bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Necessity of Both a Social and a Judicial Reckoning on Race
Authors: Bollinger Lee C. , Stone Geoffrey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter argues that affirmative action remains worthy of defense and protection because, for millions of Black Americans, the dream of equal social, economic, and educational opportunity remains a dream deferred. That Black Americans and other racial minorities now occupy senior chairs in many of our most prestigious and influential institutions is not an argument to end such policies, especially in the realm of education. Quite the opposite. Instead, leaders in higher education must advocate—robustly and publicly—in defense of affirmative action in the interest of civic equality. The chapter shows that the “diversity” rationale that has informed discussions and thinking about affirmative action since Justice Powell’s opinion in Bakke is not without validity. But it should not divert attention away from the core reason for these policies: the necessity of coming to terms with a history of invidious discrimination—one uniquely affecting Black Americans (and then extending to other historically disadvantaged groups).
Exporting the UK Policing Brand 1989-2021
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
UK policing has a vivid and long-lived international history that has ensured it brand resilience since the nineteenth century. What has helped the UK police to succeed internationally and how has the brand adapted to the new post-Cold War era of interventions? This book charts the history of UK international policing; an outward and inward flow of police personnel, skill, and knowledge which became integral to the historic journey of the UK police brand; a complex and dynamic overlapping of styles and activities nested within two broad models—English/civil and Irish/semi-military. Over time, UK policing has acquired a veritable brand value through the global commercialization and commodification of its policing activities in support of British soft power. Since 1989, the growth in international development and a period of post-Cold War interventions brought international policing into sharper focus—this book provides wide-ranging case studies including the Western Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, East Timor, and Libya to examine through the use of an extensive collection of police oral histories. Since the 1990s, international policing has become one of the key pillars within international security and development spaces generating the rise in a corporate security industry where demand for UK police retirees grew exponentially. The UK police brand has continued to reshape through the twenty-first century within a post-Brexit Global Britain, as Scotland and Northern Ireland drive forward their own international agendas, and policing and defence engagement enters a period of uncertainty.
From Peacekeeping to Statebuilding
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 1990s saw a wave of peacekeeping policing which is explored in this chapter through UK international policing case studies. The examples are drawn from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo exploring the deployment of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)/Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), and Ministry of Defence (MDP) police cohorts and, demonstrating the need for securitized approaches to peacekeeping, armed capability, and executive authority policing and a police-military co-operation. The chapter outlines the growing international capability of the RUC (later the PSNI) and the MDP within post-conflict scenarios, where the semi-military facets of the UK policing brand were of greatest value internationally. It provides a case study of the deployment of UK police to East Timor and the challenges faced by ‘civil’ police within hostile environments, as well as the requests for civil/English approaches to bilateral police reform and state building programmes in Sierra Leone, demonstrating the historical continuity of a ‘pick-and-mix approach’ within the UK policing brand.
Promoting the UK Policing Brand
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers attempts by UK policing to further professionalize international policing through the standardization of policy and to develop a government-owned international policing strategy. It examines delivery and oversight mechanisms including the role of the International Policing Assistance Board (IPAB), the provision of training to overseas officers and the role of the National Policing Improvement Agency and its successor the College of Policing. From 2010 to 2020, international policing (UK) underwent several rebranding exercises including the creation of the Association of Chief Police Officers International Affairs (ACPO IA) and the Joint International Policing Hub (JIPH). During this time the numbers of serving UK officers deployed internationally substantially decreased; a case study of the last UK United Nations deployment at scale to South Sudan is discussed. Recent government restructuring— the JIPH being moved to the Home Office in 2020—has led to a greater emphasis on blended approaches to international policing assistance combining the deployment of both serving and retired officers with a growing emphasis on bilateral programmes. However, the UK has maintained a crisis policing response through the International Policing Response Cadre where serving UK police provide assistance alongside the military in times of national and international crises.
‘Global Britain’ and the Future of International Policing Assistance
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the future of international policing and assesses the challenges faced by UK policing, nationally and internationally, following the UK’s departure from the EU, a period of continuing austerity and rising public security threats and a global health crisis. These factors have implications for the UK’s international development, foreign and security agendas moving forward. International policing assistance through the state sector will remain limited for the foreseeable future and particularly within multilateral missions, although greater integration with defence engagement may bring opportunities and newer forms of blended state–corporate assistance. UK police retirees and the corporate sector will continue to provide the bulk of international policing and as such may become the main guardians of the UK policing brand.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Sinclair Georgina 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Post 1989, the UK policing brand reinvigorated through an era of interventions and the need to select elements of the UK’s multifaceted brand, founded on a cross-fertilization of the civil/English and semi-military/Irish policing model. The international policing goldrush that occurred in the Western Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan has passed. UK policing faces uncertainty through the political and economic challenges brought about the UK’s withdrawal from the EU and a global health crisis. Moreover, the twenty first century UK policing brand has fragmented in terms of its international delivery with the advent of PSNI and Police Scotland with their own international policing agendas. In England and Wales, the forty-three constabularies have continued to engage directly with the overseas market despite a UK policing drive to centralize international policing demand. While the appetite for international missions and deployment of serving officers has waned, the corporate security industry (including police contractors) has flourished and has reinforced the UK police brand value. There are tensions, however, between the risks and rewards for UK government and police as the corporate sector has assumed a greater importance. This has become more relevant with the launch of the Global Britain initiative.
Towards a Reconstruction of Ostracism in Athens
Authors: Węcowski Marek 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter Two studies the history of ostracism in Athens, and in particular the much-debated issue of historicity and of absolute chronology of particular ostracisms (including the last effective use of ostracism in Athens—exiling Hyperbolus in ca. 416 bc). To this end, it preliminarily discusses the historical utility of the extant Athenian ostraka, possible sources of the list of ostracisms consulted by the Constitution of Athens ascribed to Aristotle, and ponders the question of potential historical ostracisms never mentioned in our extant sources. In conclusion, it is argued that the number of the historical ostrakophoriai, or final votes of ostracism, did not exceed those recorded in ancient literature (12–14 in total). Meanwhile, two features of ostracism requiring thorough investigation are the striking rareness of the historical cases of ostracism and the chronological discrepancy between the date of the introduction of the law of ostracism by Cleisthenes (most probably in 508/507 bc), and its first effective use 20 years later.
Environmentally sustainable plant aquaculture
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPlant aquaculture contributes &gt;96% of all wild and cultivated aquatic plants and represents a rapidly expanding branch of aquaculture. Aquaculture of marine seaweeds is most common, contributing to over a quarter (in wet weight) of all aquaculture products but accounting for &lt;1% of resale value. Seaweeds (macroalgae) are primarily produced as seafood marketed in dried form. They have high protein content and contain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamins, and other nutraceuticals. Non-seafood uses of seaweed as emulsifiers, pharmaceuticals, animal feeds, cosmetics, and biofuel add to its versatility. Seaweed is produced by extensive and semi-intensive methods, the latter utilizing fertilizer. Intensive production of microscopic life cycle stages in hatcheries and of all life cycle stages in greenhouses is also becoming more common. The most common seaweed grow-out methods are line and net cultures. Aquatic freshwater macrophytes are cultivated for human consumption (e.g. watercress) and produced for bioremediation, soil conditioning, habitat restoration, and as ornamental species. Microalgae provide many of the same benefits as seaweed and freshwater macrophytes when used for human consumption (as nutraceuticals). They are marketed primarily in dried form. Microalgae are also cultured to produce pigments, pharmaceuticals, and other bioactive compounds, biofuel, and for bioremediation purposes. Plant aquaculture represents an ecologically highly sustainable form of aquaculture but a shift from extensive and semi-intensive to more intensive culture methods would further increase its ecological sustainability by more efficient use and containment of fertilizer and by reducing spatial footprint and invasiveness.
Understanding sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first chapter of this book focuses on sexual violence and positions an understanding of sexual violence at the heart of our work on restorative justice. The chapter provides an overview of prevalence, definitions, and key dimensions of sexual violence. While adult males are the main perpetrators and adult females and children the main victims, this chapter also considers sexual violence against males, and sexual violence perpetrated by juveniles, females, and in times of war. It examines the impact of sexual victimisation on children and adults. It addresses the role of ‘rape myths’ as part of the social context for sexual violence. It also considers the resilience that mediates many of the worst impacts of sexual crime for some survivors. The chapter examines the literature on perpetrators of sexual violence including adult male, adolescent, and female perpetrators. Several explanatory theories for sexual violence, including feminist, psychological, and biological theories are also offered.
Sexual violence, criminal legal frameworks, and the need for reform
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on criminal legal frameworks as they relate to victims’ rights generally, cases of sexual violence specifically, and to the rights of accused persons. It examines the underlying assumptions and beliefs of victims of sexual violence in their decision to report or not to the criminal judicial authorities. It elaborates legal reforms in criminal justice systems designed to engender more victim-focused and victim-friendly proceedings. It examines the limits to legal reform. The chapter offers a broad international perspective on criminal justice, recognising the challenges that international comparative work in such a complex field of law poses. Despite the limitations, the chapter indicates trends and advances in thinking and practice across several jurisdictions. The chapter raises the question as to whether new paths, including restorative justice, should be developed to address the needs and interests of victims of sexual violence within a broader conceptualisation of a restorative criminal justice system.
International policy drivers and contexts
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An examination of recent international policy developments and instruments are pertinent to any discussion of sexual violence and restorative justice. This chapter examines these developments. The European Union (EU) 2012 Victims Directive on victims’ rights, supports and protections as it pertains to restorative justice anchors the chapter. It then examines the Council of Europe Convention (The Istanbul Convention) (2011), on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, which was established to protect women against all forms of violence, and prevent, prosecute, and eliminate violence against women. The Istanbul Convention is often invoked as a barrier to restorative justice in response to sexual and gender based violent crime. The Council of Europe Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)8 concerning restorative justice in criminal matters, the Milquet Report (2019) on compensation for victims, the European Strategy on Victims’ Rights 2020–2025 and UN developments on restorative justice are also analysed in this chapter. These instruments shed light on the international ‘mind’.
Restorative justice practice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a review of the main empirical literature available concerning the central topics of the book sexual violence and restorative justice. The literature spans over thirty years but the most recent is discussed at length. The topics covered include the aims, values, and principles of such a practice, but also explores the complicated relationship with the criminal justice/legal system. It evaluates the methodologies which are the most adequate for such sensitive and complex cases in our peaceful societies but also transitional justice tools for sexual violence that has been committed during conflicts or during unsettled times. The chapter also explores the different stages of such practices and looks at the eligibility, suitability criteria, and risk assessments needed for such practices as well as time limits and procedural safeguards and monitoring. The chapter ends by reviewing the literature on outcomes for victims, offenders, and the communities of care.
Restorative justice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of a self-administered web-based questionnaire which was completed by practitioners engaged in restorative justice in sexual violence cases across the globe. Having cleaned the data to avoid duplication the number of questionnaires analysed was seventy-four. Survey respondents were geographically dispersed and included respondents in Europe, North and South America, Oceania, Asia, and Africa. The survey aimed to establish as comprehensive a picture as possible of existing worldwide practice, policies and outcomes. Findings indicate that fully restorative justice programmes and quasi restorative practices in sexual violence cases are taking place under and above the radar for many years in many jurisdictions across the globe. The depth and detail of such work is presented in this chapter.
Training and guidelines for restorative justice practice after sexual violence
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on training, guidelines, and best practice for doing restorative justice work in cases of sexual violence. The chapter offers a general overview of existing training for restorative justice practitioners and goes on to make the case for specific specialist training for restorative justice practitioners who wish to practice in the area of sexual violence. The chapter offers important guidelines for best practice in facilitating sexual violence cases. It re-examines the key principles and philosophies underpinning this work. The guidelines for best practice are elaborated in depth and detail in an easy-to-follow guide for practitioners with a vast range of questions and issues comprehensively addressed.
Conclusion
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A number of important issues emerged during this research which are addressed in this chapter. The main findings from the empirical research are integrated with the theoretical literature advancing the theory of restorative justice for sexual violence. The feminist critique is re-examined to develop a theory of feminist restorative justice. The definitions and principles of restorative justice are also examined in light of the empirical data and drawing on the work of Walgrave (2008, 2020) the chapter proposes a maximalist consequentialist theory of restorative justice for sexual violence which is elaborated. Finally, a restorative justice framework for social and moral repair following the violations caused by sexual violence is developed. The chapter concludes by arguing for a reformed restorative criminal justice system.
Random Process Analysis With R
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe book targets professionals and graduate students in physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, information theory, economics, environmental science and others, as an introduction to Random Processes Analysis (RPA) using R computer language. It seeks to put RPA within the operational reach of the projected audience, and provides readers with hands-on practical experience in applying RPA with simple numerical examples and applications taken from the targeted disciplines. The book is organized around a practical framework for soundly applying RPA in empirical work. First, consistent with modern trends in university instruction, the book make readers active learners. Second, the book provides readers with an explicit framework—condensed from sound empirical practices recommended in the literature—that details a step-by-step procedure for applying RPA in real-world data application of RPA concepts. Therefore, this book is intended to present concepts, theory and computer code written in R, that helps readers with limited initial knowledge of RPA to become operational with the material. Each subject is described and problems are implemented in the R code, with real data collected in experiments performed by the authors or taken from the literature. Various subjects are described such as a Poisson processes, Markov chains, Random walk, Spectrum Analysis, Montecarlo, Bayesian inference, Genetic Algorithms and Spatial Analysis. The book ends with a Chapter addressing randomness from a mathematical and philosophical standpoint.
Ripples of Empire
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Whereas the United Kingdom had possessed the largest European colonial empire in Asia, spanning from India to South East Asia and from China to the South Pacific, decolonization fundamentally curtailed its presence in the region. London’s regional footprint became smaller than that of post-colonial France but larger than that of Germany. This, in turn, shaped the relative breadth of its strategic and economic interests and the course of its foreign and security policy in the region. This chapter shows that Beijing’s growing assertiveness in the 2010s—and British policymakers’ perceptions of it—led the United Kingdom to strategically re-engage the East of Suez. In particular, growing regional economic interests and, crucially, rising threat perceptions of China caused the hardening of the United Kingdom’s policy goals and, in turn, a strengthening of the policy instruments leveraged to achieve such goals in the region. To substantiate this argument, the first two sections analyse the evolution of London’s economic interests in the region and of British policymakers’ threat assessment of China as central drivers of the United Kingdom’s foreign and security policy in the Asia-Pacific. The subsequent two sections show how rising economic interests and, decisively, a heightened threat assessment of China caused London to revise its policy goals and the resulting policy instruments, driving it to bolster its political-military engagement in the Asia-Pacific in the 2010s. It also considers the impact of Brexit on UK-European diplomatic and security cooperation in the Asia-Pacific.
Objectivity
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
hWhat is objectivity and how does it serve science? We answer this by addressing the related question, ‘What do you expect of science or scientists when you enjoin them to be objective?’. Our answer: they should find out what is to be achieved and what methods will succeed in achieving it. The emphasis on finding ups the ante. But these demands are not above and beyond the call of the duty to be objective. What science produces affects human lives and welfare. Part of what earns it the honorific ‘objective’ is that science tends to get it right, and getting it right requires that the right methods are adopted to ensure that a scientific product will serve the aims it should reasonably be expected of it. We argue that without the right kind of tangle in the background that these two demands will be difficult to satisfy.
The Tangle
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we offer three different arguments to support our claim that a virtuous tangle is a symptom of scientific reliability and is conductive to it. First, standard theories of confirmation presuppose tangles of the kind we advocate. Second, standard post hoc analyses of the failure of scientific endeavours generally find as part of the reason for failure that something from the tangle that should have been there was missing or faulty. Third, the more numerous and well-defined are the other pieces that a scientific creation must work with to achieve a goal, the fewer options there are about what it must be like. Finally, we provide a fuller account of what we mean by a tangle, what should be in a tangle for it to merit the label ‘virtuous’, and why that could make for reliability.