bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Currently, cumaceans authorities recognize approximately 1,606 species; most of the literature concerning the order focuses on α-taxonomy. Although the cumaceans have more species than the tanaidaceans, they are distributed among far fewer families. Cumaceans are benthic animals and, for the most part, marine in their habits, although some brackish and freshwater forms occur. They can be found from littoral to abyssal depths; their greatest diversity seems to be in the deep sea. A poor fossil record exists, with specimens generally so small that they lend themselves to study only with scanning electron microscopy. They prefer in-faunal benthic habitats. The females remain cryptic, while the males seek out the sequestered females—although one species is often taken in plankton tows. The cumaceans possess one of the most distinctive anatomical body plans among the peracaridans.
Dendrobranchiata
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The suborder Dendrobranchiata comprises some 500 species that all shed a non-feeding, yolk-laden nauplius. They feature a gastric mill built around a large median tooth equipped with curved denticles along its margins, and a battery of flanking lateral teeth. This type of foregut could indicate that this was present in the stem decapods. Because a similar gut armature occurs in pleocyemate decapods. The freely shed nauplii are followed by metanauplii, protozoea (elaphocaris), mysis (acanthosoma), stages; and then decapodid phases. The fossil record indicates that Dendrobranchiata is of great age, with some purely fossil families. Recent anatomical analysis places Dendrobranchiata as the sister group to a clade Xenomocarida, a new taxon Richter and Scholtz erected for all the other Caridoida.
Caridea and Amphionides
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The infraorder Caridea has figured under various names as an important component of natant decapods. But it was not until the 1980s that cladistic analyses of carideans appeared in print (Christoffersen), and that which lead to a series of cladistically framed revisions of the infraorder. With well over 3,000 species, the secret to their success most likely arises from their diverse modes of reproduction., They also possess multiple patterns of foregut ossicles, thus easily accommodating a wide variety of diets. Caridea, while conforming to a generalized natantian body type, is morphologically a rather diverse group in many subtle ways. It is difficult to provide exact numbers of taxa because this group is actively being worked on, with new species frequently being described.
Thylacocephala
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The infraclass Thylacocephala features marine predatory, or scavenging, arthropods that populated the seas from at least the Early Silurian to the Upper Cretaceous. The name “thylaco-cephala” refers to the sac-like (or bag-like, or pouch-like) head seen on many of the larger, better preserved species, which arises from an extreme hypertrophy of the compound eyes. Assessing the higher affinities and determining the internal phylogeny of thylacocephalans have proven difficult. This chapter advances hypotheses that the body tagmosis patterns could be either 5–8–0, or 5–8–8, although the Silurian Thylacares might be 5–8–14. Hence, they filled an effective role in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas as rapacious carnivores. It is suggested that they be possibly assigned to subclass Malacostraca.
Anostraca
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Anostraca range up to approximately 15 cm maximum length (although typically only 1–3 cm on average). Their body includes a shieldless cephalon with prominent stalked compound eyes; large antennae modified as claspers in males; a 12-segment thorax with Hox gene expression and an array of leaf-like appendages; and a thin limbless abdomen with no Hox expression. Many anostracans bear an “antennal appendage” arising at the base of the antennae that occurs only in males and can be incredibly elaborate. The maxillules and especially the maxillae are frequently better developed in the larvae than in adults, in which they are greatly reduced—a distinctive feature of Branchiopoda. Anostracans inhabit brine pools, temporary melt waters, vernal pools, or floodwater catchments—places that are transient in nature, isolated, and with a lack of major food competitors. Anostraca as a sister group to the phyllopod branchiopods has obtained wide support.
Notostraca and Allies (Calmanostraca)
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The living Notostraca, ranging up to 10 cm in length, are a small group (approximately 11 species), but the larger assemblage of fossils (including Kazacharthra and the problematic Castrocollida) provides added depth and interest, thus facilitating the creation of a cohort Calmanostraca within infraclass Phyllopoda. The body bears a large, concave, shield-like carapace enveloping most of the anterior two-thirds of the body. The trunk consists of three regions: 11 anterior-most “thoracic” segments (thorax I), each with a single large pair of well-developed limbs; a second region in which the somites are fused into “rings” formed from 2 to 6 segments, with a number of limb pairs per ring (thorax II); and the most posterior region of a limbless abdomen terminating in an anal somite, or telson.
Remipedia
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Remipedia, or fire shrimp, have a 6-segment head (maxilliped fused with the cephalon even in early stages of development) and extremely long trunks (up to 42 segments, with each segment bearing a pair of biramous limbs). Female gonopores are located on the 7th trunk segment, whereas the male gonopores sit on the 15th trunk segment. The sperm has apical acrosome with a large nucleus that surrounds what looks to be a central perferatorium (as in cephalocaridans). The trunk terminates in an anal somite bearing variably long caudal rami loaded with tegumental glands. The most apomorphic feature is a hypodermic maxillule connected to a venom gland producing the most complex cocktail of lethal secretions seen in arthropods, if not in all of the animal kingdom. Their biogeographic distribution exhibits a Tethyan pattern.
Yicaris, Rehbachiella, and Allies
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Cambrian Period has yielded incredible specimens of arthropods from various sites throughout the world that have stimulated much phylogenetic speculation and analysis. Some members of the Cambrian microbiota have figured in important ways in commentaries on the possible origins of crustaceans. These fossils all seem to be larvae. Speculations about phylogeny universally depend on comparisons among adult forms. This leads to a serious problem—incompatible semaphoront status. When undertaking phylogenetic analyses, one should strive to compare only similar life stages—that is, adults to adults or nauplii to nauplii. This chapter reviews several of these taxa for completeness, but it cannot argue for or against these species as being ancestral or stem forms.
Epilogue
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Do scientists search for enduring absolute Truth, or do they hold with relativism that science deals not with absolutes but merely organizes information from which many hypotheses can be derived and tested against each other? Historiographers can never know the past because the knowledge base is never complete. Although the hard data about the past are scientifically verifiable, the weaving of these into historical narratives involves fictions. It is the systematist who makes the story, the explanatory narrative, what Hayden White called “emplotment,” the act of telling a story that makes the past relevant and understandable. Scientists collect data, a process that can produce much noise. At some point, a scientist has to organize those data, extract pattern from the noise, and then formulate hypotheses that explain the data, while remaining open to alternative testable hypotheses. That job is never finished because it leads to a need for more data and the re-forming of hypotheses for further testing. Let others carry on.
Americans in China
Authors: Lautz Terry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book reviews the first-hand experiences of men and women who provide a human perspective on issues that have shaped US engagement with China: politics and diplomacy, business and education, art and culture, journalism, law and human rights. It describes how, for them, China was more than just another place, it was an idea, a cause, a revolution, a civilization; some were born in China, others were motivated by curiosity and adventure; and some saw China as an existential threat, some as a socialist utopia, and others worked to improve US-China relations for non-ideological reasons. The book also chronicles Chinese Americans who wanted to help China overcome the poverty and humiliation of its past. Looming over the narratives presented in the book is the question of whether starkly different Chinese and Western worldviews could find common ground. Was it best to abide by Chinese norms, taking into account China’s unique history and culture? Or should individual civil and human rights be defended as universal? Would the PRC move in the direction of Western-style liberal democracy? Or was the Communist Party destined to continue on an authoritarian path? The figures in this book had distinctive answers to these questions. Their stories hold up a mirror to our two societies, helping to explain how we have arrived at the present moment.
J. Stapleton Roy
Authors: Lautz Terry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
US diplomat Stapleton Roy played a key role in achieving the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979. He and Leonard Woodcock negotiated with Deng Xiaoping to reach an agreement whereby the United States would break official relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan but would continue unofficial relations and sell arms to Taiwan. Roy grew up in China, where his parents were Christian missionaries, and became a Foreign Service Officer after graduating from Princeton. He was a Soviet as well as a China specialist. Later in his career, he was US ambassador to China, Singapore, and Indonesia. Since retiring from the State Department, he has continued to advocate for pragmatic approaches to US-China relations.
Jerome and Joan Cohen
Authors: Lautz Terry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Jerome and Joan Cohen were pioneers in the fields of Chinese law and contemporary Chinese art, respectively. Their encounters with law and art raised basic questions about human values and freedom of expression in the PRC. They lived in Beijing during a period of economic and cultural ferment in the early 1980s, in the aftermath of Mao’s destructive Cultural Revolution. Jerry Cohen, who was a professor at Harvard, practiced corporate law with a US law firm when the PRC’s legal system was being reconstructed. After returning to New York, he fostered legal educational exchange and advocated for dissidents and human rights in China. Joan Cohen, who had taught Asian art at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, lectured to Chinese audiences on modern Western art and introduced a number of avant-garde Chinese artists to the American public.
Introduction
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays the foundation for the readers to unpack the digital and transnational lifeworlds of dispersed Filipino family members. To begin with, it presents a brief overview of Filipino migration to Australia, and how this condition has shaped the way Filipino migrants and their left-behind family members use smartphones, social media, and mobile applications in sustaining ties beyond borders. Moreover, it highlights the uneven technological landscape between Australia and the Philippines, which moulds the quality of transnational and familial communication. More importantly, it explains the key dimensions of (im)mobile homes, particularly charting the influences of socio-historical, socio-cultural, socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-technological factors in mobilizing the formation of a networked and transnational Filipino family life.
Bittersweet Festivity
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How do digital communication technologies mobilize the enactment of family celebrations in a transnational setting? This chapter unwraps the bittersweet moments of digital media use by migrants and their left-behind family members to enact intimate interactions during special family occasions. In the first instance, it showcases the joyful, creative, and customized moments embodied by transnational family members through the circulation of personalized messages and material gifts. However, it also exposes the frustrating experiences encountered by dispersed family members, as shaped by asymmetrical familial dynamics, economic status, uneven access, digital literacy, and technological parameters. Ultimately, this chapter opens a critical conversation on the paradoxical outcomes of the reliance of transnational family members on smartphones, social media, and mobile applications to reclaim and revive traditional and household celebrations in their efforts to sustain ties at a distance.
An (Im)mobile Home and Beyond
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In an increasingly digital world, how do members of a transnational household perform, embody and negotiate a sense of home? This chapter summarizes the key contentions of the study in defining, characterizing, and interrogating the notion of (im)mobile homes in the digital age. To start with, it presents a recap of the introduced concepts across the chapters. It also highlights the communicative benefits and tensions produced in a personalized, digital, and transnational environment. Noting the gaps within the literature alongside some key reflections on insights generated through the study, it articulates several recommendations for future research directions. We see in here ways of expanding on the potentialities, constraints, paradoxes, and politics of virtual connectedness among transnational families. Ultimately, this final chapter identifies points of departure for future critical research approaches in further investigating the formation and maintenance of a home from afar in the age of mobile media.
Introduction
Authors: Buschmeier Matthias , von Kellenbach Katharina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the theoretical assumptions and principles that guided the three-year interdisciplinary research group into guilt as a force of cultural transformation. One basic assumption was that guilt unleashes social, spiritual, psychological, and cultural pressures that demand articulation and representation, sometimes after considerable time has passed. Without resorting to metaphysics, one observes “moral reminders” that “haunt” individuals and communities. Second, to say that guilt is transformative does not necessarily mean that guilt always or necessarily serves the greater good. Guilt can turn transformative in violent retribution and retaliation as much as in reconciliation and the repair of relationships. Practices of guilt attribution and denial, feelings of remorse and requests for release, as well as negotiations over repair, redress, and transformation can all inspire renewed violence just the same as they can prevent violence. The inherent ambivalences in guilt discourses are not minimized by the contributors. Rather, this volume seeks to understand the particular symbolic, legal, ritual, political, and aesthetic representations that create the conditions for prosocial resolutions to antecedent harm.
Guilt as a Positive Motivation for Action?
Authors: Schumacher Meinolf 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The obligation of satisfaction (satisfactio operis) in the Christian sacrament of penance made guilt productive in the Middle Ages because it required charitable and good works. These acts did not necessarily have to benefit the concrete victims but could also support other needy persons or society. Moreover, they could be performed on behalf of other sinners in acts of vicarious penance. Martin Luther fundamentally disputed this way of dealing with guilt in his doctrine of justification. In the wake of the Reformation, attempts to relieve a guilty conscience through action remain controversial, and a possible motivation for socially good deeds is lost. After a brief overview of the basic ideas of Christian penance, this chapter outlines the critiques of the mystic Meister Eckhart and the reformer Luther and describes the social consequences of the Reformation. The last section discusses the possibility of making guilt productive today using three current examples: volunteer service, vicarious activism, and charitable donations
Guilt with and without Punishment
Authors: Hofmann Dominik 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines different phenomena that share the feature of being scandalized under the keyword “impunity.” Situations as diverse as presidential (self-)pardons, post-transitional-justice amnesty laws, selective policing among class lines, or low clearance rates in homicide cases in Central America are seen as situations in which the law displays an “absent presence,” symbolically and discursively important, but inactive in practice. In these diverse situations, wrongdoing is decoupled not only from legal punishment, but also from guilt. Under these circumstances, guilt—moral and legal—becomes a diffuse concept, frequently leading to socially disruptive effects. These deleterious effects create a demand for (legal) institutions that help rein in the destructive potential of guilt and utilize its (conciliatory-when-controlled) force in productive ways.
Post-War Justice for the Nazi Murders of Patients in Kherson, Ukraine
Authors: Penter Tanja 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Under German occupation in World War II, tens of thousands of sick and disabled people were killed in the occupied Soviet Union. Very few German perpetrators were convicted for these crimes by courts in the Federal Republic after the war, whereas in the Soviet Union hundreds of thousands of Soviet citizens were sentenced to long prison terms or death as Nazi collaborators. Using the example of the murder of more than 1,000 mentally ill people at a psychiatric hospital in the Black Sea port city of Kherson, this article examines how investigative authorities and courts in Germany and the Soviet Union dealt with guilt, and asks whether criminal prosecutions have productive effects compared to impunity, particularly with respect to the culture of remembrance.
Guilty Dreams
Authors: Ghassem-Fachandi Parvis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes responses to an anti-Muslim pogrom in Gujarat, India, in 2002, and its aftermath over time. It seeks to understand whether and how shame, remorse, or regret were expressed or curtailed in public discourse and private expression, leaving the state in an ambiguous relation to guilt, with all its productive and unproductive possibilities. It presents a case study where in a series of dreams of a supernatural figure appear to compensate for a lack of accounting for violence and atone for the marginalization of Muslims in the state. The author addresses guilt in two ways: as external attribution where it is explicitly rejected, and as reactive feeling that manifests in social relationships in indirect ways.
The Guilt of Warriors
Authors: Derwin Susan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
War is, in the words of Vietnam veteran Karl Marlantes, a “moral quagmire,” born of the ethical, emotional, and existential consequences of inflicting death upon the enemy. This essay analyzes the challenges veterans face when confronting their feelings of guilt about wartime killing. It explores how veterans must balance the antithetical experiences of, on the one hand, having been a warrior, charged with casting aside the prohibition against killing, and, on the other hand, returning to society after war, where that prohibition obtains. The essay argues that, in order for warriors to successfully heal from war, their guilt must be avowedly co-owned by both themselves and their society. If and when this happens, guilt can become socially productive, and warriors can regain access to, and assume the full range of, their humanity, not least their sense of belonging to the society in whose name they served.
Patching Technologies of Control
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines how digital technology became a central instrument in a struggle for control of administrative processes between upper-level and lower-level NREGA bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh. Because technology can be resisted and repurposed to unanticipated political ends by different actors, this chapter focuses on changes in technology over time in order to better understand how such changes affect political realities on the ground. In particular, it asks how and why upper-level bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh made changes in the technology the program uses? How did the affordances of these technologies affect both specific outcomes and the ultimate possibilities for NREGA’s success? How did the changes affect the discretion of the lower-level bureaucrats? And how did they shape the ability of the upper-level bureaucrats to retain control of the implementation of NREGA at the last mile?
Reading and Writing State Records
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHow does the transparency that social audits create in theory lead to a practice that enables marginalized citizens to demand accountability from the state? The key part of the strategy is how social auditors mediate marginalized citizens’ access to NREGA records. The struggle to make NREGA administrators accountable centers on questions of who has read access to NREGA records and who has write access to them. This chapter details the process of how the auditors rewrite NREGA records when there are discrepancies in the administration’s official records. It then goes on to discuss the role upper-level bureaucrats play in both facilitating and ultimately limiting this rewriting. The chapter argues that social audits need to be evaluated not just in terms of the specific outcomes of NREGA, but also in broader terms of how they change relations between the Indian state and society and their potential to further democratize the state.