bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Brief Overview of Diagnosis and Treatment along with Disease Management
Authors: Rastogi Avisha , Keche Harsha 
Published: February 2022

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a multisystem illness specifically marked through chronic distension and joint destruction. Time of life, gender, heredity, and ecological familiarity are risk factors (cigarette smoking, air contaminants, and industrial). If left untreated, Felty disorder can lead to permanent joint damage needing arthroplasty, rheumatic vasculitis, rheumatic vasculitis, and rheumatic vasculitis necessitating splenectomy. Because RA is noncurable, the focus of action is on reducing discomfort and preventing additional damage via rest. In this article, I provide a brief overview of various previous and current reporting mechanisms for RA-related issues.
Description: RA is a debilitating, long-term illness that can cause joint deterioration and incapacitating symptoms. Initial analysis, in addition to participation, is crucial in preventing grave damage and the forfeiture of dynamic bodily roles. Autoantibodies including rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) have a longstanding experience of therapeutic specificity, and they can correctly predict RA in patients with UA. Furthermore, a few experimental otherwise radiological features on the reference line might predict RA progression in the future.
Significance: Rheumatoid Arthritis affects the joints and the internal organs, resulting in incapacity in a variety of instances. There is currently no definable treatment for this autoimmune disease. The conventional and current coping choices available for monitoring impacted, suffering from this complex illness is succinctly outlined at this point.
Pterygium Recurrence- Surgical and Adjuvant Therapies
Authors: Pardhi Dishani , Sanghavi Shruti 
Published: February 2022

Purpose: Pterygium is a prevalent disease of the eye that challenges ophthalmologists in its management due to its high tendency to reoccur. We performed an analysis to identify among the various surgical and adjuvant treatments the best combination that has the most pterygium recurrence prevention
Methods: A search was run through Pubmed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, and World Health Organisation for Randomised control trials and other literature comparing surgical and adjuvant treatments for pterygium. This data was then analyzed to ascertain the various advantages and disadvantages of different surgeries and adjuvant therapies over each other.
Results: Following the data analysis, we found out that the order of surgical methods from best to worst is as follows: Conjuctivalautograft>Amniotic membrane autograft>bare sclera. Among the adjuvant therapies studied, we found that the order of effectivity is Mitomycin C followed by anti-VEGF, radiation therapy, and finally 5 Fluorouracil.
Conclusion: Bare scleral excision alone has the highest recurrence rate, followed by Amniotic Autograft and conjunctival autograft. The adjuvants that can reduce pterygium recurrences are Mitomycin C, Anti VEGF, 5-Fluorouracil, and radiation therapy with Mitomycin C, the most frequently used and with lesser late complications. More studies with larger samples and long-term follow-ups directly compare these surgical and adjuvant treatments to develop more uniform guidelines for forming treatment plans.
Anti-Microbial Resistance: A Major Global Issue
Authors: Kewalramani Ayushi , Chandi Dhruba Hari 
Published: February 2022

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) happens when infinitesimal life forms, diseases, developments, and parasites change as time goes on and now do not respond to drugs making them harder to treat and extending the risk of affliction spread, outrageous infirmity, and demise. Because of medical checks, counter-agent poisons and other antimicrobial medications become ineffective and defilements become logically problematic or hard to treat. AMR happens ordinarily after some time, regularly through innate changes. Antimicrobial safe natural elements are found in people, animals, food, plants, and the environment (in water, soil, and air). They can spread starting with one individual then onto the next or among people and animals, including from the food of animal start. The essential drivers of antimicrobial block fuse the maltreatment and maltreatment of antimicrobials; nonattendance of induction to clean water, sanitization and tidiness (WASH) for the two individuals and animals; powerless defilement and affliction expectation and control in clinical benefits workplaces and farms; defenseless permission to quality, sensible medications, vaccinations and diagnostics; nonappearance of care and data; and nonattendance of approval of sanctioning. Excessive enemy of disease use has become one of the top allies of the headway of hostile to contamination resistance. Against microbial stewardship programs appear to be useful in reducing speeds of serum poison obstacles.
The Netherlands has a minimum speed of against contamination suggested in the Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD), at a speed of 11.4 portrayed step by step measurements Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1,000 people every day in 2011.
Germany and Sweden also have lower supporting rates, with Sweden's rate had been declining beginning around 2007. Greece, France, and Belgium have high suggesting speeds of more than 28 DDD.
Increasing False Negative RT-PCR Test in COVID-19 Patients Admitted at Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Yadav Bhargavi , Revankar Alka 
Published: February 2022

Background: COVID-19 Pandemic has caused a lot of havoc for the human race, as the urgent need to detect the virus early and fight back stronger, scientists came up with the test RT-PCR, which later on was declared as the gold standard. But lately, an exponential increase in false-negative rates was observed, which calls for an accuracy check of the test and the statistical analysis of the reasons leading false-positive results. With the advent of the COVID-19 Pandemic, RT-PCR testing has become the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. But the second wave of COVID-19 in India has reported a high number of false-negative RT-PCR results. This calls for the need to measure the accuracy of the test in diagnosing infection, especially considering rise in variant strains each with its own virulence and infectivity. Imaging methods like HRCT and biochemical tests such as CRP, D-Dimer are being used increasingly by doctors to support the serological diagnostic method of Covid and draft further treatment protocols
Objectives: To measure the false negative rates of RT-PCR in COVID-19 Patients. To find the epidemiology of the root cause.
Methodology: For this Retrospective Cross-sectional study, sample size of 1998 with prevalence of 7894/million population and confidence interval of 95% we would be analysing patients of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences TCH admitted in the months of April to June 2021 with suspected COVID-19 Infection.
Results: Increasing cases of false negative RT-PCR reports would be found.
Conclusion: There is an urgent need for the reality check on efficacy of RT-PCR Test Reports.
Evaluation of Acute, Sub-Chronic Oral Toxicity Studies and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Blumea mollis in Experimental Animals
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Chandra Phool , Mani Munesh 
Published: February 2022

Objective: The goal of this study was to test the ethanol extract of the aerial part of the Blumea mollis (Asteraceae) for acute and sub-chronic toxicity as well as anti-inflammatory efficacy.
Methods: The shade dried aerial part of Blumea mollis (0.5 kg) was powdered and extracted with ethanol. Ethanol extracts was used for these studies. Acute oral and sub-chronic toxicity studies were performed as per OECD guidelines. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied by carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats at dose levels 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, orally.
Results: The results indicate that ethanol extract of Blumea mollis was found to be safe at the dose of 2000mg/kg. The EBM 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited significant inhibition (p<0.001) of increase in paw edema in rats.
Conclusion: The results of the experimental study confirmed that ethanol extract of Blumea mollis is devoid of toxicity and possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Comparative Evaluation of Virtual Reality and Behavioural Counselling on Reducing the Anxiety in Patients during the Dental Treatment
Authors: Yadav Shailendra , Khan Muskan Fatema , Makkasare Shreya , Chabbra Kumar Gaurav , Madhu Priyanka Paul 
Published: February 2022

Background: Anxiety is an enthusiastic state of mind which goes before an experience with feared object or circumstances. The main pharmacological treatment for reducing dental anxiety is local anaesthesia but it involves an injection with a needle prick which is refused by quiet patient. Some techniques were put forward to minimize the suffering during dental treatment such as diversion techniques, TV and hypnotism rather than pharmacological means. Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional domain that provide users a perception of submission, leading them to an interactive area.
Objectives: To distract mind with virtual reality, that has quite less access to handle approaching pain and anxiety signals and to minimize patient discomfort and uneasiness during dental treatment.
Methodology: The study will be conducted among patients reporting to Out Patient Department of Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital eligible patients who meet the eligibility criteria will take part in the trial. The study will be conducted between two groups and the anxiety scale will be calculated pre-test and post-test for each patient. One group of patients are given VR and the other group is given behavioural counselling before beginning of dental treatment.
Results: Virtual reality, a diversion is believed to assist users to get through by other unpleasant events during dental treatment. On application of virtual reality considerable decrease in anxiety is expected.
Conclusion: Virtual reality can be used to decrease anxiety during medical and dental treatment which can affect patients desire towards the treatment. Distractions may also have enduring effect in regards to more favourable impression of therapy.
Knowledge, Awareness and Perception on Burning Mouth Syndrome among Dental Students-A Survey
Authors: Ali Shifa Jawahar , Gayathri R. , Priya V. Vishnu 
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome is a condition distinguished by painful burning sensation of the tongue and mucosal tissue of the mouth, lips and palate that lasts from a few days to a few months. Common symptoms of burning mouth syndrome include burning sensation in the mouth, altered taste sensation and xerostomia or dry mouth despite normal salivation. Treatment of BMS is by either local or systemic medications that temporarily relieve symptoms and on improving quality of life. Menopausal or postmenopausal women with hormonal changes or psychological disorders have higher risk of developing burning mouth syndrome.
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and assess the knowledge, awareness and perception on burning mouth syndrome among dental students.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among dental students to evaluate the awareness about burning mouth syndrome. The study population in the study are the dental students with a sample size of 100. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions and was shared to dental students using online survey platform. Frequency table was prepared for each question and analysed using spss data analysis software.
Results and Discussion: 82% of the participants were aware about burning mouth syndrome and 18% of the participants were not aware. 69% of the participants were aware that psychological problems like anxiety, depression can cause bms whereas 31% of the participants were not aware
Conclusion: The dental students have a moderate level of awareness about burning mouth syndrome. Most of the dental students were aware about burning mouth syndrome but there was still a group of teenagers who were not aware. More awareness and better understanding will result in better management and better treatment plans.
A Brief Review on Mycoplasma
Authors: Lakhera Abhijeet Singh , Damke Smita 
Published: February 2022

Mycoplasma genitalium are a finicky creature belonging to the Mollicutes class, the tiniest prokaryote ability of self. Most remains unclear about its normal evolution in uncontrolled illness, despite the fact that it was originally discovered in 1981.
It's a sexually transmissible bacterium that can cause short term and long - term non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in males, and there's strong evidence that it could also cause cervicitis and pelvic organ prolapse in females. Its significance in a number of different medical symptoms is unknown. The majority of people infected remain asymptomatic and clear infection without developing disease; asymptomatic screening is therefore not recommended. Prevalence rates are higher in patients attending sexual health clinics and in men with NGU. Limited availability of diagnostics has encouraged syndromic management, resulting in widespread antimicrobial resistance and given that few antimicrobial classes have activity against Mycoplasma there is significant concern regarding the emergence of untreatable strains.
Symptomless monitoring also isn't suggested so because bulk of those affected stay silent and recover illness without acquiring illness. Individuals who visit private clinics and males having NGU have greater prevalence. Due to the scarcity of diagnosing, symptomatic leadership is becoming popular, resulted in massive resistant bacteria. Provided which only very few antibiotic class possess action against M. genitalium, this same occurrence of incurable isolates is a serious worry. Screening must be made more widely available, and it will include discovery of erythromycin tolerance causing alterations. Competence in the evaluation of microbiology findings in relation to medical association provides appropriate therapies while trying to minimize antimicrobial use. Observation of population health on a worldwide stage is critical for tracking and adapting to shifting epidemiological patterns. We summarised existing understanding of M. genitalium, along with epidemiological data, diagnostic, and bacteriological data, as well as topic obstacles with in era of growing resistant strains in this evaluation.
The Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy on Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study
Authors: Alqahtani Abdulhadi M. , Almazrou Saja H. , Alqahtani Khaled , Ntinika Pendo , Alshahrani Mohammed , Alqahtani Basmah F. , Khattab Amin K. , Alyahya Sheikhah A. , Aljohani Fahad Dakilallah , Elbadawy Hossein M. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–coated prodrugs remain inactive until they enter the alkaline atmosphere of the duodenum, where they are absorbed and transmitted to parietal cells. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PPI medication on patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their outcomes.
Methods: This was a retrospective, multicenter study conducted at two regional hospitals in Saudi Arabia. All confirmed COVID-19 patients between March 1 and August 15, 2020, were included in the study. The Mann–Whitney U and chi-squared tests were performed to appropriately determine the difference between treatment groups.
Results: Out of 346 patients, 136 (39.3 %) were users of PPIs with standard care, and 210 (60.7%) standard care and the average age was 43.5 years. The mean hospital length of stay in users of PPIs with standard care was 4.25 days. In contrast, the death cases of PPIs with standard care group were 3 cases out of 9 cases.
Conclusion: The impact of PPIs on COVID-19 patients is so far still a debate, and the discovery of novel therapies for COVID-19 is paramount. However, it is important for scientists and treating physicians to thoroughly identify the comorbidities of patients and other treatments before PPI administration.
Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli: A Clinical Findings
Authors: Jaybhaye Ajay , Deb Mrinangka 
Published: February 2022

Theodore Escherich, a German doctor, found E. coli for the first time while studying the gut flora of newborns. Bacterium coli commune (Escherich 1885) was named after him in 1885, and its virulence in extraintestinal illnesses was established by him (1894 Escherich). Until 1919 the term Bacterium coli was commonly used. Then after the formation of the genus Peschiera, Castellani and Chalmers called the type species E. coli (Chalmers & Castellani 1919).
Escherichia coli is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family and is a gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rod (with both a fermentative and respiratory metabolism) that lacks oxidase production. One single rod cell of Escherichia coli cell is generally 1.1–1.5 m broad by 2–6 m long. They may be motile or nonmotile, producing lateral flagella instead of polar flagella when motile. Many strains expand fimbriae or pili, which might be proteinaceous appendages (or structures or fibers) that extend outwardly from the bacterial cell and assist in bacterial mobile adhesion or adherence to other host cells or tissues.
Shigella spp. are closely related to Escherichia coli, albeit Shigella is less biochemically active than most E. coli strains. Although genetic relatedness allows Shigella and E. coli to be classified as a single genus, the two have typically been kept apart to avoid medical diagnostic confusion. E. coli are found in many living organisms' nature, edibles, water, and intestines. E. coli is a giant and numerous organization. Most E. coli traces are secure; some can purpose the contamination. Some E. coli strains are chargeable for causing diarrhea, and lots of other lines motive urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and lots of different infections and diseases.
Assessment and Comparison of Temporomandibular Joint for Occurrence and Severity of Disorders in Adult Cases with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate and Non-cleft Class I: An Observational Study
Authors: Kumar Nikhil , Daigavane Pallavi , Shrivastava Sunita S. , Kamble Ranjit 
Published: February 2022

Background: Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) are hereditary deformity of craniofacial structure. Temporomandibular disorder has number of clinical problems affecting muscles of mastication and its associated structures. There are several methods used to evaluate temporomandibular dysfunction (MRI, etc), Helkimo index is a settler in advancing indices, other indices used are CMI, MFIQ, FONSECA. The design of the following study was to evaluate the TMJ disorders in UCLP, if any, and compare with the non-cleft cases.
Methodology: Total 30 patients aged 16 to 20 years, will be selected from the patients coming to smile train Out Patient Department (OPD) of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Wardha. The total cases will be divided into two groups: a) Group I - unliteral cleft lip and palate cases b) Group II - non cleft class I cases Digital records of the patient (lateral cephalogram, photograph, models) will be taken and stored. Helkimo, MFIQ, CMI, Fonseca will be recorded on all patients participated in study. The Helkimo index will be taken to assess the presence and severity and MFIQ index will be taken to assess mandibular functioning in cleft cases based on the questionnaire.
Expected Results: The dental apparatus (interdental relation of maxillary and mandibular dentition) plays an important role in the temporomandibular joint's well-being. Trauma due to the occlusal instability has definite effect on the TMJ in long run. Cleft is always associated with inter jaw malocclusion and therefore TMDs in the cleft patient is thought to occur. The treatment protocol for grown cases with severe skeletal malocclusion is orthognathic surgery. The TMJ correction remains untouched. It can be expected that altered TMJ anatomy can lead to TMDs in cleft lip and palate cases.
Conclusion: To convey the occurrence of TMDs in cleft due to the inter jaw malocclusion and its early treatment approach for TMJ deprogramming along with dental and surgical correction in CLP.
Evaluation of Intermental Foramina Distance among South Indian Population
Authors: Jeeva S. , Prathap Lavanya 
Published: February 2022

Background: The intermental foramina distance varies between ethnicities, according to an OPG (orthopantomogram), which is a form of dental x-ray. The mandibular foramen has a bony canal developed in the mandible at two independent anatomies and its rim is 'v' shaped, that was its common form where the groove separating the anterior and posterior parts is horizontally orientated rim which is an oval shaped rim. The placement of the mandibular foramen varies by ethnicity; the intermental foramina distance is always measured from the mandibles' mid-line.
Materials and Methods: The OPGs are collected from the private dental college and hospital in chennai. The location of mental foramen is identified and the intermental foramina distance is calculated by adobe photoshop. The collected data is analysed using SPSS software.
Results: The average intermental foramen distance in the south Indian population was 4.93 cm. Males have a 5.14 cm inter mental foramen, whereas females have a 4.76 cm inter mental foramen. With a p value of 0.001, there is a significant difference in the intermental foramina distance between the genders in the south Indian population.
Conclusion: Within the restrictions of the study, it may be stated that there is a significant difference in the intermental foramina distance between men and women in the south Indian population, with a p value of 0.001. The dentist's understanding of the intermental foramina difference is critical when performing implants, orthodontic surgery, and periodontal surgery. It aids the dentist in planning the drilling of the lower jaw bone.
Cysticercosis of Cheek - A Rare Site
Authors: Manchanda Aanchal , Agrawal Anil , Vagha Sunita 
Published: February 2022

Cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium is a helminthic infection. It usually resides in animals and humans to complete its life cycle and cause the disease within it. Cysticercosis in humans is acquired by ingestion of eggs or its larvae form. It is caused due to improper sanitation, fecal ingestion by the pigs which is infected with larvae of cysticercus, improper vaccination of pigs and ingestion of raw or uncooked pork and meat by the humans. Most commonly it involves the brain, heart, liver, muscles, lungs and the peritoneal cavity. When there is involvement of the mouth, frequently occurring sites include the tongue, buccal mucosa and rarely floor of mouth. Likewise, most commonly, the skeletal muscle involvement is noted.
It is usually diagnosed by radiological and pathological investigations. Radiologically, USG and MRI characteristically reveals the lesion caused by cysticercosis. Pathologically, the biopsy done of the affected area shows the inhabited cysticercus along with its causative changes in the tissue like edema, congestion and infiltration of Inflammatory infiltrates. Being a parasitic infestation, eosinophilic infiltration around the membrane of cysticercus is commonly noted in the biopsy. This is the presentation of the case report, where there is an occurrence of Cysticercosis in the muscles of cheek, a site with rare occurrence.