bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Universities are almost magical in their role as the engine of modern societies, creating critical knowledge and technology, training people in an array of skills, and preparing people who will teach the next generation. Despite that, universities are challenging places to work, beset by ambition, self-interest, racism and sexism; to say nothing of chronic underfunding. The core of their magic lies in the nexus of scholarship and teaching that create new knowledge and the next generation. Ultimately, it lies in the human networks that weave together faculty, staff, and students into an integrated community. Thriving in this community calls for more than just being a good scholar and teacher—it calls for understanding those networks and how to support them, so that they will support you.
Introduction
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The instability of musical texts, a well-documented feature of nineteenth-century opera, poses problems for the music analyst. This book deals with the problem pragmatically. For each opera, a single text is chosen for analysis. Where different versions of an opera exist, the first version is favored. Critical editions are used where available. Some operas express the modern work-concept more strongly than others.
Theoretical Contexts I
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Between 1800 and 1860, most Italian theory was practical in orientation. The partimento and solfeggio traditions of the eighteenth century were still taught. A northern Italian tradition of speculative theory, stemming from Vallotti, is evident in Asioli’s treatise on harmony. Foreign influences came mostly from France, and French treatises were translated into Italian. Asioli’s theories of rhythm derive from Reicha, Momigny, and Baini. Important theories were developed in Germany, but German theoretical writings were not translated into Italian and were little known in Italy. During this period, German theories of meter used a beginning-accented model that differed fundamentally from French and Italian concepts.
Rossini’s Mediants
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Rossini’s harmony is considered using David Kopp’s theory of mediant relations. In major keys, Rossini often ends an opening period in the key of the mediant, something that happens rarely in German music. Vacillation between relative keys occurs mostly in diegetic songs. Chromatic mediants typically involve descent by major third from one major triad to another or from one major key to another. Such descents are occasionally extended into complete cycles of major thirds. Schubert’s use of major-third cycles may derive from Rossini. Chromatic mediants are also used for shock effect, seriously in Mosè in Egitto and comically in Il barbiere di Siviglia.
Guillaume Tell
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The four acts of Guillaume Tell are analyzed in the opera’s original version, based on the critical edition. Berlioz’s review of the opera is discussed. Two harmonic principles help to organize this immense opera. The trio-of-keys technique, whereby a minor key is linked to its relative and parallel majors, dominates acts 1 and 3; the same trio of keys (centering on E minor) is used in both acts. Major-third cycles emerge in acts 2–3 and dominate act 4; the same cycle (centering on C major) appears in each act. Both principles rely on common-tone relations, which are often highlighted melodically. Rossini uses the ranz des vaches, a traditional Swiss melody, to generate melodic material throughout the opera.
Les vêpres siciliennes to Un ballo in maschera (1854–1859)
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Save for the entr’acte, act 2 of Les vêpres siciliennes is framed by the keys of G♭ and F♯, raising the issue of whether these keys should be regarded as identical. The absolute and relative status of keys in this opera is less clear than in Rigoletto and Il trovatore. The prologue to Simon Boccanegra, in its original version, is analyzed and defended. Aspects of the opera’s tinta are described, as are the forms of some of its arias. Harold Powers’s analysis of Un ballo in maschera, act 2, is recounted and extended; part of the act constitutes a super-number. Specific transpositions of the diminished-seventh chord play recurring roles in Boccanegra and Ballo.
Conquest of Invisible Enemies
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
COVID-19 reminds us how acutely a virus can impact humanity. In fact, viruses existed long before the emergence of homo sapiens. In this book on the history of antiviral drug discovery, the human aspects are highlighted. In Chapter 1, the author regales us with several episodes where history was shaped by viruses causing smallpox, yellow fever, etc. The fascinating history of the first discovery of virus, tobacco mosaic virus, was also recounted. Chapter 2 to Chapter 5 covers four classes of viruses: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza viruses, and coronaviruses. Each chapter begins with how the virus was discovered, followed by vaccine development, and then focuses on the discovery of small molecule antiviral drugs. For chemistry aficionados, the end of the book is replete with an abundant bibliography for further understanding of the minutia of the stories, followed by the molecular structures of the antiviral drugs. This book is of interest to anyone who wants to know the science behind viruses, vaccines, and antiviral drugs. It is especially useful for healthcare professionals who are interested in knowing how viruses, vaccines, and antiviral drugs are discovered.
HIV/AIDS Drugs
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
After a brief account of the emergence of AIDS, this chapter will discuss in detail the great scientific controversy surrounding the discovery of HIV. The rivalry between Gallo and Montagnier is described in the context of science. Then, the discovery of the first AIDS drug, AZT, will be reviewed, followed by other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Subsequently, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV integrase inhibitors, and HIV entry inhibitors are reviewed from both scientific and human aspects.
The Lamp for the Eye of Contemplation
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book presents an English translation of the bSam-gtan mig-sgron (pron. Samten Migdron, Lamp for the Eye of Contemplation) by gNubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes (pron. Nubchen Sangye Yeshe), a seminal 10th-century Tibetan Buddhist work on contemplation. This treatise is one of the most important sources for the study of the various meditative currents that were transmitted to Tibet from India and China during the early dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet. Written from the vantage point of the Great Completeness (rDzogs-chen, pron. Dzogchen) and its vehicle of effortless spontaneity, it discusses, in the manner of a doxography, both sūtra-based—including Chan—and tantric approaches to meditation. The unabridged, annotated English translation of the Tibetan treatise is preceded by a general introduction situating the author—a pivotal figure in what would become the rNying-ma (pron. Nyingma) school of Tibetan Buddhism—and discussing the historical and doctrinal context of his work. The detailed annotations to the translation provide elucidating comments as well as crucial references for the numerous texts quoted by the Tibetan author. This book gives access to a groundbreaking Tibetan work on meditation and opens fascinating windows on early forms of contemplative practice in Tibet.
Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the general setting for the subject of contemplation. After an initial homage addressed to the innate state of spontaneous presence, it explains the practical necessity of finding a solitary place of retreat, so as to be able to engage in contemplation undisturbed. It also discusses the difference between inner and outer solitude. This chapter covers such topics as the need to be committed to the practice of meditation and to be detached from worldly concerns. Also addressed is the indispensable necessity to study the Buddhist doctrine and to obtain the pith instructions related to the meditations that the practitioner seeks to undertake.
The Gradual Approach of the Classical Mahāyāna
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is the first of the four main chapters of the text. Its subject matter is the gradual approach of the classical Mahāyāna, which gNubs-chen places at the bottom of his doxographical scheme. Like the other vehicles to be discussed in the chapters that follow, the gradual approach is examined in terms of a fourfold structure pertaining to the specifics of its view, meditation, conduct, and fruition. This approach is compared to the gradual ascent of a mountain. Among the topics covered in this chapter are the cultivation of the four immeasurables, the proper understanding of the two truths (relative and absolute), the meditative practices of calm abiding and insight, and the manner of measuring one’s progress by examining omens in one’s dreams. The chapter also discusses the purification of the obscurations and the necessity of virtuous action, seeing the two accumulations of merit and wisdom as integral components of enlightenment.
The Simultaneous Approach of Chan
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the simultaneous approach of Chan. Unlike later Tibetan doxographers, who almost invariably deprecated this approach, gNubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes places it above the gradual vehicle discussed in the previous chapter. The view of this approach is compared to the perspective that opens up on the peak of a high mountain, whence everything below seems to fall into place. The chapter discusses key topics related to Chan doctrine. Notably, these include the means of resting the mind, the priority of meditation on emptiness over meritorious activities, the unification of calm abiding and insight meditation, the relativity and illusoriness of value judgments, and a form of conduct that remains utterly detached and unperturbed whatever the circumstances.
The Tantric Vehicle of Mahāyoga
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter delves into the complexities of the tantric vehicle of Mahāyoga, also called Mantrayāna or Vajrayāna. The approach is characterized by its special procedures, which are held to enable the alchemical transformation of the mind’s afflictions into wisdom. The chapter pays detailed attention to the view underlying the tantric methodology, which it explains as a non-dual perspective integrating and unifying the dichotomies of relative and absolute, of immanence and transcendence, of appearance and emptiness. The meditative techniques of Mahāyoga are also discussed, including its distinctive visualizations, mantras, breathing exercises, and sexual practices, as is the mode of conduct prescribed for the tantric approach, supposed to embody the non-dual vision cultivated on the tantric path. The chapter ends by examining the ways in which the fruition of Mahāyoga surpasses that of the two sūtric paths discussed in the previous chapters.
The Vehicle of Effortless Spontaneity of Atiyoga
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter, the longest of the bSam-gtan mig-sgron, is devoted to the vehicle of effortless spontaneity, called Atiyoga or rDzogs-chen. The chapter begins with a presentation of the ground of the Great Completeness, identified as the mind’s intrinsic awareness, and a detailed analysis of various (in effect, complementary) ways of understanding it. The meditation specific to this approach is examined from a number of angles according to the instructions of particular masters, and it is described as a form of effortless resting or letting-be, in which the meditator remains attuned to recognizing intrinsic awareness. The chapter also discusses the manner of dealing with problems that can arise in meditation, as well as the key points relating to the seamless integration of contemplation to the domain of conduct. The final part of the chapter is concerned with establishing the superiority of Atigoga over the other approaches, particularly Chan and Mahāyoga.
Colophons
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This supplementary chapter is divided into the colophon of the author and that of the editor. The author’s colophon picks up on some of the information already provided in the preceding chapter concerning the appropriate recipients of the text and its manner of composition. Furthermore, the colophon gives brief summaries of the content of each of the bSam-gtan mig-sgron’s chapters. The editor’s colophon that follows, written by ’Jam-dbyangs mkhyen-brtse chos-kyi blo-gros (pron. Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö, 1893–1959), alludes in poetic language to the preparation of the block prints that are at the source of the extant modern editions of the text. It gives the names of the main figures involved and also provides information on the transmission of the manuscript copies prior to the preparation of the block prints.
The Sacred Polity
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
That Central America would experience twenty major conflagrations in the sixteen years between formal independence and 1840 can be attributed in large part to the liberals and conservatives with opposing religious beliefs. Their allegiances were never separate from teir ideas about the proper relationship between church and state, and the proper demarcation line between the sacred and the profane. As the new nations came into being, Central American ultramontanist and reformist Catholics picked up and marched behind conservative centralist and liberal federalist banners, respectively—this was not a battle between secular liberators and religious traditionalists, but between two factions of the Catholic Church.
The View from the Vatican
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the 1820s, Pope Leo XII understood that in Central America the church faced an organized iteration of the highly self-conscious Reform Catholic International with a deep history of antagonism to Rome. The papacy was, of course, long aware of Spain’s history of reform challenges to its authority, particularly recent provocations like a 1799 church “schism” led by a faction in the Spanish court of Charles IV. And it was not lost on Leo that New World revolutionaries eagerly identified with the reformist network. They championed its history, recent councils, martyrs, and luminaries as part of their efforts to forge a future out of a past that was not even past. But the map of rebellion had shifted in the new century. From Rome’s perspective, the post-Napoleonic center of gravity of the reformist network had moved from France to the Spanish Empire to the new countries of Latin America.
Escalation and Confrontation
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Reformist and ultramontane Catholics were essentially in agreement about the righteousness—or at least the permanence—of independence from Spain, but still very much divided by religion in their own self-conceptions. Their enmity engulfed Central America in interminable conflicts after 1824. These battles were often fought at the granular level of the parish, but also spilled dramatically over the boundaries of the region’s all-important municipios and inchoate nation-states. Control over the sacraments—over salvation itself—quickly became an explosive flashpoint between factions, generalizing a theological dispute beyond elite circles, escalating the divisions into armed confrontations, and, eventually, and in combination with other factors, precipitating a three-year civil war that officially began in 1826.
The Literary Barricades
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Central American “Republic of Letters” was born in a religious crucible. Not putatively universal secular reason but knowledge of church history, biblical exegesis, and other religious justifications entitled literate men to participate in public debate. Increasingly heated religious rhetoric paved the path to Central America’s Civil War of 1826–1829. While ultramontane Catholics certainly lost key El Salvadoran parish pulpits during the tumultuous 1820s, reducing their influence over the faithful, they simultaneously redeployed their resources into churning out numerous and often-lengthy treatises. They faced a talented and highly motivated contingent of Reform Catholic pamphleteers and newspaper men. Both sides displayed their membership in larger transatlantic networks of Catholics, and their debates spilled over regional borders.
Introduction
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction discusses a range of methodological and ethical problems related to the study of perpetrators of mass atrocity and their emotional responses. Notoriously unreliable, perpetrator testimonies cannot be taken at face value. Instead, these accounts are used to critically examine the interpretative frameworks through which perpetrators and scholars have presented and understood the phenomenon of perpetrator disgust, and to interrogate the foundations of such views. In contrast to other philosophical works on emotions, which seek to establish analytical definitions of specific emotions, this study proceeds from an insistence that emotions must be studied with attention to their specific situational and contextual settings.
1° = 10° Zelator Covariant
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section looks at the use of “spirit” and “spiritualism” in the French historical context of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discourse, and the relations between psychical research, emerging ideas in the natural sciences at that time, and spiritualism (especially those spiritualists interested in emerging theories within physics at this time). This leads to a subsequent discussion of reductionist and anti-reductionist interpretations of mystical experience, with some emphasis on the work of Katz and Forman. A continuism is also discussed that sees names like “material” segue into the “spiritual” and “spirit,” just as “psychical” research bleeds into “physics” research, spiritualism into “spiritisme,” and so on: such continuities represent what is later also called the “meta-spiritual.”
Meet the Bergsons
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this section, short biographies of Henri and Mina Bergson are set forth, including a description of the rituals practiced by Mina within the Hermetic societies of the Golden Dawn and Alpha et Omega. The question of knowledge is addressed in more depth, and how these hermetic groups also acted as places of para-academic and nonstandard learning. This was especially true for their female members, who had no other access to higher education, whereas the Golden Dawn practiced a strict equality among the sexes in its organization, beliefs, and activities. This feminist strain of thought is then followed through the early reception of Henri Bergson’s philosophy, its criticism, and subsequent scholarly interpretations. There is a subsequent discussion of how “Bergsonism” was regarded as a feminine philosophy (often by its attackers), was popular with female audiences, and was latterly preserved within the academy by women researchers.
Hyper-Ritual
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section introduces and examines some of Mina Bergson’s ritualistic practices and texts, along with paraphernalia from the Golden Dawn and Alpha et Omega societies: the grimoires, symbols, languages, props, costumes, sets, mathematic equations, colors, choreographies, and stagings that were part of any member’s initiation and ongoing training as they moved from neophyte through the higher grades within the Order. The issue of performance (for instance, of the Rites of Isis) and performativity is also addressed, alongside Mina’s use of multiple names, her model of actively engaged mysticism, as well as her claim that material science was spiritualizing itself and occult science was materializing itself (because matter and spirit are “only opposite poles of the same universal substance”).
4° = 7° Philosophus Covariant
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section continues the discussion of mereology, now more in terms of scale, utilizing the Hermetic principle of “as above, so below.” The macroscopic and microscopic are discussed as forms of anthromorphism, while the meanings of scale, bigness, and smallness are addressed via memory theory, both as individual and collective (as an “upscaling” of memory), in Henri Bergson, Jung, and the Golden Dawn. Also discussed is Catherine Malabou’s treatment of Spinoza on superstition as a form of productive overinterpretation regarding the “above” (God operating above us) and the “before” (witnessing events at which we were not present). Her theory of brain plasticity (the neuron as plastic part) is shown to be her own overinterpretation that she replaces in favor of a tempered plasticity (epigenetics), and so demonstrating her own processuality that is contextualized in terms of Henri Bergson’s theory of “thinking in duration” and Mina Bergson’s use of multiple names.
Spirit in the Materialist World
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section concludes the book’s engagement with materialism and spiritualism by further analyzing the concepts of supernormalization and the ordinary. The example of time travel is used again, only here by relating it to shifting forms of personal identity. Contrasting conceptions of continuity are also explored while unpacking the idea of heterogeneous continuity—a concept that has been essential throughout the book. This leads to a final discussion of the continuity of movement, covariance, that allows us to think alongside the two Bergsons, Henri and Mina, about the past as real and immanent within the present, through an indivisibility of time or holism of durée (duration).
The Identity Model
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The four basic components of identities are identified in this chapter: the identity standard, perceptual input, the comparator, and the error, and the connections among them are presented. In discussing these components, the authors trace the flow of meanings from the environment, where identity meanings are perceived, to the comparator where they are compared with other meanings (the identity standard), to the error (the identity discrepancy). The error is seen to go to the output function where behavior is altered, to the input function where perceptions and cognitions may be altered, and to emotions.
Identity Verification
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses in detail the processes involved in identity verification. Identity verification is consistency between self-in-situation meanings (perceptions of the meanings of who one is in a situation) and meanings held in the identity standard. People control their perceptions of self-relevant meanings in the situation to match their identity standard. When they have difficulty doing that, when they have difficulty verifying their identities, they become distressed and may engage in different behaviors or cognitive processes to resolve the problem. The authors discuss four classic studies on identity verification in some detail in this chapter to show the reader how identity verification operates.