bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual control of MAPK activities by AP2C1 and MKP1 MAPK phosphatases regulates defence responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ayatollahi Zahra , Kazanaviciute Vaiva , Shubchynskyy Volodymyr , Kvederaviciute Kotryna , Schwanninger Manfred , Rozhon Wilfried , Stumpe Michael , Mauch Felix , Bartels Sebastian , Ulm Roman , Balazadeh Salma , Mueller-Roeber Bernd , Meskiene Irute , Schweighofer Alois 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades transmit environmental signals and induce stress and defence responses in plants. These signalling cascades are negatively controlled by specific Ser/Thr protein phosphatases of the type 2C (PP2C) and dual-specificity phosphatase (DSP) families that inactivate stress-induced MAPKs; however, the interplay between phosphatases of these different types has remained unknown. This work reveals that different Arabidopsis MAPK phosphatases, the PP2C-type AP2C1 and the DSP-type MKP1, exhibit both specific and overlapping functions in plant stress responses. Each single mutant, ap2c1 and mkp1, and the ap2c1 mkp1 double mutant displayed enhanced stress-induced activation of the MAPKs MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6, as well as induction of a set of transcription factors. Moreover, ap2c1 mkp1 double mutants showed an autoimmune-like response, associated with increased levels of the stress hormones salicylic acid and ethylene, and of the phytoalexin camalexin. This phenotype was reduced in the ap2c1 mkp1 mpk3 and ap2c1 mkp1 mpk6 triple mutants, suggesting that the autoimmune-like response is due to MAPK misregulation. We conclude that the evolutionarily distant MAPK phosphatases AP2C1 and MKP1 contribute crucially to the tight control of MAPK activities, ensuring appropriately balanced stress signalling and suppression of autoimmune-like responses during plant growth and development.
Xyloglucan remodelling enzymes and the mechanics of plant seed and fruit biology
Authors: Steinbrecher Tina , Leubner-Metzger Gerhard 
Published: January 2022

This article comments on:
Di Marzo M, Ebeling Viana V, Banfi C, Cassina V, Corti R, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Babolin N, Guazzotti A, Kiegle E, Gregis V, de Folter S, Sampedro J, Mantegazza F, Colombo L, Ezquer I. 2022. Cell wall modifications by α-XYLOSIDASE1 are required for the control of seed and fruit size. Journal of Experimental Botany 73, 1499–1515.
Jasmonic acid is involved in root cell wall phosphorus remobilization through the nitric oxide dependent pathway in rice
Authors: Tao Ye , Huang Jing , Jing Huai Kang , Shen Ren Fang , Zhu Xiao Fang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is involved in phosphorus (P) stress in plants, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive. In this study, we found root endogenous JA content in rice increased under P deficiency (-P), suggesting that JA might participate in P homeostasis in plants. This hypothesis was further confirmed through the addition of exogenous JA (+JA), as this could increase both the root and shoot soluble P content through regulating root cell wall P reutilization. In addition, –P+JA treatment significantly induced the expression of P transporter gene OsPT2, together with increased xylem P content, implying that JA is also important for P translocation from the root to the shoot in P-deficient rice. Furthermore, the accumulation of the molecular signal nitric oxide (NO) was enhanced under –P+JA treatment when compared with –P treatment alone, while the addition of c-PTIO, a scavenger of NO, could reverse the P-deficient phenotype alleviated by JA. Taken together, our results reveal a JA-NO-cell wall P reutilization pathway under P deficiency in rice.
MeJA-responsive bHLH transcription factor LjbHLH7 regulates cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Chen Cheng , Liu Fu , Zhang Kaixuan , Niu Xiaolei , Zhao Hui , Liu Qiuxu , Georgiev Milen I , Xu Xiaoheng , Zhang Xinquan , Zhou Meiliang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) play an important role in plant defense response; however, the mechanism of regulation of CNglc synthesis by the external environment and endogenous hormones is largely unclear. In this study, we found that jasmonates (JAs) promoted the synthesis of CNglcs by activating the expression of CNglc biosynthesis genes in Lotus japonicus. Several differentially expressed basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family genes related to the synthesis of CNglcs were identified by RNA-seq. LjbHLH7 can directly activate the expression of CYP79D3 gene, the first step of CNglc synthesis, by binding to the G-box sequence of its promoter. Transgenic plants overexpressing LjbHLH7 exhibited higher relative CNglc content and enhanced insect resistance compared with the wild type. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of LjbHLH7 was suppressed by the interaction with the L. japonicus JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN protein LjJAZ4. Based on these results, we propose that LjbHLH7 acts as an activator and LjJAZ4 acts as a repressor of JA-induced regulation of CNglc biosynthesis in L. japonicus.
Charting galactic accelerations – II. How to ‘learn’ accelerations in the solar neighbourhood
Authors: Naik A P , An J , Burrage C , Evans N W 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Gravitational acceleration fields can be deduced from the collisionless Boltzmann equation, once the distribution function is known. This can be constructed via the method of normalizing flows from data sets of the positions and velocities of stars. Here, we consider application of this technique to the solar neighbourhood. We construct mock data from a linear superposition of multiple ‘quasi-isothermal’ distribution functions, representing stellar populations in the equilibrium Milky Way disc. We show that given a mock data set comprising a million stars within 1 kpc of the Sun, the underlying acceleration field can be measured with excellent, sub-per cent level accuracy, even in the face of realistic errors and missing line-of-sight velocities. The effects of disequilibrium can lead to bias in the inferred acceleration field. This can be diagnosed by the presence of a phase space spiral, which can be extracted simply and cleanly from the learned distribution function. We carry out a comparison with two other popular methods of finding the local acceleration field (Jeans analysis and 1D distribution function fitting). We show our method most accurately measures accelerations from a given mock data set, particularly in the presence of disequilibria.
Time-resolved spectroscopy on the heartbeat state of GRS 1915+105 using AstroSat
Authors: Rawat Divya , Misra Ranjeev , Jain Pankaj , Yadav J S 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
AstroSat spectra of the black hole system GRS 1915+105 during the heartbeat state (with a varying oscillation period from 150 to 100 s) were analysed using a truncated relativistic disc model along with a Comptonization component. Spectra were fitted for segments of length ∼24 s. The oscillation can be described as coordinated variations of the accretion rate, Comptonized flux, and the inner disc radius, with the latter ranging from 1.235 to 5 gravitational radii. Comparison with results from the χ and intermediate states shows that while the accretion rate and the high-energy photon index were similar, the inner disc radius and the fraction of Comptonized photons were larger for these states than for the heartbeat one. The coronal efficiency $\eta \equiv L_{ac}/\dot{M} c^2$, where Lac is the radiative luminosity generated in the corona, is found to be approximately ${\propto}\dot{M}^{-2/3}$ for all the observations. The efficiency decreases with inner radii for the heartbeat state but has similar values for the χ and intermediate states where the inner radii are larger. The implications of these results are discussed.
Multiscale magnetic fields in the central molecular zone: inference from the gradient technique
Authors: Hu Yue , Lazarian A , Wang Q Daniel 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTThe central molecular zone (CMZ) plays an essential role in regulating the nuclear ecosystem of our Galaxy. To get an insight into magnetic fields of the CMZ, we employ the gradient technique (GT), which is rooted in the anisotropy of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Our analysis is based on the data of multiple wavelengths, including molecular emission lines, radio 1.4 GHz continuum image, and Herschel $70\, {\mu }{\rm m}$ image, as well as ionized [Ne ii] and Paschen-alpha emissions. The results are compared with the observations of Planck 353 GHz and High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera Plus (HWAC+) $53\, {\mu }{\rm m}$ polarized dust emissions. We map the magnetic fields orientation at multiple wavelength across the central molecular zone, including close-ups of the Radio Arc and Sagittarius A West regions, on multiscales from ∼0.1 pc to 10 pc. The magnetic fields towards the central molecular zone traced by the GT are globally compatible with the polarization measurements, accounting for the contribution from the galactic foreground and background. This correspondence suggests that the magnetic field and turbulence are dynamically crucial in the galactic center. We find that the magnetic fields associated with the Arched filaments and the thermal components of the Radio Arc are in good agree with the HAWC+ polarization. Our measurement towards the non-thermal Radio Arc reveals the poloidal magnetic field components in the galactic center. For Sagittarius A West region, we find a great agreement between the GT measurement using [Ne ii] emission and HWAC+ $53\, {\mu }{\rm m}$ observation. We use the GT to predict the magnetic fields associated with ionized Paschen-alpha gas down to scales of 0.1 pc.
The origin of the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 2206+54/BD+532790
Authors: Hambaryan V , Stoyanov K A , Mugrauer M , Neuhäuser R , Stenglein W , Bischoff R , Michel K-U , Geymeier M , Kurtenkov A , Kostov A 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Based on the Gaia EDR3 astrometric parameters and our new systemic radial velocity of the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 2206+54/BD+532790, we studied the trace back motion of the system and propose that it originated in the subgroup of the Cepheus OB1 association (Age ∼4–10 Myr) with its brightest star, BD+532820 (B0V; ${\cal L}$∼104.7${\cal L}$⊙). The kinematic age of 4U  2206+54 is about 2.8 ± 0.4 Myr, it is at a distance of 3.1–3.3 kpc and has a space velocity of 75–100 km s−1 with respect to this member star (BD+532820) of the Cep OB1 association. This runaway velocity indicates that the progenitor of the neutron star hosted by 4U 2206+54 lost about 4–9 M⊙ during the supernova explosion and the latter one received a kick velocity of at least 200–350 km s−1 . Since the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 2206+54/BD+532790 was born as a member of a subgroup of Cep OB1, the initially most massive star in the system terminated its evolution within $\lesssim 7-9$ Myr, corresponding to an initial mass $\gtrsim 32$ M⊙.
Cool outflows in MaNGA: a systematic study and comparison to the warm phase
Authors: Avery Charlotte R , Wuyts Stijn , Förster Schreiber Natascha M , Villforth Carolin , Bertemes Caroline , Hamer Stephen L , Sharma Raman , Toshikawa Jun , Zhang Junkai 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the neutral gas phase of galactic winds via the Na i Dλλ5890, 5895Å feature within z ∼ 0.04 MaNGA galaxies and directly compares their incidence and strength to the ionized winds detected within the same parent sample. We find evidence for neutral outflows in 127 galaxies (∼5 per cent of the analysed line-emitting sample). ${\rm Na\, \small {\rm I}\ D}$ winds are preferentially seen in galaxies with dustier central regions and both wind phases are more often found in systems with elevated star formation rate (SFR) surface densities, especially when there has been a recent upturn in the star formation activity according to the $\rm SFR_{5 \, Myr}/SFR_{800 \, Myr}$ parameter. We find the ionized outflow kinematics to be in line with what we measure in the neutral phase. This demonstrates that, despite their small contributions to the total outflow mass budget, there is value to collecting empirical measurements of the ionized wind phase to provide information on bulk motion in the outflow. Depending on dust corrections applied to the ionized gas diagnostics, the neutral phase has ∼1.2−1.8 dex higher mass outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$), on average, compared to the ionized phase. We quantify scaling relations between $\dot{M}_{\rm out}$ and the strengths of the physical wind drivers (SFR, LAGN). Using a radial–azimuthal stacking method, and by considering inclination dependencies, we find results consistent with biconical outflows orthogonal to the disc plane. Our work complements other multiphase outflow studies in the literature that consider smaller samples, more extreme objects, or proceed via stacking of larger samples.
Compact groups from semi-analytical models of galaxy formation – III. Purity and completeness of Hickson-like catalogues
Authors: Taverna A , Díaz-Giménez E , Zandivarez A , Mamon G A 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Many catalogues of isolated compact groups of galaxies (CGs) have been extracted using Hickson’s criteria to identify isolated, dense systems of galaxies, with at least three or four galaxies concordant in magnitude and redshift. But is not clear to what extent the catalogues of CGs are complete and reliable, relative to 3D truly isolated, dense groups. Using five different semi-analytical models of galaxy formation (SAMs), we identify isolated dense groups in 3D real space, containing at least three galaxies. We then build mock redshift space galaxy catalogues and run a Hickson-like CG finder. We find that the Hickson-like algorithm in redshift space is poor at recovering 3D CGs of at least three galaxies, with a purity of $\sim 10{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$ and a completeness of $\sim 22{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$. Among the $\sim 90{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$ of spurious systems, typically $60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ are dense structures that failed the 3D isolation criteria, while the remaining $40{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$ are chance alignments of galaxies along the line of sight, nearly all of which are within regular groups, with some variation with the SAM used for the analysis. In other words, while only 10 per cent of CGs are isolated dense groups, as intended, half are dense structures embedded within larger groups, and one-third are chance alignments within larger groups. The low completeness of the extracted CG sample is mainly due to the flux limits of the selection criteria. Our results suggest that a new observational algorithm to identify compact groups in redshift space is required to obtain dense isolated galaxy systems.
Mapping the cosmic expansion history from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA in synergy with DESI and SPHEREx
Authors: Cigarrán Díaz Cristina , Mukherjee Suvodip 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The measurement of the expansion history of the Universe from the redshift unknown gravitational wave (GW) sources (dark GW sources) detectable from the network of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) detectors depends on the synergy with the galaxy surveys having accurate redshift measurements over a broad redshift range, large sky coverage, and detectability of fainter galaxies.In this work, we explore the possible synergy of the LVK with the spectroscopic galaxy surveys, such as DESI and SPHEREx, to measure the cosmological parameters which are related to the cosmic expansion history and the GW bias parameters. We show that by using the 3D spatial cross-correlation between the dark GW sources and the spectroscopic galaxy samples, we can measure the value of Hubble constant with about $2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $1.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision from LVK+DESI and LVK+SPHEREx, respectively within the 5 yr of observation time with $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ duty-cycle. Similarly, the dark energy equation of state can be measured with about $10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $8{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ precision from LVK+DESI and LVK+SPHEREx, respectively. We find that due to the large sky coverage of SPHEREx than DESI, performance in constraining the cosmological parameters is better from the former than the latter. By combining Euclid along with DESI and SPHEREx, a marginal gain in the measurability of the cosmological parameters is possible from the sources at high redshift (z ≥ 0.9).
Decomposition of stellar populations in CosmoDC2 galaxies using SCARLET and Deep Learning
Authors: Kunsági-Máté Sándor , Csabai István 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We are presenting a novel, Deep Learning based approach to estimate the normalized broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) of different stellar populations in synthetic galaxies. In contrast to the non-parametric multiband source separation algorithm, SCARLET – where the SED and morphology are simultaneously fitted, in our study we provide a morphology-independent, statistical determination of the SEDs, where we only use the colour distribution of the galaxy. We developed a neural network (sedNN) that accurately predicts the SEDs of the old, red and young, blue stellar populations of realistic synthetic galaxies from the colour distribution of the galaxy-related pixels in simulated broad-band images. We trained and tested the network on a subset of the recently published CosmoDC2 simulated galaxy catalogue containing about 3600 galaxies. The model performance was compared to the results of SCARLET, where we found that sedNN can predict the SEDs with 4–5 per cent accuracy on average, which is about two times better than applying SCARLET. We also investigated the effect of this improvement on the flux determination accuracy of the bulge and disc. We found that using more accurate SEDs decreases the error in the flux determination of the components by approximately 30 per cent.
The first days of Type II-P core collapse supernovae in the gamma-ray range
Authors: Cristofari P , Marcowith A , Renaud M , Dwarkadas V V , Tatischeff V , Giacinti G , Peretti E , Sol H 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Type II-P supernovæ (SNe), the most common core-collapse SNe type, result from the explosions of red supergiant stars. Their detection in the radio domain testifies of the presence of relativistic electrons, and shows that they are potentially efficient energetic particle accelerators. If hadrons can also be accelerated, these energetic particles are expected to interact with the surrounding medium to produce a gamma-ray signal even in the multi–TeV range. The intensity of this signal depends on various factors, but an essential one is the density of the circumstellar medium. Such a signal should however be limited by electron–positron pair production arising from the interaction of the gamma-ray photons with optical photons emitted by the supernova photosphere, which can potentially degrade the gamma-ray signal by over ten orders of magnitude in the first days/weeks following the explosion. We calculate the gamma-gamma opacity from a detailed modelling of the time evolution of the forward shock and supernova photosphere, taking a full account of the non-isotropy of the photon interactions. We discuss the time-dependent gamma-ray TeV emission from Type II-P SNe as a function of the stellar progenitor radius and mass-loss rate, as well as the explosion energy and mass of the ejected material. We evaluate the detectability of the SNe with the next generation of Cherenkov telescopes. We find that, while most extragalactic events may be undetectable, Type II-P SNe exploding in our Galaxy or in the Magellanic Clouds should be detected by gamma-ray observatories such as the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array.
Two evolved close binary stars: GALEX J015054.4+310745 and the central star of the planetary nebula Hen 2-84
Authors: Hillwig Todd C , Reindl Nicole , Rotter Hannah M , Rengstorf Adam W , Heber Ulrich , Irrgang Andreas 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
As part of a survey to find close binary systems among central stars of planetary nebula, we present two newly discovered binary systems. GALEX J015054.4+310745 is identified as the central star of the possible planetary nebula Fr 2-22. We find it to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 0.2554435(10) d. We support the previous identification of GALEX J015054.4+310745 as an sdB star and provide physical parameters for the star from spectral modelling. We identify its undetected companion as a likely He white dwarf. Based on this information, we find it unlikely that Fr 2-22 is a true planetary nebula. In addition, the central star of the true planetary nebula Hen 2-84 is found to be a photometric variable, likely due to the irradiation of a cool companion. The system has an orbital period of 0.485645(30) d. We discuss limits on binary parameters based on the available light-curve data. Hen 2-84 is a strongly shaped bipolar planetary nebula, which we now add to the growing list of axially or point-symmetric planetary nebulae with a close binary central star.
The Role of DNA Methylation in Genome Defense in Cnidaria and Other Invertebrates
Authors: Ying Hua , Hayward David C , Klimovich Alexander , Bosch Thomas C G , Baldassarre Laura , Neeman Teresa , Forêt Sylvain , Huttley Gavin , Reitzel Adam M , Fraune Sebastian , Ball Eldon E , Miller David J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Considerable attention has recently been focused on the potential involvement of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression in cnidarians. Much of this work has been centered on corals, in the context of changes in methylation perhaps facilitating adaptation to higher seawater temperatures and other stressful conditions. Although first proposed more than 30 years ago, the possibility that DNA methylation systems function in protecting animal genomes against the harmful effects of transposon activity has largely been ignored since that time. Here, we show that transposons are specifically targeted by the DNA methylation system in cnidarians, and that the youngest transposons (i.e., those most likely to be active) are most highly methylated. Transposons in longer and highly active genes were preferentially methylated and, as transposons aged, methylation levels declined, reducing the potentially harmful side effects of CpG methylation. In Cnidaria and a range of other invertebrates, correlation between the overall extent of methylation and transposon content was strongly supported. Present transposon burden is the dominant factor in determining overall level of genomic methylation in a range of animals that diverged in or before the early Cambrian, suggesting that genome defense represents the ancestral role of CpG methylation.