bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid State Melting Confinement Reaction Synthesis of CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots Embedded in Mesoporous SiO2 Microspheres for Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yang Tingyu , Zhu Yihua , Yang Xiaoling , Shen Jianhua 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPerovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have attracted widespread attention in optoelectronic fields due to their excellent optical properties. However, their instability issue hampers their further development and practical application. Herein, CsPbBr3 PQDs embedded in mesoporous SiO2 microspheres (CsPbBr3 PQDs/MSs) are prepared by the high‐temperature solid‐phase melting method due to the confinement effect. The prepared CsPbBr3 PQDs/MSs are treated by saturated Na2SO4 to form PbSO4 precipitation to fulfill the mesoporous gap. And such treatment endows the QDs with excellent water, light irradiation, and heating stability. The prepared products can maintain over 80% of the original fluorescence intensity even when it is immersed in water for 2 weeks. The CsPbBr3 PQDs/MSs are utilized in the white light‐emitting diode device with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.3407, 0.3357) at 20 mA, and exhibit excellent photo stability at high power.
Encapsulation of AIEgens within Metal–Organic Framework toward High‐Performance White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Wenliang , Sun Chunyi , Shan Guogang , Qin Chao , Shao Kuizhan , Wang Jianguo , Su Zhongmin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhite light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) have a wide range of applications in display and illumination, however, it is still challenging to achieve efficient solid‐state white light‐emitting (WLE) materials due to the conventional quenching effect. Herein, a strategy of encapsulating aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) into the pores of metal–organic framework (MOF) to achieve high‐performance WLED is proposed. Two cationic dyes, 2,3,4,5‐tetrakis(4‐methoxyphenyl)oxazol‐3‐ium (MOTPO) and 1‐methyl‐4‐(4‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)phenyl)pyridin‐1‐ium (TPEPy) with bright blue and yellowish green emissions, respectively, are synthesized and successfully incorporated into the pore of anionic MOF ZJU‐28. The synergy of AIE characteristics and confinement effect within hybrid material result in an enhanced emission signal in comparison to each of the individual components. The single‐phase WLE material with Commission International de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.35, 0.34) and the quantum efficiency of 64.9% is realized by optimizing the ratio between the two guests, which is almost the best among the reported WLE MOF composites to date. The resulting WLED demonstrates the maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.67% accompanied by the excellent color‐rendering index and correlated color temperature of 86 and 4076 K, respectively. Moreover, the WLE flexible film is also achieved. This work will provide new insights and strategies for the design of efficient WLEDs in the future.
A General Method for Direct Assembly of Single Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Heyou , Liu Yawei , Ashokan Arun , Gao Can , Dong Yue , Kinnear Calum , Kirkwood Nicholas , Zaman Samantha , Maasoumi Fatemeh , James Timothy D. , Widmer‐Cooper Asaph , Roberts Ann , Mulvaney Paul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractControlled nanocrystal assembly is a pre‐requisite for incorporation of these materials into solid state devices. Many assembly methods have been investigated which target precise nanocrystal positioning, high process controllability, scalability, and universality. However, most methods are unable to achieve all of these goals. Here, surface templated electrophoretic deposition (STED) is presented as a potential assembly method for a wide variety of nanocrystals. Controlled positioning and deposition of a wide range of nanocrystals into arbitrary spatial arrangements − including gold nanocrystals of different shapes and sizes, magnetic nanocrystals, fluorescent organic nanoparticles, and semiconductor quantum dots − is demonstrated. Nanoparticles with diameters <10 nm are unable to be deposited due to their low surface charge and strong Brownian motion (low Péclet number). It is shown that this limit can be circumvented by forming clusters of nanocrystals or by silica coating nanocrystals to increase their effective size.
Optical Gain at 637 nm Wavelength in Polymer Waveguide Amplifier Under Commercial LED Pumping for Planar Photonic Integration
Authors: Wang Ce , Liu Xin , Zhang Baoping , Xie Guohua , Zhou Zhaoqin , Yang Xingchen , Ying Leiying , Mei Yang , Fan Wang , Lin Zhensheng , Zheng Zhiwei , Zhang Dan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOptical gains at 637 nm wavelength using light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of traditional semiconductor lasers as pumping sources are demonstrated in the organic molecule 2,6‐bis[4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl]‐9,10‐anthracenedione (AQ(PhDPA)2)‐doped polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU‐8 polymer waveguides. Under excitation of four blue‐violet LEDs with different central wavelengths, fluorescence in the red band is observed owing to the transition of AQ(PhDPA)2from the excited states to the ground state based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. Channel waveguides with a cross‐section of 6 µm × 5 µm are fabricated. The relative gains of 5.0 and 4.0 dB cm−1are obtained in rectangular waveguides with active core layers as AQ(PhDPA)2doped PMMA and SU‐8, respectively. Optical gains have also been achieved in waveguides based on evanescent‐wave coupling. By using the vertical top pumping mode of a 450 nm LED, a gain of 2.6 dB cm−1is obtained in a passive SU‐8 waveguide with AQ(PhDPA)2doped PMMA as the upper cladding. In contrast, the replacement of SU‐8 with AQ(PhDPA)2doped SU‐8 as the active material, triples the optical gain, which reaches to 7.8 dB cm−1owing to the presence of stimulated excitation in both channel waveguide and upper cladding.
Organic Crystalline Optical Waveguides That Remain Elastic from −196 to ≈200 °C
Authors: Tang Shiyue , Ye Kaiqi , Commins Patrick , Li Liang , Naumov Panče , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOrganic crystals that are capable to deform (reversibly or irreversibly) similar to polymer materials have been widely reported over the past ten years. However, most of the reported organic crystals can only be elastically bent within a narrow temperature range, and reports on their thermal behavior that would encourage applications of these energy‐transducing elements in extreme conditions are not readily available. This work designs a linear and flat π‐conjugated molecule with double intramolecular hydrogen bonds that prevent thermally induced conformational distortions. The molecule assembles as a rigid building block into centimeter‐sized wide organic crystals that can be elastically bent over a temperature range spanning close to 400 °C, from −196 to ≈200 °C. The emission wavelength of the crystals is also temperature dependent, and can be continually tuned from 547 to 577 nm upon heating from 20 to ≈200 °C. This inspires the design of a lightweight, organic, elastic optical waveguide where the output energy is controlled by the operating temperature. The wide range of crystal flexibility expands the range of conditions for application of organic crystals as optical waveguides.
Tunable Photovoltaics: Adapting Solar Cell Technologies to Versatile Applications
Authors: Meddeb Hosni , Götz‐Köhler Maximilian , Neugebohrn Nils , Banik Udayan , Osterthun Norbert , Sergeev Oleg , Berends Dennis , Lattyak Colleen , Gehrke Kai , Vehse Martin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSolar photovoltaics (PV) offer viable and sustainable solutions to satisfy the growing energy demand and to meet the pressing climate targets. The deployment of conventional PV technologies is one of the major contributors of the ongoing energy transition in electricity power sector. However, the diversity of PV paradigms can open different opportunities for supplying modern systems in a wide range of terrestrial, marine, and aerospace applications. Such ubiquitous and versatile applications necessitate the development of PV technologies with customized design capabilities. This involves multifunctional characteristics such as aesthetic appearance, visual comfort, and heat insulation. To enable on‐demand adaptation to the requirements of distributed applications, tunable solar cells (SC) feature exceptional degrees of freedom in the manipulation of their intrinsic properties via adjusted materials engineering. The pertinent tuning abilities include but are not limited to bandgap energy, transparency, color, and thermal management. In this review, the main principles of different tuning approaches are specified and an overview of relevant concepts of tunable SC technologies is presented. Then, the recent integrations of cutting‐edge tunable PV adapted to versatile applications are systematically summarized. In addition, current challenges and insightful perspectives into potential future opportunities for omnipresent tunable PV are discussed.
The reproductive biology of small fishes and the clutch concept: Combining macroscopic and histological approaches
Authors: Heins David C. , Brown‐Peterson Nancy J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAccurate estimates of reproductive parameters important in understanding life history evolution and conservation of small fishes are dependent upon careful assignment of ovarian phases. Proper assignment is based upon the stages of propagule (oocyte) development, oocyte maturation and the location of any clutch or portion thereof within the ovaries. Macroscopic inspection and assignment of ovarian developmental phases have often been used for small freshwater fishes. By contrast, histological methods for assignment of reproductive phases have been developed and are widely used for marine fishes, but they have rarely been used for small freshwater fishes. We review oocyte development, ovum maturation, and the ovarian cycling process using both macroscopic and histological approaches which incorporate the clutch concept. New terminology, including three actively spawning phases based on macroscopic appearance of the clutch (actively spawning‐maturation, actively spawning‐hydration, actively spawning‐ovulation), is proposed. We assert that combining histological and macroscopic methodologies, shown to be complementary, will allow a more accurate and precise understanding of the reproductive biology of small fishes—especially freshwater fishes experiencing effects of habitat change and loss of habitat.
Improvements in soil properties under adaptive multipaddock grazing relative to conventional grazing
Authors: Mosier Samantha , Apfelbaum Steve , Byck Peter , Ippolito Jim , Cotrufo M. Francesca 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWithin managed ecosystems, such as some livestock grazed grasslands, soil physical, chemical, and biological properties may be severely compromised relative to native grasslands. Conventional grazing (CG) management, commonly referred to as continuous grazing, can affect soil properties and health by reducing soil C stocks and other available nutrients, while creating bare patches in vegetation that may enhance erosion and runoff. In contrast, adaptive multipaddock (AMP) grazing, an intensive form of rotational grazing that moves dense cattle herds quickly over the land followed by rest periods for the regrowth of plants, has been proposed as a regenerative grassland management tool that can improve soil properties such as soil C stocks, soil structure, as well as nutrient and water retention. Our research analyzed soils from 10 grasslands in the southeast United States representing either CG or AMP grazing management. We analyzed the A‐horizons of these soils for physical, chemical, and biological properties considered indicators of soil health across each management type. Chemical soil properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity [CEC], base saturation [BS], electrical conductivity [EC]) were improved where AMP grazing management was implemented. Additionally, farms using AMP grazing management had greater A‐horizon C and N stocks in bulk soils and across multiple soil organic matter (SOM) fractions. No biological indicators measured were affected by the grassland management except potential N mineralization rate, which was lower under AMP. Taken together, these results provide evidence that AMP grazing management could be implemented to regenerate several grassland soil properties across land currently under conventional grazing management.
On mixing rules for the hydraulic permeability of fiber mixtures
Authors: Kolitsi Lydia I. , Yiantsios Stergios G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe perform numerical simulations of Stokes flow through ordered arrays of fibers of square cross‐section. The results for the permeability of single‐size‐fiber arrays are in very good agreement with the well‐known correlation of Jackson and James, provided that an effective radius of equivalent cylindrical fibers is used with the same cross‐sectional area. Then, we consider arrays of mixtures of different‐sized fibers and test several mixing rules, proposed for estimating the composite permeability. The two most well‐known, namely, the unweighted‐ and the volume‐averaged resistivity rules give good predictions for not too large size‐ratios, yet they systematically overestimate and underestimate the numerical results, respectively. Then, it appears almost self‐evident that a combination of the above two mixing rules would provide a better prediction. Indeed, the geometric mean gives excellent agreement with the numerical results over an extended range of size ratios and relative volume fractions.
Mechanism in chlorine‐enhanced Pd catalyst for H2O2in situ synthesis in electro‐Fenton system
Authors: Lu Linhui , Shu Qingli , Zhang Guiru , Zhang Qi , Du Ping , Zhu Xuedong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPalladium‐based catalysts have been widely employed in the electro‐Fenton process for in situ generation of H2O2. However, the process is still far from being practical on a large scale. In this work, a series of ClxFePd/γ‐Al2O3/Al catalysts were prepared by a three‐step‐impregnation method. They exhibited excellent activity in H2O2 in situ synthesis and high efficiency in phenol degradation. The characterization results showed that Cl could assist in increasing the content of Pd0 and reducing the isoelectric point of catalysts, which led to the drastic promotion in the synthesis of H2O2. Theoretical calculations further demonstrated that Cl doping could facilitate the main reaction in H2O2 synthesis, as well as inhibit side reactions such as dissociation of the OO bond. Furthermore, kinetic models were proposed and fitted. A plausible reaction mechanism as well as degradation pathways were elaborated based on electron spin resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results. These findings illustrate the value of palladium‐based ClxFePd/γ‐Al2O3/Al catalysts for their application in the electro‐Fenton process.
Four stages of thermal effect coupled with ion‐charge transports during the charging process of porous electrodes
Authors: Huang Pan , Tao Haolan , Yang Jie , Lian Cheng , Liu Honglai 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDue to the complexity of thermal effects in porous electrodes, the process of temperature rise in supercapacitors is difficult to be quantified by some simple but physically meaningful formulas. Here, the stack‐electrode model is applied to investigate this issue both analytically and numerically. The numerical results show the process has three relaxation times, which divide that into four stages controlled by heat generation (HG) or heat transfer (HT). Temperature rise is first controlled by HG in the bulk phase, then by HG in both porous electrodes and bulk phase, then mainly by HT, and finally all by HT. The analytical formulas of three relaxation times and temperature rise under different structural parameters and intensity of heat dissipation are obtained. These formulas are expected to indicate the contribution of the different stages to total temperature rise, thus to guide the design of cooling methods of supercapacitors during the different stages.
A survey of program directors for combined pediatrics and medical genetics and genomics residency programs: Perspectives when evaluating applicants
Authors: Niehaus Annie D. , Rassbach Caroline E. , Stevenson David A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile combined pediatrics and medical genetics and genomics residency programs are growing in number and applicants, there are still workforce shortages within the medical genetics field. Medical students would benefit from additional information on the training pathways and insight into the application process itself. Program Directors of combined pediatrics and medical genetics and genomics residency programs were surveyed to characterize factors that influence interview selection and rank list decisions, application logistics, recruitment, and training pathways. When evaluating applicants, representatives from both pediatrics and medical genetics are involved in the screening process. Additionally, both groups value prior research experience, but do not have a clear preference for a particular subcategory or domain of research. Most program directors think that all currently‐available training pathways can provide optimal training. Further action is needed to provide medical students with the knowledge to make more informed decisions about their career and medical school advisors with objective data to counsel students. There was support among program directors to initiate consideration of creating a pathway for medical students to match directly into a medical genetics and genomics residency.
Investigating the relationship between infraorbital canal morphology and maxillary sinus size
Authors: Osbon SaCora A. , Butaric Lauren N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to investigate relationships between maxillary sinus (MS) dimensions and the bony structures associated with the infraorbital nerve (ION). Computed tomographic scans of 87 adult crania (174 sides) from four morphologically diverse groups (West Africans, East Africans, North Asians, Europeans) were utilized. Seven primary variables were collected: infraorbital canal (IOC) type; infraorbital foramen (IOF) shape; distance from the foramen rotundum to IOF (FR‐IOF); distance from the posterior wall of the infraorbital groove to IOF (IOG‐IOF); and MS length, breadth, and height. Chi‐square analyses indicated a significant association between IOC‐type and IOF‐shape (Pearson chi‐square = 12.710; p‐value = .013), with the most common pattern being oval IOFs and Type‐I IOCs (45.68% of the sample; 74/162 sides). Analysis of covariance indicated a significant effect of ancestry (F = 8.333; p < .001) and MS length (F = 15.406; p < .001) on IOG‐IOF distance. Ordinal regression analyses indicated that MS length (Wald chi‐square = 7.103; p = .008) also maintained a significant effect on IOC‐type, while multinominal regression analyses indicated that none of the measured parameters had a significant effect on IOF‐shape. These results have clinical implications: recognizing IOC‐type and IOF‐shape relative to the MS is important to avoid ION damage during medical procedures. Overall, this study found most individuals possess Type‐I IOCs (housed in the maxillary sinus roof) and oval‐shaped IOFs. Most aspects of the ION pathway, including IOC‐type and IOF‐shape, were not influenced by ancestry or sex. However, antero‐posteriorly longer MSs tend to possess Type‐III IOCs protruding into the sinus, which could lead to surgical complications.
Effective one‐pot tandem synthesis of γ‐valerolactone from biogenic furfural over zirconium phosphate catalyst
Authors: He Jian , Liu Xudong , Bai Li , Liu Shima , Song Ke , Zhou Xianwu , Guo Jie , Meng Xingang , Li Changzhu 
Published: May 2022

Abstractγ‐Valerolactone (GVL) is a renowned starting material in production of bio‐fuels, valuable chemicals and polymers. The one‐pot tandem synthesis of GVL from furfural without a cumbersome intermediate separation/purification process is highly desired, yet the transformation remains challenging owing to the complicated reaction routes. Zirconium phosphate (ZrPO), a cheap and easily prepared solid catalyst with Lewis–Brønsted dual acidity, is herein discovered to enable one‐pot tandem transformation of furfural into GVL with using 2‐propanol as H‐donor/solvent to proceed smoothly. In addition, ZrPO prepared by hydrothermal method exhibits superior catalytic performance in comparison with the counterpart prepared by co‐precipitation method, giving a 42.7% yield of GVL at 180 °C. The difference in catalytic activity between ZrPO materials prepared by hydrothermal method and co‐precipitation method is linked with their morphology and acid sites density. Furthermore, the as‐prepared ZrPO catalyst works in a heterogeneous manner and can be reused for multiple times without significant deactivation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Circulating tumor cells in neuroblastoma: Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Yang Ran , Zheng Shan , Dong Rui 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 10% to 20% of deaths of pediatric malignancies. Due to the poor prognosis and significant biological heterogeneity of neuroblastoma, it is essential to develop personalized therapeutics and monitor treatment response. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as one of the important analytes for liquid biopsy, could facilitate response assessment and outcome prediction for patients in a non‐invasive way. Several methods and platforms have been used for the enrichment and detection of CTCs. The enumeration of CTCs counts and evaluation of tumor‐specific mRNA transcript levels could provide prognostic information at diagnosis, during or after chemotherapy, and during the process of disease progression. So far, studies into neuroblastoma CTCs are only in the preliminary stages. The quality‐controlled large prospective cohort studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance and statistical rigor of CTC detection methods. Moreover, there remains a lot to be explored and investigated in genotyping characterization of neuroblastoma (NB) CTCs and construction of in‐vitro or in‐vivo functional models. CTCs and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis will be complementary in understanding tumor heterogeneity and evolution over the course of therapy for patients with NB in the future.