bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CO
2
phase state on the seismological properties of porous materials: implications for seismic monitoring of volcanic hazards and sequestered carbon
Authors: Schmitt Douglas R. , Dávila Gabriela , Yam Helen , Njiekak Gautier , Kofman Randolf 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Time-lapse seismic monitoring is a key component in the geological sequestration of greenhouse gases. Currently, a lack of understanding of the influence of injected CO
2
on rocks’ geophysical signatures is reported. Using a novel ultrasonic experimental system, we measured the variations in the longitudinal (P) and transverse (S) elastic wave speeds of a CO
2
-saturated porous medium at different pressure and temperature conditions around the CO
2
critical point. The results show that both P- and S-wave speeds, corrected to seismic frequencies, decreased by more than 4.5% across the CO
2
gas to liquid and gas to supercritical states, primarily as a consequence of CO
2
density increase. This study provides a-20 firm basis for the use of seismological methods in monitoring sequestered CO
2
; although the abruptness, and hence remote seismic detectability, depends on which phase boundary is crossed. Further, these measurements also allow us to compare observations to frequency-dependent wave propagation theory. The observed wave speeds mostly align with those calculated at 1 MHz using the Biot theory for both CO
2
and H
2
O saturated states. However, the observed and calculated wave speeds diverge above the phase transition in some of the tests, possibly due to the kinetics of the phase transition within a porous medium. As such, aside from the direct utility in providing information on the expected seismic responses, the CO
2
provides a highly tunable fluid that can be advantageous for experimental studies.
Pulsar Magnetospheres and Their Radiation
Authors: Philippov A. , Kramer M. 
Published: August 2022

The discovery of pulsars opened a new research field that allows studying a wide range of physics under extreme conditions. More than 3,000 pulsars are currently known, including especially more than 200 of them studied at gamma-ray frequencies. By putting recent insights into the pulsar magnetosphere in a historical context and by comparing them to key observational features at radio and high-energy frequencies, we show the following: ▪ Magnetospheric structure of young energetic pulsars is now understood. Limitations still exist for old nonrecycled and millisecond pulsars. ▪ The observed high-energy radiation is likely produced in the magnetospheric current sheet beyond the light cylinder. ▪ There are at least two different radio emission mechanisms. One operates in the inner magnetosphere, whereas the other one works near the light cylinder and is specific to pulsars with the high magnetic field strength in that region. ▪ Radio emission from the inner magnetosphere is intrinsically connected to the process of pair production, and its observed properties contain the imprint of both the geometry and propagation effects through the magnetospheric plasma.We discuss the limitations of our understanding and identify a range of observed phenomena and physical processes that still await explanation in thefuture. This includes connecting the magnetospheric processes to spin-down properties to explain braking and possible evolution of spin orientation, building a first-principles model of radio emission and quantitative connections with observations.
Patients Are Humans Too: The Emergence of Medical Humanities
Authors: Wailoo Keith 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay describes the origins, growth, and transformation of the medical humanities over the past six decades, drawing on the insights of ethicists, physicians, historians, patients, activists, writers, and literature scholars who participated in building the field. The essay traces how the original idea of “humanizing physicians” evolved and how crises from death and dying, to AIDS and COVID-19, expanded humanistic inquiry into health, illness, and the human condition. It examines how a wide array of scholars, professional organizations, disciplinary approaches, academic units, and intellectual agendas came to define the vibrant field. This remarkable growth offers a counterpoint to narratives of decline in the humanities. It is a story of growing relevance shaped by tragedy, of innovative programs in medical schools and on undergraduate campuses, and vital new configurations of ethics, literature, the arts, and history that breathed new life into the study of health and medicine.
A Pragmatic Account of the Weak Evidence Effect
Authors: Barnett Samuel A. , Griffiths Thomas L. , Hawkins Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLanguage is not only used to transmit neutral information; we often seek to persuade by arguing in favor of a particular view. Persuasion raises a number of challenges for classical accounts of belief updating, as information cannot be taken at face value. How should listeners account for a speaker’s “hidden agenda” when incorporating new information? Here, we extend recent probabilistic models of recursive social reasoning to allow for persuasive goals and show that our model provides a pragmatic account for why weakly favorable arguments may backfire, a phenomenon known as the weak evidence effect. Critically, this model predicts a systematic relationship between belief updates and expectations about the information source: weak evidence should only backfire when speakers are expected to act under persuasive goals and prefer the strongest evidence. We introduce a simple experimental paradigm called the Stick Contest to measure the extent to which the weak evidence effect depends on speaker expectations, and show that a pragmatic listener model accounts for the empirical data better than alternative models. Our findings suggest further avenues for rational models of social reasoning to illuminate classical decision-making phenomena.
What Do We Mean When We Say “Presence”?
Authors: Murphy Dooley , Skarbez Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Characterizations of presence are many and various. The first part of this article applies philosophical and psychological lenses to three common descriptions: Presence as (or as following from) “the suspension of disbelief,” presence as the “illusion of nonmediation,” and presence as “(the feeling of) being there.” These construals of presence—the assumptions and commitments they make—are compared with one another, their plausibility and utility appraised. The second, shorter part of the article is not so much interested in definitions as distinctions that may help us ask better questions moving forward. We briefly consider the role of attention in presence, whether, when, or how presence is “binary,” and whether it is helpful to speak of presence in unmediated physical reality. A recurring theme throughout the article is whether a given understanding of presence (mis)construes the mind as monolithic: That is, as uniformly rational and consciously accessible. In closing, we suggest that researchers specify precisely what type of presence they're referring to whenever the concept is evoked; and that states such as involvement, absorption, and engagement be kept conceptually separate from presence, since they speak to “higher” cognitive functioning than simply feeling self-located in virtual environments, and indeed need not presuppose placeness or spatiality at all.
Properties of the Lateral Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Transport in a High-Resolution Ocean Model: Beyond the Flux–Gradient Relation
Authors: Lu Yueyang , Kamenkovich Igor , Berloff Pavel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lateral mesoscale eddy-induced tracer transport is traditionally represented in coarse-resolution models by the flux–gradient relation. In its most complete form, the relation assumes the eddy tracer flux as a product of the large-scale tracer concentration gradient and an eddy transport coefficient tensor. However, several recent studies reported that the tensor has significant spatiotemporal complexity and is not uniquely defined, that is, it is sensitive to the tracer distributions and to the presence of nondivergent (“rotational”) components of the eddy flux. These issues could lead to significant biases in the representation of the eddy-induced transport. Using a high-resolution tracer model of the Gulf Stream region, we examine the diffusive and advective properties of lateral eddy-induced transport of dynamically passive tracers, reevaluate the utility of the flux–gradient relation, and propose an alternative approach based on modeling the local eddy forcing by a combination of diffusion and generalized eddy-induced advection. Mesoscale eddies are defined by a scale-based spatial filtering, which leads to the importance of new eddy-induced terms, including eddy-mean covariances in the eddy fluxes. The results show that the biases in representing these terms are noticeably reduced by the new approach. A series of targeted simulations in the high-resolution model further demonstrates that the approach outperforms the flux–gradient model in reproducing the stirring and dispersing effect of eddies. Our study indicates potential to upgrade the traditional flux–gradient relation for representing the eddy-induced tracer transport.
Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Compromise in Planned PICU Admissions Following Tonsillectomy
Authors: Hazkani Inbal , Stein Eli , Ching Siong Tey , Hill Robert , Dautel Jacob , Patel Mital D. , Vaughn William , Cordray Holly , Patel Eshan , Clark Addison , Raol Nikhila , Evans Sean 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: Review the incidence and factors associated with respiratory compromise requiring intensive care unit level interventions in children with planned admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) following tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy (T/AT). Study design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Review of all patients with PICU admissions following T/AT from 2015 to 2020 at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Patient demographics, underlying comorbidities, operative data, and respiratory complications during PICU admission were extracted. Results: Seven hundred and seventy-two patients were admitted to the PICU following T/AT, age 6.1 ± 4.6 years. All children were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea or sleep-disordered breathing (mean pre-operative apnea-hypopnea index 29 ± 26.5 and O2 nadir 77.1% ± 11.1). Neuromuscular disease, enteral feed dependence, and obesity were common findings (N = 240 (31%), N = 106 (14%), and N = 209 (27%) respectively). Overall, 29 patients (3.7%) developed respiratory compromise requiring PICU-level support, defined as new-onset continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure support (n = 25) or reintubation (n = 9). Three patients were diagnosed with pulmonary edema. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated pre-operative oxygen nadir and enteral feed dependence were associated with respiratory compromise (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, P = .04; OR = 6.3, 95% CI 2.36-52.6, P = .001 respectively). Conclusions: Our study found respiratory compromise in 3.7% of patients with planned PICU admissions following T/AT. Oxygen nadir and enteral feeds were associated with higher respiratory compromise rates. Attention should be given to these factors in planning for post-operative disposition.
The Development and Evaluation of a Smartphone-Aided Diagnosis Application to Measure Tympanic Membrane Perforations
Authors: Li Lok-Yee Joyce , Wang Shin-Yi , Yang Jinn-Moon , Chen Chih-Jou , Tsai Cheng-Yu , Wu Lucas Yee-Yan , Wu Te-Fang , Wu Cheng-Jung 
Published: August 2022

Objectives Chronic otitis media is a long-term infection of the middle ear. It is characterized by persistent discharge from the middle ear through a perforated tympanic membrane. It is one of the most common causes of preventable hearing loss, especially in developing countries. Precise estimation of the size of tympanic membrane perforation is essential for successful clinical management. In this study, we developed a smartphone-based application to calculate the ratio of the area of tympanic membrane perforation to the area of the tympanic membrane. Twelve standardized patients and 60 medical students were involved to assess the area of tympanic membrane perforation, in particular, the percentage of perforation size. Methods In total, 60 student doctors (including year 5 and year 6 medical students, intern and post-graduate year training of doctors) were recruited during their rotation at the Otolaryngology department of Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital. Twelve standardized patients with chronic otitis media were recruited through a single otology practice. Oto-endoscopic examination was performed for all patients by using a commercially-available digital oto-endoscope, and clinical images of the tympanic membrane perforation were obtained. To demonstrate the variability of perforation size estimation by different student doctors, we calculated the percentage of perforation using the smartphone-based application for 12 tympanic membranes objectively and compared the results with those visually estimated by the 60 student doctors subjectively. Results The variance in the visual estimation by the 60 student doctors was large. By contrast, variances in smartphone-based application calculations were smaller, indicating consistency in the results obtained from different users. The smartphone-based application accurately estimated the presence of perforation for tympanic membranes with high consistency. The differences in visual estimations can be considerably great and the variances can be large among different individuals. Conclusions The smartphone-based application is a dependable tool for precisely evaluating the size of tympanic membrane perforation.
Effect of Sex and Maturation on Knee Extensor and Flexor Strength in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Peek Kerry , Ford Kevin R. , Myer Gregory D. , Hewett Timothy E. , Pappas Evangelos 
Published: August 2022

Background: Despite knee extensor and flexor strength reportedly being associated with injury risk, including rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in girls, there is limited evidence for the longitudinal changes in lower extremity strength. Purpose: To investigate the sex-specific relationship with longitudinal changes of knee extensor and flexor strength associated with maturation. Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Adolescent boys and girls (N = 257; 208 adolsecent girls) participating in high school basketball, volleyball, and soccer were assessed longitudinally in at least 2 different pubertal stages. Pubertal status (prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal) was determined with the modified Pubertal Maturation Observation Scale questionnaire. After a warm-up of 5 submaximal repetitions, participants were tested for concentric peak isokinetic strength for knee extension and flexion at 300 deg/s over 10 repetitions and normalized to body weight. Linear mixed models were used to test for the effect of pubertal stage, sex, and their interaction. Results: Significant interactions were identified that indicated different maturational trajectories for knee muscle strength for adolescent boys and girls, particularly between prepubertal and pubertal stages, in which boys demonstrated greater mass normalized knee extensor increases than girls (right, +12% vs +5%; left, +13% vs +7%; P < .001). For knee flexors, boys demonstrated increased strength, while girls demonstrated decreased relative knee flexor strength (right, +4% vs −1%, P = .03; left, +3 vs −3%, P = .009). Conclusion: The findings of this study support a differential effect of sex and maturation on important knee strength outcomes that may have implications for knee injury reduction, particularly in adolescent girls as they mature.
Recall Bias in the Retrospective Collection of Common Patient-Reported Outcome Scores in Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Crutchfield Connor R. , Givens Ritt R. , O’Connor Michaela , deMeireles Alirio J. , Lynch T. Sean 
Published: August 2022

Background: The use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is common practice in the treatment of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. While the prospective collection of PROs is preferred, retrospective collection involving patient recall is not uncommon and may be subject to bias. Purpose: To assess the presence of recall bias between prospectively and retrospectively collected PRO scores in hip arthroscopy. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Patients who underwent hip arthroscopy between 2015 and 2021 and provided preoperative baseline responses for the International Hip Outcome Tool–12 (iHOT-12), the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Physical Shortform (HOOS-PS), and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) were eligible for recruitment. After surgery, participants were asked to complete a study-specific survey and the same preoperative PROs retrospectively. Agreements between the prospective and retrospective scores were assessed, and associations between score discrepancies and patient characteristics were identified. Results: A total of 94 patients (43.3% participation rate) completed study requirements and were included for analysis. The mean ± standard deviation duration of symptoms before surgery was 25.3 ± 32.8 months, and the mean duration to recall (from the day of surgery) for the PROs was 29.6 ± 22.2 months. The iHOT-12 (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 0.409; P < .001) and HOOS-PS (ICC, 0.415; P < .001) scores had low agreement between prospectively and retrospectively collected scores. The mHHS showed moderate agreement (ICC, 0.598; P < .001). The mean scores for the iHOT-12 (41.4 ± 22.6 vs 34.6 ± 16.3; P < .01), HOOS-PS (29.7 ± 18.5 vs 40.9 ± 17.1; P < .001), and mHHS (62.7 ± 16.5 vs 54.5 ± 14.8; P < .001) were all significantly different prospectively versus retrospectively. The average changes in score for the iHOT-12, HOOS-PS, and mHHS were −6.8, 11.2, and −8.2, respectively. Duration to recall and female sex were predictors of the difference between prospectively and retrospectively collected iHOT-12 data, while no predictors were significant for the HOOS-PS or mHHS. Conclusion: The retrospective collection of PROs for hip arthroscopy procedures is subject to bias. On average, retrospective (recalled) PROs reflected worse pain/function than their prospectively recorded counterpoints; therefore, retrospective patient recall is an unreliable source of clinical data, and the prospective collection of iHOT-12, mHHS, and HOOS-PS data should be prioritized.
Androgen receptor suppresses inflammatory response of airway epithelial cells in allergic asthma through MAPK1 and MAPK14
Authors: Xia T , Ma J , Sun Y , Sun Y 
Published: August 2022

Background Dysfunction of airway epithelial cells in patients with asthma is closely with the occurrence and development of allergic asthma. Finding the differences of airway epithelium between asthmatic patients and normal patients is helpful to find out new treatment strategies. Methods First, three original microarray datasets (GSE89809, GSE41861, GSE104468) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset were used to assess differentially expressed genes in the epithelial tissues between patients with allergic asthma and healthy controls. Then, 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 treated BEAS-2B cells and rats with ovalbumin induced allergic asthma were performed to confirm our assumption from the gene expression analysis with microarrays. Results Top ten hub significant difference genes were obtained by Cytohubba plug-in from GSE41861, and found that androgen receptor (AR) was closely associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, especially MAPK1 and MAPK14. After treated with the TGF-β1 treated BEAS-2B cells and rats with allergic asthma, we found that 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), AR agonist, significantly decreased the Th2 inflammation (IL-25 and IL-33), MAPK1 and MAPK14 proteins expression in vitro and in vivo. The roles of 5α-DHT were similar with the results of chicanine (a p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitor), but the roles of 5α-DHT were masked by the C16-PAF (a MAPK and MEK/ERK activator) treatment. Conclusion Androgen receptor limits the secretion of Th2 inflammatory factors by downregulating MAPK1 and MAPK14 in the TGF-β1 treated BEAS-2B cells and rats with ovalbumin induced allergic asthma, which plays a critical role for the therapeutics of patients with asthma.
Medial Soft tissue and medial malleolus loss-the posterior tibial artery perforator technique combined with iliac crest autograft to Stabilize the ankle and cover Soft tissue defect: A case Series
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Yan Xiaowei , Xie Qiang , Gu Rui , Wang Zhixue , Liu Fei , Sui Lei , Yu Changyu , Wang Pei 
Published: August 2022

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical efficacy of posterior tibial artery perforator technique combined with iliac crest autograft in treatment of medial soft tissue and medial malleolus loss. Methods This study involved 11 cases of medial soft tissue and medial malleolus loss from October 2011 to March 2016. Patients were treated with posterior tibial artery perforator technique combined with iliac crest autograft, and given routine treatment, such as rehydration, anti-inflammation, anticoagulation and vasodilation. Ankle function of patients was evaluated according to the American Orthopedic foot and ankle Association (AOFAS) ankle-hind foot scoring system. Results All flaps survived without bone exposure, and the appearance of skin flaps was satisfactory. There was one case of arterial crisis, one case of venous crisis, one case of skin edge necrosis and one case of incision infection. Wounds of the above patients were healed. Skin flap was soft and elastic without secondary contracture. The two-point discrimination of skin flap was 5–11 mm. The ankle range of motion was 10–60°. X-Ray showed that grafts healed within 8.6 months. According to AOFAS evaluation, four cases were excellent, four cases were good, and three cases were poor. The excellent and good rate was 72.8%. Conclusions In this study, posterior tibial artery perforator technique combined with iliac crest autograft was used to treat medial soft tissue and medial malleolus loss. The findings demonstrated that this treatment was reliable and efficacious.