bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lead-like compounds for inhibiting Methionine amino peptidase 2 (MetAP2)
Authors: AlMasraf Ghaith , Albayati Safanah 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This research aims to find a new approach to deal with cancer, by targeting a protein that controls the growth and increases the size of the tumour. The approach uses computer-aid drug designed to find the best drug for inhibiting f Methionine Aminopeptidase (Metap2) which is an enzyme that is responsible for starting the synthesis of new protein. The inhibition of the enzyme was found to be crucial in stopping the growth of the tumour and its development. In this research, an in-silico approach was conducted to obtain compounds that are capable of inhibiting the enzyme with non-toxic features. This is done by using Ligand-Based. The Zinc15 and National Institute of Cancer Data (NCI) Databases were screened to attain a variety of manufactured Compounds. Then, molecular docking filtration process was carried out using PyRx, and Autodock4. Finally, SwissADME protocol was used to show the ADMET properties and that compounds can permit the blood barriers and validate better pharmacokinetic properties than the Fumagillin.
Change Detection for Wasit Province’s Land Coverbetween 2013 and 2020
Authors: Shahad Shaimaa H. , Malik Mutasim I. , Al-Dabbagh Hayder A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is well known that On Earth there are only a few places, which are now intheir natural state and have not been affected by human activity in any way. These human activities lead to significant changes in land use at the regional and local levels. In this research, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map, and quantify the main land cover types (vegetation, water, soil, bare area, and urban) in Wasit province. The result of supervised classification for two classified Landsat-8 images for 2020, 2013 after combining 13 subclasses: Water area in 2013 (0.719%) increases to (1.521%) in 2020, vegetation class increases from (2.864) to (6.148%). Urban increases from 2.095% to 4.629%, Bare area in 2020 became 24.307% but in 2013 was 29.03% and finally, soil decreased from (15.821%) to (13.922%).
Preparation ofZincOxide Nanoparticles by UV-IrradiationMethod in Two Different Media
Authors: Noori Noor AlhudaMahammed , Mohammed Mahdi A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe zinc oxidenanoparticles(ZnO NPs) were prepared in two media. The first one was in an aqueous medium resulting from the reaction of urea with zinc acetate at 0.3M concentration in both of them in deionized water. The second medium is a polymeric solution which is a dissolving of 4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)in deionized water with zinc acetate. The nanoparticles were obtained after the two media were irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 30 min. According to the characterization of the XRD, FESEM, and UV-visible, the polymeric medium gives a less granular size in addition to its ease of use and handling.
Using Spatial Analysis Methods to Evaluate the Soil Contamination of Baghdad City, Iraq
Authors: Hussain Hawra A. , Abdullah Sundus A. , Al Maliki Ali A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The current study aims to identify soil pollutants from heavy metals The study utilized 40 topsoil (5 cm) samples, which adapted and divided into seven regions lies in Baghdad governorate, included (Al-Husainya,(Hs) Al-Doura (Do), Sharie Al-Matar (SM), Al-Waziria (Wz), Nharawan (Nh), Abu Ghraib (Abu) and Al-Mahmoodyia (Mh)). Spatial distribution maps of Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) were created for Baghdad city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The concentrations of four heavy metals in the soil of different area of Baghdad were measured and observed using XRF instrument. The result found highest values of Pb and Zn at the middle of the Baghdad in (Wz) area and it reached to 35110 and 720 ppm respectively which exceeded allowed limits values. . While the measurements of the Mn and Ni recorded highest values in (Do) area and reached to 1020 and 170ppm respectively and was within the allowed limits of standard values of soil contamination. The prediction maps of Zn, Pb showed high accumulations in the center and western part of Baghdad city. While the maps of the elements of Mn, Ni showed low accumulations in the eastern and southern part of Baghdad. By using prediction models through which pollution levels can be determination in areas unsampled, which contributes in economic benefits, such as decrease of the required amount of samples in any project, decrease cost of analyzing and using friendly tools. The methodologies incorporated with GIS helps to give a clear picture for decision-makers to take the necessary treatments for polluted areas.
Evaluation of Microwave-Optical-Infrared Satellite Imagery for Land Cover Mapping
Authors: ameer Ghufran , Gazal Nawal Kh. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Satellite images are vital tool in various applications like land use, land cover mapping and geographic information system (GIS) etc. A variety of factors involved in the process of image acquisition, introduce geometric distortions, which are removed by pre-processing of the digital imagery. Geometric correction is the process of rectification of geometric errors introduced in the imagery during the process of its acquisition.
From practical point of view, the Sentinel-1 images are to be depended as source of microwave satellite imagery. While, Sentinel-2 are to be used for providing the study with the required visible-infrared images.
The study includes performing different digital image processing and analysis techniques, such as: geometric and radiometric corrections, spatial merge (fusion), feature extraction with using different spatial filtering techniques and spectral classification to reveal which LULC image presents better accuracy results.
The microwave portion of the spectrum covers the range from approximately 1cm to 1m in wavelength. Because of their long wavelengths, compared to the visible and infrared, microwaves have special properties that are important for remote sensing. Longer wavelength microwave radiation can penetrate through cloud cover, haze, dust, and all but the heaviest rainfall as the longer wavelengths are not susceptible to atmospheric scattering which affects shorter optical wavelengths. This property allows detection of microwave energy under almost all weather and environmental conditions so that data can be collected at any time.
Detection of Groundwater in Iraq-Wasit Governorate Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Bahet Ali Sadeq , Malik Mutasim Ibrahim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The groundwater in Iraq has been studied for the need for it due to the shortage of surface water levels.The vegetation cover index, the soil moisture index, and the surface water index were used to detect the presence of groundwater in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Those indicators that appear on the ground cover and indicate the presence of groundwater in the study area were compared with the coordinates of wells underground water. The results were identical with information obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources.
Comparison of tree distribution in the province of Baghdad and other random by using high-resolution satellite image
Authors: Al-Hassany G S , Abdul-Ameer Z N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper two, sites (Satellite„ Images) of planting groups (green areas) gathered from two different region in locale of Baghdad province : the first region represent luxury area and the other represent poor random region will„ be considered to recognize between„ them. The first group is made up of the most important plans in the province of„ Baghdad, while the second is a random gathering. The employing data might be a high-„ resolution adherent image, and the extricated scenes of a high-„ resolution toady image will„ be evaluated to be„ able to distinguish between them specifically by obsequious photos. The outcomes will be obtained using the„ Geographic data framework (GIS„Version 9.2) application.
Potential of urban green spaces for supporting horticultural production: a national scale analysis
Authors: Walsh Lael E , Mead Bethan R , Hardman Charlotte A , Evans Daniel , Liu Lingxuan , Falagán Natalia , Kourmpetli Sofia , Davies Jess 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As urban areas and land-use constraints grow, there is increasing interest in utilizing urban spaces for food production. Several studies have uncovered significant potential for urban growing to supplement production of fruit and vegetables, focusing on one or two cities as case studies, whilst others have assessed the global scale potential. Here, we provide a national-scale analysis of the horticultural production potential of urban green spaces, which is a relevant scale for agri-food and urban development policy making using Great Britain (GB) as a case study. Urban green spaces available for horticultural production across GB are identified and potential yields quantified based on three production options. The distribution of urban green spaces within 26 urban towns and cities across GB are then examined to understand the productive potential compared to their total extent and populations. Urban green spaces in GB, at their upper limit, have the capacity to support production that is 8× greater than current domestic production of fruit and vegetables. This amounts to 38% of current domestic production and imports combined, or >400% if exotic fruits and vegetables less suited to GB growing conditions are excluded. Most urban green spaces nationally are found to fall within a small number of categories, with private residential gardens and amenity spaces making up the majority of space. By examining towns and cities across GB in further detail, we find that the area of green space does not vary greatly between urban conurbations of different sizes, and all are found to have substantial potential to meet the dietary needs of the local urban population. This study highlights that national policies can be suitably developed to support urban agriculture and that making use of urban green spaces for food production could help to enhance the resilience of the national-scale food system to shocks in import pathways, or disruptions to domestic production and distribution.
Mechanistic understanding of the sensing process by analyzing response curves of TiO2 based humidity sensors
Authors: Rakesh Balaji , Sharma Nipun , Nagar Rupali , Dhongade Vipul , Daware Krishna , Gosavi Suresh 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sensors function by interacting with an appropriate stimulus, undergo a change in property, which is then diagnosed by making some measurements. For any sensor, the type of interaction between analyte and sensor surface determines its overall performance. This article explores the philosophy in which primary measurements like response curves can hold information on the “type” of interaction occurring between analyte and sensing material. As case study, titanium oxide (TiO2) pellet sensors fabricated by sol-gel growth of TiO2 nanoparticles (as-grown and annealed) are investigated for humidity sensing at room temperature. The sensors display a very fast response in the 0%–30% relative humidity (%RH) range and return to their initial state without applying any external heat treatment. The response curves are analysed in view of adsorption processes guided by Langmuir isotherms. Correlation between sensor microstructure, adsorption processes and response curve is used to build the mechanistic understanding of the sensing process. The results bring out a unique correlation between sensor microstructure, interaction of analyte with sensing material and profile of response curves. Further, the synthesised sensors exhibit a linear response in the 0%–30% RH range making them suitable for low humidity environments like food packaging industry.
Surface and dynamical properties of GeI2
Authors: Dhingra Archit , Lipatov Alexey , Lu Haidong , Chagoya Katerina , Dalton Joseph , Gruverman Alexei , Sinitskii Alexander , Blair Richard G , Dowben Peter A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
GeI2 is an interesting two-dimensional wide-band gap semiconductor because of diminished edge scattering due to an absence of dangling bonds. Angle-resolved x-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicates a germanium rich surface, and a surface to bulk core-level shift of 1.8 eV in binding energy, between the surface and bulk components of the Ge 2p3/2 core-level, making clear that the surface is different from the bulk. Temperature dependent studies indicate an effective Debye temperature (

θ
D

) of 186 ± 18 K for the germanium x-ray photoemission spectroscopy feature associated with the surface. These measurements also suggest an unusually high effective Debye temperature for iodine (587 ± 31 K), implying that iodine is present in the bulk of the material, and not the surface. From optical absorbance, GeI2 is seen to have an indirect (direct) optical band gap of 2.60 (2.8) ± 0.02 (0.1) eV, consistent with the expectations. Temperature dependent magnetometry indicates that GeI2 is moment paramagnetic at low temperatures (close to 4 K) and shows a diminishing saturation moment at high temperatures (close to 300 K and above).
Assessment of land use change in the Thuma forest reserve region of Malawi, Africa
Authors: Phiri Mihla , Nyirenda Harrington 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA study was conducted in Thuma area in central Malawi to quantify contemporary land cover and to explore the degree of land use change in the Thuma forest reserve area of Malawi by analysing and comparing satellite-derived land cover maps from 1997, 2007 and 2017. The study was carried out using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), focusing on analysis of Landsat 5 ETM and Landsat 8 ORI/TIRS satellite images. The classification was conducted for the following distinct classes; closed forest, open forest, shrubland, savanna grassland, agriculture fields, and water. The analysis revealed that closed forest diminished from 19% in 1997 to 10% in 2007 to 6% in 2017. Open forest reduced from 30% to 21% from 1997 to 2007 but increased to 22% in 2017. Agriculture area almost doubled from 37% in 1997 to 64% in 2017. The actual area from 1997 to 2017, shows that closed forest has reduced from 7,000 ha to 3,000 ha while open forest from 12,900 ha to 7800 ha. Savanna grassland has doubled from 5,900 ha to 13,000 ha. However, future studies should use modern satellites such as Sentinel and Landsat 9 for improved quantification of changes. The findings show that even the protected forest reserve (previously dominated by closed forest) is not fully protected from deforestation by local communities. Government and other stakeholders should devise measures to meet the needs of the surrounding communities and the ecological/biophysical needs of the reserves. Based on this study, issues of re-demarcation of the forest reserve and the accessed area should also be explored. This study serves as a reference for the management of Thuma Forest Reserve as a refuge for natural tree species, rivers that harbour endemic fish species (Opsaridium microlepisandOpsaridium microcephalis) and the sustainable management of endangered elephants in the reserve.
Use of Linked Databases for Improved Confounding Control: Considerations for Potential Selection Bias
Authors: Sun Jenny W , Wang Rui , Li Dongdong , Toh Sengwee 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPharmacoepidemiologic studies are increasingly conducted within linked databases, often to obtain richer confounder data. However, the potential for selection bias is frequently overlooked when linked data is available only for a subset of patients. We highlight the importance of accounting for potential selection bias by evaluating the association between antipsychotics and type 2 diabetes in youths within a claims database linked to a smaller laboratory database. We used inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW) to control for confounding. In analyses restricted to the linked cohorts, we applied inverse probability of selection weights (IPSW) to create a population representative of the full cohort. We used pooled logistic regression weighted by IPTW only or IPTW and IPSW to estimate treatment effects. Metabolic conditions were more prevalent in linked cohorts compared with the full cohort. Within the full cohort, the confounding-adjusted hazard ratio was 2.26 (95% CI: 2.07, 2.49) comparing initiation of antipsychotics with initiation of control medications. Within the linked cohorts, a different magnitude of association was obtained without adjustment for selection, whereas applying IPSW resulted in point estimates similar to the full cohort’s (e.g., an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.63 became 2.12). Linked database studies may generate biased estimates without proper adjustment for potential selection bias.
Rural-Urban Differences in Maternal Mortality Trends in the United States, 1999–2017: Accounting for the Impact of the Pregnancy Status Checkbox
Authors: Rossen Lauren M , Ahrens Katherine A , Womack Lindsay S , Uddin Sayeedha F G , Branum Amy M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It has been difficult to measure rural-urban differences in maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) in the United States in recent years because of the incremental adoption of a pregnancy status checkbox on the standard US death certificate. Using 1999–2017 mortality and birth data, we examined the impact of the pregnancy checkbox on MMRs according to urbanicity of residence (large urban area, medium/small urban area, or rural area), using log-binomial regression models to predict trends that would have been observed if all states had adopted the checkbox as of 1999. Implementation of the checkbox resulted in an average estimated increase of 7.5 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.3, 8.8) in large urban areas (a 76% increase), 11.6 (95% CI: 9.6, 13.6) in medium/small urban areas (a 113% increase), and 16.6 (95% CI: 12.9, 20.3) in rural areas (a 107% increase), compared with MMRs prior to the checkbox. Assuming that all states had the checkbox as of 1999, demographic-factor–adjusted predicted MMRs increased in rural areas, declined in large urban areas, and did not change in medium/small urban areas. However, trends and urban-rural differences were substantially attenuated when analyses were limited to direct/specific causes of maternal death, which are probably subject to less misclassification. Accurate ascertainment of maternal deaths, particularly in rural areas, is important for reducing disparities in maternal mortality.
Tissue Stromal Vascular Fraction Improves Early Scar Healing: A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial
Authors: van Dongen Joris A , van Boxtel Joeri , Uguten Mustafa , Brouwer Linda A , Vermeulen Karin M , Melenhorst Wynand B , Niessen Frank B , Harmsen Martin C , Stevens Hieronymus P , van der Lei Berend 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Wound healing and scar formation depends on a plethora of factors. Given the impact of abnormal scar formation, interventions aimed to improve scar formation would be most advantageous. The tissue stromal vascular fraction (tSVF) of adipose tissue is composed of a heterogenous mixture of cells embedded in extracellular matrix. It contains growth factors and cytokines involved in wound-healing processes, eg, parenchymal proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that tSVF reduces postsurgical scar formation.

Methods
This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted between 2016 and 2020. Forty mammoplasty patients were enrolled and followed for 1 year. At the end of the mammoplasty procedure, all patients received tSVF in the lateral 5 cm of the horizontal scar of 1 breast and a placebo injection in the contralateral breast to serve as an intrapatient control. Primary outcome was scar quality measure by the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Secondary outcomes were obtained from photographic evaluation and histologic analysis of scar tissue samples.

Results
Thirty-four of 40 patients completed follow-up. At 6 months postoperation, injection of tSVF had significantly improved postoperative scar appearance as assessed by the POSAS questionnaire. No difference was observed at 12 months postoperation. No improvement was seen based on the evaluation of photographs and histologic analysis of postoperative scars between both groups.

Conclusions
Injection of tSVF resulted in improved wound healing and reduced scar formation at 6 months postoperation, without any noticeable advantageous effects seen at 12 months.

Level of Evidence: 2
Expanding Well-Being by Participating in Grassroots Innovations: Using the Capability Approach to Explore the Interest of Alternative Food Networks for Community Social Services
Authors: Belda-Miquel Sergio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Grassroots social innovations are citizen-led initiatives that develop bottom-up solutions to societal challenges. Alternative food networks (AFNs) are innovations which propose alternative schemes for distribution and consumption of food—such as community-based agriculture or food cooperatives—which can improve the well-being of participants. Its potential for social work and social services has been recognised, but remains underexplored. This paper proposes a theoretical framework based on the capability approach in order to explore the impacts, drivers and factors at play in the expansion of well-being in participants in AFNs. This framework is applied to address seven cases of different kind of AFNs in Valencia (Spain) and to explore implications and strands of action so community social services can make use of AFNs. The study draws on information from thirteen interviews with participants of AFNs, local experts and policymakers; from secondary sources and from participant observation. It deductively uses the categories in the framework and inductively identifies specific capabilities, drivers and factors. The results show that AFNs expand well-being in several aspects of human experience. They are highly diverse, from more reformist to more radical, so they can mobilise different publics. Social services can benefit from this impact and diversity.
Emotion and Reason in Political Language
Authors: Gennaro Gloria , Ash Elliott 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the use of emotion and reason in political discourse. Adopting computational-linguistics techniques to construct a validated text-based scale, we measure emotionality in six million speeches given in U.S. Congress over the years 1858–2014. Intuitively, emotionality spikes during times of war and is highest in speeches about patriotism. In the time series, emotionality was relatively low and stable in earlier years but increased significantly starting in the late 1970s. Across Congress members, emotionality is higher for Democrats, for women, for ethnic/religious minorities, for the opposition party and for members with ideologically extreme roll-call voting records.