bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of exposure time in awake prone positioning on clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure treated with high-flow nasal oxygen: a multicenter cohort study
Authors: Esperatti Mariano , Busico Marina , Fuentes Nora Angélica , Gallardo Adrian , Osatnik Javier , Vitali Alejandra , Wasinger Elizabeth Gisele , Olmos Matías , Quintana Jorgelina , Saavedra Santiago Nicolas , Lagazio Ana Inés , Andrada Facundo Juan , Kakisu Hiromi , Romano Nahuel Esteban , Matarrese Agustin , Mogadouro Mariela Adriana , Mast Giuliana , Moreno Claudia Navarro , Niquin Greta Dennise Rebaza , Barbaresi Veronica , Bruhn Cruz Alejandro , Ferreyro Bruno Leonel , Torres Antoni ,   Argentine Collaborative Group on High Flow and Prone Positioning, Tirado Anabel Miranda , Viñas María Constanza , Pintos Juan Manuel , Gonzalez Maria Eugenia , Mateos Maite , Laiz Mariela Marisol , Garcia Urrutia Jose , Ruiz Seifert Micaela , Mastroberti Emilce 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
In patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure (ARF), awake prone positioning (AW-PP) reduces the need for intubation in patients treated with high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO). However, the effects of different exposure times on clinical outcomes remain unclear. We evaluated the effect of AW-PP on the risk of endotracheal intubation and in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19-related ARF treated with HFNO and analyzed the effects of different exposure times to AW-PP.

Methods
This multicenter prospective cohort study in six ICUs of 6 centers in Argentine consecutively included patients > 18 years of age with confirmed COVID-19-related ARF requiring HFNO from June 2020 to January 2021. In the primary analysis, the main exposure was awake prone positioning for at least 6 h/day, compared to non-prone positioning (NON-PP). In the sensitivity analysis, exposure was based on the number of hours receiving AW-PP. Inverse probability weighting–propensity score (IPW-PS) was used to adjust the conditional probability of treatment assignment. The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation (ETI); and the secondary outcome was hospital mortality.

Results
During the study period, 580 patients were screened and 335 were included; 187 (56%) tolerated AW-PP for [median (p25–75)] 12 (9–16) h/day and 148 (44%) served as controls. The IPW–propensity analysis showed standardized differences < 0.1 in all the variables assessed. After adjusting for other confounders, the OR (95% CI) for ETI in the AW-PP group was 0.36 (0.2–0.7), with a progressive reduction in OR as the exposure to AW-PP increased. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for hospital mortality in the AW-PP group ≥ 6 h/day was 0.47 (0.19–1.31). The exposure to prone positioning ≥ 8 h/d resulted in a further reduction in OR [0.37 (0.17–0.8)].

Conclusion
In the study population, AW-PP for ≥ 6 h/day reduced the risk of endotracheal intubation, and exposure ≥ 8 h/d reduced the risk of hospital mortality.
Co-production of amino acid-rich xylooligosaccharide and single-cell protein from paper mulberry by autohydrolysis and fermentation technologies
Authors: Gu Yang , Hu Yingying , Huang Caoxing , Lai Chenhuan , Ling Zhe , Yong Qiang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundAutohydrolysis is an extensively investigated pretreatment method due to its environmental friendliness. During autohydrolysis, most xylan from hemicellulose can be converted into xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and cellulose in the autohydrolyzed residues can be transformed into glucose after enzymatic hydrolysis. Both of these are value-added biochemicals in the biorefining process. In this work, paper mulberry (PM), which contains abundant protein, was utilized as a raw material to coproduce XOS and single-cell protein (SCP) through autohydrolysis and fermentation technologies.ResultsThe results showed that 8.3 g of XOS and 1.8 g of amino acids could be recovered in the autohydrolysate (based on 100 g raw material) after autohydrolysis (170 °C, 1 h). Moreover, 5.7 g of low-DP XOS along with 1.8 g of amino acids could be further obtained from the autohydrolysate after hydrolysis with endo-β-1-4-xylanase. In addition, 20.1 g of fermentable monosaccharides was recovered after hydrolyzing the autohydrolyzed PM with cellulase, which can be used to produce 4.8 g of SCP after fermentation withCandida utilis.ConclusionAs a valuable application of PM, a novel process is proposed to coproduce amino acid-rich XOS and SCP through autohydrolysis. The carbohydrate of PM is effectively converted to high value-added products.
A class of completely monotonic functions involving the polygamma functions
Authors: Liang Li-Chun , Zheng Li-Fei , Wan Aying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLet $\Gamma (x)$
Γ
(
x
)
denote the classical Euler gamma function. We set $\psi _{n}(x)=(-1)^{n-1}\psi ^{(n)}(x)$

ψ
n

(
x
)
=

(
−
1
)

n
−
1

ψ

(
n
)

(
x
)
($n\in \mathbb{N}$
n
∈
N
), where $\psi ^{(n)}(x)$

ψ

(
n
)

(
x
)
denotes the nth derivative of the psi function $\psi (x)=\Gamma '(x)/\Gamma (x)$
ψ
(
x
)
=

Γ
′

(
x
)
/
Γ
(
x
)
. For λ, α, $\beta \in \mathbb{R}$
β
∈
R
and $m,n\in \mathbb{N}$
m
,
n
∈
N
, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the functions $$ L(x;\lambda ,\alpha ,\beta )=\psi _{m+n}(x)-\lambda \psi _{m}(x+ \alpha ) \psi _{n}(x+\beta ) $$
L
(
x
;
λ
,
α
,
β
)
=

ψ

m
+
n

(
x
)
−
λ

ψ
m

(
x
+
α
)

ψ
n

(
x
+
β
)
and $-L(x;\lambda ,\alpha ,\beta )$
−
L
(
x
;
λ
,
α
,
β
)
to be completely monotonic on $(-\min (\alpha ,\beta ,0),\infty )$
(
−
min
(
α
,
β
,
0
)
,
∞
)
.As a result, we generalize and refine some inequalities involving the polygamma functions and also give some inequalities in terms of the ratio of gamma functions.
Some periodic and fixed point theorems on quasi-b-gauge spaces
Authors: Zikria N. , Samreen M. , Kamran T. , Aydi H. , Park C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe notions of a quasi-b-gauge space $(U,\textsl{Q}_{s ; \Omega })$
(
U
,

Q

s
;
Ω

)
and a left (right) $\mathcal{J}_{s ; \Omega }$

J

s
;
Ω

-family of generalized quasi-pseudo-b-distances generated by $(U,\textsl{Q}_{s ; \Omega })$
(
U
,

Q

s
;
Ω

)
are introduced. Moreover, by using this left (right) $\mathcal{J}_{s ; \Omega }$

J

s
;
Ω

-family, we define the left (right) $\mathcal{J}_{s ; \Omega }$

J

s
;
Ω

-sequential completeness, and we initiate the Nadler type contractions for set-valued mappings $T:U\rightarrow Cl^{\mathcal{J}_{s ; \Omega }}(U)$
T
:
U
→
C

l

J

s
;
Ω

(
U
)
and the Banach type contractions for single-valued mappings $T: U \rightarrow U$
T
:
U
→
U
, which are not necessarily continuous. Furthermore, we develop novel periodic and fixed point results for these mappings in the new setting, which generalize and improve the existing fixed point results in the literature. Examples validating our obtained results are also given.
High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in a desert population: results from an exploratory study around the Ounianga lakes in Chad
Authors: Moser Wendelin , Batil Annour Adoum , Ott Rebekka , Abderamane Moussa , Clements Ruth , Wampfler Rahel , Poppert Sven , Steinmann Peter , Allan Fiona , Greter Helena 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Researching a water-borne disease in the middle of the Sahara desert might not seem the most relevant concern. However, nomadic Sahelian pastoralists health concerns regarding their livestock and anecdotal reports about trematode infections of Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. in desert-raised animals justified an exploratory study focusing on the lakes of Ounianga in Northern Chad. The aim was to test whether trematode parasites such as Schistosoma spp. occur in human populations living around the Sahara desert lakes of Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir in northern Chad.

Methods
The study was carried out in January 2019 and comprised of three components. First, a cross sectional survey based on a random sample drawn from the population to detect infections with S. haematobium and S. mansoni; second, focus group discussions exploring disease priorities, access to health and health seeking behaviour; and third, surveying water contact sites for intermediate host snails. Samples of trematode parasites and snails were confirmed on species level by molecular genetic methods. For parasitological and malacological surveys descriptive statistics were performed. Qualitative data analysis included the full review of all transcripts, followed by a descriptive and explorative thematic analysis.

Results
Among 258 participants, the overall S. haematobium prevalence using urine filtration was 39.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 33.5–45.1%], with 51.5% of the infected suffering from heavy infection. The intermediate host snail of S. haematobium (Bulinus truncatus) occurred at water contact sites near both study villages, revealing the potential for local transmission. Although a positive S. mansoni point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test result was obtained from 8.6% (95% CI 5.7–12.8%) of the samples, no intermediate host snails of S. mansoni were found, and the relevance of S. mansoni remains uncertain. Qualitative findings underline the importance of morbidity caused by urinary schistosomiasis, and the lack of access to diagnostics and treatment as a major health concern.

Conclusions
This research revealed a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the population living around the lakes of Ounianga in the Sahara, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site in Chad. Despite the high public health importance of the associated morbidity expressed by the population, there is no access to diagnostics and treatment. Further work is needed to develop and test a context-adapted intervention.

Graphical Abstract
The dark halo technique in the oeuvre of Michael Sweerts and other Flemish and Dutch baroque painters. A 17th c. empirical solution to mitigate the optical ‘simultaneous contrast’ effect?
Authors: Derks Kirsten , Van der Snickt Geert , Legrand Stijn , Van der Stighelen Katlijne , Janssens Koen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Although the topic is rarely addressed in literature, a significant number of baroque paintings exhibit dark, halo-like shapes around the contours of the dramatis personae. Close examination of both finished and unfinished works suggests that this intriguing feature was a practical tool that helped the artist in the early painting stages. When applying the final brushwork, the halo lost its function, with some artists undertaking efforts to hide it. Although their visibility might not have been intended by the artists, today this dark paint beneath the surface is partially visible through the upper paint layers. Moreover, the disclosure of many halos using infrared photography (IRP), infrared reflectography (IRR) and macro X-ray fluorescence imaging (MA-XRF), additional to those that can be observed visually, suggests that this was a common and established element of 17th-century painting practice in Western Europe. Building on an existing hypothesis, we argue that halos can be considered as a solution to an optical problem that arose when baroque painters reversed the traditional, 15th- and 16th-century painting sequence of working from background to foreground. Instead, they started with the dominant parts of a composition, such as the face of a sitter. In that case, a temporary halo can provide the essential tonal reference to anticipate the chromatic impact of the final dark colored background on the adjacent delicate carnations. In particular, we attempt to clarify the prevalence of dark halos as a response to optical effects such as ‘simultaneous contrast’ and ‘the crispening effect’, described in literature only centuries later. As such, the recently termed ‘ring condition’ can be seen as the present-day equivalent of the ‘halo solution’ that was seemingly empirically or intuitively developed by 17th-century artists. Modern studies in visual perception proves that by laying a black ring around a target color, the optical impact of a surrounding color can be efficiently neutralized. Finally, by delving into works by Michael Sweerts, it becomes clear that resourceful artists might have adapted the halo technique and the underlying principles to their individual challenges, such as dealing with differently colored grounds.
Geomechanical characterization of lateritic hardpans from Bamendjou (West-Cameroon)
Authors: Ngueumdjo Y. , Djoumbi V. H. Njuikom , Katte V. Y. , Ngapgue F. , Wouatong A. S. L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study reports on the physical, mechanical, mineralogical and geochemical analysis carried out on four lateritic hardpan specimens from quarries in the Bamendjou area in the Western Region of Cameroon using common prescribed procedures. The results indicate that values of the bulk density, specific gravity, total and open porosities are very variable from one specimen to another. Meanwhile, the value of the compressive strengths of both the dry and immersed specimens were also very variable from one specimen to another, with the F2 and F1 specimens having higher values than the A1 and A2 specimens. All the specimens immersed in water recorded lower compressive strengths than the dry specimens. The flexural strengths also varied from one sample to another, with the F2 specimen having the highest resistance. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the major peaks were assigned to gibbsite, goethite, and hematite, while the minor peaks were assigned to kaolinite and anatase. The mineralogy and geochemistry influenced the physical and mechanical properties, with the iron rich specimens having higher values in both the physical and mechanical properties than the alumina rich specimens. The results of the compressive strengths obtained were higher than (1–4) MPa obtained in Burkina Faso and India where they have been using latertic blocks for construction. Thus the hardpans of Bamendjou can also be exploited for building purposes conveniently.
Risk factors of anemia among preschool children in Ethiopia: a Bayesian geo-statistical model
Authors: Endris Bilal Shikur , Dinant Geert-Jan , Gebreyesus Seifu H. , Spigt Mark 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The etiology and risk factors of anemia are multifactorial and varies across context. Due to the geospatial clustering of anemia, identifying risk factors for anemia should account for the geographic variability. Failure to adjust for spatial dependence whilst identifying risk factors of anemia could give spurious association. We aimed to identify risk factors of anemia using a Bayesian geo-statistical model.

Methods
We analyzed the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 data. The sample was selected using a stratified, two- stage cluster sampling design. In this survey, 9268 children had undergone anemia testing. Hemoglobin level was measured using a HemoCue photometer and the results were recorded onsite. Based on the World Health Organization’s cut-off points, a child was considered anaemic if their altitude adjusted haemoglobin (Hb) level was less than 11 g/dL. Risk factors for anemia were identified using a Bayesian geo-statistical model, which accounted for spatial dependency structure in the data. Posterior means and 95% credible interval (BCI) were used to report our findings. We used a statistically significant level at 0.05.

Result
The 9267 children in our study were between 6 and 59 months old. Fifty two percent (52%) of children were males. Thirteen percent (13%) of children were from the highest wealth quintile whereas 23% from the lowest wealth quintile. Most of them lived in rural areas (90%). The overall prevalence of anemia among preschool children was 57% (95% CI: 54.4–59.4). We found that child stunting (OR = 1.26, 95% BCI (1.14–1.39), wasting (OR = 1.35, 95% BCI (1.15–1.57), maternal anemia (OR = 1.61, 95% BCI (1.44–1.79), mothers having two under five children (OR = 1.2, 95% BCI (1.08–1.33) were risk factors associated with anemia among preschool children. Children from wealthy households had lower risk of anemia (AOR = 0.73, 95% BCI (0.62–0.85).

Conclusion
Using the Bayesian geospatial statistical modeling, we were able to account for spatial dependent structure in the data, which minimize spurious association. Childhood Malnutrition, maternal anemia, increased fertility, and poor wealth status were risk factors of anemia among preschool children in Ethiopia. The existing anaemia control programs such as IFA supplementation during pregnancy should be strengthened to halt intergenerational effect of anaemia. Furthermore, routine childhood anaemia screening and intervention program should be part of the Primary health care in Ethiopia.
Assessment of port efficiency within Latin America
Authors: Miller Kahuina , Hyodo Tetsuro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Panama Canal expansion has influenced the development of ports within the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, intending to capitalise on economic opportunities through seaborne trade. Examining port performance is essential to ascertain the PCE impact on port efficiency within the LAC region. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) was used to determine the technical efficiency of the 19 major ports within the LAC from 2010 to 2018. The result indicates that, among the four (4) port performance indicators (berth length, port area, the number of cranes (STS gantry and mobile), and the number of berths), the number of STS gantry cranes and berth length had the largest and most significant impact. Some ports with high technical efficiency experienced TEU losses despite port infrastructural development and privatization. The findings also revealed that the increased competition among regional and US East and Gulf Coast ports has negatively impacted some LAC ports’ TEU volumes due to port proximity. The dynamism of the maritime sector, especially containerization, requires ports to implement value-added services and logistics centers in tandem with port performance indicators to remain sustainable and competitive in the maritime industry.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria pseudobassiana isolates against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams, 1926 (Lepidoptera/Notodontidae)
Authors: Topkara Elif Fatma , Yanar Oğuzhan , Tuncer Celal , Ozdemir Ismail Oguz , Yildirim Elif 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams, 1926 (Lepidoptera/Notodontidae) is one of the most harmful insects that destroys pine ecosystems by feeding on pine leaves at its larval stage. Because of its urticating setae, the insect also causes severe skin reactions to animals and humans. Instead of chemical control, eco-friendly biological control methods are preferred to combat this species.

Results
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of five different Beauveria bassiana Vuill, 1912 (Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae) isolates (TR-SM-10, TR-SM-11, TR-SM-2, TR-SK-1 and TR-D-1) and one B. pseudobassiana Rehner & Humber (Hypocreales/Cordycipitaceae) isolate (TR-SM-1) against the fourth instar larvae of T. wilkinsoni under laboratory conditions. T. wilkinsoni larvae were collected from the Ondokuz Mayıs University Kurupelit Campus in Samsun, Turkey, in 2021, and the fourth instar larvae were used in the experiment. Two ml of spray of the six fungal isolates were applied to every ten larvae at each concentration (1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia ml−1). The experiment was carried out in five replicates per group, and the larvae were observed for 10 days. As a result, all isolates of B. bassiana caused 100% mortality at 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 concentration. B. pseudobassiana isolate also caused 100% mortality at both concentrations. At 1 × 107 conidia ml−1 concentration, the larvae treated with the B. pseudobassiana isolate (TR-SM-1) had the lowest LT50 (2.89 days) and LT90 values (4.79 days), while the larvae treated with TR-SM-10 isolate had the highest LT50 (5.65 days) and LT90 values (9.39 days). At 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 concentration, the larvae treated with TR-SK-1 isolate had the lowest LT50 (2.89 days) and LT90 values (4.79 days), while those treated with TR-SM-10 isolate had the highest LT50 (3.95 days) and LT90 values (8.15 days).

Conclusion
It has been recommended that the five different isolates of B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana isolates were virulent to T. wilkinsoni larvae and can be used for biological control of T. wilkinsoni.
Synergistic effect of naturally occurring Granulosis virus isolates (PbGV) with phagostimulants against the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (L.) for its eco-friendly management
Authors: Kour Ramandeep , Gupta R. K. , Hussain Barkat , Kour Simranjeet 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
To manage the cabbage butterfly, Pierisbrassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), it is not wise to use insecticides on leafy vegetables which are eaten mostly fresh. During the past decades, the efforts to manage the pest, through chemical insecticides have raised serious health. Investigations were carried out to isolate naturally occurring GVs (PbGV) as a potent biopesticide against P.brassicae and to explore their efficacy with the application of phagostimulants.

Results
Among the four naturally occurring isolates obtained from Northwestern Himalayas, Sudhmahadev isolate was found to be the most promising based on virulence and speed of kill against all the instars tested in the laboratory, showing the natural incidence of PbGV infection in field conditions. In concentration and time–response bioassay, all the isolates of P.brassicae Granulosis virus were found high virulent against second instar larvae of cabbage butterfly. Therefore, for enhanced efficacy of PBGV, its combined application with phagostimulants (Lepidiumsativum + Teepol + jaggery) or sticker (Teepol + jaggery), applied in field trials, resulted into greater mortality of larval instars than the single one. Overall, the results indicated that the introduction of a more isolates PBGV strain into populations of P.brassicae could be of vital importance for eco-friendly suppression of this pest globally with the combination of phagostimulants. The application virus alone with the pre-standardized concentration of 1 × 1012 OBs/ha did not reduce the larval population density to the desirable extent in the greenhouse chamber and therefore was not included in field experiments. Overall, the most promising treatments in reducing the larval population of the pest were PbGV + Teepol + B.thuringiensis (93.49 and 91.39%) and PbGV + Teepol + L.sativum (88.79 and 86.97%) over control in both greenhouse and field trials, respectively.

Conclusions
In this study, the native isolates of PbGV from different target locations to test their efficacy against different instars of P.brassicae were explored. Using native PBGV isolates with phagostimulant combinations played an important role for regulating the pest effectively. These phagostimulants not only protected the OBs from degradation in the presence of sunlight but also increased the speed of killing. The biocontrol potential of PbGV in both laboratory and field conditions indicated that baculoviruses are sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides.