bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterned Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers and Multilayers for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications
Authors: Gan Ziyang , Najafidehaghani Emad , Han Seung Heon , Shradha Sai , Abtahi Fatemeh , Neumann Christof , Picker Julian , Vogl Tobias , Hübner Uwe , Eilenberger Falk , George Antony , Turchanin Andrey 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA simple, large area, and cost‐effective soft lithographic method is presented for the patterned growth of high‐quality 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Initially, a liquid precursor (Na2MoO4 in an aqueous solution) is patterned on the growth substrate using the micromolding in capillaries technique. Subsequently, a chemical vapor deposition step is employed to convert the precursor patterns to monolayer, few layers, or bulk TMDs, depending on the precursor concentration. The grown patterns are characterized using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy to reveal their morphological, chemical, and optical characteristics. Additionally, electronic and optoelectronic devices are realized using the patterned TMDs and tested for their applicability in field effect transistors and photodetectors. The photodetectors made of MoS2 line patterns show a very high responsivity of 7674 A W−1 and external quantum efficiency of 1.49 × 106%. Furthermore, the multiple grain boundaries present in patterned TMDs enable the fabrication of memtransistor devices. The patterning technique presented here may be applied to many other TMDs and related heterostructures, potentially advancing the fabrication of TMDs‐based device arrays.
The Characteristics and Industrial Applications of Natural and Hydrophobic Modified Starch
Authors: Lermen Fernando Henrique , de Souza Matias Gustavo , Bissaro Camila Andressa , Ribeiro José Luis Duarte , Gonçalves Karoline Yoshiko , Matos Camila , Filho Nabi Assad , de Matos Jorge Luiz Mário , Coelho Tânia Maria 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study presents a product based on natural cassava starch with hydrophobic characteristics, which has been developed to replace the natural starch used in different industries. The natural and hydrophobic starch results describe their characteristics, validate the hydrophobicity through mathematical modeling, and present case studies from the paper and fruit processing industries that will be compared. The hydrophobicity and low viscosity of the modified Starch studied in this paper result from the reaction between hydrophobic radicals and the starch chain obtained from applying alkyl ketene dimer. A test for viscosity versus pH is also used to compare results for natural and modified starch, a kinetic model for water absorption is fitted to the hydration of samples of natural and modified starch, and the ability of a biofilm of modified starch to preserve fruit is also assessed. The degree of preservation of the fruit could be seen in the pictures that show that the fruit covered in the modified starch film has fewer alterations to its appearance after 64 days of observation. Moreover, the hydrophobic starch demonstrates superior results from the quality assessment when applied practically with paper and fruit, demonstrating their industrial potential.
Tensile and flexural tests on ultrahigh performance concrete grouted sleeve connection
Authors: Qiu Minghong , Shao Xudong , Zhu Yanping , Hussein Husam H. , Liu Yeping 
Published: August 2022

AbstractConnections in the assembled precast elements become essential locations for creating structural continuity. However, the construction challenges of conventional steel sleeve connections, such as rebar embedment length, rebar congestion, and formed grout defects (i.e., voids), are still a concern area for researchers and engineers. In this study, a proposed ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) grouted sleeve connection was presented for assembled precast elements, which might reduce defects, enhance durability, and accelerate structure construction. The tensile test of grouted sleeve connection with different grouting materials, rebar diameters, and anchoring lengths was conducted to determine an optimal anchoring length used in the flexural design. The precast specimens with the UHPC grouted sleeve connection were tested under flexural load. Also, strain changes in concrete, sleeve, and rebar were reported in tensile and flexural tests. The tensile test results showed two types of failure modes, the rebar rupture and bond failure between rebar and grouting. The recommended rebar anchoring length in the flexural design was six times the rebar diameter. The flexural test results showed that the precast specimen with or without the shear key has a similar failure mode as compared to the cast‐in‐place specimen, while their average cracking load, yield load, and ultimate load were 27.9%, 11.0%, and 7.4%, respectively, which is less than those of the cast‐in‐place specimen. Also, the flexural cracking resistance was the highest in the sleeve segment, followed by the joint region and the rebar segment. This study provides a reference for the design of the UHPC grouted sleeve connection for assembled precast elements.
Cross‐linked electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/sodium caseinate nanofibers for antibacterial applications
Authors: Şendil Özge , Samatya Yilmaz Sema , Yazici Ozcelik Eda , Uzuner Hüseyin , Aytac Ayse 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this study, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium caseinate (SC) nanofibers were produced by a single‐fluid electrospinning method from their blends. Afterward, the cross‐linking process with two different methods was applied to the PVA/SC (70/30, v/v) ratio, which was selected according to the surface and mechanical properties of the electrospun mat. In the first method, different ratios (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) of glutaraldehyde (GLA) cross‐linking agents were added to the PVA/SC solution and then, PVA/SC/GLA nanofibers were obtained. In the second method (in‐situ method), the nanofibers obtained from the PVA/SC solution were cross‐linked by dipping into the cross‐linking solution. After, PVA/SC/GLA/Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) mats were obtained by adding ZnO NP at different rates to the PVA/SC/GLA (7030‐25GLA) solution, which was chosen according to the results of thermal, mechanical, and moisture test. In addition, performing tests, a cytotoxicity test for fibroblast cell line (L929), and in vitro antibacterial test for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also applied to them. Therefore, the usability of PVA/SC/GLA/ZnO NP nanofibers as an antibacterial effective wound dressing was investigated. Due to the high toxic effect of GLA, it was found that PVA/SC/ZnO cross‐linked nanofibers are not suitable for wound dressing use. However, it was determined that the PVA/SC nanofiber cross‐linked by the in‐situ method had high cell viability according to the cytotoxicity test result and thus could be used as a fibroblast tissue scaffold.
Emissions
Authors: Urbanski Shawn P. , O’Neill Susan M. , Holder Amara L. , Green Sarah A. , Graw Rick L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter assesses the current state of the science regarding the composition, intensity, and drivers of wildland fire emissions in the USA and Canada. Globally and in the USA wildland fires are a major source of gases and aerosols which have significant air quality impacts and climate interactions. Wildland fire smoke can trigger severe pollution episodes with substantial effects on public health. Fire emissions can degrade air quality at considerable distances downwind, hampering efforts by air regulators to meet air standards. Fires are a major global source of aerosols which affect the climate system by absorbing and scattering radiation and by altering optical properties, coverage, and lifetime of clouds. A thorough understanding of fire emissions is essential for effectively addressing societal and climate consequences of wildland fire smoke.
Social Considerations: Health, Economics, and Risk Communication
Authors: McCaffrey Sarah M. , Rappold Ana G. , Hano Mary Clare , Navarro Kathleen M. , Phillips Tanya F. , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Vaidyanathan Ambarish , Abt Karen L. , Reid Colleen E. , Sacks Jason D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAt a fundamental level, smoke from wildland fire is of scientific concern because of its potential adverse effects on human health and social well-being. Although many impacts (e.g., evacuations, property loss) occur primarily in proximity to the actual fire, smoke can end up having a significant social impact far from the source. This dynamic, combined with lengthening fire seasons, suggests that understanding how wildland fire smoke affects diverse social values will be increasingly critical. This chapter reviews the existing scientific knowledge related to wildland fire smoke with respect to four topic areas: human health, economics, social acceptability, and risk communication. The broadest existing knowledge base, regarding the health effects attributed to wildland fire smoke exposure, stems from decades of research on the health effects of exposures to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Despite the potential consequences, scientific knowledge about chronic health effects, economic impacts, and effectiveness of protective actions in response to wildfire smoke risk communication is fairly limited. The chapter concludes with identification of (1) key areas where the need for more empirical information is most critical, and (2) challenges that inhibit an improved scientific understanding.
Resource Manager Perspectives on the Need for Smoke Science
Authors: Peterson Janice L. , Pitrolo Melanie C. , Schweizer Donald W. , Striplin Randy L. , Geiser Linda H. , Holm Stephanie M. , Hunter Julie D. , Croft Jen M. , Chappell Linda M. , Lahm Peter W. , Amezquita Guadalupe E. , Brown Timothy J. , Cisneros Ricardo G. , Connolly Stephanie J. , Halofsky Jessica E. , Loudermilk E. Louise , Navarro Kathleen M. , Nick Andrea L. , Procter C. Trent , Provencio Heather C. , Pusina Taro , Stone Susan Lyon , Tarnay Leland W. , West Cynthia D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSmoke from wildland fire is a significant concern to resource managers who need tools, knowledge, and training to analyze, address, and minimize potential impacts; follow relevant rules and regulations; and inform the public of possible effects. Successful navigation of competing pressures to appropriately use fire on the landscape to manage fire-adapted and fire-dependent ecosystems, while protecting public health and other air quality values, depends on credible science and tools conceived of and developed in partnership between managers and the research community. Fire and smoke management are made even more complex by the current condition of ecosystems as a result of fire exclusion and the future implications of a changing climate. This chapter describes the scope of smoke management, social and regulatory contexts, and pathways through which scientific information and tools can improve the accuracy and timeliness of management and communication with the public.
Governance Reforms in Comparative Perspective and Their Path in the Italian Case
Authors: Capano Giliberto 
Published: August 2022

AbstractReforming governance in higher education has been a kind of mantra that has characterised governmental policies worldwide. Under the pressure of massification, globalisation and socio-economic demands, governments have continuously intervened to redesign the characteristics of the governance arrangements of their higher education systems as well as institutional governance. This common effort has been characterised by the adoption of a common template (i.e. the ‘steering at a distance’ model), mainly based on the idea of making universities more accountable to the societal goals through the massive use of evaluation, assessment and monitoring. The final results are highly differentiated, owing to the fact that each country has implemented a common template according to its own national characteristics and legacies. In this context, the Italian case shows its own peculiarities, whereas evaluative tools have been significantly adopted in a design highly contradictory of other dimensions such as institutional governance, the rules of careers and academic recruitment and the lack of clear systemic goals to be reached.
Drop-Out Decisions in a Cohort of Italian Universities
Authors: Atzeni Gianfranco , Deidda Luca G. , Delogu Marco , Paolini Dimitri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we study the determinants of student drop-out decisions using data on a cohort of over 230,000 students enrolled in the Italian university system. The empirical analysis reveals that the probability of dropping out of university negatively correlates with high school grades and student age, controlling for the course of study and university fixed effects. The benchmark estimation suggests a negative correlation between high school final grade and drop-out probability. We also find that enrolling late at the university increases the likelihood of dropping out. In line with the literature, our results suggest that women have a lower propensity to drop out. Our dataset allows differentiating between students who leave their homes to enroll at university (off-site students) and on-site students. We find that off-site students drop out significantly less than those who study in their hometowns. We provide significant evidence that off-site students are a self-selected sample of the total population. Accordingly, we use an instrumental variable (IV) approach to identify the causal relationship. The IV estimation shows that studying off-site negatively affects drop-out decisions and more so for students growing up in the south of Italy who typically study off-site in the Center-North of Italy. Taking advantage of a more detailed dataset concerning students enrolled at the Università di Sassari, we show that the choice of the degree is also important to predict the magnitude of drop-out. Specifically, we resort to a bivariate probit specification to account for self-selection into the course of study, finding that the estimates of the determinants of drop-out and the predicted probabilities are heavily affected. Accounting for self-selection, we show that an unconditional comparison among degrees is misleading, as some degrees attract more heterogeneous students than others, as far as skills and motivation are concerned. For instance, regarding the effect of gender, we show that while the estimation without selection suggests that women drop out less, once we account for selection, the contribution of women to drop-out becomes either positive or negative, depending on which course of study they choose. In line with these results, policymakers should tailor drop-out reducing policy interventions to the specificities of each course of study.
Zweiwertig zu Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI)
Authors: Groschupp Steffen 
Published: August 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Beispiel eines historischen Problems linearer Klassifizierer dient zur Verdeutlichung und zur Erregung von Aufmerksamkeit für ‚simple‘ Lösungen. Deren Wirkungen befruchteten einst das Konzept der Künstlichen Intelligenz zum Nutzen der Menschheit. Es bleibt die Frage danach, inwieweit unsere heutigen Bemühungen bezüglich der Nutzbarmachung der Fähigkeiten der KI zum Wohle der Menschheit und ihren Nachhaltigkeitsbemühungen ausreichen, wenn die Lernaufgaben der KI lediglich auf binären Codes basieren.Der Inhalt dieses Kapitels ist mit Hinweis auf die Fußnoten und das Literaturverzeichnis vollständig von der Zitier- und Abbildungsbefugnis des § 51 Urheberrechtsgesetz, Satz 1 - 3 umfasst.
Center of Distances and Central Cantor Sets
Authors: Banakiewicz Michał , Bartoszewicz Artur , Filipczak Małgorzata , Prus-Wiśniowski Franciszek 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe study a recently discovered metric invariant - the center of distances. The center of distances of a nonempty subset A of a metric space $$(X,\,d)$$

(
X
,

d
)

is defined by $$S(A) :=\{ \alpha \in [0,\,+\infty ):\ \forall \ x\in A\ \ \exists \ y\in A d(x,\,y)=\alpha \} $$

S
(
A
)
:
=
{
α
∈
[
0
,

+
∞
)
:

∀

x
∈
A

∃

y
∈
A
d
(
x
,

y
)
=
α
}

. Given a nonincreasing sequence $$(a_{n})$$

(

a
n

)

of positive numbers converging to 0, the set $$E(a_{n})\ :=\ \left\{ x\in {\mathbb {R}}:\ \exists A\subset {\mathbb {N}} \ \ x=\,\sum _{n\in A}a_{n}\right\} $$

E

(

a
n

)

:
=

x
∈
R
:

∃
A
⊂
N

x
=

∑

n
∈
A

a
n

is called the achievement set of the sequence $$(a_{n})$$

(

a
n

)

. This new invariant is particularly useful in investigating achievability of sets on the real line. We concentrate on computing the centers of distances of central Cantor sets. Any central Cantor set C is an achievement set of exactly one fast convergent series $$ \sum a_{n}$$

∑

a
n

, and consequently $$S(C)\supset \left\{ 0\right\} \cup \left\{ a_{n}:n\in {\mathbb {N}}\right\} $$

S

(
C
)

⊃

0

∪

a
n

:
n
∈
N

. We try to check which central Cantor sets have the minimal possible center of distances and which have not.
A Novel Dual-Energy CT Method for Detection and Differentiation of Intracerebral Hemorrhage From Contrast Extravasation in Stroke Patients After Endovascular Thrombectomy
Authors: Grkovski Risto , Acu Leyla , Ahmadli Uzeyir , Terziev Robert , Schubert Tilman , Wegener Susanne , Kulcsar Zsolt , Husain Shakir , Alkadhi Hatem , Winklhofer Sebastian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has been shown to be able to differentiate between intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and extravasation of iodinated contrast media (contrast staining [CS]). TwinSpiral DECT is a recently introduced technique, which allows image acquisition at two different energy levels in two consecutive spiral scans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of TwinSpiral DECT to distinguish between ICH and CS after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods
This retrospective single-center study conducted between November 2019 and July 2020 included non-contrast TwinSpiral DECT scans (tube voltages 80 and 150Sn kVp) of 39 ischemic stroke patients (18 females, 21 males, mean age 69 ± 11 years) within 48–72 h after endovascular thrombectomy. Parenchymal hyperdensity was assessed for the presence of ICH or/and CS by two board certified and fellowship-trained, blinded and independent neuroradiologists using standard mixed images and virtual non-contrast (VNC) images with corresponding iodine maps from TwinSpiral DECT. Follow-up examinations (FU; CT or MRI) were used as a standard of reference. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of ICH as well as the inter-reader agreement were calculated.

Results
Parenchymal hyperdensities were detected in 17/39 (44%) patients. Using DECT, they were classified by both readers as ICH in 9 (53%), CS in 8 (47%), and mixture of both in 6 (35%) cases with excellent agreement (κ = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of ICH in DECT was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84–96%), 100% (95% CI 94–100%) and 95% (95% CI 89–100%), and in mixed images 90% (95% CI 84–96%), 86% (95% CI 80–92%) and 88% (95% CI 82–94%), respectively. Inter-reader agreement for detecting ICH on DECT compared to the mixed images was κ = 1.00 (P < 0.0001) vs. κ = 0.51 (P = 0.034).

Conclusion
TwinSpiral DECT demonstrates high accuracy and excellent specificity for differentiating ICH from CS in patients after mechanical thrombectomy due to acute ischemic stroke, and improves inter-reader agreement for detecting ICH compared to the standard mixed images.
Energetic basis of hydrogen bond formation in aqueous solution
Authors: Crane-Robinson Colyn , Privalov Peter 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe thermodynamic forces driving the formation of H-bonds in macromolecules have long been the subject of speculation, theory and experiment. Comparison of the energetic parameters of AT and GC base pairs in DNA duplexes has recently led to the realisation that formation of a ‘naked’ hydrogen bond, i.e. without other accompanying Van der Waals close contacts, is a non-enthalpic process driven by the entropy increase resulting from release of tightly bound water molecules from the component polar groups. This unexpected conclusion finds a parallel in the formation of ionic bonds, for example between the amino groups of DNA binding proteins and the oxygens of DNA phosphate groups that are also non-enthalpic and entropy driven. The thermodynamic correspondence between these two types of polar non-covalent bonding implies that the non-enthalpic nature of base pairing in DNA is not particular to that specific structural circumstance.
An unreported infraspinatus muscle variation—two-headed infraspinatus minor muscle and three-headed fusion with the teres minor muscle
Authors: Koptas Krzysztof , Zielinska Nicol , Tubbs R. Shane , Olewnik Łukasz 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe infraspinatus muscle is situated under the scapular spine in the infraspinous fossa and inserts into the greater tuberosity of the humerus. It is a component of a crucial shoulder muscle group, the rotator cuff. There are a few interesting additional muscles in the infraspinal region. In the literature they are called the infraspinatus superficialis, infraspinatus minor and infraspinatus accessory muscles. The infraspinatus minor muscle is described as a superficial muscle bundle running under the scapular spine. During routine anatomical dissection, an unreported variation of the infraspinatus minor muscle was found. It derived from the inferior surface of the scapular spine and the infraspinous fossa. It had two heads. The superior head inserted on the greater tuberosity of the humerus. The inferior head inserted on the tendinous part of the infraspinatus muscle. There was also an unusual fusion of the infraspinatus muscle with the teres minor muscle. In this paper we will discuss the anatomical and physiological relationships of this morphological variation.