bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Disorders Leading to Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Gilani Sayed Tanveer Abbas , Khan Dilshad Ahmed , Iftikhar Ghazala , Khan Kumail Abbas , Rauf Amer , Siddiqui Abdul Hameed 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency of disorders leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD).
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and duration of study: Pathology Lab in collaboration with the Cardiology Department, AFIC & NIHD, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2018.
Methodology: A total of 305 cases of sudden cardiac death reported within the last 24 hours of a death to AFIC Rawalpindi were included consecutively. Cases with a history of extracardiac diseases leading to sudden death were excluded. Most of the included cases were diagnosed phenotypically based on clinical examination, biochemistry, ECG, echocardiography, angiography, thallium scan, electro-physiological studies, cardiac CT scan, MRI and routine autopsy whenever recommended.
Results: Out of 305 cases, 197 (65%) were males and 108 (35%) females. Disorders leading to SCD were found in 178 (58.3%) cases due to ischemic heart disease (IHD), aortic dissection (0.7%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (0.3%), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (10.5%), congenital heart disease (12.1%) and valvular heart disease (7.9%). While in cardiac channelopathies, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) in 5 (1.6%) and congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) in 2 (0.7%) cases. However, 24 (7.9%) cases remained as sudden unexplained deaths (SUD).
Conclusion: In our setup, ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were the commonest causes of sudden cardiac death, followed by congenital heart disease and valvular heart diseases.
Implementation Plan and Solutions to the Challenges Faced by Medical Faculty During COVID-19 Pandemic: Transition to the New Normal
Authors: Hameed Ammara , Fakhir Shazia , Ahmed Shakeel 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To assess faculty perception regarding the transition from traditional to online classrooms and highlight the problems and devise possible solutions for these problems.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Two Public and five Private Sector Medical Institutes in the month of September 2020.
Methodology: An online questionnaire comprising three sections, including consent, personal information and questions related to the experience regarding online teaching, was designed. The questionnaire was posted online, and medical faculty of public and private sector medical universities in Karachi were invited to participate in the study. As a result, the MBBS, BDS, and DPT teaching faculty of two public sectors and three private sector medical colleges/universities who took the online classes participated in the study.
Result: 41.2% response rate was recorded. 42 (61.8%) participants felt training given by their institutes was satisfactory. 67 (98.5%) of participants felt that a user-friendly system was employed for online teaching. 61 (89.7%) participants changed teaching strategy, although 49 (72.1%) were unprepared. 67 (98.5%) participants felt student feedback was essential, and 86.8% felt the interaction was vital. 66 (97.1%) participants said clinical teaching was compromised. Student behavioural issues were identified by 22 (32.3%) of faculty members. Problems with technology was faced by 33 (48.5%) participants.
Conclusion: Online teaching and learning is expected to continue in the new normal post-COVID-19 era. The transition was difficult, but faculty training programs promise improvement to continue this strategy in future.
Frequency of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Infants Delivered at Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi
Authors: Bashir Junaid , Ahmed Zeeshan , Ghafoor Muzammal , Hussain Murtaza , Zaman Saeed , Babar Muhammad Waleed 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency of Respiratory Distress Syndrome among preterm neonates born at the Pak Emirates Military Hospital.
Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2020 to Mar 2021.
Methodology: One hundred and sixty-nine neonates with a gestational age of ≤34 weeks of either gender were included in this study. RDS was confirmed by reviewing neonatal medical charts. The frequency of RDS was seen in different groups according to gestational age, gender, weight, hypothermia, sepsis and jaundice.
Results: There were 169 patients; among them were 94 (55.6%) males and 75 (44.4%) females. 105 (62.1%) were born by caesarean section, and 64 (37.9%) were normal vaginal delivery. There were 26 (15.4%) neonates, with RDS, and 143 (84.6%) did not have RDS. Among our 169 sample, 26 (15.4%) were in <28 weeks, 96 (56.8%) were in the 28 to 32 weeks and 47 (27.8%) were in >32 week gestational groups. There were 34 (20.1%) who were <1000 g, there were 96 (56.8%) were between 1000 to 1500 g, and 39 (23.1%) were > 1500 g. Hypothermia was found in 43 (25.4%) of neonates; 126 (74.6%) did not have hypothermia. 63 (37.3%) neonates had sepsis, and 39 (23.1%) had jaundice.
Conclusion: RDS is a serious problem in our country. Health care providers must plan cost-effective and efficient strategies to detect and treat RDS in the developing world.
Patient Satisfaction with Clinical Laboratory Services in Public Health Sector Hospitals of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Khalid Bilal , Ayyub Fareeha , Nasim Midhet , Babar Ayesha , Khan Saad Alam 
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To determine patient satisfaction and factors affecting patient satisfaction with laboratory services in Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK).
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Seven District Headquarter Hospitals, DHQ Neelum, DHQ Hattian Bala, DHQ Pallandari, DHQ Bagh, DHQ Kotli, DHQ Bhimber and DHQ Mirpur, Kashmir Pakistan from Dec 2019 to Feb 2020.
Methodology: The patients who were referred from the Outdoor Patient Department of the hospital for undergoing investigative tests were included, and patients of age less than 18 and critically ill patients were excluded.
Results: The total number of respondents included in the study was 400, with the median score of patient satisfaction with laboratory services being 59 (19), ranging from 32 to 100. Statistically significant disparities in client satisfaction were observed in different DHQ hospitals (p-value=0.01) with Mirpur (63) and Pallandri (40) showing the extreme variation. Residential area, age, and education level were also identified as statistically significant determinants of patient satisfaction (p-value <0.05).
Conclusion: patient satisfaction with laboratory services in public hospitals of AJK was very low, and targeted strategies are needed to improve the overall quality of these services.
Seasonal Variation in Psychiatric Disorders Among Patients Admitted at Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health Rawalpindi
Authors: Saleem Nida , Qayyum Rashid , Hamdani Syed Muhammad  Akram , Saleem Summaya , Ullah Saleem , Hassan Ammad 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the seasonal variation in psychiatric disorders among patients admitted to the Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health.
Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of the Study: Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health Rawalpindi from Jun 2014 to May 2019.
Methodology: A total of 3120 cases diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria were included after evaluating a 5-year indoor hospital record. Around 30 psychiatric disorders among males and females aged 12-65 were included. Cases of adjustment disorder in the military and those without any diagnosis were excluded. Disorders were allocated to 4 seasonal groups according to the months of admission, and Seasonal variation among them was evaluated.
Results: The 5-year disease burden showed predominance for bipolar affective and depressive disorder with 887 (28.4%) and 728 (23.3%) frequency, respectively. The higher number of admissions 825 (26.4%) took place in autumn, followed by 809 (25.9%) in winter. Admissions for the depressive disorder were highest during autumn 212 (29.1%). Peak admissions in winter included bipolar affective disorder 233 (29.53%), acute mania 23 (36.5%), and mania with psychosis 12 (34.28%). Psychotic disorders like schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were found prevalent in 2 seasons, 76 (26.0%) during the autumn and winter seasons each and 14 (29.0%) during the autumn and spring season each, respectively. Delusional disorder 4 (50.0%), paranoid psychosis 10 (45.0%) and acute and transient psychosis 17 (34.6%), and disorders with physical symptoms like dissociative 23 (36.0%) and conversion disorder 5 (33.0%), were especially widespread during spring.
Conclusion: Significant seasonal...........
Protective Effect of Selenium and Zinc Against Dehp Induced Toxicity in the Thyroid Gland of Rats
Authors: Hussain Nabiha , Ali Shabana , Bano Maleeha , Khursheed Tooba , Beenish Huma , Bano Syeda Sara 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Selenium and Zinc in improving histological features on DEHP-induced toxicity in the thyroid gland of rats.
Design of study: Laboratory based experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department of Islamic International Medical College with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad Pakistan cooperation from Sep 2019 to Sep 2020.
Methodology: Forty, eight weeks old rats were divided into four groups, each containing ten male rats. In control, Group-A rats were on the standard diet. In Group-B, rats were given orally 500mg/kg/day DEHP. In Group-C rats were given 500mg/kg/day DEHP and 1mg/kg/day Selenium orally. In Group-D rats were given 500mg/kg/day DEHP and 5mg/kg/day Zinc orally. After 28 days, rats were dissected, and the thyroid gland was removed. Histological parameters, vacuolization and number of follicular cells were observed with H and E stining among control and experimental groups.
Results: In Group-B, 50% of rats showed severe vacuolization. In Group-C, 60% of rats showed minimal vacuolization. In Group- D, 40% of rats showed minimally, and 40% of rats showed mild vacuolization. Among quantitative parameters, the number of follicular cells was conserved more by Selenium than Zinc.
Conclusion: Selenium and Zinc have a protective effect on thyroid histological changes caused by DEHP, but Selenium shows better conservation than zinc on thyroid histology.
Comparison of Corneal Endothelium in Patients with Uveitis and Healthy Subjects Using Specular Microscopy
Authors: Ghazanfar Qurat ul Ain , Zafar Omar , Ahmed Noman Nazir , Awan Muhammad Manzoor 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To evaluate changes in corneal endothelium in patients with anterior uveitis by using specular microscopy and compare it with the corneal endothelium of healthy subjects.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019.
Methodology: This study included 65 eyes of 65 patients with anterior uveitis and 65 eyes of healthy subjects. Corneal endothelium was assessed in all participants of both Groups by using Specular microscopy. Corneal endothelial markers like central corneal thickness (CCT), cell density (CD), cell minimum area, cell maximum area, the average of cell size, percent of hexagonality (HEX%), coefficient of variation (CV) were compared in both Groups. The Uveitis Group was further subdivided into active and inactive Uveitis Subgroups, and corneal endothelium markers were also compared in these Subgroups.
Results: The mean endothelial cell density was 2626.0±413.0 cells/mm² in patients with uveitis, whereas cell density was 2766.0±327.0 cells/mm² in healthy subjects. The difference in endothelial cell density was statistically significant between the Groups (p=0.03). The difference between central corneal thickness, maximum cell area, average cell size and hexagonality values between Groups was also statistically significant, whereas there was no difference in terms of cell minimum area between these Groups. There was no statistically significant difference between inactive and active uveitis when corneal endothelial markers were compared between them (p>0.05).
Conclusion: There was an effect of uveitis on central corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, cell size, and morphology compared to healthy subjects,......
Perception Medical Faculty Regarding Students' Classroom Incivilities and Coping Strategie
Authors: Rafique Muhammad 
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To explore perception of medical faculty regarding students' classroom incivilities and coping strategies.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and study duration: Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan from January to April 2020.
Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect responses from the faculty. The study was carried out on 125 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.
Results: Of 125 faculties 67(53.6%) were males. Junior faculty members were 80(64.0%). Irritating remarks (89.0%), cellphone use and cheating in the exam (87.0%) were the most common incivilities and reluctance to answer questions (40.0%) was the least common. Being friendly/respectful to students, passionate, establishing clear rules, starting class on time, using eye contact and variable students' engaging activities, encouraging students to self-evaluate their behaviour and welcoming their suggestions were supported by >90% of the faculty. However, humiliating remarks to correct the students' incivility was unanimously rejected. In comparison, the use of cell phones, irritating remarks, whispering, talking out of turn, arriving late in class, cheating in exams and leaving the cell phone bell "on" equally bother most junior and senior faculty. Overall, the female junior teachers from basic subjects with experience <10 years were significantly (p <0.05) more sensitive to incivilities.
Conclusion: The most common incivilities were irritating remarks/gestures, cell phone use and cheating in examination. Teaching with passion/enthusiasm was the most favourite coping strategy. However, humiliating remarks to correct the incivility was strongly rejected. Junior, female, less experienced demonstrators from basic disciplines were more vulnerable to rude behaviour.
Role of Salbutamol in The Management of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn: A Comparative Prospective Study
Authors: Ahmed Waqas , Tahir Ali Mujtaba , Subhani Fahim Ahmed , Ahmed Zeeshan , Sohail Amina , Javed Hafsa 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To compare the outcome of Salbutamol nebulization with normal saline (placebo) in transient tachypnea of the newborn.
Study Design: Comparative prospective study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Neonatal Medicine, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Mar 2018.
Methodology: Sixty term neonates with respiratory rate >60 breaths/min and transient tachypnea of newborn score of ≥4 were enrolled. They were randomly allocated to two equal groups. Group-1 received Salbutamol nebulization (0.15 mg/kg) while Group-2 received normal Saline (placebo) nebulization.
Results: The mean gestational age was 38.31±1.28 weeks, while the average birth weight was 2.97±0.27 kg. The mean change in transient tachypnea of newborn score with Salbutamol nebulization was 5.63±1.22, while 0.63±1.54 with normal Saline nebulization. Likewise, the mean change in respiratory rate with Salbutamol was 9.80±2.05, while -3.73±2.57 with normal saline.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated nebulized Salbutamol as an effective tool in reversing transient tachypnea of newborns with decreasing respiratory rate compared to normal saline nebulization (placebo).
Correlation Between Ultrasonographically Estimated Fetal Weight and Actual Birth Weight in Females Presenting in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Rehman Asif , Ihsan Hussain Rashid , Khan Usman Ali , Sharif Sana , Anwar Rabiah 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the correlation between ultrasono-graphically estimated fetal weight and actual birth weight in females presenting in a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology Peripheral Nervous System, PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi Pakistan, from Sep 2018 to Jan 2019.
Methodology: Fifty pregnant females were enrolled after meeting the inclusion criteria. A consultant radiologist calculated fetal weight by measuring biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), femur length (FL) and abdominal circumference (AC) with the help of an ultrasound (USG) machine having a Hadlock 3 weight estimation algorithm. A paediatrician noted actual birth weight with a weighing scale after delivery.
Results: The mean fetal weight on ultrasound was 2.52±0.34kg. The mean actual birth weight of the babies was 2.66±0.42 kg. A strong positive correlation (r=0.575, p<0.05) was found between ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation and actual birth weight.
Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an accurate, safe, cost-effective and easy available imaging modality for fetal weight estimation.
Intense Pulse Light (IPL) Versus Diode Laser in the Removal of Unwanted Facial Hair
Authors: Obaid Shanza , Iftikhar Nadia , Zainab Zarnab , Akhtar Ayesha , Aftab Kanza , Mumtaz Maimoona 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To compare the efficacies of intense pulse light (IPL) versus diode laser in the removal of unwanted facial hair among female patients.
Study Design: Case series.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2019 to Mar 2020.
Methodology: A total of 38 female patients with hirsutism diagnosed by a consultant dermatologist were included in this study. Intense pulse light therapy was applied on one half of the face while diode laser was used on the other half of the face for three sessions one month apart. A consultant dermatologist assessed the reduction in hair count on both sides of the face after the last session. Any adverse effects experienced by the patients were also recorded.
Results: Out of 38 patients with 76 responses (both sides of the face) were included in the study. 14(17.9%) patients had less than 25% hair reduction, 24(30.7%) had 25-50% reduction, 27(34.6%) had 50-75% and 11(14.1%) had more than 75% reduction of the unwanted hair. Transient erythema 9(11.5%) and moderate pain 9(11.5%) were the common side effects experienced by the patients overall on both sides. Results of the chi-square test revealed that hair reduction, adverse effects and patient satisfaction were not statistically significant in both the groups (p-value>0.05).
Conclusion: This comparative study revealed that intense pulse light and diode laser treatment have been equally efficacious and tolerable in managing unwanted hair among females suffering from hirsutism.
Association of Academic Performance with Body Mass Index and Gender Among Physical Therapy Students
Authors: Arslan Hafiz Rana Muhmmad , Muneer Sidra , Rehaman Faizan Ur , Ahmed Shahbaz 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the association of academic performance with body mass index and gender among undergraduate physical therapy students.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: University of South Asia, Lahore Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2019.
Methodology: Three hundred and twenty-one students (either gender) were selected through consecutive sampling technique. Body mass index scale and cumulative grade point average was used to collect data.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 19.65±1.369 years, mean body mass index was 22.7±4.7 kg/m2, and mean cumulative grade point average was 3.0518±0.78. Overweight participants were 51(15.8%), and obese were 16(5.0%). A significant association of academic performance (cumulative grade point average) with body mass index and gender (p-value was <0.001). Females have good grades than males, with 16 males and 49 females with Grade-A, and 15 males and one female with Grade-D+.
Conclusion: There was a significant association between academic performance (cumulative grade point average) with body mass index and gender. Female students had good grades than male students. High body mass index affects the academic performance of students.
Getting Negative for COVID-19: Role of Ethnicity and Demographic Factors
Authors: Athar Muhammad Hammad , Zubair Usama Bin , Shoaib Muhammad Shahbaz , Zubair Hamza Bin , Yasir Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Zia Nadeem 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To explore the relationship between ethnicity and demographic factors with the time taken by patients to get negative on PCR for COVID-19.
Study Design: Prospective Comparative Study.
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Malir Pakistan, from Mar to May 2020.
Methodology: All patients who tested positive for COVID-19 with less than one week of exposure time and were admitted to the COVID-19 ward of Combined Military Hospital, Malir without any complications were included in the study. They were tested after every seven days with PCR. Time taken to get two consecutive negative tests were noted for each patient.
Results: Out of 84 patients included in the study, 12(14.3%) tested negative on the 7th day, 34(40.4%) on the 14th day and 38(45.3%) tested negative after 14 days. 17(20.2%) were Sindhi, 13(15.5%) were Muhajir, 19(22.6%) were Punjabi, 25(29.7%) were Pathan, and 10(11.9%) were Kashmiris. Chi-square revealed that ethnicity and advancing age have a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the time taken by patients to get negative on PCR for COVID-19.
Conclusion: Ethnicity emerged as a significant factor in getting negative for COVID-19. Punjabis and Kashmiris required a shorter period to get negative than Sindhis and Pathans. Older age emerged as a factor requiring a longer period to get negative.
Comparison of Serum Copper, Zinc, Lead, Aluminium and Iron Levels in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease with Healthy Controls in Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Asad Tahir , Aamir Muhammad , Haroon Zujaja Hina , Munir Muhammad Usman , Kirmani Sobia Irum , Awan Afshan 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To compare serum Copper, Zinc, Lead, Aluminium and Iron levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease with healthy subjects and the association of these trace elements.
Study Design: Comparative Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2019 to Jul 2020.
Methodology: Out of the total of 129 study participants, 83 were Parkinson’s disease patients, and 46 were healthy subjects. Serum Iron level was measured on random access fully automated chemistry analyser advia 1800. In addition, Copper, Zinc, Lead and Aluminium were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. These levels were compared between patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: Out of the total 129 subjects, males accounted for 51(61.4%) and females were 32(38.6%) in the diseased Group, while in healthy subjects, males accounted for 22(47.8%) and females for 24(52.2%). Levels of Copper, Zinc and Iron were signifi-cantly decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to healthy subjects (p<0.001). However, serum concentrations of Aluminium and Lead showed an increasing trend in patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to age-matched healthy subjects (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Decreased levels of serum copper, iron and Zinc were seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease, while aluminium and lead levels were raised, showing the potential neurotoxic role of these elements.