bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prey defence phenotype mediates multiple‐predator effects in tri‐trophic food webs
Authors: Guariento Rafael Dettogni , Dalponti Guilherme , Carneiro Luciana Silva , Caliman Adriano 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

The emphasis on mechanisms governing the interaction among predators (e.g. cooperation, competition or intraguild predation) has driven the understanding of multiple‐predator effects on prey survival and dynamics. However, overwhelming evidence shows that prey can adaptively respond to predators, exhibiting multiple defensive phenotypes to cope with predation. Nevertheless, there is still a relatively scarce theory connecting the emergence of prey defences in complex multi‐predator scenarios and their ecological consequences.

Using a mathematical approach, we evaluated the prevalence of defended prey phenotypes as a function of predator‐induced mortality in a two‐predator system, and how prey and phenotype dynamics affect trophic cascades. We also evaluated such responses when prey manifests a general defence against both predators (i.e. risk reducing) or a specialized defence against one predator at the expense of defence against the other predator (i.e. risk trade‐off), and when such phenotypes induce fitness and foraging costs.

We showed that the emergence of defended phenotypes under multiple predators depends on predator‐induced mortality rates, the magnitude of phenotype costs and the effect of the defensive phenotype on the performance of all predators.

Risk‐reducing phenotypes enhance prioritized responses to predators with high killing rates, but prioritized responses are diminished when prey manifest risk trade‐off phenotypes. Finally, we showed that resource abundance across the predation gradient directly depends on the prevalence of certain prey phenotypes and their effect on foraging costs.

Ultimately, our results depict the implications of prey defences on prey and basal resources abundance in a multiple predators' environment, highlighting the role of the identity of defensive strategies in mediating the strength and nature of trophic cascades, via consumptive or non‐consumptive effects.
Wide distribution of the sad gene cluster for sub‐terminal oxidation in alkane utilizers
Authors: Yin Chao‐Fan , Xu Ying , Li Tao , Zhou Ning‐Yi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAlkane constitutes major fractions of crude oils, and its microbial aerobic degradation dominantly follows the terminal oxidation and the sub‐terminal pathways. However, the latter one received much less attention, especially since the related genes were yet to be fully defined. Here, we isolated a bacterium designated Acinetobacter sp. strain NyZ410, capable of growing on alkanes with a range of chain lengths and derived sub‐terminal oxidation products. From its genome, a secondary alcohol degradation gene cluster (sad) was identified to be likely involved in converting the aliphatic secondary alcohols (the sub‐terminal oxidation products of alkanes) to the corresponding primary alcohols by removing two‐carbon unit. On this cluster, sadC encoded an alcohol dehydrogenase converting the aliphatic secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones; sadD encoded a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase catalysing the conversion of the aliphatic ketones to the corresponding esters; SadA and SadB are two esterases hydrolyzing aliphatic esters to the primary alcohols and acetic acids. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that the sad cluster was widely distributed in the genomes of probable alkane degraders, apparently coexisting (64%) with the signature enzymes AlkM and AlmA for alkane terminal oxidation in 350 bacterial genomes. It suggests that the alkane sub‐terminal oxidation may be more ubiquitous than previously thought.
Hierarchical phylogenetic community assembly of soil protists in a temperate agricultural field
Authors: Roy Julien , Mazel Florent , Dumack Kenneth , Bonkowski Michael , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractProtists are abundant, diverse and perform essential functions in soils. Protistan community structure and its change across time or space are traditionally studied at the species level but the relative importance of the processes shaping these patterns depends on the taxon phylogenetic resolution. Using 18S rDNA amplicon data of the Cercozoa, a group of dominant soil protists, from an agricultural field in western Germany, we observed a turnover of relatively closely related taxa (from sequence variants to genus‐level clades) across soil depth; while across soil habitats (rhizosphere, bulk soil, drilosphere), we observed turnover of relatively distantly related taxa, confirming Paracercomonadidae as a rhizosphere‐associated clade. We extended our approach to show that closely related Cercozoa encounter divergent arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi across soil depth and that distantly related Cercozoa encounter closely related AM fungi across soil compartments. This study suggests that soil Cercozoa community assembly at the field scale is driven by niche‐based processes shaped by evolutionary legacy of adaptation to conditions primarily related to the soil compartment, followed by the soil layer, giving a deeper understanding on the selection pressures that shaped their evolution.
Drawing a line in the sand: Environmental DNA population genomics
Authors: Wilcox Taylor Matthew , Jensen Mads Reinholdt 
Published: July 2022

Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling uses genetic material in the environment to infer species presence sight‐unseen. The method has rapidly become a powerful tool for monitoring biodiversity. However, biological diversity, as per the Convention on Biological Diversity definition of “diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” is more inclusive than most eDNA studies cover: The vast majority focus only on between‐species and ecosystem‐level biodiversity. However, a tantalizing prospect, as illustrated by Farrell et al. (2022) in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, is that we might also be able to unlock information about individual and population‐level diversity via population genomic analysis of these environmental samples. Farrell et al. (2022) found that targeted samples of beach sand contained genetic material not just informative about sea turtle presence, but also indicated the presence of pathogens and genome‐wide mitochondrial and nuclear sequences that could accurately infer individual turtle source population. Moving from proof‐of‐concept to robust, population genomic inference will require a growth of genomic resources for nonmodel organisms and careful study design considerations, some of which have already been pioneered by related fields.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of lithium‐treated older adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Forlenza Orestes V. , Hajek Tomas , Almeida Osvaldo P. , Beunders Alexandra J. M. , Blumberg Hilary P. , Briggs Farren B. S. , De‐Paula Vanessa J. R. , Dols Annemiek , Eyler Lisa T. , Forester Brent P. , Gildengers Ariel , Jimenez Esther , Korten Nicole C. M. , Lafer Beny , McWhinney Sean R. , Mulsant Benoit , Rej Soham , Sarna Kaylee , Schouws Sigfried , Sutherland Ashley , Tsai Shangying , Vieta Eduard , Yala Joy , Sajatovic Martha ,   GAGE‐BD initiative
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesThere is limited information on the characteristics of older adults with bipolar disorder (OABD) treated with lithium, along with safety concerns about its use by older adults.The aim of the present study is to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of OABD receiving lithium therapy, using data from the Global Ageing & Geriatric Experiments in Bipolar Disorder (GAGE‐BD).Experimental ProceduresCross‐sectional analysis of the GAGE‐BD dataset to determine differences and similarities between lithium users and non‐users. We analysed data from 986 participants aged 50 years or older (mean age 63.5 years; 57.5% females) from 12 study sites. Two subgroups (‘Lithium’; ‘Non‐lithium’) were defined according to the current prescription of lithium. We compared several outcomes between these groups, controlling for age, gender, and study site.ResultsOABD treated with lithium had lower scores on depression rating scales and were less likely to be categorised as with moderate or severe depression. There was a lower proportion of lithium users than non‐users among those with evidence of rapid cycling and non‐bipolar psychiatric diagnoses. Assessment of global cognitive state and functionality indicated better performance among lithium users. The current use of antipsychotics was less frequent among lithium users, who also reported fewer cardiovascular comorbidities than non‐users.ConclusionWe found several potentially relevant differences in the clinical profile of OABD treated with lithium compared with those treated with other mood stabilisers. However, the interpretation of the present results must take into account the methodological limitations inherent to the cross‐sectional approach and data harmonisation.
Patient‐centered dupilumab dosing regimen leads to successful dose reduction in persistently controlled atopic dermatitis
Authors: Spekhorst Lotte S. , Bakker Daphne , Drylewicz Julia , Rispens Theo , Loeff Floris , Boesjes Celeste M. , Thijs Judith , Romeijn Geertruida L. E. , Loman Laura , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise , van Wijk Femke , de Graaf Marlies , de Bruin‐Weller Marjolein S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAt present, no real‐world studies are available on different dupilumab dosing regimens in controlled atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate a patient‐centered dupilumab dosing regimen in patients with controlled AD and to relate this to serum drug levels and serum biomarkers.MethodsNinety adult AD patients from the prospective BioDay registry were included based on their dupilumab administration interval according to a predefined patient‐centered dosing regimen. Group A (n = 30) did not fulfill the criteria for interval prolongation and continued using the standard dupilumab dosage (300 mg/2 weeks), group B (n = 30) prolonged dupilumab interval with 50% (300 mg/4 weeks), and group C (n = 30) prolonged dupilumab interval with 66%–75% (300 mg/6–8 weeks). AD severity score, patient‐reported outcomes, serum dupilumab levels, and serum biomarkers were analyzed over time.ResultsDisease severity scores did not significantly change over time during the tapering period in any of the groups. In groups B and C, the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)‐pruritus temporarily significantly increased after interval prolongation but remained low (median NRS‐pruritus≤4). Median dupilumab levels remained stable in group A (standard dosage), but significantly decreased in groups B and C (24.1 mg/L (IQR = 17.1–45.6); 12.5 mg/L (IQR = 1.7–22.3)) compared with the levels during the standard dosage (88.2 mg/L [IQR = 67.1–123.0, p < .001]). Disease severity biomarker levels (CCL17/CCL18) remained low in all study groups during the whole observation period.ConclusionsThis study showed that dose reduction was successful in a subgroup of patients with controlled AD by using a patient‐centered dosing regimen. These patients showed stable low disease activity and low severity biomarkers over time.
QRS fragmentation is associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias in high‐risk patients; Data from the SMASH 1 Study
Authors: Sourour Nur , Riveland Egil , Rømo Terje , Næsgaard Patrycja , Kjekshus Harald , Larsen Alf Inge , Omland Torbjørn , Røsjø Helge , Myhre Peder Langeland 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionQRS fragmentation (fQRS), defined as the presence of additional spikes within the QRS complex, has been associated with myocardial conduction abnormalities and arrhythmogenicity.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess whether fQRS is associated with incident ventricular arrhythmias (VA) in high‐risk patients treated with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) for primary and secondary prevention.MethodsIn a prospective observational multicenter study, we included 495 patients treated with ICD. fQRS was analyzed according to previously validated criteria, by two physicians blinded for outcome data. Incident VA were obtained from ICD recordings.ResultsECG recordings interpretable for fQRS were available in 459 patients (93%), aged 66 ± 12 years with left ventricular ejection fraction 40% ± 13%. fQRS was present in 52 patients (11%) with comparable baseline characteristics to patients without fQRS, except higher age, higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), lower prevalence of cardiomyopathy, and more frequently a secondary prevention ICD indication. Among patients with native QRS, those with fQRS had similar QRS duration and axis to those without fQRS. During 3.1 ± 0.7 years follow‐up, 126 patients (28%) had ≥1 VA . fQRS was associated with increased risk of VA (HR 3.41 [95% CI 2.27–5.13], p < .001), which persisted after adjusting for age, gender, sex, BMI, CAD, heart failure, renal function, ICD indication, QRS duration, QRS axis, Q waves, and bundle branch block. fQRS was more strongly associated with VA in patients with a primary (HR 6.05 [95% CI 3.16–11.60]) versus secondary (HR 2.39 [95% CI 1.41–4.04]) ICD indication (p‐for‐interaction = .047).ConclusionsfQRS is associated with threefold increased risk of VA in high‐risk patients, independent of established risk factors.
Every decade counts: a narrative review of functional recovery after partial nephrectomy
Authors: Campbell Steven C. , Campbell Jack A. , Munoz‐Lopez Carlos , Rathi Nityam , Yasuda Yosuke , Attawettayanon Worapat 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo provide a narrative review of the major advances regarding ischaemia and functional recovery after partial nephrectomy (PN), along with the ongoing controversies.MethodsKey articles reflecting major advances regarding ischaemia and functional recovery after PN were identified. Special emphasis was placed on contributions that changed perspectives about surgical management. Priority was also placed on randomized trials of off‐clamp vs on‐clamp cohorts.ResultsA decade ago, ‘Every minute counts' was published, showing strong correlations between duration of ischaemia and development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease after clamped PN. This reinforced perspectives that ischaemia was the main modifiable factor that could be addressed to improve functional outcomes and helped spur efforts towards reduced or zero ischaemia PN. These approaches were associated with strong functional recovery and some peri‐operative risk, although they were generally safe in experienced hands. Further research demonstrated that, when parenchymal volume changes were incorporated into the analyses, ischaemia lost statistical significance, and percent parenchymal volume saved proved to be the main determinant. Cold ischaemia was confirmed to be highly protective, and limited warm ischaemia also proved to be safe. The reconstructive phase of PN, with avoidance of parenchymal devascularization, appears to be most important for functional outcomes. Randomized trials of on‐clamp vs off‐clamp PN have shown minimal impact of ischaemia on functional recovery.ConclusionsThe past decade has witnessed great progress regarding functional recovery after PN, with many lessons learned. However, there are still unanswered questions, including: What is the threshold of warm ischaemia at which irreversible ischaemic injury begins to develop? Are some cohorts at increased risk for AKI or irreversible ischaemic injury? and Which patients should be prioritized for zero‐ischaemia PN?
Decreased febrile neutropenia during inpatient chemotherapy for urologic cancer during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Toriumi Ren , Yaegashi Hiroshi , Kadomoto Suguru , Iwamoto Hiroaki , Iijima Masashi , Kawaguchi Shohei , Nohara Takahiro , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Izumi Kouji , Kadono Yoshifumi , Mizokami Atsushi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSince 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to the widespread practice of hand hygiene and wearing face masks, not only among medical personnel, but also among the general population. Thus, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the incidence of febrile neutropenia should be verified. This study aimed to examine the incidence of febrile neutropenia in hospitalized patients receiving chemotherapy at Kanazawa University Hospital. Among inpatients at the Department of Urology receiving chemotherapy, we compared the incidence of febrile neutropenia between 317 cases in 2018–2019 and 276 cases in 2020. We retrospectively analyzed the factors of febrile neutropenia via binomial logistic regression analysis based on patient characteristics and the characteristics of primary diseases, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Febrile neutropenia occurred in 20/317 cases in 2018–2019 and 1/276 cases in 2020, with a significant decrease in the latter (p = 0.005). In a multivariate analysis, we identified the following independent risk factors for febrile neutropenia: non‐coronavirus disease 2019 era (p = 0.005), first course of therapy (p = 0.005), malnutrition (p = 0.032), and past history of febrile neutropenia (p = 0.018). Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, hygiene policies for medical personnel and quarantine measures for patients were thoroughly implemented. Therefore, the incidence of febrile neutropenia in 2020 decreased to 1/15 of the previous incidence. Thus, the hygiene for medical personnel and patients during the expected period of chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia is important for febrile neutropenia prevention.
Parents' perceptions of children's emotional well‐being during spring 2020 COVID‐19 restrictions: A qualitative study with parents of young children in England
Authors: Chambers Stephanie , Clarke Joanne , Kipping Ruth , Langford Rebecca , Brophy Rachel , Hannam Kim , Taylor Hilary , Willis Kate , Simpson Sharon A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundDuring COVID‐19 restrictions in England in spring 2020, early years settings for young children were closed to all but a small percentage of families, social contact was limited and play areas in parks were closed. Concerns were raised about the impact of these restrictions on young children's emotional well‐being. The aim of this study was to explore parents' perceptions of young children's emotional well‐being during these COVID‐19 restrictions.MethodsWe interviewed 20 parents of children 3–4 years due to begin school in England in September 2020. Interviews were conducted via telephone (n = 18) and video call (n = 2), audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews focused on childcare arrangements, children's behaviour and transition to school. A sample of transcripts were coded line by line to create a coding framework, which was subsequently applied to the remaining transcripts. Coded data were then analysed using a nurture lens to develop themes and further understanding.ResultsParticipants were predominantly mothers (n = 16), White British (n = 10) and educated to degree level (n = 13), with half the sample living in the highest deprivation quintile in England (n = 10). Five were single parents. Three themes developed from nurturing principles were identified: creating age‐appropriate explanations, understanding children's behaviour and concerns about school transition. Parents reported that their children's emotional well‐being was impacted and described attempts to support their young children while looking ahead to their transition to primary school.ConclusionsThis study is one of the first to examine in‐depth perceptions of COVID‐19 restrictions on young children's emotional well‐being. The longer term impacts are not yet understood. Although young children may be unable to understand in detail what the virus is, they undoubtedly experience the disruption it brings to their lives. The well‐being of families and children needs to be nurtured as they recover from the effects of the pandemic to allow them to thrive.
The potential for utilising in‐hospital glucose measurements to detect individuals at high risk of previously undiagnosed diabetes: Retrospective cohort study
Authors: Farmer Andrew J. , Shine Brian , Armitage Laura C. , Murphy Noel , James Tim , Guha Nishan , Rea Rustam 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundMany people with undiagnosed diabetes have hyperglycaemia when admitted to hospital. Inpatient hyperglycaemia can be an indication of diabetes mellitus but can also indicate a stress response. This study reports the extent to which an in‐hospital maximum observed random glucose measurement is an indicator of the need for in‐hospital (or subsequent) HbA1c measurement to look for undiagnosed diabetes.MethodsBlood glucose, HbA1c, age and sex were collected for all adults following admission to a UK NHS trust hospital from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. We restricted the analysis to those participants who were registered with a GP practice that uses the trust laboratory and who had at least some tests requested by those practices since 2008. We stratified individuals according to their maximum in‐hospital glucose measurement and report the number of these with HbA1c measurement ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) prior to the index admission, and during and after admission. We calculated an estimated proportion of individuals in each blood glucose stratum without a follow‐up HbA1c who could have undiagnosed diabetes.ResultsIn toal, 764,241 glucose measurements were recorded for 81,763 individuals who were admitted to the Oxford University Hospitals Trust. The median (Q1, Q3) age was 70 (56, 81) years, and 53% were males. Of the population, 70.7% of individuals declared themselves to be of White ethnicity, 3.1% of Asian background, and 1.1% of Black background, with 23.1% unstated. Of those individuals, 22,375 (27.4%) had no previous HbA1c measurement recorded. A total of 1689 individuals had a diabetes‐range HbA1c during or after their hospital admission (2.5%) while we estimate an additional 1496 (2.2%) may have undiagnosed diabetes, with the greatest proportion of these having an in‐hospital glucose of ≥15 mmol/L. We estimate that the number needed to detect a possible new case of diabetes falls from 16 (in‐hospital glucose 8 mmol/L to <9 mmol/L) to 4 (14 mmol/L to <15 mmol/L).ConclusionThe number of people who need to be tested to identify an individual who may have diabetes decreases as a testing threshold based on maximum in‐hospital glucose concentration increases. Among those with hyperglycaemia and no previous HbA1c measurement in the diabetes range, there appears to be a lack of subsequent HbA1c measurement. This work identifies the potential for integrating the testing and follow‐up of people, with apparently unrecognised hospital hyperglycaemia across primary and secondary care.