bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of PGC‐1α in fiber type conversion in the palatopharyngeus muscle of OSA patients
Authors: Chen Ling , Shen Yongqing , Xiong Hao , Guan Zhong , Si Yu , Liang Haifeng , Zhu Wenying , Cai Qian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a high incidence and is harmful to health. It is characterized by repeated collapse of the upper airway. However, the mechanism underlying upper airway collapse is unclear.MethodsPatients with OSA and chronic tonsillitis were studied. Pathological changes in palatopharyngeus muscle were detected. The expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ co‐activator‐1α (PGC‐1α) and nuclear respiratory factor‐1 (NRF‐1) in muscles was detected by PCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of type I and type II myofibril.ResultsThe structure of the palatopharyngeus muscle was changed, and the expression of PGC‐1α and NRF‐1 was decreased in the OSA group compared with that in the control group. The expression of PGC‐1α, NRF‐1, and type I myofibril in C2C12 myoblasts was decreased by intermittent hypoxia exposure. The expression of type I myofibril was decreased when knocking down PGC‐1α.ConclusionOSA patients exhibited pathological damage in palatopharyngeus muscle. PGC‐1α was involved in the fiber type conversion in palatopharyngeus muscle caused by intermittent hypoxia.
Dynein light chain LC8 alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting NF‐κB signaling and reducing oxidative stress
Authors: Lee Gong‐Rak , Lee Hye In , Kim Narae , Lee Jiae , Kwon Minjeong , Kang Ye Hee , Song Hyeong Ju , Yeo Chang‐Yeol , Jeong Woojin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease characterized by fat accumulation and chronic inflammation in the liver. Dynein light chain of 8 kDa (LC8) was identified previously as an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), a key regulator of inflammation, however, its role in NASH remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether LC8 can alleviate NASH using a mouse model of methionine and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet‐induced NASH and examined the underlying mechanism. LC8 transgenic (Tg) mice showed lower hepatic steatosis and less progression of NASH, including hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, compared to wild‐type (WT) mice after consuming an MCD diet. The hepatic expression of lipogenic genes was lower, while that of lipolytic genes was greater in LC8 Tg mice than WT mice, which might be associated with resistance of LC8 Tg mice to hepatic steatosis. Consumption of an MCD diet caused oxidative stress, IκBα phosphorylation, and subsequent p65 liberation from IκBα and nuclear translocation, resulting in induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, these effects of MCD diet were reduced by LC8 overexpression. Collectively, these results suggest that LC8 alleviates MCD diet‐induced NASH by inhibiting NF‐κB through binding to IκBα to interfere with IκBα phosphorylation and by reducing oxidative stress via scavenging reactive oxygen species. Thus, boosting intracellular LC8 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with NASH.
Effect Compartment Model for the Evaluation of Tolerance to Psychological Highness Following Smoking Marijuana
Authors: Singla Sumeet , Block Robert 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the development of tolerance, using a population modeling approach, in recreational marijuana users after acute pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a primary ingredient in marijuana. A total of 85 subjects in 3 separate studies smoked marijuana cigarettes (dose = 13–49 mg) under controlled conditions. Each study was designed as a randomized, crossover, double‐blind, and placebo‐controlled study. Up to 5 THC plasma samples and corresponding user‐reported psychological highness were pooled for population modeling analyses. Age, sex, user status, and body mass index were evaluated as covariates. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were estimated in the 2‐compartment PK model. PK parameters were fixed in the effect compartment model to describe the relationship between THC plasma concentration–psychological highness. The distribution rate constant in the effect compartment was estimated to be 0.988 (95%CI 0.964–1.010)/h. The population mean half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 23.8 (95%CI 22.7–24.9) ng/mL. Covariate analysis revealed that user status was a significant covariate, and that chronic users appear to need higher plasma concentrations compared with occasional users to achieve a similar degree of highness. The modeling results conclude that chronic users develop tolerance to euphoria, which is the primary central nervous system effect of smoking marijuana.
An Updated Patient‐Centered Sialadenitis Instrument: The Obstructive Salivary Problem Impact Test (SPIT)
Authors: Gulati Arushi , Cognetti David M. , Cohen David S. , Ogden M. Allison , Schaitkin Barry M. , Walvekar Rohan R. , Ryan William R. , Chang Jolie L. 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveThe Chronic Obstructive Sialadenitis Symptoms questionnaire (COSS) was created to assess chronic sialadenitis symptoms and treatment response, but its development lacked patient input and validation. We analyzed COSS responses and feedback from sialadenitis patients and physician experts to create the novel obstructive Salivary Problem Impact Test (SPIT), a new standardized measure of sialadenitis‐associated symptoms.MethodsWe analyzed COSS responses via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify essential symptom domains and reduce overlap in questions. Sialadenitis patients evaluated the significance of index symptoms identified from the literature review. Expert physicians rated symptom relevance in clinical assessment. An updated questionnaire (SPIT) was piloted with both patient and expert interviews to optimize structure and readability. The SPIT was assessed for internal consistency, construct validity, and test–retest stability.ResultsEFA of 310 COSS responses demonstrated 3 main symptom domains (functional impact, pain, swelling) that explained 58.4% of response variance. Results were not statistically different when collapsing from 11 to 5 question response options. Experts (n = 5) ranked gland swelling, mealtime pain, and foul taste as most clinically important, while patients (n = 12) ranked swelling, non‐mealtime pain, and difficulty eating as most bothersome. Most patients experienced sialadenitis‐related functional or psychosocial impairment. Following interviews for question refinement, a 25‐question survey was finalized. SPIT responses from 50 sialadenitis patients demonstrated internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96), 14‐day stability (p < 0.001), and agreement with Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 scores (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsWe developed the SPIT instrument to improve usability and content validity in chronic sialadenitis evaluation. The psychometric assessment demonstrated high construct validity and test–retest reliability. Further work will assess longitudinal changes with treatment.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 133:539–546, 2023
Nanoconfined Crystallization in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Induced by Various Forms of Premelt‐Deformation
Authors: Smith Travis , Feng Jiansheng , Zou Lu , Gao Min , Prévôt Marianne , Wang Shi‐Qing 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe processing–structure–property relationship using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is explored. Specifically, both pre‐extension and preshear of amorphous PLA and PET above their glass transition temperatures Tg, carried out in the affine deformation limit, can induce a specific type of cold crystallization during annealing, i.e., nanoconfined crystallization (NCC) where crystal sizes are limited to a nanoscopic scale in all dimensions so as to render the processed PLA and PET optically transparent. The new polymer structure after premelt deformation can show considerably enhanced mechanical properties. For example, premelt stretching produces geometric condensation of the chain network. This structural alternation can profoundly change the mechanical characteristics, e.g., turning brittle PLA ductile. In contrast, after preshear of amorphous PLA above Tg, the NCC containing PLA remains brittle, showing the importance to have geometric condensation from processing. Both AFM imaging and SAXS measurements are performed to verify that premelt deformation of PLA and PET indeed results in NCC from annealing that permits the strain‐induced cold crystallization to take place on the length scale of the mesh size of the deformed chain network.
Research Progress in Polypeptoids Prepared by Controlled Ring‐Opening Polymerizations
Authors: Ma Anyao , Yu Xinyan , Liao Mingzhen , Liu Wenxiao , Xuan Sunting , Zhang Zhengbiao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPolypeptoids, structural mimics of polypeptides, have attracted considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, proteolytic stability, thermal processability, good solubility, synthetic accessibility, and structural diversity. Polypeptoids have emerged as an interesting material in both polymer science and biological field. This review primarily discusses the research progress of polypeptoids prepared by controlled ring‐opening polymerizations in the past decade, including synthetic strategies of monomers, polymerizations by different initiators, postfunctionalization, fundamental properties, crystallization‐driven self‐assembly, and potential biological applications.
Improved TSE imaging at ultrahigh field using nonlocalized efficiency RF shimming and acquisition modes optimized for refocused echoes (AMORE)
Authors: He Xiaoxuan , Schmidt Simon , Zbýň Štefan , Haluptzok Tobey , Moeller Steen , Metzger Gregory J. 
Published: June 2022

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a novel RF shimming optimization strategy tailored to improve the transmit efficiency in turbo spin echo imaging when performing time‐interleaved acquisition of modes (TIAMO) at ultrahigh fields.Theory and MethodsA nonlocalized efficiency shimming cost function is proposed and extended to perform TIAMO using acquisition modes optimized for refocused echoes (AMORE). The nonlocalized efficiency shimming was demonstrated in brain and knee imaging at 7 Tesla. Phantom and in vivo torso imaging studies were performed to compare the performance between AMORE and previously proposed TIAMO mode optimizations with and without localized constraints in turbo spin echo and gradient echo acquisitions.ResultsThe proposed nonlocalized efficiency RF shimming produced a circularly polarized‐like field with fewer signal dropouts in the brain and knee. For larger targets, AMORE was used and required a significantly lower transmitter voltage to produce a similar contrast to existing TIAMO mode design approaches for turbo spin echo as well as gradient echo acquisitions. In vivo, AMORE effectively reduced signal dropout in the interior torso while providing more uniform contrast with reduced transmit power. A local constraint further improved performance for a target region while maintaining performance in the larger FOV.ConclusionAMORE based on the presented nonlocalized efficiency shimming cost function demonstrated improved contrast and SNR uniformity as well as increased transmit efficiency for both gradient echo and turbo spin echo acquisitions.
Does the clerkship/internship in psychiatry affect medical students’ level of knowledge about schizophrenia, attitudes, and beliefs toward schizophrenia and other mental disorders?
Authors: Akpinar Aslan Esma , Batmaz Sedat 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUndergraduate medical students’ attitudes and beliefs toward mental illnesses are a crucial phenomenon as these students will be care providers of the future. The current study aimed to analyze whether the psychiatry clerkship/internship affects these students’ level of knowledge about schizophrenia as well as their attitudes and beliefs toward schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. A total of 158 medical students, 92 in their fifth year and 66 in their sixth year, were included in the study. The participants completed the Knowledge About Schizophrenia Questionnaire (KASQ), Beliefs toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI), and Attitudes toward People with Mental Disorders Scale (APMDS) before and after the psychiatry clerkship/internship. The KASQ and APMDS total scores were significantly higher whereas BMI and BMI‐Dangerousness subscale scores were significantly lower after the clerkship/internship in psychiatry. Postclerkship/internship KASQ total scores were negatively correlated with BMI total scores and BMI‐Dangerousness subscale scores. Additionally, BMI total scores and APMDS total scores were also negatively correlated. Although the change in KASQ scores was significantly associated with the decrease in BMI total scores after the clerkship/internship, it was not associated with the increase in APMDS total score in the hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. In conclusion, the present study revealed that knowledge about schizophrenia and attitudes and beliefs toward mental illnesses improved significantly after the clerkship/internship in psychiatry. While improvement in medical students’ knowledge about schizophrenia and mental illnesses is a predictor of the decrease in negative beliefs about mental illnesses, a similar relationship was not found regarding attitudes. This study not only provides information about the relationship between knowledge about schizophrenia and attitudes and beliefs about mental illness but also highlights the need to consider the multifactorial nature of attitudes when developing intervention programs for medical students.
Polystyrene‐Silica Colloidal Janus Particles with Uniform Shapes and Complex Structures
Authors: Xu Jianchang , Qiu Jichuan , Zhang Haohui , Hu Yuhang , Xia Younan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractColloidal Janus particles with well‐controlled parameters are sought for a range of applications in mesoscale self‐assembly, stabilization of Pickering emulsion, and development of multifunctional devices, among others. Herein, a versatile method for fabricating polystyrene‐silica (PS‐SiO2) Janus particles featuring complex shapes and structures is developed by swelling PS@SiO2 core–shell spheroids. When the PS encapsulated in a rigid SiO2 shell is swollen by a good solvent for PS, the swelling‐induced pressure will result in an uneven distribution of stress acting on the SiO2 shell, as determined by the intrinsic symmetry of a spheroid. When the stress reaches a threshold value, the swollen PS will preferentially poke out from equatorial sites on the SiO2 shell to form T‐shaped Janus particles comprised of PS and SiO2 compartments. The size of the PS portion can be controlled by varying the extent of swelling, while the size, shape, and shell thickness of the SiO2 portion are determined by the original PS spheroids and the SiO2 coating. This solution‐phase method holds promise to produce Janus particles with diverse shapes, structures, and compositions for various applications. The T‐shaped Janus particles can serve as an emulsifier to effectively stabilize an oil‐in‐water (O/W) Pickering emulsion for at least 35 days.
Enhancing Li‐Ion Transport in Solid Electrolytes by Confined Water
Authors: Li Yutong , Wang Shitong , Xiao Zunqiu , Leng Jin , Zhang Zhongtai , Gao Tao , Tang Zilong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDeveloping new oxide solid electrolytes with fast Li‐ion transport and high stability is an important step to realize high‐performance solid‐state Li‐ion batteries. Hydrate materials containing confined water widely exist in nature or can be easily synthesized. However, they have seldom been explored as Li‐ion solid electrolytes due to the stereotype that the presence of water limits the electrochemical stability window of a solid electrolyte. In this work, it is demonstrated that confined water can enhance Li‐ion transport while not compromising the stability window of solid electrolytes using Li–H–Ti–O quaternary compounds as an example system. Three Li–H–Ti–O quaternary compounds containing different amounts of confined water are synthesized, and their ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability are compared. The compound containing structural pseudo‐water is demonstrated to have an ionic conductivity that is 2–3 order of magnitude higher than the water‐free Li4Ti5O12 and similar stability window. A solid‐state battery is made with this new compound as the solid electrolyte, and good rate and cycling performance are achieved, which demonstrates the promise of using such confined‐water‐containing compounds as Li‐ion solid electrolytes. The knowledge and insights gained in this work open a new direction for designing solid electrolytes for future solid‐state Li‐ion batteries. Broadly, by confining water into solid crystal structures, new design freedoms for tailing the properties of ceramic materials are introduced, which creates new opportunities in designing novel materials to address critical problems in various engineering fields.
Assessing the implementation of India's new health reform program, Ayushman Bharat, in two Southern states: Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Authors: Pillai Kalyani , Obasanjo Iyabo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIndia's health indicators are negatively impacted by the high percentage of out‐of‐pocket expenditures, which leaves many unable to access health care or impoverishes them. To improve this situation, the Indian government in 2018, as part of health a reform program called Ayushman Bharat Initiative (AB), started the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) as a scheme to provide financial access to secondary and tertiary healthcare services for people living in poverty. The AB‐PMJAY is a publicly‐funded insurance program that provides over $6,000 per indigent family per year for in‐patient hospital care. We compare the rollout of the program in two Indian States, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which have relatively better health indicators compared with other Indian States. Questionnaires were developed for the two states based on the separate programs they had ongoing before AB‐PMJAY was introduced and the differing implementation strategy they undertook. We interviewed 21 health workers (10 from Kerala and 11 from Tamil Nadu), at the frontline of implementation and analyzed the narrative of the answers given for related themes. We found that low reimbursement rates may limit the number of private hospitals participating in the program, and that the classification criteria for eligibility may need to be updated. We also found that differing political alignment between the central government and subregional governments may affect how well the program is implemented. Overall, interview subjects felt that the program would lead to better health care access for the poor if well implemented and sustained.
Kinetic Stabilization of Heavier Bis(m‐terphenyl)pnictogen Phosphaethynolates
Authors: Duvinage Daniel , Janssen Marvin , Lork Enno , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens 
Published: June 2022

AbstractKinetic stabilization using bulkym‐terphenyl substituents is the key to the isolation of the diarylantimony and diarylbismuth phosphaethynolates (2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2EPCO and the related N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes (2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2EP(O)C(IMe4) (E=Sb, Bi; IMe4=1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene), which have been fully characterized crystallographically and spectroscopically. The experimental characterization was augmented by a DFT based real space bond indicator analysis of the electron density, including AIM, NCI, and ELI‐D methods.
Close Range Photogrammetry for High-Precision Reference Point Determination
Authors: Lösler Michael , Eschelbach Cornelia , Klügel Thomas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLocal tie vectors are a crucial component within the combination of several space geodetic techniques. The vectors define the geometric relations between the space geodetic techniques, referring to the invariant reference points of such techniques. The Global Geodetic Observing System aims for an accuracy of 1 mm in the position on a global scale. In ITRF2014, about 50 % of the used local ties show discrepancies of more than 5 mm w.r.t. the global solution. In the framework of the IAG/IERS Working Group on Site Survey and Co-location or joint research projects like the international GeoMetre project strategies to improve the reference point determination and the local ties are developed. Strategies mainly comprise the development or the recommendation for surveying instruments, developing approaches for transforming local measurements to the global frame, and deriving innovative analysis procedures to derive the reference point of space geodetic techniques.In this contribution, we focus on the reference point determination. At the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell, a measurement campaign was carried out in September 2020 to evaluate the benefit of close range photogrammetry in the framework of reference point determination. For this purpose, the invariant reference point of a Satellite Laser Ranging telescope was derived several times using various configurations. The estimated reference point and the axis offset vary in a range of ±0.1 mm and ±0.02 mm, respectively. The resulting standard deviations of the coordinate components of the combined solution are less than 0.1 mm and impressively demonstrate the potential of the presented method.
Refugee Entrepreneurs Building and Displaying Resilience
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Parida Vinit , Wincent Joakim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNext, this chapter—“Refugee Entrepreneurs Building and Displaying Resilience”—examines how refugees can harness entrepreneurial action to find a positive identity and better life under difficult circumstances. Against a theoretical backdrop comprising resilience, positive psychology, and positive organizational scholarship, we explore the important role entrepreneurial action plays in generating positive outcomes by investigating long-term refugee entrepreneurs (in refugee camps and not in camps) over 15 months. In particular, we describe the motivation underlying entrepreneurial action in highly constrained environments (in which the constraints go beyond a lack of financial resources) and explain the causes and consequences of entrepreneurs’ resilience in the face of severe constraints that create significant and ongoing adversity. Overall, this chapter shows that entrepreneurial action can help individuals achieve resilient outcomes in the face of adversity without addressing the underlying source of that adversity. We also hope this chapter changes the way people think about refugees starting and running illegal businesses.
Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Parida Vinit , Wincent Joakim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter—“Personal Adversity and Justifying Illegal and Costly Entrepreneurial Action”—shifts even more to the dark side of entrepreneurial action in the face of chronic adversity. Specifically, in this chapter, we explore bunkerers—oil thieves—to provide a richer understanding of how individual entrepreneurs interpret their contexts and engage in entrepreneurial action that creates significant negative outcomes. We outline a personal adversity model to explain the entrepreneurial process whereby bunkerers engage in, justify, and persist with entrepreneurial action that causes substantial damage to the local environment, communities, and entrepreneurs’ health. We show how entrepreneurs claim both high and low levels of control to justify the same action and how entrepreneurs entangle themselves and others when justifying their harmful entrepreneurial action and the resulting destruction.