bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic liquid-catalyzed synthesis of (1,4-benzoxazin-3-yl) malonate derivatives via cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reactions
Authors: Sharifi Ali , Moazami Maryam , Saeed Abaee Mohammad , Mirzaei Mojtaba 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A convenient C(sp3)–C(sp3) oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reaction of 1,4-benzoxazin-2-ones with malonate esters was developed under mild conditions to obtain the respective ester malonates in high yields. Reactions take place in [omim]FeCl4, acting as both the solvent and the catalyst. Under [omim]Cl/FeCl3-DDQ conditions, derivatives of 1 coupled with malonate 2 to give the target molecules within 1–2 h time periods. The ionic liquid was recovered and reused in the next reactions without losing its efficiency.
A tailored fast thioacidolysis method incorporating multi-reaction monitoring mode of GC-MS for higher sensitivity on lignin monomer quantification
Authors: Yang Linjie , Wang Jiangli , Wang Chen , Yue Fengxia , Lu Fachuang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thioacidolysis is widely used for lignin structural characterization by cleaving β-aryl ethers to release syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) monomers followed by GC analysis. However, the traditional thioacidolysis method requires tedious extraction steps with chlorinated solvent underlying harmful to health, limiting its efficiency and application. Herein, an improved thioacidolysis method with high sensitivity for the quantitation of lignin-derived monomers was developed. The improved protocol used a quick, streamlined procedure to recover the monomeric products using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent and MS detector in multi-reaction monitoring mode to enhance its ability to detect extremely low concentration (0.1 ppb with signal-to-noise higher than 2) of monomeric products. Additionally, a fast GC program was established to speed up the GC quantitation. Several representative lignocellulose samples, including gymnosperm, angiosperm, and poaceae, were used to test this tailored method. The results demonstrated that the ratios of lignin monomer compositions determined by this method were consistent with that of traditional procedure despite the slightly higher monomer yields measured. More importantly, this method uses non-chlorinated solvent for microscale extraction and requires no evaporation step for workup, which is a green and efficient way for the quantification of lignin monomer compositions.
Bewertung und Vermittlung gendergerechter Sprache durch DaZ/DaF-Lehrkräfte
Authors: Stark Katharina Sophie 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Untersucht werden die Emotionen von DaZ/DaF-Lehrkräften zu verschiedenen Varianten der nominalen Personenreferenz, ihre Bewertung gendergerechter Sprache (ggS) sowie Sprachverwendungsweisen im privaten und unterrichtlichen Kontext. Die Befragung zeigt, dass ggS teilweise Eingang in den DaZ/DaF-Unterricht findet. Die Bewertung von ggS polarisiert, obwohl insgesamt keine starken Emotionen durch einzelne Varianten hervorgerufen werden. Es zeigt sich die begründete Vermutung eines erheblichen Einflusses der persönlichen Positionierung auf den Einbezug von ggS im Unterricht.
Construction of precise three-dimensional engineering control network with total station and laser tracker
Authors: Guo Yinggang , Li Zongchun , Yang Hao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In view of the defects of total station and laser tracker in the construction of three-dimensional control network, a construction method of three-dimensional control network is proposed by combining total station and laser tracker. Total stations and laser trackers are utilized separately to observe the control points according to the free-stationing method. In data processing, the weights of different types of observations of total station and laser tracker are reasonably determined based on the Helmert variance component estimation. The high-precision horizontal direction observations of total station, which are better than

0
.

5

″

0.{5^{\prime\prime }}

, and the ultra-high-precision ranging observations of laser tracker, which are better than 10 μm, are effectively combined in order to obtain more precise adjustment results. The experimental results show that the positional precision of the combined adjustment is better than that of the adjustment results of a single measurement system, and the precision of three-dimensional control network can be further improved by employing Helmert variance component estimation to determine the weight reasonably.
R-ratio test threshold selection in GNSS integer ambiguity resolution
Authors: Wu Yanze , Yu Xianwen , Wang Jiafu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ensuring that ambiguity cycles are correctly fixed as integers is a critical prerequisite for ensuring the reliability of GNSS high-precision carrier positioning results. As a result, it is both theoretically and practically important to investigate the performance of the ambiguity validation test by selecting an appropriate threshold. To begin, two statistics are proposed in this paper to quantitatively describe the performance of the validation test, namely the true negative rate and the false positive rate, which are based on the percentage of Type I errors (discarded-truth) in the total number of failed tests and the percentage of Type II errors (false positive) in the total number of passed tests. Following that, this paper employs the false positive rate and the true negative rate as primary and secondary criteria for evaluating the performance of the R-ratio test, respectively, and develops simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of different thresholds under different ambiguity dimensions and data accuracy, and finally provides decisions for test threshold selection: (1) For ambiguities with 4 to 9 dimensions, a reference table for the selection of thresholds is given. (2) For ambiguities of 10 dimensions or more, the threshold value should be no less than 2.0 (where data with a mean value of more than 3.7 for the main diagonal elements of the variance matrix should not be fixed).
An inverse problem for Moore–Gibson–Thompson equation arising in high intensity ultrasound
Authors: Arancibia Rogelio , Lecaros Rodrigo , Mercado Alberto , Zamorano Sebastián 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this article, we study the inverse problem of recovering a space-dependent coefficient of the Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) equation from knowledge of the trace of the solution on
some open subset of the boundary. We obtain the Lipschitz stability for this inverse problem, and we design a convergent algorithm for the reconstruction of the unknown coefficient. The techniques used are based on Carleman inequalities for wave equations and properties of the MGT equation.
Identification of an unknown flexural rigidity of a cantilever Euler–Bernoulli beam from measured boundary deflection
Authors: Baysal Onur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The problem of identifying an unknown flexural rigidity

r
⁢

(
x
)

{r(x)}

of the cantilever Euler–Bernoulli beam from measured boundary deflection is studied. The problem leads to the inverse coefficient problem of determining the unknown principal coefficient

r
⁢

(
x
)

{r(x)}

in the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation

ρ
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u

t
⁢
t

+

μ
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u
t

+

(

r
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

)

x
⁢
x

-

(

T
r

⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u
x

)

x

=
0

,

\rho(x)u_{tt}+\mu(x)u_{t}+(r(x)u_{xx})_{xx}-(T_{r}(x)u_{x})_{x}=0,

(
x
,
t
)

∈

(
0
,
ℓ
)

×

(
0
,
T
)

{(x,t)\in(0,\ell)\times(0,T)}

subject to the boundary conditions

u
⁢

(
0
,
t
)

=

u
x

⁢

(
0
,
t
)

=
0

,

\displaystyle u(0,t)=u_{x}(0,t)=0,

r
⁢

(
ℓ
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

⁢

(
ℓ
,
t
)

=
0

,

\displaystyle r(\ell)u_{xx}(\ell,t)=0,

-

(

r
⁢

(
ℓ
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

⁢

(
ℓ
,
t
)

)

x

+

T
r

⁢

(
ℓ
)

⁢

u
x

⁢

(
ℓ
,
t
)

=

g
⁢

(
t
)

,

\displaystyle{-}(r(\ell)u_{xx}(\ell,t))_{x}+T_{r}(\ell)u_{x}(\ell,t)=g(t),

from the measured deflection

w
⁡

(
t
)

:=

u
⁢

(
ℓ
,
t
)

{\operatorname{w}(t):=u(\ell,t)}

,

t
∈

[
0
,
T
]

{t\in[0,T]}

, at the free end

x
=
ℓ

{x=\ell}

of the cantilever beam. Compactness and Lipschitz continuity of the Neumann-to-Dirichlet operator

Φ

[
⋅
]

:

ℛ
2

⊂

H
2

(
0
,
ℓ
)

↦

L
2

(
0
,
T
)

,

(
Φ
r
)

(
t
)

:=
u

(
ℓ
,
t
;
r
)

,

\Phi[\,\cdot\,]:\mathcal{R}^{2}\subset H^{2}(0,\ell)\mapsto L^{2}(0,T),\quad(%
\Phi r)(t):=u(\ell,t;r),

corresponding to the inverse problem is proved. These properties allow us to prove the existence of a quasi-solution of the inverse problem as a solution of the minimization problem for the Tikhonov functional

J
⁢

(
r
)

:=

(

1
2

)

⁢

∥

Φ
⁢
r

-
w

∥

L
2

⁢

(
0
,
T
)

2

.

J(r):=\Bigl{(}\frac{1}{2}\Bigr{)}\lVert\Phi r-\operatorname{w}\rVert^{2}_{L^{2%
}(0,T)}.

It is proved that this functional is Fréchet differentiable. Furthermore, an explicit formula for the Fréchet gradient of this functional is derived by making use of the unique solution to the corresponding adjoint problem.
Rituximab therapy in ROHHAD(NET) syndrome
Authors: Hawton Katherine A.C. , Doffinger Rainer , Ramanan Athimalaipet V. , Langton Hewer Simon C. , Evans Hazel J. , Giri Dinesh , Hamilton Shield Julian P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Rapid-onset obesity with hypoventilation, hypothalamic dysfunction, autonomic dysregulation, and neural-crest tumour (ROHHAD(NET)) is a rare syndrome presenting in early childhood associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is no specific diagnostic biomarker and diagnosis is based on clinical features. An autoimmune origin has been postulated.

Case presentation
Management is largely supportive. We report a case of a five-year old female who presented in respiratory arrest after 6-months of rapid weight gain. She had central hypoventilation, central diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia. She displayed elevated interleukin-6 levels on cytokine serology which normalised after rituximab treatment. After rituximab treatment, her weight reduced significantly from greatly above the 99.6th to the 50th centile in 12 months.

Conclusions
This response possibly reflects an underlying, immune-inflammatory pathology driving excess adiposity in this condition. Potentially, other aspects of ROHHAD(NET) may be mediated through autoimmune dysregulation in which case rituximab may provide benefits for prognosis and survival.
Drones application scenarios in a nuclear or radiological emergency
Authors: Hussain Mazzammal , Mehboob Khurram , Ilyas Syed Zafar , Shaheen Saima , Abdulsalam Alhawsawi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During a nuclear or radiological emergency, timely implementation of precautionary urgent protective actions, urgent protective actions, early protective actions, and other response actions is inevitable for the protection of the public and the emergency workers. unmanned aerial vehicles commonly known as drones have numerous applications including their use in disaster management for support in early warning, provision of medical aid, monitoring, situational awareness, taking various protective and response actions, and post-accident assessment. In the current study, in comparison to drone applications in response to other disasters, their potential use in response to a nuclear or radiological emergency has been discussed. The drones use in mapping radiation and contamination levels in Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents have already proved their applications in a nuclear or radiological emergency. It is concluded that drones inherently complement the existing disaster management arrangements and have the potential for their use in strengthening arrangements for taking protective and response actions in case of a nuclear or radiological emergency.
Moral and Political Foundations: From Political Psychology to Political Realism
Authors: Kreutz Adrian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The political psychologists Hatemi, Crabtree and Smith accuse orthodox moral foundations theory of predicting what is already intrinsic to the theory, namely that moral beliefs influence political decision-making. The authors argue that, first, political psychology must start from a position which treats political and moral beliefs as equals so as to avoid self-justificatory theorising, and second, that such an analysis provides stronger evidence for political attitudes predicting moral attitudes than vice versa. I take this empirical result as a starting point to intervene in a debate in contemporary normative political theory which has, to my mind, become largely unwieldy: the political realism controversy. I advise the realists to ‘downplay’ the (thus far) inconclusive debate over realism’s metanormative standing in favour of a non-metanormative inquiry. Hatemi, Crabtree and Smith’s study makes for an excellent backdrop. It affirms the realist hypothesis that politics is in some relevant sense – a causal, psychological sense – prior to morality.
Northern Raglai voicing and its relation to Southern Raglai register: evidence for early stages of registrogenesis
Authors: Brunelle Marc , Brown Jeanne , Thị Thu Hà Phạm 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Northern and Southern Raglai are two closely related Austronesian dialects (Chamic branch) spoken in south-central Vietnam. Although they are mutually intelligible, Northern Raglai is described as having a voicing contrast in onset stops, while Southern Raglai is assumed to have replaced the Chamic voicing contrast with a register contrast realized on the whole syllable (but primarily on its vowel). A production study of the two dialects confirms that Northern Raglai preserves a voicing contrast, even if most women exhibit partial devoicing of their voiced stops, and that Southern Raglai has developed a register contrast based on F1 and phonation cues at the beginning of vowels. The weights of the acoustic properties of voicing and register are similar across ages and genders, suggesting that the two laryngeal contrasts are phonetically stable. Even if there is little evidence of change in progress, a close inspection of the Northern Raglai voicing contrast reveals voicing-conditioned modulations of F1 and perturbations of phonation after partially devoiced stops that could be precursors of a register system similar to that of Southern Raglai. We argue that this is a pathway to registrogenesis and speculate about the articulatory laryngeal mechanisms that could trigger registrogenetic changes. Our data also show that the Northern Raglai voicing contrast is unstable in aspirated stops and that voiced aspirated stops typically have a partially voiceless and partially voiced aspiration.
An analytical model for solute transport from blood to tissue
Authors: Chebbi Rachid 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For narrow tubes, red blood cells concentrate in the core region, leaving an annular zone called cell-free layer. This has an impact on both the tube hematocrit level (Fåhraeus effect) and the apparent blood viscosity (Fåhraeus–Lindqvist effect). Blood flow, mass transfer across the microvessel membrane, and diffusion in the tissue affect the solute concentration profiles. The Krogh tissue cylinder concept, limiting mass transfer to a cylinder around each microvessel, and the marginal zone concept (introduced by Haynes to analyze blood flow dynamics in narrow tubes) are both used to develop a model for solute transfer from blood in microvessels to the surrounding tissues, based on fundamentals. The analysis accounts for advection and diffusion in each zone of the microvessel, solute transport in the microvessel membranes, and diffusion and reaction in the tissues. The present investigation provides an analytical solution. The approach can be extended to treat other kinetic models, while accounting for Fåhraeus and Fåhraeus–Lindqvist effects in blood microvessels. The model is validated against published results for glucose transport from blood to tissue.
Catalytic applications of graphene oxide towards the synthesis of bioactive scaffolds through the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds
Authors: Singha Rabindranath , Basak Puja , Ghosh Pranab 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During the past several decades, metal-based catalysis is one of the major and direct approaches for the synthesis of organic molecules. Nowadays, materials containing predominantly carbon element which are termed as carbocatalysts, become the most promising area of research to replace transition metal catalysts. In this context of carbocatalysis, the use of graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based materials are under spotlight due to their sustainability, environmental benignity and large scale-availability. The presence of oxygen containing functional groups in GO makes it benign oxidant and slightly acidic catalyst. This chapter provides a broad discussion on graphene oxide (GO) as well as its preparation, properties and vast area of application. The catalytic activity of GO has been explored in different organic transformations and it has been recognized as an oxidation catalyst for various organic reactions.
Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and a new chemotaxonomic marker in Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. Rubiaceae
Authors: Attah Francis Alfred , Mbanu Augustine E. , Chukwudulue Uche M. , Jonah Ugochukwu J. , Njinga Ngaitad S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The proper documentation of ethnopharmacological application of widely used indigenous plants and their phytochemical analysis has positively impacted the drug discovery pipeline. Medicinal plants with potential commercial value and prospects for clinical application need to be properly identified and authenticated to avoid confusion, adulteration and substitution. Oldenlandia affinis (OA) has continued to attract scientific attention following the discovery of extremely stable cyclotides (circular peptides) that are not expressed in many investigated members of the contentious genus, Oldenlandia (synonym – Hedyotis); yet there is a lack of an elaborate review covering some broader aspects of its traditional uses, ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of the species. More importantly, the age long but lingering confusion and taxonomic inconsistencies common to the Oldenlandia–Hedyotis debate could foster species mismatching, increase cases of misidentification, promote adulteration of OA and thereby limit its proper clinical application. Here, we aim to reveal the extent of indigenous use of and research on OA from 1960 till date, unveil knowledge gaps, document hitherto unknown traditional applications, ethnopharmacological uses, pharmacological properties, and reported phytochemical profile. In addition, to encourage proper selection and utilization of genuine crude drug, the chemotaxonomically important phytoconstituents of OA have been presented and the modern approach of chemophenetic study of OA proposed to resolve the lack of consensus in the taxonomy of OA as well as the morphologically and anatomically close members of the taxon. The abundant cyclotide expression in OA represents a new chemotaxonomic marker for its unambiguous identification, utilization and reproducibility of research findings on the species.
Extraction, isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Morinda lucida from Oshiegbe in Ebonyi State
Authors: Nwokonkwo Dorathy Chinasa , Nwafor Emmanuel Ikechukwu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This research work assessed the extraction, isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Morinda lucida. The leaves of the plant were collected from Oshiegbe in Ebonyi state. They were air-dried and pulverized for extraction. The extraction was done using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol through sequential extraction method at room temperature. The extracts were concentrated and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The concentrated fraction was subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography to obtain the pure compounds. The isolated compounds were characterized using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) for their structural elucidation. The result of the work showed that the ethanol extract recorded the highest percentage yield of 5.36 while the petroleum ether extract recorded the least percentage yield of 0.61. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides in the leaves of the plants. The ethanol extract yielded four pure isolates (compounds) of R
f values: 0.93, 0.80, 0.86 and 0.72. The compounds were characterized as N-ethyl-N-nitroso-ethylmethanoate (1) bicyclo-[3,1,1]-2,6,6-trimethyl heptane-2,3-diol (2) dibutylphthalate (3) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid-butyl-2-methylpropyl ester (4) The spectral results and GC-MS fragmentation pattern agreed with the structures of the isolated compounds.
Synthesis, characterization, DFT and molecular docking studies of acetone O-((2,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl) oxime
Authors: Korkmaz Adem , Rhyman Lydia , Ramasami Ponnadurai 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Acetone O-((2,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl) oxime was prepared from 2,5-dichlorophenylsulfonyl chloride and acetone oxime using triethylamine. The compound was characterized using 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. Molecular docking was performed with the compound and cholinesterase enzymes. The average affinity of the compound with the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was calculated at −7.46 ± 0.14 and −6.70 ± 0.00 kcal/mol, respectively. The density functional theory method was also used to complement the experimental study. The findings of this work might be useful towards the applications of the compound studied.
Lead-free Sb-based polymer composite for γ-ray shielding purposes
Authors: Özkalaycı Fatih , Kaçal Mustafa Recep , Polat Hasan , Agar Osman , Almousa Nouf , Akman Ferdi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study ailm was to fabricate and investigate the gamma photon shielding efficiency of antimony (Sb) doped polymer resin composites. The orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resin (C16O7H14) and antimony powder have been used as matrix and filler material, respectively. Gamma radiation shielding capacities of the polymer resin composites doped with 325 mesh sized-antimony particles from 5 to 20 wt% have been investigated. Experimental measurements of the samples have been obtained using an HPGe detector equipped with gamma spectrometer by 241 Am, 133 Ba, 57 Co, 22 Na, 137 Cs, 152 Eu, 54 Mn and 60 Co radioactive point sources varying from 59.5 to 1408.0 keV energies. To explore the gamma-ray attenuation features, linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), the radiation protection efficiency (RPE) were evaluated. According to the obtained results, it was found that Sb(20%) showed the superior radiation shielding capacity than the other samples. The measured data have been compared with those of WinXCOM, and they were found to be in a good agreement with each other.