bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-195 The Indirect Effects of Repetitive Negative Thinking and Emotion Dysregulation on the Association Between Attentional Control and Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Milam Alicia L , Nabulsi Yasmine B 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Attentional control has been found to influence the ability to effectively down-regulate negative emotional states and attenuate intrusive negative thinking. The present study aims to clarify the unique effects of attentional control on anxiety symptoms through perseverative negative thinking and emotional dysregulation.
Method: A sample of undergraduate psychology students (n=741) completed the Attentional Control Scale-Straightforward (ACS), the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form (DERS-SF), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). A parallel mediation model was tested in the PROCESS macro in SPSS using 10,000 sample bias-corrected bootstrapping.
Results: Attentional control was negatively associated with emotional dysregulation, B=-.30, [-.41, -.18], repetitive negative thinking, B=-.37, [-.50, -.24], and anxiety symptoms, B=-.07, [-.11, -.02]. Repetitive negative thinking, B=.13, [.11, .16], and emotional dysregulation, B=.06, [.03, .09], were both positively associated with anxiety symptoms. There was an indirect effect of attentional control on anxiety symptoms through both repetitive negative thinking, B=-.05, [-.07, -.03], and emotional dysregulation, B=-.02, [-.03, -.01]. The direct effect was no longer significant after accounting for repetitive negative thinking and emotional dysregulation in the model, B=.00, [-.04, .04].
Conclusions: These findings indicate that the relationship between attentional control and anxiety symptoms can be explained by emotion dysregulation and repetitive negative thinking. Future research focusing on whether the use of attentional and cognitive resources can prospectively predict emotion regulation and perseverative negative thinking may assist with better understanding the mechanism of attentional and cognitive intervention techniques.
A-196 The Relationship Between Attention and Order Errors in Serial Order Memory
Authors: Hernandez Katherine A , Hill Benjamin D , Lindsey Dakota 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To investigate if attentional control (AC) predicts the amount of order errors made within serial memory tasks. We also investigated the relationship between AC and item memory (IM), and the relationship between IM and order memory (OM).
Methods: Data were collected from undergraduate students at the University of South Alabama. Participants completed three attentional conflict tasks (Bivalent shape task, Global local task, and Flanker task) and three serial memory tasks (symmetry span, digit span, and reading span). The final sample of 112 participants completed all memory tasks and at least two conflict tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to form an AC latent variable from response time difference scores (congruent versus incongruent trials), and IM and OM variables were formed from item and order errors in the memory tasks. Structural equation modeling was used to test correlations among latent variables.
Results: The latent AC factor failed to converge. We ran three structural equation models using each conflict task as a predictor variable for both IM and OM. The relationship between IM and OM was significant in all three models. The only other significant pathway across all three models was the relationship between the Flanker task and IM (β = .278, SE = .105, p = .001).
Conclusions: Overall, performance on the three conflict tasks did not directly predict order errors. Flanker task performance did directly predict item errors, thus indirectly predicting the amount of order errors in those same tasks.
A-197 Does the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Predict Functioning on the Trail Making Test Part B in a Clinical Adult Population Sample
Authors: Kotalik Kayla , Golden Charles J , Morocho Casey , Harrigan D’Shawn , Kajani Nisha , Rifai Lara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To test if the WAIS-IV Indexes predicts functioning on the TMT B.
Method: The adult clinical sample was recruited from a large de-identified database. The participants (n=392) consisted of 51.1% White, 14% Black, 25.4% Latinx, and 9.5% Other. The diagnostic makeup of the sample was divided into 38.7% psychiatric, 30.5% neurological, 21.4% mixed, and 9.2% had no diagnosis. From the sample, 56.7% were female and 43% of the participants were male. The mean age was 33.32, (SD=13.52) and mean education was 13.66 (SD= 2.23).
Results: A hierarchical multiple regression model was significant, F(10, 381) = 23.87, p &lt; .001, R2 = .385. Overall, PRI accounted for 0.7% of the variance, WMI 2.8%, PSI 8.9%, and education 4.1% of the variance. VCI, age, gender, and race were nonsignificant.
Conclusion: The results indicate the strongest predictor of TMT B performance is processing speed followed by education. Crowe (1998) suggested working memory could explain more variance of TMT B than alternation factors such as set shifting. However, the results of this study indicate working memory is a much smaller contributor. Working memory may be a less significant predictor since the alphabet and numbers are already learned. Still, education was a moderately strong predictor, which was consistent with previous literature as TMT B performance increases with higher levels of education and decreases with lower levels of education. Approximately 61.5% of the overall variance was not accounted for, which may reflect the contribution of cognitive flexibility.
A-199 The Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS): Personality index or a measure of executive functioning?
Authors: Ikonomou Vasilios C , Harrell Murphy N , Aita Stephen L , Myers Melissa A , Hawley Nanako A , Pizer Jasmin H , Hill Benjamin D 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The BDEFS was compared to objective executive functioning (EF) measures as well as five-factor model (FFM) personality traits.
Methods: One hundred sixty-five participants (M=19 years old, SD=1.3; 72.7% female, 55.2% White, 35.2% African American, 4.8% Asian) completed IPIP-NEO Personality Inventory, BDEFS-Long Form, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) EF module, and Trail-Making Test (TMT) Parts A and B.
Results: EF measures were reduced to a single-factor score using EFA (TMT A and B; NAB Mazes, Categories, and Word Generation subtests) accounting for 34% of the variance. Regression predicting BDEFS total score from the EF factor score was not significant [F(1,163)=.182; p =.67, r2=.001]. Stepwise multiple regression predicting BDEFS total score from FFM traits identified three significant predictors (neuroticism: β=.390, extraversion: β=.239, and conscientiousness: β=-.572) that accounted for 54% of the variance [F(5,159)=36.78; p&lt;.001, r2=.54]. Stepwise regression predicting the EF factor score from FFM traits was not significant [F(5,159)=.57; p=.721, r2=.018].
Conclusions: Performance-based EF measures were not related to BDEFS total score supporting that different constructs are being measured. Personality traits accounted for a majority of variance in BDEFS performance but minimal variance for performance-based EF performance. These results suggest that personality traits are strongly related to an individual’s appraisal of executive dysfunction.
A-201 Attention Span, Verbal Memory, and Spatial Memory as Variables in Neuropsychological Test Performance
Authors: Gass Carlton , Patten Brooke , O’Maille Alanna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: We investigated (a) the role of attention span, verbal, and spatial memory in performance on widely used neuropsychological tests, and; (b) the impact of anxiety and depression on tests of attention span and verbal and spatial memory.
Participants and Method: 579 referrals to memory disorders clinic, 60% women, 84% white non-Hispanic, average age 59.8±15.7 and education 14.9±2.9 years. Referred to help diagnose symptoms of forgetfulness, distractibility, and/or word finding difficulties. Used comprehensive battery (HRNES-R) and protocols were screened for performance invalidity.
Results: Ten measures of attention and memory were factor analyzed (PCA/Varimax) yielding three factors: Spatial Recall (SR), Verbal Recall (VR), and Attention Span (AS). Age, not education, was related to AS (-.34) and SR (-.32), ps&lt;.001, but not to VR. AS and SR were respectively predictive of performance on Category Test (rs=.37,.41), Trails B (.32,.48), TPT-Total Time (.35,.53), Coding (.31,.29), Block Design (.31,.37) and the Average Impairment Scale (AIS) (.45,.68), all ps&lt;.001. In contrast, VR was less predictive across all measures. Levels of anxiety (MMPI-2 ANX) and depression (DEP) were not predictive of AS (-.01,.00), SR (.02,.02), or VR (.03,.02), n.s.
Conclusions: After controlling for “incomplete effort”, attention span and spatial memory play a significant role in performance on widely used neuropsychological tests that tap multiple cognitive domains. The role of verbal memory in performance on these tests, while statistically significant, was less predictive. In general, findings suggest that when protocols are screened for performance invalidity, MMPI-2 levels of anxiety and depression have no relation to attention span or verbal/spatial memory test performance.
A-202 Cognitive Predictors of Verbal Memory Test Performance in an Outpatient Clinical Sample
Authors: Smith Cassandra , Daniel Michael , Michael Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Investigate the influence of non-memory cognitive abilities on auditory-verbal memory test performance in a clinical sample.
Method: Archival data were analyzed for 129 patients [53.5% female; mean (SD): age = 46.48 (13.95), education = 13.82 (2.75)] who completed neuropsychological evaluation at a neurology/neuropsychology clinic. Five separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with these dependent variables: the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) Total Recall, Short-Delay Free Recall, and Long-Delay Free Recall, Logical Memory (LM) I and II subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, 4th edition (WMS-IV); independent variables were the same for each analysis and included neuropsychological tests of attention/working memory, visual-spatial/construction, language, and executive functions.
Results: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trails Switching accounted for 31-39% of the variance in the Total and Free Recall trials of the CVLT-II (p &lt; .001). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition Vocabulary subtest accounted for 28 and 29% of the variance in LM I and LM II (p &lt; .001).
Conclusions: While language ability accounts for most of the variance in narrative verbal memory test performance, executive functions related to set shifting and processing speed account for most of the variance in word list learning. When interpreting below average scores on these verbal memory tests, it is important to consider the differential impact of non-memory cognitive abilities related to the memory test format.
A-204 Exploring Memory Functioning in an Adult ADHD Population Using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Authors: Phillips Matthew S , Wisinger Amanda M , Bing-Canar Hanaan , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Resch Zachary J , Jennette Kyle J , Soble Jason R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: This study analyzed differences in learning/acquisition and delayed recall between adult patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Predominantly Inattentive and Combined subtypes and a control group using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT).
Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from a consecutive series of patients referred specifically for purposes of ADHD diagnostic clarification. Each was administered the RAVLT, as part of an extensive evaluation, to assess for verbal learning and memory. 155 patients (40.8%) met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD-Inattentive subtype and 165 (43.4%) for ADHD-Combined subtype. Sixty (15.8%) who did not meet criteria for ADHD, but who were diagnosed with a primary depressive/anxiety disorder or received no diagnosis served as a control group.
Results: There were significant main effects found between the three groups on all trials analyzed on the RAVLT (Trial 1, p=.016; Trial 5, p=.003; Total Trials, p=.000; Trial 6, p=.001; Trial 7, p=.000). Effect sizes ranged from .022-.042. Posthoc analysis revealed that the ADHD-C group performed significantly worse than both the control group and ADHD-I group in both acquisition and delayed memory. Frequency distributions of impaired performance revealed the ADHD-C group had the largest rate of impairments (12-23%) on this measure. The ADHD-I group demonstrated 6-19% impairments. The control group ranged from 3-10% impairments.
Conclusion: Verbal memory impairments are much more likely in adult patients diagnosed with ADHD than those without the diagnosis. While the inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD both demonstrate deficiencies in verbal memory performance, the rate of likely impairments is much greater amongst the combined subtype.
A-206 Memory Complaints in Older Adults: Relationships Between Self and Informant Report, Objective Test Performance and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Scholz Michael , Donders Jacobus A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: We explored the relationships between objective memory performance, self and informant reports of problems in daily life, and depression in elderly patients with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or subjective memory complaints (SMC).
Method: We used archival data from 100 individuals referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation because of memory concerns. The sample was largely White (97%), female (53%), with typical educational attainment (M= 13.25). CVLT–II Total scores characterized memory performance. BRIEF—A Metacognitive Index (MI) scores characterized examinee and informant perspectives on problems in daily life, allowing calculation of a discrepancy score between raters. PHQ—9 scores (raw) characterized depression symptom severity. Patient groups included dementia (n = 31), MCI (n = 34), and SMC (n= 35). Chi-square and ANOVA tests were the primary analyses of group relationships.
Results: There was a significant difference between the dementia and SMC groups on the BRIEF–A (p &lt; .01). Informants reported greater problems than patients in the dementia group, whereas this pattern was reversed in the SMC group. Ratings in the MCI group were minimally discrepant. Elevated depression correlated with greater self-reported cognitive dysfunction (p &lt; .002), with depression most prominent in the SMC group. Across the sample, only informant’s report of greater problems in daily life was associated with worse CVLT–II performance (p &lt; .001).
Conclusions: We conclude that adding standardized rating scales alongside objective memory testing is informative in evaluations of memory loss concerns. Beyond collecting both patient and informant ratings of daily functioning, screening for depression is also necessary to put self-reported difficulties into context.
A-209 Cognitive Effects of Sickle Cell Disease in Children
Authors: Carroll Bridgette , Gordon Amanda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Multiple contributors to neurocognitive impairment in individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) have been identified. Research indicates that a history of cerebrovascular accidents are associated with greater cognitive decline among children with sickle cell disease, specifically among visual-spatial tasks. Studies have also indicated the presence of age effects within this population. The purpose of this research is to examine the specific cognitive domains impacted by disease severity and age.
Method: Archival data from the National Institutes of Health’s Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease was used. Data was restricted to individuals aged 14 or younger (N= 2,408), with 47.8% (n = 1,152) female and 52.2% (n = 1,256) male. Black or African American (96.9%, n = 2,334) children made up the majority of the sample, with the remainder coded as “other” (2.8%, n = 68). The measures utilized included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), Woodcock Johnson-Revised (WJ-R), and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT).
Results: Disease severity was negatively correlated with some aspects of cognitive functioning, specifically in the visual-spatial domain [F(2, 1) = 4.42, p = .013, η² = .02]. Age was inversely correlated with measures of perceptual organization (r = -.36, p = .02) and visual motor abilities (r = -.49, p = .001).
Conclusions: Results revealed that disease severity was negatively correlated with several aspects of cognitive functioning. Cognitive decline also increased with age among this population. Introducing remediation interventions at earlier stages may help to reduce significant cognitive deficits.
A-225 The Pillbox Test: Does It Have Sufficient Construct Validity as a Measure of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?
Authors: Marceaux Janice C , Valencia Julianna P , Carter Kirstine R , Chicota-Carroll Cammy , Peak Ashley M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The Pillbox Test has demonstrated adequate criterion validity and the ability to discriminate between patients with and without dementia. The purpose of this study is to establish the construct validity of the Pillbox Test as a measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) abilities.
Method: A clinic-referred sample of veterans who passed performance validity tests and completed the Pillbox Test, Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS), and Geriatric Depression Scale, Short Form (GDS-SF) were selected for inclusion. This resulted in a sample of 62 veterans (93.5% male; 51.6% White, 32.3% Hispanic/Latinx, 16.1% Black; 71% Monolingual [English], 29% Bilingual [English/Spanish]). Spearman correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted due to non-normal distributions.
Results: There was a moderate negative association between errors on the Pillbox Test and overall performance of functional living skills assessed by TFLS, r(60)=-.598, p&lt;.001. There was not a significant relationship between Pillbox Test errors and self-reported mood symptoms on GDS-SF, r(60)=-.109, p=.401. Similarly, non-parametric analyses revealed a significant difference in performance on TFLS between those who passed the Pillbox Test relative to those who failed (p&lt;.001) and no difference on GDS-SF report between the Pillbox Test pass/fail groups (p=.394).
Conclusions: The Pillbox Test demonstrated adequate construct validity among a diverse older-adult sample. Specifically, the observed moderate correlation with TFLS supports convergent validity and the weak correlation with GDS-SF supports divergent validity. Compared to those who passed, those who failed the Pillbox Test had lower TFLS scores but similar GSD-SF scores. Findings support the Pillbox test as a measure of IADL performance.
A-229 A Story Told in Four Parts: Embedded Validity Indicators’ Effectiveness in Predicting Test of Memory Malingering Validity Classification
Authors: Obolsky Maximillian A , Tse Phoebe K , Wisinger Amanada M , Basurto Karen S , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Jeanette Kyle J , Resch Zachary J , Soble Jason R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The continuous sampling of performance validity throughout an evaluation is essential to ensure accurate and reliable data in neuropsychological assessment. Although embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) have less sensitivity than freestanding PVTs, the combination of multiple embedded PVTs can have similar classification accuracy to freestanding PVTs. This study examined a set of common embedded PVTs to assess those that best predict classification accuracy on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM).
Method: The sample was 56% female (n=126), and racially diverse with 40% Black, 35% White, 17% Hispanic, 5% Asian, and 2% other ethnicities. Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation that included the following embedded PVTs: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) Forced Choice (FC), RAVLT Effort Score, Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised Recognition Discrimination, Digit Span Age Corrected Scaled Score (DS ACSS), Reliable Digit Span, Stroop Color and Word Test Word Reading T-Score, Letter Fluency T-Score, and Trail Making Test Part A T-Score.
Results: A forward stepwise logistic regression was performed to predict TOMM Trial 1 pass/fail using the embedded PVTs as predictors. The model was achieved in two steps (p95% accuracy in correctly classifying TOMM T1 pass group.
Conclusions: Results indicate that RAVLT FC and DS ACSS together reliably predict TOMM pass/fail group. When time constraints limit use of the TOMM, RAVLT FC and DSACC may be reliable predictors of validity classification.
A-231 Can Embedded Performance Validity Measures Predict Performance on a Stand-Alone Test?
Authors: Meyer Corey S , Daniel Michael S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Determine the extent to which a group of embedded performance validity tests (PVT) predict performance on a stand-alone test; and examine the classification accuracy of embedded PVTs.
Method: Participants were 102 adult patients who underwent neuropsychological evaluation (M age = 31.85, SD = 11.79; M education = 13.82, SD = 2.50; M FSIQ = 104.72). Patients were administered the Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT), and 10 embedded PVT scores were extracted from their neuropsychological profiles. Logistic regression determined the extent to which scores on embedded PVTs predicted MSVT designation as credible or noncredible. Classification accuracy also was calculated for the embedded PVTs, both individually and based on number of “failures.”
Results: A final regression model (Chi-square (6) = 20.06, p = .003, Nagelkerke R Square = .42) was 38% sensitive, 97% specific, and correctly predicted credible patients (negative predictive accuracy = 95%) more often than noncredible patients (positive predictive accuracy = 50%). Several embedded PVTs had comparable classification accuracy. Conservatively defining noncredible performance as failure on at least three embedded PVTs produced the best combination of sensitivity (50%) and specificity (86%), and was associated with a false positive rate of 14%.
Conclusions: Embedded PVTs correctly predict credible and noncredible performance on the MSVT at a high level. Although a multivariate predictive approach may have slightly more utility than examining embedded PVT scores separately, several individual PVTs have comparable accuracy. It remains unclear which approach is superior, and more research is needed.