bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magma Mixing During Conduit Flow is Reflected in Melt‐Inclusion Data From Persistently Degassing Volcanoes
Authors: Wei Zihan , Qin Zhipeng , Suckale Jenny 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPersistent volcanic activity is thought to be linked to degassing, but volatile transport at depth cannot be observed directly. Instead, we rely on indirect constraints, such as CO2‐H2O concentrations in melt inclusions trapped at different depth, but this data is rarely straight‐forward to interpret. In this study, we integrate a multiscale conduit‐flow model for non‐eruptive conditions and a volatile‐concentration model to compute synthetic profiles of volatile concentrations for different flow conditions and CO2 fluxing. We find that actively segregating bubbles in the flow enhance the mixing of volatile‐poor and volatile‐rich magma in vertical conduit segments, even if the radius of these bubbles is several orders of magnitude smaller than the width of the conduit. This finding suggests that magma mixing is common in volcanic systems when magma viscosities are low enough to allow for bubble segregation as born out by our comparison with melt‐inclusion data: Our simulations show that even a small degree of mixing leads to volatile concentration profiles that are much more comparable to observations than either open‐ or closed‐system degassing trends for both Stromboli and Mount Erebus. Our results also show that two of the main processes affecting observed volatile concentrations, magma mixing and CO2 fluxing, leave distinct observational signatures, suggesting that tracking them jointly could help better constrain changes in conduit flow. We argue that disaggregating melt‐inclusion data based on the eruptive behavior at the time could advance our understanding of how conduit flow changes with eruptive regimes.
The Response of Northern Hemisphere Polar Lows to Climate Change in a 25 km High‐Resolution Global Climate Model
Authors: Bresson H. , Hodges K. I. , Shaffrey L. C. , Zappa G. , Schiemann R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPolar lows (PLs) are small, intense cyclones that form at high latitudes during the winter. Their high wind speeds and heavy precipitation can have substantial impacts on shipping, coastal communities and infrastructure. However, low‐resolution climate models poorly simulate PLs, which reduces the confidence in their future projections. In this study, Northern Hemisphere (NH) PLs are assessed for the first time in a high‐resolution (25 km) global atmosphere‐only climate model, N512 HadGEM3‐GA3, for both present‐day and future RCP8.5 climate scenarios. The representation of PLs is found to agree reasonably well with the NCEP‐CFS reanalysis. The number of NH PLs are projected to substantially decrease (by over 60%) by the end of the 21st century, which is largely due to an increase in atmospheric static stability. Large decreases in PL activity are found in the Norwegian Sea, north‐east Atlantic and north‐west Pacific Oceans. Smaller changes are found in regions of current PL activity, such as the Barents and Labrador Seas, while new regions of PL activity along the northern Russian coastline are found where the Arctic sea ice is projected to disappear. The spatial differences found in future PL activity could have a substantial impact on human activity in the Arctic region.
Quality of Sediment Organic Matter Determines the Intertidal N2O Response to Global Warming
Authors: Chen Shu , Wang Dongqi , Yu Zhongjie , Nie Jiaqin , Chen Jie , Li Yangjie , Zhang Xiaoli , Chen Zhenlou 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEstuaries and coasts are areas of intense biogeochemical cycling and are sensitive to global climate change. However, the effect of temperature increase on the emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) in different estuarine and coastal areas is still uncertain. In this study, we used laboratory incubation experiments to investigate increasing temperatures (12, 25, and 35°C) and tidal effects on N2O fluxes in intertidal sediments from the East China coast (ECC). Overall, the ECC acts as a net source of atmospheric N2O and exhibited considerable spatial variability over three orders of magnitude (from −0.17 to 8.4 μmol m−2 h−1). The warming promoted N2O emissions in most intertidal areas, while reducing N2O emissions at some sampling sites. In addition, the overall effect of flooding on N2O emissions changed from a positive to a negative effect with increasing temperature. By combining the sediment properties of all the sampling sites, we found that large differences in N2O emissions at the same amended floodwater nitrogen concentration were due to the quality and quantity of sediment organic matter. Sediment derived mainly from marine sources emitted more N2O than sediment derived from terrestrial sources. This suggests that the mangroves, salt marshes, and intertidal zones of estuaries have a mitigating effect on N2O emissions due to their elevated terrestrial organic matter inputs. This research improves our understanding of the impact of future global climatic changes on intertidal N2O fluxes, which can inform future studies and models and can be used to constrain intertidal N2O emissions.
Inference of Parameters for a Global Hydrological Model: Identifiability and Predictive Uncertainties of Climate‐Based Parameters
Authors: Yoshida T. , Hanasaki N. , Nishina K. , Boulange J. , Okada M. , Troch P. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCalibration of global hydrological models (GHMs) has been attempted for over two decades; however, an effective and generic calibration method has not been explored. We present a novel framework for calibrating GHMs assuming that parameters can be regionalized by climate similarities. We calibrated four sensitive parameters of the H08 global hydrological model by aggregating the results of 5,000 simulations with randomly generated parameters into 11 Köppen climate classes and using an objective function Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) with random sampling from the proposed parameter distribution. From a 100‐fold split‐sampling test, we found that both the representativeness and robustness of the transferred parameter sets were guaranteed when the upper 5% of the samples were accepted and assign the median of each accepted parameter distribution for the climate class. The simulation with the climate‐based parameters yielded satisfactory (NSE > 0.0) and good (NSE > 0.5) performances at 480 and 234 stations (61.7% and 30.1% of 777 stations), respectively. The storage capacity (SD) and the conductive coefficient (CD) were sensitive to the climate classes and exhibited well‐constrained distributions of the accepted samples, whereas the recession parameters for the subsurface storage (γ and τ) showed little or no explanatory power to climate. The identified parameters for climate classes exhibited consistency with the physical interpretation of soil formation and efficiencies in vapor transfer. The consistency of the identified parameter values with physical underpinnings indicates that the appropriate parameters were determined, which ensured the robustness of parameters, especially when they are transferred to ungauged watersheds.
Polymer interdigitated pillar electrostatic (PIPE) actuators
Authors: Ni Di , Heisser Ronald , Davaji Benyamin , Ivy Landon , Shepherd Robert , Lal Amit 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis work reports a three-dimensional polymer interdigitated pillar electrostatic actuator that can produce force densities 5–10× higher than those of biological muscles. The theory of operation, scaling, and stability is investigated using analytical and FEM models. The actuator consists of two high-density arrays of interdigitated pillars that work against a restoring force generated by an integrated flexure spring. The actuator architecture enables linear actuation with higher displacements and pull-in free actuation to prevent the in-use stiction associated with other electrostatic actuators. The pillars and springs are 3D printed together in the same structure. The pillars are coated with a gold–palladium alloy layer to form conductive electrodes. The space between the pillars is filled with liquid dielectrics for higher breakdown voltages and larger electrostatic forces due to the increase in the dielectric constant. We demonstrated a prototype actuator that produced a maximum work density of 54.6 µJ/cc and an electrical-to-mechanical energy coupling factor of 32% when actuated at 4000 V. The device was operated for more than 100,000 cycles with no degradation in displacements. The flexible polymer body was robust, allowing the actuator to operate even after high mechanical force impact, which was demonstrated by operation after drop tests. As it is scaled further, the reported actuator will enable soft and flexible muscle-like actuators that can be stacked in series and parallel to scale the resulting forces. This work paves the way for high-energy density actuators for microrobotic applications.
Vaccines elicit highly conserved cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
Authors: Liu Jinyan , Chandrashekar Abishek , Sellers Daniel , Barrett Julia , Jacob-Dolan Catherine , Lifton Michelle , McMahan Katherine , Sciacca Michaela , VanWyk Haley , Wu Cindy , Yu Jingyou , Collier Ai-ris Y. , Barouch Dan H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has been shown to evade a substantial fraction of neutralizing antibody responses elicited by current vaccines that encode the WA1/2020 spike protein1. Cellular immune responses, particularly CD8+ T cell responses, probably contribute to protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection2–6. Here we show that cellular immunity induced by current vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is highly conserved to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein. Individuals who received the Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines demonstrated durable spike-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, which showed extensive cross-reactivity against both the Delta and the Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations. Median Omicron spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses were 82–84% of the WA1/2020 spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses. These data provide immunological context for the observation that current vaccines still show robust protection against severe disease with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant despite the substantially reduced neutralizing antibody responses7,8.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 immune response in plasma
Authors: Berlo K. , Xia W. , Zwillich F. , Gibbons E. , Gaudiuso R. , Ewusi-Annan E. , Chiklis G. R. , Melikechi N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic persists, methods that can quickly and reliably confirm infection and immune status is extremely urgently and critically needed. In this contribution we show that combining laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with machine learning can distinguish plasma of donors who previously tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from those who did not, with up to 95% accuracy. The samples were also analyzed by LIBS-ICP-MS in tandem mode, implicating a depletion of Zn and Ba in samples of SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects that inversely correlate with CN lines in the LIBS spectra.
Intergenerational effects of preconception opioids on glucose homeostasis and hepatic transcription in adult male rats
Authors: Toorie Anika M. , Vassoler Fair M. , Qu Fangfang , Slonim Donna , Schonhoff Christopher M. , Byrnes Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAdolescence represents a period of significant neurodevelopment during which adverse experiences can lead to prolonged effects on disease vulnerability, including effects that can impact future offspring. Adolescence is a common period for the initiation of drug use, including the use of opioids. Beyond effects on central reward, opioids also impact glucose metabolism, which can impact the risk of diabetes. Moreover, recent animal models suggest that the effects of adolescent opioids can effect glucose metabolism in future offspring. Indeed, we demonstrated that the adult male offspring of females exposed to morphine for 10 days during adolescence (referred to as MORF1 males) are predisposed to the adverse effects of an obesogenic diet. As adults, MORF1 males fed a high fat moderate sucrose diet (FSD) for just 6 weeks had increased fasting glucose and insulin levels when compared to age-matched offspring of females exposed to saline during adolescence (SALF1 males). Clinically, a similar profile of impaired fasting glucose has been associated with hepatic insulin resistance and an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, in the current study, we used RNA sequencing to determine whether adult MORF1 males demonstrate significant alterations in the hepatic transcriptome suggestive of alterations in metabolism. Age-matched SALF1 and MORF1 males were fed either FSD or control diet (CD) for 8 weeks. Similar to our previous observations, FSD-maintained MORF1 males gained more weight and displayed both fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia when compared to FSD-maintained SALF1 males, with no significant effect on glucagon. No differences in bodyweight or fasting-induce glucose were observed in control diet (CD)-maintained F1 males, although there was a trend for CD MORF1 males to display elevated levels of fasting insulin. Unexpectedly, transcriptional analyses revealed profound differences in the hepatic transcriptome of CD-maintained MORF1 and SALF1 (1686 differentially expressed genes) with no significant differences between FSD-maintained MORF1 and SALF1 males. As changes in the hepatic transcriptome were not revealed under 8 weeks FSD conditions, we extended the feeding paradigm and conducted a glucose tolerance test to determine whether impaired fasting glucose observed in FSD MORF1 males was due to peripheral insulin resistance. Impaired glucose tolerance was observed in both CD and FSD MORF1 males, and to a more limited extent in FSD SALF1 males. These findings implicate intergenerational effects of adolescent morphine exposure on the risk of developing insulin resistance and associated comorbidities, even in the absence of an obesogenic diet.
A kabuli chickpea ideotype
Authors: Eker Tuba , Sari Duygu , Sari Hatice , Tosun Hilal Sule , Toker Cengiz 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe concept of ‘crop ideotype’ is coined as a desirable plant model expected to better perform for seed yield, oils and other useful characteristics when developed as a cultivar, and it consists of two major approaches, namely, (i) ‘defect elimination’, that is, integration of disease resistance to a susceptible genotype from a resistant genotype and (ii) ‘selection for yield’ by improving yield after crosses between desirable parents. For consideration of these approaches, here we introduced an ideotype in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which is high-yielding, extra-large-seeded, and double- or multi-podded, has high plant height and imparipinnate-leafed traits, and is heat tolerant and resistant to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.], which causes considerable yield losses, via marker-assisted selection. F3 and F4 lines were evaluated for agro-morphological traits divided into six classes, namely, (i) imparipinnate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (ii) imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (iii) imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded progeny, (iv) unifoliolate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (v) unifoliolate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (vi) unifoliolate-leafed and multi-podded progeny. F3:4 lines having 100-seed weight ≥ 45 g and double- or multi-podded traits were additionally assessed for resistance to ascochyta blight using molecular markers including SCY17590 and CaETR-1. Superior lines having higher values than their best parents were determined for all studied traits indicating that economic and important traits including yield and seed size in chickpea could be improved by crossing suitable parents. Imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded plants had not only the highest number of pods and seeds per plant but also the highest yield. On the other hand, imparipinnate-leafed and single podded progeny had the largest seed size, followed by imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny. Multi-podded plants produced 23% more seed yield than that of single-podded plants, while multi-podded plants attained 7.6% more seed yield than that of double-podded plants. SCY17590 and CaETR-1 markers located on LG4 related to QTLAR2 and QTLAR1 were found in 14 lines among 152 F3:4 lines. Six superior lines were selected for being double- or multi-podded, imparipinnate-leafed, suitable for combine harvest, heat-tolerant, and resistant to ascochyta blight, and having both of two resistance markers and extra-large seeds as high as 50–60 g per 100-seed weight. Resistance alleles from two different backgrounds for resistance to ascochyta blight were integrated with double- or multi-podded kabuli chickpea lines having high yield, extra-large seeds, high plant height, imparipinnate-leaves and high heat tolerance, playing a crucial role for future demands of population and food security. These approaches seem to be applicable in ideotype breeding for other important crop plants.
Bio-tolerance potential and environmental risks assessment of Oreochromis niloticus and Ipomoea aquatica in Agodi Reservoir, Nigeria
Authors: Ogungbile P. O. , Ajibare A. O. , Ayeku P. O. , Akinola J. O. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe concentration of nine heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus and Ipomoea aquatica inhabiting Agodi reservoir, Oyo State, Nigeria were investigated for twelve months. The concentrations of the metals were carried out using PG990 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The Ecological Risk Quotient (ERQ) was calculated using standard methods while the tolerability was determined with Box Plot analysis. The metal bioaccumulation in O. niloticus and I. aquatica followed the order Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Co > Cr > Ni respectively. The results revealed O. niloticus to bioaccumulate the metals more than I. aquatica. Most of the examined metals were higher than the safety limit for the metals concentration in O. niloticus and I. aquatica. Also, I. aquatica had higher tolerability for heavy metals than O. niloticus. In O. niloticus, metal concentration, as well as ERQ, was higher in the wet season while no particular order was observed for I. aquatica. The ERQ result revealed that Cd, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb exhibited a high level of ecological risk to both the aquatic flora and fauna as the ERQ values were above the risk limit of one (1). Thus, there is a significant environmental risk associated with heavy metals in the water body.
The effectiveness of desogestrel for endometrial protection in women with abnormal uterine bleeding-ovulatory dysfunction: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial
Authors: Soontrapa Nisarath , Rattanachaiyanont Manee , Warnnissorn Malee , Wongwananuruk Thanyarat , Indhavivadhana Suchada , Tanmahasamut Prasong , Techatraisak Kitirat , Angsuwathana Surasak 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWomen with chronic abnormal uterine bleeding-ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O) are at increased risk of endometrial neoplasia. We conducted a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of two cyclic-progestin regimens orally administered 10 d/month for 6 months on endometrial protection and menstruation normalization in women with AUB-O. There were 104 premenopausal women with AUB-O randomized to desogestrel (DSG 150 µg/d, n = 50) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA 10 mg/d, n = 54) group. Both groups were comparable in age (44.8 ± 5.7 vs. 42.5 ± 7.1 years), body mass index (24.8 ± 4.7 vs. 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2), and AUB characteristics (100% irregular periods). The primary outcome was endometrial response rate (the proportion of patients having complete pseudodecidualization in endometrial biopsies during treatment cycle-1). The secondary outcome was clinical response rate (the proportion of progestin withdrawal bleeding episodes with acceptable bleeding characteristics during treatment cycle-2 to cycle-6). DSG was not inferior to MPA regarding the endometrial protection (endometrial response rate of 78.0% vs. 70.4%, 95% CI of difference − 9.1–24.4%, non-inferiority limit of − 10%), but it was less effective regarding the menstruation normalization (acceptable bleeding rate of 90.0% vs 96.6%, P = 0.016).Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02103764, date of approval 18 Feb 2014).
Age related non-type 2 inflammation and its association with treatment outcome in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp in Korea
Authors: Kim Jeong-Whun , Won Tae-Bin , Woo Hyunjun , Yang Seung Koo , Phannikul Chayakoen , Ko Seung Ah , Kim Hyojin , Rhee Chae-Seo , Cho Sung-Woo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of age in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP). 269 patients were divided into eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic groups based on tissue eosinophilia, defined by eosinophils accounting for more than 20% of the total inflammatory cells. Patients were then further divided into younger and older groups based on the age of 35 years. Clinical characteristics including blood eosinophil, Lund Mackay score, and modified Lund-Kennedy (mLK) scores were compared. Levels of 14 cytokines from nasal tissues of an additional 78 patients were analyzed. Tissue eosinophilia was significantly associated with age and the proportion of non-eosinophilic CRSwNP was significantly higher in younger patients as compared to older patients (79.2% vs 56.6%). There was no difference in clinical characteristics and cytokine levels between the younger and older patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP. In contrast, in patients with non-eosinophilic CRSwNP, younger patients had significantly lower preoperative blood eosinophils and higher mLK scores at three and six months, postoperatively, compared to older patients. Alpha-1 antitrypsin and IL-5 levels were significantly lower in younger patients than in older patients in non-eosinophilic CRSwNP. This study suggests a potential association between age, non-type 2 inflammation and treatment outcome in CRSwNP.
Feasibility of training the dorsolateral prefrontal-striatal network by real-time fMRI neurofeedback
Authors: Weiss Franziska , Zhang Jingying , Aslan Acelya , Kirsch Peter , Gerchen Martin Fungisai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractReal-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI NF) is a promising non-invasive technique that enables volitional control of usually covert brain processes. While most rt-fMRI NF studies so far have demonstrated the ability of the method to evoke changes in brain activity and improve symptoms of mental disorders, a recently evolving field is network-based functional connectivity (FC) rt-fMRI NF. However, FC rt-fMRI NF has methodological challenges such as respirational artefacts that could potentially bias the training if not controlled. In this randomized, double-blind, yoke-controlled, pre-registered FC rt-fMRI NF study with healthy participants (N = 40) studied over three training days, we tested the feasibility of an FC rt-fMRI NF approach with online global signal regression (GSR) to control for physiological artefacts for up-regulation of connectivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal-striatal network. While our pre-registered null hypothesis significance tests failed to reach criterion, we estimated the FC training effect at a medium effect size at the end of the third training day after rigorous control of physiological artefacts in the offline data. This hints at the potential of FC rt-fMRI NF for the development of innovative transdiagnostic circuit-specific interventional approaches for mental disorders and the effect should now be confirmed in a well-powered study.