bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
नेपाली नाटकको युगीन प्रवृत्ति {Epochal Characteristic Features of Nepali Drama}
Authors: थापा Thapa अशोक Ashok 
Published: August 2022

नेपाली नाटकको इतिहास झन्डै सवा दुई शताब्दी लामो छ । यसको आरम्भ अनुवाद रूपान्तरणसँग सम्बद्ध छ । हालसम्म प्राप्त तथ्यलाई मूल्याङ्कन गर्दा शक्तिवल्लभ अर्यालको हास्यकदम्ब (वि.सं. १८५५ तिर) लाई नेपाली नाटकको पहिलो खुड्किलो मानिन्छ । यद्यपि लिच्छविकाल र मल्ल कालमा सिर्जित नाटकका केही पाण्डुलिपिहरूको शोधन हुन बाँकी छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा नेपाली नाटकको पृष्ठभूमिदेखि अहिलेसम्मको नाट्येतिहासको स्रस्टासापेक्ष अनुरेखाङ्कन गरिएको छ । नेपाली नाटकका विषयमा अतीतमा भए गरेका पूर्वसामग्रीहरूको अवलोकन गरी निष्कर्षमा पुगिएकाले यस लेख द्वितीयक स्रोतको तथ्यमा आधारित छ । इतिहासमा अभिलेखन भएका दस्तावेजको तुलनात्मक पठन गरी निष्कर्षण गरिएकाले यस लेखमा तुलनात्मक विधिको प्रयोग भएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा प्राप्त तथ्यहरू प्रस्तुत गर्न वर्णनात्मक विधिको प्रयोग भएको छ । यो लेख नेपाली नाटकको इतिहासको अनुरेखाङ्कनमा केन्द्रित छ । नेपाली नाटकको ऐतिहासिक पक्षलाई सङ्क्षेपमा निष्कर्षण गर्नु यस लेखको प्राप्ति हो । नेपाली नाटकसाहित्य उन्नत बन्दै गएको छ । नवीन चिन्तन र अन्तर्विषयकतालाई अबलम्बन गर्नु नेपाली नाटकको उल्लेखनीय उपलब्धि हो भन्ने यस लेखको निचोड रहेको छ । यसले आगामी दिनमा हुने शोधका लागि थप मार्गप्रशस्त गरेको छ ।
{Nepali drama has a history of about two and a half centuries. Translation and transformation were the first steps in the history of Nepali drama. According to the information received so far, Hasyakadamba is considered to be the first play written in Nepali. The play was thought to have been published in about 1855 BS. Nevertheless, some manuscripts of plays written during the Lichchhavi and Malla period remain unexplored. This article provides an overview of Nepalese drama's history from its beginning to the present. Previous research has served as a prelude. As a result, the source used here comes from Secondary sources. The comparative method has been applied in this article because it was obtained by comparing historical documents. This article presents information in a descriptive form. The writer tries to trace the history of Nepalese drama in this article. This article summarizes the historical aspect of Nepali drama. In recent times, Nepali drama has become more sophisticated. The article stresses as to how Nepali drama has achieved great success by adopting innovative and interdisciplinary thinking. Further research could be conducted on this topic in the future.}
दर्शन र साहित्य {Philosophy and Literature}
Authors: गड्तौला Gadtaula नारायण  Narayan 
Published: August 2022

दर्शन र साहित्य ज्ञानका भिन्न शाखा हुन् । दर्शन ज्ञानप्रधान बौद्धिक वाङ्मय रूप हो भने साहित्य आह्लाद प्रधानरागात्मक वाङ्मय कला हो । तत्वमीमांसा र ज्ञानमीमांसाको विमर्शमा केन्द्रित दर्शनविधा तर्क एवं कार्यकरणको वस्तुनिष्ठ भाषामा व्यक्त हुन्छ भने साहित्य जीवन जगत्कै सत्यतथ्यलाई कल्पनाको जलपले रङाएर आलङ्कारिक, विरोधाभाषी, लक्षणाव्यञ्जनामूलक भाषामा व्यक्त हुन्छ । यी दुई वाङ्मयका भिन्न विधा भए पनि दर्शन साहित्यबाट अभिव्यक्ति कलाको अपेक्षा गर्दै थोरै कलाको सम्पुटनबाट सम्प्रेष्यताको आलोक प्राप्त गर्दछ भने साहित्य दर्शनको वैचारिकतालाई अन्तःगर्भमा लुकाएर किञ्चित् बौद्धिक तुष्टि प्रदान गर्दछ ।
{Philosophy and literature are two different branches of knowledge. Philosophy is acknowledge-oriented intellectual rhetoric form while literature is an ecstatic melodic rhetoric art. Philosophy centers on the discussion of metaphysics and epistemology, which is expressed in the objective language of logic and causality. Literature, however, is expressed in figurative, contradictory and allegorical language by painting the realities of the world of life with the plated of imagination. Although these two genres of rhetoric are different, philosophy receives the light of communicativeness from the collection of art, expecting art of expression from literature, while literature provides a little intellectual satisfaction by hiding the ideology of philosophy in the womb. In this kind of interrelationship, one can see the interdependent relationship between philosophy and literature. The main purpose of this article is to study that relationship. For that, the data has been collected through library work and analyzed in a descriptive and explanatory method. Analyzing the relationship between philosophy and literature in this article, it has been concluded that philosophy is a branch of knowledge-oriented, objective, intellectual, causal, factual rhetoric and literature is a branch of rhetoric based on sentimental, heartfelt, subjective, imaginary truth.}
मुकुन्द–इन्दिरा नाटकमा धार्मिक अभिव्यञ्जना {Religious expression in the play Mukunda-Indira}
Authors: गुरागाईँ Guragain राधिका Radhika 
Published: August 2022

प्रस्तुत लेखमा सनातन धार्मिक मान्यताका आधारमा बालकृष्ण समद्वारा लिखित मुकुन्द–इन्दिरा नाटकको विवेचना गरिएको छ । कृति विश्लेषणका निम्ति श्रुति, स्मृति लगायत शास्त्रीय ग्रन्थहरूमा उल्लिखित धार्मिक चिन्तनबारे विभिन्न समालोचकद्वारा मीमांसा गरिएका पुस्तकहरू एवं ‘मुकुन्द–इन्दिरा’ नाटकको अध्ययन गरी सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा तय गरिएको छ । उक्त अवधारणाका आधारमा ‘मुकुन्द–इन्दिरा’ नाटकको विश्लेषण गर्दा परोपकार, कर्तव्य, नैतिक आचरणपूर्ण जीवन, ईश्वरप्रतिको विश्वास, प्रायश्चित्त, प्रेम, भक्ति, पाठपूजा एवं उपासनाको समष्टि स्वरूप नै धर्म हो भन्ने समको धर्मसम्बन्धी दृष्टिकोणको निरूपण गरी नाटकका विभिन्न सन्दर्भसहित विवेचना गरिएको छ । अध्ययन गुणात्मक पद्धतिमा आधारित छ र सामग्रीको विश्लेषण व्याख्यात्मक र विवेचनात्मक विधिमा गरिएको छ । यस नाटकमा जीवनको आधार नै धर्म हो र धर्मको आधार प्रेम हो भन्ने मुख्य विचारलाई नायिका इन्दिराको चरित्रबाट व्यञ्जित गरिएको छ भन्ने यस लेखको निष्कर्ष हो ।
{
This article discusses Bal Krishna Sama's play Mukunda-Indira on the basis of traditional religious beliefs. In the say way, old shruti, smriti, and other traditional literature are used to analyze the work. Mukunda-Indira play analysis is based on religious ideas expressed in many ancient scriptures. The literature reviewed, as examined by many critics prior to this, is regarded the theoretical foundation of the study. Analyzing the Mukunda-Indira play based on these established notions, the study is based on the author Sam's belief that religion is a blend of altruism, duty, moral conduct, faith in God, penance, love, devotion, recitation, and worship. This study, in particular, is based on a qualitative method, and the text is studied using explanatory and critical methods. The major premise of this play is portrayed through the character of the heroine, Indira, who believes that religion is the foundation of life and that religion is the foundation of love. This is the actual conclusion of this article.}
Application of FEM for the Estimation of Thermomechanical Properties of Plasma Sprayed Composite Coatings
Authors: Bolot R. , Aussavy D. , Montavon G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The presence of defects such as voids, inter-lamellar porosities or cracks, provides a decrease of the effective thermal conductivity of plasma sprayed coatings as well as a decrease of the corresponding mechanical properties such as the Young’s modulus. In general, effective properties of thermal spray coatings are thus strongly different from that of the bulk material and have thus to be quantified to validate their in service performances. A complementary approach allowing understanding the relationships between the microstructure of a coating and its macro-properties is the use of Finite Element Modeling. The case of composite coatings is still more complicated due to the presence of different materials. In the present study, thermo-mechanical properties of a plasma sprayed composite coating were estimated by numerical modeling based on FEM. The applied method uses directly cross-sectional micrographs without simplification using a one-cell per pixel approach. Characteristics such as the thermal conductivity, the Young’s modulus, the Poisson ratio and the dilatation coefficient were considered. The selected example was an AlSi/polyester coating used as abradable seal in the aerospace industry.
Cold Sprayed MCrAlY as a Bondcoat Candidate for TBC Application
Authors: Ma X. , Ruggiero P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As an emerging technique, cold gas dynamic spray is one of the latest tools for dimensional repair and coating applications. Cold spray (CS) utilizes high velocity particles as feedstock rather than high temperature to produce a coating without over melting feedstock, and thereby achieves a free-oxide coating. One of today’s critical coating applications is thermal barrier coating (TBC) for high efficiency turbine engine components, assisting and enabling today’s super alloys for turbine components to operate at a higher firing temperature. Many studies reveal that the formation of thermally grown oxide (TGO) on MCrAlY bondcoat, and the surface morphology profile of the bondcoat play paramount roles in failure modes and lifetimes of TBCs. This work has been focused on exploring the feasibility of CS MCrAlY as a bondcoat candidate for TBC application by comparing with those deposited by thermal spray processes, mainly plasma spray (APS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). In this work, the features and properties of CS coatings were characterized mainly on microstructure, surface morphology, and TGO formation in isothermal oxidation test at 1100°C. Also, CS bondcoat and its thermal barrier coating were tested together with APS and HVOF formed TBC coatings. CS NiCoCrAlY coatings are identified with some unique aspects and characteristics: A desirable microstructure can be achieved, with oxide-free and high density. Solid solution of NiAl phase at local regions of grain boundaries is discovered; CS-bondcoat has a honeycomb network-like surface morphology. Long-range roughness is characterized from all honeycomb networks, and short-range roughness from the peaks within individual network cells; Kinetic curve of isothermal oxidation test at 1100°C indicates that a low-rate and stable TGO scale is formed on CS-bondcoat; and thermal cycling test demonstrates that CS-bondcoat TBC and APS-TBC have higher resistance to the spallation of ceramic topcoat.
High Sintering-Resistant Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings Designed with Large Two-Dimensional Inter-Lamellar Pores
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Shan-lin , Luo Xiao-tao , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with lamellar structure exhibit low thermal conductivity and low stiffness. However, high temperature exposure for certain long duration causes the sintering which heals two-dimensional (2D) inter-lamellar pores and intrasplat pores. Such sintering effect increases the stiffness and thermal conductivity of the coatings and consequently reduces the stability and durability of TBCs. It can be expected that large 2D pores with a wide opening is difficult to be eliminated. In this study, inter-lamellar 2D pores with large opening width were fabricated in the La2Zr2O7 (LZO) coatings through spraying LZO+SrO coatings and removing the SrO splats in the water. Then, the conventional LZO coating and the porous LZO coating were subjected to high temperature exposure in the air at 1300 °C for different durations. The microstructure evolution especially in terms of the shape and density of inter-lamellar 2D pores was examined. In addition, the change of thermo-physic properties and the mechanical properties of the coatings with increasing exposure duration were studied. Results show that the 2D pores in LZO coating created by those SrO splats inherit primarily large opening width from 200nm to about 1 µm which endows the LZO coating with high sustainability at high temperature environment. Under thermal exposure at 1300°C, it was found that 2D pores resulting from SrO splats are free from healing while conventional 2D inter-lamellar pores with small opening width formed during splat cooling became healed rapidly. Thus, thermal conductivity and Young's modulus of the conventional LZO coating increased rapidly, while unhealed 2D pores in the highly porous LZO coatings contributed to the low Young's modulus and low thermal conductivity of LZO coating with remarkably high stability. With addition of 30% SrO in spray powder, a LZO coating with a thermal conductivity of about 0.39 W.m-1.K-1 in the as-prepared state was obtained. The coating maintained a thermal conductivity of 0.57 W.m-1.K-1 even after 100 hours exposure at 1300°C. The present results indicated that high sintering-resistant thermal barrier coating can be fabricated though designing inter-lamellar 2D pores with large opening width in the coating by the present novel approach.
Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Thermal Barrier Coatings against CMAS by Depositing Top Ceramic Layer of Enhanced Splat Bonding
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Li-Shuang , Yao Shu-Wei , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Luo Xiao-Tao , Li Chang-Jiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The corrosion resistance of thermal barrier coatings against CMAS deposit at high temperature is significantly affected by the microstructure of the coatings. Enhancing the bonding ratio between splats can reduce the inter-connected pores and then obstructs the penetration of the molten CMAS into the coatings. In this study, atmospheric plasma sprayed ZrO2 contains 8 wt. % Y2O3 (8YSZ) coating with improved lamellar bonding ratios was deposited with full-molten droplets at an enhanced deposition temperature. The microstructure of the dense 8YSZ coating and conventional 8YSZ coating before and after thermal exposure with CMAS were characterized. It was clearly revealed that by adjusting the microstructure and designing a ceramic layer with high bonding ratio, the corrosion resistance of the thermal barrier coating could be enhanced. Moreover, by designing double-ceramic-layer (DCL) TBCs composed of a porous ceramic layer and well-bonded ceramic layer, the TBCs with high CMAS corrosion resistance and low thermal conductivity can be achieved.
Influence of APS Process Parameters on Morphologies of YSZ-Polyester Abradable Coatings
Authors: Aussavy D. , Bolot R. , Montavon G. , Peyraut F. , Szyndelman G. , Gurt-Santanach J. , Selezneff S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abradable seals are used in aircraft engine compressor and turbine to decrease fuel consumption. Their role is to minimize the clearance between the rotating blades of an engine rotor and the casing to reduce air leakages (compressor) or air-fuel combustion product leakages (turbine). Operating temperatures in turbines (up to 1800°C) can induce a thermal expansion of the blades and give rise to contacts providing damages to the blades or casing. Thus, in case of contact, the blade should remove the abradable seals applied to the casing without being damaged. Besides, the seal must be resistant to the turbine environment. Direct relationships have been observed between plasma spray operating parameters and abradable coating performances. The aim of this study is to determine those relationships for YSZ-Polyester abradable composite coatings. This study is conducted within the frame work of the 7FP European project E-BREAK to reach the environmental objectives of the European Advisory Council for Aviation Research and innovation.
Investigation of the Deposition Mechanism of Cold Spray onto Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Che Hanqing , Yue Stephen , Vo Phuong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are more and more used in a wide range of industries, especially in the aerospace industry, but their low electrical conductivity has limited their application. During the past few years, metallization of CFRP has attracted increasing interest. To make the polymer composites electrically conductive, a conductive media must be either embedded into or coated onto the composites. Cold spray is one coating approach to achieve this. In this work, metallic powders were cold sprayed onto the CFRPs used in aircraft by using two different cold spray systems. The coatings as well as the coating/substrate interfaces were characterized and the deposition mechanism onto the CFRP substrate was determined.
Thermal Gradient Behaviour of TBCs Subjected to a Laser Gradient Test Rig—Simulating an Air-to-Air Combat Flight
Authors: Lima Rogerio S. , Marple Basil R. , Marcoux Pierre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A computer-controlled laser test rig (using a CO2 laser) offers an interesting alternative to traditional flame-based thermal gradient rigs in evaluating thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The temperature gradient between the top and back surfaces of a TBC system can be controlled based on the laser power and a forced air back-face cooling system, enabling the temperature history of complete aircraft missions to be simulated. An air plasma spray (APS) deposited TBC was tested and, based on experimental data available in the literature, the temperature gradients across the TBC system (ZrO2-Y2O3 YSZ top coat / CoNiCrAlY bond coat / Inconel 625 substrate) and their respective frequencies during air-to-air combat missions of fighter jets were replicated. The missions included (i) idle/taxi on the runway, (ii) take-off and climbing, (iii) cruise trajectory to rendezvous zone, (iv) air-to-air combat maneuvering, (v) cruise trajectory back to runway and (vi) idle/taxi after landing. The results show that the TBC thermal gradient experimental data in turbine engines can be replicated in the laser gradient rig, leading to an important tool to better engineer TBCs.
Transient High Heat Load Performance of Thick VPS W Coating on Relatively Large CuCrZr Substrate
Authors: Deng Chunming , Liu Min , Xu Liping , Zhou Kesong , Deng Changguang , Kuang Ziqi , Zhang Xiaofeng 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plasma Facing Materials (PFMs) suffer from very high heat load including quasi-stationary high heat load during normal operation and transient events with extremely high heat load during normal plasma operation and off-normal events. In this paper, W/Cu functional gradient coating was applied on CuCrZr substrate (250mm × 120mm × 30mm) with compositionally gradient W/Cu as bond coat (0.4-0.6 mm) and 1.5 mm thickness W coating as top coat via VPS for continuous deposition duration of 5 h. VPS-W/CuCrZr mockup with built-in cooling channel was prepared for evaluating the transient vertical displacement and plasma disruption events applied by high energy electron beam. The formation of cracks and surface melting of VPS W/Cu mockup were investigated under the two transient high heat loads (HHL). The coatings were able to absorb about 2 MJ/m2 in HHL without significant damage.
Effect of Blasting and Spraying Parameters on the Adhesion of Arc Wire Sprayed Aluminum Coatings
Authors: Paul S. , Aldhous P.J. , de Villiers Lovelock H.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The application of aluminum coatings onto steel for corrosion mitigation is governed by standards specifying surface cleanliness and roughness prior to coating, and minimum coating bond strength. Controlling the surface preparation and spray parameters to achieve the specified surface condition and coating bond strength is challenging, particularly for manual on-site work. In this research, the process parameters were varied and the effect on surface quality and coating adhesion determined. It was found that blasting at angles as low as 30° from the surface, and varying stand-off distances up to 100 mm from the optimum, produced an acceptable surface; whilst spray angles of 60° to 90° and stand-off distances up to 50 mm from the optimum produced acceptable coatings with adhesion above 20 MPa. Adhesion appeared unaffected by a limited amount of remaining mill scale, but was reduced to ≈15 MPa when the surface chloride content was increased from 2 to 20 μg cm-2.
Fast Coating Deposition Simulation for Path Planning and Iterative Net-Shape Optimization on Complex Workpieces
Authors: Wiederkehr T. , Müller H. , Hegels D. , Tillmann W. , Hagen L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For coating increasingly complex geometries that require a high accuracy with respect to a near net-shape coating distribution, the use of computer-aided path planning algorithms is mandatory to minimize the need for expensive prototyping experiments. During the planning process, coating simulations are typically evaluated frequently, thus both fast and accurate simulations greatly enhance the potential to find optimal path solutions. In this contribution, an efficient approach for computing the coating thickness on complex workpieces is presented, which makes use of the computational capabilities of mainstream graphics hardware to achieve simulation times well within the single-digit range of seconds for average-sized workpieces. Using a semi-automatic, measurement-based calibration routine, this simulation can easily be adapted to different processes. The simulation has been coupled with a path-optimization approach and was successfully utilized to enhance the deposition accuracy in the context of applying wear-resistant coatings to deep-drawing tools by means of a TWAS process.
High Stability, High Enthalpy APS Process Based on Combined Wall and Gas Stabilizations of Plasma (Part 2: Plasma Properties and Process Operating Window)
Authors: Belashchenko Vladimir , Zagorski Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A recently developed air plasma spray (APS) process and a torch based on the combined wall and gas stabilizations of plasma (C+Plasma) has demonstrated extremely wide operating window and capability to efficiently generate both argon and nitrogen based plasmas including high enthalpy N2- H2 ones. The present paper aims to describe new areas of the extended C+Plasma operating window, in which a significant increase in the APS sprayed coating quality and process efficiency should be expected. The paper includes a brief analysis of properties of different plasmas as well as specifics of coating formation. Analysis showed that with the high enthalpy N2-H2 plasmas a significantly higher heat transfer potential and higher flexibility in controlling the particle acceleration can be achieved than with the argon based plasmas. Consequently, C+Plasma can enable better treatment of sprayed particles, which results in better deposit efficiency and improved coating properties.
Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Thermal-Sprayed Stainless Steel Coating by Addition of Some Deoxidizing Elements
Authors: Era H. , Hashimoto K. , Sakoda N. , Zeng Z. , Sako S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A modified stainless steel coating, named as M-SUS here, was prepared by the air plasma spray process (APS) and the high velocity flame spray process (HVOF) and compared with a conventional stainless steel (JIS: SUS316L). Anodic polarization tests using NaCl, HCl solutions, neutral salt spray test, and exposure test in actual tank for HCl storage were employed for the evaluation of corrosion resistance. Structure of the coatings was investigated by use of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, electron probe micro-analyzer, and transmission electron microscope. It was found that the coating M-SUS exhibited a remarkably superior corrosion resistance by all tests mentioned above, compared with the conventional ones. Although both of the coatings compose of gamma-austenite (γ-Fe) and delta-ferrite (δ-Fe) phases, the coating M-SUS reveals much less oxide with chromium and more delta-phase enriched with molybdenum. Another exposure test using a mixed acid of 25%HNO3 and 75%HCl yielded that the δ-Fe was not etched out but the γ-Fe vanished, that is, the δ-Fe of M-SUS has a strong anti-corrosion property. It is considered that the superior corrosion resistance of coating M-SUS is attributed to the extensive formation of anti-corrosive δ-Fe and inhibition of chromium depletion resulting from oxide formation.