bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Donor–Acceptor Interface of TPPS/PDI Boosting Charge Transfer for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yang Jun , Jing Jianfang , Li Wenlu , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCharge separation efficiency of photocatalysts is still the key scientific issue for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. In this work, an electron donor–acceptor (D‐A) interface with high charge separation between TPPS (tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin) and PDI (perylene diimide) is successfully constructed for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution. The TPPS/PDI with D‐A interface shows excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 546.54 µmol h–1 (30.36 mmol h–1 g–1), which is 9.95 and 9.41 times higher than that of pure TPPS and PDI, respectively. The TPPS/PDI has a markedly stronger internal electric field, which is respectively 3.76 and 3.01 times higher than that of pure PDI and TPPS. The D‐A interface with giant internal electric field efficiently facilitates charge separation and urges TPPS/PDI to have a longer excited state lifetime than single component. The work provides entirely new ideas for designing materials with D‐A interface to realize high photocatalytic activity.
Buried Interface Modification in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Materials Perspective
Authors: Gao Zhi‐Wen , Wang Yong , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising third‐generation solar cells. They exhibit high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and, in theory, can be manufactured with less energy than several more established photovoltaic technologies, particularly solution‐processed PSCs. Various materials have been widely utilized to modify the buried bottom interface to improve the performance and long‐term stability of PSCs. Here, the latest progress in modifying the buried interface to enhance the performance and stability of PSCs is examined from a materials standpoint, which is classified into inorganic salts, the organic molecular and polymer, carbon materials, perovskite‐related materials, and 2D materials. This material perspective is useful in determining the tactics for achieving the theoretical PCE value of PSCs. It also serves as a solid reference of interface adjustment for other layered structure heterojunction devices.
Canopy characterization and nutritive value of stockpiled ‘Floralta’ limpograss
Authors: Abreu Daciele S. , Dubeux José C. B. , Santos Erick R. S. , Queiroz Luana M. D. , Jaramillo David M. , van Cleef Flávia , Garcia Carlos Vela , Longhini Vanessa , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Souza Rayanne T. , Homem Bruno G. C. , Ruiz‐Moreno Martin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLimpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb.] has been gaining ground in beef cattle production as a stockpiling option. This study evaluated canopy characteristics of stockpiled pastures of limpograss cultivar Floralta over two cool seasons. Treatments included canopy layers (upper third, middle, lower third) and plant fractions (leaf and stem) arranged in a randomized split block design. There were 12 paddocks (blocks) with 1.2 ha each. Response variables included forage mass, canopy height and density, proportion of leaf and stem, and leaf and stem nutritive value within each layer. Forage mass fluctuated throughout the season, varying from 4,410 kg dry matter (DM) ha–1 in December to 7,220 kg DM ha–1 in October. Canopy bulk density was greater in February compared with November and December (290 vs. 145 kg ha–1 cm–1), and similar to October and January (200 kg ha–1 cm–1, on average). The lower canopy layer had the greatest proportion of stem whereas the upper layer had greatest proportion of leaves. Leaf had greater in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) (700 g kg–1) compared with stem (600 g kg–1). Leaf/stem ratio was greater in the upper layer (1.12), but similar between the middle and lower layers (0.4, on average). Leaf crude protein (CP) was greater than stem CP 70 vs. 20 g kg–1), with no differences between stem CP across evaluation dates. Stockpiled limpograss maintained leaf and stem digestibility and can be used as an alternative to reduce feeding costs in North Florida during the cool season.
Sb3+–Er3+‐Codoped Cs2NaInCl6 for Emitting Blue and Short‐Wave Infrared Radiation
Authors: Saikia Sajid , Joshi Aprajita , Arfin Habibul , Badola Shalini , Saha Surajit , Nag Angshuman 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCs2NaInCl6 double perovskite is stable, environmentally benign and easy to prepare. But it has a wide band gap (5.1 eV), and therefore, does not show optical and optoelectronic properties in the visible and short‐wave infrared (SWIR) region. Here we introduce such functionalities in Cs2NaInCl6 by codoping Sb3+ (s‐electron doping) and Er3+ (f‐electron doping) ions. Sb3+ doping introduces optically allowed 5s2
5s15p1 electronic absorption at the sub‐band gap level, which then emits blue photoluminescence with ≈93 % quantum yield. But f‐f electronic absorption of Er3+ is parity forbidden. Codoping Sb3+–Er3+, leads to transfer of excitation energy from Sb3+ to Er3+, yielding SWIR emission at 1540 nm. Temperature (6 to 300 K) dependent photoluminescence measurements elucidate the excitation and emission mechanism. A phosphor converted light emitting diode (pc‐LED) fabricated by using the codoped sample emits stable blue and SWIR radiation over prolonged (84 hours) operation at 5.1 V.
Methodologies for soil extraction and conservation analysis of ferns and lycophytes with belowground gametophytes
Authors: Farrar Donald R. , Johnson Cindy L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPremiseStudies of fern and lycophyte gametophyte biology in natural settings can be challenging, but such analyses are critical to understanding the dispersal, ecology, and conservation of these species. It is especially challenging to study species whose gametophytes and early sporophyte stages develop belowground, as is the case for species of the Ophioglossaceae, Psilotaceae, some species of the Schizeaceae (Actinostachys), and some species of the Lycopodiaceae. To study these taxa, gametophytes and young sporophytes must be extracted from the soil.MethodsIn 1989, Mason and Farrar described a methodology for accomplishing the collection of belowground gametophytes and sporophytes using soil centrifugation. Here, we refine this procedure based on subsequent years of experience.ResultsWe found that many more sporophytes exist belowground than are represented by aboveground leaves, and that belowground sporophytes can survive indefinitely without production of aboveground leaves. Belowground gametophytes are common in areas where spore‐releasing sporophyte leaves are present. Gametophytes are bisexual with male and female gametangia intermixed. Some species of Botrychium also reproduce asexually belowground through production of gemmae.DiscussionWe conclude that in Botrychium, assessments of population health and structure must include analyses of the belowground plants and their habitat. Conservation management strategies must also include potential changes in the belowground habitat.
Alteration of the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Xie Xinyan , Li Li , Wu Xiaoqian , Hou Fang , Chen Yanlin , Shi Liuwei , Liu Qi , Zhu Kaiheng , Jiang Qi , Feng Yanan , Xiao Pei , Zhang Jiajia , Gong Jianhua , Song Ranran 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with altered gut microbiota. However, there has been little consensus on the altered bacterial species and studies have had small sample sizes. We aimed to identify the taxonomic composition and evaluate the changes in the fecal microbiota in Chinese children with ASD by using a relatively large sample size. We conducted a case–control study of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. Demographic information and fecal samples were collected, and the V3‐V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were sequenced. The alpha and beta diversities between the two groups were significantly different. After correcting for multiple comparisons, at the phylum level the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The relative abundance of the Escherichia‐Shigella genus in the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the relative abundance of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae in the control group were higher than that of the case group. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis showed that children with ASD may have disturbed functional pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, cofactor and vitamin metabolism, and the AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study revealed the characteristics of the intestinal flora of Chinese children with ASD and provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD.Lay SummaryThis study characterized the gut microbiota composition of 101 children with ASD and 103 healthy controls in China. The altered gut microbiota may contribute significantly to the risk of ASD, including significant increases in the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Escherichia‐Shigella and significant decrease of Blautia and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae. This study provided further evidence of gut microbial dysbiosis in ASD.
In Brettsperrholz eingeklebte Stahlgewindestäbe – Experimente, numerische Simulation und Traglastbestimmung
Authors: Vallée Till , Tannert Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDer Holzbau überschreitet derzeit neue Grenzen hinsichtlich Dimensionen und architektonischer Möglichkeiten, wie die weltweit zunehmende Zahl von Hochhäusern zeigt. Ermöglicht wird dies durch hochleistungsfähige Verbindungen, wie z. B. eingeklebte Stäbe (aus Stahl und Faserverbundwerkstoffen), und Holzwerkstoffe, wie z. B. Brettschichtholz (BSH), wo alle Brettlagen parallel verleimt sind, oder Brettsperrholz (BSP), welches aus mehreren, kreuzweise flach aufeinander verleimten Brettlagen besteht. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet den aktuellen Stand von in BSP eingeklebten Stahlgewindestäben und zeigt eine Übersicht über jüngste experimentelle und numerische Ergebnisse. Es werden die Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch Unterschiede im Vergleich zu in BSH eingeklebten Stahlstäben aufgezeigt, die sich aufgrund der verschiedenen Orientierung der einzelnen Lagen ergeben. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Vorhersage der Traglast, für die derzeit nur sehr wenige Ansätze verfügbar sind.
On the solutions of fluid flow problems with a Chebyshev collocation method using Mathematica
Authors: Acosta‐Zamora Karla P. , Núñez José 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFluid flow problems are important in engineering applications like heat exchangers, renewable energy sources, and electromagnetic processing of materials, among other applications. Some examples related to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) course are explored in this study. A CFD course provides tools for the numerical solution of fluid flows where an analytical cannot be found. Flows can be described by numerically solving the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for incompressible fluids. A Chebyshev collocation spectral method has been used to solve the governing equations. A high‐level functional programming language strategy was implemented in Mathematica including readability and adaptability. The programs are built by applying and composing functions, mappings, iterators, and pattern matching. It was noted that students can achieve a better comprehension of the algorithms using this programming approach.
Microfluidic Free‐Flow Paper Electrochromatography for Continuous Separation of Glycans
Authors: Liu Yingchao , Huang Yuanyu , Wu Mengxi , Kong Siyuan , Cao Weiqian , Li Shunxiang , Yan Guoquan , Liu Baohong , Yang Pengyuan , Zhang Quanqing , Qiao Liang , Shen Huali 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicrofluidic free‐flow electrophoresis (μ‐FFE) is widely used for continuous separation of charged analytes. However, μ‐FFE is limited in the separation of analytes with the same electrophoretic mobility. In this work, we developed a novel microfluidic free‐flow paper electrochromatography (μ‐FFPE) by combining μ‐FFE with filter paper‐based chromatography, enabling continuous separation of analytes through the mechanism of both μ‐FFE and paper chromatography. Numerical simulation was applied to demonstrate the advantages of adding filter paper as the stationary phase of μ‐FFE. With the filter paper, a more stable separation system was achieved. The device was applied to the separation of simple mixtures of dyes and complex mixtures of glycans. With the μ‐FFPE fractionation, much more glycans and glycan types can be identified by LC‐MS, demonstrating the value of the method in biological analysis. The μ‐FFPE can provide a new platform for the separation and analysis of various biological molecules.
Ultrasmall Mo2C Embedded in N‐Doped Holey Carbon for High‐Efficiency Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Huali , Yang Shuaibing , Yang Weiguang , Zhao Chuan , Cao Minna , Cao Rong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays an important role in fuel cells, but the synthesis of efficient and low‐cost catalysts remains challenging. We report the synthesis of ultra‐small Mo2C nanoparticles with an average size of 1.5 nm embedded in a N‐doped holey carbon (NHC) matrix by employing self‐assembled macrocycle cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) and melamine as carbon precursors. The interaction between Mo precursors and CB[6] effectively prevented the aggregation of Mo2C NPs during the pyrolysis procedure. Besides, the holey structural carbon has a larger electrocatalytic activity area and improves mass transfer efficiency and charge transfer rate. The NHC features abundant defective sites and thus effective anchoring and electronic regulation for Mo2C nanoparticles. The electrochemical oxygen reduction activity of Mo2C/NHC is comparable to that of noble metal Pt/C benchmark catalyst with an initial potential, half‐wave potential and limiting current density of 0.95 V, 0.84 V and 5.0 mA cm−2, respectively. Mo2C/NHC shows a good long‐term durability during 25 h chronoamperometry.
Combining the advantages of AlexNet convolutional deep neural network optimized with anopheles search algorithm based feature extraction and random forest classifier for COVID‐19 classification
Authors: Akbar Sumaiya Begum , Thanupillai Kalaiselvi , Sundararaj Suganthi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this article, COVID‐19 detection and classification framework based on anopheles search optimized AlexNet convolutional deep neural network for random forest classifier is implemented. Here, the COVID‐19 dataset is taken from Joseph Paul Cohen database. Then, the input images are preprocessed with the help of fuzzy gray level difference histogram equalization technique (FGLHE) and fuzzy stacking technique for color enhancement and noise elimination in the input images. The FGLHE technique and fuzzy stacking technique are combined together and forms into stacked dataset image. This stacked dataset are trained with AlexNet convolutional deep neural network model and the feature packages acquired via the models are processed by the anopheles search algorithm. Subsequently, the efficient features are combined and delivered to random forest (RF) classifier. The proposed approach is implemented in MATLAB. The proposed ADCNN‐ASA‐RFC provides 91.66%, 69.13%, 34.86%, and 70.13% higher accuracy, 79.13%, 60.33%, and 63.34% higher specificity and 77.13%, 58.45%, 25.86%, and 55.33%, higher sensitivity compared with existing algorithms. At last, the simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed system can be able to find the optimal solutions efficiently and accurately with COVID‐19 diagnosis.
RAPSAMS: Robust affinity propagation clustering on static android malware stream
Authors: Katebi Matin , RezaKhani Afshin , Joudaki Saba , Shiri Mohammad Ebrahim 
Published: April 2022

SummaryThis article proposed RAPSAMS, extending affinity propagation (AP) clustering to be robust in malware steaming. We use AP, which has been suggested as an approach for clustering a set of samples that by passing messages in different clusters, represents malware stream clustering. Then, by generating and adding adversarial examples, a method has been proposed to attack this clustering algorithm and try to make a robust algorithm against the proposed attack. Malware clustering has become an active research area in mobile security, in which the knowledge is being exploited in large quantities of the generated malware stream. Different procedures have been used that apply clustering to the malware's static features. This article focuses on selecting the most appropriate examples as centers for Android malware clusters and tries to add some perturbation to fool the clustering algorithm. There are two important challenges in this regard: (i) How to find the best representations for clustering. (ii) How to manage extracted patterns that include important data flow characteristics with different distributions. Malware stream clustering poses many challenges to solve this problem, including dealing with malware that is imported online, being able to process malware quickly and incrementally, dealing appropriately with time constraints, and the way that can manage important features patterns of malware stream. To examine the adaptability of the proposed methods of defense and attack, analyses were performed. The proposed approaches are tested on a couple of malware Android dataset benchmarks, namely, Contagio, Genome, and Drebin. We use permission, API, and intent features of these datasets. The obtained results from false positive rate (FPR) recognize that the amounts of the known algorithm for clustering, AP, increases to more than 50% afterward an offense occurs in a number of instances (like: Genome dataset in permission and intent features). Furthermore, by applying the label flipping attack (LFA) the accuracy measures decrease lower than 85% in all instances. Also, the proposed defense method decreased the FPR value by less than 30%, and the accuracy increased by more than 91%, in all cases. Consequently, the AP clustering will be robust against LFAs.
Mapping breeding bird species richness at management‐relevant resolutions across the United States
Authors: Carroll Kathleen A. , Farwell Laura S. , Pidgeon Anna M. , Razenkova Elena , Gudex‐Cross David , Helmers David P. , Lewińska Katarzyna E. , Elsen Paul R. , Radeloff Volker C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHuman activities alter ecosystems everywhere, causing rapid biodiversity loss and biotic homogenization. These losses necessitate coordinated conservation actions guided by biodiversity and species distribution spatial data that cover large areas yet have fine‐enough resolution to be management‐relevant (i.e., ≤5 km). However, most biodiversity products are too coarse for management or are only available for small areas. Furthermore, many maps generated for biodiversity assessment and conservation do not explicitly quantify the inherent tradeoff between resolution and accuracy when predicting biodiversity patterns. Our goals were to generate predictive models of overall breeding bird species richness and species richness of different guilds based on nine functional or life‐history‐based traits across the conterminous United States at three resolutions (0.5, 2.5, and 5 km) and quantify the tradeoff between resolution and accuracy and, hence, relevance for management of the resulting biodiversity maps. We summarized 18 years of North American Breeding Bird Survey data (1992–2019) and modeled species richness using random forests, including 66 predictor variables (describing climate, vegetation, geomorphology, and anthropogenic conditions), 20 of which we newly derived. Among the three spatial resolutions, the percentage variance explained ranged from 27% to 60% (median = 54%; mean = 57%) for overall species richness and 12% to 87% (median = 61%; mean = 58%) for our different guilds. Overall species richness and guild‐specific species richness were best explained at 5‐km resolution using ~24 predictor variables based on percentage variance explained, symmetric mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square error values. However, our 2.5‐km‐resolution maps were almost as accurate and provided more spatially detailed information, which is why we recommend them for most management applications. Our results represent the first consistent, occurrence‐based, and nationwide maps of breeding bird richness with a thorough accuracy assessment that are also spatially detailed enough to inform local management decisions. More broadly, our findings highlight the importance of explicitly considering tradeoffs between resolution and accuracy to create management‐relevant biodiversity products for large areas.
MIDORI2: A collection of quality controlled, preformatted, and regularly updated reference databases for taxonomic assignment of eukaryotic mitochondrial sequences
Authors: Leray Matthieu , Knowlton Nancy , Machida Ryuji J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAnalysis of environmental DNA is increasingly used to characterize ecological communities, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on the accuracy of taxonomic reference databases. The MIDORI databases, first released in 2017, were built to improve accuracy for mitochondrial metazoan (animal) sequences. MIDORI has now been significantly improved and renamed MIDORI2 (available at http://www.reference‐midori.info). Like MIDORI, MIDORI2 is built from GenBank and contains curated sequences of thirteen protein‐coding and two ribosomal RNA mitochondrial genes. Coverage has been substantially expanded to cover all eukaryotes, including fungi, green algae and land plants, other multicellular algal groups, and diverse protist lineages. MIDORI2 also now includes not only species with full binomials, but also taxa referred to by genus with species left unspecified (“sp.”). Another new feature is the updating of the databases approximately every two months with version numbers corresponding to each new GenBank release. Additional potentially erroneously annotated sequences have also been removed. Finally, the ability to export data files to BLAST+ has been added to the original ability to export preformatted data to five taxonomic assignment programs, and databases of amino acid sequences are also made available for protein‐coding genes. As a technical validation, we conducted a preliminary comparison of the performance of MIDORI2 with five taxonomic assignment programs. Results suggest that BLAST+ top hits performed better for assigning CO1 sequences than alignment‐free methods based on compositional features. Comparing MIDORI2 with two other commonly used curated databases of mitochondrial sequences, CO‐ARBitrator and BOLD, we show that MIDORI2 includes sequences from a broader range of metazoan and non‐metazoan taxa. Overall, in many contexts, MIDORI2 offers clear advantages: a higher diversity of taxa than other databases, a variety of user‐friendly features, and regular updates. MIDORI2 is particularly well‐suited for environmental DNA studies that target mitochondrial genes with broad primers.