bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No smoking gun: tobacco taxation and smuggling in Sierra Leone
Authors: Gallien Max , Occhiali Giovanni 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the common industry claim that higher tobacco taxation leads to higher levels of smuggling, particularly in a limited state capacity setting.DesignThis paper evaluates the effects of a tobacco tax increase in Sierra Leone on smuggling by using gap analyses. Its models are based on multiple rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey and customs data as well as newly collected data on cigarette prices.ResultsThe paper shows that despite a substantial increase in cigarette taxation, and despite the absence of other formal tobacco control policies, smuggling has not increased in Sierra Leone. Its primary model shows a decrease in cigarette smuggling by 16.74% following the tax increase, alongside a decrease in cigarette consumption more widely and an increase in tax revenue.ConclusionsBy presenting a low income and lower enforcement capacity case study, this paper provides novel and critical evidence to the debate on the tax-smuggling link. Furthermore, it points to new questions on how states in these contexts can limit cigarette smuggling.
On Shielding Android’s Pending Intent from Malware Apps Using a Novel Ownership-Based Authentication
Authors: Pradeepkumar Duraisamy S. , Geetha S. , Cheng Xiaochun , Kadry Seifedine 
Published: June 2022

PendingIntent (PI) is an authority to use the sender’s permissions and identity by the receiver. Unprotected broadcast and PI s with an empty base intent are some of the vulnerable features that a malware utilizes to perform unauthorized access and privilege escalation (PE) attacks on the PI. To protect the PI from the above attacks, this paper proposes Sticky[Formula: see text]tent, an application-layer solution that uses ownership-based authentication to dynamically control the accessibility of the PI. Sticky[Formula: see text]tent is the first holistic work to use ownership-types to protect PI s from malware attacks. Some of the existing solutions follow static analysis of binary to identify the PI vulnerability. Through our empirical study using 23,922 apps, we found [Formula: see text]17% of PI-based vulnerabilities leads to unauthorized access and privilege escalation, which can be solved by using Sticky[Formula: see text]tent. We tested our model on the state-of-art applications and found an impressive harmonic mean (F1-score) value of 0.95–0.97 for intra and inter component analysis, which is 0.4–0.18 percentage more from the existing RAICC’s (a static analysis model instrumented with IccTA/Amandroid) result. As a proof-of-concept, we have taken a few real-world PI-based applications and replaced the PI with Sticky[Formula: see text]tent library. By comparing the result with RAICC, we can see that Sticky[Formula: see text]tent performs better in protecting PI dynamically from malware access. Though the proposed solution has an overhead of 0.005% per 5[Formula: see text]min application test, the end-user suffers only negligible execution overhead in the screen response and notification delays.
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Fractures: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xu Zhu , Hu Han , Wu Bin , Huang Chenglong , Liu Qin , Chen Bin 
Published: June 2022

Background. Although numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in promoting and enhancing bone healing, many orthopedic physicians remain skeptical of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of fractures. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of PRP in the treatment of fractures. Methods. We search for research on PRP treatment of fractures in Pubmed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane libraries. Two independent reviewers assessed included studies and met to develop a consensus on included studies. We also assessed the risk of bias using Review Manager 5.3 software. Results. The present meta-analysis included 10 randomized controlled trials (RCT) containing 652 patients. In the fixed-effect meta-analysis of 10 RCTs, 8 RCTs found that fracture patients benefited from PRP treatment. The use of PRP reduced the time of fracture healing in 4 RCTs. Three RCTs found that PRP adjuvant therapy enhanced bone mineral density in the fracture trace and reduced the time of bone regeneration in mandibular fractures patients (

standardized

mean

difference

SMD

=
−
1.99

,

95
%
confidence

interval

CI

=
−
2.64
–
−
1.35

). And 3 RCTs found that PRP adjuvant therapy decreased the risk of revision surgery in fracture patients (

SMD
=
1.83

,

95
%
CI
=
1.10
–
3.04

). Conclusion. PRP adjuvant therapy is beneficial for the treatment of fracture patients, particularly those with mandibular fractures, and decreased the risk of revision surgery in fracture patients.
Pore Structure of Oil Shale Heated by Using Conduction and Microwave Radiation: A Case Study of Oil Shale from the Fushun in China
Authors: Cheng Yao , Lin Shan , Ma Yulin 
Published: June 2022

To examine the evolution of the internal pore structure of and the law of changes in oil shale under different heating modes but at the same temperature, this study subjected

φ
20

mm
×
20

mm

specimens of oil shale to temperatures in the range of 20°C ~500°C by using a muffle furnace and a microwave pyrolysis device. We carried out experiments on the pyrolysis reaction under different temperatures and used scanning electron microscopy, backscattering, the mercury intrusion test, and MATLAB for a refined characterization of the specimens. The results showed that the microwave pyrolysis of oil shale was much shorter than its conduction-induced heating. As the microwave power increased, the time required to reach the target temperature decreased. The phenomenon of “hole blocking” was observed at 400°C ~500°C during conduction-based heating but did not occur in the microwave pyrolysis of oil shale. The porosity of oil shale heated by conduction was 3.4 times higher than its original porosity, whereas that of oil shale heated by microwave radiation was 4.9 times higher than its original value. It can be seen that compared with conduction heating, radiant heating makes the pyrolysis of organic matter in oil shale more complete. During the pyrolysis process of oil shale, the complete reaction of organic matter causes the thermal fracture of the oil shale to produce a large number of pores and interconnected cracks. Thereby, a seepage channel for pyrolysis gas and oil is formed, and the recovery rate of oil and gas is increased.
A Multi-State Survival Model for Time to Breast Cancer Mortality among a Cohort of Initially Disease-Free Women
Authors: Rosner Bernard , Glynn Robert J. , Eliassen A. Heather , Hankinson Susan E. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Chen Wendy Y. , Holmes Michelle D. , Mu Yi , Peng Cheng , Colditz Graham A. , Willett Walter C. , Tworoger Shelley S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
Identifying risk factors for aggressive forms of breast cancer is important. Tumor factors (e.g., stage) are important predictors of prognosis, but may be intermediates between prediagnosis risk factors and mortality. Typically, separate models are fit for incidence and mortality postdiagnosis. These models have not been previously integrated to identify risk factors for lethal breast cancer in cancer-free women.

Methods:
We combined models for breast cancer incidence and breast cancer–specific mortality among cases into a multi-state survival model for lethal breast cancer. We derived the model from cancer-free postmenopausal Nurses’ Health Study women in 1990 using baseline risk factors. A total of 4,391 invasive breast cancer cases were diagnosed from 1990 to 2014 of which 549 died because of breast cancer over the same period.

Results:
Some established risk factors (e.g., family history, estrogen plus progestin therapy) were not associated with lethal breast cancer. Controlling for age, the strongest risk factors for lethal breast cancer were weight gain since age 18: &gt; 30 kg versus ± 5 kg, RR = 1.94 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–2.74], nulliparity versus age at first birth (AAFB) &lt; 25, RR = 1.60 (95% CI = 1.16–2.22), and current smoking ≥ 15 cigarettes/day versus never, RR = 1.42 (95% CI = 1.07–1.89).

Conclusions:
Some breast cancer incidence risk factors are not associated with lethal breast cancer; other risk factors for lethal breast cancer are not associated with disease incidence.

Impact:
This multi-state survival model may be useful for identifying prediagnosis factors that lead to more aggressive and ultimately lethal breast cancer.
Extended Human Papillomavirus Genotyping to Predict Progression to High-Grade Cervical Precancer: A Prospective Cohort Study in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Bukowski Alexandra , Hoyo Cathrine , Hudgens Michael G. , Brewster Wendy R. , Valea Fidel , Bentley Rex C. , Vidal Adriana C. , Maguire Rachel L. , Schmitt John W. , Murphy Susan K. , North Kari E. , Smith Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackground:High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing is utilized in primary cervical cancer screening, generally along with cytology, to triage abnormalities to colposcopy. Most screening-based hrHPV testing involves pooled detection of any hrHPV or of HPV16/18. Cervical neoplasia progression risks based on extended hrHPV genotyping—particularly non-16/18 hrHPV types—are not well characterized. HPV genotype-specific incidence of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or more severe (CIN2+) following an abnormal screening result was examined.Methods:We assessed a US-based prospective, multiracial, clinical cohort of 343 colposcopy patients with normal histology (n = 226) or CIN1 (n = 117). Baseline cervical samples underwent HPV DNA genotyping, and participants were followed up to 5 years. Genotype-specific CIN2+ incidence rates (IR) were estimated with accelerated failure time models. Five-year CIN2+ risks were estimated nonparametrically for hierarchical hrHPV risk groups (HPV16; else HPV18/45; else HPV31/33/35/52/58; else HPV39/51/56/59/68).Results:At enrollment, median participant age was 30.1 years; most (63%) were hrHPV-positive. Over follow-up, 24 participants progressed to CIN2+ (7.0%). CIN2+ IR among hrHPV-positive participants was 3.4/1,000 person-months. CIN2+ IRs were highest for HPV16 (8.3), HPV33 (7.8), and HPV58 (4.9). Five-year CIN2+ risk was higher for HPV16 (0.34) compared with HPV18/45 (0.12), HPV31/33/35/52/58 (0.12), and HPV39/51/56/59/68 (0.16) (P = 0.05).Conclusions:Non-16/18 hrHPV types are associated with differential CIN2+ progression rates. HPV16, 33, and 58 exhibited the highest rates over 5 years. HPV risk groups warrant further investigation in diverse US populations.Impact:These novel data assessing extended HPV genotyping in a diverse clinical cohort can inform future directions to improve screening practices in the general population.
Mechanisms for the Sex-Specific Effect ofH. Pylorion Risk of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Wang Sabrina E. , Dashti S. Ghazaleh , Hodge Allison M. , Dixon-Suen Suzanne C. , Castaño-Rodríguez Natalia , Thomas Robert J.S. , Giles Graham G. , Milne Roger L. , Boussioutas Alex , Kendall Bradley J. , English Dallas R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackground:Mechanisms for how Helicobacter pylori infection affects risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus are incompletely understood and might differ by sex.Methods:In a case–control study nested in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study with 425 GERD cases and 169 Barrett's esophagus cases (identified at 2007–2010 follow-up), we estimated sex-specific odds ratios for participants who were H. pylori seronegative versus seropositive at baseline (1990–1994). To explore possible mechanisms, we (i) compared patterns of H. pylori-induced gastritis by sex using serum pepsinogen-I and gastrin-17 data and (ii) quantified the effect of H. pylori seronegativity on Barrett's esophagus mediated by GERD using causal mediation analysis.Results:For men, H. pylori seronegativity was associated with 1.69-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–2.75] and 2.28-fold (95% CI, 1.27–4.12) higher odds of GERD and Barrett's esophagus, respectively. No association was observed for women. H. pylori-induced atrophic antral gastritis was more common in men (68%) than in women (56%; P = 0.015). For men, 5 of the 15 per 1,000 excess Barrett's esophagus risk from being seronegative were mediated by GERD.Conclusions:Men, but not women, who were H. pylori seronegative had increased risks of GERD and Barrett's esophagus. A possible explanation might be sex differences in patterns of H. pylori-induced atrophic antral gastritis, which could lead to less erosive reflux for men. Evidence of GERD mediating the effect of H. pylori on Barrett's esophagus risk among men supports this proposed mechanism.Impact:The findings highlight the importance of investigating sex differences in the effect of H. pylori on risk of GERD and Barrett's esophagus in future studies.
Comparison of Carcinogen Biomarkers in Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes: The 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Special Sample
Authors: Lin Wenxue , Zhu Junjia , Hayes John E. , Richie John P. , Muscat Joshua E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
The US FDA announced its commitment to prohibiting menthol as a characterizing flavor in tobacco. The relationship between cigarette menthol and exposure to toxic substances in mainstream tobacco smoke is not well characterized.

Methods:
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015 to 2016 special sample were used to study markers of 26 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) in tobacco smoke. These include urine metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and heavy metals in exclusive menthol (n = 162) and nonmenthol (n = 189) cigarette smokers. Urine metabolites of 7 PAHs, 15 VOCs, and 4 heavy metal biomarkers were compared by menthol status. Multivariable analyses were conducted on creatinine-adjusted concentrations.

Results:
There were no significant differences in cotinine levels or in 22 of 26 HPHCs. Among the urine metabolites of PAHs, the levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were about 16% lower in menthol smokers. Among the urine metabolites of VOCs, menthol cigarette smokers presented significantly lower concentrations of acrylamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile. Menthol and nonmenthol smokers presented similar levels of heavy metals. Menthol did not affect the levels of cotinine and the nicotine metabolite ratio in urine.

Conclusions:
Menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes deliver similar levels of most HPHCs.

Impact:
Findings on toxicity are similar for menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes.
Weight Loss and/or Sulindac Mitigate Obesity-associated Transcriptome, Microbiome, and Protumor Effects in a Murine Model of Colon Cancer
Authors: Bowers Laura W. , Glenny Elaine M. , Punjala Arunima , Lanman Nadia A. , Goldbaum Audrey , Himbert Caroline , Montgomery Stephanie A. , Yang Peiying , Roper Jatin , Ulrich Cornelia M. , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Coleman Michael F. , Hursting Stephen D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. Our current study examines whether weight loss and/or treatment with the NSAID sulindac suppresses the protumor effects of obesity in a mouse model of colon cancer. Azoxymethane-treated male FVB/N mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks, then HFD mice were randomized to remain on HFD (obese) or switch to LFD [formerly obese (FOb-LFD)]. Within the control (LFD), obese, and FOb-LFD groups, half the mice started sulindac treatment (140 ppm in the diet). All mice were euthanized 7 weeks later. FOb-LFD mice had intermediate body weight levels, lower than obese but higher than control (P &lt; 0.05). Sulindac did not affect body weight. Obese mice had greater tumor multiplicity and burden than all other groups (P &lt; 0.05). Transcriptomic profiling indicated that weight loss and sulindac each modulate the expression of tumor genes related to invasion and may promote a more antitumor immune landscape. Furthermore, the fecal microbes Coprobacillus, Prevotella, and Akkermansia muciniphila were positively correlated with tumor multiplicity and reduced by sulindac in obese mice. Coprobacillus abundance was also decreased in FOb-LFD mice. In sum, weight loss and sulindac treatment, alone and in combination, reversed the effects of chronic obesity on colon tumor multiplicity and burden. Our findings suggest that an investigation regarding the effects of NSAID treatment on colon cancer risk and/or progression in obese individuals is warranted, particularly for those unable to achieve moderate weight loss.

Prevention Relevance:
Obesity is a colon cancer risk and/or progression factor, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Herein we demonstrate that obesity enhances murine colon carcinogenesis and expression of numerous tumoral procancer and immunosuppressive pathways. Moreover, we establish that weight loss via LFD and/or the NSAID sulindac mitigate procancer effects of obesity.
Catchment Areas, Community Outreach and Engagement Revisited: The 2021 Guidelines for Cancer Center Support Grants from the National Cancer Institute
Authors: Hiatt Robert A. , Kobetz Erin N. , Paskett Electra D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
New guidelines for Cancer Center Support Grants have recently been issued by the NCI that require increased attention to cancer center catchment areas and their community outreach and engagement activities [PAR-21–321]. Past experience with these requirements has engendered some confusion and frustration on the part of both researchers and reviewers that these new guidelines aim to dispel. In this commentary we, as experienced cancer center leaders in population sciences, offer our views on the most important aspects of the new guidelines and provide three examples of the kinds of programs that can apply cancer prevention and control research to improve cancer population health. With 71 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers in 36 states, the potential for broad impact on the reduction of the nation's cancer burden is enormous if the intended application of cancer center research to individuals and populations is fulfilled.
A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)
Authors: Lima Danilo Sabino da Silva , Paz Esau Marlon Franco da , El-Hani Charbel Niño , Japyassú Hilton Ferreira 
Published: June 2022

Organisms modulate the expression of their behaviours through environmental contexts. Several studies have suggested that the frequencies of social behaviours may differ between captive and free-living primates. In the present study, we compared the social behaviours displayed by captive and free-living groups of the bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus), describing and analysing their social behaviours. We observed through focal animal sampling 59 animals distributed in 10 social groups, analysing 191:45 h of videos of their behaviours. Captivity reduced the frequency of agonistic, but not of affiliative behaviours. Furthermore, neither group size nor sex could explain the overall variability in affiliative behaviour. We conclude that captivity has indeed an important impact only on some aspects of social behaviour, namely, on agonistic behaviours.
New records and a voucher collection of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) inhabiting agroforestry systems in the colombian amazon basin
Authors: Pérez-Benavides Alba Lucía , Malagon-Aldana Leonardo , Hanson Paul , Serna-Cardona Francisco Javier 
Published: June 2022

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) and copoazú (T. grandiflorum) agroecosystems represent a common source of income or many small-scale farmers in the Colombian Amazon basin. Most of these systems are set in low disturbance environments; they are considered biodiversity-friendly ecosystems inhabited by several groups of insects. In this study, we carried out a preliminary taxonomic inventory of the microhymenopteran parasitoids present in these agroforestry systems. Twenty-six localities of the Amazonian basin of Colombia were sampled using several insect collecting methods (Malaise trap, sweep net, pitfall, and rearing boxes). Collected specimens were curated and cataloged, establishing the first taxonomic voucher collection of parasitoids from the Colombian Amazon basin. We identified 767 specimens representing 64 species, 274 morphospecies, 143 genera and 20 families, 34 genera and 16 species of these being recorded for the first time in the country. The genus Gbelcia is reported for the first time from the Neotropical region. A new parasitoid-host relationship was found for Horismenus cupreus (Eulophidae) attacking larvae of Phyllocnistis sp. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), which feeds on Annona montana (Annonaceae) leaves.
Ambient Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis: A Potential Mediating Role of Sphingolipids
Authors: Xu Yifan , Han Yiqun , Wang Yanwen , Gong Jicheng , Li Haonan , Wang Teng , Chen Xi , Chen Wu , Fan Yunfei , Qiu Xinghua , Wang Junxia , Xue Tao , Li Weiju , Zhu Tong 
Published: June 2022

Background:
The pathophysiological mechanisms of air pollution-induced atherosclerosis are incompletely understood. Sphingolipids serve as biological intermediates during atherosclerosis development by facilitating production of proatherogenic apoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins. We explored whether sphingolipids mediate the proatherogenic effects of air pollution.

Methods:

This was a prospective panel study of 110 participants (mean age 56.5 years) followed from 2013 to 2015 in Beijing, China. Targeted lipidomic analyses were used to quantify 24 sphingolipids in 579 plasma samples. The mass concentrations of ambient particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM
2.5
) were continuously monitored by a fixed station. We evaluated the associations between sphingolipid levels and average PM
2.5
concentrations 1–30 days before clinic visits using linear mixed-effects models and explored whether sphingolipids mediate PM
2.5
-associated changes in the levels of proatherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins (LDL-C [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol] and non-HDL-C [nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol]) using mediation analyses.

Results:

We observed significant increases in the levels of non-HDL-C and fourteen sphingolipids associated with PM
2.5
exposure, from short- (14 days) to medium-term (30 days) exposure time windows. The associations exhibited near-monotonic increases and peaked in 30-day time window. Increased levels of the sphingolipids, namely, sphinganine, ceramide C24:0, sphingomyelins C16:0/C18:0/C18:1/C20:0/C22:0/C24:0, and hexosylceramides C16:0/C18:0/C20:0/C22:0/C24:0/C24:1 significantly mediated 32%, 58%, 35% to 93%, and 23% to 86%, respectively, of the positive association between 14-day PM
2.5
average and the non-HDL-C level, but not the LDL-C level. Similar mediation effects (19%–91%) of the sphingolipids were also observed in 30-day time window.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that sphingolipids may mediate the proatherogenic effects of short- and medium-term PM
2.5
exposure.