bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 16-ft (four-row) by 20-ft (12 plant) plots on 31 May. Plots were separated by one row of untreated tobacco and blocks were divided by 5-ft vacant alleys. Before treatments were applied, each plant in one row of each plot was infested with two budworms. Each plant in the second row was infested with three tobacco hornworms. Aphid numbers were estimated for four leaves (20-40 cm long) just below the bud. Insecticide treatments were applied on 16 July with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer that was operated at 60 lb/in2 and delivered 20 gal/acre through a TX-18 tip. Two passes were made over each row. Insect counts were made on 10 plants per plot at 3, 7, and 13 days posttreatment. Leaf loss attributed to hornworm feeding was determined for 20 plants per plot 13 days posttransplant.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of four compounds was evaluated in two tests. Each treatment was replicated three times (1 tree per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 7 Jun. (test 1) and 15 Jun. (test 2) with a five horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 350 lb/in.2 A handgun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 1.6 gal of spray per tree (400 gpa). The mite level in check trees remained below 70 active mites per leaf throughout the tests, a moderate mite population. In the first test, Plictran gave the longest residual activity. At 1 week posttreatment, all rates of Mavrik, Omite, and Plictran had significantly reduced densities of adult mites compared with those of the check. By 2 weeks posttreatment, only Plictran continued to show significant reduction in density of adult mites. At 1 week posttreatment, Plictran and both rates of FMC54800 significantly reduced densities of eggs and adult mites. By 2 weeks posttreatment, mite density in check trees had dropped to that of treated trees. Mite predator populations were insignificant in all trees sampled.
Sprinkler Irrigation System Applied Insecticide for Control of Cereal Aphids on Spring Wheat, 1983
Authors: Sandvol Larry , Longley F. S. , Stoltz Robert , Bishop Guy W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Owens spring wheat was planted 10 May, in Declo silt loam soil. Plots were 80-ft diameter circles centered on sprinkler heads applying 3.37 gal/min. Aphids were allowed to invade and multiply naturally. Injection time was 10 min with a clearing time of 25 min from Rep I to Rep IV. Aphids were recorded by observing aphids per 10 tillers.
Insecticide Efficacy for Pale Western Cutworm in Winter Wheat, 1983
Authors: Weiss M. J. , Morrill Wendell L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against pale western cutworm in Yellowstone Co., Mont. Winter wheat was seeded in 12-in. rows in the fall of 1982. plots were 8 by 20 ft with four replications of each treatment, using a completely randomized design. Insecticides were applied on 9 May, with a backpaclc sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 Ib/in2. Treatments were evaluated on 24 May by sampling soil surrounding the middle 2 rows for 6 feet of linear row.
Apple, Comparison of Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Kelthane 4F and Plictran SOW were evaluated against mites in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Twenty-four tree blocks were sprayed with an air-blast sprayer at a 3-fold concentration (176 gal/acre equivalent). Each block contained cultivars ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ ‘Stayman,’ and ‘York.’ Data were collected from one tree per variety from the middle row of each block, and were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Spray dates were 25 May, 13 Jun., and 20 Jul. Mites were sampled on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample
Control of Pine Needle Scale on Austrian Pine, Windsor, CT. 1983
Authors: Moore R. E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for the control of pine needle scale at a commercial planation located on a Windsor loamy coarse sand. A vigorous herbicide program had reduced weed competition to a virtual weed-free site. Trees with an average ht of 4.5 ft were spaced at 4 ft between plants and 5 ft between rows. Granular aldicarb 10G was applied on 19 May at a rate of 10 grams of granules per tree in a single bar hole 4 to 6 in. deep at the dripline. Holes were closed with a kick of the heel. Rainfall in the test area from 19 May to 20 June was 4.08 in. Three foliar insecticides were applied on 20 Jun. when first instar scale crawlers were found active and moving about on the needles. Trees were sprayed to a thorough wetting with a Solo knapsack sprayer with a pressure of 30 lb/in2. Applications were made when the temperature was 80°F, windspeed was less than 3 mph, and skies were cloudless. Rainfall through the remainder of the test period totaled 4.25 in. The experimental design consisted of three trees per plot with a border row between plots. Each treatment was replicated five times and the test was randomized. On 10 ftug. infested needles were taken from the center tree of each test plot. From a random selection of needles from each treatment, percent mortality was obtained by counting 200 nymphs from a minimum of four needles per plot.
Control of Black Cutworm on Golf Course Greens, 1982
Authors: Bowen W. R. , Johnson J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Pauma Valley Golf course in San Diego County, Calif. A 22-yr-old green of seaside bentgrass established on native sand amended with redwood was used for the test plots. Plots were 6 by 6 ft squares replicated 5 times in a RCB design. Cutworm population levels were assessed by flooding each plot with water and counting the larvae as they emerged from aeration holes in the turf. All larvae were 3rd or 4th instar. Pretreatment counts were made prior to treatments on 20 Aug. Posttreatment counts were made at 1 week intervals on 27 Aug and 3 Sep. Granular formulations were applied by a hand-held shaker jar. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal. of water with a hand-held galvanized watering can. Applications were made in the late afternoon at an air temperature of 85°F. The water used had a pH of 6.5. All plots were thoroughly wetted after application, after which water was withheld for 28 h. The normal watering schedule of 0.3 in. per night was then reinstated.
Bermudagrass,

Hybosorus

White Grub Control, Florida, 1981
Authors: Reinert James A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for control of Hybosorus illiqeri, which has recently reached pest status on bermudagrass. Since ca. 1978, several golf courses in Florida have experienced severe damage on greens and fairways from this pest. Grub populations as high as 13.6/0.01 m2 on greens and 24/0.1 m on fairways have been sampled. Portions of an infested golf course fairway in Gulfstream, Palm Beach County, were divided into 3 by 3-m plots for test 1, and 2 by 5-m plots for test 2.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1983
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a lawn in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster Co.). Thatch accumulation was 1.5 cm and temperature at treatment time (9 Sep.) was 33.0°C. The lawn had been mechanically aerated 5 days before application of treatments. The grubs were third instar and damaged to the turf was very evident. The experimental design was a RCB with five replicates. Individual plots were 0.61 by 0.61 m. Insecticides were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken onto the plots. After all treatments were applied, the entire test was irrigated with an automatic watering system with sufficient water to wet the first 1.27 cm of soil. Rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period (9 Sep. to 22 Sep.) was measurable on 11 Sep. (0.33 cm), 14 Sep. (0.84 cm), and 19 Sep. (1.04 cm). Grub populations were sampled on 23 Sep., 13 days after treatment (DAT) by cutting a 0.305 m by 0.61 m by 5.08 cm deep strip from each plot with a mechanical sod cutter, and recording the number of live and dead grubs in the sod strip and in a 2.5 cm zone below the soil line. Percent control of each plot was transformed to arc sine before ANOVA; untransformed means are presented in the table
Chokecherry, Chemical Control of Fall Webworm, Wayne Co., Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested chokecherry 1.5 to 4.6 m tall growing along a roadside were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at maximum rpm was used to apply ca. 800 ml of finished spray to each of four single-tree replicates per treatment on 17 Aug. when larvae were 14 to 20 mm long. The sky was cloudy with a breeze of 8 to 16 kph and ambient temperature of 26 to 29°C. Spray was initially directed to the webs and then to surrounding foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 and 9 days after treatment (DAT) by dismantling one web per tree and counting the number of living and dead larvae.
Chokecherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Killbuck, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for controlling eastern tent caterpillar larvae on 3 to 5-m chokecherry trees growing on a hillside. Finished sprays were applied with a CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in with a TeeJet SS8004 flat fan nozzle. Applications were made on two dates: 10 May when conditions were 21°C (70°F) with sunny skies and winds calm; 20 May when it was 27°C (80°F) with cloudy skies and a slight breeze. Size of larvae on the two spray dates were 20 to 25 mm and 40 to 50 mm, respectively. Each treatment was applied to four, single-tree replicates that each received ca. 946 ml of finished spray. Sprays were directed first at nests and then to surrounding limbs and foliage. Five days posttreatment, nests were examined and mortality was assessed.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemums, Calif., 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against third-stage leafminer larvae in chrysanthemums. Standardized three-leaved potted mum plants were exposed to adult leafminer 6 days before insecticide application. The test was replicated 10 times, with one plant per replicate. Larval mine counts were made prior to pesticide treatment. The materials were applied to the plant to runoff with a 1-gal pressurized B&G sprayer, with a Spraying Systems 5003 nozzle, at 60 lb/in on 21 Sep (25°C). The mum plants were cut at the base after the materials had dried and just prior to the emergence of the larvae from the leaves. The plants were placed on a layer of sand in individual petri dishes, where the larvae were allowed to exit the leaves, drop to the sand and pupate. After pupation, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae, which were counted and held for adult emergence.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemum, Calif., 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against newly eclosed and third-stage larvae in chrysanthemums. Standardized three-leaved potted mum plants were exposed to adult leafminers 4 and 6 days before insecticide application. The test was replicated 8 times, with one mum plant per replicate. Pretreatment larval mine counts were made 4 days after exposure to adult flies. Materials were applied to the chrysanthemum plants to runoff with a 1-gal B&G pressurized sprayer, with a Spraying Systems 5003 nozzle, at 60 lb/in on 26 Jul. (24°C). Immediately before the exiting of the leaves by the larvae, the plants were cut at the base and placed on a layer of sand in individual petri dishes. The larvae were allowed to emerge from the leaves, fall to the sand and pupate. After pupation, the sand was sifted to collect the pupae, which were counted and held in 25-dram vials for adult emergence. The data were analyzed using ANOVA.
Keys Whitefly Control on Coconut Palm, Fla., 1982
Authors: Thompson C. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field planting (3 m by 3-m spacing) of heavily infested, 4.5-year-old, 1.5- to 2.5-m tall ‘Malayan Dwarf coconut palms was treated 16 Oct. in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. An RCB design with four replicates was used. Each replicate consisted of one palm. Plants were sprayed to runoff with a 1 gal sprayer. Pre- and posttreatment counts were made of second, third and fourth instars on 10 leaflets per palm.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control with Carbaryl, 1983
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Malinoski Mary K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the southern San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles, Calif., 64 Siberian elm parkway trees were used in a RCB experiment with four replications. The trees were on 35 city blocks within a 24-square-mile area. All treatments, except on “on demand” treatments, were applied during the week of 9 May; “on demand” treatments were applied on 30 Jun. and were in response to the first citizen complaint about beetle damage. Trunk spray in a band between 4 and 7 ft of height with a high pressure spray wand also included blackstrap molasses at 2 qt/100 gal; the intended target was larvae migrating to the ground for pupation. All treatments, except trunk spray alone, were to whole tree. All treatments were buffered to pH 6.0. Samplings were on the dates indicated. A sample from each tree of a two-tree replicate included the 10 most-distal leaves of 10 peripheral twig terminals obtained with a 10-ft pole pruner. Only data on number of larvae were transformed to log10(n + 1).
Overseeded Turfgrass Phytotoxicity Test, Florida, 1982
Authors: Reinert James A. , Augustin Bruce J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides commonly used for sod webworm control were evaluated for phytotoxicity to overseeded cool season turfgrasses. A portion of a ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass, Cynodon x megenissii, putting green had been overseeded with alternating 3-m wide bands of either ‘Sabre’ rough bluegress or ‘Medalist 7,’ a blend of perennial ryegrass cultivars. The overseeding had germinated a week before treatment and all plants were very young and tender. Treatments were assigned to each grass in a completely random design with three replicates. Each plot was 1 m . Insecticides were delivered in 1 liter of water per plot with a CO- propelled 7.6 liter sprayer. Plots were treated on 28 Dec., and observed daily for 3 weeks. Weather conditions after treatments were seasonable for Southern Florida with no extremes in rainfall or temperature. No phytotoxicity was observed on either of the overseeded grass species due to any of the chemicals and apparently either formulation of carbaryl and diazinon is safe for these overseeded grasses.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, Hawaii, 1982
Authors: Hara A. H. , Mau R. F. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on poinsettia when bracts showed color and continued to full bloom in Nov. and Dec. Plants were grown in a 1:1 mixture of volcanite (andesite-pomice mix) and wood shavings. Chemicals were applied to runoff using a compressed CO2, sprayer at 40 lb/in2. Each treatment consisted of five single plant replications for each of three cultivars. Three applications were made at IX and 2X the recommended rates at weekly intervals. Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment at a rate of 90 ml/100 gal. During the test period, maximum daily temperature ranged from 24.4 to 34.4°C and minimum night temperature were from 15.5 to 21.7°C. Plant damage was evaluated based on symptoms compared to untreated checks: 0, No damange; 1, slight damage (marketability not affected); 2, slight to moderate damage (marketability slightly reduced); 3, moderate damage (marketability reduced); 4, severe damage (unmarketable).
Phototoxicity Tests on Swedish Ivy, Massachusetts, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Swedish ivy plants were treated with one of seven insecticides on 19 Jan. Plants were grown in 10-cm pots in a Peat Lite: Soil (1:1) mix. Four plants were treated for each material and rate tested, and plants were then placed randomly on a greenhouse bench. All applications except oxamyl were foliar sprays, applied to runoff with a CO2 powered sprayer delivering 38 lb/in2. Oxamyl was preweighed in the laboratory and applied with a measuring spoon.
Efficacy of Two Synthetic Pyrethroids in the Reduction of German Cockroach Field Populations, 1982
Authors: Ballard James B. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two aqueous 0.25% AI wettable powder suspensions of permethrin and cypermethrin were evaluated in German cockroach, Blattella qermanica (L.), infested residences. German cockroach population size was assessed in each residence prior to insecticide application and once monthly for 6 months following the single insecticide application. Assessment consisted of placing an unbaited Mr. Sticky sticky trap within each residence for one night at the following locations: under kitchen sink, adjacent to stove or refrigerator, behind toilet in each bathroom, and adjacent to furnace in homes with a basement. Cockroaches caught in traps were counted and cockroaches caught/trap/night calculated. Insecticides were applied using a banding technique with the 3.8 L B&G hand operated compressed air sprayer operated at 137.9 kPa pressure and fitted with a fan spray nozzle. Records were kept of the amount of insecticide sprayed and time required to treat each residence.
Ectiban Ear Tag Tapes and Tail Tapes for Horn Fly Control in Wyoming, 1983
Authors: Watson D. W. , Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental cattle were 64 yearling steers divided into three different pastures on native range near Cheyenne, Wyo. Twenty-four steers received Ectiban tail tapes, 24 received Ectiban ear tag tapes, and 16 were untreated. The tapes were made of a reinforced adhesive tape and two ampules containing a total of 0.9% technical permethrin in a gauze pad. Tail tapes were modified by the addition of extra adhesive behind the central portion. Tapes wre securely fastened around the shank of an identification ear tag or placed just above the tuft or twist of the tail. Once in place, each ampule was broken. Each animal received one tape.
Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Evaluation of Animal Systemic Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Hunt L.M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were weighed and the hair around the midsection was removed with close-shave clippers. Two capsular cages, pushed through holes in elastoplast bands, were secured to the pigs with contact cement. The first dose of candidate compound was administered subcutaneously in the top of the guinea pig’s neck 24 h after 12 starved, nymphal lone star ticks had been placed into each cage. The second and third injections were given on alternate days. An untreated guinea pig served as the control and provided data for control mortality. Doses of the active ingredient depended on guinea pig weight, compound structure and LD50. The dose selected was formulated in diethyl succinate in volumes of less than 500 μ/injection. About 4 to 6 days after the first treatment, dead ticks in the cages were removed and counted and replete ticks were removed and held to observe mortality and molt. Effectiveness of the treatment was determined by comparing the percentage of ticks that failed to ecdyse (including nymphs that detached without engorging and died) with that of ticks placed on the untreated pig.
Cotton, Laboratory Testing of Reproductive Inhibitors with The Boll Weevil 1981
Authors: Haynes Jack W. , Wright J. E. , Borkovec A. B. , DeMilo A. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adult boll weevils (reared in the laboratory) were tested by dipping (4% or less in acetone solution) in the candidate chemical for 5 sec, air dried, and held at 30°C and 40 to 50% RH. Ten diet pellets were provided fresh daily for food and ovipositing. The candidate chemicals were also placed in the adult diet (0.5 or 0.25%) and fed to the newly eclosed weevils for 3 days. Eggs collected at 7 and 14 days posttreatment were divided and half held (2 weeks) for adult PI emergence. Three hundred and fourteen candidate chemicals were tested by feeding of which 13 were further tested by dipping.
Control of Peach Twig Borer, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied in a 10-year-old prune block (unknown cv). Three single-tree replications were used per treatment. All plots were sprayed to point of drip (400 to 500 gal/acre) with handguns at 400 to 500 lb/in2 . Treatments were applied 23 Mar. One posttreatment count was made 24 May by counting total wilted damaged twigs per tree.
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes, 1983
Authors: Beevers M. H. , Jahns T. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a population of leafhoppers in a randomized block design consisting of five vine plots and four replications per treatment. Treatments were applied with an orchard handgum operated at 150 lb/in2 at 300 gal/acre. A single application was made on 13 June, with the following environmental conditions: high 99°F, dry, few clouds, and less than 2-mph winds at any time during application. Evaluations were made by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs per 10 leaves per plot.
Citrus,

D. Abbreviatus

Control, Plymouth, Florida, 1982
Authors: Jones I. F. , Schroeder W. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil insecticides were applied to field plots (Lakeland soil) in Mar. 1982. Test plots (0.001 acre each) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments in five blocks, and insecticides in 1 gal water per plot were applied with a sprinkling can. Insecticides were watered with an overhead irrigation system for ca. 18 h (1.9 in. of water). Soil samples (cylindrical plugs 3 in. diam and 3 in. deep) taken from each plot before treatment and at intervals through 3 months posttreatment were sifted through a #10 mesh sieve and the moisture content adjusted to 9.1% water (wt/wt). Each sample was placed in a separate bioassay chamber (4 in. high and 2 in. diam) and 100 1st instars were placed on the soil surface per chamber. Live larvae could only exit through the 80 mesh screen bottom of the chamber after moving through the soil from the surface. These were counted and the percentage of mortality (treatments) was corrected for check mortality using Abbott’s formula. Mean pretreatment mortality (not significantly different (P = 0.05) in blocks or plots) was 8.2 ± 6.9%. Chlorpyrifos and lindane were the only noncyclodienes not significantly different from Aldrin through 9 weeks or overall, respectively.
Pecan Phylloxera Control, 1983
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature Schley pecan trees approximately 40 ft. tall, located in south Bossier City, Bossier Parish, La. Test plots were set up in a randomized block design composed of three blocks, with one tree per treatment, per block. There were a total of five treatments. Insecticide applications were made on 29 Mar. using an FMC 957 speed sprayer, delivering approximately 30 gal of finished material per tree. Sampling was conducted on 17 May, following gall formation. Between the time of insecticide application and sampling a total of 4.3 in. of rainfall occurred. Twenty-four h after treatments were made .08 inches of rainfall was recorded. Sampling consisted of counting the number of phylloxera galls on each of 100 terminals per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.