bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arms Trade and International Criminal Law
Authors: 9780192695086  , Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Arms Trade and International Criminal Law offers a rigorous analysis of how the global arms trade intersects with accountability in the era of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The book argues that individuals—including corporate executives, state officials, and arms traffickers—can be held directly accountable under international law for supplying weapons. By examining the complexities of the arms trade and the doctrines of accomplice liability, the book explores how international justice mechanisms have become narrowly focused on the prosecution of military and political leaders, neglecting the more structural causes of atrocity. The book assesses the failings of current ‘Arms Trade Law’—including UN embargoes, the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), and the EU Common Position—to prevent weapons from reaching perpetrators or to achieve substantive accountability. It argues that International Criminal Law can complement existing export regulation, particularly through prosecutions that express condemnation of the wrongdoing of arms dealers who profit from atrocity. The book advances a specific interpretation of actus reus and mens rea for complicity under Article 25 of the Rome Statute, providing a sound legal basis for the ICC to prosecute an arms trader. It explores the institutional attitudes within the ICC that hinder such prosecutions, drawing on interviews, participant observation, and empirical research to assess the perspectives of judges and lawyers. Case studies from the Second Congo War and the DRC investigations illustrate missed opportunities. The book concludes with a call for broader engagement with the Rome Statute’s mandate, to ensure that accountability reaches all types of actors responsible for international crimes.
The Mens Rea of a Complicit Arms Transfer
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the mens rea element of complicity, focusing on the Rome Statute requirements of Article 25(3)(d)(ii), a less stringent standard than the stricter subjective requirement for aiding and abetting under Article 25(3)(c). It argues for a specific interpretation of mens rea, according to Article 21 of the Statute, in which the defendant must know of the ‘essential matters’ of the crime and that supplying the weapons will lead ‘in the ordinary course of events’ to assisting the commission of the crime. The legal assessment of ‘knowledge’ can be informed by risk-based models and evidence from arms trade procedures and factual reporting. For example, a UN fact-finding report or an arms embargo could be a strong indicator of complicit knowledge. The chapter draws comparisons with the legal standards under the Arms Trade Treaty and EU Common Position (a ‘clear risk that crimes might be committed’) according to which exports must be denied.
Techniques for Rhythmic Alignment and Ensemble
Authors: Fullard Annie , Cotter-Lockard Dorianne 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Ensemble playing requires that group members understand how to interpret rhythm and pulse in a unified manner. This chapter offers a variety of techniques, beginning with simple embodiment of the pulse through movement and continuing with numerous strategies to approach rhythmic alignment. Physically embodying the character of the music as one plays leads to cohesion and more expressive music-making. Specific techniques to improve group rhythm and ensemble alignment include synchronizing movement, expressive counting, using the metronome, establishing visual connection, passing the melody or motive, exaggerating tempos, clapping (composite rhythms and syncopation), and for string players employing left hands alone (tactile synchronization).
Techniques for Projecting Expression
Authors: Fullard Annie , Cotter-Lockard Dorianne 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The techniques in this chapter enable ensembles to develop their unique voice as an expressive unit. These approaches to projecting expression help develop a group’s musical personality, making rehearsals more productive and joyful. Techniques for singing instrumental parts build on the prior chapter’s section on applying vocal technique to instrumental playing. This chapter includes how to interpret and express dynamics as indicated by the composer. Wisdom from conductor Seiji Ozawa and violinist Robert Mann regarding the interpretation and performance of dynamics is included. Detailed techniques for playing while standing, expressing dynamics, “playing the silence,” and playing by memory are included, along with the concepts of playing to the center and projecting sound outward toward the audience.
Don’t Give Up
Authors: Darden Robert F. , Newby Stephen M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Don’t Give Up, Andraé’s first big-budget album for Warner Bros. Records, received a major promotional push in the pop market. But despite the presence of top talent throughout, including Marvin Winans, the LP was not well received or reviewed. In addition to controversial songs like “Hollywood Scene” and “I’ll Be Good to You, Baby,” which alienated his gospel music base, the album was criticized for not having enough religious references. At the same time, Crouch began to receive the first mediocre reviews of his live concerts, and the Black press, which had been solidly in his camp, began publishing articles reflecting badly on what it considered his lavish lifestyle. The musicians and singers who worked on Don’t Give Up steadfastly defended it, but as Bill Maxwell sadly noted, the LP “bombed.”
Chachapoyas Quechua
Authors: Shimelman Aviva , Valqui Jairo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter sketches the major phonological and morphosyntactic features of Chachapoyas Quechua [ISO 369-3: quk, Glottocode: chac1250], a moribund language spoken in the northern Peruvian Andes. Chachapoyas is of particular interest to the study of the history and diversity of the Quechuan languages and, concomitantly, to our understanding of differentiation in human languages more generally. Unusual features of Chachapoyas Quechua include, most prominently, systematic vowel reduction that results in forms that violate the usual constraints of Quechuan syllable structure. This, as well as other idiosyncracies of the phonetics of the language, are partially attributable to the influence of Chacha, the language spoken in the region before the Incan conquest.
Linguistic complexity in the Central Andes
Authors: Nichols Johanna 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Linguistic complexity has been found to correlate with sociolinguistic factors such as isolation, and with geographical factors such as altitude, though such correlations are not without problems. Here it is asked whether these or other factors hold for South America and in particular the Central Andes, and what light the complexity levels can shed light on the linguistic prehistory and earliest settlement of the Andean highlands. Types of complexity surveyed are phonological enumerative complexity, morphological enumerative complexity, and morphological non-transparency (canonical complexity). Correlations are not strong, but they do exist, and taken together with archeological and ethnographic information they can be used to hypothesize which languages descend from earlier or later entrants to the highlands.
“A Slave in Nebraska” and Other Black Habeas Activism on the Gilded Age Plains
Authors: Young Cory James 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Drawing on court records, newspaper accounts, and a remarkable journal, this article presents a microhistory of Till, a Black teenager in rural Nebraska who became the subject of a well-publicized 1890 habeas corpus petition alleging his enslavement in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment. It contends that this proceeding should be understood as a freedom suit and that Till’s subsequent life should be understood as part of its legal history.
Improving Discharge Education and Outcomes for Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Mowery Bernice D. , Brand Erin , Gisila Demeke , Healy Katie , Mannaye Tigist R. , Bhuvanesh Abhi , Babb Rebecca , Bettencourt Amanda P. , McLaughlin Maureen Kirkpatrick , Russell-Babin Kathleen 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
The emerging field of implementation science (IS) facilitates the sustainment of evidence-based practice in clinical care. This article, the fourth in a series on applying IS, describes how a nurse-led team at a multisite health system used IS concepts, methods, and tools to implement a discharge education bundle for patients with heart failure at two community hospitals, with the aim of decreasing readmissions and improving patient functioning and satisfaction.
Implementing an Activity and Mobility Promotion Approach to Improve Patient Mobility
Authors: Gore Shweta , Mattie Karen , Schworm Kara , Murphy Sheila , Googins Carolyn , Caruso Lisa , Slavin Mary , Young Daniel 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:
A decline in patient mobility is a common occurrence following hospital admission, even with short, uncomplicated stays. Low mobility is known to result in a variety of adverse outcomes, including functional decline, especially for the vulnerable older population.

Purpose:
Strategies to promote mobility in hospitalized patients are crucial to improving outcomes and reducing associated costs. The aim of this quality improvement project was to implement the Johns Hopkins Activity and Mobility Promotion (JH-AMP) program at a large safety-net hospital, assess the feasibility of implementing this program, and examine the preliminary impact of the program on patient mobility.

Methods:
A pre- and postimplementation design was used on medical and surgical units, and in ICUs. The JH-AMP program was implemented using eight key strategies based on the Translating Research into Practice implementation science framework. The intervention was designed to provide all patients with a daily mobility goal during their stay in the hospital and ensure that frontline staff utilized this goal as a metric to move patients every day. Measures of mobility capacity and performance, the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care “6-Clicks” Short Form (AM-PAC) and the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility (JH-HLM) scale, were integrated into the electronic health record to facilitate generation of a mobility goal. An iterative process was used to improve the thematic analysis of qualitative focus group discussions. Within-group comparisons of JH-HLM scores were performed for all units before and after implementation of the JH-AMP program using Mann–Whitney U tests.

Results:
Following program implementation, the frequency of patients scoring 4 (transfer to a chair) or higher on the JH-HLM scale was significantly greater compared to baseline (z = 2.02, P = 0.043). Similarly, all units demonstrated a significant decrease in the proportion of patients scoring 1 (lying in bed) compared to baseline (z = 2.03, P = 0.031).

Conclusion:
Large-scale, hospital-wide implementation of an activity and mobility promotion program is feasible when performed systematically and can significantly reduce hospital immobility.
The gut microbiota in spondyloarthritis: an update
Authors: Rodriguez Valeria Rios , Essex Morgan , Poddubnyy Denis 
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review
This review provides an updated overview of the gut microbiota's involvement in spondyloarthritis (SpA) from a clinical perspective. It explores mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence SpA pathogenesis and considers the therapeutic implications of targeting the microbiome in SpA treatment.

Recent findings
The pathogenesis of SpA is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, external factors and dysregulation of the immune system. Recent studies have identified alterations in the gut microbiome of patients with SpA, including changes in microbial diversity and specific taxa linked to disease activity. HLA-B27 status seems to influence gut microbiota composition, potentially impacting disease progression. In HLA-B27 transgenic rats, the association between gut microbiota and SpA development has been confirmed, supporting findings from human studies. A compromised gut barrier, influenced by proteins like zonulin, may allow microbial antigens to translocate, triggering immune responses associated with SpA.

Summary
These findings highlight the potential for microbiota-modulating therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, diet and exercise, in managing SpA. However, methodological variability in human studies exposes the need for more rigorous research to better understand these associations. This may offer the opportunity to refine treatment strategies, offering a personalized approach to managing the disease.
Associations of total, domain-specific, and intensity-specific physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in China: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Ke Yalei , Shi Kexiang , Bennett Derrick A. , Lv Jun , Sun Dianjianyi , Pei Pei , Du Huaidong , Chen Yiping , Yang Ling , Zheng Xiangyang , Yang Xiaoming , Barnard Maxim , Chen Junshi , Chen Zhengming , Li Liming , Yu Canqing ,   on behalf of China Kadoorie Biobank collaborative group
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background:
Evidence of an association between physical activity (PA) and mortality has mainly focused on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). We aimed to assess the associations of total, domain-specific, and intensity-specific PA with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Methods:
We used baseline PA data from the China Kadoorie Biobank, including 482,067 participants aged 30–79 years from 10 areas in China. PA via self-report was quantified as a metabolic equivalent of task hours per day. Total PA was calculated by summing occupational, commuting, household, and leisure-time PA, and domain- and intensity-specific PAs were also calculated. Cox regression was used to estimate the associations of quintiles of different types of PA with all-cause and cause-specific mortality and adjust for potential confounders. Cause-specific mortalities were also examined in a competing risk analysis.

Results:
During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 47,281 deaths occurred. Total PA was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality, with a hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) of 0.69 (0.67–0.71) in the highest quintile as compared with the lowest quintile. Similar associations were observed for disease-specific mortality risks from cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, diabetes, and nervous system disease, with HR (95% CI) for top vs. bottom quintile of PA of 0.68 (0.64–0.71), 0.80 (0.76–0.83), 0.39 (0.35–0.44), 0.44 (0.35–0.55), and 0.52 (0.38–0.73), respectively. In addition, the risk of all-cause mortality was lowered by 34%, 13%, 17%, and 30% for occupational PA, non-occupational PA, low-intensity PA, and MVPA, respectively, when comparing the highest quintile with the lowest quintile.

Conclusions:
PA was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, regardless of domain and intensity. Any PA can bring long-term beneficial health effects.
Decoding Facial Dissymmetry: A Comparative Morphological Study on Human Skulls and Facial Structures
Authors: Divaris Marc 
Published: February 2025

Background:
This study provides a detailed examination of facial asymmetry and its relationship with skeletal structure and soft tissues, aiming to better understand the morphological variations of the face.

Methods:
The facial characteristics of 615 patients were analyzed using morphometric measurements. To complement this analysis, 189 skulls were examined to establish a concordance between skeletal structure and soft tissues, allowing for a deeper understanding of the observed asymmetry. The data were statistically analyzed to identify patterns of asymmetry.

Results:
The measurements revealed a prevalence of the “narrow face” on the right side, characterized by features such as a narrower orbit, a thinner lateronasal area, and a slightly higher and narrower maxillomalar block. Notable exceptions to this pattern were observed, indicating significant individual variations.

Conclusions:
Facial asymmetry is a constant feature among individuals and is influenced by complex embryological development processes. Identifying these variations provides new insights for aesthetic procedures, emphasizing the importance of a personalized approach to facial diagnosis.
Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure and Their Impact on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Biswas Tamoghna , Lal Bikrant Bihari , Sood Vikrant , Kale Pratibha , Khillan Vikas , Khanna Rajeev , Alam Seema 
Published: February 2025

Objectives:
The current study aimed to explore the prevalence, predictors and outcomes of infections in pediatric acute liver failure (PALF).

Methods:
Data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database of patients admitted with PALF between January 2012 and June 2024. “Sepsis” was defined as the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome with suspected or proven infection. Patients with positive bacterial and/or fungal cultures were labeled as “culture-positive sepsis.” Outcome variables included native liver survival (NLS) and overall survival (OS) at day 28.

Results:
A total of 422 patients of PALF were included in the study of whom 195 (46.21%) fulfilled the criteria of sepsis and 71 (16.8%) had culture-positive sepsis. Bronchoalveolar fluid (37/81, 45.7%) was the commonest site of culture positivity followed by blood (29, 35.8%). More than 80% of cultures grew Gram-negative organisms with a high prevalence of carbapenem (77.1%) and multidrug (60%) resistance. These organisms were sensitive to colistin and newer beta-lactam combinations. Intensive care unit (ICU) stay, mechanical ventilation, grade 3–4 hepatic encephalopathy and use of extracorporeal liver support systems were associated with culture-positive sepsis. Patients with culture-negative sepsis had lower NLS and OS, whereas patients with culture-positive sepsis had outcomes comparable with patients without sepsis. However, culture-positive severe sepsis patients had significantly lowered NLS (33.3%) and OS (42.9%) at day 28.

Conclusion:
There is a high prevalence of carbapenem and multidrug-resistant sepsis in PALF. ICU stay and use of extracorporeal support are factors independently associated with sepsis. While culture-positive sepsis did not significantly affect survival, patients with severe sepsis had lower NLS and OS.
Re LAB ReImagine Clinical Residency for Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners
Authors: Porta Carolyn M. , Johnson Ellen , Frerich Ellen A. , Dillon Tara C. , Hoffman Sarah J. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background
Recruiting, preparing, and retaining sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs), particularly in rural and isolated areas, is increasingly difficult because of widespread emotional exhaustion and burnout among nurses. We describe our academic–clinical partnered development and initial outcomes from the ReImagine Clinical Residency. The residency is part of the larger Re LAB workforce program to support competency development and confidence building among current and future SANEs with limited experience.

Methods
SANEs were screened and enrolled in the residency for 1–2 weeks, participating in patient encounters at hospitals in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Preresidency and postresidency surveys were completed, including our SANE Practice Innovation Configuration Evaluation tool. Descriptive statistical and thematic analyses were conducted.

Results
Eleven SANEs completed the ReImagine Clinical Residency; most were early-career nurses working in healthcare provider shortage areas in the United States. Statistically significant pre–post improvements were observed in five of the six SANE Practice Innovation Configuration Evaluation components. Residents described valuing the hands-on experience, diverse clinical environments, and preceptor support.

Conclusion
Residency programs are essential for addressing the specific professional development needs of novice SANEs and those with limited patient encounters in their current practice settings. By providing structured, precepted experiences, these residencies can contribute to workforce retention and ultimately strengthen patient care for victim-survivors of sexual violence.
Reducing Emergency Department Hold Hours: A Hospital-wide Effort
Authors: McCormick Jill , Kinsinger Faith , Patel Ritika J. , Wicklund Grant , Roybal Deb 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
Patient throughput issues are of significant concern for U.S. hospitals and have serious implications for patient care quality and safety as well as hospital finances. In 2021, leaders of a community hospital commissioned a quality improvement team to address a bottleneck of patients in the emergency department (ED). The bottleneck was causing significant increases in the number of hours patients were held in the ED because of a lack of available inpatient beds. The team used the DMAIC improvement framework to analyze patient flow challenges across the hospital, design an evidence-based set of interventions, and measure improvements. Analysis revealed problems with communication breakdowns and workflow silos, discharge predictability, readiness of patients for discharge, timeliness of discharges, and lack of standardization in patient hand-offs and documentation processes. Addressing these issues resulted in patient throughput improvements including a reduction of greater than 75% in monthly ED hold hours after implementation.
Irritable bowel syndrome, the gut microbiome, and diet
Authors: Yu Rosa Lu , Weber H. Christian 
Published: February 2025

Purpose of review
To provide an update of recent studies exploring the role of the gut microbiota and diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Recent findings
The human gut microbiome has been recognized as an important, active source of signaling molecules that explain in part the disorder of the gut brain interaction (DGBI) in IBS. Subsequent changes in the metabolome such as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and serotonin are associated with IBS symptoms. Dietary components are recognized as important triggers of IBS symptoms and a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) has been shown effective and safe, even when used long-term. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in IBS has not shown sustained and effective IBS symptom reduction in controlled clinical trials.

Summary
This update elucidates recent developments in IBS as it relates to clinical trial results targeting dietary and gut microbiota interventions. The gut microbiome is metabolically active and affects the bi-directional signaling of the gut-brain axis.