bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philadelphia Electric Company Adopts Mobile Coal-Handling Equipment
Authors: Russell E. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper covers the change from storing and reclaiming coal by cranes and locomotives to the use of standard self-propelled earth-moving equipment. The size and type of equipment are described, as well as its use. The change in design of storage piles is also considered. Description of new storage systems designed for the use of mobile equipment is presented. An analysis of operating costs and capacities is made with a comparison of the two methods.
Storing and Reclaiming Coal With Earth-Moving Equipment at the Oswego Steam Station
Authors: Ewart J. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Earth-moving equipment at the Oswego Steam Station of the Central New York Power Corporation has handled in excess of 3 billion ton-feet of coal during its first 9 years of operation. Coal is stored in a single pile 100 ft high with no danger of spontaneous combustion. The paper describes the operation of bulldozer-carryall units and presents operating and maintenance costs.
Theory of the Mechanical Properties of Hot Plastics
Authors: Loring S. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a theory of large strain, rubber-like elasticity combined with stress relaxation, which is the character of the behavior of hot plastics indicated by a series of unpublished high extension rate tests on such materials as polystyrene, polyethylene, acetate, etc., in the molten or “soft” state.
Sulphite and Silica in Boiler Water at Springdale
Authors: Hankison L. E. , Baker M. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide was first detected in the gases discharged from the air ejector of the main condenser of No. 7 unit at Springdale Station of West Penn Power Company about 6 months after the unit was placed in service. The story of potassium sulphite and its connection with this unit will form the first part of this paper. Silica deposition on the turbine blades was quite rapid, and after 8 months operation it was necessary to sandblast the silica from the blades. The search for the source of this silica, together with the information found and the corrections applied, will also be discussed.
The Quality of Steam Condensate as Related to Sodium Sulphite in the Boiler Water
Authors: Alexander R. C. , Rummel J. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Test data and conclusions are given in this paper which relate to the effect of various concentrations of sodium sulphite on the quality of condensed steam from high-pressure central-station boilers. Increase in sodium sulphite beyond certain limits was found to lower appreciably the pH and to raise the conductivity of the condensed steam. The acid material found in the steam resembles sulphurous acid. Test data, procedures, and equipment are described.
Effect of Welding on Pressure-Vessel Steels
Authors: Scotchbrook A. F. , Eriv L. , Stout R. D. , Johnston B. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study using the Lehigh slow notched-bend test to determine the effects of welding on as-received and prestrained plate. It also discusses the effects of different heat inputs in welding, the effects of plate thickness, of carbon content and deoxidation practice, and of heat-treatment after welding.
Some Factors Influencing the Economics of Reheat Installations
Authors: Hartwell R. W. , Wagner H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of some economic factors concerned with choosing between a battery boiler system as compared to a unit boiler-turbine system, and a reheat as compared to a nonreheat plant. Annual costs are compared for four power plants containing the several basic design features. Emphasis is placed upon the difference in average availability of capacity of the four plants, effect on availability of two maintenance schedules, and result of assigning capital charges based upon difference in average available capacity.
Analysis of Experimental Data Regarding Certain Design Features of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Schoessow G. J. , Brooks E. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of data obtained by strain-gage experimental stress analysis on drum heads and nozzle openings in drum shells. This analysis, while referred particularly to power boilers, is also applicable to other types of pressure vessels. The data obtained are reduced to dimensionless form so that they may be applied to drums of other size and thickness but geometrically similar, and to illustrate more clearly the action of the drum in resisting pressure. The relationship between operating-stress level and the life of the vessel in service is discussed with particular reference to a drum that has given over 40 years of satisfactory service with an operating-stress range over a considerable area of the vessel of approximately the ultimate strength of the material. The effect of prestress created in the vessel by overpressuring, such as applying the 1½-times working-pressure hydrostatic test, is discussed.
The Gas-Turbine Regenerator—The Use of Compact Heat-Transfer Surfaces
Authors: London A. L. , Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper illustrates the application of high-rating compact surfaces of the plate-fin-type to the regenerator-design problem for typical gas-turbine cycles. Comparisons are made with designs employing circular tube surfaces one inch and one-quarter inch in diameter.
Influence of Compressibility on Cylindrical Pitot-Tube Measurements
Authors: Thrasher L. W. , Binder R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the cylindrical Pitot tube, an opening at the critical angle with the flow gives the static pressure. For small-diameter tubes this critical angle is 39¼ deg for incompressible fluids in a certain range of turbulent flow. Using a wind tunnel, the distribution of pressure was measured on the surface of ⅛-in. and 3/16-in-diam cylinders at Mach numbers ranging from 0.13 to 0.87. The change in the pressure distribution on the surface of the cylinders was small in the range of Mach numbers up to 0.25. In this range the critical angle was constant, and a simple cylindrical Pitot tube would be convenient for direct measurements of static pressure. At the higher Mach numbers, particularly above 0.4, the critical angle increases above that for incompressible flow. The directional accuracy of the cylindrical Pitot increases as the Mach number increases.
The Response of Thermocouples to Rapid Gas-Temperature Changes
Authors: Carbon M. W. , Kutsch H. J. , Hawkins G. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents practical data which were taken from the main results of a research program dealing with the response of thermocouples to changing gas temperatures. Experimental and theoretical data for the response time of thermocouples ranging in wire size from 0.01 to 0.0005 in. are presented. The experiments were performed over a range of temperatures from 70 F to 950 F, and for air velocities ranging from 0 to 125 fps. All of the experiments were carried out in such a way that the hot junction of the thermocouple was always cooled. An equation is presented for computing the response time for thermocouples fabricated from fine wires and subjected to sudden air-temperature changes. Heat transfer by conduction and radiation were negligible in the experiments performed.
Pressure Losses in Tubing, Pipe, and Fittings
Authors: Pigott R. J. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of the second half of the problem involved in the writer’s 1933 paper on pipe flow and Prof. Lewis F. Moody’s 1944 paper. The pipe-flow situation is shown to be in satisfactory condition; the main attention is on bends and fittings.
It has been customary in the past to rate the losses in bends and fittings as a function of velocity head. Another old method, less used, was to rate the loss in equivalent length of pipe. In the case of bends and fittings two types of loss are superposed, i.e., skin friction or pipe-loss type, and bend loss. The methods of test are less accurate than for pipe as they involve getting the difference between two much larger readings. Consequently the test data are much poorer than for pipe, for several reasons: one given above; another that the pipe fittings are not geometrically similar; and the test data are very much less than those on pipe. It seems clear that a rational formulation, however, could be attempted if we can establish some picture of the factors involved in the losses. Up to the present time bend and fitting losses have been taken from a range of factors unconnected with size, roughness, or velocity of flow. This formulation, on the basis of the tests, endeavors to show that there is a true bend loss for smooth fittings underlying the superposed losses due to roughness and Reynolds number. The final formulation involves an evaluation of the true bend loss and an evaluation of the roughness and Reynolds number effects paralleling the friction factor in pipe. The final conclusion is that the equivalent pipe length is by all means the most reliable and convenient method of tabulating losses in different kinds of fittings and bends. The final formulation is ζ=ζ1+ζ2=0.106(rd)-2.5+2000f2.5. This formulation has been checked against the test results and while it is obvious that the factors will be both plus and minus over a considerable range, the general correlation of the test data appear to be as good as our present test information will permit.
Long-Time Tension and Creep Tests of Plastics
Authors: Staff C. E. , Quackenbos H. M. , Hill J. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Thermosetting and thermoplastic materials have been maintained under constant load at 25 C and 75 C for periods ranging from 1000 to 14,500 hr. Creep was measured with electric strain gages and, from its course, an estimate has been made of the maximum stresses that can be sustained for 5 years by the thermosetting materials. Both creep and crazing govern the maximum stresses for the thermoplastics, and these have been estimated for 1 year. An examination has been made of the accuracy and precision of the electric strain gage in measurements of creep. It is believed that the results are not confined to use in potential structural applications but have their greatest value in many current problems.
The Mechanism of Lubrication Failure in High-Speed Ball Bearings
Authors: Jones F. C. , Wilcock D. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When lubrication fails, the first point of distress in a high-speed ball bearing occurs at the rolling contact between a ball and a race. Because of the curvature of the race, sliding as well as rolling must occur in the contact area. Hence the absence of an oil film results in friction and heat. The localized heating and resultant differential expansion of the parts cause preloading of the bearing owing to loss of internal clearance. This process progresses rapidly to cause spalling or pitting of the races and balls, skidding balls, broken ball separators, and a jammed bearing.
Turbulence in High-Speed Journal Bearings
Authors: Wilcock D. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Measurements of the operating characteristics of journal bearings up to high surface speeds have revealed abnormalities beyond a certain critical value. A rapid increase in bearing torque, power loss, and oil-film temperature occurs as speed is increased beyond the critical value, while oil flow decreases below normal. These phenomena are attributed to the onset of instability or turbulence in the bearing oil film with an accompanying increase in energy absorption within the film. The experiments were conducted in a newly designed test apparatus capable of driving large bearings at high speeds. Maximum speed attained was 14,700 rpm, or 30,800 fpm, for an 8-in-diam bearing, and 20,000 rpm, or 21,000 fpm, for a 4-in. bearing.
Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine: Escher Wyss—AK Development, 1945–1950
Authors: Keller Curt 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In 1945 Ackeret and the author made the first presentation in the United States of the basic theory and results of tests on the closed-cycle gas-turbine process, which had been pioneered by the author’s company. Since then the development has progressed rapidly and larger industrial installations have been made. Compressed high-temperature air and other gases, used in closed-cycle turbines, have led to new designs of components and plant layouts. This paper describes new stationary units which will be in operation in the near future and discusses future work and possibilities.
A Pyrometer for Measuring Total Temperature in Low-Density Gas Streams
Authors: Allen Sidney , Hamm J. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The need for improved methods of measuring total temperature in low-density moving gas streams has been emphasized by the rapidly increasing use of gas-turbine engines for aircraft propulsion at high altitudes. Recent experience with various types of pyrometers has shown that increased errors of measurement and a reduced rate of response to temperature changes become apparent as the gas density is reduced. A design of suction pyrometer is presented in which sonic gas velocity is maintained over the thermocouple element at all operating conditions, thus insuring the maximum rate of heat transfer to the thermocouple from the gas, and enabling a simple correction for impact error to be applied to the indicated reading in order to derive the total temperature of the gas stream. The rapid rate of response to temperature change obtained with this pyrometer is a fundamental necessity in any control mechanism in which gas temperature is the operating criterion.
Thermal-Shock and Other Comparison Tests of Austenitic and Ferritic Steels for Main Steam Piping
Authors: Stewart W. C. , Schreitz W. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Thermal-shock tests of 6-in pipe-and-valve assemblies, representing both austenitic and ferritic steels in 80 and 160 schedules, are described. The shock-testing procedure was devised to simulate conditions resulting from carryover of boiler feedwater into main steam lines operating at 900 or 2000 psi pressure, 1050 F temperature. Other test procedures described include cyclic deflection tests of full-size mock-ups consisting of 160 schedule pipe and valves for simulating expansion bends. Results are reported for mock-ups of both austenitic and ferritic materials which were tested at 2000 psi pressure, 1050 F temperature. Each assembly was subjected to 4000 or more deflections corresponding to expansion cycles that would obtain on heating up a piping system from room temperature to 1050 F once every 2 days for approximately 20 years.
Loss Coefficients for Abrupt Changes in Flow Cross Section With Low Reynolds Number Flow in Single and Multiple-Tube Systems
Authors: Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In testing for the flow-friction characteristics of compact heat-exchanger surfaces concurrent with heat-transfer tests, more precise data on the flow contraction- and expansion-loss coefficients are required than are presently available in the literature. This paper presents a theory for evaluating these coefficients for both single- and multiple-tube systems for various contraction and expansion geometries. The analysis takes into account the contraction and expansion area ratio and the velocity distribution. Results of experiment for the Reynolds number range 500–20,000 are presented which compare well with the analysis. This paper was originally presented at the June, 1949, meeting of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, and included only experimental data on multiple-tube systems. Since that time experiments have been performed on single-tube systems and these later results are presented here.
Sealing of High-Pressure Steam Safety Valves
Authors: Adams R. E. , Corcoran J. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A fundamental investigation of sealing with high-pressure steam safety valves has shown that poor sealing is a result of self-induced growth of tiny initial leaks. Expansion of the leaking steam cools local areas of the valve seat, causing contraction of the seating surfaces in a manner which increases the size of the leak. A new design of valve seat was developed, incorporating thin flexible seating surfaces. The cooling effects of the leaking steam were minimized by providing better heat transfer from the high-temperature steam. The new design resulted in considerable improvement in sealing, and service tests have shown excellent performance.
New Method for Bulk-Modulus Determinations
Authors: Kerr S. Logan , Kessler L. H. , Gamet M. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The bulk modulus of fluids other than water has not been reported in engineering literature to any extent, particularly in the range of pressures and temperatures ordinarily encountered in petroleum pipe-line work. In pipe-line work it is desirable to make surge investigations in advance of construction, and this requires some knowledge of the pressure wave velocity in the system for computing the magnitude of surges which may be expected in ordinary operating or in emergency conditions. While the physical characteristics of the materials and construction of the pipe line itself are known, the same is not true of the physical characteristics of the liquid. This paper relates to a method of determining the bulk-modulus values of fluids other than water to make available the missing factor in pipe-line design considerations.
Forming of Block Zeolites Using 3D Printing Technology
Authors: Bragina A. A. , Lysikov A. I. , Parkhomchuk E. V. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Zeolite blocks with 10% binder and without binder were formed using 3D printing technology. A polylactide template with the preset shape and structure of channels was printed on a 3D printer. The zeolite material was formed in the voids of this template. Finally, the template was burned out from the final block. Blocks with a binder were prepared by filling the template with a paste containing microcrystalline zeolite of MFI structural type. Blocks without binder were prepared by steam-assisted crystallization leading to the formation of zeolite nanocrystals in the H-form in the template channels. A relatively strong block consisting of MFI-type zeolite and reproducing the polymer template void volume was obtained.
University students’ understanding and opinions of eating disorders: a qualitative study
Authors: Manning Millie , Greenfield Sheila 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundEating disorders (EDs) affect 1.25 million people in the UK. Evidence suggests the public display stigma and poor mental health literacy (MHL) towards EDs. There is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, so it is important to determine the MHL of this at-risk group. Qualitative research exploring the MHL of this population is incomplete.ObjectiveExplore university students’ beliefs and opinions of EDs, their knowledge of symptoms, treatment and help sources and how these are influenced by biological sex.DesignA qualitative study, using semistructured interviews analysed using inductive thematic analysis.SettingThe University of Birmingham.ParticipantsSeven female and seven male University of Birmingham students.ResultsAnalysis revealed six themes, each with subthemes: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Students displayed poor awareness towards ED signs and symptoms, causes and help sources. Students were not stigmatising towards EDs, but many perceived them as a female problem and believed society to be stigmatising. Many referenced informal sources of information such as social media and expressed a desire for ED teaching. Sex did not have a significant influence on knowledge or opinions of EDs in this study; however, there were some differences, for example, some males were more likely to see EDs as a weakness and to perceive themselves as having low levels of knowledge.ConclusionsUniversity students show broad awareness of EDs; however, knowledge of certain aspects of ED-MHL including help sources and symptom recognition was lacking. Although students were not stigmatising of EDs themselves, many perceived high levels of public stigma. This, alongside poor knowledge, may delay help-seeking. Campaigns educating students and the public about EDs would aid earlier diagnosis, improving long-term outcomes. Further research into awareness and knowledge in other populations would be beneficial.
Criteria to define rare diseases and orphan drugs: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Abozaid Ghada Mohammed , Kerr Katie , McKnight Amy , Al-Omar Hussain A 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionRare diseases (RDs) are often chronic and progressive life-threatening medical conditions that affect a low percentage of the population compared with other diseases. These conditions can be treated with medications known as orphan drugs (ODs). Unfortunately, there is no universal definition of RDs or ODs. This systematic review (SR) will identify the quantitative and qualitative criteria and the underlying rationale used internationally to define RDs and ODs.Methods and analysisThis protocol follows the conventions for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (2015 guidelines). A SR will be conducted, including a search of the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, GreyLit and OpenGrey. Eligible publications will be selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Extracted data will be analysed using thematic and content analyses of qualitative descriptors, whereas quantitative data will be analysed descriptively and reported in the form of frequencies and percentages.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required since this SR focuses on the secondary analysis of data retrieved from the scientific literature. The outcomes of this SR will be published as part of a PhD thesis, presented at conferences, and published in peer-reviewed journals.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021252701.
Associations between night-time sleep duration and fasting glucose and ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among adults free of type 2 diabetes or without diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, cross-sectional study in China
Authors: He Jiangshan , Hong Chenglin , Zhang Li , Li chunjun , Wang Yuxue , Fan Yaqi , Guo Pei , Zhang Binbin , Qi Xin , Chen Shuo , Niu Yu-jie , Liu Feng , Zhang Rong , Li Qiang , Ma Shitao , Zhang Mianzhi , Zhang Minying 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the associations between night-time sleep duration and fasting glucose (FG), triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and body mass index (BMI) among adults free of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or without diagnosed T2D.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingMedical examination centres at six hospitals in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited via multistage, stratified cluster sampling. We included adults free of T2D or without diagnosed T2D who attended for physical examination and completed the validated questionnaire. 32 497 participants were included in the study, of whom 52.50% were men.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFG, TG, HDL-C, height and weight were measured.ResultsOverall, 12.80% and 9.67% reported night sleep duration <7 hours and ≥9 hours, respectively; 6.91% had elevated FG and 3.57% had undiagnosed T2D. Sleep duration had an independent, U-shaped associated with FG (β1(linear term)=−0.111, p=0.047; β2(quadratic term)=0.008, p=0.026) with 6.9 hours of sleep associated with the lowest FG and a negative association with BMI (β=−0.154, p<0.001). BMI mediated a U-shaped association of sleep duration with TG/HDL-C (β1=−0.040, p=0.017; β2=0.003, p=0.023).ConclusionsBoth short and long night-time sleep was associated with elevated FG, and short sleep duration was associated with increased BMI. BMI mediated a U-shaped association between sleep duration and TG/HDL-C.