bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar geoengineering: The case for an international non‐use agreement
Authors: Biermann Frank , Oomen Jeroen , Gupta Aarti , Ali Saleem H. , Conca Ken , Hajer Maarten A. , Kashwan Prakash , Kotzé Louis J. , Leach Melissa , Messner Dirk , Okereke Chukwumerije , Persson Åsa , Potočnik Janez , Schlosberg David , Scobie Michelle , VanDeveer Stacy D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSolar geoengineering is gaining prominence in climate change debates as an issue worth studying; for some it is even a potential future policy option. We argue here against this increasing normalization of solar geoengineering as a speculative part of the climate policy portfolio. We contend, in particular, that solar geoengineering at planetary scale is not governable in a globally inclusive and just manner within the current international political system. We therefore call upon governments and the United Nations to take immediate and effective political control over the development of solar geoengineering technologies. Specifically, we advocate for an International Non‐Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering and outline the core elements of this proposal.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Explainable deep learning in healthcare: A methodological survey from an attribution view
Authors: Jin Di , Sergeeva Elena , Weng Wei‐Hung , Chauhan Geeticka , Szolovits Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe increasing availability of large collections of electronic health record (EHR) data and unprecedented technical advances in deep learning (DL) have sparked a surge of research interest in developing DL based clinical decision support systems for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Despite the recognition of the value of deep learning in healthcare, impediments to further adoption in real healthcare settings remain due to the black‐box nature of DL. Therefore, there is an emerging need for interpretable DL, which allows end users to evaluate the model decision making to know whether to accept or reject predictions and recommendations before an action is taken. In this review, we focus on the interpretability of the DL models in healthcare. We start by introducing the methods for interpretability in depth and comprehensively as a methodological reference for future researchers or clinical practitioners in this field. Besides the methods' details, we also include a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of these methods and which scenarios each of them is suitable for, so that interested readers can know how to compare and choose among them for use. Moreover, we discuss how these methods, originally developed for solving general‐domain problems, have been adapted and applied to healthcare problems and how they can help physicians better understand these data‐driven technologies. Overall, we hope this survey can help researchers and practitioners in both artificial intelligence and clinical fields understand what methods we have for enhancing the interpretability of their DL models and choose the optimal one accordingly.This article is categorized under:Cancer > Computational Models
Observations on the use of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in teleosts and elasmobranchs at a public aquarium, 728 cases, 2007–2020
Authors: McMurrer Jessica , McElhiney Aubrey , McNally Kerry , Innis Charles J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBetween 2007 and 2020 at New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA, we implanted passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags into 728 fish representing 105 teleost and elasmobranch species to identify animals as individuals. At the time of retrospective data analysis, mean longevity interval (median, range) after tag placement for animals that remained alive (n = 236) was 4.7 years (4.5, 0.3–13.8). Mean interval (median, range) between tag placement and death (n = 317) was 2.1 years (1.6, 0–11.2); and mean interval (median, range) between tag placement and transfer to other facilities (n = 175) was 2.5 years (3.1, 0.1–9.3). Possible adverse effects of tagging were extremely rare. Using the described methods, the equipment cost for every 10 PIT tag implantations was $2.83. PIT tag implantation in fishes is a safe and cost effective method to identify individuals, providing an opportunity to accumulate valuable data regarding individual longevity, welfare, basic demographics, and outcome of medical management. PIT tag implantation is recommended as a routine aspect of acquisition, quarantine, and medical management of fish under human care.
Adaptive management in a conservation breeding program: Mimicking habitat complexities facilitates reproductive success in narrow‐headed gartersnakes (Thamnophis rufipunctatus)
Authors: Blais Brian R. , Wells Stuart A. , Poynter Bradley M. , Koprowski John L. , Garner Michael M. , Allard Ruth A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMimicking natural parameters and complexities in zoo conservation breeding programs can facilitate natural physiological and behavioral traits, which in turn can inform more effective species reintroduction efforts. To curtail population declines of threatened narrow‐headed gartersnakes (Thamnophis rufipunctatus), the Arizona Center for Nature Conservation/Phoenix Zoo partnered with a multiagency conservation working group to develop an ex situ propagation‐for‐release program. Initially, Zoo staff followed common snake husbandry protocols of manually inducing brumation (i.e., winter dormancy). Copulation was observed during the first few years, but no births resulted. Also, some older individuals developed post‐brumation health abnormalities, prompting a strategic reassessment. To facilitate propagation and improve health, Zoo staff applied ecological knowledge of T. rufipunctatus and an adaptive management strategy to implement key parameters for success: sociality, refugia, breeding and foraging behaviors, and natural brumation. Zoo staff developed a large multisnake enclosure that mimicked natural ecological and habitat complexities including a hibernaculum to stimulate natural brumation. Gartersnakes were left mostly unimpeded to conduct natural behaviors across seasons in the enriched environment. We referenced change in body mass after ten brumation periods as a proxy for health. Under natural brumation, gartersnakes did not lose body mass, and this shift resulted in fully ex situ parturition events—the first for this imperiled species. We highlight the efficacy of adaptive management and incorporation of natural parameters and environmental complexities into conservation breeding programs. These actions can improve the health and success of animals under managed care—processes applicable to a range of taxa targeted for conservation translocations.
On optimal inequalities between three-point quadratures
Authors: Komisarski Andrzej , Wa̧sowicz Szymon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe examine the family of all (at most) three-point symmetric quadratures on $$[-1,1]$$

[
-
1
,
1
]

which are exact on polynomials of order 3 to find all possible inequalities between them in the class of 3-convex functions. Next we optimise them by using convex combinations of the quadratures considered. We find the optimal quadrature and use it to construct the adaptive method of approximate integration. An effective method to estimate the error of this method is also given. It needs a considerably fewer number of subdivisions of the interval of integration than the classical adaptive methods as well as the method developed by the second-named author in his recent paper (Wa̧sowicz in Aequ Math 94(5):887–898, 2020).
Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in elderly patients with head and neck cancer: a monoinstitutional, two-to-one pair-matching analysis
Authors: Mayer Arnulf , Wenzel Witali , Wollschläger Daniel , Bostel Tilman , Krüger Maximilian , Matthias Christoph , Schmidberger Heinz 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
About one fifth of patients with head and neck cancer are aged 70 years and older at the time of diagnosis. In these patients, risk factors (R1 status or extracapsular extension of lymph node metastases, ECE) often lead to a need for combined chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the postoperative setting. However, there is considerable concern about the toxicity of such therapy in this age group.

Methods
Retrospective evaluation of the data of 53 patients ≥ 70 years of age who underwent surgery in our hospital between 1999 and 2015 for tumors of the oral cavity, the oropharynx, the hypopharynx, or the larynx, who subsequently received adjuvant radiation therapy. Two younger patients (< 70 years) were assigned to each of the elderly patients in a matching procedure based on anatomic sublocalization and tumor stage. The total cohort was comprised of 154 patients.

Results
Univariate analyses revealed a statistically significant influence of many factors on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), including Karnofsky performance score (KPS), alcohol consumption, smoking, R status, ECE, chemotherapy, and discontinuation of RT. Younger patients had better OS and PFS compared to the elderly (p = 0.013 and 0.012, respectively). In a multivariate Cox regression, no independent influence of age on OS and PFS was found. Survival was primarily dependent on the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy (RT), application of the full course of RT, continued alcohol abuse, KPS, and the presence of ECE. Toxicity analysis showed a higher incidence of chronic renal failure but, generally, side effects for elderly patients were not substantially greater.

Conclusion
Performance status and behavioral risk factors but not chronological age are crucial for the prognosis of patients who require adjuvant chemoradiation.
Präzisionsmedizin in der Kinderneurologie am Beispiel der neuen Therapien
Authors: Ziegler Andreas 
Published: January 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In den letzten Jahren haben sich die Möglichkeiten der molekularen Diagnostik und Therapie seltener Erkrankungen im Kindesalter stark verbessert. Erste genmodifizierende Arzneimittel wurden inzwischen zugelassen, sie leiten eine neue Ära der Präzisionstherapie in der Kinderneurologie ein.

Ziele
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die dynamischen Entwicklungen der Präzisionsmedizin in der Kinderneurologie im Bereich Diagnostik, Prävention und zielgerichteter Therapien.

Diskussion
Der Paradigmenwechsel in Folge der Präzisionsmedizin beruht auf einem stärker auf das Individuum und seinen einzigartigen Eigenschaften ausgerichteten Behandlungsansatz. Zur genauen Beschreibung und Charakterisierung der betroffenen Kinder werden die modernen Methoden der genetischen und molekularen Diagnostik eingesetzt, ergänzt durch eine genaue Beschreibung des klinischen Erscheinungsbildes. Dennoch ist der Erfolg der daraus abgeleiteten, individuell besten Behandlungsstrategie oft vom Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung abhängig. Daher rücken zunehmend Methoden zur Krankheitsprävention, insbesondere das Neugeborenenscreening, in den Vordergrund, um den bestmöglichen Erfolg der neuartigen Therapien bereits vor Ausbruch von Krankheitssymptomen zu erreichen. Neben einer präzisen Stratifizierung der Therapien sollte in Zukunft auch ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der Berücksichtigung der individuellen Perspektive der Patienten und Erziehungsberechtigten liegen. Darüber hinaus müssen für die sinnvolle Anwendung der genmodifizierenden Therapien in Deutschland qualitätsgesicherte Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden.
Prävalenz, Biomechanik und Diagnostik femoraler Achs- und Torsionsfehler
Authors: Vuillemin Nicolas , Büchler Lorenz , Steppacher Simon D. , Meier Malin K. 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungAbweichungen der Anatomie des proximalen Femurs (Torsionspathologien, Coxa valga/vara) führen zu Veränderungen der Biomechanik des Hüftgelenks. Dies kann sich in einem femoroazetabulären Impingement (FAI), einer Mehrbelastung durch erhöhten intraartikulären Druck oder einer Fehl- oder Überbelastung der Hüftgelenkabduktoren manifestieren. Die Morphologie des Beckens, insbesondere die Version und Überdachung des Azetabulums, kann einen kompensatorischen oder verstärkenden Effekt haben und muss in die globale Beurteilung des Hüftgelenks miteinbezogen werden. Eine ausführliche klinische und radiologische Evaluation ist für eine korrekte Diagnosestellung von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Patienten berichten meist von inguinalen, z. T. aber auch von glutealen Schmerzen. Diese sind häufig von mechanischem Charakter und können durch bestimmte Bewegungen provoziert werden. Der Bewegungsumfang der Hüfte ist beim FAI vermindert, und es zeigt sich ein positiver vorderer und/oder hinterer Impingement-Test. Torsionspathologien führen häufig zu einem veränderten Gangbild. So präsentieren sich Patienten mit erhöhter femoraler Torsion oft mit einem innenrotierten, bei verminderter Torsion mit einem außenrotierten Gangbild. Zudem zeigt sich häufig eine Abduktoreninsuffizienz. Während zur Bestimmung des Collum-Diaphysen-Winkels (CCD-Winkel) eine zentrierte Beckenübersichtsröntgenaufnahme im a.-p.-Strahlengang verwendet werden kann, sollte die Bestimmung der Torsion anhand einer Computertomographie (CT) oder Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) von Knien und Hüftgelenk erfolgen. Von entscheidender Bedeutung ist die Angabe der verwendeten Messmethode der femoralen Torsion, da große systematische Unterschiede der Torsionswerte zwischen den verschiedenen Messmethoden bestehen.
Inzidenz, Biomechanik und Diagnostik der Hüftgelenkdysplasie
Authors: Chiari Catharina , Felsing Clemens 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Hüftdysplasie ist eine komplexe dreidimensionale Pathomorphologie des gesamten Hüftgelenks. Die mangelhafte Überdachung des Hüftkopfes führt zur Instabilität des Gelenks. Das schräg aufsteigende Dach ist Scherkräften ausgesetzt, die zu einer Überlastung der Erkerregion führen. Die Folge sind Schäden am chondrolabralen Komplex, welche die Ursache für auftretende Schmerzen sind und in weiterer Folge die Dysplasiearthrose induzieren. Die Inzidenz der Hüftdysplasie variiert nach geografischen Regionen und ethnischen Gruppen. Unterschiede in der Definition der Hüftdysplasie und ihrer Diagnose machen Literaturvergleiche schwierig. Die Biomechanik der dysplastischen Hüfte wird von der knöchernen Formgebung, aber auch von der Belastung und Muskelkräften beeinflusst. Die Behandlung sollte die Herstellung einer physiologischen Biomechanik zum Ziel haben, die in den meisten Fällen mehr eine Domäne der offenen Chirurgie als der Arthroskopie darstellt. Die Diagnosestellung der Hüftdysplasie ist herausfordernd. Eine genaue Anamnese, standardisierte klinische Tests und Röntgenaufnahmen, die durch den Chirurgen selbst beurteilt werden müssen, sind essenziell. Weiterführende Untersuchungen wie die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) sind für die Beurteilung von Knorpel- und Labrumschäden hilfreich.
An equivariant Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index theorem for proper actions II: the K-theoretic index
Authors: Hochs Peter , Wang Bai-Ling , Wang Hang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConsider a proper, isometric action by a unimodular locally compact group G on a Riemannian manifold M with boundary, such that M/G is compact. Then an equivariant Dirac-type operator D on M under a suitable boundary condition has an equivariant index $${{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_G(D)$$

index

G

(
D
)

in the K-theory of the reduced group $$C^*$$

C
∗

-algebra $$C^*_rG$$

C
r
∗

G

of G. This is a common generalisation of the Baum–Connes analytic assembly map and the (equivariant) Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index. In part I of this series, a numerical index $${{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_g(D)$$

index

g

(
D
)

was defined for an element $$g \in G$$

g
∈
G

, in terms of a parametrix of D and a trace associated to g. An Atiyah–Patodi–Singer type index formula was obtained for this index. In this paper, we show that, under certain conditions, $$\begin{aligned} \tau _g({{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_G(D)) = {{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_g(D), \end{aligned}$$

τ
g

(

index

G

(
D
)

)

=

index

g

(
D
)

,

for a trace $$\tau _g$$

τ
g

defined by the orbital integral over the conjugacy class of g. This implies that the index theorem from part I yields information about the K-theoretic index $${{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_G(D)$$

index

G

(
D
)

. It also shows that $${{\,\mathrm{index}\,}}_g(D)$$

index

g

(
D
)

is a homotopy-invariant quantity.
A heuristic approach for multiple instance learning by linear separation
Authors: Fuduli Antonio , Gaudioso Manlio , Khalaf Walaa , Vocaturo Eugenio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe present a fast heuristic approach for solving a binary multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, which consists in discriminating between two kinds of item sets: the sets are called bags and the items inside them are called instances. Assuming that only two classes of instances are allowed, a common standard hypothesis states that a bag is positive if it contains at least a positive instance and it is negative when all its instances are negative. Our approach constructs a MIL separating hyperplane by preliminary fixing the normal and reducing the learning phase to a univariate nonsmooth optimization problem, which can be quickly solved by simply exploring the kink points. Numerical results are presented on a set of test problems drawn from the literature.
Disrupted Attention to Other’s Eyes is Linked to Symptoms of ADHD in Childhood
Authors: Frick Matilda A. , Brocki Karin C. , Henriksson Linda Halldner , Kleberg Johan Lundin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with impaired social interaction. Other’s eyes are important for understanding the social world. Here, we examined concurrent and longitudinal links between attention to other’s eyes and symptoms of ADHD and comorbid externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Eighty-two 8 to 13-year-old children (40% with ADHD) participated. The latency to a first gaze shift to and away from the eye region of human faces, when primed to look at either the eyes or the mouth, was recorded with eye tracking. Parents rated ADHD, externalizing and internalizing symptoms at the time of testing and at 2-year follow-up. The results show that longer looking at the eyes before reorienting was specifically associated with concurrent and future symptoms of inattention, even when accounting for comorbid symptoms. We conclude that the temporal microstructure of attention to other’s eyes is altered in children with symptoms of ADHD, which may contribute to social impairments.
Effective coastal adaptation needs accurate hazard assessment: a case study in Port Resolution, Tanna Island Vanuatu
Authors: Faivre Gaelle , Tomlinson Rodger , Ware Daniel , Shaeri Saeed , Hadwen Wade , Buckwell Andrew , Mackey Brendan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeveloping countries face risks from coastal hazards that are being amplified by climate change. The selection of effective adaptation interventions to manage these risks requires a sufficiently accurate assessment of the coastal hazard at a given location. Yet challenges remain in terms of understanding local coastal risks given the coarseness of global wave models and the paucity of locally scaled data in most developing countries, including Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Vanuatu. This paper aims to examine the differences in hazard assessment and adaptation option selections arising from analyses using globally versus locally scaled data on coastal processes. As a case study, we focused on an eroding cliff face in Port Resolution on Tanna Island, Vanuatu, which is of concern to the local community and government authorities. The coastal process modeling revealed that the global wave data generated unrealistically high predictions of wave height within Port Resolution Bay. Expensive engineering adaptations designed to provide coastal protection were therefore likely to fail in preventing ongoing cliff erosion. In this case, the best adaptation solution involves changing land use to revegetate and help stabilize the cliff top. Our case study highlights the importance of accurate hazard assessment, especially in data-poor regions where the extrapolation of global datasets and models in the absence of local data can result in poor adaptation decision-making. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary approach applied here can be applied in other data-poor regions to strengthen analyses exploring the benefits of local adaptation interventions.
Let’s play! Gamification as a marketing tool to deliver a digital luxury experience
Authors: Milanesi Matilde , Guercini Simone , Runfola Andrea 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the features of gamification as a digital marketing tool to deliver a digital luxury experience. The paper employs the qualitative methodology of case study and presents a case of a multi-brand luxury company adopting gamification through the development of a game app. Four features of the gaming luxury experience are discussed: individual and collective gaming experiences, exclusiveness through rarity in luxury gaming, social networking and virtual influencing marketing mechanisms, and cross-fertilization between gaming and e-commerce. The paper expands the knowledge on gamification by highlighting its main features as a digital marketing tool for luxury companies and the benefits it can bring in terms of consumer experience, engagement, and sales. It also contributes to studies on luxury companies by discussing gamification as a means to create digital luxury experiences, particularly suitable for the new generations of consumers, such as Generation Z.
Possibility Precedes Actuality
Authors: Tahko Tuomas E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper is inspired by and develops on E. J. Lowe’s work, who writes in his book The Possibility of Metaphysics that ‘metaphysical possibility is an inescapable determinant of actuality’ (1998: 9). Metaphysics deals with possibilities – metaphysical possibilities – but is not able to determine what is actual without the help of empirical research. Accordingly, a delimitation of the space of possibilities is required. The resulting – controversial – picture is that we generally need to know whether something is possible before we can know whether it is actual. In order to appreciate this picture, we need to understand Lowe’s slogan: ‘essence precedes existence’ (Lowe 2008: 40). This slogan has both an ontological and an epistemic reading. The ontological reading is related to the now familiar idea that essence grounds modality, as popularised by Kit Fine. The epistemic reading suggests that we can know the essence of some entity before we know whether or not that entity exists. However, this idea is often met with puzzlement and Lowe himself sadly passed away before he had a chance to clarify this framework. I will present the framework as I understand it, develop it on my own terms, and put forward a qualified defence of it. I will also illustrate how the framework can be put to use with a case study concerning the discovery of transuranic elements.
Ciencia y secularización en Las fuerzas extrañas, de Leopoldo Lugones
Authors: Martínez José María 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTaking as reference the literary criticism from the English-speaking world, this essay attempts to explain the correlations between science and secularization as shown in Las fuerzas extrañas, a collection of short stories by Argentinian modernista author Leopoldo Lugones. By analyzing the intertextual connections between Lugones’ book and The Secret Doctrine, the ambitious theosophical treatise authored by Helena P. Blavatsky, and using also the concept of “scientific paradigm” proposed by Thomas Kuhn, the conclusion is reached that Lugones is both, a firm opponent of the materialistic scientific positivism of the nineteenth century, and a proponent of a new syncretic spiritualism that simultaneously coincides with and distances from the Christian Weltanschauung.