bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’espace de la représentation (politique) et l’espace de la participation
Authors: Gaudin Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2022

Pour juger pleinement de la participation, il faut la replacer dans les débats d’ensemble portant sur la démocratie. Et tenir compte en particulier de la confrontation entre partisans et critiques de la démocratie parlementaire, confrontation qui est presque toujours sous-jacente aux débats actuels sur la participation. Est-ce que la démocratie parlementaire ne reproduit pas en définitive les défauts des régimes politiques les plus élitistes ? Dès lors que la déception politique devient grande, beaucoup de citoyens rêvent de prendre directement la parole, de faire entendre leurs choix sans passer par des représentants élus. Les parlements et les assemblées seraient-ils donc devenus inutiles ? Sans doute, les deux formes de l’expression politique, la représentative et la participative, ne s’excluent pas par principe. Certains penseurs politiques considèrent même qu’elles se complètent et s’enrichissent mutuellement, dans un mouvement d’approfondissement de la démocratie globale. Mais est-ce à dire qu’elles peuvent simplement s’additionner ? Et qu’elles ne se concurrencent jamais, même lorsque leurs légitimités restent différentes ? Si les agencements concrets des démarches de participation nous apportent certaines garanties de bonne fin, ils ne sauraient faire oublier ni les débats d’idées concernant la représentation politique ni la force de nos imaginaires démocratiques.
Les débuts du tourisme au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Au temps où le Luxembourg était à 6 heures 30 de Paris
Authors: Jeck Marc 
Published: April 2022

Les débuts de l’industrie touristique au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg se situent au XIXe siècle. Les « touristes romantiques » découvrent le côté « pittoresque » d’un pays, jadis appelé « Pays des loups », et diffusent, par le biais de leurs récits, la première propagande touristique pour le Luxembourg. Parallèlement aux regards bienveillants des visiteurs de passage, les Luxembourgeois prennent conscience de leur patrimoine et de sa valorisation. Soucieux de montrer les beautés d’un pays qui, au niveau politique, intellectuel, culturel et économique, s’émancipe au XIXe siècle, quelques pionniers dont l’hôtelier Alexis Heck s’engagent dans le destination management du Luxembourg. Aidés par les nouvelles technologies de la mobilité, les protagonistes du tourisme donnent l’exemple aux autorités publiques qui suivent très vite l’initiative privée pour transfigurer les préoccupations touristiques en une « industrie nationale ». La promotion du pays, qui inclut le tourisme collectif et récréatif, va de pair avec l’affirmation de l’indépendance du Luxembourg.
A simple LC-MS/MS method for pharmacokinetic study of carvedilol and 4/-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol at a low dose
Authors: Eiamart Wanna , Prompila Nantaporn , Jumroen Yaowatree , Sayankuldilok Nonlanee , Chariyavilaskul Pajaree , Wittayalertpanya Supeecha 
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose:
The study was aimed at validating a simple, rapid, and low-cost LC-MS/MS method for carvedilol and 4/-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol assay in human plasma. The validated method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics after a low dose of 6.25 mg. carvedilol.

Experimental approach:
In this study, the plasma was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and evaporated the organic layer to dryness, then both analytes in the residue were reconstituted and detected by LC- MS/MS. The method was validated following the guideline on bioanalytical method validation. Thirty-one healthy volunteers participated in the pharmacokinetic study. After 10 h of fasting, each volunteer received one tablet of 6.25 mg carvedilol orally. Blood samples were collected at 16 prescheduled time points. The plasma samples were analyzed for pharmacokinetics.

Findings/Results:
The method was linear over a range of 0.050-50.049 ng/mL for carvedilol and 0.050- 10.017 ng/mL for 4/-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol. Crucial validated results reached the requirements of selectivity, accuracy, precision, and stability. Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol and 4/-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol were evaluated which showed Cmax at 21.26 ± 9.23 and 2.42 ± 2.07 ng/mL; AUC0-t 66.95 ± 29.45 and 5.93 ± 3.51 ng.h/mL; AUC0-inf 68.54 ± 30.11 and 6.78 ± 3.49 ng.h/mL; and T1/2 6.30 ± 1.95 and 6.31 ± 6.45 h, respectively.

Conclusion and implications:
The validated method was able to detect and quantify both analytes in plasma samples and can be applied to the pharmacokinetic study of carvedilol and 4/-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol after receiving carvedilol at 6.25 mg orally.
Hydroethanolic extract of Lavandula angustifolia ameliorates vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats
Authors: Sahranavard Shamim , Khoramjouy Mona , Khakpash Mahsima , Askari Seyyed Ahmad , Faizi Mehrdad , Mosaddegh Mahmoud 
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose:
Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy. Vincristine is prescribed to treat a variety of carcinomas, including lymphoma and leukemia, and may cause progressive peripheral neuropathy due to the damage of microtubules and mitochondria of neurons and affects inflammatory processes. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Lavandula angustifolia hydroalcoholic extract (LHE) of aerial part on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in a rat model.

Experimental approach:
Neuropathy was induced in rats by daily intraperitoneal administration of vincristine (0.1 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Following the induction of neuropathy, animals were treated with the LHE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) or pregabalin (20 mg/kg, IP) for 2 weeks, and their responses to vincristine-induced hyperalgesia and locomotor impairment were measured.

Findings/Results:
LHE, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, showed analgesic effects in response to thermal hyperalgesia, tactile allodynia, and gait impairment. Also, pregabalin (20 mg/kg, IP) improved the symptoms of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Conclusions and implications:
According to the results, we can conclude that LHE alleviates neuropathic symptoms of vincristine and the effect is probably related to the presence of phenols and flavonoids in the extract.
Policies and measures implemented to reduce the impact of international sanctions on Iran's pharmaceutical sector
Authors: Emami Farideh , Cheraghali Abdol Majid 
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose:
Continuous evaluation of the policies and interventions could explore their efficacies in improving the accessibility and availability of medicines in the local market. This study explained the health system policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the impact of the economic sanctions on the local pharmaceutical market and addressed the issue of whether these policies were able to improve patients’ access to medicines.

Experimental approach:
In this study, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. In the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews with pharmaceutical system experts were used. In the next step, the structural analysis method was used. In the quantitative part, numerical sales data of the selected medicines were extracted and analyzed.

Findings/Results:
Reported statistics regarding the presence of the medicines in the market indicates the obvious fluctuations in the numerical sales of medicines in the studied years. This may indicate that the policies implemented are not able to fully compensate for the negative effects of sanctions and improve access to medicine. In addition, according to some experts, policy, and management weaknesses are mainly rooted in unresolved domestic hurdles which have exacerbated the effects of international sanctions on the country’s pharmaceutical market.

Conclusions and implications:
Effective policy-making in response to economic sanctions can reduce the negative effect of international sanctions and result in drug shortages. Results of this study showed despite efforts made by the Iran health sector to subside the impact of sanctions on the pharmaceutical sector, there is an obvious disruption of the medicine supply chain in the market.
Further evidence to support acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects of Nasturtium officinale
Authors: Mostafazadeh Mostafa , Sadeghi Heibatollah , Sadeghi Hossein , Zarezade Vahid , Hadinia Abolghasem , Panahi Kokhdan Esmaeel 
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose:
Previously, we reported the anti-inflammatory properties of Nasturtium officinale (watercress) in several models of acute inflammation. This study was designed to explore the effects of topical and systemic administrations of N. officinale in the two chronic inflammatory models and to evaluate the role of TNF-α and IL-1β in these effects.

Experimental approach:
Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods were used to estimate the extract’s total phenol and flavonoid content, respectively. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was carried out and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in the carrageenan-treated paw tissue were determined. Formalin injection into rat hind paws (7 days) and the application of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on mouse ears (9 days) were used to simulate chronic inflammation. Furthermore, a histological assessment of the inflamed tissues was carried out.

Findings/Results:
The extract’s flavonoid and phenolic contents were 90.26 ± 4.81 mg rutin equivalents/g and 68 ± 8.16 gallic acid equivalents/g gallic acid, respectively. N. officinale pretreatment in all doses administered considerably decreased carrageenan-induced edema. The extract also reduced IL-1β levels in carrageenan- treated paws while did not affect TNF-α levels. Oral and topical administrations of N. officinale considerably reserved the paw and ear edema. The extract also ameliorated the tissue injuries due to formalin and TPA challenges.

Conclusion and implications:
The data confirmed the topical and systemic anti-inflammatory effects of watercress against two chronic models of inflammation. They suggested that these properties are not related to TNF-α but could be attributed to inhibition of IL-1β and inhibition of leukocyte infiltration.
Comparison of follicular T helper cells, monocytes, and T cells priming between newly diagnosed and rituximab-treated MS patients and healthy controls
Authors: Yahyazadeh Sheida , Esmaeil Nafiseh , Shaygannejad Vahid , Mirmosayyeb Omid 
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose:
The use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies like rituximab (RTX) to deplete B cells has practical therapeutic implications in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, the therapy’s impact on other immune cells is also important. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effects of RTX therapy on Tfh cells, T cells, T cells priming, and monocytes in MS patients compared to newly-diagnosed MS patients and healthy subjects.

Experimental approach:
Thirty newly-diagnosed and RTX-treated MS patients and healthy control were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood for assessment of Tfh cells, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD3+HLA-DR+, and CD3+CD4+CD25+ T cells by flow cytometry. Whole blood was lysed by lysis solution to assess CD45+CD14+ monocytes by flow cytometry. Also, the serum level of interleukin 21 was measured by the ELISA method.

Findings / Results:
We showed that RTX treatment led to a decrease in Tfh cells and their predominant cytokine, interleukin 21. Also, we found a statistically significant reduction in CD3+HLA-DR+ and CD3+CD4+CD25+ T cells in RTX-treated patients compared to new cases and healthy control. Moreover, we found a decrease in the CD45+ CD14+ monocyte population in the RTX-treated group compared to the healthy control.

Conclusion and implications:
Our data suggest that following treatment with RTX, Tfh cells, monocytes, and T cells priming declined happened, and fewer T cells were activated. Also, due to the interaction between B cells and Tfh cells, Tfh targeting could be assessed as a therapeutic strategy in MS.
Study of the Client Experience and Continuation Rate of Postpartum Intrauterine Copper-T Device in Semi-Urban Population in India
Authors: Agrawal Swati , Induja R , Chopra Kanika , Singh Anuradha , Sood Shilpa , Puri Manju 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Postpartum intrauterine copper device (PPIUCD) is a reliable and efficient method of contraception for women. In spite of its ease of administration, its acceptance is very low owing to a number of factors. The current study was undertaken to analyze the continuation rates and problems among women accepting PPIUCD as contraceptive method.

Methods:
The present study was undertaken in the family planning department of a teaching hospital in New Delhi. It was an ambispective, observational study in which 880 beneficiaries of PPIUCD were telephonically contacted and interviewed. A pro forma containing demographic profile, obstetric history of the women, date and timing of insertion of PPIUCD, source of information about PPIUCD, side effects encountered, willingness to continue, and reasons of discontinuation, if applicable, was filled and the data, collected thus, were analyzed.

Results:
Most of the women enrolled in the study had a mean age of 26.5 (±4.1) years; the average parity was two. The timing of insertion of PPIUCD was postplacental in majority of women (91.7%). Most of the women received information about PPIUCD from health-care workers (90.1%). It was found that 86.7% of women were using PPIUCD at the time of interview and 73.3% were satisfied with it and willing to continue further. The predominant side effect observed was pain abdomen (15%), followed by menstrual irregularity.

Conclusion:
The present study revealed a high continuation rate of PPIUCD. Health-care professionals were the foremost source of information for PPIUCD. It is a highly effective method which needs to be popularized among the masses by the active participation of media and other agencies as it has the potential to bridge the gaps in existing family planning services.
Seroprevalence of Bartonella quintana Infection
Authors: Mai Ba-Hoang-Anh 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

Bartonella quintana is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from where the name of this disease: fever of the trenches. The 90s marked the return of this bacterial infection. B. quintana infection in the homeless was reported in the literature with a high incidence in these populations worldwide. This upsurge of cases justified this study for a better understanding of B. quintana infections.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. quintana infection by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to collect scientific papers from PubMed and Google Scholar based on combining keywords.

Results:
The review included 45 articles published from April 1996 to March 2020 with 84 subpopulations of 21 countries from 4 continents; among them, 61 subpopulations had a positive rate from 0.2% to 65%. These subpopulations were divided into four main groups: homeless people, healthy people, blood donors, and symptoms/diseases. Homeless people were the main target of this infection, and three factors related to susceptibility were homeless period, age, and alcoholism. 6/11, 12/20, and 32/41 subpopulations of healthy people, blood donors, symptoms/diseases, respectively, had a positive percentage. However, factors of exposure in these three groups were not mentioned. Other reservoirs, vectors, and transmitted routes were identified to partially explain the worldwide spread of the infection, and it is important to have more further investigations to identify potential risk factors. This will help to limit contamination and prevent effectively.

Conclusions:
This serological overview indicated the importance of B. quintana infection that has emerged in multiple regions, touched worldwide populations.
Assessment of Risk Factors and Management of Ischemic Stroke at Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, 2018
Authors: Mohammed Ayat A. , Arbab Ahmed H. , TAbdalla T. Mohammed T. 
Published: April 2022

Context:
Ischemic stroke is an acute medical condition with life-threatening complications; therefore, understanding its common risk factors, early management, prevention from recurrent attack, and in our population is necessary.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to assess common risk factors and management of ischemic stroke at Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan).

Methodology:
A retrospective, hospital-based study was conducted at Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital Khartoum State. The study included all medical records of patients hospitalized with Ischemic stroke from January 2017 to January 2018. The data were collected using a well-designed data collection form and analyzed with SPSS.

Results:
Out of 116 participants, ischemic stroke was more frequent in males (59.5%), adults over 65 years (57.8%). Forty-four percent of participants had a history of hypertension. Smoking and family history with ischemic stroke were observed only in 10.3% and 5.2% of participants, respectively. Aspirin (100–300) mg plus atorvastatin 40 mg were the most prescribed regimen of 44.8%. The highest type of drug-drug interaction reported was monitor closely (41.4%) and serious (33.6) type drug-drug interactions. While 74.1% of participants were discharged, the rate of death was significantly higher in females and participants over 65 years' age.

Conclusions:
Past medical history of hypertension and elderly age were the major risk factors with ischemic stroke. Aspirin plus statin therapy is the most frequently used regimen with nonadherence to the guidelines regarding the use of thrombolytic therapy and anticoagulants. Serious type drug-drug interactions were detected among prescribed medications.
Relationship Between Lower Limb Function and Fall Prevalence in Ambulatory Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Frechette Mikaela L. , Abou Libak , Rice Laura A. , Sosnoff Jacob J. 
Published: April 2022

Background
Falls are common, detrimental events among ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Following SCI, changes to lower limb function are probable and likely to impact an individual’s fall risk, yet no comprehensive review has been completed on the topic.

Objectives
This study systematically reviewed data on the relationship between lower limb function and fall prevalence in ambulatory individuals with SCI.

Methods
A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts/titles and then full articles. Study details, participants’ characteristics, lower limb function assessed, and fall-related data were extracted from the studies. A qualitative analysis of the relationship between lower limb function and fall prevalence was performed. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.

Results
The search yielded 1553 articles. Eight prospective, two retrospective, and three cross-sectional studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies ranged from low to high risk of bias. Overall, the qualitative analysis provided little evidence to support the relationship between lower limb function recorded by clinical measures and fall prevalence.

Conclusion
This review highlights the inconsistent relationship between lower limb function and falls prevalence in ambulatory adults with SCI. Greater uniformity in methodology and consistent categorization of fallers and nonfallers among researchers is necessary to move the field forward. Investigating additional factors such as behavior traits, assistive device use, and environmental risk factors may be appropriate in understanding fall prevalence in this population.
Health and LifeDomain ResearchPriorities in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury: A National Cross-Sectional Survey in England
Authors: Onal Bashak , León Marta Ríos , Augutis Marika , Mattacola Emily , Graham Allison , Hart Kirsten , Kelly Erin , Scheel-Sailer Anke ,   PEPSCI Collaboration, Taylor Julian 
Published: April 2022

Background
Although feedback from people with adult-onset spinal cord injury (SCI) has been considered in developing research programs, little is known about pediatric-onset SCI priorities.

Objectives
To describe the health and life (H&L) domain research priorities of youth with pediatric-onset SCI living in England.

Methods
Youth with pediatric-onset SCI (≥6 months) were recruited from five English rehabilitation centers and invited with their parents/caregivers to complete the age-appropriate surveys designed by the Pan-European Paediatric Spinal Cord Injury (PEPSCI) collaboration.

Results
A total of 73 surveys were received (32 from participants with SCI and 41 from their parents/caregivers), providing information on 47 individuals with SCI: 2- to 7-year-olds (29.8%), 8- to 12-year-olds (19.2%), 13- to 17-year-olds (17.0%), and 18 to 25-year-olds (34.0%). The top three research priorities reported by parents/caregivers of 2- to 12-year-old and 13- to 25-year-olds were pain (81%/89%), physical function (91%/83%) and health care access (78%/78%). Eighty-nine percent of 8- to 12-year-olds emphasized schooling, peer relationships, and general mood as their research priorities. The top three research priorities for Health or Life domains reported by 13- to 25-year-olds included spasms (95%), pain (91%), pressure injuries (91%), health care access (83%), physical function (78%), and daily personal needs (74%).

Conclusion
Although there should be an emphasis on addressing important life domain issues for 8- to 12-year-olds with SCI, adolescents and young adults mostly prioritized health domain research priorities in addition to health care access. This survey will aid health care and clinical research organizations to engage stakeholders to implement a comprehensive SCI research strategy in England for the pediatric population.
Factors Associated With Ventilator Weaning Success and Failure in People With Spinal Cord Injury in an Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Korupolu Radha , Uhlig-Reche Hannah , Achilike Emmanuel Chigozie , Reeh Colton , Pedroza Claudia , Stampas Argyrios 
Published: April 2022

Objectives
To evaluate baseline characteristics, describe pulmonary outcomes, and identify weaning predictors for people with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) who are dependent on mechanical ventilation at admission to acute inpatient rehabilitation (AIR).

Methods
The retrospective study was conducted at an AIR facility in the United States. It included 91 adults with acute traumatic SCI from 2015 to 2019 who were dependent on mechanical ventilation.

Results
People who successfully weaned (85%) had fewer days from time of SCI to AIR admission (22 vs. 30, p = .04), higher vital capacity at admission to AIR (12 vs. 3 mL/kg predicted body weight [PBW]; p &lt; .001), and lower (caudal) neurological injury level (p &lt; .001) compared to those who failed weaning. The risk of pneumonia was higher in people who failed weaning compared to those who were weaned successfully (risk ratio, 5.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.3–13). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves suggest a vital capacity cutoff of 5.8 mL/kg PBW could predict weaning. The vital capacity of ≥ 5.8 mL/kg PBW is associated with 109 times higher odds (95% CI, 11–1041; p &lt; .001) of weaning than vital capacity below that threshold.

Conclusion
In this retrospective study, there was an increased risk of pneumonia in people with SCI who failed weaning at discharge from AIR. Vital capacity was a better predictor of weaning from mechanical ventilation compared to the neurological level of injury, with a cutoff of 5.8 mL/kg PBW predictive of weaning success. Further research is needed on this critical topic.