bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can deterrence persist? Long‐term evidence from a randomized experiment in street lighting
Authors: Mitre‐Becerril David , Tahamont Sarah , Lerner Jason , Chalfin Aaron 
Published: August 2022

AbstractResearch summaryFor centuries and even millenia, street lighting has been among the most ubiquitous capital investments that societies have made in public safety. Recent research by Chalfin et al. (2021)—the first randomized experiment that studies the effect of street lighting on public safety—demonstrated that a tactical street lighting intervention in New York City's public housing developments led to a 36% reduction in serious criminal activity during nighttime hours in the 6 months after the new lights were rolled out. But do the effects endure? In this study, we examine the longer‐term effects of the same street lighting intervention using 3 years of outcome data. We show that the effects of the lighting intervention persist over time. Critically, the intervention reduced crime without eventually leading to a larger number of arrests.Policy implicationsAs street lighting requires a large up‐front capital investment, the attractiveness of enhanced lighting to policy makers depends critically on whether its public safety benefits will be long lasting. These findings provide some assurance that the impact of street lighting can endure beyond their initial installation. Because the lighting intervention reduced crime without increasing the number of arrests, it did not reduce crime by widening the net of the criminal justice system.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of the new oncological drug durvalumab in Italian patients with stage III non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Buja Alessandra , Pasello Giulia , Schiavon Marco , De Luca Giuseppe , Rivera Michele , Cozzolino Claudia , De Polo Anna , Scioni Manuela , Bortolami Alberto , Baldo Vincenzo , Conte PierFranco 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe monoclonal antibody durvalumab, an immune‐checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), is available for unresectable stage III NSCLC patients as consolidation therapy following induction chemoradiotherapy, with very promising overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survial (PFS) results in registration trials. The purpose of this study was to provide policymakers with an estimate of the cost‐effectiveness of durvalumab in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsThe study developed a Markov model covering a 5‐year period to compare costs and outcomes of treating PD‐L1 positive patients with or without durvalumab. We conducted a series of sensitivity analyses (Tornado analysis and Monte Carlo simulation) by varying some parameters to assess the robustness of our model and identify the parameters with the greatest impact on cost‐effectiveness.ResultsPrior to the release of durvalumab, the management of NSCLC over a 5‐year period cost €33 317 per patient, with an average life expectancy of 2.01 years. After the introduction of the drug, this increased to €37 317 per patient, with an average life expectancy of 2.13 years. Treatment with durvalumab led to an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €35 526 per year. OS is the variable that contributes the most to the variability of the ICER.ConclusionsThe study observed that durvalumab is a cost‐effective treatment option for patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC.
Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use in tobacco products among young adult Texas college students from 2015 to 2019
Authors: Hinds Josephine T. , Marti C. Nathan , Pasch Keryn E. , Loukas Alexandra 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAimsTo measure longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use in four tobacco/nicotine products (hand‐rolled cigarettes/spliffs, cigars/blunts, hookah, and e‐cigarettes) among young adult Texas college students from 2015 to 2019.DesignThis study used six consecutive waves of data from the marketing and promotions across colleges in Texas project (Project M‐PACT), a longitudinal study of the tobacco behaviors of young adult college students. The first four waves were collected every 6 months (fall 2015‐spring 2017), and the final two waves were conducted yearly (spring 2018 and 2019). Growth curve models measured trajectories of marijuana use in tobacco products across the 3.5‐year period.Setting and ParticipantsA total of 4857 young adults from 24 colleges in the largest metropolitan areas of Texas, United States (Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio): mean age = 21.0, SD = 2.3; 64.2% assigned female; 36.1% non‐Hispanic white, 31.0% Hispanic, and 33.0% other or combination race/ethnicity.MeasurementsParticipants completed online surveys assessing their past 6‐month use of marijuana in four tobacco products of interest (spliffs, blunts, hookah, and e‐cigarettes) and socio‐demographic variables (sex, race/ethnicity, age, 2‐year/4‐year college attendance, and sexual and gender minority identity).FindingsObserved vaping marijuana in e‐cigarettes approximately doubled between the spring of 2015 and the spring of 2019, from 11.8% to 23.9% following a quadratic time trend (linear OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73–0.97, quadratic OR = 1.18, CI = 1.13–1.22). This same time period saw a quadratic decline in using marijuana in hookah (P < 0.001) and no changes in using hand‐rolled cigarettes/spliffs or cigars/blunts for marijuana delivery.ConclusionsThe popularity of nicotine e‐cigarettes appears to be expanding the avenues for marijuana delivery among young adults in Texas, United States.
Autoimmune hepatitis and metabolic syndrome‐associated disease development: a U.S. cohort study
Authors: Jalal Muhammad I. , Brahmbhatt Mihir , Green Kelsey , Weinberg Ethan M. , Lammert Craig , Bittermann Therese 
Published: August 2022

SummaryBackgroundAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may coexist with metabolic syndrome‐associated diseases (MSADs) given patients' inherent need for corticosteroid therapy, as well as general population trends.AimTo examine the impact of MSAD risk factors on AIH or its treatment, and vice versaMethodsThis was a multi‐centre retrospective cohort study of 552 patients with AIH diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2019. Data relating to demographic factors, laboratory values, AIH medications and MSADs were collected at diagnosis and at 1‐ and 3‐year follow‐up. Statistical relationships were analysed and reported.ResultsWe included 552 patients in the study cohort (median age 50 years, 76.1% female). All MSADs, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and a gain of BMI ≥3 kg/m2, increased within the AIH cohort over time. Initial treatment regimen impacted de novo diabetes but not other MSAD development. AIH biochemical remission was less frequent at 3 years post‐diagnosis among patients with ≥1 MSAD. The incidence of new MSADs could be predicted by baseline factors in certain cases.ConclusionIn the largest US‐based cohort of patients newly diagnosed with AIH, there was a considerable burden of pre‐existing and de novo MSADs that may affect AIH treatment outcomes. Identifying those at highest risk of co‐morbid MSADs allows for an individualised approach to management to reduce its long‐term sequelae in patients with AIH.
Changes in diaphragm contractility in cigarette smoking‐exposed and smoking cessation rats are associated with alterations in mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis
Authors: Zhang Yijie , Shi Xiaoqian , Sheng Haiyan , Hu Yuhan , Pang Baosen , Ma Yingmin , Jin Jiawei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe effects of cigarette smoking (CS) cessation on the diaphragm are unknown, as are the CS‐induced diaphragmatic mitochondrial changes. We examined the changes in diaphragm contractility, as well as alterations in mitochondrial morphology, function and homoeostasis during CS exposure and after cessation. Rats were randomly divided into CS exposure and CS cessation groups: 3‐month CS (S3), 6‐month CS (S6), 6‐month CS followed by 3‐month cessation (S6N3). The changes in the diaphragm were investigated, including contractile properties, the ultrastructure, mitochondrial function and the expression of markers of mitochondrial homoeostasis. CS caused irreversible histological disruption and functional depression in the lungs, along with significantly declines in diaphragmatic contractility and more severely in extensor digitorum longus muscular contractility. Such declines were recovered after 3‐month CS cessation. CS exposure disrupted the diaphragmatic mitochondrial morphology and function (S6), which was significantly alleviated in the S6N3 group. The mitochondrial homoeostasis was depressed (S6), as indicated by the downregulation of Pink1 and Mfn1. Interestingly, the Mfn1 level was recovered after smoking cessation (S6N3). In conclusion, smoking cessation eased CS‐induced diaphragmatic dysfunction and mitochondrial deregulation, which are likely associated with deregulated mitochondrial homoeostasis.
Do siblings influence one another? Unpacking processes that occur during sibling conflict
Authors: Borairi Sahar , Plamondon Andre , Rodrigues Michelle , Sokolovic Nina , Perlman Michal , Jenkins Jennifer 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which 205 sibling dyads influenced each other during conflict. Data were collected between 2013 to 2015. The sample included 5.9% Black, 15.1% South Asian, 15.1% East Asian, and 63.8% White children. Older siblings were between 7–13 years old (Female = 109) and younger siblings were 5–9 years old (Female = 99). Siblings' conflict resolution was analyzed using dynamic structural equation modeling. Modeling fluctuations in moment‐to‐moment data (20‐s intervals) allowed for a close approximation of causal influence. Older and younger siblings were found to influence one another. Younger sisters were more constructive than younger brothers, especially in sister–sister dyads. Sibling age gap predicted inertia in older siblings. Socialization processes within sibling relationships are discussed.
Hidradenitis‐suppurativa‐bedingte Kosten, ein Plädoyer für Aufmerksamkeit: eine systematische Literaturübersicht
Authors: Tsentemeidou Aikaterini , Sotiriou Elena , Ioannides Dimitrios , Vakirlis Efstratios 
Published: August 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Daten zu Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)‐bedingten Kosten sind begrenzt und inhomogen. Sie sind jedoch erheblich. Wir führten eine systematische Sichtung der Literaturberichte durch, in denen finanzielle Daten über jeden Gesundheitsbereich oder andere Ausgaben dokumentiert wurden, die durch HS und/oder HS‐bedingte Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigung, Einkommen und persönliches wirtschaftliche Entwicklung entstanden sind (indirekte Kosten). Dafür wurden drei elektronische Datenbanken durchsucht (MEDLINE, ScienceDirect und die Cochrane Library –letzte Suche: 14. September 2021). Alle Kosten wurden inflationsbereinigt (2022) und in US‐Dollar umgerechnet. Es wurden 23 Artikel eingeschlossen (18 Krankheitskostenstudien, 4 Beobachtungsstudien und 1 Fallserie), in denen ökonomische Daten von 77.287 HS‐Patienten erfasst wurden. Die durch HS entstandenen durchschnittlichen jährlichen Kosten pro Patient reichten von 258 $ bis 8.078 $. Diese Zahl erhöhte sich bei chirurgischen Eingriffen, Krankheitsprogression, Antibiotika‐Versagen und bestimmten Begleitkrankheiten. Der kostspieligste Faktor war die stationäre Versorgung, gefolgt von ambulanter und Notfallversorgung. Signifikante Unterschiede wurden zwischen den USA und den übrigen untersuchten Ländern beobachtet. Im Vergleich zu Psoriasis‐Patienten waren Krankenhausaufenthalte bei HS wahrscheinlicher, länger und kostspieliger, während die weniger kostspielige ambulante Versorgung bei HS‐Patienten verringert war. Das Vermeiden der Krankheitsprogression durch frühzeitige Diagnose und Optimierung der ambulanten dermatologischen Versorgung könnte HS‐bedinge Ausgaben reduzieren.
Effect of renin‐angiotensin system antihypertensive medication use on cognitive function in diabetes mellitus with obesity or overweight: An ancillary study to the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial
Authors: Wharton Whitney , Anderson Andrea , Hayden Kathleen M. , Carmichael Owen T , Clark Jeanne M , Luchsinger José A. , Espeland Mark , Yasar Sevil 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAimTo determine whether antihypertensive medication (AHM) acting through the renin angiotensin system (RAS‐AHM), compared with other AHM, can mitigate effects on cognitive function and risk for impairment in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials and MethodsThis secondary analysis of the randomized controlled Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study included 712 community‐dwelling participants who were followed over 15 years. Logistic regression was used to relate RAS‐AHM use to cognitive impairment, and linear regression was used to relate RAS‐AHM use to domain‐specific cognitive function after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 563 individuals reported RAS‐AHM use and 149 reported other‐AHM use during the study. RAS‐AHM users have college or higher education (53%), had higher baseline glycated haemoglobin (57 mmol/mol), and reported higher diabetes medication use (86%), while other‐AHM users were more likely to be White (72%), obese (25%) and to have cardiovascular history (19%). RAS‐AHM use was not associated with a reduced risk of dementia compared with other‐AHM use. We did observe better executive function (Trail Making Test, part B, P < 0.04), processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test, P < 0.004), verbal memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test‐delayed recall, P < 0.005), and composite score (P < 0.008) among RAS‐AHM users compared with other‐AHM users.ConclusionIn this sample of adults with T2DM, free of dementia at baseline, we observed a slower decline in processing speed, executive function, verbal memory, and composite score among RAS‐AHM users.
Course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CURES) as a pathway to diversify science
Authors: Duboue Erik R. , Kowalko Johanna E. , Keene Alex C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere is widespread recognition of the need to increase research opportunities in biomedical science for undergraduate students from underrepresented backgrounds. Here, we describe the implementation of team‐based science combined with intensive mentoring to conduct a large‐scale project examining the evolution of behavior. This system can be widely applied in other areas of STEM to promote research‐intensive opportunities in STEM fields and to promote diversity in science.
Within‐individual leaf allometry and the evolution of leaf morphology: A multilevel analysis of leaf allometry in temperateViburnum(Adoxaceae) species
Authors: Strelin Marina M. , Diggle Pamela K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA critical issue in evolutionary biology is understanding the relationship between macroevolutionary patterns of diversity and the origin of variation at the organismal level. Among‐individual allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among organisms at a fixed developmental stage, is often similar to evolutionary allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among populations or species, and the genetic and developmental process that underlie allometric relationships at both levels are thought to influence evolutionary diversification. Metameric organisms present an additional level of allometry: the relationship between the size and shape of structures within individuals. We propose that within‐individual allometry is also related to evolutionary diversification among metameric organisms. We explore this idea in temperate deciduousViburnum(Adoxaceae) species that bear two types of leaves, that is, preformed and neoformed leaves, with contrasting patterns of development. Examination of within‐individual, among‐individual, among‐population, and among‐species allometry of leaf shape in both leaf types showed that the slopes of all allometric relationships were significantly different from isometry, and their sign was consistent across allometric hierarchies. Although the allometric slope of preformed leaves was constant across allometry levels, the allometric slope of neoformed leaves became increasingly steeper. We suggest that allometric variation underlying evolutionary diversification in metameric organisms may manifest among individuals and also among their repeated structures. Moreover, structures with contrasting patterns of development within metameric organisms can experience different degrees of developmental constraint, and this can in turn affect morphological diversification.
Strategies to identify causal common genetic variants and corresponding effector genes for paediatric obesity
Authors: Littleton Sheridan H. , Grant Struan F. A. 
Published: August 2022

SummaryBackgroundChildhood obesity rates are on the rise, but there are currently no effective therapies available to slow or halt their progression. Although environmental and lifestyle factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis, childhood obesity is considered a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Intense genome‐wide association study (GWAS) efforts through large‐scale collaborations have enabled the discovery of genetic loci robustly associated with childhood obesity beyond the classic FTO locus. That said, GWAS itself does not pinpoint the actual underlying causal effector genes, but rather just yields association signals in the genome.ObjectiveThis review aims to outline what has been elucidated thus far on the genetic aetiology of commong childhood obesity and to describe strategies to identify and validate both causal common genetic variants and their corresponding effector genes.ResultsRelevant cell types for molecular studies can be identified by gene set enrichment analysis and considering known biology of obesity‐related physiological processes. Putatively causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be identified by several methods including statistical fine mapping and ‘assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing’ (ATAC‐seq). Variant to gene mapping can then nominate effector genes likely regulated by cis‐regulatory elements harbouring putatively causal SNPs. A SNP's cis‐regulatory activity can be functionally validated by several in vitro methods including luciferase assay and CRISPR approaches. These CRISPR approaches can also be used to investigate how dysregulatn of effector genes may confer obesity risk.ConclusionUncovering the causative genes related to GWAS signals and elucidating their functional contributions to paediatric obesity with these strategies will deepen our understanding of this disease and serve better treatment outcomes.
A novel strategy for the fabrication of AlN–AlON refractories: Nitrogen gas pressure sintering of Al4O4C
Authors: Yu Chao , Zheng Yongxiang , Xing Guangchao , Ding Jun , Zhu Hongxi , Wang Zhoufu , Deng Chengji , Di Jinghui 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA novel strategy was exploited for the fabrication of AlN–AlON refractories via nitrogen gas pressure sintering of Al4O4C. The phase transformation and microstructure evolution during the reaction at 1600–1800°C were thoroughly investigated. The results indicated that the high N2 pressure was essential for the effective nitridation. The in situ generated AlN–AlON refractories had a homogeneous local chemical composition, and the (101) plane of AlN and the (222) lattice plane of Al5O6N were bonded at their grain boundary with no amorphous phase. The as‐fabricated AlN–AlON refractories treated at 1700°C by a 20 atm nitrogen pressure exhibited an optimum bending strength of 111.10 MPa, combining an apparent porosity of 20% with a low bulk density of 1.97 g/cm3. The diffusion of the generated oxygen led to an increase in the apparent porosity and decrease in the bulk density at 1800°C. Furthermore, the fabrication mechanism of AlN–AlON refractories under the nitrogen gas‐pressure was discussed.
Investment–cash flow sensitivity and investor protection
Authors: Kabbach‐de‐Castro Luiz Ricardo , Martins Henrique Castro , Schiehll Eduardo , Terra Paulo Renato Soares 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe examine the role of country‐level legal investor protection (i.e., shareholder and creditor protection) on firm investment–cash flow sensitivity (ICFS). Using underexplored research data on investor protection across 21 countries and working with a conservative empirical design, we extend prior literature on the relation between investor protection and ICFS and provide new evidence on how these country‐level attributes interact to explain a firm's ICFS. We find that either the strong legal protection of minority shareholders or the strong legal protection of creditors reduces the sensitivity of investment to internal cash flow. However, in countries with strong levels of both minority shareholder and creditor protection, ICFS increases. Our results remain robust after controlling for several alternative explanations. The results support the argument that overregulation arises when policymakers increase investor protection at levels that lead firms to avoid external sources of finance, hampering firm investment. Our findings suggest that countries face a regulatory trade‐off such that increasing investor protection (either shareholder or creditors protection) enhances financial markets efficiency, but excessive regulation can indeed lead to financial markets inefficiencies.
Local CEOs, career concerns and voluntary disclosure
Authors: Hu Yaqin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractI study whether the management guidance provided by local chief executive officers (CEOs) differs from the guidance provided by nonlocal CEOs. The geographic preferences of the CEOs lead to segmented executive labor markets, which impose higher relocation costs and give rise to lower job mobility. I find that local CEOs, who grew up in the same states where the firm headquarters are located, provide fewer items in guidance and less frequent guidance than nonlocal CEOs. I also show that local CEOs have greater asymmetric withholding of bad news relative to good news and that they increase their disclosure during economic downturns in their home states. Collectively, these findings suggest that the geographically segmented CEO labor markets play an important role in the disclosure choices of CEOs.
Corporate investment and stock market valuation
Authors: Liao Shushu , Errico Marco 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe study the driving forces behind the positive association observed between corporate investment and stock market valuation, and how they interact with managerial equity incentives and informativeness of investment. We build a dynamic model where managers use investment choices to influence investors' opinions about firms' future prospects and increase the market valuation. The incentives to manipulate the valuation processes increase with managerial equity incentives and informativeness of investment. Our empirical findings support the model's predictions that the tendency of using investment to boost market valuation is stronger when managerial stock ownership is high or when earnings quality is low (i.e., there is strong reliance on investment for information).