bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EDS1 modules as two-tiered receptor complexes for TIR-catalyzed signaling molecules to activate plant immunity
Authors: Li Jia , Tao Xiaorong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPlant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain detect pathogen effectors to produce TIR-catalyzed signaling molecules for activation of plant immunity. Plant immune signaling by TIR-containing NLR (TNL) proteins converges on Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and its direct partners Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) or Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). TNL signaling also require helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) and activated disease resistance 1 (ADR1). In two recent remarkable papers published in Science, the authors show that the TIR-containing proteins catalyze and produce two types of signaling molecules, ADPr-ATP/diADPR and pRib-AMP/ADP. Importantly, they demonstrate that EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 modules are the receptor complexes for ADPr-ATP/diADPRp and Rib-AMP/ADP, respectively, which allosterically promote EDS1-SAG101 interaction with NRG1 and EDS1-PAD4 interaction with ADR1. Thus, two different small molecules catalyzed by TIR-containing proteins selectively activate the downstream two distinct branches of EDS1-mediated immune signalings. These breakthrough studies significantly advance our understanding of TNL downstream signaling pathway.
Legalizing Illegal Mass Surveillance: A Transnational Perspective on Canada’s Legislative Response to the Expansion of Security Intelligence
Authors: Ogasawara Midori 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article offers a transnational perspective on Canada’s legislative response to globally expanded national security intelligence activities in the War on Terror since 2001. I situate Canada’s new legislation against the backdrop of US and Japanese legislative responses and analyze the transition, including Bill C-13 (2014), Bill C-44 (2015), Bill C-51 (2015), and Bill C-59 (2019). I argue that the thrust of this legislative trend has been the active legalization of previously illegal surveillance activities by security intelligence agencies, rather than passive ineffectiveness in restricting state mass surveillance enabled by information and communication technologies. The transition is in synch with a global legislative trend that lowers the legal standards of privacy and personal data protection and weakens checks and balances in democratic governance. As a result, mass surveillance has increasingly undermined and regulated the rule of law, not vice versa.
The idea of Europe in football
Authors: de Witte Floris , Zglinski Jan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe article explores the Europeanisation of football, focusing on two dimensions of this process: its affective and regulatory dimension. Developments such as the creation of pan-European club competitions and growing cross-border movement of players mean that ‘Europe’ plays an ever more important role in football on an affective level. The same is true on a regulatory level, where EU law and policy have come to impact on various aspects of football, ranging from transfer rules, to club financing, to the sale of broadcasting rights. We argue that only by examining the interaction between these two dimensions can we truly understand what is ‘European’ about football. The article shows that there continues to be strong support in football for the cultural elements of the European Sport Model, including a commitment to local identity, sporting merit and solidarity. By contrast, its governance aspects are increasingly coming under pressure, as the recent European Super League saga illustrates. Our findings suggest that the EU can – and should – do more to improve regulatory standards in football and push for a greater representation of fans and other stakeholders that have currently no, or limited, voice in the football pyramid.
Coding for the 99 per cent? Principles and the preconditions of capital minting
Authors: Leone Candida 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMartijn Hesselink proposes a ‘Progressive code of European Private Law’, which would seek to tame the ‘legal steroids’ that private law modules and savvy crafting by well-paid lawyers currently offer to to global capitalism. The present comment engages with one of the core characters of the proposed code, namely that it should ‘consist of fundamental principles (not detailed rules)’. Rather than taking up the impossible task of suggesting (or speculating) what the principles should be, the paper aims to further operationalise certain aspects of what they should – or should not – do. To this aim, the role of principles is assessed in relation to attempts to ‘code for the 99 per cent’. Hence, the paper revisits certain mechanisms of so-called weaker party protection or social law through Katharina Pistor’s coding analytics (priority, durability, universality, convertibility). Private law principles and their legacy are part of the resistance, or backlash, against social coding. The paper concludes that a code of principles that aims to be progressive in the sense Hesselink highlights should consider at least two requirements: first, principles should be expressly formulated in such a way that they do not stand in the way of progressive detailed rules; second, they need to broaden the private legal imagination. It is on this account that ‘any amount of regulatory private law could not achieve what a (constitutionalised) code of private law principles could accomplish’.
Pathways to interpersonal justice in European private law: top-down or bottom-up?
Authors: Cherednychenko Olha O. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractKatharina Pistor’s recent work has revealed a deep justice deficit in private law, raising fundamental questions about how it could be reduced. While Pistor favours piecemeal bottom-up solutions to instances of injustice, Martijn Hesselink proposes a more radical top-down strategy – the adoption of a progressive European code of private law. This article explores the top-down and bottom-up pathways to justice in private law, focussing on the role of interpersonal justice as justice between substantively free and equal persons in European private law. It shows that although concerns about a balance of the competing interests of private parties pervade many of its areas, they do not take central stage in European private law. The substantive private autonomy embodied in national private law systems, the regulated private autonomy enshrined in EU secondary private law and the unregulated private autonomy with an interstate element underpinning EU free movement law sit uneasily together. It is argued that in order to enhance the role of interpersonal justice in the internal market and develop a more coherent European private law, the current bottom-up pathway thereto could be complemented by a more top-down roadmap towards the EU principles of private law justice.
How EU law politicises markets and creates spaces for progressive coding
Authors: Tagiuri Giacomo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis comment starts from a reading of Katharina Pistor’s The Code of Capital, together with Martijn Hesselink’s proposal for a progressive European code of private law in this issue. I emphasise how Pistor brings to legal debates a renewed awareness about markets as historically contextual and legally structured socio-legal configurations where hierarchies are pervasive. This awareness points at a path for action, which I understand as a project of market democratisation. I see Hesselink’s proposal as contributing to this project. However, I offer a tweak to his argument by drawing on a pool of normative and empirical sensitivities developed by literature on governance and democratic experimentalism. On my reading, Hesselink’s progressive code would be difficult to realise through democratic deliberation in the public sphere alone. The project would have better prospects for success if it relied on iterative destabilisation and redesign of existing market arrangements through platforms that allow for their contestation, the voicing of both popular and expert input in their redesign, and the monitoring of the new solutions. Thus understood, a progressive European code may rely on institutions and processes available in European Union (EU) law which create spaces for contestation of existing dominant assemblages of the modules of capital as well as their progressive rearticulation.
Chinese Entrepreneurs, the Party-State, and Gender: Women Succeed in Business without the CCP
Authors: Chen Minglu , Goldsmith Benjamin E. , Ratcliff Shaun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this article, we take a gender perspective to explore the relationship between private entrepreneurs’ business success and their Chinese Communist Party (CCP) membership. We theorize that, due to male-dominated CCP-business networks, female entrepreneurs are not able to leverage CCP membership into greater business success. Observable implications of this are that women will experience little or no business advantage from Party membership, while men will experience a significant advantage. The independence of women's business success from Party connections allows the possibility that women have carved out an area of autonomy from the party-state. Using a series of national entrepreneur surveys collected between 2002 and 2012, we assess the degree of empirical support for our expectations. We show that the CCP does appear to function as an exclusive “boys’ club” in terms of profitable patronage or networks, while the most successful women tend not to be Party members. The surveys also provide some evidence consistent with a CCP effort to recruit successful female entrepreneurs in order to curtail their autonomy. Our findings suggest non-CCP female entrepreneurs are a significant but generally overlooked socio-economic group with considerable potential autonomy.
A note relating to the birth date of Captain Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier R.N., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Authors: Long Alison 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPrior to 2009, it had been generally accepted that Captain Crozier was born in September 1796 and most likely on the 17th of that month. Further research, published in this Journal, then suggested that upon a fresh scrutiny of the evidence the alternative date of 16 August 1796 was more probable. This note proposes that whilst the date of 16 August was of significance to Captain Crozier, that significance was other than natal and furthermore that alternative evidence, namely a letter dated 20 March 1810 from his father to the 3rd Marquess of Downshire, records his date of birth as being 17 October 1796.
Hybrid MoM-circuit models to analyze the radiated susceptibility of multiconductor shielded cables within complex structures
Authors: Bouzidi Zahra , Saih Mohamed , Rouijaa Hicham , El Idrissi Abdelaziz , Ghammaz Abdelilah 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the radiated susceptibility of multiconductor shielded cables within complex structures following a hybrid method using moments (MoM) circuit models. The MoM code was used to compute the currents on the shielding induced by an external electromagnetic field and incorporated into a circuit model. The proposed method can be employed for nonlinear loads. The method was tested on two cases: coaxial shielded cables inside a cavity and a car with complex wiring, including a coaxial cable, a twinax cable (a cable with two parallel wires), and a triaxial cable (a cable with three parallel wires), all of which are excited by an incident plane wave. The proposed method provides high accuracy and significant speed gain, and its results are in good agreement with those obtained in other studies.
Satellite Observed Land Surface Greening in Summer Controlled by the Precipitation Frequency Rather Than Its Total Over Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Ying , Wu Chaoyang , Jassal Rachhpal S. , Wang Xiaoyue , Shang Rong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLand surface greening has substantially changed the carbon sequestration and hydrological processes over Tibetan Plateau (TP). Previous studies have revealed that the increased total precipitation (Ptotal) is the main driver of the enhanced peak growth in TP. However, the role of precipitation pattern, especially the frequency of precipitation (Pfreq, number of rainy days [>0.1 mm]), has not been well analyzed. We used time series of satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to investigate the effect of Pfreq in controlling the peak growth (the maximum of the NDVI [NDVImax]) of different vegetation types in TP for the period of 1982–2015. We found that the widespread greening trend with Ptotal disappeared when Pfreq was introduced as a controlling variable, and that Pfreq alone contributed more than Ptotal to the increase of NDVImax. The underlying mechanism for the higher contribution of Pfreq than Ptotal to NDVImax is that increased Pfreq significantly improved soil moisture, reduced daytime temperature while increased nighttime temperature, thereby alleviating summer drought. Our results highlight the importance of Pfreq in interpreting the variation of peak growth, and these effects might be better represented in ecosystem models by considering Pfreq rather than Ptotal alone with future climate change.
Sign of Observed California Temperature Trends Depends on Data Set Homogenization: Implications for Weighting and Downscaling
Authors: Charn Alexander B. , O’Brien Travis A. , Risser Mark D. , Longmate Julia M. , Feldman Daniel R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBecause downscaling methods can yield substantially different projections of future climate, it is imperative to constrain these projections with information from existing observations, while also recognizing observational uncertainty. California is a natural test case to develop observational constraints on future projections given prior studies that have purportedly found contrasting spatial patterns in late‐20th‐century trends of summertime daily‐maximum temperature: cooling along the coast and warming inland. Revisiting this claim, we find that coastal cooling is largely confined to non‐homogenized temperature records while homogenized observations show either non‐significant cooling or warming trends throughout the state. This finding has implications for weighting historical and future climate simulations downscaled using localized constructed analogs. Failure to consider out‐of‐sample skill results in weighted and unweighted Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 temperature trend estimates differing by 2 K/century or more in California. However, weighted mean estimates that properly account for trend uncertainty do not differ significantly from the unweighted mean.
When Eastern India Oscillated Between Desert Versus Savannah‐Dominated Vegetation
Authors: Zorzi Coralie , Desprat Stéphanie , Clément Charlotte , Thirumalai Kaustubh , Oliviera Dulce , Anupama Krishnamurthy , Prasad Srinivasan , Martinez Philippe 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDuring the last glacial period, the tropical hydrological cycle exhibited large variability across orbital and millennial timescales. However, the response of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), its related impact on terrestrial ecosystems, and associated forcing mechanisms remain controversial. Here we present a marine record of pollen‐inferred vegetation changes suggesting that eastern India shifted from woody‐savanna mosaics during Marine Isotopic Stage 3 to grasslands during the Last Glacial Maximum resulting from large‐scale drying. Our data shows that ISM maximum is in phase with obliquity and precession maxima suggesting a dominant role of the Indian Ocean interhemispheric temperature gradient on glacial ISM variability. Persistent and abrupt dryland expansions of varying magnitude suggest rapid‐scale onset of aridity during Heinrich Stadial events and during the Toba eruption. We propose that the amplitude of ISM drought events are initiated by high latitude and volcanic forcings, although modulated by precession.
Spatiotemporal Controls on the Delivery of Dissolved Organic Matter to Streams Following a Wildfire
Authors: Roebuck Jesse Alan , Bladon Kevin D. , Donahue David , Graham Emily B. , Grieger Samantha , Morgenstern Karl , Norwood Matthew J. , Wampler Katie A. , Erkert Lisa , Renteria Lupita , Danczak Robert , Fricke Susan , Myers‐Pigg Allison N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWarmer and drier climate has contributed to increased occurrence of large, high severity wildfires in the Pacific Northwest, drawing concerns for water quality and ecosystem recovery. While nutrient fluxes generally increase post‐fire, the composition of organic matter (OM) transported to streams immediately following a fire is poorly constrained, yet can play an integral role in downstream water quality and biogeochemistry. Here, we quantified the spatiotemporal patterns of dissolved OM (DOM) chemistry for five streams burned by wildfires in Oregon, USA in 2020. We sampled over a 24 hr storm event 1 month after the fire revealing DOM dynamics were temporally variable, but spatially linked with burn severity. Specifically, nitrogen and aromatic character of DOM increased in streams burned at greater severity. Our results suggest spatially distinct gradients of burn severity impact DOM dynamics immediately following fire activity and highlight a key gap in our knowledge of post‐fire DOM transport to streams.
The Entropic Braiding Index (eBI): A Robust Metric to Account for the Diversity of Channel Scales in Multi‐Thread Rivers
Authors: Tejedor Alejandro , Schwenk Jon , Kleinhans Maarten , Limaye Ajay B. , Vulis Lawrence , Carling Paul , Kantz Holger , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Braiding Index (BI), defined as the average count of intercepted channels per cross‐section, is a widely used metric for characterizing multi‐thread river systems. However, it does not account for the diversity of channels (e.g., in terms of water discharge) within different cross‐sections, omitting important information related to system complexity. Here we present a modification of BI, the Entropic Braiding Index (eBI), which augments the information content in BI by using Shannon Entropy to encode the diversity of channels in each cross section. eBI is interpreted as the number of “effective channels” per cross‐section, allowing a direct comparison with the traditional BI. We demonstrate the potential of the ratio BI/eBI to quantify channel disparity, differentiate types of multi‐thread systems (braided vs. anastomosed), and assess the effect of discharge variability, such as seasonal flooding, on river cross‐section stability.
Remote Observations of Aeolian Saltation
Authors: Cohn Nicholas , Dickhudt Patrick , Brodie Katherine 
Published: August 2022

AbstractField measurements of aeolian sediment transport during major storm events are challenging in coastal settings due to the common coincidence of high winds with elevated water levels that can cover beaches. This work demonstrates a new application of lidar to remotely measure properties of wind‐blown sand transport at high spatial resolution. A data set of spatially continuous saltation heights was remotely developed from rapid (7.1 Hz) lidar scanning along a two‐dimensional transect across a beach during wind speeds of between 3.1 and 15.8 m/s associated with the passing of Tropical Storm Isaias. Outputs from the lidar demonstrate the ability to remotely observe the threshold velocity for the initiation of motion for sand transport and show that the upper limit of the saltation layer rises with increasing wind speed.
The Structure and Microstructure of Rising‐Tone Chorus With Frequencies Crossing at f ∼ 0.5 fce
Authors: Chen Rui , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Chen Huayue , Lakhina Gurbax S. , Hajra Rajkumar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntense, midnight‐to‐dawn sector, near‐equatorial, chorus rising tones which cross frequencies of have been analyzed to determine their structures and possible substructures. Upper band () chorus and “gap” () chorus are examined in detail for the first time. It is found that upper band chorus and gap chorus are composed of the same structure as lower band () chorus: they are composed of short‐duration subelements, which are monochromatic with . These findings have strong implications for the chorus element generation mechanism. Following Kennel and Petschek (1966, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i001p00001) the overall chorus riser is most likely generated by anisotropic ( > 1) ∼10–100 keV substorm‐injected electrons. Assuming cyclotron resonance, the upper band chorus is generated by the low energy portion of the electron spectrum. The often‐present gap at is related to Landau/cyclotron damping. This however is not the end of the story. There is another type of two‐frequency chorus (called Type 2) for which the lower band is not well connected to the upper band. A Type 2 chorus reported previously by Fu et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020364) has also been studied in detail. Both the lower band and upper band are composed of subelements which are monochromatic. Such a similar fine structure for the different type of chorus may imply a similar generation mechanism, for which the difference between them is just the energy range of resonant energetic electrons. One mechanism discussed here, generation by phase bunched electrons, will be tested in the near future.
The Interdecadal Change of the Relationship Between North Indian Ocean SST and Tropical North Atlantic SST
Authors: Yu Tiantian , Feng Juan , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe summertime North Indian Ocean (NIO) and tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies exert important impacts on atmospheric circulation and climate variation. Little attention is paid on the interdecadal change of NIO–TNA SST connection. This study reveals that the NIO–TNA SST relationship experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 2000s. The NIO and TNA SST correlation is positive and significant before the early 2000s, while this connection becomes weak and insignificant after that. This interdecadal change is closely associated with the changes in the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensity. During 1980–2001, strong ENSO forces a sustained SST warming in the southwest Indian Ocean, which further warms the summertime NIO via inducing antisymmetric circulation and reducing the upward surface latent heat flux. Meanwhile, strong ENSO forces a summertime TNA warming via arousing the Pacific North American (PNA) teleconnection. The PNA weakens the TNA trade winds, then reduces the upward surface heat flux and consequently warms the TNA. Thus, NIO and TNA SST connection is established via ENSO events during 1980–2001. In contrast, during 2002–2020, the summertime NIO SST anomaly is still related to ENSO. However, the connection between the TNA SST anomaly and ENSO is interrupted due to the weak ENSO intensity. Such weak ENSO yields a much weaker PNA teleconnection, which is inefficient to generate the TNA warming. Further analysis shows that the TNA warming during 2002–2020 is generated mainly by the negative North Atlantic Oscillation. Therefore, the connection between NIO and TNA SST anomalies collapses under the weak ENSO condition.