bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wittgenstein and Moral Realism
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay considers some recent criticism by Hans-Johann Glock of Lovibond, Realism and Imagination in Ethics (1983). Glock treats that book—in conjunction with certain writings of John McDowell—as an example of the so-called ‘anti-anti-realist’ approach to Wittgenstein. The present essay seeks to commend Lovibond (1983)—pace Glock—as faithful in spirit to the later-Wittgensteinian view of language as integrated into a wider nexus of activity, and revisits the idea of ‘intellectual authority-relations’ as a link between (1) non-foundational epistemology in the analytical tradition, and (2) more general-purpose critical theory. This, the essay argues, is the context in which to appreciate both the legitimate diversity of our evaluative concerns, and the implicit realism (the commitment to ‘getting things right’) which shapes much of our thinking about value.
‘The Sickness of a Time’
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s later philosophy of language can be regarded as ‘naturalistic’ in that it treats language-use as one of the characteristic activities of the human species. In other words, it is not a reductive naturalism but a ‘naturalism of second nature’—one that acknowledges human language-games, with their various inbuilt normative constraints, as cultural (and therefore historical) phenomena. The essay asks: can we read this philosophy as naturalistic in a further sense, involving the idea of a ‘natural’ (normal, healthy, sound) condition of human beings with respect to their own linguistic activity; and in contrast to this, an alienated or pathological condition? This question leads to that of the uneasy relationship to Wittgenstein of (some varieties of) present-day cultural criticism, for example in the Marxist tradition—a relationship necessarily limited by certain points on which the Wittgensteinian source material remains muted or unresolved.
The Unquiet Life
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The idea of salience has entered moral philosophy mainly through the treatment of practical reason in neo-Aristotelian ethics, where it has been argued that the considerations that are ‘salient’ for us in any given context (those which command our active attention or concern) will shape our lives as rational agents, and by way of their content, provide a criterion of good character. The present essay develops this picture, drawing on the work of Robert M. Adams, with reference to a certain kind of involuntary wrongdoing—specifically, the failure to register moral salience where we ought to do so. It thus engages with the question of competing claims on our ethical attention and discusses our exposure, through general democratic dialogue, to the ethical equivalent of surprise attack.
The S/O pivot
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter defines the core of Dyirbal grammar. Much of the syntax is based on a ‘pivot’, which is a linking of two syntactic functions: intransitive subject (S) and transitive object (O). Two clauses can only be coordinated to form one sentence if they share the same pivot argument (which is in S or O function in each of them). The chapter begins with a clear exposition of the S/O pivot in Dyirbal, contrasting it with English. There is then illustration of a variety of pivot chains and of how an antipassive derivation (see detailed account in Chapter 12) converts a transitive subject (A) argument into S function, thus feeding the pivot constraint. The next section deals with the syntax of demonstratives, which only exist in S/O function. There is then description of a technique for linking pivot chains. The final section lists the role of the S/O pivot in a dozen later chapters.
The number system
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLike other Australian languages, Dyirbal lacks a set of lexical numbers used for counting. It does have ‘one’, two’, ‘three’, and ‘many’, utilised as modifiers. However, it does have plenty of number specification across the grammar. Pronouns have a {‘singular, dual’ ‘plural’} system. Several nominal derivational suffixes relate to number, as does one verbal derivational suffix. The language has no 3rd person singular pronouns per se. Dialects differ in their 3rd person dual and plural pronouns, which can have double case marking. There is discussion of how an inclusive/exclusive distinction is organised. And there is a set of dyadic kinship terms.
Possession
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe chapter commences with a comparison of type of possession in English and in Dyirbal. Whereas English recognises only one type of possession, Dyirbal has two types. The first is inalienable possession, which covers body parts (extended to parts of artefacts and of the environment), orientation terms (such as ‘front’ and ‘top’) and ‘name’. This is shown just by apposition and is called a ‘whole/part relation’. The second type is alienable possession. This covers material things which can be bought, sold, or given away, and also kin terms (both conjugal and affixal). There are two genitive suffixes used here. There is discussion of the inflection of a possessor noun phrase, of the syntactic frames for wuga-l ‘give’, and of how to render ‘have’. The suffixes used to mark alienable possession are similar in form and—to an extent—in meaning with those used to mark relative causes. There is discussion of how this varies across dialects, and of a possible historical scenario.
The applicative/causative derivational suffix
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThere are basically two ways of deriving a transitive sentence—with two core arguments, transitive subject (A) and transitive object (O)—from an intransitive one—with a single core argument, intransitive subject (S). One is the applicative derivation, whereby S becomes A and what was a peripheral argument is now placed into O function; for instance ‘Johna lives [with his wife]peripheral becoming ‘Johna lives-applicative [his wife]o’. The other is the causative derivation, where S becomes O and a new participant, the causer, is brought in as the A argument; for instance, ‘[The cup]s broke’ becomes ‘Sea broke-causative [the cup]o’. Dyirbal has a single derivational suffix which combines these. When it applies to an intransitive clause about 20 per cent of the instances are causative and 80 per cent are applicative (the erstwhile peripheral argument may have been comitative, dative, instrumental, or locative). The derivation may also apply to a transitive sentence where it can only have applicative effect. The A remains as is, the original O is now marked dative and what was an instrumental or locative peripheral argument is promoted into O function.
Valency-reducing derivations: Antipassives, reflexive, and reciprocal
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThere are several ways of deriving an intransitive sentence—with a single core argument, intransitive subject (S)—from a transitive one—with two core arguments, transitive subject (A) and transitive object (O). There is passive, in which O becomes S and the original A is either omitted or marked as a peripheral argument. And there is what has come to be called antipassive, in which A becomes S and the original O is either omitted or marked as a peripheral argument The third is reflexive where underlying A and O coincide, becoming S to a verb with reflexive marking. Finally there is reciprocal, where one participant is A and another O, with these functions being reversed for another token of the same activity; here the S argument for a verb with reciprocal marking combines the referents of the underlying A and O arguments. Dyirbal has three derivations covering three of these schemes, missing out on passive. The BARRI derivation is just reciprocal, NGA is just antipassive, while RRI can be reflexive or antipassive. The two antipassives have contrasting meanings: RRI refers to the prospect of some activity, and NGA to an actual activity. But there are phonological restrictions on the use of NGA, and in some contexts only RRI may be used. There is also discussion of reasons for employing an antipassive. This could be to satisfy the pivot constraint, or to agree in transitivity within a serial verb construction, or just not to have to state the O argument.
Verbless clauses
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvery language has intransitive and transitive clauses, with the predicate slot filled by a verb, which refers to an action or state. Many languages have a third type, the copula clause whose predicate slot is filled by a copula verb, which does not refer to an action or state. Instead, it marks a relationship between the referents of its two arguments—the copula clause subject (CS) and the copula clause complement (CC). Many languages simply lack a copula verb. They have a copula-type construction but with no verb. Corresponding to CS and CC there is a verbless clause subject (VCS) and a verbless clause complement (VCC) which are simply apposed. Dyirbal is of this type. The semantic relations which a verbless clause in Dyirbal may express include; identity, classification, attribution, possession, and location. There is information on what the VCS and VCC may be. The final section deals with single-word clauses.
Toni Morrison’s Ethics of Attention
Authors: Battersby Doug 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 3 argues that the late modernist character of Toni Morrison’s fiction resides not in allusions or even stylistic debts to William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf, but in her repurposing of modernist forms—especially the focalizing resources of free indirect narration—to engender disturbing intimacies between readers and characters in the grip of the most destructive forms of sexual desire. It begins by illustrating that Morrison’s mobilization of modernist aesthetics is far more troubling than critics have tended to recognize through a reading of a famously disquieting passage of Beloved (1987), which has been the focus of some of the most incisive and influential analyses of Morrison’s prose. The chapter focuses principally, however, on The Bluest Eye (1970), Morrison’s debut, and arguably her most emotionally and ethically disturbing novel. It illustrates that the formal intricacies of her famously lyrical prose do not promote an ethically salutary world view, as other critics have troublingly suggested, but rather work to affectively involve readers in philosophical questions about the kinds of narratives the novel form is capable of encompassing and the ethical ramifications of the interest we are invited to take in different people’s narratives. The third chapter presents Morrison as a writer who surprisingly resembles the Vladimir Nabokov of Lolita (1955), both in the obsessive probing of inadmissible desire, and in openly challenging readers to at once succumb to and resist an aestheticization that risks aggrandizing the most egregious of sexual acts.
Homeric Grammar
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Homer and Homeric speech were central to Philip Melanchthon’s vision for reforming education when he became the first professor of Greek at the University of Wittenberg in 1518. This chapter examines his early theory and defense of poetry and illustrates his lifelong view of Homer’s poetry as divinely inspired. It examines the influence of Quintilian, Plutarch, and Strabo on his early Homer portrait. Homer was a teacher as well as a philosopher. He spoke truth because he used words in their proper senses. Learning Greek consequently meant learning Homeric Greek, with a strong dose of etymology and the Greek dialects. Melanchthon’s elementary Greek grammar, written in Tübingen and published in 1518, is truly a Homeric grammar, illustrating some key aspects of his language philosophy.
Homeric Eloquence
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Marginal notes in Philip Melanchthon’s early teaching copy of the Iliad illustrate the ambitious and novel reform of Christian learning that he attempted in his inaugural lectures as professor of Greek in Wittenberg. They illustrate Homer’s excellence in the “teaching kind” (genus didaktikon, genus didacticum), a new genre of oratory that Melanchthon introduced in his first textbook of rhetoric begun in Tübingen and completed in Wittenberg. This chapter compares Melanchthon’s early Homer notes with his Greek grammar, his first rhetoric, and his choice of the New Testament Epistle to Titus as an elementary text for reading Greek. Paul and Homer alike excelled in character description, a chief example of the teaching kind.
The Wittenberg Scholia on the Homeric Poem
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a study of comprehensive marginal notes on the Iliad and the Odyssey dating from the University of Wittenberg in the 1550s. It argues attribution of the notes to Philip Melanchthon and credits their transmission to his successor in the chair of Greek, Vitus Winshemius. The notes give an unparalleled illustration of the Wittenberg school of interpretation as applied to Homer in a period of turmoil, following the defeat of Protestant princes by Charles V in 1547. The Wittenberg scholia represent an attempt to read Homer as the ancients read him. Virgil was the most authoritative ancient reader. His imitation of Homeric passages in the Aeneid guided rhetorical and dialectical study of the Iliad and the Odyssey in Wittenberg. The chapter illustrates creative uses of principles and terms established in ancient scholia, including novel approaches to heroic similes and heroic prayers.
Rightly Dividing the Word
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the theological significance of reading Homer in Wittenberg. In his theology of prayer developed in 1543 and 1544, Melanchthon articulated anew the significance of the Homeric poem. First, reading Homeric speech trained the literate Christian to distinguish between the voices of law and gospel, the two premier utterances of Scripture. Second, reading Homeric speech furthermore trained the literate Christian to engage in what Melanchthon called a learned debate (disputatio) between faith and doubt on the threshold of every Christian prayer. To illustrate this training, the chapter compares Melanchthon’s and Winshemius’s divergent readings of the pseudo-Homeric Battle of the Frogs and Mice. It concludes with a reflection on Melanchthon’s theology of commonplaces (loci communes).
Dead in Banaras
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ethnographies fatefully rely on chance encounters, and mysteriously so such encounters come true. ‘Dead in Banaras’ is an instance of just such a fateful chance encounter. In its inception, it set out to follow the ‘dead’ across multiple social locations of crematoria, hospital, morgue, and the aghorashram in order to assemble a contemporary moment in the funerary iconicity of the well-known North Indian city of Banaras. The crematoria in plural because the open-air manual pyres and close-door electric furnaces sit side by side within the symbolic ‘inside’ of the city. Hospital and morgue became chosen destinations because in the ‘local moral world’ the city is a medical metropolis anchored by a famed university hospital and storied through real-life dramatic narratives of medical emergency, saving, and untimely death. Aghorashram, on the other hand, as an urban Shaivite clinic and hermitage for sexual and reproductive cures works with funerary substances as pharmacopeia. Then, early on in fieldwork, these funerary journeys of the ‘dead’ had a chance encounter with my father’s death in the city. The same set of places henceforth spoke through a sensory logic of my father’s death. Dead in Banaras is then both an ethnography of being in the dead centre of the funerary city and an autobiographical funeral travelling (shav yatra) that narrates the city through a mourner’s logic of using the pyre to illuminate the dead as multiplicity.
Good, Bad Death
Authors: Singh Ravi Nandan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 unfolds the scrambled chronology of my initiation into fieldwork that coincided with the death of my father in the same city. As it turned out, he was hospitalized and cremated at the places that I went on to do my fieldwork. This chance encounter with his death produced a methodological impasse as the field sites became overdetermined by the biographical events. Eventually, I could recover the field through the writing of this ethnography, ironically, by turning my father’s death at the hospital into an ethnographic account. The autobiographical notes of being a son and a mourner brought me to think of my father’s survivors as fellow kin and mourners, and at another level, they allowed me to think of mourning as a way of relating with the place/city. Much literature exists on the people who seek moksha and ‘good’ deaths in the city, this chapter contributes to a more mixed and shaded event of a good, bad death.
Introduction
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction begins with an overview of how cold war modernism figures prominently in US cultural diplomacy studies and argues for a broader understanding of literature’s relationship to propaganda in the postwar era. This necessitates a discussion of propaganda as transmission. The next section of the introduction analyses the relationship between liberal internationalism and cultural diplomacy in the US context with a particular focus on the idealistic concept of a Parliament of Man. I then shift to a general discussion of US literary ambassadors and US literary propagandists from Sherwood Anderson to Amy Tan. The final portion of the introduction summarizes each of the book’s chapters.
“Chau-vin-ism! Con-form-ity! Self-de-termi-nation! Freeeeeeeeee-dom!”
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes as its inspiration a portion of Three Days Before the Shooting… (2010) in which Ellison critiques Robert Lowell’s Life Studies (1959) by depicting a Boston writer’s misbehavior at a Salzburg, Austria restaurant. The chapter first provides a historical portrait of the Salzburg Seminar in American Civilization, and then turns to each writer’s experience teaching American literature at the school. Ellison and Lowell were eager to combat Communism through cultural means, but for all their willingness to serve as literary ambassadors, they both expressed skepticism that US cultural democracy could foster democracy abroad. Instead of endorsing the seminar, Lowell and Ellison identified in Jim Crow segregation, abundantly evident in a proximate US Army base, ample reason to criticize the nation they were tasked with representing overseas. They articulated this critique through competing literary representations of an African American soldier stationed in Europe. Lowell’s poem “A Mad Negro Soldier Confined at Munich” (1953, 1959) re-inscribed the very racism the poet sought to decry. However, Ellison challenged this offensive portrayal of a Black enlisted man in Three Days, thus re-affirming the importance of African Americans to US democracy and the ongoing battle with world communism.
People to People, Writers to Writers
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that William Faulkner developed an interest in middlebrow internationalism from his work with the People-to-People program, a state-facilitated cultural diplomatic project. I chronicle the history of the program and its connection to the Eisenhower Administration, and then examine Faulkner’s work directing the program’s literary committee. Hostile to administrative labor, Faulkner didn’t last long as a PTP chairman, but he was influenced by the program’s idea that ordinary Americans might be able to contribute to global community. The Town (1956) and The Mansion (1959), the two novels written during Faulkner’s experience with the People-to-People program, reflect this vision by highlighting the important role of culture in bringing together strangers and enemies. The chapter concludes by linking Faulkner’s work on behalf of the PTP program to his decision to create the William Faulkner Foundation in 1960.
‘For a Social Europe’
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the efforts undertaken by the then rising European Left—especially European socialist parties—to finally outline a concrete programme for a ‘social Europe’ in the run-up to the adoption of the European Community’s (EC’s) first Social Action Programme (1972–4). First, it explains how European socialists, communists, and trade unions converged (despite a few exceptions) on the conviction that socialism needed to be achieved through ‘Europe’, and to organize to this end. Second, it examines the socialist parties of the EC’s Bonn Congress in April 1973, when they adopted despite some disagreements their first programmatic platform ‘For a Social Europe’—a redistributive, market-correcting, workers-oriented, democratized one. Third, it assesses how the European Left attempted with moderate success to influence the drafting of the 1974 Social Action Programme at the dawn of the 1970s economic recession.
Introduction
Authors: Dimitrova Diana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 constitutes the introduction and states the research question, the main themes that the book discusses the aims, and the methodology. It introduces the main topics of the following chapters. While Chapter 2 deals with issues of cultural identity, several Hindu discourses of cultural identity, and questions of myth and gender, Chapter 3 studies the history of Hindi drama and the literary biography of seven representative playwrights. Chapters 4 and 5 present an in-depth analysis of selected works of the playwrights, and Chapter 6 represents the conclusion.
Conclusion
Authors: Dimitrova Diana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 summarizes the inferences of this study, and reflects on the interface of identity, culture, nation, and gender in Hindi drama. It concludes that there are multiple ways of looking at these important questions, as different authors present different interpretations, thus reflecting the plurality and complexity of Hindi literary and cultural traditions. It also revisits the postcolonial contentions voiced in the works of several Indian intellectuals, and the striking absences of women in the national and cultural narratives that they present. While some critics send to the inner sphere and leave them there, other thinkers do not even mention women. Similarly, in their studies, there is no place for Dalits or Dalit women or other communities, disadvantaged because of caste, gender, or ethnicity. It is therefore important to underline the great importance of the seven playwrights studied in my book, whose works deal with questions related to women’s education and agency centre-stage. Many of the playwrights discussed are feminists and modernists who open up new interpretative venues and theatrical modes of expression in order to express a pluralistic and inclusive narrative of cultural identity.
Introduction
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction contextualizes the approach taken in the rest of the book by summarizing key elements of the author’s previous work on other Coetzee texts, from which that approach derives and by which it is decisively shaped. Most fundamental is the assumption that Coetzee can be read as a modernist realist, and that his encounters with philosophy are informed by a vision of the relation between ideas and reality that he has previously articulated in terms of ‘embedding’ and ‘embodying’. This book is predicated on the assumption that a new inflection of these ideas—the idea of ‘translation’, with its linguistic, literary, religious, and ontological connotations—orients and conditions the ‘Jesus’ trilogy.