bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of head‐down tilt in experimental acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Ai , Zhang Nan‐Nan , Cui Yu , Chen Hui‐Sheng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundCollateral therapeutics exert a promising protective effect on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be modulated by different head positioning. The current study aimed to determine the effect of head‐down tilt (HDT) on stroke in a rodent model.MethodsThe model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) was used in this study. Neurological deficit scoring, 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, brain water content, perivascular aquaporin protein‐4 (AQP4) localization, pericyte marker platelet‐derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), and CBF velocity were evaluated at 24 h after MCAO/R and HDT treatment.ResultsIn the rat model of MCAO/R, brain infarct volume and neurological deficit score were significantly alleviated in the −30° and −60° groups compared to those in the lying flat (0°) group. Compared with the 0° group, an increase in CBF velocity was detected in the −30° group through two‐photon microscopy imaging at 24 h after MCAO/R. Compared with the SHAM group, a decrease in PDGFRβ was observed in both the MCAO/R and HDT treatment (−30°) groups. The integrated optical density of PDGFRβ was found to be higher in the HDT treatment (−30°) group than in the MCAO/R group. An impairment in perivascular AQP4 polarity and an increase in brain water content were observed after MCAO/R, which were not exacerbated by HDT treatment (−30°).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that HDT treatment at certain degrees may exert a neuroprotective effect after MCAO/R through improving CBF velocity and the protection of pericytes.
Relative heights of the withers and the tubera sacrale and angulation of the lumbar and pelvic regions in horses with hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy, sacroiliac joint region pain and other orthopaedic injuries
Authors: Gruyaert Mounia , Pollard Danica , Dyson Sue 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn non‐lame horses, the tubera sacrale (TS) are usually lower than or, less commonly, equal in height to the withers. Thoracolumbosacral, pelvic and hindlimb posture/conformation may be influenced by musculoskeletal pain, and development and function of epaxial, pelvic and abdominal muscles.ObjectivesTo investigate relationships between (1) conformation of the withers and pelvis and orthopaedic injuries; (2) tarsal angles and relative heights of the withers and TS.Study designRetrospective cross‐sectional clinical study.MethodsHorses (n = 193) presented for lameness or poor performance with a conclusive diagnosis based on abolition of clinical signs by diagnostic anaesthesia and imaging were included. Polystyrene hemispheres were adhered to the withers, TS and tubera ischiadica (TI). Lateral photographs were acquired with each horse standing squarely, with the head and neck in a neutral position, the metatarsal regions vertical, aligned with the TI. Relative heights of the withers and TS were determined using ImageJ. A line from the TS to the TI relative to the horizontal defined the pelvic angle. A line from the TS tangential to the lumbar region relative to the horizontal defined the lumbar angle. Measurements were compared across four injury groups consisting of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy, primary sacroiliac joint region pain, a combination of both, and other causes of lameness.ResultsThe withers height was ≥TS in 138/193 (71.5%) horses; the withers were lower than the TS in 55/193 (28.5%) horses. Pelvic and lumbar angles ranged from 20.0–42.7° (mean 28.9°, SD 3.4°) and 6.3–18.7° (mean 12.2°, SD 2.3°), respectively. No association between measurements and injury groups was determined.Main limitationsThere was a lack of non‐lame control horses. It was not possible to differentiate between innate conformation versus acquired posture.ConclusionsWithers height was <TS in a larger proportion of lame horses compared with published data for non‐lame horses.
Diminished cortical bone density of long bones among children with haemophilic arthropathy
Authors: Tlacuilo‐Parra Alberto , Soto‐Padilla Janet , Toro‐Castro Luis , Gutierrez‐Hermosillo Violeta , Guevara‐Gutierrez Elizabeth 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionChildren with haemophilia (CwH) have lower bone mineral density in the spine (trabecular bone) than healthy children. There are few studies focusing on bone mineral density in long bones (cortical bone).AimTo evaluate bi‐laterally the distal third of radius and midshaft tibias using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and assess the speed of sound (SoS).MethodsA cross‐sectional study where 91 CwH and 91 age‐matched healthy boys were included. Joint evaluation was determined with the Haemophilia Joint Health Score 2.1 and SoS values. The Z scores were measured with the Sunlight Omnisense 8000 S equipment.ResultsNinety‐one CwH (haemophilia A) were evaluated (26 mild form, 26 moderate, and 39 severe). Most patients were treated with on‐demand factor replacement and had higher total HJHS scores according to severity (4.8, 14.8 and 14.1, respectively). Patients with moderate and severe disease showed a statistical difference in SoS values for both radius and tibias compared to controls. QUS Z‐scores ≥‐2 were more frequent in radius and tibias in CwH, but were statistically significant only in tibias when compared to controls (in 30% mild, 46% moderate, 28% severe, respectively).ConclusionsThere was diminished cortical bone density in radius and tibias of CwH compared to healthy controls. Changes predominated in tibias, more frequently affected according to the severity of haemophilia. Early intervention with factor replacement combined with physical activity are key aspects to promote bone health.
Molecular‐level composition design for efficient synthesis of SiAlON ceramics
Authors: McGarrity Kade A. , Ning Kaijie , Shulman Holly S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSiAlONs are a class of liquid‐phase sintered ceramics with excellent room‐temperature strength and toughness, but whose residual grain boundary glass softens at high temperatures, limiting use in extreme environments. For this reason, efforts are made to minimize the volume of the grain boundary glass while still facilitating full densification. This work describes a potential route for the densification of SiAlONs with very low concentrations of liquid‐phase sintering additive (e.g., rare‐earth oxides such as yttria) by using an organometallic precursor. Solid solution of Al and O in the Si3N4 lattice was accomplished through the incorporation of solute atoms via liquid organic precursor aluminum sec‐butoxide (ASB). Al2O3 powder is conventionally used for this purpose, and the subsequent lattice softening associated with the solid solution helps to facilitate densification. However, a liquid‐phase additive is still essential for the full densification of SiAlONs. Higher densities were obtained from SiAlON powder blends utilizing organometallic ASB than those utilizing alumina powder, allowing for greater densification at very low Y2O3 concentrations. The thermal decomposition of the organic precursor was investigated by high‐temperature scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and various X‐ray diffraction experiments. Immersion density measurements and lattice parameter refinements were performed for samples sintered with varying Y2O3 concentrations and/or dwell times. Results indicate that ASB‐containing powder blends favor SiAlON formation more strongly than Al2O3‐containing powder blends and favor densification at very low Y2O3 concentration.
Allopatric speciation, niche conservatism and gradual phenotypic change in the evolution of European green lizards
Authors: Enriquez‐Urzelai Urtzi , Martínez‐Freiría Fernando , Freitas Inês , Perera Ana , Martínez‐Solano Íñigo , Salvi Daniele , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimThe contributions of historical biogeography, morphology and climatic niche evolution in shaping species diversification have been typically examined separately. To fill this gap, we assessed the relative role of geologic history, environment and phenotypic trait evolution in lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.LocationEurasia and North Africa.TaxonGreen lizards (genera Timon and Lacerta).MethodsFor all green lizard lineages, we characterized distributional ranges and external morphological traits across discrete biogeographical areas, occupied macro‐habitats and climatic niches using environmental variables that represent average and extreme climatic conditions. To assess the contribution of geographical factors in shaping diversity patterns, we evaluated the fit of 24 biogeographical models. We used BAMM and estimated phylogenetic signal to assess the rates of lineage diversification and of phenotypic and climatic niche evolution, and to determine whether these processes occurred steadily or at specific time periods as a response to palaeogeological or palaeoclimatic events. Finally, we tested for associations between phenotypic traits and lineage diversification using trait‐dependent diversification analyses (QuaSSE, ES‐sim and STRAPP).ResultsBiogeographical analyses favoured a dispersal–vicariance model explaining speciation patterns in green lizards, including jump dispersal and constrained dispersal by geographical distance. Lineages accumulated gradually towards the present, with minor divergence in morphological traits and conservatism of climatic niches. In contrast, in the Lacerta agilis lineage, niche evolution may have allowed expansion towards colder environments. Morphological and climatic niche evolution were uncoupled from diversification rates.Main ConclusionsBiogeographical processes largely explain the constant lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean Basin since the Miocene, followed by gradual phenotypic divergence unrelated to cladogenesis. Climatic niche conservatism promoted the accumulation of lineages within the Mediterranean, except for L. agilis, where climatic niche evolution might underpin its range spread towards higher latitudes.
Early ontogeny of the commercially valuable fish red‐bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) from the Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Santos Zaqueu , Oliveira Lucas S. , Cajado Ruineris A. , Silva Fabíola K. S. , Silva Lenise V. F. , Zacardi Diego M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe initial development of the red‐bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus is described using morphological, meristic and morphometric characteristics. A total of 127 individuals were analysed (47 in the yolk‐sac, 35 in pre‐flexion, five in flexion, 20 in post‐flexion and 20 in juvenile) with standard length varying between 2.92 and 48.61 mm. The larvae are born poorly developed and have a discoidal yolk at ~6.33 mm standard length. During early ontogeny, the mouth passes from terminal to subterminal and the anal opening reaches the vertical line over the midline region of the body. There are changes in body shape from long and moderate to deep, head length from small to large, and eye diameter from moderate to large. Dendritic chromatophores were present in the ventral, dorsal and upper part of the swim bladder in the early larval stages. Rounded spots are evident all over the body in juveniles. The total number of myomeres ranges from 39 to 41 (20–23 pre‐anal, 17–20 post‐anal). Through the morphometric relationships, it was evidenced that the greatest changes during the initial ontogeny of P. brachypomus occur in the transition from the post‐flexion stage to the juvenile period, indicating changes in behaviour, foraging and physiology.
Interfamily wide hybridization between daylily (Hemerocallis, Xanthorrhoeaceae) and lycoris (Lycoris, Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Lv Yi , Gao Yike , Cui Yuxuan , Wang Ying , Fan Zhuping , Guan Chunjing , Zhang Qixiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDaylily (Hemerocallis) is a perennial with high ornamental value. It is difficult to obtain innovative daylily germplasm by conventional crossbreeding. To enrich the genetic variation of Hemerocallis, daylily was used as male parent to cross with lycoris (Lycoris). Artificial pollination and embryo rescue were performed to overcome reproductive isolation. Cross‐compatibility and pollen germination were analysed to investigate interfamily reproductive isolation. Leaf morphological analysis and inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were performed to identify the hybrid at seedling stage. Results showed that most pollen grains failed to adhere to stigmas, and pollen tubes germinated in a disordered direction. Ten days after pollination, 77.19% of ovaries aborted. Ovaries were harvested only in 10 hybridization combinations, the fruit setting rates were 7.69%–42.86%, and the ovule numbers were 0–6.0 per ovary. One embryo developed into plantlets eventually, whose parental combination was L. aurea × H. ‘My Complementary’. The hybrid was identified and exhibited both intermediate and novel characteristics of parents. This research is the first attempt to explore a protocol to obtain interfamily hybrid between daylily and lycoris.
Brazilian perspective: antimicrobial stewardship in solid organ transplant
Authors: Porto Ana Paula Matos , Tavares Bruno de Melo , de Assis Denise Brandão , Mendes Elisa Teixeira , Girão Evelyne Santana , Perdigão Neto Lauro Vieira , Falcão Maria Alice Pimentel , de Oliveira Maura Salaroli , Freire Maristela Pinheiro , Guimaraes Thais , Arantes Tiago , Levin Anna Sara , Costa Silvia Figueiredo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) infections among solid organ transplant (SOT) patients is very high in Brazil.MethodsThis review will discuss antimicrobial use and resistance in SOT in Brazil, highlighting the main barriers and facilitators for implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP).ResultsThe most common group of MDROs is carbapenem‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus. Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacterales (CREs) are the most frequent MDROs and have been reported as donor‐derived as well. Although ASPs are mandatory in the country, there is a lack of information regarding ASPs in SOT recipients. The main barriers for the implementation of ASPs in Brazilian hospitals are lack of electronic medical records, absence of national guidelines specific to SOT recipients, lack of recommendations on surveillance culture to evaluate colonization and transmission of donor‐derived MDROs, limited availability of rapid diagnostic tests, and insufficient pharmacist and clinician time allocated to ASP activities in some SOT centers.ConclusionsThe incidence of MDRO infections caused mainly by VREs and CREs is very high in the country. There is limited data regarding antimicrobial use among SOT recipients in Brazil. The absence of antimicrobial stewardship national guidelines specific to SOT recipients is one of the main barriers for the implementation of ASPs in Brazilian hospitals.
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Antimicrobial stewardship in solid organ transplant recipients: Current challenges and proposed metrics
Authors: Raglow Zoe , Advani Sonali D. , Aitken Samuel L. , Patel Payal K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundSolid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are challenging populations for antimicrobial stewardship interventions due to a variety of reasons, including immunosuppression, consequent risk of opportunistic and donor‐derived infections, high rates of infection with multi‐drug resistant organisms (MDROs), Clostridioides difficile, and need for prolonged antimicrobial prophylaxis. Despite this, data on stewardship interventions and metrics that address the distinct needs of these patients are limited.MethodsWe performed a narrative review of the current state of antimicrobial stewardship in SOT recipients, existing interventions and metrics in this population, and considerations for implementation of transplant‐specific stewardship programs.ResultsAntimicrobial stewardship metrics are evolving even in the general patient population. Data on metrics applicable to the SOT population are even more limited. Standard process, outcomes, and balancing metrics may not always apply to the SOT population. A successful stewardship program for SOT recipients requires reviewing existing data, applying general stewardship principles, and understanding the nuances of SOT patients.ConclusionAs antimicrobial stewardship interventions are being implemented in SOT recipients; new metrics are needed to assess their impact. In conclusion, SOT patients present a challenging but important opportunity for antimicrobial stewards.AbbreviationsSOT, antimicrobial stewardship program, MDRO, Clostridioides difficile infection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America, prospective audit and feedback, hematopoietic cell transplant, cytomegalovirus, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, surgical site infections, nucleic acid amplification testing, days of therapy, defined daily dose, and length of stay.
Antimicrobial stewardship programs in solid‐organ transplant recipients in Switzerland
Authors: Bielicki Julia A. , Manuel Oriol ,   the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS)
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionAntimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are essential for minimizing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, while improving patient outcomes. The current status of ASP in the field of organ transplantation in Switzerland has not been well characterized.MethodsWe describe in this article the current status of ASP and discuss challenges and opportunities of implementing ASP dedicated to solid‐organ transplant (SOT) recipients in Switzerland.ResultsASP have been implemented in the Swiss healthcare system over the last years, although specific strategies for SOT recipients are mostly based on transplant infectious diseases (TID) consultations rather than structured institutional interventions. Even so, there is a unique opportunity for developing a successful ASP in Switzerland that also specifically addresses areas of practice relevant to SOT recipients. This is due to the existent network of TID specialists in close collaboration with transplant physicians, the small number of centers involved in the care of transplant recipients, and the development of the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS), a prospective nationwide cohort of SOT recipients in Switzerland. The STCS can identify actual challenges through the updated reports on the epidemiology on transplant infections, accurately monitor the impact of potential antimicrobial stewardship interventions, and represent an opportunity for nesting of pragmatic randomized controlled trials to address key questions about optimized antibiotic use for SOT recipients.ConclusionsAlthough ASP in SOT recipients rely more on specific TID consultations than in general antimicrobial stewardship teams, we identified several opportunities for the implementation of a successful ASP in Switzerland.
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Auditing tools for antimicrobial prescribing in solid organ transplant recipients: The why, the how, and an assessment of current options
Authors: So Miranda , Nakamachi Yoshiko , Thursky Karin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial stewardship (AMS) aims to optimize antimicrobial use. Auditing and reporting of antimicrobial prescribing are essential. Auditing tools for solid organ transplant (SOT) patients should tailor to their needs.MethodsWe reviewed published data describing auditing tools in the general and SOT population.ResultsWe focused on three internationally or nationally available auditing tools. The National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (NAPS) is web‐based tool to report antimicrobial consumption and assess appropriateness using standardized definitions based on consensus guidelines. In the absence of guidelines, adjudication is based on AMS principles. An automated dashboard, analyses by indication or antimicrobial, and benchmarking reports are available. The National Healthcare Safety Network Antimicrobial Use/Resistance module was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for hospitals to upload monthly data, which are standardized for benchmarking. It does not assess appropriateness or address SOT wards. The Global‐Point Prevalence Survey from bioMérieux collects data on antimicrobial regimen, indication and microbial resistance. Variables unique to SOT include comorbidities and devices. Assessment of appropriateness is limited to guideline adherence, and benchmarking may require prearrangement with bioMérieux. Benchmarking requires prearrangement. Advances in electronic health record systems and clinical decision support tools can improve the efficiency of the auditing process.ConclusionEach AMS auditing tool has unique features for SOT patients. Capturing immunosuppression, source control, organ dysfunction, donor‐derived infection, serology, and colonization status will enhance their applicability.
Trade-Off Characterization Between Social and Environmental Impacts Using Agent-Based Product Adoption Models and Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Liechty Joseph C. , Mabey Christopher S. , Mattson Christopher A. , Salmon John L. , Weaver Jason M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Meeting the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals efficiently requires designers and engineers to solve multi-objective optimization problems involving trade-offs between social, environmental, and economical impacts. This paper presents an approach for designers and engineers to quantify the social and environmental impacts of a product at a population level and then perform a trade-off analysis between those impacts. In this approach, designers and engineers define the attributes of the product as well as the materials and processes used in the product’s life cycle. Agent-based modeling (ABM) tools that have been developed to model the social impacts of products are combined with life cycle assessment (LCA) tools that have been developed to evaluate the pressures that different processes create on the environment. Designers and engineers then evaluate the trade-offs between impacts by finding non-dominated solutions that minimize environmental impacts while maximizing positive and/or minimizing negative social impacts. Product adoption models generated by ABM allow designers and engineers to approximate population level environmental impacts and avoid Simpson’s paradox, where a reversal in choices is preferred when looking at the population level impacts versus the individual product-level impacts. This analysis of impacts has the potential to help designers and engineers create more impactful products that aid in reaching the UN sustainable development goals.