bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellulose‐Based Sustainable Composites: A Review of Systems for Applications in EMI Shielding and Sensors
Authors: Gebrekrstos Amanuel , Orasugh Jonathan Tersur , Muzata Tanyaradzwa S. , Ray Suprakas Sinha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdvanced functional materials that are highly efficient in shielding electromagnetic radiation and sensing applications are primarily lightweight polymeric materials. In recent years, several research works on the development of polymer‐based sensors and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have been reported. Cellulosic materials are extensively investigated for fabricating EMI shielding gadgets and sensors. Cellulose is a naturally abundant renewable polymeric material, and the EMI shielding, and sensing performances of cellulose‐based materials depend on their conductive network architecture. Incorporating conducting nanofillers can improve the conductivity of the cellulose matrix in composites. However, a comprehensive understanding of the electrical response of nanofillers in cellulose‐based composites is necessary for the design of EMI shielding materials and sensor devices. Therefore, this work provides a critical overview of the types of processing methods used, an insight into the effects of incorporating conductive nanofillers on the architectural structure of cellulose, and the obtained shielding and sensing properties of the cellulose‐based composites. This article is expected to provide guidelines for developing sustainable polymer materials for advanced applications in the future.
Hydrogen‐Bonds‐Mediated Nanomedicine: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Chen Senbin , Wu Yanggui , Lortie Frédéric , Bernard Julien , Binder Wolfgang H. , Zhu Jintao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAmong the various challenges in medicine, diagnosis, complete cure, and healing of cancers remain difficult given the heterogeneity and complexity of such a disease. Differing from conventional platforms with often unsatisfactory theranostic capabilities, the contribution of supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen‐bonds (H‐bonds), to cancer nanotheranostics opens new perspectives for the design of biomedical materials, exhibiting remarkable properties and easier processability. Thanks to their dynamic characteristics, a feature generally observed for noncovalent interactions, H‐bonding (macro)molecules can be used as supramolecular motifs for yielding drug‐ and diagnostic carriers that possess attractive features, arising from the combination of assembled nanoplatforms and the responsiveness of H‐bonds. Thus, H‐bonded nanomedicine provides a rich toolbox that is useful to fulfill biomedical needs with unique advantages in early‐stage diagnosis and therapy, demonstrating the promising potential in clinical translations and applications. Here the design and synthetic routes toward H‐bonded nanomedicines, focus on the growing understanding of the structure‐function relationship for efficient cancer treatment are summarized. A guidance for designing new H‐bonded intelligent theranostic agents is proposed, to inspire more successful explorations of cancer nanotheranostics and finally to promote potential clinical translations.
Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with Impaired Gut–Blood Barrier for Short‐Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , Ai Penghui , He Xiaoqin , Mo Chengjun , Zhang Yi , Xu Shaoqing , Lai Yiqiu , Qian Yiwei , Xiao Qin 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundShort‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota are reduced in feces but paradoxically increased in plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which may stem from intestinal wall leakage. Gut function should be taken into consideration when conducting microbial‐metabolite research.ObjectiveThe objective was to investigate synchronous changes of SCFAs in feces and plasma of patients with PD, taking constipation as a confounder to better disentangle the SCFA metabolism exclusively associated with PD.MethodsThe concentrations of fecal and plasma SCFAs in 33 healthy control subjects and 95 patients with PD were measured using liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. Patients with PD were divided into patients with PD without constipation (n = 35) and patients with PD with constipation (n = 60). Gut–blood barrier (GBB) permeability was assessed by plasma/fecal ratio of SCFA concentrations and fecal α1‐antitrypsin concentration.ResultsPatients with PD displayed decreased concentrations of fecal acetic, propionic, and butyric acid and increased concentrations of plasma acetic and propionic acid. Fecal acetic, isobutyric, and isovaleric acid were lower and plasma acetic and propionic acid were higher in patients with PD with constipation than in patients with PD without constipation. Constipation aggravated GBB permeability in patients with PD. Combined fecal and plasma SCFAs could discriminate patients with PD from healthy control subjects. Fecal SCFAs, except propionic acid, were negatively correlated with disease severity, while plasma acetic, propionic, and valeric acid showed a positive correlation.ConclusionsOur study showed alterations of fecal and plasma SCFAs in patients with PD that were associated with an impaired GBB and might be aggravated by constipation. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Design of soft and hard composite patterns for electromagnetic scattering controlling at both normal and grazing incidence
Authors: Li Guanya , Liu Yanning , He Qingting , Chen Haiyan , Weng Xiaolong , Liang Difei , Xie Jianliang , Deng Longjiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the soft and hard composite patterns for electromagnetic scattering control at both normal and grazing incident angle is proposed. The soft and hard parts are composed of dielectric substrate sandwiched by transverse or longitude metal strips with metal via and the perfect electrical conductor ground, and these two parts are combined at a certain inclination angled to form the soft and hard composite patterns. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed composite patterns have the monostatic radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction of 20.79 and 18.36 dB at 11.24 GHz under normal incidence for transverse electric polarization and transverse magnetic polarization, respectively. Also, this structure achieves 2.78 and 5.43 dB monostatic RCS reduction under grazing incidence from 60° to 90°. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The physical mechanisms of the proposed composite patterns can be elucidated by the equivalent impedance method based on its near‐field distribution. The proposed composite patterns can be functionalized by changing the electromagnetic parameters of the soft and hard surfaces, which has a great potential to be used as the traveling wave antenna enclosure for scattering control.
Multitask network for thyroid nodule diagnosis based on TI‐RADS
Authors: Han Xiaohong , Chang Luchen , Song Ke , Cheng Longlong , Li Minghui , Wei Xi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeAssessment of thyroid nodules is usually relied on the experience of the radiologist and is time‐consuming. Classification model of thyroid nodules cannot only reduce the burden on physicians but also provide objective recommendations. However, most classification models based on deep learning simply give a prediction result of the benignity or malignancy of nodules; thus, physicians have no way of knowing how the deep learning gets the prediction result due to the black‐box nature of neural networks. In this work, we integrate the explainability directly into the outputs generated by the model through combining thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI‐RADS). The inference process of the proposed method is consistent with doctor's clinical diagnosis process; therefore, doctors can better explain the diagnosis results of the model to the patient.MethodsA multitask network based on TI‐RADS (MTN‐TI‐RADS) for the classification of thyroid nodules is proposed. In this network, a set of TI‐RADS classifications of nodules is first obtained by multitask learning, then the TI‐RADS points and the corresponding risk levels are calculated, and finally, nodules are classified as benign and malignant. The classification process through the network is consistent with the diagnostic process of physician; thus, the results of classification can be easily understood by physicians. In addition, the attention modules are introduced to the spatial and channel domains to let the network focus more on critical features.ResultsTo verify the classification performance of our method, we compared the results obtained through our method with the results of the radiologist's evaluation. For the 781 test nodules in the internal dataset and the 886 test nodules in the external dataset, the sensitivity and specificity of MTN‐TI‐RADS were 0.988, 0.912 in internal dataset, 0.949, 0.930 in external dataset, versus the senior radiologist of 0.925 (), 0.816 (), and 0.910 (), 0.836 (), respectively. And the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of MTN‐TI‐RADS was 0.981 in internal dataset, 0.973 in external dataset, versus the senior radiologist of 0.905, 0.923. For the internal dataset, we also computed the accuracy of the risk level (TR1 to TR5) and the mean absolute error (MAE). The accuracy of the risk level of the proposed method is 78%, and the MAE is 1.30. The MAE of the total points (0–14 points) is 1.30.ConclusionsAn effective and result‐interpretable end‐to‐end thyroid nodule classification network (MTN‐TI‐RADS) is proposed. MTN‐TI‐RADS has superior ability to classify malignant and benign thyroid nodules compared to senior radiologists. Based on MTN‐TI‐RADS, a classification model with strong interpretation and a high degree of physician trust is constructed. The proposed classification network is consistent with the diagnosis process of physicians, thus is more reliable and interpretable, and has great potential for clinical application.
Cancellation of streak artifacts in radial abdominal imaging using interference null space projection
Authors: Fu Zhiyang , Johnson Kevin , Altbach Maria I. , Bilgin Ali 
Published: May 2022

PurposeIn radial abdominal imaging, it has been commonly observed that signal from the arms cause streaks due to system imperfections. We previously introduced a streak removal technique (B‐STAR), which is inherently spatially variant and limited to work in image space. In this work, we propose a spatially invariant streak cancellation technique (CACTUS), which can be applied in either image space or k‐space and is compatible with iterative reconstructions.Theory and MethodsStreak sources are typically spatially localized and can be represented using a low‐dimensional subspace. CACTUS identifies the streak subspace by leveraging the spatial redundancy of receiver coils and projects the data onto the streak null space to eliminate the streaks. When applied in k‐space, CACTUS can be combined with iterative reconstructions. CACTUS was tested in phantoms and in vivo abdominal imaging using a radial turbo spin‐echo pulse sequence.ResultsIn phantoms, CACTUS improved T2 estimation in comparison to previous de‐streaking methods. In vivo experiments showed that CACTUS reduced streaks and yielded T2 estimation, in regions affected by streaks, closer to a streak‐free reference. Evaluation using a clinical abdominal dataset (n = 20) showed that CACTUS is comparable to B‐STAR and yields significantly better signal preservation and streak cancellation than coil removal and suppression methods.ConclusionCACTUS provides superior signal preservation and streak reduction performance compared to coil removal and suppression methods. As a clear advantage over B‐STAR, CACTUS can be integrated with iterative reconstruction methods. In abdominal T2 mapping, CACTUS improves the accuracy of parameter estimation in areas affected by streaks.
T2‐oximetry–based cerebral venous oxygenation mapping using Fourier‐transform–based velocity‐selective pulse trains
Authors: Li Wenbo , Xu Feng , Zhu Dan , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Qin Qin 
Published: May 2022

PurposeTo develop a T2‐oximetry method for quantitative mapping of cerebral venous oxygenation fraction (Yv) using Fourier‐transform–based velocity‐selective (FT‐VS) pulse trains.MethodsThe venous isolation preparation was achieved by using an FT‐VS inversion plus a nonselective inversion (NSI) pulse to null the arterial blood signal while minimally affected capillary blood flows out into the venular vasculature during the outflow time (TO), and then applying an Fourier transform based velocity selective saturation (FT‐VSS) pulse to suppress the tissue signal. A multi‐echo readout was employed to obtain venous T2 (T2,v) efficiently with the last echo used to detect the residual CSF signal and correct its contamination in the fitting. Here we compared the performance of this FT‐VS–based venous isolation preparations with a traditional velocity‐selective saturation (VSS)–based approach (quantitative imaging of extraction of oxygen and tissue consumption [QUIXOTIC]) with different cutoff velocities for Yv mapping on 6 healthy volunteers at 3 Tesla.ResultsThe FT‐VS–based methods yielded higher venous blood signal and temporal SNR with less CSF contamination than the velocity‐selective saturation–based results. The averaged Yv values across the whole slice measured in different experiments were close to the global Yv measured from the individual internal jugular vein.ConclusionThe feasibility of the FT‐VS–based Yv estimation was demonstrated on healthy volunteers. The obtained high venous signal as well as the mitigation of CSF contamination led to a good agreement between the T2,v and Yv measured in the proposed method with the values in the literature.
Phase‐cycled balanced SSFP imaging for non‐contrast‐enhanced functional lung imaging
Authors: Ilicak Efe , Ozdemir Safa , Schad Lothar R. , Weis Meike , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Zöllner Frank G. , Zapp Jascha 
Published: May 2022

PurposeTo introduce phase‐cycled balanced SSFP (bSSFP) acquisition as an alternative in Fourier decomposition MRI for improved robustness against field inhomogeneities.MethodsSeries 2D dynamic lung images were acquired in 5 healthy volunteers at 1.5 T and 3 T using bSSFP sequence with multiple RF phase increments and compared with conventional single RF phase increment acquisitions. The approach was evaluated based on functional map homogeneity analysis, while ensuring image and functional map quality by means of SNR and contrast‐to‐noise ratio analyses.ResultsAt both field strengths, functional maps obtained with phase‐cycled acquisitions displayed improved robustness against local signal losses compared with single‐phase acquisitions. The coefficient of variation (mean ± SD, across volunteers) measured in the ventilation maps resulted in 29.7 ± 2.6 at 1.5 T and 37.5 ± 3.1 at 3 T for phase‐cycled acquisitions, compared with 39.9 ± 5.2 at 1.5 T and 49.5 ± 3.7 at 3 T for single‐phase acquisitions, indicating a significant improvement () in ventilation map homogeneity.ConclusionsPhase‐cycled bSSFP acquisitions improve robustness against field inhomogeneity artifacts and significantly improve ventilation map homogeneity at both field strengths. As such, phase‐cycled bSSFP may serve as a robust alternative in lung function assessments.
Topology optimization of structural frames based on a nonlinear Timoshenko beam finite element considering full interaction
Authors: Changizi Navid , Amir Mariyam , Warn Gordon P. , Papakonstantinou Konstantinos G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article presents an approach for the topology optimization of frame structures composed of nonlinear Timoshenko beam finite elements (FEs) under time‐varying excitation. Material nonlinearity is considered with a nonlinear Timoshenko beam FE model that accounts for distributed plasticity and axial–shear–moment interactions through appropriate hysteretic interpolation functions and a yield/capacity function, respectively. Hysteretic variables for curvature, shear, and axial deformations represent the nonlinearities and evolve according to first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Owing to the first‐order representation, the governing dynamic equilibrium equations, and hysteretic evolution equations can thus be concisely presented as a combined system of first‐order nonlinear ODEs that can be solved using a general ODE solver. This avoids divergence due to an ill‐conditioned stiffness matrix that can commonly occur with Newmark–Newton solution schemes that rely upon linearization. The approach is illustrated for a volume minimization design problem, subject to dynamic excitation where an approximation for the maximum displacement at specified nodes is constrained to a given limit, that is, a drift ratio. The maximum displacement is approximated using the p‐norm, thus facilitating the derivation of the analytical sensitivities for gradient‐based optimization. The proposed approach is demonstrated through several numerical examples for the design of structural frames subjected to sinusoidal base excitation.
The Effects of Youth Employment on Crime: Evidence from New York City Lotteries
Authors: Kessler Judd B. , Tahamont Sarah , Gelber Alexander , Isen Adam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecent policy discussions have proposed government‐guaranteed jobs, including for youth. One key potential benefit of youth employment is a reduction in criminal justice contact. Prior work on summer youth employment programs has documented little‐to‐no effect of the program on crime during the program but has found decreases in violent and other serious crimes among “at‐risk” youth in the year or two after the program. We add to this picture by studying randomized lotteries for access to the New York City Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP), the largest such program in the United States. We link SYEP data to New York State criminal records data to investigate outcomes of 163,447 youth who participated in a SYEP lottery between 2005 and 2008. We find evidence that SYEP participation decreases arrests and convictions during the program summer, effects that are driven by the small fraction (3 percent) of SYEP youth who are at‐risk, as defined by having been arrested before the start of the program. We conclude that an important benefit of SYEPs is the contemporaneous effect during the program summer and that the effect is concentrated among individuals with prior contact with the criminal justice system.
Psoas muscle measurement as a marker of sarcopenia predicts risk of Grade 4 or 5 baseline chronic kidney disease and its progression
Authors: Yang Davine , Iqbal Sameena , Rafatzand Khashayar , Scheede‐Bergdahl Celena 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPsoas muscle area (PMA) has recently been found to be an appropriate surrogate for whole‐body skeletal muscle mass and a measure of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia, which includes a decreased muscle mass and correlated with physical disability, morbidity, and mortality, is prevalent in and has deleterious consequences for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The current study investigates the association of PMA, as a marker of sarcopenia, with baseline kidney function and CKD progression.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in a community hospital nephrology clinic setting. For this study, sarcopenia was defined as standardized PMA measured at the L3 level either as below 25th percentile or below the median. Progression of CKD was measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline rate and change in proteinuria. To assess sarcopenia as a predictor of baseline CKD Grade 4 or 5, a multivariate logistic regression model was applied using standardized PMA < 25th percentile. To assess sarcopenia as a predictor for eGFR slope, a multivariate generalized linear model was applied using PMA < median.ResultsAmong the 230 patients studied, the median age was 74 (31–92) years, 56.52% (130/230) were male patients, and the majority was Caucasian 62.61% (144/230). The body mass index classes of <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and >29.9 kg/m2 were categorized by 4.8% (11/229), 24.89% (57/229), 33.19% (76/229), and 37.12% (85/229), respectively. Sarcopenia as a predictor of baseline CKD Grade 4 or 5 had an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.46 (0.87–2.63) and an adjusted odds ratio of 2.45 (1.13–5.31). Sarcopenia as a predictor for eGFR slope had an unadjusted odds ratio of 1.01 (1.00–1.04) and an adjusted odds ratio 1.03 (1.00–1.05).ConclusionsSarcopenia, as measured by PMA, predicts a significant risk of more severe baseline CKD grade and progression. Future studies should examine sex‐specific muscle mass tools as a predictor of renal function to create more targeted interventions.
Long non‐coding RNAs in virus‐related cancers
Authors: Huang Yushan , Jiang Longchang , Liu Yang , Liu Lixian , Wang Junling , Shi Lei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSome viral infections lead to tumourigenesis explained by a variety of underlying molecular mechanisms. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have the potential to be added to this list due to their diverse mechanisms in biological functions and disease processes via gene alternation, transcriptional regulation, protein modification, microRNA sponging and interaction with RNA/DNA/proteins. In this review, we summarise the dysregulation and mechanism of lncRNAs in virus‐related cancers focussing on Hepatitis B virus, Epstein‐Barr virus, Human Papillomavirus. We will also discuss the potential implications of lncRNAs in COVID‐19.
SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike Stem Protein Nanoparticles Elicited Broad ADCC and Robust Neutralization against Variants in Mice
Authors: Ma Yao , Wang Ye , Dong Chunhong , Gonzalez Gilbert X. , Zhu Wandi , Kim Joo , Wei Lai , Kang Sang‐Moo , Wang Bao‐Zhong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused the global pandemic. The virus is rapidly evolving, characterized by the emergence of several major variants. Stable prefusion spike protein (Pre) is the immunogen in current vaccines but is limited in protecting against different variants. Here, the immune responses induced by the relatively conserved stem subunit (S2) of spike protein versus Pre are investigated. Pre generates the most robust neutralization responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants in vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirus‐based assessment but elicits less antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity than S2. By contrast, S2 induces the most balanced immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with potent and broad ADCC activity although produces weaker neutralization. The immunogenicity of S2 and Pre improves by incorporating the two proteins into double‐layered protein nanoparticles. The resulting protein nanoparticles Pre/S2 elicit higher neutralizing antibodies than Pre alone, and stronger ADCC than S2 alone. Moreover, nanoparticles produce more potent and balanced serum IgG antibodies than the corresponding soluble protein mixture, and the immune responses are sustained for at least four months after the immunization. Thus, the double‐layered protein nanoparticles have the potential to be developed into broader SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines with excellent safety profiles.