bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corneal diameter measurements by 3 optical biometers and their effect on phakic intraocular lens sizing
Authors: Savini Giacomo , Lupardi Enrico , Hoffer Kenneth J. , Aramberri Jaime , Schiano-Lomoriello Domenico 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To compare phakic intraocular lens size calculations based on corneal diameter (CD) measurements by 3 instruments.

Setting:
G.B. Bietti Foundation I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy.

Design:
Retrospective interventional case series.

Methods:
Preoperatively, CD was measured with the Aladdin, IOLMaster 700, and Pentacam AXL Wave. The simulated ICL size was computed by entering CD measurements into the manufacturer's calculator. Postoperatively, vaulting was measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The optimal ICL size (OIS) was calculated and compared with the commercially available OIS (CAOIS).

Results:
54 eyes (29 patients) with the implantable collamer lens (ICL) were enrolled. The mean CD was 12.02 ± 0.36 mm with the Aladdin, 12.35 ± 0.39 mm with the IOLMaster 700, and 12.22 ± 0.41 mm with the Pentacam AXL Wave (P < .0001), with the closest agreement between the Pentacam AXL Wave and IOLMaster 700 (95% limits of agreement: −0.43 to +0.17 mm). Vaulting (mean: 558 ± 261 μm) was within 251 and 1000 μm in 49 eyes (83.3%). The mean difference between the simulated ICL size and OIS ranged between −0.11 ± 0.35 mm and 0.10 ± 0.30 mm (P < .0001), with no statistically significant difference between the IOLMaster 700 and Pentacam AXL Wave. The simulated ICL size was equal to CAOIS in 38 eyes (70.37%) with the Aladdin, 37 eyes (68.52%) with the IOLMaster 700, and 39 eyes (72.22%) with the Pentacam AXL Wave, without any statistically significant difference.

Conclusions:
CD measurements by the 3 devices lead to similar percentages of eyes with an ICL size equal to the OIS. Agreement is closer between the IOLMaster 700 and Pentacam AXL Wave.
Clinical outcomes in a U.S. registration study of a new EDOF intraocular lens with a nondiffractive design
Authors: McCabe Cathleen , Berdahl John , Reiser Harvey , Newsom T. Hunter , Cibik Lisa , Koch Douglas , Lemp-Hull Jessie , Jasti Srichand 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the DFT015 intraocular lens (IOL) (AcrySof IQ Vivity Extended Vision) compared with an aspheric monofocal control IOL (AcrySof IQ model SN60WF).

Setting:
11 investigation sites in the U.S.

Design:
Prospective randomized controlled clinical study.

Methods:
Patients aged 22 years or older with bilateral cataracts were randomized to receive bilateral implantation of DFT015 or SN60WF. The 4 coprimary effectiveness outcomes (6 months postoperatively) were monocular photopic distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), monocular photopic corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), monocular depth of focus (DoF), and the percentage of patients achieving a DCIVA of 0.2 logMAR or better. The mean monocular photopic distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) was a secondary effectiveness outcome. Safety and patient-reported visual disturbances were evaluated through questionnaires.

Results:
218 patients (435 eyes) completed the study. Compared with SN60WF, DFT015 demonstrated superior mean monocular photopic DCIVA (P < .001), noninferior mean monocular photopic CDVA, and superior mean monocular photopic DCNVA (P < .001) and provided an extended monocular DoF (increase of 0.54 diopters at 0.2 logMAR). With DFT015, 78 first eyes (72.9%) achieved a DCIVA of 0.2 logMAR or better at 6 months. Incidences of ocular serious adverse events and patient-reported most bothersome visual disturbances were low and consistent between groups.

Conclusions:
DFT015 is safe and effective for the visual correction of aphakia, exceeding American National Standards Institute criteria for an extended depth-of-focus IOL by providing superior DCIVA and DCNVA, with comparable CDVA and visual disturbances to the SN60WF monofocal IOL.
Wellness in Physician Assistant Education: Exploring Mindfulness, Well-Being, and Stress
Authors: Hoover Eve B. , Butaney Bhupin , LeLacheur Susan , Straker Howard , Bernard Kari , Coplan Bettie , Carr Candra , Blesse-Hampton Laura , Naidu Amee 
Published: May 2022

Purpose
The current study examined stress reduction activities most commonly used by matriculating physician assistant (PA) students to better understand how students are approaching self-care and management of stress. In particular, the study examined levels of mindfulness and well-being to understand how these relate to various stress reduction approaches at the time of matriculation.

Methods
Newly matriculated students at 9 PA programs located across the nation were surveyed (n = 294). Validated survey instruments assessed levels of mindfulness and general well-being. Stress reduction activities were also assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine levels of mindfulness and levels of well-being to see how these relate to various stress reduction approaches.

Results
The survey response rate was 72%. Nearly one-third of respondents (32%) identified meditation as one of their stress reduction activities, and more than half (53%) reported having participated in mindfulness practice at least once in the past year. Sixty-four percent of students reported awareness of mindfulness practices, while only 16% reported frequent practice within the year prior to matriculation. When looking at variables of interest, decentering and psychological flexibility were significant in accounting for student-reported perceived stress and life satisfaction.

Conclusion
PA students are likely receptive to mindfulness-based interventions that have the potential to improve well-being and reduce stress. There is opportunity for programs to incorporate reliable and structured training within curricula that effectively increases levels of mindfulness and, in doing so, can lead to improvement in perceived stress and life satisfaction. Further research may assist educators in the development of strategies to promote student and clinician wellness.
Dual Process Clinical Reasoning Assessment: Quantifying the Qualitative
Authors: Sisson Caroline B. , Waynick Joshua , Gillette Chris 
Published: May 2022

Purpose
The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe a standardized clinical reasoning (CR) assessment process for preclinical physician assistant (PA) students; (2) describe student grades on a checklist by comparing clinical faculty members' judgment on a global rating scale (GRS) with judgments made by a faculty panel; and (3) evaluate interrater reliability between individual faculty members' grading and faculty panel grading.

Methods
Three clinical faculty members created a checklist to assess preclinical PA students' CR on a standardized patient assessment. Individual faculty graders and a panel of faculty graders evaluated student performance. Interrater reliability between individual faculty members and the faculty panel was assessed with Cohen's kappa.

Results
The study participants included 88 PA students (n = 88) and 12 faculty evaluators (n = 12). The faculty panel changed 11 grades (12.5%) from individual faculty members. Cohen's kappa indicated substantial agreement (k = 0.698, [95% CI: 0.54-0.85]) between the individual faculty members' grades and the faculty panel's grades.

Conclusions
The process of conducting a comparison of a checklist, the GRS, and a panel review improves the standardization of assessment and reduces grade inflation.
Machine Learning for Vestibular Schwannoma Diagnosis Using Audiometrie Data Alone
Authors: Carey Grace E. , Jacobson Clare E. , Warburton Alyssa N. , Biddle Elliot , Mannarelli Greg , Wilson Michael , Stucken Emily Z. 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
The aim of this study is to compare machine learning algorithms and established rule-based evaluations in screening audiograms for the purpose of diagnosing vestibular schwannomas. A secondary aim is to assess the performance of rule-based evaluations for predicting vestibular schwannomas using the largest dataset in the literature.

Study Design:
Retrospective case-control study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Seven hundred sixty seven adult patients with confirmed vestibular schwannoma and a pretreatment audiogram on file and 2000 randomly selected adult controls with audiograms.

Intervention(s):
Audiometric data were analyzed using machine learning algorithms and standard rule-based criteria for defining asymmetric hearing loss.

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome is the ability to identify patients with vestibular schwannomas based on audiometric data alone, using machine learning algorithms and rule-based formulas. The secondary outcome is the application of conventional rule-based formulas to a larger dataset using advanced computational techniques.

Results:
The machine learning algorithms had mildly improved specificity in some fields compared with rule-based evaluations and had similar sensitivity to previous rule-based evaluations in diagnosis of vestibular schwannomas.

Conclusions:
Machine learning algorithms perform similarly to rule-based evaluations in identifying patients with vestibular schwannomas based on audiometric data alone. Performance of established rule-based formulas was consistent with earlier performance metrics, when analyzed using a large dataset.
Infants With Congenital Muscular Torticollis: Demographic Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Physical Therapy Episode of Care
Authors: Greve Kelly R. , Sweeney Jane K. , Bailes Amy F. , Van Sant Ann F. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
To describe demographic factors, baseline characteristics, and physical therapy episodes in infants with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), examine groups based on physical therapy completion, and identify implications for clinical practice.

Methods:
Retrospective data were extracted from a single-site registry of 445 infants with CMT.

Results:
Most infants were male (57%), Caucasian (63%), and firstborn (50%), with torticollis detected by 3 months old (89%) with a left (51%), mild (72%) CMT presentation. Cervical range of motion (ROM) limitations were greatest in passive lateral flexion and active rotation. Sixty-seven percent of infants completed an episode of physical therapy, 25% completed a partial episode, and 8% did not attend visits following the initial examination. Age at examination, ROM, and muscle function differed significantly between groups.

Conclusions:
Physical therapists may use clinical registry data to inform practice for timing of referral, frequency of care, and clinician training to manage infants with CMT.
A Multifaceted Evaluation of a COVID-19 Contact Tracing Program in King County, Washington
Authors: Hood Julia E. , Kubiak Rachel W. , Avoundjian Tigran , Kern Eli , Fagalde Meaghan , Collins Hannah N. , Meacham Elizabeth , Baldwin Megan , Lechtenberg Richard J. , Bennett Amy , Thibault Christina S. , Stewart Sarah , Duchin Jeffrey S. , Golden Matthew R. 
Published: May 2022

Context:
Despite the massive scale of COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) programs operating worldwide, the evidence supporting the intervention's public health impact is limited.

Objective:
To evaluate the Public Health—Seattle & King County (PHSKC) CI/CT program, including its reach, timeliness, effect on isolation and quarantine (I&Q) adherence, and potential to mitigate pandemic-related hardships.

Design:
This program evaluation used descriptive statistics to analyze surveillance records, case and contact interviews, referral records, and survey data provided by a sample of cases who had recently ended isolation.

Setting:
The PHSKC is one of the largest governmental local health departments in the United States. It serves more than 2.2 million people who reside in Seattle and 38 other municipalities.

Participants:
King County residents who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between July 2020 and June 2021.

Intervention:
The PHSKC integrated COVID-19 CI/CT with prevention education and service provision.

Results:
The PHSKC CI/CT team interviewed 42 900 cases (82% of cases eligible for CI/CT), a mean of 6.1 days after symptom onset and 3.4 days after SARS-CoV-2 testing. Cases disclosed the names and addresses of 10 817 unique worksites (mean = 0.8/interview) and 11 432 other recently visited locations (mean = 0.5/interview) and provided contact information for 62 987 household members (mean = 2.7/interview) and 14 398 nonhousehold contacts (mean = 0.3/interview). The CI/CT team helped arrange COVID-19 testing for 5650 contacts, facilitated grocery delivery for 7253 households, and referred 9127 households for financial assistance. End of I&Q Survey participants (n = 304, 54% of sampled) reported self-notifying an average of 4 nonhousehold contacts and 69% agreed that the information and referrals provided by the CI/CT team helped them stay in isolation.

Conclusions:
In the 12-month evaluation period, CI/CT reached 42 611 households and identified thousands of exposure venues. The timing of CI/CT relative to infectiousness and difficulty eliciting nonhousehold contacts may have attenuated the intervention's effect. Through promotion of I&Q guidance and services, CI/CT can help mitigate pandemic-related hardships.
Brief Report: Efficacy and Safety of Efavirenz, Raltegravir, and Dolutegravir in HIV-1/TB Coinfection. A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study in France
Authors: Kherabi Yousra , de Castro Nathalie , Sellier Pierre-Olivier , Hamet Gwenn , Brun Alexandre , Méchaï Frédéric , Joly Véronique , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Molina Jean-Michel 
Published: May 2022

Background:
There are limited data comparing the efficacy and safety of raltegravir and dolutegravir to that of efavirenz in HIV-1/tuberculosis (TB) coinfected patients.

Methods:
We conducted a 10-year retrospective study in 4 centers in France. We included all HIV-1/tuberculosis coinfected patients starting antiretroviral therapy with a rifampicin-based regimen, with a plasma HIV RNA level (VL) > 1000 copies/mL. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with virological success that is, with VL <50 copies/mL at W48 using an Intention-To-Treat analysis, using last-observation-carried-forward to impute missing data. We also assessed antiretroviral therapy safety, analyzing treatment discontinuation for adverse events.

Results:
Between 2010 and 2020, 117 patients were included. Thirty-nine (33.3%) were treated with raltegravir and 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 19 (16.2%) with dolutegravir (and 2 NRTIs) and 59 (50.4%) with efavirenz (and 2 NRTIs). At W48, the primary endpoint was achieved in 24 patients (61.5%) in the raltegravir group, in 12 (63.2%) in the dolutegravir group, and in 41 (69.5%) in the efavirenz group using an Intention-To-Treat analysis (P = 0.68). Emergence of drug resistance in patients with virological failure, defined as a VL >50 copies/mL, was observed in 3 patients with efavirenz and one patient with raltegravir. Rate of treatment discontinuation for drug-related adverse events was 10.3%, 10.6%, 16.9% for raltegravir, dolutegravir and efavirenz respectively (P = 0.67).

Conclusions:
In this retrospective cohort study, raltegravir and dolutegravir yielded similar efficacy and safety results to efavirenz for the treatment of HIV-1/TB coinfected patients.
Simulation-based education improves military trainees’ skill performance and self-confidence in tourniquet placement: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Scalese Ross J. , Issenberg S. Barry , Hackett Matthew , Rodriguez Richard D. , Brotons Angel A. , Gonzalez Marco , Geracci James J. , Schulman Carl I. 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND
Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) is the standard of care for stabilization and treatment of military trauma patients. The Department of Defense has mandated that all service members receive role-based TCCC training and certification. Simulation education can increase procedural skills by providing opportunities for deliberate practice in safe, controlled environments. We developed and evaluated the effectiveness of a simulation-based TCCC training intervention to improve participants’ skill performance and self-confidence in tourniquet placement.

METHODS
This study was a single-blinded, randomized trial with waitlist controls. Army Reserve Officers Training Corp cadets from a single training battalion comprised the study population. After randomization and baseline assessment of all participants, group A alone received focused, simulation-based TCCC tourniquet application training. Three months later, all participants underwent repeat testing, and after crossover, the waitlist group B received the same intervention. Two months later, all cadets underwent a third/final assessment. The primary outcome was tourniquet placement proficiency assessed by total score achieved on a standardized eight-item skill checklist. A secondary outcome was self-confidence in tourniquet application skill as judged by participants’ Likert scale ratings.

RESULTS
Forty-three Army Reserve Officers Training Corp cadets completed the study protocol. Participants in both group A (n = 25) and group B (n = 18) demonstrated significantly higher performance from baseline to final assessment at 5 months and 2 months, respectively, following the intervention. Mean total checklist score of the entire study cohort increased significantly from 5.53 (SD = 2.00) at baseline to 7.56 (SD = 1.08) at time 3, a gain of 36.7% (p < 0.001). Both groups rated their self-confidence in tourniquet placement significantly higher following the training.

CONCLUSION
A simulation-based TCCC curriculum resulted in significant, consistent, and sustained improvement in participants’ skill proficiency and self-confidence in tourniquet placement. Participants maintained these gains 2 months to 5 months after initial training.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/care management; Level II.
Paecilomyces cicadae-fermented Radix astragali ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in mice by modulating the gut microbiota
Authors: Zhou Qing , Yang Fang , Li Zhixun , Qu Qingsong , Zhao Chongyan , Liu Xing , Yang Pengshuo , Han Lu , Shi Yanshuang , Shi Xinyuan 
Published: May 2022

The occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) are closely related to gut microbiota. Paecilomyces cicadae is a medicinal and edible fungus. Radix astragali is a therapeutic material for unifying Chinese Qi. They can delay the occurrence and development of kidney disease. In recent years, solid-state fermentation of edible fungi and traditional Chinese medicine has become a hot issue.

Hypothesis/Gap Statement. We assumed that solid-state fermentation products of R. astragali and Paecilomyces cicadidae (RPF) could ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and modulate gut microbiota composition.
We aimed to study the function and mechanism of the RPF for ameliorating DN in mice.
We investigated the effect of the potential roles of RPF in DN mice and interaction between DN and gut microbiota using animal experiments and gut microbiota measurements.
We found that RPF dramatically reduced urine protein, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in DN mice. Furthermore, RPF ameliorated the physiological condition of DN mice by regulating the abundance of intestinal microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014,

Allobaculum

, Unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae Alloprevotella and

Bacteroides

.
RPF can ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and modulate gut microbiota composition.
Regional disparities in prescription methamphetamine and amphetamine distribution across the United States in 2019
Authors: Lopera Sarah D. , O’Kane Victoria M. , Goldhirsh Jessica L. , Piper Brian J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionMethamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant and controlled substance that has detrimental health consequences for chronic users. Amphetamine is a structurally-related stimulant commonly used to treat ADHD, however, it also has a high risk for substance misuse. The objectives of this report were to characterize the regional differences in prescription methamphetamine and amphetamine distribution in the US, and examine potential reasons for variations in distribution.MethodsData for prescription methamphetamine and amphetamine distribution was obtained from the US Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) Retail Drug Summary Report for 2019. Quarterly, state, and regional differences in distributions of the two controlled substances were analyzed and.ResultsThe preponderance (97%) of retail drug distribution for both drugs in 2019 were made through pharmacies. In the same year, prescription methamphetamine (+6.8%) and amphetamine (+5.8%) saw increases in drug distribution from Quarter 1 to Quarter 4.. Across the entire US, total per capita drug weight distribution of amphetamine was exactly 4,000 times higher than methamphetamine. Regionally, total per capita drug weight for methamphetamine was highest in the West (32.2% of total distribution) and lowest in the Northeast (17.4%). The total per capita drug weight for amphetamine was highest in the South (37.0% of total distribution) and lowest in the Northeast (19.4%). The ratio between the 90th and 10th percentiles of per capita drug weight by state was 4.39 for methamphetamine and 2.45 for amphetamine. Distribution of methamphetamine only measured 16.1% of its production quota, while distribution of amphetamine measured 54.0% of its production quota.DiscussionOverall, prescription amphetamine distribution was common while prescription methamphetamine distribution was rare. Regional disparities were also present with lowest distribution of both substances in the Northeast region. The patterns observed in distribution are likely the result of stigmatization, differences in accessibility, and the efforts of initiatives such as the Montana Meth Project. This cycle will likely also change in response to physician recommendation and public opinions surrounding issues for pharmacotherapies for ADHD management.