bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease characteristics, determinants, and perception of use of sunscreen and sun‐protective behaviors among patients of color with melasma: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Seetan Khaled , Shatanawi Murad , Ali Amin , Khamees Almu'atasim , Alsheikh Ahmad , Alawneh Anas , Al‐shami Manar , Al‐Shar'e Hossam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMelasma is an acquired state of hyperpigmentation that most commonly affects the face. The use of sunscreen is essential in melasma treatment. We sought to investigate patients’ perspectives and behaviors toward sunscreen usage.MethodsA cross‐sectional hospital‐based study targeted 418 melasma patients from May 2019 to May 2021. Data regarding socio‐demographic characteristics and the knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward sunscreen and sun exposure were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, a complete clinical assessment was done.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 35.4 ± 8.6 years. Melasma distribution was mostly centro‐facial (49.8%). The mean duration of the disease was 22.3 ± 11.6 months, with a mean Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score of 18.6 ± 8.9. Only 170 patients believed that sun exposure played a role in their disease. Skin darkening was the most recognized effect of sun exposure by 92.9% of participants. 58.6% reported using sunscreen with a higher female predominance (p < .001), while males reported more broad‐spectrum sunscreen usage (p < .001). The reason that was reported the most behind not using sunscreen was the high cost (94%).ConclusionsOur study showed a sound level of knowledge regarding the effects of sun exposure, and sunscreen advantages and disadvantages, with relatively inadequate translation into their attitudes and practices regarding sun‐protective behaviors. The use of sunscreen among the patients was average in numbers with a higher female predominance.
Risks of central nervous system infections and related mortality in patients undergoing dialysis
Authors: Hsu Chueh‐Hsuan , Hsu Chueh‐Lin , Shiu Yu‐Neng , Lin Po‐Chang , Huang Hung‐Yu , Lin Shih‐Yi , Lin Cheng‐Li , Yu Tung‐Min , Yen Tzung‐Hai , Li Chi‐Yuan , Wang I‐Kuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the risks of central nervous system (CNS) infections and related mortality in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis.MethodsIncident dialysis patients were identified from 2000 to 2013. The risks of CNS infection and related mortality were analyzed.ResultsThe adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of CNS infection in the ESRD group compared with the control group was 3.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.75–4.35). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 90‐day mortality following CNS infections in the ESRD group in comparison with the control group was 5.99 (95% CI 2.78–12.9). The adjusted HR of overall CNS infection for the peritoneal dialysis (PD) group in comparison with the hemodialysis (HD) group was 1.07 (95% CI 0.63–1.82). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risks of CNS infection in dialysis patients (adjusted HR: 0.38, 95% CI 0.30–0.48). The adjusted OR of 90‐day mortality following CNS infection for the PD group in comparison with the HD group was 1.01 (95% CI 0.55–1.87).ConclusionsThe risks of CNS infections and related mortality were remarkably high in dialysis patients with no significant difference between patients with ESRD under HD and PD treatment.
Hip and groin pain prevalence and prediction in Elite Gaelic Games: 2703 male athletes across two seasons
Authors: Carolan David , Richter Chris , Thorborg Kristian , Franklyn‐Miller Andrew , O’ Donovan James , McDonald Ciaran , King Enda 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveHip and groin pain is highly prevalent in sub‐elite Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) athletes, but its prevalence at the elite level is unknown. The aims of this study were to report hip and groin pain prevalence in elite male athletes, to report changes in Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) across two seasons and to assess if previous hip and groin pain or pre‐season HAGOS could predict future hip and groin pain.MethodsDuring the 2017 and 2018 pre‐season male Gaelic Players Association (GPA) playing members were invited to complete two questionnaires. The first questionnaire collected demographic information including age, GAA code played (Gaelic football or Hurling) and prevalence of hip and groin pain in the previous season. The second questionnaire was the HAGOS. Step‐wise logistic regression models were fitted to HAGOS subscales, to examine if pre‐season HAGOS subscale scores could predict future hip and groin pain.ResultsThe prevalence of hip and groin pain across the elite GAA cohort was 38%. Hip and groin pain in the previous season was the strongest predictor of future hip and groin pain (r2=0.19, AUC=0.73, 95% CI 1.76–2.27) whereas pre‐season HAGOS subscale scores had limited and no additional predictive ability (AUC 0.05–0.18).ConclusionsHip and groin pain prevalence is high in elite male GAA, with one in three athletes reporting pain. Previous season hip and groin pain is the strongest predictor of future hip and groin pain, while pre‐season HAGOS scores have limited ability to predict future hip and groin pain.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Film Cooling Performance and External Flowfield Effects Due to Impingement Coolant Feed in the Leading Edge of a Turbine Blade
Authors: Moore Jacob D. , Easterby Christopher C. , Bogard David G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effects that leading-edge impingement coolant feeds have on the external flowfield and on film cooling performance in the showerhead have not been studied thoroughly in the literature. To isolate the influence of the impingement feed, experimental adiabatic effectiveness and off-the-wall thermal field measurements were made using a shaped hole geometry fed by an ideal plenum coolant feed and by an engine-realistic impingement coolant feed. The impingement configuration exhibited around 10% higher adiabatic effectiveness levels than the plenum configuration did—a finding in agreement with the few studies isolating this effect. computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of the impingement and the pseudo-plenum configurations from a companion study were consulted to investigate the root cause of this difference in performance because the experimental data alone did not sufficiently explain it. In the impingement feed simulation, flow remained better attached throughout the hole (both at the inlet and at the diffuser) due to a rotation caused by the impingement flow, leading to better attachment on the exterior surface. This was most significant for the suction-side holes at higher blowing ratios, wherein the pseudo-plenum caused much more severe separation in the holes than the impingement configuration did.
Constitutive Theory for Direct Coupling of Molecular Frictions and the Viscoelasticity of Soft Materials
Authors: Lu Di , Xue Bin , Cao Yi , Chen Bin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
How to directly relate frictions at the level of a single molecular chain to the viscoelasticity of soft materials is intriguing. Here, we choose to investigate classical elastomers, where molecular frictions are known to be generated when dangling chains move relatively to the surrounding polymer chain network. With explicit forms employed for the relationship between friction and velocity at the molecular scale, a constitutive theory is then developed for the coupling of molecular frictions and the macroscopic viscoelasticity of elastomers. With the utilization of this theory, viscoelastic behaviors of varied elastomeric materials are predicted, which agree well with existing experiments at both low and high strain rates under different loading conditions. The theory also reproduces the time-temperature equivalent principle of elastomers. We suggest that this work might have provided a modeling framework that directly couples frictions at the level of a single molecular chain to the viscoelasticity of soft materials.
Rigid-Foldable Mechanism Inspired by Origami Twisted Tower
Authors: Wu Xin , Yang Canjun , Li Jia , Zhao Qichao , Wu Weitao , Zhu Yuanchao , Zhang Feng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Rigid origami mechanisms have great practical utility in different fields. This paper presents a rigid and foldable mechanism based on the origami artwork Twisted Tower. The mathematical model of the funnel-shaped tower cell was developed for the first time, which accurately describes its kinematic behavior. Based on this model, criteria for the appropriate geometry of the tower components are proposed to prevent internal interference in the tower mechanism during the twisting movement. In this paper, two geometric design cases of twisted tower mechanisms, including a normal-shaped tower and a heteromorphic tower, are presented. Several additional modifications were also imposed to adapt the proposed mechanism to generalized and standardized manufacturing and assembly. Experimental results illustrate that the kinematic characteristics of the fabricated mechanism meet its designed performance. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism is suitable for applications such as continuum manipulators, which exhibit much better resistance to external loads than their flexible-rigid hybrid counterparts.
Heat Transfer in a Rotating, Blade-Shaped, Two-Pass Cooling Channel With Various 45-Deg Rib Orientations
Authors: Chen I-Lun , Sahin Izzet , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , Krewinkel Robert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study features a rotating, blade-shaped, two-pass cooling channel, which follows the contour and shape of realistic airfoils. Effects of two different 45-deg rib orientations on the heat transfer and pressure loss were investigated and discussed. The cross section and orientation with respect to rotation vary in the serpentine cooling channel. The first passage of the channel is oriented at 50 deg from the direction of rotation, and the second passage is angled at 105 deg. The radially outward first passage has an aspect ratio (AR) = 4:1. After a 180-deg blade-shaped tip turn, the coolant flows radially inward into the AR = 2:1 s passage. The copper plate method was applied to calculate average heat transfer coefficients in each region of the cooling channel. The 45 deg angled ribs with a profiled cross section are placed on the leading and trailing surfaces in two ways: unusual and criss-cross. The rib spacing is P/e = 10, and rib height is e/H = 0.16. In this study, the Reynolds number ranges from 10,000 to 45,000 in the first passage, resulting in Re = 16,000 to 73,000 in the second passage. The rotational speed varies from 0 to 400 rpm, corresponding to maximum rotation numbers of 0.38 and 0.15 in the first and second passages, respectively. From the results, the 45-deg usual and unusual ribs generally have higher heat transfer than the criss-cross ribs. However, the criss-cross ribs have the lowest pressure loss penalty among the three cases. Taking both heat transfer and pressure loss into account, the 45-deg unusual ribs have a higher thermal performance under the stationary condition while the criss-cross ribs are better than other rib orientations under rotating conditions. Thus, the 45-deg unusual and criss-cross ribs can be considered for applications in real engines. The heat transfer and pressure loss data in this study provide important information for internal cooling of gas turbine blades.
Vibration-Assisted Axial Nozzle Jet Flow Wire Electrochemical Machining for Micromachining
Authors: Besekar Naresh , Bhattacharyya B. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wire electrochemical machining (WECM) has the capability to produce metal microcomponents with high aspect ratios. However, because interelectrode gap mass transportation of electrolyte is not homogeneous due to inappropriate and insufficient flushing, novel vibration-assisted axial nozzle jet flow WECM is introduced, and a unique experimental setup and tool are created. A comparison of the axial flow system, axial flow with PZT vibration with this newly developed flushing strategy was made. The effect of the most influencing parameters, i.e., pulse voltage, wire feed rate, and duty ratio, on the machining results of each flushing strategy being analyzed. The improvement of 36% slit width reduction and 75% increase in machining accuracy compared to axial flow WECM and 23% slit width reduction and 40% increase in machining accuracy compared to axial flow with PZT vibration WECM was observed using this novel technique with microslits machined on 100 μm thick stainless steel SS304. The effect of nozzle diameter and workpiece nozzle stand-off distances on slit width machining results has been investigated. The average slit width is 115 μm at 0.4 mm nozzle diameter, and it rises to 143 μm at 1 mm nozzle diameter. The average slit width is 110 μm at a 5 mm workpiece nozzle stand-off distance, and it rises to 145 μm at a 20 mm workpiece nozzle stand-off distance. This research report also discusses microslit machining of NiTinol shape memory alloy for improving WECM performance.
Intratumoral IL-1R1 expression delineates a distinctive molecular subset with therapeutic resistance in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Puran , Gu Yun , Fang Hanji , Cao Yifan , Wang Jieti , Liu Hao , Zhang Heng , Li He , He Hongyong , Li Ruochen , Lin Chao , Xu Jiejie 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundWith the essential role of interleukin-1 signaling in cancer-related inflammation, IL-1R1, the main receptor for both IL-1α and IL-1β, demonstrated therapeutic potential in several types of cancer, which has been put into clinical trials. However, the expression profile and critical role of IL-1R1 in gastric cancer (GC) remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of IL-1R1 expression and its predictive value for chemotherapy and immunotherapy in GC.MethodsThe study enrolled three cohorts, consisting of 409 tumor microarray specimens of GC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, 341 transcriptional data fromThe Cancer Genome Atlas, and 45 transcriptional data from patients treated with pembrolizumab. IL-1R1 mRNA expression was directly acquired from public datasets, and we also detected IL-1R1 protein expression on tumor microarray by immunohistochemistry. Finally, the associations of IL-1R1 expression with clinical outcomes, immune contexture, and genomic features were analyzed.ResultsHigh IL-1R1 expression predicted poor prognosis and inferior responsiveness to both 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). IL-1R1 fostered an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by upregulated M2 macrophages and exhausted CD8+T cells infiltration. Moreover, the expression of IL-1R1 was intrinsically linked to genomic alterations associated with targeted therapies in GC.ConclusionsIL-1R1 served as an independent prognosticator and predictive biomarker for ACT and ICB in GC. Furthermore, IL-1R1 antagonists could be a novel agent alone or combined with current therapeutic strategies in GC.
Current differentiation between radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis is of limited benefit for prediction of important clinical outcomes: data from a large, prospective, observational cohort
Authors: Ciurea Adrian , Kissling Seraphina , Bürki Kristina , Baraliakos Xenofon , de Hooge Manouk , Hebeisen Monika , Papagiannoulis Eleftherios , Exer Pascale , Bräm René , Nissen Michael J , Möller Burkhard , Kyburz Diego , Andor Michael , Distler Oliver , Scherer Almut , Micheroli Raphael 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo compare disease characteristics and outcomes between patients with axial spondyloarthritis with non-radiographic disease (nr-axSpA), bilateral grade 2 sacroiliitis (r22axSpA) and unilateral/bilateral grade 3–4 sacroiliitis (r3+axSpA) according to the modified New York criteria.MethodsWe included patients with axial spondyloarthritis with available pelvic radiographs from the Swiss Clinical Quality Management Cohort. Retention of a first tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) was investigated with multiple adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. The proportion of patients reaching 50% reduction in the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI50) at 1 year was assessed with multiple adjusted logistic regression analyses. Spinal radiographic progression, defined as an increase in ≥2 mSASSS units in 2 years, was assessed in generalised estimating equation models.ResultsFrom 2080 patients, those with nr-axSpA (n=485) and r22axSpA (n=443) presented with lower C reactive protein levels and less severe clinical spinal involvement compared with patients with r3+axSpA (n=1152). While TNFi retention was similar in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA, the risk of discontinuation was significantly lower in r3+axSpA (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.82 vs nr-axSpA). BASDAI50 responses at 1 year were comparable in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA, with a better response associated with r3+axSpA (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.91 vs nr-axSpA). Spinal radiographic progression was similar in r22axSpA and nr-axSpA and significantly higher in r3 +axSpA.ConclusionPatients with r22axSpA are comparable to nr-axSpA patients but differ from patients with more severe sacroiliac damage with regard to treatment effectiveness and spinal radiographic progression. Therefore, current differentiation between nr-axSpA and radiographic disease seems of limited use for outcome prediction.
Synthesis of a polyphenylacetylene/silica nanotube composite under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions
Authors: Fabbiani Marco , Rouquette Jérôme , Talbi Gaël , Cambon Martine , Cambon Olivier , Santoro Mario , Konczewicz Leszek , Contreras Sylvie , Haines Julien 
Published: February 2022

Phenylacetylene was inserted and polymerized in 5 nm diameter silica nanotubes under high pressure – high temperature conditions of 0.5 GPa and 437 K in an inert gas. The resulting nanocomposite was characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The vibrational spectroscopic data confirmed the formation of π-conjugated polyphenylacetylene and the absence of crystallization of the amorphous nanotubes. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, STEM-EDX, measurements confirmed the insertion of the polymer in the channels of the nanotubes and electron diffraction confirmed the amorphous nature of both the polymer and the host SiO2 nanotubes. The obtained nanocomposite is a candidate material for gas sensing applications.
Electrochemical Actuation of Hybrid Materials Made from Nanoporous Metals and Electrically Conductive Polymers
Authors: Roschning Benedikt , Weissmüller Jörg 
Published: February 2022

The surface stress of a metallic solid-body immersed in an electrolyte can be modified by variation of an applied electrical potential. The stress at the surface is transferred to the underlying bulk material, where it leads to strain and, hence, electrochemical actuation. For massive bodies, which exhibit a small ratio of surface to volume atoms, this effect is sparsely pronounced and not usable. Nanoporous metals on the other hand exhibit a high intrinsic, externally accessible surface area and are therefore suitable as functional materials such as sensors or actuators. Another class of chemo-mechanical actuators are electrically conductive polymers, which swell or shrink through the potential-controlled incorporation or removal of anions. Fast ion exchange is possible with thin layers, yet the stiffness of supporting substrates limits their effect for actuation. The combination of both approaches via coating of the inner surface of nanoporous gold with polypyrrole results in a hybrid material with significantly improved electrochemical and actuatoric properties.
This contribution focuses on the manufacturing of hybrid materials consisting of nanoporous gold and electrically conductive polymers, its chemo-mechanical properties as well as the underlying electro-chemo-mechanical coupling mechanisms.
The Reception of Pistis Sophia and Gnosticism
Authors: Linjamaa Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article surveys the reception of the Gnostic text Pistis Sophia in esoteric milieus in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe. The first part of the article contains an overview of the text and scholarship on it. Then follows a study of the reception of Pistis Sophia in a broader array of esoteric circles. It becomes clear that the text was hailed as an example of ancient and great spiritual wisdom, although seldom discussed in detail theologically. Next, this is compared to the academic reception at the same time where it was, as previous scholars have made clear, discarded due to what was understood as a discrepancy with “Gnostic” characteristics. This article shows that Pistis Sophia was not discarded in esoteric circles but rather read in light of already established esoteric trajectories, for example Blavatsky’s, Krumm-Heller’s, or Papus’ particular spiritual evolutionary perspectives. Lastly, it is argued that the understanding of Gnosticisms that both these receptions reflect is still very much active today: academics and esoteric groups are guided by similar trajectories vis-à-vis Gnosticism, seeing it as a representative of a “universal religious essence” associated with progressive attitudes (for example regarding sex and gender), which allows/forces them to renegotiate the ancient sources themselves.
Comparison of bubble removal performances of five membrane oxygenators with and without a pre-filter
Authors: Ishida Mitsuru , Takahashi Sho , Okamura Homare 
Published: February 2022

When employing minimal invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC), the removal of bubbles in the circuit is important to prevent air embolism. We investigated the bubble removal performance of the FHP oxygenator with a pre-filter and compared it with that of four oxygenators, including the Fusion oxygenator, Quadrox oxygenator, Inspire oxygenator, and FX oxygenator. A closed test circuit filled with an aqueous glycerin solution was used. Air injection (10 mL) was performed prior to the oxygenator, and the number and volume of the bubbles were measured at the inlet and outlet of each oxygenator. At the inlet of the five oxygenators, there were no significant differences in the total number of bubbles detected. At the outlet, bubbles were classified into two groups according to the bubble size: ≥100 μm and <100 μm. Tests were performed at pump flow rates of 4 and 5 L/min. For bubbles ≥100 μm, which are considered clinically detrimental, the FHP was the lowest number and volume of bubbles at both pump flow rates compared to the other oxygenators. Regarding the bubbles <100 μm, the number of bubbles was higher in the FHP than those in others; however, the volume of bubbles was significantly lower at 4 L/min and tended to be lower at 5 L/min. The use of the FHP with the pre-filter removed more bubbles ≥100 μm in the circuit than that by the other oxygenators.