bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Fiction: Composite Character Narratives in Analytical Sociology
Authors: Arjomand Noah Amir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses methods for using narratives of composite characters in qualitative social scientific writing. When anonymization is required, authors can use composite narratives to better protect participants, to compress data into intelligible sequences, and to avoid problematic claims to scientific authority. However, to date, authors of composite texts have failed to adequately explain how they deal with problems of sampling, selection, and sequence from an analytical perspective.
Analytical qualitative researchers interested in creating composite character narratives can learn lessons, both positive and negative, from other forms of fiction that are in common usage in sociology. Drawing on a variety of fictive methods for clustering together cases and determining the objective possibility of narrative elements, this paper proposes a method of constructing composite narratives that forces their author to abductively construct theory and interrogate the narratives’ causal logics. The Sequence-Based Composites (SBC) method is explained with reference to four criteria for evaluating empirically grounded social scientific arguments: reliability, reactivity, representativeness, and replicability. Examples of composite character construction are drawn from an ethnographic study of news production in Turkey.
Aerodynamic influence of an alpine skier’s arms
Authors: Giljarhus Knut Erik Teigen , Reid Robert , Liland Fredrik Fang , Oggiano Luca , Elfmark Ola 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how postural changes in alpine skiing affect the overall aerodynamic drag is highly important for enhancing performance. Although the arm configuration of the athlete can have a significant impact on the overall drag force, this effect is currently less understood. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how the arms of an alpine skier influence the overall drag. Experiments were performed in a wind tunnel for a male and female athlete, and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed on 3D scans of the athletes. The influence of the arm configurations in three different scenarios are considered; low-tucked, high-tucked, and flight postures. Consistent trends are found for both athletes and between the experiments and simulations. In general, the arms were found to be highly influential of the overall drag, and hence also performance in alpine skiing. For the low-tucked posture, the maximum variation in total drag area depending upon the angle of the underarms is 2.8%, with the lowest drag found with a medium angle of 20$$^\circ $$

∘

to 25$$^\circ $$

∘

. For the high-tuck posture, the difference in drag area between a closed and open posture was found to be 17% to 21%. The flight postures showed the highest influence of arm configurations, with a maximum difference in drag area of 64% between the considered postures. These results contribute to the understanding of aerodynamics in alpine skiing, and could be implemented directly in the training of athletes to improve their aerodynamic performance.
The Discovery of the Monoaminergic Innervation of the Cerebellum: Convergence of Divergent and Point-to-Point Systems
Authors: Triarhou Lazaros C. , Manto Mario 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis Cerebellar Classic highlights the landmark discovery of the innervation of the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei by noradrenergic and serotoninergic axons emanating, respectively, from the locus coeruleus and the raphé nuclei. Since then, modulation of the activity of cerebellar neurons by the monoamine systems has been studied extensively, as well as their reorganization and modifications during development, plasticity, and disease. The discovery of noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of the cerebellum has been a crucial step in understanding the neurochemical relationships between brainstem nuclei and the cerebellum, and the attempts to treat cerebellar ataxias pharmacologically. The large neurochemical repertoire of the cerebellum represents one of the complexities and challenges in the modern appraisal of cerebellar disorders.
The Impact of High-Frequency Trading on Modern Securities Markets
Authors: Clapham Benjamin , Haferkorn Martin , Zimmermann Kai 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHigh-frequency traders account for a significant part of overall price formation and liquidity provision in modern securities markets. In order to react within microseconds, high-frequency traders depend on specialized low latency infrastructure and fast connections to exchanges, which require significant IT investments. The paper investigates a technical failure of this infrastructure at a major exchange that prevents high-frequency traders from trading at low latency. This event provides a unique opportunity to analyze the impact of high-frequency trading on securities markets. The analysis clearly shows that although the impact on trading volume and the number of trades is marginal, the effects on liquidity and to a lesser extent on price volatility are substantial when high-frequency trading is interrupted. Thus, investments in high-frequency trading technology provide positive economic spillovers to the overall market since they reduce transaction costs not only for those who invest in this technology but for all market participants by enhancing the quality of securities markets.
Knowledge of Musculoskeletal Medicine in Junior Doctors in Australia: Is It Adequate?
Authors: Wijenayake Lahann , Conroy Sophie , McDougall Catherine , Glasziou Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Purpose

The incidence of musculoskeletal disease is increasing in Australia and around the world. However, medical student education does not necessarily reflect current and projected trends in musculoskeletal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess junior doctors’ competency in musculoskeletal medicine using the Freedman and Bernstein Basic Competency Examination in Musculoskeletal Medicine questionnaire.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study of interns (first year post medical school) across four teaching hospitals in Australia. Interns were asked to take the Freedman and Bernstein examination during organised intern teaching sessions, and results were analysed using the original Freedman and Bernstein marking criteria and validated pass mark.

Results
The mean score for the 92 interns was 13.9 out of 25 (55%) with scores ranging from 8 to 20.8 (29–83%). Only 8 of the 92 interns (8.7%) achieved a score of greater than 73%, the pre-specified pass mark.

Conclusion
Our study identifies inadequacies in musculoskeletal medical knowledge in Australian interns. Review of undergraduate medical education may be required to reflect current and predicted trends in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disease and adequately prepare junior doctors.
Laboratory investigation into the use of soundless chemical demolitions agents for the breakage of hard rock
Authors: Habib Kelly-Meriam , Vennes Isaac , Mitri Hani 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe method of drilling and blasting with explosives is widely used in rock fragmentation applications in the mining industry for mine development and ore production. However, the use of explosives is associated with rigorous safety and environmental constraints as blasting creates toxic fumes, ground vibrations, and dust. This study is focused on the use of Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents (SCDA) as a more environmentally friendly method for rock breakage and a potential replacement of explosives. In this paper, the results of a series of experimental tests are reported to identify the effect of SCDA on hard rock breakage under no load and under uniaxial loading conditions. Stanstead granite prismatic specimens of 152.4 mm (6ʺ) × 152.4–203.2 mm (6–8ʺ) × 406.4 mm (16ʺ) are used to test the influence of borehole size on the time to fracturing with SCDA borehole size of 25.4 mm (1ʺ), 31.75 mm (1.25ʺ) and 38.1 mm (1.5ʺ). It is shown that the fracturing time decreases with increasing borehole size. It is also shown that specimens subjected to uniaxial compression of 5 MPa fracture as early as 7 h after SCDA mixing. A borehole spacing to borehole diameter ratio of 12.8 to 14.6 is suggested for practical applications.
Do innovation and financial constraints affect the profit efficiency of European enterprises?
Authors: Bonanno Graziella , Ferrando Annalisa , Rossi Stefania Patrizia Sonia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between profit efficiency, finance and innovation. By adopting stochastic frontiers, we pioneer the use of a novel dataset merging firm level survey data with balance sheet information for a large sample of European companies. We find that firms having difficulties in access to finance as well as firms introducing product innovation display an incentive to improve their efficiency. While innovation produces benefit for firms’ profitability, financial constraints impose a discipline to the firms forcing them to cut unproductive costs that reduce the profitability. We document nuanced differences between firms in industry and services, while they are more pronounced when we look at disaggregation across High-Tech and Low-Tech companies. From a policy perspective, our results enrich the understanding on the link between innovation, financial constraints and efficiency, which goes beyond the idea that easier access to finance is the panacea to get higher performance.
Modelling of the NOx storage behaviour during cold start of modern zeolite SCR catalysts
Authors: Lukas Deinhofer , Michael Maurer , Gert Barnstedt , Andreas Keber 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFurther stringent emission regulations of modern diesel engines call for a more precise prediction of NOx emissions, thus enabling a better control of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment systems. A major part of the NOx emissions is emitted before the light-off temperature of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst is reached. Therefore a precise emissions prediction is necessary during the cold start phase of a diesel passenger car. Recent measurements show that NOx emissions can be stored in the SCR catalysts during cold start. Furthermore a part of this stored NOx can be reduced during the driving cycle.This paper describes an empiric model predicting the NOx storage behaviour during vehicle cold start. In a previous work the main influence parameters on the NOx storage behaviour were investigated on a synthetic gas test bench. The knowledge gained from the previous research work defines the necessary input parameters for the NOx storage model. These investigations showed that the NOx storage effect strongly depends on the ammonia (NH3-) level stored in the catalyst, exhaust-gas mass flow, the water adsorbed (H2O) on the catalyst, and the temperature of the catalyst. The model was implemented for on-filter and flow-through SCR catalysts. There are two similar models, one for the close-coupled SCR system and the other one for the underfloor SCR system. Each NOx storage model is split into an adsorption part and a desorption part. For both parts the pre-conditioning from the previous driving cycle is taken into account, which means that the catalyst state at the end of the last driving cycle initializes the model data for the current cycle, in consideration of the downtime between the two cycles. The desorption part calculates the NOx conversion amount and defines the desorption mass flow of NOx resulting from the NOx storage effect. The developed NOx storage model has been validated with roller dynamometer measurements and with real world driving cycles.
The importance of affective learning goals: lessons learned from the design and evolution of a geoscience course for preservice primary teachers
Authors: Thatcher Diana L. , Cervato Cinzia , Kerton Charles 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe challenges of teaching science to preservice elementary teachers include an overall negative attitude about science that translates to future teachers who do not teach science confidently and/or teach it superficially and hurriedly compared to other subjects. College-level science courses for preservice teachers have an opportunity to reverse this trend and help create teachers who are knowledgeable about science and enjoy teaching it. In this paper, we discuss the hybrid model of an online course and a hands-on, inquiry-based lab that was developed, implemented, and evolved over eight years. The lab activities, in particular, were developed to address both content and affective goals. These goals were to provide students with a solid foundation in Earth and Space Science content and to make them comfortable teaching science. An assessment of these goals shows that this course increased preservice teachers’ level of confidence to teach these topics, and students generally found the course to be enjoyable and the content to be useful to their future careers. More work needs to be done to assess the content knowledge of this group of students, highlighting the need for developing a validated instrument that covers the breadth of Earth and Space Science content included in the NGSS for elementary grades.
Optimal Regularity of a Degenerate Elliptic Equation
Authors: Wang Xiaohuan , Zhang Jihui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the optimal regularity of solutions to elliptic equation with a Grushin-like operator. By using the Feynman–Kac formula, we first get the expression of heat kernel, and then by using the properties of heat kernel, the optimal regularity of solutions will be obtained. The novelty of this paper is that the Grushin-like operator is a degenerate operator.
Effect of Rain-Fed Conditions on Yield of Mash Bean Genepool by Using Augmented Design
Authors: Yaseen Muhammad , Kashif Muhammad , Nazish Hafiza Tasneem , Munir Rabia , Iqbal Javeed , Usman Muhammad , Rabbani Ghulam 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe augmented block design (ABD) is commonly used in breeding programs to evaluate the performance of large number of genotypes using non-replicated new test treatments and replicated check treatments. The purpose of this design is to determine which test treatment performs better than check treatments. The objective of this study is to identifying better genotype of Mash been than check treatment under rain feed condition of Pakistan. For this purpose, the data of 125 mash been genotypes included 5 check entries were analyzed. The experiment was conducted in augmented block design using 6 blocks in rain feed condition of Pakistan and data of different attribute were recorded. The analysis showed that the treatment effects (adjusted) are significant for all attributes. However, for all attribute other than the number of seeds/pod, the adjusted block effects are non-significant, indicating that the evaluated blocks are homogeneous. Only three principal components were considered, first component explained 33.85% of variation and 21.85%, 17.51% explained by PC2 and PC3 respectively for the first season whereas in the second season 33.62%, 23.43%, and 16. 86% variation described with respect to the first, second, and third principal components. First PC designated as a component of productivity, second as component of pod appearance while third designed as a component of physical appearances. All attributes showed significant and positive association with other attributes, only significantly negative association was among number of pods/plant and100-seeds weight.
Topological superconductivity in multifold fermion metals
Authors: Gao Zhe Shen , Gao Xue-Jian , He Wen-Yu , Xu Xiao Yan , Ng T. K. , Law K. T. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRecently, multifold fermions characterized by band crossings with multifold degeneracy and Fermi surfaces with higher Chern numbers have been discovered experimentally in AlPt (Schroter et al. in Nat Phys 15:759–765, 2019) and XSi(X = Rh,Co) (Sanchez et al. in Nature 567:500–505, 2019; Rao et al. in Nature 567:496–499, 2019; Takane et al. in Phys Rev Lett 122:076402, 2019). In this work, we largely expand the family of multifold fermion materials by pointing out that several well-studied noncentrosymmetric superconductors are indeed multifold fermion metals. Importantly, their normal state topological properties, which have been ignored in previous studies, play an important role in the superconducting properties. Taking $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
and $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
as examples, we found a large number of unconventional degenerate points, such as double spin-1, spin-3/2, Weyl and double Weyl topological band crossing points near the Fermi energy, which result in finite Chern numbers on Fermi surfaces. Long Fermi arc states in $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
, originating from the nontrivial band topology were found. Importantly, it has been shown experimentally that $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
and $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
are fully gapped and gapless superconductors, respectively. By analyzing the possible pairing symmetries, we suggest that $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pd} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pd
3

B
is a conventional s-wave superconductor or DIII class topological superconductor with Majorana surface states. $\mathrm{Li} _{2}\mathrm{Pt} _{3}\mathrm{B}$

Li
2

Pt
3

B
, being gapless, is likely to be a nodal topological superconductor with dispersionless surface Majorana modes. We further identified that several noncentrosymmetric superconductors, such as $\mathrm{Mo} _{3}\mathrm{Al} _{2}\mathrm{C}$

Mo
3

Al
2

C
, PdBiSe, $\mathrm{Y}_{2}\mathrm{C}_{3}$

Y
2

C
3

and $\mathrm{La} _{2}\mathrm{C}_{3}$

La
2

C
3

, are multifold fermion superconductors. This work calls for a revisit for the study of noncentrosymmtric superconductors which provide platforms for investigating the interplay between superconductivity and topologically nontrivial Fermi surfaces.
Visualization of rotational symmetry breaking electronic states in MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7
Authors: Xu Hao-Ke , Li Fangsen , Fei Fu-Cong , Wang Li , Gu Yi-Sheng , Liu Dang , Yu Qiao-Yan , Xue Sha-Sha , Peng Kun , Chen Bo , Xie Hang-Kai , Zhu Zhen , Guan Dan-Dan , Wang Shi-Yong , Li Yaoyi , Liu Canhua , Song Fengqi , Zheng Hao , Jia Jin-Feng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Mn-Bi-Te class of compounds are recently discovered topological insulators with broken time-reversal-symmetry, which host unique quantum anomalous Hall and axion insulator states. Their key characteristics are believed to be sufficiently understood by models in a single-particle picture. Here, we apply scanning tunneling microscopy to study the electronic properties of MnBi2Te4 and MnBi4Te7. Unexpectedly, our quasiparticle interference (QPI) results demonstrate that rotational symmetry of the crystal breaks, i.e. a nematic-like pattern arises, in certain energy range but persists in others. Moreover, our data in the presence of an external magnetic field rule out the possibility of the material magnetism as an origin of the C2 symmetric QPI pattern. This study reveals that the interaction in the Mn-Bi-Te class of topological materials may play an essential role in their electronic states, and thus opens a new path for investigating the interplay between wavefunction topology and symmetry breaking phases.
An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom
Authors: Naef Alain 
Published: September 2022

How did the Bank of England manage sterling crises? This book steps into the shoes of the Bank's foreign exchange dealers to show how foreign exchange intervention worked in practice. The author reviews the history of sterling over half a century, using new archives, data and unseen photographs. This book traces the sterling crises from the end of the War to Black Wednesday in 1992. The resulting analysis shows that a secondary reserve currency such as sterling plays an important role in the stability of the international system. The author goes on to explore the lessons the Bretton Woods system on managed exchange rates has for contemporary policy makers in the context of Brexit. This is a crucial reference for scholars in economics and history examining past and current prospects for the international financial system. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. 'The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation' (here https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/an-exchange-rate-history-of-the-united-kingdom/68B7E57D9884394B815C76D48ACD3FB6).
Prevalence and trends of Clostridioides difficile infection among persons requiring maintenance hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Elfanagely Yousef M. , Tanzer Joshua Ray , Shobayo Anuoluwapo , Mohamed Mouhand F.H. , Ho Jonathan J.C. , Shemin Douglas , Pavlech Laura , D’Agata Erika M.C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjective:Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is among the most common cause of healthcare-associated infections. Persons requiring maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are at increased risk of CDI and associated mortality compared to persons not requiring MHD. Given the clinical impact of CDI among persons requiring MHD, we aimed to quantify the burden of CDI and trends over time in this patient population.Study design:A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting rates of CDI among persons requiring MHD in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were performed. Searches were conducted on May 17, 2021, and March 4, 2022.Results:In total, 2,408 titles and abstracts were identified; 240 underwent full text review. Among them, 15 studies provided data on rates of CDI among persons requiring MHD, and 8 of these also provided rates among persons not requiring MHD. The pooled prevalence of CDI among persons requiring MHD was 19.14%, compared to 5.16% among persons not requiring MHD (odds ratio [OR], 4.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.07–9.16; P = .47). The linear increase in CDI over time was significant, increasing an average of 31.97% annually between 1993 and 2017 (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.1–1.58; P < .01). The linear annual increase was similar among persons requiring and not requiring MHD (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13–1.45; P = .11).Conclusions:Persons requiring MHD have a 4-fold higher risk of CDI compared to persons not requiring MHD, and rates of CDI are increasing over time in both groups.