bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Hydrogel Hybrid‐Gated Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor for Biosensing
Authors: Hu Jin , Lu Meng‐Jiao , Chen Feng‐Zao , Jia Hui‐Min , Zhou Hong , Li Kezhi , Zeng Xierong , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Lin Peng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAdvanced organic bioelectronics enable smooth fusion between modern electronics and biological systems for better physiological monitoring and pathological examinations. Photon‐regulated bioelectronics are especially desirable due to the non‐contact impact, remote‐control, and even self‐powered operation. However, few studies have addressed the advanced photon‐enabled organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensors capable of operation at zero gate bias. Here, on the basis of a hydrogel/graphene oxide hybrid (denoted as HGH), a multifunctional HGH‐gated OPECT biosensor is presented, which is exemplified by Ca2+‐triggered gelation on the CdS quantum dot (QD) photoelectrode linking with a sandwich immunoassay toward human IgG as the model target. Gelation of HGH on the CdS QD gate electrode can not only inhibit the interfacial mass transfer on the gate/electrolyte interface, but also significantly block the light absorption of CdS QDs, leading to the corresponding change of the channel currents of OPECT device. At zero gate bias, this OPECT biosensor exhibits high gain in response to light and good analytical performance for human IgG with a detection limit of 50 fg mL–1. Given the numerous intelligent hydrogel materials and their potential interactions with light, this work unveils a general platform for developing a new class of hydrogel‐gated OPECT bioelectronics and beyond.
3D Printed Piezoelectric‐Regulable Cells with Customized Electromechanical Response Distribution for Intelligent Sensing
Authors: Liu Xingang , Liu Jingfeng , He Lirong , Shang Yinghao , Zhang Chuhong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPiezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) have attracted great attention owing to the capability of converting various forms of mechanical energy into electricity. Traditional approaches for improving piezoelectric conversion efficiency usually involve either complicated composite preparation or significant compromise in the device's mechanical strength and measure, which obviously cannot fulfill the stringent requirements for power supplies within miniaturized footprint and on mechanical compliance of modern electronics. Herein, an innovative strategy coupling 3D printing with a rational structural design is proposed to address the substantial difficulty to architect 3D PEHs featuring boosting piezoelectric performance without alteration either in material (high β‐phase content (97.4%) self‐poled poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) used in this case) or in device measure. The 3D‐printed piezoelectric latticed cells tailoring in density distribution geometries not only demonstrate the appealing advantages of fast response time, high sensitivity, and excellent linearity within a wide pressure range outperforming many 2D film sensors, but are more sensitive to structure variation for easier regulation of piezoelectric output saving the hassle of changing material, which is beyond the practicability to the traditional 2D sensors. 3D printing highlights a powerful tool in modeling and manipulating complex 3D piezoelectric‐regulable energy harvesters for intelligent sensing applications otherwise inaccessible to traditional techniques.
Low‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution: Intrinsic Activity, High Current Density Operation, and Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Hu Shuqi , Ge Shiyu , Liu Heming , Kang Xin , Yu Qiangmin , Liu Bilu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProduction of green hydrogen (H2) by water electrolysis is important for achieving the global mission of carbon neutrality. For this, acidic water electrolysis with a higher current density operation and energy conversion efficiency compared with alkaline water electrolysis has attracted much attention. The four‐electron‐transfer oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits the overall efficiency of water electrolysis devices. In recent years, low‐dimensional OER catalysts have been extensively explored to increase the overall efficiency of such devices, but most of them work well only at low current density and show unsatisfied long‐term stability. In this review, recent progress in acidic OER is discussed and three aspects including intrinsic activity, high current density operation, and long‐term stability are focused upon. Strategies to improve these aspects including surface chemistry engineering, constructing porous structure, and protecting the active sites’ are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, prospects for developing high‐performance catalysts with high current density operation and long‐term stability for industrial applications are proposed.
Recent Advances in Encapsulation of Flexible Bioelectronic Implants: Materials, Technologies, and Characterization Methods
Authors: Mariello Massimo , Kim Kyungjin , Wu Kangling , Lacour Stéphanie P. , Leterrier Yves 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBioelectronic implantable systems (BIS) targeting biomedical and clinical research should combine long‐term performance and biointegration in vivo. Here, recent advances in novel encapsulations to protect flexible versions of such systems from the surrounding biological environment are reviewed, focusing on material strategies and synthesis techniques. Considerable effort is put on thin‐film encapsulation (TFE), and specifically organic–inorganic multilayer architectures as a flexible and conformal alternative to conventional rigid cans. TFE is in direct contact with the biological medium and thus must exhibit not only biocompatibility, inertness, and hermeticity but also mechanical robustness, conformability, and compatibility with the manufacturing of microfabricated devices. Quantitative characterization methods of the barrier and mechanical performance of the TFE are reviewed with a particular emphasis on water‐vapor transmission rate through electrical, optical, or electrochemical principles. The integrability and functionalization of TFE into functional bioelectronic interfaces are also discussed. TFE represents a must‐have component for the next‐generation bioelectronic implants with diagnostic or therapeutic functions in human healthcare and precision medicine.
An Investigation of Chemo‐Mechanical Phenomena and Li Metal Penetration in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries Using In Situ Optical Curvature Measurements
Authors: Cho Jung Hwi , Kim Kunjoong , Chakravarthy Srinath , Xiao Xingcheng , Rupp Jennifer L. M. , Sheldon Brian W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSolid‐electrolytes (SEs) can provide a pathway to increase energy‐density in lithium metal batteries. However, lithium metal penetration through garnet based LLZO solid electrolytes has been identified as a critical failure process. This phenomenon is related to chemo‐mechanical processes which are difficult to probe. In particular, characterizing the dynamic mechanical deformations that occur in electrode‐SE structures is very challenging. This study reports in situ curvature measurements that are thus designed to probe chemo‐mechanical phenomena that occur during lithium plating. The novel experimental cell configuration created for this work shows that pressure builds up in the Li metal during plating, up until the point where short circuits occur. The resulting data are analyzed with a detailed finite element model (FEM) to quantitatively evaluate stress evolution. The results show that Li metal plating within a surface flaw can produce stress build‐up prior to short‐circuiting. The combined results from both the experiments and the FEM suggest that it is critical to minimize surface defects and flaws during the manufacturing processes.
Functionalized Acyclic (l)‐Threoninol Nucleic Acid Four‐Way Junction with High Stability In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Märcher Anders , Kumar Vipin , Andersen Veronica L. , El‐Chami Kassem , Nguyen Thuy J. D. , Skaanning Mads K. , Rudnik‐Jansen Imke , Nielsen Jesper S. , Howard Kenneth A. , Kjems Jørgen , Gothelf Kurt V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOligonucleotides are increasingly being used as a programmable connection material to assemble molecules and proteins in well‐defined structures. For the application of such assemblies for in vivo diagnostics or therapeutics it is crucial that the oligonucleotides form highly stable, non‐toxic, and non‐immunogenic structures. Only few oligonucleotide derivatives fulfil all of these requirements. Here we report on the application of acyclic l‐threoninol nucleic acid (aTNA) to form a four‐way junction (4WJ) that is highly stable and enables facile assembly of components for in vivo treatment and imaging. The aTNA 4WJ is serum‐stable, shows no non‐targeted uptake or cytotoxicity, and invokes no innate immune response. As a proof of concept, we modify the 4WJ with a cancer‐targeting and a serum half‐life extension moiety and show the effect of these functionalized 4WJs in vitro and in vivo, respectively.
Application of process simulation and statistical method to acrylamide polymerization in a batch reactor
Authors: He Guoxu , He Ting , Lu Peidong , Tian Gang , Hu Ying , Hua Dong , Gu Haitao , Duan Yanming 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA process simulation model and a statistical method comprising full factorial and response surface designs were employed to study and optimize acrylamide polymerization in a batch reactor. It was evaluated that the dependence of factors such as initial mass fractions of initiator and acrylamide, reacting temperature and operation time in affecting the polymer weight‐average (Mw) of polyacrylamide and acrylamide conversion. The simulation model was established on the basis of a kinetic mechanism that refers to backbiting, termination by disproportionation and combination, as well as gel effect, to achieve the Mw of polyacrylamide and acrylamide conversion. Full factorial and response surface designs were developed to screen significant factors and to build reliable predictive function models for polyacrylamide Mw and acrylamide conversion. The results showed significant independent and interactive factor effects on polyacrylamide Mw and acrylamide conversion and were used to optimize the polymerization of acrylamide.
Why don't asset managers accelerate ESG investing? A sentiment analysis based on 13,000 messages from finance professionals
Authors: Zeidan Rodrigo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMitigating climate change effects requires investors (and their proxies, fund managers) to shift their business‐as‐usual strategies. This article analyzes Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing behavior through more than 13,000 messages exchanged by finance professionals from 2017 to 2020. There is a consensus that low and high ESG firms' discrimination is a necessary but not sufficient condition for ESG investing. Moreover, it is one thing for fund managers to claim that they are integrating ESG factors in their portfolios and another to do it properly. The restriction of the strategy space, internal and external transaction costs, and data quality are still viewed as overwhelming obstacles for seamlessly integrating ESG into financial portfolios. Sentiment analysis indicates that asset managers hold a negative view of ESG investing, surprising as ethical investing is becoming increasingly common. Unlocking the potential positive externalities from ESG investing may require regulators and investors' actions to improve the quality of information disclosure and pressure fund managers into incorporating nonfinancial criteria in their investment models.
Claisen Condensation Reaction Mediated Pimelate Biosynthesis via the Reverse Adipate‐Degradation Pathway and Its Isoenzymes
Authors: Bao Qingqing , Zhi Rui , Zhou Shenghu , Zhao Yunying , Mao Yin , Li Guohui , Deng Yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPimelic acid is an important seven‐carbon dicarboxylic acid, which is broadly applied in various fields. The industrial production of pimelic acid is mainly through a chemical method, which is complicated and environmentally unfriendly. Herein, we found that pimelic acid could be biosynthesized by the reverse adipate‐degradation pathway (RADP), a typical Claisen condensation reaction that could be applied to the arrangement of C−C bond. In order to strengthen the supply of glutaryl‐CoA precursor, PA5530 protein was used to transport glutaric acid. Subsequently, we discovered that the enzymes in the BIOZ pathway are isoenzyme of the RADP pathway enzymes. By combining the isoenzymes of the two pathways, the titer of pimelic acid reached 36.7 mg ⋅ L−1 under the optimal combination, which was increased by 382.9 % compared with the control strain B‐3. It was also the highest titer of pimelic acid biosynthesized by Claisen condensation reaction, laying the foundation for the production of pimelic acid and its derivatives.
Wave breaking limit in arbitrary mass ratio warm plasmas
Authors: Adak Ashish , Rathee Nidhi , Sengupta Sudip 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe maximum sustainable amplitude, so‐called wave breaking limit, of a nonlinear plasma wave in arbitrary mass ratio warm plasmas is obtained in the non‐relativistic regime. Using the method of Sagdeev potential, a general wave breaking formula is derived by taking into account the dynamics of both the species having finite temperature. It is found that the maximum amplitude of the plasma wave decreases monotonically with the increase in temperature of the negative species (temperature of the positive species) and increases (decreases) with increase in mass ratio provided , where .
Partitioning the effects of plant diversity on ecosystem functions at different trophic levels
Authors: Cappelli Seraina L. , Pichon Noémie A. , Mannall Tosca , Allan Eric 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBiodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can be partitioned into complementarity effects, driven by many species, and selection effects, driven by few. Selection effects occur through interspecific abundance shifts (dominance) and intraspecific shifts in functioning. Complementarity and selection effects are often calculated for biomass, but very rarely for secondary productivity, that is, energy transfer to higher trophic levels. We calculated diversity effects for three functions: aboveground biomass, insect herbivory and pathogen infection, the latter two as proxies for energy transfer to higher trophic levels, in a grassland experiment (PaNDiv) manipulating species richness, functional composition, nitrogen enrichment, and fungicide treatment. Complementarity effects were, on average, positive and selection effects negative for biomass production and pathogen infection and multiple species contributed to diversity effects in mixtures. Diversity effects were, on average, less pronounced for herbivory. Diversity effects for the three functions were not correlated, because different species drove the different effects. Benefits (and costs) from growing in diverse communities, be it reduced herbivore or pathogen damage or increased productivity either due to abundance increases or increased productivity per area were distributed across different plant species, leading to highly variable contributions of single species to effects of diversity on different functions. These results show that different underlying ecological mechanisms can result in similar overall diversity effects across functions.
Might field experiments also be inadvertent metacommunities?
Authors: Furey George N. , Hawthorne Peter L. , Tilman David 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMetacommunity theory predicts that the composition and diversity of a site depend on its characteristics and those of its neighborhood. Dispersal between plots in a field experiment could link responses observed in a focal plot to both its treatment and those of its neighbors. However, the diversity, composition, and treatments of neighboring plots are rarely included in analyses of experimental treatments. We analyzed a spatially gridded grassland nitrogen addition experiment and found that plant species richness and the composition of focal plots were influenced not just by their nitrogen treatment but also by the number of species in neighboring plots and their abundances. For each additional species in a focal plot's neighborhood, the species richness of the focal plot increased by 0.30 species. Control plots had a significant loss of species, at a rate of ~0.23 species per year during the 23‐year experiment, but only when their neighborhoods had low species richness. Changes in the abundance of the three dominant species depended both on the nitrogen treatment of a focal plot and on their abundance in adjacent plots. Our analyses suggested that both the experimental nitrogen treatments and metacommunity processes codetermined plant species richness and plant species’ abundances. Our findings suggested that analyzing many traditional field experiments with a metacommunity perspective may reveal a confounding of experimental treatments and provide empirical data to test metacommunity theory.
Asynchrony, density dependence, and persistence in an amphibian
Authors: Rowland Freya E. , Schyling Elizabeth S. , Freidenburg L. Kealoha , Urban Mark C. , Richardson Jonathan L. , Arietta A. Z. Andis , Rodrigues Susan B. , Rubinstein Adriana D. , Benard Michael F. , Skelly David K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding drivers of metapopulation dynamics remains a critical challenge for ecology and conservation. In particular, the degree of synchrony in metapopulation dynamics determines how resilient a metapopulation is to a widespread disturbance. In this study, we used 21 years of egg mass count data across 64 nonpermanent freshwater ponds in Connecticut, USA to evaluate patterns of abundance and growth and to assess regional as well as local factors in shaping the population dynamics of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica = Lithobates sylvaticus). In particular, we asked whether a species known to undergo metapopulation dynamics exhibited spatial synchrony in abundances. With the exception of a single year when breeding took place during severe drought conditions, our analyses revealed no evidence of synchrony despite close proximity (mean minimum distance < 300 m) of breeding ponds across the 3213‐ha study area. Instead, local, pond‐scale conditions best predicted patterns of abundance and population growth rate. We found negative density dependence on population growth rate within ponds as well as evidence that larger neighboring pond populations had a negative effect on focal ponds. Beyond density, pond depth was a critical predictor; deeper ponds supported larger populations. Drought conditions and warm winters negatively affected populations. Overall, breeding ponds vary in critical ways that either support larger, more persistent populations or smaller populations that are not represented by breeding pairs in some years. The infrequency of spatial synchrony in this system is surprising and suggests greater resilience to stressors than would have been expected if dynamics were strongly synchronized. More generally, understanding the characteristics of systems that determine synchronous population dynamics will be critical to predicting which species are more or less resilient to widespread disturbances like land conversion or climate change.
Geographic variation in offspring size: Long‐ and short‐term climate affect mean seed mass ofStreptanthuspopulations
Authors: Love Natalie L. R. , Mazer Susan J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOffspring size is a key functional trait that can affect subsequent life history stages; in many species, it exhibits both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Variation among populations in offspring size may be explained by various factors, including local climatic conditions. However, geographic variation in climate may be partitioned into long‐term and interannual sources of variation, which may differ in their effects on population mean offspring size. To assess environmental correlates of offspring size, we evaluated geographic variation in seed mass among 88 populations representing 6 species ofStreptanthus(Brassicaceae) distributed across a broad climatic gradient in California. We examined the effects of temperature‐mediated growing season length and precipitation on population mean seed mass to determine whether it is best explained by (1) long‐term mean climatic conditions; (2) interannual climate anomalies (i.e., deviations in climate from long‐term means) during the year of seed development, or (3) interactions between climate variables. Both long‐term mean climate and climate anomalies in the year of collection were associated with population mean seed mass, but their effects differed in direction and magnitude. Relatively large seeds were produced at chronically wet sites but also during drier‐than‐average years. This contrast indicates that these associations may be generated by different mechanisms (i.e., adaptive evolution vs. phenotypic plasticity) and may be evidence of countergradient plasticity in seed mass. In addition, populations occurring in locations characterized by relatively long growing seasons produced comparatively large seeds, particularly among chronically dry sites. This study highlights the need to consider that the responses of seed mass to long‐term versus recent climatic conditions may differ and that climate variables may interact to predict seed mass. Such considerations are especially important when using these patterns to forecast the long‐ and short‐term responses of seed mass to climate change. The results presented here also contribute to our broader understanding of how climate drives long‐term (e.g., local adaptation) and short‐term (e.g., phenotypic plasticity) variation in functional traits, such as offspring size across landscapes.
Material identification of construction machinery based on multisource sensor information fusion
Authors: Cai Dengsheng , Lu Zhigang , Fan Xiangsuo , Yao Jiale , Li Bing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn order to improve the recognition accuracy of construction machinery and equipment and materials in low contrast scenes, a construction machinery material recognition algorithm based on multisource sensor information fusion is proposed. In the paper, the millimeter wave radar is fused with the camera considering its strong penetration ability in rainy and foggy days and dim environments. Firstly, the spatial coordinates of radar and camera are unified by establishing a spatial fusion model of millimeter wave and camera; then the target acquired by millimeter wave is projected onto the image and the detection frame intersection and ratio model is used to generate the region of interest of the camera; finally, the improved YOLOv2 algorithm is used to identify the region of interest, and in the improved idea, the low‐level information is first connected with the high‐level information in multilayer depth. At the same time, a multiscale feature pyramid network structure is used to achieve recognition of objects of different scales. This model effectively reduces interference from other feature categories while improving the recognition efficiency of the system. The algorithm can effectively improve the recognition accuracy of mechanical materials in low‐contrast scenes, as demonstrated by the validation of different scenes.