bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Trainee Participation on Operative Times in Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Eldib Amgad A. , Pihlblad Matthew S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to describe the difference in operative time during strabismus surgery in the presence and absence of a trainee with the operating physician.
Methods This is a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent strabismus surgery by three surgeons from January 2016 through September 2019. Electronic medical records were reviewed and noted for operative times as well as the presence or absence of a trainee (postgraduate year [PGY]-3 ophthalmology resident, PGY-5 pediatric ophthalmology fellow, or both).
Results The average time needed for a two-horizontal muscle recession by all the three surgeons in the absence of a trainee averaged at 35.7 minutes (range: 24–48). This is increased by 34% in the presence of a trainee with an average of 47.88 minutes (range: 20–81) with a p-value < 0.001. Similar comparisons were performed for a two-horizontal muscle recession in addition to bilateral inferior oblique weakening procedures for two surgeons. On average, in the absence of a trainee, this required an average of 61.9 minutes for completion with an increase of 31.8% with the participation of a trainee requiring 81.56 minutes.
Discussion The presence of trainees, whether residents or fellows, is a crucial component of medical education and training. It is important for their learning and helps develop strong future surgeons. However, this may increase surgical procedure times and affect the efficiency of the primary surgeon. This has important implications for surgical scheduling, surgical time utilization, and surgical productivity of those involved in trainee education.
Conclusion The presence of a trainee with a primary surgeon, although crucial to surgical training, may result in significant prolongation of strabismus surgical times.
Residual stress tuned magnetic properties of thick CoMnP/Cu multilayers
Authors: Chen Yu-Shan , Lin Chiao-Chi , Chin Tsung-Shune , Chang Jen-Yuan (James) , Sung Cheng-Kuo 
Published: March 2022

Electrodeposited hard magnetic thick films have vast applications in the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Yet the very large residual stresses (σr) built-up in monolayered thick magnetic films leads to cracks, dimensional changes and deteriorated magnetic properties. Here, we explored quantitatively magnetic properties of CoMnP/Cu multilayers tuned by σr, which in turn are varied by the inserted soft Cu interlayer and thickness of single CoMnP magnetic layers. The configuration of the multilayers is an alternating CoMnP/Cu on Cu-substrate. The thickness of Cu interlayer was 1.4 μm. We kept a sum of all magnetic layers in the multilayers at ∼20 μm to benchmark with a 19.4 μm monolayered CoMnP. The magnetic layers are 94 wt.% Co and possess highly textured (002) hexagonal close packed microstructures. We characterized the apparent crystallite stresses through sin2ψ method by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and residual film stress by curvature method. The insertion of Cu interlayers effectively reduces σr by 23% through stacking with six single-layered CoMnP. The out-of-plane (OP) anisotropy is slightly reduced. While the maximum energy product in the in-plane (IP) direction can be significantly enhanced by 430% ∼ 690% with increasing the number of the CoMnP single layer in the multilayers. The magneto-elastic behaviors well explain the evolution of the total anisotropy energy of the mono- and multi-layers. By CoMnP/Cu configurations we successfully worked out a strategy to preserve prestigious OP performance while to enhance IP properties by 4 to 6 times to meet ever increasing challenges in MEMS applications.
Potassium silicate and zinc oxide nanoparticles modulate antioxidant system, membranous H
Authors: Shah Anis Ali , Ahmed Shakil , Malik Aqsa , Naheed Kishwar , Hussain Saber , Yasin Nasim Ahmad , Javad Sumera , Siddiqui Manzer H. , Ali Hayssam M. , Ali Aamir 
Published: March 2022

Current research focused on the potential role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and potassium (K+) in mitigation of arsenic (As) toxicity in Vicia faba L. seedlings. Faba bean seedlings were grown for 30 days in potted soil. As stress curtailed root and shoot length, chlorophyll (Chl) content and net photosynthetic rate in V. faba seedlings. However, ZnONPs and K+ curtailed As stress in faba bean seedling through enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme. Furthermore, ZnONPs and K+ significantly enhanced cysteine (Cys) content and serine acetyletransferase (SAT) activity in faba bean seedling exposed to As-toxificated soil. Application of ZnONPs and K+ curtailed superoxide ionic content and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in V. faba seedlings exposed to As-polluted soil. Nitric oxide (NO) content also increased in faba bean seedlings treated with ZnONPs and K+ in normal and As-polluted soil. As stress alleviation was credited to reduce As uptake in faba bean seedlings treated with synergistic application of ZnONPs and K+. It is proposed that K+ interaction with nanoparticles can be exploited at molecular level to understand the mechanisms involved in abiotic stress tolerance.
A unified model for conductivity, electric breakdown, energy storage, and discharge efficiency of linear polymer dielectrics
Authors: Min Daomin , Ji Minzun , Gao Ziwei , Cai Zhuoli , Wu Qingzhou , Liu Jie , Li Shengtao , Liu Wenfeng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polymer dielectric capacitors are widely used as high-power-density energy storage devices. However, their energy storage density is relatively low and they cannot meet the requirements for high temperature resistant and high energy density dielectric capacitors. In order to clarify the key factors affecting the energy storage performance and improve the energy storage density and energy efficiency synergistically, it is urgent to establish a unified model to simultaneously study the volt−ampere characteristics, space charge distribution, breakdown strength, discharged energy density, and charge–discharge efficiency of linear dielectrics. Based on the bipolar charge transport (BCT) model, we establish a unified model by a comprehensive consideration of charge injections from electrodes, carrier migration, trapping effects of exponentially distributed deep traps, and damage caused by energy gain. The BCT unified model is first used to simulate the breakdown strengths at different temperatures, the discharged energy densities, and charge–discharge efficiencies at different voltages and temperatures for biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film and SiO2-coated BOPP multilayer film. The simulation results are consistent with the experiments. They show that carrier injection and transport are key factors to determine the conductivity, electric breakdown, and energy storage performance for linear dielectrics. Coating a layer of SiO2 on BOPP film can increase the injection barrier and reduce the charge injection, which can reduce the conductivity and Joule heat, and can alleviate the electric field distortion, resulting in the improvement of the breakdown strength. Meanwhile, reducing the space charge accumulation during the charging process by suppressing the charge injection can elevate the voltage at the beginning of the discharging process, which can improve the discharged energy density and the charge–discharge efficiency of linear dielectric capacitors.
Pseudorapidity dependence of the p
T spectra of charged hadrons in pp collisions at

s

= 0.9 and 2.36 TeV
Authors: Yang Pei-Pin , Ajaz M , Waqas M , Liu Fu-Hu , Suleymanov M K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We report the predictions of different Monte Carlo event generators including HIJING, Pythia, and QGSJETII in comparison with the experimental data measured by the CMS Collaboration at CERN in proton–proton (pp) collisions at center-of-mass energy

s

= 0.9 and 2.36 TeV. The CMS experimental transverse momentum (p
T or p
⊥) spectra of charged hadrons were measured for pseudorapidity range 0 ⩽ η ⩽ 2.4 with bin width of η = 0.2 (for p
T from 0.1 to 2 GeV/c) and a single bin of η for |η| < 2.4 (for p
T from 0.1 to 4 GeV/c). Pythia reproduced the p
T spectra with reasonable agreement for most of the p
T range. It depicts better results in the case of the |η| < 2.4 than HIJING and QGSJETII which could reproduce the spectra in a limited p
T range. Furthermore, to analyze the p
T spectra of charged hadrons measured by the CMS Collaboration, we used a three-component function (structured from the Boltzmann distribution) and the q-dual function (from the q-dual statistics) to extract parameter values relevant for the study of bulk properties of hadronic matter at high energy. We have also applied the two analytic functions over the model predictions. The values extracted by the functions from the HIJING and Pythia models are closer to the experimental data than the QGSJETII model. Although the models could reproduce the p
T spectra of all charged particles in some of the p
T range but none of them could reproduce the distributions over the entire p
T range and in all the pseudorapidity regions.
Anisotropic large diamagnetism in Dirac semimetals ZrTe5 and HfTe5
Authors: Singh Sukriti , Kumar Nitesh , Roychowdhury Subhajit , Shekhar Chandra , Felser Claudia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dirac semimetals, e.g., ZrTe5 and HfTe5, have been widely investigated and have exhibited various exotic physical properties. Nevertheless, several properties of these compounds, including diamagnetism, are still unclear. In this study, we measured the temperature- and field-dependent diamagnetism of ZrTe5 and HfTe5 along all three crystallographic axes (a-, b-, and c-axis). The temperature-dependent magnetization shows an anomaly, which is a characteristic of Dirac crossing. Diamagnetic signal reaches the highest value of 17.3 × 10−4 emu mol−1 Oe−1 along the van der Waals layers, i.e., the b-axis. However, the diamagnetism remains temperature-independent along the other two axes. The field-dependent diamagnetic signal grows linearly without any sign of saturation and maintains a large value along the b-axis. Interestingly, the observed diamagnetism is anisotropic like other physical properties of these compounds and is strongly related to the effective mass, indicating the dominating contribution of orbital diamagnetism in Dirac semimetals induced by interband effects. ZrTe5 and HfTe5 show one of the largest diamagnetic value among previously reported state-of-the-art topological semimetals. Our present study adds another important experimental aspect to characterize nodal crossing and search for other topological materials with large magnetic susceptibility.
The onset of tapering in the early stage of growth of a nanowire
Authors: Raj Gosain Saransh , Bellet-Amalric Edith , den Hertog Martien , André Régis , Cibert Joël 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The early stage of growth of semiconductor nanowires is studied in the case where the sidewall adatoms have a short diffusion length due to a strong desorption. Experimental results are described for the growth of ZnSe nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy. They are discussed and interpreted using the Burton–Cabrera–Frank description of the propagation of steps along the sidewalls, and compared to other II–VI and III–V nanowires. The role of the growth parameters and the resulting shape of the nanowires (cylinder, cone, or both combined) are highlighted.
Synchronous detection of IgG subtypes based on SERS combined with immunoassay
Authors: Zhao Huixue , Song Bailing , Sun Shijiao , Zhou Hao , Liu Tingwei , Jiao Feiyan , Wang Lei , Li Xinxia , Li Jiutong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this study, a rapid, simple, highly sensitive and anti-interference method for the joint detection of four IgG subtypes is established by using Raman microspheres with four characteristic Raman spectra. The results show that the concentrations of IgG1 in the range of 0–1500 ng ml−1, IgG2 in the range of 0–1100 ng ml−1, IgG3 in the range of 0–88.7 ng ml−1, IgG4 in the range of 0–77.2 ng ml−1, it shows a good correlation with the response value of The Raman signal. The lowest detection limits are 25.4 ng ml−1, 21.7 ng ml−1, 1.6 ng ml−1, 1.7 ng ml−1, respectively. Reproducibility is good, the coefficient of variation of low, medium and high concentration standard solution are within 10%. The recoveries of four IgG subtypes are in the range of 90%–110%, and the accuracy of the method is good. The coefficients of variation between and within the three batches of reagents are all less than 11%, showing good precision. There is no cross reaction with Procalcitonin (20 ng ml−1), Interleukin-6 (1 ng ml−1) and bovine serum albumin (10 mg ml−1), and the specificity is good. Common interfering substances such as bilirubin, triglyceride and trisodium citrate do not affect the determination results, and heparin sodium only affects the determination results of IgG1. This method has good anti-interference ability. The method has high sensitivity, simple operation and strong anti-interference ability, and has good correlation with the IgG detection methods commonly used in clinic. This simple and quantitative method can be used for the rapid detection of IgG subtypes in the future, which can improve the efficiency of clinical diagnosis.
An updated approach for deriving PTV margins using image guidance and deformable dose accumulation
Authors: Frederick Amy , Quirk Sarah , Grendarova Petra , van Dyke Lukas , Meyer Tyler , Weppler Sarah , Roumeliotis Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. To demonstrate an updated approach for deriving planning target volume (PTV) margins for a patient population treated with volumetric image-guided radiotherapy. Approach. The approach uses a semi-automated workflow within commercial radiotherapy applications that combines dose accumulation with the bidirectional local distance (BLD) metric. The patient cohort is divided into derivation and validation datasets. For each patient in the derivation dataset, a treatment plan is generated with a 0 mm PTV margin (the idealized treatment scenario without the influence of the standard margin). Deformable image registration enabled dose accumulation of these zero-margin plans. PTV margins are derived by using the BLD to calculate the geometric extent of underdosed regions of the clinical target volume (CTV). The PTV margin is validated by ensuring the specified CTV coverage criterion is met when the margin is applied to the validation dataset. Main results. The methodology was applied to two cohorts: 40 oropharyngeal cancer patients and 50 early-stage breast cancer patients. Ten patients from each cohort were used for validation. PTV margins derived for the oropharyngeal and early-stage breast cancer patient cohorts were 3 and 5 mm, respectively, and ensure that 95% of the prescription dose is delivered to 98% of the CTV for 90% of patients. Dose accumulation showed that the CTV coverage criterion was achieved for at least 90% of patients when the margins were applied. Significance. This methodology can be used to derive appropriate PTV margins for realistic treatment scenarios and any disease site, which will improve our understanding of patient outcomes.
Motion compensation for non-periodic dynamic tracer distributions in multi-patch magnetic particle imaging
Authors: Brandt C , Schmidt C 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. While the spatial and temporal resolution of magnetic particle imaging is very high, the size of the field of view is limited due to physiological constraints. Multi-patch scans allow for covering larger areas by sequentially scanning smaller subvolumes, so-called patches. The visualization of tracer dynamics with a high temporal resolution are of particular interest in many applications, e.g. cardiovascular interventions or blood flow measurements. The reconstruction of non-periodic dynamic tracer distributions is currently realized by the reconstruction of a time-series of frames under the assumption of nearly static behavior during the scan of each frame. While this approach is feasible for limited velocities, it results in data gaps in multi-patch scans leading thus to artifacts for strong dynamics. In this article, we are aiming for the reconstruction of dynamic tracer concentrations with high velocities and the compensation of motion and multi-patch artifacts. Approach. We present a reconstruction method for dynamic tracer distributions using a dynamic forward model and representing the concentration within each voxel by a spline curve. The method is evaluated with simulated single- and multi-patch data. Main results. The dynamic model enables for the reconstruction of fast tracer dynamics from few frames and the spline approach approximates the missing data which reduces multi-patch artifacts. Significance. The presented method allows to compensate motion and multi-patch artifacts and to reconstruct fast dynamic tracer distributions with arbitrary motion patterns.
Temperature variation compensated damage classification and localisation in ultrasonic guided wave SHM using self-learnt features and Gaussian mixture models
Authors: Sawant Shruti , Patil Sheetal , Thalapil Jeslin , Banerjee Sauvik , Tallur Siddharth 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Conventional damage localisation algorithms used in ultrasonic guided wave-based structural health monitoring (GW-SHM) rely on physics-defined features of GW signals. In addition to requiring domain knowledge of the interaction of various GW modes with various types of damages, they also suffer from errors due to variations in environmental and operating conditions (EOCs) in practical use cases. While several machine learning tools have been reported for EOC compensation, they need to be custom-designed for each combination of damage and structure due to their dependence on physics-defined feature extraction. In this work, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based automated feature extraction framework coupled with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based temperature compensation and damage classification and localisation method. Features learnt by the CNNs are used for damage classification and localisation of damage by modelling the probability distribution of the features using GMMs. The Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence of these GMMs with respect to corresponding baseline GMMs are used as signal difference coefficients to compute damage indices (DIs) along various GW sensor paths, and thus for damage localisation. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated using FE generated GW-data for an aluminium plate with a network of six lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors, for three different types of damages (rivet hole, added mass, notch) at various temperatures (from 0 ∘C to 100 ∘C), with added white noise and pink noise to incorporate errors due to EOCs. We also present experimental validation of the method through characterisation of notch damage in an aluminium panel under varying and non-uniform temperature profiles, using a portable custom-designed field programmable gate array based signal transduction and data acquisition system. We demonstrate that the method outperforms conventional temperature compensation method using GMM with physics-defined features for damage localisation in GW-SHM systems prone to EOC variations.
Tunneling theory for a bilayer graphene quantum dot’s single- and two-electron states
Authors: Knothe Angelika , Glazman Leonid I , Fal’ko Vladimir I 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The tuneability and control of quantum nanostructures in two-dimensional materials offer promising perspectives for their use in future electronics. It is hence necessary to analyze quantum transport in such nanostructures. Material properties such as a complex dispersion, topology, and charge carriers with multiple degrees of freedom, are appealing for novel device functionalities but complicate their theoretical description. Here, we study quantum tunnelling transport across a few-electron bilayer graphene quantum dot. We demonstrate how to uniquely identify single- and two-electron dot states’ orbital, spin, and valley composition from differential conductance in a finite magnetic field. Furthermore, we show that the transport features manifest splittings in the dot’s spin and valley multiplets induced by interactions and magnetic field (the latter splittings being a consequence of bilayer graphene’s Berry curvature). Our results elucidate spin- and valley-dependent tunnelling mechanisms and will help to utilize bilayer graphene quantum dots, e.g., as spin and valley qubits.
A novel 0.2–7 GHz microwave hyperchaotic generator based on Hartley oscillator
Authors: Bendecheche Hichem , Sadoudi Said , Sayah Houari , Ouslimani Achour 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a miniaturized microwave-band hyperchaotic generator prototype has been designed and realized. By improving the topology of Hartley oscillator, the proposed single-stage common-collector structure oscillator enables us to generate a microwave 0.2–7 GHz smooth spectrum signal with a power around −30 dBm. Using BFP650 SiGe transistor as a non-linear component, the proposed circuit has been implemented and simulated then experimentally approved. Introducing the parasitic capacitors C

BC
and C

BE
and using the exponential model to describe the active component non-linearity, a simplified electrical model for the developed circuit has been proposed. To exhibit the deterministic chaotic character of the mentioned circuit, mathematical and schematic implementation results using Matlab and Advanced Design System (ADS) simulations have been presented. The concordance between the two simulation results permits us to adopt the simplified state equation model to describe the circuit behavior. The Lyapunov spectrum exponents representation allowed us to verify the hyperchaotic behavior in the presented generator. Finally, an autonomous simple prototype architecture of the generator using the PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) substrate with ε

r
= 2.2 has been realized and experimentally validated. The achieved performances made the proposed circuit suitable for various fields of telecommunications.
Cosmological effects of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking on QCD axion dark matter
Authors: Jeong Kwang Sik , Matsukawa Kohei , Nakagawa Shota , Takahashi Fuminobu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study cosmological effects of explicit Peccei-Quinn
breaking on the QCD axion dark matter. We find that the axion
abundance decreases or increases significantly depending on the
initial position, even for a tiny Peccei-Quinn breaking that
satisfies the experimental bound of the neutron electric dipole
measurements. If the axion first starts to oscillate around a wrong
vacuum and if it gets trapped there until the false vacuum
disappears due to non-perturbative QCD effects, its abundance
increases significantly and is independent of the decay constant
fa
, as first pointed out in ref. [1]. Thus, the
axion produced by the trapping mechanism can explain dark matter
even when the decay constant is close to the lower limit due to
stellar cooling arguments. On the other hand, if the axion starts to
oscillate about a potential minimum close to the low-energy vacuum,
its abundance is significantly reduced because of the adiabatic
suppression mechanism. This relaxes the upper limit of the axion
window to large values of fa
. We also discuss how the axionic
isocurvature perturbation is affected by the Peccei-Quinn breaking
term, and show that it can be suppressed in both regimes. In
particular, the isocurvature bound on the inflation scale is relaxed
by many orders of magnitudes for fa
≳ 1011 GeV compared
to the conventional scenario.