bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of calcium phosphate ion clusters in enhancing enamel conditions versus Duraphat and Icon
Authors: Jiang Wen , Wang Gang , Wu Wenzhi , Shao Changyu , Pan Haihua , Chen Zhi , Tang Ruikang , Chen Zhuo , Xie Zhijian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate and compare the remineralisation, mechanical, anti‐aging, acid resistance and antibacterial properties of calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) materials with those of Duraphat and Icon. The remineralisation and mechanical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nanoindentation. CPICs induced epitaxial crystal growth on the enamel surface, where the regrown enamel‐like apatite layers had a similar hardness and elastic modulus to natural enamel (p > 0.05). Acid resistance and anti‐aging properties were tested based on ion dissolution and surface roughness. CPICs exhibited similar calcium and phosphate ion dissolution to the control (p > 0.05), and its roughness decreased after thermocycling (p < 0.05), thereby decreasing the risk of enamel surface demineralisation. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.1 mg/ml, and the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 mg/ml. Overall, this biomimetic CPICs is a promising alternative to dental demineralisation.
Systemic risk, relative subsidy rates, and area yield insurance choice
Authors: Gong Xuche , Hennessy David A. , Feng Hongli 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe investigate the nature of crop yield systemic risk and its implications for farmers' area yield insurance choices. A theory‐grounded, normalized measure of systemic risk, R2, is developed and made amenable to empirical analysis through the logit link. The measure is estimated on a large‐scale, unit‐level corn yield dataset. We find that systemic risk explains less than half of total unit yield variability on average, suggesting that the risk management effectiveness of area yield insurance is low. By relating natural resource endowments with systemic risk, we find that more excessive heat and drought events lead to larger while more excessive precipitation events lead to smaller systemic risk. We then study whether current area yield insurance subsidy rates provide farmers with sufficient subsidy transfers to compensate for the uncovered risk exposure associated with area yield insurance. A new concept, the threshold relative area subsidy rate (TRASR), quantifies a lower bound on the ratio of area yield insurance subsidy rate over individual yield insurance subsidy rate below which risk‐averse farmers should always prefer individual yield insurance to area yield insurance. The calibrated TRASR values indicate that current area yield insurance subsidy rates discourage farmers from choosing area yield insurance over individual yield insurance, especially at low area yield insurance coverage levels. We also find that TRASR is positively correlated with systemic risk at the unit‐level of analysis, suggesting that farmers who like area yield insurance's risk management features will dislike its transfer implications and vice versa.
Protein and carbohydrate content of infant formula purchased in the United States
Authors: Strzalkowski Alexander J. , Järvinen Kirsi M. , Schmidt Brianne , Young Bridget E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe protein and carbohydrate composition of formula fed infants' diets in the United States (US) has not been described. The aims of this study were to characterize these dietary exposures in infant formula purchased in the US and to estimate the proportion of formula purchased which is hypoallergenic or lactose‐reduced formula.MethodsPowdered infant formula purchase data from all major physical stores in the US prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic, between 2017 and 2019, were obtained from Information Resources, Inc. Protein and carbohydrate composition and scoop sizes for each formula were obtained from manufacturers. Ready to feed liquid products, products for premature infants and products for over 1 year old were not included.ResultsTotal volumes of term formula purchased were 216 million kg of formula powder (equivalent to 1.65 billion litres) over 3 years. Intact protein formula was 67.9% of formula purchased, 26.6% was partially hydrolysed and 5.5% was hypoallergenic (5.2% extensively hydrolysed protein; 0.3% amino acid based). Soy protein formula represented 5.1% of formula purchased. Carbohydrate content overall was 52.7% lactose, 42.3% glucose polymers and 5.0% sucrose. 23.7% of formula purchased included sucrose as a carbohydrate. Of all formula purchased, 59.0% was lactose reduced, containing a non‐lactose carbohydrate. Of ‘standard’ formula, defined as intact protein, non‐thickened, cow's milk formula, 32.3% was lactose reduced. The proportion of hypoallergenic formula purchased significantly exceeded the prevalence of cow's milk protein allergy and increased over the 3‐year study period from 4.9% to 7.6% of all formula sold.ConclusionsUS infants are exposed to unnecessarily high levels of non‐lactose carbohydrates and hypoallergenic formula, and this may represent a significant nutritional health risk.
Stakeholder identified research priorities for early intervention in psychosis
Authors: Renwick Laoise , McWilliams Caitlin , Schaff Olivia , Russell Laura , Ramsdale Susan , Morris Rebecca Lauren 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundPublic resources to answer pertinent research questions about the impact of illness and treatment on people with mental health problems are limited. To target funds effectively and efficiently and maximize the health benefits to populations, prioritizing research areas is needed. Research agendas are generally driven by researcher and funder priorities, however, there is growing recognition of the need to include user‐defined research priorities to make research more relevant, needs‐based and efficient.ObjectiveTo gain consensus on top priorities for research into early intervention in psychosis through a robust, democratic process for prioritization enlisting the views of key stakeholders including users, carers and healthcare professionals. We also sought to determine which user‐prioritized questions were supported by scientific evidence.Design and MethodsWe used a modified nominal group technique to gain consensus on unanswered questions that were obtained by survey and ranked at successive stages by a steering group comprising users, carer representatives and clinicians from relevant disciplines and stakeholder bodies. We checked each question posed in the survey was unanswered in research by reviewing evidence in five databases (Medline, Cinahl, PsychInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Database).ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐three questions were submitted by 207 people. After checking for relevance, reframing and examining for duplicates, 258 questions remained. We gained consensus on 10 priority questions; these largely represented themes around access and engagement, information needs before and after treatment acceptance, and the influence of service‐user (SU) priorities and beliefs on treatment choices and effectiveness. A recovery SUtheme identified specific self‐management questions and more globally, a need to fully identify factors that impact recovery.Discussion and ConclusionsPublished research findings indicated that the priorities of service users, carers and healthcare professionals were aligned with researchers' and funders' priorities in some areas and misaligned in others providing vital opportunities to develop research agendas that more closely reflect users' needs.Patient and Public ContributionInitial results were presented at stakeholder workshops which included service‐users, carers, health professionals and researchers during a consensus workshop to prioritize research questions and allow the opportunity for feedback. Patient and public representatives formed part of the steering group and were consulted regularly during the research process.
Estimating SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in educational settings: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Manica Mattia , Poletti Piero , Deandrea Silvia , Mosconi Giansanto , Ancarani Cinzia , Lodola Silvia , Guzzetta Giorgio , d'Andrea Valeria , Marziano Valentina , Zardini Agnese , Trentini Filippo , Odone Anna , Tirani Marcello , Ajelli Marco , Merler Stefano 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundSchool closures and distance learning have been extensively adopted to counter the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the contribution of school transmission to the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains poorly quantified.MethodsWe analyzed transmission patterns associated with 976 SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure events, involving 460 positive individuals, as identified in early 2021 through routine surveillance and an extensive screening conducted on students, school personnel, and their household members in a small Italian municipality. In addition to population screenings and contact‐tracing operations, reactive closures of class and schools were implemented.ResultsFrom the analysis of 152 clear infection episodes and 584 exposure events identified by epidemiological investigations, we estimated that approximately 50%, 21%, and 29% of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission was associated with household, school, and community contacts, respectively. We found substantial transmission heterogeneities, with 20% positive individuals causing 75% to 80% of ascertained infection episodes. A higher proportion of infected individuals causing onward transmission was found among students (46.2% vs. 25%, on average), who also caused a markedly higher number of secondary cases (mean: 1.03 vs. 0.35). By reconstructing likely transmission chains from the entire set of exposures identified during contact‐tracing operations, we found that clusters originated from students or school personnel were associated with a larger average cluster size (3.32 vs. 1.15) and a larger average number of generations in the transmission chain (1.56 vs. 1.17).ConclusionsUncontrolled SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission at school could disrupt the regular conduct of teaching activities, likely seeding the transmission into other settings, and increasing the burden on contact‐tracing operations.
Prenatal exposure to a natural disaster and early development of psychiatric disorders during the preschool years: stress in pregnancy study
Authors: Nomura Yoko , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Ginalis Christine , Heitz Catherine , Zaki Jeenia , Khan Farzana , Nasrin Mardia , Sie Kathryn , DeIngeniis Donato , Hurd Yasmin L. 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundGrowing evidence shows an association between in utero exposure to natural disasters and child behavioral problems, but we still know little about the development of specific psychopathology in preschool‐aged children.MethodsPreschool children (n = 163, mean age = 3.19, 85.5% racial and ethnic minorities) and their parents (n = 151) were evaluated annually at ages 2–5 to assess the emergence of psychopathology using the Preschool Age Psychopathological Assessment (PAPA), a parent‐report structured diagnostic interview developed for preschool‐age children. Sixty‐six (40.5%) children were exposed to Sandy Storm (SS) in utero and 97 (59.5%) were not. Survival analysis evaluated patterns of onset and estimated cumulative risks of psychopathology among exposed and unexposed children, in total and by sex. Analyses were controlled for the severity of objective and subjective SS‐related stress, concurrent family stress, and demographic and psychosocial confounders, such as maternal age, race, SES, maternal substance use, and normative prenatal stress.ResultsExposure to SS in utero was associated with a substantial increase in depressive disorders (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 16.9, p = .030), anxiety disorders (HR = 5.1, p < .0001), and attention‐deficit/disruptive behavioral disorders (HR = 3.4, p = .02). Diagnostic rates were elevated for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; HR = 8.5, p = .004), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; HR = 5.5, p = .01), oppositional‐defiant disorder (ODD; HR = 3.8, p = .05), and separation‐anxiety disorder (SAD; HR = 3.5, p = .001). Males had distinctively elevated risks for attention‐deficit/disruptive behavioral disorders (HR = 7.8, p = .02), including ADHD, CD, and ODD, whereas females had elevated risks for anxiety disorders (HR = 10.0, p < .0001), phobia (HR = 2.8, p = .02) and depressive disorders (HR = 30.0, p = .03), including SAD, GAD, and dysthymia.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that in utero exposure to a major weather‐related disaster (SS) was associated with increased risk for psychopathology in children and provided evidence of distinct psychopathological outcomes as a function of sex. More attention is needed to understand specific parent, child, and environmental factors which account for this increased risk, and to develop mitigation strategies.
The evolution of conspicuousness in frogs: When to signal toxicity?
Authors: Roberts Sophie May , Stuart‐Fox Devi , Medina Iliana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMany organisms use conspicuous colour patterns to advertise their toxicity or unpalatability, a strategy known as aposematism. Despite the recognized benefits of this anti‐predator tactic, not all chemically defended species exhibit warning coloration. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate which factors predict the evolution of conspicuousness in frogs, a group in which conspicuous coloration and toxicity have evolved multiple times. We extracted colour information from dorsal and ventral photos of 594 frog species for which chemical defence information was available. Our results show that chemically defended and diurnal species have higher internal chromatic contrast, both ventrally and dorsally, than chemically undefended and/or nocturnal species. Among species that are chemically defended, conspicuous coloration is more likely to occur if species are diurnal. Our results also suggest that the evolution of conspicuous colour is more likely to occur in chemically defended prey with smaller body size. We discuss potential explanations for this association and suggest that prey profitability (related to body size) could be an important force driving the macroevolution of warning signals.
The eggshell‐matrix protein gene OC‐17 is functionally lost in the viviparous Chinese crocodile lizard
Authors: Xie Hong‐Xin , Liang Xi‐Xi , Li Wei‐Ming , Chen Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Xi‐Feng , Ding Zi‐Han , Zhou Xu‐Ming , Du Wei‐Guo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThickness reduction or loss of the calcareous eggshell is one of major phenotypic changes in the transition from oviparity to viviparity. Whether the reduction of eggshells in viviparous squamates is associated with specific gene losses is unknown. Taking advantage of a newly generated high‐quality genome of the viviparous Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus), we found that ovocleidin‐17 gene (OC‐17), which encodes an eggshell matrix protein that is essential for calcium deposition in eggshells, is not intact in the crocodile lizard genome. Only OC‐17 transcript fragments were found in the oviduct transcriptome, and no OC‐17 peptides were identified in the eggshell proteome of crocodile lizards. In contrast, OC‐17 was present in the eggshells of the oviparous Mongolia racerunner (Eremias argus). Although the loss of OC‐17 is not common in viviparous species, viviparous squamates show fewer intact eggshell‐specific proteins than oviparous squamates. Our study implies that functional loss of eggshell‐matrix protein genes may be involved in the reduction of eggshells during the transition from oviparity to viviparity in the crocodile lizard.
Associations of sleep timing and time in bed with dementia and cognitive decline among Chinese older adults: A cohort study
Authors: Liu Rui , Ren Yifei , Hou Tingting , Liang Xiaoyan , Dong Yi , Wang Yongxiang , Cong Lin , Wang Xiang , Qin Yu , Ren Juan , Sindi Shireen , Tang Shi , Du Yifeng , Qiu Chengxuan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe longitudinal associations of sleep timing and time in bed (TIB) with dementia and cognitive decline in older adults are unclear.MethodsThis population‐based cohort study used data from 1982 participants who were aged ≥60 years, free of dementia, and living in rural communities in western Shandong, China. At the baseline (2014) and follow‐up (2018) examinations, sleep parameters were assessed using standard questionnaires. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Dementia was diagnosed following the DSM‐IV criteria, and the NIA‐AA criteria for Alzheimer disease (AD). Data were analyzed using restricted cubic splines, Cox proportional‐hazards models, and general linear models.ResultsDuring the mean follow‐up of 3.7 years, dementia was diagnosed in 97 participants (68 with AD). Restricted cubic spline curves showed J‐shaped associations of sleep duration, TIB, and rise time with dementia risk, and a reverse J‐shaped association with mid‐sleep time. When sleep parameters were categorized into tertiles, the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia was 1.69 (95%CI 1.01–2.83) for baseline sleep duration >8 hours (vs. 7–8 h), 2.17 (1.22–3.87) for bedtime before 9 p.m. (vs. 10 p.m. or later), and 2.00 (1.23–3.24) for mid‐sleep time before 1 a.m. (vs. 1–1.5 a.m.). Early bedtime and mid‐sleep time were significantly associated with incident AD (HR range: 2.25–2.51; p < 0.05). Among individuals who were free of dementia at follow‐up, baseline long TIB, early bedtime and mid‐sleep time, early and late rise time, and prolonged TIB and advanced bedtime and mid‐sleep time from baseline to follow‐up were associated with a greater decline in MMSE score (p < 0.05). These associations with cognitive decline were statistically evident mainly among men or participants who were aged 60–74 years.ConclusionsLong TIB and early sleep timing are associated with an increased risk of dementia, and the associations with greater cognitive decline are evident only among older people aged 60–74 years and men.
A systematic review examining the impact of blended diets on the gastrointestinal symptoms of people who are enterally fed
Authors: Peers Esme , Boocock Ruth C. , Burn Naomi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundAdults and children who are enterally tube‐fed can experience adverse gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS). Observational data suggests that blended diets (BD) could mitigate such symptoms, with potential to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes. We present a novel systematic review examining the impact of BD, compared to commercial feeds, on GIS of adults and children who are tube‐fed.MethodsThe protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021261147). Four electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2021. Search terms included ‘tube‐fed’, ‘blended diet’ and ‘formula’. Inclusion criteria were intervention studies comparing blended and commercial feeds using quantitative measures of GIS. Heterogeneity of outcome measures precluded meta‐analysis; therefore, a narrative synthesis was conducted.ResultsSix papers (n = 219), including two randomised control trials (RCT) and four single arm pre–post studies, were identified. Equal numbers studied in‐ and out‐patients, adults and children. Risk of bias was notable for all studies. Equivocal and insufficient evidence prevented consensus on outcomes of vomiting, gagging, oral intake, bloating and constipation. However, one RCT and two single arm pre–post studies suggest that diarrhoea symptoms may be improved on BD.ConclusionsDiarrhoea is prevalent in tube‐fed populations and associated with adverse outcomes. Improvements in diarrhoea symptoms attributed to BD may be clinically important. Our findings are congruous with the wider observational evidence base, and support recommendations of the British Dietetic Association. BD may pose a viable alternative to commercial formula, and may mitigate symptoms of diarrhoea for adults and children who are tube‐fed.
Automated real‐time EEG sleep spindle detection for brain‐state‐dependent brain stimulation
Authors: Hassan Umair , Feld Gordon B. , Bergmann Til Ole 
Published: September 2022

SummarySleep spindles are a hallmark electroencephalographic feature of non‐rapid eye movement sleep, and are believed to be instrumental for sleep‐dependent memory reactivation and consolidation. However, direct proof of their causal relevance is hard to obtain, and our understanding of their immediate neurophysiological consequences is limited. To investigate their causal role, spindles need to be targeted in real‐time with sensory or non‐invasive brain‐stimulation techniques. While fully automated offline detection algorithms are well established, spindle detection in real‐time is highly challenging due to their spontaneous and transient nature. Here, we present the real‐time spindle detector, a robust multi‐channel electroencephalographic signal‐processing algorithm that enables the automated triggering of stimulation during sleep spindles in a phase‐specific manner. We validated the real‐time spindle detection method by streaming pre‐recorded sleep electroencephalographic datasets to a real‐time computer system running a Simulink® Real‐Time™ implementation of the algorithm. Sleep spindles were detected with high levels of Sensitivity (~83%), Precision (~78%) and a convincing F1‐Score (~81%) in reference to state‐of‐the‐art offline algorithms (which reached similar or lower levels when compared with each other), for both naps and full nights, and largely independent of sleep scoring information. Detected spindles were comparable in frequency, duration, amplitude and symmetry, and showed the typical time–frequency characteristics as well as a centroparietal topography. Spindles were detected close to their centre and reliably at the predefined target phase. The real‐time spindle detection algorithm therefore empowers researchers to target spindles during human sleep, and apply the stimulation method and experimental paradigm of their choice.
Aspartic acid enantiomer quantification using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy combined with deuterium‐chloride hydrolysis to improve age estimation in Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis
Authors: Yasunaga Genta , Inoue Satoko , Bando Takeharu , Hakamada Takashi , Fujise Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAspartic acid racemization is a useful tool for estimating age in marine mammals; however, acid hydrolysis during sample preparation may increase the D‐ to L‐enantiomer ratio. To improve age estimation in Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), we optimized the quantification of aspartic acid enantiomers in ocular lens by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with sample preparation by hydrolysis with deuterium chloride. Using this approach, we determined D/L in fetal and adult whale lens, examined the degree of racemization induced by acid hydrolysis, and constructed equations for age estimation. In the fetal lens, D/L obtained after hydrolysis with HCl or DCl were positively correlated with gestation age. Estimates of D/L at birth using a DCl‐hydrolysis model were much lower than those obtained using a HCl‐hydrolysis model, indicating that racemization during hydrolysis with HCl reduces the precision of subsequently derived age estimates. Furthermore, the D/L0 unaffected by Asp‐D generated during hydrolysis was estimated. The loge[(1 + D/L)/(1 − D/L)] value was exponentially increased with increasing earplug‐derived age, and the standard error of the age estimates after hydrolysis with DCl was lower than that after HCl. We conclude that our method can provide precise age estimates without methodological bias.