3b
Prevalence of Risk Factors of the Female Athlete Triad among Young Elite Athletes of Pakistan
Authors: Syed Jaweria , Jamil Anam , Namroz Nazma , Shakeel Madiha , Malik Ayesha , Kanwal Sumaira , Riaz Huma 
Published: February 2022

Background Female athletes who are not vigilant about their food choices and choose extraneous physical activities may head towards negative health effects. Purpose The purpose was to determine the prevalence of risk factors that may lead to the Female Athlete Triad among young elite athletes in Pakistan. Study Design & Methods A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in 2018 at Pakistan Sports Board to investigate the risk factors of The Female Athlete Triad among young elite athletes based in national training camps of major metropolitan cities. Trained and professional female elite athletes of age 18 – 25 years, able to comprehend questionnaire in English were included. Athletes completed the questionnaire including demographics, educational qualifications, Body Mass Index, sports participation, and playing hours. The Eating Aptitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and questionnaires on risks of amenorrhea and risks of low bone mineral density were completed. Individual prevalence of the risk factors of three components was assessed. The data were analyzed using SPSS-20 and descriptive statistics applied. Results A sample of 60 elite athletes, (23.57 + 2.37 years, BMI 21.97 <u”>+</u>1.90) who participated in various sports were included. EAT-26 results indicated that 50% of athletes were at risk of an eating disorder. Disordered Eating behaviors in need of referral were identified in 83.3%. Risks for amenorrhea were identified in 15%, and concerning low Bone Mineral Density, no risks were identified, except the intake of caffeinated beverages in 51.7%. Conclusion The prevalence of risk for disordered eating was found to be significant among female elite athletes of Pakistan, but risk of amenorrhea and low bone mineral density were not of major concern. Level of evidence 3b
Correlation Between Y-Balance Test and Balance, Functional Performance, and Outcome Measures in Patients Following ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Kim Jin Seong , Hwang Ui Jae , Choi Moon Young , Kong Doo Hwan , Chung Kyu Sung , Ha Jeong Ku , Kwon Oh Yun 
Published: February 2022

Background The Y-Balance test (YBT) is commonly used to evaluate balance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, several studies have also used it as a functional performance test (FPT). Purpose This study aimed to examine the relationship between YBT scores and measures of knee joint laxity, static balance, knee flexor and extensor torque and strength ratio, and FPTs. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Fifty-nine patients who underwent ACLR using hamstring autografts were retrospectively analyzed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of the association between scores on the YBT and selected outcomes including laxity measured via the KT-2000 arthrometer, static balance measured via the Biodex Balance System, isokinetic muscle torque and hamstring-to-quadriceps (HQ) ratio, and performance on the single leg hop test and the single leg vertical jump test. Results Forty-six men and 13 women were included. The mean age and follow-up period were 29.6 ± 9.6 years and 12.4 ± 2.1 months, respectively. The KT-2000 arthrometer measures, Biodex Balance System scores, and HQ ratio measurements were not significantly correlated with the YBT scores. All YBT scores, except the YBT-anterior score, correlated with the isokinetic extensor and flexor torques (r-values: 0.271–0.520). All the YBT scores had significant weak to moderate correlations with the single leg hop test and single leg vertical jump test scores: YBT-anterior (r = 0.303, r = 0.258), YBT-posteromedial (r = 0.475, r = 0.412), YBT-posterolateral (r = 0.525, r = 0.377), and YBT-composite (r = 0.520, r = 0.412). Conclusion Post-ACLR YBT scores correlated with functional performance and muscle strength, but not with static balance, joint laxity, and HQ ratios. The YBT scores as a measure of balance are related to improved functional performance and isokinetic torque measures. Level of evidence 3
Modified Biering-Sorenson Protocol Changes Joint Contributions to Total Support in Individuals with a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction During Drop Vertical Jump Landings
Authors: Werner David M , Mostaed Maria F , Price Samantha K , Barrios Joaquin A 
Published: February 2022

Background There are persistent deficits of the proximal musculature in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Previous research has shown that proximal musculature fatigue alters drop vertical jump performance in healthy individuals. It is unknown how proximal musculature fatigue will alter drop vertical jump performance in individuals who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a proximal extensor musculature fatigue protocol on drop vertical jump landing biomechanics of individuals with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using both single-joint parameters and total support moment analysis. Study Design Quasi-experimental pre-post laboratory experiment Methods Nineteen participants with a history of unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were recruited. Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed bilaterally during a drop vertical jump. Participants then completed a proximal extensor musculature fatigue protocol and immediately repeated the drop vertical jump task. Sagittal plane kinetics and kinematics were collected. Joint contributions to peak total support moment were calculated. A condition-by-limb repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to explore the effects of the fatigue protocol, using an alpha level of 0.05. Results There were no interactions observed for any parameters. However, the injured limb demonstrated less vertical ground reaction force (13%, p=0.013) and reduced peak dorsiflexion angle (2°, p=0.028) both before and after the protocol. After the fatigue protocol both limbs demonstrated reduced hip extensor contribution to peak total support moment (4%, p=0.035). Conclusions Individuals with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction performed the drop vertical jump with an altered anti-gravity support strategy after the proximal extensor musculature fatigue protocol. The significant reduction in bilateral hip extensor contribution to peak total support moment suggests evidence of targeted fatigue. Level of Evidence III
Performance of Subbase Layer with Geogrid Reinforcement and Zeolite-Waterglass Stabilization
Authors: Harianto Tri 
Published: February 2022

Some laterite soil is an inferior material for engineering applications such as road and highway pavement, dam construction and filling material. Laterite soil stabilization is required to increase its strength for field application purposes. The potential use of zeolite and waterglass as stabilizing agents is their pozzolanic properties. This study aims to analyze the strength and bearing capacity of laterite soil stabilized by waterglass-activated zeolite and reinforced with geogrid. The soil sample was prepared with a zeolite percentage of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%, and waterglass as much as 2, 4 and 6% with curing times of 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Furthermore, the physical model test was carried out in the container with the optimum composition obtained from the compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing test (CBR) test. The stabilized subbase layer with geogrid reinforcement was placed on a subgrade layer with a substandard CBR value. The results showed that the compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized soil with a curing time of 7 days was found significantly increased. The CBR value also increased with the content of additive and curing time compared to the untreated soil. The physical model test results showed that the performance of stabilized laterite soil with additives and reinforced by geogrid (ZW-geogrid) as a subbase layer provides more optimal performance in carrying the load compared to the sand-gravel mixtures material. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-02-05 Full Text: PDF
Eye Tracking Algorithm Based on Multi Model Kalman Filter
Authors: Ziafati Bagherzadeh S. H. , Toosizadeh S. 
Published: February 2022

One of the most important pieces of Human Machine Interface (HMI) equipment is an eye tracking system that is used for many different applications. This paper aims to present an algorithm in order to improve the efficiency of eye tracking in the image by means of a multi-model Kalman filter. In the classical Kalman filter, one model is used for estimation of the object, but in the multi-model Kalman filter, several models are used for estimating the object. The important features of the multiple-model Kalman filter are improving the efficiency and reducing its estimating errors relative to the classical Kalman filter. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts. The first step is recognizing the initial position of the eye, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) has been used in this part. In the second part, the position of the eye is predicted in the next frame by using a multi-model Kalman filter, which applies constant speed and acceleration models based on the normal human eye. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-01-02 Full Text: PDF
MANAGEMENT MODEL "EXPANDED GOVERNMENT": REGIONAL EXPERIENCE OF PERSONNEL TRAINING
Authors: Filippov I. 
Published: February 2022

Developing leadership qualities in young people is ever increasing globally, a process which until now has not been critically analyzed. Leadership is believed to be so widely spread in the career and occupation discourse that developing leadership among the youth opens up unparalleled opportunities in new youth policy efforts, leadership development industry and multifaceted theoretical research of leadership. While researchers of youth leadership note suspended and individual types of discourse, we give them a more precise definition and offer the remaining three (small, independent and semi-independent) as significant for the account of interconnections between leaders, leadership and leadership development. It is necessary to answer the question if the current development of youth leadership creates a substantial leadership potential among individuals, organizations or society.
The article provides a region’s example of the Best Practice personnel training, developing leadership skills, establishing public, collegiate and consultative councils for decision making and building cooperation between the legislature and executive authorities of the Chuvash Republic.
The changing nature and ways of developing leadership competences have unveiled new exciting horizons and prospects as well as practical application opportunities for youth policies which will remain an important theme for researchers, politicians and youth officers.
Immunoregulatory effects of glioma-associated stem cells on the glioblastoma peritumoral microenvironment: a differential PD-L1 expression from core to periphery?
Authors: Menna Grazia , Manini Ivana , Cesselli Daniela , Skrap Miran , Olivi Alessandro , Ius Tamara , Della Pepa Giuseppe Maria 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE
Glioma-associated stem cells (GASCs) have been indicated as possible players in supporting growth and recurrence in glioblastoma. However, their role in modulating immune response in the peritumoral area has not yet been described. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) differential expression at the protein level in GASCs derived from different tumor areas (core, periphery, and surrounding healthy brain).

METHODS
Tumor tissue samples were collected from patients who underwent surgery for a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of glioblastoma. Sampling sites were confirmed via neuronavigation and categorized on 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence as bright (ALA+), pale (ALA PALE), or negative (ALA−), which corresponds to the tumor mass, infiltrated peritumoral area, and healthy brain, respectively, during surgery. GASCs were first isolated from the 3 regions and analyzed; then Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the level of PD-L1 expression in the GASCs.

RESULTS
Overall, 7 patients were included in the study. For all patients, the mean values ± SD of PD-L1 expression in GASCs for ALA+, ALA PALE, and ALA− were 1.12 ± 1.14, 0.89 ± 0.63, and 0.57 ± 0.18, respectively. The differentially expressed values of PD-L1 in GASCs sampled from the 3 areas were found to be significant (p < 0.05) for 3 of the 7 patients: patient S470 (ALA+ vs ALA− and ALA PALE vs ALA−), patient S473 (ALA+ vs ALA PALE and ALA PALE vs ALA−), and patient S509 (ALA+ vs ALA−).

CONCLUSIONS
This analysis showed, for the first time, that GASCs expressed a constitutive level of PD-L1 and that PD-L1 expression in GASCs was not uniform among patients or within the same patient. GASC analysis combined with 5-ALA–guided sampling (from core to periphery) made it possible to highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment at the infiltrating margin, which might cause clinical resistance, opening interesting perspectives for the future.