bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review and viability of a Dyson Swarm as a form of Dyson Sphere
Authors: Smith Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
First conceptualised in Olaf Stapledon’s 1937 novel ‘Star Maker’, before being popularised by Freeman Dyson in the 1960s, Dyson Spheres are structures which surround a civilisation's sun to collect all the energy being radiated. This article presents a discussion of the features of such a feat of engineering, reviews the viability, scale and likely design of a Dyson structure, and analyses details about each stage of its construction and operation. It is found that a Dyson Swarm, a large array of individual satellites orbiting another celestial body, is the ideal design for such a structure as opposed to the solid sun-surrounding structure which is typically associated with the Dyson Sphere. In our solar system, such a structure based around Mars would be able to generate the Earth's 2019 global power consumption of 18.35 TW within fifty years once its construction has begun, which itself could start by 2040 using biennial launch windows. Alongside a 4.17 km2 ground-based heliostat array, the swarm of over 5.5 billion satellites would be constructed on the surface of Mars before being launched by electromagnetic accelerators into a Martian orbit. Efficiency of the Dyson Swarm ranges from 0.74–2.77% of the Sun’s 3.85 × 1026 W output, with large potential for growth as both current technologies improve, and future concepts are brought to reality in the time before and during the swarm’s construction. Not only would a Dyson Swarm provide a near-infinite, renewable power source for Earth, it would also allow for significant expansions in human space exploration and for our civilisation as a whole.
Robust valley filter induced by quantum constructive interference in graphene with line defect and strain
Authors: Du L , Ren C D , Cui L , Lu W T , Tian H Y , Wang S K 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically investigate the manipulation of valley-polarized currents and the optical-like behaviours of Dirac fermions in graphene with single line defect. After the introduction of a local uniaxial strain, the valley transmission probability increases and transmission plateau emerges in a large angle range. Such phenomenon originates from resonant tunnelling, and the strain act as an antireflective coating for the valley states, analogous to the antireflective coating in an optical device. This indicates that perfect valley polarization can occur in a larger incident angle range compared with solely line defect. Interestingly, in the presence of Anderson disorder, even though the transmission decreases, the valley polarization is still robust. Our theoretical findings may be experimentally observable and valuable for valleytronic applications based on graphene.
Fabrication and morphological, optical, and electrical characterisation of Cu-doped ZnO nanorod/coronene nanowire hybrid heterojunctions
Authors: Aktas Sitki , Unal Fatih , Kurt Mustafa Sukru , Kabaer Mehmet 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The electrochemical deposition technique was employed to grow 1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO nanorods on glass/ITO substrate. Then, coronene nanowire was deposited on the 1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO surfaces via the thermal evaporation technique as an interfacial layer of hybrid heterojunctions. Structural analyses of different ratios of the Cu-doped ZnO layers revealed that they contain ZnO, CuZn, Cu2O and Cu16O14.15 phases, and further that a monoclinic coronene crystal structure could be detected from the XRD spectrum of ITO/coronene thin film. The elemental composition of the1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO layers was investigated via SEM-EDX from which it was observed that the proportions of the elemental weight of Zn, O, and Cu were 73.4%, 23.5% and 3.1%, respectively, for 1% Cu- doped ZnO, and 71.2%, 21.1%, 7.7% for 3%Cu-doped ZnO. The surface morphological analyses revealed that the inorganic layer crystallised as hexagonal pillar nanorods and the organic layer as nanowires. It was also observed that the nanorod thickness increased from 130–230 nm to 270–450 nm with increasing Cu ratio. As a result of the optical analyses of the hybrid heterojunctions, it was found that the maximum absorption region of the heterojunctions was in the near-ultraviolet region and that they had very low transmittances (0.6%–0.77%). In addition, the absorption coefficients and the band gap energy were ≈ 107 (m−1) and were 3.09–3.25 eV, respectively, while the band gap energy of coronene thin film on ITO was 2.90 eV. Electrical analyses of Ag/ZnO:1%Cu/coronene/Ag and Ag/ZnO:3%Cu/coronene/Ag heterojunctions were performed in the ±0.4 V potential range in a dark environment at room temperature, and diode parameters were determined using various methods. It was found that Ag/ZnO:1%Cu/coronene/Ag and Ag/ZnO:3%Cu/coronene/Ag diodes had high rectification ratios with the values of 250 and 1140, respectively. It is also obvious that while the increase in Cu doping ratio increased the diode ideality factor, series resistances and barrier heights ranged from 1.31 to 13.7, 17 to 3283 Ω, and 0.43 to 0.55 eV, respectively, it decreased the reverse saturation current from 8.1 × 10–3 A to 8.2 × 10–5 A.
Influence of absorption, energy band alignment, electric field, recombination, layer thickness, doping concentration, temperature, reflection and defect densities on MAGeI3 perovskite solar cells with Kesterite HTLs
Authors: Jan Shayan Tariq , Noman Muhammad 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Over the past decade, perovskite materials have emerged as a promising absorber layer in photo voltaic (PV) cells. Germanium (Ge) based perovskite layers have attracted the attention of scientists because of its excellent photovoltaic properties and nontoxic nature. Selecting the right material for charge transport layers (CTL) can further enhance the performance and stability of the cell. Kesterite materials are chalcogenides quaternary compound with high conductivity and tunable bandgap. They have exhibited excellent performance when employed in thin film PV cells as the active material and hence emerged as an option to be used as hole transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells. In this work the Ge based perovskite solar cell (PSC) of methyl ammonium germanium tri-iodide (MAGeI3) is numerically modelled with 6 kesterite quaternary compounds as HTLs and 4 oxide/sulphide materials as electron transport layers (ETL). Henceforth, a total of 24 unique structures are numerically modelled and optimized using SCAPS-1D. A systematic methodology is adopted to analyze the effect of the charge transport materials on the absorption, quantum efficiency, energy band alignment, electric field intensity, recombination rate, carrier density, thickness, doping concentration, temperature, reflection and interface defect densities of the PSC in detail. The optimization of the PSC structures enhanced the performance of the cells up to 7% more. Based on the simulation results the best performing perovskite structures were TiO2/Per/CZTS and SnO2/Per/CZTS with PCE of 24.57% and 24.87%, Jsc of 16.13 mA cm−2 and 16.32 mA cm−2, Voc of 1.730 V and 1.733 V and F.F of 88.10% and 88.101% respectively.
Optical forces on neutral atoms in the presence of fluctuating laser fields: numerical analysis
Authors: Bozorgzadeh Forough , Yousefi Masoud , Akbari Mohsen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Doppler cooling of 88Sr atoms is studied in the presence of off-resonant red-detuned fluctuating laser fields. Using a semi-classical approach, we show that the relevant physical quantities in the cooling process, such as optical forces, the damping coefficient, Doppler temperature, and atom number in the trap, are strongly affected by the laser amplitude and phase fluctuations. We find that the Doppler cooling limit is higher than the predicted Doppler theory for non-fluctuating lasers. This implies an additional heating mechanism exists due to the laser fluctuations. Furthermore, our numerical analysis shows that the effect of laser power stability on reducing the number of trapped atoms in a magneto-optical trap is more substantial than the effect of laser linewidth.
High-order Hamiltonian obtained by Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation up to the order of mα
8
Authors: Chen Tong , Mei Xuesong , Zhou Wanping , Qiao Haoxue 
Published: November 2022

Complete relativistic corrections of an effective Hamiltonian for a single-particle system in an external electromagnetic field and their unitary equivalent form up to the order of mα
8 are obtained. The derivation is based on two approaches applying Foldy–Wouthuysen (FW) transformation to the Dirac Hamiltonian for a particle in an external electromagnetic field. The results are consistent with the previous work at the mα
6 and mα
8 order correction [Phys. Rev. A 71 012503 (2005); Phys. Rev. A 100 012513 (2019)]. We also further consider the effect of anomalous magnetic moments, namely, the Dirac–Pauli equation, and obtain FW-Hamiltonians at the same order. The results obtained can be used for the subsequent calculation of relativistic and radiation effects in simple atomic and molecular systems.
Merging History of Massive Galaxies at 3 < z < 6
Authors: Li Kemeng , Jiang Zhen , He Ping , Guo Qi , Wang Jie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The observational data of high redshift galaxies become increasingly abundant, especially since the operation of the James Webb Space Telescope, which allows us to verify and optimize the galaxy formation model at high redshifts. In this work, we investigate the merging history of massive galaxies at 3 < z < 6 using a well-developed semi-analytic galaxy formation catalog. We find that the major merger rate increases with redshift up to 3 and then flattens. The fraction of wet mergers, during which the sum of the cold gas mass is higher than the sum of the stellar mass in two merging galaxies, also increases from ∼34% at z = 0 to 96% at z = 3. Interestingly, almost all major mergers are wet at z > 3. This can be attributed to the high fraction (>50%) of cold gas at z > 3. In addition, we study some special systems of massive merging galaxies at 3 < z < 6, including the massive gas-rich major merging systems and extreme dense proto-clusters, and investigate the supermassive black hole–dark matter halo mass relation and dual active galactic nuclei. We find that the galaxy formation model reproduces the incidence of those observed massive galaxies, but fails to reproduce the relation between the supermassive black hole mass and the dark matter halo mass at z ∼ 6. The latter requires more careful estimates of the supermassive black hole masses observationally. Otherwise, it could suggest modifications of the modeling of the supermassive black hole growth at high redshifts.
Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhao Ning , Qu Feiyang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Traditional flapping-wing robots (FWRs) obtain lift and thrust by relying on the passive deformation of their wings which cannot actively fold or deform. In contrast, flying creatures such as birds, bats, and insects can maneuver agilely through active folding or deforming their wings. Researchers have developed many bio-inspired foldable or deformable wings (FDWs) imitating the wings of flying creatures. The foldable wings refer to the wings like the creatures’ wings that can fold in an orderly manner close to their bodies. Such wings have scattered feathers or distinct creases that can be stacked and folded to reduce the body envelope, which in nature is beneficial for these animals to prevent wing damage and ensure agility in crossing bushes. The deformable wings refer to the active deformation of the wings using active driving mechanisms and the passive deformation under the aerodynamic force, which functionally imitates the excellent hydrodynamic performance of the deformable body and wings of the creatures. However, the shape and external profile changes of deformable wings tend to be much smaller than that of folding wings. FDWs enable the FWRs to improve flight degree of flexibility, maneuverability, and efficiency and reduce flight energy consumption. However, FDWs still need to be studied, and a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress of FDWs in FWR design is lacking. This paper analyzes the wing folding and deformation mechanisms of the creatures and reviews the latest progress of FWRs with FDWs. Furthermore, we summarize the current limitations and propose future directions in FDW design, which could help researchers to develop better FWRs for safe maneuvering in obstacle-dense environments.
A surface temperature dipole pattern between Eurasia and North America triggered by the Barents–Kara sea-ice retreat in boreal winter
Authors: Hou Yurong , Cai Wenju , Holland David M , Cheng Xiao , Zhang Jiankai , Wang Lin , Johnson Nathaniel C , Xie Fei , Sun Weijun , Yao Yao , Liang Xi , Yang Yun , Chang Chueh-Hsin , Xin Meijiao , Li Xichen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Arctic has experienced dramatic climate changes, characterized by rapid surface warming and sea-ice loss over the past four decades, with broad implications for climate variability over remote regions. Some studies report that Arctic warming may simultaneously induce a widespread cooling over Eurasia and frequent cold events over North America, especially during boreal winter. In contrast, other studies suggest a seesaw pattern of extreme temperature events with cold weather over East Asia accompanied by warm weather in North America on sub-seasonal time scales. It is unclear whether a systematic linkage in surface air temperature (SAT) exists between the two continents, let alone their interaction with Arctic sea ice. Here, we reveal a dipole pattern of SAT in boreal winter featuring a cooling (warming) in the Eurasian continent accompanied by a warming (cooling) in the North American continent, which is induced by an anomalous Barents–Kara sea-ice decline (increase). The dipole operates on interannual and multidecadal time scales. We find that an anomalous sea-ice loss over the Barents–Kara Seas triggers a wavenumber one atmospheric circulation pattern over the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, with an anomalous high-pressure center over Siberia and an anomalous low-pressure center over high-latitude North America. The circulation adjustment generates the dipole temperature pattern through thermal advection. Our finding has important implications for Northern Hemisphere climate variability, extreme weather events, and their prediction and projection.
Linking Lyme disease ecology and epidemiology: reservoir host identity, not richness, determines tick infection and human disease in California
Authors: MacDonald Andrew J , McComb Sofie , Sambado Samantha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Understanding the community ecology of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, and how it may shift transmission risk as it responds to environmental change, has become a central focus in disease ecology. Yet, it has been challenging to link the ecology of disease with reported human incidence. Here, we bridge the gap between local-scale community ecology and large-scale disease epidemiology, drawing from a priori knowledge of tick-pathogen-host ecology to model spatially-explicit Lyme disease (LD) risk, and human Lyme disease incidence (LDI) in California. We first use a species distribution modeling approach to model disease risk with variables capturing climate, vegetation, and ecology of key reservoir host species, and host species richness. We then use our modeled disease risk to predict human disease incidence at the zip code level across California. Our results suggest the ecology of key reservoir hosts—particularly dusky-footed woodrats—is central to disease risk posed by ticks, but that host community richness is not strongly associated with tick infection. Predicted disease risk, which is most strongly influenced by the ecology of dusky-footed woodrats, in turn is a strong predictor of human LDI. This relationship holds in the Wildland-Urban Interface, but not in open access public lands, and is stronger in northern California than in the state as a whole. This suggests peridomestic exposure to infected ticks may be more important to LD epidemiology in California than recreational exposure, and underlines the importance of the community ecology of LD in determining human transmission risk throughout this LD endemic region of far western North America. More targeted tick and pathogen surveillance, coupled with studies of human and tick behavior could improve understanding of key risk factors and inform public health interventions. Moreover, longitudinal surveillance data could further improve forecasts of disease risk in response to global environmental change.
Characteristics of the plasma sheath in helium discharge within dielectric tubes
Authors: WU Shuqun , GUO Yue , OUYANG Fan , ZHOU Baowei , HU Biao , CHENG He 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
To understand the characteristics of the plasma sheath within small tubes, a 2D numerical model of He discharge within dielectric tubes is developed. During plasma propagation for a tube diameter of 0.05 mm, the sheath thickness in the plasma head is almost equal to the tube radius. It decreases rapidly to several micrometers at an axial distance of 0.05 mm behind the plasma head, and then slightly increases and saturates at the axial position far behind the plasma head. A plasma-gas sheath surrounding the central plasma column is observed for a tube diameter equal to or greater than 0.8 mm. It is replaced by a plasma-wall sheath for smaller tubes. With the decrease in the tube diameter, the sheath thickness far behind the plasma head decreases while the ion flux increases significantly. However, when O2 gas with a proportion of 2% is added, both the sheath thickness and ion flux decrease.
Mass spectroscopy of excited light mesons using truncated overlap fermions
Authors: Murakami Yuko , Sekiguchi Motoo , Wada Hiroaki , Wakayama Masayuki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We study excited light mesons by quenched lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations with a truncated overlap fermion formalism based on domain wall fermions. Truncated overlap fermions satisfy lattice chiral symmetry instead of chiral symmetry in continuum field theory, as for domain wall fermions, but offer lower simulation costs. Our results show good agreement with the experimental values for the excited state of a
1, ρ, and π mesons, and demonstrate that a
1(1260) and a
1(1640) are simple two-quark states, whereas a
1(1420) may have a more complicated structure. The results are similar to those of previous dynamical studies using clover-Wilson fermions or chirally improved fermions, even though our lattice QCD calculations are performed with the quenched approximation. The study shows that lattice QCD simulations using truncated overlap fermions are essential in lattice studies of excited states.
P01 The landscape of intra-tumour heterogeneity in endocrine resistant metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Ola M , Crowley K , Keelan S , Young LS 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide. Heterogeneity is a characteristic of tumour aggression and metastatic progression in breast cancer. With the power of single-cell analysis we uncovered key subpopulations within this heterogeneous landscape and specific progressive metastatic characteristics.

Methods
Single cell RNA sequencing was carried on three endocrine resistant ER positive xenograft tumours with varying levels of metastatic burden. Data analysis was performed using the Seurat pipeline for filtering, horizontal data integration, cell cycle regression and unsupervised clustering. Individual clusters were characterized through differentially expressed markers and PAM50 molecular subtypes distribution.

Results
Data integration of scRNA sequencing from primary tumours revealed seven unsupervised clusters, six of which are present in all three mice, highlighting the strong heterogeneity of breast cancer independent of metastatic outcome. PAM50 classification showed a higher distribution of luminal A cells associated with good metastatic outcome. We observed a significant difference in PAM50 distributions between the individual clusters. One cluster diverges significantly from all others and shows a decrease in luminal subtype and an increase in basal like cells. Further analysis of this cluster shows an association of selected differentially expressed markers to metastatic progression. Co-occurrence and decreased expression of several EMT markers was observed with disease progression.

Conclusion
High tumour heterogeneity is independent of metastatic outcomes. Downregulation of EMT related genes can be essential in metastatic progression when selected markers are co-occurring in a subpopulation.

Take-home message
High tumour heterogeneity is present in breast cancer independent of metastatic outcomes. Downregulation of EMT related genes can be essential in metastatic progression when selected markers are co-occurring in a subpopulation.
P03 The effects of haem on perfusion parameters and the activation of innate immune system in human kidneys during ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion
Authors: Elliott TR , Hosgood SA , Jordan NP , Nicholson ML 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of kidneys, using an oxygenated red blood cell (RBC) based solution has been developed to restore cellular metabolism and minimise effects of cold ischaemia. During NMP RBCs become damaged releasing haem activating inflammatory signalling pathways. This study aimed to measure levels of haem during NMP and determine the association with perfusion parameters and transcriptional changes in gene expression.

Methods
Levels of haem were measured in the perfusate before and after 1h NMP in 43 transplanted and 15 research human kidneys. Levels of haem were correlated with the age of RBCs and parameters during NMP. Human research kidneys were used to examine the changes in transcriptional gene expression using Nanostring nCounter technology.

Results
In transplanted and research kidneys, levels of haem increased significantly (P &lt;0.05) during NMP. Older units of pRBCs were associated with higher levels of haem, pre-/post-NMP. High levels of haem were associated with higher levels of potassium and lactate but not functional parameters during NMP. NanoString analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of 17 differentially expressed genes including those associated with apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. qPCR analysis of targeted genes demonstrated increased expression of FOS (P&lt;0.0001), IL-6 (P=0.0001), JUN (P=0.0001) and TLR-4 (P=0.035).

Conclusion
Older units of RBCs contain high levels of haem which increases during NMP. Although, this did not affect perfusion parameters, transcriptional analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of genes involved with apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Activation of these pathways may be associated with high levels of haem.

Take-home message
Older units of packed red blood cells release increased levels of haem during normothermic machine perfusion of kidneys. Higher levels of haem are linked to increased activation of damage pathways.