bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Thermal Conductivity of Fluids
Authors: Schmidt A. F. , Spurlock B. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper an apparatus is developed which is capable of measuring the thermal conductivity of gases, vapors, and liquids over a wide range of temperatures. A compensating-type hot-wire apparatus was employed to make absolute thermal-conductivity determinations of various fluids; in particular, air was used to check the agreement of experimental results between previous investigations and the present one. In addition, the thermal conductivities of furfural vapor and liquid were measured in order to supplement existing data in the field of heat conduction with results of considerable industrial importance.
The Thermal Conductivities of Some Organic Liquids
Authors: Dick M. F. , McCready D. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A horizontal parallel plate apparatus was designed and constructed for the measurement of thermal conductivities of liquids. The liquid was held as a thin circular disk while the heat flux was downward through the liquid disk. The thickness of the liquid can be varied so the effect of thickness can be studied. The precision of the instrument is such that the results are within 1 per cent of the mean value. The thermal conductivities of nineteen liquid organic compounds were determined at 20 and 60 C. The compounds included isomeric ethers of varying structure, some esters of varying structure, and a hydrocarbon. All theoretical equations and empirical correlations for the prediction of the thermal conductivities of liquids were tested using the thermal conductivities of the nineteen liquids. The only available physical characteristic which would correlate the experimental results was the ASTM viscosity slope, and compounds containing rings did not correlate in this case. The experimental results were found to correlate best with the number of atoms in the longest chain. Corrections can be made for the effects of side chains and rings.
Mechanical Analog-Computing Elements and Their Applications to Automatic Control
Authors: Piatt Alvin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper some representative mechanical computing elements are described. The manner in which these computing elements can be utilized in computing systems applicable to the automatic control of industrial processes also is discussed. As examples of the way in which these mechanical computing elements can be used in computers, a computing flowmeter and a multi-element controller for a heat-transfer process are described.
Proportional Control of Rate-Type Servomotors
Authors: Shearer J. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Optimum proportional control of various kinds of rate-type servomotors having second-order lag effects has been determined by means of an electronic-analog study. The results of this study, presented in the form of non-dimensional graphs, establish the conditions for obtaining the fastest closed-loop response with no overshoot and closed-loop response with 20 per cent overshoot. Information relating to the speed of response associated with optimum control also is given graphically. It is shown that the results of this work may be applied likewise to the floating control of second-order processes.
The Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity, and Prandtl Number for Air, O2, N2, NO, H2, CO, CO2, H2O, He, and A
Authors: Hilsenrath Joseph , Touloukian Y. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The low-pressure viscosity and heat-transfer parameters —thermal conductivity and Prandtl number—are tabulated for air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, steam, and helium. The values reported are based on recent critical correlations of the thermodynamic and transport properties of these gases at the National Bureau of Standards. The properties are tabulated for atmospheric pressure and extend from 100 K (180 R) to as high as 2000 K (3600 R) in some instances. The effect of pressure on the viscosity is presented in tabular form for oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, steam, carbon dioxide, and argon for pressures up to 100 atm in the experimental range of temperatures. The Prandtl numbers for air given in this work are compared with existing published and unpublished values which are in extensive use. Plots are included showing the scatter among the experimental data and deviations between them and the tabulated values. They present a very clear picture of the extent and concordance of the experimental data. A nomogram is included for obtaining fractional powers of the Prandtl number.
Stability of Gas Flow in a Tube as Related to Vertical Annular Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Laird A. D. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A model study of the pressure drop in the gas column of an upward annular gas-liquid flow system is described. The models were two rubber tubes with walls oscillating as axisymmetric standing waves. Pressure drops were shown to increase rapidly with increase of wave length, wave amplitude, and wave frequency. The mathematical analysis of the system was extended.
A Bibliography of the Frequency-Response Method as Applied to Automatic-Feedback-Control Systems
Authors: Fuchs A. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The frequency-response method has grown from its beginning during World War II to its present position as the principal method of analyzing and synthesizing automatic-feedback-control systems. This growth can be traced by an examination of the pertinent published material. Dividing this material into fields of interest, such as, Basic Theory; Nonlinear Systems; Books; Applications—Autopilot, Process Control, Components, and so on, makes it possible to study the development of these diverse aspects of the frequency-response method.
Determination of Transient Response From Frequency Response
Authors: Leonhard A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When calculating the transient response of a control loop by means of the classical differential-equation method, the solution of the characteristic equation and the determination of the integration constants becomes extremely difficult for complicated configurations. If the operational calculus, i.e., the Laplace transformation, is applied, the constants of integration are produced automatically as long as definite but meaningful initial conditions are assumed, and the calculating work is simplified considerably. Even with this method, however, the roots of the characteristic equation must still be found. This presupposes that the equation can be expressed analytically, and that it can be solved, which is not always the case, as for example, if the equation is transcendental. Graphical methods have been developed for such cases, which allow the determination of the transient output response with sufficient approximation and with a moderate amount of calculating work. These methods, based on the frequency response, will be treated in detail in this paper, and their practical application will be demonstrated by means of a few problems.
A Uniform Approach to the Optimum Adjustment of Control Loops
Authors: Oldenbourg R. C. , Sartorius Hans 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper describes the common aspects of the problems encountered in achieving optimal adjustment in all fields of automatic control. With the aid of a linear and a quadratic measure of error the general principles are obtained by considering the output behavior that follows a normalized disturbance of the equilibrium. After examining the advantages and disadvantages of these methods as well as the limits of their applicability, a method to be termed “practical optimum” is suggested, which combines general applicability with simplicity of practical handling.
A Statistical Approach to Servomechanisms and Regulators
Authors: Pélegrin M. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The servo field is developing rapidly in all of its aspects. The methods presently used are based upon the theory of analytic functions and consist mainly of the study of the system subjected to steady sine-wave disturbances. Recently it has been proved that, in certain cases, it is possible to compute the system directly from statistical data concerning inputs (inputs composed of “orders” and “disturbances”). The paper first reviews the results that were obtained recently by the author in this field. A particular servocircuit is computed by statistical methods, and the output autocorrelation function of a relay also is obtained. Classical and statistical methods are then used in the analysis of a variable-inertia regulator. The principal properties of the variable-inertia regulator are derived for the cases where the inertia is controlled through an external source of power and where the inertia is self-adjusted by a passive network.
Stability Characteristics of Closed-Loop Systems With Dead Band
Authors: Thomas C. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method of analyzing closed-loop systems under cyclic motion of the self-sustaining type, as caused by the presence of dead band. One common form of dead band considered occurs in mechanical linkages in conjunction with spring action, inertia, and viscous damping. The analysis is shown to be facilitated by means of an equivalent system representation. Simpler types of dead band, derivable from the more complex case, are considered. Stability criteria are developed, and the conditions are established under which sustained oscillations occur. The frequency and amplitude of oscillation may be predicted satisfactorily. Furthermore, the results are in a form which clearly indicates ways of suppressing the undesirable oscillations. One way of eliminating the hunting caused by dead band is shown. In support of the analysis the results of a differential-analyzer study are presented.
Reduced COVID-19 severity elicited by weight loss from a medically supervised ketogenic diet in a geographically diverse ambulatory population with type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Volk Brittanie M , Roberts Caroline G P , VanTieghem Michelle , George M Patricia , Adams Rebecca N , Athinarayanan Shaminie J , McKenzie Amy L 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate factors associated with COVID-19 severity in ambulatory individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity treated with a medically supervised ketogenic diet (MSKD).Research design and methodsIn this real-world, retrospective, exploratory analysis, multivariate modelling was used to assess clinical factors associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in a geographically diverse outpatient population with T2DM treated virtually.ResultsLeading up to COVID-19 onset, non-hospitalised patients had higher average ketones (0.64 vs 0.52 mmol/L; p=0.016) and greater weight loss (6.8% vs 4.2%; p=0.009) compared with those hospitalised. Greater weight loss was significantly associated with lower likelihood of hospitalisation (adjusted OR=0.91, p=0.005), controlling for enrolment demographics and medical characteristics.ConclusionsTherapies such as MSKD, which elicit rapid, significant weight loss, may favourably impact COVID-19 hospitalisation rate and severity in individuals with T2DM and obesity.
Self-reported contraceptive use and satisfaction among women accessing telemedicine medical abortion at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic at 3–6-month follow-up
Authors: Vianello Margherita , Reynolds-Wright John Joseph , Cameron Sharon 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundChanges in legislation due to COVID-19 led to the introduction of telemedicine for early medical abortion (EMA) at home in Scotland. The opportunity to provide contraception at presentation may be more limited with this model of care. We compared contraceptive use immediately post-abortion with 3–6 months later to determine if contraceptive needs were being met.MethodsWe contacted 579 women by telephone call or text message who agreed to be involved in a service evaluation of telemedicine EMA in NHS Lothian at 3–6 months post-abortion. A research nurse administered a questionnaire on the women's current contraception use. The research nurses also offered women support in switching or initiating contraception via the abortion service if desired.ResultsThe response rate to the contact was 57% (331/579). Under a third of the women (30%, 98/331) were using the progestogen-only pill (POP) at 3–6 month follow-up, a significant decrease (p<0.00) compared with 65% (215/331) who were provided with POP at the time of abortion. Thirty-nine women (12%) were provided with contraception through this telephone contact, leading to a significant increase in the proportion using subdermal implants, the progestogen injectable or intrauterine contraception.ConclusionsThis study shows that there was a decrease in the use of the POP 3–6 months after telemedicine EMA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telephone contact at 3–6 months to facilitate obtaining contraception may be a promising strategy to improve access to effective methods with this model of abortion care.
Fermion mass hierarchies and mixings in B − L model with Δ(27) × Z4 symmetry
Authors: Vien V. V. 
Published: July 2022

In this study, a gauge [Formula: see text] model with [Formula: see text] symmetry is suggested to explain the fermion masses, mixings and hierarchies. We show that the Yukawa couplings in the lepton and quark sectors reach a range only about two orders of magnitude. The smallness of the light neutrino masses, fermion masses and mixings is obtained via the type-I seesaw mechanism. The model is predictive since it can reproduce the realistic lepton and quark mixing patterns, as well as predict the effective neutrino parameters of [Formula: see text] eV and [Formula: see text] eV which are highly consistent with the recent constraints.
Witten index for weak supersymmetric systems: Invariance under deformations
Authors: Smilga Andrei 
Published: July 2022

When a 4D supersymmetric theory is placed on [Formula: see text], the supersymmetric algebra is necessarily modified to [Formula: see text] and we are dealing with a weak supersymmetric system. For such systems, the excited states of the Hamiltonian are not all paired. As a result, the Witten index [Formula: see text] is no longer an integer number, but a [Formula: see text]-dependent function. However, this function stays invariant under deformations of the theory that keep the supersymmetry algebra intact. Based on the Hilbert space analysis, we give a simple general proof of this fact. We then show how this invariance works for two simplest weak supersymmetric quantum mechanical systems involving a real or a complex bosonic degree of freedom.
Cancer among Immigrants: Diverse Histories, Diverse Disparities, Diverse Opportunities to Promote Equity
Authors: Dee Edward Christopher , Gomez Scarlett Lin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractImmigrants–people who live in a country different from their country of birth–constitute approximately 250 million people globally. Migrants are diverse in their reasons for immigration, ranging from those who are forced to flee their home country for survival, to those seeking a better life. Migrants face diverse barriers in access to care. Therefore, it is critical in the context of cancer health to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of cancer amongst migrants to inform policy, screening, and management.In this issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, Yu and colleagues evaluate patterns in the incidence of infection-associated cancers–cancers of the stomach, liver, and cervix–amongst migrants in Australia. They demonstrate that the incidence of infection-related cancers is heterogeneous amongst immigrant populations, underscoring the value of studies that disaggregate groups in ways that reflect the diversity amongst these groups.In this editorial, we contextualize the work of Yu and colleagues in the setting of studies exploring cancer health amongst migrants in various parts of the world. We call attention to disparities in risk factors, prevention, screening, and access to care. Finally, we call on the research and medical communities to work to elucidate their diverse stories, understand their diverse disparities, and act upon diverse opportunities to promote equity.See related article by Yu et al., p. 1394
Multiomic Characterization of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma Enables High-Resolution Patient Stratification
Authors: Hollis Robert L. , Meynert Alison M. , Michie Caroline O. , Rye Tzyvia , Churchman Michael , Hallas-Potts Amelia , Croy Ian , McCluggage W. Glenn , Williams Alistair R.W. , Bartos Clare , Iida Yasushi , Okamoto Aikou , Dougherty Brian , Barrett J. Carl , March Ruth , Matakidou Athena , Roxburgh Patricia , Semple Colin A. , Harkin D. Paul , Kennedy Richard , Herrington C. Simon , Gourley Charlie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurpose:High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most common ovarian cancer type; most patients experience disease recurrence that accumulates chemoresistance, leading to treatment failure. Genomic and transcriptomic features have been associated with differential outcome and treatment response. However, the relationship between events at the gene sequence, copy number, and gene-expression levels remains poorly defined.Experimental Design:We perform multiomic characterization of a large HGSOC cohort (n = 362) with detailed clinical annotation to interrogate the relationship between patient subgroups defined by specific molecular events.Results:BRCA2-mutant (BRCA2m) and EMSY-overexpressing cases demonstrated prolonged survival [multivariable hazard ratios (HR) 0.40 and 0.51] and significantly higher first- and second-line chemotherapy response rate. CCNE1-gained (CCNE1g) cases demonstrated underrepresentation of FIGO stage IV cases, with shorter survival but no significant difference in treatment response. We demonstrate marked overlap between the TCGA- and Tothill-derived subtypes. IMR/C2 cases displayed higher BRCA1/2m frequency (25.5%, 32.5%) and significantly greater immune cell infiltration, whereas PRO/C5 cases had the highest CCNE1g rate (23.9%, 22.2%) and were uniformly low in immune cell infiltration. The survival benefit for cases with aberrations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes was apparent across all transcriptomic subtypes (HR range, 0.48–0.68). There was significant co-occurrence of RB loss and HRR gene aberrations; RB loss was further associated with favorable survival within HRR-aberrant cases (multivariable HR, 0.50).Conclusions:These data paint a high-resolution picture of the molecular landscape in HGSOC, better defining patients who may benefit most from specific molecular therapeutics and highlighting those for whom novel treatment strategies are needed to improve outcomes.
FDA Approval Summary: Belzutifan for von Hippel-Lindau Disease–Associated Tumors
Authors: Fallah Jaleh , Brave Michael H. , Weinstock Chana , Mehta Gautam U. , Bradford Diana , Gittleman Haley , Bloomquist Erik W. , Charlab Rosane , Hamed Salaheldin S. , Miller Claudia P. , Dorff Sarah E. , Chambers Wiley A. , Mixter Bronwyn D. , Dinin Jeannette , Pierce William F. , Ricks Tiffany K. , Tang Shenghui , Donoghue Martha , Pazdur Richard , Amiri-Kordestani Laleh , Ibrahim Amna , Beaver Julia A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
On August 13, 2021, the FDA approved belzutifan (WELIREG, Merck), a first-in-class hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitor for adult patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease who require therapy for associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC), central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas, or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), not requiring immediate surgery. The FDA granted approval based on the clinically meaningful effects on overall response rate (ORR) observed in patients enrolled in Study MK-6482-004. All 61 patients had VHL-associated RCC; some also had CNS hemangioblastomas and/or pNET. For VHL disease–associated RCC, ORR was 49% [95% confidence interval (CI), 36–62], median duration of response (DoR) was not reached, 56% of responders had DoR ≥12 months, and median time to response was 8 months. Twenty-four patients had measurable CNS hemangioblastomas with an ORR of 63% (95% CI, 41–81), and 12 patients had measurable pNET with an ORR of 83% (95% CI, 52–98). For these tumors, median DoR was not reached, with 73% and 50% of patients having response durations ≥12 months for CNS hemangioblastomas and pNET, respectively. The most common adverse reactions, including laboratory abnormalities, reported in ≥20% were anemia, fatigue, increased creatinine, headache, dizziness, increased glucose, and nausea. Belzutifan can render some hormonal contraceptives ineffective and can cause embryo-fetal harm during pregnancy. This article summarizes the data and the FDA thought process supporting traditional approval of belzutifan for this indication.
Combination Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biomarkers and Unmet Needs
Authors: Cappuyns Sarah , Llovet Josep M. 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThe novel combination of checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD(L)1 pathway and anti-VEGFA therapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, biomarkers predictive of response to these therapies are still lacking, representing a major clinical challenge.See related articles by Zhang et al., p. 3499, and Zhu et al., p. 3537
The development of physics learning tools to improve critical thinking skills
Authors: Wenno Izaak Hendrik , Limba Anatasija , Silahoy Yessy Greintje Marged 
Published: July 2022

<span lang="EN-US">One of the essential physics skills for students in today's era is critical thinking skills. This study offered physics learning tools with a scientific approach to improve critical thinking skills. The purpose of this research was to produce learning documents in the form of lesson plans, teaching materials, and Lorentz force physics test instruments with a scientific approach in improving students' critical thinking skills. This was research and development with a 4D model and steps, including the defining stage, namely the initial stage, to identify the problem. Then, the designing stage was carried out by developing the initial draft of learning tools and research instruments. Afterwards, the developing stage was the initial draft of the improvement stage based on the validation of experts, practitioners, limited trial, and piloted. The data collection instruments in this study consisted of validation sheets, test instruments to measure the implementation of teaching materials, observation sheets to observe teacher and student activities, tests to measure critical thinking skills, and questionnaire responses. The results proved that learning tools developed with a scientific approach improve students' critical thinking skills. Thus, scientific-based physics learning tools is recommended to be used as teaching materials for physics students to improve students' critical thinking skills. </span>