bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a novel ring-cusp magnetically confined plasma bridge neutralizer
Authors: Ren Linyuan , Wang Yanan , Ding Weidong , Sun Anbang , Karadag Burak , Deng Zichen , Geng Jinyue 
Published: March 2022

The plasma bridge neutralizer (PBN) based on a tungsten filament is a promising technique of a thermionic DC electron source where a hot filament is immersed in an inert gas flow and electrons are “bridged” from a small orifice to the ion beam. PBNs have been widely used in space propulsion and industrial applications due to their relatively simple structure and low power consumption. However, they have well-known disadvantages, namely, low emission current density and short lifetime. In this article, we propose a novel ring-cusp magnetically confined PBN (RCM-PBN) to address these issues. In the RCM-PBN, electrons are confined by a ring-cusp magnetic field, which improves the ionization efficiency and reduces the discharge chamber wall losses. Electrical insulation of the orifice plate from the chamber wall prevents a large number of electrons from being collected by the orifice plate, which greatly improves the extracted electron current. The effects of different operating parameters on the extracted electron current were studied through experiments. It was found that the increase in the extracted electron current with the extraction voltage was related to the anode spot formation. Analysis of the gas utilization factor and electron extraction cost shows that the optimal operating condition was obtained at an argon mass flow rate of 1.2 SCCM and a heater power of 45 W. At its optimum, a stable electron current of 1.1 A was extracted from the RCM-PBN with a gas utilization factor of 12.8 and an electron extraction cost of 143 W/A.
Social disadvantage, economic inequality, and life expectancy in nine Indian states
Authors: Vyas Sangita , Hathi Payal , Gupta Aashish 
Published: March 2022

Significance
India is one of the most hierarchical societies in the world. Because vital statistics are incomplete, mortality disparities are not quantified. Using survey data on more than 20 million individuals from nine Indian states representing about half of India’s population, we estimate and decompose life expectancy differences between higher-caste Hindus, comprising other backward classes and high castes, and three marginalized social groups: Adivasis (indigenous peoples), Dalits (oppressed castes), and Muslims. The three marginalized groups experience large disadvantages in life expectancy at birth relative to higher-caste Hindus. Economic status explains less than half of these gaps. These large disparities underscore parallels between diverse systems of discrimination akin to racism. They highlight the global significance of addressing social inequality in India.
Rapid recruitment of p53 to DNA damage sites directs DNA repair choice and integrity
Authors: Wang Yu-Hsiu , Ho Teresa L. F. , Hariharan Anushya , Goh Hui Chin , Wong Yao Liang , Verkaik Nicole S. , Lee May Yin , Tam Wai Leong , van Gent Dik C. , Venkitaraman Ashok R. , Sheetz Michael P. , Lane David P. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Our work focuses on the critical longstanding question of the nontranscriptional role of p53 in tumor suppression. We demonstrate here that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)–dependent modification of p53 enables rapid recruitment of p53 to damage sites, where it in turn directs early repair pathway selection. Specifically, p53-mediated recruitment of 53BP1 at early time points promotes nonhomologous end joining over the more error-prone microhomology end-joining. Similarly, p53 directs nucleotide excision repair by mediating DDB1 recruitment. This property of p53 also correlates with tumor suppression in vivo. Our study provides mechanistic insight into how certain transcriptionally deficient p53 mutants may retain tumor-suppressive functions through regulating the DNA damage response.
Antibody cross-reactivity between casein and myelin-associated glycoprotein results in central nervous system demyelination
Authors: Chunder Rittika , Weier Alicia , Mäurer Hannah , Luber Nicolas , Enders Michael , Luber Gabriele , Heider Thorsten , Spitzer Alfred , Tacke Sabine , Becker-Gotot Janine , Kurts Christian , Iyer Radhika , Ho Peggy P. , Robinson William H. , Lanz Tobias V. , Kuerten Stefanie 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to irreversible deficits in young adults. Its pathophysiology is believed to be influenced by environmental determinants. As far back as the 1990s, it had been suggested that there is a correlation between the consumption of cow’s milk and the prevalence of MS. Here, we not only demonstrate that a high percentage of MS patients harbor antibodies to bovine casein but also that antibody cross-reactivity between cow’s milk and CNS antigens can exacerbate demyelination. Our data broaden the current understanding of how diet influences the etiology of MS and set the stage for combining personalized diet plans with disease-modifying treatment strategies.
CD164 is a host factor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus entry
Authors: Bakkers Mark J. G. , Moon-Walker Alex , Herlo Rasmus , Brusic Vesna , Stubbs Sarah Hulsey , Hastie Kathryn M. , Saphire Erica Ollmann , Kirchhausen Tomas L. , Whelan Sean P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is the prototypic arenavirus and has been utilized for decades as a model to understand the host immune response against viral infection. LCMV infection can lead to fatal meningitis in immunocompromised people and can lead to congenital birth defects and spontaneous abortion if acquired during pregnancy. Using a genetic screen, we uncover host factors involved in LCMV entry that were previously unknown and are candidate therapeutic targets to combat LCMV infection. This study expands our understanding of the entry pathway of LCMV, revealing that its glycoprotein switches from utilizing the known receptor α-DG and heparan sulfate at the plasma membrane to binding the lysosomal mucin CD164 at pH levels found in endolysosomal compartments, facilitating membrane fusion.
Structures of the junctophilin/voltage-gated calcium channel interface reveal hot spot for cardiomyopathy mutations
Authors: Yang Zheng Fang , Panwar Pankaj , McFarlane Ciaran R. , Tuinte Wietske E. , Campiglio Marta , Van Petegem Filip 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Ion channels have evolved the ability to communicate with one another, either through protein–protein interactions, or indirectly via intermediate diffusible messenger molecules. In special cases, the channels are part of different membranes. In muscle tissue, the T-tubule membrane is in proximity to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing communication between L-type calcium channels and ryanodine receptors. This process is critical for excitation–contraction coupling and requires auxiliary proteins like junctophilin (JPH). JPHs are targets for disease-associated mutations, most notably hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in the JPH2 isoform. Here we provide high-resolution snapshots of JPH, both alone and in complex with a calcium channel peptide, and show how this interaction is targeted by cardiomyopathy mutations.
Digital synthesis of free-form multimaterial structures for realization of arbitrary programmed mechanical responses
Authors: Li Weichen , Wang Fengwen , Sigmund Ole , Zhang Xiaojia Shelly 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Creating structures to realize function-oriented mechanical responses is desired for many applications. Yet, the use of a single material phase and heuristics-based designs may fail to attain specific target behaviors. Here, through a deterministic algorithmic procedure, multiple materials with dissimilar properties are intelligently synthesized into composite structures to achieve arbitrary prescribed responses. Created structures possess unconventional geometry and seamless integration of multiple materials. Despite geometric complexity and varied material phases, these structures are fabricated by multimaterial manufacturing, and tested to demonstrate that wide-ranging nonlinear responses are physically and accurately realized. Upon heteroassembly, resulting structures provide architectures that exhibit highly complex yet navigable responses. The proposed strategy can benefit the design of function-oriented nonlinear mechanical devices, such as actuators and energy absorbers.
Deep learning guided optimization of human antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants with broad neutralization
Authors: Shan Sisi , Luo Shitong , Yang Ziqing , Hong Junxian , Su Yufeng , Ding Fan , Fu Lili , Li Chenyu , Chen Peng , Ma Jianzhu , Shi Xuanling , Zhang Qi , Berger Bonnie , Zhang Linqi , Peng Jian 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceSARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve through emerging variants, more frequently observed with higher transmissibility. Despite the wide application of vaccines and antibodies, the selection pressure on the Spike protein may lead to further evolution of variants that include mutations that can evade immune response. To catch up with the virus’s evolution, we introduced a deep learning approach to redesign the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) to target multiple virus variants and obtained an antibody that broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase in a three-stage program as directed by interaxis bridges
Authors: Chu Lingluo , Zhang Zheng , Mukhina Maria , Zickler Denise , Kleckner Nancy 
Published: March 2022

Significance
A central feature of mitosis is segregation of sister chromatids to opposite poles during anaphase. Our recent work revealed that sister chromatids are linked by robust structural bridges built on topological sister/sister catenations. This unexpected finding implies that separation of sister chromatids is more complex than previously thought. The present study reveals that bridges are removed in a highly programmed three-stage process, all licensed by anaphase onset and cohesin removal, and all promoted by distinct types of intersister separation forces. Removal of bridge-associated cohesin and topoisomerase II–mediated decatenation plays a central role. These findings raise the possibility that the presence and programmed removal of bridges are required for smooth, synchronous, and regular movement of sisters to opposite poles.
Disruption of the circadian clock component BMAL1 elicits an endocrine adaption impacting on insulin sensitivity and liver disease
Authors: Jouffe Céline , Weger Benjamin D. , Martin Eva , Atger Florian , Weger Meltem , Gobet Cédric , Ramnath Divya , Charpagne Aline , Morin-Rivron Delphine , Powell Elizabeth E. , Sweet Matthew J. , Masoodi Mojgan , Uhlenhaut N. Henriette , Gachon Frédéric 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceWhile increasing evidence associates the disruption of circadian rhythms with pathologic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), the involved mechanisms are still poorly described. Here, we show that, in both humans and mice, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is associated with the disruption of the circadian clock combined with perturbations of the growth hormone and sex hormone pathways. However, while this condition protects mice from the development of fibrosis and insulin resistance, it correlates with increased fibrosis in humans. This suggests that the perturbation of the circadian clock and its associated disruption of the growth hormone and sex hormone pathways are critical for the pathogenesis of metabolic and liver diseases.
Seismic noise effect reduction improvement for ground-based investigation of space inertial sensor by suspending the electrode housing with an individual pendulum
Authors: Tan D Y , Liu L , Hu M , Zhou Z B 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seismic noise is one of the main limits of performance validation experiments for space inertial sensor on the ground. A two-stage electrostatically controlled torsion pendulum was developed and used to investigate the performances of space inertial sensor for TianQin. To further suppress the seismic noise effect, a novel scheme that introduces another pendulum to suspend the electrode housing (EH) simultaneously is proposed. By choosing proper suspension for the EH with respect to the original pendulum for the test mass (TM), the relative motion between the TM and the EH is insensitive to seismic noise due to common mode rejection, and the disturbance on the inertial sensor caused by seismic noise can be suppressed about five orders of magnitude theoretically. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the scheme can further suppress the seismic noise effect more than one order of magnitude.
A toy model for gas viscosity
Authors: Sapia P , Bozzo G 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a greatly simplified model (a ‘toy model’) for the rheological behavior of gases in laminar motion, whose viscosity arises mainly from thermal diffusion of momentum among layers. The model is based on the usual mesoscopic representation of a fluid in laminar motion (i.e. many layers reciprocally sliding on each other), where the mechanical coupling among layers is modeled by means of mass exchange, that in turns results in momentum diffusion transversally to the fluid flow. In particular, the model is based on the conceptual analogy between: a laminarly flowing fluid, on one side, and, on the other side, an arbitrary number of identical trains sliding on parallel rails, reciprocally interacting through mass exchange between nearest neighbors. Before presenting the complete model, a simplest case is considered, in order to familiarize learners with the idea that mass exchange between two mechanical systems can give rise to an emerging interaction force between them. The proposed model, appropriate for university students (and, limited to the simplest case, for upper high school students, too), helps them to understand the basic idea of viscosity as a transport phenomenon, giving the opportunity to better understand—in a unitary way—the physics underlying various transport phenomena, such as: electric conduction, heat conduction, diffusion. Moreover, the computational implementation of the model is done by using a mathematical formalism, which in turns permits students to familiarize (in a classical physics context) with the matrix notation and the physical meaning of matrix elements, to the benefit of their subsequent quantum mechanics studies.
Image irradiance in the absence of aplanatism and isoplanatism
Authors: Siew Ronian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Textbook chapters on the subject of optical radiometry often impose the condition of aplanatism when deriving a well-known expression for image irradiance in optical systems, yet at least two authors (including this author) have shown that this condition is unnecessary for the expression to hold. In this paper, theories and computer-aided ray-tracing analyses are provided to support the validity of the expression for even wider cases, where stigmatism, aplanatism, and isoplanatism are all not assumed. Further, it is shown that when both diffraction and aberrations are involved, one may apply a fusion of the expression with the fundamentals of image formation by convolution (if the image is isoplanatic) or superposition (if the image is not isoplanatic) in Fourier optics. To highlight how graduate students and researchers in the laboratory may benefit from the concepts presented here, a practical application is discussed involving signal detection.
Shearlet-based regularization in statistical inverse learning with an application to x-ray tomography
Authors: Bubba Tatiana A , Ratti Luca 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Statistical inverse learning theory, a field that lies at the intersection of inverse problems and statistical learning, has lately gained more and more attention. In an effort to steer this interplay more towards the variational regularization framework, convergence rates have recently been proved for a class of convex, p-homogeneous regularizers with p ∈ (1, 2], in the symmetric Bregman distance. Following this path, we take a further step towards the study of sparsity-promoting regularization and extend the aforementioned convergence rates to work with ℓ

p
-norm regularization, with p ∈ (1, 2), for a special class of non-tight Banach frames, called shearlets, and possibly constrained to some convex set. The p = 1 case is approached as the limit case (1, 2) ∋ p → 1, by complementing numerical evidence with a (partial) theoretical analysis, based on arguments from Γ-convergence theory. We numerically validate our theoretical results in the context of x-ray tomography, under random sampling of the imaging angles, using both simulated and measured data. This application allows to effectively verify the theoretical decay, in addition to providing a motivation for the extension to shearlet-based regularization.
Resonance signatures in DCS and spin polarization for positron scattering with C60 and rare gas endohedrals
Authors: Dubey Km Akanksha , Ciappina Marcelo F 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a comparative study of differential cross sections (DCSs) and spin polarizations for positron scattering from C60 and A@C60, elucidating the role of encapsulation of rare gas atoms inside the giant C60 cage. A comparison is provided with the earlier work for elastic positron-C60 scattering. We find a very good agreement even when a model potential is used for the positron-C60 interaction. Also, we evaluate similarities and differences between the positron and electron DCSs and spin polarizations, both from bare and endohedral targets. To mark resonance features on the scattering dynamics, DCSs and spin polarizations are calculated at resonant energies, which showcase different characteristics compared to the cases where the positron energy is non-resonant. In order to account for a complete picture of the scattering process, an absorption potential is included in the total scattering field. For the sake of illustrating the impact of individual interactions and their interplay as a whole, DCSs and spin polarizations are reported including several scattering interactions alternatively.
An inventive multi-scale, multiphysics modeling approach and comparative analysis of distinctive features of planar ionization waves in air: I. Negative streamers
Authors: Shahsavarian Tohid , Cao Yang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A multiscale-multiphysics model of two different patterns of negative discharge (droplets and branches) based on the well-known electro-hydrodynamic equations in a two-dimensional non-axisymmetric configuration is developed to investigate the main features of the negative discharge (e.g. bifurcation, stochastic branching, and evolution of all charged particles including positive and negative ions and electrons). We discuss the challenges behind the finite-element-based streamer models and illustrate the robustness and efficiency of introduced three different meshing techniques via coupled fixed and adaptively refined meshes in terms of the accuracy of results and computational burden. The capability of the model in representing an outstanding spatial resolution of the streamer propagation and its stages is demonstrated under both uniform and non-uniform electric fields. A further required extension of the presented model for the representation of the positive streamer is presented in part II of this series paper. Also, in this part, the distinctive characteristics of both positive and negative streamers are presented, and the different features achieved from the model are thoroughly discussed and compared with the prior experimental results.
An inventive multi-scale, multiphysics modelling approach and comparative analysis of distinctive features of planar ionization waves in air: II. Positive streamers
Authors: Shahsavarian Tohid , Cao Yang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A robust numerical framework for positive streamer modelling based on electro-hydrodynamic equations coupled with Poisson and Helmholtz differential equations for the photoionization process is presented. The proposed multi-layer meshing scheme in a 2D non-axisymmetric finite-element model along with a hybrid meshing technique presented in part I of this series paper for negative streamers provide high accuracy, spatial resolution, and capability to present the major features of both positive and negative streamers. In addition, the presented model is utilized to simulate multi positive and negative streamers propagation in a non-uniform electric field in the air. The main characteristics of the positive and negative streamers including the morphology, distribution pattern of space charges, local electric field, diameter, length, and velocity are presented, discussed, and compared with the experiment. Moreover, the impacts of initial seed density and voltage on the propagation of streamers are presented and explained. The branching mechanism arising from Laplacian instability and its impact on the streamer parameters such as tip electric field and dominant charge density is explained.
Characteristics of three-electrode pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge: streamer-to-spark transition and hydrodynamic expansion
Authors: Peng Bangfa , Jiang Nan , Shang Kefeng , Lu Na , Li Jie , Wu Yan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Streamer-to-spark transition and hydrodynamic expansion in a three-electrode pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge are studied under atmospheric-pressure air. Three sequential discharge processes of the primary streamer, transitional streamer and spark phase during a single pulse are observed from the time-resolved plasma morphologies. The primary streamer and transitional streamer phases, with a rising voltage and low current, followed by a spark phase with a rapidly falling pulse and ascending current are characterized. Images of the discharge development show that the transitional streamer is maintained in the ionization channel after the primary streamer bridges the high-voltage electrode and the second grounded electrode. When the transitional streamer develops to a certain level, the streamer discharge transfers into the spark discharge. As a result, two shock waves are induced in the two exposed electrode domains, and then merge into a single ellipse during the process of hydrodynamic expansion. Boltzmann plots indicate that the electron temperature is 4.815 eV in the initial phase of spark discharge and gradually decreases in the spark phase. Stark broadening of the O atomic line shows that the electron density is 7.06 × 1017 cm−3 during the spark phase.
Simplified Green’s function for surface waves in quasi-incompressible elastic plates with application to elastography
Authors: Benech Nicolás , Camargo Andrés , Negreira Carlos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Surface wave elastography is a growing method to estimate the elasticity in soft solids. It is particularly useful in the case of agrifoods like meat, cheese, or fruits because it does not require major infrastructure or large equipment and could be developed in portable devices. However, estimating the shear elastic properties from surface wave measurements is not straightforward. The shear wavelength in those materials is cm sized for the excitation frequencies usually employed in elastography (∼102 Hz), and the size of samples is comparable to it. Thus, the surface wave speed is frequency dependent with no direct relation to the shear wave speed. In this work we propose a simplified Green’s function for soft solid elastic plates which allows to retrieve the shear elasticity from near field measurements. The model is compared with experimental results obtained in agar–gelatin phantoms and food samples (cheese and bovine liver). The results show a good overall agreement although improvements can be achieved by incorporating diffraction and viscosity to the model.