bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of the characteristics of energetic electrons outside LCFS in EXL-50 spherical torus
Authors: Guo Dong , Shi Yuejiang , Liu Wenjun , Song Yunyang , Sun Tiantian , Liu Bing , Li Yingying , Tian Xiaorang , Zhang Guosong , Xie Huasheng , Peng Y-K Martin , Liu Minsheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Significant number of confined energetic electrons have been observed outside of the LCFS (last-closed flux surface) of EXL-50’s solenoid-free electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) sustained plasmas. Several measurement technologies have been applied to verify the key characteristics of energetic electrons for the first time. Experiments reveal that the presence of high-temperature, low-density electrons can carry relatively large quantities of the stored energy. The boundary between the thermal plasma and the energetic fluid is clearly separated and the distance between the two boundaries can reach tens of centimeters (around the size of the minor radius of the thermal plasma). This implies that the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium is not adequate to describe the equilibrium of EXL-50 plasma and a multi-fluid model is required. Particle simulations of full orbits show that energetic electrons can be well confined outside the LCFS. This is consistent with the experimental observations.
Direct laser acceleration of electrons from a plasma mirror by an intense few-cycle Laguerre–Gaussian laser and its dependence on the carrier-envelope phase
Authors: Pae Ki Hong , Kim Chul Min , Pathak Vishwa Bandhu , Ryu Chang-Mo , Nam Chang Hee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A direct acceleration scheme to generate high-energy, high-charge electron beams with an intense few-cycle Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser pulse was investigated using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. In this scheme, an intense LG laser pulse was irradiated onto a solid density plasma slab. When the laser pulse is reflected, electrons on the target front surface are injected into the longitudinal electric field of the laser and accelerated further. We found that the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of the few-cycle laser pulse plays a key role in the electron injection and acceleration process. Using a three-cycle LG laser pulse with

a

0

=
2

and an appropriate CEP, an about 60 pC electron beam could be obtained at a maximum energy of 16 MeV. In comparison, when a laser pulse with mismatched CEP was used, a total of 4 pC electron beam with a maximum energy of 3.5 MeV was obtained. Linear scaling of electron energy to the laser strength was shown up to

a

0

=
100

at which a quasi-monoenergetic electron beam of 850 MeV energy with a charge equal to 600 pC could be obtained. These results demonstrate that high-energy electron beams can be stably generated through direct laser acceleration using a CEP-controlled intense few-cycle LG laser pulse.
Statistical properties of ion and electron temperature fluctuations in the edge of the COMPASS tokamak
Authors: Cipciar D , Adamek J , Horacek J , Cavalier J , Hron M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents measurements of the plasma turbulence with an emphasis on the ion temperature fluctuations in comparison to the electron temperature and the ion saturation current fluctuations in the edge of the COMPASS tokamak. The ion temperature values are obtained by using a fast swept ball-pen probe, with temporal resolution up to 10 µs, accompanied by independent 1 µs measurements of the electron temperature and ion saturation current. The experimental results obtained for a wide range of line-averaged densities show that statistical properties of the fluctuations are in good agreement with a form of beta or gamma distribution function. In addition, the dependence of the averaged ion and electron temperatures on the line-averaged density is studied in the near and main scrape off layer region.
Multiparameter estimation for qubit states with collective measurements: a case study
Authors: Len Yink Loong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Quantum estimation involving multiple parameters remains an important problem of both theoretical and practical interest. In this work, we study the problem of simultaneous estimation of two parameters that are respectively associate with the length and direction of the Bloch vector for identically prepared qubit states that is confined to a plane, where in order to obtain the optimal estimation precision for both parameters, collective measurements on multiple qubits are necessary. Upon treating N qubits as an ensemble of spin-1/2 systems, we show that simultaneous optimal estimation for both parameters can be attained asymptotically with a simple collective measurement strategy—first, we estimate the length parameter by measuring the populations in spaces corresponding to different total angular momentum values j, then we estimate the direction parameter by performing a spin projection onto an optimal basis. Furthermore, we show that when the state is nearly pure, for sufficiently but not arbitrarily large N, most information will be captured in the largest three j-subspaces. Then, we study how the total angular-momentum measurement can be realized by observing output signatures from a Bell multiport setup, either exactly for N = 2, 3, or approximately when the qubits are nearly pure for other N values. We also obtain numerical results that suggest that using a Bell multiport setup, one can distinguish between projection onto the j = N/2 and j = N/2 − 1 subspaces from their respective interference signatures at the output.
Studies of EC pre-ionization in DIII-D to support development of ITER plasma initiation
Authors: Sinha J. , de Vries P.C. , Walker M.L. , Battaglia D.J. , Turco F. , Hyatt A. , Kim H.T. , Stober J. , Yoneda R. , Gribov Y. , Haskey S.R. , Bykov I. , Hollmann E. , Herfindal J.L. , Glass F. , Chen J. , McLean A. , the DIII-D Team  
Published: March 2022

Abstract
New experiments have been conducted at DIII-D to improve the physics understanding of plasma initiation assisted by electron cyclotron (EC) wave injection, allowing better extrapolation to ITER. This has been achieved by applying an EC pulse prior to start of the inductive plasma initiation (i.e. the generation of a loop voltage). A pre-plasma was formed during the EC pulse that was characterized in terms of the maximum density and temperature. Parametric scans were performed to study the influence of the EC injected power, EC injection angle, and pre-fill gas pressure on the pre-plasma creation process. These experiments showed that pre-ionized plasma of good quality can have a significant effect on the subsequent V
loop induced plasma initiation process, i.e. a high density pre-plasma, increases the plasma current rise and speed at which ionization is achieved when the V
loop is applied. A good quality pre-plasma is one that achieved a significant degree of ionization, mainly obtained by providing sufficient ECH power in DIII-D of the order of 1 MW. It was found that a minimum EC power of 0.5 MW was required in DIII-D to create ionization, and this would scale to a minimum power of roughly 6.5 MW for ITER.
Spatially resolved stereoscopic surface profiling by using a feature-selective segmentation and merging technique
Authors: Lee ChaBum , Guo Xiangyu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a feature-selective segmentation and merging technique to achieve spatially resolved surface profiles of the parts by 3D stereoscopy and strobo-stereoscopy. A pair of vision cameras capture images of the parts at different angles, and 3D stereoscopic images can be reconstructed. Conventional filtering processes of the 3D images involve data loss and lower the spatial resolution of the image. In this study, the 3D reconstructed image was spatially resolved by automatically recognizing and segmenting the features on the raw images, locally and adaptively applying super-resolution algorithm to the segmented images based on the classified features, and then merging those filtered segments. Here, the features are transformed into masks that selectively separate the features and background images for segmentation. The experimental results were compared with those of conventional filtering methods by using Gaussian filters and bandpass filters in terms of spatial frequency and profile accuracy. As a result, the selective feature segmentation technique was capable of spatially resolved 3D stereoscopic imaging while preserving imaging features.
Corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in graphene oxide aqueous dispersion
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Kong Gang , Zhang Jingwen , Lai Delin , Che Chunshan , Yang Bo , Zhang Shuanghong , Gu Jiayu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Conductive metals can speed up the self-assembly and reduction process of graphene oxide (GO) in liquid media, but there is little available information about the effect of this process on the corrosion rate of metal substrates. The corrosion performance of Q235 steel in GO aqueous solution was studied by comparing the influence of different GO concentrations and immersion times on the corrosion rate of steel. The result found that a GO layer will be formed on the surface of steel when immersing in the GO aqueous dispersion, which has a shielding effect on the diffusion process of ions and electrons, and effectively inhibits the steel corrosion. However, this inhibition effect of GO layer will disappear with the self-reduction of GO, which increasing the defect density and conductivity of the sedimentary layer on steel and thus the corrosion rate of steel will increase with the immersion time and the GO concentration in solution.
A study on the effect of various process parameters on low pulsed energy of laser shock peening without ablative layer on the mechanical behavior of AA 7075 T651
Authors: Premnath M , Muruganandhan R , Abeens M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laser shock peening is a well-known surface treatment process that dominates other modern surface treatment processes. Though several materials are investigated to enhance mechanical properties by LSP treatment, only a scarce number of studies have concentrated on Low Pulsed Laser Shock Peening (LPLSP) without an ablative layer on Aluminum Alloy 7075 T651 material. Thus this article investigates the optimization and effect of LPLSP on the mechanical behavior of AA 7075 T651. Grey Relational Analysis is chosen to optimize the Process Parameters on Low Pulsed Energy of LSP. The significant contributions of the optimized parameters on the mechanical behavior such as hardness, compressive residual stress, roughness and friction wear property are investigated. A drastic improvementof three times in the average hardness value occurred in LPLSP over the un-peened specimen. A maximum compressive residual stress is observed with the LPLSP specimen for the optimized parameters. An improvement of 65% in the minimum wear rate was recorded in LPLSP compared to unpeened specimens. The microstructural studies carried outusing an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope show a typical grain refinement and increase in the boundary for LPLSP specimen.
Experimental multi-state quantum discrimination through optical networks
Authors: Laneve Alessandro , Geraldi Andrea , Hamiti Frenkli , Mataloni Paolo , Caruso Filippo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Developing strategies to effectively discriminate between different quantum states is a fundamental issue in quantum information and communication. The actual realization of generally optimal protocols in this task is often limited by the need of supplemental resources and very complex receivers. We have experimentally implemented two discrimination schemes in a minimum-error scenario based on a receiver featured by a network structure and a dynamical processing of information. The first protocol implemented in our experiment, directly inspired to a recent theoretical proposal, achieves binary optimal discrimination, while the second one provides a novel approach to multi-state quantum discrimination, relying on the dynamical features of the network-like receiver. This strategy exploits the arrival time degree of freedom as an encoding variable, achieving optimal results, without the need for supplemental systems or devices. Our results further reveal the potential of dynamical approaches to quantum state discrimination tasks, providing a possible starting point for efficient alternatives to current experimental strategies.
Chromatic nonsymmetric polynomials of Dyck graphs are slide-positive
Authors: Tewari Vasu , Wilson Andrew , Zhang Philip 
Published: March 2022

Motivated by the study of Macdonald polynomials, J. Haglund and A. Wilson introduced a nonsymmetric polynomial analogue of the chromatic quasisymmetric function called the chromatic nonsymmetric polynomial of a Dyck graph. We give a positive expansion for this polynomial in the basis of fundamental slide polynomials using recent work of Assaf-Bergeron on flagged

(
P
,
ρ
)

(P,\rho )

-partitions. We then derive the known expansion for the chromatic quasisymmetric function of Dyck graphs in terms of Gessel’s fundamental basis by taking a backstable limit of our expansion.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: challenges and opportunities in lung cancer
Authors: Xu Caili , Ju Dianwen , Zhang Xuyao 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the paradigm in hematological malignancies treatment, driving an ever-expanding number of basic research and clinical trials of genetically engineering T cells to treat solid tumors. CAR T-cell therapies based on the antibodies targeting Mesothelin, CEA, EGFR, EGFR, MUC1, DLL3, and emerging novel targets provide promising efficacy for lung cancer patients. However, clinical application of CAR T-cell therapy against lung cancer remains limited on account of physical and immune barriers, antigen escape and heterogeneity, on-target off-tumor toxicity, and many other reasons. Understanding the evolution of CAR structure and the generalizable requirements for manufacturing CAR T cells as well as the interplay between lung tumor immunology and CAR T cells will improve clinical translation of this therapeutic modality in lung cancer. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in CAR T-cell therapy in lung cancer, focusing on the CAR structure, target antigens, challenges, and corresponding new strategies.
Putting midodrine on the MAP: An approach to liberation from intravenous vasopressors in vasodilatory shock
Authors: Smith Susan E , Peters Nicholas A , Floris Lauren M , Patterson Joshua M , Hawkins W Anthony 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Purpose
Prolonged duration of intravenous (IV) vasopressor dependence in critically ill adult patients with vasodilatory shock results in increased length of stay in both the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital, translating to higher risk of infection, delirium, immobility, and cost. Acceleration of vasopressor liberation can aid in reducing these risks. Midodrine is an oral α 1-adrenergic receptor agonist that offers a potential means of liberating patients from IV vasopressor therapy. This clinical review summarizes primary literature and proposes a clinical application for midodrine in the recovery phase of vasodilatory shock.

Summary
Five studies with a total of over 1,000 patients conducted between 2011 and 2021 were identified. In observational studies, midodrine administration was demonstrated to lead to faster time to liberation from IV vasopressor therapy and shorter ICU length of stay in patients recovering from vasodilatory shock. These findings were not replicated in a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. In this review, literature evaluating midodrine use for IV vasopressor liberation is summarized and study limitations are discussed.

Conclusion
On the basis of this review of current literature, recommendations are provided on selecting appropriate candidates for adjunctive midodrine in the recovery phase of vasodilatory shock and considerations are discussed for safely and effectively initiating, titrating, and discontinuing therapy.
COVID-19 Spread Mapper: a multi-resolution, unified framework and open-source tool
Authors: Shi Andy , Gaynor Sheila M , Dey Rounak , Zhang Haoyu , Quick Corbin , Lin Xihong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSummaryAmidst the continuing spread of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), real-time data analysis and visualization remain critical the general public to track the pandemic’s impact and to inform policy making by officials. Multiple metrics permit the evaluation of the spread, infection and mortality of infectious diseases. For example, numbers of new cases and deaths provide easily interpretable measures of absolute impact within a given population and time frame, while the effective reproduction rate provides an epidemiological measure of the rate of spread. By evaluating multiple metrics concurrently, users can leverage complementary insights into the impact and current state of the pandemic when formulating prevention and safety plans for oneself and others. We describe COVID-19 Spread Mapper, a unified framework for estimating and quantifying the uncertainty in the smoothed daily effective reproduction number, case rate and death rate in a region using log-linear models. We apply this framework to characterize COVID-19 impact at multiple geographic resolutions, including by US county and state as well as by country, demonstrating the variation across resolutions and the need for harmonized efforts to control the pandemic. We provide an open-source online dashboard for real-time analysis and visualization of multiple key metrics, which are critical to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 and make informed policy decisions.Availability and implementationOur model and tool are publicly available as implemented in R and hosted at https://metrics.covid19-analysis.org/. The source code is freely available from https://github.com/lin-lab/COVID19-Rt and https://github.com/lin-lab/COVID19-Viz.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Impact of Multicomponent Support Strategies on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virologic Suppression Rates During Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Authors: Spinelli Matthew A , Le Tourneau Noelle , Glidden David V , Hsu Ling , Hickey Matthew D , Imbert Elizabeth , Arreguin Mireya , Jain Jennifer P , Oskarsson Jon J , Buchbinder Susan P , Johnson Mallory O , Havlir Diane , Christopoulos Katerina A , Gandhi Monica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shelter-in-place (SIP) orders, viral suppression (VS) rates initially decreased within a safety-net human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic in San Francisco, particularly among people living with HIV (PLWH) who are experiencing homelessness. We sought to determine if proactive outreach to provide social services, scaling up of in-person visits, and expansion of housing programs could reverse this decline.

Methods
We assessed VS 24 months before and 13 months after SIP using mixed-effects logistic regression followed by interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to examine changes in the rate of VS per month. Loss to follow-up (LTFU) was assessed via active clinic tracing.

Results
Data from 1816 patients were included; the median age was 51 years, 12% were female, and 14% were experiencing unstable housing/homelessness. The adjusted odds of VS increased 1.34 fold following institution of the multicomponent strategies (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–1.46). In the ITS analysis, the odds of VS continuously increased 1.05 fold per month over the post-intervention period (95% CI, 1.01–1.08). Among PLWH who previously experienced homelessness and successfully received housing support, the odds of VS were 1.94-fold higher (95% CI, 1.05–3.59). The 1-year LTFU rate was 2.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 2.2–3.5).

Conclusions
The VS rate increased following institution of the multicomponent strategies, with a lower LFTU rate compared with prior years. Maintaining in-person care for underserved patients, with flexible telemedicine options, along with provision of social services and permanent expansion of housing programs, will be needed to support VS among underserved populations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Efficacy of BCG Vaccination Against Respiratory Tract Infections in Older Adults During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Moorlag Simone J C F M , Taks Esther , ten Doesschate Thijs , van der Vaart Thomas W , Janssen Axel B , Müller Lisa , Ostermann Philipp , Dijkstra Helga , Lemmers Heidi , Simonetti Elles , Mazur Marc , Schaal Heiner , ter Heine Rob , van de Veerdonk Frank L , Bleeker-Rovers Chantal P , van Crevel Reinout , ten Oever Jaap , de Jonge Marien I , Bonten Marc J , van Werkhoven Cornelis H , Netea Mihai G 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Older age is associated with increased severity and death from respiratory infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The tuberculosis BCG vaccine may provide heterologous protection against nontuberculous infections and has been proposed as a potential preventive strategy against COVID-19.

Methods
In this multicenter, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned older adults (aged ≥60 years; n = 2014) to intracutaneous vaccination with BCG vaccine (n = 1008) or placebo (n = 1006). The primary end point was the cumulative incidence of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) that required medical intervention, during 12 months of follow-up. Secondary end points included the incidence of COVID-19, and the effect of BCG vaccination on the cellular and humoral immune responses.

Results
The cumulative incidence of RTIs requiring medical intervention was 0.029 in the BCG-vaccinated group and 0.024 in the control group (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.26 [98.2% confidence interval, .65–2.44]). In the BCG vaccine and placebo groups, 51 and 48 individuals, respectively tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with polymerase chain reaction (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.053 [95% confidence interval, .71–1.56]). No difference was observed in the frequency of adverse events. BCG vaccination was associated with enhanced cytokine responses after influenza, and also partially associated after SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. In patients diagnosed with COVID-19, antibody responses after infection were significantly stronger if the volunteers had previously received BCG vaccine.

Conclusions
BCG vaccination had no effect on the incidence of RTIs, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, in older adult volunteers. However, it improved cytokine responses stimulated by influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and induced stronger antibody titers after COVID-19 infection.

Clinical trials registration
EU Clinical Trials Register 2020-001591-15 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04417335.