bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Integrity Solutions Using Intelligent Field Remote Surveillance and Monitoring Systems
Authors: Al-Hajji Haider , Onikoyi Abiola 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWell Integrity Monitoring provides means to protect the people, environment, reputation and assets of oil and gas operations globally. While being a vital tool for preventing safety and economic mishaps in oil and gas wells, it is also one of the primary responsibilities of the Production Engineer. Three examples of technological advancements in the area of real-time data monitoring and intelligent-field visualization systems, which have largely enhanced the capabilities of the Production Engineer to monitor Well Integrity parameters across large fields are presented.The real-time data monitoring and intelligent-field visualization system functions based on a feedback loop system, which continuously monitors well integrity parameters such as pressure, temperature, voltage and current. The output from the probes installed in the well are passed to a Central Processing Unit where the electrical signal is processed, converted to well integrity parameters and compared with set points. Deviation are recorded and anomalies are flagged off for prompt intervention.Continuous real-time monitoring of Annuli Pressure, Well Head Pressure and Voltage/Current led to timely identification of Well Head Casing Leak, Failed Well Head Valve and corroded casing respectively in the three cases studied. The most significant new finding is that anomalies in other cases typically take up to one year to identify due to less frequent integrity survey practice adopted in fields where the intelligent-field technology is non-existent. This is important because timely intervention made possible by real-time monitoring systems safeguards corporation assets, reputation and the environment.The implemented Intelligent Field Remote Surveillance and Monitoring System has shown its significance in optimizing well integrity solutions in large fields, protecting people, enabling prompt intervention and saving the environment.To achieve this target, collaboration within several departments and organizations is required within an oil company. As such, the concept can only be successful if it is part of the corporate vision and is driven at a high level in any company.
Improvement on Dry-Out Procedures Using Sacrificial Thermocouples
Authors: Al Hajeri Nuha , Medina Antonio , Al Ameri Mohamed , Godoy Zambrano Cesar , Vera Douglas Edward , Majumdar Pradip 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although refractories materials are resistant to high temperatures, the initial mechanical properties are drastically influenced by the way of removing the water and further development of ceramic bonding reactions during the firing process of dry-out. Lifetime of monolithic refractories can be reduced when mechanically induced cracks are developed and laminations or spalling of outer layers is promoted.
Refractory dry-out process is normally accomplished by utilizing installed combustion means and permanent temperature monitoring instrumentation, strategically placed in specific locations to cater normal operation and protection of the equipment. Controlled heat up is followed by adjusting the combustion parameters to achieve the desired rates to safely complete the drying process for refractories materials.
However, these permanent thermocouples cannot anticipate local temperature profiles as part of the normal heat distribution inside the combustion chamber. For that reason, sacrificial thermocouple is the most suitable local temperature measurement device to cover the specific interested spotted location inside the chamber during firing operations avoiding excursion outside dry-out plan.
This paper will display ADNOC Sour Gas experience on utilizing sacrificial thermocouples in order to monitor temperature for operational drying out activities after refractory repairs. This will provide other companies which has no experience with installing sacrificial thermocouples for the same purpose, the confidence to implement and to install it for refractory dry-out and thus, preventing any premature failure on refractory materials.
The importance of dry-out procedure and its effect on the material properties will be further explained along with the methodology of installing sacrificial thermocouple, key parameters to follow during the dry-out plan and temperature profiles using sacrificial thermocouples Vs installed instrumentation will be presented on the technical discussion.
Frequency Dependent Rock Mechanical Properties for Geomechanical Applications
Authors: Syed Shujath Ali , Jin Guodong , Ma Shouxiang Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Geomechanical applications including wellbore stability evaluation, sanding assessment, and hydraulic fracturing design require rock mechanical properties (e.g. Young's modulus) as inputs. Significant discrepancy exists for the same property measured with various techniques due to different loading frequency and deformation amplitude applied, potentially resulting in added uncertainties in the applications. This paper presents the development of a prediction model enabling to determine mechanical properties consistently at any applied frequency. To build the prediction model, we first conducted measurements of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio on sandstone samples over a wide frequency range from laboratory standard triaxial tests (~10−5 Hz), downhole logging (~20 KHz), to laboratory ultrasonic measurement (~1 MHz). These data provide a better understanding of frequency-dependent rock mechanical properties. Rock samples having different porosities and permeabilities are selected for investigating their effects on frequency-dependent acoustic wave velocities. Static measurements of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are also conducted to complete the measurements spectrum from static to dynamic frequencies. From the experimental data, the prediction model is developed to correlate rock elastic properties with measurement frequencies, which is further used to determine mechanical properties at any desired frequency for various geomechanically applications.
As expected, the measured Young's modulus increases as the applied frequency increases, which is mainly due to the stiffening mechanism of the rock. The dispersion analysis of the results indicated a higher degree of stiffening for the higher porosity samples. The prediction model of Young's modulus vs the frequency was built and used to calculate the Young's modulus at the logging frequency from the available ultrasonic measurements. The predicted Young's modulus is compared well with the actual values obtained from acoustic logging data. On the opposite, Young's modulus at the ultrasonic frequency was calculated from the logging data using the prediction model and compared well with the measured Young's modulus at the ultrasonic frequency. Good agreement between the predicted and measured Young's moduli demonstrates the effectiveness of the prediction model, and its capability to derive the desired Young's modulus, such as the static, from the dynamic values measured from downhole logging data. The prediction model was developed from a physics based approach to derive the desired rock mechanical properties from their dynamic values measured at the logging or any other frequency, which potentially makes it unnecessary to develop traditional static vs dynamic correlations for various geomechanically applications.
Novel Mechanism Investigation during Development of Nanofluids to Improve Oil Recovery in Malaysian Oilfield
Authors: Hendraningrat Luky , Razali Norzafirah , Tewari Raj Deo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The nanoparticles are considered as an attractive emerging improved oil recovery technique in last decade due to its ability to propagate deeper into pore throat and displace unswept oil in the reservoir. Current understanding of its mechanisms in conventional oil has been observed so called disjoining pressure that involved wettability alteration, log-jamming, and viscosity effect. This paper presents recent investigation of new potential mechanism during development of nanofluids to improve oil recovery in Malaysian oilfield.
The new inhouse nanofluids was developed using acrylamide monomers that were grafted on the surface of silica-based nanoparticles. A minor concentration of surfactant was introduced into the formulation to observe synergistic effect. The nanoparticles were characterized under electron microscope. Compatibility and thermal stability tests were conducted using reservoir fluids at reservoir temperature. The rheology of fluids was measured during monitoring of stability. In term of wettability alteration, sequence fluid-fluid and rock-fluid tests were conducted includes dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) and optical contact angle (OCA) measurement.
The particle size was measured with size around 20 nm. Adding small concentration of additive showed good performance in term of compatibility, thermal stability, and wettability alteration through IFT reduction and OCA measurement. Nanofluids with additive provided excellent compatibility with reservoir fluids and stable at reservoir temperature over 60 days. Its viscosity was also more stable during observation period without creating micro-emulsion. The IFT reduced insignificantly from 2.6 to 1 mN/m and when introduced additive, the IFT reduction achieved 0.01 mN/m. This synergistic effect was observed during IFT measurement and called as fragmentation.
Our recent finding leads to provide new reference for displacement mechanism using next generation of nanofluids and offers further potential of nanoparticles with multiple mechanisms and rapid synergistic effects prior its application in in Malaysian oilfield.
Selection, Implementation and Monitoring of Corrosion Inhibitors for Downhole Chemical Treatment on Rod/Beam Pump Wells Bahrain Fields
Authors: Ouled Ameur Zied , AlThawadi Abdulla , Grbic Borislav 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Corrosion is a naturally occurring phenomenon commonly defined as the destructive attack of a metal that results from a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The effect of corrosion in the oil and gas industry leads to economic loss, a loss of containment and associated impact on HSE and asset integrity. There are many technologies to bring the oil to the surface. Rod or Beam pumps are the most common form of artificial lift for oil wells in onshore oilfields. They are simple machines that have a long and well documented history in the industry and are economically inexpensive. Corrosion inhibitors are commonly used to mitigate electrochemical corrosion in the oilfield. When added in small quantities to an aggressive medium, these chemicals inhibit corrosion by changing the surface conditions of the metal surface. In downhole systems, the prevailing conditions may be very severe, resulting in high corrosion rates. Corrosion inhibitors can be applied downhole, however, the selection and application of a corrosion inhibitor for downhole is typically more challenging than for a surface application. The paper gives a brief view on the selection of the suitable corrosion inhibitor that meets the well condition. It will explain how to select the best application methods for downhole corrosion on Rod Wells. The paper also demonstrates how the downhole treatment for rod wells is carried out giving in depth details of the method that has been used. It will present the results of a downhole treatment case and make recommendations for a performance monitoring program to optimize a treatment program ensuring its success. Finally, the paper concludes with a case history of downhole corrosion inhibitor application from an onshore field in the Middle East with 550 producing wells, where downhole corrosion inhibitor was successfully applied to 165 wells, leading to a major reduction in tubing corrosion failures
Treatment of a Highly Sour Natural Gas Stream by Hybrid Membrane-Amine Process: Techno-Economic Assessment
Authors: Hamad Feras , Qahtani Mohammad , Ameen Ahmad , Vaidya Milind , Duval Sebastien , Bahamdan Ahamad , Oatibi Faisal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The sweetening of highly sour natural gas streams is challenging. This paper highlights the main findings of a techno-economic study comparing the traditional approach involving only amine (DGA) versus a hybrid membrane-amine treatment process.
The hybridized membrane-amine process has been compared to the benchmarked classical DGA amine process, being the abundant process for treatment of sour natural gas. The acid gas membrane unit is deployed upstream of the amine process to selectively bypass a substantial part of the acid gas load to the sulfur recovery unit (SRU), thus affecting a substantial reduction in the amine process size and requirements.
The membrane process separation efficiency has been manipulated at two levels: the performance factors (permeance and selectivity) and by deploying a two-stage configuration. The membrane process is designed to recover about 70% of acid gas load and bypass it to the SRU. This has substantially off-loaded the acid gas reaching the amine process. Consequently, the amine process size and requirements (amine circulation rate, electrical drive power, steam for amine regeneration) is proportionally reduced. The membrane process, however, results in increased hydrocarbons slippage into the feed of SRU. Therefore, manipulating the membrane process separation efficiency has a direct impact on the SRU size and operation. Financially, the membrane process has clear role in altering the contribution of the different elements of the capital investment cost (CAPEX) and the operating cost (OPEX). The two-stage membrane process is more appealing for the reduced hydrocarbons slippage, but more power is needed for inter-stage compression. Enhancing the membrane performance factors leads to a more economically attractive process than the amine stand-alone.
An Effective Solution for Unwanted Water Production Obtained from Water Coning Mechanism: Field Application
Authors: Al-Azmi Ali , Al-Qattan Hassan , Al-Dousari Mohamad , Al-Yaqout Thanyan , Matar Khaled , Chawla Sapna , Gaur Rishika , Alwazzan Abdulatif , Khandelwal Nakul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Undesired water or gas production has been an issue for decades within the petroleum industry. Cases of unwanted water production from water coning mechanisms are increasing and becoming a frequent challenge. This paper presents the implementation of a unique water shut-off system to effectively reduce or eliminate water production and maximize the life of the well. These systems are conformance polymer sealants (CPS), an organically crosslinked polymer that is thermally activated to adequately seal the targeted interval, and a particulate-CPS (P-CPS) that combines the CPS system with non-cementitious particulates that provide leak-off control to help ensure shallow reservoir penetration of the sealant.
This unique technique involves the utilization of a rig to remove the electric submersible pump (ESP) and temporarily seal existing perforations. New perforations are then placed above the water-oil contact (WOC) to squeeze CPS and P-CPS systems. Both systems are then bullheaded into the well (spotted at a desired location in the wellbore), allowing easy, economic placement. CPS is a low-viscosity fluid system (20 to 30 cp), which enables easy injection deep into the matrix of the formation before the system undergoes the phase change from liquid to a 3D gel structure. Such deep penetration of CPS prevents water from traveling upwards when the target intervals are re-perforated, while P-CPS properly seals the current perforations above WOC. Finally, the ESP is re-installed, and the well is put back on production.
This paper presents the results obtained from ten case histories in Kuwait. A salient case is the successful use of the CPS and P-CPS systems, resulting in reducing water cut by 100% and increasing oil production by 2362 BOPD (752%).
The prospect of extending the effectiveness of this solution over an extended period of time and allowing the production from the existing flowing intervals, as opposed to that of the traditional operations, make this method a valuable alternative.
New Logging Technique for Direct Measurement of Relative Permeability
Authors: Adam Robert , Felix-Servin Jesus , Wang Wei , Deffenbaugh Max 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A measurement system capable of in-situ measurements of formation permeability is described. The measurement method relies upon imaging the distribution of magnetic permeability doped fluid injected into a wellbore system through mutual inductance measurements between pairs of coils, and relating the change in distribution of this fluid over time to a direct measurement of formation phase permeability. Analysis of the mutual inductance measurement method shows a unique response to distributions of magnetic permeability for various coil spacings, and insensitivity to other confounding electrical parameters. The response of the mutual inductance measurement to several magnetic permeability distributions is shown, demonstrating the feasibility of the measurement technique to image the subsurface formation magnetic permeability distribution and provide in-situ measurements of formation phase permeability.
Leakage Detection in Subsea Flow Lines
Authors: Ileagu Martin Obinna , Ofong Ikechi , Godson Osueke , Victor Uchechukwu Opara 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
With hydrocarbon targets becoming more inaccessible and further away from the marketplace, the need for operative fault monitoring process for continuous pipeline operation is attracting renewed attention. Dependable evacuation process is essential in managing the volatile hydrocarbon products demand-supply drivers. Pipeline remains the most robust method for full and/or partial transportation of fluids from source to the market/processing place and its reliability is integral to achieving this objective. This study examines the phenomena of a new leakage detection technique in subsea pipelines. The numerical modeling of transient pipe flow based on method of characteristics is initiated by closing the pipe downstream valve. The time history of pressure fluctuation measured as a downstream boundary condition showed that when compared with equal magnitude and spaced pressure signals of the leak free pipeline, damaged pipeline will have changing sinusoidal patterned pressure signals due to the presence of leaky nodes.
A Decision Tree Framework for Tracking CO2 Fronts in Carbonate Reservoirs from Deep Measurements Data
Authors: Abu Alsaud Sara , Katterbauer Klemens , Alqasim Abdulaziz , Marsala Alberto 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
One of the main challenges in tracking CO2 fronts in carbonate reservoirs is the geological and petrophysical heterogeneity and complexity. This obstacle led to uncertainties in the decision-making and tracking processes. In current practices, empirical petrophysical formulas are utilized to model CO2 fronts in carbonate formations. These formulas has shown tremendous results and advancements in addressing such complexity and they are the stepping-stone to petrophysical modeling. However, the challenge is continuously augmented as the data grow.
We present an innovative artificial intelligence framework to estimate CO2 fronts in carbonate reservoirs based on deep measurement data such as electromagnetics surveys and acoustic impedance, together with porosity profiles. The framework processes the deep data and then sets it as training data. Afterward, the framework uses a decision tree model, specifically a regression tree, to estimate the CO2 saturation front map based on the training data. The framework tests four types of regression trees in which each tree has a different minimum leaf size.
The framework was tested on synthetic deep measurement data such as electromagnetic surveys, acoustic impedance, and porosity profiles. Expert processing was also included in the processing stage to remove illogical measurements in the training data. The proposed artificial intelligence framework is applied to the training data set. The decision tree framework produces four types of regression trees with different minimum leaf sizes. These different trees are classified as ultra-fine, fine, medium, and coarse. Overall, all regression trees showed a high resemblance to the original CO2 front. However, the tree with the smallest minimum leaf size, which is the ultra-fine tree, has the highest accuracy and certainty. As for the computational time, the coarse tree is considered to be the fastest.
This framework represents an innovative approach to track CO2 fronts by combining deep measurement data such as electromagnetic surveys, acoustic impedance, and porosity profiles with an artificial intelligence framework. Also, the framework is aimed to improve inter-well saturation mapping for CO2 sequestration application. The approach is data-driven, and it takes into account the existing data-scarce petrophysical model challenges.
Connection Between Wettability and NMR-Detected Isotherms
Authors: Kwak Hyung , Gao Jun , An Yao , Kasule Muhammad , Doyle Patrick , Kleinhammes Alfred , Wu Yue 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Reservoir wettability is a parameter of crucial importance for oil recovery1. However, its definition and its measurement are quite complex. For a flat surface, wettability is directly related to the contact angle of a water droplet on a surface controlled by the hydrophilicity of the surface. For an arbitrary surface, the contact angle, however, does not only depend on the hydrophilicity of the surface but also depends on the surface roughness at various length scales. Therefore, wetting is a macroscopic property that is only directly related to the hydrophilicity of the surface if the surface is flat and smooth. The hydrophilicity of the surface is a microscopic property that determined the surface interactions with water and hydrocarbons and plays a crucial role in oil production and recovery. The unknown surface roughness of internal surfaces of rock porous media makes wettability definition and measurement of such internal surfaces extremely challenging. Identifying a wettability index of porous media surfaces with broad applicability is a primary objective in oil and gas industry.
Here we demonstrate an NMR-detected isotherm technique for measuring surface wettability of porous media. This technique is not only related directly to the traditional measure of wettability using macroscopic contact angles, it is also directly related to the microscopic surface property of hydrophilicity. It is shown that NMR-detected isotherms of both water and isopropanol (IPA) are needed to obtain the wettability index. Through systematic studies of quartz glass beads and quartz slides that are hydrophilic- or hydrophobic-modified, we established a quantitative relationship between the NMR isotherm-based wettability index and the traditional measure of wettability using contact angle. Therefore, the proposed wettability index derived from NMR isotherms provides a clear link to both macroscopic and microscopic properties of internal surfaces of porous media and can be a reliable measure of interactions between water and hydrocarbon with internal surfaces of rock porous media, as evidenced by preliminary studies of rock samples.