bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of Heat Sources and Sinks by the Method of Superposition
Authors: Bridgers F. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A superposition method is proposed whereby the temperature pattern around a single buried heat source at a given temperature is used to arrive at the pattern obtained when several heat sources at the same temperature are placed at any distance apart. An equation is derived to give the “strength ratio,” which is defined as the ratio of heat dissipated by one of a series of buried heat sources of equal temperature to the heat dissipated by a single heat source at the same temperature. This equation is plotted for a specific case to show the “strength ratio” as a function of heat-source spacing. Experimental temperature-distribution patterns around a heated tube buried in a box of sand are shown for the center tube of a group of three tubes. Although the proposed superposition method is subject to an inherent error, which may be severe at very close spacing of heat sources, the agreement between experimental and calculated results for the cases investigated in this work is good.
Chemical Treatment, Demineralization, or Evaporation for Make-Up in High-Pressure By-Product Steam Plants
Authors: Yoder J. D. , Webb W. L. , Baumeister T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The increased power production obtained by exhausting high-pressure turbines directly to process rather than to coils of evaporators, which in turn produce process steam, is demonstrated. Typical heat balances are presented for systems employing evaporated make-up to the closed cycle and for 100 per cent make-up cycles using water treatments consisting of (a) silica removal and sodium-zeolite softening, and (b) demineralization and silica absorption. Performance data and costs are given for both evaporated make-up and 100 per cent treated make-up 1400-psi cycles at the Deepwater Operating Company’s station.
Continuous Gasification of Pulverized Coal With Oxygen and Steam by the Vortex Principle
Authors: Perry H. , Corey R. C. , Elliott M. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This progress report presents the preliminary results of the gasification of pulverized coal by steam-oxygen mixtures in a vortex reactor. The basic principles of reactor design, and an illustrative example of their application are given. A method of calculating the composition of the gas produced in this reactor is presented and has been checked experimentally. The carbon conversion and the limits of operation have been found to be closely related to the type and uniformity of the coal distribution. A method of improving the operation of the equipment and the quality of the gas by a change in the type of coal distributor appears to be promising.
A Perforated-Plate Heat Exchanger
Authors: McMahon H. O. , Bowen R. J. , Bleyle G. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Performance data of heat transfer and flow resistance are presented for the continuous heating of air in several experimental variations of a new type of perforated-plate heat exchanger. These exchangers consisted of sections built up by stacking multiple units of a perforated aluminum plate and a neoprene gasket, to form parallel channels perpendicular to the plate faces. Tests were conducted by causing air to flow countercurrently through these passages. The effects of hole diameter, plate thickness, and gasket thickness (or plate separation) are indicated. Results are presented jointly in the form of a pressure-drop efficiency factor versus Reynolds number for portions of the range between 800 and 4300.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Friction During Viscous Flow Across Banks of Tubes—III: A Study of Tube Spacing and Tube Size
Authors: Bergelin O. P. , Brown G. A. , Hull H. L. , Sullivan F. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the course of a research program on tubular heat exchangers, pressure-drop and heat-transfer data are reported for heating and cooling a medium-viscosity oil flowing across banks of vertical tubes in seven test exchangers. The apparatus variables include equilateral triangle, in-line square, and staggered square arrangements; tube sizes of ⅜ in, and ¾ in. OD; and pitch ratios of 1.25 and 1.50. The results are shown both in simple plots of pressure drop and coefficient of heat transfer versus the rate of flow, and in generalized correlations. Tentative correlations are provided for friction and heat transfer which bring the data for these seven tube banks somewhat closer together than previous correlations. In a comparison of the heat-transfer coefficient versus pumping-power loss per unit surface area, the smaller diameter tubes at the smaller pitch ratio give the best performance.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Paddy’s Run Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Using Turbulent Burners, Louisville, Ky.: Part I—Variation in Heat Absorption as Shown by Measurement of Surface Temperature of Exposed Side of Furnace Tubes
Authors: Wheater R. I. , Howard M. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This report is one of three current formal reports (1) covering the activities of the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors in connection with the furnace performance tests which were conducted at the Paddy’s Run Station of the Louisville Gas and Electric Company in Louisville, Kentucky. The furnace heat absorption and its distribution in the furnace, as reported in this paper, were determined by the “ΔT method,” which consists of using the difference in temperature between the surface of the exposed face of the tube and the mixture within the tube to measure the heat absorption at representative locations. The companion paper, Part II, covers the furnace performance as measured by a heat balance of the furnace. Part III presents a correlation of the results.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Paddy’s Run Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Using Turbulent Burners, Louisville, Ky.: Part II—Furnace Heat-Absorption Efficiency as Shown by Temperature and Composition of Gases Leaving the Furnace
Authors: Corey R. C. , Cohen Paul 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is part of the second of a series of formal reports on investigations of heat absorption and distribution of heat transfer in representative pulverized-coal-fired boiler furnaces, sponsored by the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors. The results are presented of fifteen determinations of heat absorption in the furnace of a 640,000 lb per hr boiler with horizontal firing, operating at 950 psig and 900 F at the superheater outlet. The effect on furnace heat-absorption efficiency is shown for variation of (a) the heat available in the furnace, (b) the excess air, (c) the setting of the secondary-air vanes of the turbulent burners, and (d) at low loads, the number and location of the burners used. Detailed data are given for the distribution of excess air and gas temperature at the furnace outlet. The heat-absorption data are analyzed in terms of radiation heat transfer, and the significance of flame location, volume, and shape is discussed.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Paddy’s Run Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Using Turbulent Burners, Louisville, Ky.: Part III—Comparison and Correlation of the Results of Furnace Heat-Absorption Investigation
Authors: Hemenway H. H. , Wheater R. I. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the results of the two companion papers (Parts I and II) are compared. Some of the possible sources of error are noted. Slightly revised calculated results are obtained by taking weighted averages of the data. The revised results are examined to determine which tests are the most dependable. An equation showing the relationship between furnace exit-gas temperature and furnace heat-absorption rate for a fixed burner adjustment is developed. From the revised results the effect of various factors on furnace performance is shown.
Oil Holes and Grooves in Plain Journal Bearings
Authors: McKee S. A. , White H. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Data are presented showing the performance of plain journal bearings having various arrangements of oil holes and grooves operating in a four-bearing friction machine with forced-feed lubrication. Tests cover operation where the oil is fed through the bearing shell by means of five arrangements, including one, two, or four oil holes; one axial or one circumferential groove. Tests were also run with three arrangements for feeding oil from the center of a hollow shaft. These were one or two oil holes in the shaft, or one oil hole terminating in a flat on the surface of the shaft. Two clearance-diameter ratios were used with each arrangement. Test runs were made at constant speed and at a number of loads, which were unidirectional relative to the bearings. The data cover operation with one oil at one oil-inlet temperature and two speeds. In some of the tests the loads were increased until unstable lubrication was reached. The test results include the frictional characteristics, values of ZN/P at transition between stable and unstable lubrication, and data on thermal behavior and on oil flow. A summary of the general behavior of the various arrangements is given.
Calibrations of Six Beth-Flow Meters at Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Authors: Hooper L. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Six Beth-Flow tubes were calibrated by means of a volumetric tank at the Alden Hydraulic Laboratory to determine their suitability as flow-metering elements. Four of the six meters tested had practically the same coefficients with flow in either direction. The flow coefficients were constant above a Reynolds number of 100,000. Further tests are necessary to determine manufacturing tolerances and the effects of disturbed flow due to various types of piping arrangements.
Suppression Mechanism and Prediction Model of Top Burr in Metal Milling Under Ice Boundary Constraint
Authors: Liu Haibo , Wang Chengxin , Li Pengchao , Wang Songjian , Li Xu , Wang Yongqing 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During metal milling, top burrs will inevitably appear on the edge of the workpiece, which seriously reduces the edge quality and assembly accuracy of the workpiece, thereby reducing the service performance of the product. This study innovatively proposes an ice boundary constraint (IBC) method to avoid top burrs formation during cutting. First, the formation mechanism of the top burrs is analyzed, and the principle of IBC is interpreted. Then, an analytical model is established to realize the cutting analysis, obtain the stress distribution during cutting, and explore the plastic deformation process of the workpiece edge, thus revealing top burrs suppression mechanism and predicting top burrs height. Afterwards, based on the proposed analytical model, finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the stress distribution at the top edge to verify the stress analysis results of the analytical model. Finally, the effectiveness of IBC method and the prediction accuracy of the analytical model are verified by aluminum alloy 2024 (AA2024) milling experiments. The experimental results show that IBC method can reduce the top burrs height by 54.62% on average, and the percentage of average prediction error of the analytical model is limited to 16.66%. Moreover, the milling experiments of carbon steel and aluminum alloy 6061 (AA6061) are carried out under the same process parameters, and the results show that IBC method can realize the suppression of top burrs of different materials. This study can provide valuable theoretical and practical reference for the minimization of burrs formation during cutting.
Design of a Compact Gear-Spring Mechanism for Static Balancing of Variable Payloads
Authors: Nguyen Vu Linh 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of mechanisms for the static balancing of a rotating and weight-varying link has tremendous implications for mechanical structures and robotic systems. This article presents a compact gear-spring mechanism (CGSM) for the static balancing of variable payloads. The CGSM is constructed with a three-gear train and a tension spring mounted on a rotating link with a mass to be statically balanced. The static balancing design of the CGSM is realized by imposing geometrical constraints on the links and then deriving the spring parameters from analytical equations. The payload variability of the CGSM is obtained through an energy-free adjustment of the settling position of the spring when the rotating link is vertical. A theoretical model and experimental tests are provided to demonstrate the performance of the CGSM. Experimental studies showed that the CGSM could be maintained over a prescribed workspace without input forces. The actuator torque and accumulated energy consumption of the CGSM were practically decreased by up to 89.4% and 95.7%, respectively, within a range of payloads from 0.2 kg to 0.8 kg.
Anterior segment biometric measurements explain misclassifications by a deep learning classifier for detecting gonioscopic angle closure
Authors: Shen Alice , Chiang Michael , Pardeshi Anmol A , McKean-Cowdin Roberta , Varma Rohit , Xu Benjamin Y 
Published: July 2022

Background/aimsTo identify biometric parameters that explain misclassifications by a deep learning classifier for detecting gonioscopic angle closure in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images.MethodsChinese American Eye Study (CHES) participants underwent gonioscopy and AS-OCT of each angle quadrant. A subset of CHES AS-OCT images were analysed using a deep learning classifier to detect positive angle closure based on manual gonioscopy by a reference human examiner. Parameter measurements were compared between four prediction classes: true positives (TPs), true negatives (TNs), false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FN). Logistic regression models were developed to differentiate between true and false predictions. Performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and classifier accuracy metrics.Results584 images from 127 participants were analysed, yielding 271 TPs, 224 TNs, 77 FPs and 12 FNs. Parameter measurements differed (p<0.001) between prediction classes among anterior segment parameters, including iris curvature (IC) and lens vault (LV), and angle parameters, including angle opening distance (AOD). FP resembled TP more than FN and TN in terms of anterior segment parameters (steeper IC and higher LV), but resembled TN more than TP and FN in terms of angle parameters (wider AOD). Models for detecting FP (AUC=0.752) and FN (AUC=0.838) improved classifier accuracy from 84.8% to 89.0%.ConclusionsMisclassifications by an OCT-based deep learning classifier for detecting gonioscopic angle closure are explained by disagreement between anterior segment and angle parameters. This finding could be used to improve classifier performance and highlights differences between gonioscopic and AS-OCT definitions of angle closure.
Management of pneumonia in critically ill patients
Authors: Cillóniz Catia , Torres Antoni , Niederman Michael S 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSevere pneumonia is associated with high mortality (short and long term), as well as pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Appropriate diagnosis and early initiation of adequate antimicrobial treatment for severe pneumonia are crucial in improving survival among critically ill patients. Identifying the underlying causative pathogen is also critical for antimicrobial stewardship. However, establishing an etiological diagnosis is challenging in most patients, especially in those with chronic underlying disease; those who received previous antibiotic treatment; and those treated with mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, as antimicrobial therapy must be empiric, national and international guidelines recommend initial antimicrobial treatment according to the location’s epidemiology; for patients admitted to the intensive care unit, specific recommendations on disease management are available. Adherence to pneumonia guidelines is associated with better outcomes in severe pneumonia. Yet, the continuing and necessary research on severe pneumonia is expansive, inviting different perspectives on host immunological responses, assessment of illness severity, microbial causes, risk factors for multidrug resistant pathogens, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic options.
Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series
Authors: Patel Aatish , Bilinska Julia , Tam Jerry C H , Da Silva Fontoura Dayana , Mason Claire Y , Daunt Anna , Snell Luke B , Murphy Jamie , Potter Jack , Tuudah Cecilia , Sundramoorthi Rohan , Abeywickrema Movin , Pley Caitlin , Naidu Vasanth , Nebbia Gaia , Aarons Emma , Botgros Alina , Douthwaite Sam T , van Nispen tot Pannerden Claire , Winslow Helen , Brown Aisling , Chilton Daniella , Nori Achyuta 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise the clinical features of monkeypox infection in humans.DesignDescriptive case series.SettingA regional high consequences infectious disease centre with associated primary and secondary care referrals, and affiliated sexual health centres in south London between May and July 2022.Participants197 patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed monkeypox infection.ResultsThe median age of participants was 38 years. All 197 participants were men, and 196 identified as gay, bisexual, or other men who have sex with men. All presented with mucocutaneous lesions, most commonly on the genitals (n=111 participants, 56.3%) or in the perianal area (n=82, 41.6%). 170 (86.3%) participants reported systemic illness. The most common systemic symptoms were fever (n=122, 61.9%), lymphadenopathy (114, 57.9%), and myalgia (n=62, 31.5%). 102/166 (61.5%) developed systemic features before the onset of mucocutaneous manifestations and 64 (38.5%) after (n=4 unknown). 27 (13.7%) presented exclusively with mucocutaneous manifestations without systemic features. 71 (36.0%) reported rectal pain, 33 (16.8%) sore throat, and 31 (15.7%) penile oedema. 27 (13.7%) had oral lesions and 9 (4.6%) had tonsillar signs. 70/195 (35.9%) participants had concomitant HIV infection. 56 (31.5%) of those screened for sexually transmitted infections had a concomitant sexually transmitted infection. Overall, 20 (10.2%) participants were admitted to hospital for the management of symptoms, most commonly rectal pain and penile swelling.ConclusionsThese findings confirm the ongoing unprecedented community transmission of monkeypox virus among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men seen in the UK and many other non-endemic countries. A variable temporal association was observed between mucocutaneous and systemic features, suggesting a new clinical course to the disease. New clinical presentations of monkeypox infection were identified, including rectal pain and penile oedema. These presentations should be included in public health messaging to aid early diagnosis and reduce onward transmission.
When do persuasive messages on vaccine safety steer COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and recommendations? Behavioural insights from a randomised controlled experiment in Malaysia
Authors: Hing Nicholas Yee Liang , Woon Yuan Liang , Lee Yew Kong , Kim Hyung Joon , Lothfi Nurhyikmah M , Wong Elizabeth , Perialathan Komathi , Ahmad Sanusi Nor Haryati , Isa Affendi , Leong Chin Tho , Costa-Font Joan 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionVaccine safety is a primary concern among vaccine-hesitant individuals. We examined how seven persuasive messages with different frames, all focusing on vaccine safety, influenced Malaysians to accept the COVID-19 vaccine, and recommend it to individuals with different health and age profiles; that is, healthy adults, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions.MethodsA randomised controlled experiment was conducted from 29 April to 7 June 2021, which coincided with the early phases of the national vaccination programme when vaccine uptake data were largely unavailable. 5784 Malaysians were randomly allocated into 14 experimental arms and exposed to one or two messages that promoted COVID-19 vaccination. Interventional messages were applied alone or in combination and compared against a control message. Outcome measures were assessed as intent to both take the vaccine and recommend it to healthy adults, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions, before and after message exposure. Changes in intent were modelled and we estimated the average marginal effects based on changes in the predicted probability of responding with a positive intent for each of the four outcomes.ResultsWe found that persuasive communication via several of the experimented messages improved recommendation intentions to people with pre-existing health conditions, with improvements ranging from 4 to 8 percentage points. In contrast, none of the messages neither significantly improved vaccination intentions, nor recommendations to healthy adults and the elderly. Instead, we found evidence suggestive of backfiring among certain outcomes with messages using negative attribute frames, risky choice frames, and priming descriptive norms.ConclusionMessage frames that briefly communicate verbatim facts and stimulate rational thinking regarding vaccine safety may be ineffective at positively influencing vaccine-hesitant individuals. Messages intended to promote recommendations of novel health interventions to people with pre-existing health conditions should incorporate safety dimensions.Trial registration numberNCT05244356.
What are the barriers to the diagnosis and management of chronic respiratory disease in sub-Saharan Africa? A qualitative study with healthcare workers, national and regional policy stakeholders in five countries
Authors: Mulupi Stephen , Ayakaka Irene , Tolhurst Rachel , Kozak Nicole , Shayo Elizabeth Henry , Abdalla Elhafiz , Osman Rashid , Egere Uzochukwu , Mpagama Stellah G , Chinouya Martha , Chikaphupha Kingsley Rex , ElSony Asma , Meme Helen , Oronje Rose , Ntinginya Nyanda Elias , Obasi Angela , Taegtmeyer Miriam 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesChronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are among the top four non-communicable diseases globally. They are associated with poor health and approximately 4 million deaths every year. The rising burden of CRD in low/middle-income countries will strain already weak health systems. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of healthcare workers and other health policy stakeholders on the barriers to effective diagnosis and management of CRD in Kenya, Malawi, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.Study designQualitative descriptive study.SettingsPrimary, secondary and tertiary health facilities, government agencies and civil society organisations in five sub-Saharan African countries.ParticipantsWe purposively selected 60 national and district-level policy stakeholders, and 49 healthcare workers, based on their roles in policy decision-making or health provision, and conducted key informant interviews and in-depth interviews, respectively, between 2018 and 2019. Data were analysed through framework approach.ResultsWe identified intersecting vicious cycles of neglect of CRD at strategic policy and healthcare facility levels. Lack of reliable data on burden of disease, due to weak information systems and diagnostic capacity, negatively affected inclusion in policy; this, in turn, was reflected by low budgetary allocations for diagnostic equipment, training and medicines. At the healthcare facility level, inadequate budgetary allocations constrained diagnostic capacity, quality of service delivery and collection of appropriate data, compounding the lack of routine data on burden of disease.ConclusionHealth systems in the five countries are ill-equipped to respond to CRD, an issue that has been brought into sharp focus as countries plan for post-COVID-19 lung diseases. CRD are underdiagnosed, under-reported and underfunded, leading to a vicious cycle of invisibility and neglect. Appropriate diagnosis and management require health systems strengthening, particularly at the primary healthcare level.