bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les services d'environnement fournis par la forêt : évaluation et régulation
Authors: Després Alain , Normandin Dominique 
Published: March 2022

Environmental amenities provided by forests : evaluation and regulation
Considering the growing demand for environmental quality, forest management practices are now discussed at various institutional levels (regional, national and international). The dramatic situation of tropical countries involves to protect forested areas. Nevertheless, in Europe and especially in France, the problem emerges in a different context. The main questions concern the choice between an efficient timber production and non-market benefits. As the importance of timber as raw material is recognised, society seems to be more and more involved in protecting ecological and landscape quality of forests. This paper examines the various problems induced by this new demand. The first section gives indications on the definition of non-market benefits of forest and precises some useful concepts for forest management. The role of timber industry is mentioned because environmental quality in forest should not be studied without considering the economic importance of timber.
The second section examines and discusses the traditional microeconomics analysis of forest harvesting facing constraints of environmental protection. The basis of the analysis is the so-called Faustman model able to calculate the optimal forest rotation when only concerning timber value. The hypothesis are discussed : objectives of the forest owners refer to a world without uncertainty, but the very long term of timber returns restricts the relevance of such a viewpoint.
Finally, the third section gives some examples of regulation as applied in France. For a long time, French government has been intervening to protect forests, by imposing legal restrictions to limit harvesting and to control forest management. Nevertheless, this intervention does not proceed by a regulation of non-market benefits, but only consists in protecting a traditional use of rural territory. . Some examples of practices which are applied in Germany are presented.
Production, protection et professions truffières
Authors: Byé Pascal , Chazoule Carole 
Published: March 2022

Truffle production, protection and social organisation.

This article stresses the analysis of the relationships between domestication truffle process and social organisation evolution. Today, despite low yields and instability, truffle production is always considered more than an agricultural production than an experimental one.
All along nineteenth and tiventieth centuries, producers, scientists and traders tried to improve the know-how of this production. The general tendancy of such social oragan- isations is based also on a real ability to maintain and valorize the natural image of the mushroom and to protect the "secret" of its production.
Three periods can be distinguished. The first one from 1920 to 1970 testifies the slow dilution of empirical knowledge, induced by the creeping disparition of traditional agriculture. The second period from 1970 to 1990 stresses the importance of new plant variety in a modification of cultivation methods. The third one insists upon the debate between a "statu quo" position and doubt ness induced by the groiving lack of production.
Évaluation contingente de l'usage récréatif d'une réserve naturelle humide
Authors: Júdez Lucinio , De Andrés Rosario , Pérez Hulgade Carlos , Urzainqui Elvira , Ibánez Miguel 
Published: March 2022

Contingent valuation of the recreational use of a wetland.
This paper presents a procedure used to estimate the recreational use value of "Tablas de Daimiel" National Park by applying the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with single dichotomous choice, using the truncated mean as welfare measure. This valuation is based on 433 interviews of visitors made during the spring and summer 1996. The sample allocation among the bids offered in the surveys is based on the Duffield and Patterson's method which allows to get the minimal variance of the truncated mean estimator.
The recreational values of the Park are not significantly different for the two periods in which the surveys have been carried out. Finally, the tests to study the "interviewers effect" and to analyse the relations between the willingness to pay (WTP) and various interviewees' features don't invalidate the procedure adopted to determine the recreational use value of this National Park.
The BSE crisis and the reaction of Norwegian consumers
Authors: Gustavsen Geir W. 
Published: March 2022

L'effet de l'ESB sur la demande de viande bovine en Norvège.

L'éventuelle existence d'une relation entre la maladie de la vache folle et la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jalcob a sérieusement entamé la confiance du consommateur quant à la garantie sanitaire de la viande bovine dans la plupart des pays européens en 1996.
L'industrie norvégienne de la viande bovine n'a pas été exposée à l'ESB et, compte tenu des importations limitées, le risque de contamination y est relativement faible.
Cependant, en raison d'une demande croissante de viande bovine, des prix à la baisse et d'une production constante, les importations ont eu tendance à augmenter au cours des dernières années. Ce changement, conjugué aux informations diffusées par les médias à propos de l'ESB, pourrait affecter la consommation norvégienne de viande de bœuf.
Trois façons d'examiner si l'information médiatique concernant l'ESB en 1996 a eu un effet sur la demande de viande bovine en Norvège sont ici présentées. Un modèle à correction d'erreur pour la demande de viande de boeuf est estimé à partir de données quadrimestrielles, de 1984 à 1995. Il est utilisé pour prévoir la de¬ mande de viande bovine pour chacune des 3 périodes de 4 mois de 1996. Les écarts constatés entre les prévisions et les ventes enregistrées au cours de chaque période se situent dans l'intervalle attendu.
Le modèle est ensuite réestimé sur toute la période, 1996 inclus.
Un test prédictif de Chow est utilisé pour tester l'hypothèse de stabilité du modèle lorsque les nouvelles observations sont prises en compte : celle-ci n'est pas rejetée. Enfin, une variable muette est incluse dans le modèle pour tester la présence de changements dans l'élasticité-prix directe et l'élasticité-dépense. Là-encore, le test de stabilité n'est pas rejeté. Ainsi, ni le modèle de prédiction, ni le test de Chow, ni le test basé sur la variable muette n'indiquent que les informations diffusées par les médias concernant la relation ESB/maladie de Creutzfeld-Jacob aient suscité une perte de confiance chez le consommateur en 1996.
Différenciation des produits et segmentation de marché : l'exemple de la viande bovine en France
Authors: Sans Pierre , Fontguyon Guy de 
Published: March 2022

Product differentiation and market segmentation : the example of French beef meat.

The beef meat supply chain recently underwent a major exogenous shock : the publication of the possible transmission of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) agent to human led to a rapid and extended change in the relationship between the different protagonists in the whole supply chain. For the consumers the consequence of this evolution was the sudden appearance of several distinctive judicious labels (Viande Bovine Française -VBF, Critères Qualité Contrôlés -CQC) in order to reassure and advise them while purchasing. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the process of segmentation of the fresh beef meat market.
In the first part, the authors make a brief inventory of the supply chain before the crisis. They show that this supply chain presents some characteristics (heterogeneity of the upstream product, low added value of the processing industry ) which explain why the vertical differentiation of the beef is weak. The vertical differentiation concerns only very limited market segments and can use collective labels (Label Rouge, Bœuf Verte Prairie) or private labels (such as Charal, a meat packer's brand with great notoriety) : both generate a guarantee on the product tenderness.
Then, the authors propose an analysis of the vertical differentiation of the product after the BSE crisis in which they show that this differentiation is mainly based on a collective brand (CQC) developed by the inter professional body and based on the communication of reliable information to consumers (reliable because based on controlled regulation). This communication focuses on the product safety and is only possible because of an organisational innovation present in the whole supply chain (i.e. breeders and meat packers). This collective designation is used jointly with private brands, mainly developed by modern retailers, who inform about the upstream supply chain practices.
Lastly, the analysis of the reasons of this rapid diffusion of the vertical differentiation of the beef leads the authors to suggest a new configuration of the beef shelf for the future. On this shelf, a product, which will offer only health guarantee, will be found next to differentiated products with retailers' brand names. These brands will adopt or not the collective signature CQC. The industrial brands mainly relate to the convenient goods market (such as minced meat and vacuum-packed fresh meat for example).
Positive mathematical programming with multiple data points : a cross- sectional estimation procedure
Authors: Heckelei Thomas , Britz Wolfgang 
Published: March 2022

Programmation mathématique positive avec observations multiples : estimation en coupes transversales
Cet article présente une approche visant à spécifier des fonctions de coût non linéaires dans le cadre de modèles de programmation régionaux. La méthodologie en question peut être considérée comme une application de la programmation mathématique positive (PMP) à des observations multiples. L'application de la PMP dans les modèles d'offre des produits agricoles s'est sensiblement développée au cours de ces dix dernières années. Cependant, beaucoup de modélisateurs n'ont pas fait état du comportement arbitraire et potentiellement invraisemblable des modèles résultant de l'application standard de l'approche PMP. Paris et Howitt (1998) interprètent la PMP comme étant l'estimation d'une fonction de coût non linéaire et généralisent sa spécification en utilisant un procédé de «maximisation de l'entropie». Néanmoins, leur approche manque d'une base empirique suffisante. Elle comporte toujours une paramétrisation nécessaire pour imposer les bonnes conditions de coubure de la fonction de coût, ce qui pose d'importants problèmes dans les applications. La méthodologie que nous proposons est conçue pour exploiter l'information contenue dans un échantillon de données en coupes pour spécifier des fonctions de coût quadratiques régionales avec des effets croisés entre les activités. L'approche apporte également une solution au problème de la courbure de la fonction de coût. Elle est appliquée ici à des modèles de programmation régionaux sur 22 régions françaises. Une simulation a posteriori de la réforme de la Politique agricole commune de 1992 produit des résultats plausibles. Des prolongements de cette méthode ainsi que des améliorations possibles sont également identifiés.
Agglomération et marché
Authors: Fujita Masahisa , Thisse Jacques-François 
Published: March 2022

Agglomeration and market interaction.
The most salient feature of the spatial economy is the presence of a large variety of economic agglomerations. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the main explanations of this universal phenomenon, as they are proposed in urban economics and modern economic geography. Because of space constraints, we focus on the most recent contributions. Since models of comparative advantage have been extensively studied by international and urban economists, while models of spatial competition have attracted a lot of attention in industrial organization, we restrict ourselves to multiregional models of industrial agglomeration based on monopolistic competition. The paper is organized as follows. In the first part, we show why the competitive framework can hardly be the foundation for the economics of agglomeration. We then briefly review the alternative modeling strategies. In the hope to make our paper accessible to a broad audience, the second part presents in detail the two (specific) models that have been used so far to study the spatial distribution of economic activities. This leads us to put aside non-market institutions and mechanisms that stand at the source of various agglomeration externalities. Several extensions of these models are then discussed. This includes the comparison of market and optimum outcomes, the impact of forward-looking migrations and of urban costs, as well as the role of a heterogeneous labor force and of intermediate commodities. We conclude with some suggestions for further research together with some policy implications.
Localisation des productions agricoles et concentration géographique de la demande
Authors: Daniel Karine 
Published: March 2022

Location of agricultural outputs and geographical concentration of demand.
This paper investigates the contributions of spatial and variety dimensions to agri-food prices and location of agri-food productions between regions. It presents a stylised model of multiple producers, supplying differentiated products to consumers in different regions. This model describes long run location processes. Production is characterised by aspects that give rise to both increasing and decreasing returns to scale. Marginal cost pricing is inappropriate in this context. The long run equilibrium price received will reflect the premium paid by consumers who value variety, and one type of transport cost inner to farms. The price paid by consumers also includes two other transport costs. One is a traditional exportation cost. The other one is a collection cost of outputs in farms, it is an element of the competitiveness of agri-food industries.
One implication is that the optimal size of a farm reflects a trade off between increasing returns that arise from fixed costs and decreasing returns due to internal transportation costs. Another implication is that there is a potential to increase returns to fixed factors (land) by capitalising on consumers' ability to distinguish varieties. Products are differentiated according to their geographical origin of production. The final equilibrium solution generates cultivated areas in both regions. Those areas depend on the competitiveness of farms and agri-food industries (traditional competitive advantages). Those areas also depend on the structural parameters of the economy. One of those parameters is the location of the population, which determines the location of demand.
Given this model framework, we simulate the impact of a population concentration process in one of the regions on the location of agricultural activities. If the agricultural area is not restricted the concentration of the population in one region induces a relocation of the agricultural activities in this region. If this area is restricted, an improvement of land productivity (yields) in the area where the population increases allows production to increase without increasing the cultivated area. This technical progress contributes to increase the amount of production per farm. It also modifies the initial equilibrium in terms of labour force distribution between sectors.
Modèles économétriques des configurations des aires urbaines françaises
Authors: Péguy Pierre-Yves 
Published: March 2022

Econometric models of spatial urban structure : the case of French metropolitan areas.
This paper presents different econometric models that account for the changes or urban spatial structures in France over the last decades. These changes are characterised by a decline of population densities in city centers and by an urban sprawl for population and employment. The monocentric model offers a relevant framework to study household location choices. This model not only identifies some factors that have an impact on these choices but also predicts that population density is represented by a negative exponential function. A two-pronged empirical approach is adopted in this article. We first estimate negative exponential population densities for each of the 112 French metropolitan areas selected from the last four population censuses (1975, 1982, 1990 and 1999). These metropolitan areas count over 8000 communes (commune is the smallest administrative entity in France). Taking the gradient of this negative exponential density function allows to measure patterns of household location over time. Any econometric work based on spatial data needs to take into account spatial interactions among observations and thus to use appropriate econometric tools. Therefore, we estimate two types of spatial econometric specification for this negative exponential density function : a spatial autoregressive model and a spatial error model with two different spatial weight matrices. Estimated spatial model specifications are assessed using different statistical tests such as Lagrange multiplier and Kelejian-Robinson tests. Compared to the conventional ordinary least squares estimation results (with no spatial autocorrelation), estimated spatial models indicate that the estimates of the density gradients and central den¬ sities are lower, hence resulting in a much smoother urban sprawl trend.
In the second stage, we introduce in the previous model of population densities additional explanatory variables such as the size of central city area, income and size of households, housing benefits, the infrastructures and natural amenities of the communes. As it was done previously, different spatial models are estimated. Because of technical constraints associated with the econometric procedure, we select two samples of communes, one with communes belonging to small metropolitan areas and one representing communes of great metropolitan areas. The various statistical test results led us to accept a spatial autoregressive model specification with a spatial autocorrelation of errors. Compared to the foregoing econometric results, we can observe that these new estimated models offer a better goodness-of-fit. Furthermore, these additional explanatory variables work either as agglomerative forces or dispersion forces.
Australia's wine industry : recent growth and prospects
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: March 2022

Le secteur viti-vinicole en Australie : croissance et perspectives.
Dans cet article, nous posons quatre questions. Quelle a été la performance réelle du secteur viti-vinicole australien depuis la fin des années 80 ? Comment ce dernier se positionne-t-il par rapport à ses concurrents étrangers ? Quels sont les défis qui attendent les producteurs australiens pour les années à venir, sachant que la consommation de vin par tête, à l'échelle nationale et mondiale, n'a pas augmenté, et que la production de vin de qualité supérieure se développe dans beaucoup de pays ? Quelles sont les leçons à tirer de l'actuelle vague de prospérité que connaît le secteur viti-vinicole australien ?
En termes absolus, et comparativement aux autres activités de l'économie australienne, le secteur viti-vinicole se porte extrêmement bien, depuis la fin des années 80, quant à sa performance à l'exportation. L'Australie est à présent le second exportateur de vin dans le monde après l'Union européenne. Cependant, si on compare ces résultats à ceux des autres exportateurs de vin du Nouveau Monde, les performances australiennes à l'exportation ne sont pas exceptionnelles. Les exportations des États-Unis, et de plusieurs autres producteurs de l'hémisphère Sud, ont aussi augmenté rapidement, en quantité et en qualité, alors qu'elles partaient d'un niveau plus bas. Etant donné la concurrence des autres pays du Nouveau Monde, et l'amélioration de la qualité dans plusieurs grandes régions viticoles d'Europe, le secteur viti-vinicole australien est confronté à de nombreux défis pour maintenir son actuelle prospérité. Nous suggérons, pour y faire face, plusieurs stratégies. Dans notre conclusion, nous mettons l'accent sur les facteurs-clés qui contribueront au maintien de cette prospérité.
Instruments économiques de politique environnementale et choix technique du pollueur. Le traitement des eaux résiduaires dans l'industrie de vinification
Authors: Farolfi Stefano , Tidball Mabel 
Published: March 2022

Economic instruments for environmental policy and polluter's technical choice. Wastewater abatement in the wine industry

Winery wastewater pollution can be reduced by a Water Agency through economic instruments such as taxes and subsidies. According to the «efficiency without optimally» approach, which aims at reaching a sub-optimal environmental objective at the lowest cost to Society, these instruments should act as an incentive for firms to adopt the best available pollution control technology. As there exists little knowledge of pollution damage functions, the computation of the water agencies' pollution charges is based on pollution abatement costs instead. In order to determine the level of charges, the Water Agency first computes the necessary expenses in terms of investment subsidies (for public and industrial treatment plants) and then determines the costs required to balance its budget.
In defining its policy objectives, the Water Agency acts under conditions of information asymmetry. For instance, the Agency does not really know the pollution abatement cost at the sector level or for different kinds of technology. As a result, its policy, although effective because pushing the producers to invest, is inefficient : the cost to Society is higher than the lowest possible cost, and there is a poor redistribution of subsidies among the polluters. In order to reduce this asymmetry of information of the Water Agency (regarding pollution costs), we propose a sector-based approach. This paper studies the wine producers' response — his choice of a wastewater abatement technology — to the use of economic instruments defined by the Water Agency in the south of France. It is assumed that the producers/polluters behave rationally and minimise their pollution control costs.
In the second part of the paper, we will look at the individual firm, underlying the importance of fixed costs for the choice of a wastewater control strategy. Consequently we will propose a modified model of polluter's behaviour in which fixed costs are considered and the underlying cost function follows the law of diminishing returns.
The analysis of the individual choice between bearing pollution abatement costs (technical investment) and paying pollution costs (taxes) allows us to examine, in addition, the possibility of a partial treatment of wastewater.