bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, Summer, 1984
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course in Newton, Mass. Granular materials were applied by hand-shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid materials were applied in 3 liters water from a 12-liter capacity watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 2.5 m by 2.5 m plot. All tests were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Plots were watered with 1.5 cm irrigation (pH 6.6) 2 h after application. All plots were treated 20 Aug and sampled 9 Oct. Two 0.093-m2 sections of sod, 7.5 cm deep were removed from the center meter of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Residues of Insecticides on American Elm, Cuyahoga, Co., Ohio, 1983
Authors: Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The crowns of street–lawn American elms, Ulmus americana L., (avg 64.0 cm in dbh; 20.1 m in height) were sampled at 16 weeks postspray to determine chemical residue. These trees were previously sprayed at bud break with candidate insecticides for evaluation against twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle. Treatments were 4 insecticides applied at 2 concentrations and methoxychlor applied at 1 concentration. Each treatment was applied to 3 single tree replicates. Sevin 4-Oil was mixed in diesel fuel; all others were mixed in water. A John Bean 300G Rotomist mist blower equipped with 3 DC-5 nozzles with no. 45 cores was used. Each tree received an average of 24.6 liters of finished spray except methoxychlor-treated trees averaged 9.5 liters. When trees were sprayed on 5 May, the ambient temperature was 2–10°C, the sky was clear, and the wind was 0-5 kph. Between treatment and assay, the mean temperature was 20.6°C and the total rainfall was 37.9 cm. For assay, 5 twigs were collected from each of the 12 sectors (3 vertical levels and 4 quadrants) in each tree crown. A circular bark sample (4.5 mm2) was cut from the crotch of each twig. Samples from each vertical level were combined for assay and were analyzed on a Varian Aerograph chromatograph equipped with a 63 Ni electron capture detector. For Sevin assay, phenol conversion by the microscale derivatization technique was used. Aliquots were injected on a 0.64 cm (O.D.) by 0.6 m column packed with 2% OV-225 on 60/80 Gas Chrom Q (AW; DMCS treated). Nitrogen exit flow was 40 to 60 ml/min. Pydrin was extracted by soaking samples in hexane overnight. Aliquots were injected on a 2 mm (I.D.) by 1.2 m column packed with 3% Dexsel-300 on 100/120 Gas Chrom Q. Nitrogen exit flow was 20 to 25 ml/min. Methoxychlor extracts were prepared by soaking samples in hexane overnight. The column, 0.64 cm (O.D.) by 1.8 m, was packed with 5% DC-11 on 70/80 Aeropack 30. Nitrogen exit flow was 30 to 35 ml/min.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Pydrin, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. , Dripps James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White oak trees (7-10 m tall) intermixed with red oaks and red maple were selected in Centre Co., PA on 3 Jun after inspection revealed a moderate population of hatching gypsy moth egg masses. Three rates of Pydrin, 1 of carbaryl, plus a water control were applied on 8 Jun (replicated five times in a RCB design) using a Solo backpack mist blower. The pesticides were applied between 08:00 and 11:30 when the wind was l-3h mph and temperature was 72-80°F. Larval survival was assessed by taking 1-minute time counts of each tree using a single observer.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Ozaki’ Anthurium, Hawaii, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in Mar to May on plants grown in volcanic cinders under 80% polypropylene net shade. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. Eleven weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal; Danitol 2.4EC, 0.2 and 0.4; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Dursban 50W, 1.0 and 2.0. The spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment, including the check plants, at the rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal, or 12 fl oz/100 gal. During the test period, the avg max temp was 30.8°C and the avg min temp was 16.3°C.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Luv and Surf’ Potted-Chrysanthemum, Hawaii, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in Aug and Sep on ‘Luv’ and ‘Surf’ chrysanthemums potted in a peat/vermiculite/perlite mix and grown under a fiberglass greenhouse. Each treatment consisted of 7 potted-plants. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a compressed CO2 sprayer at 40 lb/in2 and equipped with an adjustable cone nozzle. Seven weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal: Avermectin 0.15EC, 0.01 and 0.02; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Trigard 75WP, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5. During the test period the avg max temp was 29.7°C and the avg min temp was 19.6°C.
Phytotoxicity Tests on Flowers and Foliage of ‘Pink Mink’ Protea, Hawaii, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on field-grown protea which averaged 8.2 cm in trunk diam and 2.0 m tall. Each treatment consisted of 6 trees arranged in 2 blocks. Insecticides were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. During the flush growth season, 11 weekly applications were made to the foliage at 2 x and 4x the recommended use rate beginning 1 Jul. The recommended use rates in lb(AI)/100 gal for the tested insecticides were: Lannate L, 0.45; Pounce 3.2EC, 0.2; Supracide 2EC, 0.5; Vydate L, 1.0. During the flowering season, another 7 weekly applications were made to developing flowers at 2 x and 4 x the recommended use rate beginning 16 Sep. The spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal. During the foliage test period the avg max temp was 23.4°C and the avg min temp was 13.6°C. During the flower test period the avg max temp was 22.7°C and the avg min temp was 13.2°C. Foliage and flowers were evaluated on a scale from 0, no damage to 4, severe damage (unmarketable).
Edding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Hayakawa G. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Fountain Valley, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1 X, 2 x, and 4 x rates of FMC 54800 2E and FMC 54800 10WP (1 x =0.125 lb AI/100 gal H20). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runofF with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems® Nozzle at 10 psi on Apr 11 and 25, 22-24°C and 20-21°C, respectively. Phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check weekly.
Foliar Sprays for Sycamore Defoliators, 1982 and 1984
Authors: Solomon J. D. , Thompson L. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling defoliators oi young sycamore plantations in west central Mississippi. Trees were in their second year of growth and ranged from 1.8 to 2.7 m (6-9 ft) in height. Four infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Foliar applications were made using a 7.6 liter handsprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 liter finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Complete counts of all defoliator larvae were made for each test tree before treatment. Counts were comparatively low, ranging from 5 to 20 larvae per tree. Therefore, all defoliator species were combined for analysis. The percentage data were subjected to arcsine tranformation, analysis of variance, and Duncan’s new multiple range test at the 0.05 level. A separate phytotoxicitv test was conducted in 1982 in an 8-month-old plantation where trees averaged 1.4 m (4.6 ft) in height. Each chemical and rate were randomly assigned tc plots consisting of 3 trees with 3 replications. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Maximum temperatures were above 32.2°C (90°F) for the spray date and following 13 days. Phytotoxicity was evalated at 2, 7, and 16 days after treatment.
Evaluation of Adult Black Vine Weevil Control on Taxus and Effect on Fecundity, 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Individual taxus in 3-gal containers were treated using a 5-liter Burgess hand-pump sprayer. Plants were sprayed to the point of run-off on 28 Aug. Soil applications of Mavrik and Cygon were made in 500 ml of water to each plant. Plants were in a loamy sand (84% sand) potting medium with a CEC = 12, 3.7% organic matter, and soil pH of 5.1. Rainfall (inches) occurred on 30 Aug (0.25), 1 Sep (0.13), and 3 Sep (0.03). The treated foliage was replaced with untreated foliage following this 2-day rating. A replicate consisted of 8 weevils in a Telan petri dish. There were 5 replicates/treatment. A 2 to 3-inch section of taxus was placed in each petri dish, 8 days after treatment (DAT). The weevils were maintained at ambient temperature and light conditions in the laboratory. At the end of the test, ill eggs from each dish were pooled by treatment and counted to obtain the total eggs during the 5 day test. Mortality was evaluated by gently prodding and examining weevils in a darkened room and observing their movement 30 min later after they were placed on a 3 x 3 in sq of paper.
Taxus, Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Field-Grown Plants, Lake Co., Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A heavily-infested block of yews, 40-50 cm wide, growing in well-drained old Lake Erie sandy soil was chosen for evaluating insecticides for efficacy against black vine weevil larvae infesting field plants. Wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrates were applied with a watering can, using 1.9 liters of finished material per each microplot (61 x 305 cm) containing at least 3 taxus plants. Granular products were applied salt shaker fashion from modified, plastic-capped glass vials and then watered-in with 1.9 liters of water per microplot. The entire treatment area was cultivated immediately prior to and following application. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was employed. Some microplots were treated 24 Aug, some 28 Sep, and others on both dates. On 24 Aug the sky was sunny at 30°C and a 25 kph breeze; on 28 Oct the sky was sunny at 24°C and a breeze of 8 kph. Adults were ovipositing throughout Aug and Sep.Treatment effectiveness was evaluated during May, by counting the number of living larvae within 20 X 20 X 20-cm root balls on 3 plants within the interior of each treated microplot. Root balls were placed over large plastic trays with shallow sides and shaken vigorously until all soil was dislodged.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Ticks, 1984
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Larvae of the cattle tick, and the southern cattle tick, in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Falcon Heights and Mission, TX, and the tropical horse tick, and the winter tick, in colony at Kerrville, TX, are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are tested. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsiflable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient (AI) (w/v), 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. The compounds not soluble in xylene are usually formulated (14.3% AI) (w/v) in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsiflable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% AI; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. Prior to treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, and weighed. For treatment, groups of ticks are placed into 20-25 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 s and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27 ± 1°C and ±80% RH for oviposition. After 2-3 wk, the female ticks are discarded, and the eggs are weighed and held for another 4-5 wk when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Other groups of 10 ticks, which are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, and pyrrolidinone (equivalent to the 1% concentration of AI) and handled as treated ticks, are used as treated controls. Effectiveness is determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each group of treated ticks with that of the control ticks.
Control of Face and Horn Flies with Ectiban Tail Tapes on Dairy Cattle, 1984
Authors: Hall R. D. , Doisy K. E. , Fischer F. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A herd of 26 dairy cows at the University of Missouri Foremost Dairy was treated on 20 Jun with 1 Ectiban tail tape/tail. The tapes contained 1.8 g permethrin each and were wrapped loosely above the switch of the cleaned tail. The 3 pesticide-containing glass vials within the tapes were crushed after installation on each animal treated. Retention was unsatisfactory (96% loss within 6 days); therefore, new tapes were installed on 5 Jul. The latter tapes were applied by first crushing the glass vials and then stretching the tapes firmly around the animals’ cleaned tails. A nearby herd of 15 untreated dairy cows served as a control during the course of the experiment and a herd of 28 beef cows treated with two 7.5% flucythrinate (Guardian) ear tags/head was used as a standard. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficiency was made on a weekly basis via inspection of 15 head selected at random from each herd. Inspections were made only during mid-day while the animals were pastured away from barns and corrals. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on a single side of each animal examined. Data thus obtained were converted to log10 (n +1) prior to analysis; however, true averages were tabulated.
Comparison of Guardian, Ectrin and Fearing Insecticide Tags for Face Fly Control, 1984
Authors: Johnson G. D. , Campbell J. B. , Myran D. D. , Nichols J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three separately pastured groups of cattle were ear tagged (1 tag/hd) the first week of Jun with 1 of the following insecticide tags; Guardian flucyfhrinate (7.5% AI), Ectrin fenvalerate (8.0% AI), or Fearing permethrin (94.0% AI). The groups with Guardian or Ectrin tags each contained 50 Hereford x Angus yearling heifers. The group with Fearing tags consisted of 16 mixed breed cattle of various ages and sex. An untagged group of 23 Hereford x Angus heifers served as a control. Face fly counts were made once/week from 14 Jun-2 Aug on 10 randomly selected cattle from each group between 1:00 and 3:00 p.m.
Apple, Seasonal Control at Reduced Insecticide Rates, 1984
Authors: Townsend H. G. , Millington W. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol and FMC 54800 were applied to single tree plots replicated 5 times in a completely randomized block design. Reduced rate applications were made on 17 May, 14 Jun, 28 Jun, 12 Jul, and 26 Jul using a FMC 4000 airblast sprayer. Full rate applications were made on 9 Aug and 23 Aug. Test trees received a regular fungicide program but no other insecticides during the season. ERM populations were evaluated by brushing leaf samples onto glass plates. Insect control was determined at harvest from samples of 100 fruit from each tree. Each fruit was rated from 1 (no scale) to 5 (heavy scale infestation) for SJS, and the number of fruit with other insect damage was noted. CM and OFM damage were recorded as wormy fruit.
Evaluation of Guardian&#x99; 7.5% Ear Tags for Cattle Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The following treatment groups were established 31 Mar 1984, on 2 separate mixed-breed beef cattle herds in Montgomery Co, VA: A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag, consisting of 21 adult cows and 16 calves. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear. Two adult cows, 2 heifers, and 2 steers were used for evaluation. The 6 evaluation animals harbored moderate–heavy infestations of L. vituli, S. capillatus, and B. bovis. B) Untreated control, consisting of 21 adult cows and 16 calves. Six cows, with moderate–heavy infestations of L. vituli, S. capillatus, B. bovis, and H. eurysternus, were used for evaluation.
Evaluation of Three Formulations of Guardian 7.5% Ear Tags for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy was evaluated Jun–Sep for face fly and horn fly control on beef cattle. Ectrin 8.0% ear tags and Permectrin 10.0% ear strips were evaluated for comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established on mixed-breed herds in Montgomery CO, VA: A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag (Formulation ‘A’), consisting of 20 cows, 20 calves, and one bull. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear, on 14 Jun. B) Guardian 7.5% ear tag (Formulation ‘B’), consisting of 40 heifers and 2 bulls. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear, on 15 Jun. C) Guardian 7.5% esir tag (Formulation ‘C’), consisting of 26 heifers and 10 steers. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 15 Jun. The steers were later removed from pasture and only the heifers were used for evaluation. D) Ectrin 8.0% ear tag, consisting of 39 cows, 39 calves, and 1 bull. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 14 Jun. E) Permectrin 10.0% ear strip, consisting of 21 cows, 21 calves, and 1 bull. Each animal received 2 ear strips, 1 in each ear, on 25 Jun. F) Untreated control, consisting of 21 cows and 16 calves. All test herds were maintained in separate pastures and all were situated within ca. 2 mi of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd for 12 wk posttreatment. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal. Pretreatment counts were made on all herds, except treatment E.
Mouse-Cutebebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC (w/v) in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dermally. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Pear: Early Season Pear Psylla Control, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Beers E. H. , Meagher R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to non-replicated 0.4 acre plots consisting of the cultivars Bartlett, Anjou, and Bosc (6 years old). Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi, with the exception of the first Lorsban treatment, which was applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2-wk intervals on the cultivar Bartlett. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from 4 trees randomly selected in each plot. PP pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Damage Caused by Popillia Japonica on Treated Grape Foliage, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment consisting of 6 treatments to control Japanese beetle adults was located at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 18 Jul, and 6 Aug at the rate of 1870 liters/ ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 psi) and equipped with a 9505E-Tee Jet nozzle. Visual observations for feeding damage to foliage were made on the 2.4 m of canopy between the trunks of the 2 vines from the east side of the row on 5 dates from 17 Jul-14 Aug. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the 5 terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 indicated no damage, while 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluation, 1984
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Walter Sandra 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaricides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 5-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Each treatment was applied to runoff on 17 May (petal fall) and on 20 Jul with a Myers V7710-5EO2G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Other pesticides applied separately to all treatments were 70 sec oil, Dithane M-45, Trithion, Benlate, Guthion, Topsin-M, Polyram, Dikar and Penncap-M. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree (100/treatment), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Control of the Borer Complex on Almonds, 1984
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Hendricks L. C. , Barclay L. W. , Younce E. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in a commercial almond (4th leaf) orchard in Livingston, CA. Six treatments of insecticides combined with various paint-water mixtures and a control were replicated 10 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Trees were inspected before the application. Only trees with active feeding sites, indicated by frass piles, were included in the study. Materials were applied to the trunk from the ground to the secondary branches with a Hudson hand-held sprayer on 6 Jun. All materials were applied as 9.4 gal of spray mixture per acre. After application, trees were inspected at weekly intervals from 12 Jun through 7 Sep, and the number of frass piles was counted and removed. Also, for a 2 man-hour search period on 22 May and at approximately weekly intervals from 16 Jun through 7 Sep, larvae were extracted for identification from active feeding sites in trees outside the test plot.
Citrus Red Mite Control on Citrus, 1983
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Port Sulpher, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Each plot was surrounded by 4 untreated trees to serve as a buffer between treatments. Pesticides were applied on 15 Jun ’83 with a FMC Speed Sprayer operated at 1200 RPM and 250 psi and a 4 nozzle hand gun. Trees were sprayed until runoff (approx 2.5 gal/tree). Evaluations were made on 29 Jun and 13 Jul by randomly selecting 10 leaves per tree as follows: 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stereo-microscope, and the number of mites recorded.