bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple paternity in the pueriparous North African fire salamander, Salamandra algira, supports polyandry as a successful mating strategy in low fecundity Salamandra lineages
Authors: Alarcón-Ríos Lucía , Velo-Antón Guillermo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Multiple paternity is widespread in nature and despite costs, it has many associated benefits like increased genetic diversity and fertilization success. It has been described in many viviparous systems, suggesting the existence of some fitness advantages counteracting the inherent costs of viviparity, such as fecundity reduction and high parental investment. Reproductively polymorphic species, like the urodele Salamandra algira, which shows two types of viviparity: larviparity (i.e., delivering aquatic larvae), and pueriparity (i.e., delivering terrestrial metamorphosed juveniles), are suitable systems to study the relationship between reproductive modes and polygamous mating. Here, multiple paternity is confirmed in a pueriparous lineage of S. algira, as previously verified for the pueriparous lineages of the reproductively polymorphic species S. salamandra, suggesting polyandry is a successful mating strategy in pueriparous systems with reduced brood sizes. We discuss the potential benefits of polyandry in the context of viviparity evolution in urodeles.
Yanukah
Authors: Cohen Tzachi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In many talmudic and mishnaic stories, the child is described as the possessor of unique and even contradictory traits. While he is invalid as a witness, exempt from observing the commandments, and not permitted to take part in the realm of commerce and acquisition, he is occasionally portrayed as the bearer of God’s word, and his ordinary sayings are understood as prophecy. In this paper, through an analysis of numerous sources—including tannaitic and talmudic material and various midrashim—which deal with children, we will attempt to identify the characteristic traits to which the sages refer in their descriptions of childhood. We will attempt to articulate the sages’ understanding of childhood, and specifically the traits which provide a basis for the portrayal of children as bearers of God’s word and sustainers of the world.
Group Dynamics in Beit Midrash Organizations: Revisiting the Legend of the Conflict between Rabbi Yohanan and Resh Laqish (Babylonian Talmud Bava Metzi’a 84a)
Authors: Mor Sagit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Stories in the Babylonian Talmud reveal the complex experience of studying in the rabbinic study house. One such story is the legend of R. Yohanan and Resh Lakish (B. B.M. 84a). Researchers have focused almost exclusively on the personae of the legend’s protagonists, while the manner in which the disciples of the sages pursued their calling has received little consideration. This article reflects on Group Dynamics in the Beit Midrash. It invokes theories from the field of organizational discourse, with special consideration of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and his followers. It also makes use of concepts relating to group-dynamic processes of the psychoanalyst Wilfred R. Bion. Read through this lens, the legend reveals new understandings regarding the conditions and responsibilities required from all partners for the vitality and productivity of the organization.
The Conditional Marketing Authorisation of Covid-19 Vaccines: A Critical Assessment under EU Law
Authors: Donati Alessandra 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The decision of the EU Commission, based on positive advice from the European Medicines Agency, to grant conditional marketing authorisation to Covid-19 vaccines should be qualified as a precautionary measure. Under the established case law of the CJEU, the conditions for the application of this principle are met. Such conditions are the existence of a risk to the environment and public health and uncertainty. Given this qualification as a precautionary measure, whether the Commission had complied with the procedural obligations that surround the implementation of this principle under EU law was assessed. Some shortcomings are identified concerning the risk assessment conducted by the European Medicines Agency and the risk management carried out by the Commission.
A Fall into the Pit
Authors: Bernard Chams Benoît , Chen Ruixuan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that Tocharian B koṣko, koṣkīye does not mean ‘hut’, as was taken for granted, but ‘pit, hole’; and that it is not an inherited Indo-European word, but an Iranian loanword in Tocharian B. Although the possibility of a borrowing from an unknown Middle Iranian language cannot be excluded, an unattested (Pre-)Bactrian form *kōškā is demonstrated to be the most likely source of this loanword.
Human Rights and Interreligious Dialogue: The Role of Religious Leaders in Freedom of Expression—The Case of the North of Lebanon since 2014
Authors: Fahed Ziad , Abboud Stephanie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although Lebanon’s North, home of Tripoli, the largest city in the region and the second-largest city in the country, has a controversial reputation for being a hub for extremism, it is actually an example of religious richness and greatly reflects the religious diversity in Lebanon. Nevertheless, even after the country had been enjoying since 2014 a relatively calmer internal security compared to the previous decade, the region repeatedly witnessed interreligious conflicts motivated by speech beyond the limits of freedom of expression and even translated into hate speech. To dissolve tensions and resolve conflicts, interreligious dialogue was used as a tool to encourage upholding freedom of expression and to protect groups from hate speech. The Sustainable Network of Religious Leaders in the North was thus founded, believing in the impact of interreligious dialogue, and these leaders initiated dialogue for influencing freedom of expression and overcoming hate speech in the region. In the recent debates about freedom of expression and sectarianism in Lebanon, the role of religious leaders in freedom of expression and in protecting that right has not been exhausted, although much has been discussed about the importance of this right and its protection, and about the influence of religion and religious leaders in everyday life. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of religious leaders in promoting the widespread recognition of true freedom of speech or even in oppressing it in favour of hate speech. It sheds light on internationally-recognized limits of freedom of expression and their translation to hate speech, the role of the latter in interreligious conflicts, the impact of interreligious dialogue on freedom of expression and hate speech, and the importance of religious leaders in such tensions and dialogue. The article highlights that religious leaders can impact freedom of expression, both, negatively and positively, and that it is only through interreligious dialogue that they can influence society towards tolerant speech. Through the gathering of primary and secondary data, this research aims at contributing to an improved understanding of the role of religious leaders in particular aspects of societies and improved empirical analysis of their impact.
Print Culture, Islam and the Politics of Caution in Late Colonial Dar es Salaam: A History of Ramadhan Machado Plantan’s Zuhra, 1947–1960
Authors: Brennan James R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article examines the history of Ramadhan Machado Plantan’s newspaper Zuhra, an independent African weekly newspaper that served as both an advocate for Dar es Salaam’s Muslim African community, as well as a kind of spiritual advisor and diviner. The content of Zuhra engages with a host of issues that were germane to its reading public, some of which were conventionally nationalist (segregation, land rights) and others which seem particularly religion (cemeteries, dream interpretations, religious counsel). Plantan’s Zuhra was often out of step with the rising nationalist movement embodied in the Tanganyika African Nationalist Union (tanu), which ultimately led to its estrangement and opposition to the country’s victorious nationalist party. Finally, this article explores how these disjunctions between Zuhra and tanu played out, first as a matter of a changing newspaper political economy, and second as a mouthpiece for a new Muslim opposition party.
Muhammad Bello’s Curriculum of Study, as Detailed in Ḥāshiya ʿalā muqaddimat Īdāʿ al-nusūkh and Shifāʾ al-asqām: the Books and Teachers of Sokoto’s Second Ruler
Authors: Naylor Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Muslim West Africa it is common practice for scholars to make a note of their teachers and the books they studied with them. Such bibliographical records both certify academic credentials and, in the nineteenth century, were a vital part of political legitimacy as a series of scholar-warriors took power across the Sahel region. Muhammad Bello, who ruled Sokoto between 1817 and his death in 1837, is one such example. However, a precise record of Bello’s education is not widely known. This article features the first English translation and critical edition of Bello’s own bibliography, Ḥāshiya ʿalā muqaddimat Īdāʿ al-nusūkh (A Commentary to the Preface of the Repository of Texts), as well a second, later account he gave in a text entitled Shifāʾ al-asqām. These documents add to our understanding of educational practices in nineteenth century West Africa, while shedding light on several important events in Sokoto’s early history.
Money In-between the Fields: Performances and Expectations
Authors: Wu Wen-Yu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Drawn on the sketches of the ethnographic fieldwork I undertook in Lebanon and Jordan in 2018–2019, this article hopes to shed light on the ethical questions about earning and spending involved in between the institutional field and the field site. It traverses from the “dance” of hospitality in which multiple social expectations are in action and require constant negotiation, to the talks of money in which research relationship and its “give and take” dynamic and inequality stand out among the multiple social relations and entangled expectations. Essentially, the article examines the performance I made in the research relationship in order to meet the multiple, and at times conflicting, expectations produced in both the “field” and our academic “field”.
Clinical characteristics of transformation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A psychopathological study
Authors: Bettess Zoe , Albertella Lucy , Destree Louise , Rosário Maria C , Ferrão Ygor Arzeno , Miguel Euripedes C , Fontenelle Leonardo F 
Published: March 2022

Background: The obsession of turning into another person (transformation obsessions [TO]), and its related compulsions have been initially conceptualised as a form of mental contamination. Nevertheless, it has remained understudied in the current obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) literature. In parallel, disturbances of the self have been identified as markers of prodromal psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. Based on the later association, this study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of TO. Methods: In all, 1001 OCD outpatients from the Brazilian OCD Research Consortium were included in this study. Several semi-structured and structured instruments were used to compare 48 OCD patients with TO with 953 OCD patients without TO. A repression model investigated the relationships between the presence of current TO and statistically significant univariate test outcomes. Results: Participants with TO presented an overall younger age, a longer period of time between the onset of the OCD symptoms and an OCD diagnosis, greater severity of the sexual/religious dimension and increased suicidality symptoms. Conclusions: These results indicate that TO may be better conceptualised as a form of forbidden/taboo thoughts rather than contamination. While no significant associations with psychotic features (e.g. decreased insight) were observed, TO patients displayed increased suicidality, overall younger age and a significantly larger disparity between seeking treatment and OCD diagnosis. This demonstrates that further clinical awareness and research into TO as an OCD symptom is most needed.
Graduate Admissions in Psychology: Using Quantitative and Qualitative Measures to Understand the Frequency and Fatality of Applicant Errors
Authors: Landrum R. Eric , Cramblet Alvarez Leslie D. , Jones K. Nicole , Burton Laura 
Published: March 2022

Background Graduate admissions in psychology continue to be a popular and competitive venture, with the demand for new graduate student opportunities exceeding the annual supply. Objective Our present work was a partial replication and extension of Appleby and Appleby (2006). We added closed- and open-ended questions regarding social media to gauge how graduate admissions committees utilize social media to evaluate applicants. Method We asked U.S. graduate admissions directors to answer six open-ended questions and then rate the frequency and fatality/harmfulness of 17 potential applicant errors. From the population of 467 graduate admissions directors, 56 provided complete responses (12.0% response rate). Results We examine the closed-ended quantitative results presenting descriptive data and combining the frequency and fatality scales into a scatterplot; outcomes from the open-ended qualitative results provide rich and nuanced advice about graduate admissions errors. Conclusion Poorly written application materials are to be avoided (obviously), but the evidence-informed advice offered here is much more nuanced and complex. Teaching Implications Mentors and faculty advisors can use information from this study to provide data-informed advice to students interested in improving their chances for admission to graduate programs in psychology, offering specific tips on the most harmful/fatal mistakes to avoid.
Ionic liquid-modified polyimide membranes with in-situ-grown polydopamine for separation of oil–water emulsions
Authors: Qi Peng , Jia Hongge , Wang Qingji , Su Guiming , Xu Shuangping , Zhang Mingyu , Qu Yanqing , Pei Fuying 
Published: March 2022

Leakage of oily industrial waste is not only a serious environmental and ecological hazard but also poses a significant health risk to people. Membrane separation, which is cost-effective and efficient, is one of the best solutions for reducing pollution discharge through oil–water separation. In this study, polydopamine (PDA) was incorporated into electrostatically spun ionic liquid-capped polyimide (IL-PI) membranes through an in situ growth method; the membranes exhibited the strong adsorption properties of PDA. The polyimide fibers were hydrophilically modified with an IL, which contains several hydrophilic groups, and PDA. Adjusting the polymerization time resulted in the formation of a composite membrane, which could effectively separate oil–water emulsions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that with an increase in the PDA coating time, the PDA content in and on the surface of the composite membrane fibers significantly increased. In addition, the surface contact angle of the membrane decreased from 72.87° to 12.06° with the addition of the PDA coating, while the wettability was significantly improved. The PDA-modified fibrous membranes showed good separation of the emulsified oil–water mixtures. The maximum membrane flux and separation efficiency achieved was 280 L·m−2·h−1 and >99%, respectively. After 10 repeated cycles, the separation efficiency was maintained at >92%. This approach can be used for the design of future wastewater treatment solutions.
Epidemiological drivers of mother to child HIV transmission in West Bengal, India: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ganguly Suman , Chakraborty Debjit , Debnath Falguni , Biswas Subrata , Majumdar Agniva , Saha Malay Kumar , Dutta Shanta 
Published: March 2022

Background HIV transmission through vertical route can be reduced to a large extent with combination of medical interventions. Apart from maternal HIV status several other epidemiological attributes determine this transmission dynamics. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify various associated factors that determine and modify the risk of HIV transmission from a mother living with HIV to her child. Materials and method: A retrospective cohort-study was conducted with 518 HIV-positive pregnant women with delivering live babies between April 2016 – September 2018. The HIV status of the children was ascertained with polymerase chain reaction. A number of socio-demographic and medical attributes were compared between HIV-positive (41) and HIV-negative babies (477) using bivariate and multivariate methods to identify disease modifying factors. Results Maternal HIV detection during the postnatal period (AOR = 11.2; 5.2 – 23.8), low birth weight (AOR = 2.7; 1.2 – 5.9), and vaginal delivery (AOR = 2.8; 1.01 – 7.7) were significantly associated with vertical transmission of HIV. Lower duration of maternal antiretroviral treatment and higher maternal age (>25 years) were also associated in bivariate analysis. Conclusion The battery of PPTCT (Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission) interventions should be tailored in such a way to address all the epidemiological attributes influencing vertical transmission.
Positional factors affecting the surgical management of impacted permanent mandibular canines
Authors: Bolooki Honieh , Hameed Othman , Sherriff Martyn , Minhas Gursharan 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To assess which positional factors influence the decision to surgically remove or expose an impacted mandibular canine. Clinical and radiographic assessment are important considerations when treatment planning for the management of impacted mandibular canines. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK. Methods: The clinical notes and orthopantomogram radiographs were assessed for all patients aged 21 years or under who underwent surgical management of impacted mandibular canine teeth between 2017 and 2019. The following variables were recorded: angulation, horizontal position, vertical height, overlap of the adjacent tooth and bucco-lingual position of the canine. Results: From the 67 patients and 77 canines included, surgical extraction was performed for 48 canines (62%) and surgical exposure was performed for 29 canines (38%). Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression revealed canine angulation to the midline, horizontal position of the canine root apex, vertical height of the canine crown and canine overlap of the adjacent tooth to be associated with the decision to remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine ( P < 0.001). The bucco-lingual position of the canine did not influence the decision to remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine ( P = 0.159). Conclusion: The decision to expose or remove an impacted mandibular canine is guided by its angulation, horizontal position and vertical position, and by the degree of overlap of the adjacent tooth. However, the bucco-lingual position is not related to the decision to surgically remove or expose an impacted permanent mandibular canine.
“I do the she and her”: A qualitative exploration of HIV care providers’ considerations of trans women in gender-specific HIV care
Authors: Lacombe-Duncan Ashley , Berringer Kathryn R , Green Jennifer , Jacobs Amy , Hamdi Amy 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Women of all genders, including cisgender (cis) and transgender (trans) women, experience social and structural drivers of HIV inequities and pervasive barriers to HIV care. Yet, little is known about how HIV care providers address gender diversity in health care. Through a critical feminist lens informed by intersectionality theory, medical anthropology, and critical sociology, we explored (1) how do HIV care providers describe women living with HIV’s care needs and barriers; (2) what are their perspectives on optimal HIV care for women; and (3) to what extent do these conceptualizations include/exclude trans women. Methods: Utilizing a community-based exploratory qualitative study design, we conducted 60–90 minute semi-structured individual interviews from March 2019–April 2020 with eight HIV care providers ( n  = 4 social service providers; n  = 4 physicians) practicing across seven counties representative of rural, suburban, and urban Michigan, United States. Data were analyzed utilizing a reflexive thematic approach. Results: Three overarching themes emerged: (1) Emphasis on (different) clinical needs: key considerations in cis and trans women’s HIV care; (2) Recognition of the structural: barriers to HIV care affecting women of all genders; and (3) Proposed solutions: piecing together individual, social, and organizational interventions to increase access to HIV care that may benefit women living with HIV of all genders but are disproportionately framed as being for cis women. While HIV care providers recognized both cis and trans women living with HIV’s clinical care needs and structural barriers to care, they rarely envisioned optimal HIV care inclusive of gender affirmation and structural interventions. Conclusions: Findings suggest that HIV care providers can avoid reducing gender to biology and making assumptions about reproductive care needs, endocrinological care needs, caregiving responsibilities, and other life circumstances; provide gender-affirming medical care; and address structural barriers to HIV care to enhance intersectional and structurally focused gender-affirming—that is, trans-inclusive—women-centered HIV care.