bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the major concerns and central questions of the study, as well as sketching the recent and more extended intellectual history leading to it. What is the nature (the logic, the rationality) of our responses to fictional characters? In what sense, if any, do we respond to characters in films and other media as if they were real persons? Is such a (mis)apprehension a prerequisite for having an emotional response to a character? What exactly do we mean when we say that we ‘identify’ with a particular character? What is the significance of our emotional responses to characters with respect to the social and ideological import of narratives? These questions lie at the heart of our engagement with fictions, and of the institution of fiction itself. And yet in recent times, a confluence of influential artistic and theoretical traditions has led to a deep suspicion of the phenomena of character and emotion. As a consequence, we lack a nuanced theoretical account of a central aspect of narrative. The Introduction concludes by adumbrating the model of character engagement the book proposes via a brief exploration of The Accused, and provides an overview of the chapters to come.
The Saliency of Character
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
What is a character? What does the concept ‘character’ denote in everyday discourse, and in literary and art theory? This chapter reviews the stances taken towards character as a key component of narrative, with attention to both classical tradition and contemporary debate, especially as that debate has been shaped by modernist practice and (post-)structuralist theory. Against the grain of these bodies of work, which tend to treat character in the everyday sense as at best naïve and at worst pernicious, the chapter mounts the case that characters are indeed fictional analogues of human agents, and as such necessarily possess a high degree of saliency in our experience of narrative. The role of the body, of proper names and pronouns, and of the person schema—a fundamental set of assumptions about what constitutes a human agent—in our traffic with characters are examined.
The Imaginative Spectator
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
If characters are fictional analogues of human agents and are necessarily salient features of the narratives in which they appear, what capacities of mind do they depend on for their creation and appreciation? This chapter lays out a ‘cognitive-anthropological’ vision of mind drawing on contemporary cognitive theory and philosophy of mind, in place of the psychoanalytically oriented model so influential in recent film, literary, and art theory. Here the accent is on the significance of conscious, imaginative activity, and the spectator as an agent capable of learning new ideas and revising their existing beliefs and values through their experience of films, even as they inevitably also hold ideologically loaded and epistemically defective assumptions through the mental schemata they have absorbed through formal and informal social learning. The chapter defends the notion of mimesis, alongside that of character, as another basic and indispensable item in the cognitive toolkit necessary for understanding narrative representation.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion takes stock of the argument of Engaging Characters, surveying the standing issues requiring further research and the new questions the study brings into view. In addition, it returns to the comparison between the model of character engagement advanced in the book and its most influential contemporary rivals: the everyday or ‘folk’ model of identification, the psychoanalytic elaboration of identification, and the neo-Brechtian counter-model. The chapter proposes an alternative perspective on the legacy of Brecht’s practice and theory, placing the German playwright within rather than outside of or against the tradition of aesthetics. The model of character engagement, it argues, enables the ‘complex seeing’ advocated by Brecht.
The Latino Resident Physician Shortage: A Challenge and Opportunity for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
Authors: Martínez Laura E. , Anaya Yohualli Balderas-Medina , Santizo Greenwood Seira , Diaz Sonja F.M. , Wohlmuth Cinna T. , Hayes-Bautista David E. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the number of Latino physicians in residency training and Latino resident physician trends in the nation’s 10 largest medical specialties in the United States and in the 4 states with the largest Latino populations: California, Florida, New York, and Texas.

Method
The authors used data from the United States Census Bureau’s American Community Survey to determine Latino populations and a special report from the Association of American Medical Colleges to determine rates of Latino resident physicians in the United States and in California, Florida, New York, and Texas from 2001 to 2017. Rates of Latino residents in the nation’s 10 specialties with the largest number of residents were also determined.

Results
From 2001 to 2017, the United States had an average of 37 resident physicians per 100,000 population. At the national level, however, Latino residents were underrepresented, with only 14 per 100,000 Latino population. At the state level, California and Texas, the 2 states with the largest Latino populations (39.4% and 39.7% of their population, respectively), had 5 and 9 Latino residents per 100,000 Latino population, respectively. Latino residents in California, Texas, Florida, and New York were also very underrepresented in the primary care specialties examined.

Conclusions
The findings show a severe shortage of Latino resident physicians. While a similar shortage also exists in primary care specialties, the majority of Latinos in states with large Latino populations are consistently choosing to train in primary care. Investment and greater improvement in the representation of certain population groups in medicine and for combating the inequities existing in the current educational system is needed. The authors offer recommendations to increase the number of Latinos in residency programs and for increasing the number of Spanish-speaking physicians and Latino international medical graduates in residency programs.
Interventions addressing fear of cancer recurrence: challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Prins Judith B. , Deuning-Smit Esther , Custers José A.E. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a common concern among cancer survivors and support for FCR is one of the most cited unmet needs. High FCR was found to be related to increased use of healthcare services, specifically primary healthcare and medical consultations, and lower quality of life. In the past decade screening instruments for FCR and interventions have been developed and proven effective.

Recent findings
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown that psychological treatments are effective for reducing FCR. The cost-effectiveness of FCR interventions could be increased by considering stepped or matched models for supportive care. Despite availability of evidence-based interventions, the proposed care models are not implemented and most cancer survivors still do not benefit from supportive care.

Summary
The time is right to focus on implementation of FCR interventions into clinical practice. The complexity of optimizing FCR care is characterized by barriers and facilitators in the domains of patients, healthcare professionals, healthcare organizations and the broader economic, and political context. The main challenge for future research is to address these issues so that former investments in high-quality FCR intervention research will pay out in actual practice changes in the benefit of cancer survivors.
Question prompt lists to improve communication between cancer patients and healthcare professionals
Authors: Terrasson Johanna , Rault Aude , Dolbeault Sylvie , Brédart Anne 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
This literature review sets out to summarize knowledge on the impact of question prompt lists (QPLs) on patient-physician communication in oncology and to provide an account of current research on the development, adaptation, and implementation of this type of communication tool.

Recent findings
Provided with a QPL, patients seem to ask more questions, in particular on sensitive issues like those around the end-of-life period and they recall the information provided better. There is a need to adapt QPLs, taking account of divergences in attitudes towards illness, participation in decision-making, and discussions about the illness prognosis across cultures. QPLs may also need to be tailored to specific concerns of patients at the different stages in the care trajectory and to the particularities of each cancer type. These adaptations contribute to the effectiveness of the tool because they make it possible to tailor it to the challenges and constraints experienced in clinical practice.

Summary
QPLs are designed to enhance patients’ communication with their physicians. Further research is required to develop QPLs suited to each cultural and clinical setting, involving health professionals so as to facilitate the implementation of these tools in routine practice.
New molecular entities of soft tissue and bone tumors
Authors: Lam Suk Wai , Silva Tulio M. , Bovée Judith V.M.G. 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
The advances of molecular techniques have led to the refinement of the classification of mesenchymal tumors, leading to newly introduced entities in the recently published fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors, which are discussed in this review.

Recent findings
For the first time, entities are included of which the name refers to the underlying molecular alteration including round cell sarcoma with EWSR1-non-ETS fusions, CIC-rearranged sarcoma, and sarcoma with BCOR genetic alteration. EWSR1-SMAD3-positive fibroblastic tumor and NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm are provisionally included as ‘emerging’ entities based on the underlying molecular alteration, though the entity still needs to be better defined. Other newly recognized entities are not named after their molecular change, but the molecular alteration helped to delineate them from others: atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor, anastomosing hemangioma, angiofibroma of soft tissue, myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma, and poorly differentiated chordoma.

Summary
Classification of mesenchymal tumors is increasingly based on the underlying molecular changes, although this cannot be interpreted separately from clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical characteristics.
CIC-DUX4 sarcomas
Authors: Brahmi Mehdi , Vanacker Hélène , Macagno Nicolas , Tirode Franck , Dufresne Armelle 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
CIC-DUX4 sarcoma (CDS) is a high-grade undifferentiated round cells sarcoma that belongs to the undifferentiated round cell sarcomas family. It represents less than one percent of sarcomas, defining a rarest among rare malignancies. It affects young adults, displaying soft tissue mass. Considered very aggressive, a high proportion of cases display an advanced disease with lung metastasis at diagnosis. Here we discuss recent progress in molecular characterization of CDS, the main tracks of CDS biology and the current and future prospects of therapeutic approaches.

Recent findings
CDS is characterized by a specific oncogenic translocation CIC::DUX4 that induce ETV4 overexpression. Patients with CDS show an aggressive clinical course and have a significantly unfavorable outcome compared to Ewing sarcoma. As of today, there is a lack of consensus on whether they should be treated with an Ewing-like approach, as currently done by most sites, or regarded as high-grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Anyway, when feasible, combination regimens including anthracycline and alkylating agents should be favored and patients should not benefit from a therapeutic de-escalation. Overall, registration within clinical trials and prospective registries is recommended.

Summary
Overall, CDS showed a poor prognosis regardless of the patterns of treatment that warrant biological studies to better understand the disease.
Hexagonal Skin Excision in Lipoabdominoplasty Aiming for a Smaller Scar and Efficient Waist
Authors: Tallal Raghda E. , Estawrow Mina A. , Reyad Khaled A. 
Published: June 2022

Summary:
Standard abdominoplasty scars may extend beyond the boundaries of the abdomen. Contemporary styles of body exposure and bathing suits demand that those incisions be hidden inside the “bikini line.” Although a smaller incision used for a mini abdominoplasty might be confined to the abdomen, larger incisions to remove massive amounts of fat and skin excess from the abdomen routinely require extensions toward the groin or iliac areas. Preoperative marking of the incision in an abdominoplasty procedure plays a key role in the shape, length, and position of the resulting scar. Undermining, traction, and resection of redundant tissue also influence these outcomes; therefore, we aim to standardize the abdominoplasty excision pattern. A uniform hexagon design for skin excision was used in 22 patients, with measures that may be used universally, for all patients with moderate skin redundancy. The design was applied successfully to decrease the ultimate scar width, and asymmetry and increase waist definition. All patients’ wounds healed uneventfully. The scar width in all patients did not cross the mid-axillary line. The scar was shorter than the standard abdominoplasty scar that may extend beyond the mid-axillary line. This hexagonal pattern of skin excision provides a quick and consistent technique for skin excision and resultant shorter scar.
Loss of Lower Eyelid Bulge after the Reconstruction of Zygomatic Complex Fractures
Authors: Uemura Kazuhisa , Shirakawa Yuji , Nishioka Toshihiko , Wada Yoshitaka , Yamada Gen , Asamura Shinichi 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Surgery for zygomatic complex fractures primarily aims to obtain facial symmetry. We investigated facial symmetry specific to lower eyelid bulges following zygomatic complex fractures approached through the lower eyelid.

Methods:
Forty-one consecutive patients underwent treatment of zygomatic complex fractures by swinging eyelid approach or subciliary approach. In both approaches, the periosteum was incised 2 mm caudal to the inferior orbital rim and the orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL) was released. The orbital rim periosteum was interruptedly sutured and reconstruction of the orbital septum or ORL was not performed at the time of closure. In cases with a lower eyelid bulge on the nonfractured side, in a frontal photograph 6 months after the operation, the degree of loss of the lower eyelid bulge on the fractured side was classified as either “none,” “mild,” or “severe.”

Results:
Lower eyelid bulge was present on the nonfractured side in 19 of 41 patients, all of whom were over 50 years old. Loss of lower eyelid bulge was observed on the fractured side in all cases: 15 cases following the swinging eyelid approach (mild/severe; 6/9) and four cases following the subciliary approach (mild/severe; 2/2).

Conclusions:
In reconstruction after zygomatic complex fractures, lower eyelid bulges were lost in both the swinging eyelid and subciliary approaches in patients over 50 years old. The cause was thought to be an ORL release or an unintended septal reset-like effect.
What cardiologists should know about cardiac sarcoidosis in 2022?
Authors: Lemay Sylvain , Marchand Laurie , Sénéchal Mario 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a potentially fatal condition when unrecognized or not treated adequately. The purpose of this review is to provide new strategies to increase clinical recognition of CS and to present an updated overview of the immunosuppressive treatments using most recent data published in the last 18 months.

Recent findings
CS is an increasingly recognized pathology, and its diagnostic is made 20 times more often in the last two decades. Recent studies have shown that imaging alone usually lacks specificity to distinguish CS from other inflammatory cardiomyopathies. However, imaging can be used to increase significantly diagnostic yield of extracardiac and cardiac biopsy. Recent reviews have also demonstrated that nearly 25% of patients will be refractory to standard treatment with prednisone and that combined treatment with a corticosteroid-sparing agent is often necessary for a period that remains undetermined.

Summary
CS is a complex pathology that should always require a biopsy attempt to have a histological proven diagnosis before starting immunosuppressive therapy consisting of corticosteroids with or without a corticosteroid-sparing agent.
Electronic health strategies to improve medication adherence in patients with cardiometabolic disease: current status and future directions
Authors: Peacock Erin , Craig Leslie S. , Krousel-Wood Marie 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Enabled by widespread technological advancements, electronic health (eHealth) strategies have expanded rapidly over the last decade, presenting opportunities to support self-management including medication adherence for cardiometabolic disease control. eHealth can minimize access barriers to medications, enable timely assessment and shared decision-making, and provide medication reminders and health data feedback. This review summarizes current evidence for effectiveness of eHealth strategies for improving medication adherence in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and/or hyperlipidemia, and identifies priorities for future research.

Recent findings
Current research supports the effectiveness of eHealth strategies to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes for cardiometabolic disease. Although patient acceptability of eHealth strategies is generally high, engagement may decline over time. In addition, differences in effectiveness across intervention characteristics and sociodemographic groups are understudied, limiting generalizability and tailoring of interventions to local health system resources, culture, and patient needs or preferences.

Summary
eHealth is a promising tool for addressing low medication adherence. Further work incorporating rigorous evaluation, assessment of patient engagement over time and effectiveness of intervention characteristics and components, and a health equity lens addressing eHealth use in vulnerable groups will increase understanding of the full potential of eHealth for improving medication adherence in diverse patients with cardiometabolic disease.
RNA interference-based therapies for the control of atherosclerosis risk factors
Authors: Kettunen Sanna , Ruotsalainen Anna-Kaisa , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo 
Published: June 2022

Purpose of review
Atherosclerosis, characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is the leading causes of death worldwide. The purpose of this article is to review the status of RNA interference (RNAi) based therapies in clinical trials for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis risk factors.

Recent findings
There is a growing interest on using RNAi technology for the control of atherosclerosis risk factors. Current clinical trials utilizing RNAi for atherosclerosis are targeting lipid metabolism regulating genes including proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9, apolipoprotein C-III, lipoprotein (a) and angiopoietin-like protein 3. Currently, three RNAi-based drugs have been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but there are several therapies in clinical trials at the moment, and potentially entering the market in near future. In addition, recent preclinical studies on regulating vascular inflammation have shown promising results.

Summary
In recent years, RNAi based technologies and therapies have been intensively developed for the treatment of atherosclerosis risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia and vascular inflammation. Multiple potential therapeutic targets have emerged, and many of the reported clinical trials have already been successful in plasma lipid lowering. The scope of RNAi therapies is well recognized and recent approvals are encouraging for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
Role of plasma extracellular vesicles in prediction of cardiovascular risk and alterations in response to statin therapy in hypertensive patients
Authors: Oggero Silvia , Godec Thomas , van Gorp Rick , Pinto Adreia L. , Schurgers Leon J. , Reutelingsperger Chris , Sever Peter , Norling Lucy V. , Perretti Mauro , Gupta Ajay 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Rapid and accurate new biomarkers to predict risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are essential. The utility of extracellular vesicles in predicting the CVD risk is postulated, yet it remains unknown whether their expression is altered in response to statin therapy.

Methods:
We performed in-vitro studies with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC), and conducted a nested case–control study (nCCS) in hypertensive patients (n = 40) randomized to either atorvastatin or placebo in the ASCOT-LLA. Cases had a major adverse cardiovascular event or death (MACE) during 3.5 years of follow-up (median) from the time of extracellular vesicle characterization while controls, matched for age and duration of treatment, remained event-free. Conditional logistic regression models determined the risk of MACE. Additionally, the relationship of extracellular vesicle levels with statin therapy was assessed.

Results:
Added to HUVEC, extracellular vesicles increased neutrophil recruitment, and to hVSMC, aggravated calcification and proliferation. In the nCCS, compared with controls, cases (i.e. with MACE) had preceding higher levels of CD14+ and CD14+/CD41+ extracellular vesicles (P = 0.009 and P = 0.012, respectively) and a significant reduction in the median size of the vesicles (P = 0.037). On matched analysis, higher CD14+ extracellular vesicles were associated with a 3.7-fold increased risk of MACE (P = 0.032). Patients treated with atorvastatin (vs. placebo) had both reduced size of extracellular vesicles and the proportion of CD146+ extracellular vesicles (P = 0.034 and P = 0.020, respectively).

Conclusion and relevance:
These pilot analyses suggest a mechanistic role for extracellular vesicles in the development of CVD, with significant and differential changes in extracellular vesicles amongst those at risk of MACE, and those on atorvastatin therapy.
The Impact of Thyroid Diseases on Patients' Work Functioning
Authors: Vetrani Ilaria , Leso Veruscka , Fontana Luca , Vetrani Claudia , Spadarella Emanuela , Sessa Francesca , Porcelli Tommaso , Iavicoli Ivo 
Published: June 2022

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the impact of thyroid diseases (TDs) on patients' work ability (WA) and related influencing factors.

Methods
A total of 150 TD workers and matched healthy controls were enrolled from May 2020 to November 2021. The Work Ability Index was used to assess the workers' perception of WA.

Results
Overall, TD workers reported a good WA, although with a significantly lower mean score compared with controls (39 ± 6 vs 43 ± 4, P < 0.001). Subjects with Graves disease and follicular carcinoma showed the worst WA perception. Suffering from a TD (β = −0.396, P < 0.001) and job duration (β = −0.173, P < 0.001) were associated with poorer WA.

Conclusions
Better understanding the impact that TD may have on work functioning can inform an interdisciplinary management of TD workers to support their personal, social, and professional lives.