bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lawyer Policymaker
Authors: Derrig Ríán 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter hangs around Harold Lasswell and Myres McDougal’s earliest collaborative publication, a 1943 law journal article that argued that American legal education should train policymakers. It reconstructs core tenets of the legal theory they began to develop, later called ‘policy-oriented jurisprudence’. The chapter emphasizes the centrality of psychoanalytic social theory and of philosophical pragmatism to this jurisprudence. Lasswell’s earlier scholarship is examined and his theorization of the elite-led emergence of socialist world government is connected to the legal theory he developed with McDougal. The chapter contextualizes this story of ideas by reconstructing Lasswell’s and McDougal’s government work during the Second World War, in Lasswell’s case as a propagandist and in McDougal’s as a government lawyer and legal scholar. The chapter argues that Lasswell and McDougal are best understood as particularly effective articulators of ideas that were widely held in 1940s American legal and foreign policy circles.
An American Anti-Formalist Legal Practice
Authors: Derrig Ríán 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how Myres McDougal used the policy-oriented jurisprudence he developed with Harold Lasswell to make the legal arguments that made this theory famous as the ‘New Haven School’. McDougal’s arguments for Saudi Arabia in the Aramco arbitration, in defence of testing thermonuclear weapons on the Marshall Islands, for the naval blockade of Cuba, and about the laws of war and in war are reconstructed. The chapter argues that an American tradition of anti-formalism was central to these arguments, as was a conception of international law as a process of claims and counterclaims, a sociological awareness of all parties in that process, and a philosophical and psychologically oriented assumption that those parties are inevitably pursuing values. It argues that McDougal’s style of argument was representative of mid-century American international law and is a style that still characterizes that field today.
Conclusion
Authors: Derrig Ríán 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by drawing the arguments of the previous chapters together. It underlines the continuing influence of the New Haven School, and addresses the widely shared contemporary experience of confusion engendered by encountering the school’s enormous treatises. The much commented upon schematic lists employed in those treatises have obscured what was actually central to the anti-formalist style of legal argument that the school represented—an anthropological and psychoanalytic theorization of individuals in social life, alongside a sociologically rich view of legal argument and of participants in law making. The chapter explains the complex legacy associated with the school’s approach, identifying interpretations that variously laud it as a precursor to American liberal internationalism or critique it as a tool of American imperial hegemony.
Explanations and Skeptical Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book. It briefly introduces Phenomenal Explanationism (PE), which is an internalist theory of epistemic justification holding that all ultimate evidence consists of appearances and epistemic support is a matter of explanatory relations. The chapter clarifies the broad sort of skeptical challenges that will be the focus of the book. In particular, it is made clear that the skeptical problems being discussed are each targeting propositional justification. The general features of explanationism are discussed. And an outline of the rest of the book along with short summaries of the chapters that follow are provided.
Phenomenal Explanationism Revisited Part I
Authors: McCain Kevin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the account of evidence and evidence possession included in Phenomenal Explanationism (PE). In particular it explains that all ultimate evidence consists of appearances. After arguing various conceptions of appearances are mistaken, the chapter makes it clear that appearances are non-factive mental states with propositional content, mind-to-world direction of fit, and phenomenal force. Finally, the chapter distinguishes between three important classes of appearances and their features. While each kind of appearance provides some positive epistemic support for its content, they differ considerably in the degree of support provided. Mere seemings provide minimal support for their content, paired appearances provide slightly more epistemic support, and presentational appearances provide the highest degree of epistemic support of all appearances—when undefeated they provide knowledge-level justification.
Pyrrhonian Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter displays Phenomenal Explanationism’s (PE) solution to two classic Pyrrhonian skeptical problems: the problem of the criterion and Agrippa’s Trilemma (the regress problem). With respect the problem of the criterion PE offers a non-skeptical solution that is superior to particularism, methodism, and skepticism in that it solves the problem without begging the question. When it comes to Agrippa’s Trilemma PE provides a foundationalist response. That is to say, it allows for the regress of justification to end in beliefs that are themselves justified but not on the basis of other justified beliefs. Further, it is explained why the response to this regress provided by PE is not arbitrary.
Humean Problems
Authors: McCain Kevin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the Humean problem of induction. It is argued that Phenomenal Explanationism (PE) provides a satisfying response to inductive skepticism. However, an analogous problem arises for PE—the challenge of providing reasons for thinking that explanatory virtues are truth-conducive. The chapter argues that PE has the resources for overcoming this further challenge as well. The response that PE offers is in fact circular, but it is argued in the chapter that the kind of circularity involved in solving these inductive skeptical problems is not vicious. The solutions to these problems are the final ones offered in the book. They help solidify the viability of PE’s solutions to the skeptical problems addressed in earlier chapters and display the extent of its anti-skeptical power.
Outcomes in Implant-based Breast Reconstruction Utilizing Biosynthetic Mesh: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Arnautovic Alisa , Williams Sonya , Ash Makenna , Menon Ambika , Shauly Orr , Losken Albert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Biosynthetic mesh has become increasingly popular for immediate breast cancer implant-based reconstruction as an alternative to acellular dermal matrix for soft tissue support.

Objectives
The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the various biosynthetic mesh options available as well as complications and outcomes.

Methods
PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine), and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) were systematically reviewed for studies investigating TIGR (Novus Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden), Vicryl (Ethicon, Inc., Raritan, NJ), PDO (Poly-Med, Anderson, SC), TiLOOP (PFM Medical, Cologne, Germany), Durasorb (Integra LifeSciences, Princeton, NJ), and Galaflex (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) meshes, and their associated outcomes. The meta-analysis was completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and was performed to determine overall complication rates in patients who underwent breast reconstruction in which a mesh was used. Data were combined by a pooling of proportional outcomes as is inherent to meta-analysis. The heterogeneity of included studies was assessed in terms of Q and I2 statistics.

Results
A total of 24 studies investigating 6 different types of mesh in 2167 individual breasts undergoing implant reconstruction were included. Summary effect sizes were calculated for the complications. The pooled rate of seroma formation was 5.26% (Q = 23.81%, I2 = 37.01%) reported in 13 studies, hematoma formation was 2.5% (Q = 0.25%, I2 = 58.27%) reported in 9 studies, skin necrosis was 5.5% (Q = 2.86%, I2 = 423.78%) reported in 10 studies, infection rate was 4.8% (Q = 6.02%, I2 = 149.34%) in 21 studies, and implant loss was 3.85% (Q = 6.55%, I2 = 129.07%) reported in 10 studies.

Conclusions
Overall, although differences in mesh characteristics exist, the reported rate of complications is low. Biosynthetic mesh options should be taken into consideration in breast reconstruction given their demonstrated safety, significant cost advantage, and potential decrease in short-term complications in comparison to acellular dermal matrix.

Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic)
Religion, Politics and Reconciliation in France: The Death of Archbishop Denis-Auguste Affre and the Revolution of 1848
Authors: O’Brien Laura 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Denis-Auguste Affre, archbishop of Paris, died on 27 June 1848, two days after being shot at the barricades while attempting to parley with insurgents during the uprising known as the June Days. This Parisian insurrection is usually seen as a moment of rupture in both the French Second Republic and the European revolutions of 1848, marking a swing towards reaction and increased repression. This article argues, however, that the case of Affre—especially efforts to commemorate him by both the French republican state and the French Catholic church and to frame him as a figure of conciliation—reveals attempts to achieve greater unity, not division, in the aftermath of a bloody civil war. It looks at how Affre was constructed as a modern martyr, straddling the boundary between religious sacrifice and civic duty, drawing on a range of texts, images, devotional objects and relics. It shows how the choice of Affre as a figure for reconciliation following the June insurrection reflected broader attempts at a closer alliance between the church and the republic following the February Revolution of 1848. By revealing contested areas of commemoration, however, it argues that responses to Affre’s death simultaneously highlighted the possibility of a different path for the relationship between the Catholic church and revolutionary regimes in nineteenth-century Europe, while also exposing continuing tensions between church and state.
Guidelines and standard frameworks for artificial intelligence in medicine: a systematic review
Authors: Shiferaw Kirubel Biruk , Roloff Moritz , Balaur Irina , Welter Danielle , Waltemath Dagmar , Zeleke Atinkut Alamirrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
The continuous integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical settings requires the development of up-to-date and robust guidelines and standard frameworks that consider the evolving challenges of AI implementation in medicine. This review evaluates the quality of these guideline and summarizes ethical frameworks, best practices, and recommendations.

Materials and Methods
The Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation II tool was used to assess the quality of guidelines based on 6 domains: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence. The protocol of this review including the eligibility criteria, the search strategy data extraction sheet and methods, was published prior to the actual review with International Registered Report Identifier of DERR1-10.2196/47105.

Results
The initial search resulted in 4975 studies from 2 databases and 7 studies from manual search. Eleven articles were selected for data extraction based on the eligibility criteria. We found that while guidelines generally excel in scope, purpose, and editorial independence, there is significant variability in applicability and the rigor of guideline development. Well-established initiatives such as TRIPOD+AI, DECIDE-AI, SPIRIT-AI, and CONSORT-AI have shown high quality, particularly in terms of stakeholder involvement. However, applicability remains a prominent challenge among the guidelines. The result also showed that the reproducibility, ethical, and environmental aspects of AI in medicine still need attention from both medical and AI communities.

Discussion
Our work highlights the need for working toward the development of integrated and comprehensive reporting guidelines that adhere to the principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability. This alignment is essential for fostering a cultural shift toward transparency and open science, which are pivotal milestone for sustainable digital health research.

Conclusion
This review evaluates the current reporting guidelines, discussing their advantages as well as challenges and limitations.
Unbundling power transmission and distribution: whither the incremental power distribution network reform in China?
Authors: Yan Xingyu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
China adopts an incremental approach to unbundling power transmission and distribution, allowing non-state actors to fund and operate power distribution networks that are additional to existing grid-affiliated networks. However, this approach is faltering, which could compromise China’s ‘dual carbon’ agenda, considering how integral a competitive power distribution market is for accommodating the rising distributed renewables. This article analyses the market design flaws and market power abuses contributing to this approach’s faltering state. As the market design is being corrected through energy policymaking, this article discusses whether and how the market power abuses could be addressed through antitrust enforcement.
Fighting, Rescuing, and Building: The Jewish Palestinian Soldiers in Eretz Israel and Italy
Authors: Bettin Cristina , Rocca Samuele 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The contribution of Jewish volunteers from Mandate Palestine who fought in the Jewish Brigade in Italy during and after World War II was threefold. First, they served militarily as members of the Allied Forces fighting Nazi Germany. Second, they rescued thousands of Jewish refugees. Third, they helped Italian Jews reconstruct their communities and Jewish life, which had been destroyed during the war. However, as this article aims to show, the contribution of these soldiers extended also to Eretz Israel. After returning from Europe, they contributed enormously to the founding of the Israeli Armed Forces, which played a crucial role in the birth and survival of the new State of Israel. This article investigates the manifold contributions of Jewish Palestinian soldiers of the Jewish Brigade in both Italy and Eretz Israel, analyzing new sources that have recently come to light. These sources include private correspondence and memoirs of several soldiers, as well as documents from Israeli and Italian archives, including those from the Italian Military Intelligence (SIM) in the Historical Archive of the Italian Army General Staff (SME) in Rome.
Characteristics of the Hypertensive Pediatric Population of Northern Israel
Authors: Weiss Lotem , Magen Daniella , Pollack Shirley 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectivesThe overall prevalence of hypertension (HTN) among Israeli Jewish adolescents was reported to be 0.4% in males and 0.074% in females. The demographic characteristics of Northern Israeli population are unique, with a nearly equal distribution of Arab and Jewish ethnicity. We describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric hypertensive patients in northern Israel.DesignData was retrospectively collected from electronic medical records (EMR) of pediatric patients aged 0-18 diagnosed with HTN at Rambam Health Care Campus between 2010-2020. Demographic characteristics, etiology, end-organ damage (EOD), and medical treatment were collected and compared between specific subgroups.ResultsDuring the study period, 479 children diagnosed with HTN were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 9.6 years. 64% were males. BMI > 85th percentile was measured in 45%. 17% were diagnosed with primary HTN. Primary HTN was more prevalent (32%) in adolescents, the majority of Jewish ancestry. Obesity prevalence was significantly higher in primary HTN patients. EOD was more common in secondary HTN, Arab-Muslim origin, consanguinity, and younger age. At follow-up, 35.8% were without antihypertensive medications. Calcium channel blockers were the most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensives.ConclusionsHigher rates of secondary HTN than reported in the literature were attributed to high consanguinity and resulted in extensive diagnostic procedures across all age groups, unlike AAP guidelines recommendations. Better adherence to guideline recommendations was demonstrated in patients referred to the pediatric nephrology institute, highlighting the importance of referral of HTN patients to specialized clinics.
Enhancing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Amyloid PET: The Impact of MR-Guided PET Reconstruction
Authors: Khalighi M. Mehdi , Young Christina B. , Weiss Skylar , Zeineh Michael , Davidzon Guido , Mormino Elizabeth , Zaharchuk Greg 
Published: January 2025

Abstract18F-Florbetaben (FBB) uptake in the supratentorial cortex is indicative of amyloid positivity. Due to PET’s low spatial resolution, image noise, and spill-over of signal from adjacent white-matter into gray-matter, there are inconsistencies in ratings among trained readers. A set of 26418F-Florbetaben (amyloid) PET/MRI exams were reconstructed using conventional ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) method and MR-guided block sequential regularized expectation maximization (MRgBSREM) method. Images from 264 patients reconstructed by OSEM method and rated by 3 trained readers. Fifty-three exams were rated inconsistently and were mixed with another 53 exams which were rated consistently. These 106 subjects were then rated by our readers using the MRgBSREM PET reconstruction method. Centiloids (CL) were measured using both reconstruction methods. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated in frontal, anterior/posterior cingulate, lateral parietal, and lateral temporal regions for both reconstruction methods. There is significant correlation between CL measured by OSEM and MRgBSREM methods with R2=0.99. MRgBSREM enhanced the SNR in all regions by average of 21%. The number of inconsistent exams dropped by 64% using MRgBSREM method as compared with OSEM method. Using Fleiss-Kappa statistical test, the agreement between readers was raised from “Fair” to “Significant” in the 106-subjects subset. PET reconstruction with MR priors can significantly improve the consistency of ratings among trained readers. Given the prevalence of inconsistent ratings in amyloid PET, methods that enhance the ability to distinguish intermediate amyloid levels could be valuable for the widespread adoption of this modality.
An inherited mtDNA mutation remodels inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages andin vivo
Authors: Marques Eloïse , Burr Stephen P. , Casey Alva M. , Stopforth Richard J. , Yu Chak Shun , Turner Keira , Wolf Dane M. , Dilucca Marisa , Tyrrell Victoria J. , Kramer Robbin , Kanse Yamini M. , Powell Chris A. , Stewart James B. , Murphy Michael P. , Minczuk Michal , O’Donnell Valerie B. , Bryant Clare E. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Kaser Arthur , von Kriegsheim Alexander , Ryan Dylan G. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractImpaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in macrophages can drive hyperinflammatory cytokine responses1–6, but whether this may also be caused by inherited mtDNA mutations is unknown. Here, we address this question using a multi-omic approach that integrates super-resolution imaging and metabolic analyses to profile macrophages from a mouse model of mitochondrial disease arising from a heteroplasmic mutation (m.5019A>G) in the mitochondrial tRNA for alanine7. These m.5019A>G macrophages exhibit defects in respiratory chain complexes and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) due to decreased intra-mitochondrial translation. To adapt to this metabolic stress, mitochondrial fusion, reductive glutamine metabolism, and aerobic glycolysis are all increased. Upon inflammatory activation, type I interferon (IFN-I) release is enhanced, while the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxylipins are restrained in m.5019A>G macrophages. Finally, anin vivoendotoxemia model using m.5019A>G mice reveal elevated IFN-I levels and sickness behaviour. In conclusion, our study identifies an unexpected imbalance in innate immune signalling in response to a pathogenic mtDNA mutation, with important implications for the progression of pathology in patients with mtDNA diseases8.
Effects of Single-Session Perturbation-Based Balance Training with Progressive Intensities on Resilience and Dynamic Gait Stability in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Zhu Ringo Tang-Long , Schulte Friederike A. , Singh Navrag B. , Ma Christina Zong-Hao , Easthope Chris Awai , Ravi Deepak K. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSingle-session perturbation-based balance training (PBT) has demonstrated improvements in dynamic stability during the initial step following perturbation in older adults. However, its broader effects on comprehensive balance recovery remain inconclusive. This pilot randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of personalized single-session PBT on reactive balance control during walking, employing advanced stability analysis techniques. Ten participants in the training group underwent a single session consisting of 32 unpredictable treadmill-induced slips and trips of progressively increasing intensity, while ten participants in the control group engaged in unperturbed treadmill walking. Key outcome measures included margin of stability (MoS) parameters: minimum MoS and the number of recovery steps, and resilience parameters: peak instability and recovery time, assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and three months post-intervention following an unexpected treadmill slip. The training group exhibited significant immediate and sustained improvements (p < 0.05) in minimum MoS values, alongside a notable reduction in peak instability (p < 0.05) immediately post-intervention. These changes were not observed in the control group. However, neither group demonstrated significant alterations in the number of recovery steps or recovery time across the assessment periods. In conclusion, single-session PBT enhanced reactive balance control by improving the magnitude of post-perturbation responses, but it did not significantly influence the speed of recovery to baseline conditions.
Representational drift reflects ongoing balancing of stochastic changes by Hebbian learning
Authors: Eppler Jens-Bastian , Lai Thomas , Aschauer Dominik , Rumpel Simon , Kaschube Matthias 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that even under stable environmental and behavioural conditions responses to sensory stimuli undergo continuous reformatting over the course of days, a condition described as representational drift. However, the processes underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Examining the dynamics of signal and noise correlations among neuron pairs in chronic calcium imaging experiments in the mouse auditory cortex, we investigate how activity-dependent, Hebbian-like plasticity, and activity-independent, stochastic synaptic processes contribute to representational drift. We found that signal correlations predict future noise correlations, suggesting that stimulus-induced co-activation leads to increased effective connectivity between neuron pairs. Moreover, simple linear network models were able to account for the observed temporal dependencies between signal and noise correlations, but only if both Hebbian-like plasticity and stochastic changes of either inputs or recurrent synapses contribute to representational drift. In conclusion, our findings suggest that continuous sensory input-driven Hebbian-like plasticity can balance ongoing stochastic synaptic changes, thereby preventing the network’s functional degradation.