bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable indexing method in rule documents for ship design using extraction of portable document format elements
Authors: Kong Min-Chul , Roh Myung-Il , Kim Ki-Su , Kim Jongoh , Kim Ju-Sung , Park Hogyun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Design rules for ships have become more extensive and detailed due to an increase in the sizes of ships. Several variables and equations used in the rules are complex, thereby impeding their review by reviewers due to their voluminosity. In addition, because these rules are constantly revised, professional investigators may miss these changes. To prevent such confusion, a shipping register, which approves ship drawings, constantly automates the search and review processes of the rules. Consequently, this study proposes a method for recognizing variables in documents to review the rules and build relationships between variables. Each component of a document must be accurately identified. The document containing these rules includes different components such as equations, figures, and strings. Because these rules are mainly converted to a portable document format (PDF) for compatibility, it is challenging to extract each component as raw data. This study used a public library to extract elements from the PDF and utilized the positional relationship between the elements to identify the variables. By applying the Levenshtein distance algorithm, which compares the differences between two strings, the document was partitioned following to the table of contents. Hence, the identified variables were indexed into sections of the table of content. Additionally, based on the indexed information, a data structure was proposed to show the equations, definition of variables, and relationships. This study applied it to common structural rules, which are widely used in the shipbuilding industry. The effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed by achieving the F1 score = 0.93 in variable recognition and intuitively visualizing the relationship between the variables.
Ontogenetic Changes in Nutrients and Stoichiometry in the Invasive Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Valentine James C , Yee Donald A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A variety of physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes occur throughout the life cycle of mosquitoes, which can be correlated with a shift from the aquatic to terrestrial environment. Aedes albopictus Skuse is an abundant invasive species from Asia that was introduced into the Americas in the 1980’s and is responsible for transmitting several important human disease-causing pathogens. How physiological and anatomical changes within each instar and throughout the developmental stages are related to changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels are an unexplored area of mosquito ecology. We hypothesized that these changes as well as stoichiometry (C:N) would vary with instar stage and larval diet. Cohorts of larvae were grown in three different diets: animal only (crickets), plant only (red maple leaves), and a mixture containing both types. Larval instars (1st–4th), pupae, and adults were raised in each diet and were separately analyzed for nutrient content (%C, %N) and stoichiometry (C:N). Significant changes in nutrient values occurred across the life cycle, with C:N values being lower in early instars versus adults or pupae, especially in animal only or mixed diets; few differences were detected in %C or %N across ontogeny. This knowledge may lead to a better understanding of mosquito ecology and pathogen transmission.
Applying AI to digital archives: trust, collaboration and shared professional ethics
Authors: Jaillant Lise , Rees Arran 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Policy makers produce digital records on a daily basis. A selection of records is then preserved in archival repositories. However, getting access to these archival materials is extremely complicated for many reasons—including data protection, sensitivity, national security, and copyright. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be applied to archives to make them more accessible, but it is still at an experimental stage. While skills gaps contribute to keeping archives ‘dark’, it is also essential to examine issues of mistrust and miscommunication. This article argues that although civil servants, archivists, and academics have similar professional principles articulated through professional codes of ethics, these are not often communicated to each other. This lack of communication leads to feelings of mistrust between stakeholders. Mistrust of technology also contributes to the barriers to effective implementation of AI tools. Therefore, we propose that surfacing the shared professional ethics between stakeholders can contribute to deeper collaborations between humans. In turn, these collaborations can lead to the building of trust in AI systems and tools. The research is informed by semi-structured interviews with thirty government professionals, archivists, historians, digital humanists, and computer scientists. Previous research has largely focused on preservation of digital records, rather than access to these records, and on archivists rather than records creators such as government professionals. This article is the first to examine the application of AI to digital archives as an issue that requires trust and collaboration across the entire archival circle (from record creators to archivists, and from archivists to users).
Orange-Collar Labor
Authors: Gibson-Light Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In addition to holding nearly one-quarter of the world’s legal captives, the United States puts them to work. Close to two-thirds of those held in state prisons hold some sort of job within their institution. For them, prison is not only a place of punishment, but a workplace as well. Yet very little is known about work behind bars. To illuminate the “black box” of modern prison labor, Michael Gibson-Light conducted eighteen months of ethnographic observations and over eighty interviews with currently incarcerated men and staff members within one of America’s many medium-security prisons. This book pulls together these accounts to paint a picture of daily labors on the inside, showing that not all prison jobs are the same, nor are all imprisoned workers treated equally. While some find value and purpose in higher-paying, more desirable jobs, others struggle against monotony and hardship in lower-paying, deskilled worksites. The result is a stratified prison employment system in which race, ethnicity, nationality, and social class help determine one’s position, which shapes their experiences of incarceration and often their ability to prepare for release. Through insightful first-hand perspectives and rich ethnographic detail, Orange-Collar Labor takes the reader inside the prison workplace, illustrating the formal prison economy and labor system alongside the informal black market on which many rely to survive. Highlighting moments of struggle and suffering, as well as hard work, cooperation, resistance, and dignity in harsh environments, it documents the lives of America’s working prisoners and the inequalities they face.
Schelling's Late Philosophy in Confrontation with Hegel
Authors: Dews Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book presents and evaluates the late philosophy (Spätphilosophie) of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) across a wide range of issues, extending from the relation between pure thinking and being, to the philosophy of mythology and religion, to the theory of history, to questions concerning the philosophy of nature and freedom. Simultaneously, it discusses Hegel’s treatment of similar issues, and systematically compares the two thinkers. This is the first time, in an English-language publication, that these two major German Idealists have been compared in such detail along such a broad front. The book begins with three chapters exploring the development of Schelling’s thinking concerning transcendental philosophy, nature and teleology, human freedom, and the meaning of history, from his earliest publications up to his middle years. Against this background, the book then presents Schelling’s distinction between “positive” and “negative” philosophy, the defining mark of his late philosophy. It explores his theory of pure a priori thinking (negative philosophy) and his account of the transition from negative to positive philosophy. The major components of Schelling’s positive philosophy, including his conception of “un-pre-thinkable being,” and his theories of mythology and revelation, are then discussed. Throughout these later chapters, a comparative assessment of Hegel’s approach to a comparable range of issues is sustained. Schelling emerges as a philosopher who traced his own highly distinctive path through the thicket of problems bequeathed by Kant, and whose systematic responses to these problems still merit serious consideration as alternatives to those of Hegel.
Blind Existing-ness
Authors: Dews Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by exploring Schelling’s concept of “un-pre-thinkable being” (das unvordenkliche Seyn), which inaugurates his positive philosophy, through an extended comparison with Jean-Paul Sartre’s notion of “being-in-itself” (l’être-en-soi) in Being and Nothingness (1943). Both thinkers develop what they describe as a “hypothesis” concerning what Sartre calls the “decompression” of being-in-itself, or the original emergence of the “for-itself” (le pour-soi) from the in-itself. For Schelling, in a comparable process, “necessarily necessary existing-ness” (i.e., the necessary being of the ontological argument) arises through the transformation of “contingently necessary existing-ness”—or “blind existing-ness”—into primordial possibility or potentiality (Urmöglichkeit). This distinctive twist on the ontological argument is compared to Hegel’s reworking of the argument. The chapter then explores the two philosophers’ respective concepts of Creation. It concludes by comparing Schelling’s account of the emergence of freedom within the natural world with Helen Steward’s defense of “agency incompatibilism” in her A Metaphysics for Freedom.
Conclusion
Authors: Dews Peter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By responding to the polarized structure of Fichte’s philosophy with a comprehensive rationalism Hegel eliminates the possibility of the modern genealogical perspective on human thought and behavior introduced by the “masters of suspicion,” Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche. The problem is that Hegel’s “basic operation” (Grundoperation), namely “self-negating negation,” entails that any constraint on consciousness is always already in the process of being overcome. Hegel’s fundamental definition of freedom is compared with Schelling’s in this regard. In contrast, Schelling’s equivalent Grundoperation (the decompression of blind being-ness) sustains an ontology that allows for the type of compulsion theorized by genealogy (taken as a general term for the hermeneutics of suspicion). It achieves this without eliminating, as genealogy tends to do, the very freedom which inquiry into hidden determinants is intended to enhance. This approach, which can be termed “affirmative genealogy,” is illustrated with reference to Schelling’s theory of mythology. The chapter concludes by considering the epistemological status of Schelling’s positive philosophy, which—in contrast to Hegel’s essentially retrospective conception of philosophy—entails a practical orientation toward the future.
Grace
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter relates individual stories of combat mercy, including the tale of Leutnant Friedrich Lengfeld’s final choice that made him a moral hero his foes could not forget. Within hours of hand-to-hand combat contesting a small forester’s hut, he and his men risked their lives to help an American they had tried to kill just the night before. It details Lengfeld’s act of mercy and grace, which so impressed his former enemies that they crossed the Atlantic again 50 years later to gather in silence and honor him. The chapter highlights the monument erected by Americans to honor Lengfeld, which is remarkable considering how few memorials to Wehrmacht troops stand on German soil. The monument stands in quiet nobility, as uncommon in its presence as the merciful warrior it remembers.
Truces
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how wars end and how belligerents stop fighting as a prelude to a return to peace. It notes that wars often end following experimental ceasefires or truces, sometimes spontaneous among opposing armies but more often negotiated. It explains how ceasefires return combatants to apprehended hostility in place of active killing: not peace, but a move away from war nevertheless. Most often, a local ceasefire is only a brief respite from fighting that may yet get far worse. The chapter recounts the false dawn in 1914 when elements of the Western armies paused fighting during the Christmas period. It shows how this did not happen again later in the Great War. It expands beyond Europe to consider other cultural periods of truce. Ramadan is the “best month in Allah’s eyes,” it is said, a time for peaceful contemplation in Muslim practice that often leads to calls for a halt to war. However, in practice, like the annual calls for truces in ongoing wars at Christmas, this tradition is mostly ignored or violated rather than respected, even when fighting coreligionists.
Prisoners
Authors: Nolan Cathal J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the motivations and mechanisms of surrender. How is violence limited in the midst of combat, and what risk is incurred deciding whether or not to kill enemy holdouts? It emphasizes how many offers to surrender do not invoke mercy, as some who try to quit fighting are still killed, often with callous cruelty. The chapter explores surrender practices and atrocities against prisoners over many centuries. It focuses on 20th-century practices and the evolution of laws governing treatment of prisoners, contrasted with real world practices. It details mistreatment of Black prisoners by Confederates in the American Civil War; differential treatment of POWs in World War II in Europe and Asia; and post–World War II treatment of prisoners around the world.
The Promise of Prosperity
Authors: Demetrious Kristin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Failures in public debates—those that are drawn out, divisive, confused, and that only arrive at a stalemate—are all too common. The emergence of this disheartening reality is all-encompassing and one in which many people feel powerless or averse to confront. This chapter explores neoliberalism, beyond the narrow lens of an economic theory, to understand its symbiosis with public relations, and how it has shaped public opinion and has worked to propel and transform wider social and cultural conditions to this end. Mapping out key neoliberal ideas, it also explores the authorization of public relations as an institutional site and a domain through the growth of global communication industries to understand what gave this phenomenon such extraordinary mobility and reach.
Airborne
Authors: Demetrious Kristin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Full-blown public relations responses by consultancies, on behalf of their clients, continue to embed strategic neonarratives in the public debates, shaping history with misinformation and conflict. Public relations plans like the GOP’s (2020) Corona Big Book to deal with the political fallout from the pandemic, and Peabody Energy’s (2014) “Advanced Energy for Life” (AEFL) campaign to promote “clean coal” to reduce greenhouse emissions, demonstrate “business as usual.” However, political “left and right” boundaries are shifting. The 2020 US presidential election showed two activist groups, seeking to puncture old realities and to build something new. Republican Voters Against Trump rejected false and divisive political discourse, while progressive activists promoted persuasive “deep canvassing.” This shows changing dynamics and resistance of the neoliberal narrative. So too does public interest communication (PIC), which attempts to align public relations to notions of the common good rather than organizational self-interest. But the hybrid practice remains firmly in the family of public relations, which is problematic. As such, political discourse may not change significantly unless the structures that hold these cultures in place change.
Introduction
Authors: Szabo Victor 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introductory chapter offers an exposition of the book’s overarching narrative while highlighting some of the core themes, scenes, and concerns that run through the four body chapters. It introduces the role of “head music” in the imagination of the 1960s psychedelic counterculture, as well as the developments in audio production that made ambient audio possible. It then describes how ambient audio was conceived in New Age circles as a “drugless” means of altering awareness, and how Brian Eno’s “ambient music” coinage rhetorically reframed this idea for hip highbrow and high-middlebrow markets. It concludes with an investigation of ambient music’s socioaesthetic value beyond its consciousness-altering function, and responds to various scholarly critiques of the ambient genre.
On the Frontiers
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with Helena’s early life up to the time of her encounter with Constantius, the father of her son Constantine. It surveys the demographic details we possess about her origins (social status, name, birthplace, birthdate) and what these data reveal about how Helena may have experienced political events of the mid-third century, and discusses the question of whether Helena was a tavern or even sex worker in her youth.
The Jazz Age
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
While Broadway may have been largely “off limits” to African-Americans, the musical team of Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle met the comedy duo of Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles and decided to create the all-black musical Shuffle Along. Not only did the musical run for 504 performances, but it launched the Harlem Renaissance and the careers of Josephine Baker, Adelaide Hall, and others. A popular song from the show, “I’m Just Wild About Harry,” was subsequently used by Harry S. Truman as his campaign song. Other lyricists were also influenced by the jazz and blues of the era’s music writers, such as George Gershwin, Richard Whiting, and Vincent Youmans. This chapter explores the fast-driving music of the jazz era and the lyrics that accompanied them.
De-Lovely: Cole Porter
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Like Irving Berlin, Cole Porter was able to write both words and music. However, unlike many of the successful lyricists of his time, Porter was not a New Yorker but a Hoosier, from Peru, Indiana. Viewed early in his career as a dilettante, Porter joined the French Foreign Legion to gain the experience he needed to become a better lyricist. In Europe, however, he lived the lavish life of an expatriate. His marriage of convenience provided a cover for his private life. The “Coleporteurs” traveled and entertained. Like Hart, some of Porter’s lyrics were a bit risqué and had to be bowdlerized including titles, “Let’s Do It (Let’s Fall in Love)”, for example, to be used in films because of the Production Code. This chapter focuses on Porter’s life and celebrates how it played an important role in his lyrics.
Paper Moons: Howard Dietz and E. Y. “Yip” Harburg
Authors: Furia Philip , Patterson Laurie J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Howard Dietz was the epitome of the debonair New Yorker. He spent time with the literati of the Algonquin Round Table. His writing sometimes was risqué for the times. His placement of words could suggest a singer’s frustration. He could write as urbanely and wittily as Hart or as sentimentally as Hammerstein. With Arthur Schwartz he became “master of the revue,” with hits from The Little Show. Yip Harburg found that writing verse was an “intellectual pursuit” and writing a song was an “emotional explosion.” One of his biggest hits was not the typical love song of the era. “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” was instead viewed by some as an attack against the American political system. Theatrical necessity frequently was the force behind his realistic portrayal of character and situation, whether it was the brooding “April in Paris,” the grounded “Brother,” or the jaded “It’s Only a Paper Moon.”
Coercive control and the agentic child
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter critiques the concept of childhood victimization that has dominated thinking on children and domestic violence since the inception of research on this topic. It asserts that coercive control is not simply something children are “exposed to,” but something that harms their whole experience of life in much more complex ways. While setting out the harms caused to children, this chapter also highlights the book’s approach of recognizing children’s strengths, agency, and active coping strategies. Importing a theoretical model of parent–child relations from the family studies research field, and showing how this model can enlighten the field of research on children and domestic violence, the chapter provides the reader with a platform to reimagine the roles of children in contexts of family adversity.
Knowledge, Skepticism, and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the implications of the fact that biased believers can have genuine knowledge. It argues that the possibility of biased knowing gives us good reason to reject various proposed norms of philosophical methodology. It then turns to the relationship between bias and skepticism and explores the question of whether we are biased in favor of commonsense: it argues that recognizing the possibility of biased knowing allows us to concede that there is a sense in which we are biased against skepticism while clearheadedly retaining our claims to have genuine knowledge despite the skeptic’s challenges. Finally, the chapter takes up questions about the relationship between bias and cognitive reliability. It argues that when it comes to our most basic ways of forming beliefs, we differ significantly from the practices of both paradigmatically biased thinkers and paradigmatically unbiased thinkers, and the philosophical significance of this fact is explored.
Commitments
Authors: Mayer Benoit 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The first part of the monograph identifies three types of obligations on the mitigation of climate change. These obligations are differentiated as a function of their source. Chapter II identifies commitments, that is obligations to which states consent specifically with the aim of fostering climate action. Commitments arise in particular under climate treaties. Chapter III identifies obligations on climate change mitigation arising from customary international law, whether as discrete obligations or as applications of broader principles. Finally, Chapter IV identifies implied obligations on climate change mitigation, focusing in particular on the obligations that can be inferred from human rights treaties.