bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical Study of Steroidal Sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ Present in the Leaves of Yucca aloifolia Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: M.Ibrahem Nabaa , J. Awad Zainab 
Published: September 2022

This study detects the presence of the most important steroidal sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ in the leaves of Yucca aloifolia widely cultivated in Iraq. The absence of any study concerning the Tigogenin content of this medicinal plant in Iraq, and the industrial importance of Tigogenin depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some steroidal drugs, acquired this study its value. This study concerned with extraction, identification, isolation, and purification of Tigogenin from the leaves of Yucca aloifolia. Extraction of this compound was carried out using two methods. Identification of this compound was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where different solvent systems had been tried. Libermann â€“ Burchard reagent was used for detection. This identification was further augmented by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then this steroidal saponin was isolated and purified. The identification of isolated Tigogenin was carried out using melting point (M.P.), Thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . This study confirms the presence of Tigogenin in the leaves of Yucca aloifolia cultivated in Iraq. Also the result of this study showed that the second extraction method was the best, because the amount of both extract and Tigogenin were higher than one extraction method.
Key words : Yucca aloifolia , Steroidal saponin , "Tigogenin"
Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) Lignan
Authors: M.K. Al-Ani Widad , M. Aziz Fitua 
Published: September 2022

Lignans are natural products widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are composed of two Î²-Î²-linked phenylpropane (shikimate-derived biogenetic subunits). Although the backbone of lignans is composed of phenylpropane units, there is enormous diversity in the structure of lignans leading to different classes of lignans, such as Î³-butyrolactone derivatives, eg. Hymatairesinol, bicyclooctadiene derivatives, e.g. pinoresinol, tetrahydrofuran derivatives e.g.lariciresinol, di-arylbutandiol derivatives, e.g. secoisolariciresinol. Introduction of a further carbon â€“carbon linkage leads to a class of lignans collectively known as cyclolignans such as tetrahydro-naphthalene derivatives, for example podophyllotoxin. Lignans have a broad range of biological activities; many of them show significant antitumour, antimitotic, and antiviral effects. They also have cardiovascular effects, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. The efflux mechanisms of bacteria to some antibiotics and resistance of bacteria to many antibiotics led to search for antibacterial compound of plant origin to overcome these problems. The antibacterial activity of HMR lignan was determined using the disc diffusion method and the MIC of the isolated compound was tested by the broth micro-dilution method. HMR lignan showed activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis(17 mm), Candida albicans (13mm), Proteussp(12mm) and Klebsiella sp (12mm).
Key words: Lignans, Hydroxymatiaresinol, Antimicrobial activity
Measurement of some Biochemical Values in Hemodialysis Patients in Baghdad
Authors: A.Hassan Hiba 
Published: September 2022

One hundred of dialysis patients' mean age ( 51.18Â±8.28) years and one hundred healthy control group , where carried out from different hospitals of Baghdad city , during the period between November /2012 until March/2013. Blood samples were collected before dialyzing for estimation the concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid, random blood sugar , calcium and cholesterol by enzymatic method detected spectrophotometerically.
The aim of this study is to determine concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid, RBS , calcium and cholesterol in hemodialysis patients in Baghdad . The results showed that there were highly significant increases (P<0.01) in the mean of creatinine , urea , uric acid and RBS for patients (587.86Âµmol/l , 25.57 mmol/l, 414.36mmol/l and 6.47mmol/l) compared to the mean of healthy control (88.60 Âµmol/l , 5.07mmol/l ,270.76mmol/l and 4.65mmol/l ) was detected . Also there was highly significant decrease(P< 0.01) in the mean of calcium and cholesterol for patients (1.93mmol/l and3.33mmol/l) compared to the mean of healthy control (2.34mmol/l and5.02mmol/l). It is concluded that in hemodialysis was associated with the higher levels of urea ,creatinine , uric acid and RBS with low level of cholesterol and calcium.
Key words: RBS (random blood sugar), SUA (serum uric acid), Cholesterol, Urea, Creatinine
Isolation and Characterization of Triterpenoid Saponin Hederacoside C. Present in the Leaves of Hedera helix L. Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: A. Hussien Suhaib , J. Awad Zainab 
Published: September 2022

Hedera helix L. plant belongs to the family Araliaceae that provide a host of bioactive compounds (mainly saponins) of important biological activities, like spasmolytic, secretolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Literature survey revealed that there was no previously study concerning H. helix L. which is cultivated in Iraq, so we decided to carry out this study which include extraction, isolation, purification and identification of biologically important triterpenoid saponin hederacoside C from leaves of H. helix L. Extraction of hederacoside C was carried out using two methods; in the first method maceration was done with methanol 99.8% and in the second method soxhlet extraction with ethanol 99.8%, was followed, then fractionation using column chromatography. Preliminary identification of this saponin hederacoside C was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where different solvent systems had been tried. Liebermann-Burchard reagent where used for detection. The most suitable extraction method was fully described in this study. The characterization of the isolated hederacoside C was carried out using melting point (M.P.), thin layer chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Keywords: Hedera helix L., Hederacoside C, Column chromatography.
Preparation and Evaluation of Meloxicam Microsponges as Transdermal Delivery System
Authors: A. Nief Roaa , A. Hussein Ahmed 
Published: September 2022

The aim of present study was to develop gel formulation of microsponges of poorly soluble drug meloxicam (MLX) in order to enhance the release and dissolution of MLX which is the limitation for preparation in topical forms. Also skin delivery is an alternative administration for MLX that can minimize gastrointestinal (GI) side effects and improve patient compliance. The microsponges of MLX were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of drug:polymer ratio, stirring time and Eudragit polymer type on the physical characteristics of microsponges were investigated and characterized for production yield, loading efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release from microsponges. The selected microsponge formula was incorporated into gel. The prepared microsponge gel was evaluated as visual inspection, pH, spreadability, viscosity, in addition to in vitro drug release. The results showed that the microsponge formula with Eudragit L100 polymer had optimum physical properties and enhanced the dissolution and release of MLX when compared with other formulas and pure drug. MLX microsponge carbopol gel produced a significant (p<0.05) improvement of the in vitro release than pure MLX gel. Hence quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method was a promising method to produce MLX microsponges with markedly enhanced dissolution rate.
Keywords: Meloxicam, Microsponges, Gel.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Preliminary Anticancer Study for Methotrexate Silibinin Conjugates
Authors: A. Nadhum Shams , H. Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

The spectrum of clinical efficacy of Methotrexate (MTX) is broad in that MTX is used in the treatment of certain cancers, severe psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.Various mechanisms by which cancer cells grown in tissue culture become resistant to anticancer drugs. The use of multiple drugs with different mechanisms of entry into cells and different cellular targets allows for effective chemotherapy and high cure rates. In an efforts to develop effective strategies that increase the therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs with less systemic toxicity ,are being directed towards the investigation of dietary supplements and other phytotherapeutic agents for their synergistic efficacy in combination with anticancer drugs. A promising approach to improve the cancer cell selectivity of methotrexate is the chemical transformation into reversible derivatives which convert the conjugate to the parent drug by virtue of enzyme within cancer tissue. The present study includes the synthesis of two derivatives of methotrexate which are :-Schiff base methotrexate-silibinin conjugate ( compound 5), and Methotrexate-silibinin conjugate (compound 6).The synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished following multistep reaction procedures. The chemical reactions were followed up and purity of the products was checked by TLC. The structures of the final compounds and their intermediates were characterized and identified by their melting points, infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR and elemental microanalysis(C H N S).The anticancer activity of these compounds was investigated by HEP-2 cell line(Larynx carcinoma), which showed that compounds 5 and 6 have the higher activity than methotrexate or silibinin alone.These are promising data for the discovery of new anticancer agents in future. These compounds may deliver the parent drug selectively into the cancer cells to be hydrolyzed by enzymes that are elevated in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues .
Keywords: Methotrexate, Silibinin, Cancer treatment resistance, Folate receptor, Cancer cell targeting.
Phytochemical Study of Steroidal Sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ Present in the Leaves of Agave americana Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: M. Abrahem Ruaa , J. Awad Zainab 
Published: September 2022

The presence of the most important steroidal sapogenin â€œTigogeninâ€ in the leaves of Agave americana cultivated in Iraq was detected. The absence of any study concerning the Tigogenin content of this medicinal plant in Iraq, and the industrial importance of Tigogenin depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some steroidal drugs, acquired this study its value. This search include extraction, isolation, purification and dentification of Tigogenin from the leaves of Agave americana. Extraction of this compound was carried out using two methods. Identification of this compound is carried out by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where three different mobile phase have been used. Detection is done by using Libermann â€“ Burchard reagent .High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is also used for further identification of tigogenin and then this steroidal saponin was isolated and purified. Isolated Tigogenin is identified by using Thin layer chromatography (TLC), melting point (M.P.), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . This study confirms the presence of Tigogenin in the leaves of Agave americana cultivated in Iraq. Also the result of this study showed that the second extraction method is better, because the amount of both tigogenin and extract obtained from method No.2 are more than one extraction method.
Key words : Agave americana , Steroidal saponin , Tigogenin.
Preparation and Characterization of Montelukast Sodium ( SMLT ) as a Dual Sustained Release Buccal Strips
Authors: I.Khalil Yehia 
Published: September 2022

An oral bi layer sustained release (SR) strips of Sodium Montelukast SMLT , which is selective leukotriene antagonist , used for patients suffered from mid-night asthma , were prepared successfully ,using different polymers, like guar gum , carrageenan , and xanthan gum , by solvent casting method .
The results obtained by this study revealed ,that best fast dissolving film of SMLT was loaded in carrageenan polymer 57% w\w (30mg.) , with acceptable physical properties, like film thickness , elastic endurance and surface pH .
Besides to that , the disintegration time , and cumulative 80% drug release were estimated 22 seconds and 3.7 minutes , respectively .On the other hand , the sustained release film ( FSR6-7 ) as a second layer , appear to be the most promised layer of SMLT loaded in 50 % w\w (15mg.) PVP K17 , with respect to its film thickness, elastic endurance and , surface pH .
Moreover the , the disintegration time of the second layer film was 21seconds , and the time for 50% drug release was 15 minutes extended for 4hours of 100% drug release .
Meanwhile , the investigation of possible interference between the drug , and, polymers used revealed no evidence of this effect ,using FTIR , and SEM technique . In an attempt to evaluate the extended release effect of the selected formula , SingulairÂ® plain tablet as a marketed product was used , the result gave more than 4 hours of selected formula , compared with 30 minutes to marketed product SingulairÂ® .
The overall results candidates the selected FSR6-7 formula as a promised bi layer buccal fast , as compliance and extended therapy for asthmatic mid- night patients.
Keywords: Montelukast sodium, Dual buccal strips, Guar gum, Xanthan gum, Carrageenan.
Trend of Antibiotics Usage in the Intensive Care Unit in the Medical City in Baghdad
Authors: M. Al-Nema Zeena 
Published: September 2022

High frequencies of multidrug resistant organisms were observed worldwide in intensive care units which is a warning as to use the only few effective antimicrobials wisely to reduce selective pressure on sensitive strains.
The aim of the current study is to asses the compliance of the currently followed antibiotic prescribing pattern in the intensive care unit in an Iraqi hospital with the international guidelines.A cross-sectional study was done in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Surgical Specialties Hospital, Medical City in Bagdad from the 30th of November 2011 to the 5th of May 2012.Patients were followed until they were discharged or died to see any change in condition, response to drugs, devices used, and medications.
During the period of the study, there were 46 patients admitted to the ICU of whom 23 (50%) were males and 23 (50%) were females. The age range of patients was between 16 and 85 years. The mean of age of patients was 44.52 (SDÂ±18.45) years. All patients underwent culture and sensitivity test as soon as they were admitted to the ICU, but out of 46 patients only 16 (34.78%) of them have culture and sensitivity tests results retrieved.The number of patients, in whom the antibiotics were prescribed or changed according to culture and sensitivity tests, was six patients only (13.04%). Ceftriaxone was the most commonly used antibiotic as an empiric treatment followed by ampicillin-cloxacillin combination and meropenem, while clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin were among the least used. The bacterial culture and sensitivity tests of different samples obtained from the patients showed that the most effective antibiotic was tobramycin (90%) followed by ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (69.2%) for each and the least effective (bacterial resistance) was ceftriaxone (33.3%) and cefotaxime (28.5) among others.
In conclusion, there is a critical need for reviewing the trend of antibiotic use in the ICUs depending more on lab. tests to identify the most effective drugs and to minimize the emergence of resistant infection.
Keywords: ICU, Antibiotic resistance, Culture and sensitivity tests.
Design, Synthesis and Kinetic Study of Coumarin-Based Mutual Prodrug of 5-Fluorouracil and Dichloroacetic acid
Authors: F. Mustafa Yasser , A. Al-Omari Nohad 
Published: September 2022

On the basis of known coumarin-based prodrug system, a novel coumarin-based mutual prodrug of 5-fluorouracil and dichloroacetic acid was designed, synthesized and evaluated as a promising oral chemotherapeutic agent basing on in vitro stability study in HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), as well as in vitro release study in human serum. The chemical structure of prodrug was confirmed by analyzing its FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS-ESI spectra. The results of in vitro kinetic study indicated that the prodrug was significantly stable in HCl and in phosphate buffers, and was hydrolyzed in human serum followed pseudo first order kinetics.
Keywords: Coumarin-based prodrug, 5-fluorouracil, Dichloroacetate, kinetics.
Yapay Sinir Ağı Sınıflayıcıyla Elektronik Burun Veri Seti Kullanarak Kardiyovasküler Hastalıkların Sınıflandırılması
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Cemaleddin , YILMAZ Ahmet , TOZLU Bilge Han , AYDEMİR Önder , KARAVELİOĞLU Yusuf 
Published: September 2022

Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar dünya çapında ölümlerin önde gelen nedenlerinden biridir. Kalp ve damar hastalıklarının artması ve yaşam üzerindeki etkileri ile birlikte teşhis için doğru ve hızlı sonuç alınması büyük önem arz etmektedir.
Günümüzde makine öğrenmesi teknikleri, çeşitli hastalıklar için bilgileri veya farklı ölçüm tekniklerini yorumlamak ve sınıflandırmak için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diğerlerinin yanı sıra kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, özellikle miyokard enfarktüsü için dakikalar bile önemli olduğundan, zamana ve kesinliğe en duyarlı vakalardan biridir.
Çoğu durumda, miyokard enfarktüsünün teşhisi sadece elektrokardiyograma bakarak yapılabilir. Ancak bazı durumlarda doktorlar bir elektrokardiyogram testi ile miyokard enfarktüsünün durumunu belirleyemeyebilirler; bu nedenle, tamamlanması 40-60 dakika süren bir kan testi bir zorunluluk haline gelir. Önceki çalışmalardan birinde mevcut zaman alıcı sürecin üstesinden gelmek için, hızlı sonuç vaat eden bir yöntem olan MI, stabil koroner arter hastalığı ve sağlıklı bireyleri sınıflandırmak için elektronik bir burun kullanılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, yukarıda bahsedilen çalışmada kullanılan veri seti kullanılarak sınıflandırma algoritmasına odaklanılmıştır. Klinik sonuçları etkileme potansiyeline sahip sürecin karmaşıklığını azaltırken, sınıflandırma doğruluğu performans iyileştirmesi için bir yer olabileceğini fark ettik. Önerilen algoritmanın sonuçları, tek bir sınıflandırma adımıyla bile uygun bir sığ sinir ağı kullanılarak işlemin karmaşıklığı azaltılırken, gelişmiş genel sınıflandırma doğruluğu elde etmenin mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir.
Les représentations de la maladie : choix des outils de mesure et applications dans le champ du cancer
Authors: Restivo L. , Apostolidis T. , Julian-Reynier C. 
Published: September 2022

Objectif : Dresser un bilan des outils quantitatifs disponibles pour mesurer les représentations de la maladie et analyser leur utilisation empirique auprès de patients atteints de cancer.
Matériel et méthodes : Revue de la littérature.
Résultats : Sept outils de mesure des représentations de la maladie existent dont un spécifique au cancer. L’Illness Perception Questionnaire est utilisé dans 29 des 33 études retenues.
Conclusion : Associer ces échelles avec des méthodes reposant sur des approches davantage centrées sur le contexte socioculturel semble à privilégier.
« We-ness, we-disease » : impact sur la résilience sexuelle des couples confrontés au cancer du sein
Authors: Normandin T. , Stulz A. 
Published: September 2022

Cet article présente notre travail de recherche, effectué en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme interuniversitaire de sexologie.
Objectif :L’objectif de notre étude est d’observer le lien entre le sens du « we-ness, we-disease » et la résilience sexuelle du couple confronté au cancer du sein.
Matériel et méthodes : La méthodologie a été qualitative et observationnelle. Cinq couples ont été inclus dans l’étude, et ont chacun participé à un entretien de couple. Les retranscriptions verbatim des entretiens ont été analysées grâce à la « We-ness Coding Scale » (Reid) et à une analyse de contenu thématique de la vie intime et sexuelle.
Résultats : Pour trois couples, l’analyse de contenu des entretiens montre un lien entre un niveau élevé du sens du « we-disease » et la résilience sexuelle du couple. Pour les deux autres couples, nous n’observons pas de lien entre le niveau du sens du « we-disease » et la résilience sexuelle. Des antécédents individuels — propres à la patiente et à son partenaire — et dyadiques, pourraient en partie expliquer nos observations.
Conclusion : De futures recherches, menées avec des échantillons de population plus conséquents, pourraient permettre d’étudier plus précisément le lien entre le sens du « we-ness, we-disease » et un modèle de résilience sexuelle des couples, après un cancer du sein.
Anatomical study of the thoracolumbar radiculomedullary arteries, including the Adamkiewicz artery and supporting radiculomedullary arteries
Authors: Alvernia Jorge E. , Simon Emile , Khandelwal Krishnakant , Ramos Cara D. , Perkins Eddie , Kim Patrick , Mertens Patrick , Messina Raffaella , Luzardo Gustavo , Diaz Orlando 
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this paper was to identify and characterize all the segmental radiculomedullary arteries (RMAs) that supply the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

METHODS
All RMAs from T4 to L5 were studied systematically in 25 cadaveric specimens. The RMA with the greatest diameter in each specimen was termed the artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA). Other supporting RMAs were also identified and characterized.

RESULTS
A total of 27 AKAs were found in 25 specimens. Twenty-two AKAs (81%) originated from a left thoracic or a left lumbar radicular branch, and 5 (19%) arose from the right. Two specimens (8%) had two AKAs each: one specimen with two AKAs on the left side and the other specimen with one AKA on each side. Eight cadaveric specimens (32%) had 10 additional RMAs; among those, a single additional RMA was found in 6 specimens (75%), and 2 additional RMAs were found in each of the remaining 2 specimens (25%). Of those specimens with a single additional RMA, the supporting RMA was ipsilateral to the AKA in 5 specimens (83%) and contralateral in only 1 specimen (17%). The specimens containing 2 additional RMAs were all (100%) ipsilateral to their respective AKAs.

CONCLUSIONS
The segmental RMAs supplying the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord can be unilateral, bilateral, or multiple. Multiple AKAs or additional RMAs supplying a single anterior spinal artery are common and should be considered when dealing with the spinal cord at the thoracolumbar level.