bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline retinal nerve fiber layer thickness as a predictor of multiple sclerosis progression: New insights from theFREEDOMS IIstudy
Authors: Wang Liang , Tan Hongmei , Yu Jian , ZhangBao Jingzi , Huang Wenjuan , Chang Xuechun , Zhou Lei , Lu Chuanzhen , Xiao Yiqin , Lu Jiahong , Zhao Chongbo , Wang Min , Wu Xue , Wu Mengyun , Dong Qiang , Ngew Kok Yew , Quan Chao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeThe aim was to evaluate the potential of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measured with optical coherence tomography in predicting disease progression in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).MethodsAnalyses were conducted post hoc of this 24‐month, phase III, double‐blind study, in which RRMS patients were randomized (1:1:1) to once daily oral fingolimod 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg or placebo. The key outcomes were the association between baseline RNFLT and baseline clinical characteristics and clinical/imaging outcomes up to 24 months. Change of RNFLT with fingolimod versus placebo within 24 months and time to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning were evaluated.ResultsAltogether 885 patients were included. At baseline, lower RNFLT was correlated with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score (r = −1.085,p = 0.018), lower brain volume (r = 0.025,p = 0.006) and deep gray matter volume (r = 0.731,p < 0.0001), worse visual acuity (r = −19.846,p < 0.0001) and longer duration since diagnosis (r = −0.258,p = 0.018). At month 12, low baseline RNFLT (<86 μm) versus high baseline RNFLT (≥99 μm) was associated with a greater brain volume loss (percentage change −0.605% vs. −0.315%,p = 0.035) in patients without optic neuritis history. At month 24, low baseline RNFLT versus high baseline RNFLT was associated with a higher number of new or newly enlarged T2 lesions (mean number 4.0 vs. 2.8,p = 0.014) and a higher risk of subsequent RNFL thinning (hazard ratio 2.55; 95% confidence interval 1.84–3.53;p < 0.001). The atrophy of the RNFL in the inferior quadrant was alleviated with fingolimod 0.5 mg versus placebo at month 24 (Δ(least squares mean) = 1.8,p = 0.047).ConclusionRetinal nerve fiber layer thickness could predict disease progression in RRMS.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00355134,https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00355134.
Dual‐phase 18F‐FP‐CIT positron emission tomography and cardiac 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy of Parkinson's disease patients with GBA mutations: evidence of the body‐first type?
Authors: Kim Min Seung , Park Don Gueu , An Young‐Sil , Yoon Jung Han 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeParkinson's disease (PD) with glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene mutation (GBA‐PD) is known to show more rapid clinical progression than sporadic PD without GBA mutation (sPD). This study was performed to delineate the specific patterns of cortical hypoperfusion, dopamine transporter uptake and cardiac meta‐iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake of GBA‐PD in comparison to sPD.MethodsThrough next‐generation sequencing analysis targeting 41 genes, a total of 16 GBA‐PD and 24 sPD patients (sex, age matched) were enrolled in the study, and the clinical, dual‐phase [18F]‐N‐(3‐fluoropropyl)‐2β‐carboxymethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane (18F‐FP‐CIT) positron emission tomography (PET) and cardiac 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy results were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe GBA‐PD group had higher rates of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, orthostatic hypotension and neuropsychiatric symptoms than the sPD group. Early‐phase 18F‐FP‐CIT PET showed significantly lower standard uptake value ratio on bilateral posterior parietal cortex (0.94 ± 0.05 vs. 1.02 ± 0.04, p = 0.011) and part of the occipital cortex (p < 0.05) in the GBA‐PD group than the sPD group. In striatal dopamine transporter uptake, the regional standard uptake value ratio, asymmetry index and caudate‐to‐putamen ratio were similar between the two groups. The GBA‐PD group had a lower heart‐to‐mediastinum uptake ratio in 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy than the sPD group.ConclusionsThe GBA‐PD patients showed decreased regional perfusion in the bilateral posterior parietal and occipital cortex. Cardiac sympathetic denervation and non‐motor symptoms (orthostatic hypotension, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder) were more common in GBA‐PD than sPD. These findings suggest that GBA‐PD patients have more widespread peripheral (extranigral) α‐synuclein accumulation, representing a body‐first PD subtype.
SCN1A gain‐of‐function mutation causing an early onset epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Clatot Jérôme , Parthasarathy Shridhar , Cohen Stacey , McKee Jillian L. , Massey Shavonne , Somarowthu Ala , Goldberg Ethan M. , Helbig Ingo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveLoss‐of‐function variants in SCN1A cause Dravet syndrome, the most common genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). However, emerging evidence suggests separate entities of SCN1A‐related disorders due to gain‐of‐function variants. Here, we aim to refine the clinical, genetic, and functional electrophysiological features of a recurrent p.R1636Q gain‐of‐function variant, identified in four individuals at a single center.MethodsIndividuals carrying the recurrent SCN1A p.R1636Q variant were identified through diagnostic testing. Whole cell voltage‐clamp electrophysiological recording in HEK‐293 T cells was performed to compare the properties of sodium channels containing wild‐type Nav1.1 or Nav1.1‐R1636Q along with both Navβ1 and Navβ2 subunits, including response to oxcarbazepine. To delineate differences from other SCN1A‐related epilepsies, we analyzed electronic medical records.ResultsAll four individuals had an early onset DEE characterized by focal tonic seizures and additional seizure types starting in the first few weeks of life. Electrophysiological analysis showed a mixed gain‐of‐function effect with normal current density, a leftward (hyperpolarized) shift of steady‐state inactivation, and slower inactivation kinetics leading to a prominent late sodium current. The observed functional changes closely paralleled effects of pathogenic variants in SCN3A and SCN8A at corresponding positions. Both wild type and variant exhibited sensitivity to block by oxcarbazepine, partially correcting electrophysiological abnormalities of the SCN1A p.R1636Q variant. Clinically, a single individual responded to treatment with oxcarbazepine. Across 51 individuals with SCN1A‐related epilepsies, those with the recurrent p.R1636Q variants had the earliest ages at onset.SignificanceThe recurrent SCN1A p.R1636Q variant causes a clinical entity with a wider clinical spectrum than previously reported, characterized by neonatal onset epilepsy and absence of prominent movement disorder. Functional consequences of this variant lead to mixed loss and gain of function that is partially corrected by oxcarbazepine. The recurrent p.R1636Q variant represents one of the most common causes of early onset SCN1A‐related epilepsies with separate treatment and prognosis implications.
Delaying quantitative resistance to pesticides and antibiotics
Authors: Hardy Nate B. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHow can we best vary the application of pesticides and antibiotics to delay resistance evolution? Previous theoretical comparisons of deployment strategies have focused on qualitative resistance traits and have mostly assumed that resistance alleles are already present in a population. But many real resistance traits are quantitative, and the evolution of resistant genotypes in the field may depend on de novo mutation and recombination. Here, I use an individual‐based, forward‐time, quantitative‐genetic simulation model to investigate the evolution of quantitative resistance. I evaluate the performance of four application strategies for delaying resistance evolution, to wit, the (1) sequential, (2) mosaic, (3) periodic, and (4) combined strategies. I find that which strategy is best depends on initial efficacy. When at the onset, xenobiotics completely prevent reproduction in treated demes, a combined strategy is best. On the other hand, when populations are partially resistant, the combined strategy is inferior to mosaic and periodic strategies, especially when resistance alleles are antagonistically pleiotropic. Thus, the optimal application strategy for managing against the rise of quantitative resistance depends on pleiotropy and whether or not partial resistance is already present in a population. This result appears robust to variation in pest reproductive mode and migration rate, direct fitness costs for resistant phenotypes, and the extent of refugial habitats.
Evidence of hard‐selective sweeps suggests independent adaptation to insecticides in Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations
Authors: Cohen Zachary P. , Chen Yolanda H. , Groves Russell , Schoville Sean D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPesticide resistance provides one of the best examples of rapid evolution to environmental change. The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) has a long and noteworthy history as a super‐pest due to its ability to repeatedly develop resistance to novel insecticides and rapidly expand its geographic and host plant range. Here, we investigate regional differences in demography, recombination, and selection using whole‐genome resequencing data from two highly resistant CPB populations in the United States (Hancock, Wisconsin and Long Island, New York). Demographic reconstruction corroborates historical records for a single pest origin during the colonization of the Midwestern and Eastern United States in the mid‐ to late‐19th century and suggests that the effective population size might be higher in Long Island, NY than Hancock, WI despite contemporary potato acreage of Wisconsin being far greater. Population‐based recombination maps show similar background recombination rates between these populations, as well as overlapping regions of low recombination that intersect with important metabolic detoxification genes. In both populations, we find compelling evidence for hard selective sweeps linked to insecticide resistance with multiple sweeps involving genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism, stress response, and defensive chemistry. Notably, only two candidate insecticide resistance genes are shared among both populations, but both appear to be independent hard selective sweep events. This suggests that repeated, rapid, and independent evolution of genes may underlie CPB's pest status among geographically distinct populations.
Plant disease detection using machine learning approaches
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz , Yadav Pramod Kumar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPlant health care is the science of anticipating and diagnosing the advent of life‐threatening diseases in plants. The fatality rate of plants can be reduced by diagnosing them for any signs early on. The early detection of such diseases is one possibility for lowering plant mortality rates. Machine learning (ML), a type of artificial intelligence technology that allows researchers to enhance and develop without being explicitly programmed, is used in this study to build early prediction models for plant disease diagnosis. Due to the similarities of crops throughout the early phonological phases, crop classification has proved problematic. ML can be applied to a variety of tasks recognize different types of crops at low altitude platforms with the help of drones that provide high‐resolution optical imagery. The drones are employed to photograph phonological stages, and these greyscale photographs are then utilized to develop grey level co‐occurrence matrices‐based characteristics. In this article, the proposed plant disease detection models are developed using ML approaches such as random forest‐nearest neighbours, linear regression, Naive Bayes, neural networks, and support vector machine. The performance of the generated plants disease risk evaluation model is calculated using unbiased metrics such as true positive rate, true negative rate, precision, recall, and F1‐score method are all factors to consider. The results revealed that the ensemble plants disease model outperforms the other proposed and developed plant disease detection models. The proposed and developed plant disease prediction models aimed to predict disease detection in the early stages, allowing for early preventive actions and predictive maintenance.
Influence of novel shrinkage‐reducing polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the nature of calcium–silicate–hydrates
Authors: Zhang Jian , Ma Yuefeng , Huang Jiale , Zeng Haoyu , Liu Zihao , Hua Tengfei , Liu Jiaping , Hu Zhangli 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCurrently, a novel shrinkage‐reducing polycarboxylate superplasticizer (SR‐PCA) is used to control cementitious shrinkage. To clarify its mechanism when applied in cementitious materials, the influence of SR‐PCA on the composition, morphology, and structure of synthetic calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H), together with the interaction between SR‐PCA and C–S–H at the atomic level, is investigated. For comparison, a commercial polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCA) is also employed. The results show PCA and SR‐PCA can adsorb on the C–S–H surface rather than intercalate into the layers. Compared with PCA, SR‐PCA has a milder impact on C–S–H crystallinity. SR‐PCA refines the pore structure of C–S–H drastically, whereas PCA loosens the structure by increasing the mesopore volume. In addition, the adsorption effect of SR‐PCA on the C–S–H surface is less significant than that of PCA. At the atomic level, this less adsorption of SR‐PCA is attributed to the lower adhesion energy of the C–S–H/SR‐PCA interface due to the weaker Ca–O bond strength.
Fostering science interests through head‐mounted displays
Authors: Andersen Martin Stolpe , Klingenberg Sara , Petersen Gustav Bøg , Creed Peter A. , Makransky Guido 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggests that head‐mounted displays (HMD) can spark situational interest when they are used to provide science learning experiences that are not possible in traditional classroom settings. However, few studies have investigated the lasting effects of using HMDs in an authentic instructional intervention.ObjectivesWe investigated the effects of a one‐time experience of a virtual field trip to Greenland in a sample of 105 middle school students.MethodsStudents used either a standard 2D video (video condition; N = 50) or an HMD (HMD condition; N = 55) as part of a six‐lesson educational activity on the topic of climate change. Informed by social cognitive career theory (SCCT), we investigated the effects of the different conditions (video vs. HMD) on the outcomes of self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, and science intentions across three time points.Results and ConclusionsThe results showed that using the HMD‐based virtual field trip, compared to the video, had a positive immediate effect on self‐efficacy and interest, and total later effects on self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest an average of two and a half weeks after the virtual field trip. The results suggest that HMD‐based virtual field trips can influence self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest more than a video‐based virtual field trip when measured approximately two and a half weeks after the intervention.
GIGANTEA orthologs, E2 members, redundantly determine photoperiodic flowering and yield in soybean
Authors: Wang Lingshuang , Li Haiyang , He Milan , Dong Lidong , Huang Zerong , Chen Liyu , Nan Haiyang , Kong Fanjiang , Liu Baohui , Zhao Xiaohui 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTSoybean (Glycine max L.) is a typical photoperiod‐sensitive crop, such that photoperiod determines its flowering time, maturity, grain yield, and phenological adaptability. During evolution, the soybean genome has undergone two duplication events, resulting in about 75% of all genes being represented by multiple copies, which is associated with rampant gene redundancy. Among duplicated genes, the important soybean maturity gene E2 has two homologs, E2‐Like a (E2La) and E2‐Like b (E2Lb), which encode orthologs of Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI). Although E2 was cloned a decade ago, we still know very little about its contribution to flowering time and even less about the function of its homologs. Here, we generated single and double mutants in E2, E2La, and E2Lb by genome editing and determined that E2 plays major roles in the regulation of flowering time and yield, with the two E2 homologs depending on E2 function. At high latitude regions, e2 single mutants showed earlier flowering and high grain yield. Remarkably, in terms of genetic relationship, genes from the legume‐specific transcription factor family E1 were epistatic to E2. We established that E2 and E2‐like proteins form homodimers or heterodimers to regulate the transcription of E1 family genes, with the homodimer exerting a greater function than the heterodimers. In addition, we established that the H3 haplotype of E2 is the ancestral allele and is mainly restricted to low latitude regions, from which the loss‐of‐function alleles of the H1 and H2 haplotypes were derived. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the function of the H3 allele is stronger than that of the H1 haplotype in the regulation of flowering time, which has not been shown before. Our findings provide excellent allelic combinations for classical breeding and targeted gene disruption or editing.
Real‐time, closed‐loop, or open‐loop stimulation? Navigating a terminological jungle
Authors: Antony James W. , Ngo Hong‐Viet V. , Bergmann Til Ole , Rasch Björn 
Published: October 2022

SummaryRecent advancements in real‐time brain stimulation in the sleep field have led to many exciting findings. However, they have also opened up terminological ambiguities about what constitutes “open‐loop”, “closed‐loop”, and “real‐time” designs. Here, we address core theoretical aspects of these terms in the hopes of strengthening future research on this topic.
Enterococcus duransinfection and diarrhea in Thoroughbred foals
Authors: Williams Natasha J. , Slovis Nathan M. , Browne Nimet S. , Troedsson Mats H. T. , Giguėre Steeve , Hernandez Jorge A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, and correct identification of etiologic agents is essential for effective disease management.ObjectiveTo examine the association between diarrhea and detection ofEnterococcus duransor other enteropathogens in neonatal foals on 1 breeding farm in Kentucky, USA.AnimalsFifty‐nine Thoroughbred foals and their broodmares.MethodsProspective observational study. Study foals and broodmares were sampled and tested forE. duransand other enteropathogens during the first 10 days after foaling. The frequency of foals in whichE. duransor other enteropathogens was compared between foals with or without diarrhea.ResultsSeven of 59 foals developed diarrhea. The frequency of foals withE. duransinfection was higher in foals with diarrhea 5/7 (71%), compared to foals without diarrhea 0/51 (0%;P < .01). Detection ofE. duransin foals was associated with detection ofE. duransin broodmares; in 2/7 (29%) foals with diarrhea, the 2 broodmares tested positive forE. durans, and, in 51/51 (100%) foals without diarrhea, all broodmares tested negative toE. durans(P = .01). Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of foals with diarrhea, 5 of 6 additional cases of diarrhea were attributed to lateral transmission ofE. duransinfection.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDetection ofE. duranswas associated with diarrhea in foals. Implementation of enhanced biosecurity measures might mitigate disease transmission associated withE. duransinfection in foals.
Relational linguistic continuity
Authors: Song Seunghyun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper develops a concept of relational linguistic continuity as a new basis to defend the right to linguistic survival. Relational linguistic continuity refers to a condition whereby individuals may continuously form human relations and have social interactions with others with whom they share the language of origin or of socialisation. The paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 critically engages with two distinct arguments that tackle the issue of linguistic survival: one based on equality of autonomy and another based on equality of dignity. Then, I point out that both arguments are insufficient for a full‐fledged defence of linguistic survival. Section 3 develops a concept of relational linguistic continuity. I first introduce the seminal idea of linguistic security proposed by Leslie Green and Denise Réaume, which will be critically revised in order to develop my concept of relational linguistic continuity. I conclude with Section 4 by defending the right to linguistic survival and addressing potential criticisms. I argue that my concept of relational linguistic continuity successfully provides a basis to defend the right to linguistic survival.
Evolution of neuroglia
Authors: Verkhratsky Alexei , Arranz Amaia M. , Ciuba Katarzyna , Pękowska Aleksandra 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe evolution of the nervous system progressed through cellular diversification and specialization of functions. Conceptually, the nervous system is composed of electrically excitable neuronal networks connected by chemical synapses and nonexcitable glial cells that provide for homeostasis and defense. The evolution of neuroglia began with the emergence of the centralized nervous system and proceeded through a continuous increase in their complexity. In the primate brain, especially in the brain of humans, the astrocyte lineage is exceedingly complex, with the emergence of new types of astroglial cells possibly involved in interlayer communication and integration.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation for different vergence eye movement subtypes
Authors: Fogt Nick , Toole Andrew J. , Li Xiangrui , Owusu Emmanuel , Manning Steven T. , Kulp Marjean T. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionMaddox suggested that there were four convergence subtypes, each driven by a different stimulus. The purpose of this study was to assess the neural correlates for accommodative convergence, proximal convergence (convergence stimulus provided), disparity convergence and voluntary convergence (no specific convergence stimulus provided) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodsTen subjects (mean age = 24.4 years) with normal binocular vision participated. The blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signals of the brain from fMRI scans were measured when subjects made vergence eye movements while: (1) alternately viewing letters monocularly where one eye viewed through a −2.00 D lens, (2) alternately viewing Difference of Gaussian targets monocularly at distance and near, (3) viewing random dot stereograms with increasing disparity and (4) voluntarily converging the eyes with binocular viewing.ResultsThe accommodative convergence paradigm resulted in activation on the right side in the right fusiform cortex and the right middle occipital cortex. The proximal convergence stimulus mainly activated areas in the right occipital lobe. The disparity stimulus activated areas in the left occipital cortex and the left frontal cortex. Finally, the voluntary convergence paradigm resulted in activation primarily in the occipital lobe and mostly bilaterally.ConclusionThe accommodative, proximal, disparity and voluntary convergence paradigms resulted in activation in unique areas in the brain with functional MRI. Activation was found in more areas in the proximal and voluntary conditions compared with the accommodative and disparity conditions.