bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative effectiveness of self-pressurized sprays containing abamectin, microencap-sulated chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos + Dimilin, or chlorpyrifos + fenoxycarb; compressed-air sprays of acephate, acephate + deodorant, or microencapsulated chlorpyrifos; and an abamectin bait in pellet form. Self-pressurized sprays (Whitmire Research Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo.) were directed into cracks and crevices. Compressed-air sprays from a 3.78-liter compressed-air sprayer were applied as a pinstream spot application directed toward cracks and crevices. Baits contained in plastic containers with one adhesive surface were stuck to sheltered surfaces in kitchens. Single-family dwellings, located in Nash or Sampson Counties, N.C., served as test sites. Only kitchens with a minimum of 25 German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used. Preapplication visual tallies in the kitchen compared with specified intervals afterward determined the control. The amount of insecticide applied/kitchen was recorded. Initial application only treatments were the chlorpyrifos + Dimilin and the chlorpyrifos + fenoxycarb formulations. When necessary, additional insecticide applications with the other formulations were made and the amounts used were recorded where living cockroaches were observed on reinspection. Other rooms also were treated to minimize migration, but cockroach numbers and insecticide amounts were not recorded. Each formulation was replicated 5 times. Analyses were calculated on the percentage reductions of cockroaches using a general linear models procedure.
Insect Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott D. S 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.2 gal spray/tree or 300-403 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the EMU rootstock. The XRD-473, XRD-473 + Lorsban, Lorsban, Guthion 3 F, and Guthion 35 W treatments were all tested in a seasonal program with sprays applied at pink, 4 May; petal fall, 23 May; and in cover sprays on 7 Jun, 21 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. Pounce and Pounce/ALT were both applied at pink and petal fall then followed by cover sprays of Imidan on j Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug; Thiodan was substituted for aphid control on the 21 Jun cover. Further treatments included Orthene at pink, followed by Guthion at petal fall and on 21 Jun, Danitol on 7 Jun, and Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A similar treatment used the same schedule except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin; Danitol at pink and 7 Jun, followed by Guthion at petal fall and 21 Jun and Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin and Surfel applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A final treatment was the same as the preceding treatment except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80 S 12.5 lb/acre, 6 Apr; Dithane M45 80 W 6 lb/acre + Rubigan 1 EC 6 oz/acre, 20 May, 27 May, and 9 Jun; and Dithane M45 80 W 6 lb/acre, 30 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid (Kling-tite formulation) was applied in thinning sprays on 27 May using up to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar and fruit set. European apple sawfly, plum curculio, and rosy apple aphid were evaluated prior to the “June drop” by examining all of the apples in 25 fruiting clusters on one ‘McIntosh’ and one ‘Cortland’ or on one Golden Delicious’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree/plot on 6 Jun. Apple and spirea aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals on one ‘McIntosh’ tree/plot on 10 Jun and 24 Jun and on one ‘McIntosh’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree/plot on 16 Jun. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 19 Sep by counting the mines on 25 ‘Greening’ leaves/plot on 19 Sep. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 apples/cultivar/plot from ‘Jersey Mac,’ 5 Aug; ‘McIntosh,’ 19 Sep; and ‘Golden Delicious,’ 7 Oct. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit finish was evaluated using a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish). Rainfall was less than normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. Temperatures were above normal during June, July, and August. An extended bloom period with certain cultivars in bloom while the petals had fallen on others, resulted in greater than normal insect pressure especially from European apple sawfly and plum curculio. The extremely warm summer temperatures resulted in significant third-brood white apple leafhopper and spotted tentiform leafminer pressure.
Expar 1% Pour-On for Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1987
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. , Seville R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental steer and heifer calves of mixed breeds and originating in eastern Wyoming were housed in separate pens in groups of 6 animals each. The cattle in one pen served as untreated controls. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (Bb), the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli (Lv), and the little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus (Sc). The hair was parted and louse density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites on the host. The body regions examined were one 5- X 15-cm area on the topline, one 5- x 15-cm area on the withers, two 10- X 15-cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes, two 5- x 10-cm areas on the right and left cheeks, one 5- x 25-cm area on the muzzle, and one 5- x 15-cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment louse counts, the animals were ranked according to louse density and divided into pairs of approximately equal density. The members of the pairs were then assigned randomly to either the Expar 1% Pour-On treatment or to an untreated group. Expar 1% was applied according to label directions. Undiluted insecticide was poured along the back and down the face of each animal at 0.5 fl oz/100 lb body weight of animal on 9 Mar and again on 23 Mar.
Dietary Activity of Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors, 1987-1988
Authors: DeMark J. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests compared the efficacy of 6 chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzolyphenyl ureas) fed to German cockroach nymphs for the duration of the fifth (last) nymphal stage. These compounds were hexafluron (XRD-473), triflumuron (alsystin), diflubenzuron (dimilin), UC 84572, chlorfluazuron (CGA 112913), and flufenoxuron (EY-059). The compounds were formulated into diets prepared by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox into 5-g portions and reconstituting each with 6 ml water and 3 ml of an acetone solution of technical compound. The mixture was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h in an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets (75-100 mg) of the desired concentration (ppm on weight basis). Six to nine different dietary concentrations were evaluated to achieve a clear representation of each compound’s effectiveness. Groups of 10 unsexed, newly eclosed (&lt;24 h) fifth-stage nymphs were placed into 100- by 25-mm vented plastic Petri dishes supplied with test diet, water vial, and cardboard harborage. Mortality was defined as nymphs that died molting to adults and moribund adults dying within 1 wk after molting. Each diet concentration was replicated 6 times, for a total of 60 nymphs/dilution rate. Regression analysis of the percent probit mortality data against the log10 values of diet concentration was used for lethal diet concentration (LC50, and LC95) calculations.
Evaluation of Experimental Propoxur Baits, 1988
Authors: Hamilton R. , Schal C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three experimental baits were prepared using peanut butter, flour, Propoxur, and boric acid. Effectiveness of the experimental baits on susceptible and resistant cockroaches was compared to commercial Combat bait stations containing 1.65% hydramethylnon. The experimental baits tested were 2% Propoxur in peanut butter, 2% Propoxur + 25% flour in peanut butter, and 2% Propoxur + 40% boric acid in peanut butter. Fifty susceptible or Propoxur-resistant adult male German cockroaches were introduced into 22- by 12- by 8-inch clear plastic cages with water, harborage, dog food, and experimental bait that had been placed in a sealed plastic bait tray. Experimental conditions were maintained at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D). Insects were considered dead if they did not move when gently prodded with forceps. Mortality readings were taken hourly for the first 8 h, and daily thereafter for 1 wk. Probit analyses generated LT25, LT50, LT95 values in h, and 95% fiducial limits for each treatment.
Bioassay Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Kumar R. , Lloyd J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Russian wheat aphids were collected near Cheyenne, Wyo., and maintained on wheat plants in the laboratory at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. Technical grade insecticide was dissolved in 10 ml of reagent grade acetone with a small amount of Triton X-100 emulsifier. The acetone-insecticide solution was added to deionized water to make a stock solution (wt/vol basis). The commercially formulated insecticides were mixed directly with deionized water. Appropriate serial dilutions of insecticides were prepared.
Evaluation of Dursban And Reldan, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted to determine sensitivity in two strains of German cockroach (University of Nebraska resistant and Orlando normal strains) to Reldan EC and Dursban EC. Ten male German cockroaches from each strain were anesthetized and 1 μ1 of insecticide was topically applied to the thoracic sterna of each cockroach. This procedure was repeated for each dose (100, 300, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm), the acetone controls, and for each insecticide. After topical application cockroaches were held in plastic Petri dishes under ambient conditions (23-25°C, 10:14 (L:D) photoperiod, 30-50% RH). Each strain-insecticide-dose combination was replicated 3 times. Percentage mortality (moribund cock-roaches were considered dead) was recorded 24 h after insecticide application. Dose response curves were constructed using probit analysis of mortality data, yielding mean LD50 values for each insecticide-strain combination.
First-Generation walh Insecticide Experiment, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Treatments designated as early timing (E) were applied on 28 Apr, except for the early treatment of UC-84572, which was applied 1 May. Those marked standard (S) were applied on 8 May. The early sprays were timed to coincide with 75 degree-days after codling moth biofix, the timing used for insect growth regulators against codling moth. The standard timing coincided with the first appearance of WALH fourth instars. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface.
Insecticide Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied 3 or 4 times depending on materials and schedules tested. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5-beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/replication. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of each of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and slides were examined with a binocular dissecting microscope. PP russet was rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market ‘Bartlett’ pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/replication. Factors of fruit quality, including firmness, soluble solids, and size, were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicitv after each treatment.
Grape Mealybug Control, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a mature orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Each treatment consisted of 3 applications: 28 Mar (delayed dormant, which included a superior spray oil 6 gal/acre or 1.5%), 27 Apr (petal fall), and 15 Jul (2nd generation crawler hatch). All treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi, with the exception of the Guthion-Guthion-Parathion treatment, for which the first and third applications were made with an airblast sprayer (simulating the usual grower program). Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. GMB densities were determined on the first 4 dates by counting crawlers on 10-20 clusters/tree by means of a dissecting microscope. The 28 Jun sample consisted of 10 randomly selected shoots/tree. The 3 Oct (harvest) sample consisted of 50 randomly selected fruits/tree.
Residual Control of Citrus Pests, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design of 2 trees/plot replicated 4 times. For the control of Fuller rose beetle, all treatments were applied to run-offon 9 Jun with a high-pressure truck-mounted sprayer operating at 400-450 psi. Treatments for the control of citrus root weevil were applied to run-off on 19 Aug with John Bean sprayer operating at 300 psi. Wild adult Fuller rose beetles and citrus root weevils, collected in adjacent citrus plantings, were placed in screen limb bags (5 of the same species/bag), which were attached to treated leaf terminals and secured to prevent escape. Two limb bags were attached to each tree, and adult mortality (residual control) was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk after treatment.
Control of Aphids on Pecan, 1988
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Sibbett G. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 10-yr-old ‘Wichita’ pecan trees in a commercial orchard near Visalia, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. There was one untreated buffer tree in each direction separating each experimental tree. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 360 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Materials were applied on 9 Jun. Control was evaluated by counting all aphids on 5 compound leaves/tree at weekly intervals from 9 Jun through 7 Jul. Yellow pecan aphids and blackmargined aphids were combined into yellow aphid complex.
Thiodan Residue Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. Materials were applied on 9 Aug to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Control trees were left unsprayed. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Twenty leaves were collected from experimental trees at 4, 8, 15, and 22 DAT. Five fourth and fifth instars were exposed to residues on treated leaves for 48 h and then evaluated.
Grape Mealybug Control Test, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a mature commercial orchard near Orondo, Wash. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied on 2 Jul to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed to coincide with the first substantial movement of second-generation crawlers. GMB populations were assessed by counting the crawlers on 5 shoots/tree.
Flea Beetle Control, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Spartan Early’ broccoli was transplanted 6 Jun at the Colorado State University Horticulture Research Center, Larimer County, Colo. Plots were 2 rows, 4 plants (6 ft) long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 17 Jun using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated by examining 4 plants/plot in early morning and counting all beetles on the plants.
Control of Beet Armyworm in South Texas, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded to plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, and plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, by 40 ft long. On 13 Apr, two randomly selected plants/plot were caged using 1 gal cylindrical cartons with cotton organdy material tops. Ten 6-d-old beet armyworm larvae were released into each cage 6 h after application of insecticide treatments. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom operating at 40 psi with 4 nozzles/bed at a rate of 10 gal/acre. Cages were removed from plants on 18 Apr and all live beet armyworm larvae counted. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Noetzel David , Stucker Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Coker 916' wheat was planted on 15 Oct 1988 at Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Soil type was Mountview silt loam, 2 - 5% slope. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 7 ft × 30 ft separated from each other by 2 ft alleys. Blocks were separated by 8 ft alleys. Pre-treatment counts of cereal leaf beetle larvae (CLBL) averaged 5.22 larvae/stem. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 May using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. CLBL counts were made from 20 randomly selected wheat stems at 7 and 14 DAT. A 3 ft × 30 ft area was harvested from each plot on 8 Jul for yield determination and adjusted to 15.8% moisture.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Bentgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Wit L.A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were applied on 19 Jul to 5 × 10 ft bentgrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. The predominant grass species was bentgrass (99%) which was maintained at a fairway mowing height of 7/8 inch. There was no perceptible thatch accumulation. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 70°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was below field capacity. Granular formulations were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and a 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. An additional 1.0 inch of irrigated water was applied and 0.32 inch of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 21 DAT (9 Aug) by removing two 1 ft2 sections of sod, ca. 2 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving white grubs.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Registered and Experimental Products, and Beneficial Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, W, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 91°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 35.6% sand, 56.8% silt, 7.6% sand; soil moisture, 24.2%; organic matter, 3.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.2; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (2 Oct.). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grurs with Registered and Experimental Products on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%) and 40% weeds. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.0% sand, 50.4% silt, 9.6% sand; soil moisture, 13.1%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 d later (2 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Isazophos (Triumph®) on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Isazophos was applied at 3 or 4 rates (2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 lb Al/acre) using 2 formulations (1 G and 4 E) to a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 5 Sep. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; amount of thatch, 0.8-1.2 inch; water pH, 6.8; soil pH, 6.6; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 4 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 23 and 51 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.