bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and correlates of burnout in nursing and midwifery students in Ghana
Authors: Osei Mavis , Emikpe Abigael , Dedu Vincent , Addo Deborah , Ofori Joshua 
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims Despite indications of extreme stress leading to burnout syndrome among healthcare students in Ghana, there is little evidence of this found in the literature. This study describes the prevalence of burnout, as well as the causes, risk factors and management strategies in place for coping with burnout syndrome among midwifery and nursing students in Ghana. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 135 midwifery and nursing students at the Pantang Nursing and Midwifery Training College. A questionnaire was used to obtain data on participants' demographic characteristics as well as emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Sources of academic and work-related stress were also reported. Descriptive data analysis and the chi-squared test was used to determine the effects of demographic characteristics on burnout. Results Students' experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, with mean scores of 39.63±14.68 and 16.15±6.76 respectively. Female (74.1%), single (43.0%) and nonworking (71.1%) students reported high emotional exhaustion. Midwife trainees (57.8%) reported high levels of depersonalisation. Overall, low personal accomplishment was found in 39.9% of the students. Students between the age of 20–30 years (25.9%) as well as those who were single (25.9%) and female students (47.4%) most frequently experienced low personal accomplishment. Difficulty in understanding academic courses, a packed syllabus and long lectures were the major sources of academic stress, while an excessive workload and the influence of supervisors and those in charge as well as the distance involved in travelling to work were major causes of work stress. Conclusions Burnout among midwives and nurses manifested as high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Various sociodemographic characteristics were associated with high levels of burnout, depersonalisation and low accomplishment. Measures should be introduced to mitigate burnout among midwives and nurses during training. The curriculum needs to be reviewed, as high workload and a packed syllabus were key causes of stress. Providing recreational courses may help to mitigate burnout. Students should also be trained on coping strategies to reduce chronic stress.
Effects of Density Profile on Bending Strength of Commercial Particleboard
Authors: Korai Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Face layer density is widely known to be important for increasing bending strength (i.e., modulus of rupture [MOR]), whereas outer core layer density is not regarded as such. This study reports the importance of the outer core layer density for commercial particleboards. The core and face layers were manufactured with coarse and fine particles, respectively. The coarse particles increased MOR because of the long wood fibers retained in the particle, whereas fine particles did not increase MOR because of the absence of long wood fibers. Long wood fibers in the outer core layer, as opposed to face layers, increase MOR. Moreover, the sampling position of the density profile specimen was important for the MOR. The MOR was influenced with the density profile specimens obtained near the center of the MOR specimen; thus, the low-density part near the center of the MOR specimen exerted a large influence by significantly decreasing the MOR.
Prevalence and health care costs of mitochondrial disease in Ontario, Canada: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Buajitti Emmalin , Rosella Laura C. , Zabzuni Ersi , Young L. Trevor , Andreazza Ana C. 
Published: April 2022

Background
Mitochondrial disease prevalence has been estimated at 1 in 4000 in the United States, and 1 in 5000 worldwide. Prevalence in Canada has not been established, though multi-linked health administrative data resources present a unique opportunity to establish robust population-based estimates in a single-payer health system. This study used administrative data for the Ontario, Canada population between April 1988 and March 2019 to measure mitochondrial disease prevalence and describe patient characteristics and health care costs.

Results
3069 unique individuals were hospitalized with mitochondrial disease in Ontario and eligible for the study cohort, representing a period prevalence of 2.51 per 10,000 or 1 in 3989. First hospitalization was most common between ages 0–9 or 50–69. The mitochondrial disease population experiences a high need for health care and incurred high costs (mean = CAD$24,023 in 12 months before first hospitalization) within the single-payer Ontario health care system.

Conclusions
This study provides needed insight into mitochondrial disease in Canada, and demonstrates the high health burden on patients. The methodology used can be adapted across jurisdictions with similar routine collection of health data, such as in other Canadian provinces. Future work should seek to validate this approach via record linkage of existing disease cohorts in Ontario, and identify specific comorbidities with mitochondrial disease that may contribute to high health resource utilization.
O USO DE CANABINOIDES DE CANNABIS SATIVA L. NO TRATAMENTO DA EPILEPSIA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors: Lopes Lucas Alonso , De-Carli Bruno Paes , Moura Caio Silva , Manzi Agatha 
Published: April 2022

O uso da Cannabis sativa para fins medicinais é um assunto bastante polêmico no Brasil, por isso é necessário se aprofundar no tema para elucidar as principais dúvidas e possíveis benefícios. A epilepsia é uma doença que causa alterações neurológicas, como crises epilépticas, disfagia e convulsões. Pode levar a danos cognitivos, psicológicos e comorbidades, piorando a qualidade de vida do paciente. Neste estudo foi realizada uma revisão integrativa sobre os diferentes tipos de canabinóides de C. sativa e seu uso no tratamento da epilepsia. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de artigos de pesquisa publicados em periódicos entre 1963 e 2020. Atenção especial foi dada a diferentes metabólitos, como o canabidiol (CBD). Aspectos gerais da epilepsia, uso de fitocanabinóides em casos refratários e ensaios clínicos e pré-clínicos foram abordados nesta revisão, enfatizando seus efeitos biológicos. Como alvo futuro para o tratamento da epilepsia, o uso terapêutico do CBD em neurologia mostra resultados promissores nos casos em que a medicação convencional não tem efeito. Uma contribuição da pesquisa sobre outros fitocanabinóides e sua inter-relação é essencial para avançar no tratamento da epilepsia e outras patologias.
Effect of imidazoline derivatives on the corrosion inhibition of Q235 steel in HCl medium: experimental and theoretical investigation
Authors: Wang Pengjie , Xiong Liping , He Zhongyi , Xu Xin , Hu Jianqiang , Chen Qi , Zhang Renhui , Pu Jibin , Guo Lei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, two new imidazoline derivatives (SMF and SMIF) have been synthesized successfully, and their structure have been confirmed by IR, Raman, and NMR techniques. The corrosion inhibition ability and mechanism in HCl solution were proved by experimental and theoretical methods. The inhibition efficiency of SMIF was 94.69% in weight loss experiment, 95.99% (Tafel), and 95.30% (EIS) in electrochemistry. The corrosion inhibition mechanism is that SMF and SMIF form a stable protective film on the surface of Q235 and hinders charge transfer. EDS, FT-IR, and XPS all proved that SMF and SMIF inhibitors could stably adsorb on Q235 surface and form a protective film. The DFT and MD also proved the corrosion inhibiton mechanism. Experiments and theoretical calculations showed that SMF and SMIF exhibited excellent corrosion inhibition performance in 1 M HCl solution.
The Effect of Segmentation Signs in Compounds on Reading Behavior: an Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Deilen Silvana , Hansen-Schirra Silvia , Nagels Arne 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of visual segmentation, complexity, and context on the cognitive processing of compounds in Easy Language. By presenting compounds in different boundary conditions, we determined whether a segmentation cue facilitates the processing of compounds presented with and without contextual information. The study was conducted with unimpaired adults and with hearing-impaired pupils, representing one of the Easy Language target groups. The results indicate that visual segmentation facilitates processing of compounds for pupils with low literacy skills. However, they only benefit from segmentation when morpheme boundaries are marked in a subtle way, i. e., without strikingly deviating from the standard version. Pupils with higher literacy skills and unimpaired adults do not profit from segmentation. Even though hyphenation slows down compound processing for unimpaired readers, initial processing advantages of hyphenated over concatenated compounds emerged, which is explained by the fact that hyphenation forces a morpheme-based access and enables fast recognition of the compound’s first constituent. However, it hinders readers from accessing the compound via the direct route and thus slows down the processing of the compound as a whole.
100 GHz micrometer-compact broadband monolithic ITO Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulator enabling 3500 times higher packing density
Authors: Gui Yaliang , Nouri Behrouz Movahhed , Miscuglio Mario , Amin Rubab , Wang Hao , Khurgin Jacob B. , Dalir Hamed , Sorger Volker J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Electro-optic modulators provide a key function in optical transceivers and increasingly in photonic programmable application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for machine learning and signal processing. However, both foundry-ready silicon-based modulators and conventional material-based devices utilizing lithium-niobate fall short in simultaneously providing high chip packaging density and fast speed. Current-driven ITO-based modulators have the potential to achieve both enabled by efficient light–matter interactions. Here, we introduce micrometer-compact Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)-based modulators capable of exceeding 100 GHz switching rates. Integrating ITO-thin films atop a photonic waveguide, one can achieve an efficient

V
π

L

${V}_{\pi }L$

= 0.1 V mm, spectrally broadband, and compact MZI phase shifter. Remarkably, this allows integrating more than 3500 of these modulators within the same chip area as only one single silicon MZI modulator. The modulator design introduced here features a holistic photonic, electronic, and RF-based optimization and includes an asymmetric MZI tuning step to optimize the extinction ratio (ER)-to-insertion loss (IL) and dielectric thickness sweep to balance the trade-offs between ER and speed. Driven by CMOS compatible bias voltage levels, this device is the first to address next-generation modulator demands for processors of the machine intelligence revolution, in addition to the edge and cloud computing demands as well as optical transceivers alike.
Photonic crystal L3 cavity laser fabricated using maskless digital photolithography
Authors: Kang Minsu , Jin Heesoo , Jeon Heonsu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Projection photolithography using an extreme-ultraviolet light source is the core technology that has enabled patterning on the scale of a few nanometers that is required for modern electronic chips. However, this high-end system is neither affordable nor needed for photonics where critical feature sizes are of 100s of nanometers (or of submicron). Although electron-beam lithography can provide a means for photonic device fabrication, it suffers from extremely low throughput. Therefore, a lithographic technique for submicron pattern generation at high throughput and low cost is in high demand. This group recently showed that maskless digital photolithography (MDPL), a convenient and versatile photolithographic technique that requires no photomask, could potentially address this demand by demonstrating photonic crystal (PhC) patterns with submicron periodicity and associated PhC band-edge lasers. In this paper, we report the fabrication of a PhC L3 cavity laser, which contains irregular air holes in terms of their positions and sizes, using the MDPL technique. Successful generation of such an aperiodic and nontrivial submicron pattern requires thorough understanding and scrupulous manipulation on light diffraction. Our achievements should provide the concrete foundation upon which compact, versatile, convenient, speedy, and economical lithographic tools for arbitrary submicron pattern generation can be developed.
Alkaline-earth metal(II) complexes of salinomycin – spectral properties and antibacterial activity
Authors: Pantcheva Ivayla , Petkov Nikolay , Simova Svetlana , Zhorova Rumyana , Dorkov Petar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the present paper the synthesis and structural characterization of alkaline-earth metal(II) complexes of the polyether ionophorous antibiotic salinomycinic acid (SalH.H2O) are discussed. The complexes [M(Sal)2(H2O)2] (M = Mg2+, 1; Ca2+, 2; Sr2+, 3; Ba2+, 4) were obtained reacting salinomycinic acid and Et4NOH with the corresponding metal(II) salts at metal-to-ligand-to-base molar ratio of 1:1:1. The spectral properties of 1–4 were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis data. The crystallinity degree and morphology of complex 2 were studied by X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The biometal(II) salinomycinate complexes 1 and 2 possess an enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the parent antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria. The comparison between the effectiveness of the complexes, reported here, and the already known isostructural coordination species of salinomycin and monensin (MonH.H2O), revealed that magnesium(II) and calcium(II) monensinates appear to be promising antibacterial agents against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus.
Der Zweite Nachtrag zum Bundeshaushalt 2021 ist ökonomisch und fiskalisch vertretbar
Authors: Wigger Berthold U. 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Der Zweite Nachtragshaushalt 2021 beinhaltet eine Zuweisung von 60 Mrd. Euro aus dem Kernhaushalt des Bundes an das Sondervermögen „Energie- und Klimafonds“ aus bislang nicht genutzten Kreditermächtigungen. Angesichts der kombinierten Herausforderungen von Corona-Pandemie und Klimatransformation erscheint diese Vorgehensweise ökonomisch und fiskalisch vertretbar. Alternative Finanzierungsmodelle würden die wirtschaftliche Erholung erschweren oder die Gefahr einer fortdauernden Aushebelung der Schuldenbremse bergen.
Assessing Pozzolanicity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials Using ASTM Standard Test Methods
Authors: Jang Jae Kyeong , Kalina Ryan D. , Al-Shmaisani Saif , Ferron Raissa D. , Juenger Maria C. G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPozzolanic supplementary cementitious materials improve the long-term strength and durability of concrete systems by forming additional calcium silicate hydrate. ASTM C618, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, is a standard specification that covers coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolans; however, the two criteria in the standard intended to assess pozzolanicity are not sufficient and there are no existing ASTM standard test methods for directly measuring pozzolanicity. In this study, the accelerated mortar bar test for alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in ASTM C1567, Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method), and modified strength activity index (SAI) testing were tested in tandem to assess pozzolanicity of materials. Known inert materials and pozzolanic materials that qualify as Class N pozzolans and Class F fly ash in ASTM C618 were tested in accordance with ASTM C1567 to find replacement levels that successfully suppress ASR expansion below 0.10 %. The materials were then tested at the same replacement levels in a modified SAI test with a fixed water-to-cementitious materials ratio. The results from the two test methods were coupled to assess pozzolanicity of materials, with materials being classified pozzolanic only if they suppressed ASR expansion below 0.10 % and passed modified SAI testing over 75 % of control at the same replacement level. Neither of the test methods on their own can assess pozzolanicity accurately. However, the proposed method in this study successfully screened inert materials that qualify as Class N natural pozzolans and successfully identified pozzolanic materials.
Aberrant Phase Precession of Lateral Septal Cells in a Maternal Immune Activation Model of Schizophrenia Risk May Disrupt the Integration of Location with Reward
Authors: Speers Lucinda J. , Schmidt Robert , Bilkey David K. 
Published: April 2022

Spatial memory and reward processing are known to be disrupted in schizophrenia. Since the lateral septum (LS) may play an important role in the integration of location and reward, we examined the effect of maternal immune activation (MIA), a known schizophrenia risk factor, on spatial representation in the rat LS. In support of a previous study, we found that spatial location is represented as a phase code in the rostral LS of adult male rats, so that LS cell spiking shifts systematically against the phase of the hippocampal, theta-frequency, local field potential as an animal moves along a track toward a reward (phase precession). Whereas shallow precession slopes were observed in control group cells, they were steeper in the MIA animals, such that firing frequently precessed across several theta cycles as the animal moved along the length of the apparatus, with subsequent ambiguity in the phase representation of location. Furthermore, an analysis of the phase trajectories of the control group cells revealed that the population tended to converge toward a common firing phase as the animal approached the reward location. This suggested that phase coding in these cells might signal both reward location and the distance to reward. By comparison, the degree of phase convergence in the MIA-group cells was weak, and the region of peak convergence was distal to the reward location. These findings suggest that a schizophrenia risk factor disrupts the phase-based encoding of location–reward relationships in the LS, potentially smearing reward representations across space.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is unclear how spatial or contextual information generated by hippocampal cells is converted to a code that can be used to signal reward location in regions, such as the VTA. Here we provide evidence that the firing phase of cells in the lateral septum, a region that links the two areas, may code reward location in the firing phase of cells. This phase coding is disrupted in a maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia risk such that representations of reward may be smeared across space in maternal immune activation animals. This could potentially underlie erroneous reward processing and misattribution of salience in schizophrenia.
Local Interactions between Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials at Nearby Flickering Frequencies
Authors: Liza Kumari , Ray Supratim 
Published: April 2022

Steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are widely used to index top-down cognitive processing in human electroencephalogram (EEG) studies. Typically, two stimuli flickering at different temporal frequencies (TFs) are presented, each producing a distinct response in the EEG at its flicker frequency. However, how SSVEP responses in EEGs are modulated in the presence of a competing flickering stimulus just because of sensory interactions is not well understood. We have previously shown in local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from awake monkeys that when two overlapping full-screen gratings are counterphased at different TFs, there is an asymmetric SSVEP response suppression, with greater suppression from lower TFs, which further depends on the relative orientations of the gratings (stronger suppression and asymmetry for parallel compared with orthogonal gratings). Here, we first confirmed these effects in both male and female human EEG recordings. Then, we mapped the response suppression of one stimulus (target) by a competing stimulus (mask) over a much wider range than the previous study. Surprisingly, we found that the suppression was not stronger at low frequencies in general, but systematically varied depending on the target TF, indicating local interactions between the two competing stimuli. These results were confirmed in both human EEG and monkey LFP and electrocorticogram (ECoG) data. Our results show that sensory interactions between multiple SSVEPs are more complex than shown previously and are influenced by both local and global factors, underscoring the need to cautiously interpret the results of studies involving SSVEP paradigms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSteady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are extensively used in human cognitive studies and brain–computer interfacing applications where multiple stimuli flickering at distinct frequencies are concurrently presented in the visual field. We recently characterized interactions between competing flickering stimuli in animal recordings and found that stimuli flickering slowly produce larger suppression. Here, we confirmed these in human EEGs, and further characterized the interactions by using a much wider range of target and competing (mask) frequencies in both human EEGs and invasive animal recordings. These revealed a new “local” component, whereby the suppression increased when competing stimuli flickered at nearby frequencies. Our results highlight the complexity of sensory interactions among multiple SSVEPs and underscore the need to cautiously interpret studies involving SSVEP paradigms.