bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbitration of Trust Disputes
Authors: von Segesser Georg , Bell Katherine 
Published: April 2022

Trusts instruments are nowadays widely used for commercial purposes. Although news coverage surrounding offshore leaks have had a negative impact on the public perception of trusts, this is but one very specific aspect of trusts and disregards the fact that trusts are used for many legitimate purposes and with full fiscal transparency. The article explains the characteristics of trusts and the fact that in recent years they have reached civil law legal systems and are no longer confined within their traditional borders of common law. The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and their Recognition has promoted an increased acceptance of trusts in many countries across civil law and common law jurisdictions. Trust disputes broadly fall into three categories: (i) internal trust disputes, i.e. disputes with regard to the trust based on which the trustee holds the subject matter of the settlement; (ii) disputes between the trustee and the beneficiaries regarding e.g. a breach of trust by the trustee, the exercise of power by the trustee; and (iii) disputes with third parties who are not beneficiaries. Only the first two categories are dealt with in this article, as they create interesting and challenging issues to be addressed in arbitration proceedings. Such issues are, in particular, the effectiveness of arbitration clauses placed in the trust instrument which is typically only signed by the settlor. Other specific topics related to the arbitration of trust disputes are the arbitrability of trust matters, e.g. the dispute about information rights of a beneficiary or the application by the trustee pertaining to the interpretation of a trust provision, and the representation of beneficiaries in the proceedings including unascertained, unborn, minor or incapable beneficiaries. As trust disputes frequently involve complex legal and financial issues with connections to different countries and their laws, and with parties and assets in various jurisdictions, arbitration appears to be a viable method to resolve such disputes, in particular as it allows to concentrate the proceedings in one forum and provides for an individually structured process capable of dealing with the specific issues related to trust disputes. The article refers to a number of trust laws and arbitration laws of different jurisdictions that address arbitration in the trust context, providing examples how the specific issues of trust arbitration can be dealt with.
Individualarbeitsrechtliche Streitigkeiten im Schiedsverfahren
Authors: Casey Angela 
Published: April 2022

In the last decade, arbitration as a mechanism for alternative dispute resolution has become increasingly important. Questions of arbitrability move to the forefront as arbitration expands to disputes whose commercial character might be less obvious. One recent question of interest is whether individual employment disputes can be the subject of arbitration proceedings in Switzerland. This paper identifies two areas of employment disputes which lend themselves to final resolution through arbitration. In particular, sports related and “executive”-employee disputes benefit from dispute resolution outside of state courts. The well-known distinction between domestic and international arbitration proceedings seated in Switzerland has a profound impact on the subject matters that are considered to be arbitrable. Because Art. 177 of the Private International Law Act states that any dispute concerning a pecuniary interest may be the subject of an arbitration procedure, “international” parties desiring to arbitrate their dispute will rarely face an issue since almost all possible employment law claims are of a pecuniary interest to at least one party. On the other hand, the arbitrability of a domestic dispute is governed by Art. 354 Civil Procedure Code, which limits the scope of a potential arbitration procedure to any claim over which the parties may “freely dispose of”. The possibility of arbitration procedures regarding employment law disputes is therefore limited, since the Federal Supreme Court decided that an employee cannot “freely dispose of” all mandatory provisions enumerated in the Code of Obligations. This discrepancy is the main focus of this essay and will be explored in detail.
Economic crime in international arbitration
Authors: Betz Kathrin 
Published: April 2022

In international investment and trade, arbitration is a frequently used mechanism to settle disputes between the parties. Economic crime such as corruption, money laundering or fraud may affect global investment and trade relationships in some way. If this is the case, arbitrators will be confronted with alleged or suspected criminal conduct. Since the late 1980s, a number of international and regional conventions as well as ‘soft law’ have emerged to combat transnational economic crime that has a detrimental impact on the economy and society of states and distorts fair competition. The conventions and soft law provisions have been implemented by states in their domestic criminal law. Public international law as well as domestic criminal law are relevant in international arbitration in cases of alleged criminal conduct if the parties choose to apply them, or if they apply on a mandatory basis. Criminal law defines the objective requirements of an offence that need to be proven by the evidence in detail. Arbitrators should identify and apply criminal law in cases where criminal conduct is suspected or alleged, and inquire into criminal allegations ex officio. Regarding evidence, arbitrators can rely on ‘red flags’ that are a form of circumstantial evidence, and draw adverse inferences from the non-production of requested evidence by the parties. If a party is able to produce prima facie evidence of criminal conduct, arbitrators can ask the defendant to produce rebuttal evidence. There is no need to apply a higher (or lower) standard of proof when assessing allegations of criminal conduct. The impact of proven criminal conduct on the outcome of the proceedings is different in investment and in commercial arbitration and depends on the circumstances of the case.
The New Qatari Arbitration Law: Convergence Towards Finding Rhythm in Inconsistent Drumbeats
Authors: Negm Mohamed H. 
Published: April 2022

The new Qatari Arbitration Law is a long-anticipated piece of legislation which operates to repeal the handful of Articles (190 to 210) that had been contained within the Civil and Commercial Procedure Code and replaces it with a series of provisions that, by and large, emulate the scheme of the UNCITRAL Model Law. The Arbitration Law is permissive in nature, allowing the Parties freedom to determine the arbitration procedures. The Arbitration Law provides a comprehensive framework for the arbitration process in Qatar. The Law achieves important reforms in a number of areas. It provides more clarity in relation to the nullification and enforcement of arbitral awards. It also empowers Qatar-seated arbitral tribunals to grant interim measures and preliminary orders. Further, it authorizes the Qatar Court of Appeal or Qatar Financial Centre’s Court of First instance to address all issues under the new Law requiring the assistance of the Qatar courts. Most importantly, arbitral awards cannot be appealed on questions of fact or law under the new Arbitration Law; a positive development that will provide greater certainty to parties and keep sensitive matters relating to the nature of a dispute out of the local courts. Moreover, it is remarkable that under the Arbitration Law, several provisions have envisaged short and swift time bars for procedures either during the arbitral process or after rendering the award. Finally, the Arbitration Law limits liability for arbitrators in the course of the performance of their duties, save in circumstances of bad faith, collusion or gross negligence.
Is Kazakhstan a State Successor to the USSR? A Perspective from Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Huelmo Clàudia Baró 
Published: April 2022

In its decision on jurisdiction, the arbitral tribunal in World Wide Minerals v. Republic of Kazakhstan held that Kazakhstan succeeded to the obligations of the Soviet Union with regards to its 1989 Agreement with Canada on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. The aim of this article is to examine the potential legal reasoning by which the arbitral tribunal reached this conclusion. In order to do so, the rules of State succession, as partly codified in the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, are considered. Taking special note of the particularities of the case of the USSR, the specific circumstances of the dissolution of the Soviet Union are examined. In particular, the question of which (if any) obligations may have fallen upon Kazakhstan as a former Soviet Republic is explored. The article concludes by suggesting which arguments may have been used by each of the parties with regards to State succession during the arbitral proceeding and why the Tribunal may have found the arguments proposed by the Claimant to be more persuasive. As a result of this decision, the door could be opened for investors wishing to benefit from the protections included in bilateral investment treaties from the USSR-era, which had until now remained inactive or whose commitments had been honoured exclusively by the Russian Federation.
The New French Legislation on State Immunities from Enforcement
Authors: Malet-Deraedt Fleur 
Published: April 2022

The French legislative changes on State immunities fromenforcement brought by the Loi Sapin II are a compromise between the protection of State property against illegal enforcement measures, in particular through the requirement for a prior judicial authorization for such measures, and the creditors’ right to the enforcement of their claims, as provided under the European Convention on Human Rights. Creditors are now sheltered from the fluctuations in case law, as shown in particular in the NML and Commisimpex judicial sagas, but the drafting of appropriate waiver clauses remains crucial, particularly since these legislative changes have a considerable impact on the enforcement of international arbitration awards in France. Indeed, Section L.111-1-2 marks the end of the flexible approach allowed under the ruling by the Cour de cassation in Creighton, whereby waivers of immunity from enforcement could be tacitly inferred from the mere consent of the State to submit to arbitration. Nevertheless, the Loi Sapin II, as it applies to sovereign immunity, is not a comprehensive set of rules, with only three new Sections incorporated in the Code of Civil Procedures of Enforcement, and therefore still leaves room for interpretation and further developments in French case law.
Purification of protease from Coriandrum sativum using ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration method
Authors: Gunasekaran Baskaran , Syed M.A. , Salvamani Shamala , Sinniah Subathra , Pattiram Parveen Devi , Sabullah Mohd Khalizan , Shukor Mohd Yunus 
Published: April 2022

In the past decades, the interest towards plant proteases has increased significantly. Plant proteases are widely used in environment field, food and medicine industries. Proteases such as bromelain, papain and ficin are used in various areas such as in biosensors for detection of heavy metals, meat tenderization, brewing, cancer treatment, milk-clotting, viral disorders and digestion. In this study, protease from coriander leaf (Coriandrum sativum) was evaluated for protease activity using a Bradford-protease-casein assay system. This enzyme was purified through anion exchanger using DEAE-Cellulose column and gel filtration using Agilent ZORBAX column. Its molecular weight was around 55 kDa. The specific activity of the purified protein is 45.0 units/mg protein, total activity is 2745.0 units, yield 33.2% and fold purification is 2.8. Further investigation on gene sequence should be performed in order to identify the type of protease involved.
Prediction of Cumulative Death Cases in Indonesia Due to COVID-19 Using Mathematical Models
Authors: Aisami Abu Bakar , Umar Abubakar M , Shukor Mohd Yunus Abd 
Published: April 2022

Different growth models such as Baranyi-Roberts, Von Bertalanffy, modified Gompertz, Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF), modified Richards, modified Logistics and Huang utilized in fitting and analyzing the COVID-19 outbreak pattern showing the cumulative number of SARS-CoV-2 deaths in Indonesia as of 15 July 2020. Out of all the models tested MMF was found to be the best one considering its highest adjusted R2 and the lowest RMSE values. Parameter such Accuracy and Bias Factors were found to have values close to unity (1.0). Values generated from the MMF model includes the maximum growth of death rate (log) of 0.051 (95% CI from 0.34 to 0.49), the curve constant (d) that affects the inflexion point of 0.4212 (95% CI from 1.029 to 1.171), lower asymptote value ( b ) of -1.72 (95% CI from -2.53 to -1.22) and the maximal total number of death (ymax) of 889,201 (95% CI from 260,016 to 7,464,488). The MMF forecasted that the total death toll in Indonesia would be 5.315 (95 per cent CI from 5.079 to 5.562) and 6.857 (95 per cent CI from 6.450 to 7.289) on the 15th August and 15th September 2020 respectively. The prediction accuracy of the model used in this research article is a powerful tool for epidemiologists to monitor and evaluate the level the severity of COVID-19 in Indonesia in the coming months. Besides that, just like any other model, due to the intermittent nature of the COVID-19 dilemma both in the local and global context, these values must be considered with caution.
Isolation and Characterization of Phenol-Degrading Microorganism: Recent Advances
Authors: Nawawi Norazah Mohamad , Ahmad Siti Aqlima , Shukor Mohd Yunus Abd , Syed Mohd Arif , Ibrahim Abdul Latif 
Published: April 2022

Phenol is among the common toxic environmental pollutants that occur naturally and also originated from industrial effluents. Biodegradation is a major mechanism for the removal of pollutants from a contaminated site. The focal point of this review was on the recent researches on isolation and characterization of phenol degrading microorganisms mainly by bacteria, fungi and yeast from places around the world. Scientists are interested to have their own isolates because there are no individual organisms or groups of organisms that were universally appropriate and applicable for bioremediation since the place of origin does play a role in determining the important properties of microorganisms. The compatibility of the application site as well as thebiochemical and physiological potential of the microbes should be considered. Overall, bacteria were generally capable as biodegradation agents in aquatic systems, while fungi play a greaterrole in terrestrial system
Review: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) versus Cancer
Authors: Sham Marina Mohd , Azmi Nina Suhaity , Rahim Mohd Hasbi Ab. 
Published: April 2022

Cancer or tumor is a killer disease that brings mortality worldwide. Extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents involve in the potential growth, invasive and metastasis of the tumor cell through its interaction with cell-surface receptors, growth factors and cytokines. Thus, previous researchers came with a discovery of a potential anticancer compound known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAG is a polysachharide that plays an important role in physiological and pathologicalconditions by affecting the cell properties and its functions. GAGs are majored from chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), and hyaluronan which have their own important roles in cancer progression and cell signalling. Many researchers have reported the finding of GAGs in animal but there were least research of GAGs extraction from seafood and marine fauna. There are a few researches on extraction and analysis of GAGs from seafood wastes and marine lives such as white shrimp heads, mollusks and cuttlefish that showed the potential of GAGs as anticancer. Therefore, more researches on extraction of GAGs from seafoods need to be carried out as it can be anticancer therapeutic approaches for future prospective.
Comparison between the modified Gompertz and Churchill death models in modelling the growth of cell culture from leaf-derived cell suspension of Barringtonia racemose
Authors: Hussein Sobri , Shukor Mohd Yunus 
Published: April 2022

The growth of plant cell suspension culture often is observed to show a declining phase. Commonly used growth models such as can be used to model sigmoidal growth curves but do not fit curves showing a declining or death phase. In this study, the growth curves of Barringtonia racemose cell suspension under light and dark conditions were modelled according to the Churchill model, which incorporates growth and decline phases, and was compared to the popular modified Gompertz model. For both growth conditions, the Churchill model gave better results for the error functions Root Mean Square Error, the coefficient of determination, adjusted coefficient of determination, bias factor and accuracy factor with the exception of the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The regressed parameters or constants obtained from the Churchill model shows growth and decline rates with higher values for the growth rate compared to the decline rates for both growth conditions. The decline and growth rate parameters signify as ï¬1 and ï¬2 for growth under light conditions were 0.367 (95% confidence; 0.103 to 0.632) and 0.796 (95% confidence; 0.458 to 1.134), respectively, while the decline and growth rate parameters ï¬1 and ï¬2 for growth under dark conditions were 0.158 (95% confidence; 0.314 to 0.629) and 1.491 (95% confidence; -0.809 to 3.720), respectively. The 95% confidence interval values were overlapped for both growth rate parameters under light, and dark conditions are indicating that the differences observed were not significant.
Comparison of staining methods for two dimensional electrophoresis gel resolved with <i>Puntius javanicus</i> liver proteome
Authors: Sabullah Khalizan , Ahmad S.A. , Ahmad Fisal , Abidin Siti Aimi Farah Zainal , Gansau Azlan Jualang , Sulaiman Mohd Rosni 
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to compare the various staining methods based on coomassie briliant blue and silver nitrate stain for the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolved with Puntius javanicus liver proteome. The staining methods were selected base on the previous report about their compatibility with the mass spectrometry analysis. Silver staining method is known as the most sensitive method to visualize the maximum number of protein spots resolved in 2D gel but it is less sensitive(incompatible) toward mass spectrometry detection. Results of this study showed that a modified staining method using colloidal coomassie blue G-250 (CCB) is roughly similarly sensitive but lower protein spot detected compared with silver staining (SS) as indicated at the number of 303Â±26 and 693Â±14 of protein resolved in both types of stained gels. The conventional methods of staining using coomassie brilliant blue G-250 and R-250 only detected less number of protein spots(128Â±17and 78Â±11, respectively) compared to modified CCB staining method. As the coomassie brilliant blue stain is known to be a very sensitive for mass spectrometry detection, the modified method of CCB was selected for further study on Puntius javanicus liver proteome.
Overexpression, extraction, purification and characterisation of DppA from <i>Escherichia coli</i>
Authors: Zainol Mohd Khairi , Mohd Zin Z. , Linforth R.S.T , Scott D.J. 
Published: April 2022

Components such as protein within the periplasmic space serve some vital purposes: such asÂ buffering against the outside environment, processing of essential nutrients for transport into theÂ cytoplasmic space, and cell wall biosynthesis. Dipeptide binding protein a (DppA) is a memberÂ of a family of ABC proteins and is involved in the transportation of potentially beneficialÂ dipeptides as nutrient source through the periplasmic space and into cell. DppA was successfullyÂ cloned into expression vectors and over expressed in Escherichia coli, extracted, purified, andÂ characterized. DppA was subjected to biophysical characterization using mass spectrometry.Â Mass spectrometry (ms) analysis and analytical ultra-centrifugation were used to evaluate theÂ recombinant DppAâ€™s molecular weight. The findings presented in this study highlighted theÂ ability to overexpress, extract and purify the recombinant DppA and reflect the differencesÂ techniques to asses its purity.
Antimicrobial activity of bergamot oil against <i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i> isolated from local cows
Authors: EL hafez Ekbal Abd 
Published: April 2022

The fungal infection is zoonotic infectious disease, caused by different species ofdermatophytes. In this study, skin scrapings and hair samples were collected from cattle withÂ clinical symptoms of dermatophytosis. The collected samples were directly examined for fungalÂ elements by direct microscopy. Bergamot oil was shown to be a potent antimicrobial agent inÂ vitro against clinically important trichophyton verrucosum. In this study, the activities ofÂ bergamot natural essence on trichophyton verrucosum were investigated. The results indicatedÂ that the MICs (v/v) of the bergamot oil against the fungi Trichophyton verrucosum was 0.125.
Comparison of various drying techniques towards the total phenolic content in Jatropha curcas L. root sample
Authors: Othman Ahmad Razi , Norhani Abdullah Norhani , Ahmad Syahida , Ismail Intan Safinar 
Published: April 2022

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant that has been suggested as a possible cure to inflammation. It can be used as a source of animal feed, live fence, biodiesel and in traditional medicine. Practitioners have used various extraction techniques to extract the active components of the plant. This article compares the efficiency of three methods of drying technique for the extraction of the total phenolic content from the plant. The freeze-drying method was the best method compared to oven dry and air dry. The freeze-drying method dries J. curcas root sample faster and preserve the total phenolic content better than the other methods. Â Â Â
Addendum: Hussein et al. The modified Gompertz model demonstrates a variable growth rate between two <i>Centella asiatica</i> phenotypes. Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017, Vol 5, No 1, 18-20.
Authors: Kiong Anna Ling Pick 
Published: April 2022

The Acknowledgement section (p.20) has been left out, and it should be added as follows.

Acknowledgment

The study is funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, under the Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS) [ERGS/1/2012/SKK10/IMU/03/4].