bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialect proficiency and Mandarin rating in dialect identification: The case of Jiangsu province
Authors: Jiao Dan , Gnevsheva Ksenia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper investigated origin identification in Jiangsu province, China. In total, ten localities were involved, including nine from Jiangsu province and the city of Beijing. Listeners were presented with recordings of forty speakers (four speakers from each locality) speaking local Mandarin and were asked to identify the region of origin of the speaker and score their Mandarin. Results revealed significant effects of speaker dialect and listener dialect in the identification of speaker origin. Firstly, listeners were able to make distinctions between speakers of Jiangsu province dialect and speakers of non-Jiangsu province dialect (Beijing speakers). Secondly, listeners from Jiangsu province were significantly better than non-Jiangsu listeners at correctly identifying the origin of speakers. In addition, we found significant effects of speaker gender, speaker dialect proficiency, listener dialect proficiency, and speaker Mandarin rating on the identification accuracy of speaker origin in individual analyses of dialect areas.
Labor Informality and the Vote in Latin America: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Baker Andy , Dorr Dalton 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTConventional wisdom among scholars of Latin American politics holds that informal workers are less participatory and less left-leaning than formal workers. Relevant empirical findings, however, are mixed and in need of synthesis. This article provides that synthesis by conducting meta-analyses on the universe of previous quantitative studies of informality and the vote. It finds that informal workers are indeed less likely to vote than formal workers, but the effect of informality is small—just four to seven percentage points. It further finds that informal workers are more likely to vote for the left, not the right, but here the effect size is even smaller. Meta-regression analyses reveal that in countries where organized professional activity among informal workers is high, gaps in turnout between the two sectors are minimal. The article concludes that the conventional wisdom over-states the individual-level political consequences of labor informality in Latin America.
Varieties of Economic Vulnerability: Evidence on Social Policy Preferences and Labor Informality from Mexico
Authors: Altamirano Melina , Berens Sarah , Deeg Franziska 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTIn many Latin American countries, social policy preferences among economically vulnerable citizens seem largely unpolarized. However, current studies rarely confront citizens with realistic policy options and often lack the required detail to capture the heterogeneity of economic vulnerability. Drawing on the dualization debate, we expect individuals facing different degrees of vulnerability to show distinct social policy preferences. Using original survey data from Mexico and a conjoint experiment, our findings reveal a complex divide, where the most economically vulnerable are least supportive of public solutions. Sharing the home with a formal labor market participant does not seem to mitigate social policy skepticism among the vulnerable. In contrast, magnified vulnerability via household composition reduces support for welfare policy expansion. Social policy preferences become much less distinct when policy design alternatives are introduced, suggesting reduced expectations about the state’s role and a lack of clarity about the tangible benefits of social policy reform.
Chechnya’s Paradiplomacy 2000–2020: The Emergence and Evolution of External Relations of a Reincorporated Territory
Authors: Klyszcz Ivan Ulises 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFrom the year 2000 on, Chechen official international relations – called “paradiplomacy” – have centered around legitimacy-building, security cooperation and investment attraction, priorities set by the republic’s first official, pro-Russian president, Akhmat Kadyrov (in office 2000–2004). Kadyrov’s successors, Alu Alkhanov (2004–2007) and Ramzan Kadyrov (2007–to date) developed Grozny’s international engagements further, introducing new partners – such as China – and new dimensions to the external action – such as militarization. At each step, Grozny operated between full autonomy and collaboration with Moscow, involving itself in high-level diplomacy and furthering Moscow’s agenda abroad, primarily in the Middle East. In this article, I argue that Chechen paradiplomacy is an instrument for the inclusion of Chechnya into the governance structures of Russia’s federal order. The argument rests on two premises: Chechnya’s paradiplomacy is framed by the Kremlin’s proactive support and coordination, and Chechnya’s paradiplomacy is closely connected to the Kremlin’s security priorities. Since reincorporation, Chechen paradiplomacy has not been an addition to Russian federal relations but an intrinsic part of the post-2000 political arrangement between Grozny and Moscow. To empirically ground this argument, I trace the evolution of Chechen paradiplomacy across the three post-incorporation presidencies, ending in 2020.
Empathy and the Evolutionary Emergence of Guilt
Authors: Ramsey Grant , Deem Michael J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGuilt poses a unique evolutionary problem. Unlike other dysphoric emotions, it is not immediately clear what its adaptive significance is. One can imagine thriving despite or even because of a lack of guilt. In this article, we review solutions offered by Scott James, Richard Joyce, and Robert Frank and show that although their solutions have merit, none adequately solves the puzzle. We offer an alternative solution, one that emphasizes the role of empathy and posttransgression behavior in the evolution of guilt. Our solution, we contend, offers a better account of why guilt evolved to play its distinctive social role.
A Chemostat Model for Evolution by Persistence: Clade Selection and Its Explanatory Autonomy
Authors: Neto Celso , Doolittle W. Ford 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMany contemporary biologists and philosophers of biology admit that selection occurs at any level of the biological hierarchy at which entities showing heritable variation in fitness are found, while insisting that fitness at any level entails differential reproduction, not differential persistence. Those who allow that persistence can be selected doubt that selection on nonreproducing entities can be reiterated, to produce “complex adaptations.” We present here a verbal model of subclones evolving in a simple idealized chemostat that calls into question these suppositions and is usefully explanatory when taken as an analogy to selection for persistence of clades.
A NOTE ON THE SINGULARITY OF ORIENTED GRAPHS
Authors: MA XIAOBIN , JIANG FAN 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn oriented graph is called singular or nonsingular according as its adjacency matrix is singular or nonsingular. In this note, by a new approach, we determine the singularity of oriented quasi-trees. The main results of Chen et al. [‘Singularity of oriented graphs from several classes’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.102(1) (2020), 7–14] follow as corollaries. Furthermore, we give a necessary condition for an oriented bipartite graph to be nonsingular. By applying this condition, we characterise nonsingular oriented bipartite graphs
$B_{m,n}$
when
$\min \{m,n\}\leq 3$
.
AVERAGES OF EXPONENTIAL TWISTS OF THE VON MANGOLDT FUNCTION
Authors: REN XIUMIN , ZHANG WEI 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe obtain some improved results for the exponential sum
$\sum _{x<n\leq 2x}\Lambda (n)e(\alpha k n^{\theta })$
with
$\theta \in (0,5/12),$
where
$\Lambda (n)$
is the von Mangoldt function. Such exponential sums have relations with the so-called quasi-Riemann hypothesis and were considered by Murty and Srinivas [‘On the uniform distribution of certain sequences’, Ramanujan J.7 (2003), 185–192].
PRIMITIVE ELEMENT PAIRS WITH A PRESCRIBED TRACE IN THE CUBIC EXTENSION OF A FINITE FIELD
Authors: BOOKER ANDREW R. , COHEN STEPHEN D. , LEONG NICOL , TRUDGIAN TIM 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe prove that for any prime power$q\notin \{3,4,5\}$, the cubic extension$\mathbb {F}_{q^{3}}$of the finite field$\mathbb {F}_{q}$contains a primitive element$\xi $such that$\xi +\xi ^{-1}$is also primitive, and$\operatorname {\mathrm {Tr}}_{\mathbb {F}_{q^{3}}/\mathbb {F}_{q}}(\xi )=a$for any prescribed$a\in \mathbb {F}_{q}$. This completes the proof of a conjecture of Guptaet al.[‘Primitive element pairs with one prescribed trace over a finite field’,Finite Fields Appl.54(2018), 1–14] concerning the analogous problem over an extension of arbitrary degree$n\ge 3$.
A checklist of helminths associated with reptiles (Tetrapoda: Reptilia) from Peru
Authors: Cuellar I. , Sáez G. , Cantú S. , Sánchez L. , Mendoza C. , Conga D.F. , Cruces C.L. , Luque J.L. , Chero J.D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn annotated checklist of the helminth parasites associated with reptiles from Peru is provided, as the result of a compilation of parasitological papers published between 1963 and January 2022 and records of species deposited in national and international collections. The list provides data on hosts, developmental stage, sites of infection, geographical distribution in Peruvian territory, code of material deposited in helminthological collections, references and taxonomic notes. The database includes records of 106 different species of helminth parasites (82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at the generic level), the majority in the adult stage. These helminth parasites come from 18 of the 25 official Peruvian regions. Nematodes have the highest richness in number of species (79 species), followed by trematodes (17 species) and cestodes (nine species). The acanthocephalans are represented by only one species. The parasites with the highest number of records werePhysaloptera retusaRudolphi, 1819 (11 hosts),Physalopteroides venancioi(Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946) (nine hosts),Strongyluris oscariTravassos, 1923 (seven hosts), andParapharyngodon scleratusTravassos, 1923 (five hosts), all of which are nematodes. The 106 taxa of helminth parasites have been reported infecting 55 species of reptiles in Peru, distributed in 34 genera and 14 families. The reptile species harbouring the highest number of helminth parasites are the yellow-footed tortoiseChelonoidis denticulatus(Linnaeus) with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by the Peru desert teguDicrodon guttulatumDuméril & Bibron (Teiidae) with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtlePodocnemis unifilisTroschel (Podocnemididae) with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes). Of the 524 species of reptiles reported in Peru, only 55 (>10%) are reported as hosts of helminths representing a small proportion considering the great variety of reptile hosts that inhabit the various tropical and subtropical geographical areas of Peru.
Cognitive effort-based decision-making in major depressive disorder
Authors: Ang Yuen-Siang , Gelda Steven E. , Pizzagalli Diego A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe association between major depressive disorder and motivation to invest cognitive effort for rewards is unclear. One reason might be that prior tasks of cognitive effort-based decision-making are limited by potential confounds such as physical effort and temporal delay discounting.MethodsTo address these interpretive challenges, we developed a new task – the Cognitive Effort Motivation Task – to assess one's willingness to exert cognitive effort for rewards. Cognitive effort was manipulated by varying the number of items (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) kept in spatial working memory. Twenty-six depressed patients and 44 healthy controls went through an extensive learning session where they experienced each possible effort level 10 times. They were then asked to make a series of choices between performing a fixed low-effort-low-reward or variable higher-effort-higher-reward option during the task.ResultsBoth groups found the task more cognitively (but not physically) effortful when effort level increased, but they still achieved ⩾80% accuracy on each effort level during training and >95% overall accuracy during the actual task. Computational modelling revealed that a parabolic model best accounted for subjects' data, indicating that higher-effort levels had a greater impact on devaluing rewards than lower levels. These procedures also revealed that MDD patients discounted rewards more steeply by effort and were less willing to exert cognitive effort for rewards compared to healthy participants.ConclusionsThese findings provide empirical evidence to show, without confounds of other variables, that depressed patients have impaired cognitive effort motivation compared to the general population.
Cooperative Multi-Volume Histories of Africa
Authors: Fage J. D. 
Published: April 2022

The UNESCO project for a General History of Africa has been around for some time now. It was launched in 1964 by a resolution of the General Conference of UNESCO, and was essentially a consequence of the accession to the United Nations and to UNESCO of the large number of new African states which secured their independence in the early 1960s. These felt, rightly, that Africa had too long been ‘the dark continent’ of world history, and that it was high time that, the history of its peoples and cultures was placed on the same level of public record as that of the other continents.The first positive step taken by UNESCO was to call a ‘meeting of experts’ at Abidjan in 1966. This seems to have taken the line that the first thing to be done if the history of Africa were to be written on a major scale was to provide support for research into it.
Whites in Africa
Authors: Ranger Terence 
Published: April 2022

ASAUK's conference last September on ‘Whites in Africa - Past, Present and Future’ aroused suspicions in at least one correspondent. Addressing himself to the ‘Pink ASAUK’, and enclosing a cutting from West Africa in which news of the forthcoming conference was omenously included on the same page as a report on ‘Freetown’s Rubbish Plan, the writer made two points. ‘Human beings are citizens, not colours or numbers as.your hollow minds suggest’; ‘Now that Africa is nearly free from imperialism and exploitation … dishonest intellectuals from British institutions are conspiring to draw a new map of Africa’.The first of these points was regularly made and as regularly demonstrated throughout the conference. It did indeed turn out to be very difficult to correlate ‘whiteness’ with any particular range of activities.
Western Ways and Nigerian Means: University Librarianship in Nigeria
Authors: Ratcliffe F. W. 
Published: April 2022

I must emphasise at the outset that the views expressed here are those of someone who had never visited Nigeria, or indeed the African Continent, until last year. I am all too conscious of the fact that much of what I say will be self-evident to many of you, who must know that Continent from the inside, and possibly naive, or even completely wrong.If my views have any value this must in fact be due to this, to the newness to me of Africa, to my uncontaminated, if you like virgin, state, to my hitherto clearly circumscribed Library vision. British and Germanic speaking libraries of Europe pretty, well sums up my library experience, a thoroughly parochial background in the context of the Third World. I was, as it turned out, only superficially prepared for what one of my new-found colleagues in Zaria termed “cultural shock”, the impact of Nigerian life on the raw European visitor.
Scolma and African Periodicals
Authors: Travis Carole 
Published: April 2022

1976 should see the coming to fruition of one of SCOLMA's major bibliographical tasks - the publication of a bibliography and union list of African periodicals.SCOLMA's broad aims on its establishment in April 1962 were “to facilitate the acquisition and preservation of library materials needed for African studies and to assist in the recording and use of such material” and, in the early discussions, the bibliographical control and acquisition of African periodicals was identified as a major problem. The need was two-fold - for comprehensive information about what periodicals had been and were currently published, and for the locations of those which were held by UK libraries. As with other SCOLMA projects, an important consideration was the identification of gaps in holdings as a basis for further acquisition. The creation of such a list of periodicals was thus one of the first tasks SCOLMA set itself once funds were available.
History: African and Contemporary
Authors: Hargreaves J. D. 
Published: April 2022

By a regrettable anomaly in our Association's practice, now removed, two distinguished historians who preceded me in this office — Roland Oliver and John Fage — were never called upon to deliver Presidential Addresses. So, with the exception of our first President (Dame Margery Perham) — whose historical writing achieves a distinction which few of us can hope to emulate, but who has been so much else besides — I find myself the first historian to discharge this duty. I feel somewhat as Lepidus must have done when invited to speak on behalf of the Triumvirate.I suppose I should begin by claiming — as I think I can justly do — that historians have played a distinctive and important part in the development of African Studies during the last quarter century, and in the affairs of our own young Association.
Sources for West African Economic and Business History
Authors: Davies P. N. 
Published: April 2022

In recent years the enhanced academic interest in all things African has resulted in a flood of books and articles which in most disciplines have generously supplemented the previously meagre published works. This has been as marked in West African economic and business history as elsewhere but much remains to be done and this brief article is designed to assist those who are either contemplating or just beginning their research in these fields.An obvious first step is to examine the bibliographies of studies that have been completed in the past few years. This should include reference to both published works such as A. G. HOPKINS, An Economic History of West Africa, and my own The Trade Makers, and to theses which have not yet appeared in print. A useful example of this latter type is the Ph.D. produced by A. OLORUNFEMI at the University of Birmingham entitled Anglo-German Commercial Rivalry in West Africa.
An Acquisitions Tour in North Africa and Europe
Authors: McKee M.D. 
Published: April 2022

I was released by the School of Oriental and African Studies on leave of absence from 7 November to 16 December 1977 to visit Paris, Khartoum, Rome, Tunis, Nouakchott, Rabat, and Lisbon to acquire publications for the Library, to visit universities, libraries, bookshops, etc. and to renew previous contacts.In Europe I endeavoured to obtain older French, Italian and Portuguese publications which the Library had not acquired in the past. In Africa the object of my journey was to concentrate mainly on more recent publications which would have been difficult toiget without a personal visit.
The Personal Papers of will Freshwater (1872-1936), Missionary in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Freshwater Peter B. 
Published: April 2022

I am not everybody,But I am somebody,I cannot do everything,But I can do something,What I can do,I ought to do,What I ought to do,By the Grace of GodI will do.So wrote Will Freshwater in a family commonplace book on 1 October 1900. It must have been shortly before then that he had resolved to train for the African mission field. Eighteen months later-he was to embark with other, more experienced missionaries for Chinde in Mozambique, en route for the London Missionary Society's (LMS) Central Africa Mission in North Eastern Rhodesia. At his death in 1936 he left a small collection of private papers which is still in the keeping of his family.
Progress of the SCOLMA Area Specialisation Scheme
Authors: Freshwater P. B. , Trevett G. 
Published: April 2022

Two factors govern the acquisitions policy of West Africana in Birmingham University Library: the teaching and research programmes of the Centre of West African Studies, and participation in the SCOLMA area specialisation scheme.The Centre of West African Studies was set up in 1963, in the words of its Director, Professor J. D. Fage, ‘as the happy coincidence between thinking in the University…and the University Grants Committee’. Begun and maintained as an interdisciplinary centre, and supported by earmarked Treasury grants as recommended by the Hayter Report in 1961, it has developed during its first ten years into one of the main centres of African studies in the United Kingdom. The interests of its members have always been centred on Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone, with a certain amount of research interest in the French-speaking areas also.
A Note on Current Research in African Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Authors: Turfan R.B. 
Published: April 2022

As the largest specialist in African studies in the United Kingdom, SOAS holds a place at the centre of academic research in the humanities and social sciences relating to Africa. In view of the sheer extent of research undertaken at the School, an article such as this must therefore confine itself to the briefest of reviews.While the School is ordered academically by discipline, its very strong area orientation is reflected in, for example, the Centre for African Studies and the Department of the Languages and Cultures of Africa. These provide a focus for African research undertaken by staff of the School and for courses in African studies, at undergraduate and post-graduate levels, offered by the School.
Francis can inform you on Africa
Authors: Rahard Maryse , Bourdin Jean-Francois 
Published: April 2022

Have you ever heard of FRANCIS? This database may be very useful for you if you need any bibliographic reference on the human and social sciences.Created in 1972, it has been produced and managed by the Centre de Documentation Sciences Humaines (CDSH) of the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, a branch of the “Ministere des Universites”.This computerized file has been increasing by 90,000 new items each year and now contains about 1,000,000, from which may be extracted any research literature from all over the world in the fields of geography, ethnology, linguistics, religion, administative science, sociology, education, prehistory etc. The references obtained contain bibliographic information, keywords and often abstracts of the documents (articles, books, theses, working papers, symposium proceedings, conferences etc). These documents are published in all European languages but above all in French and English.
Colonial Archives and The Kenya National Archives
Authors: Walford John 
Published: April 2022

Last year I visited the Kenya National Archives (KNA) as a consultant for UNESCO to review its functions, organisation, staffing and relations with other institutions working in related fields. I did not examine the contents of the archives in detail, although I was able to get a general idea of its holdings. My brief was to assess how it was working now rather than, from an evaluation of its contents, how effectively or otherwise it had operated in the past. Nevertheless it became clear that whatever was happening in 1982, much that ought to have been done earlier had not been done, with consequent gaps in the records.Since 1980 the KNA has been housed in what is by any standards an impressive building. It is sited on the intersection of Moi Avenue and Tom Mboya Street, between the tourist, commercial and main shopping areas of Nairobi, near the main bus station and on the other side of a pleasant square from the multi-storey Union Hotel.