bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TFAM-Dependent Mitochondrial Metabolism Is Required for Alveolar Macrophage Maintenance and Homeostasis
Authors: Gao Xiaochen , Zhu Bibo , Wu Yue , Li Chaofan , Zhou Xian , Tang Jinyi , Sun Jie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are major lung tissue-resident macrophages capable of proliferating and self-renewal in situ. AMs are vital in pulmonary antimicrobial immunity and surfactant clearance. The mechanisms regulating AM compartment formation and maintenance remain to be fully elucidated currently. In this study, we have explored the roles of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)–mediated mitochondrial fitness and metabolism in regulating AM formation and function. We found that TFAM deficiency in mice resulted in significantly reduced AM numbers and impaired AM maturation in vivo. TFAM deficiency was not required for the generation of AM precursors nor the differentiation of AM precursors into AMs, but was critical for the maintenance of AM compartment. Mechanistically, TFAM deficiency diminished gene programs associated with AM proliferation and self-renewal and promoted the expression of inflammatory genes in AMs. We further showed that TFAM-mediated AM compartment impairment resulted in defective clearance of cellular debris and surfactant in the lung and increased the host susceptibility to severe influenza virus infection. Finally, we found that influenza virus infection in AMs led to impaired TFAM expression and diminished mitochondrial fitness and metabolism. Thus, our data have established the critical function of TFAM-mediated mitochondrial metabolism in AM maintenance and function.
Facilitators of professional socialisation of learners in the clinical learning areas: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Mafumo Julia L. , Tshililo Azwidihwi R. , Luhalima Takalani R. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Professional socialisation is significant in nursing as it involves immersing learners in the profession so that they adopt the ethical values and conduct of the profession. It is in the clinical learning areas where learners observe and practise those values. The objective of the review was to explore the factors that promote professional socialisation of learners in the clinical learning areas. The problem is the inadequate support for learner nurses in the clinical learning areas. The South African community has lost trust in nurses and that was even acknowledged in the national nursing summit in 2011.Objectives: To present a review of the factors that facilitate professional socialisation among undergraduate nursing learners.Method: A systematic review was conducted on literature from 2008 to 2018. The literature search focused on factors that facilitate professional socialisation of learner nurses. A search of databases was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The search focused on literature on professional socialisation of learner nurses published from 2008 to 2018. The search resulted in 3035 articles which were further reduced to 13 after further synthesis. Critical appraisal skills programme was used to assess the quality of the studies.Results: Three main themes emerged. Learner factors, factors in the clinical learning areas and interpersonal factors were identified as the factors that facilitate professional socialisation of learners.Conclusion: Learners should have self-motivation and be supported and assisted to develop a positive professional identity. The clinical learning environment should have effective communication that fosters learning. Professional nurses should act as exemplary role models so that learners can emulate the conduct and practice. The review brought to light that the professional socialisation of learners is affected by the learner factors, clinical learning areas and personal factors.
The Combined Occluding Effect of Sodium Fluoride Varnish and Erbium
Authors: Kawle Sahil , Gawande Harshraj , Gupte Jaiti , Jadhav Apurva , Raut Swati , Sinha Sonal 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is one of the most common problems, but to date, no single agent or form of treatment has been found effective. Lasers have promising potential for the treatment of DH. This in vitro study aims to compare and evaluate the desensitising ability of a combination of sodium fluoride varnish (NaF) and Erbium: yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er: YAG) laser by assessing tubule occlusion and depth of penetration of the agent in dentinal tubules through Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), respectively.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five extracted maxillary premolar teeth were included in this study. A 3-mm-thick horizontal slice was prepared from the cementoenamel junction of each tooth. Each slice was transversely separated into two halves as buccal and lingual samples. Ninety samples were obtained, and these samples were randomly divided into six equal groups. Groups A, B, C, and D were used for the evaluation of tubule occlusion with SEM Groups E and F were evaluated for dentin permeability with CLSM.

Results:
Intergroup comparisons showed statistically significant differences among groups, and it was observed that the combined use of Sodium fluoride and Er: YAG Laser showed better occluding (Group D) and depth penetration (Group F) effect when analysed using SEM and CLSM, respectively.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded that a combination of fluoride varnish and lasers offers a significant role in dentinal hypersensitivity.
Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients after Sequential Oxygen Therapy in Tertiary Medical College
Authors: Suryawanshi Chhaya M. , Narkhede Harsha , Mahanta Dipanjali 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background:
Acute respiratory failure is the main manifestation in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), being hospitalized in an intensive care unit, and may even require invasive mechanical ventilation, which is associated with high mortality. The use of high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) for severe hypoxemic respiratory failure cases was limited in hospital setups. Its benefit to patients, compliance, complications, as well as comparison with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) mask were not studied.

Patients and Methods:
We included consecutive patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure who were categorized into three groups depending on admission oxygen saturation and respiratory rate for non-rebreather bag-mask (NRBM), HFNO, and NIV. All patients were observed for 2 weeks and defined parameters were noted. The mean and standard deviation were compared between the groups by using the ANOVA test; P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
The comparison of mean escalation of oxygen requirement on the 5th day showed a significant result (94.27 ± 1.7 vs. 92.16 ± 4.05 vs. 90.73 ± 2.49, respectively, P = 0.001). Similar findings were also found on the 10th day and 15th day of treatment. The NIV group showed a significant lack of compliance to oxygen therapy (P < 0.001) and also a significant incidence of complications (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
NIV showed a significant amount of escalation in oxygen requirement, reduced therapy compliance, and associated complications in comparison to the NRBM and HFNO in COVID-19 settings.
A Prospective Comparative Study of Fentanyl and Buprenorphine as an Adjuvant to Intrathecal Chloroprocaine for Perianal Surgeries
Authors: Annamalai Anbu Muruga Raj , Gnanasekaran Arun Sekar , Sathappan Kumaresan , Chandran Prasath 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
Chloroprocaine is a local anesthetic with faster onset of action and short half-life, which results in short duration of analgesia limiting its use in surgeries. Researches proved that synergy with other drugs prolongs the duration of action and also the postoperative analgesia of chloroprocaine. Thus the present study was designed to compare the effectiveness of adding buprenorphine and fentanyl to intrathecal 1% 2-chloroprocaine for perianal surgeries.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective comparative study included 100 American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical class 1 and 2 patients of age 18–60 years, body mass index <35, scheduled for short duration perianal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups: 30 mg 1% chloroprocaine was given along with 25 µg fentanyl in group F and 75 µg buprenorphine in group B. The time of onset, duration of sensory and motor block, two-segment and complete regression of spinal anesthesia, and duration of postoperative analgesia were studied.

Results:
Time for two-segment regression was 41.40 ± 7.82 and 44.80 ± 6.14 min in groups F and B, respectively, with P=0.43. In groups F and B, time to reach the modified Bromage score of 3 was 4.41 ± 0.48 and 4.17 ± 0.57 min, respectively. The time to void was insignificantly longer in group B than that in F of 300.96 ± 35.41 and155.86 ± 46.67 min without requirement of urinary catheterization. The time of first postoperative analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group B than that of group F of 715.82 ± 127.09 178.07 ± 453.13 min, respectively.

Conclusion:
The addition of intrathecal buprenorphine to chloroprocaine for spinal anesthesia significantly prolonged the postoperative analgesia compared with addition of fentanyl.
Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine as Adjuvants to Ropivacaine in Adductor Canal Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Fultambkar Gajanan , Kasetty Shirisha , Vijayanand B. , Nair Abhijit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background:
Patients undergoing arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction experience significant postoperative pain, which could lead to a delay in recovery and discharge from an ambulatory surgical setting. Adductor canal block (ACB) has been used to offer effective postoperative analgesia after ACL repair. We compared the analgesic efficacy of alpha-2 agonists clonidine and dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to local anesthetics in ACB.

Patients and Methods:
Sixty subjects scheduled for elective arthroscopic ACL reconstruction were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 patients received US-guided ACB with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with 1 μg/kg clonidine as an adjuvant; group 2 patients received ACB with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant. Demographic data, pain scores, motor and sensory block, postoperative tramadol consumption, time to rescue analgesia, and adverse events were compared.

Results:
The demographic data were comparable between both groups. The patients in group 2 when compared with group 1 had increased time for request to rescue analgesic (488.83 ± 67.934 min compared with 975.07 ± 90.251 min, P < 0.001), reduced tramadol consumption (179.33 ± 44.095 mg compared with 179.33 ± 44.095 mg, P < 0.001), and better pain scores at 12 and 18 h. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was less in group 2 compared with group 1.

Conclusion:
Dexmedetomidine, when added as an adjuvant to 0.5% ropivacaine in ACB, leads to increased time to first request of tramadol, reduced postoperative tramadol requirement, and decreased NRS scores when compared with clonidine.
Severity of Cystocele and Risk Factors of Postoperative Stress Urinary Incontinence after Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Authors: Sato Hirotaka , Abe Hirokazu , Ikeda Atsushi , Miyagawa Tomoaki , Tsukada Sachiyuki 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
Knowledge on the severity of cystocele and incidence of postoperative stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after prolapse repair is lacking. This study investigated the incidence and risk factors of postoperative SUI following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC).

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 83 women without occult SUI who underwent LSC for pelvic organ prolapse and developed SUI over 3 months postoperatively. We used Fisher's exact test, the Mann–Whitney U-test, and logistic regression for statistical data analyses.

Results:
After 3 months, the incidences of postoperative SUI were 50% and 24% in those who did and did not report preoperative SUI, respectively. Eventually, postoperative SUI was reported by 39% and 9% of the women with and without preoperative SUI, respectively. Increased Ba (point of maximal anterior vaginal wall prolapse) measurement (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–2.06; P = 0.04) and preoperative SUI (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.14–13.7; P = 0.03) were the risk factors for postoperative SUI.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that counseling regarding the risk of postoperative SUI should be conducted for women with preoperative advanced cystocele or bothersome SUI.
Influence of social media on urologic knowledge acquisition among young urologists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Azhar Raed A. , Subahi Mohnna S. , Badr Hattan , Buksh Omar , Khawaji Abdullah , Yamni Ahmed K. , Amoudi Ghada Ahmad , Nassir Anmar 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
The present study explores how young urologists in Saudi Arabia are adopting social media as a learning tool and how this new development is shaping as far as learning is concerned.

Methods:
A 18-item online survey via survemonkey.com was conducted. The survey was distributed through email in Saudi Arabia. The survey targeted young urologists and urology residents. The survey design and distribution was performed according to CHERRIES guidelines. Due to the quantitative nature of study data, SPSS software was used to analyze collected data.

Results:
A total of 104 young Saudi urologists responded to our survey. Participants were mostly familiar with the use of Twitter (86%), followed closely by YouTube (82%) and then Snapchat and Instagram (73% and 63%, respectively), a large portion (72%) of participants believe that social media has a moderate-to-high influence on their urology knowledge, YouTube was by far the most used source to watch and understand surgical skills, followed by reference books and websites, respectively.

Conclusion:
Social media has contributed to the spread of medical information among urology community and outside the urology community as well, with easier spread of medical knowledge to all involved by using social media, an extensive impact is achieved to both physicians and patients as well. For future work, this study should be conducted again, to monitor and compare the progression of usage among urologists.
Transfusion Transmitted Infections: A Present-Day Danger for Pakistan
Authors: Javed Syed Owais , Saleem Aqsa , Sahito Abdul Moiz , Hasan Mohammad Mehedi 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT.
Over 1.5 million units of blood are collected in Pakistan each year, with around 65% of this donation coming from replacement donors—relatives or close friends of the affected who willingly donate blood to support the patient. Although blood transfusion is a life-saving therapy, it also involves the danger of spreading blood-borne illnesses if not appropriately screened. It has been extensively discussed that the precise number of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) in the Pakistani population is still unclear, and the estimates reported by the Sindh Blood Transfusion Authority may be a major underestimation because of the country’s lack of inexpensive and effective screening tests. Regular blood transfusions are the mainstay of treatment of patients with blood diseases such as thalassemia and anemia. They are also commonly used to handle acute injuries, surgery, bleeding, and birthing difficulties. However, the risk of getting a TTI results in an increased hesitancy among blood transfusion recipients. Hence, to reduce the occurrence of TTIs, effective and vigorous measures must be implemented.
Cultural Competency Curricula in US Graduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Atkinson Rachel B. , Khubchandani Jasmine A. , Chun Maria B. J. , Reidy Emma , Ortega Gezzer , Bain Paul A. , Demko Caroline , Barreiro-Rosado Jeenn , Kent Tara S. , Smink Douglas S. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Cultural competency training provides participants with knowledge and skills to improve cross-cultural communication and is required for all graduate medical education (GME) training programs.

Objective
The authors sought to determine what cultural competency curricula exist specifically in GME.

Methods
In April 2020, the authors performed a scoping review of the literature using a multidatabase (PubMed, Ovid, MedEdPORTAL) search strategy that included keywords relevant to GME and cultural competency. The authors extracted descriptive data about the structure, implementation, and analysis of cultural competency curricula and analyzed these data for trends.

Results
Sixty-seven articles met criteria for inclusion, of which 61 (91%) were focused exclusively on residents. The most commonly included specialties were psychiatry (n=19, 28.4%), internal medicine (n=16, 23.9%), and pediatrics (n=15, 22.4%). The shortest intervention was a 30-minute online module, while the longest contained didactics, electives, and mentoring programs that spanned the entirety of residency training (4 years). The sample sizes of included studies ranged from 6 to 833 participants. Eight (11.9%) studies utilized OSCEs as assessment tools, while 17 (25.4%) conducted semi-structured interviews or focus groups. Four common themes were unique interventions, retention of learning, trainee evaluation of curricula, and resources required for implementation.

Conclusions
Wide variation exists in the design, implementation, and evaluation of cultural competency curricula for residents and fellows.
Development of and Preliminary Validity Evidence for the EFeCT Feedback Scoring Tool
Authors: Ross Shelley , Hamza Deena , Zulla Rosslynn , Stasiuk Samantha , Nichols Darren 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Narrative feedback, like verbal feedback, is essential to learning. Regardless of form, all feedback should be of high quality. This is becoming even more important as programs incorporate narrative feedback into the constellation of evidence used for summative decision-making. Continuously improving the quality of narrative feedback requires tools for evaluating it, and time to score. A tool is needed that does not require clinical educator expertise so scoring can be delegated to others.

Objective
To develop an evidence-based tool to evaluate the quality of documented feedback that could be reliably used by clinical educators and non-experts.

Methods
Following a literature review to identify elements of high-quality feedback, an expert consensus panel developed the scoring tool. Messick's unified concept of construct validity guided the collection of validity evidence throughout development and piloting (2013–2020).

Results
The Evaluation of Feedback Captured Tool (EFeCT) contains 5 categories considered to be essential elements of high-quality feedback. Preliminary validity evidence supports content, substantive, and consequential validity facets. Generalizability evidence supports that EFeCT scores assigned to feedback samples show consistent interrater reliability scores between raters across 5 sessions, regardless of level of medical education or clinical expertise (Session 1: n=3, ICC=0.94; Session 2: n=6, ICC=0.90; Session 3: n=5, ICC=0.91; Session 4: n=6, ICC=0.89; Session 5: n=6, ICC=0.92).

Conclusions
There is preliminary validity evidence for the EFeCT as a useful tool for scoring the quality of documented feedback captured on assessment forms. Generalizability evidence indicated comparable EFeCT scores by raters regardless of level of expertise.
Effects of twelve-week aerobic exercise on selected health-related physical fitness variables on Gonji preparatory school male students
Authors: Esleman Abdurahman , Yirga Geberemariam Bizuneh , Aychiluhim Wondiye 
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve-week aerobic exercise on health-related physical fitness components of grade eleven Gonjy preparatory school male students. The study employed an experimental research design. A simple random sampling method was used to select 30 sample students from the 242 total populations and classify them randomly into two equal experimental and control groups (n = 15). The Control group had participated in regular physical education one class of 40-minute per week in the school, but the experimental group participated additional three sessions per week for 60 minutes aerobic exercise training program, which comprised walking, jogging, running, rope skipping, and aerobic dance. Experimental and control groups had taken pre and post-test cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility measured using cooper test, three-minute step test, using body mass index formula, siting tuck, chin up and sit & reach test respectively. The data collected from the study groups were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version 23 software and computed independent t-test and paired t-test and the level of significance was set at 0.05 levels. The results revealed in independent and paired t-test analysis of 12-week aerobic exercise training has significantly changed on cardiorespiratory fitness (p=0.001), muscular endurance (p=0.001) flexibility (independent p=0.04 paired p=0.02), and body mass index (p=0.001). But no significant change was observed on muscular strength in experimental and control groups of independent t-test (p=0.534 and p=0.41) and paired t-test (p=0.43 and p=0.33). Based on the finding, it was concluded that the 12 weeks aerobic exercise training program for three days per week schedule has been advantageous for the improvement of students’ health-related physical fitness variables.
Comparison of Fixed-time Artificial Insemination and Natural Mating on Pregnancy rates in Mpwapwa Breed Cattle
Authors: Kabuni K.T. , Masao D.F. , Laven R. , Parkinson T.J. 
Published: February 2022

The goal of this study was to assess if a designed prostaglandin (PGF2α)-protocol when used against natural mating (NM) in well-managed Mpwapwa cattle would improve pregnancy rates during the breeding season. Of the PGF2α oestrus synchronization protocols, a standard 14-day PGF2α protocol accompanied with fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was tested against NM. Totals of 39 and 49 cows became pregnant in the FTAI and NM groups respectively following completion of the study of 100 cows for each group. Statistically, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.21), even though there was a lower risk of pregnancy in the FTAI group compared to the NM group (unadjusted relative risk: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.58-1.09). The results from this study suggest that PGF2α–based synchronization protocol and FTAI, especially when combined with NM in Mpwapwa breed cattle, can yield better reproductive performance and enhance greater genetic improvement compared to being naturally serviced. Few cows (only 10/100 cows) displayed behavioural oestrus signs after receiving the first PGF2α injection. The poor oestrus response might be due to either ineffective detection of oestrus or cows lacked a responsive corpus luteum (CL) at the time of synchronisation. Therefore, this might reflect a large number of cows to have been in anoestrus. Further investigation on the reproductive status and performance of Mpwapwa cows is needed to identify the effects of anoestrus