bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varieties of AI Explanations Under the Law. From the GDPR to the AIA, and Beyond
Authors: Hacker Philipp , Passoth Jan-Hendrik 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe quest to explain the output of artificial intelligence systems has clearly moved from a mere technical to a highly legally and politically relevant endeavor. In this paper, we provide an overview of legal obligations to explain AI and evaluate current policy proposals. In this, we distinguish between different functional varieties of AI explanations - such as multiple forms of enabling, technical and protective transparency - and show how different legal areas engage with and mandate such different types of explanations to varying degrees. Starting with the rights-enabling framework of the GDPR, we proceed to uncover technical and protective forms of explanations owed under contract, tort and banking law. Moreover, we discuss what the recent EU proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act means for explainable AI, and review the proposal’s strengths and limitations in this respect. Finally, from a policy perspective, we advocate for moving beyond mere explainability towards a more encompassing framework for trustworthy and responsible AI that includes actionable explanations, values-in-design and co-design methodologies, interactions with algorithmic fairness, and quality benchmarking.
A Rate-Distortion Framework for Explaining Black-Box Model Decisions
Authors: Kolek Stefan , Nguyen Duc Anh , Levie Ron , Bruna Joan , Kutyniok Gitta 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe present theRate-Distortion Explanation(RDE) framework, a mathematically well-founded method for explaining black-box model decisions. The framework is based on perturbations of the target input signal and applies to any differentiable pre-trained model such as neural networks. Our experiments demonstrate the framework’s adaptability to diverse data modalities, particularly images, audio, and physical simulations of urban environments.
The Basis of Code Theory
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe channel of information transmission is called channel for short. The commonly used channels include cable, optical fiber, medium of radio wave transmission and carrier line, etc., and also include tape, optical disk, etc. The channel constitutes the physical conditions for social information to interact across space and time. In addition, a piece of social information, such as various language information, picture information, data information and so on, should be exchanged across time and space, information coding is the basic technical means. What is information coding? In short, it is the process of digitizing all kinds of social information.
Shannon Theory
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAccording to Shannon, a message x is a random event. Let p(x) be the probability of occurrence of event x. If $$p(x)=0$$

p
(
x
)
=
0

, this event does not occur; If $$p(x)=1$$

p
(
x
)
=
1

, this event must occur. When $$p(x) = 0$$

p
(
x
)
=
0

or $$p(x) = 1$$

p
(
x
)
=
1

, information x can be called trivial information or spam information. Therefore, the real mathematical significance of information x lies in its uncertainty, that is $$0<p(x)<1$$

0
<
p
(
x
)
<
1

. Quantitative research on the uncertainty of nontrivial information constitutes all the starting point of Shannon’s theory, this starting point is now called information quantity or information entropy, or entropy for short. Shannon and his colleagues at Bell laboratory considered “bit” as the basic quantitative unit of information. What is “bit”? We can simply understand it as the number of bits in the binary system. However, according to Shannon, the binary system with n digits can express up to $$2^{n}$$

2
n

numbers. From the point of view of probability and statistics, the probability of occurrence of these $$2^{n}$$

2
n

numbers is $$\frac{1}{2^{n}}$$

1

2
n

. Therefore, a bit is the amount of information contained in event x with probability $$\frac{1}{2}$$

1
2

. Taking this as the starting point, Shannon defined the self information I(x) contained in an information x as
Asymptotic Analysis of von Neumann Entropy in Conformal Field Theory
Authors: Tang Xiaomin , Xu Feng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGiven a QFT net $${{\mathcal {A}}}$$
A
of local von Neumann algebras $${{\mathcal {A}}}(O)$$

A
(
O
)

, we consider the von Neumann entropy $$S_{{\mathcal {A}}}(O, {\widetilde{O}})$$

S
A

(
O
,

O
~

)

of the restriction of the vacuum state to the canonical intermediate type I factor for the inclusion of von Neumann algebras $${{\mathcal {A}}}(O)\subset {{\mathcal {A}}}({\widetilde{O}})$$

A

(
O
)

⊂
A

(

O
~

)

(split property). This canonical entanglement entropy $$S_{{\mathcal {A}}}(O, {\widetilde{O}})$$

S
A

(
O
,

O
~

)

is finite for the chiral conformal net on the circle generated by finitely many free Fermions (here double cones are intervals). The finiteness property is derived by an explicit formula of entropy and an observation that the operators in the definition are closely related to Hankel operators. In this paper we give further analysis of this entropy using a variety of techniques that have been developed in different context, and in particular we show that there is an upper bound given by a positive constant multiply by $$|\ln \eta |$$

|
ln
η
|

, where $$\eta $$
η
is the cross ratio of the underlying system, when $$\eta \rightarrow 0$$

η
→
0

.
Open Versus Laparoscopic Surgical Management of Rectus Diastasis: Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Complications and Recurrence Rates
Authors: ElHawary Hassan , Chartier Christian , Alam Peter , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundRectus diastasis (RD) is defined as widening of the linea alba and laxity of the abdominal muscles. It can be treated via a wide array of both conservative and surgical modalities. Due to the quickly evolving nature of this field coupled with the multiple novel surgical modalities described recently, there is a need for an updated review of surgical techniques and a quantitative analysis of complications and recurrence rates.MethodsA systematic review of PUBMED and EMBASE databases was preformed to retrieve all clinical studies describing surgical management of RD. Pooled analyses were preformed to assess recurrence and complication rates after both open and laparoscopic RD repairs (after controlling for herniorrhaphy).ResultsA total of 56 papers were included in this review. In patients who underwent both an RD and a herniorrhaphy, there was no significant difference in recurrence rates between open (0.86%) and laparoscopic repairs (1.6%) (p > 0.05). Similarly, in patients who underwent RD repair without a herniorrhaphy, there was no significant difference in recurrence rates between open (0.89%) and laparoscopic repairs (0%) (p > 0.05). The most common complications reported were seroma, skin dehiscence, hematoma/post‐operative bleeding, and infection. After controlling for a herniorrhaphy, there were no significant difference in total complication rates between open and laparoscopic RD repair. The total complication rates in patients who underwent an open RD repair with a herniorrhaphy were 13.3% compared to 14.5% in patients who underwent laparoscopic repairs (p > 0.05). Similarly, the total complication rates in patients who underwent RD repair without a herniorrhaphy were 11.8% in patients who underwent open repairs compared to 16.2% in their counterparts who underwent laparoscopic repairs (p > 0.05).ConclusionBoth open and laparoscopic approaches are safe and effective in repairing RD in patients with and without concurrent herniorrhaphy. Future research should report patient reported outcomes to better differentiate between different surgical approaches.
Fast and ballistic contractions involve greater neuromuscular power production in older adults during resistance exercise
Authors: Mc Dermott Emmet J. , Balshaw Thomas G. , Brooke-Wavell Katherine , Maden-Wilkinson Thomas M. , Folland Jonathan P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Neuromuscular power is critical for healthy ageing. Conventional older adult resistance training (RT) guidelines typically recommend lifting slowly (2-s; CONV), whereas fast/explosive contractions performed either non-ballistically (FAST-NB) or ballistically (FAST-B, attempting to throw the load) may involve greater acute power production, and could ultimately provide a greater chronic power adaptation stimulus. To compare the neuromechanics (power, force, velocity, and muscle activation) of different types of concentric isoinertial RT contractions in older adults.

Methods
Twelve active older adult males completed three sessions, each randomly assigned to one type of concentric contraction (CONV or FAST-NB or FAST-B). Each session involved lifting a range of loads (20–80%1RM) using an instrumented isoinertial leg press dynamometer that measured power, force, and velocity. Muscle activation was assessed with surface electromyography (sEMG).

Results
Peak and mean power were markedly different, according to the concentric contraction explosive intent FAST-B > FAST-NB > CONV, with FAST-B producing substantially more power (+ 49 to 1172%, P ≤ 0.023), force (+ 10 to 136%, P < 0.05) and velocity (+ 55 to 483%, P ≤ 0.025) than CONV and FAST-NB contractions. Knee and hip extensor sEMG were typically higher during FAST-B than CON (all P < 0.02) and FAST-NB (≤ 50%1RM, P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions
FAST-B contractions produced markedly greater power, force, velocity and muscle activation across a range of loads than both CONV or FAST-NB and could provide a more potent RT stimulus for the chronic development of older adult power.
Ultrasonographic reference values and a simple yet practical formula for estimating average kidney length in Japanese children
Authors: Fujita Naoya , Uemura Osamu , Harada Ryoko , Matsumura Chieko , Sakai Tomoyuki , Hamasaki Yuko , Kamei Koichi , Nishi Kentaro , Kaneko Tetsuji , Ishikura Kenji , Gotoh Yoshimitsu ,   the Pediatric CKD Study Group in Japan in conjunction with the Committee of Measures for Pediatric CKD of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Nephrology
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The assessment of kidney size is essential for treating kidney disease. However, there are no reliable and sufficiently robust ultrasonographic reference values or prediction formulas for kidney length in Japanese children, based on a sufficient number of participants.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed kidney measurements by ultrasonography in children aged 18 years or younger from eight facilities throughout Japan between January 1991 and September 2018. Detailed reference values were developed by aggregating the left and right kidneys of boys and girls separately. Simple and practical reference values were developed by combining all the data from left and right kidneys and boys and girls. The estimation formulas for the average value and lower limit of the normal range for kidney length were developed based on regression analysis.

Results
Based on the aggregated kidney length data of 1984 participants (3968 kidneys), detailed reference values and simple reference values for kidney length were determined. From the regression analysis, the formula for calculating the average kidney length was generated as “kidney length (cm) = body height (m) × 5 + 2”, and that for predicting the lower limit of normal kidney length in children under 130 cm was calculated as “lower limit (cm) = 0.85 × [body height (m) × 5 + 2]”.

Conclusion
Detailed ultrasonographic reference values of kidney length for Japanese children and simple reference values and estimation formulas for daily practice have been established.
Wie die Materialengpässe den Arbeitsmarkt treffen
Authors: Hummel Markus , Hutter Christian , Weber Enzo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough industrial production in Germany picked up again significantly with the recovery from the Corona crisis, supply bottlenecks for raw materials and intermediate products such as semiconductors became increasingly noticeable over 2021. In this article, we examine how these obstacles affect the labor market development. To determine the extent and effects of the material bottlenecks, we use data from the ifo business surveys and from the statistics of the German Federal Employment Agency on manufacturing and construction. The results show that the impact of material shortages on unemployment is noticeable but still relatively limited. In contrast, there is a considerable effect on short-time work announcements. Apparently, short-time work is mainly used to adjust to the material shortages.
Hilbert’s Basis Theorem for Non-associative and Hom-associative Ore Extensions
Authors: Bäck Per , Richter Johan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe prove a hom-associative version of Hilbert’s basis theorem, which includes as special cases both a non-associative version and the classical Hilbert’s basis theorem for associative Ore extensions. Along the way, we develop hom-module theory. We conclude with some examples of both non-associative and hom-associative Ore extensions which are all noetherian by our theorem.
Discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy and impact on quality of life and functional status in older patients with breast cancer
Authors: Lemij Annelieke A. , de Glas Nienke A. , Derks Marloes G. M. , Bastiaannet Esther , Merkus Jos W. S. , Lans Titia E. , van der Pol Carmen C. , van Dalen Thijs , Vulink Annelie J. E. , van Gerven Leander , Guicherit Onno R. , Linthorst-Niers Eugenie M. H. , van den Bos Frederiek , Kroep Judith R. , Liefers Gerrit Jan , Portielje Johanneke E. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Side effects are the main reason for discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy in older adults. The aim of this study was to examine geriatric predictors of treatment discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy within the first 2 years after initiation, and to study the association between early discontinuation and functional status and quality of life (QoL).

Methods
Patients aged ≥ 70 years with stage I–III breast cancer who received adjuvant endocrine therapy were included. The primary endpoint was discontinuation of endocrine therapy within 2 years. Risk factors for discontinuation were assessed using univariate logistic regression models. Linear mixed models were used to assess QoL and functional status over time.

Results
Overall, 258 patients were included, of whom 36% discontinued therapy within 2 years after initiation. No geriatric predictive factors for treatment discontinuation were found. Tumour stage was inversely associated with early discontinuation. Patients who discontinued had a worse breast cancer-specific QoL (b = − 4.37; 95% CI − 7.96 to − 0.78; p = 0.017) over the first 2 years, in particular on the future perspective subscale (b = − 11.10; 95% CI − 18.80 to − 3.40; p = 0.005), which did not recover after discontinuation. Treatment discontinuation was not associated with functional improvement.

Conclusion
A large proportion of older patients discontinue adjuvant endocrine treatment within 2 years after initiation, but geriatric characteristics are not predictive of early discontinuation of treatment. Discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy did not positively affect QoL and functional status, which implies that the observed poorer QoL in this group is probably not caused by adverse effects of endocrine therapy.
Standardization of the tumor-stroma ratio scoring method for breast cancer research
Authors: Hagenaars Sophie C. , Vangangelt Kiki M. H. , Van Pelt Gabi W. , Karancsi Zsófia , Tollenaar Rob A. E. M. , Green Andrew R. , Rakha Emad A. , Kulka Janina , Mesker Wilma E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) has repeatedly proven to be correlated with patient outcomes in breast cancer using large retrospective cohorts. However, studies validating the TSR often show variability in methodology, thereby hampering comparisons and uniform outcomes.

Method
This paper provides a detailed description of a simple and uniform TSR scoring method using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained core biopsies and resection tissue, specifically focused on breast cancer. Possible histological challenges that can be encountered during scoring including suggestions to overcome them are reported. Moreover, the procedure for TSR estimation in lymph nodes, scoring on digital images and the automatic assessment of the TSR using artificial intelligence are described.

Conclusion
Digitized scoring of tumor biopsies and resection material offers interesting future perspectives to determine patient prognosis and response to therapy. The fact that the TSR method is relatively easy, quick, and cheap, offers great potential for its implementation in routine diagnostics, but this requires high quality validation studies.
A Critique of Vanishing Voice in Noncooperative Spaces: The Perspective of an Aspirant Black Female Intellectual Activist
Authors: Muzanenhamo Penelope , Chowdhury Rashedur 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe adopt and extend the concept of ‘noncooperative space’ to analyze how (aspirant) black women intellectual activists attempt to sustain their efforts within settings that publicly endorse racial equality, while, in practice, the contexts remain deeply racist. Noncooperative spaces reflect institutional, organizational, and social environments portrayed by powerful white agents as conducive to anti-racism work and promoting racial equality but, indeed, constrain individuals who challenge racism. Our work, which is grounded in intersectionality, draws on an autoethnographic account of racially motivated domestic violence suffered by our lead author. Our analysis suggests that (aspirant) black women intellectual activists must develop courage to sustain their ‘voice’ within noncooperative spaces. However, the three interlinked dimensions of noncooperative spaces—namely, deceiving design, hegemonic actors’ indifference to racism, and (some assimilated gatekeepers’) false equivalence—may gradually erode a black female scholar’s courage. This forces her ‘voice’ to vanish temporarily, or even permanently. Courage is thus fragile and depletable. Yet, courage can be regenerated, resulting in regaining voice. Consequently, we propose courageous collective action by white allies and black and brown individuals who voluntarily and officially cooperate within and across various spaces to achieve racial equality.
Sustainability evaluation of olive oil mills in Andalusia (Spain): a study based on composite indicators
Authors: Vicario-Modroño Victoria , Gallardo-Cobos Rosa , Sánchez-Zamora Pedro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn recent times, the need for food systems that, in addition to being economically viable and socially equitable, use environmentally friendly production processes has made sustainable production one of the olive oil sector's main concerns and priorities. In this context, evaluation of the economic, social and environmental performance of olive oil companies and the design of sustainable management alternatives have become fundamental activities for companies. Thus, this article's main objective is to measure the sustainability of a representative sample of olive mills located in Andalusia (Spain), the leading olive oil-producing region internationally, and to identify its determinants. First, based on data envelopment analysis, synthetic sustainability indices are constructed. Second, truncated regression analysis and bootstrapping techniques are used to identify the determinants of the sustainability of olive oil mills. The results show that factors such as company size, commitment to quality, and manager training and professionalisation are crucial elements for the sustainable development of olive oil mills. These results can be useful for company managers in the design of strategies aimed at improving company sustainability.
Qualification of the thermal stabilization, polishing and coating procedures for the aluminum telescope mirrors of the ARIEL mission
Authors: Chioetto Paolo , Zuppella Paola , Da Deppo Vania , Pace Emanuele , Morgante Gianluca , Terenzi Luca , Brienza Daniele , Missaglia Nadia , Bianucci Giovanni , Spinelli Sebastiano , Guerriero Elisa , Rossi Massimiliano , Grèzes-Besset Catherine , Bondet Colin , Chauveau Grégory , Porta Caroline , Malaguti Giuseppe , Micela Giuseppina ,   the ARIEL Team
Published: April 2022

Abstract

ARIEL, the Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey, was selected as the fourth medium-class mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision program. ARIEL is based on a 1 m class telescope optimized for spectroscopy in the waveband between 1.95 and 7.8 micron and operating in cryogenic conditions. Fabrication of the 1.1 m aluminum primary mirror for the ARIEL telescope requires technological advances in the three areas of substrate thermal stabilization, optical surface polishing and coating. This article describes the qualification of the three procedures that have been set up and tested to demonstrate the readiness level of the technological processes employed. Substrate thermal stabilization is required to avoid deformations of the optical surface during cool down of the telescope to the operating temperature below 50 K. Purpose of the process is to release internal stress in the substrate that can cause such shape deformations. Polishing of large aluminum surfaces to optical quality is notoriously difficult due to softness of the material, and required setup and test of a specific polishing recipe capable of reducing residual surface shape errors while maintaining surface roughness below 10 nm RMS. Finally, optical coating with protected silver must be qualified for environmental stability, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, and uniformity. All processes described in this article have been applied to aluminum samples of up to 150 mm of diameter, leading the way to the planned final test on a full size demonstrator of the ARIEL primary mirror.
The Tragedy of Scientific Culture: Husserl on Inauthentic Habits, Technisation and Mechanisation
Authors: Arnold Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHabit and habitualisation play an important role in Husserl's phenomenology, yet one aspect of habituality has been somewhat overlooked, namely the dimension of authenticity/inauthenticity. While authenticity in Heidegger has received a lot of attention, inauthenticity in Husserl is less well researched, although, as I will show, it is of equal importance to his overall theorising. The central aim of this paper is to explore the authenticity/inauthenticity-distinction in the various domains of habitualisation and to establish its fundamental importance for Husserl. In the first, introductory part of this paper I offer a few remarks on how to understand and categorise Husserl's transcendental take on habits; I also introduce the important distinction between authentic and inauthentic habits and authenticity and inauthenticity in general. In the second part I present the problem of mechanisation as a form of inauthentic habitualisation as it appears in Husserl's phenomenologies of ethics and, more importantly, science. The third part concludes the paper with a reflection on how phenomenology is programmatically aimed against any form of inauthenticity, and on how it might or might not achieve this goal.