bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Soybean Insects in South Mississippi Using Insect Growth Regulators, 1985
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. , Goddard Jerome 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at Poplarville, MS. The test plots were 6 rows 40 inch wide and 50 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. One sample was taken from each plot. A sample was the insects collected by 25 sweeps of a 15 inch sweep net. The contents of each sample was transferred to paper bags killed and counted under laboratory conditions. Insect numbers presented here represent all sizes of green cloverworm larvae. Insecticide applications were made on 16 Aug at 4.6 gal per acre when beans were at the R3 stage. Four rows of the plot were sprayed using a hand held 2 row spray boom with 1 nozzle/row utilizing CO2 as a spray propellent. Hurricane Elena passed through the Poplarville area on 2 Sep. Winds near 100 mph were recorded and some defoliation and lodging of the beans was noted. The rainfall associated with the hurricane was slightly over 6 inches which is not abnormal for this area. The drop in green cloverworm numbers in the check during the period from 13-21 days postapplication was probably caused by the high winds causing some mortality and lodging plants making sampling more difficult.
Extra Low Dosage of Selected Pyrethroids for Larval Sunflower Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located near Danvers, Swift county, MN. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 2 rows 30 ft long Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 lb psi pressure. Applications were made 21 Jul 1984. 24-h temp min = 61°F max = 90°F. Counts of live larvae were taken pre-treatment and 24 h and 96 h posttreatment. Posttreatment larval counts are reported.
Foliar Sprays for Larval Sunflower Beetle Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located near Gary, Norman County Minnesota. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows 35 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 psi pressure. Applications were made 7 Jul, 1984. 24-h temp min = 47°F, max = 73°F. Counts of live larvae were taken 24 h posttreatment.
Low Dosages For Control of Larval Sunflower Beetle, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located near Gary, Norman county, MN. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows 30 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast in 20 gal total material per acre using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 lb psi pressure. Applications were made 8 Jul 24 h temp min = 49°F max = 76°F. Counts of live larvae were collected from center 2 rows 24 h posttreatment.
Seed Weevil and Banded Sunflower Moth Control in Sunflower, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established in a growers field near Rothsay, Wilkin county, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block and replicated 3 times. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft long. Insecticides were broadcast applied on 10 Aug, using a hand held CO2 sprayer delivering a nozzel pressure of 40 lb psi and 20 gal total material per acre. Five of 10 plants had male florets extended (50% bloom) at time of application. Temperature was 87°F. Plant height was between 4.5 and 5 ft due to relatively severe drouth.
Cutworm Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1984
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three experiments, including rye cover crop, soil and tobacco seedling treatments, were carried out in a Fox loamy sand field at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ontario. Plots measured 76 × 14ft and were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications in each experiment. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of tobacco wiih 38 plants in each row, the outside 2 rows in each plot being guard rows. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 28 May. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) were established in each plot. Test insects were 4th- and 5th-stage larvae for rye treatment and 6th- and 7th-stage larvae for soil and tobacco seedling treatments. The insecticides were broadcast evenly on the rye cover crop on 18 Apr, soil surface on 16 May, and on tobacco seedlings on 5 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Tee Jet nozzles applying 25 gal of liquid per acre at 3.5 mph and 32 psi. Ten larvae were placed in each subplot 2 h before treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the larvae of the darksided cutworm from escaping. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Bacillus Thumngiensis var. Kurstaki Formulations, 1985
Authors: Jackson D. Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aqueous, wettable powder, and granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘Speight G-70’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. These materials were: Dipel WP (16.0 billion international units (BIU)/kg), Dipel 4L (8.5 BIU/1), Dipel 10G (= ABG-6149, 1.6 BlU/kg), Bactospeine WP (16.0 BlU/kg), Bactospeine FC (9.3 BIU/1), and Futura G (2.0 BlU/kg) in coarse and fine formulations. Orthene was used as an insecticide check. On 9 May tobacco was transplanted into a field of Vance sandy loam which had been treated with Ridomil (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Paarlan (1.68 kg (AI)/ha) for disease and weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were set up in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications for each of 4 experiments. Plants were infested with two 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae (experiments 1 + 2) or two 4-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae (experiments 3 + 4) from laboratory colonies. Tobacco plants for experiments 2 and 4 were regrown from plants used in experiments 1 and 3 and then cutoff just above the ground.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hynson Teresa P. , McPherson Robert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar insecticides were applied 7 May on the F. F. Chandler Farm in Westmoreland County, Virginia. A randomized block design was utilized with 4 replications. Individual plots were 25 ft × 12ft spaced 3 ft apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 sprayer at 22 psi that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzles were used. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments were determined 1-, 3-, 7-, and 14-days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 50 ft of row collected from the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Aphid Control on Late Planted Wheat Using Insecticides Injected Through Irrigation Hand Lines, 1985
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Halbert Susan , Bishop Guy M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Twin’ wheat was planted on 26 Apr, at the University of Idaho Research and Extension Center at Caldwell, ID, in a furrow irrigated field. Plots were 30-ft half circles centered on sprinkler heads applying ca. 3.4 gal water/min. Injection time was 10 min with a clearing time of ca. 20 min from Rep 1 to Rep 3. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Aphids were allowed to infest and multiply naturally, then sampled by examining 20 tillers taken at random through the plot. Injection date was 10 Jul. Counts were made on 12 and 16 Jul. Yields were taken by cutting and weighing 200 heads/plot at harvest.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Wheat, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pydrin 2.4EC insecticide was evaluated to determine its efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in soft red winter wheat. Pydrin was applied on 1 May 1985 on ‘Tyler’ wheat planted on 7 Nov 1984 on a 7-inch row spacing on the Bobby Yeatman farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 12 × 20 feet. Spray concentrate was applied with a tractor sprayer at 40 psi that delivered 9.3 gal of finished formulation per acre. The Pydrin and check plots were replicated 6 times in a randomized block experimental design. The efficacy of Pydrin was determined 1, 5, 12, and 20 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 40 ft of row collected from the two center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1984-85 Crop
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten insecticides were evaluated at 2 locations to determine their effect on grain aphids, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), plant growth, and grain yields in winter wheat. Trial 1 was planted with ‘Wanser’ on 31 Aug ‘85 on the Roza Research Farm. Trial 2 was planted with ‘Daws’ on 4 Sep ‘84 on the Headquarters Farm. Both farms are part of the Washington State University Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center at Prosser, WA. Trial 2 was furrow-irrigated in the spring; Trial 1 was not. Aside from the differences stated, the trials were arranged, treated, and evaluated the same. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 4 Oct ‘84 (early tillering stage of growth) with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 49 gpa at 40 psi. Plots in each trial were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) 17 ft in length, replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Aphid control was determined on the basis of berlese funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). BYDV was rated visually on 4 Jun 1985 using a 1-6 scale, where 1 = no virus; 6 = severe symptoms. Average height was taken 4 Jun 1985. Plots were harvested 11-26 Jul 1985 with a Hege Combine.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Bedding Plants, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven commonly grown bedding plants were selected for evaluation. These plants, grown at a commercial nursery in Carpinteria, CA, were heavily infested with larvae of Liriomyza trifolii. One-half of the infested plants were treated with Trigard 75W at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre and the remaining plants were left unsprayed. Five representative treated plants of each species and 5 representative untreated plants of each species were returned to the laboratory at UCR for evaluation. The plants were tipped over individual cafeteria trays covered with a layer of sand and held at 26.7°C. The surviving leafminer larvae emerged from the leaves, dropped to the sand and pupated. After all the larvae had pupated, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae, which were counted and held for adult emergence.
Control of Western Flower Thrips in Flowers, Georgia, 1985
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plants were maintained on raised greenhouse benches Each 6.5 in plastic azalea pot contained 4 plants. All plants were heavily infested with thrips of all stages. The Western flower thrips made up over 90% of the flower thrips species found in the flowers. The experimental design was a RCB with single pot treatment and each plot replicated 4 times. All materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi until runoff. Five days after treatment, 25 flowers were removed from the plants in each pot. These flowers were placed in Berlese funnels for 3 days. Thrips were collected from the funnels in 70% ethanol and were counted (adults and immatures) with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemum, California, NOV. 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against third-stage larvae in chrysanthemums. Standardized 3-leaved potted mum plants were exposed to adult leafminers 7 days prior to insecticide application. Ten plants were evaluated per treatment. Larval mine counts were made prior to pesticide treatment. The materials were applied to the plants to runoff, with a 1-gal B&G® sprayer, with a Spraying Systems 5003® nozzle, at 55 psi on 6 Nov. (T = 15.8-16.8°C). The mum plants were cut at the base after the materials had dried and just prior to emergence of the larvae from the mum leaves. The plants were placed on a layer of sand in individual petri dishes, where the larvae exited the leaves, dropped to the sand and pupated. The petri dishes were held at constant 26.7°C. After pupation, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae which were counted and held at 26.7°C for adult emergence.
Control of Fifth Instar Beet Armyworm Larvae on Chrysanthemum, Summer, California, 1985
Authors: Yoshida H. A. , Robb R. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to individual 4-wk-old chrysanthemum plants, cvs. Hurricane, with a 1-gal B&G sprayer at 60 psi 27 Aug. Five fifth-stage larvae were immediately placed on each plant and confined with an inverted, ventilated 1-qt plastic container. Mortality was assessed after 48 h and each surviving larva was placed individually on untreated commercial beet armyworm diet. Mortality was assessed every 48 h thereafter until all surviving larvae had pupated. To correct for differences in escaping larvae between treatments, the data were expressed as percent mortality for each ceplicate. Arcsin square root transformations were performed on the data prior to ANOVA.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss.) Seed Extract, 1985
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticidal tests were conducted from 11 Apr to 13 May in research greenhouses in Beltsville, MD. Cinerarias were grown from seed in Promix BM™ for 2 mo in square plastic pots (10 × 10 cm at top). For the first test, a group of 24 randomly chosen plants were placed in a cage under lighrts (16h light:8h dark) with approximately 75 adult Liriomyza trifolii for 24 h. Plants were then removed from the cage, all leafminers were removed from the plants, and The media in each pot was drenched with 150 ml of either water or one of 3 concentrations of neem seed extract (see table). There were 6 plants per treatment. Concentrations of neem seed extract were prepared by diluting neem seed concentrate (sample Al 3-42845 (AN 4.57); Insect Chemical Ecology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705) with water to yield the desired percentage (weight/volume). The concentrate contained 2300 ppm azadirachtin, an insecticidal constituent of neem seed extract. After drenching, plants were returned to the greenhouse. First mstar mines (2.5 cm in length) were counted. When larvae reached third instar, all leaves from all plants were harvested. Leaf area of each plant was measured, and the number of reared pupae and adults was counted. A second test was begun 1 wk after the start of the first, and differed from it only in that rather than being drenched, the plants were sprayed with water or one of 3 concentrations of neem seed extract (see table).
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 75°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.9; % organic matter, 4.9; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 23; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 65; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.25 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 2 Aug 85 treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 167.5 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 2 Aug before treatment.
Balsam Fir, Control of Balsam Twig Aphid, 1985
Authors: Bradbury R. L. , Osgood E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Christmas tree plantation in Dover, Maine was used for the insecticide evaluations. Insecticides were applied to 0.125-acre blocks on 15 May using a Stihl SG 17 mistblower at a rate of 5 gal. finished spray/acre. Blocks treated with insecticides in 1985 had not been treated in 1984. Aphids were in the first instar. Temperatures at time of treatment were 38-45°F and no precipitation fell within 24h. Prespray samples consisting of one 12-cm branch tip from each of 20 trees/0.125-acre block were collected 10 May and postspray samples were taken 1 day after treatment. Damage was assessed on 26 Jun by counting all damaged and undamaged current shoots on 2 branches from each of 20 trees/0.125-acre block.
Injected Systemic Insecticide for Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas-Fir, 1985
Authors: Cowher C. F. , Cameron E. Alan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A total of 12 trees in each of 3 blocks in a 10-acre tree plantation in Centre County, PA, was assigned at random, 4 to each of 2 treatments and to an untreated check. Selected trees were 4.5-7.5 m tall. Injections, using Inject-a-cide B capsules, were made on 23 Sep. 8-15 cm above the soil level using standard methods prescribed by the manual published by Tree Inject Systems, Ltd. Treatment concentrations were based on tree diameter, measured with a diameter tape 44-60 cm above the soil level. Diameter in inches/2 equaled the number of capsules used for full rate and controls, while diameter in inches/4 equaled the number of capsules used for half rate. Each capsule contained 1 ml of liquid which is 86% technical Bidrin; control capsules contained 1 ml water. Bidrin and water were absorbed by all trees within 24 h. Weather was overcast and the temperature was not greater than 21°C during this period. The following 48 hours were clear. Pre- and posttreatment samples were taken on 18 Sep and 4 Oct, cooled immediately, and transported to the laboratory.
Citrus Whitefly Control, Alabama, 1985
Authors: Hendricks H. J. , Miller G. L. , Williams M. L. , Stephenson J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plants were ca. 1 ft tall, growing in 3-qt plastic pots filled with an amended pine bark medium. Fourteen insecticides were applied by 1 or 2 methods: foliar sprays or insertion of fertilizer spikes impregnated with an insecticide into soil around plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times, one plant constituting a replication. A single application of the test materials was made out-of-doors on 17 Jun (Dry Bulb 86°F: Wet Bulb 78°F). The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to all spray mixtures at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Foliar sprays were applied to runoff using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer and spikes were placed ½ inch below soil surface, 1 inch from pot rim, and watered in. Test plants were returned to a screened shadehouse. Efficacy was determined 1 Jul by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them as dead or alive.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Acaricide Combination Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Dilute sprays were applied in 285 gal and concentrate sprays were applied in 67 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 2 schedules full season (26 Apr, 11 May, 25 May, 6 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 10 Jul, 22 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, 26 Aug) and partial season (25 May, 6 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 10 Jul, 22 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, 26 Aug). Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. Mite counts were made by controlling 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM, TwoSpotted Spider Mites, and predaceous mites on each plate.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1985
Authors: Weaver J. E. , Coulson T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 22 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were lightly-syringed immediately after treatment. Total precipitation during the trial period was 0.57 inches occurring 4 DAT. Rates of application [lb (AI)/acre] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 2E and 10W, 0.02 and 0.04; PP321, 0.01 and 0.02; FMC 54800, 0.02 and 0.04; and Triumph 1.0. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on ½ of each green that were flushed to the surface by the treatment 1 to 4 h after application.
Control of White Grubs in Bermudagrass Sod, in North Carolina, 1985
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied on Aug 1 to 3.05 × 3.05 m plots with 4 replicates in a RCB design for white grub control near Burgaw in Pender County, NC. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water per plot in a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. A 0.5 inch rain fell on 3 Aug. Soil type was sandy with 2.5 to 3% organic matter and a soil PH of 5.5. Thatch was minimal. Samples were taken 14 days posttreatment (15 Aug) and 28 days posttreatment (29 Aug). Samples consisted of two 0.09 m2 sections of sod, ca. 12 cm deep selected and dug at random within each plot and examined immediately and the number of healthy grubs recorded. Pretreatment counts averaged 16 grubs/.09 m2.
Bermudagrass, Tropical Sod Webworm Control, Florida, 1984
Authors: Reinert James A. , Bilz Frank G. , Augustin Bruce J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Portions of a bermudagrass green at the Ft. Lauderdale Research Center were divided into 1.5 × 3.0m2 (50 ft2) plots. A 61-cm-wide untreated buffer zone of turf was left between plots. Populations were sampled by sprinkling 1 liter of 0.02 to 0.03% pyrethrin, emulsified in the water with a wetting agent, on 0.37 m2 (4 ft2) of turf in each plot. An additional liter of water was sprinkled over the sample area to wash the pyrethrin solution to the webworm larvae on or just below the soil surface Larvae which came to the turf surface within a 10-min period were counted. Successive samples within a plot were taken in different locations Plots were assigned to 4 replicates by pretreatment counts, in a RCB experiment and treatments were applied 3 Aug. The EC and WP (in solution in water) formulations of insecticides were applied with an Ortho brand hose-end siphon sprayer. All other test insecticides were provided by S. G. Johnson & Son, Inc., as hose-end aerosol formulations (HA). Aerosol formulations also contained a foam tracer.