bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nipah Virus: An Updated Review and Emerging Challenges
Authors: Gabra Mohamed Diaa , Ghaith Hazem S. , Ebada Mahmoud Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Many hospitals are teetering on the edge of being overwhelmed, with many already there
because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, a recent report has also warned about the Nipah virus
(NiV). NiV is a pleomorphic enveloped virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family (genus Henipavirus);
it affects both the respiratory and central nervous systems, with a fatality rate ranging from
40% to 75%, as documented by the World Health Organization. The first reported NiV outbreak was in
early 1999 in Malaysia among people who contacted infected pigs. NiV also affected Bangladesh and
India, where the main infection route was the consumption of raw date palm sap contaminated by bats.
The World Health Organization has listed NiV as one of the emerging pathogens that can lead to severe
outbreaks at any moment in the future with limited medical preparations and only a few projects
in pharmaceutical firms. There is no licensed treatment for human use against NiV until now, and the
management is limited to supportive care and symptomatic treatment. In severe cases with neurologic
and respiratory complications, intensive care is needed. This article reviews the published literature
and highlights the latest updates about this emerging pathogen and the methods to avoid the spread of
this disease during this critical period.
Challenges in Engendering Herd Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Infection:
Possibly Impossible But Plausibile
Authors: Mukherjee Sukhes , Ray Suman Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Herd immunity can only be achieved when it is extended to the population level. When a
sufficiently significant fraction of immune individuals exists in a group, it confers indirect protection
from infection to vulnerable individuals. This population-level effect is frequently considered in the
context of vaccination programs, which attempt to build herd immunity so that people who cannot be
vaccinated, such as the very young or those with impaired immune systems, are nonetheless protected
from disease. Clinical signs are at times poor predictor of transmissibility for some infections, such as
COVID-19, because asymptomatic hosts can be extremely infectious and contribute to the spread of
the virus. COVID-19 is a quickly evolving issue that has been widely spread throughout the world.
This article elaborates the idea and goal of herd immunity, the necessary conditions for realizing herd
immunity, the restrictive requirements for applying herd immunity, and the obstacles experienced in
achieving herd immunity in the context of COVID-19. This mini-article explains the concept and purpose
of herd immunization in the context of COVID-19.
The Pathogenic Role of Foam Cells in Atherogenesis: Do They Represent
Novel Therapeutic Targets?
Authors: Lisco Giuseppe , Giagulli Vito Angelo , De Pergola Giovanni , Guastamacchia Edoardo , Jirillo Emilio , Triggiani Vincenzo 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Foam cells, mainly derived from monocytes-macrophages, contain lipid droplets essentially composed of cholesterol in their cytoplasm. They infiltrate the intima of arteries, contributing to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Pathogenesis:
Foam cells damage the arterial cell wall via the release of proinflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and matrix metalloproteinases, enhancing the plaque size up to its rupture.

Therapy:
A correct dietary regimen seems to be the most appropriate therapeutic approach to minimize obesity, which is associated with the formation of foam cells. At the same time, different types of antioxidants have been evaluated to arrest the formation of foam cells, even if the results are still contradictory. In any case, a combination of antioxidants seems to be more efficient in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Simultaneous Determination of Prasugrel and its Process Related Impurities
and Degradation Products in Bulk Drug Substances by RPLC-UV
Authors: Gadhari Nayan S. , Patil Suyog S. , Gholave Jayram V. , Pansare Amol V. , Patil Viswanath R. , Upadhyay Sharad S. 
Published: January 2022

Aims:
This study aims to determine the quantitative prasugrel (PG) and its all possible
process-related impurities.

Background:
To the best of our knowledge, very few analytical methods are available in the literature
for monitoring process related impurities and degradation products of PG in bulk drug substance/
active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).

Objective:
The objective of this study is the separation of Prasugrel and its all possible process-related
impurities viz., desacetyl prasugrel-tautomeric forms, intermediates including desacetyl impurity
existing in its keto-enol form and positional tautomer impurities with degradation products.

Method:
A simple and robust HPLC-UV method having Zorbax XDB C18 column (15 cm x 4.6
mm) 3.5μm particle size column was used.

Result:
Prasugrel and its process related impurities were separated as well as analyzed in pharmaceutical
samples' biological matrices.

Conclusion:
RP-LC method was developed for quantitative determination of PG and related substantial
impurities were found to be highly specific, sensitive and precise. The major oxidative degradant
was identified as PG desacetyl IMPs (keto-enol and positional tautomer) and hydroxyl IMP.
Cucurbitacins: Nature’s Wonder Molecules
Authors: Kanani Sonal H. , Pandya Devang J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Over the past decades, several natural constituents belonging to different classes have
been isolated from plants for medicinal purposes. Cucurbitacins is one such type of natural compound.
Cucurbitacin is a class of biochemical compounds that some plants, notably members of the
pumpkin and gourd family, Cucurbitaceae produce and function as a defense against herbivores.
They and their derivatives have been found in many plant families (including Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae,
Scrophulariaceae, Begoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Datiscaceae, Desfontainiaceae, Polemoniaceae,
Primulaceae, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rosaceae, and Thymelaeaceae), in some mushrooms
(including Russula and Hebeloma) and even in some marine mollusks. They have been isolated
from various plant species, chiefly belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, which comprises
around 130 genera and 800 species. Cucurbitacins are a group of tetracyclic triterpenoid substances
that are highly oxygenated and contain a cucurbitane skeleton characterized by 9β-methyl−19-norlanosta-
5-ene. Cucurbitacins can be categorized into twelve main groups according to variations in
their side-chains. Cucurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, F, I, J, K, L, O, P, Q, R, S, and their glycosides are
mainly found in Cucurbitaceae family members. These plants have been used as folk medicines in
some countries because of their broad spectrum of crucial pharmacological activities such as anti-
inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. The present review explores
the possibility of a correlation between the chemistry of various Cucurbitacins and the uses
of the plants which contain them, thereby opening avenues for further phytochemical, ethnomedicinal,
and modern pharmacological research on these important molecules.
Nanocomposite Based Enzyme-less Electrochemical Sensors for Carbamate and Organophosphorus Pesticides Detection
Authors: Feyisa Tilahun Y. , Tadele Kirubel T. 
Published: January 2022

Background:The excessive application of carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides showed relatively high acute toxicity due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the neural system of insects and mammals.Objective:This review aimed to assess the current outstanding performance of nanocomposite based enzyme-less electrochemical sensors toward determination of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides detection.Method:Enzyme based electrochemical sensor (biosensor) and classical (chromatographic) methods have been used widely for detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. However, instability related to enzymes and complex sample preparation, need for highly trained manpower and other numerous disadvantages associated with chromatographic techniques limit their application for pesticides detection in many conditions. Therefore, currently, nanocomposite based enzyme-less electrochemical sensors are good alternative to enzyme-based sensors for many researchersResults:The reviewed literature revealed that, nanocomposite based enzyme-less sensors with numerous advantages have shown a comparable sensitivity with enzyme-integrated sensor for pesticide detection.Conclusion:Currently nanocomposite materials are widely used for many applications including the fabrication of promising sensors for pesticide detections. The promising sensing potential might be attributed to the special functional groups on the surface of the nanomaterials and their composite form, enabling them to substitute those expensive bio-recognition elements (enzymes) and used as non-bio-recognition element for detection of pesticides.
Mechanical Properties of the Skin: What do we Know?
Authors: Ita Kevin , Silva Madeline , Bassey Rosemary 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
The human skin is a multi‐layered material consisting of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. The epidermis is the dominant structure that affects the properties of the skin, such as tensile strength and stiffness. The skin regulates body temperature, provides insulation, and protects inner organs. Skin structure has a substantial influence on skin biomechanics. For instance, anisotropy is a result of the alignment of elastin and collagen fibers in the dermis that compels the skin to exhibit greater tension in one direction, making it appear stiffer. The mechanical properties (such as stiffness, extensibility, and strength) of this organ are important from the clinical, cosmet-ic, and biomechanical standpoints. A fundamental understanding of skin mechanics is important for the development of useful products for cosmetology. As an illustration, changes in the mechanical properties of the skin can shed light on the efficacy of cosmeceutical formulations. In this review, we will highlight skin structure and then discuss the biomechanics of this important organ.
An Overview of the Challenges Associated with the Use of Fruit and
Cereal-based Probiotic Carriers and their Recently Developed Solutions
Authors: Okyere Samuel Kumi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract::
Probiotic foods are functional foods that play important roles in the health of humans
and animals. Over centuries, the main route for probiotics transfer into humans and animals is
through fermented dairy products. However, currently, the selection of new probiotic strains and
the development of new administration carriers due to consumer preference and conditions are on
the rise, especially with the emergence of vegetarians. However, a number of uncertainties concerning
the type of probiotic strain and the carrier exist. Therefore, this review seeks to elaborate
on some plant-based probiotic carriers and discuss their shortfalls, as well as report on some recent
methods being used to protect probiotics in foods to serve as a basis for researchers and probiotic
producing industries to correctly select the best strains for a particular carrier and modify existing
plant-based probiotic carriers to promote survivability of probiotics in order to meet the high demands
for plant-based probiotic products, especially by vegetarians. This review reports that transferring
health benefits and maintaining bacterial cell viability for longer storage have been a major
shortfall in the plant-based probiotic products industry due to challenges, such as easy loss of cell
viability and sensory attributes as a result of fermentation activities by probiotic bacteria. Hence,
for reducing these problems, the review suggeststhat the adoption of techniques, such as selection
of resistant probiotic bacteria, prebiotics, encapsulation, and use of appropriate packaging and
storage conditions, would improve probiotic bacteria cell viability and maintain the sensory attributes
in plant-based probiotic products, thus increasing consumer acceptance.
Algunas consideraciones de epidemiología e inmunopatología de la peste porcina clásica
Authors: Salgado-Ruíz Jefersson Stiven , Jaramillo-Hernández Dumar Alexander 
Published: January 2022

La peste porcina clásica (PPC) es una enfermedad causada por un virus ARN de la familia Flaviviridae, genero Pestivirus conocido como Pestivirus C. En la actualidad se conoce su distribución mundial y es causante de grandes pérdidas económicas en las producciones porcícolas. Sus únicos reservorios naturales son el cerdo y el jabalí. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización sobre algunos aspectos relevantes epidemiológicos e inmunopatológicos de la PPC. La PPC es una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria para Colombia y los animales persistentemente infectados son la clave para su diseminación y endemicidad. La infección por el virus de la PPC se caracteriza por coagulación intravascular diseminada, trombocitopenia e inmunosupresión, dependiendo en severidad por la virulencia de las distintas cepas. El virus tiene afinidad por monocitos/macrófagos y células endoteliales vasculares donde tiene la capacidad de inducir diferentes mecanismos celulares que le permiten proliferar y persistir en el animal como lo son: el estrés oxidativo al incrementar los niveles de especies reactivas de oxígeno que genera una disminución de la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico; la fisión mitocondrial que permite una supervivencia celular por la inhibición de la apoptosis; y la inmunosupresión debido a la depleción de linfocitos T y B creada por la piroptosis en función de la gasdermina-D en órganos linfoides periféricos que reduce la respuesta inmune humoral y celular. El entendimiento inmunopatológico desde la explicación molecular en la PPC es importante en el aporte conceptual del desarrollo de nuevas estrategias profilácticas y terapéuticas que permitan controlar/erradicar esta enfermedad.
Young Adults’ Use of Different Social Media Platforms for Health Information: Insights From Web-Based Conversations
Authors: Lim Megan S C , Molenaar Annika , Brennan Linda , Reid Mike , McCaffrey Tracy 
Published: January 2022

Background
Social media–delivered health promotion has demonstrated limited uptake and effectiveness among young adults. Understanding how young adults interact with existing social media platforms for health might provide insight for future health promotion interventions.

Objective
The aim of this study is to describe how young adults interact with different social media platforms for health and health information.

Methods
We used a web-based conversation methodology to collect data from 165 young adults aged 18 to 24 years. Participants participated in an extended conversation with moderators and other participants about health and social media. They were prompted to discuss how they find health information, how they use different social media platforms, and how they evaluate the trustworthiness of information. A thematic qualitative analysis was applied to the data.

Results
Young adults spent a lot of time scrolling through Facebook newsfeeds, which often resulted in seeing health-related content either from their friends, news sources, or advertisements. Some actively sought out information about specific health areas by joining groups or following relevant pages. YouTube was considered a useful source for learning about everything and was often the go-to when searching for information or advice (after Google). Young adults found the video format easy to learn from. They stated that they could identify accurate YouTube health content by cross-checking multiple videos, by feeling that the presenter was real and relatable, or just through instinctively judging a video’s credibility. Instagram was a source of inspiration for health and wellness from those whose lives were dedicated to healthy lifestyles and fitness. Twitter, Tumblr, and Snapchat were rarely used for health information.

Conclusions
Most young adults obtain health information from social media, both actively and through passive exposure. Participants indicated looking to social media influencers for health and lifestyle inspiration and judged the credibility of sources by appearance and instinct. Health experts should try to use the channels in the way that young adults already use them; use relatable role models on Instagram and YouTube, eye-catching headlines and support groups on Facebook, and easy to follow instruction videos via YouTube.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR2-10.1111/1747-0080.12448
The Quality of Internet Websites for People Experiencing Psychosis: Pilot Expert Assessment
Authors: Wilhelm Kay , Handley Tonelle , McHugh Catherine , Lowenstein David , Arrold Kristy 
Published: January 2022

Background
Clinicians need to be able to assess the quality of the available information to aid clinical decision-making. The internet has become an important source of health information for consumers and their families.

Objective
This study aimed to rate the quality of websites with psychosis-related information (to provide clinicians with a basis for recommending material to guide clinical decision-making with consumers and their families), using a validated instrument as well as a purpose-developed checklist, and consider improvement in quality over a 4-year period.

Methods
Two measures of website quality were used: the DISCERN scale and the Psychosis Website Quality Checklist (PWQC). Terms related to psychosis, including “psychotic,” “psychosis,” “schizophrenia,” “delusion,” and “hallucination,” were entered into Google, and the first 25 results were analyzed. In total, 6 raters with varying health professional backgrounds were used to evaluate the websites across two time points: January-March 2014 and January-March 2018.

Results
Of the 25 websites rated, only the 6 highest ranked websites achieved a DISCERN score, indicating that they were of “good” quality (51-62 out of a possible 75), while the mean score of the websites (mean 43.96, SD 12.08) indicated an overall “fair” quality. The PWQC revealed that websites scored highly on “availability and usability” (mean 16.82, SD 3.96) but poorly on “credibility” (mean 20.99, SD 6.68), “currency” (mean 5.16, SD 2.62), and “breadth and accuracy” (mean 77.87, SD 23.20). Most sites lacked information about early intervention, recreational drug use and suicide risk, with little change in content over time. Stating an editorial or review process on the website (found in 56% of websites) was significantly associated with a higher quality score on both scales (the DISCERN scale, P=.002; the PWQC, P=.006).

Conclusions
The information on the internet available for clinicians to recommend to people affected by psychosis tended to be of “fair” quality. While higher-quality websites exist, it is generally not easy way to assess this on face value. Evidence of an editorial or review process was one indicator of website quality. While sites generally provided basic clinical information, most lacked material addressing weighing up risks and benefits of medication and alternatives, the role of coercive treatment and other more contentious issues. Insufficient emphasis is placed on detailed information on early intervention and importance of lifestyle modifications or how families and friends can contribute. These are likely to be the very answers that consumers and carers are seeking and this gap contributes to unmet needs among this group. We suggest that clinicians should be aware of what is available and where there are gaps.
Identifying Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Brands and Flavors on Instagram: Natural Language Processing Analysis
Authors: Chew Rob , Wenger Michael , Guillory Jamie , Nonnemaker James , Kim Annice 
Published: January 2022

Background
Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) brands, such as JUUL, used social media as a key component of their marketing strategy, which led to massive sales growth from 2015 to 2018. During this time, ENDS use rapidly increased among youths and young adults, with flavored products being particularly popular among these groups.

Objective
The aim of our study is to develop a named entity recognition (NER) model to identify potential emerging vaping brands and flavors from Instagram post text. NER is a natural language processing task for identifying specific types of words (entities) in text based on the characteristics of the entity and surrounding words.

Methods
NER models were trained on a labeled data set of 2272 Instagram posts coded for ENDS brands and flavors. We compared three types of NER models—conditional random fields, a residual convolutional neural network, and a fine-tuned distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (FTDB) network—to identify brands and flavors in Instagram posts with key model outcomes of precision, recall, and F1 scores. We used data from Nielsen scanner sales and Wikipedia to create benchmark dictionaries to determine whether brands from established ENDS brand and flavor lists were mentioned in the Instagram posts in our sample. To prevent overfitting, we performed 5-fold cross-validation and reported the mean and SD of the model validation metrics across the folds.

Results
For brands, the residual convolutional neural network exhibited the highest mean precision (0.797, SD 0.084), and the FTDB exhibited the highest mean recall (0.869, SD 0.103). For flavors, the FTDB exhibited both the highest mean precision (0.860, SD 0.055) and recall (0.801, SD 0.091). All NER models outperformed the benchmark brand and flavor dictionary look-ups on mean precision, recall, and F1. Comparing between the benchmark brand lists, the larger Wikipedia list outperformed the Nielsen list in both precision and recall.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that NER models correctly identified ENDS brands and flavors in Instagram posts at rates competitive with, or better than, others in the published literature. Brands identified during manual annotation showed little overlap with those in Nielsen scanner data, suggesting that NER models may capture emerging brands with limited sales and distribution. NER models address the challenges of manual brand identification and can be used to support future infodemiology and infoveillance studies. Brands identified on social media should be cross-validated with Nielsen and other data sources to differentiate emerging brands that have become established from those with limited sales and distribution.