bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do aphids in Dutch sweet pepper greenhouses carry heritable elements that protect them against biocontrol parasitoids?
Authors: Beekman Mariska M. , Donner Suzanne H. , Litjens Jordy J. H. , Dicke Marcel , Zwaan Bas J. , Verhulst Eveline C. , Pannebakker Bart A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiological control (biocontrol) of crop pests is a sustainable alternative to the use of biodiversity and organismal health‐harming chemical pesticides. Aphids can be biologically controlled with parasitoid wasps; however, variable results of parasitoid‐based aphid biocontrol in greenhouses are reported. Aphids may display genetically encoded (endogenous) defences that increase aphid resistance against parasitoids as under high parasitoid pressure there will be selection for parasitoid‐resistant aphids, potentially affecting the success of parasitoid‐based aphid biocontrol in greenhouses. Additionally, aphids may carry secondary bacterial endosymbionts that protect them against parasitoids. We studied whether there is variation in either of these heritable elements in aphids in greenhouses of sweet pepper, an agro‐economically important crop in the Netherlands that is prone to aphid pests and where pest management heavily relies on biocontrol. We sampled aphid populations in organic (biocontrol only) and conventional (biocontrol and pesticides) sweet pepper greenhouses in the Netherlands during the 2019 crop growth season. We assessed the aphid microbiome through both diagnostic PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing and did not detect any secondary endosymbionts in the two most encountered aphid species, Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani. We also compared multiple aphid lines collected from different greenhouses for variation in levels of endogenous‐based resistance against the parasitoids commonly used as biocontrol agents. We found no differences in the levels of endogenous‐based resistance between different aphid lines. This study does not support the hypothesis that protective endosymbionts or the presence of endogenous resistant aphid lines affects the success of parasitoid‐based biocontrol of aphids in Dutch greenhouses. Future investigations will need to address what is causing the variable successes of aphid biocontrol and what (biological and management‐related) lessons can be learned for aphid control in other crops, and biocontrol in general.
Adolescent sibling caregiving and responsibility: Retrospective reports among Mexican‐origin young adults
Authors: Kline Gabrielle C. , Killoren Sarah E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis research examines links between Mexican‐origin young adults' cultural values and sibling caregiving behaviors during adolescence and responsibility in young adulthood.BackgroundResponsibility is an important marker of young adulthood, and this skill may be transmitted to youth through familism values. Familism values may guide how youth engage in behaviors (e.g., sibling caregiving), which may help foster responsibility skills during young adulthood.ResultsUsing cultural ecological framework and cultural transmission model, we examined associations among familism values, sibling caregiving, and responsibility among 219 Mexican‐origin young adults. We tested a multigroup model with path analysis based on gender and found no gender differences. Family obligation and family referent were positively associated with sibling caregiving. Family support and family referent were positively associated with responsibility. Sibling caregiving was positively associated with responsibility. We found two significant indirect effects. Familism obligation and family referent values were positively associated with sibling caregiving, which in turn was positively associated with responsibility.ConclusionFindings highlight how cultural values and sibling caregiving can be linked to responsibility during young adulthood.ImplicationsSibling caregiving during youth may provide opportunities to build valuable skills in young adulthood. Cultural values may inform family behaviors and in turn young adulthood responsibility.
High potential of stable carbon sequestration in phytoliths of China's grasslands
Authors: Song Zhaoliang , Wu Yuntao , Yang Yuanhe , Zhang Xiaodong , Van Zwieten Lukas , Bolan Nanthi , Li Zimin , Liu Hongyan , Hao Qian , Yu Changxun , Sun Xiaole , Song Alin , Wang Wenying , Liu Congqiang , Wang Hailong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPhytolith carbon (C) sequestration plays a key role in mitigating global climate change at a centennial to millennial time scale. However, previous estimates of phytolith‐occluded carbon (PhytOC) storage and potential in China's grasslands have large uncertainties mainly due to multiple data sources. This contributes to the uncertainty in predicting long‐term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems using Earth System Models. In this study, we carried out an intensive field investigation (79 sites, 237 soil profiles [0–100 cm], and 61 vegetation assessments) to quantify PhytOC storage in China's grasslands and to better explore the biogeographical patterns and influencing factors. Generally, PhytOC production flux and soil PhytOC density in both the Tibetan Plateau and the Inner Mongolian Plateau had a decreasing trend from the Northeast to the Southwest. The aboveground PhytOC production rate in China's grassland was 0.48 × 106 t CO2 a–1, and the soil PhytOC storage was 383 × 106 t CO2. About 45% of soil PhytOC was stored in the deep soil layers (50–100 cm), highlighting the importance of deep soil layers for C stock assessments. Importantly, the Tibetan Plateau had the greatest contribution (more than 70%) to the PhytOC storage in China's grasslands. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that altitude and soil texture significantly influenced the spatial distribution of soil PhytOC, explaining 78.1% of the total variation. Soil phytolith turnover time in China's grasslands was mainly controlled by climatic conditions, with the turnover time on the Tibetan Plateau being significantly longer than that on the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Our results offer more accurate estimates of the potential for phytolith C sequestration from ecological restoration projects in degraded grassland ecosystems. These estimates are essential to parameterizing and validating global C models.
The effects of environmental regulation on chemical industry location: Evidence from the region along the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Zou Hui , Duan Xuejun , Wang Lei , Jin Tingting 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEnvironmental regulation is an important factor affecting the relocation of polluting industries. This study explores the spatial pattern evolution of the chemical industry, regional differences in environmental regulation, and the corresponding pollution haven effect in the region along the Yangtze River from 2000 to 2013. We found that the distribution of the chemical industry had shifted from developed regions (downstream regions) to developing regions (middle and upper reaches) reflecting the emergence of pollution paradise effects. This is mainly due to differences in the level of government enforcement and public supervision. Based on the spatial relationship analysis, the pollution haven effect is divided into two stages (i.e., irresolution and continuous effective), reflecting the process of environmental regulation from a failure to inhibit the growth of the chemical industry (before 2004) to significant inhibition (after 2009, when the provincial governments in the lower reaches took serious steps to improve environmental regulation), thereby promoting the transfer of the chemical industry from downstream to upstream. This study provides evidence from China, leading to a better understanding of environmental regulation and the pollution haven effect for the chemical industry, which is representative of other polluting industries and developing countries.
IS FISCAL POLICY MORE EFFECTIVE DURING RECESSIONS?
Authors: Alloza Mario 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article estimates the impact of government spending shocks on economic activity during periods of boom and recession. I estimate these effects using an eclectic approach that employs (i) different strategies to identify exogenous variation in government spending, (ii) different methods to compute dynamic responses, and (iii) different measures of the state of business cycles. I find that government spending shocks have larger impacts on output during expansions than during recessions. Importantly, I explore the reasons why my results differ from other work in the literature and highlight the empirical implications of the information used to define periods of recession.
Efficacy of fluorescent microscopy versus modified Fite‐Faraco stain in skin biopsy specimens of leprosy cases – a comparative study
Authors: Kalagarla Sravani , Alluri Rajitha , Saka Satya , Godha Venkataramana , Undavalli Navya , Kolalapudi Seetharam Anjaneyulu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundHistopathological examination of skin remains the cornerstone in the diagnosis of leprosy. At a few centers, fluorescent microscopy has been found to be useful in detecting more acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) compared to modified Fite‐Faraco staining but is sparsely documented. Hence, we studied the sensitivity of fluorescent microscopy and modified Fite‐Faraco stain in the detection ofMycobacterium lepraein tissue sections.MethodsPatients attending our outpatient department during January 2019 to June 2020 with the clinical features of leprosy were examined, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology after informed consent. Tissue sections were stained by fluorescent stain and modified Fite‐Faraco stain. Bacillary index was calculated for each case.ResultsForty patients were recruited after following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. AFB were demonstrated in 20 patients by modified Fite‐Faraco stain and in 27 patients with fluorescent stain. The sensitivity of fluorescent staining method (67.5%) was higher than modified Fite‐Faraco stain (50%). Bacillary index was increased in 26 out of 40 cases by the fluorescent staining compared to the modified Fite‐Faraco staining. Chi‐square value was 69.3 andPvalue was 0.000, indicating a statistically significant correlation.LimitationsFluorescent microscope is expensive, and trained people are needed to identify the bacilli.ConclusionFluorescent staining is more sensitive than modified Fite‐Faraco staining in the detection of AFB in tissue sections. The bacilli detected per field were high with the fluorescent staining compared to the modified Fite‐Faraco method.
Inward‐looking policies, finite change, and employment: The capital reallocation effect
Authors: Marjit Sugata , Gupta Kausik 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is well recognized that there emerged a trend of inward‐looking trade policies even before the COVID pandemic crippled the world. These were reflected in both BREXIT and US‐China trade conflicts. As countries become inward‐oriented, usually local prices start rising. With this backdrop, this paper explores how rising local prices are likely to affect employment in the short and long runs when we accommodate for the finite change in a general equilibrium structure whereby sectors not only contract but might also close down altogether due to the capital reallocation effect following a price incentive.
Identification of the influential odorants for the unpleasant rancid smell of ripe noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia)
Authors: Zhao Huiyan , Ren Luting , Shen Ru , Guo Shuntang , Peng Xingyun 
Published: January 2022

SummaryIn this study, the volatile changes of noni fruit in various ripening stages were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Eleven of the 35 identified volatiles were found odour‐active through gas chromatography–olfactometry. Based on the aroma extract dilution analysis, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and their methyl esters were considered as the key odorants for the smell of noni fruit. Results also indicated that the sensory perception of the rancid smell was resulted from the antagonistic effects of the key acid and methyl ester odorants. This study may facilitate the improvement of the acceptability of noni processed foods in the future.
Effects of potato starch on the characteristics, microstructures and quality attributes of indica rice flour and instant rice noodles
Authors: Chen Jin , Yang Sha , Zhang Mengna , Shan Changsong , Chen Zhigang 
Published: January 2022

SummaryThe effects of partial replacement (0%–20%, w/w) of rice flour by potato starch (PS) on the physicochemical properties, microstructures, texture and in vitro digestibility of indica rice flour (IRF) and instant rice noodles (IRN) were systematically investigated. Accordingly, the addition of PS significantly increased the peak viscosity (2876.00–3221.00 mPa·s) and tan δ values (0.14–0.22) but lowered the setback values (2169.00–1036.50 mPa) of the pastes. Rice noodles with 5%–15% PS (PS and IRF at the mixing ratios of 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80, respectively) addition exhibited modulated appearance and textural properties. The mutually exclusive phosphate groups of PS facilitated the expansion of starch granules, contributing to the formation of more compact microstructure and higher‐ordered crystalline structures (confirmed by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction), endowing rice noodles with better cooking and digestive attributes, and visibly increased slowly digestible starches content (26.09%–31.34%). The quality attributes of rice noodles could be accurately predicted by the physicochemical properties of rice flour referring to Pearson’s correlation analysis. The study demonstrates that the blending of PS is both an effective and economical pathway in improving the nutritional and textural properties of IRN.
Effects of isomalt on the quality of wheat flour dough and spicy wheat gluten sticks
Authors: Jia Ziyang , Yang Heng , Zhang Yudong , Ding Wenping , Shuang Yuan , Fu Yang , Xie Qianran , Dong Tongjun , Wu Yan , Wang Xuedong 
Published: January 2022

SummaryThe effects of different isomalt concentrations on the quality of wheat flour dough and spicy wheat gluten sticks (SWGS) were evaluated at the physical, structural and molecular levels. The results showed that the radial expansion rate (RER) and oil absorption rate (OAR) of SWGS increased first and then decreased with increased isomalt supplementation, which reached the maximum at 3 wt%. The pasting properties of wheat starch also changed, and the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback were decreased with the addition of isomalt. Dynamic rheological properties results showed that the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') increased with the addition of isomalt, which may be attributed to the reinforcement of gluten network structure by hydrogen bonding of isomalt. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrated that the SWGS surface becomes smooth and the broken gluten structure was reduced after the addition of different isomalt levels compared with the control group. Overall, the wheat flour dough quality analysis showed that the addition of isomalt could generate a close binding with wheat starch and protein and further strengthen the internal structure of gluten through isomalt hydrogen bonds.
Bioactive compounds in mothers milk affecting offspring outcomes: A narrative review
Authors: Gregg Brigid , Ellsworth Lindsay , Pavela Gregory , Shah Kruti , Berger Paige K. , Isganaitis Elvira , VanOmen Sheri , Demerath Ellen W. , Fields David A. 
Published: January 2022

SummaryBackgroundCompared to the exhaustive study of transgenerational programming of obesity and diabetes through exposures in the prenatal period, postnatal programming mechanisms are understudied, including the potential role of breast milk composition linking maternal metabolic status (body mass index and diabetes) and offspring growth, metabolic health and future disease risk.MethodsThis narrative review will principally focus on four emergent bioactive compounds [microRNA's (miRNA), lipokines/signalling lipids, small molecules/metabolites and fructose] that, until recently were not known to exist in breast milk. The objective of this narrative review is to integrate evidence across multiple fields of study that demonstrate the importance of these compositional elements of breast milk during lactation and the subsequent effect of breast milk components on the health of the infant.ResultsCurrent knowledge on the presence of miRNA's, lipokines/signalling lipids, small molecules/metabolites and fructose in breast milk and their associations with infant outcomes is compelling, but far from resolved. Two themes emerge: (1) maternal metabolic phenotypes are associated with these bioactives and (2) though existing in milk at low concentrations, they are also associated with offspring growth and body composition.ConclusionBreast milk research is gaining momentum though we must remain focused on understanding how non‐nutritive bioactive components are affected by the maternal phenotype, how they subsequently impact infant outcomes. Though early, there is evidence to suggest fructose is associated with fat mass in the 1st months of life whereas 12,13 diHOME (brown fat activator) and betaine are negatively associated with early adiposity and growth.
"It is not O.K to think that you are good just because you have graduated from overseas": Agency and contextual factors affecting Vietnamese returning graduates
Authors: Tran Ly Thi , Bui Huyen , Tan George , Rahimi Mark 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOver the past decade, a growing number of graduates, originally from key source countries of international students such as China and Viet Nam, have returned home after graduation from overseas universities. In particular, there seems to be a recent surge in the number of international graduates heading home due to the high unemployment, tightening migration, rising national protectionism and emerging challenges, exacerbated by the COVID‐19 pandemic, in major host countries such as Australia, the UK and the United States. While there has been emerging empirical research on international returning graduates’ contributions to their home country development, little is known about graduates’ own perceptions of the impacts of the contextual factors on their homecoming decision and their home labour market navigation. Draving on a qualitative study, this article responds to this critical gap in the literature by conceptualising returnee employability as a dynamic interactive process between multiple forces in the host and home labour markets and broader socio‐economic contexts, and between these forces and returnee agency. It identified interrelated contextual factors in the host and home contexts that drive Vietnamese graduates home, including challenges in securing migration, and insecure job prospects facing them in Australia and simultaneously, greater employment and business opportunities at home. In particular, the study found that contextual factors such as sector characteristics, types of employers, economic performance and cultural practices create an institutional environment, in which returnees’ agency is enacted, resulting in different returnees’ labour market navigation experiences and employment outcomes. Significant recommendations for key stakeholders in both home and host countries to support international graduate employability are provided.
Men, families, and the reconceptualization of masculinities
Authors: Roy Kevin M. , Allen Samuel H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFamily science brings new perspectives to the study of masculinity in the social sciences and public health. Families are spaces to both examine and to change expectations for masculinity, in part through encouraging the expression of multiple masculinities. In this article we identify two unique theoretical contributions of family science: reconceptualizing masculinities as family‐level processes, and as intergenerational processes that emerge over time. We situate the social construction of masculinities within family relationships over time, as well as in structural contexts and institutions guided by laws and policies. Finally, we provide four dimensions of masculinities as tools for new research: families and enabling of hegemonic masculinity; families and development of alternative masculinities; mental health consequences of family‐level masculinity processes; and expanding masculinities beyond the body with a gender‐inclusive approach.
Distinct limbic dopamine regulation across olfactory‐tubercle subregions through integration of in vivo fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry and optogenetics
Authors: Bhimani Rohan V. , Yates Ryan , Bass Caroline E. , Park Jinwoo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe olfactory tubercle (OT), an important component of the ventral striatum and limbic system, is involved in multi‐sensory integration of reward‐related information in the brain. However, its functional roles are often overshadowed by the neighboring nucleus accumbens. Increasing evidence has highlighted that dense dopamine (DA) innervation of the OT from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is implicated in encoding reward, natural reinforcers, and motivated behaviors. Recent studies have further suggested that OT subregions may have distinct roles in these processes due to their heterogeneous DA transmission. Currently, very little is known about regulation (release and clearance) of extracellular DA across OT subregions due to its limited anatomical accessibility and proximity to other DA‐rich brain regions, making it difficult to isolate VTA–DA signaling in the OT with conventional methods. Herein, we characterized heterogeneous VTA–DA regulation in the medial (m) and lateral (l) OT in “wild‐type,” urethane‐anesthetized rats by integrating in vivo fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry with cell‐type specific optogenetics to stimulate VTA–DA neurons. Channelrhodopsin‐2 was selectively expressed in the VTA–DA neurons of wild‐type rats and optical stimulating parameters were optimized to determine VTA–DA transmission across the OT. Our anatomical, neurochemical, and pharmacological results show that VTA–DA regulation in the mOT is less dependent on DA transporters and has greater DA transmission than the lOT. These findings establish the OT as a unique, compartmentalized structure and will aid in future behavioral characterization of the roles of VTA–DA signaling in the OT subregions in reward, drug addiction, and encoding behavioral outputs necessary for survival.
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