bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Requirements of Peach as Recorded by Weighing Lysimeters
Authors: Worthington Josiah W. , McFarland Marshall J. , Rodrigue Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Evapotranspiration of two 5-year-old mature trees of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was measured in weighing lysimeters. Diurnal water use patterns were conventional. Trees used an average of 136, 114, 96, and 61 liters per day in July, August, September, and October respectively, with an overall daily average of 102 liters. The crop coefficient based on class A pan evaporation declined from 0.98 in early July to 0.40 just before leaf fall and averaged 0.71 for the season. Class A pan evaporation correlated well with evapotranspiration on a weekly average but poorly on a daily basis.
The Quality of Early-season Table Grapes Fumigated with Methyl Bromide and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Phillips Douglas J. , Austin Rodney K. , Fouse David C. , Margosan Dennis A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early-season ‘Perlette’, ‘Cardinal’, ‘Flame Seedless’, and ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were fumigated at 21°C with methyl bromide (MB) at 32 g m−3 for 3.5 hours, SO2 (0.5% for 0.5 hours), or the 2 fumigants in sequence. Quality evaluations were made following holding at 2.5° for 6 days and again after an additional 2 days at 21°. SO2 fumigation reduced the percentage of rotten berries and the combination of SO2 and MB reduced the amount of bunch rot (Rhizopus rot). SO2 slightly bleached the color of the dark-pigmented grapes. Bromine residues in MB-fumigated and untreated grapes averaged 10.8 and 1.4 ppm, respectively.
Late Pruning, Twig Orientation, and Flower Bud Formation in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Removing the terminal 10 cm from shoots of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants on 27 Oct. induced flower buds below the cut, even though no new vegetative growth occurred. The average number of new flower buds formed per twig ranged from 1.3 for ‘Delite’ to 6.1 for ‘Climax’ with an average of 3.0 for the clones tested. Unpruned twigs of the same clones averaged only 0.5 new flower buds on comparable twig sections. Tying unpruned twigs to a horizontal position during the period of flower bud formation had no effect on number or location of flower buds on the twigs.
Estimating Seed Numbers and Weights in Mixed Samples
Authors: Bowen P. A. , Eaton G. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Equations are provided which determine the numbers or weights of the different seed types in pure or mixed samples. Detailed procedures are described for estimating the number of seeds of 2 different sizes in samples of blueberry seeds by using a leaf area meter. A seed extraction technique was developed which avoided loss and damage of seeds.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Skirvin Robert M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There has been an historic interest in blackberries (Rubus spp.) among small fruit researchers; however, the number of research reports written on blackberries during the past 50 years has been relatively low. This workshop on blackberries was developed to fill a 50-year literature gap which became evident following a thorough search of the literature. Its genesis began when I was assigned to develop and teach a course in small fruits and viticulture at the Univ. of Illinois in Fall 1981. I wrote to many individuals to obtain up-to-date reprints, handouts, and bulletins on the various small fruit for my class. A large number of references on strawberries, grape, and blueberries was found, but there were very few recent publications on blackberries. Specific technical information on particular aspects of blackberry breeding and culture was found, but these articles often were not suitable for teaching purposes. Many papers on blackberries were published in the 1920s and 1930s. Recent information was scarce. I spoke with several small fruit specialists across the United States and discussed this problem with them. Eventually we agreed that the topic of blackberry production, breeding, propagation, and diseases should be examined in light of new information. This workshop was designed on the basis of these discussions.
Blackberry Products and Production Regions
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Heilman E. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Blackberry (Rubus sp.) fruit can be enjoyed fresh or as one of many processed products. Blackberry preserves, jam, and jelly long have been favorites in this country. Fresh blackberries generally are soft, highly perishable fruit; hence, most processing for commercial production is quick, in plants located near major production areas. Commercial blackberry production is centered in regions where native or introduced Rubus species flourish. Production trends in these regions will be described, followed by a discussion of blackberry products.
Method for Extraction and Quantitation of Chloroplast Pigments in Fruits and Other Organs by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: McMahon Robert W. , Gladon Richard J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methods of chloroplast pigment extraction and sample preparation previously established for leaves do not apply for fruits and other organs of several horticultural crops. Methods presented in this report overcome these difficulties, and results presented show this procedure can be used for several diverse horticultural crops. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) run time of 25 minutes in the isocratic mode gave baseline separation of chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll b (chl b), and β-carotene while neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein eluted as partially resolved peaks. A run time of 48 minutes in the linear gradient mode gives baseline separation of all 6 major chloroplast pigments.
Evaluation of Oxyfluorfen Formulations in Container Nursery Crops
Authors: Weller S. C. , Masiunas J. B. , Carpenter P. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three formulations of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene], 25% wettable powder (WP), 1% granular (G), 0.24 kg liter-1 emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and 2% G oxadiazon [2-tertbutyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] were compared for weed control and their effects on growth of Cotoneaster apiculatus Rehd. & E.H. Wils., Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Colorata’, and Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Glenmore’. Both herbicides provided acceptable weed control at recommended rates. The EC formulation of oxyfluorfen provided the best weed control, but injury to euonymus and juniper was also most severe with the EC, while injury to cotoneaster was most severe with the EC and G.
Influence of Two Commercial Agars on In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of ‘Almey’ Crabapple and ‘Seckel’ Pear
Authors: Singha Suman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of ‘Almey’ crabapple [Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. × M. pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Schneid.] and ‘Seckel’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). The culture medium contained either TC agar or Bacto-agar at concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.2%. Optimum shoot proliferation in ‘Almey’ was obtained on media containing 0.3% of either agar. Increasing agar levels reduced shoot proliferation and shoot growth, but the reduction was especially severe with Bacto-agar. The differences in shoot proliferation between the 0.3% and 0.6% agar concentrations continued to be exhibited with Bacto-agar but not with TC agar when Mason jars, rather than 25 × 150-mm tubes, were the culture vessels. Shoot proliferation in ‘Seckel’ was best on medium containing 0.6% Bacto-agar; higher concentrations decreased shoot proliferation and shoot growth. TC agar did not influence fresh weight of ‘Seckel’ cultures, but increasing concentrations resulted in increased shoot proliferation.
Selfed and Crossed Proportions of Avocado Progenies Produced by Caged Pairs of Complementary Cultivars
Authors: Degani Chemda , Gazit Shmuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using a malate dehydrogenase isozyme system, it was possible to identify the pollen donor parent in progenies of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) obtained by enclosing 2 cultivars of complementary flower type in a screenhouse with a beehive. The observed percentage of cross-pollination ranged from 7% to 92%. Isozymes are demonstrated to be a practical way of identifying hybrids.
Germination and Crop Development of Hot Pepper After Seed Priming
Authors: Rivas M. , Sundstrom F. J. , Edwards R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Priming seed of ‘Jalapeno M’ jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and ‘McIlhenny Select’ tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in 3% KNO3 for 144 hours and –4 bar polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) for 120 hours enhanced germination rates, tested at 5° to 35°C. Seed priming stimulated jalapeno germination at 5°, but had no effect on tabasco when temperatures were less than 15°. Surface drying seed following priming retarded germination rate of both peppers over all temperatures as compared to primed seed not surface dried. Primed pepper seed performance in media under suboptimal temperatures (10° and 15°) was significantly less than that observed on filter paper. In the greenhouse, KNO3-primed jalapeno seed had significantly earlier germination and accelerated vegetative seedling development. Priming in PEG appeared to retard jalapeno vegetative seedling development.
Response of Ilex ×meserveae ‘Blue Princess’ to Hand Shearing and Three Growth Retardants
Authors: Borden Pamela , Campbell R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The growth retardants 2,3:4,6-bis-O (1-methylethylidene)-O (-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid) (dikegulac), α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenol)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol), α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine methanol (flurprimidol) and hand shearing were tested for their effectiveness in reducing total shoot elongation and increasing lateral branch of container-grown Ilex ×meserveae S.Y. Hu cv. Blue Princess. Greatest shoot reduction (44% over a period of 9 months) was achieved by 1.5 and 3.0 mg/pot flurprimidol soil drench treatments. Ancymidol sprays and drenches were less effective, with the maximum reduction (29%, at 5 months) due to 3.0 mg/pot drench. A single spray application of 0.39% dikegulac resulted in the largest increase in lateral branching: 200% over untreated plants and 100% over hand-sheared plants. All dikegulac-treated plants exhibited varying symptoms of phytotoxicity that increased with rate and number of applications.
‘TAMU Denman’ Peach
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Newman James S. , Lasswell James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘TAMU Denman’ is a new cultivar of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station for home and commercial orchards in north and central Texas. ‘TAMU Denman’ is a consistently high-yielding, late-blooming cultivar with heavy bud set. These characteristics facilitate commercial production during years when late freezes reduce production from other varieties. It is named for T.E. Denman, Horticulturist at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Stephenville for 31 years.
‘USAJI 5’ Cayenne Pepper
Authors: Cook A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘USAJI 5’, a cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), is resistant to tobacco etch (TEV) and potato Y (PYV) viruses and produces medium length, smooth, tapering, pungent fruit. The piquant flavor and bright red color of straight to slightly curved fruit combined with virus resistances make the cultivar unique.
‘Snow Bunting’, ‘Teal’, ‘Purple Martin’, ‘Rosy-finch’, and ‘Tanager’ Cape Primroses
Authors: Hopka Christian , Beck G. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Five selections of cape primroses (Streptocarpus Xhybridus Voss.) were developed for the commercial greenhouse industry as flowering potted plants and approved for release in April 1983. The new cultivars exhibit compact, vigorous growth, improved heat tolerance, and abundant flower production. The flower colors, shapes, and patterns offer novel combinations not previously available.
Approaches to More Efficient Vineyard Management
Authors: Morris Justin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grapevines are not free standing and therefore must be provided with a support system to produce an economically commercial crop. Grapes traditionally have been trained and modified to provide a support system for production, but these systems have not necessarily been well-suited to mechanization. Currently, there is a major research effort throughout the world to modify grapevines so that viticultural practices can be economically mechanized while maintaining or improving yield and quality.
Cultural Modifications for Improving Mechanical Harvesting of Red Raspberries and Blackberries
Authors: Martin Lloyd W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mechanical harvesting of raspberries and blackberries is accepted practice in the Pacific Northwest (14). Commercial development of mechanical harvesters began in the 1950s when the Weygandt machine was introduced to harvest black raspberries in Oregon (22). Subsequent research in Arkansas and Oregon contributed to the development of mechanization (2, 11), and blackberries and later red raspberries were successfully harvested with machines in the 1960s (5). Progress in cane and bush berry harvesting was reported by Nelson and Booster (17) in 1969, by Martin and Lawrence (13) in 1976, and was reviewed by Booster (4) in 1983.
Techniques for Measuring Plant Water
Authors: Art Spomer L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The importance of water to plant growth is well-recognized (13, 35, 37, 48, 49, 50, 58, 63, 80, 97, 130, 141, 143, 160) and has been studied for over 300 years (62, 106). Despite this long history, relatively little is known about the specific water requirement for most horticultural crops. Water requirement is the minimum amount of water required to provide optimal yield. The amount required is determined by the type of yield, the critical limits of deficiency relative to yield, the limits of tolerable yield reduction, the size and permeability of the plant’s evaporative surface, the plant’s growth stage, and the environmental factors affecting growth and transpiration. Actual water requirement therefore is defined by a combination of human motivations, plant physiological responses, and physical environmental factors.
Propagation of Abies fraseri by Semidormant Hardwood Stem Cuttings
Authors: Wise Farrell C. , Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dormant hardwood stem cuttings of Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] were severed from upper and lower tree crowns and artificially chilled at 4°C for 0, 4, or 8 weeks to achieve a partial break in rest. Following chilling, the resulting semi-dormant cuttings were treated with 0, 1500, 3000, or 4500 ppm IBA, and rooted for 135 days using a heated medium in a cool greenhouse. Rooted cuttings were evaluated, potted, and rechilled for 11, 7, or 3 weeks so that all cuttings were chilled a total of 11 weeks. Vegetative growth then was evaluated after a 12-week growing period. Cuttings initially chilled 4 weeks rooted in highest percentages, regardless of crown position, and exhibited little or no bud activity. Subsequent expansion of terminal and subterminal buds was greatest for cuttings initially chilled 0 or 4 weeks. Superior overall responses were achieved with upper-crown cuttings chilled 4 weeks and then treated with 4500 ppm IBA, or lower-crown cuttings dipped in 3000 ppm IBA after 4 weeks of chilling. The separation of rooting and budbreak apparently produced rooted cuttings comparable in size to 2-year-old plants grown from traditional hardwood cuttings. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Estimating the Area of Trifoliolate and Unequally Imparipinnate Leaves of Strawberry
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaflet length and width were used to calculate leaflet area, lateral leaflet area, and trifoliolate area for strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Redcoat’ and genotypes 62E55 and 71M59. Using regression analysis, the product of length and width (LW) was chosen as the independent variable. On the basis of predictive ability (R2) and/or the SE of estimation, the following equations were chosen to determine leaflet area, lateral leaflet area, and trifoliolate area, respectively: A = 0.66LW + 0.89; A = 0.68LW; A = 0.69 ΣLW. A common regression equation could be used for the cultivar and genotypes studied. If the leaf is unequally imparipinnate, then the area of the lateral leaflets and the trifoliolate must be summed to obtain total leaf area.
Tolerance of Highbush and Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars to Hexazinone
Authors: Baron J. J. , Monaco T. J. , Mainland C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hexazinone was applied as a soil drench to 1-year-old rooted hardwood cuttings of highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) blueberries in a series of greenhouse experiments. No differences in susceptibility to hexazinone were detected among 10 highbush and 3 rabbiteye cultivars growing in a fine sand soil. Two highbush and 2 rabbiteye cultivars were assayed for hexazinone tolerance in low, medium, and high organic matter soil which contained 1.3%, 3.5%, and 49.5% organic matter, respectively. Hexazinone at 1 or 2 kg/ha had no inhibitory effect on blueberry growth in the high organic matter soil, inhibited growth slightly on the medium organic matter soil and caused severe injury in the low organic matter soil. At rates of 4 and 8 kg/ha, injury was severe on the medium and low organic matter soils but very slight on the high organic matter soil.
Comparison of Three Slow-release Fertilizers in the Production of Seedling Dwarf Date Palm
Authors: Doughty S. C. , O’Rourke E. N. , Barrios E. P. , Mowers R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brian palm seedlings were potted in Metro Mix 500, and 3 groups of 25 plants each were fertilized with 18–2.6–10 (8- to 9-month release), 19–2.6–10 (3- to 4 month release) Osmocote, and 21–2.6–10 (6-month release) Sulfur Kote. Control pots with and without plants were either fertilized or not fertilized. Seedling palms were greenhouse grown for 23 weeks at temperatures ranging from 18° to 41 °C. Fertilizer type had no significant effect on leaf number or length, total dry weight or root dry weight. Plants which received Osmocote formulations showed higher foliage dry weights than plants which received Sulfur Kote. Conductivity of leachate (EC = mmhos/cm2) from pots fertilized with slow-released materials generally increased with no indication that release rate of nutrients had peaked.
Relationship among Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertility Regimes on Celery Transplant Growth
Authors: Dufault Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Utah 52-70R’ celery (Apium graveolens L.) seedlings were fertilized weekly with solutions containing N, P, and Κ to determine the nutrient needs required to produce high quality transplants. As Ν rate increased from 10 to 250 ppm, shoot number, seedling diameter and height, leaf area/seedling, shoot and root dry weight/seedling, and dry weight/shoot increased in 52-day-old seedlings. As P rate increased from 5 to 125 ppm, seedling diameter, height, shoot dry weight/shoot, and leaf area increased, but root dry weight and shoot number were not affected. Nitrogen interacted with P for all growth variables measured. Increasing P rates from 5 to 125 ppm significantly increased shoot number, diameter, height, and shoot and root dry weights only in combination with Ν rates of at least 250 ppm; however, dry weight/shoot, leaf area, and root to shoot dry weight ratios increased with P rates used in conjunction with at least 50 ppm N. Potassium rates from 10 to 250 ppm affected neither the growth variables nor did they interact with P or N. Therefore, to grow high-quality celery transplants, nutrient solutions should contain at least 250N–125P–10K (ppm) if a ver-miculite-peat-perlite medium low in N, P, and Κ is used.
Sensory Responses to Five Cultivars of Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Lyon B. G. , Horvat R. J. , Kays S. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Five sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars with diverse flavor characteristics were evaluated by a consumer panel for intensity of taste and aftertaste and for acceptance using a Food Action Rating Scale (FACT). ‘Jewel’ (United States) and ‘Tainung-57’ (The People’s Republic of China) had a moderately intense flavor and received the highest acceptance rating, whereas ‘Morado’ (Central America) and ‘Sumor’ and ‘HiDry’ (new USDA releases) had the lowest intensity of taste and acceptance scores. Correlation coefficients between acceptance scores and taste intensity were not significant for all cultivars, indicating that consumer acceptance of sweet potatoes of diverse flavor characteristics may be based on other sensory attributes. Further investigations using trained profile panels and simultaneous analyses of taste/aroma constituents could determine criteria for consumer acceptance of sweet potato.
Nitrogen Rates and Nitrapyrin Influence on Yields of Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, and Celery
Authors: Welch N. C. , Tyler K. B. , Ririe D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In field experiments using brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L., Gemmifera Group), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata Group), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., Botrytis Group), and celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce L.), the application of nitrapyrin with ammonium sulfate fertilizer at planting produced higher yields than ammonium sulfate alone, at planting, or in split applications. Tissue levels of NO3-N of cabbage, cauliflower, and celery were usually significantly higher in nitrapyrin-treated plots than in those receiving comparable rates of Ν without nitrapyrin. Tissue levels of NO3-N in brussels sprouts did not increase significantly as Ν rate and yields increased.
Alleviation of Thermodormancy in Coated Lettuce Seeds by Seed Priming
Authors: Valdes Veronica M. , Bradford Kent J. , Mayberry Keith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Empire’) seeds (achenes) were given an osmotic priming treatment (24 hr in aerated —1.5 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) solution at 18°C in the light) which alleviated thermodormancy in laboratory tests. The seeds then were coated commercially for precision planting. Additional seeds also received a proprietary treatment for enhancing high temperature germination (Royal Sluis Split-kote D). In field trials in the Imperial Valley of California, where the soil temperature exceeded 35°C for the first 11 hr of imbibition under sprinkler irrigation, total emergence of untreated seeds after 6 days was between 18% and 21%, whereas that of primed and Splitkote D seeds ranged from 46% to 69%. Uniformity and rate of emergence were also greater for the primed seeds, with 91 % of the final emergence occurring by the 3rd day, as compared to only 70% for the control. Seed priming prior to coating can be an effective method of improving lettuce stand establishment under high temperature conditions.