bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ Difficulties in Enhancing EFL Students’ Reading Motivation
Authors: Rohmani Lucky Amatur 
Published: May 2022

One of English teachers’ major concerns in teaching reading is students’ low reading motivation. Studies show that most of EFL learners are not highly enthusiastic when the teachers have them read English texts. Likewise, there have been limited efforts done by the teachers to address this problem. This study was therefore aimed to investigate the levels of students’ reading motivation, teachers’ difficulties in enhancing students’ reading motivation, and teacher effort to overcome the problems of motivating students to read. The participants were three EFL teachers and 12 students of junior secondary school in East Java. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observation. The result of semi-structured interview revealed that most of students had low reading motivation due to their understanding of difficult words in the reading text. Added to this, the major difficulty of teachers to enhance students’ reading motivation is related to increasing the interest, dedication and confidence of students in solving difficult vocabularies while reading English texts. This major difficulty reported by the teachers is in agreement with students’ report on their low reading motivation due to their limited vocabulary. Then, the result of observation showed that rewards had different effects on students’ reading motivation and the teachers should improve their efforts to enhance students’ reading motivation. Hence, several strategies such as reward, metacognitive reading strategy, reciprocal teaching method, reading aloud to improve students’ reading motivation were also suggested.
ANTIOXIDANTAND ANTIBACTERIALACTIVITY OF TODDALIA ASIATICA (LINN) LAM ROOT EXTRACTS
Authors: Shi Lei , Ji Zhi-qiang , Li Yue-mei , Li Yuan-yuan , Guo Chang-sheng 
Published: May 2022

Background: Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam is a woody vine that is used medicinally in China, India, and East Africa. The aim of the present study
was to examine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the roots of Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam (TA).
Materials and Methods: The antioxidant capacity of TA roots was determined using 1,1 iphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS), and the ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. The antimicrobial
activity of TA against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase positive S. aureus
(ESBLs-SA) was screened.
Results: Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of TA exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity
(DPPH, IC50=41.45 μg/mL; ABTS, IC50=8.34 μg/mL; FRAP=1304.8 ± 60.38 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g), which was close to that of the
positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The petroleum ether extract of TA showed the highest antimicrobial activity (SA, minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 250 μg/disc; MRSA, MIC=125 μg/disc) when compared with that of ethyl acetate extract (SA, MIC=250 μg/disc)
and methanol extract.
Conclusions: Investigation of methanol, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate extracts of TA root revealed robust antioxidant activity in methanol
extracts and strong antimicrobial activity against SA and MRSA in petroleum ether extracts.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY HERBS AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Authors: Nworu Chukwuemeka Sylvester , Akah Peter Achunike 
Published: May 2022

Background: Medicinal plant and plant products have shown tremendous potentials and are used beneficially in the treatment of inflammation and in the management of diseases with significant inflammatory components. Many medicinal plants employed as anti-inflammatory and anti-phlogistic remedies lack the gastro-erosive side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or the plethora of unwanted side effects associated with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In order to harness and optimise the applications of these herbs in inflammatory diseases, there is a need to understand how these herbs produce their anti-inflammatory actions.
Materials and Methods: This paper is a review of some anti-inflammatory herbs and their molecular mechanisms of action. A literature search and analysis of published manuscript was employed to x-ray research findings that show how medicinal plants produce anti-inflammatory activities.
Results: Many studies have shown that anti-inflammatory activities of herbal extracts and herb-derived compounds are mainly due to their inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, cyclo-oxygenase (COX), lipo-oxygenase (LOX), pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and transcription activation factor (NF-κB). Some anti-inflammatory medicinal herbs are reported to stabilize lysosomal membrane and some cause the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of intracellular signalling molecules. Many have also been shown to possess strong oxygen radical scavenging activities.
Conclusion: Most of the mechanisms by which anti-inflammatory medicinal plants act are related and many herbal products have been shown to act through a combination of these molecular pathways.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ACUTE TOXICITY EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS INFUSION EXTRACT OBTAINED FROM AERIAL PARTS OF MARRUBIUM DESERTI DE NOÉ GROWING IN ALGERIA
Authors: Saad Somia , Ouafi Saida , Chabane Djamila 
Published: May 2022

Background: Marrubium deserti de Noé, which is locally known as “Merriouet saharaui”, is widely used in Algeria as a traditional treatment of
many ailments. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity of the aqueous infusion extract from aerial parts of Marrubium deserti
were investigated. Meanwhile, acute oral toxicity of M. deserti, as well as its anti-inflammatory activity is reported for the first time.
Materials and Method: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenin-induced paw oedema in mice at three different doses
(250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t-test.
Results: The aqueous infusion extract (250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight, orally administered, n=6) showed a significant (P2000mg/kg) suggests that the aqueous infusion extract has a relatively low acute
toxicity when taken orally for a single dose.
Conclusions: The present study indicates that M. deserti has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and confirms its traditional use as a treatment
of pain, yet it suggests further investigations to be carried out to determine the active chemical constituents.
MICROORGANISMS FROM HANDS OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL DOCTORS IN A CENTRAL HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Sun Ye , Yu LiXiang , Sun Min , Tong YanQing 
Published: May 2022

Background: In a central hospital, the heavy clinical workload makes one to overlook its hazard to health and can to a large extent promote the
transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. It is not uncommon however, to observe practices that deviate from normal standards of hygiene.
Hand contact between doctors of TCM and patients may lead to nosocomial infections.
Materials and Methods: Samples were sourced and collected from hands of TCM doctors in a central hospital. The fungal isolates were
identified by colonial morphology and microscopic examination. Sensitivity test were performed on each of the identified isolates using the
Multiple Disc Diffusion method.
Results: A total of 265 samples were collected from the fingers, palm and back of hands of TCM doctors. Seven organisms were isolated, with S.
aureus being the most common bacterium with frequency of 55.9% in the hospital environment. Other bacteria isolated included P. aeruginosa,
E. coli and K. aerogenes. S. cerevisae was the most common fungus isolated with frequency of 61.8%. Fungi isolated included P. chrysogenum
and A. niger.
Conclusion: The study showed clearly that hand contact between TCM doctors and patients may lead to infection of exposed susceptible
patients. Results of antibiotic susceptibility pattern show that isolates in this study are mostly resistant to augmentin and most antibiotics of old
generation, while gentamycin and pefloxacin were highly active against most of isolates. Considering the possibility of transmission of
contamination, special attention should be directed towards disinfection of TCM doctors’ hands.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DRACAENA CINNABARI RESIN FROM SOQOTRA ISLAND ON MULTI DRUG RESISTANT HUMAN PATHOGENS
Authors: Ansari Mohammad Javed , Al-Ghamdi Ahmad , Al-Waili Noori , Adgaba Nuru , Khan Khalid Ali , Amro Abdulraouf 
Published: May 2022

Background: Few studies showed that Dracaena cinnabari resin, collected from Soqotra Island, Yemen, has antimicrobial activity. This study
is the first to investigate antimicrobial activity of the resin on both antibiotic multi-resistant human pathogens and on poly-microbial culture.
Material and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Dracaena cinnabari resin from Soqotra Island on multidrug resistant
Gram-positive and Gram-negative human ATCC standard pathogens and Ascosphaera apis, the causal organism of chalkbrood disease of
honeybee was studied using the agar disc diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration of extracts was carried out by the broth micro
dilution method.
Results: Ethanolic extract of Dracaena cinnabari resin showed a considerable antimicrobial activity against all the pathogens tested. The zone
of inhibition were between 4.9-11.5 mm. The most sensitive microbe was Staphylococcus aureus and least sensitive was Aspergillus nidulans.
The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract against Escherichia. coli ATCC 10402, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 10031, and
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29212 was 1.25 μg/mL (w/v) and for the other pathogens (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Salmonella
typhimurum ATCC 3311 and Pseudomonos aeruginosa ATCC 2785) was 2.5 μg/mL (w/v).
Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Dracaena cinnabari resin has a considerable antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative
human pathogens and fungi. This extract might possess a role in the management of microbial infections in human and honeybee disease.
POTENTIAL EFFECT OF FORTIFIED PAN BREAD WITH ALOE VERA JUICE ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Al-Muammar May , Elsadek M.F. , El-Shafie Mona 
Published: May 2022

Background: This study was designed to investigate (1) the potential use of Aloe vera juice (AVJ) for fortification of pan bread with evaluates
the sensory characteristics and the nutritive value. (2) The possible beneficial role of 5% and 10% AVJ-fortified bread against diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: Bread fortified with 5%, 10% and 20% AVJ investigated with panel test and the highest two scores (5%, 10%) were
recorded and included for biological study. Forty male Albino rats weighted 200 + 10 g were divided into 4 groups (n=10) (-) control, (+)
diabetic control, 5% and 10% AVJ-fortified bread.
Results: Diabetic rats resulted in significant (p
COMPARING THE INFLUENCE OF RELAXATION TRAINING AND CONSUMPTION OF VALERIAN ON INSOMNIA OF MENOPAUSEWOMEN: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Jokar Azam , Kargosha Atefe , Akarzadeh Marzieh , Asadi Nasrin , Setoudeh Zahra 
Published: May 2022

Background: Sleep disturbance is one of the symptoms of menopause, which occurs due to a decrease in sex hormones and dramatically affects the
quality of life. This study was designed to compare the effects of relaxation and Valerian on insomnia of menopause women.
Methods: The study was a randomized clinical trial in 129 menopausal women with insomnia that were randomly allocated to three groups valerian,
relaxation and control. After 1 month information obtained by demographic questionnaire and sleep quality Petersburg, then data analyzed in the
software SPSS20 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed there was significant difference in the level of education , age of marriage(p
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF FENGLIAO-CHANGWEIKANG EXTRACTS, A TRADITIONAL CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE FORMULA,ON MUCOSA IN RAT WITH CHRONIC GASTRITIS
Authors: Ren Shou-zhong , Guo Jian-sheng , Sheng Lin , Jun Chen , Dai Shui-ping , Ma Zhi-jian 
Published: May 2022

Background: Fengliao-Changwei-Kang(FCK), Chinese patent drug, is a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula, which is effectively used to cure gastrointestinal disease including gastritis, enteritis and diarrhea in the clinic for many years. However, little research has been focused on the protective effects of FCK on the gastric mucosa of chronic gastritis (CG) model rat.
Objective: The present study aimed to explore the effects of FCK extract on mucosa in rats with Chronic Gastritis.
Materials and Methods: The CG rat model was induced by synthetic methods. The serum levels of EGF was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method, the expression of growth factor receptor (EGFR) in gastric mucosa was detected by immunohistochemical method, the mRNA expressions of NF-κB p65 was detected in-situ hybridization.
Results: In the model group, the inflammation grades of gastric mucosa and the expressions of NF-κB p65 mRNA in gastric mucosa were markedly higher than those of the control group (P0.05).
Conclusions: FCK extract could alleviate mucosal inflammation by down regulating the expressions of NF-κB p65 mRNA and promote tissue repair by up regulating EGFR expression in gastric mucosa cell.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL PHENOLIC, TOTAL FLAVONOID AND OLEUROPEIN IN DIFFERENT AGED OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) CULTIVAR LEAVES
Authors: Cetinkaya Hakan , Kulak Muhittin 
Published: May 2022

Backround and objective: Olive leaves have recently gained attention owing to its antioxidant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. Bioactive contents of olive leaves differ according to cultivation area, ecological conditions, age of tree, agronomical practices, cultivar, leaf growth stage and other abiotic and biotic stress factors.
Material and Method: In this study, Olea europaea L. cultivar (Kilis Yaglık) at different age grown in Kilis were examined. In this context, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and oleuropein content of young and old tree leaves determined.
Results: Correlations between total phenolic, total flavonoid and oleuropein in young and old trees of Kilis Yaglık cv. were found to be significant with respect to the content of each other, cultivars and age under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions.
Conclusion: In the current study, more phenolic compounds and oleuropein were determined in young trees of cv. Kilis Yaglık whereas the higher total amounts of flavonoids were obtained in old trees. There were positive strong-correlation in terms of total phenolic and oleuropein contents and positive-moderate correlation in relation to the total flavonoid content between old and young trees of cv. Kilis Yaglık.
EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF INTERNAL SEPTUM OF WALNUT FRUIT IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Ghiravani Zahra , Hosseini Mehran , Taheri MohamadMehdi Hassanzadeh , Fard Mohammad Hassanpour , Abedini Mohammad Reza 
Published: May 2022

Background: Todays, the popularity of herbal medicine is increasing worldwide. Due to importance the evaluation of medicinal
herbs efficacy and safety, the present study was conducted to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of internal
septum of walnut fruit (ISWF) ethanolic extract in diabetic rats.
Materials and methods: Alloxan diabetic rats treated orally with ethanolic extract of ISWF (0-400mg/kg) for 28 days. To evaluate
its anti-diabetic activity, the animals fasting blood glucose were determined on the first, 14th and 29th days. Moreover, oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in diabetic rats at the last day of the study. After 24h of last administration, the blood samples
were collected, and the Plasma lipids and liver enzymes levels were measured in fasting overnight rats.
Results: The extract significantly decreased blood glucose (p
IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL OF PROBIOTIC IN SIMULATED CONDITIONS AND AZOXYMETHANE-INDUCED COLON TUMOUR BEARING MICE USING MODIFIED CITRUS PECTIN-ALGINATE MICROENCAPSULATION
Authors: Odun-Ayo Frederick , Mellem John , Reddy Lalini 
Published: May 2022

Background: For a probiotic to be viable it needs to be preserved at a recommended minimum level of 6–7 log10cfu/g in the product
being consumed, as suggested by the International Dairy Federation. Different biopolymer matrices have been used for
encapsulation of probiotic; however, loss of viability is still a challenge.
Materials and Methods: Modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 was
developed. Efficiency of the microbeads was evaluated in simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and in Balb/c mice
induced with colon tumor. Genomic identification of faecal lactobacilli samples from treated mice was also performed.
Results: The Modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic microbeads significantly enhanced the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus
ATCC 4356 compared to the control (p< 0.05) both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of the modified citrus pectin-alginate microbeads
to 3 hours of simulated gastric juice resulted in 82.7% survival of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Also, the number of faecal lactobacilli
in the modified citrus pectin-alginate probiotic treated mice increased by 10.2% after 28 days.
Conclusion: Modified citrus pectin-alginate is a novel effective means of oral delivery of bacterial cells and bioactive compounds.
Modified citrus pectin-alginate can be used in probiotic therapy which may improve the prevention of colon cancer.
USING DATA MINING APPROACHES TO SELECT ACUPOINTS IN ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Liu Changyan , Su Youxin , He Jian , Li Yanan , Chen Shaoqing , Zhang Yingjie , Zhang Ziyi , Lu Meili , He Zhen , Wang Wenting , Wang Yiru , Sheng Lu , Zhan Zhengxuan , Wang Xu , Zheng Naixi 
Published: May 2022

Background: Acupuncture and moxibustion are traditional Chinese medicine therapies commonly used to treat knee osteoarthritis
(KOA). Although acupoint selection affects the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion, the basic rules of acupoint selection
are little understood and there is a lack of guidelines regarding prescription. In this study, we used data mining approaches to
investigate the principles of acupoint selection and provide a framework for formulation prescription in acupuncture and
moxibustion for clinical treatment of KOA.
Materials and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, Wanfang database, VIP database, and China National
Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials published in English or Chinese from January 1,
2009 to October 1, 2015 evaluating the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on KOA. Databases were established.
Frequency statistics and association rule were used to extract and analyze the data.
Results: A total of 876 acupuncture prescriptions and 122 acupoints were included in the analysis. Acupoints were concentrated in
acupoints of fourteen meridians. The most frequently used acupoints were Dubi (ST35), Neixiyan (EX-LE4), Yanglingquan (GB34),
Xuehai (SP10), Liangqiu (ST34), Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), and Ashi point. The most frequently used meridian was
Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming. Acupoints were concentrated mainly in the lower limbs. 42 acupoint pairs occurred frequently,
and the top acupoint pairing was Dubi (ST35) and Neixiyan (EX-LE4).
Conclusion: Acupoint selection and formulation prescription should focus on locally affected areas, and follow the theory of
meridians, which helps establish guidelines for acupuncture and moxibustion in KOA patients.
SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM (LINN.) INGESTION IN NEW ZEALAND RABBITS
Authors: Beroual Katiba , Agabou Amir , Bachtarzi Karina , Haouam SaÃ¯d , Hamdi-Pacha Youcef 
Published: May 2022

Background: The therapeutic safety of herbal medicine is a major concern for consumers and users. After studying the effects of linseed on hair
growth in rabbits, the turn is to evaluate its safety by the observation of some clinical, biological and anatomo-pathological aspects.
Materials and Methods: A study was conducted during a period of three months on two groups of rabbits (control and test). Test group daily
received feed supplemented with 3g of ground linseed while the control animals received the same feed without any additives. Weekly, rabbits
were weighed and monthly blood samples were taken. By the end of the trial, liver and kidneys biopsies were analyzed for histological and
cytological lesions.
Results: There was no significant improvement in weight gain in the test group rabbits, in which biochemical parameters had differentially
evolved with a decrease in their Glycemia and cholesterolemia. There were also no modifications in their serum hepatic and renal marker
enzymes and their liver and kidneys exhibited noticeably normal histology without any anatomically detectable anomalies.
Conclusion: These findings confirm that prolonged linseed ingestion in rabbits is safe.
APPLICATION OF NEEM TREE IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, MEDICINE, AND ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW
Authors: MartÃ­nez-Romero Aurora , Ortega-SÃ¡nchez JosÃ© L. , HernÃ¡ndez-GonzÃ¡lez Sandra I. , Olivas- CalderÃ³n Edgar H. , Alba-Romero JosÃ© J. 
Published: May 2022

Background: The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is native to the South Asian countries, but its cultivation has already spread to
countries in other continents, always with tropical climates. It is used in Traditional Medicine. The objective of this review was to consult
and discuss the application of the Neem tree in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and the environment.
Materials and Methods: Literature retrieval was performed on four databases: OVID; PUBMED; EBSCOhost, and EMBASE, and in
the ISI Web of Science. Key words for the search included Neem and Azadirachta indica.
Results: A series of studies have demonstrated that the Neem tree has been used medicinally since ancient times. The bark, leaves, fruit,
flowers, and roots have been employed, each with very favorable applications. The bark of the Neem tree is cool, bitter, astringent,
pungent, and refreshing. It is useful for oral diseases, cough, fever, neuromuscular pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, intestinal parasites,
wound healing, as a laxative, as an anti-hemorrhoidal, as an emetic, for skin diseases, to calm excessive thirst, eliminate toxins, as an
astringent, an expectorant, and it purifies the blood and prevents damage caused by free radicals to the body, neutralizing this damage. It
is also used to treat snake bites and insect bites. The flowers are utilized to regulate body heat. The oil is removed from the seed for
pharmaceuticals, paper, and food. Plants, vegetables, and herbs employed as food for humans, and currently in Traditional Medicine,
have been accepted as an essential contribution to drug discovery and in chemotherapy in cancer prevention and development. This
vegetable oil has physicochemical properties that allow its proposal as a potential raw material for the soap industry.
Conclusion: It was possible to know and discuss the variety of applications of the Neem tree, including the bark, leaves, fruit, flowers,
and roots, each with very favorable applications in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and especially its use in the care environment.