bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agrarian measures in the kingdom of Granada before and after the Castilian conquest: the lands of the Alpujarra
Authors: Carballeira Debasa Ana María 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe aim of this article is to broaden our knowledge of the metrological system of the Morisco period in the kingdom of Granada and, more specifically, in the rural area of the Alpujarra. The sources used in the analysis are two inventories of ecclesiastical goods from Islamic origin, drawn up in 1527 and 1530, four decades after the culmination of the Christian conquest of al-Andalus. The article explores the agrarian units of measurement used by the Morisco community of the Alpujarra in their daily lives (measures of surface area and length, weight or mass, volume or capacity, and of water used for irrigation). As far as possible, equivalences are presented for the units discussed. Attempts are made to establish whether these measures were inherited from the Andalusi period or whether, on the contrary, they were the result of the implementation of Castilian legislation on the matter. The data gathered have revealed the existence of a hybrid measurement system, which shows that the ordinances to modify the system of weights and measures of the Muslims and to seek a correspondence with the Castilian system had little effect in the Alpujarra, where, in many cases, the Islamic system of measurement continued in use. This circumstance indicates that the changes and transformations in the daily life of this rural community after the Christian conquest were not as imminent as might have been expected.
Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination
Authors: Alizadeh Mohammadali , Shojadoost Bahram , Boodhoo Nitish , Astill Jake , Taha-Abdelaziz Khaled , Hodgins Douglas C. , Kulkarni Raveendra R. , Sharif Shayan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.
Three Patterns of Inheritance of Quantitative Dermatoglyphic Traits: Kosovo Albanian Twin Study
Authors: Temaj Gazmend , Škarić-Jurić Tatjana , Butković Ana , Behluli Emir , Zajc Petranović Matea , Moder Angelika 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDermatoglyphs are epidermal ridge configurations on the fingers, palms and soles that are formed during fetal development, and therefore only the intrauterine environment can have any influence on their formation. This study aims at investigating the genetic and environmental contribution in determining quantitative dermatoglyphic traits in 32 monozygotic (MZ) and 35 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex twins from the Albanian population of Kosovo. All genetic analyses were run in the statistical program Mx. After assumptions testing, based on the pattern of MZ–DZ correlations, univariate models were fitted to the data in order to estimate additive genetic (A), common (C) and individual (E) environmental influences for all variables. The exception was the atd-angle for which a model with nonadditive genetic (D) influences was tested, since DZ correlations were less than half of MZ correlations. Goodness of fit of the full ACE or ADE model was compared to the saturated model. The fit of nested models (AE, CE, DE or E) was compared to the full models (ACE or ADE). Our results indicate that additive genetic component strongly contributes to individual differences in finger ridge counts (49−81%), and weakly (0−50%) on the formation of the palmar ridge counts between the palmar triradii a, b, c, and d. The specific pattern found for the atd-angle implies the impact of a nonadditive genetic component, possibly the effect of a major gene. Further, more powered studies are needed to confirm this pattern, especially for resolving the issue of the huge difference in MZ and DZ twin similarity for the atd-angle palmar trait.
A Regional SAR Dark Spot Detection Method Based on GMTRJ Algorithm
Authors: Li M. M. , Wang Y. , Liu J. D. , Zhang Y. F. , Liang T. Y. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGeneralized Multiple‐Try Reversible Jump (GMTRJ) is a recent algorithm which makes it possible to improve the accurate tuning of the jump proposals in the Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. In this paper, the GMTRJ algorithm is combined the regular tessellation and the Bayesian paradigm to propose a regional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) dark spot detection method. First, the regular tessellation and the Bayesian paradigm are applied to build a regional SAR dark spot detection model; then the GMTRJ algorithm is designed to simulate from the detection model to obtain the optimal regional detection result. As the blocks may cross the boundaries between dark spot and ocean background regions, a refined operation is designed to improve the detection accuracy of boundaries. We present test results demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of the GMTRJ algorithm on simulating from the detection model, and illustrating the feasibility of the refined SAR dark spot detection operation on improving the detection accuracy of boundaries.
Satellite Laser Altimetry Reveals a Net Water Mass Gain in Global Lakes With Spatial Heterogeneity in the Early 21st Century
Authors: Luo Shuangxiao , Song Chunqiao , Ke Linghong , Zhan Pengfei , Fan Chenyu , Liu Kai , Chen Tan , Wang Jida , Zhu Jingying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLake water storage changes are important factors that influence the climate, hydrological cycle, and environments. However, long‐term estimation of global lake storage changes is challenging because historical in‐situ hydrological observations worldwide are rarely available. Benefiting from the laser altimeter ICESat and ICESat‐2, we comprehensively assessed water level and volume changes in global natural lakes larger than 10 km2 during 2003–2020. The 6,567 lakes observable by ICESat/ICESat‐2, which account for ∼94% of the total global lake volume, showed a total water storage increase of 10.88 ± 16.45 Gt/yr during 2003–2020, and the estimate reaches 16.12 ± 20.41 Gt/yr when also taking account of the remaining unobserved lakes. Despite water gains in most natural lakes, large lakes under dry and high water‐stress conditions experienced dramatic water loss in general. Presumably, these drying lakes may continue to shrink with a warming climate and continuously increasing water demands in the future without further action.
Different Sporadic‐E (Es) Layer Types Development During the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm: Evidence of Auroral Type (Esa) Over the SAMA Region
Authors: Moro J. , Xu J. , Denardini C. M. , Resende L. C. A. , Da Silva L. A. , Chen S. S. , Carrasco A. J. , Liu Z. , Wang C. , Schuch N. J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSporadic‐E (Es) layers are investigated over five Digisonde stations located inside (Santa Maria and Cachoeira Paulista), boundary (São Luís), and outside (Millstone Hill and Port Stanley) the South American Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) in the course of the 25 August 2018, geomagnetic storm. Data from Digisondes and ground‐based magnetometer and a numerical model of the E‐region (MIRE) are analyzed to search the roles of neutral winds and electric fields as physical processes responsible for the generation of Es layers. Moreover, it is observed for the first time over Santa Maria a type of Es layer that resembles the Esa detected in the auroral region. The characterization of such signatures in ionograms and the investigations of its formation mechanism are the main focus of this study. Hiss waves activities detected by the Van Allen Probe‐B data provide evidence that energetic particle precipitations are the most likely process responsible for this type of Es layer inside the SAMA in the night hours during the geomagnetic storm recovery phase. An attempt is also made to explain the presence of Esq over São Luís in terms of the expansion of the Equatorial Electrojet to higher latitudes. Finally, the results bring a new observational and modeling indication of a concomitant action of multiple formation mechanisms in the Es layers development in the American sector during the 25 August 2018, geomagnetic storm.
A Bayesian Fuzzy Clustering Approach for Design of Precipitation Gauge Network Using Merged Remote Sensing and Ground‐Based Precipitation Products
Authors: Sreeparvathy Vijay , Srinivas V. V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA two‐level clustering approach is proposed for optimal design/expansion of a ground‐based precipitation monitoring network (GPN). It harnesses the advantages of Infinite Bayesian fuzzy clustering in the first level to partition the study area into homogeneous precipitation zones by considering structural/statistical characteristics and temporal variability of the observed precipitation. In the second level, an ensemble of hierarchical and partitional clustering techniques is considered in the time domain to effectively partition each zone into groups by considering weighted inter‐site dissimilarities of precipitation. The dissimilarities account for correlation, temporal dynamics, and fuzzy mutual information of precipitation at existing stations and possible new gauge locations. Key station’s location in each group is identified by a proposed ranking procedure that accounts for population density, land‐use/landcover, and fuzzy marginal entropy of precipitation. For use with the approach, information on precipitation was derived for fine resolution ungauged grids covering the study area using random forest‐based regression relationships developed for gauged grids between merged multiple satellite‐based precipitation products (CHIRPS, IMERG) and ground‐based precipitation measurements. The potential of the proposed approach over other clustering‐based procedures is illustrated through a case study on a GPN comprising 1,128 gauges in Karnataka state (191,791 km2) of India. Potential locations for installing new gauges and areas where there is scope for relocating existing stations are identified. The proposed methodology appears promising and could be extended to design networks monitoring various other hydrometeorological variables.
Tracing PRX1+ cells during molar formation and periodontal ligament reconstruction
Authors: Gong Xuyan , Zhang Han , Xu Xiaoqiao , Ding Yunpeng , Yang Xingbo , Cheng Zhiyang , Tao Dike , Hu Congjiao , Xiang Yaozu , Sun Yao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNeural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play an essential function during tooth and skeletal development. PRX1+ cells constitute an important MSC subtype that is implicated in osteogenesis. However, their potential function in tooth development and regeneration remains elusive. In the present study, we first assessed the cell fate of PRX1+ cells during molar development and periodontal ligament (PDL) formation in mice. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed to study the distribution of PRX1+ cells in PDL cells. The behavior of PRX1+ cells during PDL reconstruction was investigated using an allogeneic transplanted tooth model. Although PRX1+ cells are spatial specific and can differentiate into almost all types of mesenchymal cells in first molars, their distribution in third molars is highly limited. The PDL formation is associated with a high number of PRX1+ cells; during transplanted teeth PDL reconstruction, PRX1+ cells from the recipient alveolar bone participate in angiogenesis as pericytes. Overall, PRX1+ cells are a key subtype of dental MSCs involved in the formation of mouse molar and PDL and participate in angiogenesis as pericytes during PDL reconstruction after tooth transplantation.
PDGFRα reporter activity identifies periosteal progenitor cells critical for bone formation and fracture repair
Authors: Xu Jiajia , Wang Yiyun , Li Zhu , Tian Ye , Li Zhao , Lu Amy , Hsu Ching-Yun , Negri Stefano , Tang Cammy , Tower Robert J. , Morris Carol , James Aaron W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe outer coverings of the skeleton, which is also known as the periosteum, are arranged in concentric layers and act as a reservoir for tissue-specific bone progenitors. The cellular heterogeneity within this tissue depot is being increasingly recognized. Here, inducible PDGFRα reporter animals were found to mark a population of cells within the periosteum that act as a stem cell reservoir for periosteal appositional bone formation and fracture repair. During these processes, PDGFRα reporter+ progenitors give rise to Nestin+ periosteal cells before becoming osteoblasts and osteocytes. The diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of PDGFRα reporter+ cells led to deficits in cortical bone formation during homeostasis and a diminutive hard callus during fracture repair. After ossicle transplantation, both mouse PDGFRα reporter+ periosteal cells and human Pdgfrα+ periosteal progenitors expand, ossify, and recruit marrow to a greater extent than their counterpart periosteal cells, whereas PDGFRα reporter− periosteal cells exhibit a predisposition to chondrogenesis in vitro. Total RNA sequencing identified enrichment of the secreted factors Fermt3 and Ptpn6 within PDGFRα reporter+ periosteal cells, which partly underlie the osteoblastogenic features of this cell population.
High-resolution structures of a thermophilic eukaryotic 80S ribosome reveal atomistic details of translocation
Authors: Kišonaitė Miglė , Wild Klemens , Lapouge Karine , Ruppert Thomas , Sinning Irmgard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRibosomes are complex and highly conserved ribonucleoprotein assemblies catalyzing protein biosynthesis in every organism. Here we present high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the 80S ribosome from a thermophilic fungus in two rotational states, which due to increased 80S stability provide a number of mechanistic details of eukaryotic translation. We identify a universally conserved ‘nested base-triple knot’ in the 26S rRNA at the polypeptide tunnel exit with a bulged-out nucleotide that likely serves as an adaptable element for nascent chain containment and handover. We visualize the structure and dynamics of the ribosome protective factor Stm1 upon ribosomal 40S head swiveling. We describe the structural impact of a unique and essential m1acp3 Ψ 18S rRNA hyper-modification embracing the anticodon wobble-position for eukaryotic tRNA and mRNA translocation. We complete the eEF2-GTPase switch cycle describing the GDP-bound post-hydrolysis state. Taken together, our data and their integration into the structural landscape of 80S ribosomes furthers our understanding of protein biogenesis.
Symmetries in quantum networks lead to no-go theorems for entanglement distribution and to verification techniques
Authors: Hansenne Kiara , Xu Zhen-Peng , Kraft Tristan , Gühne Otfried 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuantum networks are promising tools for the implementation of long-range quantum communication. The characterization of quantum correlations in networks and their usefulness for information processing is therefore central for the progress of the field, but so far only results for small basic network structures or pure quantum states are known. Here we show that symmetries provide a versatile tool for the analysis of correlations in quantum networks. We provide an analytical approach to characterize correlations in large network structures with arbitrary topologies. As examples, we show that entangled quantum states with a bosonic or fermionic symmetry can not be generated in networks; moreover, cluster and graph states are not accessible. Our methods can be used to design certification methods for the functionality of specific links in a network and have implications for the design of future network structures.
A self-supervised domain-general learning framework for human ventral stream representation
Authors: Konkle Talia , Alvarez George A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAnterior regions of the ventral visual stream encode substantial information about object categories. Are top-down category-level forces critical for arriving at this representation, or can this representation be formed purely through domain-general learning of natural image structure? Here we present a fully self-supervised model which learns to represent individual images, rather than categories, such that views of the same image are embedded nearby in a low-dimensional feature space, distinctly from other recently encountered views. We find that category information implicitly emerges in the local similarity structure of this feature space. Further, these models learn hierarchical features which capture the structure of brain responses across the human ventral visual stream, on par with category-supervised models. These results provide computational support for a domain-general framework guiding the formation of visual representation, where the proximate goal is not explicitly about category information, but is instead to learn unique, compressed descriptions of the visual world.
Pickering emulsion droplet-based biomimetic microreactors for continuous flow cascade reactions
Authors: Zhang Ming , Ettelaie Rammile , Dong Lianlian , Li Xiaolong , Li Ting , Zhang Xiaoming , Binks Bernard P. , Yang Hengquan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA continuous flow cascade of multi-step catalytic reactions is a cutting-edge concept to revolutionize stepwise catalytic synthesis yet is still challenging in practical applications. Herein, a method for practical one-pot cascade catalysis is developed by combining Pickering emulsions with continuous flow. Our method involves co-localization of different catalytically active sub-compartments within droplets of a Pickering emulsion yielding cell-like microreactors, which can be packed in a column reactor for continuous flow cascade catalysis. As exemplified by two chemo-enzymatic cascade reactions for the synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins and chiral ester, 5 − 420 fold enhancement in the catalysis efficiency and as high as 99% enantioselectivity were obtained even over a period of 80 − 240 h. The compartmentalization effect and enriching-reactant properties arising from the biomimetic microreactor are theoretically and experimentally identified as the key factors for boosting the catalysis efficiency and for regulating the kinetics of cascade catalysis.
Rashba splitting in organic–inorganic lead–halide perovskites revealed through two-photon absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Lafalce Evan , Amerling Eric , Yu Zhi-Gang , Sercel Peter C. , Whittaker-Brooks Luisa , Vardeny Z. Valy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Rashba splitting in hybrid organic–inorganic lead–halide perovskites (HOIP) is particularly promising and yet controversial, due to questions surrounding the presence or absence of inversion symmetry. Here we utilize two-photon absorption spectroscopy to study inversion symmetry breaking in different phases of these materials. This is an all-optical technique to observe and quantify the Rashba effect as it probes the bulk of the materials. In particular, we measure two-photon excitation spectra of the photoluminescence in 2D, 3D, and anionic mixed HOIP crystals, and show that an additional band above, but close to the optical gap is the signature of new two-photon transition channels that originate from the Rashba splitting. The inversion symmetry breaking is believed to arise from ionic impurities that induce local electric fields. The observation of the Rashba splitting in the bulk of HOIP has significant implications for the understanding of their spintronic and optoelectronic device properties.
Nodal is a short-range morphogen with activity that spreads through a relay mechanism in human gastruloids
Authors: Liu Lizhong , Nemashkalo Anastasiia , Rezende Luisa , Jung Ji Yoon , Chhabra Sapna , Guerra M. Cecilia , Heemskerk Idse , Warmflash Aryeh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMorphogens are signaling molecules that convey positional information and dictate cell fates during development. Although ectopic expression in model organisms suggests that morphogen gradients form through diffusion, little is known about how morphogen gradients are created and interpreted during mammalian embryogenesis due to the combined difficulties of measuring endogenous morphogen levels and observing development in utero. Here we take advantage of a human gastruloid model to visualize endogenous Nodal protein in living cells, during specification of germ layers. We show that Nodal is extremely short range so that Nodal protein is limited to the immediate neighborhood of source cells. Nodal activity spreads through a relay mechanism in which Nodal production induces neighboring cells to transcribe Nodal. We further show that the Nodal inhibitor Lefty, while biochemically capable of long-range diffusion, also acts locally to control the timing of Nodal spread and therefore of mesoderm differentiation during patterning. Our study establishes a paradigm for tissue patterning by an activator-inhibitor pair.
Nitrogen nutrition contributes to plant fertility by affecting meiosis initiation
Authors: Yang Han , Li Yafei , Cao Yiwei , Shi Wenqing , Xie En , Mu Na , Du Guijie , Shen Yi , Tang Ding , Cheng Zhukuan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNitrogen (N), one of the most important plant nutrients, plays crucial roles in multiple plant developmental processes. Spikelets are the primary sink tissues during reproductive growth, and N deficiency can cause floral abortion. However, the roles of N nutrition in meiosis, the crucial step in plant sexual reproduction, are poorly understood. Here, we identified an N-dependent meiotic entrance mutant with loss of function ofELECTRON TRANSFER FLAVOPROTEIN SUBUNIT β(ETFβ) in rice (Oryza sativa).etfβdisplayed meiosis initiation defects, excessive accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and decrease in total N contents in spikelets under N starvation, which were rescued by applying excess exogenous inorganic N. Under N starvation, ETFβ, through its involvement in BCAA catabolism, promotes N reutilization and contributes to meeting N demands of spikelets, highlighting the impact of N nutrition on meiosis initiation. We conclude that N nutrition contributes to plant fertility by affecting meiosis initiation.
Contemporary mass balance on a cold Eastern Alpine ice cap as a potential link to the Holocene climate
Authors: Fischer Andrea , Stocker-Waldhuber Martin , Frey Martin , Bohleber Pascal 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlpine cold ice caps are sensitive indicators of local climate. The adequate interpretation of this information in an ice core requires detailed in situ glaciological and meteorological records, of which there are few. The Weißseespitze summit ice cap (3499 m) presents an ideal case to compare past and present climate and mass balance, with limited ice flow, but close to 6000 years locked into about 10 m of ice. First-ever meteorological observations at the ice dome have revealed that over 3 years of observation most of the accumulation took place between October and December and from April to June. In the colder winter months, between January and March, wind erosion prevents accumulation. Melt occurred between June and September, ice was only affected during short periods, mainly in August, which caused ice losses of up to 0.6 m (i.e. ~ 5% of the total ice thickness). Historical data points at a loss of of 34.9 ± 10.0 m between 1893 and 2018 and almost balanced conditions between 1893 and 1914. The local evidence of ice loss lays the basis for the interpretation of past gaps in the ice core records as past warm/melt events.