bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamifying piracy: functions and users of the Z-library
Authors: Kjellström Zakayo 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThis paper aims to show how an illegal repository of literature, the Z-library, relates to and influences its users and how this relation is unique due to the illegal nature of the platform. The paper utilizes the idea of gamification to exemplify how to motivate users to contribute to a large shadow library in order to create the “world's largest e-book library,” sans “librarians.”Design/methodology/approachThe study makes use of an ethnographic approach. It interrogates the functions of the website through intensive use—a close reading of sorts. The data provide a foundation for illustrating how illegal text repositories function at a surface level and how their design appeals to their user-base.FindingsThe paper provides a thorough and non-biased overview of how a “black open access” or “shadow library” site provides its users with pirated literature. It suggests that the lynchpin sustaining their functionality is a gamification of piracy designed to motivate a fragmented collective of individuals who work primarily for personal reward, rather than altruistic goals.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the design of the study, the findings are not universal or applicable to all illegal repositories of text. Readers and researchers are encouraged to apply the concept introduced here to other cases.Social implicationsThis paper includes implication on the perception of literature piracy, how pirated literature is distributed and who performs the labor required to sustain illicit text repositories.Originality/valueThis paper provides a novel conceptual basis to study literature piracy.
High school change: a reflective essay on three decades of frustration, struggle and progress
Authors: Hargreaves Andy 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this essay is to honor, position and reflect on key themes related to high school reform within the careerlong scholarship of Karen Seashore Louis. It is presented in relation to my own and others' key studies and book-length arguments regarding educational change, knowledge utilization, professional communities and innovation, over the past 30 years and up to the present time.Design/methodology/approachThe article examines and interprets major works by Karen Seashore Louis and other educational change theorists that address repeated systemic failures, and episodic outlier efforts, at transformational change in high schools.FindingsHigh school change has only failed if it is judged by the overarching criterion of system-wide transformation. Fair assessments of high school change must also examine accumulated incremental innovations. In light of the need for transformational aspirations in schools to mesh with transformational directions in society, the global pandemic and its aftermath may provide five key opportunities for long-awaited transformation.Originality/valueThere are different levels and degrees of innovation. Incremental innovation is as important as wholesale transformation. The growing number of networked outliers of innovation raises questions about the false equation of whole system change with bureaucratic state reform. Although the influential literature on whole system change is rooted in a small number of English-speaking countries, transformational change on a system-wide basis already exists in Northern Europe and parts of the Global South. Last, the pandemic and other major disruptions to the global social order have produced conditions that are highly favorable to transformational change in the future.
CEO overconfidence and forecast accuracy moderated by CEOs' accounting-based attributes
Authors: Ben Ahmed Faten , Jarboui Anis 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the moderating effect of CEO's accounting-based attributes on the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) overconfidence and forecast accuracy in European companies.Design/methodology/approachData from a sample of 347 European firms listed on Stoxx Europe 600 index from 2005 to 2018 are used to test the moderation model using moderation regression analysis.FindingsEvidence reveals that CEO overconfidence is negatively associated with forecast accuracy. Further, CEO's accounting-based attributes significantly moderates the impact of CEO overconfidence on forecast quality.Originality/valueThis study is unique in providing European evidence for the moderating effect of CEO's accounting-based attributes on the relationship between CEO overconfidence and forecast quality. This paper is also relevant as it addresses the interaction between two sciences (psychology) to explain the forecast accuracy (accounting).
The impact of entrepreneurial firm social purpose on bank loan officer decisions: a study of loan covenant violations
Authors: Austin Rebekah , Weinberger Andrew Scott , Mohundro Jon 
Published: April 2022

PurposeLoan officer decisions are of particular importance to entrepreneurial firms which rely heavily on debt financing as a primary source of capital. The authors investigate whether social purpose in these firms impact loan officer response to the violation of a debt covenant and whether there is a differential response in decision making between loan officers that work at local banks and those that work at national banks.Design/methodology/approachIn total 332 loan officers from cities in the South and Midwest United States participated in a quasi-experiment comparing entrepreneurial firms that violated their debt covenants. The loan officers were asked to evaluate loan materials and decide whether they would enforce loan covenant provisions of renegotiated interest rate and by what magnitude. In the treatment group, the loan officer evaluated loan materials of an entrepreneurial firm that included information related to the firms social purpose within their community. In the control group, the evaluation materials did not include this information.FindingsConsistent with social capital theory, the results suggest that loan officers view community involvement as beneficial to entrepreneurial firm value. Loan officers were less likely to increase interest rates among firms that demonstrated social purpose. Loan officers that decided to increase interest rates punished socially purposeful firms less severely than non-socially purposeful firms. Additionally, loan officers at community banks were less likely to increase interest rates than those at national banks.Originality/valueWhile the prior literature examines loan covenant violations, the authors focus on the impact of loan officer decision making in entrepreneurial firms specifically around covenant enforcement. Loan officer decisions have important implications for debt financing but are typically not observable to researchers. Prior work examining the relationship between social purpose and debt financing focuses on large public firms. This study recognizes that social purpose in entrepreneurial firms is less formalized and explicit and thus should be studied separately from large firms.
Dung beetles maintain phylogenetic divergence but functional convergence across a highly fragmented tropical landscape
Authors: Rivera Jose D. , Espinosa de los Monteros Alejandro , da Silva Pedro Giovâni , Favila Mario E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Understanding how human‐modified landscapes affect the phylogenetic composition and assembly mechanisms of biological communities is critical for effectively managing and restoring tropical ecosystems. We evaluated how forest coverage loss, fragmentation and landscape heterogeneity affect the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles and their assembly mechanisms in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, a protected but highly fragmented tropical landscape.

We calculated Faith's phylogenetic diversity, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance and mean nearest taxon distance for 5,388 individuals in 36 species. The standardised effect sizes of these metrics were estimated to control their correlation with species richness. Phylogenetic diversity was also assessed separately for each dung beetle functional group. Finally, we compared the mean functional and phylogenetic pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance and measured the phylogenetic signal among dung beetle functional traits to determine the influence of niche conservatism on the phylogenetic structure of species assemblages.

Faith's phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles was positively correlated with forest coverage, while their mean phylogenetic and nearest taxon distance values decreased with increasing landscape fragmentation. Necrophagous beetles and forest specialists responded most negatively to forest coverage loss and fragmentation.

Alpha and beta diversity values showed phylogenetic overdispersion but functional convergence and weak phylogenetic signals in their functional traits, suggesting low niche conservatism. Landscapes with moderate forest coverage (≥40%) favoured higher phylogenetic beta diversity, whereas phylogenetic and functional beta diversity decreased significantly in landscapes with low forest coverage (<30%).

Synthesis and applications. Forest habitats in fragmented landscapes are essential for safeguarding the evolutionary history of dung beetles, reducing biotic homogenisation processes by favouring phylogenetic overdispersion and complementarity between sites. Therefore, to secure the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles within fragmented tropical reserves, we recommend protecting the existing forests, preventing further fragmentation of continuous forest areas and increasing matrix quality by implementing biodiversity‐friendly production systems. Finally, managers should consider assessing different functional groups in other species, as their response to landscape disturbance may not be phylogenetically similar. The above will allow more effective management practices to protect the species most susceptible to disturbances.
Inhibition of mTOR by temsirolimus overcomes radio‐resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Huang Shiyong , Du Ke , Liu Zeng , Li Jiangping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRadio‐resistance is a leading cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment failure and identification of sensitising therapeutic targets is an unmet need to enhance clinical management. Given that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling confers resistance to cancer therapy, we investigated whether mTOR contributes to radio‐resistance in NPC and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR can overcome radio‐resistance. We found that mTOR mRNA and protein levels, and phosphorylation of its downstream effector were increased in radio‐resistant NPC compared with parental cells. mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in a panel of NPC cell lines. Importantly, temsirolimus acts synergistically with radiation and is effective against radio‐resistant cells. Using radio‐resistant xenograft mouse model, we validated the efficacy of temsirolimus in preventing tumour formation and inhibiting tumour growth. Temsirolimus overcome radio‐resistance in NPC via inhibiting mTOR signalling. Our work provides the pre‐clinical evidence that the combination of radiation and mTOR inhibitor may be a therapeutic strategy in NPC. Our findings might accelerate the initiation of clinical trials on radio‐resistant NPC patients using temsirolimus.
Biographical accounts of the impact of fatigue in young people with sickle cell disease
Authors: Poku Brenda Agyeiwaa , Pilnick Alison 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChildren and young people (CYP) with sickle cell disease (SCD) are a 'missing voice' in the debate on biography and sociology of chronic illness, meaning we know little about the social consequences of the illness for CYP. This paper examines the meaning of fatigue (a common symptom) for adolescents with SCD. Analysing 24 in‐depth interviews with adolescents aged 12–17 years in Ghana, we draw on the distinction proposed by Bury (1988) between 'meanings as significance' and 'meanings as consequence' to examine biographical aspects of fatigue. We argue that concepts of 'biographical disruption' and 'normal illness' do not easily accommodate the experience of CYP with congenital chronic illnesses like SCD, as their sense of (un)disruption and normality/continuity is contextualised relative to normative expectations about what it is to be a young person. At biographical transition points, illness/symptoms present from birth may evolve, shift and become experienced as 'new', 'different', or 'non‐normal'. They may become restrictive rather than continuous or disruptive. These experiences are influenced primarily by normative biographical expectations and the pursuit of identity affirmations. We propose that biographical restriction, biographical enactment, biographical abandonment and biographical reframing are more relevant concepts for understanding the experiences of CYP living with SCD.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with transformation zone type 3: cervical biopsy versus large loop excision
Authors: Gustafson Line Winther , Hammer Anne , Bennetsen Mary Holten , Kristensen Christina Blach , Majeed Huda , Petersen Lone Kjeld , Andersen Berit , Bor Pinar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the proportion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) in cervical biopsies with that in large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) specimens in women aged ≥45 years with transformation zone type 3 (TZ3).DesignMulticentre cross‐sectional study.SettingThree colposcopy clinics in the Central Denmark Region.PopulationWomen aged ≥45 years referred to colposcopy as a result of a positive human papillomavirus (HPV) test and/or abnormal cytology and with TZ3 at colposcopy.MethodsWomen had multiple biopsies taken and an LLETZ was performed.Main outcome measuresHistologically confirmed CIN2+ in biopsies compared with that in LLETZ specimens.ResultsOf 166 eligible women at colposcopy, 102 women with paired data from biopsies and LLETZ specimens were included for final analysis. The median age was 67.7 years (IQR 62.6–70.4 years), and most were postmenopausal (94.1%) and had undergone HPV‐based screening (81.3%). The CIN2+ detection rate was significantly higher in LLETZ specimens than in biopsies (32.4% vs 14.7%, difference 17.7%, 95% CI 6.3–29.0%), resulting in more than half of CIN2+ cases being missed in biopsies (54.5%, 95% CI 36.4–71.9%). The overall agreement between biopsies and LLETZ was 82.4% (95% CI 73.6–89.2%).ConclusionsCIN2+ detection is underestimated in women aged ≥45 years with TZ3 if detection relies on the results of biopsies alone. To reduce the risk of underdiagnosis and overtreatment, future studies should explore the use of new biomarkers for risk stratification to improve discrimination between women at increased risk of CIN2+ who need to undergo LLETZ and women who may undergo follow‐up.
Phase 2 study of first‐line pembrolizumab monotherapy in elderly patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer expressing high PD‐L1
Authors: Masuda Takeshi , Fujitaka Kazunori , Suzuki Tomoko , Hamai Kosuke , Matsumoto Naoko , Matsumura Mirai , Isoyama Shoko , Ueno Sayaka , Mito Mineyo , Yamaguchi Kakuhiro , Sakamoto Shinjiro , Kawano Reo , Masuda Ken , Nishino Ryohei , Ishikawa Nobuhisa , Yamasaki Masahiro , Hattori Noboru 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPembrolizumab is the recommended first‐line therapy for patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) of ≥50% without driver mutations. However, its efficacy and safety for patients ≥75 years have not been prospectively investigated; this was the aim of this study.MethodsThis multicenter and open‐label single‐arm phase II study was conducted at 12 institutions. Chemotherapy‐naïve patients with advanced NSCLC and a PD‐L1 TPS of ≥50% without EGFR mutations or translocation of the ALK received pembrolizumab every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) with a threshold of 4.3 months. The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), safety, and quality of life.ResultsTwenty‐six patients were enrolled between October 2017 and March 2020. The median PFS was 9.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1–20.6) months. The lower limit of the 95% CI did not exceed the target. The median OS was 21.6 months. The ORR and DCR were 41.7% and 70.8%, respectively. The proportion of patients with grade ≥3 treatment‐related adverse events was 15.4%. The quality of life score did not change significantly during treatment.ConclusionWhile this study showed that pembrolizumab was a tolerable treatment for elderly patients, the safety requires further confirmation in a larger study. Although the primary endpoint, the median PFS (9.6 months), was slightly shorter than that (10.3 months) of the previous phase III study (KEYNOTE‐024 study), the median PFS did not achieve the expected value.
Characteristics of dried fish stores: Evidence based on an intact pit from Late Islamic Qatar
Authors: Yeomans Lisa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractArchaeological evidence for the preparation of preserved fish is common. Preserving fish allowed stockpiling of temporary abundance of food created by good catches and seasonal plenty. In traditional societies, the majority of fish caught are preserved for later use rather than consumed fresh. Ethnographic information from southeast Arabia, and the wider region, for the storage of fish provides interesting details of the process. Archaeological evidence for fish storage is not usually the stored product itself, but distinctive species and element composition of preparation waste or post‐consumption refuse. Archaeologists rarely excavate a complete cache of preserved fish. This study presents data from a fish storage pit, capped with a mud seal, excavated at the Late Islamic site of Freiha (al‐Furayḥa) in Qatar. The contents of the pit were intact providing an opportunity to examine the practice of storing dried fish from the product itself and compare this evidence to ethnographic accounts.
Acetate‐ versus lactate‐buffered crystalloid solutions: A systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Ellekjaer Karen Louise , Perner Anders , Sivapalan Praleene , Møller Morten Hylander 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveThere is a widespread use of buffered crystalloid solutions in clinical practice. However, guidelines do not distinguish between specific types of buffered solutions and clinical equipoise exists. We aimed to assess the desirable and undesirable effects of acetate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions in hospitalised patients.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials assessing the use of acetate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for intravenous administration in hospitalised adults and children. The primary outcome was all‐cause short‐term mortality. We adhered to our published protocol, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement, the Cochrane Handbook and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.ResultsWe included five RCTs enrolling 390 patients. We found no statistically significant difference in short‐term mortality (random effects, risk ratio [RR] 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–1.51, p = .14, I2 = 0%) or hospital length of stay (LOS) (random effects, mean difference [MD]—1.31, 95% CI −3.66 to 1.05, p = .28, I2 = 0%) between acetate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions. The quality of evidence was very low. Data regarding intensive care unit LOS were reported by three trials and duration of vasopressor treatment by one trial; none of these data allowed for pooling in meta‐analyses. No trials reported data on long‐term mortality, health‐related quality of life, adverse events, duration of mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy.ConclusionIn this systematic review, we found very low quantity and quality of evidence on the use of acetate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions in hospitalised patients.
Serum concentration of oral midazolam as pediatric preanesthetic medication and factors related to the sedation level
Authors: Matsuda Hiromi , Takenaka Jungo , Kawabata Mariko , Komatsu Toshiaki , Sakanoue Kazumi , Atsuda Koichiro , Okamoto Hirotsugu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPreanesthetic medication is important to eliminate surgical anxiety in pediatric patients and facilitate their smooth transfer to the operating room. Midazolam is the most commonly used preanesthetic medication. However, it has been reported that the sedative effect varies from patient to patient. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of midazolam were examined, and the aim was to assess the factors affecting the quality of sedation.MethodsThe participants were children ranging in age from 6 months to 8 years scheduled for surgery. Midazolam 0.5 mg/kg was administered orally 30 min before entering the operating room, and the sedation level was evaluated at the time of mask application. Blood was collected after slow induction, and the serum concentration of midazolam was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsA total of 98 patients were registered. There was no difference in serum concentrations between the effective sedation group and the ineffective sedation group (48.0 vs. 49.1 ng/mL), regardless of the effect of midazolam. Percentages of ineffective sedation by age (0 to 7 years) were 66.6%, 60%, 33.3%, 11.1%, 0%, 0%, 12.5%, and 0%, respectively. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, siblings (OR = 3.9, CI: 1.1–14.0, p = .03) and age (OR = 3.2, CI:1.2–8.5, p = .02) were related to an insufficient sedative effect.ConclusionThe serum concentration of oral midazolam reached effective levels even in patients in whom the sedative effect was inadequate. It is important to manage the perioperative period with appropriate concurrent premedication taking into account patient age and social background characteristics.Clinical trial registrationClinical trial registry: UMIN R000052504.