bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of three Macadamia species (M. integrifolia, M. ternifolia and M. tetraphylla)
Authors: Niu Yingfeng , Lu Yongjie , Song Weicai , He Xiyong , Liu Ziyan , Zheng Cheng , Wang Shuo , Shi Chao , Liu Jin 
Published: May 2022

Background
Macadamia is a true dicotyledonous plant that thrives in a mild, humid, low wind environment. It is cultivated and traded internationally due to its high-quality nuts thus, has significant development prospects and scientific research value. However, information on the genetic resources of Macadamia spp. remains scanty.

Results
The mitochondria (mt) genomes of three economically important Macadamia species, Macadamia integrifolia, M. ternifolia and M. tetraphylla, were assembled through the Illumina sequencing platform. The results showed that each species has 71 genes, including 42 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. Repeated sequence analysis, RNA editing site prediction, and analysis of genes migrating from chloroplast (cp) to mt were performed in the mt genomes of the three Macadamia species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mt genome of the three Macadamia species and 35 other species was conducted to reveal the evolution and taxonomic status of Macadamia. Furthermore, the characteristics of the plant mt genome, including genome size and GC content, were studied through comparison with 36 other plant species. The final non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution analysis showed that most of the protein-coding genes in the mt genome underwent negative selections, indicating their importance in the mt genome.

Conclusion
The findings of this study provide a better understanding of the Macadamia genome and will inform future research on the genus.
Spirituality as a protective factor for chronic and acute anxiety in Brazilian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Tolentino Julio Cesar , Gjorup Ana Lucia Taboada , Mello Carolina Ribeiro , Assis Simone Gonçalves de , Marques André Casarsa , Filho Áureo do Carmo , Salazar Hellen Rose Maia , Duinkerken Eelco van , Schmidt Sergio Luis 
Published: May 2022

Background
Anxiety symptoms (AS) are exacerbated in healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Spirituality is known to protect against AS in the general population and it is a construct that differs from religion. It can be assessed using structured questionnaires. A validated questionnaire disclosed three spirituality dimensions: peace, meaning, and faith. In HCWs we investigated the predictors of chronic anxiety (pre-COVID-19 and during the pandemic) and acute anxiety (only during the pandemic), including spirituality in the model. Then, we verified which spirituality dimensions predicted chronic and acute anxiety. Lastly, we studied group differences between the mean scores of these spirituality dimensions.

Material and methods
The study was carried out in a Brazilian Hospital. HCWs (n = 118) were assessed for spirituality at a single time-point. They were also asked about AS that had started pre-COVID-19 and persisted during the pandemic (chronic anxiety), and AS that had started only during the pandemic (acute anxiety). The subjects without chronic anxiety were subdivided into two other groups: acute anxiety and without chronic and acute anxiety. Forward stepwise logistic regressions were used to find the significant AS predictors. First, the model considered sex, age, religious affiliation, and spirituality. Then, the analysis were performed considering only the three spirituality dimensions. Group means differences in the spirituality dimensions were compared using univariate ANCOVAS followed by T-tests.

Results
Spirituality was the most realible predictor of chronic (OR = 0.818; 95%CI:0.752–0.890; p<0.001) and acute anxiety (OR = 0.727; 95%CI:0.601–0.881; p = 0.001). Peace alone predicted chronic anxiety (OR = 0.619; 95%CI:0.516–0.744; p<0.001) while for acute anxiety both peace (OR:0.517; 95%CI:0.340–0.787; p = 0.002), and faith (OR:0.674; 95%CI:0.509–0.892; p = 0.006) significantly contributed to the model. Faith was significantly higher in subjects without AS.

Conclusion
Higher spirituality protected against chronic and acute anxiety. Faith and peace spirituality dimensions conferred protection against acute anxiety during the pandemic.
The effects of prenatal dietary supplements on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Saha Sumanta , Saha Sujata 
Published: May 2022

Background
Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigated antenatal dietary supplements’ effect on gestational diabetes mellitus patients’ fasting plasma glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin levels, homeostasis model assessment of- insulin resistance and β-cell function, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index for glucose, high-, low-, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio. However, an efficacy comparison across various dietary supplements and their co-supplements are unavailable for these outcomes. Therefore, a systematic review protocol is proposed here to make a network meta-analysis (NMA)-based juxtaposition across the following dietary supplements- vitamins, Myo-inositol, choline, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids.

Materials and methods
A database search will ensue in the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for RCTs testing the above, irrespective of their geographical origin. Data on population characteristics, compared interventions, and outcomes of interest will get abstracted from the studies included in the proposed review. Each of the reviewed studies will get appraised using the revised Cochrane tool. For each outcome, the comparative efficacy across interventions will be estimated in weighted or standardized mean difference using the frequentist method NMA and presented with their 95% confidence interval using league tables. By constructing network maps and comparison-adjusted funnel plots, a visual assessment of the inter-interventional relation and publication bias in each NMA model will happen, respectively. The best-ranked intervention prediction for respective outcomes will transpire using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve values. The Stata statistical software (version 16) will be used for analysis, and statistical significance will be determined at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval.

Trial registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020214378.
A mathematical model for the activated sludge process with a sludge disintegration unit
Authors: Alsaeed Salman S. , Nelson Mark I. , Edwards Maureen , Msmali Ahmed 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We develop and investigate a model for sludge production in the activated sludge process when a biological reactor is coupled to a sludge disintegration unit (SDU). The model for the biological reactor is a slimmed down version of the activated sludge model 1 in which only processes related to carbon are retained. Consequently, the death-regeneration concept is included in our model which is an improvement on almost all previous models. This provides an improved representation of the total suspended solids in the biological reactor, which is the key parameter of interest. We investigate the steady-state behaviour of this system as a function of the residence time within the biological reactor and as a function of parameters associated with the operation of the SDU. A key parameter is the sludge disintegration factor. As this parameter is increased the concentration of total suspended solids within the biological reactor decreases at the expense increasing the chemical oxygen demand in the effluent stream. The existence of a maximum acceptable chemical oxygen demand in the effluent stream therefore imposes a maximum achievable reduction in the total suspended solids. This paper improves our theoretical understanding of the utility of sludge disintegration as a means to reduce excess sludge formation. As an aside to the main thrust of our paper we investigate the common assumption that the sludge disintegration processes occur on a much shorter timescale than the biological processes. We show that the disintegration processes must be exceptional slow before the inclusion of the biological processes becomes important.
Translanguaging and decolonizing LPP: a case study of translingual practice in Macau
Authors: Han Lili , Wen Zhisheng (Edward) 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe present paper aims to explore how the critical lens of translanguaging can shed new light on the decolonizing language policy and planning (LPP) issues in Macau. As an illustration, we analyze the Chinese translation of a Portuguese poem,Viola Chinesa, in tandem with the visual art piece by the contemporary Chinese artist Xu Bing’s Square Word calligraphy tailored-made for Macau. In particular, we argue that the visual art piece by Xu Bing represents a visual and ideological turn of translanguaging that creates a hybrid piece of calligraphy to reverse the imagery orientalism reflected in the original Portuguese poem. By physically tracing the alphabets through the characters, viewers can gain an embodied translingual experience, which encompasses the ideological negotiation that transcends the Portuguese language dominance. In this boundary-breaking artwork, we can discern the deterritorialization of the unequal language and ideology dominance. Above all, it is concluded that the emerging translanguaging as a political and decolonizing stance provides new insights to renegotiate with fossilized values and beliefs, which in return, contribute to the decolonizing LPP of Macau.
三主体言语社区：互联网时代的语言生活
Authors: 徐 大明 
Published: May 2022

摘要
互联网语言生活对双主体的言语社区理论提出了挑战，新的言语社区理论需要包括除了说话人和听话人之外的第三主体— “联话人” 。 “联话人” 的概念有利消除互联网应用的 “客观” 假象。透过互联网的 “物化” 表象，可以发现操控互联网的 “联话人” 的主体功能。不仅联话人的 “语言能力”，其 “语言政策” 也影响到联话效果。作为一个行动主体，联话人可以选择性地支持说话人或听话人，也可以自行其是地影响听说两方。三主体互动模型不仅适用互联网语言生活，也开启了对现代语言生活的再思考；全球华语社区的研究可以成为一个切入点。
普通话词语对港式中文的影响及表现
Authors: 洪爽  
Published: May 2022

摘要
内地的普通话与香港的港式中文都源于早期的现代汉语, 在发展中形成了各自不同的特点。以往的研究较多地关注香港词汇对普通话所产生的影响。然而, 随着香港回归及中国内地在经济、文化、科技等方面的蓬勃发展, 普通话对港式中文的影响逐渐增多。通过考察近些年内地产生的新词新语, 可以发现这些词语会第一时间出现在港式中文里, 有些还会衍生出新的用法。
马来西亚华语传承语的保守性—以虚词为例
Authors: 彩云 王 
Published: May 2022

摘要
马来西亚华语作为一种传承语, 其虚词在词频和用法上都与现代汉语普通话产生差异, 而与早期现代汉语保持较高程度的一致性, 这使得马来西亚华语传承语呈现出保守性的特点。传承语保守性研究为传承语传承起点的确立提供依据, 有助于传承语历时演变研究沿着正确的方向发展。
教师视角下华小非华裔学生华语教学探究
Authors: 叶婷婷  , 叶俊杰  
Published: May 2022

摘要
随着马来西亚华文小学(简称华小)非华裔学生人数逐年的增加, 小学华文新课程标准的全面落实, 身为华小教师如何适应这样的改变?在这样的发展趋势下, 教师们所面对的困难和问题确实值得关注。本文采取问卷形式, 对吉隆坡南区10所华小的181名华小教师进行调查。从华小教师的角度切入, 探讨该区非华裔学生在华语作为媒介语的环境下学习华语的看法与评价, 并进一步了解华小教师在教学过程中面对的困难。调查显示, 华小教师因同时教导华语作为母语和第二语言的学生而面对巨大的挑战。华小教师认为, 非华裔学生都有阅读和写作困难, 在写作业、听写和理解课文方面表现都比较弱, 在教学过程中面对最大的困难是教师和非华裔学生的沟通问题。华小教师对非华裔学生的教学信念是正面积极的, 81%的教师都很努力, 可是往往却达不到他们想要的效果。绝大部分教师都尽量去适应现实, 也很愿意采取各种方法提高教学效果, 而安排其他华裔同学协助非华裔学生往往也是教学方法之一。华小教师有必要掌握第一和第二语言教学方法, 因地制宜, 改善非华裔学生的学习困难状况。长远而言, 马来西亚华文教育需要重新定位, 方能有望再创未来的另一个华教新篇章。
Corrosion behavior of WC–Co coating by plasma transferred arc on EH40 steel in low-temperature
Authors: Cao QiZheng , Fan Li , Chen HaiYan , Xu YuRong , Dong LiHua 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
To investigate the corrosion behavior of WC–Co composite coating, plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding was applied to prepare WC–Co coating on hull steel EH40 for achieving good metallurgical bonding. The phases of coatings were mainly composed of WC particles, solid solution γ-Co, Fe3Ni2, SiO2 and Mo2C. After electrochemical test, it can be concluded that Co-based coating with 45% WC content has better corrosion resistance in low temperature marine environment for obtaining denser oxide film. Through X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the main corrosion products of immersion were Co(OH)2 and Co3O4. These corrosion products aggregate to form a stable corrosion product film, which plays some protective role for the coating. Hard particle WC is also partially oxidized to WO3. The pitting hole of 60% WC is the most serious. Pitting corrosion is easy to occur at the interface defects.
Considering metformin as a second-line treatment for children and adolescents with prediabetes
Authors: Hosey Chelsea M. , Halpin Kelsee , Yan Yun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect approximately 1/3 of children in the United States and are risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Progression from prediabetes to diabetes carries substantial long-term health burdens, culminating in decreased life-expectancy. Earlier development of type 2 diabetes is associated with poorer prognoses, and children lose glycemic control more rapidly than adults. Metformin is approved by the USFDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in children, has limited toxicity, and may help prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. The more rapid disease progression in children and the safety of metformin suggests that initiation of metformin treatment to children with prediabetes who have not effectively responded to lifestyle changes may help prevent short- and long-term health damage resulting from prediabetic and diabetic dysglycemia.
Application of BBR-DCMC/KH-791-SiO2/HPDSP multifunctional protective fluid in paper reinforcement and protection
Authors: Chen Zhenzhen , Qi Yingping , Shen Yongfeng , Li Hua 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As the main carrier of art and cultural heritages, paper cultural relics are suffering from aging, oxidation, acidification, bacterial corrosion and other diseases with the passage of storage time. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out the protection of paper cultural relics. In order to improve the bacteriostatic properties, mechanical strength and delay aging of paper, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was modified by berberine and prepare berberylated carboxymethyl cellulose (BBR-DCMC), which is mixed with KH-791 modified nano-silica and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate to prepare a multifunctional protective liquid integrating deacidification, reinforcement and antibacterial. The paper coated with the multifunctional protective liquid showed better antibacterial and mechanical properties, and the gloss and whiteness changed slightly. The aging test and the acid and alkali resistance test showed that the paper had certain aging resistance and acid and alkali corrosion resistance. It is an ideal protective agent for paper cultural relics and has broad application prospects in paper protection.
Modelling Foraging Cultures According to Nature? An Old and Unfortunately Forgotten Anthropological Discussion
Authors: Grøn Ole 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In a world of smart desktop approaches, it can be instructive to return to the roots of the discussion of whether it is possible to model the behaviour of small-scale human cultures based on environmental parameters. Present-day modellers appear to have forgotten this debate, which played such an important role in the anthropology of the early twentieth century. The question was never settled. Around the 1960s, a group of theoretical archaeological modellers decided that it was possible to model the landscape behaviour of hunter-gatherers based solely on the environmental data and thereby ignore social anthropological information supporting the opposing view. This was the beginning of a tradition of archaeological modelling that ignored differences in cultural landscape behaviour in similar environments and over time, the information provided by the developing discipline of landscape ecology, and with that the documented environmental complexity and its inherent small-scale dynamics. It is difficult to detect any scientific rationale behind this conscious archaeological isolation from relevant data provided by other disciplines, and the demand for cheap and fast management methods rather than science-based arguments appears the more likely driver. This presentation traces the history of this cultural “nature versus nurture” debate and discusses its implications.
Conceptual design and cost-efficient environmentally Benign synthesis of beta-lactams
Authors: Das Aparna , Yadav Ram Naresh , Banik Bimal Krishna 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Stereoselective preparation of diverse trans and cis β-lactams following different experimental conditions are executed. A variety of circumstances are critically analyzed. It has been found that the stereochemistry of the products depends on a number of parameters including the conditions of the procedures, composition of the Schiff bases and acid chlorides or equivalents, method of addition of the reactants, temperature of the process and nature of the media. Using some of the compounds and methods as described herein, a number of useful chemical transformations for the preparation of heterocycles are achieved. These methods include indium-catalyzed glycosylation of amino β-lactams, preparation of pyrrole-substituted β-lactams, cycloaddition with sterically congested Schiff bases towards β-lactams, Michael reaction for the preparation of polycyclic oxazepenes and synthesis of two chiral isomers of the thienamycin side chain. Most of the products are obtained stereospecifically and in optically active forms. Many reactions described here are catalytic and therefore, these are environmentally friendly.
Inequalities and inequities in the types of chronic pain services available in areas of differing deprivation across England
Authors: Jain Shrujal , Jadwani Varsha , Spogmy Sana , Walumbe Jackie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objectives
In England, the prevalence of chronic pain is higher in more deprived compared to less deprived areas. Patients in such areas also experience more severe and disabling pain than those in less deprived areas. However, little is known about whether the distribution of services for chronic pain reflect these ranging levels of need. This study examines how the types of services available for chronic pain patients vary between healthcare providers in England, serving areas of differing deprivation.

Methods
National guidelines regarding primary as well the 8 commonest causes of secondary chronic pain (in the United Kingdom) were used to compile a list of services that have been recommended for supporting chronic pain patients. After searching the websites of 63 randomly selected National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and contacting their pain receptionists and/or secretaries, it was recorded whether the Trusts were providing each of these recommended chronic pain services. Mean Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 scores were used to compare deprivation levels of areas covered by each NHS Trust.

Results
There was no significant difference in the overall number of types of chronic pain services provided by NHS Trusts serving areas of differing deprivation, but deprived areas were being disadvantaged with regards to specific services. These areas were significantly (p<0.05) less likely to have occupational therapy, return-to-work programmes, and hand therapy services. Areas with fewer types of professionals (≤3) in their pain multidisciplinary team were also significantly (p<0.05) more deprived than those with more types (>3).

Conclusion
There are significant differences in the provision of certain types of chronic pain services between areas of differing deprivation. Similar research across Europe is recommended to inform policy to combat the widespread chronic pain related health inequalities.
Hábitos alimenticios y sus efectos en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura
Authors: Maza Avila Francisco Javier , Caneda-Bermejo María Carolina , Vivas-Castillo Angie Cecilia 
Published: May 2022

Objetivo: Analizar la literatura existente referida a los estudios relacionados con los hábitos alimenticios de los jóvenes universitarios, así como la incidencia que dichos hábitos tienen en su salud.
Método: Se ha realizado una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura, basada en los criterios propuestos por Petticrew & Roberts (2006) usando los estándares PRISMA. Se analizaron artículos de carácter práctico, indexados en las bases de datos electrónicas: Scopus, EBSCOhost y ScienceDirect, publicados en el período 2000-2020. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 2397 artículos, de los cuales 57 fueron escogidos para su revisión en profundidad, luego de aplicar los criterios de selección.
Resultados: La revisión de la literatura mostró que las investigaciones han sido publicadas en revistas especializadas de las Ciencias de la Salud (28,07 %), en países como Estados Unidos (14,04 %), Arabia Saudita (14,04 %) y España (10,53 %), y empleando diseños transversales a partir de la recolección de fuentes primarias (66,67 %). Los resultados también arrojaron que los jóvenes universitarios no practican hábitos alimentarios saludables (87,72 %). De hecho, su alimentación se caracteriza por ser poco variada y de baja calidad nutricional, con un alto consumo de dulces (57,89 %), grasas (45,61 %) y comidas rápidas y ultraprocesadas (45,61 %), frente a una baja ingesta de frutas y verduras (71,93 %). Asimismo, se muestra que los malos hábitos alimenticios tienen una alta incidencia en la salud (73,91 %), tales como sobrepeso (47,21 %), enfermedades cardiovasculares (18,18 %) y Diabetes (14,55 %).
Conclusiones: La revisión de la literatura arroja que existe una alta prevalencia entre los malos hábitos alimenticios y el riesgo de padecer sobrepeso y obesidad, así como de la aparición de futuras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la Diabetes.
Differences and regularities of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons
Authors: Kagan I. I. , Ivlev V. V. , Gur'yanov A. M. 
Published: May 2022

The aim of the study was to present differences and regularities in the macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the limbs identified by comparative analysis and generalization of the obtained findings.Material and methods. The study included transverse histotopograms of 519 tendons of 17 different muscles of the upper and lower limbs. Histotopograms were received from 93 human cadavers and amputated limbs of 10 patients. Transverse sections of tendons up to 20 μm thick were stained with picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson, and hematoxylin–eosin. Histotopograms were studied and photographed using a stereoscopic microscope MBS-10.Results. The authors have generalized data on the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons. General regularities of the internal macro- and microscopic structure of the tendons have been specified. It has been demonstrated that these regularities are of applied relevance for improvement of restorative tendon microsurgery. Individual differences and differences between the tendons of different muscles at the structural level were revealed: the number, size, architectonics of the tendon bundles of the 1st order. Tendon bundles of the 1st order are the main structural units of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb muscle tendons. Depending on the size of the cross-sectional area, they can be divided into small (0.004–0.009 mm2), medium (0.01–0.04 mm2), large (0.05–0.09 mm2) and very large (0.1–0.5 mm2). There were detected differences in the number, ratio and architectonics of the tendon bundles at different levels within one tendon; this allows assuming division and fusion of tendon bundles of the 1st order throughout the tendon.Conclusion. The macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the upper and lower limbs demonstrates general regularities and differences in the structure of the various muscle tendons, the fact being of theoretical and applied significance.