bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Potential Controls of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Cauliflower, 1991-1992
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , Shaw M. , Thiessen J. , McDaniel C. W. , Zaccaria J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticide treatments were applied to cauliflower grown by Pasquinelli Produce, Yuma, AZ, for control of SPWF. Treatments were applied three times, two weeks apart (20 Nov, 4 and 18 Dec). Treatments were made with a back-pack sprayer with four TX2 nozzles calibrated to deliver 35 gal/acre on 20 Nov, and with four TX4 nozzles calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre during Dec treatments. Gallonage was increased to provide better coverage. Nozzles were angled to provide entire plant coverage with 2 nozzles angled up into the plant and the other two angled down into the plant. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of a 25 ft row on single beds with 40 inch centers. SPWF adult numbers were low to moderate at time of initial treatment, with adequate numbers of nymphs and eggs present. Samples were obtained after each application (25 Nov, 16 Dec, 8 Jan) based on accumulated heat units for SPWF development. Samples consisted of the lower 6 leaves of four plants/plot on 25 Nov and 8 Jan, and the lower 8 leaves on 11 Dec.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control, Johnston CO. (1), 1992
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Old Fashion Cabbage’ collards were transplanted in late June near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatment 6, 12 and 20 Oct. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 12, 20, 27 Oct and 3 Nov.
Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control in Summer, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated in large plots in a commercial apple orchard for control of PLR adults and larvae during the summer. The test was conducted in two blocks at the Wells and Wade Fruit Company Birchmont orchard (block 4 D = Test plot and block 1D1 = Test plot 2). Test trees were 14-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots pruned to a central leader structure. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. Treatments in test plot 1 were applied to approximately one acre blocks using an Airofan PTO air blast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre. Treatments in test plot 2 were applied to approximately four acre blocks (the untreated being only one acre) using the same equipment and water volume. Treatments were applied on 14 Jun at peak adult flight. On 21 Jun Lorsban was again applied in test plot 2 to alternate rows not treated on 14 Jun. A pre-treatment sample of leafroller density was made on 31 May by counting active feeding sites (live larvae) in a two-minute search on each of 12 trees per plot. Post-treatment counts were made on 2 Aug by counting live PLR larvae in 20 actively growing shoots from 24 trees in each treatment. On 1 Oct, a picking bag of fruit was collected from each of 25 trees per treatment and examined for the presence of PLR damage. WTLM samples were taken on 18 and 25 Jul following the second generation. Five leaves were collected from each of 10 trees in each treatment and mines dissected to determine the number of WTLM mines per leaf and the percent parasitism.
Microbial Control of Second Generation European corn Borer and Fall Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Gault J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted at South Deerfield, Mass., on 17 Jun in blocks of 4 rows by 7.6 m with 76 cm between-row and 15 cm in-row spacing. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. ECB traps (two Heliothis Scentry traps, baited with Trecé lures for Iowa or NY strains) were present from the beginning of the experiment. FAW (Multipher bucket trap with Trecé lure) and CEW traps (Texas wire cone trap, Hereon lure) were both installed on 8 Jul. Traps indicated that second-generation ECB flight began by 3 Aug, and remained strong from 18 Aug until the trial ended. FAW moths were captured only from 22 Jul to 10 Aug. No CEW flight was detected until 31 Aug. Corn was scouted at pretassel on 13 Aug to assess percent infestation with ECB (8 plants/plot from outer 2 rows). Insecticide treatments were initiated on 15 Aug after finding 7.8% infestation of ECB and FAW. Sprays during silking were initiated at 10% silk emergence (20 Aug) and were applied twice weekly on 24, 27, and 31 Aug and 4 Sep.
Seed Treatment and Foliar Insecticidal Control of Fall Armyworm in Florida Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three raised, plastic-mulched beds on 1.8 m centers were divided into 4 replicate blocks. Each block was comprised often 4.3 m single-row plots separated by 0.6 m of buffer space. Five randomly selected plots in each block were planted on 28 Oct with three seed per planting hole spaced every 25 cm in double rows 25 cm apart. Remaining plots were planted with seed from the same lot which had been treated just prior to planting with Larvin 3.2, by mixing a small amount of seed with sufficient chemical to give a treatment rate of 1.4 L per 100 lbs seed. The number of seedlings was noted and plants were thinned to one stalk per planting hole. Five post-planting treatments were assigned randomly to the two seed treatment categories in each block. Beginning 11 Nov, plants were evaluated positive or negative for feeding damage to the whorl and 2 uppermost leaves.
Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control in Summer, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three Bt products alone or in combination with Asana XL were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae during the summer. The test orchard was located at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee. Test trees were 12-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 5- to 7-tree plots replicated 3 times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Applications were made on 19 and 26 Jul and 2 Aug. On 13 Aug 100 shoot tips in each replicate were examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded. On 29 Aug, 200 fruit from each replicate (600 fruit per treatment) were picked and examined for presence of PLR damage. Mites were sampled in Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope. Weather during the test period was good.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Big Lake, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Watrin Cliff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
CPB control failure became quite marked in this irrigated sand-early harvest area during 1989-1991. An early snow and a mild winter contributed to unusually good winter survival and extremely high spring populations of CPB adults in 1992. Plots were established adjacent to a CPB wintering site. In order to assure some plant survival adult control was carried out on 18 May using Guthion 3 F 0.56 kg Al/ha. We also believe all plots were treated with a Bravo-Furadan 4 F mixture (Furadan 1.12 kg/ha) on 24 Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width and 9.1 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Four treated buffer rows were left between the winter site and the plot area. Systemic insecticides (Thimet 20 G and NTN 2.5 G) were applied 22 May, covered lightly and watered in within the week. Biologicals (Margosan-O, M-Trak and M-Trak + Asana XL) were first applied on 2 Jun. All plots receiving foliar applications were treated on 12, 18, and 27 Jun, 7 and 12 Jul. Vines were killed on 26 Jul, and the center 2 rows of each plot dug for yield. Larval ratings and percent defoliation were taken on 12, 18, and 27 Jun and 7 Jul.
Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Osseo, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Watrin Cliff , Olson Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This location is on the eastern end of the Anoka Sand Plain where early potatoes are commonly produced for fresh market. At various sites in this general area CPB control failures were reported. This farm was the second such site selected for field comparisons in 1992. An early snow and a mild winter apparently contributed to unusually successful adult overwintering from 1991 to 1992. Some adult control which we normally recommend against, was necessary just to save the plots. Such adult applications were made on 22 May (Pounce 3.2 E 0.56 kg Al/ha), 5 Jun (Guthion 3 F, 0.56 kg Al/ha), and 26 Jun (Asana XL .66 E 0.045 kg Al/ha). Plot size was 4 rows, 0.9 m in width X 9.1 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil systemics (Thimet 20 G and NTN 33893 2.5 G) were arjplied on 22 May, lightly covered, and irrigated in within one week. The first applications of M-Trak & Margosan-O were made on all plots on 17 and 26 jun, 12 and 19 Jul, and 1 and 6 Aug. Vines were killed 12 Aug and the center 2 rows of each plot dug and weighed on 18 Sep.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato-Infesting Aphids, 1992
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch R.H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times, conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1991. It was planted 20 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 1 Jul. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter, 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) 2.3 to 3.5L/ha). Furrow applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Trigard, 1991
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P. , Scriber B. , Simstad S. , Boylan-Pett W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two fields in Bay Co., MI, were selected for trials using the insect growth regulator Trigard against CPB. ‘Onaway’ potatoes were planted on 17 Apr 1991, and 3 May 1991, respectively, and were managed by growers Brian Hugo and Jim Kryszak. Plots measuring 14 rows wide by 60 feet long were established in each field on 7 Jun in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were: 0.125 lb (AI)/acre (low rate); 0.25 lb (AI)/acre (medium rate); and 0.375 lb (AI)/acre (high rate; and an untreated control. The fields were sprayed on 7 and 19 Jun using a tractor mounted boom sprayer at 25 gal/acre and 40 psi. A maintenance spray program using insecticides effective against adult beetles was started on all plots the second week of Jul, after the summer adults had emerged. A pre-spray count of CPB egg masses, adults, and small and large larvae from one or two plants per plot was taken on 7 Jun. High numbers of large larvae were already present in the Hugo field at this time. Four plants per plot were sampled on 13, 20, 27 Jun and 2 Jul. On 2 Jul a qualitative defoliation rating was given to each plot based on the percent of plants in each of five defoliation categories. Potatoes were harvested from two 10-ft sections of row per plot in 19 Aug, sized and weighed.
In-Furrow and Foliar Treatments to Control Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, Painter, VA, 1992
Authors: Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 18 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 36 inches between rows. NTN 33893 2.5 G and Temik 15 G were applied in-furrow at planting using a hand-held shaker. NTN 33893 240 FS and Furadan 4 F were applied in-furrow at planting with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone (D4-45) nozzle boom and delivering 30 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Foliar sprays were applied on 21 and 27 May and 8, 15, and 23 Jun using a boom with 3 hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 30 Mar near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 25 ft long and 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 29 May; 3, 11, 17, and 25 Tun; 1 and 8 Jul. A CPB defoliation rating was taken on 7 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 30 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Soil Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 1 Apr near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 50 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular soil insecticides were applied with a one-row Noble applicator. Liquid soil insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer using one nozzle per row delivering 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. The foliar treatment was applied with an ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granular and liquid soil insecticides were applied on 1 Apr. Foliar treatments (2 applications Novodor; 3 applications Kryocide) were applied on 3, 11, 17, and 25 Jun; and 1 Jul. A CPB defoliation rating was taken on 1 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 30 Jul.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1992
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert , Day Merry Lou , Grove Chris 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a one-acre block of 6-yr-old trees on M7A, which measured 10 ft high and 7.5 ft wide and were planted 18 × 24 ft apart. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied on 15 Jun with an Agrotec handgun sprayer (model no. ASA0287) operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 1 gal of spray (ca. 100 GPA). Other materials applied separately to the entire block throughout the season were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Ethrel, Javelin, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Solubor, Streptomycin, Supracide, Tenn-Cop, Topsin-M, and Ziram. In addition, Sevin and/or Lannate were applied to the entire block on 27 May, 8 and 25 Jun, and 9 Jul to exclude predators. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope.
Rescue Treatments for First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1992
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two studies were conducted near Forestburg (Study 1) and Winfred (Study 2), SD, to evaluate 28 insecticide treatments for control of 1st brood ECB larvae. Preapplication counts indicated uniform infestations of late 2nd- and early 3rd-instars in stalks sampled, and shothole damage was observed in greater than 70% of plants examined at both locations. Untreated controls were used to assess the performance of 20 granular and 8 liquid insecticide treatments in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots consisted of single 30.5 m rows spaced 0.9 m apart. Granules were placed directly into corn plant whorls using a Gandy pneumatic device powered by a 3.5 hp engine, all equipment was mounted on a highboy applicator. Noble metering units were connected to a modified chain-driven apparatus that regulated granules released into the pneumatic device. Metering units were calibrated on the apparatus prior to insecticide applications. Liquids were applied using a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer unit and a hand-held spray boom equipped with a single Teejet 8002 nozzle that delivered 20 gal/acre at 39 psi traveling 3 mph. All insecticides were applied to corn (13 and 14 Jul at Winfred and Forestburg, respectively) at whorl stage. Approximately 1 month following application (18 and 19 Aug at Winfred and Forestburg, respectively), 20 corn plants were selected at random from each plot. Plants were split vertically and examined for ECB tunneling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s GLM procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Black Cutworm Control in Field Corn at Planting Time, 1992
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Echtenkamp Gerald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular and liquid insecticides were applied at planting time at a site near Wayne, NE on 26 May. The soil type was silty clay loam and the previous crop was alfalfa. The field was prepared by killing the alfalfa with 2,4-D and dicamba on 4 May. The plot was planted no till into slots prepared by the landowner’s planter. Residue cover was heavy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 rows 16 m long, with 2 untreated rows between each treatment; rows were 75 cm apart. Granular materials were applied in an 18 cm band by a John Deere 2 row planter equipped with a cone-belt insecticide distributor and incorporated by tines. Ambush 2 E was broadcast immediately after planting, with a 4 nozzle CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with T-jet 8002 nozzles applying approximately 177 liters/ha total volume at 25 psi. Spray width was 1.66 m. Ambush 2E was also banded with the same spray equipment but the 4 nozzle boom was replaced with a single nozzle. Band width was 37.7 cm. Topsoil moisture was adequate at time of planting and no rain fell during the evaluation period. Plots were evaluated by counting plants remaining on either side of a randomly selected 10 m length marked between the 2 treated rows. The results are given as number of plants per 20 m of row. Final plant stand count was taken on 25 Jun.
Wireworm Control, 1992
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Echtenkamp Gerald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular soil insecticides were applied at planting time at a site just north and west of Schuyler in Colfax Co., NE, on 7 May. The soil type was silt loam and the previous crop was wheat. The plot was planted no-till into the wheat stubble into slots previously prepared with the landowner’s planter. Residue cover was heavy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 rows 16 m long. Rows were 75 cm apart. Materials were applied in a 18 cm T-band or in the furrow by a John Deere 2-row planed equipped with a cone-belt distributer and incorporated by tines. Soil moisture was adequate at planting. Plant populations were taken in a randomly selected 10 m length in each of the 2 rows. The results are given as number of live plants per 20 m of row. Final plant stand count was taken on 10 Jul. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Control of Bands Grass Mite in West Central Nebraska, 1991
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied in fixed wing aircraft to hard dough stage (R7 stage) field corn near Sutherland, NE on 23 Aug to control Banks grass mite. Treatments were replicated 2 times and applied to 20 by 400 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was applied with a water carrier in a total volume of 4,677 ml/ha (5 gal/acre). Applications were made with a Turboprop S2R Thrush aircraft flown at 209 km/h (130 mph). Liquid was applied at 158,536 Pa (23 psi) through 64 cone nozzles with #46 cores and #D-10 orifices. Size of mite colonies was rated on 4 plants located ca 75 m (250 ft) from the front edge and in the center of each plot. Ratings were made on the underside of three leaves below the ear, the ear leaf and 2 leaves above the ear at 4 days prior to application then 7 and 14 DAT. Ratings were made on a 0-6 scale where 0 = no mites, 1 = individual mites, 2 = small colonies, 3 = large, individual colonies, 4 = large connected colonies but not completely covering the underside of the leaf, 5 = colonies completely covering the underside of the leaf, 6 = leaf dead due to spider mite damage. Spider mite predators were also counted. Yield was determined by harvesting and shelling all ears from 10.67 linear m (35 ft) or row in the same area of each plot where mites were evaluated.
Planting Time Treatments for Control of Onion Thrips in Cotton, 1992
Authors: Harrison-Bryan W. W. , Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against OT injury in cotton planted in eastern VA. The cotton was planted 1 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E nozzle mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to the row to deliver spray fan into the seed furrow. Seed treatments were applied by gently rolling seeds in a plastic bag containing product until seeds were evenly coated. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no CT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Apple, Efficacy of an Experimental Miticide, 1992
Authors: Hornsburg R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Warren J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three rates of an experimental miticide were evaluated for control of an ERM and TSM on six year old ‘Empire’ apple trees on MM 111 rootstock. Comparisons were made with Omite 6E as a standard and a water control. Test trees were planted_20‘J6.1_meters) apart in the row and the rows were 24’ (2.32) apart. Data on other phytophagous mites, predatory mites and insects were also collected. Sprays were appliedwith a truck mounted airblast sprayer with the top nozzles shut off because of the small tree size 6 ft high (1.83 meters). A randomized block design was used in this five treatment, four replicate experiment. Each plot tree was separated from the next plot tree in a row by an unsprayed guard tree. Guard rows were also unsprayed. Data were collected by counting mites and eggs on 20-leaf samples per tree (following the Henderson-McBurnie procedure) from each single tree replicate. All treatments were applied 5 Aug 1992. Two and a half gal (9.46 liters) was also applied to each test tree.