bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Various Insecticide Treatments on Nabids, Geocoris Punctipes, and Total Predators in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Wiregrass Substn. at Headland, Ala. Six treatments and an untreated check were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011 acre plot was four rows wide (36-in. row spacing, each ‘row’ consisting of two 7-in. separated double rows) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Nabids, Geocoris punctipes, and other predators were identified and recorded. Nabids and G. punctipes were separated into adults and immatures. Three samples from each plot were taken 3, 6, 13, and 20 days postspray (5, 8, 15, and 22 Aug.)
Foliage-Feeding Insect Control in Nonirrigated Peanuts in Oklahoma, 1983
Authors: Mussett Kevin , Berberet Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted 3 June with 0.9-m row spacing in well-drained, sandy soil. Eight insecticidal treatments were applied on 23 Aug. using two flat spray nozzles over each row and a total volume of 20 gal per acre. Treatments were compared on four rows by 40 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. On each sampling date, 30 plant terminals were collected at random from the center two rows of each plot and examined for larvae of S. bosqueella and H. zea. Numbers of larvae per sample were recorded along with percentages of terminals infested. Counts of terminals per m of row were made over the experimental area for use in converting population estimates to larvae per m of row.
Chemical Control of the Mite, Oligonychus Indicus on Sorghum 1981
Authors: Balasubramanian G. , Chelliah S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two field experiments of three replicates each were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides and acaricides against the sorghum mite near Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The foliar spray and dust were applied using a knapsack sprayer and mini-duster, respectively. The pre and posttreatment (24 and 72 h after J population of mites was recorded by observing the total number of mites (nymphs and adults) from a 1 cm2 area on each of 3 leaves per plant (top, middle and bottom) from five plants per replication. The percentage of reduction in the population of mites was computed. The Sun and Shepard Formula was applied to calculate corrected mortality. The data were transformed into arc sine values and analysed statistically under factorial RBD.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Insecticide Evaluation, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied at various times to control RAA. Each treatment was applied to four-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a ‘Rome’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘York Imperial’ tree. Each treatment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a Myers Mighty Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Refer to the table for timing of sprays and phenological development of apple based on cultivars Delicious and Golden Delicious. Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated by examining entire trees (‘Rome’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) and determining numbers of infested leaves and injured apples/tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed curling. ERM were counted by selecting 25 ‘York Imperial’ leaves per tree and counting all motile forms.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Green Cloverworm Control on Soybean with

Bacillus Thuringiensis

, 1983
Authors: Herbert D. Ames , Harper James D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans, Braxton variety, were planted in 36-in. rows at the Brewton Experimental Farm, Brewton, Ala., in June. Treatment plots were four rows x 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized, hand carried sprayer delivering 14.7 gal/acre through three TX6 nozzles per row at 30 lb/in2 . Applications were made on 9 Sep. when combined velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) - green cloverworm (GCW) populations had reached economic threshold levels. Prespray evaluations were made on 9 Sep. by taking a 6-ft shake cloth sample from each plot. Postspray evaluations were made on 14 and 19 Sep. by taking two 6-ft samples per plot. Larvae were recorded as small (1st and 2nd instar), medium (3rd and 4th instar), and large (5th and 6th instar, prepupae). Treatment means for each size class per species and combined species totals were calculated. Numbers of small VBC and GWC larvae were combined because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the small larvae of these species in the field.
Chemical Control of the Bean Leaf Beetle, 1983
Authors: Lentz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Asgrow A54 74 variety soybean was planted 2 June at the Milan Exp. Stn., Milan, Tenn. Plots were four rows (40-in. spacing) wide by 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made of the number of bean leaf beetles (BLB) per 10 row-ft at five locations in each block. Insecticides were applied to V2 stage soybean on 16 June with a single row hand held CO2 pressurized sprayer at the rate of 5.1 gal of spray per acre. Counts of BLB were made from 10 row-ft on one of the two center rows in each plot 4 and 7 days after treatment.
Comparison of Guthion 2L and Guthion 3F for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1982
Authors: Hensley S. D. , White W. H. , Pollet D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates of each Guthion formulation were applied from an airplane at 0.83 kg (AI)/ha per application to a field of 1st stubble sugarcane (Var. CP 72-356) at Little Texas plantation near Napoleonville, La., to control season-long SCB infestations. Untreated plots served as checks. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications of each treatment. Individual plots consisted of a single block of sugarcane surrounded by headlands and ditchbanks; plot size ranged from 0.93 to 2.27 ha. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 18.3-m swath-widths at a rate of 18.7 liters finished formulation per ha per application. Insecticides were first applied after sugarcane internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks harbored small (1st to 3rd stage) SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Applications were repeated when that level of infestation was again found in the Guthion L-treated plots; dates of application were 13 Jul., 11 and 30 Aug. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest, 28-30 Sep., by comparing the percentages of sugarcane internodes damaged by season-long populations of SCB larvae in treated and untreated plots. Five (10 stalk) samples randomly selected in each plot were scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Insect and Sucker Control with Tank Mix Combinations of Four Insecticides and Two Sucker Control Chemicals on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Jackson D. Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tank mixes of 2 sucker control chemicals and four insecticides were tested for control of tobacco budworms, tobacco hornworms, and tobacco suckers. Efficacies of the insecticides were evaluated in a field planted to ‘Speight G-701 on 18 May. On 4 May this field was treated with Paarlan (2.3 liter/ha) and Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha). Three applications of 2% (15 Jul.) or 4% (18 and 21 Jul.) Off-Shoot-T were applied. Two days before treatment spraying, two 3-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larvae and two 5-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco hornworm larvae were placed on the upper portion of each plant. Treatments were replicated four times in plots of 30 plants each in a randomized complete block design. Treatment spraying was done on 29 Jul. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 467.7 liter/ha at 2.8 kg/cm . Surviving insects were counted 3 days after spraying. Sucker control and leaf burn damage were evaluated in a test done on ‘Speight G-28’ tobacco that was transplanted on 6 Jun. Before planting, this field was treated with Tillam (6.3 liter/ha), Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha), and Mocap Plus (9.4 liter/ha). After transplanting, single applications of Enide (2.5 kg (AI)/ha), Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha), and 4% Off-Shoot-T (467.7 liter/ha) and three applications of Dipel WP (1.12 kg (AI)/ha) were made. Treatment sprays were applied 12 Aug. in the same manner as previously described. Three days, 1 week and 5 weeks after treatment spraying, plants were examined for leaf burn and deformities. Plants were harvested in a normal fashion four times with the final priming on 29 Sep. On 4 Oct., all suckers were counted and weighed.
Apple, Scale Control, Yakima, WA 1982
Authors: Howell J F. , Maitlen J. C. , Burditt A. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dormant applications of test materials were made on 9 Apr., 1982, to a block of mature trees. Parathion was applied at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with an air blast sprayer in 200 gal of spray per acre. Advantage (2 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with an air blast sprayer also in 200 gal/acre&gt; aerially at 14 gal/acre, and as a combined aerial-air blast sprayer application. The combined application was to determine if aerial application would improve control in tops of trees. Each application included 5 gal of superior oil/acre. On 8 and 9 Jun., efficacy of each treatment was determined by counting live scales out of 100 on each of five twigs taken at two levels from 25 randomly selected trees per treatment. On 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment, five twigs were taken at two levels from five trees in each block treated with Advantage for residue analysis. In the untreated block, and the parathion treatment, trees were too small to partition into high and low levels; therefore samples were randomly collected over entire trees. At harvest, 50 apples from each of five trees were sampled to determine percent infestation.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Moore R.E.B. , Taylor G.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thiodan and malathion dusts, standard insecticides for aphid control on tobacco in this region, were compared with three formulations of acephate. Tobacco plants grown from seed in multipot trays, were transplanted on 22 Jun. to a field of Merrimac sandy loam on the Valley Laboratory farm. Cultural practices throughout the growing season were standard for cigar binder tobacco with plants 24 in. apart in rows that were 39 in. apart. Each plot consisted of seven plants in a single row with a border row between each plot. Each randomized treatment was replicated four times. Insecticides were applied 8 Sep. when the aphid population appeared vigorous and more or less uniformly covering the test area. Acephate 75 SP combined with pecanshell meal to make a dust, and the malathion and thiodan dusts were applied with a Chapin handcranked duster. The acephate liquid formulation was applied with a Solo backpack sprayer using a cone nozzle and 20 lb/in2. The acephate mist treatment was applied with a knapsack KWH power-driven mist blower. For the post-treatment count, taken on 14 Sep., all stages of aphids were recorded in three 4.7cm circles (leaf tip, middle and base) on the lower surface of two leaves from each of two plants in every plot.
Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Coker 319’ flue-cured was transplanted in 20 (12 plants) by 8 ft (two rows) plots on 25 May. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre using a manual transplanter. On 13 May, Di-Syston was applied broadcast and Temik was applied in a 12-in. band. Both treatments were incorporated with a rotary tiller before bedding. Flea beetles and flea beetle punctures on the most damaged leaves were counted on five plants per plot.
Wireworm and Flea Beetle Control on Floe-Cured Tobacco with Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Southern P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on commercially grown tobacco in four locations. Plots consisted of 0.020 or 0.025 acre of tobacco in four rows separated laterally by a vacant fifth row and on the ends by a 16 to 20-ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Broadcast treatments were applied 14 Apr., 19 Apr., 22 Apr. and 3 May in Tests 1 to 4 respectively. Broadcast spray treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at 35 lb/in2 through 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering ca. 25 gal finished spray per acre. Granular materials were broadcast using two tractor-mounted, electrically driven granular applicators. Broadcast treatments were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions. Transplant water treatments were applied using the farmers’ tractor-drawn transplanters (225, 175, 320, 200 gal/acre in Tests 1 to 4, respectively). Transplant dates were 21 Apr., 29 Apr., 4 May, and 5 May (Tests 1 to 4, respectively). Twenty additional plants were set in the middle rows of each plot at transplanting using hand setters. These (or adjacent mechanically set plants in the case of transplant water treatments) were removed 15 to 20 days later and evaluated for wireworm damage on the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, external feeding not reaching pith; 2, feeding reaching pith but less than 0.5 in. vertical tunneling; 3, stem tunneled over 0.5 in. In test 2, ten alternate plants (from a random start) in the middle two rows were checked for flea beetles and rated for flea beetle damage (1, light to 3, heavy). After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot was weighed and given a standard federal grade. Grades were converted to a quality index and weighted averages calculated. Analyses of variance tests were conducted on all variables and means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, flea beetle numbers were transformed to the square root of N + 0.5; damage ratings were converted to a proportion of the highest possible rating and subjected to an arc sine transformation.
Toxicities of Insecticides to Western Spruce Budworm, 1982
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bioassays were done to determine the toxicities of four insecticides topically applied to sixth-stage western spruce budworm. Insects were selected at random from the 100th generation of a nondiapausing laboratory colony. Each treatment group of 10 insects was held in a 100 by 20-mm petri dish lined with filter paper. The average weight of insects in each group was determined before treatment. After CO2, anesthesia, 1μ 1 of the same concentration was applied to the thoracic dorsum of each insect in a treatment group. Treatment was made with an ISCO model M microapplicator. Six to 8 concentrations of each chemical were serially diluted from a freshly formulated source for each of three replications of experiments with bendiocarb, FCR 1272, and Payoff. All insecticides were formulated in reagent grade acetone on the basis of weight per unit volume of the active ingredient. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Birch, Fall Webworm Control, Wooster, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Birch trees 3 to 4m tall growing in an experimental block under nursery management conditions were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against fall webworm on two separate dates. A Meyers hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 lb/in2 was used to apply ca. 3.8 liters (1 gal) of finished spray per tree. Four, single-tree replicates, each with at least one viable colony of larvae, were used for each treatment. Application dates were 23 Aug. and 10 Sep. when conditions were 24°C (75°F), cloudy, with no wind and 26°C (80°F), partly cloudy with a slight breeze, respectively. Larvae were 10 to 20 mm on the first date and 20 to 35 mm on the second spray date. Sprays were first directed to webs and then to surrounding foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated for each date 7 days after treatment (DAT) by dismantling one web from each tree (rep) and counting live vs. dead larvae.
Control of White Grubs with Homeowner Formulations of Oftanol, 1983
Authors: Baker P. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a golf course fairway/rough in Syracuse, N.Y., with mixed populations of R. majalis and P. japonica. All materials were applied at 2 lb (AD/acre on 5 May, with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. All treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. No irrigation was applied after treatment, however, soil moisture was above field capacity. All plots were sampled on 6 Jun. and 3 Nov. A 0.18 m2 section of sod, ca. 6.2 cm deep, was removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot (June) or returned to the laboratory (Nov.) and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway at Hershey, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Harper J. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were applied 13 May for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (70%) and colonial bentgrass (30%). Treatment plots were 10 by 10 ft, arranged in a RGB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. After all treatments were completed, the entire treated area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature, 74°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 6.5; soil condition, wet; percent organic matter, 2.9; amount of thatch, 0.25 to 0.5 in; and clear skies. Posttreatment counts were made 2 8 days later (10 Jun.). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft sample. An average of eight Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 13 May before treatment.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway at University Park, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seventeen insecticides were applied 14 Sep. for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (30%) and Kentucky bluegrass (70%). Treatment plots were 10 by 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. After all treatments were completed, the entire treated area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental soil conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature, 40°F; soil type, clay-loam; soil pH, 6.4; percent organic matter, 2.0; amount of thatch, 0.25 to 0.5 in.; and partly cloudy skies. Post-treatment counts were made 44 days later (27 Oct.). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from, each replicate, and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft2 sample. An average of eight Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 24 Sept. before treatment.
Susceptibility of Giant Silkworm Moth Eggs and Larvae to Malathion Water Emulsions
Authors: Miller T. A. , Cooper W. J. , Highfill J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Specimens were from colonies of C. promethea and A. polyphemus reared on wild cherry or various maples for 10 to 12 generations. For larvacide tests, leaves were dipped in emulsions for 30 sec and allowed to air dry. Control leaves were dipped only in water. Unfed, lst-stage larvae (&lt;24 h old) were placed on the treated and control leaves, held in plastic cups, covered with facial tissues for 48 h before recording mortality. For ovicide tests, egg masses (&lt;48 h old) were dipped in test emulsions for 30 sec, then allowed to air dry. Control egg masses were dipped in water only. Mortality of treated eggs was measured as those that failed to hatch after all control eggs hatched. During ovicide test with C. promethea, toxicity to embryos was observed at the higher concentrations used in initial range finding. Embryocidal effects were measured as percent embryos failing to develop and not as percent larvae failing to harch.
Apple, Midsummer Test of Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Pace Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 12-yr-old orchard located at Cream Ridge, N.J., was used in this test. Acaricides were applied on 7 Jul., 28 Jul., or both. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to runoff (ca. 7 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 250 lb/in2. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 15 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates, and counting mobile mites. Data were transformed to log x+1 before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Japanese Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control 1983
Authors: Sheffer Barbara J. , Williams Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-eight, 2-ft-tall Japanese euonymus, heavily infested with euonymus scale, were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in a landscape hedge spaced at 3 ft intervals. Test materials were applied 27 Jul with hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers and foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff. Treatments were replicated four times, one plant constituting a replication. Chevron Spreader Sticker was added to the spray mixture at a rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Efficacy of the treatments was determined 8 Sep by counting 100 individuals per replicate. Mortality counts were made by examining each scale under a stereomicroscope and scoring each as living if normally colored and full bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried. High mortality (42% mean) in the untreated check was difficult to explain. One might speculate that despite the use of plywood baffles to separate the various treatments, high mortality in the check plants located next to the XE-905 plants was due to drift of volatilized XE-905 which provided 100% and 99% control at the 0.5 and 1.0 rates respectively. Cygon 2E also provided excellent control (99% mean). No phytotoxicity was noted in any of the treated plants.
Control of Hackberry Psyllid on Hackberry, 1983
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , King Ed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a fence row of hackberries, approximately 15 to 20 ft tall located 1 mi west of Stillwater, Okla. An early treatment with Mauget Bidrin injectable capsules was made on 9 Mar. before bud break. Other injection treatments were made on 28 Apr., after bud break. Injections were made by inserting feeder tubes of 1 ml capsules at 6-in. intervals at root flares around the base of the tree. Applications of Isotox spray was made on 1 May when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 10 to 15 mph. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in . Trees were treated to runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Control was evaluated by randomly selecting 100 leaves per tree and examining for galls caused by the psyllids. Leaf samples were collected on 11 May, 18 May, 26 May, 22 Jun., and 22 Jul.