bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of Reducing Dust Emission From a Spreader-Stoker-Fired Boiler Furnace
Authors: Holton W. C. , Engdahl R. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Forty-seven tests were made on a continuous-ash-discharge spreader-stoker-fired boiler to determine means of reducing dust emission. In addition to burning rate, variables investigated were the amount of overfire air, the use of air, steam, and steam-air jets, the location of steam jets, the degree of reinjection used, and coal size. These tests showed that the use of overfire-jet turbulence decreased smoke density, carbon loss, and dust emission from the furnace. It was found that steam jets located low in the rear wall gave the lowest dust emission. Reinjection of all collected cinder decreased carbon loss to one fourth of its value without reinjection, but doubled the dust-loading of the stack gases. The use of double-screened coal was found to reduce dust emission appreciably.
This project was organized by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., which obtained the participation of the American Engineering Company, Combustion Engineering-Superheater, Inc., Detroit Stoker Company, Hoffman Combustion Engineering Company, Iron Fireman Manufacturing Company, Riley Stoker Corporation, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The project was also supported by the General Motors Corporation which furnished the test site, special test facilities, and the coals used.
Characteristics of Dished-Plate (Belleville) Springs as Measured in Portable Recording Tensiometers
Authors: Ryan J. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The development of portable recording tensiometers (force versus time) for maximum tension loads between 5000 and 16,000 lb presented an opportunity for determining the load-deflection characteristics of a series of dished-plate (Belleville) springs of the same size and shape, except for a variation in thickness. Without such an instrument, capable of microscopic measurement, the deflections of these initially coned annular-disk springs of uniform cross section are exceedingly difficult to obtain. This paper describes the tensiometer and compares the theoretical methods of calculation of the spring deflections with the results of the load-deflection tests. Dished-plate (Belleville) springs of the kind discussed here are capable of carrying heavy loads in a small space with near-linear deflections, and an analysis of the design characteristics may encourage their application in other machine elements.
Reheat Experiences at Port Washington
Authors: Drewry M. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The following are treated: (a) Starting schedules after shutdowns of various durations, (b) reheat economics based on experiences, (c) conversion to centralized control of auxiliaries, (d) reheat steam-temperature control, (e) turbine overspeed control as affected by reheat, and (f) reliability data. That reheat has been desirable in all respects is indicated.
Twenty-Five Years of Reheat Operating Experience on the American Gas and Electric System
Authors: Fiala S. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Interest in the reheat regenerative cycle, as manifested in boiler and turbine sales data, has been intensified greatly in the postwar years. The intent in submitting this paper is to contribute to the general historical record of reheat development by citing some of the experiences of the American Gas and Electric Company during the past 25 years. Operating features of some of the older units on the system are described but the emphasis has been placed on the characteristics of the modern units. Starting and stopping procedures, emergency shutdowns, temperature control, and performance are some of the topics discussed.
Operating Experience With Reheat at Edgar Station
Authors: Stickle H. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Operating experience with the new 81,250-kw 1450-psi 1000 F/1000 F reheat unit at Edgar Station is compared with operation of earlier reheat units. No operating difficulties have been experienced with reheat at this station during a 25-year period. Availability of earlier units was lower than that of the new unit. Increased reliability is a large contributing factor toward renewed interest in reheat.
An Investigation of Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Authors: Elrod H. G. , Fouse R. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The measurement of the flow of molten corrosive metals in small sizes of conduit presents a number of difficulties. Of the devices and methods for accomplishing such a measurement, electromagnetic (EM) flowmeters appear to possess the greatest number of advantages. Accordingly, the work described in this paper was undertaken to acquire further knowledge of the characteristics of these instruments and some experience in their operation.
Design Features of a 5000-Hp Gas Turbine
Authors: Buckland B. O. , Berkey D. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A 5000-hp, one-compressor, two-turbine gas-turbine power plant is described, its features are discussed, and its expected capability and economy are given. The plant which is designed to have a maximum of flexibility in its application is intermediate in efficiency and complication between a simple one-compressor, one-turbine non-regenerative power plant and a two-compressor, two-turbine intercooled and regenerative power plant designed by the authors’ company. The axial-flow compressor has 14 stages and operates at a pressure ratio of 5.5. The turbine has two stages. The second stage produces the useful load and has a nozzle arranged so that its effective flow area can be varied during operation. The six combustion chambers are expected to operate at 800 F preheat and at 650 F rise. The cylindrically shaped regenerator when used is mounted on end and outdoors. The lube-oil system is similar to that used for steam turbines. The plant can be supplied either with a motor-driven or a turbine-driven cranking assembly. The control means for starting and stopping the plant and for controlling the turbine speeds and temperatures during operation is described. The installation requirements such as weights, outline dimensions, and water requirements are given.
Review of Optimum Design of Gas-Turbine Regenerators
Authors: Aronson D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper summarizes design relationships to simplify the design and selection of the most suitable regenerator for a particular gas-turbine application. There are presented the criteria to be applied for the case of shape, volume, weight of surface area being the principal limitation on design. The distinctive features of bare-tube design and of extended-surface design are outlined.
The Life of High-Speed Ball Bearings
Authors: Jones A. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
At high rotational speeds the centrifugal force on the balls increases the probability of failure of the outer race in the case of a radial-type ball bearing under radial load and hence reduces bearing life. In an angular contact bearing operating under thrust load, centrifugal loading of the balls produces a higher operating contact angle for the inner race than the outer, thus affecting the relative probabilities of failure of inner and outer races and hence must be considered in calculating bearing life.
Behavior of Superheater Tubing Materials in Contact With Combustion Atmospheres at 1350 F
Authors: Blank H. A. , Hall A. M. , Jackson J. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
With steam temperature of central-station boiler plants advancing to 1050 F in new installations today, and with indications that steam temperatures of 1200 F are not too far in the future, selection of suitable materials for superheater and reheater tubing requires special consideration. Alloys having good service characteristics in the range of 1100 F to 1350 F are required to meet the foregoing steam conditions. While mechanical properties of such alloys are not too serious a problem, the matter of corrosion resistance is a critical one. The ASME Special Research Committee on High-Temperature Steam Generation, recognizing the importance and the complexity of the corrosion problems, undertook sponsorship of a comprehensive program to evaluate commercially available alloys for suitability as superheater and reheater tubing at metal temperatures up to 1350 F. (The program is divided into two broad parts.) One is concerned with the reaction of high-pressure high-temperature steam on such materials. The other deals with corrosion by flue gases and slag-forming ash on the external surface of the tubing, and is divided in turn into two phases. The specific objective of one phase is the evaluation of the alloys with respect to resistance toward corrosion by the combustion products of the various fuels used for boilers, under actual field conditions. The objective of the other phase, carried out in the laboratory, is the investigation of the effect of certain components of a combustion atmosphere on the rate of corrosion of the same alloys. This paper is concerned with the field-test phase of the program which was carried out at Battelle. The laboratory work done at Battelle will be the subject of a future paper.
Linear-Resistance Meters for Liquid Flow
Authors: Souers R. C. , Binder R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A linear or linear-resistance type of flowmeter can consist of a straight piece of pipe with a porous plug, or a resistance element and a differential gage across the porous plug. In a certain flow range the volume rate of flow through the meter is directly proportional to the pressure drop across the plug. An investigation was made of linear flowmeters with copper-wool and brass-screen disk elements; the fluid was water. The tests cover a range of plug lengths and plug specific weights. A set of dimensionless ratios is proposed for a correlation of all the data for general application.
Effect of Variations in Viscosity of Lubricants Upon Timken OK and Psi Values
Authors: Kolarik I. S. , Zeiler C. A. , Kipp E. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Timken lubricant tester is often used in the laboratory in establishing Timken OK loads and psi values at OK loads for lubricants of the extreme-pressure type, particularly for those used as gear lubricants. The present investigation was conducted to determine the magnitude of hydrodynamic-lubrication effects associated with viscosity in determining OK loads. The effect of rubbing speeds was also studied.
Nozzle Characteristics in High-Vacuum Flows—Rarefied Gas Dynamics
Authors: Folsom R. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The growing importance of processes carried out under high-vacuum conditions increases the interest in the performance characteristics of flow-measuring devices for gases under low-Reynolds-number conditions. Published information on flow coefficients for liquids in throttling devices such as orifices, nozzles, and Venturi meters indicates that these coefficients change rapidly in the lower Reynolds-number regions. Similarly, coefficients in this region for compressible fluids, such as gases at subsonic velocities and normal pressures, are available in a limited number. A review of the literature fails to uncover any data on viscous compressible flow in nozzles. This paper presents a limited number of results of experiments on small ASME shaped nozzles at very low Reynolds numbers, achieved by operating at extremely low pressures over a wide range of pressure ratios.
Measuring the Cooling Properties of Cutting Fluids
Authors: Hain G. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The ability of a cutting fluid to reduce the temperature at the chip-tool interface in the machining of metals is of utmost importance to long tool life. This ability depends, in part, on the heat-transfer properties of the fluid. This paper describes a simple technique for evaluating the heat-transfer properties of fluids. An alternating current of about 50 amp heats the walls of a length of stainless-steel hypodermic tubing while fluid is forced through it at a constant rate. Thermocouples brazed at intervals to the outside of the tube wall measure the wall temperature from which heat-transfer data are derived.
The Stresses in a Pressure Vessel With a Flat Head Closure
Authors: Watts G. W. , Lang H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of computations for determining the stresses in a cylindrical pressure vessel with a flat head closure. The accurate bending theory of shells is used to evaluate the local bending stresses in the neighborhood of the junction of the flat head and the cylindrical body. Tables show the magnitudes of the shear stress, the circumferential stress, and the axial stress as multiples of pd/2t. For the axial and circumferential stresses, the tables show the magnitude and sense of the stress on the internal and external surfaces of the vessel. The locations where these stresses are critical are also determined. Curves are given showing the maximum stresses as functions of the diameter-thickness ratio of the shell and of the thickness ratio of head to shell body. The range of calculation includes most vessel sizes encountered in practice.
Tables of influence numbers for the cylinder and the flat head are presented. These tables can be utilized in problems in which other elastic structures are attached to either member. The paper includes a discussion of the mathematical procedure.
Low-Temperature Separation for High-Pressure Gas-Distillate Wells
Authors: Glasgow C. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The process for extracting hydrocarbons from high-pressure gas at low temperatures is not new. As early as 1936 experimental work was done in cycling plants to increase hydrocarbon recovery by low-temperature separation at elevated pressures which resulted in increased revenue from the sale of liquid fractions and reduced the horsepower requirement for injecting the gas back to formation. Low-temperature separation is now finding wide application in small compact-type low-temperature units for individual gas-distillate wells in order to increase stock-tank liquid for a rapid payout investment, and at the same time reduce the water content of the gas to meet pipe-line specifications. Performance tests, calculated studies, and a description of this last-mentioned low-temperature unit are presented to show the advantages of more efficient equipment for high-pressure gas-distillate production.
Recent Experience in Examination of High-Temperature Catalytic-Cracking Pressure Equipment
Authors: Rossheim D. B. , Murphy J. J. , Caughey R. H. , Hoyt W. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The welded seams of three integral-clad catalytic-cracking unit reactors have been found to contain cracks after about 7 years of service. Examination has detected graphite in the carbon-steel base metal and heat-affected zones. This paper reports the findings of investigations made on these three and other reactors, both clad, lined and unlined, in similar service. The results of mechanical tests and microscopic examinations made on specimens removed from reactors and other high-temperature equipment in the same service are presented. Possible causes of the cracks are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of thermal stresses in bimetallic construction and the effect of graphite on mechanical properties. Recommendations are included relative to existing equipment and new construction for service at elevated temperatures.
Heat-Transfer and Flow-Friction Characteristics of Some Compact Heat-Exchanger Surfaces: Part 3—Design Data for Five Surfaces
Authors: London A. L. , Kays W. M. , Johnson D. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
New developments in prime-mover and process equipment have created a more urgent need for compact heat-transfer surfaces. This paper presents basic heat-transfer and flow-friction design data for five such surfaces. Three of these are variations of the finned-circular-tube type. The other two are flow inside small rectangular (6:1 aspect ratio) and circular tubes. In addition to the use of conventional nondimensional heat-transfer and flow-friction correlations, the various surfaces are compared on a heat-transfer coefficient versus flow-friction-horsepower basis. The results represent a continuation of a program started in 1945 and bring to a total of 39 the number of compact surfaces for which design data have been reported.
Performance of Finned Tubes in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Williams R. B. , Katz D. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Heat-transfer measurements have been made on three pairs of tube bundles. The bundles of a pair are identical except that plain tubes are used in one bundle and finned tubes in the other. The finned tubes have from 2.07 to 2.76 times as much outside surface as the plain tubes. Heat-transfer measurements were made for water, lubricating oil, and glycerine on the shell side. Several temperature levels and temperature differences were used to give a variety of viscosities and other fluid properties. Shell-side coefficients were determined by extrapolating to infinite water velocity the over-all coefficients for a series of water velocities inside the tubes. These shell-side coefficients are correlated by the following equation h0Dk=C(DGmμ)0.65(Cpμk)0.375(μμw)0.14 The values of C depend upon the bundle and vary from 0.225 to 0.143. The pressure-drop data are correlated by the methods presented by Donohue. The heat transferred per degree of temperature difference for the clean finned-tube bundles varied from 110 per cent of that for the corresponding plain-tube bundles for water to 200 per cent for the lubricating oil. For the same mass velocity, the shell-side coefficients for the finned tubes based on the outside area are approximately 80 ± 20 per cent of the plain-tube coefficients. In all cases, at the same mass velocities the pressure drop is less for the finned-tube bundles.
The Dynamics of Pulsative Flow Through Sharp-Edged Restrictions: With Special Reference to Orifice-Metering
Authors: Baird R. C. , Bechtold I. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A brief review is given of the nature of the propagation of pressure pulsations as they are transmitted through pipe lines such as those associated with compressor installations. With this review as a basis, discussion of the phenomena occurring in the vicinity of sharp-edged orifices is presented. The manner in which the wave form is changed by passage through the orifice is explained. Consideration also is given to the phase shift as it is produced by the restriction. A discussion of these wave-form transformations and phase distortion is applied to the effects which occur across an orifice plate in a metering system. These effects are reflected ultimately in the recording instrument as a potential source of error. Field and laboratory experimental data concerning commercial pipe lines and their associated meter runs are presented to illustrate the dynamic effects of pulsative flow in orifice metering.
Comparative Efficiencies of Central-Station Reheat and Nonreheat Steam-Turbine-Generator Units
Authors: Elston C. W. , Knowlton P. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide information concerning the performance of large steam-turbine-generator units of modern design, for modern steam conditions and ratings, and to show something of the background of experience from which the information is derived. A similar exposition was made in 1940, along somewhat different lines, and with no particular information on the reheat machines, which have become very much more popular in the last few years. The present paper shows the amount of test information obtained on complete turbine-generator units since the Warren-Knowlton paper was written, and also by comparing test results with guaranteed figures, shows the efficacy of the general performance-calculation method herein given.
The Effect of the Cutting Fluid Upon Chip-Tool Interface Temperature
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Pigott J. D. , Richardson L. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An analysis is presented of the short-circuiting effect of a cutting fluid in conjunction with chip-tool interface temperature measurements by the tool-work thermocouple technique. An experimental arrangement based upon the results of this analysis and capable of giving reliable cutting temperatures in the presence of fluids is described. The temperature-reducing characteristics of a representative group of water-base cutting fluids are studied, and these experiments reveal that the fluids become less effective in reducing the cutting temperature as the volume of metal removed per unit time is increased. The water-base fluids considered are found to reduce the tool-tip temperature by a cooling action to a greater extent than by a reduction of the friction force on the face of the tool.
Safety Margins and Stress Levels in High-Temperature Equipment
Authors: Robinson Ernest L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper the author reviews the factors of safety and working stress levels currently in use in high-temperature equipment and discusses their relationship to physical properties at high temperature, as determined by the various kinds of tests currently in use. Differences between various industrial applications are pointed out in comparison with the general rules at present used by the author’s company. Any conclusions as regards advisable changes of practice are left to the judgment of the reader whose critical comments are invited.
Chemical Removal of Copper From Boilers
Authors: Call R. G. , Webb W. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When acid-cleaning a 1,000,000-lb per hr boiler for removal of deposits which were predominantly iron oxide, the boiler metal was heavily plated with copper. During subsequent operation this copper became detached in large sheets such as to affect circulation adversely, making copper removal mandatory. Because laboratory tests on previously used copper solvents gave poor performance, a solvent was developed containing ammonium persulphate, ammonium hydroxide, and caustic soda which, when used on this boiler, removed about 300 lb of copper. Laboratory conclusions and field-cleaning procedures, results, and costs are indicated.
The Design of Nonlinear Leaf Springs
Authors: Clurman S. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It is occasionally desirable to incorporate into a mechanism a spring having a particular nonlinear force-deflection relationship. This need may arise in the design of computers, certain control mechanisms, and special shock-absorbing systems. A technique is developed whereby leaf springs may be designed to follow arbitrary functions having increasing first derivatives. Some experimental results are discussed. A device is described which will produce a spring characteristic having a decreasing first derivative.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection in Pipes by Means of Shear Waves
Authors: Moriarty C. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a procedure by which ultrasonic methods can be applied to the inspection of high-pressure piping. A description of the equipment used is included, together with some basic information by which the applicability to general pipe inspection can be evaluated. In the interest of accenting the application phases, a theoretical discussion of ultrasonic waves and their transformations has been omitted. Although this testing procedure is relatively new, the successful experience with it to date indicates its possibilities for providing additional insurance against hidden defects.