bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Developmental Approach to Assessing and Treating Agrammatic Aphasia
Authors: Dyson Bronwen , Håkansson Gisela , Ballard Kirrie J. 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:There is mounting evidence that the agrammatism that defines Broca's aphasia can be explained in processing terms. However, the extant approach simply describes agrammatism as disparate deficits in a static, mature system. This tutorial aims to motivate and outline a developmental alternative. This alternative is processability theory (PT), a root-to-apex theory of language development, with its origins in the field of second language acquisition, which can connect the findings of aphasia research.Method:This tutorial critically reviews research on agrammatism as a language deficit, a representational deficit, and a processing phenomenon. Given evidence from research applying PT to language disorders, this tutorial outlines PT's multidimensional architecture of language processing. Using an emergence (onset) criterion, PT predicts fixed developmental stages in word order (syntax) and inflection (morphology) and individual differences in the timing of syntax and morphology. To link PT to agrammatism, this theory's applications to diagnosis and teaching are overviewed, and a case study of five individuals with moderate agrammatism is presented.Results:Analysis showed that all individuals were positioned in the early PT stages and differed in their timing of syntax and morphology consistent with theoretical predictions.Conclusions:Evidence from the case study suggests that, although agrammatism results from neural damage and associated language loss, the processing procedures necessary for relearning remain and can be exploited for recovery. A program of diagnosis and intervention is proposed, and future research directions are discussed.Supplemental Material:https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19416488
Effects of Tongue-Strengthening Exercise on Tongue Strength and Effortful Swallowing Pressure in Young Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fukuoka Tatsuyuki , Ono Takahiro , Hori Kazuhiro , Kariyasu Makoto 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tongue-strengthening exercise (TSE) on tongue strength and effortful swallowing pressure in young healthy adults.

Method:

Thirteen young healthy volunteers (six men, seven women;
M
age
= 20.5 ± 0.5 years) performed 8 weeks of isometric TSE 3 days per week. A tongue pressure measurement device was used to measure maximum isometric tongue pressure (MITP) and conduct the TSE, and a tactile sensor system attached to the hard palate was used to measure effortful swallowing pressure. MITP and effortful swallowing pressure were measured at baseline, after 4 and 8 weeks of training, and at 4 and 8 weeks after the last training session to examine the detraining effects.

Results:
The results indicated that both MITP and effortful swallowing pressure increased significantly from baseline to 8 weeks after training. Although the improved MITP significantly decreased at 4 and 8 weeks after training cessation, no detraining effect was observed for effortful swallowing pressure.

Conclusions:
TSE is an effective method for increasing tongue pressure in wide tongue–palate contact areas during effortful swallow. The effortful swallowing pressure gained with TSE appears to be maintained for at least eight nontraining weeks.
Sandwich‐structured PPy‐TiO2/PVDF composite films with outstanding dielectric properties and energy density
Authors: Qiu Jinyue , Weng Ling , Zhang Xiaorui , Su Yu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractImproving the energy storage density of dielectric capacitors has absorbed extensive attention for energy storage. However, a decrease in breakdown strength may be aroused after the addition of abundant fillers, it is necessary to design the composite film with a sandwich structure without the sacrifice of mechanical properties. The PPy‐TiO2/PVDF monolayer film and PVDF/PPy‐TiO2/PVDF sandwich‐structured composite films were successfully prepared via electrospinning and a hot‐press treatment. The experiment results show that the dielectric constant of the composite films can be enhanced effectively by adding PPy‐TiO2.When the filling amount is 30 wt%, the energy storage density of PVDF/PPy‐TiO2/PVDF sandwich‐structured composite films is outstanding before the breakdown strength, which is higher than that of the pure PVDF film. The energy storage density of PVDF/PPy‐TiO2/PVDF sandwich‐structured composite films could be achieved to 2.68 J/cm3 under the electric strength of 1700 kV/cm.
Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular cloudS (GEMS)
Authors: Esplugues G. , Fuente A. , Navarro-Almaida D. , Rodríguez-Baras M. , Majumdar L. , Caselli P. , Wakelam V. , Roueff E. , Bachiller R. , Spezzano S. , Rivière-Marichalar P. , Martín-Doménech R. , Muñoz Caro G. M. 
Published: April 2022

Context. In the context of the IRAM 30 m Large Program Gas phase Elemental abundances in Molecular CloudS (GEMS), we present a study of thioformaldehyde (H2CS) and its deuterated versions (HDCS and D2CS) in several starless cores located in a selected set of star-forming filaments of Taurus, Perseus, and Orion. These regions have different star formation activities and, therefore, distinct physical and chemical conditions.
Aims. Our goal is to investigate the influence of the environmental conditions on the abundances of these molecules in the cores, as well as the effect of time evolution.
Methods. We have modelled the observed lines of H2CS, HDCS, and D2CS using the radiative transfer code RADEX. We have also used the chemical code Nautilus to model the evolution of these species depending on the characteristics of the starless cores.
Results. We derive column densities and abundances for all the cores. We also derive deuterium fractionation ratios, Dfrac, which allow us to determine and compare the evolutionary stage between different parts of each star-forming region. Our results indicate that the north region of the B 213 filament in Taurus is more evolved than the south, while the north-eastern part of Perseus presents an earlier evolutionary stage than the south-western zone. Model results also show that Dfrac decreases with the cosmic-ray ionisation rate, while it increases with density and with the degree of sulphur depletion. In particular, we can only reproduce the observations when the initial sulphur depletion in the starless cores is at least one order of magnitude lower than the solar elemental sulphur abundance.
Conclusions. The progressive increase in HDCS/H2CS and D2CS/H2CS with time makes these ratios powerful tools for deriving the chemical evolutionary stage of starless cores. However, they cannot be used to derive the temperature of these regions, since both ratios present a similar evolution at two different temperature ranges (~7–11 K and ~ 15–19 K). Regarding chemistry, (deuterated) thioformaldehyde is mainly formed through gas-phase reactions (double-replacement and neutral-neutral displacement reactions), while surface chemistry plays an important role as a destruction mechanism.
Upwelling coherent backscatter plumes observed with ionosondes in low-latitude region
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Wei Lehui , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Xu Jiyao , Wu Kun , Yuan Wei , Liu Jing , Liu Tongxin , Yang Guobin , Zhao Zhengyu 
Published: April 2022

Investigations of upwelling backscatter plumes are mostly from observations of VHF radars. This study reports the first observation of upwelling backscatter plumes (backscatter echoes beyond the critical frequency of the F2 layer, foF2) recorded by ionosondes at low latitudes on 13 March 2015. With a pair of ionosondes (Puer, 22.7° N, 101.05° E, Dip Lat 12.9° N, and Chiang Mai, 18.76° N, 98.93° E, Dip Lat 9.04° N), Swarm satellites flying side-by-side (longitudinal separation of about 1.4°, about 150 km), and an all-sky imager (25° N, 104° E, Dip Lat 15.1° N), the evolution of plasma bubbles is presented in this study. Observations show that ionosonde backscatter plumes originating from a local-scale upwelling could be observed. In addition, this study also reported ionosonde backscatter plumes from other regions with approaching and receding characteristics. Results show that characteristics of backscatter plumes with ionosondes are consistent with observations from VHF radars. It suggests that ionosonde backscatter plumes might also be used to study the characteristics of upwelling backscatter plumes.
Roaming dynamics of H+C2D2 reaction on fundamental-invariant neural network potential energy surface
Authors: Bai Yuyao , Fu Yan-Lin , Han Yong-Chang , Fu Bina , Zhang Dong H. 
Published: April 2022

We performed extensive quasiclassical trajectory calculations for the H+C2D2→HD+C2D/D2+C2H reaction based on a recently developed, global and accurate potential energy surface by the fundamental-invariant neural network method. The direct abstraction pathway plays a minor role in the overall reactivity, which can be negligible as compared with the roaming pathways. The acetylene-facilitated roaming pathway dominates the reactivity, with very small contributions from the vinylidene-facilitated roaming. Although the roaming pathways proceed via the short-lived or long-lived complex forming process, the computed branching ratio of product HD to D2 is not far away from 2:1, implying roaming dynamics for this reaction is mainly contributed from the long-lived complex-forming process. The resulting angular distributions for the two product channels are also quite different. These computational results give valuable insights into the significance and isotope effects of roaming dynamics in the biomolecular reactions.
The nature of dark matter and a comprehensive solution
Authors: Giese Albrecht 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Dark matter has been postulated to explain the excess of gravitation in relation to Newtonian physics in the vicinity of galaxies. At present, two theories are under discussion: the assumption that undetected heavy but weakly interacting particles exist, and a modification of Newtonian gravity (MOND). Both theories are unsatisfying because they can only explain certain cases and conflict with others. Recent extended observations have now given a spectacular indication of the nature of dark matter. These observations show an identical spatial distribution of dark matter on the one hand and photons on the other hand. In the following, we will check the possibility of the solution that photons are in fact the particles that explain the phenomenon.
A formula for the value of the gravitational constant
Authors: Guy Grantham R , Montgomery Ian G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A concise and precise formula for ‘Big G’ has been derived from an electron positron model of vacuum space (the epola model) that regards gravitation as a push force resulting from magnetic spin moments. Extended tests have revealed the significance of the peculiar velocity of the Solar System as a factor within the Fine Structure Constant, by experimentally monitored periodicity of nuclear decay rates. Correlations to gravitational field intensity, indicated by tide heights, also deny a purely random function for nuclear decay. The epola model’s definition of EM waves and their spectral characteristics had indicated possible substructure of the electron as a charged hadronic pion. This study resolves anomalies of the electron by identifying Twist in addition to Spin moments that has exposed an epola mechanism for Quantum Entanglement. When free guest particles interact with the bound particles of the lattice, binding energy density reduction induces gravitational forces and reveals the factors comprising the value of Big G, that further indicate pion sub-structure of leptons with a different fine structure.
Towards a new science for autonomous manned space exploration
Authors: Grès Stéphane 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Long duration human exploration of the solar system calls for a stable contribution from different communities. of organized expertise and singular emerging know-how. The challenge of such a project appears to be technological, but designing a reliable socio-technical system for international astronaut explorers is a problem of integrating validated heterogeneous knowledge into an open interdisciplinary civilizational repository guided by humanizing value. In our paper, we will show that the human species can develop a form of collective intelligence using a paradigm that reintegrates a phenomenology of the living which is relatively different from the traditional process of scientific objectification. To support this hypothesis we will show the epistemological limits of constituted science and more particularly of modern physics. We will draw the relationship that exists between the evolution of theories in the human sciences and quantum physics while insisting on the role of culture as a catalyst for a always possible evolution of the Human being (conscious and free). Going beyond the previous science and reintegrating the living observer could allow to increase the horizon of human and technological possibilities in response to the new challenges that are emerging present on a global scale. We will focus on the need to activate natural intelligence with a methodological cycle that develops and maintains a continuous process between the subjective and objective poles of the human being in gestation. As a prerequisite, this process requires recognizing the human species qualities as well as its potential. Operationally this path requires mutual listening and shared responsibility of partners with a focused on the delegation process centered on the human being in the making in an extra-planetary perspective.
Is accretion alone enough to explain the mass spectrum of black holes?
Authors: Houlden M. A. , Barrett S. D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The discovery in recent years by gravity wave detectors of dozens of merging binary black holes with masses much greater than one solar mass, when taken with the known population of black holes raises the possibility that it may not be possible to explain their all their origins and growth by credible accretion mechanisms. This paper offers an alternative perspective; that black holes can increase their mass by a quantum process linked to the acceleration of distant matter. Also, the idea that dark matter is predominantly composed of black holes in strongly supported. A testable equation M/M = 2H for the fractional rate of production of dark matter inside a large region of space with radius r and mass M(r), where H is the Hubble Constant, is presented. A mechanism to produce early supermassive black holes is proposed.
Einstein’s dream to unify all forces finally materializes: a revived de Broglie’s pilot-wave theory with novel solutions
Authors: Munera H A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Starting from Louis de Broglie’s pilot wave-theory, this paper unifies gravity and quantum mechanics under a single mathematical field theory for all forces in Nature. Two families of potentials coexist as mathematical solutions for the homogeneous Klein-Gordon equation which is the same homogeneous classical wave equation: (a) Neo-Laplacian local time-independent background potentials, and (b) Novel time-distance entangled Q(q) potentials which are isomorph to distance-time-velocity transformations based on any of the competing relativistic theories (Lorentz, Poincaré or Einstein), or on the pre-relativistic Galilean invariant Doppler equations. This remarkable property makes present theory compatible with all previous empirical evidence, including experiments conventionally interpreted as supporting Einstein’s special relativity. We report explicit closed solutions for potentials solving the one-dimensional and three-dimensional classical wave equations, and describe in detail how to calculate time-independent neo-Laplacian background forces and relativistically isomorph time-dependent entangled forces. The scale of the problem appears as a required parameter, thus making our theory applicable to all scales of Nature from quarks to cosmos. A usually overlooked neo-Laplacian logarithmic potential predicts the observed high values of non-Keplerian tangential speeds at the galactic scale. At the human scale, calculations relative to hurricanes and tornadoes may be facilitated by the closed form of our unified forces. A novel torsion component of gravity automatically appears from our new solutions.
The hidden physical model of kinematics under SRT’s observer-centric models
Authors: Percival J N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper assumes the reader is intimately familiar with Special Relativity’s (SRT’s) model and equations. The paper summarizes the empirical data in terms of the two main categories of interpretations of SRT currently taught in college/universities, physics texts and discussed in physics journals. Inconsistencies between the data on proper time accumulation rates and SRT are discussed. All the standard rebuttals to claims of flaws or limitations in SRT associated with one set of empirical data are ruled out by other sets of empirical data. The paper focuses on proper time data as proper time is absolute and observer independent, in contrast to the observer-centric SRT spacetime views, AND any absolute effects are cumulative and, hence, especially well-suited for revealing the absolute physical reality that underlies the relativistic view.
CMB as thermal radiation from cosmic dust grains in equilibrium with the redshifted starlight
Authors: Trinchera Alessandro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper suggests that the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) arises from thermalized cosmic dust grains both in the interstellar medium (ISM) and in the intergalactic medium (IGM) in electron density zones equal to 0.5 el/m3. Otherwise, the thermalization is characterized by higher temperatures in the observed range 15-27 K. Considering that a black body spectrum requires an absorber/re-emitter to take place, starting from the radiative transfer equation, the calculation method applied determines the diameter of the targets in equilibrium with the redshifted starlight necessary to produce a thermal radiation at 2.725 K. The calculated value of the diameter can only correspond to cosmic dust grains in nature with their specific mass density and to nothing else. It is fully consistent with the observed size range of extra-terrestrial cosmic dust within 10-1000 μm. Furthermore, the carbon composition of the grains is capable to describe a black body behaviour as well as the metal composition is in a position to feature the polarization CMB map under the influence of galactic magnetic fields. The results of this inquiry are valid for any observer in the Cosmos.
Quantizing dynamics
Authors: Kanda A , Prunescu M , Wong R 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn theoretical physics, quantization means reducing a continuum structure to discrete structure. This process was widely used in the development of quantum mechanics since Planck’s convention of the discretization of the energy of electromagnetic (EM) wavese=nhfas a solution to the crisis of the blackbody radiation. When combined with Einstein’s relativistic particle energy equatione=mc2it became a most fundamental process of the 20th century theoretical physics. Planck was reluctant to consider his energy quantae=nhfas a physical particle. His concern was forgotten in the process of development of quantum mechanics, which was Einstein’s relativity theory dynamics combined with Planck’s wave-particle duality. This framework was later extended by Dirac into the quantization of the entire EM field theory of Maxwell in which the EM fields, which are mathematically a continuous structure, themselves were quantized in terms of Einstein’s special theory of relativity dynamics using Fourier expansions. As it appears that the mathematical error of using wave numbers, which form a real continuum, as indexes of the Fourier expansion for the discretization of waves went unnoticed, this quantization of electrodynamics, called quantum electrodynamics (QED), became a model for further quantizing continuum based physical theories. This error was thus passed down to all of the successors of QED. The theory of quantum gravity is yet another attempt to quantize a major force field theory of gravitational forces. Here as well the issue of the difference between the continuum and the discrete was overlooked.
The Energy probability distribution of quantum levels of a particle imprisoned in a three dimensional box
Authors: Yarman T , Akkus B , Arik M , Marchal C , Cokcoskun S , Kholmetskii A , Yarman O , Zaim N , Altintas A A , Özaydin F 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This work was trigerred by the earlier achivements of Yarman et al, aiming to bridge themordynamics and quantum mechanics, whence, Planck constant came to replace Boltzmann constant, and “average quantum level number” came to replace “temperature”. This evoked that the classical Maxwell energy probability distribution p(E) with respect to energy E of gas molecules might be taken care of, by the “energy probability distribution of the quantum levels” of a particle imprisoned in a given volume, assuming that in the case we have many particles, following Pauli exclusion principle, no pair of particles can sit at the same level. Thereby, the energy probability distribution of the quantum levels of a particle imprisoned in three dimensions, will be the subject of this essay. Such an outlook becomes interesting from several angles: i) It looks indeed very much like a classical Maxwellian distribution. ii) In the case we have as many free particles in the box as the number of levels depicted by the number of quantum levels in between the predetermined lower bound energy level and the upperbound energy level, all the while assuming that the Pauli principle holds, the distribution we disclose becomes the energy probability distribution of the ensemble of particles imprisoned in the given box. iii) It can even be guessed that, if elastic collisions between the free particles were allowed, and still assuming quantization and the Pauli principle, the outcome we disclose should be about the same as that of the energy probability distribution, molecules in a room would display in equilibrium. iv) The quantized energy being proportional to the sum of three squared integers associated with respectively, each of the spatial dimensions; the property we reveal certainly becomes remarkable from the point of view of mathematics of integer numbers. All the more, we further disclose that, to the probability distribution outlook remains the same, be this qualitatively for higher dimensions than 3.
Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Water Resource Management in the North China Plain
Authors: Lin Yanwei , Li Guangyu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
North China Plain (NCP) is a main agricultural production region in China, dominated by a summer maize-winter wheat double cropping system. However, the grain yield highly depends on groundwater extraction to fulfil the irrigation demand. Additionally, the warming and drying tendency under climate change will further challenge water resource availability and agricultural productivity. This study applied modelled regional precipitation and temperature within the East Asia domain from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment to derive climate change indicators and quantify future water resource utilisation. Results show a 30% increase in water irrigation demand (IWD) for growing maize in Jiangsu Province and a slight decrease in central Shandong Province. While for wheat, IWD decreases by 3-24% over the NCP except for northern Hebei Province and northern Shandong Province. Therefore, we suggest reducing agricultural fields for summer maize in southern NCP and winter wheat in northern NCP, and intensifying cultivation in central Shandong Province. Mann-Kendall statistics indicate an indistinct trend for IWD but a significant increase in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during 2021-2050, highlighting the necessity to cope with rising ETc and apply varieties with high stress-tolerance to release irrigating water intensity under future climate change.