bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Initiation and Development of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Flowers in Standard and Meadow Orchard Trees
Authors: Warriner Carol L. , Johnson Johnny L. , Smith Michael W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lateral apical meristems were collected biweekly from 15 July 1982 to 18 Mar. 1983 from 2-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees grown under standard and meadow orchard cultural practices. Dissected buds were prepared for scanning electron microscope analysis, and representative samples were photographed. Meadow orchard trees were cut 20 cm above the soil immediately after fruit harvest (15 July), and thus, floral initiation and development was delayed until new growth occurred. Floral development in the standard trees began 7 weeks after harvest (late August) but did not begin in the meadow orchard trees until 13 weeks after harvest (early October). The sequence of floral development in both standard and meadow orchard trees began with petals followed by sepals, stamens, and the pistil. Standard trees produced numerous floral apices; however, floral differentiation was poor in the meadow orchard trees with only 5% to 10% of the buds initiating floral apices. The meadow orchard system thus may have limited use in central Oklahoma.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on Yield, Growth, and Leaf Elemental Concentration of Pecan
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Ager P.L. , Endicott D.S.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen and K were applied to 26-year-old ‘Western’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees at 0, 56, 112, or 224 kg ha−1, and 0, 93, or 186 kg ha−1, respectively, for 6 consecutive years (1978–1983). There was a positive relationship between N rate and leaf N concentration and shoot growth. The number of new shoots per 1-year-old shoot was increased by N application. Yield was greater using 56, 112, or 224 kg N ha−1 than no N. Nitrogen rate was negatively related to leaf K concentration and curvilinearly related to leaf Mn concentration, but did not affect leaf Ca or Mg. Leaf P and Zn concentrations were reduced during some years by N application. Potassium application increased leaf K concentration in 1980, 1982, and 1983, but did not affect leaf K concentration in other years. Surface applied K moved to the 30–45 cm depth by 1980 and to the 45–60 cm depth by 1982. Potassium rate was positively related to leaf Mn concentration, but not leaf N, P, Ca, Mg, or Fe concentration. Annual yield was increased by K rate only in 1979, but cumulative yield was positively related to K rate.
Effects of Genetically Removing Lectin Seed Protein on Horticultural and Seed Characteristics of Common Bean
Authors: Osborn Thomas C. , Bliss Fredrick A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The absence of seed lectin in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was shown to be inherited as a single recessive gene and allelic to genes conditioning 6 different lectin types. In inbred backcross lines, the allele from ‘Sanilac’ (a navy class bean) for the presence of lectin was semidominant to the lectinless allele from ‘U.I. 1140’ (a Great Northern class bean) for quantity of lectin. Backcross lines with lectin (L/L) and without lectin (1/1) were developed using 2 lectinless donor parents (‘U.I. 1140’ and ‘U.I. 111', a Pinto class bean) and ‘Sanilac’ as the recurrent parent. Backcross lines and parents were grown in the field and analyzed for days to flower, seed yield, seed weight, percentage protein, and quantities of lectin and phaseolin. There were significant differences between lectin genotypes (L/L vs. 1/1) for all traits except yield, seed weight, and nonphaseolin nonlectin protein. Backcross lines without lectin had substantially higher levels of phaseolin and slightly more total protein than lines with lectin. The data suggested that phaseolin over-compensated for the absence of lectin in 1/1 backcross lines. The implications of these findings toward the nutritional improvement of bean protein are discussed.
Ethylene, ACC, Soluble Polyuronide, and Cell Wall Noncellulosic Neutral Sugar Content in ‘Eldorado’ Pears during Cold Storage and Ripening
Authors: Wang Chien Yi , Sams Carl E. , Gross Ken C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The capacity of ‘Eldorado’ pears to ripen increased dramatically after 4 weeks of exposure to 0°C and was associated with the synthesis of ethylene by pear tissue. Endogenous levels of ACC and internal ethylene were low after harvest, but increased rapidly after 4 weeks at 0°. Exposure to 0° for 4 weeks also resulted in an increase in soluble polyuronide during subsequent ripening at 20°. In contrast, after 9 months at 0°, soluble polyuronide content showed little increase when pears were transferred to 20°, and fruit failed to soften normally even though ACC content, internal ethylene concentration, ethylene evolution, and respiration remained relatively high. The content of arabinose, galactose, and rhamnose residues in cell walls decreased substantially during the ripening period after 4 weeks or longer at 0°. These cell wall neutral sugars decreased during ripening, even after 9 months of storage at 0°, while firmness and soluble polyuronide showed little change after fruit were transferred to 20°. These data indicate that the failure of pears to soften normally at 20° after prolonged storage at 0° is not related to ethylene synthesis or to changes in cell wall noncellulosic neutral sugar content, but is probably associated with mechanisms of polyuronide solubilization. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Effect of Various Levels of Available Water on Germination of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Pretreated or Untreated Tomato Seeds
Authors: Liptay A. , Tan C. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds in petri dishes at various levels of water stress was comparable, except under conditions of severe stress when a PEG pretreatment improved final percentage germination and enhanced the onset and rate of germination. At intermediate or high watering levels, PEG-pretreated seeds germinated more rapidly than untreated seeds, but final germination was not altered by PEG. Germination of seeds in soil, under controlled laboratory conditions, was similar to that in petri dishes except under the driest conditions (5% ASM) when little emergence occurred whether the seeds were pretreated or not. A majority of the seeds which failed to germinate after 2 weeks under dry soil conditions were still viable, since subsequently they could be induced to germinate by moistening the soil to 100% ASM. Water requirement of tomato seeds for optimal rate of germination was cultivar dependent; PI-341988 seeds germinated well at 60% ASM or greater, whereas ST-24 required 100% ASM for best germination.
Postharvest Preprocessing Temperature Effects on the Quality and Particle Size of Finished Applesauce
Authors: Massey L. M. , McLellan M. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest holding of apples (Malus domestica Borkh) for processing influenced the texture (“graininess”) of the finished sauce in a eultivar-specific but inconsistent manner. Following holding at 0°C and 18°, there was a positive correlation between firmness of ‘Cortland’ and ‘Rome Beauty’ apples and average particle size of the finished sauce in that the softest fruit produced the finest grained sauce. There also was a positive correlation between firmness of ‘Idared’ and sauce texture following holding at 18°, but a negative correlation following holding at 0°. ‘Rhode Island Greening’ fruit appeared to be intermediate in response, but this observation was complicated by the occurrence of low temperature internal breakdown. Uronide analyses on the largest and the smallest particle size fractions of finished sauce indicate that these variations among cultivars may be related in some manner to differences in pectin degradation. However, such differences do not explain the negative correlation between tissue firmness and particle size in ‘Idared’ fruit stored at 0°.
Effects of Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Nitrogen Source on Growth and Transport Amino Acid Composition of Pittosporum tobira
Authors: Coxwell Michael A. , Johnson Charles R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pittosporum tobira plants were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae or provided with an inoculum filtrate (nonVAM) and fertilized with 1 of 5 NH4+/NO3− ratios. Colonized plants had more branching, greater fresh weight, and higher visual grades than nonVAM plants, especially when grown at 50%–75% NO3−-N. Colonized plants also had higher concentrations of transport amino acids in xylem sap compared to nonVAM plants. Results suggest that colonization by Glomus mosseae may affect N metabolism in P. tobira.
Comparison of Three Methods for Determining the Floral or Vegetative Status of Strawberry Plants
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Poling E. Barclay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three methods for determining the vegetative or floral status of the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were compared. Dissection under a stereoscope was the most reliable method, followed by macroscopic evaluation of flower cluster development under long days. Macroscopic flower cluster production was highly dependent on the amount of natural chilling received by the plants prior to being placed under long day conditions, and differed among cultivars. Central longitudinal microtomed sections of apical meristems were unreliable due to their subjective nature. The time of flower bud initiation also was estimated. ‘Allstar’, ‘Earliglow’, and ‘Tribute’ initiated flower buds in late September; ‘Apollo’ and ‘Sequoia’ in early October; and ‘Titan’ in mid-October.
Effects of Timing and Rate of Glyphosate Application on Toxicity to Selected Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Neal J. C. , Skroch W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirteen species of woody ornamentals were treated over-the-top with glyphosate in a 6 × 6, rate by time factorial experiment. The influence of application timing on glyphosate phytotoxicity was significant for all species. The times of maximum tolerance and injury were species dependent. Species were organized into 4 response groups based on the effects of application time. Group 1 species, including ajuga (Ajuga reptans L.), azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planch. ‘Coral Bells’), and a variegated liriope (Liriope muscari L.H. Bailey), were injured on all application dates. Species in groups 2, 3, and 4 exhibited tolerance to fall applications of glyphosate. Group 2, including wax leaf privet (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), sustained maximal injury from spring applications. Group 3 species, including Compacta holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’), were injured most by summer applications of glyphosate. However, Blue Rug juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench ‘Wiltonii’), a representative of group 4, was tolerant of glyphosate applications, sustaining only temporary tip chlorosis from spring and early summer treatments. First season evaluations were not sufficient to describe the ultimate effects of glyphosate on plant quality. Visual and objective evaluations in the 2nd growth season also were necessary. Chemical name used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate).
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide and Ambient Ozone on Concord Grapevine Growth and Productivity
Authors: Musselman R. C. , Forsline P. L. , Kender W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three separate experiments were conducted in a mature Vitis labruscana Bailey ‘Concord’ vineyard in New York to determine the response of grapevines to daily, season-long sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure, or to intermittent SO2 exposure simulating emissions from a 1700 MW coal-fired power plant. There was little SO2-induced necrosis on grape foliage from daily or power plant SO2. However, both treatments in ambient air increased susceptibility of leaves to oxidant stipple injury due to ambient ozone (O3). Daily SO2 increased leaf chlorosis. Power plant SO2 had no effect on vine growth, yield, or shoot maturation. Daily SO2 reduced soluble solids, growth, yield, and shoot maturation of grapevines. Damage to grapevines from SO2 seemed to be independent of SO2 induced leaf necrosis. SO2 reduced foliage tolerance to O3 injury in grapevines already stressed by ambient O3.
Response of Cabbage to Insecticide Schedule, Plant Spacing, and Fertilizer Rates
Authors: Csizinszky A. A. , Schuster D. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group ‘Market Prize’) was grown in the spring (February to April) 1981 and fall-winter (October to January) 1981–82 with 2 insecticidal spray schedules conducted weekly and on demand; 2 in-row spacings, 23 and 38 cm; and 2 fertilizer rates, low (152N–53P–139K and 8 Mg kg/ha), and high (257N–99P–261K and 15 Mg kg/ha). Fenvalerate [Cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl-4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl) benzeneacetate] at 0.112 kg a.i./ha was applied either weekly or when a threshold of 0.5 lepidopterous larval feeding injuries/plant was equalled or exceeded. With the weekly insecticide treatment, 12 and 10 sprays were applied, respectively, in the spring and fall, vs. 1 and 2 applications, respectively, for the 2 seasons in the demand plots. Insect damage ratings were lower in the weekly sprayed than in the demand plots; however, marketable yields (kg/ha) and average head size were not affected by spray schedules. In both seasons, marketable yields were greater at the 28 cm spacing than at 38 cm, whereas average head sizes were greater at 38 cm than at 23 cm. The high fertilizer rate increased head size in both seasons, but increased marketable yields only in the spring.
Relationship between GA Application and Phyllomorph Length in Streptocarpus
Authors: Lyons R. E. , Veilleux R. E. , Booze-Daniels J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Relationship between GA Application and Phyllomorph Length in Streptocarpus” by R.E. Lyons, R.E. Veilleux, and J.N. Booze-Daniels [Journal 10(5):647–650, 1985] the figure captions were reversed. The correct figures and captions appear below.
Roles of Four Sorbitol Related Enzymes and Invertase in the Seasonal Alteration of Sugar Metabolism in Apple Tissue
Authors: Yamaki Shohei , Ishikawa Kazuko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Activities and roles of 4 sorbitol enzymes, sorbitol-6-P dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase and sorbitol oxidase, and acid invertase in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Jonnagold’) leaves and fruit were studied. Almost all of the soluble carbohydrates in leaves are present as sorbitol throughout the season. Sorbitol-6-P dehydrogenase had the highest activity among the enzymes, being high in young leaves and decreasing with age; whereas NAD+- and NADP+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenases and sorbitol oxidase activities were barely detectable. Sorbitol was translocated from leaves to fruits where it was readily metabolized to other sugars, so the sorbitol concentration did not increase. NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase that converts sorbitol to fructose had the highest activity of the 4 enzymes in developing fruits. Its activity rose in June, decreased in midseason, and increased again with fruit maturation. The fluctuation in enzyme activity corresponded to changes in fructose concentration. Sorbitol oxidase activity, which was about one-fifth that of NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase, increased proportionately as fruits enlarged. Acid invertase activity was distinctly higher than sorbitol enzyme activities in both leaves and fruit, but its roles in sugar translocation and metabolism were not clearly established. The levels of sorbitol in stems and peduncles remained relatively constant during the season indicating that little metabolism occurred in the phloem during transit.
Response of Potatoes to Nitrogen Form and to Change in Nitrogen Form at Tuber Initiation
Authors: Davis Jeanine M. , Loescher Wayne H. , Hammond Max W. , Thornton Robert E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A controlled environment study was conducted to determine if ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were more tolerant of NH4-N as established plants than as young plants. When grown on one N source for 86 days, root and shoot growth were best with NO3-N, intermediate with NH4 + NO3, and least with NH4-N. Changing the N source from NO3-N or NH4 + NO3 to NH4-N at tuber initiation (58 days after planting) reduced both shoot and root growth. Conversely, changing the N source from NH4-N to NH4 + NO3 improved growth. The highest tuber weights were obtained with continuous NH4 + NO3 or when NH4-N was applied at tuber initiation to plants previously grown on NO3-N alone. Nitrogen source also influenced absorption of other nutrients. Changing the N source once plants were established, however, did not have a consistent effect on mineral composition. We conclude that when NH4-N is the sole form of N available to the plant, it is detrimental to potato growth regardless of stage of development.
Carbon Balance Model of a Growing Apple Shoot: I. Development of the Model
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Lakso A.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A computer model simulating the C balance of a growing ‘Jonamac’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoot was constructed to estimate the time of first net carbohydrate export from the shoot. The model was based on measurements of net photosynthesis and dark respiration rates and estimates of the dry weight in the different components of the shoot. Under the prevailing weather of 1981, the model indicates that a shoot growing to a final length of 50 cm became a net exporter of carbohydrates 19 days after budbreak, a time corresponding to a shoot 4 cm long with 10 unfolded leaves. Assuming the same early growth rates, a shoot with a final length of 2 cm starts exporting at 15 days after budbreak. The total export of carbohydrates remains higher from short shoots than long shoots until 36 days after budbreak, indicating that short shoots supply greater amounts of carbohydrates to the rest of the plant during this early period. The model estimates the total import of carbohydrates from reserves of about 165 mg for the long shoot and 80 mg for the short shoot. In each instance, these reserves only accounted for about 20% of the total carbohydrates used by the shoot up to that point. The remainder was supplied by current photosynthates.
Root Cell Membrane Heat Tolerance of Two Dwarf Hollies
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The thermostability of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ and Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Schellings’ root cell membranes at supraoptimal temperatures were determined using electrolyte leakage procedures with excised roots. Mathematical models were developed to describe effects of treatment temperature and exposure time interactions on membrane thermostability. Critical temperature, Tc, decreased linearly as exposure duration increased exponentially, and predicted Tc for ‘Helleri’ and ‘Schellings’ were 51.0 ± 0.8 and 52.6 ± 0.7°C, respectively, for a 30-min exposure and 43.9 ± 0.8 and 46.7 ± 0.3° for a 300-min exposure. Three dimensional plots of the fitted mathematical functions are presented.
Response of Citrus Seedlings to Various Field Inoculation Methods with Glomus deserticola in Fumigated Nursery Soils
Authors: Ferguson J.J. , Menge J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Broadcasting, banding, and drilling were more effective in the field inoculation of plants with the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss and Menge than seed inoculation or the application of lyophilized roots to both direct-seeded and transplanted citrus seedlings. Mechanized field inoculation of direct seeded and transplanted citrus seedlings is feasible, using fertilizer banding equipment, and seeding machines. In oculum remained consistently infective after soil inoculation for up to 2.5 months in fumigated field soil and for up to 1.5 months in mycorrhizal pot cultures of citrus grown in the greenhouse.
Resistance of Sweet Corn to Damage by Blackbirds and Starlings
Authors: Dolbeer R.A. , Woronecki P.P. , Stehn R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five cultivars of sweet corn were evaluated for resistance to bird damage in an aviary during 1983 and 1984. A free-choice test was used in which red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula L.), and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) could select from among 8 cultivars at a time. In addition, no-choice conditions in which red-wings were presented with only one cultivar at a time were tested. In the free choice test, there were significant differences among bird species and corn cultivars in the amount of damage. The most damaged cultivar had 4.8 times the damage of the least damaged cultivar. Starlings did the most damage and grackles the least, but all bird species damaged the cultivars in the same approximate order. Differences in damage among cultivars were diminished in the no-choice tests; however, the damage ranking of cultivars was similar to that of the free-choice test. Husk weight, length of husk beyond kernels, and weight of husk extension were the best correlates (all negative) with damage. The incorporation of these characteristics into sweet corn lines should increase cultivar resistance to damage by birds.
Constriction and Decline of ‘Stanley’ Prune Associated with Tomato Ringspot Virus
Authors: Cummins James N. , Gonsalve Dennis 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato ringspot virus (TmRSV) was consistently detected in myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera) and in 8 other plum rootstocks that exhibited prune brownline (PBL) symptoms at the graft unions. The infected rootstocks included Prunus domestica cvs. St. Julien A, Brompton, Ackermanpflaume, and Pershore and 6 seedling lines of P. cerasifera. Own-rooted ‘Stanley’ prune trees remained free of natural infection by TmRSV for 14 years on a site where 36% of the ‘Stanley’ trees on other rootstocks became infected. Mortality among TmRSV-infected trees on myrobalan stocks was higher than among infected trees on P. domestica roots. Own-rooted ‘Stanley’ trees are suggested for extensive commercial trial in areas infected with TmRSV.
Effect of Different Artificial Shading Times and Natural Light Intensities on the Fruit Quality of ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Patten K.D. , Proebsting E.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Limbs of ‘Bing’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) were shaded with neutral density shade structures to reduce light levels to 10–15% full sun. Three placement times were used: a) petal fall to pit hardening (PF-PH), b) pit hardening to harvest (PH-H), and c) petal fall to harvest (PF-H). Shaded limbs had reduced fruit set, and fruit color and soluble solids were less in comparison to fruit from unshaded limbs. Fruit from shaded limbs were smaller than unshaded for the first 2 harvests, but for the last 2 harvest dates, fruit shaded from PF-PH or PF-H were larger. The time to reach dark red maturity was delayed 5 days by shading from PF-PH or PH-H and 12 days by shading from PF-H. When compared at equal color maturities, fruit from unshaded limbs were firmer than those from shaded limbs. In a study using natural shade, the relationship of fruit color and soluble solids to the percentage of full sun (FS) was logarithmic, with both variables dramatically reduced at light levels below 10–15% FS. Neither fruit weight nor firmness were related to the percentage of FS.