bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and characterization of a cryogenic linear Paul ion trap for ion–neutral reaction studies
Authors: Miossec Chloé , Hejduk Michal , Pandey Rahul , Coughlan Neville J. A. , Heazlewood Brianna R. 
Published: March 2022

Ultra-high vacuum conditions are ideal for the study of trapped ions. They offer an almost perturbation-free environment, where ions confined in traps can be studied for extended periods of time—facilitating precision measurements and allowing infrequent events to be observed. However, if one wishes to study processes involving molecular ions, it is important to consider the effect of blackbody radiation (BBR). The vast majority of molecular ions interact with BBR. At 300 K, state selection in trapped molecular ions can be rapidly lost (in a matter of seconds). To address this issue, and to maintain state selectivity in trapped molecular ions, a cryogenic ion trap chamber has been constructed and characterized. At the center of the apparatus is a linear Paul ion trap, where Coulomb crystals can be formed for ion–neutral reaction studies. Optical access is provided, for lasers and for imaging of the crystals, alongside ion optics and a flight tube for recording time-of-flight mass spectra. The ion trap region, encased within two nested temperature stages, reaches temperatures below 9 K. To avoid vibrations from the cryocooler impeding laser cooling or imaging of the ions, vibration-damping elements are explicitly included. These components successfully inhibit the coupling of vibrations from the cold head to the ion trap—confirmed by accelerometer measurements and by the resolution of images recorded at the trap center (at 9 and 295 K). These results confirm that the cryogenic ion trap apparatus meets all requirements for studying ion–neutral reactions under cold, controlled conditions.
Optimum inclusion rate of barley in diets of meat chickens: an incremental and practical program
Authors: Toghyani M. , Macelline S. P. , Greenhalgh S. , Chrystal P. V. , Selle P. H. , Liu S. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Context Barley can be included in poultry diets as a cost-effective energy-contributing ingredient. However, its inclusion in meat chicken diets is limited because it is considered a viscous grain due to high crude fibre and soluble non-starch polysaccharide contents. Aims The study quantified the optimum inclusion rate of barley in meat chicken diets during different growing phases, using an incremental program. Methods Eight dietary treatments followed a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three levels of barley inclusion to a wheat-based diet, and a nil-barley control, with or without β-glucanase supplementation. Barley was initially included at 0% (low), 7.5% (medium) and 15% (high) in starter diets (Days 1–9), scaling up by 7.5% for each level in grower (Days 9–21), finisher (Days 23–35) and withdrawal (Days 35–42) diets. Each diet was fed ad libitum to six replicate pens of 18 chicks. On Day 42, four birds per replicate pen were euthanised to determine carcass yield and collect digesta. Key results During the starter period, a significant (P < 0.05) barley × β-glucanase interaction resulted in lower bodyweight gain (8%) and higher feed conversion ratio (8.5 points) at 15% barley inclusion without β-glucanase, whereas performance was restored with β-glucanase supplementation. No treatment interaction was apparent on growth performance assessed over the entire production period (Days 1–42). Barley inclusion at medium and high levels increased bodyweight gain, and at all levels improved feed efficiency (P < 0.01) compared with the control. β-Glucanase improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. Highest (P < 0.01) breast meat yield was measured for diets with medium barley inclusion. There were no interactive or main effects on duodenal digesta viscosity. Barley inclusion increased distal ileal digesta water content by ∼8–10% (P < 0.05). Conclusions Incremental inclusion of barley from 15% in a starter diet, scaling up to 37.5% in a withdrawal diet, does not compromise growth performance or carcass yields in broiler chickens. β-Glucanase supplementation favours both bodyweight gain and feed efficiency. Medium level of barley inclusion favours breast meat yield. Implications Barley can be considered an economical grain to formulate cost-effective diets for broiler chickens. An incremental program is a practical approach to optimise barley inclusion rate.
Existence of equilibria in repeated games with long-run payoffs
Authors: Ashkenazi-Golan Galit , Flesch János , Predtetchinski Arkadi , Solan Eilon 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Nash equilibrium, of central importance in strategic game theory, exists in all finite games. Here we prove that it exists also in all infinitely repeated games, with a finite or countably infinite set of players, in which the payoff function is bounded and measurable and the payoff depends only on what is played in the long run, i.e., not on what is played in any fixed finite number of stages. To this end we combine techniques from stochastic games with techniques from alternating-move games with Borel-measurable payoffs.
ATP allosterically stabilizes integrin-linked kinase for efficient force generation
Authors: Martin Isabel M. , Nava Michele M. , Wickström Sara A. , Gräter Frauke 
Published: March 2022

Significance
The pseudokinase integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a central component of focal adhesions, cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes that integrate and transduce biochemical and mechanical signals from the extracellular environment into the cell and vice versa. However, the precise molecular functions, particularly the mechanosensory properties of ILK and the significance of retained adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding, are still unclear. Combining molecular-dynamics simulations with cell biology, we establish a role for ATP binding to pseudokinases. We find that ATP promotes the structural stability of ILK, allosterically influences the interaction between ILK and its binding partner parvin at adhesions, and enhances the mechanoresistance of this complex. On the cellular level, ATP binding facilitates efficient traction force buildup, focal adhesion stabilization, and efficient cell migration.
Species-specific KRAB-ZFPs function as repressors of retroviruses by targeting PBS regions
Authors: Yang Bo , Fang Lu , Gao Qianqian , Xu Ce , Xu Junqin , Chen Zhen-Xia , Wang Yixuan , Yang Peng 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Hosts often target the relatively conserved regions in rapidly mutating retroviruses to inhibit their replication. One of these regions is called a primer binding site (PBS), which has to be complementary to the host tRNA to initiate reverse transcription. By analyzing endogenous retroviral elements, we found that host cells use this sequence as a target in efforts to block the expression of viral elements. A specific type of zinc finger protein targets the PBS in a host genome, which not only inhibits the transcription of endogenous viruses but also inhibits the replication of exogenous retroviruses with the same PBS. Thus, our study sheds light on a strategy for searching for host restriction factors targeting retroviruses.
Small molecule C381 targets the lysosome to reduce inflammation and ameliorate disease in models of neurodegeneration
Authors: Vest Ryan T. , Chou Ching-Chieh , Zhang Hui , Haney Michael S. , Li Lulin , Laqtom Nouf N. , Chang Betty , Shuken Steven , Nguyen Andy , Yerra Lakshmi , Yang Andrew C. , Green Carol , Tanga Mary , Abu-Remaileh Monther , Bassik Michael C. , Frydman Judith , Luo Jian , Wyss-Coray Tony 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceNeurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood and difficult to treat. One common hallmark is lysosomal dysfunction leading to the accumulation of aggregates and other undegradable materials, which cause damage to brain resident cells. Lysosomes are acidic organelles responsible for breaking down biomolecules and recycling their constitutive parts. In this work, we find that the antiinflammatory and neuroprotective compound, discovered via a phenotypic screen, imparts its beneficial effects by targeting the lysosome and restoring its function. This is established using a genome-wide CRISPRi target identification screen and then confirmed using a variety of lysosome-targeted studies. The resulting small molecule from this study represents a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases as well as a research tool for the study of lysosomes in disease.
The University of Pittsburgh English Language Institute Corpus (PELIC)
Authors: Naismith Ben , Han Na-Rae , Juffs Alan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This report introduces the University of Pittsburgh English Language Institute Corpus (PELIC;
Juffs et al., 2020), a publicly available 4.2-million-word learner corpus of
written texts. Collected over seven years in the University of Pittsburgh’s Intensive English Program, these texts were produced
by more than 1,100 students with diverse linguistic backgrounds and proficiency levels. Unlike most learner corpora which are
cross-sectional, PELIC is longitudinal, offering greater opportunities for tracking development in a natural classroom setting.
This potential is illustrated in an overview of the research conducted to date with these data. The report also provides a
description of PELIC’s creation and contents, including how the texts have been managed to facilitate natural language processing.
Overall, the corpus contributes to the field of learner corpus research by adding to the pool of freely and publicly available
learner corpora, supplemented by a useful set of Python tools and tutorials for accessing these data.
Learning beyond words
Authors: Omar Niveen , Banai Karen , Nir Bracha 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLearning multimorphemic words involves the simultaneous learning of two hierarchically organized categories. In such words, sub-lexical units usually encode superordinate categories, whereas whole words encode exemplars of these categories. Complex, non-linear word structure is common in Semitic languages and can be used to probe the learning of multiple form-meaning associations. The aim of this study was to investigate how well Hebrew-speaking adults learn the dual form-meaning relationships that reflect different categorical levels following a few exposures to novel Hebrew-like words. Twenty-four native Hebrew-speakers were exposed to novel words through an interactive video story. Following a few exposures to the words, the learning of the exemplars was tested in a three-alternative-forced-choice identification test. The learning of the sub-lexical morphemes and the categories they encode were tested in generalization tests. The results show that a few exposures to novel, morphologically and conceptually complex words are sufficient to allow unsupervised simultaneous learning of two hierarchical categories even though the superordinate was not explicitly represented in the input.
Gravitational wave surrogates through automated machine learning
Authors: Barsotti Damián , Cerino Franco , Tiglio Manuel , Villanueva Aarón 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We analyze a prospect for predicting gravitational waveforms from compact binaries based on automated machine learning (AutoML) from around a hundred different possible regression models, without having to resort to tedious and manual case-by-case analyses and fine-tuning. The particular study of this article is within the context of the gravitational waves emitted by the collision of two spinless black holes in initial quasi-circular orbit. We find, for example, that approaches such as Gaussian process regression with radial bases as kernels, an approach which is generalizable to multiple dimensions with low computational evaluation cost, do provide a sufficiently accurate solution. The results here presented suggest that AutoML might provide a framework for regression in the field of surrogates for gravitational waveforms. Our study is within the context of surrogates of numerical relativity simulations based on reduced basis and the empirical interpolation method, where we find that for the particular case analyzed AutoML can produce surrogates which are essentially indistinguishable from the NR simulations themselves.
Magnetic phase diagram of (Mo2/3RE1/3)2AlC, RE = Tb and Dy, studied by magnetization, specific heat, and neutron diffraction analysis
Authors: Tao Quanzheng , Barbier Maxime , Mockute Aurelija , Ritter Clemens , Salikhov Ruslan , Wiedwald Ulf , Calder Stuart , Opagiste Christine , Galera Rose-Marie , Farle Michael , Ouisse Thierry , Rosen Johanna 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report the results of magnetization, heat capacity, and neutron diffraction measurements on (Mo2/3RE1/3)2AlC with RE = Dy and Tb. Temperature and field-dependent magnetization as well as heat capacity were measured on a powder sample and on a single crystal allowing the construction of the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram. To study the magnetic structure of each magnetic phase, we applied neutron diffraction in a magnetic field up to 6 T. For (Mo2/3Dy1/3)2AlC in zero field, a spin density wave is stabilized at 16 K, with antiferromagnetic ordering at 13 K. Furthermore, we identify the coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases induced by magnetic fields for both RE = Tb and Dy. The origin of the field induced phases is resulting from the competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
Vibrational resonance by using a real-time scale transformation method
Authors: Gong Tao , Yang Jianhua , Sanjuán Miguel A F , Liu Houguang , Shan Zhen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vibrational resonance (VR) shows great advantages in signal enhancement. Nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) signals widely exist in various fields, so it is of great significance to enhance a NLFM signal. However, for the complex NLFM signal, where its instantaneous frequency of the signal varies nonlinearly, the traditional VR method is no longer applicable. To solve this problem, a rescaled VR method by a real-time scale transformation method is proposed. Its basic principle is to use the real-time scale coefficient and auxiliary signal parameters to match a NLFM signal in a nonlinear system. The corresponding numerical simulation is carried out to process three kinds of typical NLFM signals. The results manifest the excellent performance of the proposed method for the signal enhancement of NLFM signals. The method can process NLFM signals with an arbitrary frequency variation. Consequently, it has certain theoretical and practical values in some fields.
Freeze-in from preheating
Authors: Garcia Marcos A.G. , Kaneta Kunio , Mambrini Yann , Olive Keith A. , Verner Sarunas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We consider the production of dark matter during the process
of reheating after inflation. The relic density of dark matter from
freeze-in depends on both the energy density and energy distribution
of the inflaton scattering or decay products composing the radiation
bath. We compare the perturbative and non-perturbative calculations
of the energy density in radiation. We also consider the (likely)
possibility that the final state scalar products are unstable.
Assuming either thermal or non-thermal energy distribution
functions, we compare the resulting relic density based on these
different approaches. We show that the present-day cold dark matter
density can be obtained through freeze-in from preheating for a
large range of dark matter masses.
Interstellar gas heating by primordial black holes
Authors: Takhistov Volodymyr , Lu Philip , Gelmini Graciela B. , Hayashi Kohei , Inoue Yoshiyuki , Kusenko Alexander 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Interstellar gas heating
is a powerful cosmology-independent observable for exploring the parameter space of primordial black holes (PBHs) formed in the early Universe that could constitute part of the dark matter (DM). We provide a detailed analysis of the various aspects for this observable, such as PBH emission mechanisms. Using observational data from the Leo T dwarf galaxy, we constrain the PBH abundance over a broad mass-range, M
PBH ∼ 𝒪(1)M
⊙ − 107
M
⊙, relevant for the recently detected gravitational wave signals from intermediate-mass BHs. We also consider PBH gas heating of systems with bulk relative velocity with respect to the DM, such as Galactic clouds.
Multichannel power electronics and magnetic nanoparticles for selective thermal magnetogenetics
Authors: Wang Boshuo , Li Zhongxi , Sebesta Charles , Torres Hinojosa Daniel , Zhang Qingbo , Robinson Jacob T , Bao Gang , Peterchev Angel V , Goetz Stefan M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. We present a combination of a power electronics system and magnetic nanoparticles that enable frequency-multiplexed magnetothermal-neurostimulation with rapid channel switching between three independent channels spanning a wide frequency range. Approach. The electronics system generates alternating magnetic field spanning 50 kHz to 5 MHz in the same coil by combining silicon (Si) and gallium-nitride (GaN) transistors to resolve the high spread of coil impedance and current required throughout the wide bandwidth. The system drives a liquid-cooled field coil via capacitor banks, forming three series resonance channels which are multiplexed using high-voltage contactors. We characterized the system by the output channels’ frequencies, field strength, and switching time, as well as the system’s overall operation stability. Using different frequency–amplitude combinations of the magnetic field to target specific magnetic nanoparticles with different coercivity, we demonstrate actuation of iron oxide nanoparticles in all three channels, including a novel nanoparticle composition responding to magnetic fields in the megahertz range. Main results. The system achieved the desired target field strengths for three frequency channels, with switching speed between channels on the order of milliseconds. Specific absorption rate measurements and infrared thermal imaging performed with three types of magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated selective heating and validated the system’s intended use. Significance. The system uses a hybrid of Si and GaN transistors in bridge configuration instead of conventional amplifier circuit concepts to drive the magnetic field coil and contactors for fast switching between different capacitor banks. Series-resonance circuits ensure a high output quality while keeping the system efficient. This approach could significantly improve the speed and flexibility of frequency-multiplexed nanoparticle actuation, such as magnetogenetic neurostimulation, and thus provide the technical means for selective stimulation below the magnetic field’s fundamental spatial focality limits.
Effects of collisional ion orbit loss on neoclassical tokamak radial electric fields
Authors: Zhu Hongxuan , Stoltzfus-Dueck T. , Hager R. , Ku S. , Chang C.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ion orbit loss is considered important for generating the radially inward electric field E
r in a tokamak edge plasma. In particular, this effect is emphasized in diverted tokamaks with a magnetic X point. In neoclassical equilibria, Coulomb collisions can scatter ions onto loss orbits and generate a radially outward current, which in steady state is balanced by the radially inward current from viscosity. To quantitatively measure this loss-orbit current in an edge pedestal, an ion-orbit-flux diagnostic has been implemented in the axisymmetric version of the gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code XGC. As the first application of this diagnostic, a neoclassical DIII-D H-mode plasma is studied using gyrokinetic ions and adiabatic electrons. The validity of the diagnostic is demonstrated by studying the collisional relaxation of E
r in the core. After this demonstration, the loss-orbit current is numerically measured in the edge pedestal in quasisteady state. In this plasma, it is found that the radial electric force on ions from E
r approximately balances the ion radial pressure gradient in the edge pedestal, with the radial force from the plasma flow term being a minor component. The effect of orbit loss on E
r is found to be only mild.
Systematic extraction of a control-oriented model from perturbative experiments and SOLPS-ITER for emission front control in TCV
Authors: Koenders J.T.W. , Wensing M. , Ravensbergen T. , Février O. , Perek A. , van Berkel M. , the TCV Team  , the EUROfusion MST1 Team  
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Systematic extraction of locally valid dynamic models from experiments is necessary for controller design and the validation of high fidelity models. This paper describes the extraction of a dynamic model in the form of a transfer function, giving the dynamic response of the CIII (465.0 nm) emission front position to deuterium gas puffing in the TCV divertor during flattop, relevant for heat exhaust control. The model is extracted using frequency response data from both SOLPS-ITER simulations and perturbative experiments. We use the steady-state solutions of the model SOLPS-ITER to obtain an additional data point at the zero frequency, as the identifiable frequency range by perturbative experiments is lower bounded by discharge time. We specifically approach the problem from a control engineering point of view, aiming to develop control-oriented models for the systematic design of impurity emission front controllers. We find a transfer function structure based on a diffusive process to best describe the obtained frequency response data. The resulting transfer function model accurately reproduces the local dynamic response measured during experiments, so it can be used to assess new controllers offline for similar discharge scenarios.
Research on Energy Consumption Evaluation Method and Energy Saving Operation Technology of Cold Storage
Authors: Miao Handeyu , Zhang Xianjin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There is not yet a recognized unified energy consumption assessment and grading method on cold storage. It is not conducive to cold storage operation energy-saving management. By establishing the heat balance model of the cold storage, the energy consumption composition of the cold storage is analyzed, and then the causal diagram analysis method is used to determine the influencing factors of the energy consumption of the cold storage, and the quantitative indicators to measure the energy consumption of the cold storage are proposed. Based on the classification of energy consumption assessment methods for cold storage, five typical energy consumption assessment methods for cold storage are compared and analyzed from five aspects of quantification, evaluation index, energy efficiency level, application scope and shortcomings. It is found that to establish an energy efficiency level identification evaluation standard for cold storage recognized by the public, two conditions must be met: the appropriate energy consumption assessment method considering the differentiation of cold storage; establishment of a large database of cold storage energy consumption information. Accordingly, the ways and measures for energy saving of cold storage are proposed.