bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflection Point: The Role of Testing in Admissions Decisions in a Postpandemic Environment
Authors: Camara Wayne J. , Mattern Krista 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn 2020, the onset of COVID‐19 greatly restricted access to admissions testing in higher education and required innovative solutions and flexibility such as at home testing with remote proctoring, reducing testing time, pop‐up locations, and additional testing dates. Increased focus on social justice, diversity, and fairness continued to concern admissions professionals during this time. This article is intended to provide an update (Camara) on admissions testing as we enter 2022, documenting enhancements and changes across testing programs. In addition, we report recent data and findings on applications, enrollment, and test taking, as well as the prevalence of test optional and test blind policies and its impact on score sending in undergraduate, graduate, business, law, and medical schools. It is important to note that many questions remain unanswered. Our original intent was to include more information on the impact of test‐optional polices on diversity as we thought the pandemic would be in the rear‐view mirror by now. Given the lingering effects of the pandemic, it will be critical to evaluate the impact of these policies changes on the entering class of 2021 and beyond as those data become available.
Predictors of sustained response and effects of the discontinuation of anti‐calcitonin gene related peptide antibodies and reinitiation in resistant chronic migraine
Authors: Iannone Luigi Francesco , Fattori Davide , Benemei Silvia , Chiarugi Alberto , Geppetti Pierangelo , De Cesaris Francesco 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeGuidelines for migraine prophylaxis suggest stopping medication after 6–12 months to reevaluate treatment appropriateness. The Italian Medicines Agency set a mandatory regulation to stop anti‐calcitonin gene related protein (CGRP) pathway monoclonal antibody (anti‐CGRP mAb) treatments for 3 months after 12 months of treatment. Herein, the effects of discontinuation and retreatment of anti‐CGRP mAbs in resistant chronic migraine patients are assessed, evaluating predictive factors of sustained response.MethodsThis was a monocentric prospective cohort study, enrolling 44 severe (resistant to ≥3 preventive treatments) chronic migraine patients (all with medication‐overuse), treated with erenumab (54.5%) or galcanezumab (45.5%) for 12 months, who discontinued treatment for 3 months and then restarted for 1 month.ResultsOverall, patients reported an increasing deteriorating trend during the 3 months of discontinuation. Monthly migraine days, number of analgesics, days with at least one analgesic used, a ≥50% response rate (reduction in monthly migraine days), and Migraine Disability Assessment Score and Headache Impact Test 6 total score, remained lower than baseline values, but increased compared to month 12 of treatment. All outcome measures decreased again during the month of retreatment. Patients who did not meet criteria for restarting treatment had a lower Migraine Disability Assessment Score (p = 0.03) and Headache Impact Test 6 (p = 0.01) score at baseline and better outcome measures during discontinuation compared to patients who restarted treatment.ConclusionsIn most patients, the 3‐month discontinuation of anti‐CGRP mAbs resulted in progressive migraine deterioration that was rapidly reverted by retreatment. However, one‐quarter of patients who reported better quality of life indices before treatment showed a sustained benefit during discontinuation and did not need retreatment.
Antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and depression‐like effects of hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide in rats and the role of opioidergic and serotonergic systems in antinociceptive activity
Authors: Baskin Veysel , Eroglu Ezgi , Harmanci Nusin , Erol Kevser 
Published: January 2022

Abstractl‐Arginine, a nitric oxide (NO) donor; sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor; and tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer (CORM‐2), carbon monoxide (CO) donor, are characterized as bioactive gas mediators that have been researched for their roles in human physiology. This study aimed to compare the effects of these mediators on pain, anxiety, and depression. Ninety‐one adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used for the experiments. Locomotor activity, elevated plus maze, forced swimming, tail clip, hot plate, and writhing tests were used for the assessments after the administration of l‐arginine (30–100 mg/kg), a NO donor; NaHS (5–10 mg/kg), a H2S donor; and CORM‐2 (5–10 mg/kg), CO donor. Intraperitoneal H2S, NO, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No statistical significance was found in the locomotor activity. NO and CO significantly extended latency at high doses in tail clip test. No significant activity was observed at any dose of all three substances on a hot plate. Both doses of CO and high doses of NO and H2S showed an antinociceptive effect in the writhing test. While the opioidergic system plays a role in the spinal antinociceptive effect of l‐arginine, both serotonergic and opioidergic systems play a role in its peripheral antinociceptive effect. The serotonergic system plays a role in the peripheral antinociceptive effect of CORM‐2. The time spent in open arm increased significantly in all groups an elevated plus maze. High doses of all three substances significantly increased the duration of immobility in the forced swimming test. No statistical significance was observed in MDA, GSH, and TNF‐α levels. High doses of NO and CO showed a spinal antinociceptive effect. Both doses of CO and high doses of NO and H2S showed a peripheral antinociceptive effect. All three agents showed anxiolytic and depression‐like effects.
Emerging wild virus of native grass bioenergy feedstock is well‐established in the Midwestern USA and associated with premature stand senescence
Authors: Malmstrom Carolyn M. , Busch Anna K. , Cole Ellen A. , Trebicki Piotr , Bernardo Pauline , Brown Ally K. , Landis Douglas A. , Werling Ben P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe North American native prairie grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is a primary bioenergy feedstock candidate. Its widespread distribution and genetic diversity enable the possibility of developing this perennial grass for high production in a variety of conditions, including on marginal lands. A critical concern in feedstock development and deployment is the risk of novel pathogen emergence. Here, we investigate the landscape‐scale prevalence and epidemiology of a little‐studied North American virus that was first detected in switchgrass and other grasses in bioenergy trials in the US Midwest. Switchgrass mosaic virus (SwMV, Genus Marafivirus, Family Tymoviridae) is transmitted by leafhoppers and is phylogenetically a sister to Maize rayado fino virus, a significant pathogen of maize in parts of the Americas. Our goal was to determine whether SwMV is uniquely limited to specific bioenergy trials or well‐established and circulating more broadly. We used molecular diagnostics to quantify naturally occurring SwMV infection in leafhoppers and switchgrass in naturalistic stands throughout a large Midwestern landscape, and quantified leafhopper abundances and stand performance. Our analysis revealed that this apparently wild virus is well‐established and widespread. Infection was present at nearly all sites, across diverse landscape contexts, with its prevalence ranging as high as 33%–60%. Infection appeared to accumulate and persist in stands over time. It was associated with increases in premature stand senescence but not with reductions in stand height. Although wild viruses are believed to evolve benign relationships with their natural hosts, these data suggest that SwMV has the potential to impact yield components. Viruses are frequently overlooked in crop development efforts, but they represent the majority of emerging plant pathogens. For SwMV, it is imperative to quantify its impact on host performance, to identify the extent of any host resistance, and to assess any risks of virus spillover to agricultural plantings of other Poaceae species, including maize and sorghum.
Fundic gland polyps related to diverse aetiologies show subtle morphological differences: a multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Kővári Bence , El Naili Reima , Pereira Daniela Vinha , Kumarasinghe Priyanthi , De Boer Willem Bastiaan , Jiang Kun , Pimiento Jose M , Fukuda Masahide , Misdraji Joseph , Kushima Ryoji , Lauwers Gregory Y 
Published: January 2022

AimsFundic gland polyps (FGPs) comprise 66% of all gastric polyps. Although they are usually non‐syndromic, they may be associated with various syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS). We aimed to evaluate how histological features relate to distinct FGP subtypes.Methods and resultsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 118 FGPs from 109 patients for the architecture of fundic glands, microcyst lining, parietal cell hyperplasia and surface foveolar epithelial changes. Age, gender and history of FAP or GAPPS were collected. Based on combinations of histological features, three distinct patterns (A, B and C) of FGPs were delineated and correlated to the aetiologies. Non‐syndromic FGPs were well‐formed polyps composed of disordered fundic glands with intermediate‐sized microcysts typically lined by a mixture of oxyntic and mucin‐secreting cells (73%). Parietal cell hyperplasia (80%) and foveolar surface hyperplasia (78%) were common. FAP‐associated cases demonstrated small microcysts that were predominantly lined by fundic epithelium (77%), with limited parietal cell hyperplasia (27%); foveolar hyperplasia was uncommon. GAPPS‐related polyps were the largest, with prominent, mucin‐secreting epithelium‐lined microcysts (73%). Hyperproliferative aberrant pits were universally present, whereas parietal cell hyperplasia was uncommon. Pattern A was identified in most non‐syndromic FGPs (74%) and in a minority of FAP‐related FGPs (26%). The majority (82%) of FAP‐related FGPs showed pattern B, but only 18% of non‐syndromic FGPs did. Pattern C consisted exclusively of GAPPS‐associated polyps.ConclusionsWe conclude that, although FGPs share similar histomorphology, subtle differences exist between polyps of different aetiology. In the appropriate clinical setting, the recognition of these variations may help to consider syndromic aetiologies.
Visit‐to‐visit variability in albuminuria predicts renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lin Chih‐Hung , Lai Ying‐Chuen , Chang Tien‐Jyun , Jiang Yi‐Der , Chang Yi‐Cheng , Chuang Lee‐Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to study the predictive ability of visit‐to‐visit variability in albuminuria for changes in renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsThe cohort study was carried out in a single medical center. In the model development cohort of 1008 subjects, we developed the albuminuria variability score (AVS) to evaluate the visit‐to‐visit variability in albuminuria, which was the percentage of the number of changes in the urine albumin : creatinine ratio ≥3.39 mg/mmol among all visit‐to‐visit urine albumin : creatinine ratio differences within an individual. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to predict the influence of AVS levels on the occurrence of study end‐points. In another independent validation cohort of 310 participants, survival analysis was carried out to evaluate the ability of AVS in predicting the study end‐point.ResultsIn the model development cohort, a higher AVS was associated with higher adjusted odds of having a declined or rapidly declined estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectory (1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.23–2.76 and 5.70, 95% confidence interval 2.28–14.25, respectively), a resultant eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (2.61, 95% confidence interval 1.63–4.16) and a >40% decline in eGFR from baseline (6.44, 95% confidence interval 2.15–19.26). In the validation cohort, a higher AVS independently predicted a 5‐year decrease of >40% in eGFR to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (adjusted hazard ratio 3.33, 95% confidence interval 1.10–10.05). Integrated discrimination index and concordance statistics showed that AVS significantly improved the predictive ability of the models.ConclusionsVisit‐to‐visit variability in albuminuria can independently predict long‐term renal function deterioration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the potential clinical applications.
Diagnosis and treatment of nail melanoma: a review of the clinicopathologic, dermoscopic, and genetic characteristics
Authors: Darmawan C.C. , Ohn J. , Mun J.‐H. , Kim S. , Lim Y. , Jo S.J. , Kim Y.‐g. , Kim B. , Seong M.‐W. , Kim B.J. , Lee C. , Kwak Y. , Chung H.J. , Virós A. , Lee D.Y. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNail melanoma (NM) is an important differential diagnosis in patients with longitudinal melanonychia. However, diagnosis is often challenging as it is difficult to differentiate from other pigmented nail disorders. The main challenge for diagnosis is obtaining adequate nail matrix biopsy specimens for histopathological assessment. Furthermore, the histopathological changes in the early stages of NM are subtle and contribute to a delay in diagnosis and care. Therefore, the integration of clinical and histopathological analyses is essential. Clinical and dermoscopic features, such as a broadened width of asymmetric bands in an irregular pattern, with multicolour pigmentation, periungual pigmentation, and continuous growth, are features that support the diagnosis of NM. The essential histological features that must be assessed are cellular morphology, architectural features, melanocyte density, and inflammatory changes. The reported mutations in NMs were BRAF (0–43%), NRAS (0–31%), KIT (0–50%), NF1 (0–50%), and GNAQ (0–25%). Surgery is the primary treatment for NM. The recommended treatment for in situ or minimally invasive NM is functional surgery, but cases with suspected bone invasion should be treated with amputation. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are indicated for advanced stages of NM. This review summarizes the updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of NM.
Epigenetic influences of mobile genetic elements on ciliate genome architecture and evolution
Authors: Timmons Caitlin M. , Shazib Shahed U. A. , Katz Laura A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMobile genetic elements (MGEs) are transient genetic material that can move either within a single organism's genome or between individuals or species. While historically considered “junk” DNA (i.e., deleterious or at best neutral), more recent studies reveal the potential adaptive advantages MGEs provide in lineages across the tree of life. Ciliates, a group of single‐celled microbial eukaryotes characterized by nuclear dimorphism, exemplify how epigenetic influences from MGEs shape genome architecture and patterns of molecular evolution. Ciliate nuclear dimorphism may have evolved as a response to transposon invasion and ciliates have since co‐opted transposons to carry out programmed DNA deletion. Another example of the effect of MGEs is in providing mechanisms for lateral gene transfer (LGT) from bacteria, which introduces genetic diversity and, in several cases, may drive ecological specialization in ciliates. As a third example, the integration of viral DNA, likely through transduction, provides new genetic materials and can change the way host cells defend themselves against other viral pathogens. We argue that the acquisition of MGEs through non‐Mendelian patterns of inheritance, coupled with their effects on ciliate genome architecture and persistence throughout evolutionary history, exemplify how the transmission of mobile elements should be considered a mechanism of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
Mitigating human impacts including climate change on proliferative kidney disease in salmonids of running waters
Authors: Ros Albert , Schmidt‐Posthaus Heike , Brinker Alexander 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOver the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have identified a decline in salmonid populations, possibly linked to infection with the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and the corresponding disease, that is, proliferative kidney disease (PKD). The life cycle of this myxozoan parasite includes sessile bryozoan species as invertebrate host, which facilitates the distribution of the parasite in running waters. As the disease outcome is temperature dependent, the impact of the disease on salmonid populations is increasing with global warming due to climate change. The goal of this review is to provide a detailed overview of measures to mitigate the effects of PKD on salmonid populations. It first summarizes the parasite life cycle, temperature‐driven disease dynamics and new immunological and molecular research into disease resistance and, based on this, discusses management possibilities. Sophisticated management actions focusing on local adaptation of salmonid populations, restoration of the riverine ecosystem and keeping water temperatures cool are necessary to reduce the negative effects of PKD. Such actions include temporary stocking with PKD‐resistant salmonids, as this may assist in conserving current populations that fail to reproduce.
Clinical 7T MRI for epilepsy care: Value, patient selection, technical issues, and outlook
Authors: Young Geoffrey S. , Kimbrell Vera , Seethamraju Ravi , Bubrick Ellen J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltra‐high‐field 7.0 Tesla (T) MRI offers substantial gains in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) over 3T and 1.5T, but for over two decades has remained a research tool, while 3T scanners have achieved widespread clinical use. This much slower translation of 7T relates to daunting technical challenges encountered in ultra‐high‐field human MR imaging. The recent introduction of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved clinical 7T scanners promises to be a watershed for many 7T neuroimaging applications, including epilepsy imaging. The high SNR of 7T allows clinical imaging of fine neuroanatomic detail at unprecedented spatial resolution, helping with detection and differentiation of subtle, potentially treatable lesions undetectable or suboptimally assessed at 3T. The accompanying research paper reports our group's analysis of 7T MRI efficacy in epilepsy treatment planning. Here, we introduce the technical background and clinical approach we currently use, in order to assist clinical epileptologists and neuroimagers contemplating, creating, or referring patients to a clinical 7T epilepsy imaging service. We describe a tiered epilepsy imaging strategy and protocols designed to optimize 7T value and work around signal intensity variation and signal loss artifacts, which remain significant challenges to full exploitation of 7T clinical value. We describe FDA‐approved techniques for mitigating these artifacts and briefly outline techniques currently under development, but not yet FDA approved. Finally, we discuss the major issues in 7T patient safety and toleration, outlining their physical causes and effects on workflow, and provide references to more comprehensive technical reviews for readers seeking greater technical detail.
Fungal endophytes vary by species, tissue type, and life cycle stage in intertidal macroalgae
Authors: Bonthond Guido , Barilo Anastasiia , Allen Ro J. , Cunliffe Michael , Krueger‐Hadfield Stacy A. 
Published: January 2022

Fungal symbionts of terrestrial plants are among the most widespread and well‐studied symbioses, relatively little is known about fungi that are associated with macroalgae. To fill the gap in marine fungal taxonomy, we combined simple culture methods with amplicon sequencing to characterize the fungal communities associated with three brown (Sargassum muticum, Pelvetia canaliculata, and Himanthalia elongata) and two red (Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus) macroalgae from one intertidal zone. In addition to characterizing novel fungal diversity, we tested three hypotheses: fungal diversity and community composition vary (i) among species distributed at different tidal heights, (ii) among tissue types (apices, mid‐thallus, and stipe), and (iii) among “isomorphic” C. crispus life cycle stages. Almost 70% of our reads were classified as Ascomycota, 29% as Basidiomycota, and 1% that could not be classified to a phylum. Thirty fungal isolates were obtained, 18 of which were also detected with amplicon sequencing. Fungal communities differed by host and tissue type. Interestingly, P. canaliculata, a fucoid at the extreme high intertidal, did not show differences in fungal diversity across the thallus. As found in filamentous algal endophytes, fungal diversity varied among the three life cycle stages in C. crispus. Female gametophytes were also compositionally more dispersed as compared to the fewer variable tetrasporophytes and male gametophytes. We demonstrate the utility of combining relatively simple cultivation and sequencing approaches to characterize and study macroalgal–fungal associations and highlight the need to understand the role of fungi in near‐shore marine ecosystems.
Doing boss‐like tasks and worker well‐being: Job enrichment revisited
Authors: Asuyama Yoko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study revisits the relationship between job enrichment and worker well‐being by analysing worker‐level data from around 20 countries. Job enrichment, which vertically expands jobs, is primarily measured by the novel ‘boss‐like tasks’ indicator, constructed from 42 task‐frequency data. The aim of job enrichment is to motivate workers. However, the study finds that even though average non‐boss workers doing more boss‐like tasks earn higher wages, they are not necessarily more satisfied with their jobs. The non‐positive or slightly negative association with satisfaction becomes positive when workers have low‐skilled blue‐collar jobs or when tasks involving planning and organizing are enriched.
Beethoven's Error? The Modulating Ritornello and the Type 5 Sonata in the Post‐Classical Piano Concerto
Authors: HORTON JULIAN 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTIn his analysis of the first movement of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3, Op. 37, Donald Francis Tovey dismissed Beethoven's decision to modulate for the second theme in the movement's opening tutti as an ‘error’ that gives the impression of a symphonic exposition rather than a concerto ritornello and thereby undermines the work's generic identity. For Tovey, Beethoven and practitioners falling under his influence misunderstood a fundamental formal principle, enshrined in Mozart's predominant habit of associating structural modulation with the solo exposition. More recent theories of concerto first‐movement form, including James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy's model of the ‘type‐5’ sonata, sustain both Tovey's view of Op. 37 and the normativity of Mozart's example. Drawing on a corpus study of 87 piano concerti by 20 composers written between 1789 and 1848, this paper challenges the centrality of the monotonal ritornello to the theory of the type 5 sonata. It demonstrates the overwhelming generic predominance of modulating ritornelli in this time and develops a post‐canonical theory of concerto first‐movement form that questions the centrality of Mozartian norms on historical and empirical grounds.