bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi‐automatic coding of open‐ended text responses in large‐scale assessments
Authors: Andersen Nico , Zehner Fabian , Goldhammer Frank 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of large‐scale educational assessments, the effort required to code open‐ended text responses is considerably more expensive and time‐consuming than the evaluation of multiple‐choice responses because it requires trained personnel and long manual coding sessions.AimOur semi‐supervised coding method eco (exploring coding assistant) dynamically supports human raters by automatically coding a subset of the responses.MethodWe map normalized response texts into a semantic space and cluster response vectors based on their semantic similarity. Assuming that similar codes represent semantically similar responses, we propagate codes to responses in optimally homogeneous clusters. Cluster homogeneity is assessed by strategically querying informative responses and presenting them to a human rater. Following each manual coding, the method estimates the code distribution respecting a certainty interval and assumes a homogeneous distribution if certainty exceeds a predefined threshold. If a cluster is determined to certainly comprise homogeneous responses, all remaining responses are coded accordingly automatically. We evaluated the method in a simulation using different data sets.ResultsWith an average miscoding of about 3%, the method reduced the manual coding effort by an average of about 52%.ConclusionCombining the advantages of automatic and manual coding produces considerable coding accuracy and reduces the required manual effort.
The Politics of Free Movement of People in the United Kingdom: Beyond Securitization and De‐securitization?
Authors: Parker Owen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the decade after 2007 eurosceptic actors in the UK successfully deployed securitizing narratives to portray the free movement of people (FMoP) and EU citizens as a threat to the ‘ontological security’ of national citizens. The ensuing exclusionary policies (up to and beyond the end of FMoP) were normatively problematic, particularly given the absence of evidence in support of those narratives. However, the paper argues that a response aimed at de‐securitizing the issue—in this case, a return to the status‐quo‐ante – is not without its own normative problems. Indeed, the permissive pre‐2007 New Labour government's approach to FMoP was not inclusive of all EU citizens. In valorizing EU citizens as ‘independent post‐national entrepreneurs’, the marginalization of economically vulnerable EU citizens, particularly via tough welfare conditionality, was legitimated. The paper concludes by reflecting on the theoretical and political implications of the argument.
Compliance with EU Law from 1989 to 2018: The Commission's Shift from a Normative to a Regulative Approach
Authors: Pircher Brigitte 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study analyses the European Commission's strategies to counteract Member States' non‐compliance with EU law between 1989 and 2018. Based on a theoretical framework that distinguishes between a normative and a regulative approach in the Commission's strategies, the study conducts a semi‐automatic content analysis of all annual reports on monitoring the application of EU law and further supports this analysis with other EU sources. The results demonstrate that the Commission shifted from a normative approach based on management tools in the late 1980s and early 1990s to a more regulative approach with enhanced enforcement four decades later. Moreover, the Commission's role as driver for European integration has changed. In times of crisis and increased domestic contestation, the Commission has become a more authoritarian prosecutor of European policies.
Assessment of gingival thickness in multi‐ethnic subjects with different gingival pigmentation levels
Authors: Nik‐Azis Nik‐Madihah , Razali Masfueh , Goh Victor , Ahmad Shuhaimi Nurul Nadia , Mohd Nazrin Nur Aqilah Syuhada 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAimAssessment of the thickness of gingival tissues using the probe visibility test is regarded as the method of choice during routine examinations. However, the probe visibility test has not been validated for patients with gingival pigmentation and its accuracy in populations with physiological gingival pigmentation is yet unknown. This study aims to evaluate different methods for the clinical assessment of gingival thickness in participants with varying levels of gingival pigmentation.Materials and MethodsBuccal mucosa of the maxillary right central incisor teeth of 171 participants was evaluated using four methods, which were direct measurements using calliper, transgingival probing method using an endodontic probe, and probe visibility method using Colorvue biotype probe (CBP) and UNC‐15 probe. The pigmentation of the gingiva was assessed using the Dummett–Gupta oral pigmentation lesion index.ResultsThe average gingival thickness of the selected population was 1.22 ± 0.38 mm with a distribution of 70% thick and 30% thin gingiva. Transgingival and calliper methods showed good agreement and significant correlation (r = 0.229; p = .003). Visual assessment using CBP and UNC‐15 probe showed poor agreement with the direct measurement methods. Gingival pigmentation significantly affected the probe visibility assessment, reducing the visibility of both the CBP (odds ratio [OR] = 4.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83–8.74) and UNC‐15 probe (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05–3.23) while controlling for thickness of the gingiva.ConclusionThe probe visibility method using either CBP or the UNC‐15 probe is affected by the degree of gingival pigmentation. Direct measurements using either a calliper or transgingival probing are recommended as methods to measure the gingival thickness in populations with gingival pigmentation.
On sellers' cooperation in hybrid marketplaces
Authors: Bisceglia Michele , Padilla Jorge 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHybrid marketplaces, such as Amazon's and Zalando's stores or Apple's and Google's app stores, which distribute their own products and services in competition with those of third‐party sellers, play a significant and growing role in the Internet economy. This paper shows that, other things equal, such platforms would maximize their profits if they lowered the fees charged to sellers and the prices charged to consumers in response to cooperation agreements between third‐party sellers: horizontal mergers or collusive agreements. It also shows that such cooperation can be pro‐competitive when the platform is a vertically integrated gatekeeper, adopts the agency business model, is a close competitor to the third‐party sellers it hosts, and observes (or correctly anticipates) the third‐party sellers' agreement. The discussion here is of significant policy relevance, since third‐party sellers in online marketplaces may find it easier to collude and may respond to the bargaining power of certain gatekeeper platforms by merging their activities.
Impact of food restriction on the medio‐basal hypothalamus of intact ewes as revealed by a large‐scale transcriptomics study
Authors: Dardente Hugues , Lomet Didier , Desmarchais Alice , Téteau Ophélie , Lasserre Olivier , Gonzalez Anne‐Alicia , Dubois Emeric , Beltramo Massimiliano , Elis Sébastien 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn mammals, the medio‐basal hypothalamus (MBH) integrates photoperiodic and food‐related cues to ensure timely phasing of physiological functions, including seasonal reproduction. The current human epidemics of obesity and associated reproductive disorders exemplifies the tight link between metabolism and reproduction. Yet, how food‐related cues impact breeding at the level of the MBH remains unclear. In this respect, the sheep, which is a large diurnal mammal with a marked dual photoperiodic/metabolic control of seasonal breeding, is a relevant model. Here, we present a large‐scale study in ewes (n = 120), which investigated the impact of food restriction (FRes) on the MBH transcriptome using unbiased RNAseq, followed by RT‐qPCR. Few genes (~100) were impacted by FRes and the transcriptional impact was very modest (<2‐fold increase or < 50% decrease for most genes). As anticipated, FRes increased expression of Npy/AgRP/LepR and decreased expression of Pomc/Cartpt, while Kiss1 expression was not impacted. Of particular interest, Eya3, Nmu and Dio2, genes involved in photoperiodic decoding within the MBH, were also affected by FRes. Finally, we also identified a handful of genes not known to be regulated by food‐related cues (e.g., RNase6, HspA6, Arrdc2). In conclusion, our transcriptomics study provides insights into the impact of metabolism on the MBH in sheep, which may be relevant to human, and identifies possible molecular links between metabolism and (seasonal) reproduction.
The anatomy of the head muscles in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Variation in relation to phylogeny and ecology?
Authors: Lowie Aurélien , De Kegel Barbara , Wilkinson Mark , Measey John , O'Reilly James C. , Kley Nathan J. , Gaucher Philippe , Adriaens Dominique , Herrel Anthony 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn limbless fossorial vertebrates such as caecilians (Gymnophiona), head‐first burrowing imposes severe constraints on the morphology and overall size of the head. As such, caecilians developed a unique jaw‐closing system involving the large and well‐developed m. interhyoideus posterior, which is positioned in such a way that it does not significantly increase head diameter. Caecilians also possess unique muscles among amphibians. Understanding the diversity in the architecture and size of the cranial muscles may provide insights into how a typical amphibian system was adapted for a head‐first burrowing lifestyle. In this study, we use dissection and non‐destructive contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography (μCT) scanning to describe and compare the cranial musculature of 13 species of caecilians. Our results show that the general organization of the head musculature is rather constant across extant caecilians. However, the early‐diverging Rhinatrema bivittatum mainly relies on the ‘ancestral’ amphibian jaw‐closing mechanism dominated by the m. adductores mandibulae, whereas other caecilians switched to the use of the derived dual jaw‐closing mechanism involving the additional recruitment of the m. interhyoideus posterior. Additionally, the aquatic Typhlonectes show a greater investment in hyoid musculature than terrestrial caecilians, which is likely related to greater demands for ventilating their large lungs, and perhaps also an increased use of suction feeding. In addition to three‐dimensional interactive models, our study provides the required quantitative data to permit the generation of accurate biomechanical models allowing the testing of further functional hypotheses.
Nitric oxide synthase activity: A novel potential biomarker for predicting Alopecia areata
Authors: Taskin Seyhan , Celik Hakim , Cakirca Gokhan , Manav Vildan , Taskin Abdullah 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata is a dermatological disease characterized by nonscarring type hair loss. The cause of Alopecia areata not known exactly but studies support that it has an autoimmune etiology in which oxidative stress play an important role.AimThis study was conducted to evaluate the level of nitrosative stress in Alopecia areata and to investigate the predictive power of nitrosative stress parameters for Alopecia areata.Patients/MethodsThirty patients diagnosed with Alopecia areata, and 30 healthy controls were included in a prospective, cross‐sectional study. In both groups, nitric oxide (NO·), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity as nitrosative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically in serum samples. The predictive power of nitrosative stress parameters in Alopecia areata and control groups was compared with binary logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis.ResultsNO·, ONOO−, and NOS activity were significantly higher in patients with Alopecia areata than in the control group (p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the parameters. Significantly, binary logistic regression modeling suggested that increases in NOS (p = 0.003, OR = 1.305, 95% CI = 1.095–1.556) activity were associated with Alopecia areata.ConclusionAccording to the data obtained from the present study, patients with Alopecia areata were exposed to potent nitrosative stress. In particular, peroxynitrite, which acts as a bridge between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, caused the expansion of the oxidative stress cascade. Nitrosative stress might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of Alopecia areata. Nitrosative stress parameters, particularly NOS activity, may be potential markers for Alopecia areata.
Swear(ING) ain't play(ING): The interaction of taboo language and the sociolinguistic variable
Authors: Hunt Matthew , Cotter Colleen , Pearson Hazel , Stockall Linnaea 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSwearwords influence social evaluation of a speaker in a variety of ways depending on social context (Jay & Janschewitz (2008), The pragmatics of swearing. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture, 4(2), 267–288). Little attention has been paid to the role of linguistic variation in social perceptions of swearing, however. This paper presents two experiments that test the role of sociolinguistic variation in the social evaluation of swearing. Experiment 1 is a variant categorization task, in which participants categorized acoustically ambiguous swearwords and phonetically matching neutral and nonwords as ending in either “‐ing” or “‐in.” Results suggest that swearwords led participants to hear “‐ing” on ambiguous items. Experiment 2 is a matched‐guise task in which listeners heard a passage featuring a mix of swearwords and neutral “‐ing” words in one of four conditions: fully velar (All‐ing), fully alveolar (All‐in), only swearwords as velar (Swear‐ing), or only neutral words as velar (Swear‐in). Participants rated speakers on Likert scales (Schleef et al. (2017), Regional diversity in social perceptions of (ING). Language Variation and Change, 29(1), 29–56). Participants again displayed a tendency towards hearing “‐ing” on swearwords. As a result, responses to the Swear‐in guises were similar to those for the All‐ing guises. The consequences for our understanding of swearing, sociolinguistic perception and cognition, and style, are discussed.
Choosing between imperfect proxies for a corrective tax
Authors: Calcott Paul , Petkov Vladimir 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChoices are sometimes distorted by internalities or externalities. This paper considers a setting in which the distortion cannot be taxed directly, and asks how a policymaker should choose a proxy variable to tax instead. We derive a criterion for when one proxy should be preferred to another, and consider a range of factors with implications for this criterion. These factors are (i) sensitivity to the tax rate, (ii) how accurately the taxed variable approximates the distorted variable, (iii) susceptibility to offsetting behavior, and (iv) consumer heterogeneity. Our analysis is illustrated with a comparison between ad valorem and volumetric taxes on sugar‐sweetened beverages.
Exploring companion animal caretakers' attitudes, perceptions and behavioural drivers of antimicrobial use within the social context of veterinary care
Authors: Frey E. , Kedrowicz A. , Hedgpeth M. W. 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo explore companion animal caretakers' attitudes, perceptions and behavioural drivers of antimicrobial use within the social context of veterinary care.Materials and MethodsFive semi‐structured focus groups were conducted with 26 cat and dog owners. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis to systematically code and classify themes related to the study objectives.ResultsThematic analysis revealed five themes – trust‐building/relationships, shared decision‐making/empowerment, clear communication, judicious use and concerns surrounding antimicrobial use. Strong veterinarian–client relationships were the underlying factor influencing acceptance of antimicrobial use stewardship principles. Participants viewed themselves as advocates for their animals and preferred a relationship‐centred approach to care facilitated through competent communication. They cited the importance of clear communication related to diagnosis and antimicrobial recommendations including using client‐friendly terminology, providing explicit instructions for antimicrobial use, and having a shared plan for next steps and follow‐up communication. Participants reported challenges with administering antimicrobial drugs, expressed concerns with potential side effects and development of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, they reported an interest in alternatives to antimicrobial drugs and a focus on preventive medicine that was counterbalanced with concerns for animal comfort and welfare.Clinical SignificanceConversations about antimicrobial use can be reframed to include alternatives to antimicrobials as part of the treatment plan, and clients can be empowered to play a more active role in their animals' care. Veterinarians can apply core communication skills to advance antimicrobial stewardship principles and thereby contribute to preserving the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobials while preserving the trusting relationship and shared decision‐making between clients and veterinarians.
Predicting diversity changes in subalpine moorland ecosystems based on geometry of species distributions and realistic area loss
Authors: Makishima Daichi , Ishii Naohiro , Sutoh Rui , Goto Akihito , Kawai Yutaka , Taniguchi Hayami , Uchida Kei , Shimazaki Masaya , Nakashizuka Tohru , Suyama Yoshihisa , Hikosaka Kouki , Sasaki Takehiro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractQuestionHow does plant species richness respond to simulated area loss based on the realistic geometry of area loss in subalpine moorland ecosystems?LocationHakkoda mountain range, Aomori, Japan.MethodsWe constructed species distribution models based on relationships between species distributions and environmental conditions in subalpine moorland ecosystems. We then simulated moorland area loss based on the realistic geometry of area loss from the past (1967) to the present (2019) to predict future changes in plant diversity. Here, we defined the realistic geometry of area loss as the plausible spatial pattern of future habitat loss. Finally, we analyzed how the rate of species loss in response to the realistic area loss can be explained by a range of factors including spatial patterns in species distributions, total number of species present, and environmental variables for the focal moorland.ResultsWithin each moorland site, areas prone or those less prone to be lost were distributed non‐randomly at a local scale. In general, the patterns of species loss caused by the realistic area loss differed from those caused by random area loss. At most sites, realistic area loss caused a relatively small decline in species richness up to a certain threshold of area loss, and accelerating decline thereafter. None of the factors can explain the rate of decrease in species richness caused by the realistic area loss. At the species level, however, species with lower occurrence rates at a given site can be lost earlier than those with higher occurrence rates by the realistic area loss.ConclusionsPatterns of habitat loss and species distributions are not spatially random, and the classical approach based on the species–area relationship assuming random area loss can thus either under‐ or overestimate the risk of species loss.
Neural network approximation for superhedging prices
Authors: Biagini Francesca , Gonon Lukas , Reitsam Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article examines neural network‐based approximations for the superhedging price process of a contingent claim in a discrete time market model. First we prove that the α‐quantile hedging price converges to the superhedging price at time 0 for α tending to 1, and show that the α‐quantile hedging price can be approximated by a neural network‐based price. This provides a neural network‐based approximation for the superhedging price at time 0 and also the superhedging strategy up to maturity. To obtain the superhedging price process for , by using the Doob decomposition, it is sufficient to determine the process of consumption. We show that it can be approximated by the essential supremum over a set of neural networks. Finally, we present numerical results.
Antinomies of Alignment: Kuwait and the United States
Authors: Lawson Fred H. , Legrenzi Matteo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractKuwait has forged a strong bilateral security alignment with the United States over the past three decades. But it has also pursued foreign policies that run counter to expressed American objectives and priorities in the Gulf and the broader Middle East. Why this happens can best be explained in terms of a combination of shifts in the overt US commitment to the partnership and changes in the level of threat in the region.
Iran at War: From Cyrus to Soleimani
Authors: Hashim Ahmed S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIran’s armed forces have made tremendous strides since the decade‐long war with Iraq in the 1980s. Tehran’s cultivation of ideologically sympathetic forces, along with the provision of material help, has allowed Iran to project power and influence throughout the Middle East. Some policy analysts who study Iran’s military development are biased and lack cultural understanding, contending that the republic is driven by unchanging customs, beliefs, and norms that reach back to ancient times. The work of military scholars often makes up for this deficiency, though policy makers tend to be uninterested in evidence that does not support the prevailing narrative about Iran’s “malign” nature and behavior. This article, which condenses my forthcoming book, takes no partisan position, laying out an interdisciplinary analysis of the Iranian case that straddles military history, strategic studies, and historical sociology. It assesses the concept of the way of war, then applies it to Iran and traces its evolution from the Achaemenid dynasty to that of the Pahlavis.
Dynastic Sacredness: Islam and the Arab Spring in Morocco
Authors: Issaev Leonid , Zakharov Andrey 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ruling dynasty of Morocco is one of very few that tracks its royal bloodline back to the Prophet Muhammad himself. Did this lineage contribute to the fact that the North African monarchy was barely touched by the tumultuous Arab Spring of 2011–12? This article challenges such assertions. Despite its divine inception, Moroccan royal power survived the era of modernity solely thanks to the French, who invested in their colony during the protectorate (1912–56). It was France that elevated the royals and allowed for the throne to become the pillar of Moroccan nationalism. This venerable lineage would have been futile had the royal family not learned the sophisticated methods of political struggle against its competitors. The dynasty established a unique system of holding the opposition back in such a way that it simultaneously becomes a bulwark of the state's stability. In addition, the bureaucratization of Islam became a key tool in the Moroccan state‐building arsenal: Religious practice can be conducted only in accordance with the government rulebook. In other words, Morocco's present‐day stability has nothing to do with religion itself, but rather with politics—and the last North African monarchy might still see an Arab Spring awakening.