bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why COVID vaccines for young children (5–11 years) are not essential at this moment in time?
Authors: Merchant Hamid A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) in UK has recently advised that COVID vaccines in 5–11-year-old children is non-essential. This has created an outrage among some healthcare professionals who believed a mandatory vaccination program for all ages would be more beneficial. The JCVI decision sounds strange to many public health professionals in light of the existing practices with regards to other children’s vaccines, for instance flu jabs. The child immunisation should help reduce suffering in children, prevent virus spread in communities, reduce school off days, prevent the loss of quality of life in children and the sufferings from a preventable infection. Therefore, why not support essential COVID vaccines for young children like we do for the flu? This article explains the underlying mechanisms of currently deployed COVID vaccines, the cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. The article explains why we should not rush mass-immunising young children and a delayed immunisation can be beneficial in offering a more suitable vaccine formulation for children, such as the nasal COVID vaccine, that is going to be available soon and will provide the sought-after protection against infection and transmission, the public health benefit from the mass immunisation program in children.
Mathematical modelling of oxygenation under veno-venous ECMO configuration using either a femoral or a bicaval drainage
Authors: Charbit Jonathan , Courvalin Elie , Dagod Geoffrey , Deras Pauline , Laumon Thomas , Girard Mehdi , Maury Camille , Weber Hugues , Capdevila Xavier 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
The bicaval drainage under veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) was compared in present experimental study to the inferior caval drainage in terms of systemic oxygenation.

Method
Two mathematical models were built to simulate the inferior vena cava-to-right atrium (IVC → RA) route and the bicaval drainage-to-right atrium return (IVC + SVC → RA) route using the following parameters: cardiac output (QC), IVC flow/QC ratio, venous oxygen saturation, extracorporeal pump flow (QEC), and pulmonary shunt (PULM-Shunt) to obtain pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (SPAO2) and systemic blood oxygen saturation (SaO2).

Results
With the IVC → RA route, SPAO2 and SaO2 increased linearly with QEC/QC until the threshold of the IVC flow/QC ratio, beyond which the increase in SPAO2 reached a plateau. With the IVC + SVC → RA route, SPAO2 and SaO2 increased linearly with QEC/QC until 100% with QEC/QC = 1. The difference in required QEC/QC between the two routes was all the higher as SaO2 target or PULM-Shunt were high, and occurred all the earlier as PULM-Shunt were high. The required QEC between the two routes could differ from 1.0 L/min (QC = 5 L/min) to 1.5 L/min (QC = 8 L/min) for SaO2 target = 90%. Corresponding differences of QEC for SaO2 target = 94% were 4.7 L/min and 7.9 L/min, respectively.

Conclusion
Bicaval drainage under ECMO via the IVC + SVC → RA route gave a superior systemic oxygenation performance when both QEC/QC and pulmonary shunt were high. The VV-V ECMO configuration (IVC + SVC → RA route) might be an attractive rescue strategy in case of refractory hypoxaemia under VV ECMO.
High coenzyme affinity chimeric amine dehydrogenase based on domain engineering
Authors: Li Jialin , Mu Xiaoqing , Wu Tao , Xu Yan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNADH-dependent phenylalanine amine dehydrogenase (F-AmDH) engineered from phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) catalyzes the synthesis of aromatic chiral amines from prochiral ketone substrates. However, its low coenzyme affinity and catalytic efficiency limit its industrial application. Here, we developed a chimeric amine dehydrogenase, cFLF-AmDH, based on the relative independence of the structure at the domain level, combined with a substrate-binding domain from F-AmDH and a high-affinity cofactor-binding domain from leucine amine dehydrogenase (L-AmDH). The kinetic parameters indicated that cFLF-AmDH showed a twofold improvement in affinity for NADH and a 4.4-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) compared with the parent F-AmDH. Meanwhile, cFLF-AmDH also showed higher thermal stability, with the half-life increased by 60% at 55 °C and a broader substrate spectrum, than the parent F-AmDH. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the constructed cFLF-AmDH had a more stable structure than the parent F-AmDH, thereby improving the affinity of the coenzyme. The reaction rate increased by 150% in the reductive amination reaction catalyzed by cFLF-AmDH. When the NAD+ concentration was 0.05 mM, the conversion rate was increased by 150%. These results suggest that the chimeric protein by domain shuffling from different domain donors not only increased the cofactor affinity and catalytic efficiency, but also changed the specificity and thermal stability. Our study highlights that domain engineering is another effective method for creating biodiversity with different catalytic properties.
Graphical Abstract
An unusual presentation of intestinal duplication mimicking torsion of Meckel’s diverticulum: a rare report of a pediatric case
Authors: Matsukubo Makoto , Muto Mitsuru , Kedoin Chihiro , Matsui Mayu , Murakami Masakazu , Sugita Koshiro , Yano Keisuke , Onishi Shun , Harumatsu Toshio , Yamada Koji , Yamada Waka , Kaji Tatsuru , Ieiri Satoshi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Enteric duplication is a congenital disease that occurs throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Although it may sometimes cause intestinal volvulus, a few reports have described cases of enteric duplication twisted on itself. We experienced a rare pediatric case of long-segment tubular ileal duplication showing torsion. Torsion of enteric duplication is extremely rare. We herein report a pediatric case showing unusual torsion of ileal duplication requiring emergency surgery.

Case presentation
A 3-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a cystic luminal structure with a blind end and fluid collection in the pelvic cavity. CT also showed no findings of ileus or intestinal dilatation except for a cystic luminal structure. The preoperative diagnosis was torsion of Meckel’s diverticulum. The patient underwent emergent explorative diagnostic laparoscopy. As a result, a necrotic luminal structure and bloody ascites were recognized, and small-scale laparotomy was performed. Long-segment ileal duplication was recognized. The long-segment tubular ileal duplication shared the anti-mesenteric side of the intestinal wall along one-third of its length. The residual two-thirds of its length was free from the ileum and its blind end was twisted in a manner that looked similar to Meckel’s diverticulum. Normal ileum and the duplication, including the twisted necrotic portion, were resected, and ileal anastomosis was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. A pathological examination confirmed the definitive diagnosis of enteric duplication.

Conclusions
We reported the unusual presentation of intestinal duplication mimicking torsion of Meckel’s diverticulum. Enteric duplication shows various clinical symptoms and presentations. We must understand that the classification of digestive enteric duplication is diverse with a variety of associated clinical symptoms.
Bacterial communities in surface and basal ice of a glacier terminus in the headwaters of Yangtze River on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ren Ze , Gao Hongkai , Luo Wei , Elser James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
On the front lines of climate change, glacier termini play crucial roles in linking glaciers and downstream ecosystems during glacier retreat. However, we lack a clear understanding of biological processes that occur in surface and basal ice at glacier termini.

Methods
Here, we studied the bacterial communities in surface ice and basal ice (the bottom layer) of a glacier terminus in the Yangtze River Source, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Results
Surface and basal ice harbored distinct bacterial communities but shared some core taxa. Surface ice communities had a higher α-diversity than those in basal ice and were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria while basal ice was dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The bacterial communities were also substantially different in functional potential. Genes associated with functional categories of cellular processes and metabolism were significantly enriched in surface ice, while genes connected to environmental information processing were enriched in basal ice. In terms of biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, bacterial communities in surface ice were enriched for genes connected to aerobic carbon fixation, aerobic respiration, denitrification, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen mineralization, sulfur mineralization, alkaline phosphatase, and polyphosphate kinase. In contrast, bacterial communities in basal ice were enriched for genes involved in anaerobic carbon fixation, fermentation, nitrate reduction, 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid pathway, G3P transporter, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, and exopolyphosphatase. Structural equation modeling showed that total nitrogen and environmental carbon:phosphorus were positively while environmental nitrogen:phosphorus was negatively associated with taxonomic β-diversity which itself was strongly associated with functional β-diversity of bacterial communities.

Conclusions
This study furthers our understanding of biogeochemical cycling of the mountain cryosphere by revealing the genetic potential of the bacterial communities in surface and basal ice at the glacier terminus, providing new insights into glacial ecology as well as the influences of glacier retreat on downstream systems.
Recent strategies of collagen-based biomaterials for cartilage repair: from structure cognition to function endowment
Authors: Yu Xiaoyue , Zhang Haiping , Miao Yiliang , Xiong Shanbai , Hu Yang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCollagen, characteristic in biomimetic composition and hierarchical structure, boasts a huge potential in repairing cartilage defect due to its extraordinary bioactivities and regulated physicochemical properties, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility and controllable degradation, which promotes the cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Therefore, collagen-based biomaterial has been explored as porous scaffolds or functional coatings in cell-free scaffold and tissue engineering strategy for cartilage repairing. Among those forming technologies, freeze-dry is frequently used with special modifications while 3D-printing and electrospinning serve as the structure-controller in a more precise way. Besides, appropriate cross-linking treatment and incorporation with bioactive substance generally help the collagen-based biomaterials to meet the physicochemical requirement in the defect site and strengthen the repairing performance. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluations on the repair effects of biomaterials are sorted out in terms of in vitro, in vivo and clinical assessments, focusing on the morphology observation, characteristic production and critical gene expression. Finally, the challenge of biomaterial-based therapy for cartilage defect repairing was summarized, which is, the adaption to the highly complex structure and functional difference of cartilage.
Graphical abstract
Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by Tecoma stans extracts for efficient removal of Ni (II) from water: batch experiments and response surface methodology
Authors: Mahmoud Alaa El Din , Hosny Mohamed , El-Maghrabi Nourhan , Fawzy Manal 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA facile approach to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was investigated using three different extract concentrations of Tecoma stans leaves as reducing/capping agents. The surface morphology of the rGOs was examined by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray. The optimum prepared rGOs were confirmed with characteristic peaks at ~ 280 nm using UV–Vis Spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated the capacity of plant extracts to reduce the oxygen functional groups on graphite oxides’ surfaces. Furthermore, the organic constituents of the plant extract were determined to highlight the reduction mechanism of graphene oxide to rGO. The optimized rGO was subsequently utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Ni (II) from simulated wastewater. Adsorption experiments were conducted using methods of one factor at a time as well as Box Behnken Design. The Ni (II) adsorption is fitted well to the non-linear isotherm models and the calculated maximum uptake capacity was 69 mg g− 1. The optimum removal of Ni (II) was found 93% with pH of 6, initial Ni (II) concentration of 2 mg L− 1, and rGO dose of 0.2 g L− 1. The reliability of the developed model was 99.4% between experimental and predicted values. In addition, the average desorption efficiency of Ni (II) was 94%, which highlight the applicability of rGO reusability.
Assessment of surface water quality and monitoring in southern Vietnam using multicriteria statistical approaches
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Giao , Huynh Thi Hong Nhien 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe study was conducted to analyze surface water quality fluctuations in the the southern region of Vietnam using monitoring data at 58 locations. Seventeen water quality indicators were analyzed including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+- N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N), nitrate nitrogen, iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and chloride (Cl− ions). The study used water quality index (WQI), cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Entropy weighted methods to analyze surface water quality. The results showed that the surface water was contaminated with organics (low DO and high TSS, BOD, COD), nutrients (high NH4+-N) and Fe. While Pb at some locations exceeded the allowable limit of the national technical regulation, other indicators (Cd, Hg and As) were within this standard. Moreover, DO, TSS, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, Fe, EC, TDS, and Cl− were seasonally fluctuated. WQI classified water quality from bad to very good (WQI = 42–100) due to the impact of hydrological conditions, navigation, wastewater from industrial zones, and fishing ports. The results of CA suggested that it is possible to reduce the 11 sampling locations (from 33 to 22 locations) in clusters 1–6 and the frequency of monitoring from 8 to 5 times per year, which still ensures representativeness of water quality over time. This reduction allows lowering the monitoring costs by 56.5%. The PCA identified five major potential sources explaining 87.3% and 8 minor sources explaining only 12.7% of water quality variation. Temperature, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, NO2−-N, Fe, Cl−, Pb are important indicators need to periodically be monitored. Furthermore, orthophosphate, total phosphate, total nitrogen, coliforms should be considered to add into the next monitoring program. Locations with medium and bad water quality are concentrated in Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City and Long An, which requires finding effective solutions to improve the water quality. The current results can assist in decision-making related to environmental quality monitoring in the southern region of Vietnam.
Comparison Between Subparaneural Upper Trunk and Conventional Interscalene Blocks for Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Qu Zongyang , Miao Yongsheng , Jia Ruifang , Li Feng , Hua Zhen 
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND:
Although interscalene nerve block is the standard for shoulder analgesia, the risk of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis restricts its use in patients with compromised pulmonary function. We hypothesized that a novel subparaneural upper trunk block would provide noninferior postoperative analgesia but superior diaphragmatic sparing effect compared to interscalene block.

METHODS:
This randomized controlled trial comprised 96 patients who underwent arthroscopic shoulder surgery under either subparaneural upper trunk block (5 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine) or interscalene block (15 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine), followed by supraclavicular nerve block (5 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine). General anesthesia was standardized. The coprimary outcomes were (1) recovery room resting pain score at 30 minutes, measured on an 11-point numerical rating scale, with a prespecified noninferiority margin of 1 point and (2) the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, diagnosed using ultrasound. Among secondary outcomes, resting pain scores were assessed with numerical rating scale at 4, 8, and 24 hours postoperatively.

RESULTS:
Recovery room resting pain scores at 30 minutes were 0 (0–1) in the subparaneural upper trunk group versus 0 (0–0) in the interscalene group, with a median difference of 0 (95% CI, 0–0); the upper 95% CI limit was lower than the prespecified noninferiority margin (noninferiority P < .001). Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was observed in 16.7% of patients in the subparaneural upper trunk group versus 100% of those in the interscalene group (RR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09–0.31; P < .001), with complete paralysis occurring in 6.3% and 93.7% of patients, respectively. In this study, any reported differences in pain scores at 4, 8, and 24 hours postoperatively were not clinically important.

CONCLUSIONS:
The subparaneural upper trunk block compared to interscalene block provided noninferior analgesia at 30 minutes in the recovery room after arthroscopic shoulder surgery but resulted in less hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.
The yeast LYST homolog Bph1 is a Rab5 effector and prevents Atg8 lipidation at endosomes
Authors: Vargas Duarte Prado , Hardenberg Ralph , Mari Muriel , Walter Stefan , Reggiori Fulvio , Fröhlich Florian , González Montoro Ayelén , Ungermann Christian 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Lysosomes mediate degradation of macromolecules to their precursors for cellular recycling. Additionally, lysosome-related organelles mediate cell type-specific functions. Chédiak–Higashi syndrome is an autosomal, recessive disease, in which loss of the protein LYST causes defects in lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. The molecular function of LYST, however, is largely unknown. Here, we dissected the function of the yeast LYST homolog, Bph1. We show that Bph1 is an endosomal protein and an effector of the minor Rab5 isoform Ypt52. Strikingly, bph1Δ mutant cells have lipidated Atg8 on their endosomes, which is sorted via late endosomes into the vacuole lumen under non-autophagy-inducing conditions. In agreement with this, proteomic analysis of bph1Δ vacuoles reveals an accumulation of Atg8, reduced flux via selective autophagy, and defective endocytosis. Additionally, bph1Δ cells have reduced autophagic flux under starvation conditions. Our observations suggest that Bph1 is a novel Rab5 effector that maintains endosomal functioning. When Bph1 is lost, Atg8 is lipidated at endosomes even during normal growth and ends up in the vacuole lumen. Thus, our results contribute to the understanding of the role of LYST-related proteins and associated diseases.
Differential diagnosis of hip pain in children referred to a specialist bone tumour service
Authors: Choraria Anika , O’Donnell Paul , Saifuddin Asif 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
To determine the differential diagnosis of bone lesions causing hip pain in children and the association between radiographic features of aggression and MRI appearances with final diagnosis.

Methods:
Retrospective review of children with hip pain referred to a specialist musculoskeletal oncology service between September 2018 and December 2020. Patient demographics, lesion location, the radiographic and MRI features, and the final diagnosis, which was made either by image-guided biopsy, surgical curettage or based on typical imaging features were recorded. Statistical analysis examined the association between the Lodwick-Madewell score (determined from available radiographs) and MRI findings with final diagnosis.

Results:
Fifty-nine patients were included, 40 males and 19 females with mean age 10.9 years, (range 3–16 years). Final diagnoses were based on histology in 24 (40.7%) cases and imaging in 35 (59.3%) cases. Eighteen lesions (30.5%) were classed as non-neoplastic, 31 (52.5%) as benign and 10 (16.9%) as malignant, of which four were primary bone sarcomas. There was a significant association between the Lodwick-Madewell score and final diagnosis (p &lt; 0.001). On MRI, bone marrow oedema, presence of a focal lesion, bone expansion and the presence of an extraosseous mass were all significantly associated with final diagnostic classification.

Conclusion:
The differential diagnosis of hip pain in children presenting to a bone tumour service is wide. Most cases are due to benign or non-neoplastic conditions, with only 10 out of 59 children having a malignant lesion. Radiography complemented by MRI plays a major role in differentiating non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic and malignant lesions and in determining the requirement for needle biopsy.

Advances in knowledge:
This is the first study to consider how imaging features relate to diagnosis in suspected paediatric hip tumours. Use of this information can help in determining which cases should undergo needle biopsy.