bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closure scheme for stably stratified turbulence without critical Richardson number
Authors: Caggio Matteo , Schiavon Mario , Tampieri Francesco , Bodnár Tomáš 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a new modification of the second order turbulence closure that removes the critical gradient Richardson number limitation typically found in Mellor-Yamada style models. The mean wind speed and potential temperature profiles are derived for the newly modified model in terms of similarity and structure functions depending on the gradient Richardson number. The derivation is based on a second order boundary layer approximation in neutral to very stable stratification conditions. Some recent closure assumptions for pressure-temperature and heat flux are considered. Variances and covariances of the turbulent fluctuations are also investigated with respect to the gradient Richardson number. The new model predictions are confronted with some well known models.
A critical examination of a community-led ecovillage initiative: a case of Auroville, India
Authors: Koduvayur Venkitaraman Abhishek , Joshi Neelakshi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHuman settlements across the world are attempting to address climate change, leading to changing paradigms, parameters, and indicators for defining the path to future sustainability. In this regard, the term ecovillage has been increasingly used as models for sustainable human settlements. While the term is new, the concept is an old one: human development in harmony with nature. However, materially realizing the concept of an ecovillage is not without challenges. These include challenges in scaling up and transferability, negative regional impacts and struggles of functioning within larger capitalistic and growth-oriented systems. This paper presents the case of Auroville, an early attempt to establish an ecovillage in Southern India. We draw primarily from the ethnographic living and working experience of the authors in Auroville as well as published academic literature and newspaper articles. We find that Auroville has proven to be a successful laboratory for providing bottom-up, low cost and context-specific ecological solutions to the challenges of sustainability. However, challenges of economic and social sustainability compound as the town attempts to scale up and grow.Graphical abstract
Three-month Practice Effect of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery in Young Healthy Adults
Authors: Kuzmuk Leah E. , Rebchuk Alexander D. , Deptuck Halina M. , Cairncross Molly , Silverberg Noah D. , Field Thalia S. 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT:The National Institutes of Health Toolbox-Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) is a tablet-based cognitive assessment intended for individuals with neurological diseases of all ages. NIHTB-CB practice effects (PEs), however, need clarification if this measure is used to track longitudinal change. We explored the test–retest PEs on NIHTB-CB performance at 3 months in young healthy adults (n = 22). We examined corrected T-scores normalized for demographic factors and calculated PEs using Cohen’s d. There were significant PEs for all NIHTB-CB composite scores and on 4/7 subtests. This work suggests the need to further assess NIHTB-CB PEs as this may affect the interpretation of study results incorporating this battery.
Characteristics of Patients Transported by Doctor-Requested Helicopters After Japan’s 2011 Nuclear Incident
Authors: Sorimachi Kotaro , Muto Kazuya , Sugaya Kazuki , Ueno Satoshi , Onodera Makoto , Ohira Tetsuya , Tsubokura Masaharu , Iseki Ken 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objectives:
This study examined the characteristics of severe patients after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.

Methods:
Cases in the Futaba area were extracted using the dispatch database of the doctor helicopter and flight-nurse records from March 11, 2008, till March 10, 2014. The period before March 11, 2011, was defined as ‘pre-earthquake’ and the period after March 11, 2011, as ‘post-earthquake’ to compare the recorded data.

Results:
Of the 128 total recorded cases, 78 were dispatched during the pre-earthquake period and 50 during the post-earthquake period. The number of patients with physical trauma following the earthquake included 4 patients (33.3%) in 2011, 7 patients (43.7%) in 2012, and 13 patients (59.1%) in 2013. However, the increase in number of requests was not statistically significant (P = 0.33). All 4 incidents of physical trauma in 2011, and 3 out of 7 incidents in 2012, occurred at the power plants. A total of 4 incidents occurred at decontamination worksites in 2013.

Conclusions:
It is of primary importance for hospitals to anticipate physical trauma cases during the reconstruction phase following a disaster, and develop a system for patients with physical trauma in the short- and long-term.
On supercritical branching processes with emigration
Authors: Braun Georg 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe study supercritical branching processes under the influence of an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) emigration component. We provide conditions under which the lifetime of the process is finite or has a finite expectation. A theorem of Kesten–Stigum type is obtained, and the extinction probability for a large initial population size is related to the tail behaviour of the emigration.
(Inequality in) Interest Group Involvement and the Legitimacy of Policy Making
Authors: Rasmussen Anne , Reher Stefanie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhile interest groups are consulted at different stages of policy making to provide expertise and legitimacy, their influence is often criticized as being undemocratic. Yet, we know little about how their participation in policy making affects citizen perceptions of the legitimacy of governance. Based on survey experiments conducted in the UK, the United States and Germany, our study shows that unequal participation between group types reduces the benefits of interest group consultation for citizens' perceived legitimacy of decision-making processes. Importantly, these legitimacy losses cannot be compensated for by policies that represent the opinion of the under-represented groups and are even greater when policy decisions favour the over-represented groups. Moreover, we show that citizen perceptions of how economically powerful and representative of society different types of interest groups are act as important drivers of legitimacy evaluations. Our results provide important new theoretical and empirical insights into when and why interest groups affect democratic legitimacy.
LACTANTIUS BEFORE LACTANTIUS? A HEXAMETER FROM THE CARMINA XII SAPIENTVM IN AN INSCRIPTION ON SAMIAN WARE FROM BELSINON (HISPANIA TARRACONENSIS)
Authors: Aguilera Aragón Isidro , Díaz Ariño Borja 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a graffito written after firing on a Samian-ware bowl dated to the turn of the first and second centuries c.e., which seems to contain part of a hexameter included in the well-known anthology Carmina XII sapientum, the composition of which has recently been attributed to the Christian author Lactantius.
Sīyaḍoṇi: an unplanned town of the Gurjara-Pratīhāra times
Authors: Mishra Aman 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBetween the sixth and the tenth century, India passed through a new phase of urbanization. This has been identified as the third urbanization in India, setting it apart from two earlier phases. The focus of historical investigations for this period has generally been on capital cities and royal centres, or centres of pilgrimage. Port cities have also received some attention. There are no exclusive studies on unplanned cities from this period other than the overview that a few historians provide. In this article, I am focusing on one of them, Sīyaḍoṇi in central India, in order to understand how urban centres developed in this period without being royal centres, places of pilgrimage or hubs of maritime trade. I propose that Sīyaḍoṇi emerged as a merchant town on an important trade route and its commerce-centred economy was reinforced by deep-seated practices of rent-seeking involving generation of income through ground rent, taxation and interest on loans.
Bayesian approach for genetic analysis of production and reproduction traits in Jersey crossbred cattle
Authors: Ratwan Poonam , Kumar Manoj , Mandal Ajoy 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThe knowledge of genetic parameters of performance traits is crucial for any breeding programme in dairy animals. The present study was conducted to use a Bayesian approach for estimation of genetic parameters of production and reproduction traits in Jersey crossbred cattle. Data of Jersey crossbred cattle maintained at Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, West Bengal spread over a span of 41 years were utilized. The marginal posterior medians of heritability for 305-day milk yield (305MY), total milk yield (TMY), peak yield (PY), lactation length (LL), calving interval (CI), total milk yield per day of lactation length (TMY/LL) and total milk yield per day of calving interval (TMY/CI) were 0.31 ± 0.07, 0.29 ± 0.07, 0.27 ± 0.06, 0.16 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.05, 0.29 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.06, respectively. Moderate heritability estimates for 305MY, TMY, PY and production efficiency traits indicate the presence of adequate additive genetic variance in these traits to respond to selection combined with better herd management. Repeatability estimates for 305MY, TMY, PY, LL, CI, TMY/LL and TMY/CI were 0.57 ± 0.08, 0.58 ± 0.08, 0.51 ± 0.07, 0.34 ± 0.06, 0.31 ± 0.06, 0.54 ± 0.07 and 0.49 ± 0.07, respectively. Repeatability estimates for 305MY, TMY and PY were high in the current study, suggesting the use of first lactation records for early evaluation of Jersey crossbred cattle for future selection. Genetic correlations varied from 0.21 to 0.97 and maximum genetic correlation was observed between 305MY and TMY indicating that consideration of 305MY instead of TMY in breeding programmes would suffice. Positive genetic correlations of CI with 305MY and TMY indicated the antagonistic association between production and reproduction traits.
Chiari network as a cause of neonatal hypoxemia
Authors: Takahashi Manabu , Sotodate Genichiro , Kajiwara Waka 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Chiari network is an embryonic remnant of the right venosus, consisting of a thin, mobile structure connected to the right atrium. Neonates with the Chiari network may present with hypoxemia. We report a case of a neonate with persistent hypoxemia despite improvement in respiratory distress symptoms and increased supplemental oxygen that was diagnosed using real-time telemedicine.
Curbing the fruitfulness of self-replicating machines
Authors: Ellery Alex 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe self-replicating machine has high utility by virtue of its universal construction properties and its productive capacity for exponential growth. Their capacity is unrivalled. They can be deployed to the Moon to industrialize it using local in-situ resources in the short term to open up the solar system and thence deployed on interstellar spacecraft to explore the entire Galaxy by exploiting in-situ stellar system resources. Nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding the inherent safety of self-replicating machines. We consider the general problem of runaway population growth in physical self-replicating machines to prevent the grey goo problem, the number of offspring spawned by self-replicating machines may be controlled at a genetic level. We adopt a biologically-inspired approach based on telomeres, DNA endcaps that are progressively shortened during cellular replication. This acts as a counter that imposes a limit to the number of replication cycles (Hayflick limit). By examining the biological process in detail, we can obtain some insights in implementing similar mechanisms in self-replicating machines. In particular, we find that counting mechanisms are vulnerable to cancerous runaway.
Faculty clinical articles: a regular update for the oral healthcare team
Authors: Cobourne Martyn T. , Porter Stephen R. , Escudier Michael , Garrett Matthew 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and British Dental Journal have teamed up to provide a regular series of short articles on different aspects of clinical and academic dentistry. This series will provide concise insight into a diverse range of topics with the aim of providing regular ongoing professional development for all members of the oral healthcare team. We begin here, with a short update on the Faculty and overview of the series' aims.
Constructing a multi-bishelled cobalt-based electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in CO2 electrolysis
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zheng Penglun , Qin Xueping , Yang Jun , Dinh Khang Ngoc , Zheng Yun , Shao Minhua , Yan Qingyu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2into value-added chemicals has been envisioned as a promising strategy to alleviate the issue of increasing CO2emissions. However, the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as the anodic reaction, typically consumes approximately 90% of the electricity input, necessitating the development of an efficient OER for energy-saving purposes. Herein, we developed a unique heterostructure of multi-double (bi)-shelled Co-based spheres via a facile template-free method, in which each bi-shelled structure is composed of Co9Se8/Co9S8/CoO (Co-S-Se) with a symmetric configuration. These heterogeneous nanospheres possess both sufficient heterointerfaces and a high density of active sites and exhibit excellent OER activity in alkaline media with a low overpotential of 226 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 46.5 mV dec−1, and long-term durability over 15 h. As a proof and concept, when coupled with a cathodic CO2reduction reaction, the electrochemical performance of Pd nanosheets (NSs) for CO2reduction can be significantly enhanced in terms of product selectivity and energy input. Our study might provide insight into the development of efficient OER electrocatalysts for practical CO2reduction reactions.
Observation of Néel-type skyrmions in acentric self-intercalated Cr1+δTe2
Authors: Saha Rana , Meyerheim Holger L. , Göbel Börge , Hazra Binoy Krishna , Deniz Hakan , Mohseni Katayoon , Antonov Victor , Ernst Arthur , Knyazev Dmitry , Bedoya-Pinto Amilcar , Mertig Ingrid , Parkin Stuart S. P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTransition-metal dichalcogenides intercalated with 3d-transition metals within the van der Waals (vdW) gaps have been the focus of intense investigations owing to their fascinating structural and magnetic properties. At certain concentrations the intercalated atoms form ordered superstructures that exhibit ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic ordering. Here we show that the self-intercalated compound Cr1+δTe2 with δ ≈ 0.3 exhibits a new, so far unseen, three-dimensionally ordered (2×2×2) superstructure. Furthermore, high resolution X-ray diffraction reveals that there is an asymmetric occupation of the two inequivalent vdW gaps in the unit cell. The structure thus lacks inversion symmetry, which, thereby, allows for chiral non-collinear magnetic nanostructures. Indeed, Néel-type skyrmions are directly observed using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. The skyrmions are stable within the accessible temperature range (100–200 K) as well as in zero magnetic field. The diameter of the Néel skyrmions increases with lamella thickness and varies with applied magnetic field, indicating the role of long-range dipole fields. Our studies show that self-intercalation in vdW materials is a novel route to the formation of synthetic non-collinear spin textures.
Cation-selective two-dimensional polyimine membranes for high-performance osmotic energy conversion
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Bhauriyal Preeti , Sahabudeen Hafeesudeen , Wang Zhiyong , Liu Xiaohui , Hambsch Mike , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Dong Renhao , Heine Thomas , Feng Xinliang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) membranes are emerging candidates for osmotic energy conversion. However, the trade-off between ion selectivity and conductivity remains the key bottleneck. Here we demonstrate a fully crystalline imine-based 2D polymer (2DPI) membrane capable of combining excellent ionic conductivity and high selectivity for osmotic energy conversion. The 2DPI can preferentially transport cations with Na+ selectivity coefficient of 0.98 (Na+/Cl− selectivity ratio ~84) and K+ selectivity coefficient of 0.93 (K+/Cl− ratio ~29). Moreover, the nanometer-scale thickness (~70 nm) generates a substantially high ionic flux, contributing to a record power density of up to ~53 W m−2, which is superior to most of nanoporous 2D membranes (0.8~35 W m−2). Density functional theory unveils that the oxygen and imine nitrogen can both function as the active sites depending on the ionization state of hydroxyl groups, and the enhanced interaction of Na+ versus K+ with 2DPI plays a significant role in directing the ion selectivity.
Energy-selective confinement of fusion-born alpha particles during internal relaxations in a tokamak plasma
Authors: Bierwage A. , Shinohara K. , Kazakov Ye.O. , Kiptily V. G. , Lauber Ph. , Nocente M. , Štancar Ž. , Sumida S. , Yagi M. , Garcia J. , Ide S. ,   JET Contributors
Published: July 2022

AbstractLong-pulse operation of a self-sustained fusion reactor using toroidal magnetic containment requires control over the content of alpha particles produced by D-T fusion reactions. On the one hand, MeV-class alpha particles must stay confined to heat the plasma. On the other hand, decelerated helium ash must be expelled before diluting the fusion fuel. Here, we report results of kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulations of a large tokamak plasma that confirm the existence of a parameter window where such energy-selective confinement can be accomplished by exploiting internal relaxation events known as sawtooth crashes. The physical picture — a synergy between magnetic geometry, optimal crash duration and rapid particle motion — is completed by clarifying the role of magnetic drifts. Besides causing asymmetry between co- and counter-going particle populations, magnetic drifts determine the size of the confinement window by dictating where and how much reconnection occurs in particle orbit topology.
Upper airway gene expression shows a more robust adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children
Authors: Mick Eran , Tsitsiklis Alexandra , Spottiswoode Natasha , Caldera Saharai , Serpa Paula Hayakawa , Detweiler Angela M. , Neff Norma , Pisco Angela Oliveira , Li Lucy M. , Retallack Hanna , Ratnasiri Kalani , Williamson Kayla M. , Soesanto Victoria , Simões Eric A. F. , Smith Christiana , Abuogi Lisa , Kistler Amy , Wagner Brandie D. , DeRisi Joseph L. , Ambroggio Lilliam , Mourani Peter M. , Langelier Charles R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUnlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately causes severe disease in older adults whereas disease burden in children is lower. To investigate whether differences in the upper airway immune response may contribute to this disparity, we compare nasopharyngeal gene expression in 83 children (<19-years-old; 38 with SARS-CoV-2, 11 with other respiratory viruses, 34 with no virus) and 154 older adults (>40-years-old; 45 with SARS-CoV-2, 28 with other respiratory viruses, 81 with no virus). Expression of interferon-stimulated genes is robustly activated in both children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the respective non-viral groups, with only subtle distinctions. Children, however, demonstrate markedly greater upregulation of pathways related to B cell and T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine signaling, including response to TNF and production of IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-4. Cell type deconvolution confirms greater recruitment of B cells, and to a lesser degree macrophages, to the upper airway of children. Only children exhibit a decrease in proportions of ciliated cells, among the primary targets of SARS-CoV-2, upon infection. These findings demonstrate that children elicit a more robust innate and especially adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airway that likely contributes to their protection from severe disease in the lower airway.
Signal-processing and adaptive prototissue formation in metabolic DNA protocells
Authors: Samanta Avik , Hörner Maximilian , Liu Wei , Weber Wilfried , Walther Andreas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe fundamental life-defining processes in living cells, such as replication, division, adaptation, and tissue formation, occur via intertwined metabolic reaction networks that process signals for downstream effects with high precision in a confined, crowded environment. Hence, it is crucial to understand and reenact some of these functions in wholly synthetic cell-like entities (protocells) to envision designing soft materials with life-like traits. Herein, we report on all-DNA protocells composed of a liquid DNA interior and a hydrogel-like shell, harboring a catalytically active DNAzyme, that converts DNA signals into functional metabolites that lead to downstream adaptation processes via site-selective strand displacement reactions. The downstream processes include intra-protocellular phenotype-like changes, prototissue formation via multivalent interactions, and chemical messenger communication between active sender and dormant receiver cell populations for sorted heteroprototissue formation. The approach integrates several tools of DNA-nanoscience in a synchronized way to mimic life-like behavior in artificial systems for future interactive materials.
Synthetic phosphoethanolamine-modified oligosaccharides reveal the importance of glycan length and substitution in biofilm-inspired assemblies
Authors: Tyrikos-Ergas Theodore , Gim Soeun , Huang Jhih-Yi , Pinzón Martín Sandra , Varón Silva Daniel , Seeberger Peter H. , Delbianco Martina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBacterial biofilm matrices are nanocomposites of proteins and polysaccharides with remarkable mechanical properties. Efforts understanding and tuning the protein component have been extensive, whereas the polysaccharide part remained mostly overlooked. The discovery of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) modified cellulose in E. coli biofilms revealed that polysaccharide functionalization alters the biofilm properties. To date, the pattern of pEtN cellulose and its mode of interactions with proteins remains elusive. Herein, we report a model system based on synthetic epitomes to explore the role of pEtN in biofilm-inspired assemblies. Nine pEtN-modified oligosaccharides were synthesized with full control over the length, degree and pattern of pEtN substitution. The oligomers were co-assembled with a representative peptide, triggering the formation of fibers in a length dependent manner. We discovered that the pEtN pattern modulates the adhesion of biofilm-inspired matrices, while the peptide component controls its stiffness. Unnatural oligosaccharides tune or disrupt the assembly morphology, revealing interesting targets for polysaccharide engineering to develop tunable bio-inspired materials.