bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Shear Stress in Metal Cutting
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Finnie Iain 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When metal cutting stress-strain data are compared with data from other materials tests, poor agreement is observed. The several factors that could influence the flow stress in cutting are considered and it is found that the presence of a normal stress on the shear plane, the temperature on the shear plane, and the higher rates of strain in cutting are of negligible importance. The interrelationship between temperature and strain rate is treated theoretically and the two effects are found to tend to cancel. It is shown experimentally that a material cut does not behave as an ideal plastic, but that the modulus of strain hardening is essentially the same at the high rates of strain encountered in cutting as in other materials tests carried out at low rates of strain. The principal discrepancy between cutting and torsion test data is seen to be due to the smallness of specimen size in cutting. The size effect that is observed in materials tests (tension and torsion) is shown to be in good quantitative agreement with the size effect observed when metals are cut at different feed rates. The presence of flow ahead of the conventional shear plane near the free surface is demonstrated and the importance of this preflow discussed. Part of the discrepancy between cutting and torsion test data is found to be due to use of chip-length measurements in obtaining the shear area rather than measuring this value directly from photomicrographs. This flow ahead of the shear plane also is found to account for part of the discrepancy between computed and measured values of the shear angle.
Visualization Studies of Secondary Flows With Applications to Turbomachines
Authors: Herzig H. Z. , Hansen A. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The investigation reported in this paper is intended mainly as an exploratory inquiry into some fundamental aspects of the boundary-layer flows in turbomachines. These studies are preliminary to a more complete analysis of the flow in turbomachines. Nevertheless, the insight obtained into the secondary-flow patterns and behavior is fundamental in nature. Thus it may provide a basis for correlation and interpretation of other experimental data. When flow conditions are sufficiently similar to those which existed in these studies, the conclusions drawn from these tests may likewise serve to extend the understanding and correlation of other experimental data. It is further anticipated that the flow behavior observed experimentally in the various configurations may prove useful as a means for evaluating the reasonableness of various simplifying assumptions used in theoretical analyses. In particular, it might serve as a criterion both in the initial selection of the assumptions and in estimations of the physical validity of analytically obtained results.
The Influence of Surface Profile on the Load Capacity of Thrust Bearings With Centrally Pivoted Pads
Authors: Raimondi A. A. , Boyd John 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an analysis which reveals the significance of surface profile and its contribution to the load capacity of centrally pivoted pads. Experiments supporting the authors’ analysis are described. In addition, variable viscosity and variable density are evaluated and their effect on load capacity is noted.
Realizing Full Benefits of Centralized Control
Authors: Williamson J. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In his paper Mr. V. F. Estcourt points out that the principal reason for centralized control is to reduce manpower and thereby reduce operating costs.
Judging by the number of operators assigned per shift, many companies do not take full advantage of these savings, even allowing for variations in management policy in regard to equipment coverage.
Corrosion of Steel in Boilers—Attack by Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Grabowski H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The role of oxygen in the corrosion of internal surfaces of boiler-furnace-wall tubes has been discussed widely without arriving at consistent conclusions in respect to the maximum concentration of oxygen that can be tolerated and the exact cause of the initial pit formation at the tube surface. The present paper reviews the various theories that have been proposed to explain the severe, although local, corrosion of furnace-wall tubes in high-pressure boilers. Results of field tests of the oxygen record in utility-type boilers are presented. Metallurgical significance of failures and welding techniques also are discussed.
Pin-Fin Heat-Exchanger Surfaces
Authors: Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Plate-fin heat-transfer surfaces in which the fins are small-diameter circular pins, in contrast to fins in sheet form, are of interest in gas-flow heat-exchanger applications because of the extremely high heat-transfer conductances obtainable along with high fin effectiveness. This paper summarizes the previously available heat-transfer and flow-friction design data for such surfaces and presents new data recently obtained. A number of problems encountered in the development of these surfaces are discussed, including a serious pin-vibration problem, and a tendency for the flow to become completely laminar if the pins are in line and too closely spaced. All of the pin-fin surfaces considered have in-line pin arrangements, and it is concluded that a staggered pin arrangement will alleviate some of the undesirable features of the in-line arrangement. A heat-exchanger-design study is included to demonstrate that, despite the high friction factors characteristic of pin-fin surfaces, it is possible to design heat exchangers with these surfaces that are competitive, from a volume and weight point of view, with comparable plate-fin surfaces in which the fins are of continuous or louvered-sheet form.
Mechanism of Cavitation Inception and the Related Scale-Effects Problem
Authors: Kermeen R. W. , McGraw J. T. , Parkin B. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An experimental investigation of incipient cavitation is described and the relationship between these experiments and current theories is discussed. Experiments have indicated that the cavitation number for inception varies with free-stream velocity and body size for both streamlined and bluff bodies. Preliminary studies of the mechanism of cavitation were conducted in order to understand the reasons for the variations in cavitation performance. Photographic investigations have disclosed the effect of the boundary layer on cavitation inception for both streamlined and bluff bodies. In addition, this study has shown that tensions exist in the flow of ordinary water at incipient cavitation.
Fanning Friction Factors for Air Flow at Low Absolute Pressures in Cylindrical Pipes
Authors: Bohnet W. J. , Stinson L. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As there are no published data verifying the theoretical Fanning friction factors for streamline flow of air at low absolute pressures, an investigation was made of the pressure drops in 6 to 18-in-diam pipe lines in which room-temperature air was flowing at absolute pressures varying from 50 microns Hg to 1 mm Hg. The large number of pressure-drop readings taken at various rates of flow permits developing friction-factor curves for this type of flow. These are presented in this paper.
Interaction of Friction and Temperature at the Chip-Tool Interface in Metal Machining
Authors: Ling F. F. , Saibel Edward 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The significance of chip-tool interface friction-temperature characteristics in metal machining is pointed out. For orthogonal metal machining with Type 2 chip an approximate analysis of the interface temperature, or cutting temperature, is given for linear friction-temperature characteristics and small rake angles. In the analysis, the coefficient of friction and the temperature are expressed in terms of the cutting velocity, the physical properties of the material, and constants obtained from the data of Chao and Trigger (1).
Thermodynamics of Supercritical-Pressure Steam-Power Plants
Authors: Bartels Jerome 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the efficiencies that are thermodynamically obtainable from a steam-power cycle by utilizing throttle pressures exceeding the critical pressure of steam. The analysis starts with Rankine cycles, and then successively presents simple cycles, multiple reheat cycles, and increasingly more complex feed-heating arrangements. Thermal efficiencies and heat rates for these cycles are established, and explanations are offered to show why the results turn out the way they do.
Principles of Boiler Design for High Steam Temperatures
Authors: Kessler G. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
For years, engineers have striven for better and more efficient boilers in their efforts to produce electric power at the lowest possible cost. Their success has been such that today the best possibilities for still greater economy lie in directions other than increased boiler efficiency. These possibilities include improvements in the heat cycle, in the methods of firing, in functional operation, and in the maintenance of boiler units. As the field for improvement narrows, the greatest attention is being focused on increased cycle efficiency as probably the most promising possibility for further reducing the cost of a kilowatthour.
Experimental Technique for Predicting the Dynamic Behavior of Rubber
Authors: Dove Richard , Murphy Glenn 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An experimental technique is presented for evaluating those mechanical properties of materials which permit the prediction of the stress-strain diagram associated with a given strain-time diagram. Particular attention is given to the unrelaxed or dynamic modulus of elasticity and the relaxed modulus. It is shown how the energy loss for a cycle of loading and unloading depends on the rates of straining and unstraining as well as on any elapsed time between the straining and unstraining. The equipment and equations necessary to evaluate the properties and make the predictions are discussed. Several predicted stress-strain diagrams are compared with diagrams constructed from direct observations.
The Influence of Some Chemical and Physical Factors on the Formation of Deposits From Residual Fuels
Authors: Sulzer P. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The oil-ash-deposit problem in industrial gas-turbine plants is analyzed from both physical and chemical stand-points. Theory and experiments on the formation of ash during combustion enable important processes in the build-up of deposits to be understood. These are demonstrated by means of practical examples. Measurements of ash-deposit formation as a function of temperature, pressure, excess air, fuel-ash content, and test duration, are shown graphically and summarized in a formula.
Development of a Miniature Electrohydraulic Actuator
Authors: Lee S.-Y. , Shearer J. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A qualitative discussion is given of the factors establishing the need for a compact electrohydraulic actuator to operate at a relatively low input-power level and capable of providing an output motion proportional to the magnitude of an electric input signal. The basic requirements of such an actuator are discussed, and then the design of each of its components including torque motor, valve, ram, and feedback mechanism, are described in detail. The results of a dynamic analysis of the complete system are employed to show how adequate system damping is provided, and to show how theoretical speed of response is obtained. The results of steady-state and dynamic tests are compared with the results of the analytical work. This actuator has been found to fulfill the needs of a number of instrumentation and control applications, and preliminary tests using compressed air instead of hydraulic oil indicate that pneumatic operation of such a device is also feasible.
Dynamics in the Inlet System of a Four-Stroke Single-Cylinder Engine
Authors: Taylor C. F. , Livengood J. C. , Tsai D. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a recent investigation of the inlet process in a four-stroke, single-cylinder engine with an inlet pipe. The effects of inlet-pipe length, inlet-pipe diameter, inlet-valve timing, and some other design parameters were studied. The results showed that the dynamic effect of the inlet pipe on the engine volumetric efficiency was associated with (a) the process of accelerating the inlet-pipe air column during the first part of the inlet stroke, and taking advantage of the ramming of the air column during the last part of the same inlet stroke; and (b) the action of the standing wave set up in the air column during the preceding cycle. By a suitable choice of inlet pipe and valve timing, a considerable gain in volumetric efficiency over that for zero pipe could be obtained over a wide range of engine speed.
Studies in Lubrication—X: The Complete Journal Bearing With Circumferential Oil Inlet
Authors: Jacobson M. J. , Charnes A. , Saibel E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An approximate pressure solution is developed for the Reynolds equation for the case of the end-lubricated complete journal bearing. This solution is used to obtain expressions for the load-carrying capacity, coefficient of friction, axial thrust, and rate of flow of lubricant. Finally, this solution is extended to the case of the circumferential oil inlet.
Modified Residual Fuel for Gas Turbines
Authors: Buckland B. O. , Sanders D. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Sodium in gas-turbine fuel causes rapid deposit formation as well as corrosion. Besides naturally contained sodium, sea-water contamination during transportation introduces additional amounts. In order to obtain the benefits of a low-sodium fuel, 90 per cent or more of the sodium is washed out of the fuel by a scheme described. The results of the desalting show that calcium also can be reduced substantially. Turbine tests of 50 to 1500 hr duration using these desalted fuels show that deposit can be almost eliminated by keeping both the sodium and the calcium below 10 parts per million. The steady-stage decrease in turbine efficiency resulting from burning these low-sodium, low-calcium fuels is shown to be about 2 per cent and the reduction in regenerator effectiveness about 5 points. A specification is proposed, defining a fuel which can be obtained at the point of use by means of the desalting method described and by adding a water solution of magnesium sulphate to the fuel just before it is burned. Treating vanadium-containing fuels with calcium or magnesium shows that, below 1650 F, magnesium is a better inhibitor than calcium and, since magnesium does not cause deposit, it is used. Lead in the fuel in sufficient quantities is shown to spoil, somewhat, the inhibition of vanadium by means of magnesium. There now appear to be at least two methods available for modifying residual fuel to make it suitable for long-life gas turbines, one of which is described herein.
Stresses and Strains in Cold-Extruding 2S-O Aluminum
Authors: Thomsen E. G. , Frisch J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
2S-O aluminum was extruded at room temperature in an inverted extrusion process from a 4.3-in-diam cylindrical billet, into a 1.5-in-diam solid cylindrical bar. Steady-state particle-velocity vectors were determined from gridded, split billets during incremental extrusion steps. These velocity patterns were compared with those obtained previously for lead extrusions having the same billet and die geometry and the same high degree of lubrication; it was found that the patterns for these two metals were identical. The aluminum velocity pattern appeared not to be affected by extrusion load, but the extrusion load was a strong function of the extent of deformation. It was estimated that the extrusion load becomes constant after a reduction of billet length by approximately 2.4 in., the distance the plastic zone of the metal extends upstream from the orifice. The axial-stress distribution in the billet, determined front strain rates and natural strains, taking into account work hardening, had the same shape as that determined with lead. The wall pressure or radial stress in the plastic zone was found to be lower than the average pressure, but both pressures tend to approach each other beyond the plastic zone.
The Free-Piston Type of Gas-Turbine Plant and Applications
Authors: McMullen J. J. , Ramsey R. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper is intended to set forth the latent possibilities in heavy-duty free-piston machinery. The cycle promises diesel efficiency from a simple low-temperature gas turbine having low first costs. Many features are described in the paper. Cooper-Bessemer has built a test plant and is now investigating its operating characteristics. No conclusions have been announced. Economic evaluations are being made requiring additional field work which includes an examination of the general acceptance by engineering and operating people who ultimately will decide the actual utility. Detailed cost studies of complete plants, including careful estimates of the machinery, have been made for electric power generation, pipe-line pumping, and marine installations. Some of these have been made available for use in this paper with the belief that such an evaluation of this prime mover will be of general interest to the Society.
The Application of Additives to Fuel Oil and Their Use in Steam-Generating Units
Authors: McIlroy J. B. , Holler E. J. , Lee R. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Ash deposits in steam-generating units have been becoming more troublesome and have presented a design and operating problem. It is recognized that troublesome deposits are characterized by a high content of low-temperature-melting constituents. This paper is concerned with the addition of high-temperature melting-point compounds to the fuel oil to elevate generally the melting point of the aggregate above the troublesome temperature level. Fusing temperatures of intimate mixtures of oil ash with many additive compounds were determined. Alumina was found to be the best material, with magnesium and calcium oxides showing promise. The fusing-temperature tests were substantiated by pilot-furnace-firing tests and these results in turn were applied to further experimentation on a full-sized unit. Alumina was the first additive used in a steam-generating unit of the Florida Power Corporation. Alumina was later replaced by dolomite. Both materials raised the fusing temperature of the ash to the extent that the work of removal was considerably decreased, but dolomite proved to be the most desirable from an operating as well as an economic standpoint. Other benefits, such as decreasing the acidity of the ash in the unit, were apparent when using dolomite. The use of the process is now being extended to other units. An arrangement of necessary equipment with detailed description of the components is appended.
Valve-Gear Fundamentals for the Large-Engine Designer
Authors: Newton J. A. , Allen C. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The poppet valves of any internal-combustion engine, large or small, receive specialized attention from designers as they frequently are the factor limiting the interval between engine shutdowns for overhaul. Although valves receive the brunt of the criticism, frequently the cause of the difficulty involves other parts associated with the valve system. For this reason, the authors’ company and other valve manufacturers have found it advisable to become intimately associated with design testing and research of the components found in conventional valve-gear systems. The purpose of this paper is to bring before the members of the large-engine industry fundamental information which may be of help in simplifying their valve-gear design problems.
Static-Flow Characteristics of Single and Two-Stage Spring-Loaded Gas Pressure Regulators
Authors: Iberall A. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A theoretical investigation of greater completeness than is usually presented has been made of gas pressure regulators. Emphasis has been placed on the application to their design. The analysis is summarized in graphical form in which the characteristics of the regulator may be obtained by ruler and compass constructions. Brief attention is given to the errors inherent in the simplifications made in the analysis.
Tube Expanding and Related Subjects
Authors: Fisher F. F. , Brown G. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper summarizes experiences gained by expanding tubes into various types of powerhouse equipment and by the development of improved expanding tools and new rolling methods. Manual and controlled rolling methods are described and their relative merits discussed. Information is given relative to the making of rolled joints having optimum strength and stability. All subject matter is viewed and discussed from a practical standpoint and references are cited, if pertinent and available.
The New Kearny Generating Station: Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Authors: Fairchild F. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The author describes the more important features of the design of the new Kearny Generating Station and points out the significant differences between Kearny and Sewaren. Outstanding features are the steam conditions, 2350 psig, 1100 F–1050 F; pressurized firing of boilers; controlled circulation in boilers; gas recirculation; side-exhaust turbines with twin condensers and no expansion joint between turbine and condenser; an experimental high-speed boiler feed pump; and a completely austenitic main steam system.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Two-Dimensional Centrifugal-Pump Impellers
Authors: Acosta A. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An experimental and theoretical investigation on a series of two-dimensional centrifugal-pump impellers has been made in an effort to determine the usefulness of potential theory for the description of the flow. Computed values of the developed head and pressure distribution on the vane surfaces are compared with measurements on two, four, and six-vaned logarithmic spiral impellers. The agreement between the observed and predicted quantities is reasonably good for operating points where the influence of the inlet turn on the internal flow is least. The discrepancies which occur at other flow rates are attributed to real fluid effects which are observed in the impeller passages.
Grand Coulee Model-Pump Investigation of Transient Pressures and Methods for Their Reduction
Authors: Lindros E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In May, 1951, when the first of six pumps ordered for the Grand Coulee Dam was put in service, a defect of major concern was discovered. This unfavorable condition embodied objectionable discharge-line vibration. Investigation revealed that this was caused by transient pressure variation in the pump, and remedial measures incorporating reinforcement of the discharge lines were taken to minimize this condition. No previous investigation had been made of the offending transient pressure variation. This paper describes such an investigation, the test setup used, and reveals the difficulty encountered in applying instrumentation to obtain necessary data.
Small Nozzles and Low Values of Diameter Ratio
Authors: Bean H. S. , Johnson R. M. , Blakeslee T. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In 1943 the National Bureau of Standards calibrated ten sets of nozzles for the Heat Exchange Institute, using adapters originally intended for open-inlet or discharge conditions, in a modified arrangement for in-line measurements. These calibrations were made with air. Since then, new adapters have been prepared to facilitate using them in the “in-line” manner. Two sets of the nozzles have been recalibrated using these new adapters and a weighed-water procedure. The results of these new calibrations are presented and a comparison made with the earlier results. For most of the nozzles, the agreement between the original air calibrations and the recent water calibrations is well within the range of experimental uncertainties.