bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not all 3D‐printed bolus is created equal: Variation between 3D‐printed polylactic acid (PLA) bolus samples sourced from external manufacturers
Authors: Brown Kerryn , Kupfer Tom , Harris Benjamin , Penso Sam , Khor Richard , Moseshvili Eka 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionPolylactic acid (PLA) is a promising material for customised bolus 3D‐printing in radiotherapy, however variations in printing techniques between external manufacturers could increase treatment uncertainties. This study aimed to assess consistency across various 3D‐printed PLA samples from different manufacturers.MethodsSample prints of dimensions 5 × 5 × 1 cm with 100% infill were acquired from multiple commercial 3D‐printing services. All samples were CT scanned to determine average Hounsfield unit (HU) values and physical densities. The coefficient of equivalent thickness (CET) was obtained for both photons and electrons and dose attenuation compared to TPS calculations in Elekta Monaco v5.11.ResultsSome samples showed warped edges up to 1.5 mm and extensive internal radiological defects only detectable with CT scanning. Physical densities ranged from 1.06 to 1.22 g cm−3 and HU values ranged from −5.1 to 221.0 HU. Measured CET values varied from 0.95 to 1.17 and TPS dose calculations were consistent with the variation in CET. Electron R50 and R90 shifted by up to 2 mm for every 1 cm of printed bolus, a clinically significant finding. Photon surface dose varied by up to 3%, while depth doses were within 1%.Conclusions3D‐printed PLA can have considerable variability in density, HU and CET values between samples and manufacturers. Centres looking to outsource 3D‐printed bolus would benefit from clear, open communication with manufacturers and undertake stringent QA examination prior to implementation into the clinical environment.
The influence of coil parameters and core lamination factor on the performance of an ultrasonic transducer with a tapered core
Authors: Gandomzadeh Danial , Abbaspour‐Fard Mohammad Hossein , Rohani Abbas , Sharifi Mostafa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDue to high piezomagnetic coefficient of the synthetic giant magnetostrictive materials, they are able to provide good enough force and displacements for industrial applications. Some natural materials such as nickel also exhibit magnetostrictive properties, but with poor performance, which might be improved by some electromagnetic manipulations. In this study, the effect of different coil parameters such as current, frequency, the number of coil turn, and the core lamination factor in different directions ([X or Y] and Z axes), on the performance of a nickel‐core magnetostrictive transducer is investigated. Since the fluctuation of magnetostrictive force in the longitudinal direction of core (along the Z‐axis) is an important parameter for generating the ultrasonic waves, the results showed that this force fluctuation decreases with increasing frequency. By increasing the lamination factor in the X direction, the fluctuation of magnetostrictive force along the Z‐axis remains constant. However, the ultrasonic performance of the magnetostrictive transducer may be optimized by proper selection of lamination factor along the X‐axis. The relationships between the results were investigated in more detail and presented as linear equations. Based on these equations, it was concluded that current and turn number of coil has the greatest positive impact on the magnetostrictive performance of the transducer, while increasing the frequency and lamination factor have a weakening effect.
Increasing urban and rural population exposures to warm‐season concurrent hot days and nights on the North China Plain
Authors: Wang Anqian , Tao Hui , Wu Quanyuan , Huang Jinlong , Zhang Baolei , Wang Yuyan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBased on the daily minimum and maximum temperatures recorded on the North China Plain (NCP), in this research, we define independent hot days (IHDs), independent hot nights (IHNs), and concurrent hot days and nights (CDHNs) and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of these variables. Moreover, based on demographic data derived from Statistical Yearbooks, the exposure of urban and rural populations to CDHNs was also studied. The results show that on the NCP, the average number of heatwave event days was 33.41, and CDHNs, IHDs, and IHNs accounted for 21.07, 38.59, and 40.34% of this total, respectively. Only IHDs showed a nonsignificant decreasing trend. The annual average exposure rates to CDHNs, IHDs, and IHNs were 13.17, 22.75, and 25.29 million person‐days, respectively, all of which showed significant increasing trends. The proportion of the urban population exposed to CDHNs was only 12% in the 1960s but increased to 58% in the 2010s. Although the exposure of urban and rural populations showed a significant increasing trend on the NCP, the driving factors showed opposite trends. The exposure of urban populations was mainly driven by the population effect, while the exposure of rural populations was mainly caused by climate effects. In this study, we demonstrated a method for assessing the impacts of heatwave events on exposed populations, thus forming a scientific basis for the development of governmental policies regarding climate change adaptations.
Stability of contour augmentation of implant‐supported single crowns in the esthetic zone: One‐year cone‐beam computed tomography results of a comparative, randomized, prospective, two‐center clinical study using two different bone grafting techniques in early implant placement
Authors: Tsai Yu‐Ling , Tsao Jui‐Pin , Wang Chung‐Li , Grodin Evan , Lin Jung‐Jen , Chen Chun‐Jung , Ho Chung‐Han , Cochran David , Mau Jimmy Lian Ping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundEarly implant placement with contour augmentation could provide support and volume to the hard and soft tissues. Herein, we aimed to ascertain whether freeze‐dried bone allograft (FDBA) shares with deproteinized bovine bone material (DBBM) the results for esthetic outcomes for anterior teeth and stability of peri‐implant facial bone thickness and height by conducting guided bone regeneration.MethodsForty‐eight patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In the control group, autogenous bone chips was used to cover the exposed implant surface, followed by a layer of DBBM. This graft combination was then covered with two layers of collagen membrane. In the test group, the exposed implant surface was covered with FDBA, combined with the collagen membrane. During this study, the hard tissue dimensional changes were measured at 12‐months post‐implant loading by using cone‐beam computed tomography.ResultsAt 12 months postoperatively, all 48 implants were clinically successful. The mean thickness of facial bone walls ranged from 1.6 to 2.45 mm at the three levels of measurement in the control group and ranged from 1.6 to 2.10 mm in the test group. The mean facial vertical bone wall peak (IP‐FC) after loading 1 year presented with values of 0.8 mm (range, 0.0 to 1.25 mm) and 0.5 mm (range, 0.1 to 1.1 mm) coronal to the implant platform in control and test implants, respectively. There were no significant differences in facial bone wall thickness and IP‐FC between groups.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that autogenous bone chips plus DBBM or FDBA showed similar outcome of peri‐implant buccal bone stability in early implant placement after 1 year.
Land use intensification affects the relative importance of climate variation and active land degradation: Convergence of six regions around the world
Authors: Sanjuán María E. , Martínez‐Valderrama Jaime , Ruiz Alberto , del Barrio Gabriel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe explored the relative importance of climate oscillations and human‐driven disturbances on the change in vegetation biomass in agroecosystems, and whether it is associated with land use. Our main contribution is a quantitative treatment of these factors in equivalent terms, i.e. not assuming any of them to be principal. The study was carried out in the drylands of the Iberian Peninsula, NW Maghreb, Palestinian West Bank, Mozambique, China and NE Brazil, using satellite time‐series and the corresponding climate fields, at ten‐year observation periods with spatial and temporal resolutions of 1000 m (250 m in Palestine) and one year, respectively. For each region, we separated the relative weights of climate and time by fitting multiple‐stepwise regressions to a vegetation index as the dependent variable, and annual aridity (Aridity) and year number (Time) as predictors. The relative strength of the resulting standard partial regression coefficients was then compared by the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and their combined associations with land uses were determined using Chi‐square tests. Some points of convergence are as follows: (1) The relative weights of Aridity and Time depend on particular regional conditions and can be determined. (2) Such weights are associated with land use intensification, such that if vegetation increases over Time, Aridity increases its relative importance with intensification; if vegetation is degrading, Aridity is always more important than Time. (3) Aridity is an indicator of vulnerability to climate warming. Resilience can be improved by reducing land use intensification. 4. Vulnerability may worsen under constant climate if agriculture is intensified. These patterns enhance an integrated understanding of Sustainable Development Goals Indicator 15.3.1, particularly its land cover and productivity trend components.
Design for Recycling Strategies Based on the Life Cycle Assessment and End of Life Options of Plastics in a Circular Economy
Authors: Venkatachalam Venkateshwaran , Pohler Merlin , Spierling Sebastian , Nickel Louisa , Barner Leonie , Endres Hans‐Josef 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe plastic economy, despite offering unique properties in fulfilling the functions of products in different industrial sectors over decades, has so far been mainly linear, that is, “take‐make and dispose” with only a small fraction of plastics being recycled worldwide. With ever‐increasing circular economy initiatives and the urge to conserve resources and prevent plastic pollution from affecting ecosystems, more emphasis on the resource recovery of plastic products after its use has been made over the last few years. It is necessary for manufacturers to understand the value chain as early as the design phase while manufacturing and distributing plastic products across the world. The current study provides an overview of the status quo of plastic waste management and analyzes the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies of different End‐of‐Life (EoL) options for plastics. Based on the LCA studies, a preliminary, country‐specific Circular Footprint (CF) is calculated and Design for Recycling (DfR) strategies are identified. Results show that the environmental impacts of different EoL options differ significantly for different plastics. The CF highlights the lack of data regarding the composition and recovery of plastics in different countries thus showing the necessity to consider the whole lifecycle when quantifying the environmental impacts of plastics.
Dehydrofluorination and One‐Pot Hydrothermal Process for Polyvinylidene fluoride/Polytetrafluoroethylene@TiO2 Membranes with Durable Superhydrophobicity toward Repeatable Separating and Photodegrading Oily Dyes in Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions
Authors: Deng Linghan , Tan Yong , Tian Xingyu , Huang Hongyan , Xie Quanpei , Sun Chaohai , Qin Chuanxiang , Cheng Si 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe photocatalytic and inherently hydrophilic characteristic of titanium dioxide (TiO2) make it very suitable for separating oil‐in‐water emulsion and aqueous pollutants removal. However, the removal of the oily dyes in water‐in‐oil emulsion usually needs superhydrophobic/superoleophilic membranes. Although surface modification of TiO2 with fluorinated organic compounds can bring hydrophobicity, the hydrophobic surface would change back to a hydrophilic surface again after light illumination as fluorinated organic molecules are easily photodegraded too. To date, very few reports have successfully fabricated TiO2 photocatalysts keeping long‐term superhydrophobicity after repeatable photodegradation. Herein, an approach to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) @TiO2 nanofibrous membranes through dehydrofluorination and one‐pot hydrothermal process, which possess stable superhydrophobicity in various harsh environments, is reported. For the first time, PTFE is bonded with PVDF through dehydrofluorination which induces crosslinking between PTFE and PVDF chains. Owing to the existence of PTFE, extensive hydrophobic TiO2 can be in situ grown on the rough surface of PVDF/PTFE nanofibers through one‐pot hydrothermal process. These features ensure that the membranes possess durable and high‐efficient water‐in‐oil emulsion separation and photodegradation performance. The photodegradation efficiency of the PVDF/PTFE@TiO2 membranes for oil‐soluble dyes remains above 95% even after ten cycles.
Intra‐arc binary collimation with dynamic axes trajectory optimization for the SRS treatment of multiple metastases with multiple prescriptions
Authors: Lee Eva , MacDonald R. Lee , Thomas Christopher G. , Syme Alasdair 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeThis work generates multi‐metastases cranial stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy (SRS/SRT) plans using a novel treatment planning technique in which dynamic couch, collimator, and gantry trajectories are used with periodic binary target collimation. The performance of this planning technique is evaluated against conventional volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) planning in terms of various dose and plan quality metrics.MethodsA 3D cost space (referred to herein as the combined optimization of dynamic axes or CODA cube) was calculated based on an overlap between targets and organs‐at‐risk (OARs) and uncollimated areas between targets (island blocking) for all combinations of couch, gantry, and collimator angles. Gradient descent through the cube was applied to determine dynamic trajectories. At each control point (CP), each target can either be conformally treated or blocked by the multi‐leaf collimator (referred to as intra‐arc binary collimation, iABC). Simulated annealing was used to optimize the collimation patterns throughout the arcs as well as the monitor units (MUs) delivered at each CP. Seven previously treated VMAT plans were selected for comparison against the CODA–iABC planning technique. Two CODA–iABC plans were developed: a single gantry arc plan and a plan with one gantry arc and two couch arcs. Plan quality comparison metrics included maximum and mean dose to OARs (brainstem, chiasm, optic nerves, eyes, and lenses), the volume of normal brain receiving 12 Gy (V12Gy), total MUs, target conformity, and dose‐gradient index.ResultsTreatment plans generated with 1‐arc CODA–iABC plans delivered an average of 21% and 30% higher maximum and mean doses to brainstem, respectively, when compared to VMAT plans. Treatment plans generated with 3‐arc CODA–iABC used an average of 24% fewer MUs and resulted in an average reduction of 48% maximum dose and 50% mean dose to the OARs, when compared to VMAT. Target conformity values were worse in both CODA–iABC plans than VMAT by an average of 35% and 15%, respectively. There are no significant differences in V12Gy for all three planning techniques; however, 3‐arc CODA–iABC is more effective at reducing dose to normal brain in the low‐dose region (<12 Gy).ConclusionCODA–iABC is a novel planning technique that has been developed to automatically generate patient‐specific multi‐axis trajectories for multiple metastases cranial SRS/SRT. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of planning with this novel method. The 1‐arc CODA–iABC planning technique is slightly dosimetric inferior to VMAT. With an increased sampling of a three‐dimensional CODA cube by using a 3‐arc CODA–iABC technique, there was improved total dose sparing to all the OARs and increased MU efficiency, but with a cost in target conformity, when compared to VMAT.
Alaskan Yelloweye Rockfish Fecundity Revealed through an Automated Egg Count and Digital Imagery Method
Authors: Arthur Donald E. , Falke Jeffrey A. , Blain-Roth Brittany J. , Sutton Trent M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Spawning stock biomass (SSB) is often used as an index for reproductive potential (RP) in fisheries stock assessments. This method assumes that mature female biomass is proportional to total egg production and implies that (1) the fecundity–length relationship follows a cubic function or (2) relative fecundity is constant. For many marine fishes, adequate fecundity estimates to evaluate these relationships are lacking. This study estimated fecundity and fecundity relationships for Yelloweye Rockfish Sebastes ruberrimus and evaluated an automated method of counting eggs and larvae. We collected Yelloweye Rockfish ovaries (N = 90) from the northern Gulf of Alaska, including Prince William Sound, Alaska, during 2018–2019 and used the gravimetric method and image analysis software to count eggs from digital camera images. To evaluate the speed, accuracy, and precision of the automated counting procedure, one-third of the gravimetric samples were also manually counted. Image analysis software was approximately four times faster but equally accurate and precise for fecundity estimates relative to manual counts. Fecundity ranged from 53,249 to 3.052 × 106 eggs (mean ± SD = 896,762 ± 699,504 eggs), and relative fecundity increased with female FL and ranged from 68 to 435 eggs/g of body weight (mean ± SD = 226 ± 87 eggs/g). The use of SSB for Yelloweye Rockfish stock assessment could underestimate the contribution to egg production by larger (&gt;5.6-kg) females, overestimate the contribution by smaller females, and lead to biased biological reference points. This study provides critical information to more realistically model RP and improve stock assessment inputs for the development of harvest control rules for Yelloweye Rockfish. Additionally, the use of image analysis software to count eggs in digital images proved to be an effective fecundity estimation method that could be applied to other highly fecund fish species for which the time demand of manual counting methods would be prohibitive.
Topology optimization for realizing tailored self‐collimation in phononic crystals
Authors: Jia Zhiyuan , Luo Yangjun , Takezawa Akihiro , Zhang Xiaopeng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSelf‐collimation is a phenomenon that the waves propagate through a narrow channel in phononic crystals (PnCs) without diffusion. Although different self‐collimation PnCs configurations have been proposed with heuristic methods, it is still challenging to achieve a frequency‐specified self‐collimation. We propose a systematic topology optimization method to find the material distribution in PnCs for realizing a frequency‐specified self‐collimation within a wider incident wave angle range. To achieve the self‐collimation effect, the weighted slope index of equi‐frequency contours (EFCs) that effectively measures whether the wave propagation has a self‐collimation effect is introduced as the objective function of the optimization model. The material‐field series expansion (MFSE) technique is used to describe the complicated topologies of the unit cell with a low number of design variables. Then, the Kriging‐based optimization algorithm with a self‐adaptive strategy is adopted for solving the optimization problem. Numerical examples show that the optimized unit cell designs have flat EFCs within larger incident wave angle ranges and also demonstrate that the expected nondiffraction propagation characteristics can be achieved through optimization.
Characterization of novel extracellular polymeric substances produced by Bacillus velezensis P1 for potential biotechnological applications
Authors: Binmad Sasithorn , Numnuam Apon , Kaewtatip Kaewta , Kantachote Duangporn , Tantirungkij Manee 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBacillus velezensis (B. velezensis) P1 released huge amount of exopolymeric substances (EPS), and its EPS was extracted and characterized. The extracted EPS strongly inhibited (88%–91%) the growth of two serious rice fungal pathogens. The main component of the EPS was protein (44%). Fourier transform infrared spectra of the EPS revealed a complex structure that contained sufficient negatively charged functional groups for the zeta potential of the compound to be highly negative (−33.83 mV). Scanning electron microscope images revealed plate‐like particles with smooth, clean surfaces. The EPS showed high degrees of whiteness (L* = 94.56) and crystallinity (87%), and was thermally stable up to 500°C. Flocculation activity in a kaolin dispersion was optimal at an EPS concentration of 12 mg L−1. The EPS preferred an alkaline condition, with the highest flocculation activity (76%) observed at pH 10. The EPS produced by B. velezensis P1 could be a potential material for applying in agriculture and industry.
Discordant cfDNA‐NIPT result unraveling a trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a 37 years old pregnant woman
Authors: Di Giosaffatte Niccolò , Bottillo Irene , Laino Luigi , Iaquinta Giovanni , Ferraris Alessandro , Garzia Mariagrazia , Bargiacchi Simone , Mulargia Claudia , Angelitti Maria Rosaria , Palumbo Fabiana , Grammatico Barbara , Bartolelli Cinzia , Salerno Maria Giovanna , Rigacci Luigi , Grammatico Paola 
Published: May 2022

Key pointsWhat's already known about this topic?

Discordant NIPT results can rarely unravel maternal malignancies, especially when multiple chromosomal imbalances are reported. Both solid and hematological neoplasms have been described.

What does this study add?

This is the first case of a discordant NIPT result due to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia associated with trisomy of the chromosome 12. Putative maternal malignancy should be considered and investigated through sensitive techniques even in presence of a single chromosomal anomaly. This must be considered especially when the imbalance is known to recur in hematological neoplasms.
Lessons learnt from prenatal exome sequencing
Authors: Chandler Natalie J. , Scotchman Elizabeth , Mellis Rhiannon , Ramachandran Vijaya , Roberts Rowenna , Chitty Lyn S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal exome sequencing (ES) for monogenic disorders in fetuses with structural anomalies increases diagnostic yield. In England there is a national trio ES service delivered from two laboratories. To minimise incidental findings and reduce the number of variants investigated, analysis uses a panel of 1205 genes where pathogenic variants may cause abnormalities presenting prenatally. Here we review our laboratory's early experience developing and delivering ES to identify challenges in interpretation and reporting and inform service development.MethodsA retrospective laboratory records review from 01.04.2020 to 31.05.2021.ResultsTwenty‐four of 116 completed cases were identified as challenging including 13 resulting in difficulties in analysis and reporting, nine where trio inheritance filtering would have missed the diagnosis, and two with no prenatal diagnosis; one due to inadequate pipeline sensitivity, the other because the gene was not on the panel. Two cases with copy number variants identified were not detectable by microarray.ConclusionsVariant interpretation requires close communication between referring clinicians, with occasional additional examination of the fetus or parents and communication of evolving phenotypes. Inheritance filtering misses ∼5% of diagnoses. Panel analysis reduces but does not exclude incidental findings. Regular review of published literature is required to identify new reports that may aid classification.