bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National adaptation and implementation of WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Peacocke Elizabeth F. , Myhre Sonja L. , Foss Hakan Safaralilo , Gopinathan Unni 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundThe World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines (WHO EML) has played a critical role in guiding the country-level selection and financing of medicines for more than 4 decades. It continues to be a relevant evidence-based policy that can support universal health coverage (UHC) and access to essential medicines. The objective of this review was to identify factors affecting adaptation and implementation of WHO EML at the national level.Methods and findingsWe conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis by searching 10 databases (including CINAHL, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) through October 2021. Primary qualitative studies focused on country-level implementation of WHO EML were included. The qualitative findings were populated in the Supporting the Use of Research Evidence (SURE) framework, and key themes were identified through an iterative process. We appraised the papers using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool and assessed our confidence in the findings using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group-Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual). We screened 1,567 unique citations, reviewed 183 full texts, and included 23 studies, from 30 settings. Non-English studies and experiences and perceptions of stakeholders published in gray literature were not collected.Our findings centered around 3 main ideas pertaining to national adaptation and implementation of WHO EML: (1) the importance of designing institutions, governance, and leadership for national medicines lists (NMLs), particularly the consideration of transparency, coordination capacity, legislative mechanisms, managing regional differences, and clinical guidance; (2) the capacity to manage evidence to inform NML updates, including processes for contextualizing global evidence, utilizing local data and expert knowledge, and assessing budget impact, to which locally relevant cost-effectiveness information plays an important role; and (3) the influence of NML on purchasing and prescribing by altering provider incentives, through linkages to systems for financing and procurement and donor influence.ConclusionsThis qualitative evidence synthesis underscores the complexity and interdependencies inherent to implementation of WHO EML. To maximize the value of NMLs, greater investments should be made in processes and institutions that are needed to support various stages of the implementation pathway from global norms to adjusting prescribed behavior. Moreover, further research on linkages between NMLs, procurement, and the availability of medicines will provide additional insight into optimal NML implementation.Protocol registryPROSPEROCRD42018104112
Midlife alcohol consumption and later life cognitive impairment: Light drinking is not protective and APOE genotype does not change this relationship
Authors: Chosy E. Julia , Edland Steven , Launer Lenore , White Lon R. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction
Much debate exists about the role of light to moderate alcohol intake and subsequent cognitive function. The apolipoprotein E genotype may modify the relationship.

Methods
Using data from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, a longitudinal population-based cohort (n = 2,416), Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to measure midlife alcohol intake (average age = 52 years) and later life cognitive function (average age = 87 years) and to explore the role of apolipoprotein E genotype.

Results
No protective effect of light drinking (>1 drink/month– 1 drink/day) or moderate drinking (>1–2 drinks/day) was observed in the cohort in adjusted models (HR = 1.013, CI:0.88–1.16; HR = 1.104, CI:0.91–1.34, respectively). Heavy drinking (>2–4 drinks/day) and very heavy drinking (>4 drinks/day) increased the risk for incident moderate cognitive impairment (HR = 1.355, CI:1.09–1.68; HR = 1.462, CI:1.04–2.05, respectively). When examining the relationship by apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status, a similar dose-response pattern was observed in both groups with higher hazard ratios for those carrying at least one copy of the apolipoprotein E ℇ4 allele. As alcohol level increased, the age at incident moderate cognitive impairment decreased, especially among those with at least one apolipoprotein E ℇ4 allele.

Discussion
We did not observe a significant protective effect for light to moderate drinking in midlife and subsequent cognitive impairment in this cohort. Heavy drinking increased the risk for moderate cognitive impairment and decreased the age at incidence, as did carrying at least one allele of the apolipoprotein E ℇ4 gene.
Influence of pregnancy related anthropometric changes on plantar pressure distribution during gait—A follow-up study
Authors: Masłoń Agata , Suder Agnieszka , Curyło Marta , Frączek Barbara , Salamaga Marcin , Ivanenko Yuri , Forczek-Karkosz Wanda 
Published: March 2022

Background
As foot constitutes the base of support for the whole body, the pregnancy-related anthropometric changes can result in adaptive plantar pressure alterations. The present study aimed to investigate how pregnancy affects foot loading pattern in gait, and if it is related to body adjustments to growing foetus that occur in the course of pregnancy.

Methods
A prospective longitudinal study included 30 women. Three experimental sessions in accordance with the same procedure were carried out in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. First, the anthropometric measures of the body mass and waist circumference were taken. Then walking trials at a self-selected speed along a ~6-m walkway were registered with the FreeMED force platform (Sensor Medica, Italy). Vertical foot pressure was recorded by the force plate located in the middle of the walkway.

Findings
The correlation of individual foot loading parameters across different trimesters was relatively high. Nevertheless, our results revealed a longitudinal foot arch flattening with the strongest effect in late pregnancy (P = 0.01). The anthropometric characteristics also influenced the foot loading pattern depending on the phase of pregnancy. In particular, arch flattening correlated with the body mass in all trimesters (r≥0.44, P≤0.006) while the medial-lateral loading index correlated only in the first (r = 0.45, P = 0.005) and second (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) trimesters. Waist circumference changes significantly influenced dynamic arch flattening but only in the late pregnancy (r≥0.46, P≤0.004). In the third trimester, a small though significant increase in the right foot angle was observed (P = 0.01).

Interpretation
The findings provided the characteristics of the relative foot areas loading throughout pregnancy. Growing abdominal size increases the risk of medial arch flattening, which can result in less stable gait. The observed increase in foot angle in late pregnancy may constitute a strategy to enhance gait stability.
Genetic variants associated with sepsis
Authors: Engoren Milo , Jewell Elizabeth S. , Douville Nicholas , Moser Stephanie , Maile Michael D. , Bauer Melissa E. 
Published: March 2022

Background
The variable presentations and different phenotypes of sepsis suggest that risk of sepsis comes from many genes each having a small effect. The cumulative effect can be used to create individual risk profile. The purpose of this study was to create a polygenic risk score and determine the genetic variants associated with sepsis.

Methods
We sequenced ~14 million single nucleotide polymorphisms with a minimac imputation quality R2>0.3 and minor allele frequency >10−6 in patients with Sepsis-2 or Sepsis-3. Genome-wide association was performed using Firth bias-corrected logistic regression. Semi-parsimonious logistic regression was used to create polygenic risk scores and reduced regression to determine the genetic variants independently associated with sepsis.

Findings
2261 patients had sepsis and 13,068 control patients did not. The polygenic risk scores had good discrimination: c-statistic = 0.752 ± 0.005 for Sepsis-2 and 0.752 ± 0.007 for Sepsis-3. We found 772 genetic variants associated with Sepsis-2 and 442 with Sepsis-3, p<0.01. After multivariate adjustment, 100 variants on 85 genes were associated with Sepsis-2 and 69 variants in 54 genes with Sepsis-3. Twenty-five variants were present in both the Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 groups out of 32 genes that were present in both groups. The other 7 genes had different variants present. Most variants had small effect sizes.

Conclusions
Sepsis-2 and Sepsis-3 have both separate and shared genetic variants. Most genetic variants have small effects sizes, but cumulatively, the polygenic risk scores have good discrimination.
3-D cephalometry of the the orbit regarding endocrine orbitopathy, exophthalmos, and sex
Authors: Hierl Konstantin Volker , Krause Matthias , Kruber Daniel , Sterker Ina 
Published: March 2022

PurposeThis study aimed at evaluating the orbital anatomy of patients concerning the relevance of orbital anatomy in the etiology of EO (endocrine orbitopathy) and exophthalmos utilizing a novel approach regarding three-dimensional measurements. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in orbital anatomy was analyzed.MethodsOrbital anatomy of 123 Caucasian patients (52 with EO, 71 without EO) was examined using computed tomographic data and FAT software for 3-D cephalometry. Using 56 anatomical landmarks, 20 angles and 155 distances were measured. MEDAS software was used for performing connected and unconnected t-tests and Spearman´s rank correlation test to evaluate interrelations and differences.ResultsOrbital anatomy was highly symmetrical with a mean side difference of 0.3 mm for distances and 0.6° for angles. There was a small albeit statistically significant difference in 13 out of 155 distances in women and 1 in men concerning patients with and without EO. Two out of 12 angles showed a statistically significant difference between female patients with and without EO. Regarding sex, statistically significant differences occurred in 39 distances, orbit volume, orbit surface, and 2 angles. On average, measurements were larger in men. Concerning globe position within the orbit, larger distances to the orbital apex correlated with larger orbital dimensions whereas the sagittal position of the orbital rim defined Hertel values.ConclusionIn this study, little difference in orbital anatomy between patients with and without EO was found. Concerning sex, orbital anatomy differed significantly with men presenting larger orbital dimensions. Regarding clinically measured exophthalmos, orbital aperture anatomy is an important factor which has to be considered in distinguishing between true exophthalmos with a larger distance between globe and orbital apex and pseudoexophthalmos were only the orbital rim is retruded. Thus, orbital anatomy may influence therapy regarding timing and surgical procedures as it affects exophthalmos.
Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web, Joseph M. Reagle (2015)
Authors: Jedrzejczyk Mark 
Published: March 2022

Review of: Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web, Joseph M. Reagle (2015)
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 208 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-26202-893-6, p/bk, $9.99, Kindle, $9.99
Supporting the evaluation of academic practices
Authors: Austen Liz 
Published: March 2022

In this paper, ten principles for evaluating blended teaching and learning in an age of Covid-19 (Austen 2020) are discussed with specific suggestions for academic practice/practitioners; Evaluation Strategy, Student Involvement, Rationale for Change, Comparisons, Data Types, Standards of Evidence, Indicators of Success, Evaluation Research, Review, Resource and Capacity. The initial reflections (July 2020) focused on supporting the higher education sector with institution-wide evaluations, as this was the strategic and regulatory pressure at that time. However, institutional evaluations are only possible if they are fed by a local evidence base. In this opinion piece, the ten evaluative principles are reframed to encourage evaluative thinking by academic practitioners, and particularly those defined as early adopters. This piece encourages institutions and practitioners to reframe an emphasis on evaluation methods into a critical space of evaluative thinking whilst appreciating the contingent factors of their institution and its stakeholders.
Harnessing online course development skills: A crisis- prompted but carefully planned EAP course
Authors: Macdiarmid Carole , Rolinska Anna 
Published: March 2022

This paper explores how lessons learned from developing blended and fully online courses were employed in the momentous move to online delivery in the late spring and summer of 2020. Our context was one in which, rather than having to get through to the end of semester, we were embarking on what would normally be large-scale intensive academic English courses which would run throughout the summer. While the pivot online did mean as Gacs et al. (2020, p. 380) says ‘crisis‐prompted remote teaching’, our previous experiences enabled us to provide effective, principled templates to support course designers, and teachers who would deliver courses. Drawing on principles of effective online learning, constructive and social constructivist pedagogies for both language and content learning, we show how these flipped courses were planned and scaffolded. We also illustrate how teacher induction incorporates not only pedagogical and content knowledge but also technical knowledge, thus starting to address aspects of Mishra and Koehler’s (2006) technical, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPCK) framework. Support for teachers was also provided by organising teams of teachers with a variety of experience. There was a deliberate emphasis on peer planning and discussions of lessons, thus ensuring opportunities to share expertise and to meet the need for social interactions for teachers.
The resulting courses were quite different from the face-to face classroom-heavy immersive learning provision. Yet our reflection will show how the careful but essentially simple approaches used in course design afforded engaging and ultimately very successful outcomes. While we will reflect on aspects that need further development, these can be built on as colleagues develop the skills and confidence to continue online delivery. This paper, then, aims to show that essential skills sets can be developed with relatively minimal but carefully thought out principled, structured and streamlined support from the outset.
Computer-based examinations: unearthing exam invigilators’ perspectives, tacit work-related knowledge, and skills via reflection-on-experience
Authors: Minott Mark A 
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this small qualitative study is two-fold: first, to show how ‘reflection-on-experience’ enacted through interviews can unearth the tacit work-related knowledge and skills exam invigilators developed on the job and second, to continue redressing the lack of attention given to invigilators in the research literature. To collect data, interviews were conducted. Responses were analysed to reach interpretation and answer research questions.
Interview results revealed participants viewed invigilating computer-based examinations as either ‘easy’ or ‘demanding’. They displayed knowing: the facets or procedures of exam invigilation (timekeeping, giving instructions, rest, or toilet breaks), the characteristics of the students (special educational needs—SEN), and computer and operational knowledge—such as knowing about a USB stick and deleting a document, and who to call and when in case there is a problem with a computer. Participants also displayed procedural skills (discretely directing students to the toilet and computer-troubleshooting) and intangible skills (mental flexibility, care, and creativity).
This study shows, through a critical discussion of the literature, coupled with the findings that invigilators learn on the job, i.e., they developed work-related knowledge and skills. This knowledge and skills are often implicit or tacit and may remain that way if not given an opportunity, via reflection, to be made explicit.
Preparing to teach online before and during emergency pandemic teaching: staff perceptions and future directions
Authors: Clapp Alison 
Published: March 2022

Online teaching, using internet-based resources with students at a distance, could be described as an innovation when compared to the traditional in-person teaching carried out by universities. This makes Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory useful for examining the factors that enable this mode of teaching to be used, including staff development. Teaching online requires different techniques to teaching in campus-based courses to provide good student engagement. Transition to online teaching can be a daunting experience if development of online teaching skills and knowledge is poor, or absent. This study aimed to investigate practices and perceptions of efficacy in staff development with surveys, utilising staff replies to suggest future provision of staff training, in terms of Rogers’ theory. The study objectives were to elucidate from staff what training was received prior to their transition to online teaching, their opinions on its effectiveness, other specific training they consider necessary and timeliness of current provision. Two groups were surveyed. The pre-COVID-19 group (22 staff), the innovators, taught online distance masters students in a UK medical school Graduate School. The COVID-19 emergency teaching group (27 staff) normally taught in-person masters courses and could be considered Rogers’ late adopters. Thematic analysis of comments revealed that for both cohorts training was hit and miss, with some feeling adequately trained and others struggling with the new mode. Clear knowledge of who to ask for help, with education technologists as innovation champions, provided confidence in teaching, as did the availability of exemplars of good practice. Barriers to teaching confidence came from lack of support and time for training. Future training provision with technologists acting as innovation champions and support from them and early adopters as mentors is suggested, with staff working relationally together.
Characterization of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in patients with mild hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Lin Yong , Yan Gengjie , Feng Feng , Wang Minggang , Long Fuli 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mild micro-hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a severe complication of cirrhosis. At present, there are differences in the consistency of detection strategies and treatment directions for MHE. The characteristic changes in intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in MHE patients and the possible relevant interaction mechanisms would inevitably affect the developmental direction of MHE. Therefore, the changes in the characteristics of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites of MHE patients were determined, and the possible interactions between them were analyzed. Stool and serum tests were performed on both the MHE patients and healthy individuals. The 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to analyze the differences in intestinal microbiota in MHE patients. The serum metabolites were detected using liquid LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) technology, and the differences in the metabolic networks of blood metabolites in MHE patients were analyzed. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis approach was adopted to identify the composition and characteristics of microbiota and serum metabolites and the possible correlation between them. The main characteristics of the structural imbalance in the intestinal microbiota of MHE patients included a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria at the levels of phylum, class, order, family, and genus and an increase in the pathogenic bacteria, resulting in substantial changes in the relative abundances of bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. The main predicted functions that showed significant differences included chromosome, amino acid-related enzymes, methane metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. The detection of serum metabolites resulted in 10 different metabolites, including taurocholic acid, citrulline, d-phenyl-lactic acid, l-tyrosine, benzoate, phenylalanine, linoleic acid, eicosapedienic acid, alpha-dimorphecolic acid, and dehydroepiandrosterone. The subsequent metabolite pathways analysis showed differences in the metabolism of linoleic acid, phenyl-propane, caffeine, arginine, proline, glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and pyrimidine compared to the control group. In summary, it seems that the changes in the microbiome that we have identified have resulted in corresponding changes to the serum metabolome. In turn, this may represent changes in the absorption of metabolites from the gut or reflect the changed metabolic capacity of the MHE liver or both. There were characteristic changes in the intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites in the MHE patients. There might be a related interaction mechanism between the two, which would provide evidence and direction for the detection and treatment strategies of MHE.
Entwicklung eines modularen, digitalen Shopfloor-Management Modells
Authors: Kandler Magnus , Kieback Florian , Voigt Jaakob , Lanza Gisela 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Die Weiterentwicklung des Shopfloor Managements (SFM) durch die zunehmende Digitalisierung in der Produktion stellt viele Unternehmen vor große Herausforderungen. Vielen Unternehmen fehlt eine Orientierungshilfe für den Digitalisierungs- und Transformationsprozess. Es bedarf eines Reifegradmodells, welches die Digitalisierung des SFM in den Unternehmen unterstützt. Mithilfe der Einordnung in das Reifegradmodell kann den Unternehmen eine Orientierung gegeben werden, Maßnahmen auf dem Weg zum Zielzustand des digitalen SFM zu bestimmen. Der Beitrag stellt neben dem Reifegradmodell auch Studienergebnisse deutscher Unternehmen dar, welche an der Reifegradeinordnung teilgenommen haben.