bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IR Thermographic Imaging - A Powerful Tool for On-Line Process Control of Thermal Spraying
Authors: Friedrich C.J. , Gadow R. , Killinger A. , Li C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Many thermal spray coating applications require an optimum performance regarding the thermal and mechanical stability of the layer composite. The maximum loads that a composite can sustain, are not only dependent on the intrinsic material properties of the coating, but are also subject to the quality of deposition. The quality of the coating is predominantly influenced by the temperature distribution during the deposition process thereby influencing the residual stress development. Therefore failure of a thermally sprayed coating under mechanical and/or thermal load often could be avoided by an adequate deposition process with well controlled heat and mass transfer, i. e. by avoiding hot-spots on the surface that result in high residual stresses in the composite. With the help of Infrared (IR) thermography an imaging of the lateral and spatial temperature field of a workpiece surface and its evolution in time can be monitored and visualised. In the presented work the atmospheric plasma spraying process serves as an example to demonstrate the suitability of thermographic imaging as a quality control and process optimisation technique for online process monitoring and control in thermal spraying. The results indicate that IR-thermography can be used as a flexible tool for on-line process control of coating manufacturing via thermal spraying, it offers a powerful way to optimise the deposition process.
Mechanical Fatigue Testing of Thermal Spray Coated Specimens: A Summary of Recent Developments
Authors: McGrann R.T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Cyclic, mechanical fatigue testing of coated materials has increased with the wider use of thermal spray coatings on components experiencing fatigue loading. Fatigue testing of coated specimens presents all of the difficulties associated with fatigue testing of uncoated specimens and several difficulties that do not arise when testing uncoated specimens. A summary of fatigue test methods and test specimen geometries for both coated and uncoated specimens is presented. Issues of specimen standardization, geometry, substrate preparation, and post-spray surface finishing are discussed. Several specimen configurations are described.
Influence of Coating Thickness and Contact Stress On the Fatigue Failure of HVOF Coatings
Authors: Ahmed R. , Hadfield M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Fatigue and delamination resistance of overlay coatings is critical to their performance in tribological applications involving Hertzian loading. This study addresses the influence of coating thickness and contact stress fields on the fatigue/delamination resistance of thermal spray (WC-12%Co) coatings, deposited by a JP-5000 system. These coatings were deposited in three different thicknesses on the surface of 440-C steel substrate cones. Fatigue tests were conducted using a modified four-ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration. Results are discussed in terms of Hertzian contact stress fields, coating thickness and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations to comprehend the performance and ascertain the fatigue failure modes of coated rolling elements. These results indicate that by appropriate control of coating thickness and tribological conditions, it is possible to achieve a fatigue life in excess of 70 million stress cycles without failure. Further studies in this field can thus trigger an area of new novel applications of thermal spray coatings.
Elastic Modulus Measurements of Air Plasma Sprayed Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia Coatings Using Laser Ultrasonics and Indentation Techniques
Authors: Vasquez D.L. , Kucuk A. , Lima R.S. , Senturk U. , Berndt C.C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was atmosphere plasma sprayed on to mild steel substrates. The spray parameters were varied to determine their effects on the elastic modulus of the coating. The parameters were (i) continuous spray vs. paused spray, (ii) bond coat vs. no bond coat, and (iii) cooled vs. not-cooled. The elastic modulus was measured using laser ultrasonics and Knoop Indentation. Using indentation, the continuous/ paused spray exhibited the greatest effect with the paused spray samples having a lower elastic modulus value regardless of the condition of the other parameters. The other parameters did not reveal any statistically significant effect. The laser ultrasonics measurements showed that cooling and no-cooling had a greater effect on elastic modulus, with the other parameters having little effect. Laser ultrasonics detected parameters whose influence can be detected near the surface (in this work the cooling and no-cooling), but did not detect those parameters that influence the properties throughout the coating. Indentation detected the parameters that influence the properties throughout the coating, in this work continuous and paused spraying.
HVOF Process Optimization for the Erosion Resistance of WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr Coatings
Authors: Arsenault B. , Legoux J.G. , Hawthorne H. , Immarigeon J.P. , Gougeon P. , Moreau C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that WC-12Co and WC- 10Co-4Cr coatings were the best performing HVOF coatings against erosion. This paper looks at the influences of the HVOF process parameters for WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr materials on the erosion resistance of the coatings. The effect of powder morphology, matrix chemistry and HVOF process parameters with respect to both silica slurry erosion and alumina dry erosion has been studied. All coatings were produced using the HVOF JP-5000 system with kerosene-oxygen flame. The spraying parameters were analyzed in term of sprayed particle velocity and temperature as measured with the DFV2000 optical diagnostic system. Simultaneously with in-flight particle measurements, the substrate-coating temperature was monitored by infrared pyrometry during coating deposition. The resulting coating microstructure was evaluated in terms of microhardness, porosity type and extent of wear damage after dry and slurry erosion. The material volume loss under various erosion conditions was related to the coating properties and microstructure. According to the experimental results, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) the kerosene flow rate affects the inflight particle state (velocity and temperature) and the coating porosity. 2) Cobalt-chrome matrix cermet performs better in slurry erosion while denser and harder cobalt matrix cermet performs better in dry erosion. 3) The use of kerosene-rich flame with lower oxygen stoichiometry reduces the carbide degradation and optimizes the wear performance of WC-12Co coatings in both dry and slurry erosion.
Improvement of Wear Resistance of Thermal Sprayed Molybdenum Coating by Diamond Deposition Using Combustion Flame CVD
Authors: Ando Y. , Fukuda K. , Tobe S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To improve wear resistance of the atmospheric thermal plasma sprayed molybdenum coating, diamond deposition on the molybdenum plate and the atmospheric plasma sprayed molybdenum coating by the combustion flame chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was carried out. Diamond has excellent properties such as low surface energy, hardness, chemical corrosion resistance ability and so on. Besides, since the combustion flame CVD is the process carried out in the air, diamond/ molybdenum complex coating can be deposited without any vacuum facilities by using this technique if molybdenum coating is deposited by atmospheric thermal spray. In this study, acetylene welding torch was used as diamond synthesis apparatus and mass flow ratio C2H2/O2 was varied from 0.9 to 1.3. Consequently, many diamond particles which were 10 micrometer in diameter respectively were deposited on the molybdenum plate by only 20 minutes combustion flame irradiation in the case of 1.2 in mass flow ratio of C2H2/O2. Especially, the molybdenum coating was covered with diamond films consists of 10 micrometer diameter particles in the case of over 1373K in deposition temperature. Besides, according to the results of wear testing, wear mass loss of diamond deposited coatings were much lower than that of original thermal sprayed molybdenum coatings. From these results, this process was found to have a high potential in order to improve wear resistance of thermal sprayed coating.
Roadmaps: Advanced Fault Isolation Techniques
Authors: Clark Richard , Rao Valluri , Vallett David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Technologies relatively new to failure analysis, like time-correlated photon counting, electro-optical probing, antireflective (AR) coating, Schlieren microscopy, and superconducting quantum interference (SQUID) devices are being leveraged to create faster, more powerful tools to meet increasingly difficult challenges in failure analysis. This article reviews recent advances and research in fault isolation and circuit repair.
Stress Voiding in IC Interconnects—Rules of Evidence for Failure Analysts
Authors: Filter William F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This is the second article in a two-part series on the causes of stress voiding and the evidence required to tie it to an IC interconnect failure. The first part, published in the November 1999 issue of EDFA, focuses on the causes and distinguishing characteristics of stress void failures. Here, that information is applied in the analysis of an actual case of stress voiding. The author explains how he developed evidence of stress, nucleation, and diffusion, the three phenomena required to differentiate stress voiding from other failure mechanisms, and how this evidence pointed to specific processing errors and suggested how to fix them. Although the investigation relied heavily on traditional observational tools, they were applied in new ways using a relatively new technique, FIB backside thinning, to gain critical proof of nucleation and confirm suspected processing errors.
Magnetic Field Imaging Using a "SQUID" for Fault Isolation
Authors: Knauss Lee A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recent work with a commercial instrument based on a SQUID sensor shows that magnetic field imaging can be very effective in isolating defect shorts in packages and dies. This technique is especially beneficial when the defect is buried under layers of metal, Si, or encapsulation materials. Many of these defects can be imaged for coarse localization without any deprocessing of the sample. SQUID sensors can produce weak current images even in the presence of background current five orders of magnitude stronger. This high sensitivity also enables effective imaging with much lower currents than thermal techniques.
Passivation Cracks in a Four-Level Metal Low-k Dielectric Backend Process – A Case Study
Authors: Olewine Michael C. , DiGregorio John F. , Colovos Gus J. , Saiz Kevin F. , Sun Hongjiang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This case study describes the difficulties and challenges failure analysts encountered in their nearly year-long investigation into the cause of cracking in a dielectric film. Despite the trend in microelectronics to use ever more costly and sophisticated equipment, this investigation was conducted using only SEM and optical microscope observations coupled with persistent detective work, which eventually uncovered to the cause.
Using Laboratory Simulation and Failure Analysis to Differentiate EOS and ESD Failures – An ISTFA ’99 Panel
Authors: Henry Leo G. , Chowdhury Vijay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
At the ISTFA ’99 event, the organizers arranged for the first time a panel discussion on failure analysis related purely to EOS/ESD issues. Each panelist presented their area of expertise followed by two hours of lively exchange with the attendees and among attendees. The panel discussed how to differentiate EOS and ESD failures. These failures are more critical with the industry move to submicron geometries and newer interconnect materials and other processing technologies, such as copper and flip-chip processing.
Rapid Failure Analysis on Advanced Microprocessors through Unit Level Traceability
Authors: Riordan Walter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Unit level traceability (ULT) is a powerful tool that allows complete die histories to be accessed in the course of testing and analysis. It is especially useful for identifying the likely causes of microprocessor failures and in cases where failure analysis resources are limited. In the article, the author explains how he used ULT in the investigation of a 0.25-µm CMOS processor. Using the ULT of the die, he discovered a failure signature based on die location on the wafer. One root cause of failure was traced to cross-field variation in the lithography process due to marginal focus control. Another failure, observed after burn-in, was traced to the presence of residual titanium left after metal etch.
Roadmap: Frontiers of Analytical Metrology for the Silicon Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Shaffner Thomas , Seiler David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The 1997 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS) and the 1999 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) include chapters outlining metrology needs for the silicon semiconductor industry during the next five years and beyond1. The grand challenges include affordable scaling, new materials and structures, and yield and reliability. Although additional requirements within these categories are detailed, it is often difficult for the analytical specialist or metrology equipment vendor to translate these grand challenges into detailed and meaningful roadmaps for success in analytical applications or instrument development. The path-to-impact of a single metrology activity is not always clear.
Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability among children with hydrocephalus
Authors: Maleknia Pedram , Chalamalla Ashritha Reddy , Arynchyna-Smith Anastasia , Dure Leon , Murdaugh Donna , Rocque Brandon G. 
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE
Little is known about the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with hydrocephalus. In this study, the authors assessed the prevalence of ADHD and its association with clinical and demographic factors, including intellectual disability (ID), a potential factor that can confound the diagnosis of ADHD.

METHODS
The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of children 6–12 years of age with hydrocephalus using parent telephone surveys. The Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS-Q) and the National Institute for Children’s Health Quality (NICHQ) Vanderbilt Assessment Scale were used to screen for ID and ADHD, respectively. Among children without ID, the authors identified those with ADHD and calculated a prevalence estimate and 95% confidence interval (Wald method). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare children with ADHD with those without ADHD based on demographics, family income, parental educational, etiology of hydrocephalus, and primary treatment. As a secondary analysis, the authors compared subjects with ID with those without using the same variables. Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors with independent association with ADHD and ID.

RESULTS
A total of 147 primary caregivers responded to the telephone questionnaire. Seventy-two children (49%) met the cutoff score for ID (CAIDS-Q). The presence of ID was significantly associated with lower family income (p < 0.001). Hydrocephalus etiology (p = 0.051) and initial treatment (p = 0.06) approached significance. Of children without ID (n = 75), 25 demonstrated a likely diagnosis of ADHD on the NICHQ, yielding a prevalence estimate of 0.33 (95% CI 0.22–0.44). No clinical or demographic variable showed significant association with ADHD.

CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that the prevalence of ADHD among children with hydrocephalus (33%) is higher than among the general population (estimated prevalence in Alabama is 12.5%). ID is also common (49%). Routine screening for ADHD and ID in children with hydrocephalus may help to ensure that adequate resources are provided to optimize functional outcomes across development.
Pediatric acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup injury: illustrative case
Authors: Hashimoto Yousuke , Kajiwara Sosho , Furuta Keiichiro , Takeuchi Yasuharu , Morioka Motohiro 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Acute epidural hematomas (AEDHs) are formed by injury of the middle meningeal artery or venous sinus with a linear fracture just above these blood vessels. The incidence of AEDH without fracture is low, and the formation of an acute epidural hematoma due to contrecoup injury is even rarer. Here, the authors report a case of pediatric AEDH due to contrecoup injury.

OBSERVATIONS
A 6-year-old boy was injured in a traffic accident and was ejected from of the car. At admission, he was clearly conscious without obvious neurological deficits. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a small fracture in the right occipital lobe and a thin epidural hematoma in the contralateral left frontal lobe. A CT scan 3 hours later showed an expanded AEDH. Furthermore, the patient presented with progressive disturbance of consciousness. An emergency craniotomy was performed, but no obvious bleeding point or fracture was observed.

LESSONS
The source of bleeding in AEDH due to contrecoup injury in the frontal region is thought to be due to microvessel injury in the dura. Anatomical fragility and the amount of energy transferred causing the injury are associated with the AEDH formation due to contrecoup injury; thus, strict management in high-energy trauma is required.
Language improvement after awake craniotomy in a 12-year-old child: illustrative case
Authors: Collée Ellen , Satoer Djaina , Wegener Sleeswijk Barbara , Klimek Markus , Smits Marion , Van Veelen Marie-Lise , Dirven Clemens , Vincent Arnaud 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Although the standard procedure to treat adult patients with lesions in eloquent brain areas is awake craniotomy with direct electrical stimulation, this procedure is not often used in children because of feasibility concerns. Some studies have shown that the procedure is feasible in children. They reported the postoperative language ability, which was not based on standardized language tests for children. To give an objective overview of preoperative assessment of the language ability of a child before and after this procedure, the authors described the perioperative course, including standardized language tests for children and the awake surgery setting, of a 12-year-old child undergoing awake craniotomy with brain mapping for the indication of cavernoma in the left somatosensory cortex close to the motor cortex.

OBSERVATIONS
The patient performed better on language tests after surgery, showing that his language ability improved. He also cooperated well during the entire perioperative period. His mother was present during the awake surgery, and the patient tolerated the surgery well.

LESSONS
The authors conclude that awake craniotomy is indeed feasible in a child and that it can even result in an improved postoperative language outcome. It is, however, crucial to carefully assess, inform, and monitor the child and their proxies.
Application of machine learning algorithms in predicting pyrolytic analysis result
Authors: Le Thi Nhut Suong , Bondarev  A. V. , Bondareva L. I. , Monakova A. S. , Barshin A. V. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction.Geochemical studies of organic matter in oil source rocks play an important role in assessing oil and gas accumulation in any territory. These studies play a particularly important role in forecasting unconventional resources and oil and gas reserves (so-called shale hydrocarbons). It is recommended to carry out pyrolytic studies by the Rock-Eval method for rocks saturated with organic matter on samples before and after their extraction with chloroform. However, extraction is a laborious and time-consuming process, and the load on laboratory equipment and the time required for analysis is doubled.Aim.To get a working model for predicting pyrolytic parameters of extracted samples, without carrying out extraction analysis.Materials and methods.In this paper, machine learning regression algorithms are applied for predicting one of the pyrolysis parameters of extracted samples based on the pyrolytic analysis results of the extracted and non-extracted samples. To develop the prediction model, 5 different machine learning regression algorithms were applied and compared, including multiple linear regression, polynomial regression, support vector regression, decision tree, and random forest.Results.The prediction result showcases that the relationship between the parameters before and after extraction is complex and non-linear. Some methods have shown their incompatibility with the assigned tasks, others have shown good and satisfactory results. Those algorithms can be applied to predict all geochemical parameters of extracted samples.Conclusions.The best machine learning algorithm for this task is the Random forest.