bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At Death’s Door, 1772–1785
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Mikhail Kutuzov’s service in the Crimea, the injury he suffered there in 1774, and its aftereffects. It also recounts events that took place while he was recovering. Russia and the Ottoman Empire turned to diplomatic negotiations in the spring of 1772, after two exhausting campaigns. The Ottomans were upset at the Russian expansion in the Crimea, where the new khan had signed a formal agreement at Karasu Bazaar, creating an independent Crimean state and establishing an alliance and eternal friendship between the Crimean khanate and the Russian Empire. The numerous Tatar tribal and religious leaders who had fled the peninsula for the safety of Istanbul, petitioned the Ottoman authorities to intervene in the Crimea.
“An Eagle from the Lofty Flock,” 1786–1789
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of light-moving combat infantry, which was developed in the seventeenth century but came to full fruition a century later. During the 1740s, Prussia and other German states experimented with recruiting gamekeepers and foresters for specialized units of jägers, or huntsmen, exploiting their familiarity and experience with true rifles, rather than smoothbore muskets. The chapter discusses Jean-Chrétien Fischer, who formed the Compagnie des Chasseurs, one of the first of the French light infantry units, in 1743. The chapter describes how the Seven Years’ War proved the worth of light infantry units, especially in North America, where they performed well amid the wooded and rugged terrain. It recounts how Mikhail Kutuzov assumed command of the Bug Jäger Corps, wherein his immediate task was to find soldiers suitable for the jäger service.
At the Court of the Sultan, 1794
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts Mikhail Kutuzov’s approach to the Ottoman capital on October 3, 1793. Istanbul, perched at the very tip of Europe and gazing across at the shores of Asia, conveyed imperial grandeur like no other city, save for Rome, its long-standing rival. The chapter describes Istanbul’s location at the crossroads of commerce and cultures that blessed it as a cosmopolitan center for more than a millennium but also made it a target of conquests and imperial ambitions. The chapter details Kutuzov’s venture by boat into the Golden Horn and Bosporus, visiting various parts of Istanbul. Kutuzov paid courtesy visits to the ambassadors of the European powers, including Austrian internuncio Baron Peter Phillip von Herbert Rathkeal and British ambassador Sir Robert Ainsley, underscoring their countries’ importance to Russian interests.
Confronting Napoleon, 1805
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces Napoleon Bonaparte’s quick move to consolidate his power in France and to strengthen French positions in western Europe after seizing power in a coup in November 1799. It cites the Treaty of Lunéville, which ended the war between France and Austria in 1801 and extended the French frontiers to the Rhine River. The discovery of a royalist conspiracy against Napoleon led to the arrest of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, a prince of the Bourbon royal house who resided in the neighboring Principality of Baden. The chapter highlights Russian efforts to challenge Napoleon. These were heartily welcomed in Britain, where Prime Minister William Pitt returned to office in the spring of 1804. The Russian emperor considered Mikhail Kutuzov to be the only Russian general who possessed sufficient practical experience, acute military judgment, and keen understanding of diplomatic subtleties.
The Fateful Year
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Mikhail Kutuzov’s receipt of the news of Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion. He heard of the invasion while he was still at his estate in northern Ukraine. Despite having more than a quarter million troops tied down in Spain, the French emperor drew upon the resources of his vast empire and raised close to 600,000 men for a new war in the east. The task of equipping, provisioning, and moving such a multitude was colossal, requiring patience, money, and organizational skill, all of which Napoleon amply possessed. The chapter recounts how Napoleon set out from the Saxon capital, Dresden, to join his army just as Kutuzov finalized the peace treaty with the Ottomans on May 28. Emperor Alexander had just 250,000 Russian soldiers to confront the Napoleonic juggernaut, and even these troops were scattered among three major armies and a handful of separate corps that had been mobilized.
The Chase
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts off with Mikhail Miloradovich’s urgent request for reinforcements from Kutuzov, who sent only several thousand cavalrymen. He refused to engage in the battle, which ended in a Russian victory but represented a missed opportunity to mangle the French army. It reviews Kutuzov’s “golden bridge” strategy, which may have been rational and sensible but was not heroic, glorious, or exciting. Even after receiving the czar’s letter denouncing Kutuzov’s retreat after the Battle of Maloyaroslavets and threatening to hold him personally responsible for any further setbacks, he remained determined to follow his strategy. The chapter talks about Kutuzov’s insistence on a parallel march, taking every means necessary to cause harm to the enemy. Kutuzov envisioned the flying detachments and advance guard relentlessly harassing Napoleon along the Old Smolensk road, while the main Russian army would maintain distance and proceed on a march parallel to the Grande Armée.
Singing the News of Death
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From the dawn of printing until the late nineteenth century, all over Europe the news of criminals and their brutal public executions was routinely put into song form and sold in the streets. But why would someone want to sing about such a macabre subject? Singing the News of Death explores the hugely popular phenomenon of execution ballads in Europe from the early modern period onwards, revealing how song was employed for centuries as a common means of informing society about the news of public executions. It examines how these ballads, usually cheaply printed and sold by itinerant peddlers, framed the news of crime and punishment, and how the unique features of song—rhythm, rhyme, and melody—presented information about criminals in a way that prose accounts could not. Based on a study of over a thousand ballads in English, French, German, Dutch, and Italian, from the sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries, Singing the News of Death reveals extraordinary continuities across time and space. While attention is paid to regional variations, the book demonstrates how popular and enduring the tradition of singing (often graphically violent) ballads about criminals was for centuries across Europe.
Book Eighteen, Svargarohana Parvan, The Book of Climbing to Heaven
Authors: Doniger Wendy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yudhishthira reaches heaven and is dismayed to find his archenemy Duryodhana there. He visits hell and is dismayed to find his brothers and Draupadi there. When they tell him that his presence is like a cool wind that brings them comfort and relief from their pain, he resolves to stay there with them. But then the gods appear and tell him that his experience of hell is merely an illusion, and that everyone must visit both heaven and hell after death to use up their good and bad karma. (Yudhishthira’s brief sojourn in hell was necessary because he had once told a half-lie about the death of an enemy.) He agrees to return to heaven, where he becomes reconciled with Duryodhana by abandoning his vengeful pride. Finally, he discovers that all of them, allies and enemies, are incarnations of gods and anti-gods who had taken births on earth. Everyone then becomes the gods they always were. The Epilogue promises the fruits of hearing the Mahabharata.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s larger arguments by drawing on the final grievance in the Declaration of Independence. The grievance charged that George III had provoked slave insurrections and Indian attacks on colonists and thus become a tyrant. But this grievance drew on long-standing British ideas about liberty and exclusion, not new American ones. This book gives an account of the British and imperial origins of the American patriots’ ideas about exclusion via an extended comparative history of Ireland, Scotland, and North America—and, in particular, of the Gaelic and Indian peoples who lived in those places. Rather than looking forward from the last grievance into an American future, the book looks back and around from that vantage point: back into the hundred preceding years of British history and around to other places in the British world tackling similar questions in different ways than the American revolutionaries did.
The Unlikely Alliance
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, colonized people throughout the British Atlantic world sought to build relationships with the king in order to resist pressures on their lands and cultures. For their part, kings, who were anxious to tighten their control of far-flung empires, often reciprocated, seeing diversity as a way to enhance their power. This unlikely alliance was never without tension: Gaelic and Indigenous peoples cared about their own goals, not royal power, while kings had similarly self-interested motives. But this confluence of interests created the inclusive empire, a diverse yet authoritarian vision of empire. This reformed empire would go on to provoke the rise of exclusionary patriotism.
A Tender Father with Fouled Britches
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Seven Years’ War, showing how the strains of war forced the contradictions of inclusive empire into view. Ultimately imperial officials pursued inclusive strategies as a means of control, something that became clear during the war as those officials lurched from inclusive to exclusionary strategies as the situation demanded. This vacillating conduct alienated many Gaelic and Indian people—except in Scotland, where the government’s decision to hand power back to entrenched provincial elites led to the mass recruitment of Highlanders for the British army. William Pitt managed to bring the war to a successful conclusion for Britain, but did so by abandoning the plans of reformers. The strategy worked in the short term but caused problems in the long.
Fit Instruments II
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the imperial crisis of the 1760s and ’70s that culminated in the American Revolution. It argues that this crisis was ultimately a crisis of diversity, as defenders of the inclusive empire ranged themselves against a renewed exclusionary patriot movement in Ireland, Scotland, and America. In all three places, patriot groups who opposed the remodeled empire did so in part to oppose the drift toward inclusion. Each group considered itself part of a larger, transatlantic exclusionary patriot cause, taking alarm at the trend toward inclusion across the empire. These groups considered themselves true heirs of the Glorious Revolution, reviving the fit instruments argument and charging the empire with embracing the same policies that had unkinged James II. Americans who defined their common cause in opposition to a tyrannical king and his savage allies thus did not create new forms of exclusion but clung to older British ones.
Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Do we have free will? This book is an opinionated guide through a philosophical maze that leads to an answer. The main philosophical theories and arguments about free will are explained, and their pros and cons are explored. Topics discussed include the meaning of “free will,” connections between free will and moral responsibility, compatibilism and incompatibilism, determinism and indeterminism, decision-making, the ability to do otherwise than one did, philosophical skepticism about free will, and alleged challenges that some experiments in neuroscience pose to the existence of free will. The author’s own unique position on free will is explained in the final chapter.
Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At the heart of this chapter is a thought experiment about a goddess who wants there to be a person who will do a certain thing at a certain time thirty years in the future. She knows all the laws of nature of her universe and she knows everything that is going on in her universe at present. From her knowledge of these things, she deduces that if she builds a zygote in a certain way and implants it in a certain woman at a certain time, it will become a person, Ernie, who, thirty years later, does the deed she wants done. It is explained how someone might use this thought experiment in an argument against a conception of free will known as compatibilism and how compatibilists may respond with an argument of their own. The chapter sheds light on a long-standing debate between compatibilists and incompatibilists about free will. Compatibilism and incompatibilism are competing positions on whether free will is compatible with determinism; accordingly, determinism is explained in some detail.
Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the connection between doing something freely and being able to do otherwise than one did. According to the principle of alternative possibilities for free action, a person did something freely at a time only if, at that time, it was open to her or him to do something else instead. An attempted counterexample to this principle based on what is known as a Frankfurt-style story is explained and discussed, as are compatibilist and incompatibilist interpretations of the principle. The well-known Consequence Argument for incompatibilism is explained and evaluated, as is a distinction between not being forced to do something and being able to do otherwise. A related topic of discussion is whether not being forced to do something, rather than being able to do otherwise, is necessary for free action.
Free Will and Neuroscience
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The primary purpose of this chapter is to explain why readers should not be persuaded by either member of a pair of neuroscientific arguments for the nonexistence of free will while paying special attention to some relatively recent experiments. These recent experiments add to the body of evidence supporting the conclusion that both arguments make unwarranted empirical claims that are supposed to support skepticism about free will. The experimental design and findings of a variety of neuroscience experiments, including seminal experiments by Benjamin Libet from the 1980s, are explained and discussed. Issues addressed include the permissibility of generalizing from alleged findings about decisions to claims about all decisions made outside the laboratory, empirically identifying the times at which decisions are made, and doing the same for the times at which subjects are first conscious of a decision. A thought experiment by neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran also is discussed, and a fatal flaw in the reasoning it involves is exposed.
China's New Red Guards
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s New Red Guards details two worrying trends in contemporary China that point to the revival of Maoism. First, an increasingly popular hard-edged form of nationalism that is reflexively anti-Western has taken root. The second is an unapologetic embrace of extreme authoritarianism that draws inspiration from the Maoist era. China’s assertive stance in the South China Sea and anti-Japanese rhetoric represents the former, and the massive crackdown on liberal thought since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency represents the latter. The result is plain to see: a more authoritarian and more militaristic China. The book goes further than this, though, arguing that what we’re seeing is a full-fledged Maoist revival. The book centers its story around a cast of nationalist intellectuals and activists who have helped unleash a wave of populist enthusiasm and nostalgia for the Great Helmsman’s policies. That, combined with Xi’s quick implementation of a range of authoritarian policies, suggests that the Maoist revival is neither epiphenomenal nor a passing fad. The ramifications, the book suggests, are clear: those in the West who have been predicting waves of democratization and liberalization are living in a dream world, blithely unaware of either the Communist Party’s commitment to authoritarianism or the degree of its residual veneration for the CCP’s founding leaders. In sum, this book demonstrates how ideologies can survive and prosper despite pervasive rumors of their demise.
Prologue—The Death of Mao Zedong
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Deng Xiaoping balanced two (often competing) goals since the beginning of the reforms in the late 1970s: modernizing China’s economy on the one hand and maintaining the unchallenged supremacy of the Communist Party on the other. When torn between the two, Deng always sided with Party supremacy. Yet when Party conservatives pushed too hard against the reforms, Deng would use his considerable authority and prestige to re-right the reform agenda. This story had played out again and again throughout the 1980s. To simplify what was a remarkable complex political time, two groups vied for control of economic policymaking: reformists, led by State Council premier Zhao Ziyang and CCP general secretary Hu Yaobang, and conservatives, a loose coalition of powerful senior-level officials, entrenched bureaucrats, aging revolutionaries, and die-hard Marxists. Pushback from conservatives began almost immediately after China began to move away from the planned economy. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) was also unenthusiastic about the side effects of these reforms.
Storm
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the March 4 conference of reform-minded officials and academics was a turning point for Utopia and the broadening coalition of leftist voices in China. For years, they had spoken of shadowy forces working on behalf of the capitalist class to influence, and eventually overthrow, the Communist Party. From this point on, Utopia, and an increasing cohort of competitors and copycats, would embrace a paranoid worldview that saw global conspiracies of Western domination, the infiltration of China and the Party by traitors and “hostile forces,” and a belief in an inevitable and unavoidable conflict with the United States. As they prepared for this coming struggle, they saw Mao Zedong as their secret weapon. The chapter then looks at the publication of Unhappy China: The Great Time, Grand Vision and Our Challenges in 2009, the success of which unnerved the Chinese government, which had long seen grassroots nationalism as a “double-edged sword.” One can imagine that the Party’s larger concern about Unhappy China was less the book itself than the part it played in an expanding populist nationalist and neo-Maoist movement.
Bombard the Headquarters
Authors: Blanchette Jude 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how neo-Maoists viewed research on China’s contemporary history as a proxy battle for the country’s political future. There is no such thing as neutral history, they argued, and every utterance about Mao Zedong or the Communist Party’s historical legacy had the effect, intentional or not, of either supporting or attacking the regime. Xi Jinping brooks no tolerance for historical pluralism, and in his fight for conformity, he has presented a new mission for China’s neo-Maoists. Once in power, Xi revived Maoist tools of governance, including a one-year “mass line” campaign to rectify cadre work styles and bring the Party “closer to the people.” To combat historical nihilism, the Party under Xi set out to both crush deviationist historical interpretations and historians and, at the same time, rehabilitate historical figures who had been maligned and marginalized through outright neglect by the Party or worse, by their intentional dethroning for political purposes. While the campaign would penetrate into the deepest and most obscure reaches of Party historiography, it would begin with the PRC’s founding father, Mao Zedong.
Mini-Juggernaut
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the last months before the Democratic National Convention of July 1976, when Jimmy Carter won enough committed delegates to virtually guarantee him the nomination. His campaign resembled a juggernaut running over such opponents as George Wallace, Lloyd Bentsen, Sargent Shriver, Ted Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, and Morris Udall. In order to win, he especially worked to win Jewish voters and African-American support. He scored wins in Texas, Indiana, Georgia, and the District of Columbia.
The Carters Take New York
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Democratic National Convention in New York City in July 1976 where Jimmy Carter and his family celebrated his easily winning the Democratic nomination for the presidency. His choice of Senator Walter Mondale to be his running mate strengthened the national ticket. The highlight of the convention was a dramatic speech by Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas, who had become famous calling for Richard Nixon’s impeachment following the Watergate scandal. After the convention, the Carters rushed home to Plains to plan for the campaign against the Republican candidate Gerald Ford and to interview candidates for key positions in their administration.
Jimmy, and Rosalynn, Won!
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how, running against an incumbent but unelected president, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter defeated President Gerald Ford by a very slim majority. It shows how Carter excelled against Ford in the presidential debates, but nearly lost the election with an ill-advised interview he gave to Playboy magazine. Confessing to having lusted in his heart, he attempted to explain his religion in human terms. His defense was weak, and he remained vague on the topic of abortion, but his promise never to tell a lie and to establish a government as good as the people won enough votes for him to become president.
The Shadow Presidency
Authors: Godbold Jr. E. Stanly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Carter’s time between winning the election and the inauguration, when he set up a shadow presidency. Drawing upon his colleagues in the Trilateral Commission, Carter invited candidates for cabinet posts and top advisory positions to Plains. There, Rosalynn Carter and Walter Mondale participated in questioning and evaluating them for a particular post. Carter chose Cyrus Vance to be secretary of state and Zbigniew Brzezinski as national security adviser. He established human rights as the theme of his presidency; he wanted to complete a SALT II treaty with the Soviet Union, and he wanted to bring peace to the Middle East. He and Rosalynn had their administration in place and ready to go to work when they boarded a train called “The Peanut Special” in Plains the day before his inauguration that took them and several hundreds of their relatives and friends to Washington.