bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Cutworms, 1988
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated at 1 site in Montgomery County, Va., for control of various cutworm larvae in no-till field corn. Corn was planted in rows 38 inches wide on 13 May to corn stubble without cover, and a tank mix of recommended herbicides (Bicep, Princep, 2,4-D, and Paraquat) containing 30% liquid nitrogen was applied the same day. Plots were established 23 May in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. Three of the insecticides were formulated as liquid; the others were granular CONTROL OF CUTWORMS, 1988: Five insecticidal treatments were evaluated at 1 site in Montgomery County, Va., for control of various cutworm larvae in no-till field corn. Corn was planted in rows 38 inches wide on 13 May to corn stubble without cover, and a tank mix of recommended herbicides (Bicep, Princep, 2,4-D, and Paraquat) containing 30% liquid nitrogen was applied the same day. Plots were established 23 May in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. Three of the insecticides were formulated as liquid; the others were granular formulations. The liquids were applied with a compressed-air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) delivering 16 gal/acre at 30 psi. To ensure uniform coverage by the spray, 4 adjacent swaths were applied over each plot. Each swath was approximately 3 ft wide. The granular formulations were applied with a hand-pushed spreader, which applied the treatments in a 6-inch-wide band directly over the furrow. The corn plants were counted 31 May and those damaged by cutworms were counted 17 Jun. Ensilage yields were determined 20-21 Sep by cutting the stalks and weighing them using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. All counts or samples were taken from the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at Rosemount, Minn. This study was conducted in single-row, 15-m-long plots in a continuous corn field (since 1985). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied at planting on 18 May using a modified Noble applicator. Stand counts were taken to test for chemical phytotoxicity. On 3-4 Aug 5 roots were dug from each plot, washed, and rated for root injury using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Corn was harvested 26 Oct, and yield was measured for each plot. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Evaluation of Application Methods, 1987
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time, cultivation-layby, and slot injection treatment trials were conducted at Wooster and Bluffton, Ohio. The specific soil types for the respective sites were Wooster silt loam and a Pewamo silty clay. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was employed, plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted respectively at Bluffton 1 Jun and at Wooster 12 May in 30-inch rows. Each insecticide was applied at planting and cultivation at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Planting-time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an adapted Allis Chalmers no-till planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Cultivation treatments were applied with 12 V electric Gandy metering units mounted on an International 150 tractor with spreaders spaced 24 inches ahead of cultivator shoes (both sides of row) at Wooster on 21 Jun and at Bluffton on 30 Jun. Slot injection treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch-deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection treatments were applied 23 Jun at Wooster and 30 Jun at Bluffton. Root rating according to the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was done 12 Jul and 30 Jul for Bluffton and Wooster. Five root masses/replicate were dug and rated.
Chinch Bug Control, 1988
Authors: Treacy Mike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two small-plot field studies were conducted on commercial farms located near Wharton, Tex., to evaluate Counter for control of early-season CB infestations on corn. Methods and materials were identical for both studies, unless otherwise noted. Counter and an untreated control were compared in 4-row by 300-ft plots of corn planted 1 Mar on 38-in rows. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, Counter was applied in a 6-inch band over a partially open seed furrow (each row bander was located between the seed drop and press wheel). Counter was applied with a John Deere Max-Emerge planter equipped with Kinze applicator boxes. Texture of the soil at Site 1 was heavy, texture of the soil at Site 2 was medium. Soil moisture at planting time was excellent at both test sites. About 0.7 inches of rain fell at each test site within the first 3 wk after planting. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by inspecting 30 randomly chosen plants in each plot for adult CB. Plant stand was estimated for each treatment by counting plants/20 row-ft at 2 sites in each plot. Plant height was estimated for each treatment by measuring 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot.
Control of Secondary Pests, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 15 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station annex farm in Mercedes. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide and 40 ft long with 2 beds of sorghum between plots and 20-ft alleys between plots in rows. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted CO2-powered sprayer that delivered 20 gal/acre. Three nozzles were used for each bed, 1 over the top of plants and 1 on a drop on each side of the plants. All plots were treated with cypermethrin (0.01 lb [AI]/acre) at 7-d intervals to induce secondary pest population increases. Surveys were conducted at 7-d intervals by collecting the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal of each of 3 plants/plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and mites and aphids were counted. Plots were treated with Capture 2 EC on 22 and 28 Jul.
Control of Heliothis Spp. Eggs and Neonate Larvae, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were applied 21 Jul in a small-plot study conducted on the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, La., to evaluate the efficacy of selected pyrethroids on Heliothis spp. eggs and their residual toxicity on newly hatched larvae. This test was carried out in a field of cotton planted 24 May in a silt loam soil. The field had not been treated with insecticides prior to the test. All treatments were applied using a Kubota utility tractor equipped with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-6 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 35 psi. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Freshly laid white Heliothis spp. eggs (10/plot) were randomly collected from each plot 4 h after treatment. The eggs were placed on artificial rearing media, transported to the laboratory, and held at room temperature (80°F). Mortality to eggs and larvae was determined 96 h after removal from the field. The survivors of the egg cohort in the untreated control were reared to adults and identified to be 93% tobacco budworm. Eggs were considered dead if they did not hatch. Larval mortality was recorded if the insect was unable to move after being prodded. For the duration of the study there was no rainfall recorded and the relative humidity was low. The cotton plants were approximately 40 inches tall and averaged 10-15 squares/plant.
Ovo-Larvicidal Activity of Selected Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen K. T. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of selected insecticides and insecticide combinations against tobacco budworm on cotton. Plots were 4 rows by 30.5 m arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Cotton was planted 25 Apr on 1.02-m centers. No insecticides were applied to the test area prior to this study. Insecticides were applied 16 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Materials were applied in 11.4 liters water/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Eggs were collected 2, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment. Egg samples consisted predominantly of newly laid white eggs (&lt;1 d old) collected from the upper leaves and terminal area of cotton plants. The number of eggs collected for each treatment was 40, 40, 20, and 20 for the 2-, 24-, 48-, and 96-h samples, respectively. Eggs were brought into the laboratory where they were removed with a small section of foliage and placed individually in 1-oz plastic cups half filled with an artificial diet. Mortality to eggs and newly hatched larvae was determined 96 h after each sample collection. Eggs collected and reared to adults from the untreated control were identified as 93% tobacco budworms.
Laboratory Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Wright James E. , Chandler Laurence D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was obtained from Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, 111. The technical powder contained 1 x 1010 conidia/g (ABG 6178, lot 76-015-BR). A wetting agent, Tween-100 (0.05% concentration) was used to prepare suspensions of B. bassiana. A laboratory strain of boll weevils was used in these evaluations. The bioassay procedures used to evaluate the pathogenicity of this entomopathogen consisted of topical treatment of pupae and adults. Pupae (12 mg each) in the white-eyed stage were removed from the larval rearing diet, surface rinsed with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, and air dried. The pupae were dipped in aqueous suspensions of B. bassiana and placed in 30-ml paper cups that contained moist filter paper and then held at a temperature of 78°F. Controls were dipped in water only and similarly handled. Adults (4-6 d old) were dipped in the suspensions, air dried, and held in Petri dishes at 78°F. A 5% sucrose solution was provided to the adults and changed daily. Ten concentrations of B. bassiana, ranging from 101 to 1010 conidia/ml, were evaluated. Microscopic examinations were made. Dissections were performed on pupae and adults to determine internal growth of mycelium. The percent ± SEM mortality inflicted by B. bassiana was then calculated.
Control of Spider Mites, 1988
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were applied to cotton planted 31 Mar in individual plots 8 (40 inch) rows wide by 150 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Application was by high-clearance ground sprayer equipped with drop booms using 3 or 5 hollow-cone TX-6 nozzles/row, depending on plant size, delivering 15 or 25 gal/acre at 40 psi. Test 1 was applied 28 Jun (5 nozzles/row; and 25 gal/acre); Test 2 was applied 23 and 24 Jun (3 nozzles/row; 15 gal/acre). An overall application of Orthene 75 S at 0.3 lb (AI)/acre was applied to both tests by ground on 28 Jun to suppress predatory insects. Main stem leaves (25/plot, eighth unfolded leaf below mainstem terminal) were sampled 4 times after treatment and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system.
Control of Insect Pests, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located at the Colorado State University San Luis Valley Research Center near Center. Quinoa planted in 22-inch double beds were used in the trial. Plots were 15 row-ft, bordered by untreated beds, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 12 Aug, when the plants were actively flowering. Applications used a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 104 gal water/acre. Evaluations were made Aug 15 by shaking 5 heads/plot over a tray and counting all dislodged insects.
Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Dilute sprays were applied to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications were made on 28 Apr (PF, petal fall), 10 May (1C, first cover), 20 May (2C, second cover), 1 Jim (3C, third cover), 15 Jun (4C, fourth cover), 4 Jul (5C, fifth cover), 16 Jul (6C, sixth cover), 1 Aug (7C, seventh cover), 15 Aug (8C, eighth cover), and 1 Sep (9C, ninth cover). Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb. Funginex, Omite, and Kelthane were applied separately to all trees. The apples were harvested on 30 Sep. Samples consisted of 50 apples/replicate collected randomly from around the trees at chest height. Samples were inspected visually, and the number of clean and damaged fruit was recorded.
Control of Sugarcane Borer And Effects on Nontarget Arthropods, 1987
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Fuller B. W. , Showier A. T. , Reagan T. E. , Rester D. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of plant cane (2 replicates) and first-stubble (2 replicates) sugarcane at Lannaux Plantation near Kilona, La., for evaluation of season-long control of borers in plots of a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Each spray concentrate was made in water at 25 psi (nozzles down and 45° back) to the crop canopy on 60-ft swath widths (10 rows) at a rate of 2 gal finished formulation/acre. A combination of 2 nozzle sizes was used, 22 of the D6-45 and D8-45, with an average density (drops/cm2) of 49.5 drops/cm2. The first application was initiated after internodes were visible aboveground and the SCB infestation exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (13 Jul). The second application (17 Aug) was made when that level of infestation was again exceeded in Guthion-treated plots. Season-long control was evaluated 30 Nov (just prior to harvest) by examining 3 samples of 15 stalks randomly selected from the center of each plot for sugarcane borer entrance and adult exit holes. Relative survival inside the stalk was calculated as the ratio of exit holes to bored internodes. Nontarget ground-associated arthropods were continuously sampled with 2 pitfall traps centrally situated (50 ft apart) in each plot, changed monthly. Traps consisting of 1-pt jars filled with 2 inches 70% ethanol and 0.25 inches mineral oil were embedded on top of the row and covered by a 7-inch square plastic disk supported on a tripod 1 inch above the jar.
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Barnes Martha L. , Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots were established in a field near Blackstone, Va. The flue-cured tobacco cultivar ‘Coker 319’ was transplanted into the field 9 May. Experimental plots consisted of 2 40-ft rows of tobacco on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operated at 60 psi and delivering 20 gal/acre through 3 TX-8 tips/row on 24 Jun and 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 tips/row on 12 Jul and 3 Aug. M. nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth veins on the right half of the underside of the 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot before treatment and at 3-d to 2-wk intervals after transplanting. At the time of application, temperatures were 75, 78, and 90°F on 24 Jun, 12 Jul, and 3 Aug, respectively. There was 0.35 inches of rainfall 2 d after the 24 Jun application, 0.5 inches on 14 Jul, and 0.3 inches on 6 Aug. Data were transformed to log10(x + 1). Untransformed means are presented.
Control of Darksided Cutworm, 1987
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments, including soil surface (preplanting) and tobacco seedling (postplanting) treatments, were conducted in the laboratory and fields at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ont. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design in each experiment. The individual plot was 76 x 14 ft, and consisted of 4 rows of tobacco transplanted on 28 May with 38 plants in each row, the outside 2 rows in each plot being guard rows. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 by 12 inches each), containing 3 tobacco seedlings in the postplanting experiments, were established in each plot. Test insects were fifth and sixth instars. Ripcord was included in the tests as a standard insecticide. The insecticides were broadcast evenly on the soil surface on 13 May for the preplanting treatments. Treatments to tobacco seedlings on 2 Jun for the posttransplanting treatments were made with a power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Teejet nozzles applying 25 gal/acre at 25 psi and 2.5 mph. In plots receiving soil surface applications, 10 larvae were placed on the soil surface in separate subplots at 0, 3, 6, and 9 DAT. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground.
Acaricides Test, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a block of mature trees near Rock Island, Wash. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied to the point of drip on 31 Jul with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them onto glass plates with a mite-brushing machine, and counting mites.
Control Of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Treatment plots were single 40-ft rows of ‘Coker 319’ tobacco planted on 4-ft centers. Eight treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. On 9 Aug, treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row. X-77 spreader (8 fl oz/100 gal) was added to one Orthene treatment and to the RH-7988 treatments. Ten infested plants in each plot were marked with red spray paint. M. nicotianae counts were made between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the abaxial right side of 4 upper leaves on the marked plants on 9 Aug and 12 Aug. On 12 Aug M. nicotianae injury and the presence of sooty mold were rated on a scale of 0 to 7 (0, no signs of aphid or aphid damage; 7, severe damage). Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) for ANOVA.
Control of Western Flower Thrips and Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 7 Jul through 24 Aug in potted chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum cuttings were planted in 5-inch-diam pots containing 3 parts peat, 1 part perlite, and 1 part vermiculite. Chry-santhemums were fertilized and maintained by standard commercial growing practices. Each treatment consisted of 2 replicates of 4 pots (3 plants/pot). Application of insecticides started after disbudding on 7 Jul and continued weekly until full bloom on 18 Aug. A total of 7 applications of selected insecticides were applied with a compressed-air sprayer with a 2503 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Samples were taken (one bud/pot) soon after breaking and continued at weekly intervals until full bloom. Aphids and thrips were extracted with Berlese funnels and counted under a dissecting microscope. During the test period the average maximum temperature was 93.9°F and the average minimum temperature was 67.5°F. Most of the thrips were first and second instars.
Insecticide Residues for Control of Adult Leafminers, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test 1 was conducted in September 1987. Vegetative plants grown in Metro Mix 500 media in 6-inch pots were sprayed to wetness with hand-held mist bottles, then placed on greenhouse benches at 85°F. At each of 3 posttreatment intervals plants were clipped at soil level and placed in individual cages within the laboratory with stems in water. There were 4 replicate plants/treatment. Ten adult L. trifolii from a laboratory-greenhouse colony were introduced into each replicate cage and held for 24 h before survival-mortality was recorded. The ratio of female to male flies was not recorded. Test 2 was conducted in January 1988. A protocol identical to that of Test 1 was followed, with the exception of placing the treated pots outdoors under 30% shade cloth throughout the posttreatment holding period. Average high and low temperatures during the holding period were 74.5°F and 55.0°F, respectively; 0.04 inches of rainfall was recorded soon after chemical applications.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bug, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on approximately 120 ft of hedge around a track field on the Oklahoma State University campus on 28 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment consisted of a 10-ft section, 4 ft high. Spray applications were made with a Hardi RY 15 backpack sprayer at 45 psi. Temperature and wind velocity were 85°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 6 locations in each replication at 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
All-Season Insecticide Test, 1988
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was carried out in an 18-yr-old block of ‘Red Delicious’ apples. Treatments were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Application dates were 27 Apr, pink (P); 23 May, late petal fall to early first cover (IC); 10-11 Jun, second cover (2C); 27-29 Jun, third cover (3C); 28-29 Jul, fourth cover (4C); and 25 Aug, fifth cover (5C). The single-tree plots, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Polyram as needed. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) or x + 1 or arcsine x prior to ANOVA and comparison of means using DMRT. Sampling methods were as follows: ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree; S. punctum, average number larvae, pupae, and adults/3-min count/tree; AA, average AA/terminal based on 10 most infested terminals/tree; RAA, average RAA colonies/tree; STLM average mines/5-min count/tree; WALH, average percentage of leaves showing leafhopper damage (based on 500 leaves/tree); OFM, CM (new, very recent entries), LR (mainly redbanded leafroller), SJS, EASF, and PC, average number damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree; yield, average lb fruit/tree; russet, average percentage of surface russetted (based on 100 fruit/tree); soluble solids (SS), average percentage soluble solids (based on 100 fruit/tree); pressure, average fruit firmness (psi) (based on 100 fruit/tree); diameter, average inches (based on 100 fruit/tree).