bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood to adulthood: Accounting for age dependence in healthy‐reference distributions in 129Xe gas‐exchange MRI
Authors: Plummer Joseph W. , Willmering Matthew M. , Cleveland Zackary I. , Towe Christopher , Woods Jason C. , Walkup Laura L. 
Published: November 2022

PurposeXenon‐129 (129Xe) gas‐exchange MRI is a pulmonary‐imaging technique that provides quantitative metrics for lung structure and function and is often compared to pulmonary‐function tests. Unlike such tests, it does not normalize to predictive values based on demographic variables such as age. Many sites have alluded to an age dependence in gas‐exchange metrics; however, a procedure for normalizing metrics has not yet been introduced.TheoryWe model healthy reference values for 129Xe gas‐exchange MRI against age using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). GAMLSS takes signal data from an aggregated heathy‐reference cohort and fits a distribution with flexible median, variation, skewness, and kurtosis to predict age‐dependent centiles. This approach mirrors methods by the Global Lung Function Initiative for modeling pulmonary‐function test data and applies it to binning methods widely used by the 129Xe MRI community to interpret and quantify gas‐exchange data.MethodsVentilation, membrane‐uptake, red blood cell transfer, and red blood cell:membrane gas‐exchange metrics were collected on 30 healthy subjects over an age range of 5 to 68 years. A GAMLSS model was fit against age and compared against widely used linear and generalized‐linear binning 129Xe MRI analysis schemes.ResultsAll 4 gas‐exchange metrics had significant skewness, and membrane‐uptake had significant kurtosis compared to a normal distribution. Age has significant impact on distribution parameters. GAMLSS‐binning produced narrower bins compared to the linear and generalized‐linear binning schemes and distributed signal data closer to a normal distribution.ConclusionThe proposed “proof‐of‐concept” GAMLSS‐binning approach can improve diagnostic accuracy of 129Xe gas‐exchange MRI by providing a means of modeling voxel distribution data against age.
Time‐optimal L1/L2 norms optimal control for linear time‐invariant systems
Authors: Mai Heng , Chen Xuesong , Yin Zhaoyang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe theoretical properties of a novel time‐optimal / norms optimal control for linear time‐invariant systems are investigated. The ‐optimal control (or sparsest control) is converted to the time‐optimal / norms optimal control which can be solved efficiently. The proposed control is obtained via minimization of the time‐optimal / norms optimal control input along with the constraints on the state variable. Subsequently, by using the nonsmooth maximum principle, the uniqueness and continuity of the optimal solution of the time‐optimal / norms optimal control are proved. The superiority of the time‐optimal / norms optimal control is illustrated by numerical examples.
Nuclear pCHK1 as a potential biomarker of increased sensitivity to ATR inhibition
Authors: Sundararajan Vignesh , Tan Tuan Zea , Lim Diana , Peng Yanfen , Wengner Antje Margret , Ngoi Natalie Yan Li , Jeyasekharan Anand D , Tan David Shao Peng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractExcessive genomic instability coupled with abnormalities in DNA repair pathways induces high levels of ‘replication stress’ when cancer cells propagate. Rather than hampering cancer cell proliferation, novel treatment strategies are turning their attention towards targeting cell cycle checkpoint kinases (such as ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and others) along the DNA damage response and replicative stress response pathways, thereby allowing unrepaired DNA damage to be carried forward towards mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. The selective ATR kinase inhibitor elimusertib (BAY 1895344) has demonstrated preclinical and clinical monotherapy activity; however, reliable predictive biomarkers of treatment benefit are still lacking. In this study, using gene expression profiling of 24 cell lines from different cancer types and in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, we found that nuclear‐specific enrichment of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) correlated with increased sensitivity to elimusertib. Using an advanced multispectral imaging system in subsequent cell line‐derived xenograft specimens, we showed a trend between nuclear phosphorylated CHK1 (pCHK1) staining and increased sensitivity to the ATR inhibitor elimusertib, indicating the potential value of pCHK1 expression as a predictive biomarker of ATR inhibitor sensitivity. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Numerical study on interactions of atmospheric plasmas and peptides by reactive molecular dynamic simulations
Authors: Ding Yun‐Han , Wang Xiao‐Long , Tian Shu‐Qi , Li Shan‐Rui , Li Lian , Li Quan‐Xin , Zhao Tong , Zhang Yuan‐Tao 
Published: November 2022

AbstractExperimental observations have shown that peptides are chemically modified under plasma treatment, which impacts the function and lifetime of a protein. This paper investigates the interactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in atmospheric plasmas and peptides. Results show that the reactions typically start with the H abstraction from the side chain of amino acids. As the reactions continue, the introduction of O atoms is the most common reaction, and the formation of double C = C bonds, detachment of carboxyl groups, and cleavage of the ring are also observed. Moreover, the degree of oxidative modification of the peptides increases with increasing doses of ROS. This study reveals the formation and breaking of chemical bonds and the generation of new reactive groups in the structure of peptides under plasma treatment, which enables us to understand the mechanisms of plasma medicine deeply.
Seasonally distinct runoff–recharge partitioning in an alpine tundra catchment
Authors: Kershaw Geoffrey G. L. , English Michael C. , Wolfe Brent B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHydrological processes within the alpine tundra of the Taiga Cordillera ecozone in northwestern Canada are poorly understood, yet these areas receive more precipitation per unit area than lowlands and sustain late summer and winter flow in large river systems when contributions from other areas are reduced. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and temporal variability in streamflow and groundwater recharge within an alpine tundra basin with discontinuous permafrost and explore the potential impacts of climate change on the timing and intensity of these hydrological processes. Hydrometric and remote sensing methods were used to complete a water balance assessment of the study basin and compare spatial and seasonal differences in inputs, outputs, runoff ratio, and runoff–recharge partitioning during the 2019 open water season. During the freshet, the basin received large daily melt volumes and responded with highly efficient runoff. Evapotranspiration became the primary means of water loss in the early summer but declined as the summer progressed. During the summer, groundwater discharge exceeded precipitation inputs and sustained headwater subbasin streamflow. Groundwater recharge occurred primarily via glaciofluvial upland infiltration during the freshet and channel bed infiltration during the summer. The partitioning of basin outputs between runoff and groundwater recharge was highly seasonal, with a freshet ratio favoring runoff (0.83) while the early and late summer favored recharge (0.28 and 0.17, respectively). As climate change continues, higher air temperatures and greater precipitation are expected for the study basin. Longer open water seasons and declining permafrost extent within the study basin will result in a greater proportion of input water routed to storage and/or groundwater recharge instead of runoff. Shrubification and treeline expansion may also increase evaporative losses from alpine tundra areas, reducing both rapid runoff and delayed aquifer recharge contributions important for larger rivers at lower elevation.
Presence of cells in the polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state predicts the risk of recurrence in prostate cancer
Authors: Trabzonlu Levent , Pienta Kenneth J. , Trock Bruce J. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Amend Sarah R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe nonproliferating polyaneuploid cancer cell (PACC) state is associated with therapeutic resistance in cancer. A subset of cancer cells enters the PACC state by polyploidization and acts as cancer stem cells by undergoing depolyploidization and repopulating the tumor cell population after the therapeutic stress is relieved. Our aim was to systematically assess the presence and importance of this entity in men who underwent radical prostatectomy with curative intent to treat their presumed localized prostate cancer (PCa).Materials and MethodsMen with National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate‐ or high‐risk PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy l from 2007 to 2015 and who did not receive neoadjuvant treatment were included. From the cohort of 2159 patients, the analysis focused on a subcohort of 209 patients and 38 cases. Prostate tissue microarrays (TMAs) were prepared from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded blocks of the radical prostatectomy specimens. A total of 2807 tissue samples of matched normal/benign and cancer were arrayed in nine TMA blocks. The presence of PACCs and the number of PACCs on each core were noted.ResultsThe total number of cells in the PACC state and the total number of cores with PACCs were significantly correlated with increasing Gleason score (p = 0.0004) and increasing Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Postsurgical (CAPRA‐S) (p = 0.004), but no other variables. In univariate proportional hazards models of metastasis‐free survival, year of surgery, Gleason score (9–10 vs. 7–8), pathology stage, CAPRA‐S, total PACCs, and cores positive for PACCs were all statistically significant. The multivariable models with PACCs that gave the best fit included CAPRA‐S. Adding either total PACCs or cores positive for PACCs to CAPRA‐S both significantly improved model fit compared to CAPRA‐S alone.ConclusionOur findings show that the number of PACCs and the number of cores positive for PACCs are statistically significant prognostic factors for metastasis‐free survival, after adjusting for CAPRA‐S, in a case–cohort of intermediate‐ or high‐risk men who underwent radical prostatectomy. In addition, despite the small number of men with complete data to evaluate time to metastatic castration‐resistant PCa (mCRPC), the total number of PACCs was a statistically significant predictor of mCRPC in univariate analysis and suggested a prognostic effect even after adjusting for CAPRA‐S.
Review on Developments and Progress in Nickelate‐Based Heterostructure Composites and Superconducting Thin Films
Authors: Yang Xiaoping , Li Miao , Ding Zhenyu , Li Liangyu , Ji Ce , Wu Gang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn the past decade, the rapid development of modern heterointerface growth and characterization techniques has stimulated great effort to research and design the extraordinary physical properties of transition metal heterostructure composite materials. Here, new physics originates from the rearrangement of orbital, charge, spin, and lattice and the resulting rebalancing of their mutual interactions. In this paper, recent experimental and theoretical progress in the design, preparation, characterization, and physical property measurement of LaNiO3‐based heterostructure composites and the infinite‐layer Ni1 + nickelate superconducting thin films on (001) SrTiO3 substrate is reviewed, mainly by the methods of various X‐ray spectroscopy measurements, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and magneto‐transport measurements. In these materials, the electronic structure and orbital occupation around the Fermi level are modified, enabling nickelate‐based composite materials to exhibit new states of matter and physical phenomena, which are absent in the bulk constituents. Their confined structures, superconductivity, orbital polarization, charge transfer, electronic structures, magnetic properties, and X‐ray spectroscopic analysis, are therefore highlighted, aiming at understanding unconventional superconducting mechanisms and designing new high‐Tc superconducting low‐dimensional materials for device applications.
Robust integrated sequential covariance intersection fusion Kalman filters and their convergence and stability for networked sensor systems with five uncertainties
Authors: Gao Yuan , Deng Zili 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFor networked sensor systems (NSSs) with hard and soft sensors including five uncertainties, two universal approaches of solving the robust fusion estimation problems are presented. It includes an integrated sequential covariance intersection (SCI) fusion minimax robust Kalman filtering approach with cross‐covariance information and a generalized Lyapunov equation approach with four pairs of Lyapunov equations. Applying them, the robust local and SCI fused time‐varying and steady‐state Kalman filters are presented in the sense that their actual estimation error variances are guaranteed to have the corresponding minimal upper bounds. The equivalent batch SCI fusers are also presented. Their robustness and accuracy relations are proved, and the sensitivity of the SCI fuser with respect to the fused orders of sensors is analyzed. Applying the dynamic error system analysis method and the dynamic variance error system analysis method, a new convergence and absolute asymptotic stability theory of robust fusion Kalman filtering is presented. The classical Kalman filtering convergence and stability theory is developed. Compared with the original covariance intersection fuser, they significantly reduced the computational complexity and burden. Compared with the optimal and conservative SCI fusers, they significantly improved the robust accuracies. They are suitable to deal with asynchronous or random delayed data and are suitable for real‐time applications. A simulation applied to the two‐mass spring damper mechanical system shows their effectiveness.
Effect of Cu Vacancy on Cu3Si(001) Surface for the Synthesis of SiHCl3 by Hydrogenation of SiCl4:A DFT Study
Authors: Wang Huhu , Zheng Qing , Wang Yi , Ji Yuwen , Peng Wencai , Zhang Jinli , Zhang Jianshu , Liu Jichang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the effect of Cu vacancy of Cu3Si(001) surface for the hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride was systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT). The favorable adsorption sites and stable configurations of reaction species are obtained and three possible reaction paths of SiHCl3 formation were achieved by transition state search. For the perfect Cu3Si(001) surface(P), Path1 is the most favorable, with a reaction barrier of 158.15 kJ mol−1. For both the single Cu‐vacancy(SV) and double Cu‐vacancy Cu3Si(001) surface(DV), Path2 is the most favorable, with the reaction barriers of 130.07 kJ mol−1 and 124.81 kJ mol−1, respectively. The results reflect that the activation energy of the reaction decreased significantly with the increase of Cu‐vacancy on the Cu3Si(001) surface, which may be the reason for the higher catalytic activity of Cu3Si catalysts with smaller Cu−Si stoichiometric ratios. This study can provide a reasonable explanation for previously experimental observation and provide a guidance for future catalyst design.
Recent Advances in Rolling 2D TMDs Nanosheets into 1D TMDs Nanotubes/Nanoscrolls
Authors: Aftab Sikandar , Iqbal Muhammad Zahir , Rim You Seung 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTransition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) van der Waals (vdW) 1D heterostructures are recently synthesized from 2D nanosheets, which open up new opportunities for potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. The most recent and promising strategies in regards to forming 1D TMDs nanotubes (NTs) or nanoscrolls (NSs) in this review article as well as their heterostructures that are produced from 2D TMDs are summarized. In order to improve the functionality of ultrathin 1D TMDs that are coaxially combined with boron nitride nanotubes and single‐walled carbon nanotubes. 1D heterostructured devices perform better than 2D TMD nanosheets when the two devices are compared. The photovoltaic effect in WS2 or MoS2 NTs without a junction may exceed the Shockley–Queisser limit for the above‐band‐gap photovoltage generation. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution is accelerated when monolayer WS2 or MoS2 NSs are incorporated into a heterojunction. In addition, the photovoltaic performance of the WSe2/MoS2 NSs junction is superior to that of the performance of MoS2 NSs. The summary of the current research about 1D TMDs can be used in a variety of ways, which assists in the development of new types of nanoscale optoelectronic devices. Finally, it also summarizes the current challenges and prospects.
Linking Enhanced Kinetics of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction with Increased Utilization of Active Sites in a Hierarchical Single‐Atom Catalyst
Authors: Li Lei , Xu Ming , Wang Yameng , Zhang Yanan , Li Yanyan , Li Fayan , Zeng Lin , Zhang Xinyu , Zheng Jiaxin , Zheng Zhiping 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are of tremendous current research due to maximized use of metal atoms and enhanced activity and selectivity for a great variety of chemical reactions. Hierarchically structured SACs have been explored to further increase the number and accessibility of active sites to realize the full potentials of SACs. However, though plausible‐sounding, these supposed advantages of hierarchically structured SACs are largely untested. The assumed enhancing effects on the formation of intermediates on and the overall reaction kinetics remain largely unknown. Herein is reported a Fe‐SAC with a hierarchical hollow structure (Fe/HH) that showed excellent activity in oxygen reduction reaction and proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Comparative experimental and computational studies with respect to Fe/SS—the counterpart of Fe/HH with a compact primary structure—reveal a significantly increased number of active sites and their utilization in Fe/HH as reflected by the facilitated formation of the rate‐determining‐step intermediate Fe‐OOH*. This work thus establishes unambiguously the connection between the increased utilization of active sites and the enhanced kinetics of the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen.
Case study: Modifying repetitive behavior in a polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Authors: Cambrelen Desirae , Nelson Slater Melissa 
Published: November 2022

AbstractStereotypic pacing in zoo‐housed carnivores has been intensively researched for decades, revealing that it is a subtly complex behavior with a highly variable etiology. While pacing can be an indicator of poor welfare, it can also be anticipatory in nature, or even have a completely different motivating operation. In this case study, the pacing of a zoo‐housed polar bear, “Tundra,” was maintained through inadvertent reinforcement. Baseline data revealed that in 86% of afternoon observations, Tundra paced when the door to shift him off‐exhibit was opened. Upon changing the contingencies of reinforcement, there was a change in his behavior; initially with a shift in time, and then a shift in duration. Using a strategy of Differential Reinforcement of an Incompatible behavior, the pacing bout duration significantly decreased from a median of 4 min 13 s to 2 min 26 s. Due to the potential for repetitive walking to negatively influence captive carnivore welfare and the high individual variability of this behavior, investigation into the ontogeny and motivation for these behaviors should continue.
Liability Annex to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Proelss Alexander , Steenkamp Robert C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTwenty-nine States (the ‘Consultative Parties’), each with a substantial interest in Antarctica, collectively manage Antarctica through a system of consensus-based decisions. Traditionally, the Antarctic Treaty together with recommendations and measures adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention) and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) form the basis of the Antarctic Treaty System. However, the Consultative Parties began to expand their environmental responsibilities in Antarctica in 1970 and agreed that they “should assume responsibility for the protection of the environment and the wise use of the Treaty area”. A major step in this regard was the addition to the Antarctic Treaty System of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PEPAT or the Protocol). Together with safeguarding free and peaceful scientific research, the Protocol incorporates the protection of the Antarctic environment into the Antarctic Treaty System. The Protocol has six annexes, with Annex VI (Liabilities Arising from Environmental Emergencies) being a product of the obligations contained in Articles 15 and 16 of the PEPAT. Specifically, Article 16 of the PEPAT states that:
Liability Under Part XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining)
Authors: Proelss Alexander , Steenkamp Robert C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe part of the seabed and subsoil that is beyond national jurisdiction (hereafter, the Area) is regulated by Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as well as by the 1994 Implementation Agreement. The regime of deep seabed mining (DSM) in the Area foresees three phases: prospecting, exploration and exploitation. The exploration and exploitation phases involve several actors, including States, the International Seabed Authority (ISA or Authority) and private entities. Established under UNCLOS, the ISA is tasked with controlling and organising “activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area”. To date, the ISA has developed regulations related to exploration for minerals in the Area which set out the standard terms of exploration contracts as well as the requirements to apply for exploration rights. DSM in the Area is currently transitioning from the exploration phase into the exploitation phase, and the ISA is developing rules for the assessment and environmental management of future operations.
States Responsibility and Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm
Authors: Schmalenbach Kirsten 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOne strategy to address environmental degradation caused by transnational human activities is to focus on States as the principal actors and law-makers on the international plane. In order to address environmental challenges, States have by and large three avenues for regulatory management at their disposal: the first one is domestic legislation on pollution control and conservation within the boundaries of jurisdictional limits set by international law; the second avenue is action through regional organisations of economic integration which have the power of supranational law-making, although these also have to observe the same jurisdictional limits in relation to the international community; and the third avenue is traditional international law-making, the method on which this Chapter focuses.