bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability-Based Assessment of Cracked Pipelines Using Monte Carlo Simulation Technique With CorLAS™
Authors: Zhang Xinfang , Zheng Qian , Leung Juliana , Adeeb Samer 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
If not assessed properly, unstable crack growth in pipelines could result in detrimental leaks or ruptures. Fracture mechanics models are typically used to assess the susceptibility of pipelines to fail due to the presence of cracks or crack-like anomalies. To this end, an inelastic (or elastic-plastic) fracture mechanics model, known as CorLAS™ model, has been developed and frequently used by pipeline operators. This paper first reviews the development of the CorLAS™ model and derives the probabilistic characteristics, including mean and coefficient of variation (COV) associated with the CorLAS™ model using a collection of 94 full-scale burst test data from the literature. A comprehensive reliability assessment of cracked pipes based on the CorLAS™ model is performed through the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. For each reported scenario, the probability of failure (PoF) is calculated by MCS that considers the uncertainties associated with various parameters such as pipe geometry, material properties, and the uncertainty due to the fracture model itself, namely, the model error. Finally, a sensitivity study is conducted considering various input parameters, including pipe grade, pipe diameter, wall thickness, ratio of crack length to depth, ratio of crack depth to wall thickness, and model error COV. The results suggest that the PoFs are highly sensitive to the COV, i.e., the PoFs increase significantly with the increase of the COVs, while the effects of other input parameters on the PoFs are insignificant. It is also shown that the model error COV of CorLAS™ with a value of 13% could serve as a reference value for future model error studies.
On API-661 and Assessment Procedures of Header Boxes and Nozzles for Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Authors: Zhao Mingxin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a series of studies on header boxes and the attached inlet or outlet nozzles for air-cooled heat exchangers and associated data from API-661. Unlike cylindrical or spherical vessels, the rectangular-shaped cross section of a header box does not have a simple thickness equation that allows for determining the minimum required wall thicknesses from pressure. Though pressure vessel codes and relevant API standards provide certain design tool or fabrication data, a definite and consistent assessment procedure with necessary details is still not available. In many occasions this often imposes difficulties and confusion when conducting inspections and integrity assessments on air-cooled heat exchangers.
In this study, stress analysis methods for vessels with rectangular cross sections and the attached nozzles are reviewed and applied to assessments of air-cooled heat exchangers. Minimum nominal thicknesses from API-661 are examined and compared to analysis data for a variety of conditions to investigate the applicability and restrictions of the standard on inspection and integrity assessments of header boxes and attached nozzles. As a result, FFS assessment procedures in three different levels, which are consistent with API-579 general assessment methodology, are developed and presented for header boxes and nozzles. This study may serve as a practical addition to integrity assessments and inspection of air-cooled heat exchangers.
Mitigating LWR IronClad Fuel Cladding Dissolution Using Zinc Water Chemistry
Authors: Rebak Raul B. , Yin Liang , Larsen Michael , Umretiya Rajnikant V. , Hoffman Andrew K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys are being characterized to be used in light water reactors for the cladding of the fuel. The use of accident tolerant fuel (ATF) such as FeCrAl alloys would allow for reactors operating safer, more economically, and for an extending life beyond 60 years. It was shown before that the lower or 12%Cr alloy such as C26M may have higher corrosion rate than the higher 21%Cr APMT. This article shows that the addition of a small amount of zinc (Zn) into the water reduces by more than 60% the dissolution rate of the FeCrAl. Zn incorporates into the external layer of the oxide film making the alloy more resistant to dissolution.
Determination of the Airborne Release Fraction of a 3013 Container Subjected to a Fire
Authors: Hensel Steve J. , Norkus John K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Plutonium oxide bearing materials stabilized and packaged per DOE-STD-3013 are currently stored at the US Department of Energy Savannah River Site (SRS) in a shipping package such as a 9975. All 3013 outer containers are designed identically, however, there are two fabrication techniques: machined and flow-formed. The 3013 container is removed from the shipping package and introduced into a glove box for subsequent direct can cutting of the outer and inner 3013 containers where the oxide is down blended with an inert adulterant for permanent disposition. The hypothetical accident of interest is a fire which occurs after the 3013 is removed from the shipping package and prior to it being cut open. This calculation determines the airborne release fraction (ARF) from a 3013 container during a fire by utilizing the calculation methodology from NUREG/CR-6410 and 3013 fire test data from Sandia National Laboratories.
Mechanical Performance Evaluation of the Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger Core Experiments Under Tension and Pressure Loading
Authors: Mahajan Heramb P. , Maciel Lucas , Ngaile Gracious , Hassan Tasnim 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) has small channels with high surface area, making them an efficient solution for next-generation nuclear plants (NGNPs). These PCHEs are fabricated through a diffusion bonding process. This fabrication step changes the microstructure of wrought metal plates. The current ASME design code does not support the PCHE design for NGNPs due to a lack of test data. Hence, there has been initiative towards elevated temperature mechanical property characterization of the diffusion bonded material. One of the most common channel shapes is a semicircular channel with sharp corners. These corners act as a stress riser at the diffusion bonding interface. Evaluating elevated temperature mechanical performance of diffusion bonded material in the presence of stress risers is an essential step towards the ASME code development of PCHE design. This study selected two specimen geometries: the first is a PCHE bar specimen for tensile loading with three rows and three columns of channels, and the second is a lab-scaled PCHE with six rows and eight columns of channels. A set of elevated temperature monotonic and cyclic tests were conducted on the PCHE bar specimen to evaluate the mechanical performance under axial tensile loadings to study the failure mechanism. The lab-scaled PCHE specimens were tested under overpressure loads at room temperature, and pressure creep and pressure creep-fatigue loadings to mimic the realistic loading conditions observed in typical NGNPs. The X-ray scans of channeled specimens show interesting observations. The test results and observations are presented in the paper.
Simplified Elastic-Plastic Analysis Method for Piping Systems Based on Linear Time History Analysis
Authors: Ono Yohei , Sakai Michiya , Shimazu Ryuya , Inada Fumio , Morita Ryo , Uchiyama Yuta 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A design seismic motion for design of nuclear power plant have been increased in Japan since Tohoku earthquake in 2011. Consequently, piping systems under the design seismic motion are possibly deformed plastically. Elastic-plastic FEA (Finite Element Analysis) can evaluate elastic-plastic behavior accurately. However, it takes time and cost. In this research the simplified elastic-plastic analysis method has developed. This simplified elastic-plastic analysis method can calculate an equivalent stress and stress components with considering elastic-plastic deformation based on the energy rate density equilibrium which are calculated from linear time history analysis results. Ramberg-Osgood law is defined as true stress-true strain relationship, and the hardening law is isotropic hardening. In order to validate the applicability of the simplified elastic-plastic analysis method to piping systems under seismic motion, linear and non-linear time history analyses were performed for two type of piping systems by using FEA software Abaqus2021, and simplified elastic-plastic analysis method was applied to linear time history analysis results. One of the piping systems consisted of one elbow pipe, two straight pipes and one weight. Nine sinusoidal accelerations with different frequencies were applied to this simple model in in-plane direction. The equivalent stresses at the integration point where the maximum equivalent plastic strain occur in non-linear time history analysis were compared between the simplified elastic-plastic analysis and non-linear time history analysis. At any frequency simplified elastic-plastic analysis method could predict the equivalent stresses calculated by non-linear time history FEA accurately. Another piping system simulated actual piping systems in a nuclear power plant, which include the Tee pipe and several piping supports other than elbow pipes, straight pipes and weights. The random frequency acceleration waves were applied to this model in three direction at the same time. This piping systems took into account the self-eight and the internal pressure. The equivalent stresses and stress components were compared between the simplified elastic-plastic analysis and non-linear time history analysis. As the results, the stresses calculated by the simplified elastic-plastic analysis had good agreement with the results calculated by non-linear time history analysis. Therefore, the applicability of simplified elastic-plastic analysis method to the piping systems was validated.
A Study of the Strength of ASME Section X FRP Flanges
Authors: Bouzid Sofiane , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim , Ngô Anh Dung 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The development of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composite pressure vessels and pipping has greatly advanced in the past decades in the residential and industrial sectors to combat corrosion and chemical attacks. FRP composite flanges are known for their anisotropic behavior. In the ASME code section X, FRP composite flanges are treated using an analytical approach derived from that of metallic flanges in addition to the fact that the geometries are made to fit them as much as possible and not designed independently. This is known to have caused structural flaws for certain FRP flange classes and sizes.
Using a recently developed anisotropic FRP flange approach, it is proposed to identify the most critical flanges by analyzing the flange parameters such as flange ring rotation and stresses in their different parts; flange ring, hub and shell subjected to pressure loading. The study on the strength of flanges described in ASME section X RD-620.1 table, will reveal the most critical size and class flanges and their highly stressed locations. To conduct such a study, the selected flange material is an E glass/Vinyl Ester laminate composite. The study shows that FRP flanges of class 25 and 50 are most vulnerable and should be less loaded.
The Preliminary Design and Dynamic Simulation of a Large Confinement Vessel for Explosive Charge Detonation Events
Authors: Valdiviez Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This engineering effort covers the preliminary design and structural dynamic simulation of a large confinement vessel that can be used for confining large explosive blasts that support shock physics experimentation. The vessel is to be able to withstand an explosive charge detonation of up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of TNT, or the equivalent, and maintain the dynamic response of the materials of construction to within an acceptable stress-strain range. The design goal is to maintain the material dynamic response to within the design code limits defined by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 3, per the former Code Case 2564. The Code Case 2564 has been incorporated into Section VIII, Division 3 per the 2019 version.
Compliance with the impulsive loading response limits defined in Section VIII, Division 3 will provide a high level of confidence that the high-hazard operation of intentionally detonating large quantities of explosives can be conducted safely within this equipment. If necessary, in order to allow for a reasonably practical vessel structure to be fielded for conducting experiments, exceptions to the requirements of Section VIII, Division 3 will be taken. Exceptions to the design requirements of Section VIII, Division 3 are possible to consider because the vessel structure does not provide personnel protection, but fills an equipment protection role. Personnel will be protected by separate bunker type structures, or an appropriate separation distance. The vessel structure protects the sensitive and expensive diagnostic equipment that is fielded near the vessel for interrogating the explosive event.
Design Modifications to the Explosive Destruction System Closure System
Authors: Ludwigsen John S. , Stofleth Jerome H. , Tribble Megan K. , Crocker Robert W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Explosive Destruction System (EDS), which was developed at Sandia National Laboratories, is a portable system used by the US Army to destroy recovered chemical munitions on site. The latest containment vessel is larger, much heavier and is expected to contain an explosive load over twice that of previous versions. The explosive rating for the vessel, based on the BPVC, is 24 pounds TNT for up to 1,131 detonations.
The EDS vessel consists of a stainless steel, thick wall cylindrical body with large flat doors on each end which contains the explosive detonation and the subsequent chemical treatment of the chemical agent. The vessel is sealed with a metal seal gasket located between each door and the cylinder. A three-part clamping system is used to secure each door to the cylinder at each end.
One of the design challenges for the EDS vessel is to ensure that the doors do not leak when the shock loads from the potentially very significant explosive loads impact the door. Previous versions of EDS vessels have experienced measurable transient displacement between the door and the vessel flanges that challenged the metal seal gasket to maintain a seal. To address the opening of the gap between the flanges during blast loadings, the door clamping system has been modified for this latest design referred to as P3. Only minor changes to the design were required and none to the operating procedure. Computer modeling of the new design predicts a significant reduction in the separation of the flanges when compared to a previous EDS vessels of similar design.
CFD Based Relief Valve Design: Accuracy Requirements and CFD Capability
Authors: Taggart Steven , Doyle Christopher , Dempster William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Relief valves act as a controlled weak point in a pressurised system to protect against the dangers of an overpressure event. As such, their sound and reliable operation is crucial to the longevity of any pressurised system. The correct operation of a safety valve is established by adhering to the overpressure and blowdown requirements, i.e. the pressures above and below the set pressure which the valve will open and close and for many ASME BPVC regulated valves these pressures are of the order of 3–10% of set pressure. Since the disc forces are directly proportional to pressure, the accuracy requirements of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) prediction techniques need to be much lower to allow CFD prediction to be a reliable tool for valve design and to guide the development of the device. In this paper, the capability of CFD modelling as a design tool for relief valves used in gas service is investigated by assessing the CFD prediction of disc lift-force curves. A full force-lift curve was produced with a maximum uncertainty of 2% in the low-lift region controlling the overpressure and 1.5% in the high-lift region which controls the blowdown and is of the same order as the experimental measurement. When using ASME BPVC Section VIII as an example, where the requirements for overpressure and blowdown are 10% and 7% respectively, the current CFD modelling capabilities can predict disc forces to an acceptable fraction of the Section VIII certification requirements. However, when comparing the CFD error to ASME BPVC Section I requirements which are much stricter at 3% and 4% for overpressure and blowdown, the use of CFD is more challenging with the CFD uncertainty of the same order as the design requirements.
Inner Inspection of Butt Welds in Layered High-Pressure Hydrogen Vessels Using the Phased Array Ultrasonic Total Focusing Method
Authors: Teng Guoyang , Miao Cunjian , Guo Weican , Tao Yangji , Tang Ping , Ling Zhangwei , Jin Ying 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Layered high-pressure hydrogen vessels have been widely used in hydrogenation stations in China. The structure of the butt weld at the head of the vessel is complicate, and it is difficult to effectively detect internal defects of the butt weld from the outside surface of the vessel due to the air-filled gap in the double-layer hemispherical head. Inner inspection conducted with the phased array ultrasonic testing method has been proved to be effective in detecting defects of the butt weld, however the inspection area is not large enough to cover the entire butt weld without moving the probe, and the signal-to-noise (SNR) of the inspection image is low. Total focusing method (TFM) performs better inspection results than conventional phased array methods. In order to verify the feasibility of TFM imaging in inspection of the butt weld, a special test block consistent with the material and structure of the head of the vessel has been customized, and the TFM inspection simulation and experiment have been carried out. The results show that the feature of defects located at the butt weld can be recognized conveniently in TFM images, and the TFM inner inspection method can be expected to be an effective means of periodic inspection of layered high-pressure hydrogen vessels.
Stress Analyses of Large Unanchored Open-Topped Oil Storage Tanks With Tapered Shells
Authors: Shi Lei , Zhao Yatong , Huang Zijian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The aim of the present paper is a deep experimental and numerical investigation of stress for large-scale oil tanks with a floating roof. Field stress testing of open-topped oil storage tanks with a capacity of 100,000 m3 was performed during the hydrostatic testing by resistance strain gauge technology to investigate the stress levels and distribution of tank bottom and shell. Large amounts of data in this testing that are valid and reliable by adopting various measures have been collected and the stress levels and distributions of tank shell and bottom which provide valuable material for the safety assessment of oil tank operation have been surveyed. Meanwhile, a new 3-D finite element model is developed to simulate stresses in the tank. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental data, the validity of the developed finite element model is verified. Both experimental and numerical results show that the tank bottom shows mainly the radial bending stress at the maximum liquid level. The tank shell at the base shows mainly the radial bending stress however tank shell occurs swelling deformation with the increasing of the height of gauge point, the circumferential membrane stress is the main component. The results suggest that the stress of the fillet joint is relatively high in the tank which will be helpful in improving the design of large-scale oil tanks and assessing the structural integrity.
Analytical Method for Evaluating a 4-Piece Retaining Ring
Authors: Reich Alton , DiSalvo Roberto 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Valves used for nuclear power applications are designed according to the rules in the ASME Section III Code [1]. A review of the applicable rules governing valve design (i.e. NC-3500) reveals that the Code favors valve body designs with very conventional shapes and elements. The nuclear supplier base has contracted over the past few decades and there are significantly fewer vendors that maintain nuclear QA programs than in the past. As a result, there has been an increasing trend toward using commercial grade dedication (CGD) methods to enable the use of valves successfully deployed in other applications for use as replacement parts, or as part of plant modifications, in nuclear power plants. This paper discusses the qualification of a check valve for a Section III application that had previously been used in other industries. The valve was designed with a split ring that retained the bonnet instead of a more traditional flanged cover. The split ring design is logical from a commercial perspective — it is faster to assemble and maintain the valve, and therefore less expensive to manufacture. However, the ASME Section III Code does not contemplate a split retaining ring in the standard design elements explicitly covered by the Code. This paper provides information about the split ring design and the analytical methods we developed to conservatively evaluate the as part of the valve pressure boundary.
Overview of Piping Stress Analysis Using Shell Elements
Authors: Weyer Robert , Mohammad Karim Milad Haji 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Despite the fact that shell elements more accurately model a piping system, beam elements are mainly used to model piping systems. A beam model makes use of SIFs and flexibility factors to account for local geometries in a piping system.
Recent advances in software and computer processing power now make shell modelling a realistic option. This paper will examine some of the practical considerations for how modelling of piping can be improved. This includes improvements to beam modelling as well as shell modelling. Some examples of applications will be presented and discussed. Recommendations and suggestions for using shell elements to model piping are put forward.
Pipe Clamps and Welding to the Pipe
Authors: Wiseman Phillip , Gawande Kshitij 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pipe supports and restraints are an essential part of a properly supported piping system and may be connected by clamps with threaded members, welds, etc. Depending on the application, the type of connection may favor a clamp with threaded member connection, a clamp directly welded to the pipe, or another welded pipe attachment. For example, economics, planning involved, system efficiencies, and inevitable field changes are evaluated to determine the feasibility and impact of each type of connection. Multiple types of welded pipe attachments (i.e. shear lugs, trunnions, and stanchions) are considered with their corresponding advantages and disadvantages as well as methodologies of analyses. The hybrid of threaded member and welded connections have shown advantageous in certain applications. Historically and previously, stanchions have been provided for anchors but state-of-the-art designs (i.e. base clamp with trunnion) that have been around for the last couple decades are investigated for prevention of translation and rotation of the pipe in the application of supports, guides, and anchors. Also, this study is open to straight pipe as well as short and long radius elbows. Lastly, multiple accepted approaches for analyzing welded pipe attachments are explored. Making the right connection to the pipe is essential to prevent issues after plant operation and protecting the pressure boundary.