bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wireworm Control on Potato, Hermiston, Or, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, eight wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 14 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlybird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 25-26 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 24 May, posteinergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, posteinergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control. Plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 38 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. On 4-5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Moxee, Wa, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H. , Powell D. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulations and rates of chemicals applied by different methods in reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 25 Mar, seven wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. On 18 Apr, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of granules were made with a hand-operated Ortho Whirlyhird spreader, and the plots rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 h after application. On 27-28 Apr, at-plant sidedress (APSD) applications were made with Candy applicators mounted on the planter by placing the granules in 1-inch bands shanked 3-4 inches to each side and level with the seed pieces. Similarly, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications were made by placing granules in 1-inch bands in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 31 May, postemergence sidedress (PESD) applications were made with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators in a manner similar to APSD. On the same day, postemergence topical incorporated (PETI) applications were made by allowing granules to fall over the plants from the end of the delivery tube to which a spreader was attached, and all plots were similarly treated with Temik 15G (3 lb (AI)/ acre) for aphid control, except those in Test 3 plots were then hilled with a Lilliston cultivator immediately after treatment. Each plot measured 37 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times (3 times in Test 2) in a randomized complete block design. On 12-14 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as % of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides to Entomophagous Species and Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1983
Authors: Wilkinson J. D. , Puttier B. , Biever K. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted with 12 inch (30.48 cm) spacing in 50 ft (15.38 m) rows 36 inch (0.914 meters) apart on 25 Apr near Prairie Home, MO. Insecticides were applied to 12 ft (3.66 meters) sections of rows replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, with the 5 treatments applied to alternate rows with an untreated row as a butter between each treatment row. The sprays were applied on 16 Jun with a 2 gal (7.57 liter) hand held compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre (935.27 1/ha) 30 psi (2109 g/cm2). Just prior to spray application, 1 laboratory reared Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) egg mass was stapled to the underside of the first large leaf down from the terminal of 2 plants in each replicate. Ten adult E. puttleri for 3rd instar P. maculventris were released on the plant to which the CPB eggs had been attached in each replicate ca. 3 h post application. The released CBP eggs were recovered 2 days post spray to assess effects of the compounds tested on predation, and/or host feeding and parasitization by E. puttleri. Evaluation criteria were direct counts of CPB larvae and entomophagous species/8 plants, parasitization and host feeding by E. puttleri parasitization and predation of the CPB egg masses recovered, and observed instances of predation.
Tomato Fruitworm Control on Tomatoes, 1984
Authors: McLeod Paul , Motes D. R. , Eaton S. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings in 2.25-inch peat cups were transplanted 16 Apr at the University of Arkansas Vegetable Substation, Kibler. Plots consisted of a single row of 11 plants spaced at 2-ft intervals. Rows were spaced at 10-ft intervals and 4-ft alleys separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied to each side of each row with a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Early season sprays (plants under 3 ft) were applied with 4 nozzles/row. As plant height increased, 6 nozzles were used. Final spray volume throughout the study was 62 gal/acre. Treatment dates were 11, 18, 25 Jun, 9, 17, 24 Jul. Insecticide effectiveness was compared 18 Jul and 1 Aug (last harvest date) by comparing the accumulated % of fruitworm damaged fruit.
Potato Leafhopper and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Flessel John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 4-year stand of Saranac AR at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, OH was used for this study. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 20 psi. Plots were 30 x 60 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 12 inches tall at treatment (30 Jul) and 27 inches tall at the completion of the study. The weather was normal, with 3 inches of precipitation falling during the study. Cygon was the standard.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Minnesota, 1983
Authors: Stucker D. S. , Watrin C. G. , Radcliffe E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment station on the third regrowth of second year ‘Pacer’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft X 52 ft in size replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 31 Aug in 30 gal water/acre at 1(K) psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 7 days posttreatment, 14 days posttreatment, and 21 days posttreatment using a vacuum sampler with a 20 cm diameter hose mouth. Plots were sampled by holding the hose mouth near ground level for 2-3 s, then moving to another site until 15 sites had been sampled. The total area sampled per plot was approximately 0.47 m.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Seedcorn Maggot on Navy Beans, 1984
Authors: Higley Leon G. , Pedigo L. P. , Buntin G. D. , Bailey W. C. , Hutchins S. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots measuring 25 ft by 4 rows (30-inch centers) were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Before planting, meat and bonemeal (1 liter/25 row-ft) was applied over the rows to enhance seedcorn maggot (SCM) oviposition. Plots were planted near Ames, IA, and all treatments included a seed treatment of Captan 400 at 3.0 oz/cwt to prevent fungal development. Two 1 row-m sections were chosen from each plot on 14 Jun to evaluate SCM and bean leaf beetle (BLB) damage. Plant density (maggots destroyed seeds) was used as a measure of SCM damage. Percentage of leaflets with &gt;25% defoliation was used as a measure of BLB damage.
Field Corn, Stalk Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Pedigo L.P. , Higley L. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots located in Ames, Story County, Iowa measured 25 ft by 6 rows (30-in centers) in continuous corn. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Seed treatments and band applications were applied at planting (6 Jun ’84). Foliar compounds were conventionally applied to 2-leaf stage corn on 20 Jun using a 2-row, CO2-charged (35 psi) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delevan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow-cone sprayer nozzles and delivering 15.1 gal/acre. Feral second and third instar stalk borer larvae were collected from infested corn and individually introduced at dusk on 22 Jun into whorls of 15 plants within each plot. Damage was assessed 5 days postinfestation using the following criteria: no plant damage, leaf feeding, and “dead-heart.” The number of live larvae recovered from each plot was recorded.
Chemigation with High Versus Low Pressure Sprinklers for Corn Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Lamm F. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Research was conducted at the Colby Branch Experiment Station in Thomas County, Kansas, with a 3-tower (12.3 acre) center pivot system. The sprinkler system was modified to function at high pressure (60 psi) with Senninger (7012 #16-14) impact sprinklers or at low pressure (20 psi) with Senninger (ER-15MF) pressure regulators and Senninger (360SN #16) nozzles on drops extending to within 7 ft of the ground. Treatments were applied to 6 wedges in the half circle of corn. Two low pressure nozzles were shut off to provide an untreated check. The insecticide, Pydrin, was diluted with water and injected at the pivot at 0.15 lb (AI)/ acre using a Pulsafeeder Hydracone Rl diaphram metering pump. The insecticide was applied when 43% of the corn plants were infested with second generation European corn borer (ECB) egg masses (50% hatched). The movement of water through the canopy was measured for 2 replications; stemllow on 20 plants, throughfall between the rows at 4 locations and total application with 5 gauges in an alleyway. The rate of water application was measured (1 replication) outside the treatment area. Corn borer evaluations were made by dissecting 20 plants in each treatment area (5 consecutive plants in 4 spots).
First Generation European Corn Borer Chemigation Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were 10-acre sectors. Treatments were injected into a Giflbrd Hill sprinkler equipped with 30-degree high pressure Rainbird nozzles, using an Agri-Inject system (Pulsa-Feeder R-1 Hydracone metering pump). The sprinkler was set to run at 80% and delivered 0.3 inches of water/acre. Oil treatments were mixed with once-refined cottonseed oil. 25% of 275 plants in the precount had shot holes and live larvae. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul and 7 Jul and evaluated on 26 Jul.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second Brood European Corn Borer, 1984
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘FFR 788C’ corn was planted on 27 Jun and 5 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, TN. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 20 ft x 3 rows with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Corn was thinned to 22 plants/20 row ft. The middle row was evaluated for whorl damage and harvested for ensilage yields. Treatments were applied with 2.5-gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/ acre. In the first planting, the first insecticide application was made on 17 Jul when all plants were infested. Additional insecticide applications were made on 24 Jul and 1 Aug. In the second planting, the first insecticide application was made on 24 Jul followed by additional applications on 1 Aug and 8 Aug.Newly damaged whorls were counted 1 wk after each application. Stalk feeding counts (average number of tunnels/22 stalks) and ensilage yields were determined on 9 Oct at 65.37% moisture.
Laboratory Evaluation of Permithrin in the Nomate Attract N‘ Kill Formulation for Pink Bollworm Control, 1983
Authors: Miller Ernie , Staten R. T. , Jones Elba 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Permithrin used as the killing agent in the Nomate Attract n‘ Kill formulation was tested at the recommended field rate of 4.45 g (AI)/ha and at 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 8 times the recommended field rate for pink bollworm control. Tests were conducted in 2 plexiglass wind tunnels 61 x 61 cm x 244 cm long. Forty cotton terminals were cut from potted plants maintained in a greenhouse. The stem of each terminal was placed in a 19 X 70 mm glass vial filled with a nutrient solution. Twenty of the vialed terminals were placed in a 4 X 5 grid on the upwind end of each tunnel. The plant grid covered approximately 1 square m on each tunnel floor. Two plant terminals in each tunnel were randomly selected, and a leaf on each was treated with .03 g of Biotac 3 or a Biotac 3:Biotac 19 combination mixed with one of the 6 Permithrin rates tested. The 2 highest rates were mixed with blends of Biotac 3 and 19 to maintain a viscosity similar to the commercial product. An 8 mil Nomate fiber was attached to each treatment site. Controls were identical except no Permithrin was added to the Biotac.
Effect of Selected Insecticides on Beneficial Insects and Spiders in Cotton, 1983
Authors: Price J. R. , Slosser J. E. , Puterka G. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Lockett 77’ was planted on 3 Jun at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Chillicothe, Texas in Portales clay loam soil that had been treated with Treflan. Seeding rate was 17.9 kg/ha in excellent soil moisture. A side dressing of nitrogen at 56.0 kg/ha was applied on 8 Jul. Furrow irrigations were made on 28 Jul and 11 Aug. Six insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 12 rows wide and 24.4 m long, and there was 102 cm between rows. Alleys separating replications were 7.6 m wide. Treatments were applied on 29 Aug with a John Deere 6000 Hi-Cycle ground sprayer with drop nozzles added which gave 3 Teejet TX12 nozzles per row. Ground speed was 4.9 km/h delivering 76.7 liters/ha total solution at 275 kPa. Rainfall from planting to end of sampling was 89.9 mm, 52.1 mm, 6.9 mm and 0.0 mm for Jun, Jul, Aug, and Sep, respectively. Beneficial insects were collected utilizing a standard insect sweep net with 50 sweeps being taken in each plot. Beneficials were bagged, taken to the laboratory and counted.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of DPX-Y5893 was evaluated at 2 rates. Each treatment was replicated 4 times (1 tree per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 14 Jun, with a 5 hp hydraulic sprayer set at 350 psi. A handgun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 2.7 gal of spray per tree to runoff (420GPA).
Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Soybeans, 1984
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Loughran James C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Hodgson 78’ soybeans were planted 28 May in 30 inch rows at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 rows by 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Applications were made 31 Aug using a 2-row CO2 powered backpack sprayer, delivering 23 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plants were in the R-6 growth stage and were lodged. Plots were evaluated using a 15-inch dia sweep net taking 25 sweeps/plot from the middle 4 rows. Sweep net samples were bagged in the field and examined in the laboratory.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Flynn J. L. , Ali A. D. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied at 3-wk intervals in a sugarcane field located on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station near Baton Rouge to determine their efficacy for controlling SCB larvae. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 3 rows spaced 1.8 m apart x 7.31 m (0.02 ha). Treatments were initiated when SCB infestation levels first exceeded 5% plants with live larvae in leafsheaths on 15 Aug. The applications (20 Aug, 11 Sep) utilizing backpack sprayers were made 20 psi delivering 125 liters/ha of formulated material for each treatment. Percent SCB bored internodes were determined on 5 Oct by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from each plot for SCB entrance or exit holes.
Sugarcane Delphacid (Sd) Control, Small Plot Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Hall D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A portion of a commercial block of plant cane (planted 24 Sep in Palm Beach Co. near Clewiston, FL) was divided into 24 plots, each consisting of 8 rows spaced 5 ft apart x 44 ft (a 20-ft buffer strip was left untreated between plots). Treatments were assigned to plots according to a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replications. 11 Nov, 3 days prior to treatment applications, 48 shoots/plot (uniformly spaced within the center 4 rows) were examined to determine the number of adult and nymph SD/ shoot. Insecticide treatments were applied on 13 Nov using a pressurized, tractor-mounted sprayer in about 23 gal H2O/acre. A broadcast spray was used and shoots were thoroughly wetted. On 16 Nov, 3 days after treatments, plots were resampled for SD adults and nymphs. On 24 Nov, 2 wk after treatments, plots from 3 replications were resampled for SD adults and nymphs. For each sample date, data were analyzed using a statistical model with terms for variation due to treatment (5 d.f.), replication (3 d.f. for first 2 sample dates, 2 d.f. for third sample date), and treatment-replication interaction (sampling error) (15 ft d.f. for the first 2 sample dates, 10 d.f. for the third sample date); the error mean square associated with the interaction term was used in Duncan’s multiple range test to determine significant differences (P = 0.05) among treatments. The raw data were first analyzed and then log10-transformed data were analyzed.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms and Flea Beetles with Soil and Foliar Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Southern P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 15 May an area within a Rion loamy sand field at the Upper Piedmont Research Station, Reidsville, NC, was staked out for a test containing 56 plots. Treatments were then randomly assigned to plots 40 ft (22 plants) by 15 ft (4 rows, 42 inches on center) to form a randomized complete block design with 4 reps and 14 treatments. Pretransplant materials (BC-PPI) were applied on 16 May and immediately incorporated with a tandem disc. These materials were applied using a Gandy type broadcast granular applicator mounted on a Kubota 245 tractor. Due to shortage of material, the 6-lb (AI)/acre rate of UC-70480 was applied with a Cyclone Heavy Duty Broadcast Seed and Fertilizer Sower, on 17 May. This material was incorporated immediately after application as described. Tobacco was transplanted on 25 May. Transplants were set with a single row setter delivering approximately 145 gal of water/acre. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were transplanted last. After all transplanting was completed, over-the-top broadcast materials (BC) were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TGI nozzles on a standard sucker control rig. Pressure was set at 60 psi and travel speed adjusted to deliver approximately 25 gal of finished spray/acre. All 4 rows in each plot were treated. Missing plants were not replaced after the treatments were applied. Flea beetle adults and flea beetle holes were counted 1, 2, and 3 wk after transplanting. Counts were made on 5 consecutive plants from each of the 2 center rows in a plot. Wireworm larval feeding was evaluated 3 wk after transplanting (18 Jun) in all but the Pydrin treatments. Five consecutive plants from each of the 2 center rows in each plot were carefully pulled and rated for damage.
Aphid Control in Irrigated Spring Wheat, Washington, 1984
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticides were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling grain aphids. Insecticides were applied 9 Jul ‘84 to wheat (early dough stage of growth) grown on the Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA. Pretreatment aphid count averaged 31.1/plant, 9 Jul ‘84. Treatments were applied with a hand-held sprayer calibrated to deliver 43 gpa at 40 psi. Plots were 3 x 25 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated on the total aphids present per 5 randomly selected wheat heads from each plot at several posttreatment intervals.
Apple, Early NC21314 Trial, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
NC21314 was compared with Carzol and an untreated control against mites in an apple block in Fairfield. Ca. 0.4 acre per treatment was sprayed with a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer. NC21314 was sprayed on 17 Apr (open cluster) and Carzol was applied on 17 Apr and 14 May (petal fall). Mites were sampled from 4 trees in the middle of each plot using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per tree. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted in September, 1980 to determine the efficacy of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap for Spruce Mite control at 2 application rates and 2 application modes. Part of a Christmas tree plantation in Ashe County, North Carolina was divided into 5 blocks with 5 Fraser fir trees per block. Block 1 was an untreated control. Blocks 2 and 3 were treated with 1.5 oz/gal of soap. Plot 2 was applied with a Solo backpack mist blower (BP) while plot 3 was applied with a hydraulic (Hyd) sprayer. Blocks 4 and 5 were treated with the 3 oz/gal of soap. Block 4 was applied with the hydraulic sprayer while block 5 was applied with the backpack mist blower. Treatments were analyzed before and immediately after spraying and 2 and 4 wk later by selecting two, 5-cm twigs from each of the 5 trees. Twigs were observed for all life stages of the Spruce Spider Mite.