bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual variation in heat substitution: is activity in the cold energetically cheaper for some individuals than others?
Authors: Maloney Caroline , Careau Vincent 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTIn many endotherms, a potentially important yet often overlooked mechanism to save energy is the use of the heat generated by active skeletal muscles to replace heat that would have been generated by thermogenesis (i.e. ‘activity–thermoregulatory heat substitution’). While substitution has been documented numerous times, the extent of individual variation in substitution has never been quantified. Here, we used a home-cage respirometry system to repeatedly measure substitution through the concomitant monitoring of metabolic rate (MR) and locomotor activity in 46 female white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). A total of 117 measures of substitution were taken by quantifying the difference in the slope of the relationship between MR and locomotor activity speed at two different ambient temperatures. Consistency repeatability (±s.e.) of substitution was 0.313 (±0.131); hence, about a third of the variation in substitution occurs at the among-individual level. Body length and heart mass were positively correlated with substitution whereas surface area was negatively correlated with substitution. These three sub-organismal traits accounted for the majority of the among-individual variation (i.e. individual differences in substitution were not significant after accounting for these traits). Overall, our results imply that the energetic cost of activity below the thermoneutral zone is consistently cheaper from some individuals than others, and that the energy saved from substitution might be available to invest in fitness-enhancing activities.
Assesment Of Different Aspects Of Hepatitis B Viral Lymphotropism Using Deep Curation
Authors: Sharma Prachie , Rawal Kamal , Kumar Kapila 
Published: August 2022

Background: The replicative forms of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in several types of white blood cells within the host defense system. To determine the dimensionality of the extrahepatic manifestation of HBV in host white blood cells, it is important to understand the complete biology of its pathogenesis and lymphotropic nature. Methods: Deep curation of the literature from the PubMed database pertaining to the HBV manifestation in the human host white blood cells was conducted and then manually filtered to determine the behavioral trend of the virus within the human white blood cells. Results: The curation of 198 research articles identified 28 genes, 92 proteins, and 20 Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells involved in HBV pathogenesis, while 20 immune cells were found to be permissive for the viral penetration and replication. The presence of the replicative forms of HBV in the host immune cells led to the further elucidation of 28 genes and 92 proteins that interact with one or more viral genes and proteins. Conclusions: A multi-dimensional analysis using deep curation identified a possible lymphotropic character of HBV. Moreover, there are certain pathways that could aid in the propagation of viral infection by using immune cells to its advantage. Thus, instead of eliminating HBV, the immune system may contribute to the population expansion of the virus.
Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the COVID-19 Emergency Field Hospital of Bangkalan, Indonesia
Authors: Triyono Erwin Astha , Seipalla Fenska , Djaja Nathania , Akbas Ahmad Maulana Ifan , Ar-Rahmah Kurnia Auliyana , Budiono Perthdyatama Syifaq , Pamungkas Aditya Putra , Fernanda Yussika , Jam'Annuri Alfin , Maheswari Clarissa Azalia 
Published: August 2022

Background: Following the surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the epicenter of East Java Province, this study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 at one of the emergency field hospitals in Indonesia. Methods: This was a single-centered, retrospective descriptive study of 763 patients admitted to the COVID-19 Emergency Field Hospital of Bangkalan from July 5 2021 to September 30 2021. The demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, therapy, and clinical outcomes of the patients were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 at the emergency hospital were varied. A total of 763 patients were included. The most common age was between 40 and 49 years (31.1%), a slight majority were women (51.5%), and most had travelled abroad in the last 14 days (99.1%). Of the 763 patients, 70.9% had no comorbidities. Half of the patients were asymptomatic (49.4%), 46% were mild cases, 4.1% were moderate, and 0.5% severe. The most common symptoms were productive cough (15.7%) and headache (15.3%). Supportive and comorbidity therapy were given which showed excellent clinical outcomes. Conclusions: This study presents the description of the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients during high surge cases of COVID-19 that are mostly dominated by Indonesian migrant workers in a field hospital. majority of COVID-19 patients were asymptomatic and therapy without antibiotics or antivirals showed positive outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
Ultracompact, polarization-independent, and highly scalable optical power splitting model employing fan-out bending metamaterials
Authors: Guo Zhenzhao , Xiao Jinbiao , Wu Shengbao 
Published: August 2022

Optical power splitters (OPSs) are essential components in the photonic integrated circuits. Considerable power splitting schemes have been reported on the silicon-on-insulator platform. However, the corresponding device lengths are enlarged, and polarization-sensitive operations are usually encountered when the splitting channels are increased from two to five. In this paper, a novel power splitting model is proposed to overcome these limitations. Here, fan-out bending subwavelength grating (FBSWG) metamaterials instead of classical straight SWGs are leveraged to expand the input TE/TM mode in an ultracompact region and further bend its wavefronts. By using

N

-angled tapers to match bending wavefronts, the light expanded by FBSWGs can be collected and evenly distributed into

N

output channels. Based on such a model, three OPSs are designed and experimentally demonstrated, which are the shortest polarization-independent

1
×
3

,

1
×
4

, and

1
×
5

OPSs reported until now to our knowledge. The characterizations show low insertion losses (

<
1.2

dB

,

<
1.35

dB

, and

<
1.65

dB

) and uniformities (

<
0.9

dB

,

<
1

dB

, and

<
1

dB

) over bandwidths of 54 nm, 49 nm, and 38 nm for the

1
×
3

,

1
×
4

, and

1
×
5

OPSs, respectively. For the first time, an ultracompact device length of

<
4.3

μm

and a polarization-independent operation can be maintained simultaneously as the output splitting channels are increased.
Multiscale modelling of desquamation in the interfollicular epidermis
Authors: Miller Claire , Crampin Edmund , Osborne James M. 
Published: August 2022

Maintenance of epidermal thickness is critical to the barrier function of the skin. Decreased tissue thickness, specifically in the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the tissue), causes discomfort and inflammation, and is related to several severe diseases of the tissue. In order to maintain both stratum corneum thickness and overall tissue thickness it is necessary for the system to balance cell proliferation and cell loss. Cell proliferation in the epidermis occurs in the basal layer and causes constant upwards movement in the tissue. Cell loss occurs when dead cells at the top of the tissue are lost to the environment through a process called desquamation. Desquamation is thought to occur through a gradual reduction in adhesion between cells, due to the cleaving of adhesion proteins by enzymes, in the stratum corneum.In this paper we will investigate combining a (mass action) subcellular model of desquamation with a three dimensional (cell centre based) multicellular model of the interfollicular epidermis to better understand maintenance of epidermal thickness. Specifically, our aim is to determine if a hypothesised biological model for the degradation of cell-cell adhesion, from the literature, is sufficient to maintain a steady state tissue thickness. These investigations show the model is able to provide a consistent rate of cell loss in the multicellular model. This loss balances proliferation, and hence maintains a homeostatic tissue thickness. Moreover, we find that multiple proliferative cell populations in the basal layer can be represented by a single proliferative cell population, simplifying investigations with this model.The model is used to investigate a disorder (Netherton Syndrome) which disrupts desquamation. The model shows how biochemical changes can cause disruptions to the tissue, resulting in a reduced tissue thickness and consequently diminishing the protective role of the tissue. A hypothetical treatment result is also investigated: we compare the cases of a partially effective homogeneous treatment (where all cells partially recover) and a totally effective heterogeneous treatment (in which a proportion of the cells totally recover) with the aim to determine the difference in the response of the tissue to these different scenarios. Results show an increased benefit to corneum thickness from the heterogeneous treatment over the homogeneous treatment.
Prognostic features of endometrial cancer metastasis to the central nervous system
Authors: Kuznicki Michelle L. , Mallen Adrianne , Ha Kristal , McClung Emily Clair , Castaneda Antonio V. , Cao Biwei , Fridley Brooke L. , Chon Hye Sook , Chern Jing Yi , Hoffman Mitchel , Wenham Robert M. , Matsuo Koji , Shahzad Mian M. K. 
Published: August 2022

Objectives
Central nervous system metastases (CNSm) secondary to endometrial cancer (EC) are rare. As a result, prognostic factors for this patient population are not well described.

Methods
EC patients with CNSm were identified retrospectively from two academic centers. EC patients without CNSm (non-CNSm) were used as controls. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for analysis of categorial variables. Wilcoxon tests were used for quantitative measures. Overall survival (OS) was compared with Log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios for OS.

Results
22 EC patients with CNSm and 354 non-CNSm patients were included. Compared to non-CNSm EC, the CNSm cohort was younger (58.5 vs 62.0 years, p = 0.018) with lower BMI (27.7 vs. 33.7 kg/m2, p = 0.005), and had more advanced stages (p = ≤ 0.001), grade 3 tumors (81.8% CNSm vs 25.1% non CNSm, p≤0.001) and serous histology (22.7% vs 8.5%, p = 0.010). Median survival after CNSm diagnosis was 9 months (95% CI 4, NA). CNSm was a strong poor prognostic factor (HR death 4.96, p = 0.022). Improved OS was seen with CNS as the only disease site (83m CNSm only vs 30m additional sites, p = 0.007) and less than five CNSm (49m <5 vs. 23m ≥5, p = 0.004). Surgical resection of CNSm (OS 83m surgery vs 33m no surgery, p = 0.003) or multimodal therapy (83m multimodal vs 33m single therapy, p = 0.027) resulted in longer OS.

Conclusions
CNSm is a poor prognostic factor in EC, however, low volume disease with aggressive treatment may result in more favorable survival outcomes.
Significance of information obtained during transanal drainage tube placement after anterior resection of colorectal cancer
Authors: Okazaki Yuki , Shibutani Masatsune , Nagahara Hisashi , Fukuoka Tatsunari , Iseki Yasuhito , Wang En , Maeda Kiyoshi , Hirakawa Kosei , Ohira Masaichi 
Published: August 2022

Introduction
It has recently been reported that the placement of a transanal drainage tube after rectal cancer surgery reduces the rate of anastomotic leakage. However, transanal drainage tube cannot completely prevent anastomotic leakage and the management of transanal drainage tube needs to devise. We investigated the information obtained during transanal drainage tube placement and evaluated the relationship between these factors and anastomotic leakage.

Patients and methods
Fifty-one patients who underwent anterior resection of rectal cancer was retrospectively reviewed. transanal drainage tube was placed for more than 5 days after surgery. The daily fecal volume from transanal drainage tube was measured on postoperative day 1–5, and the defecation during transanal drainage tube placement was investigated.

Results
Anastomotic leakage during transanal drainage tube placement occurred in 4 patients. The anastomotic leakage rate during transanal drainage tube placement in patients whose maximum daily fecal volume or total fecal volume from the transanal drainage tube during postoperative days 1–5 was large was significantly higher than that in patients whose fecal volume was small. The anastomotic leakage rate of the patients with intentional defecation during transanal drainage tube placement was significantly higher than that of the patients without intentional defecation during transanal drainage tube placement. The maximum daily fecal volume and the total fecal volume from the transanal drainage tube during postoperative days 1–5 in patients who experienced intentional defecation during transanal drainage tube placement was significantly higher than that of patients without intentional defecation during transanal drainage tube placement.

Conclusion
A large fecal volume from transanal drainage tube after anterior rectal resection or intentional defecation in patients with transanal drainage tube placement were suggested to be risk factors for anastomotic leakage.
Initiation into the street, challenges, means of survival and perceived strategies to prevent plights among street children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2019: A phenomenological study design
Authors: Chimdessa Ayana 
Published: August 2022

Background
The life and health of street children are becoming a global concern. Push and pull factors i.e. poverty, family death, economic decline, child abuse, financial independence, and peer influence draw children into the street. The street lives by itself pushes them into sex work, and lack of shelter magnificent abuses, where both sexes have the same sleeping quarters.

Materials and Methods
A phenomenological study design was employed from January to March 2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Time-Space Sampling (TSS) was used to recruit participants into the study. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and individual in-depth interview were used to collect data. Data analyzed by using framework analysis software.

Results
About 103 participants took part in the study. Finding shows street children are encountering widespread challenges like social network fragmentation, child trafficking, harassments, and shortage of basic needs. Furthermore, poor design of comprehensive, contextualized strategies and less political value worsening the problems. They are considered as a felon, outlaws, and having a mentality of committing a crime by both law-keeping bodies and society. This situation resulted in fewer acceptances of street children by the community, and less legal protection by law that made them more at risk for denial of social protection. Street children positively perceived strategies like Income Generating Activities (IGAs), shelter, community support, child protection, and access to education, health services, life coaching, and less extent re-integration strategies to address their problems.

Conclusion
The study shows street children are defenseless to harassments and denial of social protection services. Poorly designed policies, strategies targeting them, less political values, and traditional response by government has been subjugated, which made them prone to health and social problems. Therefore, finding might be beneficial to health data scientists, and policymakers; to design and implement policies, and strategic plans in addressing, and preventing their plights.
Experience of care of hospitalized newborns and young children and their parents: A scoping review
Authors: Ndwiga Charity , Warren Charlotte Elizabeth , Okondo Chantalle , Abuya Timothy , Sripad Pooja 
Published: August 2022

Introduction
Several global initiatives put parent involvement at the forefront of enabling children’s well-being and development and to promote quality of care for newborns and hospitalized young children aged 0–24 months. Scanty evidence on mistreatment such as delays or neglect and poor pain management among newborns exists, with even less exploring the experience of their parents and their hospitalized young children. To address this gap, authors reviewed research on experience of care for hospitalized young children and their parents, and potential interventions that may promote positive experience of care.

Methods
A scoping review of English language articles, guidelines, and reports that addressed the experiences of care for newborns and sick young children 0–24 months in health facilities was conducted. Multiple databases: PubMed, PROSPERO, COCHRANE Library and Google Scholar were included and yielded 7,784 articles. Documents published between 2009 and November 2020, in English and with evidence on interventions that addressed family involvement and partnership in care for their sick children were included.

Results
The scoping review includes 68 documents across 31 countries after exclusion. Mistreatment of newborns comprises physical abuse, verbal abuse, stigma and discrimination, failure to meet professional standards, poor rapport between providers and patients, poor legal accountability, and poor bereavement and posthumous care. No literature was identified describing mistreatment of hospitalized children aged 60 days– 24 months. Key drivers of mistreatment include under-resourced health systems and poor provider attitudes. Positive experience of care was reported in contexts of good parent-provider communication. Three possible interventions on positive experience of care for hospitalized young children (0–24 months) emerged: 1) nurturing care; 2) family centered care and 3) provider and parental engagement. Communication and counseling, effective provider-parental engagement, and supportive work environments were associated with reduced anxiety and stress for parents and hospitalized young children. Few interventions focused on addressing providers’ underlying attitudes and biases that influence provider behaviors, and how they affect engaging with parents.

Conclusion
Limited evidence on manifestations of mistreatment, lack of respectful care, drivers of poor experience and interventions that may mitigate poor experience of care for hospitalized young children 0–24 months especially in low resource settings exists. Design and testing appropriate models that enhance socio-behavioral dimensions of care experience and promote provider-family engagement in hospitals are required.
Color variations during digital imaging of facial prostheses subjected to unfiltered ambient light and image calibration techniques within dental clinics: An in vitro analysis
Authors: Rashid Farah , Jamayet Nafij Bin , Farook Taseef Hasan , AL-Rawas Matheel , Barman Aparna , Johari Yanti , Noorani Tahir Yusuf , Abdullah Johari Yap , Eusufzai Sumaiya Zabin , Alam Mohammad Khursheed 
Published: August 2022

Background
The study aimed to evaluate 1) the amount of color variations presents within clinical images of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone specimens when photographed under different clinically relevant ambient lighting conditions, and 2) whether white balance calibration (WBC) methods were able to mitigate variations in ambient lighting.

Methods
432 measurements were acquired from standardized images of the pigmented prosthetic silicone specimens within different ambient lighting conditions (i.e., 2 windowed and 2 windowless clinics) at noon with no light modifying apparatus. The specimens were photographed once without any white balance calibration (raw), then independently alongside an 18% neutral gray card and Macbeth color chart for calibration in a post-processing (PPWBC) software, and once after camera calibration (CWBC) using a gray card. The LAB color values were extracted from the images and color variations (ΔE) were calculated after referring to the corresponding spectrophotometric values as control.

Results
Images in windowless and windowed clinics exhibited highly significant differences (p < 0.001) with spectrophotometer (control). CWBC demonstrated no significant differences (p > 0.05) in LAB values across windowed clinics. PPWBC using Macbeth color chart produced no significant differences for a* values (p > 0.05) across all clinics while PPWBC by gray card showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in LAB values when only similar clinics (either windowed or windowless) were compared.

Conclusion
Significant color variations were present for maxillofacial prosthetic specimens owing to natural ambient light. CWBC and PPWBC using color charts were more suitable for color correction across windowed clinics while CWBC and PPWBC using gray cards had better outcomes across windowless setups.
Patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perspectives on a community-based intervention for schizophrenia in Pakistan: A focus group study
Authors: Khattak Maria Ishaq , Dikomitis Lisa , Khan Muhammad Firaz , Haq Mukhtar Ul , Saeed Umaima , Awan Naila Riaz , Haq Zia Ul , Shepherd Thomas , Mallen Christian D. , Farooq Saeed 
Published: August 2022

Objective
To explore the perceptions and experiences of schizophrenia from patients, their care givers, health care providers, spiritual and traditional healers to develop a community-based intervention for improving treatment adherence for people with schizophrenia in Pakistan.

Methods
This qualitative study involved four focus group discussions (FGD) with a total of 26 participants: patients and carers (n = 5), primary care staff (n = 7), medical technicians (n = 8) and traditional and spiritual healers (n = 6). The participants were selected using purposive sampling method. FGDs were audio-recorded and transcribed. A thematic analysis was applied to the data set.

Results
The themes identified were (i) Schizophrenia is not merely a biomedical problem: participants believed that poverty and an inferiority complex resulting from social disparity caused schizophrenia and contributed to non-adherence to medications; (ii) Spiritual healing goes hand in hand with the medical treatment: participants regarded spiritual and traditional treatment methods as an inherent part of schizophrenia patients’ well-being and rehabilitation; (iii) Services for mental illness: mental health is not covered under primary health in a basic health unit: participants believed that the lack of services, training and necessary medication in primary care are major issues for treating schizophrenia in community; (iv) Barriers to community-based interventions: primary care staff believed that multiple pressures on staff, lack of incentives, non-availability of medication and lack of formal referral pathways resulted in disintegration of dealing with schizophrenia patients in primary care facilities.

Conclusion
The study has identified a number of barriers and facilitators to developing and delivering a psychosocial intervention to support people living with schizophrenia in Pakistan. In particular, the importance of involving spiritual and traditional healers was highlighted by our diverse group of stakeholders.