bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Treatments for Leafminer and Associated Parasitoids on Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four oils and a insecticide-oil treatment were applied on 22 Oct with a prototype electrostatic sprayer (Terronics, Inc., Elwood, Ind.). Beans were planted 31 Aug in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm located near Poston, Ariz. Two rows of each variety were planted side by side in the 4 row block. Beans, especially the 04' variety, were heavily infested with leafminers and much defoliation and leaf drop had occurred with the lower leaves prior to the 16 Oct treatment. Plants were very heavily infested with sweetpotato whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius). Plots were 25 ft long by one bed wide and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomzied complete block design. Plots were sampled on 19 Oct for leafminer parasitoids. Parasitoid complex was comprised of mostly Diglyphus spp., Chrysocharis spp., as well as other similar parasitoids. Other parasitoids also included about 1% Opius and 3% Chrysonotomyia. Three samples were taken per plot. Samples consisted of placing a 8.5 inch × 17 inch × 1.5 inch deep styrofoam food tray between bed rows, shaking the foliage, and counting the parasitic wasps on the trays. Leafminer samples were obtained by leaving 3 trays/plot between rows from 3-8 DAT. Leafminer pupae that had emerged from leaves and collected in trays were counted.
Seed Maggot Control, 1990
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each treatment row. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over each row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition. Each plot consisted of single row treatments 15 ft long, 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seeds were treated 20-21 Jun and plots planted 25-26 Jun. Damage counts were made 13 Jul for both beans and corn. Emerged seedlings in each row of the snap bean plot were counted and an avg % damage was calculated on the number of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, an avg % damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row after they were dug and washed. Both plots received heavy damage from SM larvae.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, Spring, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 14 May 1990, 'Express' cabbage transplants were planted into sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, Okla. Test plots were 20 ft long, single-row with 3 ft between rows. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with one unplanted row between planted rows. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Fertilizer was applied at recommended levels before planting and through a trickle irrigation system. The initial insecticide treatment was applied on 20 Jun using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer which delivered 23 gal/acre. Ten randomly selected plants/plot were sampled for CL and DBM one d before treatment, 2 DAT, 7 DAT and 13 DAT. A second insecticide application was made on 9 Jul with samples taken as before at 3 DAT and 7 DAT.
Control of Melon Aphids on Cantaloupe, Fall, 1990
Authors: Citty S. , Cartwright B. , Soto P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Mission' hybrid cantaloupe were seeded into 10.2 cm pots using standard potting soil and placed in a greenhouse located at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, Okla., on 17 Sep. Each pot was placed in a vinyl saucer to facilitate watering and spaced approximately 6-8 cm apart. A randomized complete block design was used with seven replications. At the 2-3 leaf stage on 8 Oct, the plants were staked and tied to provide support. The plants were infested with melon aphids at the 4-5 leaf stage on 10 Oct. A CO2-powered backpack with a single nozzle (TX-10) was used to spray plants until saturated on 12 Oct. Ten treatments were used consisting of 1) Eucalyptus oil 2) Pine oil 3) Lemon oil 4) Citronella oil 5) Castor oil and Pomance [Resinol, S.A., Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A.] 6) Surfactant Alone 7) Codacide (Canola oil) [IAT, St. Joseph, MO] 8) Cottonseed oil [Valco oil, Harlingen, TX] 9) Metasystox-R and 10) a H2O spray used as a check. Oils for treatments 1-4 were obtained from Distribuidora Richard, Guatemala City, Guatemala, C.A. The oils were applied at a 1% dilution in H2O with 1.5 ml liquid soap used as a surfactant. Metasystox-R was applied at a 0.5% dilution (0.25 lb [AI]/acre, assuming 25 gal/acre). Plants were moved outdoors and isolated by treatment before spraying to prevent drift, then returned to greenhouse. Efficacy of treatments was assessed by counting live melon aphids on each plant. Counts were made prior to treatment application, as well as 3 and 5 DAT. Phytotoxicity ratings were also recorded with 1 = no damage and 5 = severe damage.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1989
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Anciso Juan , Chambers Cliff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected acaricides for control of spider mites on celery. Experimental plots measuring 2 beds (4 rows) on 40 inch centers by 25 ft were established in a commercial field in La Grulla, Tex. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were treated on 20 Nov (first application) and 26 Nov (second application for treatments with 2 applications). Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer in a total volume of 50 gal/acre (one 10 × hollow cone nozzle/row, 60 psi). Adult mite populations were monitored by counting all adults on the underside of 20 randomly selected trifoliates per plot. Immature stages (larvae and nymphs) were monitored by randomly selecting 10 trifoliates/plot and counting the number of immatures in one lens field (ca. 2.25 square cm) on each leaf of each trifoliate (total of 30 lens fields/plot). Nymphs were not sampled on 1 Dec because of environmental conditions.
Microbial Control of First-Generation Ecb on Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Bartels David W. , Hutchison William D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. 'Green Giant Code 40' sweet corn was planted on 7 Jun. Plots consisted of a single 30-ft row on 36-inch centers and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were infested with first instar ECB larvae on 24 Jun to simulate heavy pest pressure. Approximately 50 larvae were placed into each whorl with a “bazooka” applicator. The corn was 20—25 inches tall with no tassels visible from above. Insecticide applications were delayed by heavy rains (2.15 inches) until 30 Jun. At the time of application, the percent of larvae in each of the following instars was I, 9.6%; early II, 42.3%; and late II, 48.1%. Granular formulations were banded (7-inch) over the whorl with a battery powered Gandy applicator mounted on a two-wheeled, hand pushed frame. Liquid formulations were applied using an R&D CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer. A single, hand held nozzle (LF-3) delivering 20 GPA was used to direct the spray over the whorl. Evaluations of the number of live larvae found on the entire plant were made 21 Aug.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Bishop B. , Grafius E. , Boylan-Pett W. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Merritt S. , Potter M. , Korpal K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 5 Jul with a White (Seed Boss) 4-row planter at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm. Plots were one row wide (30 inch row spacing, 9 inches between plants within rows) and 30 ft long. Two untreated buffer rows seaprated adjacent plots and 5 ft of row was left untreated, as a buffer, on each end of the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks)/treatment. Herbicide was applied to the field (Bladex 90 DF @ 2 # AI/Acre and Dual 8 EC @ 8 # AI/Acre) at 33 gal/acre on 20 Jun. Three European corn borer (ECB) pheromone traps were placed near the corn to identify peak adult flight and help plan timing of treatments and sampling. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer (30 gal/acre, and 40 psi) on 31 Aug, 10 and 18 Sep. The sprayer boom had 3 nozzles, one directed down over the top of the plant, and the other 2 directed toward each side of the plant. Insects were counted on 5 plants/ block on 28 Aug, (prespray sample). Insects were counted, and the presence of ECB damage holes noted, on 2 plants in each plot on 4 and 12 Sep. On 19 Sep, 10 ears were harvested from each plot and inspected for caterpillars.
Early Season ECB Control, 1990
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, N.H. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 insecticide treatments applied at 2 different growth stages of corn (total of 18 treatments) and an untreated control replicated 4 times. 'Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted 16 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each insecticide treatment was applied 2 times 7 d apart starting at either the whorl growth stage (15-20 inches tall with no tassel growth visible in the whorls) or the pretassel growth stage (most of the plants with tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). The insecticide treatments were applied using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. Evaluation of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury prior to the first whorl treatment was made on 2 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (14 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn in Arkansas, 1990
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field trials were conducted near Jonesboro in northeastern Ark. The experiment was repeated 2 times with dates of planting on 25 Jul and 23 Aug on a Dubbs fine sandly loam soil. Each trial was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (40 inch row spacing) and 40 ft long with 1 row separating adjacent plots. Each trial was initiated 12 d after planting, and it continued for 8 d. Applications were made on day 1 and 4 using a backpack sprayer equipped with TX-SS3 hollow cone nozzles situated directly over the whorl and calibrated to deliver 7 gpa at 45 psi. FAW population density and plant damage were determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot on day 1 and 4 just prior to applications and on day 8. Larvae were categorized as small (&lt;0.5 cm) or large (&gt;0.5 cm). Damage was rated for each plant as follows: (1) very little to no damage, (2) slight damage to outside leaves and whorl, (3) moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent, (4) heavy damage throughout plant, and (5) complete decimation. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1990
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates, except experiment CPB-A which had 4 replicates. Experiment CPB-A was planted 17 May; experiments CPB-B, CPB-C, and CPB-D were planted 29 May; and experiment CPB-E was planted 31 May at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1989. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots was bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and cultivation practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 5 foliar applications of Manex 4 L (2338 ml/ha on 27 Jul; 2806 ml/ha on 3, 9, 16, and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1), except experiment CPB-A where no transformations were done. Means of all larval stages and adult beetles were compared using DMRT. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 7.3, 10.2, and 14.8 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 mo was 17.6, 19.5 and 19.7 deg C.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Dimilin, 1991
Authors: Alston D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 four-tree replicates. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and with an output rate of 3800 liters/ha. The date of first consistent CM catch as determined by pheromone traps placed in the block was 16 May. Cover sprays were timed using a temperature-driven CM model of development. First applications were timed to coincide with beginning of egg hatch. First applications of Dimilin + Guthion on 6 Jun were followed with Dimilin alone on 27 Jun and 19 Jul. Refer to the table for specific dates of application. Five fruit per tree and 5 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage (external stings + internal worms) by cutting fruit on 27 Jun, 19 Jul, and 8 Aug. Twenty fruit per tree and 20 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage on 30 Aug and 20 Sep. CM pressure was heavy.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Bessin R. , Townsend L. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for control of second generation European corn borer larvae. The.corn was planted on 5 Jun as a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 30 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied in a band over the wborl stage corn using a Gandy applicator driven by electric motor and mounted on a Hi-Boy. Liquid insecticides were applied using Solo backpack sprayer at 25 psi. Insecticide applications were made on 16 Jul. Ten stalks were destructively sampled and the number of European corn borer larvae recorded on 24-26 Jul. Ten stalks were split from each plot and the number of cavities recorded on 16 Aug. At harvest, the number of larvae per ear was counted in fifteen ears from each plot. Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means were compared to the control by Dunnett's test (SAS Institute).
Efficacy of Conventional and Microbial Insecticides for Sweet Corn Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Royer T. A. , Randell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four conventional insecticides and a single formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated for efficacy against ECB and CEW. Sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plant spacing was 30 inches with 26,100 plants per acre. Plots consisted of 2 rows × 50 ft, with 25-ft alley ways between each replication. The design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made to the 2 middle rows of each plot. Applications were made on 28 and 31 Aug and 3, 6, and 9 Sep (corresponding to 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after the first appearance of silks). Insecticide applications were made with a modified John Deere 6000 (HCV). A 10-ft boom equipped with Conejet TXSS12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row on 30-inch drop pipes) was mounted on the rear of the HCV. Sprays were directed at the ear zone of plants. Treatments were applied with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 60 psi. Twenty-five ears were collected from the 2 middle rows in each plot on 12 Sep. Each ear was examined for damage and classified as (1) no insect damage, (2) damage only on the tip, (3) damage only on the side, and (4) tip damage extending at least 1.5 inches to the side or both tip and side damage. The number of ECB and CEW on or in the ear was also recorded.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 11 Apr, Florida Stay Sweet' sweet corn was seeded into fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 12 ft long and 4 rows wide with 3 ft spacing between rows and 4-6 inch spacing between plants. Plot buffers were 8 ft long with two unplanted rows between plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer and herbicides were applied at recommended rates. Overhead irrigation was initially used to establish plant stand, but was later replaced with a trickle irrigation system. All insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 35.0 gallons per acre. Three TX-18 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom with two nozzles at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the row. A single broadcast application of Javelin WG at 0.5 lbs per acre was made on 7 Jun to control larvae in the whorls. Eight insecticide applications were made on a two-day schedule on the following dates: 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, and 28 Jun. Plots were harvested on 1 Jul. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage and categorized as undamaged, marketable, or unmarketable. Marketability was determined by measuring the depth of CEW penetration from the tip. Ears less than five inches in length after trimming all CEW damage from them were considered unmarketable. Each ear was also evaluated for pollination and categorized as complete (100% filled kernels), marketable (80-90% filled kernels), and unmarketable (less than 80% filled kernels).
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Beet Armyworm in Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. The plots were not thinned prior to the experiment. Each plot consisted of three, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 10 Oct with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 35 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 12 oz/acre. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (&gt; 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on all lettuce seedlings in 3, 0.33 meter lengths of row per replicate. Samples were conducted on 10 and 15 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan's Q-test.
Onion Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Kolarik P. , Ferrari B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Spartan Banner 80' onions were direct seeded on 8 May at one location in Clinton Co. (site 1) and another location in Ingham Co. (site 2). Plots were 6.1 m long with 0.4 m spacing between rows. Treatments were in a completely randomized block design with four replications. One buffer row was left unsprayed between each treatment plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle directing spray over a single row at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 30 Jul, 6, and 13 Aug* On 29 Jul, prior to the first spray, a sampling for thrips was made. Six samples were randomly collected from both field locations; each sample consisted of ten consecutive plants from a treatment row. Thrips were collected from each plant by rinsing the leaf bases of the plants with 75% ethanol. The rinse (with thrips) was collected in cups and returned to the lab. The rinse was filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips (larvae and adults) were counted using a binocular microscope. On 1, 8, and 15 Aug, ten consecutive plants/plot were randomly selected and the number of thrips were determined as above.
Thrips Control in Seed Onions, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , Sanderson D. , McDaniel C. , Daily William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticide treatments were applied the evening of 23 Apr in a randomized complete block design to a field of seed onions located in the Gila Valley east of Yuma, AZ. Only two replications of treatments and an untreated check were applied due to large plot size and size of field. Plots were twelve 42 inch rows wide by 1,045 ft long. Treatments were made with a 12 row highboy sprayer calibrated to deliver 22 gal/acre of water. Bees were already present in hives around the field when treated. Flowers on umbels were beginning to open when treatments were applied. Thrips populations were fairly heavy when applications were applied (approximately 90-100 head), and consisted of a mixture of WFT and onion thrips in a 40-60 ratio. The entire field was aerially treated with Spur 22 EW on 1 May. Plots were sampled 24, 27, 30 Apr, 3 and 7 May. Samples consisted of rapping an onion stalk against the lip of a styrofoam container 5 times and collecting the thrips from the onion head in the container. Two plants/ plot were sampled in this manner. Sampled plants were from the center 4 rows to reduce interplot movement of thrips. Samples were returned to the laboratory, sorted from chaff and pollen, and counted. Species identification was not attempted. Yield data was obtained by harvesting entire plots on 16- 17 Jul with a modified John Deere 105 combine. Samples from each plot were cleaned and weighed by H & H Seed Co. (Yuma, AZ). Germination data were also collected.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Natural Product Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Connelly Michael S. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 15 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Crookston. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide, 36.6 m (120 ft) long, with 91 cm (36 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. The two center rows of each plot were planted with certified 'Red Pontiac' seed pieces cut the previous day. Plots were separated on all sides by 1.8 m (5.9 ft) of cultivated soil. A completely randomized plot design was used. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 19 Jun. When egg masses were found they were flagged and checked every 2 - 3 days for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch; first application was made at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. All treatments were applied 3 times for each CPB generation: 27 Jun, 5, and 11 Jul for first generation CPB larvae; and 18, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug for second generation. Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. son diego (MYX-1806), and neem (Margosan-O). Sprays were applied using a tractormounted boom sprayer, with a single hollow cone nozzle over each row. Spray volume was 655 liter water/ha (70 gal/acre) at 827 kPa (120 psi). All data were collected from the two center rows of each plot. CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 20 randomly selected whole plants per plot. Leaf loss to defoliation (from feeding by CPB) was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. Data were expressed as mean CPB larvae or plant injury (defoliation) × number of days elapsed = Area Under the Curve (AUC).