bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spruce Spider Mite Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 1980 study showed that 1.5 oz/gal or 3.0 oz/gal of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap applied by backpack blower or hydraulic sprayer was efficacious for controlling spruce spider mites. The present study was a temporal and spatial replication of the lower application rate (1.5 oz/gal) applied by both backpack mist blower and hydraulic sprayer. Approximately 300 trees at the Mountain Research Station, Waynesville, NC were divided into 6 blocks. Two blocks were randomly selected as controls while the remaining blocks were treated with 1.5 oz/gal of soap and applied with a Solo backpack mist blower. Ten, 5-cm twig samples were taken from the center of each plot and analyzed for eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of the spruce spider mite. Twig samples were taken before treatment and 1, 2, and 4 wks after treatment. Two 50-tree plots, in Ashe County, NC, were divided into 2 blocks each. Each plot had a treated block and a control block. The treated blocks were sprayed by hydraulic sprayer with 1.5 oz/gal of soap. One, 5-cm twig sample was taken from each tree in all 4 blocks and analyzed for eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults of the spruce spider mite. Twig samples were taken before treatment and 1 and 3 wk after treatment.
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P. , Hastings Felton 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two concentrations of Dursban (0.5% and 0.125%) and 2 of Pounce (0.25% and 0.125%) were evaluated for control of the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (BWA). Tests were conducted on a Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation in Jackson County, NC. Five plots with approximately 50 trees per plot were each sprayed with 1 of the concentrations of Pounce or Dursban using a hydraulic sprayer. The remaining plot was left as a control. Ten bark samples using a No. 9 cork borer, were taken from the Dursban plots while 20 and 5 samples were taken from the Pounce and control plots respectively. Samples were taken from the base of each tree stem before and 2 wk after spraying and during the next generation of aphids. The bark samples were kept refrigerated until microscopically analyzed for the four life stages of BWA. Living and dead BWA were counted and recorded.
Control of Eastern Spruce Budworm on Blue Spruce with Kryocide, 1983
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Scully Tom 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Kryocide were tested for efficacy against fifth instar spruce budworm on Christmas trees in Colebrook, N.H. Treatment trees were about 1.5 meters tall. Four budworm-infested trees were randomly seleced for each treatment. Foliar applications were made using a 3.8 liter handsprayer and sprays were applied to the point of runoff. Sprays applied 16 June were likely washed off by showers. Sprays were applied June 17. The treatments were rated on 21 June, 4 days later. The number of living larvae found in 5 min was determined for each single-tree replicate.
Aerial Tests of Organophosphate Insecticides Against the Sitka Spruce Weevil, 1983
Authors: Warkentin Dennis L. , Gara Robert I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 15-year-old, 38 ha Douglas-fir/Sitka spruce plantation within the upper Hoh River valley in western Washington was the test site for aerial spray trials of Orthene and Metasystox-R against the Sitka spruce weevil in 1982 and 1983, respectively. A helicopter equipped with a 15.25-m spray boom with 64 nozzles along its length (#325 and #228, alternated; #46 swirl plates) was used for both tests; only the #325 nozzles were used in 1983. Four 1.6 to 2.0-ha rectangular treatment plots were established at random within the plantation. Spruce stocking density was ca. 900 trees/ha, and trees ranged 2-12 m in height in 1982. In the 1982 acephate test, Kromekote spray cards recorded droplet deposition, and weevils plus spruce material from sprayed and unsprayed areas were collected subsequent to treatment for mortality and oviposition assessment. Efficacy evaluations were carried out in August of both years by scoring all spruce within 10-m radius subplots for presence or absence of visible, weevil-induced leader damage. Three subplots were randomly located at least 15 m inside each of the 4 treated plots; an equal number of subplots were similarly located in unsprayed areas.
Control of Gypsy Moth on Mountain Ash with Kryocide, 1984
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Kyrocide were tested for field efficacy against fourth instar Gypsy Moth on ornamental trees. One infested tree was randomly selected for each treatment. Trees were about 2 meters in height. Foliar applications were made using a 3.8 liter handsprayer and sprays were applied to the point of runoff. The first spray was applied on 26 May ‘84. Due to excessive rain, a second spray was applied as soon as weather permitted on 7 Jun ‘84. Treatments were rated on 15 Jun ‘84. Each of 4 replicates consisted of a randomly selected branch on each treatment tree. Larval counts consisted of the number of live larvae on 10 randomly selected leaves per branch (replicate). Defoliation consisted of percent leaf area missing on these same leaves. Each defoliation count was an average of 2 independent estimates.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1984
Authors: Weaver J. E. , Coulson T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Preston Country Club, Kingwood, WV. Entire greens ranging in size from 3,780 to 10,350 sq. ft. were used as test plots. Treatments were applied 17 Aug. Each treatment was applied to 2 greens with a Broyhill sprayer mounted on a Cushman vehicle. The average amount of spray used was 3.2 gal/1000 sq. ft. Greens were irrigated within 0.5 h after treatment with about 5 gal water/1000 sq. ft. There was no precipitation during the trial period. Rates of applications [lb (AI)/gal] were calculated on the basis of the amount of spray used for each green; intended rates (based on sprayer calibration and mixtures) were Baythroid 0.04 and 0.06, Cymbush 0.04 and 0.06, Pounce 0.05 and 0.2, FMC 54800 0.02, PP 321 0.04, and Triumph 1.0. Prior to treating and before mowing, all greens were examined for active cutworm burrows and the numbers recorded. Counts of active burrows were made in the same manner 3 DAT and the difference from pretreat counts are expressed as % control.
Grub Control in Bermuda Grass, 1983-84
Authors: Bartheld Bill , King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluated for control of grubs infesting a lawn in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Treatment plots were 5 x 10 ft., arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Treatments were made on 17 May and 24 Aug ‘83. Sprays were applied with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 100 psi. Granular formulations were applied using a Scots granular lawn spreader. All treatments were irrigated after application. Post-treatment counts of larvae were made on 7 Jul 83 and 7 Mar ‘84. Four sod samples (1 sq. ft.) were randomly taken from each replicate. Prior to treatment, an average of 5.5 grubs per sq. ft. was found across the test area. The majority of the larvae (90%) were Cyclocephala sp.
Apple: Summer Evaluation of NC21314, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Summer use of NC21314 alone, in combination with Carzol, and Carzol and Plictran were evaluated in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Plots consisted of four, single-tree replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design, using cultivars ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Stayman’ and ‘York’. Spray dates were 15 May, 11 Jul, 16 Aug and 28 Aug. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate.
Birch, Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Birch Aphid, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
B. pendula (4.5 m tall) and B. pubescens (3.5 m tall) growing in an experimental birch planting at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides against birch aphid. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 2 was used to deliver 960 ml of finished spray to each of 2 ‘pendula’ and 640 ml to 1 ‘pubescens’ for each treatment. Application was made 4 Sept under clear, evening skies at 18°C with no breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT (days after treatment) by holding a collection tray beneath 2 branches per tree and striking each branch twice. Collections were placed in glass vials; aphids were counted in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. The same procedure was followed to make pre-counts on the day of application, prior to treatment, to provide baseline information on aphid population density.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-three insecticide treatments were applied 31 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 by 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. The experimental plot was irrigated for 20 min, but irrigation did not occur until 18 h after replication. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 79°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 79°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 7.1; % organic matter, 3.2; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 1.25 inches; and partly cloudy skies. Posttreatment counts were made 29 days later (29 Sept). Three ft2 sod samples were taken from the center of each replicate and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft2 sample.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1984
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a lawn in Wooster, Ohio (Wayne Co.). Thatch accumulation was 0.0-0.75 inch and temperature at treatment time (20 Apr) was 55°F. The grubs were third ins tars. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. Individual plots were 10 x 10 ft. Liquid applications were made using a John Bean centrifugal pump sprayer with three 11005 Teejet nozzles mounted on a boom, operating at full throttle with a 100 ml per second spray rate; at 100 gal water/acre. Granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader or a 2-ft Gandy drop spreader. Rainfall (0.65 inch) occurred 2 days after treatment with an additional 0.58 inches falling the following 2 days. Surviving grubs were sampled 52 days after treatment by randomly cutting five 7-inch X 7-inch X 3-inch deep plugs into each 10X10 ft plot.
Citrus Mealybug Control, 1984
Authors: Schultz Peter B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse grown coleus in 4-inch containers artificially infested with mealybugs were selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied to runoff on 10 Jan using a 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayer. The treatments were evaluated beginning 1 wk after application by counting the number of mealybugs per plant. There were 5 replications per treatment. Greenhouse temperature at treatment was 65°F.
Pear Slug Control on Cotoneaster, Ft. Colons, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wright Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pear slug larvae were collected Jul 30 from cotoneaster at the Plant Environmental Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO. Larvae were divided into groups of 5 and placed in Petri dishes for a total of 55 larvae/treatment. Immediately after larval collection, foliage was treated to runoff using a CO2 compressed air sprayer. A light rain shower followed the application within minutes. After foliage had dried, foliage was collected and fed to larvae. Mortality was observed 24 and 48 h after exposure of larvae to treated foliage.
Control of Fall Webworm on Crabapple, 1984
Authors: Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Freeman Richard , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, Oklahoma. Fieldgrown crabapple trees 6-8 ft high were utilized in randomized and replicated (3x) experiments. All treatments were applied to the foliage and webbing with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff on 6 Jul when the temperature and wind velocity was 90°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. The plants were infested with 1-3 webs containing approximately 75-200 larvae per web. Percent mortality was determined by checking 10 larvae from each replicate.
Elm Bark Beetle Mortality on Lab-Sprayed Bark Chips, 1978
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Willis Mark A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Suspended from the edge of a horizontally rotating 27 inch bicycle wheel, four 35 mm x 35 mm elm bark chips were sprayed with an insecticide during 1 pass before a compressed air paint spray gun beneath the wheel axle. The gun delivered 2.2 ml/sec and the wheel turned 4 rpm. This apparatus was in the opening of a laboratory evacuation hood. Bark chips, including some sapwood, had been cut with a band saw from 100 mm dia log disks from a recently felled tree. When each sprayed chip was nearly dry it was dropped into a 0.5 pt tapered Mason glass jar having a 100-mesh screen lid and the bottom covered with a disk of paper towel. Beetles react abnormally on glass as compared with paper. The jar was placed in a randomized position on the first of 4 parallel lines on a laboratory table; the next jar was placed on the next line; etc. A draft of air from a household fan covered the table. The foregoing procedure was repeated for each insecticide. Sprays of all insecticides were agitated and buffered to pH 6. On each of the following 4 days a separate line of jars was infested with 25 beetles per jar from a laboratory culture of infested elm logs in 5 gal lard cans; each day represented 1 of 4 replicates. Moribund and dead beetles were counted after 24 h and data analyzed once in 1977 and twice during 1978.
Killing Adult Elm Bark Beetles in the Bark, 1981
Authors: Brown Leland R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1979 five elm bolts, each 8 inches long by 4 inches diam and in separate 5-gal screened lard cans, were each infested with 25 male and 25 female adults. The cans were in a continuously lighted room maintained at 85°F. After 3 wk these parent adults were removed from the logs and cans with a vacuum cleaner, thus leaving the logs infested only with progeny as eggs and larvae under the bark. One log was set aside as an untreated check and each of the other logs was sprayed to run-off with a particular insecticide using a laboratory paint gun sprayer. The insecticides were used at the equivalent rate of 16 lb AI/100 gal spray except Pydrin was used at 3.2 lb AI/100, which is 16X the recommended agricultural rate. Sprays were buffered to pH 6.0. After drying the sprayed, infested logs were again confined in the lard cans at ca 75°F. From 3 to 11 wk after treatment progeny adults emerged from the logs and were counted. After adult emergence ceased the bark on each log was examined under a 10-power microscope and the bark routed to the depth of the bark beetle pupal chamber with a drill bit in a Moto-Tool. The dead adults in the bark were counted. Their locations varied from the pupal chamber to partial protrusion from the bark, with the more toxic insecticides stopping movement nearer the pupal chambers. This experiment was repeated again in 1980 and in 1981. With each year serving as a replicate the 3 years data were subjected to a 2-way ANOVA.
Control of Mimosa Webworm with Soil-Applied Metasystox-R (Msr), 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J. , Joyner B. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two blocks of honey locusts, with 4 trees/block, growing in a clay-loam soil in northern Columbus, OH, were used in this test. A moderate to heavy population was present at the time of treatment on 17 Jul 84. The trees were 12-15 ft tall and planted about 3 ft apart in each block. Trees were about 2 inches DBH, and growing in a mixed bluegrass and fine fescue turf. There was some mulch around the base of the tree trunks. MSR-2E was applied at the rate of 1.5 oz of 2E per inch DBH. This was diluted with water so that 7.5 gal of the MSR mixture (1.33% AI W:W) was applied per 1000 SF. Applications were made by removing a 1-inch soil core, 4 inches deep and pouring 6 oz of the solution into each hole and replacing the plug. Holes (9 holes/tree) were 2.5 ft apart and placed beneath the canopy area of the tree. Rainfall was below normal, with less than 6 inches occurring during the test period.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Trunk Sprays and Treated Tree Bands, Pa, 1984
Authors: Shetlar David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A mixed forest stand with red oaks (7-10 m tall) was selected in Centre Co., PA on 11 Jun after inspection revealed numerous first and second instar larvae. Five treatments (3 Pydrin trunk sprays, 1 tree banding, 1 foliar spray, 1 check) were replicated 6 times in a RCB design. Treatments were first applied 14 Jun when larvae were third and fourth instars. Trunk sprays were applied from ground level to 8 ft using a 1.5-gal stainless steel compression sprayer. A second trunk spray was applied on 28 Jun. The 3-inch-wide plastic foam tree band was treated every week (5682D113-7). The foliar spray was applied using a Solo backpack mist blower. Pesticides were first applied between 15:00 and 17:30 with wind 2-4 mph and temperature 73-78°F. Larval assessment was made by counting the number of dead larvae found at the tree base and by using a 1-minute time count of live larvae visible on lower branches and foliage.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Marian Seefurth’ Anthurium, Hawaii, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted in Apr to Jul on plants grown in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants. Insecticides and acaricides were applied to runoff with a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. Fourteen weekly applications of selected insecticides, and acaricides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal: Avermectin 0.15EC, 0.04 and 0.08; Danitol 2.0EC, 0.2 and 0.4; Dursban 50W, 1.0 and 2.0; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Pentac Aquaflow 4.OF, 0.5 and 1.0; Kelthane 1.6EC, 0.4 and 0.8. During the test period, the avg max temp was 28.4°C and the avg min temp was 19.8°C.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, Madison and Wooster, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 15 species of woody plants at a container nursery in Madison, OH. All treatments were applied to 3 plants each 7 Jul with weather sunny, 21°C with a 1.6-3.2 kph breeze. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm2) was used to apply spray to runoff. Plants receiving Pydrin were retreated 8 Aug and 1 Sep when weather was sunny, 24°C with a 8-24 kph wind. Plants were inspected for phytotoxicity 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment. Pydrin treatments were evaluated, as above, on 4 additional species at Wooster. Plants were sprayed 1 Sep and Oct (sunny, 24°C with 8-24 kph wind) and 2 Nov (sunny, 18°C with 16-24 kph wind).
Phytotoxicity Trials on Potted Chrysanthemum Plants, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on potted chrysanthemum plants, C. morifolium, var. Spirit, var. Circus, var. Jade, var. Radiant, San Diego County, Calif, evaluated the effects of 1 x, 2x, and 4x rates of FMC 54800 2E (1 x = 0.155 lb AI/100 gal) and avid 0.15E (1 x = 0.003 lb AI/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff using a 2-gal B&G sprayer with a 8003 Spray Systems nozzle @ 60 psi. Nine weekly applications were made beginning 1 Aug, with the final treatment applied to open blooms. The test was replicated 5 times, with one 8-inch pot per replicate. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly, continuing 2 wk after the final application.
Apple, Early Season Test of Acaricides, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 13-year-old orchard at the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, N.J. was used in this test. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of Golden Delicious (replicated twice), Red Delicious and Stayman (1 replicate each) in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to runoff, ca. 5 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10-25 leaves from each tree, brushing mites onto glass plates, counting mites and eggs on 4 and 26 Jun, and counting motile mites on 11 Jul, 23 Jul and 7 Aug. ERM days = total accumulation of mite days from petal-fall (24 May) to the last counting date. Mite days were calculated as follows: MD = MDl + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MDl = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to log x + 1 prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Scots Pine, Efficacy of Insecticides Against European Pine Sawfly, Carroll Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pinus sylvestris (1 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used for evaluating toxicity of insecticides against half-grown larvae (7-10 mm long). Infested trees were sprayed 21 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 3 for 15 sec to deliver ca. 300 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates per treatment. The sky was overcast at 24°C with no breeze during application. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 24 May by counting the number of live larvae in the largest colony per tree.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Container-Grown Taxus, 1982
Authors: Moore R. E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In late May, one-year-old Taxus plants were planted in 6-inch plastic pots in a commercial “shrub mix” consisting of equal parts of peat, sand and composted hardwood bark. The pH of the mix was 5.8. The potted plants, which were 1-year-old liners, were kept at a container area at the Valley Laboratory and were fertilized, watered, and hand weeded as necessary. The overhead irrigation system was used about 4-5 days every week through Jul and Aug to thoroughly soak the containers each time it was used. On 28 Jun, BVW eggs in the brown stage, were scattered onto the container surface and gently scratched into the upper 0.5 inch of soil of each pot. Ten plants were used for each treatment (1 plant equalling a replication) and the test was arranged in a randomized design. On 29 Jul, when larvae were in the first and second growth stages, insecticides were applied to the soil surface of the containers. Liquid formulations were mixed with 8 oz of water (pH 6.8) and washed into each pot and granular formulations were scattered into the soil and washed in with 8 oz of water. In early Nov, 5 plants from each treatment were randomly selected for making counts of surviving larvae. All soil from each container was screened to retrieve surviving larvae.