bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Railway Transition Zones: Energy Evaluation of a Novel Transition Structure for Critical Loading Conditions
Authors: Jain A. , Metrikine A. V. , Steenbergen M. J. M. M. , Dalen K. N. van 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Railway transition zones (RTZs) are subjected to amplified degradation leading to high maintenance costs and reduced availability of tracks for operation. Over the years, several mitigation measures have been investigated to deal with the amplified degradation of these zones. However, to ensure the robustness of a design solution, it must be evaluated for critical conditions arising due to certain loading and track conditions. In this paper, the critical load conditions arising due to different velocities (sub-critical, critical and super-critical), the direction of the moving load, the combination of inertial effects and track imperfections (non-straight rail and hanging sleepers) and passage of multiple axles (using a comprehensive vehicle model) are investigated for an embankment-bridge transition. The results are then compared against the recently proposed design of a transition structure called SHIELD (Safe Hull Inspired Energy Limiting Design) to evaluate its performance under these critical conditions using various vehicle models and finite element models of the RTZs. It was found that the novel design of the transition structure effectively mitigates dynamic amplifications and results in smooth strain energy distribution across sub-critical, critical, and super-critical velocity regimes in both directions of movement implying that the expected operation-induced degradation will be as uniform as possible in longitudinal direction. Furthermore, even though this transition structure is designed to deal with initial track conditions (perfectly straight track), its superior performance is not confined to tracks in perfect condition; it also efficiently addresses adverse effects from track imperfections such as hanging sleepers and non-straight rail. In the end, this work demonstrates the robustness of the design solution for all the critical conditions under study.
Determining probability density functions with adiabatic quantum computing
Authors: Robbiati Matteo , Cruz-Martinez Juan M. , Carrazza Stefano 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe two main approaches to quantum computing are gate-based computation and analog computation, which are polynomially equivalent in terms of complexity, and they are often seen as alternatives to each other. In this work, we present a method for fitting one-dimensional probability distributions as a practical example of how analog and gate-based computation can be used together to perform different tasks within a single algorithm. In particular, we propose a strategy for encoding data within an adiabatic evolution model, which accommodates the fitting of strictly monotonic functions, as it is the cumulative distribution function of a dataset. Subsequently, we use a Trotter-bounded procedure to translate the adiabatic evolution into a quantum circuit in which the evolution time t is identified with the parameters of the circuit. This facilitates computing the probability density as derivative of the cumulative function using parameter shift rules.
From “Airway scares me” to “I would say I’m pretty comfortable”: quality improvement for reducing time to obtain equipment for adult advanced airway management in a rural emergency department
Authors: Butler Ava , Chen Michael , Kaushik Shruti , Lee Terra , Raudaschl Liam , Giles Audrey 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background
Management of the adult airway is one of the most stressful and time-critical procedures in emergency medicine. In the Cowichan District Hospital, a rural hospital in British Columbia, Emergency Department (ED) staff were uncomfortable with acquiring the equipment needed for adult advanced airway management and the mean length of time to acquire the equipment was 319 s. The aim of this quality improvement (QI) project was to decrease the time to obtain the equipment needed for adult advanced airway management by nurses and physicians in the Cowichan District Hospital ED to less than 90 s by May 2023.

Methods
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement model of improvement was used to reduce the amount of time required to obtain the equipment for adult difficult airway management in the ED, which was measured using a standardised tabletop simulation every 2 weeks. Change ideas included using a colour-coded airway cart and employing translational simulation. Qualitative interviews with emergency department staff after intubations of patients in the ED captured process measures by examining provider comfort.

Results
From December 2022 to May 2023, the mean time to obtain equipment for adult advanced airway management decreased from an initial value of 319 s to 76 s, a 76% improvement from the baseline. Qualitative interviews obtained pre-intervention, mid-intervention and post-intervention reflected themes of initial discomfort, shifting discomfort to comfort and finally to comfort.

Conclusion
The change ideas of using a colour-coded airway cart and translational simulation were associated with a reduction in time to obtain equipment for management of the adult advanced airway as well as improved provider comfort with the procedure in a rural ED.
What Was Homer Honing in the Odyssey?
Authors: Tsonis Anastasios A. , Zerefos Christos , Carvalho Leila M. V. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe summarize the data provided in Homer's the Odyssey concerning Odysseus' journey and suggest a completely new view of what was Homer trying to convey to us. We suggest that Homer was honing the idea of synergy between rules (determinism) and chance (randomness), an idea deeply rooted in natural processes as well in mathematics.
Four Generations of ECMWF Reanalyses: An Overview of the Successes in Modeling Precipitation and Remaining Challenges for Freshwater Budget of Ocean Models
Authors: Dussin Raphael 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study reviews the progress made in modeling precipitations in four generations of reanalyses from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, using traditional metrics and a new set of regional metrics. Regional metrics at oceanic basin scales and large land catchment areas over the continents allow for a more comprehensive analysis of the performance of the reanalyses. This leads to the conclusion that significant progress has been made in the past several decades in both the atmospheric model and the assimilation system at the ECMWF, leading to more realistic precipitation. The most recent ERA5 reanalysis outperforms ERA‐Interim and its predecessors by all metrics considered. ERA5 is then used to force a modern ocean general circulation model, and the results show an improvement in terms of the freshwater budget, particularly after the year 2000. However, uncertainties remain about the magnitude and trends of the modeled evaporation.
Impacts on Indian Agriculture Due To Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention Using Agroclimatic Indices
Authors: Grant Nina , Robock Alan , Xia Lili , Singh Jyoti , Clark Brendan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractClimate change poses significant threats to global agriculture, impacting food quantity, quality, and safety. The world is far from meeting crucial climate targets, prompting the exploration of alternative strategies such as stratospheric aerosol intervention (SAI) to reduce the impacts. This study investigates the potential impacts of SAI on rice and wheat production in India, a nation highly vulnerable to climate change given its substantial dependence on agriculture. We compare the results from the Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection‐1.5°C (ARISE‐SAI‐1.5) experiment, which aims to keep global average surface air temperatures at 1.5°C above preindustrial in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2‐4.5 (SSP2‐4.5) global warming scenario. Yield results show ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 leads to higher production for rainfed rice and wheat. We use 10 agroclimatic indices during the vegetative, reproductive, and ripening stages to evaluate these yield changes. ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 benefits rainfed wheat yields the most, compared to rice, due to its ability to prevent rising winter and spring temperatures while increasing wheat season precipitation. For rice, SSP2‐4.5 leads to many more warm extremes than the control period during all three growth stages and may cause a delay in the monsoon. ARISE‐SAI‐1.5 largely preserves monsoon rainfall, improving yields for rainfed rice in most regions. Even without the use of SAI, adaptation strategies such as adjusting planting dates could offer partial relief under SSP2‐4.5 if it is feasible to adjust established rice‐wheat cropping systems.
Subducted Carbon From Mantle Plume in Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalts
Authors: Zhang Haitao , Yan Quanshu , Shi Xuefa , Li Chuanshun , Huang Fang , Wen Qiuyu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDeciphering the Earth's deep carbon cycle, from mantle plumes to mid‐ocean ridges, remains incompletely understood. In this study, we analyze the magnesium isotope composition of basalts collected from the South Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (SMAR), which have been influenced by the off‐axis Saint Helena plume originating from the core‐mantle boundary. The magnesium isotope composition of SMAR basalts falls within a similar range (−0.22 to −0.32‰; average −0.25‰ ± 0.03‰) to that of known global oceanic basalts. However, isotope mixing calculations suggest that the lighter magnesium isotope composition in the SMAR basalts is due to the incorporation of approximately 5%–10% recycled carbonate material carried by the Saint Helena plume into the SMAR asthenosphere. This finding not only highlights the interaction between ridges and off‐axis plumes but also proposes a comprehensive model for the Earth's deep carbon cycle, spanning from the subduction zone through the core‐mantle boundary to the mid‐ocean ridge system.
Observation and Simulation of Chorus Waves in Middle Magnetotail (r > 20 RE)
Authors: Fu W. D. , Fu H. S. , Wu Y. F. , Tao X. , Yu Y. , Zhang W. Z. , Cao J. B. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWhistler‐mode chorus waves, characterized by repetitive frequency‐chirping elements, have traditionally been considered to be confined to near‐planet dipolar magnetic fields. In contrast to this long‐held belief, here we present the first observation of whistler‐mode chorus waves in the middle magnetotail beyond 20 RE from Earth, based on MMS measurements. These rising‐tone chorus waves exhibit significantly higher chirping rates compared to those in radiation belts. Using the PIC simulation, we demonstrate these chorus waves can be locally generated, driven by perpendicular flux anisotropy and magnetic field inhomogeneity inside the pileup region. This region, resembling a magnetic bottle, shares shape similarities with the inner magnetosphere but provides a much greater inhomogeneity, resulting in higher chirping rates. These discoveries provide new inspirations for the generation of chorus waves and may lead to new insights into their behavior in space.
Development and Evaluation of a New Correlated K‐Distribution Scheme for BCC_RAD Radiative Transfer Model
Authors: Liu Liting , Zhang Hua 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWith the significant increase in the abundance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over recent decades, more of the weak gaseous absorption bands are required to be incorporated in the gas optics model to improve the computational accuracy of radiation, and thus the warming effect of gases. Based on the latest HITRAN2020 spectroscopic data, a new 36‐band correlated k‐distribution (CKD) scheme is developed with high spectral band resolution for radiative transfer model. By considering errors of both radiative fluxes and atmospheric heating rates, optimizations are made to select the overlapping method and the number of k‐distribution quadrature points in each band. The new CKD model exhibits a remarkable improvement in heating rates and radiative fluxes relative to the previous 17‐band model when performing the identical radiative transfer calculations under 50 atmospheric profiles. The heating rate root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) of the 36‐band model are 0.101 and 0.075 K d−1 below 4 hPa for longwave and shortwave, respectively, when validated against the line‐by‐line benchmarks. The longwave irradiance RMSE is 0.47 W m−2 at the top of atmosphere, and the shortwave RMSE is 2.15 W m−2 at the surface. Furthermore, the cases simulating radiative forcing induced by varying gas concentrations demonstrate the ability of the 36‐band model to study the warming effect of greenhouse gases.
Medium‐Scale Thermospheric Gravity Waves in the High‐Resolution Whole Atmosphere Model: Seasonal, Local Time, and Longitudinal Variations
Authors: Malhotra Garima , Fuller‐Rowell Timothy , Fang Tzu‐Wei , Yudin Valery , Karol Svetlana , Becker Erich , Kubaryk Adam Marshall 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper presents a study of the global medium‐scale (scales620 km) gravity wave (GW) activity (in terms of zonal wind variance) and its seasonal, local time, and longitudinal variations by employing the enhanced‐resolution (50 km) whole atmosphere model (WAMT254) and space‐based observations for geomagnetically quiet conditions. It is found that the GW hotspots produced by WAMT254 in the troposphere and stratosphere agree well with previously well‐studied orographic and nonorographic sources. In the ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) region, GWs spread out forming latitudinal band‐like hotspots. During solstices, a primary maximum in GW activity is observed in WAMT254 and GOCE over winter mid‐high latitudes, likely associated with higher‐order waves with primary sources in polar night jet, fronts, and polar vortex. During all the seasons, the enhancement of GWs around the geomagnetic poles as observed by GOCE (at 250 km) is well captured by simulations. WAMT254 GWs in the IT region also show dependence on local time due to their interaction with migrating tides leading to diurnal and semidiurnal variations. The GWs are more likely to propagate up from the MLT region during westward/weakly eastward phase of thermospheric tides, signifying the dominance of eastward GW momentum flux in the MLT. Additionally, as a novel finding, a wavenumber‐4 signature in GW activity is predicted by WAMT254 between 6 and 12 local times in the tropics at 250 km, which propagates eastward with local time. This behavior is likely associated with the modulation of GWs by wave‐4 signal of nonmigrating tides in the lower thermospheric zonal winds.
Organosulfur Compounds: A Non‐Negligible Component Affecting the Light Absorption of Brown Carbon During North China Haze Events
Authors: Jiang Hongxing , Cai Junjie , Feng Xinxin , Chen Yingjun , Guo Hai , Mo Yangzhi , Tang Jiao , Chen Tian , Li Jun , Zhang Gan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe roles of organosulfur compounds (OSCs), an important component in organic matter, in brown carbon (BrC) aerosol absorption is often overlooked. Here, the molecular composition of OSCs and its associations with methanol‐soluble BrC (MS‐BrC) absorption during a haze event in North China were revealed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis. By combining aggregated boosted tree model and partial least squares regression estimation, our results suggested that OSCs were mainly composed of potential aromatic structures, and the MS‐BrC absorption was closely related to OSCs. Specifically, OSCs contribute a notable 26% of the total potential BrC molecular number and an upper limit of 10.4% of total MS‐BrC absorption. Furthermore, we found that OSCs were mainly influenced by coal combustion, and the potential desulfurization reactions showed associations with the variations of MS‐BrC absorption. Since the residential coal combustion (an important primary source of OSs) was the major energy in North China, our research underscores the potential of aromatic OSCs as tracers for assessing the impact of fossil fuel combustion on BrC and highlights the important atmospheric influences of OSCs (e.g., light absorption and health), which need more works to uncover the origins, fates, and environmental effects of OSCs.
Pluto Geologic Map: Use of Crater Data to Understand Age Relationships
Authors: Singer K. N. , White O. L. , Greenstreet S. , Moore J. M. , Williams D. A. , Lopes R. M. C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPluto's surface displays a wide variety of geologic units from smooth plains to extremely rugged mountainous expanses. These terrains range in age from young, actively resurfaced regions (no observable craters even in the highest‐resolution New Horizons images) to old, heavily cratered, eroded regions. Here we expand upon the crater data analysis and the independent crater data set used in the production of a 1:7M scale geologic map of Pluto that is to be published by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS). We present both relative ages based on crater spatial density (number of craters in a given size bin per km2) and quantitative ages (e.g., 2 Ga) using the estimated impactor flux onto Pluto. The techniques presented here were developed specifically for the information available from a USGS geologic map, where smaller craters are mapped as points only (no specific diameter information per crater). We developed a new type of visualization, called a distributed R‐plot, to understand the relative ages of the geologic units. The uncertainties in the current knowledge of the Kuiper belt populations and impactor flux at Pluto propagate to large uncertainties in the estimated quantitative ages (∼a factor of two). However, both relative and quantitative ages from crater analysis are valuable tools in developing the sequence of geologic events. Pluto has large areas of crater‐free young terrains (13 units making up ∼27% of mapped higher‐resolution surface area) with widely varying morphologies, indicating a variety of resurfacing mechanisms, both exogenic and endogenic, likely active in Pluto's recent past or present.
The Probability of the May 2024 Geomagnetic Superstorm
Authors: Elvidge S. , Themens D. R. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn May 2024, a series of coronal mass ejections resulted in the first “severe” (G4‐level) geomagnetic storm watch in nearly 20 years. This event evolved into a significant space weather event, including an “extreme” (G5) geomagnetic storm, moderate (S2) solar radiation storm, and strong (R3) radio blackout. The widespread visibility of auroras at unusually low latitudes attracted global media attention. Using extreme value theory (EVT), this study estimates the return periods for the May 2024 storm based on several geomagnetic indices. The results indicate that while the storm's magnitude was a 1‐in‐12.5‐year event, its duration was a 1‐in‐41‐year event. This discrepancy highlights the storm's unusual longevity compared to its intensity. Updated EVT analyses incorporating recent data refine these return period estimates, providing critical insights into the frequency of such extreme space weather events.
Eocene‐Oligocene Metamorphism, Fluid Flow and Deformation in the Ruby Mountains‐East Humboldt Range Metamorphic Core Complex
Authors: Levy Drew A. , Gordon Stacia M. , Zuza Andrew V. , Cisneros Miguel , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMetamorphic core complexes are ubiquitous in collapsed orogens globally and play a primary role in crustal exhumation. We investigate the metamorphic history of the Ruby Mountains‐East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada, using petrochronology to understand how magmatism, metamorphism and deformation interact to modulate crustal rheology, and the timing of exhumation within the Sevier orogenic belt. Field study, microstructural analysis, thermobarometry and laser ablation split‐stream monazite, titanite and allanite petrochronology of the mylonitic footwall were integrated to elucidate the pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) evolution. Major‐, trace‐element and quartz‐in‐garnet thermobarometry show peak metamorphism occurred at 5.5–6 kbar and 600–650°C across the study area. Monazite and titanite U‐(Th)‐Pb petrochronology constrain this episode of metamorphism to 88–81 Ma with the structurally deepest samples yielding dates down to ca. 71 Ma. The preservation of peak metamorphic mineral assemblages indicates these rocks remained at near‐peak temperature conditions into the Cenozoic. Cenozoic metamorphism occurred during a punctuated episode contemporaneous with the Great Basin ignimbrite flare up. All samples show a distinct 39–37 Ma population of monazite, titanite and allanite dates that correlate with the emplacement of quartz diorite and gabbro intrusions throughout the footwall. Accessory phases contain zoning textures in backscattered electron images that are consistent with fluid‐mediated dissolution‐reprecipitation reactions. The U‐(Th)‐Pb analyses from these zones yield 39–27 Ma dates interpreted as the timing of fluid flow. The results of this study elucidate the integrated importance of magmatism, melting and fluid flow in driving the coupled evolution of Late Cretaceous metamorphism within the Sevier hinterland and the subsequent Cenozoic metamorphic core complex development that exhumed the middle crust.
Temporal Variability in Reservoir Surface Area Is an Important Source of Uncertainty in GHG Emission Estimates
Authors: Hansen Carly H. , Iftikhar Bilal , Pilla Rachel M. , Griffiths Natalie A. , Matson Paul G. , Jager Henriette I. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEbullitive methane (CH4) emissions in lentic ecosystems tend to concentrate at river‐lake interfaces and within shallow littoral zones. However, inconsistent definitions of the littoral zone and static representations of the lake or reservoir surface area contribute to major uncertainties in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates, particularly in reservoirs with large water‐level fluctuations. This study examines temporal variation in littoral and total surface areas of US reservoirs and demonstrates how different methods and data sources lead to discrepencies in reservoir GHG emissions at large scales and over time. We also explore variability in remotely sensed water occurrence according to maximum surface area, reservoir purposes, and hydrologic regions. Notably, the largest relative variability in surface area is exhibited by small reservoirs with a maximum surface area <1 km2 and non‐hydroelectric reservoirs. Additionally, we use a case study of measured CH4 emissions from the southeastern United States (Douglas Reservoir) to illustrate the effects of varying surface area on reservoir‐wide GHG estimates. Upscaled CH4 emissions in Douglas Reservoir differed by nearly two‐fold depending on the source of total surface area data and whether estimates accounted for seasonal fluctuations in surface area. During seasonal drawdown in Douglas Reservoir, relative littoral area varies non‐linearly; periods of lower pool elevation (and thus larger relative littoral area) likely contribute disproportionately high CH4 emission rates compared to the commonly sampled summer season when water levels are at full‐pool elevation. Improved GHG monitoring and upscaling techniques require accounting for temporal variability in reservoir surface extent and littoral area.
Resource-efficient photonic networks for next-generation AI computing
Authors: Oguz Ilker , Yildirim Mustafa , Hsieh Jih-Liang , Dinc Niyazi Ulas , Moser Christophe , Psaltis Demetri 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCurrent trends in artificial intelligence toward larger models demand a rethinking of both hardware and algorithms. Photonics-based systems offer high-speed, energy-efficient computing units, provided algorithms are designed to exploit photonics’ unique strengths. The recent implementation of cellular automata in photonics demonstrates how a few local interactions can achieve high throughput and precision.