bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Cold Sprayability—Mixed Metal Powders
Authors: Yue Stephen , Wong Wilson , Aydin Huseyin , Mongrain Rosaire , Barua Rajib , Vo Phuong , Dolbec Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, it is shown that mixing metal powders can lead to improvements in cold sprayability (i.e. increases in the deposition efficiency and decreases in the porosity) of the ‘matrix’ powder. This finding is illustrated with the following ‘binary’ mixtures: Ti – 6Al-4 V and commercial purity Ti; stainless steel and iron; spherical tantalum with irregular tantalum and two types of spherical tantalum with different characteristics. It is shown that a critical addition can significantly influence cold sprayability, but above this, there is little change in cold sprayability. Hardness differences are considered to be the first order influence, but differences in particle sizes and morphology may also be contributing factors.
Improving the Fatigue Resistance of Warm Sprayed WC-CoCr Coatings by Micro-Finishing
Authors: Tillmann W. , Nebel J. , Schaak C. , Biermann D. , Goeke S. , Matthäus G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Automotive, aerospace, and energy applications demand for reliable coating systems to enhance the operating efficiency and the lifetime of processes, machines, and components. HVOF sprayed WC-CoCr coatings are commonly used, especially for wear resistant applications. Due to their high hardness and adapted corrosion resistance WC-CoCr coatings show perfect preconditions for highly stressed tribological systems. However, dynamic loads, caused by vibrations, alternating temperatures or cycling are challenging issues. Fatigue cracking and delamination can occur, resulting in fatal damage of the coated component. Therefore, crack and fatigue resistant high performance coatings are needed. In this research work, the influence of the substrate pre- and post-treatment (grit-blasting and micro-finishing) on the fatigue behavior of warm sprayed WC-CoCr is investigated. It was determined that the fatigue behavior of the applied coating can be improved by micro-finishing. The smooth surface structure results in a low interface roughness. This significantly reduces notching effects under load and enhances the fatigue strength of the specimen.
Investigation of a Pulsed Current Wire Arc Spray Process
Authors: Kirner S. , Atzberger A. , Zimmermann S. , Schein J. , Forster G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In order to improve the wire arc spray process an inverter power source (PS) from gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process was used to evaluate the influence of current modulation on the formation of coating particles. Using the inverter PS allowed the application of high current pulses with varying amplitude and frequency. It was shown that particle formation can be limited to the high current phases, and that a strong interaction with the gas flow can be observed. The investigations suggest that using this technology new parameters may be introduced to control the wire arc spray process.
Offline Acoustic Plasma Spray Nozzle Wear State and Characteristic Identification
Authors: Blair Taylor , Pickrell Gary , Batra Romesh , Cybulsky Michael , Sinatra Raymond 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wear of plasma spray nozzles is a documented source of variation in the plasma spray process. Current wear detection relies upon observed gun voltage drops during operation. Operating voltage or hours of operation are rarely recorded when nozzles are changed over resulting in the loss of nozzle wear state knowledge. An offline means of determining wear state of GH type nozzles for OM 9MB plasma spray guns has been developed. By recording and analyzing the acoustic signal of a controlled gas flow through each nozzle, 28 nozzles were accurately categorized by their degree of wear. This test also allowed for the distinction between three manufacturers of new GH nozzles. Degree of wear was determined using bore profilometry and verified by voltage drop. This method allows for improved quality assurance and enhanced useful nozzle life.
Output Signal Characteristics of Thyristor- and Transistor-Controlled Power Supplies and Their Influence on the Electric Discharge in a Plasma Spray Process
Authors: Koschnitzke Hartmut , Nabavi Majid , Jagow Uwe , Schwenk Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this study, two different types of power supply are used in order to analyze the influence of the current output characteristics on the electric discharge characteristics. Three different plasma spray guns, namely F4, 9MB and SinplexPro, are studied with the use of different powder feedstock materials (Metco 204C-NS, Metco 71VF-NS, Metco 450NS and Hydroxyapatite C) by measuring the real-time gun voltage and current as well as the frequency spectra of the electric discharge during the spray process. In addition, a metallurgical analysis of the spray coatings is done in order to investigate the influence of the electric discharge characteristics on the spray coating quality in terms of the average coating porosity, hardness, deposition efficiency, degree of oxidation and microstructure.
Robot Kinematic Analysis for Torch Setup Optimization in Thermal Spraying
Authors: Chen Chaoyue , Deng Sihao , Liao Hanlin , Montavon Ghislain 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nowadays, the application of industrial robots in the field of thermal spray becomes gradually important. A desired coating quality depends on the factors such as a balanced robot performance, a uniform scanning trajectory and stable parameters (e.g. scanning step, spray angle, relative speed). Meanwhile, all these factors will affect the coating formation and the mass and heat transfer. As a result, the kinematic optimization from all these aspects is the key factor for thermal spray applications. In this study, the robot performance will be optimized from the aspect of torch installation on the robot. Robot kinematic parameters will be obtained from off-line programming software and analyzed by statistics method. The results showed that this method can optimize the robot performance from the view of robotic kinematics. It can also assign the amount of motion reasonably to each axis of the robot during the process, to achieve the constant relative scanning speed.
The Influence of Residual Stress on Wear Resistance of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Tillmann W. , Luo W. , Selvadurai U. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The wear resistance of thermal spray coatings mainly depends on coating properties such as the microstructure, hardness, and porosity, as well as on the residual stress in the coating. The residual stress is induced by a variety of influences e.g. temperature gradients, difference of the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating / substrate materials, and the geometry of the components. To investigate the residual stress, the Impulse Excitation Technique was employed to measure the Young’s and shear moduli. The residual stress was determined by using the hole-drilling method and X-ray diffraction. Pin-on-Disc and Pin-on-Tube tests were used to investigate the wear behavior. After the wear tests, the wear volume was measured by means of a 3D-profilometer. The results show that the value of the residual stress can be modified by varying the coating thickness and the substrate geometry. The compressive stress in the HVOF-sprayed WC-Co coatings has a significant positive influence on the wear resistance whereas the tensile stress has a negative effect.
Three-Zone Anode Geometry—The Disengagement of Classic Nozzle Design for Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Mihm Sebastian , Thomas Georg , Kuhn Rolf 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Characteristics of atmospheric plasma spraying based on single-cathode-anode-systems like the F4 gun with convergent-cylindrical nozzle designs, are voltage fluctuations caused by periodically changes of the arc length. As a result continuous varying plasma flow properties lead to inhomogeneities during energy transfer to injected powder particles and variations of coating quality and process efficiency. With an adjusted convergent-divergent nozzle design and optimized high energy plasma parameters it is proven that process efficiency and stability could be significantly increased, also due to the reduced arc movement. A drawback in this case is the increased anode wear which needs to be optimized to secure industrial usage. Aim of this work was to minimize the anode wear of contoured convergent-divergent nozzles by using high efficient plasma parameters. Therefore arc characteristics in different nozzle designs were analyzed and the influence of the geometry to arc anode attachment was investigated. Consequently a stepwise optimization of anode wear by keeping the plasma fluid dynamic properties almost constant could be achieved. The results contribute to understanding of the arc characteristics in atmospheric plasma spraying. Also a new concept of a ”three-zone anode geometry“, convergent-inlet-section, cone-shaped arc movement section and a divergent plasma fluid shape section was developed.
TixAlyN Coating Manufacturing by Reactive Very Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (R-VLPPS)
Authors: Vautherin B. , Planche M.-P. , Montavon G. , Quet A. , Bianchi L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Very low pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) is an emerging process allowing manufacturing oxide and metallic coatings by condensation of vapors generated by feedstock powder vaporization. This process operates at unusually low pressures, typically between 100 and 1000 Pa. This paper aims at presenting recent developments for manufacturing Ti,Al,N coatings via a reactive mode. At first, nitrogen was used as the primary plasma forming gas to enrich spraying surrounding with nitriding species. Plasma jet mass enthalpy and substrate surface temperature were varied to evidence nitride phase formation during spraying. Then, a secondary nitrogen injection was implemented and located close to the surface to be covered in view of creating a continuous nitrogen supply to promote the nitriding mechanisms on the surface. SEM, XRD, GDOES and NHT were implemented to characterize coatings structure. This study highlights the nitrides formation versus spray operating conditions. The microstructural and mechanical features as well as the chemical composition are presented.
Understanding the Formation of the Limited Inter-Lamellar Bonding in Thermal Spray Ceramic Coatings Based on the Intrinsic Bonding Temperature Concept
Authors: Yao Shu-Wei , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Luo Xiao-Tao , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thermally sprayed coatings exhibit a lamellar structure with a bonding ratio less than 32% when a coating is deposited at ambient temperature. The lamellar bonding is one of the most important factors controlling the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the coatings. However, it is not clear why only limited lamellar bonding exists in a thermal spray coating even though many studies have been focused on the formation of bonding. In our previous study, it was found that there exists a critical deposition temperature for depositing ceramic splats to form the bonding with the underlying identical substrate, i.e., critical bonding temperature. Moreover, the critical bonding temperature is related to the interface temperature prior splat solidification which is determined by the glass transition temperature of splat material. In the present study, the critical bonding temperature and its relationship with interface temperature are used to understand the limited lamellar bonding ratio in a coating. A numerical simulation model involving heat transfer among depositing splat was proposed to establish the sufficient condition for liquid splat to form the bonding with the underlaying splats. The non-uniform splat thickness model was established to calculate theoretically the interface bonding formation. The calculation based on the model yielded a bonding ratio of 38.5% which agrees reasonably with the observed maximum interface bonding ratio.
Advanced 3-D Surface Finish System for Quantifying Thermally Applied Cylinder Bore Surfaces Including the Effect of Surface Porosity
Authors: McCormick Harold E. , Pisoni William J. , Crain John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an advanced three-dimensional surface finishing system for quantifying the surface finish of thermally applied cylinder bore coatings. The system can measure surface finish values over the total area of use with and without including the effect of porosity, as well as size distribution and percent area occupied by surface porosity. It can also quantify torn and folded material developed during the honing or grinding process, as well as hone angles in cylinder bores. The system provides a powerful tool for cylinder bore finish development and monitoring the effect of porosity on the finish of plasma coated cylinder surfaces. The paper also discusses the development of replicate material and the comparison of finish values developed through direct imaging and replication. Additionally, it explores the quantification of torn and folded material and crosshatch angles in the cylinder bore finish. Overall, the system improves the quality of finishing data and provides a time-saving solution for production or research and development environments.
Anti-Adhesive, High Wear Resistant Coatings for the Paper Industry
Authors: Jungklaus H. , Etschmaier A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Raising demands in industry lead to the request of better and enhanced functional surfaces, also on rolls parts in paper producing machines. Due to the higher usage of post-consumer recycled fibers on paper machines the run ability and machine cleanliness become a major issue. On one hand the contaminates called stickies can be responsible for sheet brakes, holes in the paper, web picking etc. On the other hand more sand containing waste paper enhances the impact on roll surfaces in operation. In this paper the different stickies (micro / macro / primary / secondary) and their impact on the paper production will be explained and the development to avoid stickies and contaminations together with high wear resistant coatings on roll surfaces in the paper machinery will be shown. Therefore a comparison of different materials and technologies regarding surface energy and peel force measurements are explained. Together with results of a pilot scale blade test rig the results in the market regarding anti stick properties wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the developed layer stack designs will be introduced.
Corrosion Testing of Thermally Sprayed Aluminum
Authors: Paul S. , Harvey M.D.F. , Ho Q.Y. , Yunus K. , Fisher A.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Corrosion rate determination is often based on linear polarization (LPR) technique, carried out on small specimens in a controlled environment. The current is measured when the specimen is polarized away from its corrosion potential and the corrosion current gives the corrosion rate using Faraday's law. An important parameter in this calculation is the specimen area exposed. When testing rough, porous specimens such as thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA), the geometrical surface area does not represent the real surface area and hence the corrosion rate is not the actual corrosion rate. To measure the actual corrosion rate aluminum was thermally sprayed onto glass and the surface was characterized using a confocal microscope. These specimens were exposed to seawater at 25, 50 and 100°C, and the linear polarization resistance was determined using a potentiostat at room temperature. This was converted to a corrosion rate based on geometric and the actual surface area.
Development of Processing Windows for HVOF Carbide-Based Coatings
Authors: Ang Andrew Siao Ming , Berndt Christopher C. , Wade Scott A. , Howse Hugo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the development of optimized processing windows for spraying high quality metal carbide-based coatings using advanced particle diagnostic technology. The cermet coatings are produced via the high velocity oxygen fuel spray process (HVOF) and are intended to be used in severe service applications such as marine hydraulics. To develop suitable coating process parameters, the traditional “trial and error” method is not technically robust, is costly and time consuming. Instead we investigated the use of real-time monitoring of parameters associated with the HVOF flame jets and particles using advanced in-flight particle diagnostics. Subsequently, coatings can be produced with knowledge concerning the molten particle size, temperature and velocity profile. The analytical results allow identification of optimized coating process windows, which translate to coatings of lower porosity and improved mechanical performance.
Influence of Substrate on Cold Sprayed Titanium Coatings
Authors: Villa Vidaller M. , Haußler F. , Assadi H. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High quality coatings of titanium can be obtained by cold spraying using high process gas temperatures and pressures. However, the performance of cold sprayed coatings is determined not only by the respective material properties and the impact conditions, but also by the temperature and properties of the substrate—including the already deposited— material. In the present study, cold spray of spherical titanium grade II powders was performed on titanium grade II, copper, and stainless steel substrates, using two sets of parameters and three different substrate temperatures. Single impacts and respective particle adhesion were investigated using wipe tests followed by a modified cavitation test. Higher bond strengths were achieved for substrates that were held at higher temperatures during spraying. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of coating, taken as a measure of particle-particle bonding quality within the coating, improved and the porosity decreased for increased substrate temperatures. The findings are discussed in view of the thermal conditions, as well as the mechanical response of the uppermost layer of the substrate/deposit set.
Multi-Scale Structured Composite Coatings by Plasma Transferred Arc for Nuclear Applications
Authors: Werry A. , Chazelas C. , Denoirjean A. , Valette S. , Vardelle A. , Meillot E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In nuclear plants, the replacement of hardfacing Stellite, a cobalt-base alloy, on parts of the piping system in connection with the reactor has been investigated since the late 60’s. Various Fe-base or Ni-base alloys, Co-free or with a low content of Co, have been developed but their mechanical properties are generally lower than that of Stellites. The 4th generation nuclear plants impose additional or more stringent requirements for hardfacing materials. Plasma transferred arc (PTA) coatings of cobalt-free nickel-base alloys with the addition of sub-micrometric or micrometric alumina particles are thought to be a potential solution for tribological applications in the primary system of sodium-cooled fast reactors. In this study, PTA coatings of nickel-base alloys reinforced with alumina particles were deposited on 316L stainless steel substrates. The examination of coatings revealed a refinement of the microstructure. Under the conditions of the study, the addition of alumina particles did not improve the micro-hardness of coatings but improve their resistance to abrasive wear.
Failure-Analysis Case History—Shorted Winding in Motor
Authors: Silvus Stan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A large dc motor in a servo positioning system began behaving erratically whenever the rotor was in certain positions. This article describes the examinations and tests that were conducted to determine the root cause of failure, which turned out to be a shorted motor winding stemming form damage most likely caused by the tool used to pack the conductors into the core slot.
Localization and Analysis of Metal-Coating-Related Electromigration Degradation in the 65 nm Technology Node
Authors: Langer Eckhard , Andreas Meyer Moritz , Limbecker Pascal , Utess Dirk , Preusse Axel , Aubel Oliver , Thierbach Steffi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With the introduction of 65 nm technology, the cross-sectional dimensions of copper interconnect in some layers are now smaller than 100 nm, which translates to current densities on the order of several MA/cm2. Electromigration as a root cause for chip failure is thus a major concern and is still being examined. In this article, the authors present recent failure analysis studies on metal-coated copper interconnects, using OBIRCH techniques in combination with FIB cross-sectioning and SEM and TEM imaging.
Advanced Defect Characterization by STEM Analysis
Authors: Subramanian Sam , Rai Raghaw , Ly Khiem , Chrastecky Tony , Mulder Randy , Harber Keith 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Localizing defects in one-of-a-kind failures can take days, weeks, or even months, after which a detailed physical analysis is conducted to determine the root cause. TEM and STEM play complimentary roles in this process; TEM because of its superior spatial resolution and STEM because it produces images that are easier to interpret and is less susceptible to chromatic aberrations that can occur in thicker samples. In the past, the use of STEM in FA has been limited due to the time required to switch between imaging modes, but with the emergence of TEM/STEM microscopes with computer controlled lenses, the use of STEM is increasing. This article provides an overview of STEM techniques and present examples showing how it is used to characterize subtle and complex defects in ICs.
Response to Counterfeit Integrated Circuit Components in the Supply Chain: Part II
Authors: Shade Gary F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is the concluding portion of a two-part article on counterfeit ICs. The first part, published in the November 2008 issue of EDFA, discussed the rise of counterfeit ICs and some of the techniques used to identify them. Part II describes a process for device authentication, from material procurement to laboratory analysis, and provides examples of its use. It also discusses ongoing efforts to remove counterfeit ICs from the supply chain.
Backside Infrared Imaging of Integrated Circuits Using Refraction-Assisted Illumination
Authors: LaLumondiere Stephen , Yeoh Terence 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article demonstrates a simple and robust backside illumination method for infrared imaging of ICs. The technique uses oblique illumination, which removes surface noise components while providing bright-field illumination under the surface, and requires only modest if any polishing of the backside of the substrate. As the examples in the article show, it can be implemented with a standard microscope with IR optics, yielding high contrast, high resolution images without the need for complex lenses, AR coatings, or sophisticated scanning electronics.
Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy (EFTEM) of Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Subramanian Sam , Clark Gary , Ly Khiem , Chrastecky Tony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) is an imaging technique that uses inelastically scattered electrons and energy filters to produce high-quality images and elemental maps. This article reviews the measurement physics of EFTEM, compares and contrasts it with other imaging and chemical analysis techniques, and presents several application examples to demonstrate its use in semiconductor device failure analysis.
Major Industry Trends and Their Impact on FA
Authors: Henderson Chris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This column gives a broad picture of the technical issues facing the semiconductor industry and how they may affect microelectronics failure analysis. The three major trends addressed are (1) a shift to larger wafer sizes (450 mm); (2) the consolidation of manufacturing at the leading edge; and (3) strategies for dealing with the end of standard scaling (sometimes referred to as “More than Moore”).