bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Foliar- and Soil Surface-applied Paclobutrazol on Vegetative Growth and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherries
Authors: Looney Norman E. , McKellar J.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The length of the lag phase following treatment and the persistence of the eventual growth suppression effect of 1.15 g paclobutrazol (PBZ) per tree declined as the area of treated soil surface beneath the tree increased. Treating one side of the tree row was as effective as treating both sides, but immediately adjacent “control” trees were largely unaffected by these soil-surface treatments. In a 2nd experiment, single, or multiple sprays applying the same amount of chemical in total gave equal growth control in the season of application, but residual growth control was slightly superior on trees sprayed four or 10 times. All PBZ treatments advanced anthesis but failed to improve flower number or fruit set. The weight of individual cherries was increased in each of the three years following the soil-surface application of PBZ, but, except for a reduction in soluble solids, fruit quality was unaffected. Foliar sprays of PBZ in 1984 led to larger fruit size in 1985, but fruit coloring was delayed and soluble solids were reduced. A preharvest spray of 20 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) substantially enhanced the PBZ effect on fruit size and color but also increased fruit firmness, juice acidity, stem length, and fruit removal force and reduced the incidence and severity of pitting following 2 weeks of cold storage. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Efficacy of Rodenticides for Control of Orchard Voles
Authors: Byers R.E. , Carbaugh D.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of several rodenticides was evaluated in laboratory and field tests. ZP Rodent Bait AG pellets gave greater mortality of pine (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow (Microtus pennsylvanicus) voles in field and laboratory trials than a similar-looking commercially available zinc phosphide (ZnP) pelleted formulation and a whole wheat and cracked corn formulation. Laboratory comparison of six new pelleted formulations (zinc phosphide, ZnP) revealed one that gave similar mortality as ZP Rodent Bait AG. Quintox (vitamin D3) gave average to excellent mortality of voles in laboratory trials, but very poor to fair control of voles in field trials.
Stockplant Etiolation and Blanching of Woody Plants Prior to Cutting Propagation
Authors: Maynard Brian K. , Bassuk Nina L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A modification of the traditional technique of etiolation and blanching, using Velcro adhesive fabric strips as the blanching material, was used with success in improving cutting propagation of a wide range of difficult-to-root woody species. Stockplants were etiolated under black cloth at budbreak, followed by banding for a period of 4 weeks, to produce a cutting with an etiolated base. Rooting of softwood cuttings from 18 of 21 species tested was improved significantly by these stockplant pretreatments. The use of Velcro as the banding material facilitated blanching, permitted the application of rooting hormone as a part of the blanching procedure, wounded underlying stem tissues, and resulted occasionally in the formation of adventitious roots on intact shoots.
Growth of Bedding Plants in Response to Root-zone Heating and Night Temperature Regimes
Authors: Shedlosky M.E. , White J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nine bedding plant vegetable and flower cultivars were grown in each of 10 night air and root media temperature regimes. Generally, fresh and dry weights were greater at 16°C than at 7° night air temperature when root-zone (RZ) heating was not used. Soil warming increased fresh and dry weights of all cultivars grown at 16° night air temperatures. When air temperatures were below 16°, soil warming maintained fresh and dry weights equivalent to or better than plants grown at 16° without soil warming. Two split-night (SN) air temperature regimes were as effective as a constant 16° night temperature, ranking first and 3rd in fresh and dry weight per unit of energy consumption. All soil warming treatments had higher energy productivity than the 16° air temperature treatment with no RZ heating.
Variation in Glucosinolates in Oriental Brassica Vegetables
Authors: Hill Curtis B. , Williams Paul H. , Carlson Diana G. , Tookey H. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSs) were estimated in the normally eaten portions of 72 cultivars of Oriental brassica vegetables including mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.), Chinese kale (B. oleracea L. Alboglabra Group Bail.), Chinese cabbage (B. rapa L. Pekinensis Group Bail.), pak choy (B. rapa Chinensis Group Bail.), tendergreen (B. rapa Perviridis Group Bail.), turnip (B. rapa L. Rapifera Group Bail., B. narinosa Bail., and B. nipposinica Bail.). Variation in GS profiles was complex. There was variation in percentages of major GSs and total GS among B. juncea, B. oleracea, and the combination B. rapa plus narinosa and nipposinica and among four subspecific groups of rapa plus the two species closely related to rapa: narinosa and nipposinica. B. juncea had distinctively high proportions of allyl-GS, ranging from 81% to 94%, whereas B. oleracea had distinctively high proportions of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-GS, ranging from 9% to 68%. Differences in GS profiles among the rapa groups, narinosa and nipposinica, were less distinctive. Cultivars of pak choy from China differed in percentages of three minor GSs from cultivars from Japan and elsewhere. There was also variation among cultivars of Chinese kale and between turnip foliage and roots.
High Temperature Stress Affects Pollen Viability in Bottle Gourd
Authors: Iapichino G. F. , Loy J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of high temperature on pollen viability and fruit set was studied in a Sicilian landrace of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standi. In vitro germination of pollen from flowers of plants exposed for 7 hr to either 28° or 33°C was not significantly different from that of pollen from untreated, greenhouse-grown plants. A single 7-hr exposure of plants to 38° completely inhibited germination of pollen from flowers reaching anthesis either immediately following the treatment or 24 hr later, and substantially reduced germination of pollen from flowers reaching anthesis at 48 or 72 hr after treatment. Pollen from flowers subjected to 38° for 7 hr failed to germinate and grow into styles of untreated female flowers and failed to induce fruit set. Exposure of plants to 38° for 4 hr reduced in vitro pollen germination by 55% to 75%, but a 2-hr treatment at 38° had no detectable effect on pollen viability.
Isozyme Analysis of Mature Avocado Embryos to Determine Outcrossing Rate in a ‘Hass’ Plot
Authors: Goldring Anat , Gazit Shmuel , Degani Chemda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Outcrossing rate in a solid block of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill) was determined using the isozyme systems of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) (EC 1.1.1.37), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) (EC 3.4.11.1), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) (EC 5.3.1.1), for which evidence concerning the genetic control of the latter is presented. Almost all ‘Hass’ mature fruits were found to have resulted from cross-pollination. Among the potential pollen donors—‘Hass’, ‘Ettinger’, and ‘Reed’—‘Ettinger’ excelled, producing almost all of the hybrid fruits.
Mineral Nutrient Balance and Impairment of the Nitrate-reducing System in Alternate-bearing ‘Wilking’ Mandarin Trees
Authors: Golomb Avinoam , Goldschmidt Eliezer E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two alternate-bearing ‘Wilking’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees, an “on” and an “off” tree, were uprooted and dissected into 11 organ types during the time of fruit maturation (February). Total or water-soluble N, P, K, Ca, and Mg (nitrate for soluble N) content were determined for each organ. Calcium was separated further into water-soluble, exchangeable, insoluble, and oxalate fractions. Leaves and twigs of on trees had reduced N, P, and particularly K levels. Organs of on trees, including minor roots and fruit, contained increased nitrate levels. Leaves, twigs, and minor roots of on trees accumulated Ca, mainly as Ca oxalate. The amounts of N, P, and K present in the fruit represented 32.2%, 43.7%, and 57.8%, respectively, of the total for an on tree. Fruit were very low in Ca, containing only 6% of the tree total. A 15-month follow-up of seasonal fluctuations in minerals of on and off ‘Wilking’ trees showed that the mineral composition of leaves and twigs was rapidly changed by the presence or absence of fruit. Defruiting in July prevented mineral depletion and permitted reasonable flower-bud differentiation on subsequent year. Leaf disks of on trees had low initial nitrate–reductase activity but responded weakly to nitrate induction. Leaves of overloaded on trees appear to suffer from a metabolic disorder involving relatively high nitrate levels, Ca accumulation, and loss of the nitrate–reductase induction response.
Gelling Agent and Growth Regulator Effects on Shoot Vitrification of ‘Gala’ Apple in Vitro
Authors: Pasqualetto P.-L. , Zimmerman R.H. , Fordham I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Gelling Agent and Growth Regulator Effects on Shoot Vitrification of ‘Gala’ Apple in Vitro”, by P.-L. Pasqualetto, R.H. Zimmerman, and I. Fordham (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:976–980, November 1986), two corrections should be noted: 1) On p. 979, the 11th line in the discussion, Fig. 1 should read Fig. 2. 2) The correct version of Table 1 is printed below.
Foliar-applied Boron Increases Fruit Set in ‘Barcelona’ Hazelnut
Authors: Shrestha G.K. , Thompson M.M. , Righetti T.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Boron (B) sprays applied to ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut orchards induced fruit set increases over controls, averaging 23% in 1984 and 17% in 1985. Leaves from B-sprayed trees had higher B contents than controls throughout the season. Amounts of B in young fruits increased two-fold with B sprays, but, unlike leaf values, differences between treated and control fruits disappeared by mid-summer. In the orchards studied, the B content of developing fruits from unsprayed trees was similar even though leaf B content varied widely. Because fruit set increases were obtained in both seasons with B sprays on trees whose leaf values currently are considered excessive, as well as those considered optimal or deficient, guidelines for B recommendation need revision. Boron content in May fruit from unsprayed trees might be universally low for optimum nut development, indicating that annual B sprays may be required. Foliar sprays in April damaged young leaves and shoot tips; thus, delaying sprays until the 2nd week of May is recommended.
Floral and Foliar Quality of Potted Easter Lilies after STS or Phenidone Application, Refrigerated Storage, and Simulated Shipment
Authors: Prince Timothy A. , Cunningham Maria S , Peary James S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The poststorage and post-shipping quality of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’ plants sprayed with silver thiosulfate (STS) complex or phenidone was observed in a simulated interior environment. Bud abortion and foliar chlorosis increased while floral longevity declined with increasing storage period from 0 to 4 weeks in the dark at 2°C. One to 3 days of simulated, boxed shipment at 23° subsequent to 3 weeks storage at 2° further increased foliar chlorosis but did not influence bud abortion or floral longevity. Whole plant STS sprays (0.5 to 2.0 mM Ag) prior to harvest reduced storage-induced bud abortion and increased floral longevity, but did not reduce foliar chlorosis. Ethephon application to plants that had been stored for 3 weeks at 2° induced bud abortion and abnormal floral development. STS application (1.0 mM Ag) prior to storage reduced ethephon-induced disorders. Preharvest whole plant sprays of phenidone decreased bud abortion on stored and nonstored plants but did not influence floral longevity. Uptake of phenidone and STS through cut petioles enhanced ethylene production during opening of excised lily buds. Ethylene production increased while respiration declined during senescence of excised buds. STS did not reduce but did delay the peak of ethylene production during senescence of lily flowers. Chemical names used: 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (phenidone); (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Relationship of Plant Development to Nodulation in Determinate and Indeterminate Beans
Authors: Morrison Steven L. , Baird Lisa M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship of plant growth habit to establishment of a successful symbiosis between Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Rhizobium phaseoli was examined. A determinate and an indeterminate cultivar of bean were inoculated with a pure culture of R. phaseoli 127K44, and plant development was measured using the plastochron index. Time required to nodulate as determined by nodule count did not vary between plant types. The timing, duration, and overall success of the symbiosis as measured by increased acetylene reduction, dry weight, and transport of ureides and amino acids were related to the period of exponential leaf expansion in both the determinate and indeterminate cultivar.
Nucleotide Metabolism in ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Fruit: II. Pathway Capacities During Development
Authors: Tomlinson Patricia Tolson , Lovatt Carol J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in the capacity of ‘Washington’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] fruit to synthesize (de novo or by salvage) pyrimidine nucleotides, but not purine nucleotides, appears to be related to the stage of fruit development. De novo pyrimidine synthesis in whole-fruit tissue increased 6-fold during Stage I of development (cell division phase), from 10 nmol [14C]bicarbonate incorporated into uridine nucleotides during 5 hr per g dry weight whole-fruit tissue from ovaries harvested at flower petal drop to 57 nmol for 2-month-old fruit. Capacity of peel tissue to synthesize pyrimidine nucleotides de novo decreased following completion of Stage I, from 43 nmol [14C]bicarbonate incorporated into uridine nucleotides during 5 hr per g dry weight of peel tissue from 2-month-old fruit to 11 nmol for 5-month-old (Stage II) fruit. This decrease was not offset by increased salvage of uridine. Capacity of whole-fruit tissue to synthesize purines de novo increased 3-fold during Stage I. Synthetic capacity of peel tissue from Stage I fruit was half that observed for whole-fruit tissue and did not decrease significantly during Stages II (cell enlargement phase) and III (maturation phase). These observations suggest purine synthetic capacity may not be related to stage of development. Changes in protein or glucose contents, or respiratory activity of peel tissue, could not account for the observed reduction in pyrimidine synthetic capacity. Thus, the reduction observed in synthetic activity was specific for pyrimidine nucleotides. The capacity of fast-growing, 1-month-old fruit (high potential to set) to synthesize or catabolize either pyrimidine or purine nucleotides did not differ from that of slow-growing fruit (low potential to set), suggesting that nucleotide synthesis is not limiting to growth.
Diurnal Changes in Fixation, Transport, and Allocation of Carbon in the Sweet Potato Using 11C Tracer
Authors: Kays S.J. , Goeschl J.D. , Magnuson C.E. , Fares Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fully expanded apical leaves of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Jewel were exposed three times during the day to a square wave of 11CO2 for sufficient duration to approach steady-state isotope equilibrium in the plant. This procedure allowed monitoring of changes in the storage of photosynthate within the treated leaf and the transport and allocation of this carbon throughout the plant during the day. Early in the day, export of photosynthate from the treated leaf predominated over storage (57:43%). By mid-day, export had declined to a point that storage was favored (44:56%). Toward late afternoon, export again increased (54:46%). These changes in the allocation of carbon within the leaf were reflected by alterations in the size and turn-over time of the export pool of photosynthates within the labeled leaf. The latter increased progressively from early morning (19 min) until late afternoon (27 min). The speed of photosynthate transport within the plant varied with position along the main stem. Speeds up to 6 cm·min−1 were found between short segments of the stem (i.e. ≈10 cm). As the distance between sites increased, slow and fast rates were averaged, giving mean speeds of 2.0 to 2.5 cm·min−1. The speed of transport also changed during the day and depended, in part, on the position of the transport path along the main stem. Virtually no carbon was translocated acropetally from labeled fully expanded apical leaves during the day. Although some photosynthate was translocated into lateral branches developing at the base of the plant, the predominate sink was the root system.
Effect of Surfactants on Foliar Penetration of NAA and NAA-induced Ethylene Evolution in Cowpea
Authors: Lownds N.K. , Leon J.M. , Bukovac M.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of the surfactants Pace, Regulaid and Tween 20 were determined on foliar penetration of NAA and on NAA-induced ethylene production by cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata cv. Dixielee]. All three surfactants decreased surface tension of NAA solutions, causing a marked increase in wetting and in droplet : leaf interface area. The greatest increase in NAA penetration was obtained with Regulaid followed by Pace and Tween 20. The surfactant effect was most pronounced during the droplet drying phase, but penetration continued to take place from the deposit after drying. The mode of action of surfactants in enhancing NAA penetration is complex. Regulaid-enhanced penetration closely paralleled the increase in interface area, but similar relationships were not found for Pace or Tween 20, particularly at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. Surfactant-enhanced NAA penetration caused an increase in NAA-induced ethylene production. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between NAA penetration and ethylene production for doses of 0.5 to 2.5 μg/disk. Above 2.5 μg/disk, ethylene production increased at a decreasing rate. The potential for using auxin-induced ethylene production as an index for quantifying auxin penetration is discussed. Chemical names used: l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), polyoxyethylene polypropoxypropanol dihydroxypropane (Regulaid), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), surfactant blend in paraffin base petroleum oil (Pace).
Storage of Germinated Tomato and Pepper Seeds
Authors: Ghate Suhas R. , Chinnan Manjeet S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germinated seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annum L.) were placed in bags of different polyethylene films and stored in various environmental conditions for up to 63 days. Performance of the stored seeds was evaluated both in the greenhouse and field. Tomato seed placed in 100 μm polyethylene film bags packaged either in vacuum or nitrogen and stored at 7°C produced excellent plant stand up to 63 days. Radicle elongation in nitrogen environment was minimal. The same environments, in addition to hand-sealing in Ziploc bags and storing at 7°, kept the germinated pepper seed in a viable condition. Radicle elongation was the least in vacuum and nitrogen environments.
Soluble Carbohydrate Concentration of Fraser Fir Foliage and Its Relationship to Postharvest Needle Retention
Authors: Mitcham-Butler Elizabeth J. , Hinesley L. Eric , Pharr David M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seasonal changes in soluble carbohydrates of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] needles were monitored in Fall 1984, Spring 1985, and Fall 1985 through Spring 1986. Raffinose concentration increased in the fall and decreased in the spring. There was a 23-fold increase in raffinose concentration from Aug. 1985 to Jan. 1986. Sucrose concentration varied from fall to spring with the lowest concentration occurring in February. Postharvest needle abscission from harvested branches held 6 weeks without water was inversely correlated with raffinose concentration at the time of harvest. Diurnal fluctuations in soluble carbohydrates were monitored on 12 July and 26 Oct. 1985. Raffinose concentration fluctuated slightly on both dates with a decrease during the dark period. On 12 July, sucrose increased during the day and decreased at night, whereas hexoses decreased in the day and increased at night. No significant diurnal changes in sucrose or hexose were evident on 26 Oct. Controlled-environment studies at 24° (day)/18°C (night), 18°/12°, and 12°/6° showed that most of the raffinose accumulation was due to low temperature; the remainder to short days. Postharvest needle loss was lowest in plants with high needle raffinose concentrations resulting from the 12°/6° temperature. Storage without water resulted in significant postharvest needle loss for shoots from plants preconditioned with 24°/18° and 18°/12°, but not for those exposed to 12°/76°. Compared to long days, plants preconditioned with short days lost fewer needles following harvest.
Characterization of the Influence of Moderate Temperatures on Rest Completion in Peach
Authors: Erez A. , Couvillon G.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chilling enhancement effect of moderate temperature (15°C) on rest completion in ‘Redhaven’ peach was verified and observed only when the moderate temperature occurred followed exposure to chilling temperatures. Chilling efficiency rose with temperatures between 0° and 8° if no moderate temperatures were interspersed. Although 0° was an inefficient chilling temperature, cycling between 0° and 15° resulted in as efficient bud rest release as 6°. The most efficient moderate temperature level was 13°, and the effect of moderate temperatures on rest completion seemed to increase when received during the latter stages of rest. Leaf and flower buds reacted similarly, although the reaction of the former was more prominent. A two-step scheme is proposed for the effect of temperature on bud rest. The first step involves the conversion from the unchilled to the chilled state by chilling temperatures. This stage can be reversed by high temperatures. The second stage is not reversible and involves the conversion by moderate temperatures of the unstable intermediate formed by step 1 to a stable material, which, when accumulated to a certain level, will result in rest completion.