bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Low Temperature and Light on Foliar Injury to Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Smit-Spinks Barbara , Swanson Bert T. , Markhart Albert H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship of foliar injury in Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) to low temperature and irradiance levels was studied in growth chambers at –l°C(warm) and –7°(cold) under 3 light treatments: 1) nonshaded (1000 watt, Metalarc), 2) 47% shade cloth, and 3) 4-mil white polyethylene. During the 9-week treatment period, plants were tested for hardiness, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, and relative water content. Foliar injury was observed in plants under the cold treatment but the degree of injury was not related to irradiance level. After 6 weeks, electrolyte leakage levels were greater than 50% for all cold-treated plants. No foliar injury occurred on warm-treated plants regardless of light treatment. Minimizing desiccation and rapid temperature fluctuations did not prevent injury. Needle water content of plants from both temperature regimes decreased about 6% over the duration of the experiment. Maximum foliar temperature fluctuations were 5.5° (l.l°/minute) and 4° (0.8°/minute) in the cold and warm chambers, respectively. Although warm-treated plants showed no injury during the treatment period, they deteriorated after several weeks in the greenhouse. Severe root injury to the warm-treated plants may have caused this deterioration.
Water Relations and Frond Curl of Cut Leatherleaf Fern
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E. , Stamps Robert H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst) Ching] fronds became desiccated rapidly after harvest with water potential decreasing from -0.45 to -1.75 MPa within 30 minutes. Partial closing of stomates 30 minutes after harvest accounted for a decrease in the rate of frond desiccation and frond water potential was -2.26 MPa after 180 minutes. Postharvest frond desiccation to water potentials of -1, -2, and -3 MPa in the field prior to water dip and cold storage resulted in frond curl of 32, 56, and 84%, respectively, when placed in postharvest rooms. Water uptake decreased during the first 4 days in postharvest rooms. Declining frond water potentials suggested reduced rate of water uptake was due to blockage of the xylem. However, no obstructions were observed at cut end of stipe from fern with frond curl or those not exhibiting frond curl. Frond water potentials were lower one hour after harvest than when undergoing normal postharvest senescence. Fronds did not exhibit normal drought-imposed wilt or frond curl during prestorage stress. Desiccation resulted in frond curl in some experiments but had little effect in others. These results indicate that frond curl can be triggered by desiccation stress but other factors are predisposing fronds to this disorder.
Effect of Shade on Photosynthesis, Specific Leaf Weight, Leaf Chlorophyll Content, and Morphology of Young Peach Trees
Authors: Kappel Frank , Flore J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven] trees were grown outdoors under 4 different shade levels (100%, 36%, 21%, and 9% of full sun). Shoot length, internode length, and node number were unaffected by shade, but heavy shade (9% full sun) reduced stem diameter 24%. Compared to those in full sun, average leaf areas were increased 18%, 30%, and 20% by 36%, 21%, and 9% shade, respectively. Shading caused a more horizontal leaf orientation and lower specific leaf weight. Both average and maximum photosynthetic rate per unit area or per mg chlorophyll decreased with shading, but increased with shading when expressed per unit dry weight. Chlorophyll content per unit leaf area increased with shading, but stomatal resistance was unaffected. Leaves from shade treatments became light-saturated between 400 and 600 µEs-1m-2; full-sun leaves became light-saturated at 700-900 µEs-1m-2.
Polysomal Population in Relation to Ethylene Production and the Senescence of Cut Carnation Flowers and Floral Parts
Authors: Bufler G. , Romani R.J. , Reid M.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ribosomes were isolated from styles, receptacles, and petals of cut ‘White Sim’ carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) during flower senescence. In all flower parts the percentage of polysomes decreased for a few days after cutting and then increased coincident with the surge of ethylene production in the final stages of floral senescence. Changes in the polysomal population in petals excised from the same flower at progressive stages of its senescence were identical with those obtained from petals excised from different flowers at similar stages of senescence. The polysomal data confirm the occurrence of increased protein synthesis coincident with ethylene production and the senescence of cut carnation flowers.
An Analysis of Several Climatic Temperature Variables Dealing with Olive Reproduction
Authors: Denney James O. , McEachern George R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Of several temperature variables that have been suggested to account for flowering and fruiting in the olive (Olea europaea L.) only one—days on which the mean temperature is > 12.2°C and < 13.3°—finds significant expression in the climates of olive-producing regions. Study sites show a mean value of 17.1 ± 4.5 of such days in the period from October 1 to May 31 per year. It can be assumed that vernalization leading to flowering in the olive proceeds when active growth has ceased and when progress of the day’s temperature leads through approximately 12.5°. In olive-producing regions, when mean daily mean temperature is approximately 12.5°, mean daily maximum temperature is 18° and mean daily minimum temperature is 7°.
Effects of Soil pH, Phosphorus Rates, Deep Tillage Practices, and Clay Additions on Peach Tree Performance in Deep Sandy Soils of North Carolina
Authors: Cummings George A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of soil pH, tillage practices, P application, and the addition of clay at the planting site on tree size, fruit yield, fruit size, and tree longevity of peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] for 20 growing seasons are reported. Because of widespread tree death, ‘Loring’ trees were removed after 9 years and the orchard replanted to ‘Winblo’. Soil pH below 5.6 resulted in poor tree growth, low fruit yield, and small fruit size compared to trees grown in soils at higher pH. In the final 10 years of the experiment, marked improvement in tree size, fruit yield, fruit size, and longevity were evident as soil pH increased. The effect of 3 tillage practices—normal plow to a depth of 20 cm, normal plow to a depth of 20 cm plus a 75-cm-diameter ⨯ 122-cm-deep hole at the planting site, and deep plowing to a depth of 58 cm—varied with cultivar. Both methods of soil profile modification (which penetrated the A2 horizon) resulted in increased yield and tree size compared to normal plowing to 20 cm with ‘Loring’ during the first 9 years. During the final 10 years, fruit yield was lower and tree death greater in the deep-plow plots, but there were no differences in fruit yield, tree size, or tree longevity between the other tillage treatments. Phosphorus rates (0, 15, and 30 kg/ha annually) or clay additions did not influence tree size, fruit yield, or tree survival. Results of this study lend strong support for the maintenance of soil pH above 5.6 and good evidence that increase in tree growth, fruit yield, and tree longevity is further enhanced when soil pH is maintained above 6.0.
Results of Eight Years with CGA-15281 as a Postbloom Thinner for Peaches
Authors: Gambrell C.E. , Coston D.C. , Sims E.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ethylene-releasing agent CGA-15281 (2-chlorethyl-methylbis (phenylmethoxy) silane) effectively thinned fruit of several cultivars of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Thinning varied with cultivar, stage of development, concentration, and application technique. Negligible (<1%) leaf injury and drop occurred even at the higher (720 ppm) concentration over the 8-year period.
Dehydration Effects on Freezing Characteristics and Survival in Liquid Nitrogen of Desiccation-tolerant and Desiccation-sensitive Seeds
Authors: Becwar Michael R. , Stanwood Phillip C. , Leonhardt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dehydration effects on freezing characteristics and survival in liquid nitrogen were studied in 11 species of tropical seeds and in silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seeds. Differential thermal analysis was used to determine the threshold moisture level below which seed tissue water was in an unfreezable state. Desiccation-sensitive seeds, areca palm [Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (Bory) Wendl.] and silver maple, did not survive dehydration below the threshold moisture level and did not survive exposure to liquid nitrogen. Nine of 10 desiccation-tolerant seeds [strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum Sabine; passion fruit, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.; Ceara rubber, Manihot glaziovii Mull. Arg.; dwarf schefflera, Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merrill; common guava, Psidium guajava L.; papaya, Carica papaya L., apple of sodom, Solarium sodomeum L.; prickly poppy, Argemone glauca Pope; and seamberry, Sabalparviflora Becc.] survived dehydration to as low as 2% to 12% moisture content (below the threshold moisture levels determined) and in the dehydrated state survived exposure to liquid nitrogen. Coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. Bourbon) seeds tolerated dehydration to as low as 8% moisture content but did not survive exposure to liquid nitrogen. These results demonstrate the feasibility of cryopreserving seed germplasm of several tropical species.
Growth of Lettuce, Spinach, Mustard, and Wheat Plants under Four Combinations of High-pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, and Tungsten Halogen Lamps at Equal PPFD
Authors: Tibbitts T.W. , Morgan D.C. , Warrington I.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids), spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. Bouquet), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Karamu) were grown at 2 photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD 400 to 700 nm at 320 and 700 μmol s−1m−2 under 4 lamp treatments: metal halide lamps alone, high-pressure sodium lamps alone, metal halide plus tungsten halogen lamps (ca. 1:1 installed wattage), and metal halide plus high-pressure sodium lamps (ca. 1:1 installed wattage). Plants of all species grew well under all treatments and no growth abnormalities were apparent at harvest. It is concluded that dry-weight increase was determined by PPFD and not by spectral irradiance. However, lettuce, spinach, and mustard hypocotyl elongation was greater in young plants grown under the high-pressure sodium lamps in comparison with those grown under the metal halide or metal halide plus tungsten halogen treatments. A strong negative relationship between hypocotyl length and blue photon flux density (400–495 nm) was demonstrated. Anthesis of wheat occurred at the same time under all lamp treatments, but anthesis of mustard differed by 2 days at the higher PPFD and 4 days at the lower PPFD among lamp treatments. The time of anthesis for mustard was found to be weakly but positively correlated with the calculated phytochrome photoequilibrium. Chlorophyll concentrations in young lettuce and spinach plants growing under the high-pressure sodium lamps were 55% and 26% lower, respectively, than those in plants growing under metal halide lamps at the high PPFD level. However, final dry weight was unaffected by any of these morphological differences in the early growth stages.
Influence of Time of Summer Pruning and Limb Orientation on Yield, Fruit Size, and Quality of Vigorous ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Myers S.C. , Ferree D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vigorous, 5-year-old trees of apple [Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Prince Delicious/Malling (M) 9] were unpruned or pruned on July 3, August 3, or September 3 in 1979 and 1980. July and August pruning maintained number of fruit/tree and July pruning increased the number of fruit borne in the canopy interior compared to the unpruned control. September pruning decreased fruit numbers compared to July and unpruned trees. July and August but not September pruning reduced cork spot. Pruning reduced fruit size, soluble solids, and watercore but did not affect fruit color or flesh firmness. Limb orientation had no effect on fruit number, soluble solids, or watercore, but fruit on vertical limbs were better-colored and smaller than those on horizontal limbs. Spur-borne fruit in the canopy interior were larger, but less colored, compared to fruit on horizontal and vertical limbs located near the canopy periphery.
Response of Young ‘Topred Delicious’ Apple Trees to Orchard Floor Management and Fertilization
Authors: Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of ‘Topred Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh)/Malling Merton (MM) 111 apple trees during the first 5 years in the orchard was significantly affected by the orchard floor management system. Trees grown in a mowed sod were smaller and had a significantly lower yield efficiency (kg/cm2) than those grown under cultivation or a herbicide strip system. N source or rate did not influence growth or average yield/tree; fruit size and bitter pit development were significantly greater where a complete fertilizer (10N-4P-8K) was applied. N increased tree growth under sod but not under a cultivated or herbicide strip managment system. Growth response in the first year was increased when larger-sized trees were planted under a weed-free management system and trees were headed to 76 cm.
Decomposition and Metabolism of the Ethylene-releasing Compound CGA-15281 in Peach Orchard Soils
Authors: Kays Stanley J. , Arrendale Richard F. , Seeley Schuyler D. , Couvillon Gary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Decomposition and metabolism of the ethylene-releasing plant growth regulator, (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane (CGA-15281), was studied over a 14-month period in 3 peach orchard soils. The molecule decomposed rapidly when exposed to a soil environment. Major decomposition products were: ethylene, benzyl alcohol, and low levels of (2-chloroethyl)methyl(phenylmethoxy)chlorosilane and (dichloromethyl)(chloroethylmethylphenylmethoxy)disiloxane which appear to be formed in side reactions of CGA-15281 breakdown. The compounds have molecular ions of 247 and 341 and display molecular ion isotope patterns consistent with molecules containing 2 and 3 chlorine atoms, respectively. Methoxy positions on the parent molecule were largely metabolized to CO2, while the ethyl group was primarily liberated as ethylene. The methyl group on the parent molecule remained bound to the silicon atom, forming insoluble organosilicates; little was metabolized by soil microorganisms to CO2. Soil type had a small but statistically significant effect on degree of release of ethylene from the chloroethyl positions; however, it did not affect metabolism of the methoxy group or degree of partitioning of the methyl group into insoluble compounds. This difference in ethylene release could not be explained by differences in pH, percentage of organic matter, or cation exchange capacity of the soils tested. Soil pH had a pronounced effect on the rate of breakdown of the parent molecule with the most rapid decomposition at low pH.
Effect of Plant Population and Planting Date on Root and Starch Production of Buffalo Gourd Grown as an Annual
Authors: Nelson J.M. , Scheerens J.C. , Berry J.W. , Bemis W.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper “Effect of Plant Population and Planting Date on Root and Starch Production of Buffalo Gourd Grown as an Annual” by J.M. Nelson, J.C. Scheerens, J.W. Berry, and W.P. Bemis [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci 108(2): 198–201, 1983), 2 incorrect quadratic equations are given. In Fig. 3 and on page 199, column 2, line 11, the equation Y = 676 + 0.8X - 0.000072X2 should be Y = 6.8 x 103 + (8.0 x 10-2)X - (7.2 x 10-8)X2. In Fig. 4, the equation Y = 462 + 1.27X - 0.000145X2 should be Y - 4.6 x 102 + (1.3 x 10-2)X - (1.5 x 10-8)X2.
Use of Freeze-drying and Acetone Impregnation with Natural and Synthetic Anti-oxidants to Improve Storability of Onion, Pepper, and Parsley Seeds
Authors: Woodstock L.W. , Maxon Susan , Faul Karen , Bass Louis 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of onion (Allium cepa L.), pepper (Capsicum annum L.), and parsley [Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill] were freeze-dried to moisture levels of 2% to 5% and stored in desiccators over zeolite for 6 to 9 years at 21°, -12°, -70°C, during the entire period, or at 40° for 2 years followed by ambient temperatures. Freeze-drying improved storability of onion at 21°. A 2-year period at 40° killed the pepper seed and accelerated subsequent deterioration of onion and parsley at ambient temperatures. Freeze-drying prior to storage was effective in reducing the rate of deterioration of onion and pepper seeds during and after 40° exposure, but did not reduce deterioration of parsley seeds. Storage at —70° did not improve storability over that at —12° for any of the 3 species studied. Impregnation for 4 hours with 20 units/ml Vitamin E and 10-l m butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) [2,6-bis(l,l-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol] in acetone improved storability of parsley and onion seeds. Although these natural and synthetic anti-oxidants may be used alone or with freeze-drying to prolong seed storability, improvements over that obtained by freeze-drying alone were minimal. The data indicate that freeze-drying markedly improves the long-term storability of onion and pepper seeds, particularly when seeds are exposed to warm (40°) or moderate (21°) temperatures during part or all of the storage period. Potential applications of the freeze-drying technique are discussed.
Selection and Genetics of Nectary Development in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Brassica campestris
Authors: Leung H. , Niu Xin-ke , Erickson E.H. , Williams P.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nectary development in cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) Brassica campestris L. was partially restored through 3 cycles of selection for nectary size and number. No major anatomical differences between nectaries of normal and cms plants were apparent under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Half-sib family analysis of nectary development showed negligible additive genetic variance but a prominent maternal effect. Differential response to selection observed in 3 pedigrees suggests the possibility of capitalizing on nuclear-cytoplasmic diversity for the improvement of nectary function.
Effects of GA3 and NAA on Leaf Lamina Unfolding and Flowering of Cyclamen persicum
Authors: Lyons Robert E. , Widmer Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatments with gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or their combination to Cyclamen persicum Mill. ‘Swan Lake’ plants resulted in separate, antagonistic, or cooperative effects on leaf lamina unfolding, days to flowering, number of leaves at first flower, and length of the first flower's peduncle. Generally, GA3 accelerated plant growth nonspeciflcally, resulting in plants which flowered earlier than untreated plants, but with a similar number of leaves at first bud flowering. The combination of GA3 plus NAA specifically accelerated flowering, but this effect diminished as the treatment frequency or quantity of the NAA application increased.
Influence of Seed Quality on Ethylene Production of Germinating Snap Beans
Authors: Samimy Cyrus , Taylor A.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Deterioration of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed quality during accelerated aging at 42°C and 100% relative humidity was accompanied by a decline in germination, radicle emergence, hypocotyl length, and ethylene production. Field emergence of 5 seed lots had a highly significant correlation with ethylene production rates when measured after 22 to 23.5 hours of imbibition at 25°. Seed lots that produced low levels of ethylene emerged poorly in the field. Results indicate that determination of ethylene production of imbibed seeds might be a useful method for detecting changes in seed vigor.
Utilization of Recycled Irrigation Water on Marigolds Fertilized with Osmocote and Constant Liquid Fertilization
Authors: Koch Gary M. , Holcomb E. Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrate and K ions did not accumulate significantly in the irrigation reservoir when the leachate from Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K or constant liquid fertilization (CLF) was utilized. No accumulation of salts occurred whether ‘Scarlet Sophia’ marigolds (Tagetes patula L.) were irrigated by capillary mat or trickle tube. With one exception, plants fertilized with Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K at the recommended rate (lx) or twice (2x) the recommended rate produced plants equal to or better than CLF at 100 ppm N. Except for recycled CLF, macronutrient content of plant tissues was within acceptable ranges. Fertilizer treatments did not affect the number of days to flower. The combination of Osmocote fertilization and capillary mat irrigation was more effective in producing high-quality plants than Osmocote fertilization and trickle-tube irrigation. Tap-water utilization was reduced substantially by using recycled water.
Ground Color Measurements of Peach
Authors: Delwiche Michael J. , Baumgardner Reginald A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship of ground color to maturity was examined for 13 cultivars of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Samples representing a range in maturity for each cultivar were tested for flesh firmness and surface ground color at harvest. After ripening, the same lots of peaches were measured for ground color, soluble solids, titratable acid, taste, and visual appearance. Color was measured with a colorimeter in Hunter “L”, “a”, and “b” color coordinates and compared with a series of color references. Peaches selected as being of threshold maturity at harvest, based on taste ratings and firmness, showed average ground color readings of L = 61.2, a = −5.4, and b = 26.8, with results for individual cultivars narrowly distributed in this region of color space. Differences in ground color for varying maturities occurred primarily in the “a” coordinate, which increased as maturity advanced. On average, ground color was a better at-harvest indicator of edible quality after ripening than flesh firmness. Color references used for grading in California did not match actual ground color measurements for peaches grown in South Carolina.
Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Water Stress on Growth and Water Relations of Young Sweet Corn Plants
Authors: Tesha Andrew J. , Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Iochief) were grown in sand with 3 rates of N at a moderate and severe water-stress rate produced by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) to the nutrient solution. As water stress increased, dry-matter production decreased. Increasing N rate compensated in part for the loss in dry-matter production that resulted from the water stress. Leaf chlorophyll levels and stomatal density on the abaxial leaf surface increased with an increase in N, and a faster recovery of the relative water content of leaf tissue following waterstress treatment occurred. All 3 responses could have contributed to the N response in dry-matter production observed at the 2 water-stress levels. A low N rate may aid young sweet corn seedlings under severe water stress to resist drought, as indicated by a stabilization in dry-matter production in plants receiving only 8 mm N in the nutrient solution when moving from moderate to severe water stress. These plants had a higher relative water content and leaf water potential under severe water stress than plants receiving higher rates of N, which may have contributed to the ability of plants receiving a low-N rate to cope with the severe water stress.