bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaps in Prehospital Care for Patients Exposed to a Chemical Attack – A Systematic Review
Authors: Bourassa Stephane , Paquette-Raynard Emmanuelle , Noebert Daniel , Dauphin Marc , Akinola Pelumi Samuel , Marseilles Jason , Jouvet Philippe , Leclerc Jacinthe 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroduction:The survivability of mass casualties exposed to a chemical attack is dependent on clinical knowledge, evidence-based practice, as well as protection and decontamination capabilities. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the knowledge gaps that relate to an efficient extraction and care of mass casualties caused by exposure to chemicals.Methods:This systematic review was conducted from November 2018 through September 2020 in compliance with Cochrane guidelines. Five databases were used (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL) to retrieve studies describing interventions performed to treat victims of chemical attacks (protection, decontamination, and treatment). The outcomes were patient’s health condition leading to his/her stabilization (primary) and death (secondary) due to interventions applied (medical, protection, and decontamination).Results:Of the 2,301 papers found through the search strategy, only four publications met the eligibility criteria. According to these studies, the confirmed chemical poisoning cases in acute settings resulting from the attacks in Matsumoto (1994), Tokyo (1995), and Damascus (2014) accounted for 1,333 casualties including 11 deaths. No study reported comprehensive prehospital clinical data in acute settings. No mention was made of the integration of specialized capabilities in medical interventions such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and decontamination to prevent a secondary exposure. Unfortunately, it was not possible to perform the planned meta-analysis.Conclusions:This study demonstrated gaps in clinical knowledge application regarding the medical extraction of casualties exposed during a chemical attack. Further research is required to optimize clinical practice integrating mixed capabilities (protection and decontamination) for the patient and medical staff.
Cost-effectiveness of zinc supplementation for prevention of childhood diarrhoea in Tanzania
Authors: Saronga Happiness Pius , Manji Karim , Liu Enju , Duggan Christopher P , Menzies Nicolas A 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjective:To assess the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic Zn supplementation for preventing diarrhoea in young children in Tanzania.Design:Cost-effectiveness analysis using decision-analytic modelling. Cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated as the incremental cost (2019 USD) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted, from a societal perspective, and with a 3 % discount rate applied to future outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of results to alternative assumptions.Setting:Tanzania.Participants:A hypothetical cohort of 10 000 children aged 6 weeks to 18 months.Results:The intervention costs of Zn supplementation were estimated as $109 800 (95 % uncertainty interval: 61 716, 171 507). Zn supplementation was estimated to avert 2200 (776, 3737) diarrhoeal episodes, 14 080 (4692, 25 839) sick days, 1584 (522, 2927) outpatient visits, 561 (160–1189) inpatient bed days, 0·51 (0·15, 1·03) deaths and 19·3 (6·1, 37·5) DALY (discounted at 3 % per year). Zn supplementation reduced diarrhoea care costs by $12, 887 (4089, 25 058). The incremental cost per DALY averted was $4950 (1678, 17 933). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) estimated from a health system perspective were similar to the results from the societal perspective. ICER were substantially lower (more favourable) when future outcomes were not discounted, but all ICER were above contemporary thresholds for cost-effectiveness in this setting.Conclusion:Prophylactic Zn reduced diarrhoea incidence and associated healthcare utilisation; however, it did not appear to be cost-effective for prevention of childhood diarrhoea in the scenario examined in this study. Reducing intervention costs, or identifying high risk groups for intervention targeting, may be needed to improve cost-effectiveness in this setting.
UNHCR and the Algerian war of independence: postcolonial sovereignty and the globalization of the international refugee regime, 1954–63
Authors: Rahal Malika , White Benjamin Thomas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Algerian war of independence (1954-62) was crucial to the extension of the modern international refugee regime beyond Europe. It is also the exemplar of how that regime became a site for the establishment of postcolonial sovereignty, globally. Tunisia and Morocco, newly independent, requested UNHCR’s help in assisting hundreds of thousands of Algerian refugees: interacting with the refugee regime allowed them to establish their credentials as independent states while asserting sovereignty over their own territories. In Algeria, the 1951 Refugee Convention applied before the war started, and UNHCR worked there to support ‘old’ refugees. During the war, the Front de Libération Nationale asserted itself as a state-in-waiting by engaging with UNHCR outside Algeria as the agency coordinated a vast relief operation. After the war, as refugees returned to a landscape riven by mass displacement, interacting with the refugee regime helped the new state assert sovereignty over Algeria’s territory, and Algerian bodies.
Seismic Evidence for Fluid‐Driven Pore Pressure Increase and Its Links With Induced Seismicity in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir, South China
Authors: Dong Shixian , Li Lun , Zhao Lingfeng , Shen Xuzhang , Wang Wentian , Huang He , Peng Borui , Xu Xiao , Gao Rui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractXinfengjiang Water Reservoir (XWR), located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, South China, has hosted a large number of earthquakes since its impoundment. In order to understand potential triggering mechanisms of the reservoir‐induced seismicity that could help assess seismic hazard to the Greater Bay Area, the most populated region in China, in this study, we construct a high‐resolution shear‐wave velocity model in shallow crust at depths from surface to ∼10 km based on a high‐density short‐period seismic array recently deployed surrounding the XWR using ambient noise tomography. We image a northwest‐southeast (NW‐SE)‐trending high‐velocity belt at depths of 2–6 km and a relatively low‐velocity channel (LVC) underlying the high‐velocity belt at a depth below 6 km under the XWR. The LVC seems to indicate the existence of a NW‐SE‐trending channel for water infiltration below 6 km under the XWR. Combined with spatiotemporal variation of focal‐depth and frequency of seismicity under the XWR over the past decade, we infer that a NW‐SE‐trending preexisting fault has reactivated due to pore pressure increase via water infiltration from the dam to a recently most active region, Xichang, northwest of XWR. This scenario could possibly explain the occurrence of increasing seismicity in northwest of XWR since 2012. This study highlights the seismic evidence for pore pressure increase due to water infiltration that triggers seismicity and further offers a reference for other forms of fluid‐driven seismicity worldwide.
Experimental ELF/VLF Wave Communication With Excitation by Ionosphere Modulated Heating
Authors: Yang Jutao , Li Qingliang , Lu Hong , Hao Shuji , Chen Jing , Yan Yubo , Wu Jian , Xu Tong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this study, we present experimental results from the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association for communication using extremely low frequency/very low frequency (ELF/VLF) electromagnetic (EM) waves excited via amplitude‐modulated auroral electrojet. EM wave signals with modulation frequencies of 2,017 and 3,517 Hz were encoded by quaternary phase shift keying, and three transmission rates (20, 100, and 400 bps) were selected. By analyzing the ELF/VLF EM wave intensity at the receiver, we found that the relationship between the ELF/VLF wave intensity and natural current intensity was affected by the background ionospheric state. Combined with previously published experimental results from High‐frequency Active Auroral Research Program communications, the relationship between bit error rate (BER) and signal‐to‐noise ratio (Eb/N0) at the receiver was also analyzed. The results showed that when Eb/N0 > 8 dB, BER = 0 and when Eb/N0 < 8 dB, the relationship between BER and Eb/N0 satisfies the complementary error function, and the accurate relationship between them is given via experimental data fitting.
Dissection of molecular and histological subtypes of papillary thyroid cancer using alternative splicing profiles
Authors: Park Jiyeon , Kim Dongmoung , Lee Jin-Ok , Park Hyeon-Chun , Ryu Brian Y. , Kim Ju Han , Lee Sug Hyung , Chung Yeun-Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite growing evidence of the relevance of alternative splicing (AS) to cancer development and progression, the biological implications of AS for tumor behaviors, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), remain elusive. With the aim of further understanding the molecular and histological subtypes of PTC, we in this study explored whether AS events might act as new molecular determinants. For this purpose, AS profiles were analyzed in RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and from a Korean patient dataset. A total of 23 distinct exon-skipping (ES) events that correlated significantly with PTC oncogenic activity and differentiation scores were identified. The two top-ranked ES events, NUMA1_17515 in exon 18 of NUMA1 and TUBB3_38175 in exon 6 of TUBB3, showed high correlations with oncogenic activities and discriminated histological and molecular subtypes of PTC. Furthermore, two novel intron-retention (IR) events for TUBB3 were uncovered. All ES and IR events for the TUBB3 gene were predicted to induce nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The relative abundances of intron reads in the PTC dataset from TCGA showed IR levels to differ significantly among PTC subtypes, possibly reflecting their different tumor behaviors. This study provides a landscape of AS changes among PTC subtypes and identified two significant AS events, NUMA1_17515 and TUBB3_38175, as potential AS biomarkers for PTC subclassification and characterization. The AS events identified in this study may be involved in the development of phenotypic differences underlying the functional characteristics and histological differentiation of PTCs.
Elevated Kir2.1/nuclear N2ICD defines a highly malignant subtype of non-WNT/SHH medulloblastomas
Authors: Wang Yan-Xia , Wu Haibo , Ren Yong , Lv Shengqing , Ji Chengdong , Xiang Dongfang , Zhang Mengsi , Lu Huimin , Fu Wenjuan , Liu Qing , Yan Zexuan , Ma Qinghua , Miao Jingya , Cai Ruili , Lan Xi , Wu Bin , Wang Wenying , Liu Yinhua , Wang Dai-Zhong , Cao Mianfu , He Zhicheng , Shi Yu , Ping Yifang , Yao Xiaohong , Zhang Xia , Zhang Peng , Wang Ji Ming , Wang Yan , Cui Youhong , Bian Xiu-Wu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMedulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common childhood malignant brain tumors (WHO grade IV), traditionally divided into WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 subgroups based on the transcription profiles, somatic DNA alterations, and clinical outcomes. Unlike WNT and SHH subgroup MBs, Group 3 and Group 4 MBs have similar transcriptomes and lack clearly specific drivers and targeted therapeutic options. The recently revised WHO Classification of CNS Tumors has assigned Group 3 and 4 to a provisional non-WNT/SHH entity. In the present study, we demonstrate that Kir2.1, an inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, is highly expressed in non-WNT/SHH MBs, which promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis by recruiting Adam10 to enhance S2 cleavage of Notch2 thereby activating the Notch2 signaling pathway. Disruption of the Notch2 pathway markedly inhibited the growth and metastasis of Kir2.1-overexpressing MB cell-derived xenograft tumors in mice. Moreover, Kir2.1high/nuclear N2ICDhigh MBs are associated with the significantly shorter lifespan of the patients. Thus, Kir2.1high/nuclear N2ICDhigh can be used as a biomarker to define a novel subtype of non-WNT/SHH MBs. Our findings are important for the modification of treatment regimens and the development of novel-targeted therapies for non-WNT/SHH MBs.
ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Shen Xu-Rui , Geng Rong , Li Qian , Chen Ying , Li Shu-Fen , Wang Qi , Min Juan , Yang Yong , Li Bei , Jiang Ren-Di , Wang Xi , Zheng Xiao-Shuang , Zhu Yan , Jia Jing-Kun , Yang Xing-Lou , Liu Mei-Qin , Gong Qian-Chun , Zhang Yu-Lan , Guan Zhen-Qiong , Li Hui-Ling , Zheng Zhen-Hua , Shi Zheng-Li , Zhang Hui-Lan , Peng Ke , Zhou Peng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 induced marked lymphopenia in severe patients with COVID-19. However, whether lymphocytes are targets of viral infection is yet to be determined, although SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen has been identified in T cells from patients. Here, we confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen could be detected in patient peripheral blood cells (PBCs) or postmortem lung T cells, and the infectious virus could also be detected from viral antigen-positive PBCs. We next prove that SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes, preferably activated CD4 + T cells in vitro. Upon infection, viral RNA, subgenomic RNA, viral protein or viral particle can be detected in the T cells. Furthermore, we show that the infection is spike-ACE2/TMPRSS2-independent through using ACE2 knockdown or receptor blocking experiments. Next, we demonstrate that viral antigen-positive T cells from patient undergone pronounced apoptosis. In vitro infection of T cells induced cell death that is likely in mitochondria ROS-HIF-1a-dependent pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that LFA-1, the protein exclusively expresses in multiple leukocytes, is more likely the entry molecule that mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection in T cells, compared to a list of other known receptors. Collectively, this work confirmed a SARS-CoV-2 infection of T cells, in a spike-ACE2-independent manner, which shed novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients.
New AKT-dependent mechanisms of anti-COVID-19 action of high-CBD Cannabis sativa extracts
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Dongping , Fiselier Anna , Kovalchuk Igor , Kovalchuk Olga 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which enters target cells via interactions with ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Here, we show AKT serine/threonine kinase-dependent epigenetic control of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression by high-cannabidiol (CBD) cannabis extracts and their individual components. CBD alone and extracts #1, #5, #7, and #129 downregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through AKT-mediated inhibition. miR-200c-3p and let-7a-5p were two contributing miRNAs in CBD-mediated suppression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. CBD and terpene PTWT2.2 profoundly inhibited ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression, both individually and in combination. Extracts #1, #5, #7, and #169 suppressed COX2 expression and remarkably attenuated TNFα/IFNγ-triggered induction of proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-8 by AKT pathway. The most abundant molecules present in extracts #1 and #7 modulated the expression of COX2, IL-6, and IL-8 both individually and in combination. These results reveal that high-CBD cannabis extracts attenuated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression and the induction of inflammatory mediators COX2, IL-6, and IL-8 via the AKT pathway, highlighting their potential anti-COVID-19 features.
STEP to blood pressure management of elderly hypertension: evidence from Asia
Authors: Zhang Wei-li , Cai Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith a rapidly aging population, adequate blood pressure (BP) control is critical for hypertension management and prevention of cardiovascular events. Impressive cardiovascular benefits have been observed with intensive BP control (SBP target, <120 mmHg) in the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) study, even in patients 75 years of age or older. A most recent meta-analysis including 51 randomized trials with over 350,000 participants from the BPLTTC (The Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration) showed that BP lowering is effective in older people for reducing major cardiovascular events. The STEP (Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients) study—a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial conducted in China, provided important evidence that intensive BP treatment (SBP target, 110 mmHg to <130 mmHg) benefits older hypertensive patients (aged 60–80 years) and reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events than standard treatment (target 130 mmHg to <150 mmHg). Because Asian people have a higher burden of hypertension and stroke than Caucasian people, intensive BP treatment has more advantages in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events including stroke in Asian hypertensive patients than in Caucasian people. Home BP monitoring is helpful to facilitate hypertension management for older patients. It should also be noted that clinical decision-making should be on a patient basis, such as fragility, diabetes, stroke, and other comorbidities, with tailored BP targets. Here we review the important clinical trials of BP control in elderly hypertension, interpretate the main findings of STEP, and also discuss the perspectives of managing hypertension in Asia.
Structural basis for modulation of human NaV1.3 by clinical drug and selective antagonist
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Xu Feng , Xu Hao , Zhang Shuli , Gao Yiwei , Zhang Hongwei , Dong Yanli , Zheng Yanchun , Yang Bei , Sun Jianyuan , Zhang Xuejun Cai , Zhao Yan , Jiang Daohua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractVoltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels play fundamental roles in initiating and propagating action potentials. NaV1.3 is involved in numerous physiological processes including neuronal development, hormone secretion and pain perception. Here we report structures of human NaV1.3/β1/β2 in complex with clinically-used drug bulleyaconitine A and selective antagonist ICA121431. Bulleyaconitine A is located around domain I-II fenestration, providing the detailed view of the site-2 neurotoxin binding site. It partially blocks ion path and expands the pore-lining helices, elucidating how the bulleyaconitine A reduces peak amplitude but improves channel open probability. In contrast, ICA121431 preferentially binds to activated domain IV voltage-sensor, consequently strengthens the Ile-Phe-Met motif binding to its receptor site, stabilizes the channel in inactivated state, revealing an allosterically inhibitory mechanism of NaV channels. Our results provide structural details of distinct small-molecular modulators binding sites, elucidate molecular mechanisms of their action on NaV channels and pave a way for subtype-selective therapeutic development.
High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery
Authors: Hou Singyuk , Chen Long , Fan Xiulin , Fan Xiaotong , Ji Xiao , Wang Boyu , Cui Chunyu , Chen Ji , Yang Chongyin , Wang Wei , Li Chunzhong , Wang Chunsheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGrid-scale energy storage is essential for reliable electricity transmission and renewable energy integration. Redox flow batteries (RFB) provide affordable and scalable solutions for stationary energy storage. However, most of the current RFB chemistries are based on expensive transition metal ions or synthetic organics. Here, we report a reversible chlorine redox flow battery starting from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte and the as-produced Cl2 is extracted and stored in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The immiscibility between the CCl4 or mineral spirit and NaCl electrolyte enables a membrane-free design with an energy efficiency of >91% at 10 mA/cm2 and an energy density of 125.7 Wh/L. The chlorine flow battery can meet the stringent price and reliability target for stationary energy storage with the inherently low-cost active materials (~$5/kWh) and the highly reversible Cl2/Cl− redox reaction.
Deep tissue localization and sensing using optical microcavity probes
Authors: Kavčič Aljaž , Garvas Maja , Marinčič Matevž , Unger Katrin , Coclite Anna Maria , Majaron Boris , Humar Matjaž 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOptical microcavities and microlasers were recently introduced as probes inside living cells and tissues. Their main advantages are spectrally narrow emission lines and high sensitivity to the environment. Despite numerous novel methods for optical imaging in strongly scattering biological tissues, imaging at single-cell resolution beyond the ballistic light transport regime remains very challenging. Here, we show that optical microcavity probes embedded inside cells enable three-dimensional localization and tracking of individual cells over extended time periods, as well as sensing of their environment, at depths well beyond the light transport length. This is achieved by utilizing unique spectral features of the whispering-gallery modes, which are unaffected by tissue scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence. In addition, microcavities can be functionalized for simultaneous sensing of various parameters, such as temperature or pH value, which extends their versatility beyond the capabilities of standard fluorescent labels.
Efficient Kerr soliton comb generation in micro-resonator with interferometric back-coupling
Authors: Boggio J. M. Chavez , Bodenmüller D. , Ahmed S. , Wabnitz S. , Modotto D. , Hansson T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNonlinear Kerr micro-resonators have enabled fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of dissipative solitons, as well as in their application to optical frequency comb generation. However, the conversion efficiency of the pump power into a soliton frequency comb typically remains below a few percent. We fabricate and characterize a hybrid Mach-Zehnder ring resonator geometry, consisting of a micro-ring resonator embedded in an additional cavity with twice the optical path length of the ring. The resulting interferometric back coupling enables to achieve an unprecedented control of the pump depletion: pump-to-frequency comb conversion efficiencies of up to 55% of the input pump power is experimentally demonstrated with a soliton crystal comb. We assess the robustness of the proposed on-chip geometry by generating a large variety of dissipative Kerr soliton combs, which require a lower amount of pump power to be accessed, when compared with an isolated micro-ring resonator with identical parameters. Micro-resonators with feedback enable accessing new regimes of coherent soliton comb generation, and are well suited for comb applications in astronomy, spectroscopy and telecommunications.
The synergistic effect of Hf-O-Ru bonds and oxygen vacancies in Ru/HfO2 for enhanced hydrogen evolution
Authors: Li Guangkai , Jang Haeseong , Liu Shangguo , Li Zijian , Kim Min Gyu , Qin Qing , Liu Xien , Cho Jaephil 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRu nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be highly active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). At present, most of Ru nanoparticles-based HER electrocatalysts with high activity are supported by heteroatom-doped carbon substrates. Few metal oxides with large band gap (more than 5 eV) as the substrates of Ru nanoparticles are employed for the HER. By using large band gap metal oxides substrates, we can distinguish the contribution of Ru nanoparticles from the substrates. Here, a highly efficient Ru/HfO2composite is developed by tuning numbers of Ru-O-Hf bonds and oxygen vacancies, resulting in a 20-fold enhancement in mass activity over commercial Pt/C in an alkaline medium. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that strong metal-support interaction via Ru-O-Hf bonds and the oxygen vacancies in the supported Ru samples synergistically lower the energy barrier for water dissociation to improve catalytic activities.