bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminology in Africa
Authors: Agozino Biko , Dastile Nontyatyambo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the discipline of criminology with specific reference to Africa and the interests of Africans. It borrows the paradigm of critical and centered scholar activism from Africana studies to support the call for the decolonization of criminology. It summarizes the historical underdevelopment of the discipline of criminology in Africa and concludes that developing a critical criminology on the continent and globally will be of benefit to all, not only to people of African descent. Given that most of the criminological discourse about Africa is conservative, orientalist, and pathological, the chapter suggests that the decolonization paradigm will help Africans to hold those in power accountable while contributing new ideas for reparative justice as the foundation for what Angela Davis has called “abolition democracy.” The chapter highlights the notion of “the forgiveness of the unforgivable,” instead of an obsession with punitiveness, as a major contribution from Africana criminology discourse as a means of achieving the peaceful resolution of conflicts.
Elusive Peace
Authors: Matsinhe David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a comparative sociological analysis of resource-driven hostilities, drawing on five cases in southern, central, western and eastern Africa. In the south, the chapter analyzes the unfolding Islamic insurgency in Mozambique, which led to the involvement of the Southern African Development Community and Rwandan troops. At the center, the chapter looks at the plunder-and-pillage-driven conflicts in the DRC. In the west, the chapter considers the resource-driven conflicts in the Sahel and Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Finally, in the east, the chapter examines the pre- and post-cessation conflicts in South Sudan. Since the first declarations of independence, peace has eluded African states. Instead, they have been characterized by cycles of violent conflict, such as civil wars, coups d’état, and, more recently, insurgencies buttressed by religious ideologies. The continent—east, west, south, and center—is the stage of varied and endless violent hostilities that have claimed millions of lives. Although the causes of these historical conflicts have been multidimensional and complex, more recently, the governance of natural resources stands out as the catalyst.
Public Authority, Property, and Citizenship
Authors: Lund Christian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An institutional perspective should consider the fundamental dynamics among public authority, property, and citizenship. Yet treating any of these elements in isolation or as finished product gets in the way of understanding them. They come about through each other; one always invokes the others, and they are always in the making. Hence, we need to know not just what they are, but also how they come about in conjunction. This is especially relevant in agrarian societies where the political authority and the status of individuals and groups are mediated by land. Both the political powers to rule and the access to livelihoods go through land control. Thus, the institutional relations between authority, property, and citizenship—in a broad sense and at all scales—are central to societal dynamics.
Land, Social Reproduction, and Agrarian Change
Authors: Cousins Ben 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Land and agriculture play key roles in the production and social reproduction strategies pursued by large populations of rural dwellers in the global South. Thus the emerging debates on the character and scope of social reproduction under capitalism resonate strongly with key concerns of critical agrarian studies. This chapter reviews these debates, and then examines how processes of agrarian change shape patterns of social reproduction and are in turn shaped by them, drawing on studies from a variety of contexts. Key themes include the contradictory character of the relations of production and reproduction in land-based livelihoods; migration, class and gender; and the centrality of social reproduction in contemporary struggles over land. It is argued that although the dynamics of social reproduction influence the processes of agrarian change, ultimately, the dynamics of accumulation are determinate. The chapter concludes with brief reflections on the potential contributions of land-based struggles to anticapitalist politics in the current era.
Mapping Cultural Policy
Authors: Rosenstein Carole 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that conceptual frameworks used to characterize cultural policy systems are overly influenced by the normativity of the French Model. The discussion begins by establishing that the French Model has operated as a norm by using the concept of cultural development to link “progress” in cultural policy to a national cultural bureaucracy structured by a centralized cultural agency, a model clearly inspired by the French Ministry of Culture. This norm privileges the mapping exercise because it lends great weight to administrative structure and invests a highly institutionalized and highly centralized structure with “rationality” and “modernity.” The chapter goes on to engage in a refreshed approach to mapping, illustrated with maps of national-level cultural administration in the United States. A concluding discussion proposes that, at the same time that the French Model is in some sense inescapable because it is so deeply embedded into the foundations of thought and practice at UNESCO and other transnational and international institutions, comparative cultural policy must resist employing this norm without care. Ultimately, new tools for description and analysis must be developed to counteract its influence.
The Investment Treaty Regime
Authors: Poulsen Lauge N. Skovgaard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The investment treaty regime is one of the most potent, and controversial, corners of international economic governance. Yet, until recently International Political Economy (IPE) literature on the regime was focused mostly on a few narrow questions, such as whether investment treaties impact the flow of foreign direct investment. Contributions were also hampered by very poor data and sometimes lacking attention to how international investment law actually works and the way in which governments and other actors have engaged with the regime in practice. This chapter outlines some of the big and important questions facing the regime and how empirical and normative IPE scholars can address them.
Racism and Paternalism
Authors: Singh J. P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The origins of the discipline of international relations in the twentieth century can be traced back to colonial race relations. Despite the antecedents, post-Second World War international relations ignored race and racism, focusing instead on underlying structures of power or material conditions to explain patterns of global orders and presence of international rules. Recent events such as the rise of far right and xenophobic politics in the West has brought race issues to the forefront of global politics. This chapter provides an intellectual genealogy of race and racism in international relations through an analysis of major issues in international political economy—trade, development, foreign aid, and migration.
Scholarship
Authors: Pedreira Mark A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter revisits Samuel Johnson’s scholarship, exploring the interconnectedness of his bibliographical, lexicographical, and editorial studies in his scholarly works: the Harleian Catalogue (1743–45), A Dictionary of the English Language (1755; rev. 1773), and The Plays of William Shakespeare (1765; rev. 1773 and 1778). It begins by examining in the Harleian Catalogue, Catalogus Bibliothecæ Harleianæ (co-authored with William Oldys), Johnson’s statements on the value of catalogs and by conjecturing on his contributions to the annotations, especially on classics and Bibles, in the sale catalog of the Earl of Oxford’s library. The chapter then looks at Johnson’s Dictionary, examining, in this reference work, his “interpretative lexicography,” comprising his definitions (which have the function of “explanation”) and scholarly citations from Sidney to Pope, especially Shakespeare. The chapter concludes with Johnson’s scholarly notes on King Lear in his variorum edition of Shakespeare, arguing that Johnsonian textual criticism is noteworthy for its lexicographical learning.
Criticism
Authors: Lynch Jack 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Johnson is often named among the great literary critics, but what does “Johnsonian” criticism mean? Commonplaces about “neoclassicism” tell us little, and an often-quoted passage from Rasselas about the role of the poet is cloaked in irony. It is impossible to create a manifesto of Johnsonian critical principles, but we can pay attention to how he approached his job as a critic. For him criticism was above all evaluative, and he believed one of the greatest writerly faults was sloppy diction. He read works of different ages according to age-appropriate standards, and was a pioneer of character criticism. For him criticism was always a dialogue, not a harangue, and he may be the most diffident of all the great critics.
Authorship
Authors: Pauley Benjamin F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson’s works and correspondence contain of wealth of remarks on the “adventures” of books in the eighteenth-century marketplace of print. Johnson has long been seen as a central figure in the history of professional authorship. As the author of the Lives of the Poets, Johnson was clearly interested in the life of writing. But Johnson’s ideas about authorship and letters were thoroughly conditioned by his keen awareness of practical questions of book production and publishing. Indeed, taken together, Johnson’s observations on a broad range of books—his own and others’—provide a compact but surprisingly comprehensive introduction to the landscape of the eighteenth-century book trades and the world of eighteenth-century publishing. Reading Johnson’s works and correspondence in the lights of bibliography (the study of books as material objects) and of book history (the study of books as social and cultural phenomena) suggests the extent to which he saw authorship not as a solitary intellectual or artistic endeavor, but as one inextricably—and properly—bound up with the commercial world of publishing.
Politics
Authors: Kaminski Thomas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson was a Tory, but few nowadays know what that entailed. As a Tory, Johnson believed that the king’s hereditary right to his Crown superseded Parliament’s authority to alter the line of succession. As a result, for much of his adult life Johnson was a Jacobite, one who supported the claim of the exiled Stuart Pretender to the British throne. Johnson also admired the theological polemics of the Nonjuring clergy who defended the sacred character of the established Church. But with the death of the Old Pretender in 1766 and the long continuance of Hanoverian rule, Johnson accepted, with certain reservations, George III’s right to the Crown. And during the 1770s, appalled by increasing political and social unrest, Johnson wrote a series of pamphlets defending Whig governments against the attacks of unruly mobs, unscrupulous politicians, and American revolutionaries.
Science
Authors: Drury Joseph 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Although Johnson paid close attention to the natural sciences, conducted chemical experiments at home, and included a large number of scientific terms in his Dictionary, he is typically thought to have made no significant contribution to Enlightenment science. This chapter challenges this view by reading Johnson’s periodical essays as important examples of “experimental moral philosophy,” an eighteenth-century field of inquiry that sought to extend the Newtonian method from the sensible world to the study of human subjectivity. Drawing on the methods and conceptual repertoire of vitalist natural philosophy, especially chemistry, Johnson’s essays offer a qualitative, experimental account of the primary forces of the mind, which emphasizes the tragic burden imposed by its restless activity.
Age
Authors: Sabor Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with Samuel Johnson’s later years. During the last twenty-two years of his life, from July 1762 to December 1764, he received a Civil List pension of £300 per annum. No longer compelled to write for money, he undertook a series of travels: to Devon with Joshua Reynolds in 1762; to the Hebrides with his future biographer James Boswell in 1773; to North Wales with Henry and Hester Thrale in 1774; and to Paris, again with the Thrales, in 1775. He met Boswell for the first time in May 1763, and the Thrales with whom he soon developed a close friendship, in January 1765; Streatham Park, the country estate of this wealthy brewer and his brilliant wife, became Johnson’s second home. In winter 1764, Johnson and Reynolds founded the Club, initially with nine distinguished members. Johnson’s edition of Shakespeare was published in 1765; his Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland in 1775; and his final major publication, Lives of the Poets, in 1779–81.
Hope
Authors: Potkay Adam 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Johnson’s bifurcated sense of hope has deep roots in the Western tradition. As one of the theological virtues, hope, along with faith and love, is always good in Christianity. Worldly hopes or wishes, however, are treated as vices by the classical moralists Johnson sometimes follows: irrational and self-destructive hopes distract from enjoyment or exertion in the present moment. For the mature Johnson, worldly hope is in the main an illusion, a cheat, but also most if not all of life itself. Johnson concedes, as no ancient would, that hope is both motivating and palliative. Nonetheless, he encourages us, as the ancients did, to distance ourselves as best we can from unreasonable hopes.
Introduction
Authors: Lynch Jack 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This introduction examines the gap between Johnson as popular figure—waspish, dogmatic, easily caricatured—and the man himself, always wrestling with complexity and ambiguity. No collection of critical essays on a mind as various as Johnson’s could ever be comprehensive, but the thirty-six contributors to this collection, from institutions around the world, offer the broadest and most detailed portrait to date of a uniquely complicated mind.
Lives
Authors: Berglund Lisa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the “Lives of Johnson,” beginning with the rivals James Boswell, Hester Lynch Piozzi, and Sir John Hawkins, who wrote definitive biographies based on their personal friendships with the lexicographer. Boswell’s Life of Johnson then effectively supplanted all other interpretations until the late nineteenth century, when alternative voices began once more to be heard. The chapter concludes with a survey of a dozen twentieth-century biographies, showing how writers de-emphasized Boswell’s interpretation, embraced and then rejected psychoanalytic theory, reinterpreted Johnson as a scholar, examined his friendships, and reviewed his life and character on the three hundredth anniversary of his birth. Each biography is briefly summarized, and its strengths, flaws, and characteristic elements assessed with regard to the needs of the non-specialist as well as the academic reader.
Editions
Authors: DeMaria Robert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, 23 vols. (1958–2018), is the most comprehensive and accurate edition of Johnson’s works ever published and ever likely to be published. There is, nevertheless, much of Johnson’s work lacking in the Yale Edition, including the full texts of the Dictionary and his edition of Shakespeare’s plays. Also lacking are many of Johnson’s contributions to the works of others. In addition to the printed Yale Edition, there is a Yale Digital Edition of the Works, which corrects some of the original’s errors, and can be expanded over time, but it is unlikely that there will be a new comprehensive edition. There have been, however, and may continue to appear, important editions of discrete parts of Johnson’s works that improve on some of the Yale volumes.
Essays
Authors: Squibbs Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Johnson’s achievements as an essayist in relation to the established conventions of the periodical essay. With the Rambler, Johnson restored the periodical essay to its once-prominent place in English literary culture by elevating its moral seriousness and emphasizing its aptness as a vehicle for literary criticism. The success of the series spurred a revival of the genre at mid-century, albeit largely in reaction to the Rambler’s relative gravity and ponderous diction. After doubling down on the Rambler’s style with his contributions to the Adventurer, Johnson experimented with a more playful approach to the periodical essay in the Idler. The mixed critical reception of his efforts near the end of the century often associated his essays more with the moralist and critic Johnson had become than with the genre in which he first enjoyed popular success, an enduring perspective that this chapter aims to qualify.
Black Literary History and the Problem of Identification in Ishmael Reed’s Mumbo Jumbo
Authors: Levy-Hussen Aida 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Published in 1972 at the dawn of the institutionalization of African American Studies, Ishmael Reed’s Mumbo Jumbo—a novel about cultural awakening, appropriation, and shifting power relations—may be read as an anticipatory fantasy of how a then emergent field would come to recount and mythologize its origins. The novel celebrates the Harlem Renaissance as the beginning of the African American literary tradition even as it invokes an ancient African inheritance and looks ahead to the political–artistic foment of Reed’s contemporary moment. This chapter reassesses Reed’s vision for a nascent field and interprets his turn to Harlem as a provocative alternative to the now ubiquitous African Americanist discourse on slavery and trauma. It considers how Mumbo Jumbo constructs its suggestively contradictory conceptualization of Blackness through vying logics of (authentic, racial) identity and (unwieldy, psychoanalytic) identification. The novel’s profound ambivalence about the project of institutionalization complicates its enthusiastic call for the historical recovery of an African American artistic tradition.
Andrea Lee’s Europe
Authors: Daniels-Rauterkus Melissa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter places Andrea Lee’s 1981 travel memoir, Russian Journal, and her 1984 semi-autobiographical novel, Sarah Phillips, within a transnational framework that challenges the traditional structures of African American literature. Steeped in the details of Lee’s life (she is a Harvard-educated, African American woman from a self-described racially “complicated background,” with a proclivity for white/European men), both works taken together offer contemporary readers a newer, more cosmopolitan model for theorizing race and interracial desire. Eschewing tired tropes like “victimization” and “sexual exploitation,” Lee looks to a real and imagined Europe to disrupt and trouble the oppressive binaries that underlie the American racial order. Rejecting an either/or approach in favor of negotiation, Lee foregrounds the generative nature of the in-between while also exploding traditional ideas about African American literature and the purview of Black women’s writing. Underappreciated and underassessed, Russian Journal and Sarah Phillips deserve greater critical attention as books that were not only ahead of their time but also that anticipated the more fluid and nuanced representations of race and interracial relationships that we see in twenty-first-century media.
Nuclear Poetry
Authors: van Schalkwyk Simon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Short Abstract: This chapter revisits mid-twentieth-century America’s obsession with cultural and political forms of ‘containment’ in order to reframe Robert Lowell’s For the Union Dead. This volume initially appears to represent a conformist and conservative expression of anxieties associated with the nuclear age via the domesticating logic of containment. By contrast, and by focusing on containment’s tacit opposite, ‘leakage’, I argue that For the Union Dead is also informed by methods of revisionary rewriting, imitation, and cultural translation that allow the transnational cultural impact of mid-twentieth-century America’s obsession with containment culture and nuclear anxiety to be mapped. Reading containment as a symptomatic manifestation of the nuclear, I hope to suggest that the nuclear question pertains to more than the immediacy of Cold War America’s various crises of nuclear brinkmanship and that it produces a poetics that reveals the parameters of the nuclear to be implicated in globalized nuclear geographies.
The Liberal Imagination Revisited
Authors: Voelz Johannes 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Pairing Saul Bellow’s The Adventures of Augie March (1953) with Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952), this chapter offers a new interpretation of the “liberal imagination” (Lionel Trilling) that speaks to the crisis of liberal democracy in the age of Trumpism. While the political vision of Cold War liberalism is often taken to emerge from anti-totalitarian individualism, this chapter instead finds in Bellow’s and Ellison’s novels models of sociality built on dialogical responsiveness and equality. Bellow constructs a picaro society in which individual liberty is reconceived as the movement from one communicative interaction to the next. Similarly, Ellison’s trope of invisibility points to an incipient form of democratic sociality. While invisibility indexes racist exclusion and non-recognition, it simultaneously envisions an egalitarian and non-identitarian collective to come. The chapter thus asks whether the liberal imagination offers resources for rekindling a democratic culture suffocated by the twenty-first-century politics of division.
Twentieth-Century Western Man of Color
Authors: Goyal Yogita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Why was the decolonization of Africa and Asia such a galvanizing moment for African Americans in the middle of the twentieth century? This chapter focuses on Richard Wright’s The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference (1956) to show how Wright’s ambivalent assessment of the promise of Bandung yields necessary lessons for global anti-racist struggles today. It draws out a method of reading for transnationalism by reckoning with Wright’s searching explorations of the meaning of race and place, rights and belonging, as he formulates a new humanism based on a foundation of rootlessness for all. It shows how his unflinching commitment to Western modernity limits his ability to forge true Third World alliances, even as he needs the detour through Asia and Africa to understand his own location in the West.