bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated seizure detection with noninvasive wearable devices: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Naganur Vaidehi , Sivathamboo Shobi , Chen Zhibin , Kusmakar Shitanshu , Antonic‐Baker Ana , O'Brien Terence J. , Kwan Patrick 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study was undertaken to review the reported performance of noninvasive wearable devices in detecting epileptic seizures and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reported up to November 15, 2021. We included studies that used video‐electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring as the gold standard to determine the sensitivity and false alarm rate (FAR) of noninvasive wearables for automated seizure detection.ResultsTwenty‐eight studies met the criteria for the systematic review, of which 23 were eligible for meta‐analysis. These studies (1269 patients in total, median recording time = 52.9 h per patient) investigated devices for tonic–clonic seizures using wrist‐worn and/or ankle‐worn devices to measure three‐dimensional accelerometry (15 studies), and/or wearable surface devices to measure electromyography (eight studies). The mean sensitivity for detecting tonic–clonic seizures was .91 (95% confidence interval [CI] = .85–.96, I2 = 83.8%); sensitivity was similar between the wrist‐worn (.93) and surface devices (.90). The overall FAR was 2.1/24 h (95% CI = 1.7–2.6, I2 = 99.7%); FAR was higher in wrist‐worn (2.5/24 h) than in wearable surface devices (.96/24 h). Three of the 23 studies also detected PNES; the mean sensitivity and FAR from these studies were 62.9% and .79/24 h, respectively. Four studies detected both focal and tonic–clonic seizures, and one study detected focal seizures only; the sensitivities ranged from 31.1% to 93.1% in these studies.SignificanceReported noninvasive wearable devices had high sensitivity but relatively high FARs in detecting tonic–clonic seizures during limited recording time in a video‐EEG setting. Future studies should focus on reducing FAR, detection of other seizure types and PNES, and longer recording in the community.
Shell color polymorphism in marine gastropods
Authors: Gefaell Juan , Galindo Juan , Rolán‐Alvarez Emilio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMarine gastropods are characterized by an incredible variation in shell color. In this review, we aim to introduce researchers to previous studies of shell color polymorphism in this group of animals, trying to provide an overview of the topic and highlighting some potential avenues for future research. For this, we tackle the different aspects of shell color polymorphism in marine gastropods: its biochemical and genetic basis, its patterns of spatial and temporal distribution, as well as its potential evolutionary causes. In particular, we put special emphasis on the evolutionary studies that have been conducted so far to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of shell color polymorphism in this group of animals, as it constitutes the least addressed aspect in existing literature reviews. Several general conclusions can be drawn from our review: First, natural selection is commonly involved in the maintenance of gastropod color polymorphism; second, although the contribution of neutral forces (gene flow‐genetic drift equilibrium) to shell color polymorphism maintenance do not seem to be particularly important, it has rarely been studied systematically; third, a relationship between shell color polymorphism and mode of larval development (related to dispersal capability) may exist. As for future studies, we suggest that a combination of both classical laboratory crossing experiments and ‐Omics approaches may yield interesting results on the molecular basis of color polymorphism. We believe that understanding the various causes of shell color polymorphism in marine gastropods is of great importance not only to understand how biodiversity works, but also for protecting such biodiversity, as knowledge of its evolutionary causes may help implement conservation measures in those species or ecosystems that are threatened.
Document forgery detection using source printer identification: A comparative study of text‐dependent versus text‐independent analysis
Authors: Bibi Maryam , Hamid Anmol , Moetesum Momina , Siddiqi Imran 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSource printer identification represents an interesting modality for document forgery detection. Establishing the identity of the printer that was employed to print a questioned document allows concluding its authenticity. This paper investigates the effectiveness of deep visual features (learned using convolutional neural networks) in characterization of the source printer. Images of printed documents are divided into small patches as well as characters for extraction of features. An off‐the‐shelf recognition engine is also integrated, allowing experiments in text‐dependent as well as text‐independent modes. Experiments are carried out on a standard data set of documents from 20 different printers and identification rates of 95.52% and 98.06% are reported using patches and characters, respectively. Furthermore, the discriminating power of different characters, as well as their combinations, is also being studied. Unlike many existing techniques, which rely on pre‐segmented characters and report results by comparing same characters only, the proposed technique works on complete images of printed documents and reports high identification rates.
NeuralConflict: Using neural networks to identify norm conflicts in normative documents
Authors: Huang Shaobin , Sun Jingyun , Li Rongsheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA large number of norms, which express constraints on people's behaviour within a specific range, are contained in normative documents. In writing and revising normative documents, conflicts between two norms often arise. The task Norm Conflict Identification (NCI) aims to identify such conflicts. The existing NCI methods based on statistical learning are all pipelines, which cause errors to accumulate, and cannot sufficiently extract helpful information. According to the characteristics of NCI, we propose a neural network model called NeuralConflict. This end‐to‐end model can avoid the accumulation of errors and makes it easier to obtain the optimal global solution. The model sets up an auxiliary task to predict whether two norms are semantically related and shares part of the information with the task NCI. In addition, the model uses a convolutional neural network with differently sized convolution kernels to extract local semantic information from the norms. Finally, the model inputs the shared and local semantic information into a fully connected neural network to predict whether the two norms conflict. We construct a Chinese dataset and use it with an existing English dataset for the experiments. Experimental results show that NeuralConflict achieves optimum results on both datasets.
Recent and local diversification of Central American understorey palms
Authors: Cano Ángela , Stauffer Fred W. , Andermann Tobias , Liberal Isabel M. , Zizka Alexander , Bacon Christine D. , Lorenzi Harri , Christe Camille , Töpel Mats , Perret Mathieu , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimCentral America is largely covered by hyperdiverse, yet poorly understood, rain forests. Understorey palms are diverse components of these forests, but little is known about their historical assembly. It is not clear when palms in Central America reached present diversity levels and whether most species arrived from neighbouring regions or evolved locally. We addressed these questions using the most species‐rich American palm clades indicative of rain forests. We reconstructed and compared their phylogenomic and biogeographical history with the diversification of 54 other plant lineages, to gain a better understanding of the processes that shaped the assembly of Central American rain forests.LocationCentral America.Time periodCretaceous to present.Major taxa studiedArecaceae: Arecoideae: Bactridinae, Chamaedoreeae, Geonomateae.MethodsWe sampled 218 species through fieldwork and living collections. We sequenced their genomic DNA using target sequence‐capture procedures. Using 12 calibration points, we reconstructed dated phylogenies under three approaches (multispecies coalescent, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference), conducted biogeographical analyses (dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis) and estimated phylogenetic diversity metrics.ResultsDated phylogenies revealed intense diversification in Central America from 12 Ma. Local diversification events were four times more frequent than dispersal events, and we found strong phylogenetic clustering in relationship to Central America.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that most understorey palm species that characterize the Central American rain forests today evolved locally after repeated dispersal events, mostly from South America. Understorey palms in Central American rain forests diversified primarily after closure of the Central American Seaway at c. 13 Ma, suggesting that the Great American Biotic Interchange was a major trigger for plant diversification in Central American rain forests. This recent diversification contrasts with the much earlier existence of rain forest palms in neighbouring South America since c. 58 Ma. We found similar timings of diversification in 54 other seed plant lineages, suggesting an unexpectedly recent assembly of the hyperdiverse Central American flora.
‘Get your own house in order’: Qualitative dialogue groups with nonvaccinating parents on how measles outbreaks in their community should be managed
Authors: Wiley Kerrie , Robinson Penelope , Degeling Chris , Ward Paul , Leask Julie , Carter Stacy 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveCommunities with high levels of vaccine rejection present unique challenges to vaccine‐preventable disease outbreak management. We sought perspectives of nonvaccinating parents to inform public health responses in such communities.MethodsNineteen purposively sampled nonvaccinating Australian parents participated in one of seven online dialogue groups. We asked what they thought parents, school principals and public health professionals should do in a hypothetical school measles outbreak and used a framework approach to data analysis.ResultsParents' views were grounded in strong beliefs in parental responsibility and the belief that vaccines are not effective, thus unvaccinated children do not therefore pose a threat. They then reasoned that the forced exclusion of unvaccinated children from school in a measles outbreak was disproportionate to the risk they pose, and their child's right to education should not be overridden. Nonvaccinating parents judged that all parents should keep sick children at home regardless of disease or vaccination status; that school principals should communicate directly with parents and avoid using social media; that public health professionals should provide information to parents so they can decide for themselves about excluding their children from school; that public health responses should avoid accidental identification of unvaccinated children and that mainstream media should be avoided as a communication tool.ConclusionNonvaccinating parents do not always agree with current Australian approaches to measles outbreak management. Their perspectives can inform approaches to outbreak responses in communities with high levels of vaccine rejection.Patient or Public ContributionWe sought input from individuals who did and did not vaccinate on study design in its early phases. Individual conversations were used deliberately as we felt the group advisory situation may have felt less safe for nonvaccinating parents, given the divisive and often hostile nature of the topic.
Exploring invisibility and epistemic injustice in Long Covid—A citizen science qualitative analysis of patient stories from an online Covid community
Authors: Ireson Jane , Taylor Amy , Richardson Ed , Greenfield Beatrice , Jones Georgina 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn 2020, the long‐lasting effects of the Covid‐19 virus were not included in public messages of risks to public health. Long Covid emerged as a novel and enigmatic illness with a serious and life‐changing impact. Long Covid is poorly explained by objective medical tests, leading to widespread disbelief and stigma associated with the condition. The aim of this organic research is to explore the physical and epistemic challenges of living with Long Covid.MethodsUnlike any previous pandemic in history, online Covid communities and ‘citizen science’ have played a leading role in advancing our understanding of Long Covid. As patient‐led research of this grassroots Covid community, a team approach to thematic analysis was undertaken of 66 patient stories submitted online to covid19‐recovery.org at the beginning of the Covid‐19 pandemic between April and September 2020.ResultsThe overriding theme of the analysis highlights the complexities and challenges of living with Long Covid. Our distinct themes were identified: the life‐changing impact of the condition, the importance of validation and how, for many, seeking alternatives was felt to be their only option.ConclusionsLong Covid does not easily fit into the dominant evidence‐based practice and the biomedical model of health, which rely on objective indicators of the disease process. Patient testimonies are vital to understanding and treating Long Covid, yet patients are frequently disbelieved, and their testimonies are not taken seriously leading to stigma and epistemic injustice, which introduces a lack of trust into the therapeutic relationship.Patient ContributionThe research was undertaken in partnership with our consumer representative(s) and all findings and subsequent recommendations have been coproduced.
Pushed to the Edge of Knowing: Microaggression and Self‐doubt
Authors: Perez Gomez Javiera 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTSelf‐doubt, microaggression theorists tend to agree, is a central harm of microaggression: microaggressees often do not know whether a microaggression actually took place. On the standard view, this self‐doubt is unjust because it is misplaced, for microaggressees doubt their own knowledge as a consequence of being repeatedly subject to what Miranda Fricker calls ‘testimonial injustice’. But there is a different way of accounting for this self‐doubt: that it is unjust because microaggressees actually lack knowledge that a microaggression took place. On this view, self‐doubt is unjust not because it is misplaced, but because it is rational. In this article, I explore this latter view in relation to what Julius Schönherr and I have called ‘encroachment injustice’: the injustice that occurs when prejudice prevents someone from having knowledge they would otherwise have had. I then consider some seemingly promising strategies for undermining rational self‐doubt and argue that they are subject to important limitations that reveal some of the difficulties that microaggressees face when attempting to know whether a microaggression took place.
Climate shapes community flowering periods across biomes
Authors: Stephens Ruby E. , Sauquet Hervé , Guerin Greg R. , Jiang Mingkai , Falster Daniel , Gallagher Rachael V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimClimate shapes the composition and function of plant communities globally, but it remains unclear how this influence extends to floral traits. Flowering phenology, or the time period in which a species flowers, has well‐studied relationships with climatic signals at the species level but has rarely been explored at a cross‐community and continental scale. Here, we characterise the distribution of flowering periods (months of flowering) across continental plant communities encompassing six biomes, and determine the influence of climate on community flowering period lengths.LocationAustralia.TaxonFlowering plants.MethodsWe combined plant composition and abundance data from 629 standardised floristic surveys (AusPlots) with data on flowering period from the AusTraits database and additional primary literature for 2983 species. We assessed abundance‐weighted community mean flowering periods across biomes and tested their relationship with climatic annual means and the predictability of climate conditions using regression models.ResultsCombined, temperature and precipitation (annual mean and predictability) explain 29% of variation in continental community flowering period. Plant communities with higher mean temperatures and lower mean precipitation have longer mean flowering periods. Moreover, plant communities in climates with predictable temperatures and, to a lesser extent, predictable precipitation have shorter mean flowering periods. Flowering period varies by biome, being longest in deserts and shortest in alpine and montane communities. For instance, desert communities experience low and unpredictable precipitation and high, unpredictable temperatures and have longer mean flowering periods, with desert species typically flowering at any time of year in response to rain.Main conclusionsCurrent climate conditions shape flowering periods across biomes, with implications for phenology under climate change. Shifts in flowering periods across climatic gradients reflect changes in plant strategies, affecting patterns of plant growth and reproduction as well as the availability of floral resources for pollinators across the landscape.
Evaluation of a long‐acting injectable formulation of omeprazole in healthy dogs
Authors: Odunayo Adesola , Galyon Gina , Price Joshua , Hecht Silke , Tolbert M. Katherine 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy of a single intramuscular adminsitration of long‐acting omeprazole (LA‐OMEP) in increasing gastric pH in dogs.HypothesisWe hypothesized that LA‐OMEP would meet in healthy dogs the clinical goals defined for human patients for treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration.AnimalsNine healthy research dogs.MethodsProspective experimental study. Dogs were given a 4 mg/kg intramuscular injection of LA‐OMEP. Intragastric pH was continuously recorded on treatment days 0 to 7. Daily mean pH and mean percentage time (MPT) intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 were determined.ResultsThe mean onset of action for the LA‐OMEP was 98.11 min (SD 46.39). The mean number of days the dogs' pH met established goals for MPT pH ≥3 was 5.5 days (range, 3‐7) and 5.25 days for MPT pH ≥4 (range, 3‐7). Long‐acting omeprazole met the human clinical goals pH ≥3 for 72 hours in 8/8 of the dogs and MPT pH ≥4 for 96 hours in 7/8 of dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe LA‐OMEP formulation produced gastric acid suppression in healthy dogs for an average of 5 days and up to 7 days, after a single intramuscular injection. No major adverse effects were observed.
Preregistered direct replication of the linguistic frame effect on perceived blame and financial liability
Authors: Tonković Mirjana , Vlašiček Denis , Dumančić Francesca 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeFausey and Boroditsky (Psychon. Bull. Rev., 17, 2010, 644) demonstrated that agentive descriptions of accidents can increase perceived blame and financial liability. We conducted direct replications of their studies 1 and 2 in English, as originally used, and in Croatian.MethodsParticipants in the first experiment read either an agentive or a nonagentive description of an incident that resulted in a fire and rated the level of blame and financial liability of the main character in the story. The second experiment examined the direct influence of language on financial liability assessments while manipulating the blame level. Participants were presented with the same story as in the first experiment with the added sentence about the blame level attributed to the main character by an independent panel. We used the materials from the original studies and replicated the studies using a large sample of native English‐speaking residents of the USA and Croatian students.ResultsWe successfully replicated original findings in English, but results of the experiments conducted in Croatian were mixed. In the first experiment, we found a smaller effect of agentive language and only on the blame level and not on the proposed financial penalty. In the second experiment, we did not find the effect of agentive language on the proposed fine.ConclusionsOur experiments confirmed the original findings in English. The effect might exist in Croatian too, but its exact size remains to be determined in future research. Possible explanations of observed differences between results in English and Croatian are discussed.
Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy with 915 nm Diode Laser on Pain Perception during Local Anesthesia of Maxillary Incisors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kermanshah Hamid , Chiniforush Nasim , Kolahdouz Mohammadi Mahsa , Motevasselian Fariba 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with 915 nm wavelength on pain reduction during maxillary incisors' local infiltration in a randomized clinical trial study. A prospective triple‐blinded split‐mouth clinical trial was designed to assess pain perception during needle insertion and local anesthetic injection in 32 healthy patients required operative caries management on contralateral maxillary incisors. After laser treatment (915 nm, power of 1.5 W, duty cycle of 60% and energy density of 72 J cm−2) in active group and no irradiation in sham group, the injection was performed. Patients’ perception of pain was immediately assessed using numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain. Washout period between two appointments was one week. Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Pearson correlation statistical analyses were used to assess the comparison of pain score between two appointments and the effect of anxiety level of previous dental injections. The mean scores of pain for the active laser and sham laser groups were 2.5 ± 2.19 and 4.34 ± 2.52, respectively, with a statistically significant higher NRS in the sham laser group (P ˂ 0.05). In this study's condition, diode PBMT reduced pain during infiltration on maxillary incisors. Anxiety experience of dental injection had no significant effect on pain perception scale (P ˃ 0.05).
Dogs as carriers of virulent and resistant genotypes of Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Finsterwalder SK , Loncaric I , Cabal A , Szostak MP , Barf LM , Marz M , Allerberger F , Burgener IA , Tichy A , Feßler AT , Schwarz S , Monecke S , Ehricht R , Ruppitsch W , Spergser J , Künzel F 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile previous research on zoonotic transmission of community‐acquired Clostridioides difficile infection (CA‐CDI) focused on food‐producing animals, the present study aimed to investigate whether dogs are carriers of resistant and/or virulent C. difficile strains. Rectal swabs were collected from 323 dogs and 38 C. difficile isolates (11.8%) were obtained. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and a DNA hybridization assay. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST) and screening for virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were performed based on WGS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, vancomycin and metronidazole were determined by E‐test. Out of 38 C. difficile isolates, 28 (73.7%) carried genes for toxins. The majority of isolates belonged to MLST sequence types (STs) of clade I and one to clade V. Several isolates belonged to STs previously associated with human CA‐CDI. However, cgMLST showed low genetic relatedness between the isolates of this study and C. difficile strains isolated from humans in Austria for which genome sequences were publicly available. Four isolates (10.5%) displayed resistance to three of the tested antimicrobial agents. Isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline and metronidazole. These phenotypic resistances were supported by the presence of the resistance genes erm(B), cfr(C) and tet(M). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Our results indicate that dogs may carry virulent and antimicrobial‐resistant C. difficile strains.