bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art for the “Whole Child”
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the progressive education movement as a reaction against the mind-numbing rote learning of traditional education. John Dewey was the founder of progressive education in the United States, but progressive education had European roots in the writings of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel. Progressive education was based on three fundamental principles: Education must not corrupt the natural development of the child; education should be child-centered; and children learn best through play and hand-on-learning. An understanding of progressive education philosophy sets the stage for understanding the turn toward progressive art education, which also had its roots in Europe in the writings of Franz Cižek and Herbert Read. The progressive art education movement in the United States, led by Viktor Lowenfeld, Victor D’Amico, Henry Schaeffer-Simmern, and Rudolf Arnheim, overthrew the 19th-century approach. The new art education of the 20th century focused on expression (as a means to the child’s emotional growth), meaning, exploration, experimentation, and visual thinking, with the child seen as a budding artist. Copying and formulaic approaches were rejected in favor of nurturing and encouraging creative thinking. For progressive art educators, art was seen not as a body of knowledge but, rather, as a developmental activity.
Putting Making at the Center
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Arts PROPEL, a progressive alternative to Discipline-Based Art Education (DBAE) developed at the same time. PROPEL grew out of a collaboration between Harvard Project Zero and the Educational Testing Service, with the goal of developing nonstandardized, qualitative forms of assessment in the arts. In contrast to DBAE, PROPEL insisted that making be at the center of art education. Out of making would grow reflection, the ability to evaluate, and an interest in art history. At the heart of PROPEL were long-term, open-ended, challenging “domain projects” that were personally meaningful to students, and “processfolios,” in which students kept all of their drafts and written reflections.
Standards and Assessment
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of the movement for accountability in education on art education—the push for national standards and reliable and valid forms of assessment in art education. The chapter examines the emergence of national and state standards for art education and the various approaches to assessing learning in the arts both in the United States (National Assessment of Education Progress, Discipline-Based Art Education, Arts PROPEL, and Advanced Placement) and abroad (International Baccalaureate and the portfolio method used in the Netherlands). Assessment of learning in art is far more highly developed in European countries such as the Netherlands than it is in the United States, and countries with authentic assessment systems also have more rigorous forms of art education than those in the United States. What has been done in other countries could be done in the United States—if there is a will. But improvement in assessment practices makes no sense without improving the rigor of art education.
Shameless Utilitarianism
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the frequently heard utilitarian claim that arts education boosts students’ standardized test scores and grades in academic subjects. The evidence on which this claim rests is primarily anecdotal or correlational, and therefore causal claims are not warranted. This chapter describes the author’s work documenting how the claims fail to hold up and how publication of the finding that arts education does not improve academic performance caused anger in the arts advocacy and arts funding community. It is important, however, to follow the science and to come up with better justifications for art education than ones that are not only false but also implausible.
Introduction
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Historians have studied the rise of modern evangelical America and South Korean Christianity as independent narratives. But they are actually tightly intertwined. A close look at three of the most influential US evangelical parachurches—the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, World Vision, and Campus Crusade—reveals that they are best viewed as border-crossing networks stretching especially across the Pacific Ocean. They allied themselves with similar movements in South Korea long before they became “multinational corporations.” Since the outbreak of the Korean War, Cold War South Korea and the United States had been intertwined in a “religious Cold War” against global communism. Mapped onto that divine mandate was a Manichaean logic of “good” versus “evil” that created a transpacific, religious, racial, and political fault line, not only empowering the global rise of South Korean Christianity, but also, in part, shaping a niche and dying white fundamentalist America into the US evangelical empire. A transpacific historical lens reveals that the rise of modern evangelical America—and the explosion of South Korean Christianity—depended on America’s religious Cold War in Asia.
Martyrs
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
World Vision is an organization that began with the idea of Kyung Chik Han (1902–2000), which Bob Pierce (1914–1978) then incorporated into a 501(c)(3). Yet World Vision’s founding is usually solely attributed to Pierce. Highlighting the story of Korean War martyr Kim Ch’anghwa, his widowed wife Paek Okhyŏn, and their pastor, Han, modifies that myth. This chapter corrects that oversight, narrating the rise of World Vision through the inconvenient history of Cold War America’s entanglements with Korean people in a war turned “hot,” unspeakably bloody and tragic, on Korean soil. Moreover, World Vision did not stop with World Vision, but expanded into the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. In 1952, Han, Pierce, and Paek spent “Christmas in Korea” with Graham, whose preaching on the Korean War battlefront was a key cultural force that helped to sacralize whiteness, linking white Jesus, white soldier, and white evangelist.
Orphans
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Throughout the 1960s, the racialized transpacific networks forged in the 1950s had unexpected effects on the lives of Korean children, including orphans like Oh Chiyŏng, who joined the World Vision Korean Orphan Choir. No World Vision program was more popular than the World Vision Korean Orphan Choir in the 1960s. These orphan choristers, known as the “happy singing larks,” helped white American Protestants associated with the “new evangelicalism” to believe that they espoused, and could espouse, racial democracy through individual financial donations, sponsorships, and the practice of humanitarianism. Yet image and reality often did not align, as the nearly orphan-less orphan choir unwittingly helped to expand whiteness beyond US borders. The intertwining of religion, race, and diplomacy embedded in the image of the choir facilitated the transformation of the image of neo-evangelicalism, or the “new evangelicalism,” into a nonliberal but mainstream movement.
The Uses of Delusion
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Although reason and rationality are valuable assets in almost all contexts, in some cases people are better off putting reason aside. In a number of very important situations, people benefit by not seeing the world as it is and by not behaving like logic-driven machines. Sometimes they know they aren’t making sense, and yet they are compelled to act against reason; in other cases, their delusions are so much a part of normal human experience that they are unaware of them. As intelligent as they are, much of what has helped humans succeed as a species is not prodigious brain power but something much more basic. The Uses of Delusion is about aspects of human nature that are not altogether rational but, nonetheless, help humans achieve social and personal goals. This book presents a lively, accessible exploration, fleshing out how delusional thinking plays a role in personal achievement, love and relationships, illness and loss, and personality and behavior. The Uses of Delusion draws on the work of William James and Daniel Kahneman, as well as Joan Didion, who wrote about her compelling belief that her husband, though deceased, would soon return to her. The book is grounded in current views of rational and irrational behavior and illustrates how natural selection has provided humans with a number of beneficial delusions that help them get to the next day.
Ridiculous Reason
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the popular methods of judging whether a belief is good or bad and whether an action is adequately grounded in sound logic. The chapter summarizes a debate between William Clifford and William James about whether it is ever justified to hold a belief without adequate evidence and describes a contemporary model of rational choice. Behavior based in delusion represents a deviation from rational choice, and in most cases delusions lead to ineffective or self-defeating behavior. But, in some important instances, delusional behavior can produce happier relationships, better adjustment to life’s challenges, and more effective action. Some delusions are impossible to reverse, even when the person knows they are illusions. But other delusions seem more malleable and amenable to change. In these cases, people may be aware of their delusions.
Soul Mates
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Approximately half of all first marriages end in divorce, yet marriage remains popular. There is strong evidence that delusion can help you find a mate and make your romantic relationships more rewarding. In the relationship marketplace, overconfident people risk appearing arrogant and less appealing, but there is evidence that they are more successful in competition with romantic rivals. In the context of marriage, people who idealize their spouses have happier marriages at the beginning and throughout the length of the relationship. Research suggests that this is not merely a biased assessment of the relationship but that people who idealize their mates create happier relationships. However, there is no evidence that delusional idealization of your spouse will fend off divorce.
Bedtime Stories
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The role of sleep in daily life is still something of a mystery, and, if possible, dreams are even less well understood. In the ancient world, dreams were thought to be prophetic, and later Freud and Jung promoted dream interpretation as a therapeutic tool. Early scientific theories of dreams suggested that they were a meaningless side effect of the process of consolidating learning during sleep and that human brains knit together the strange images of dreams to make a story. But there is an emerging recognition that the confusing stories people experience at night have value in their own right. Research on nightmares suggests that dreams are an important method of adapting to fears and regulating moods, and the amount and quality of REM sleep is associated with improved mood. So, nighttime delusions help people function better during the day.
Odysseus in Rags
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Human cognitive ability is prodigious, and reason and evidence should be guides in most situations. But some common features of human behavior are both irrational and helpful. Consistent with a pragmatist viewpoint, the value of an idea should be assessed by the behavior it engenders. In addition, Robert Trivers has proposed a theory of self-deception that suggests species have acquired this ability in order to more effectively deceive others in competitive situations. The delusions described in the forgoing chapters suggest that reason is just one tool—a very important one—in the evolutionary armament of humans. From the point of view of natural selection, being intelligent or logical was never the ultimate goal. Survival is the goal, and in some environments, delusion helps humans live another day.
Introduction
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Daode jing is the oldest and most venerated scripture of Daoism, a complex religion that includes philosophy, communal ritual, and health cultivation practices. The philosophy is associated with “Dao” or “Way” and works with ideas of naturalness and nonaction. Its communal ritual comes with priestly hierarchies, holy scriptures, exorcistic spells, and more; health practices involve techniques of deep breathing, slow motion, gentle stretches, and meditation. This threefold division matches the three types of Daoists: literati, organized, and self-cultivation. Literati Daoists are members of the educated elite, creating meaning with Daoist thought and expressing themselves in commentaries, treatises, and poetry. Organized Daoists engage in formal initiations, regular rituals, and prayers to the gods, forming a particular segment of ordinary society. Self-cultivation practitioners focus on personal health, longevity, peace of mind, and spiritual immortality. All three come together fruitfully to constitute Daoism as a living tradition, and all strongly rely on and work with the Daode jing.
Communities and Politics
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Beginning in the fourth century bce, certain groups and communities activated the nonaction and freedom from desires of the Daode jing differently. They withdrew from society, some to build utopian communities of great simplicity, others to practice self-cultivation. Information on both appears in the Zhuangzi. In addition, self-cultivation lineages are linked with an essay in the Guanzi called Neiye (Inward Training) that spells out ways of breath control and mental discipline. Further groups were sponsored by local rulers to expand Daode jing teachings into practical politics, most prominently at the Jixia Academy in the eastern state of Qi. Their thought is associated with the syncretist dimension of Daoist thought and also with the Huang-Lao school, a Daoist system of rulership that integrated Yin-Yang Cosmology and Legalism and was popular in the early Han, practiced actively by so-called masters of methods, the forerunners of Daoist immortals and empowered priests.
In the World
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As China gained hegemony over East Asia, its culture, including the Daode jing, was transmitted to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Without establishing religious Daoist institutions, they all adopted notions of Dao, nonaction, and so-being together with visions of sageliness and immortality. The first Western encounter with the text happened in the sixteenth century through Catholic missionaries, followed by scholarly explorations and first translations. Initial readings focused on links to Christianity or condemned it as a form of nihilistic thought. In the twentieth century, speculations about the nature of Dao abounded, and the text began to have an impact on Western culture, most importantly in modern philosophy (notably of Martin Heidegger) and as a guide to a more balanced, nonaction way of life. Its cryptic, paradoxical, and mystical nature opened it to a variety of interpretations that found it a wellspring of wisdom and a source of alternative modes of thinking.
English Translations
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Translations are appropriations of an original document into another language. They can be close to the original, matching words, syntax, and style; or they can be more focused on the target language, creating a document that imitates the text and evokes the same feelings and ideas. There are close to two hundred English translations of the Daode jing that span the full gamut, including both scholarly and lay-focused ones, the latter often by writers who do not know Chinese but gain a feel of the original from earlier renditions. Within this context, there are literal translations, those based on historical scholarship that use the text to recover ancient culture, and philosophical readings that relate it to Western thought, as well as poetic and rather whimsical renditions (such as, for cats) plus those that read the Daode jing as a guide toward greater social awareness and as a self-help manual.
Western Adaptations
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
These and many other translations of the Daode jing have made the text widely accessible to Western audiences, leading to a widespread and diverse adaptation. There are visions of Daoist leadership that extol the goodness of the sage and interpret the ancient ideals of nonaction, self-being, softness, and sufficiency in terms of executive excellence. In a wider dimension, the text has also inspired visions of environmental responsibility and was connected to concepts and practices of Deep Ecology. On a more mundane level, there are now works that extol “the Tao of” practically everything, from relationships through abundance to golf, photography, and more. In addition, the text has found expression in literature, music, and art, giving rise to books such as The Tao of Pooh, and recordings such as “The Songs of Laozi” and “Dao Blues.”
Methods of inclusion for animals
Authors: Sebo Jeff 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how to reduce our use of animals as part of our pandemic and climate change mitigation efforts and increase our support for animals as part of our pandemic and climate change adaptation efforts. We can reduce support for industries that harm animals, health, and the environment, for instance through boycotts and taxes, and we can increase support for alternatives, for instance through procurement and subsidies. Additionally, we can include animals in health and environmental research and advocacy. We can include animals in health and environmental impact assessments. We can include animals in decisions about education, employment, social services, and infrastructure. And we can stop blaming and punishing nonhuman animals for human-caused harms.
Mobilizing Hope
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A climate crisis and other pressures on planetary ecology are causing profound anxieties. Climate change threatens to trap hundreds of millions of people in dire poverty and to separate further an already deeply divided world. However, a new generation of activists is offering inspiration, serving as a hope-maker. This book offers an accessible and empirically informed philosophical discussion of climate change, global poverty, justice, and the importance of political responses, both internationally and domestically, that offer hope. There are reasons enough to worry that the era of pervasive human planetary impact, the Anthropocene, could produce terrible global injustices and massive environmental destruction. But that need not be so. Since the Industrial Revolution, growth in productive capacity and the struggles to share its benefits widely and in an egalitarian way have made another world possible. We still have reason to hope for a world in which international cooperation to manage Earth systems sustainably prevails, in which the natural treasures of the Earth are valued, in which a vision of prosperity is realized and the scourges of disease, ignorance, and poverty are overcome, in which powerful lobbies defending private interests that threaten sustainability are minimized and contained, and in which democratic politics responding to the values of an educated public prevail. The work of bringing about such a world is the work of mobilizing hope.
The Making of Democratic Vulnerability
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Donald Trump is not just the product of the particular features of 21st-century politics as many people might assume. In fact, he is a physical manifestation of many successive deformations of political representation and understanding of democracy. The chapter looks back to the rapid transformations of the early republic in the last third of 18th-century America. It argues that within a few decades, a democratic culture formed and knocked the landed classes from their seat above the social hierarchy. James Madison and his allies secretly responded to the era's turbulence and created a system of political representation that acknowledged popular consent and substantially restored elite control.
All Sorts and Conditions (1945–1954)
Authors: Tobin Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Influenced by English Christian Socialism, Episcopalians became prominent in the Social Gospel movement of the late nineteenth century. Among those who championed the movement’s values in the twentieth century was Bishop William Scarlett, who in turn influenced those who would lead the Episcopal Church in the 1960s. As American religion underwent a revival after the Second World War, Episcopalianism enjoyed growth both in membership numbers and institutional confidence. At the same time, there were those who increasingly questioned the church’s relationship to the established order and its limited appeal across class lines. Young, progressively minded clergy pursued innovative forms of ministry in urban and industrial settings in an effort to broaden the church’s presence in society. They also began to challenge racial inequality, though recognition of their own black co-religionists remained limited. By the mid-1950s, such changes meant the rift between liberal clergy and conservative laypeople was becoming more pronounced.
The Structure, Impact, and Power of the American Islamophobia Network
Authors: Arain Zainab , Barzegar Abbas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The American Islamophobia Network is a close-knit family of individuals and organizations that share an ideology of extreme anti-Muslim animus and work with one another to negatively influence public opinion and government policy about Muslims and Islam. Once on the fringes of the public sphere, since the election of Donald Trump they have entered into mainstream American politics and society. After providing an operational definition of Islamophobia and the Islamophobia Network as used by researchers at the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), this chapter charts the impact of anti-Muslim networks on public life as seen in the areas of legislation and policy, public education, mainstream media, and law enforcement and national security. The chapter also presents an analysis of donor-advised funds, a well-known but understudied financial charitable vehicle that plays a significant role in shaping the American philanthropic landscape and which has been used to funnel millions of dollars to groups in the Islamophobia Network.
Attacking Muslims in North America
Authors: Nussbaum Brian , Vitek Andrew 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter is designed to look at the planned, organized, and systematically targeted political violence of terrorism targeting Muslims and Muslim communities in North America. It is particularly interested in attempts at high-intensity violence, attempts to cause fatalities, multiple casualties, or mass casualties, or attempts to wage continuous campaigns of planned violence—thus distinguishing this from many hate crimes, including intimidation, property damage, or spontaneous violence. It will draw on data to describe the nature, and changes, of terrorist targeting of Muslims in North America. It will add to this an analysis of some case studies of foiled plots and successful attacks that provide additional information about the changing nature of the threat.