bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metathesis Reactions in Natural Product Fragments and Total Syntheses
Authors: Ahmed Waqar , Jayant Vikrant , Alvi Shakeel , Ahmed Nadeem , Ahmed Azeem , Ali Rashid 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe passion of total‐ and fragments syntheses of natural products always remained one of the top priorities among the synthetic chemists worldwide. Due their curiosity toward the complexity of molecules of living nature and their endeavour to imitate them in laboratory; limitless arrays of natural products have been extracted, architecturally‐elucidated, synthesized, and chronicled by utilizing various synthetic methodologies in different fashions. Frequently, the synthesis of complex natural products proceed with inscrutable synthetic challenges, which can be circumvented either by modification of previously developed synthetic methods or by formulating a new one. In this way, a myriad of powerful synthetic reactions have been developed since the genesis of the logic of chemical synthesis. Amongst them, metathesis tactics discovered unexpectedly in the 1950s (Nobel Prize in 2005), have incredibly influenced and changed the landscape of the art of the total and formal synthesis in the last three A. H. Hoveyda, A. R. Zhugralin, me abruptly as compared to other developed transformations or their modified forms. In this particular review article, we envisioned to report a comprehensive detail of the metathetic tools involved in both total and fragments synthesis of natural products in the years 2018 and 2019 along with an overview of 2017.
Regiospecific C2‐Difluoroalkylation on Chromone via Transition‐Metal‐free Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aryldifluoroacetic acids
Authors: Peng Yi , Gong Haiying , Wang Juan , Chen Hua , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian , Wan Wen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA transition‐metal‐free, oxidative decarboxylative reaction of aryldifluoroacetic acids with chromone under mild reaction conditions has been developed. This free‐radical protocol provides an efficient and straightforward access to C2‐difluoroalkylated chromones with excellent regioselectivity in moderate yields to good yields, which are found to be compatible with a broad substrate scope.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, purification, and characterization of wax from sorghum and sorghum by‐products as an alternative natural wax
Authors: Sperotto Felipe , Yang Junsi , Isom Loren , Weller Curtis , Ciftci Ozan N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe objective of this work was to obtain high purity natural wax from sorghum and by‐products of sorghum processing (sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and sorghum bran) using a green process based on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). SC‐CO2 extractions were carried out at varying temperatures (50, 70°C) and pressures (30, 40 MPa) at a CO2 flow rate 1 L/min for 120 min. Significantly higher wax yield (4.9%) from DDGS was obtained by SC‐CO2 at 40 MPa/70°C compared with whole kernel (0.6%) and bran (3.3%) (p < 0.05). The yield of the extracts obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction was higher than that of the conventional hexane extraction for all three sorghum sources. The highest fraction of wax in the SC‐CO2 extracts was obtained from whole kernel extracts (89%), whereas it was 53.3% from the DDGS and 26.8% from the bran at the same extraction conditions. SC‐CO2 and hexane extracts from sorghum whole kernel shared a similar melting peak temperature of 76.3–77.9 and 79.7°C, respectively, while DDGS and bran extracts by SC‐CO2 showed a much lower melting temperature in the range of 50.7–61.9°C, indicating the presence of lower melting point components such as triacylglycerols. However, the melting points of the DDGS and bran extracts after ethanol purification were significantly increased with the observed peak temperature of 80.8 and 82.0°C, respectively. While the wax yield from DDGS and bran was higher than that of whole kernel, the sorghum whole kernel feedstock was found to be a more feasible feedstock to obtain higher purity wax.
Evidence for multiple refugia and hotspots of genetic diversity for Westralunio carteri, a threatened freshwater mussel in south‐western Australia
Authors: Benson Justin , Stewart Barbara , Close Paul , Lymbery Alan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Intraspecific genetic diversity provides the evolutionary potential to adapt to changing environments and ‘hotspots’ of high intraspecific diversity are recognized as key targets for conservation.
In south‐western Australia, intraspecific genetic diversity for mesic taxa is not uniformly distributed. Many species comprise highly divergent lineages with unique haplotypes resulting from contraction to refugia during historical arid cycles. Sampling strategies in studies of the region’s unique and ancient freshwater fauna have often focused on broad distributional range, making it difficult to determine boundaries between lineages and the location of genetic hotspots.
This study explored the spatial distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity in the threatened freshwater mussel, Westralunio carteri. Mitochondrial DNA sequences for 164 specimens, sampled from all basins within the distribution of the species, were used to describe lineage boundaries and the location of hotspots, and to reconstruct historical demographics.
There was strong evidence for three subregions of genetic diversity based on the largely non‐overlapping distributions of three evolutionarily significant units. Spatial and demographic analyses suggest that these evolutionarily significant units persisted through past arid cycles in separate refugia. The majority of haplotypes were unique to a single location, indicating limited connectivity among populations in recent times. Hotspots were identified throughout the region. Most notably, a significant hotspot in the south‐western corner probably arose through the overlap of lineages in historical refugia.
Conservation assessments often focus on the species as a whole, even though sublineages, hotspots and the threats faced are not evenly distributed across the species range. This paper highlights that effective conservation of spatially structured taxa requires targeted management of multiple genetic units. Given the importance of formal taxonomic description for conservation listings, further investigation of the potential for species delimitation within W. carteri is required.
Extract from Opuntia ficus‐indica cladode delays the Aedes aegypti larval development by inducing an axenic midgut environment
Authors: Nova Isabella C. V. , de Almeida Welton A. , Procópio Thamara F. , Godoy Raquel S. M. , Miranda Franciane R. , Barbosa Renata C. , Nascimento Jéssica da Silva , Paiva Patrícia M. G. , Ferreira Magda R. A. , Soares Luiz A. L. , Pimenta Paulo F. P. , Martins Gustavo F. , Navarro Daniela Maria do Amaral F. , Napoleão Thiago H. , Pontual Emmanuel V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of acute exposure of Aedes aegypti third instar (L3) larvae to the saline extract of Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes on the biological cycle and fertility of the emerging adults. For this, larvae were treated for 24 h with the extract at ¼ LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of larvae), ½ LC50 or LC50; the development and reproduction of the emerged adults were evaluated after a recovery period of 9 days. The resistance of proteins in the extract to hydrolysis by L3 digestive enzymes and histomorphological alterations in the larval midgut were also investigated. The extract contained lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. It showed a LC50 of 3.71% for 48 h. The data indicated mean survival times similar in control and extract treatments. It was observed development delay in extract‐treated groups, with a lower number of adults than in control. However, the females that emerged laid similar number of eggs in control and treatments. Histological evaluation revealed absence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in the food content in midguts from larvae treated with cladode extract. Electrophoresis revealed that three polypeptides in the extract resisted to hydrolysis by L3 digestive proteases for 90 min. The lectin activity was not altered even after 24‐h incubation with the enzymes. In conclusion, the extract from O. ficus‐indica can delay the development of Ae. aegypti larvae, which may be linked to induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut and permanence of lectin activity even after proteolysis.
Hydrogen sulfide treatment retrieves the inhibition of growth and development characteristics in silkworm (Bombyx mori) via phosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase gene knock down
Authors: Zhang Rui , Du Juan , Cao Yu‐Yao , Thakur Kiran , Tang Shun‐Ming , Hu Fei , Wei Zhao‐Jun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhosphoacetyl glucosamine mutase (PGM) is the key gene for glycolysis of important metabolic pathways in silkworm, and H2S (7.5 μM) can promote the growth and development of silkworm. Herein, we used body cavity injection of small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) to interfere with the PGM gene in H2S‐treated silkworms. After RNA interference (RNAi), we investigated the growth and development of the silkworm. H2S treatment could significantly recover the inhibition of body weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio by knocking down PGM gene in silkworm, without significant effects on eggs laying and production, and then analyzed the mRNA expression of PGM gene. The interference of siRNA significantly decreased the expression of targeted PGM gene and was concentrated in 48 h followed by gradual recovery. Three interference fragments also showed different interference effects, and siRNA of PGM‐3 exerted the highest interference effect to the target gene expression. Fat body had the highest mRNA expression of PGM gene, and the best interference effect was observed after siRNA injection. The results showed that the gene based on H2S treatment may have an important impact on the growth and development of silkworm by affecting its metabolic pathway.
Association between atopic diseases and neurodevelopmental disabilities in a longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Qu Xueqi , Lee Li‐Ching , Ladd‐Acosta Christine , Hong Xiumei , Ji Yuelong , Kalb Luther G. , Volk Heather E. , Wang Xiaobin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractReports on the association between the prevalence of atopic diseases and neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDs) have been inconsistent in the literature. We investigated whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), and other NDs are more prevalent in children with asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic rhinitis (AR) compared to those without specific atopic conditions. A total of 2580 children enrolled at birth were followed prospectively, of which 119 have ASD, 423 have ADHD, 765 have other NDs, and 1273 have no NDs. Atopic diseases and NDs were defined based on physician diagnoses in electronic medical records. Logistic regressions adjusting for maternal and child characteristics estimated the associations between NDs (i.e., ASD, ADHD, and other NDs) and asthma, AD and AR, respectively. Children with asthma, AD or AR had a greater likelihood of having ADHD or other NDs compared with children without specific atopic conditions. The association between ASD and asthma diminished after adjusting for maternal and child factors. Either mothers or children having atopic conditions and both mothers and children with atopic conditions were associated with a higher prevalence of ADHD in children, compared with neither mothers nor children having atopic conditions. Children diagnosed with multiple atopic diseases were more likely to have NDs compared with those without or with only one type of atopic disease. In conclusion, in this U.S. urban birth cohort, children with atopic diseases had a higher co‐morbidity of NDs. The findings have implications for etiologic research that searches for common early life antecedents of NDs and atopic conditions. Findings from this study also should raise awareness among health care providers and parents about the possible co‐occurrence of both NDs and atopic conditions, which calls for coordinated efforts to screen, prevent and manage NDs and atopic conditions.
Significant impact of mTORC1 and ATF4 pathways in CHO cell recombinant protein production induced by CDK4/6 inhibitor
Authors: Chang Meiping , Huhn Steven , Nelson Luke , Betenbaugh Michael , Du Zhimei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe CDK4/6 inhibitor has been shown to increase recombinant protein productivity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism that couples cell‐cycle inhibitor (CCI) treatment with protein productivity utilizing proteomics and phosphoproteomics. We identified mTORC1 as a critical early signaling event that preceded boosted productivity. Following CCI treatment, mTOR exhibited a transient increase in phosphorylation at a novel site that is also conserved in humans and mouse. Upstream of mTORC1, increased phosphorylation of AKT1S1 and decreased phosphorylation of RB1 may provide molecular links between CDK4/6 inhibition and mTORC1. Downstream, increased EIF4EBP1 phosphorylation was observed, which can mediate cap‐dependent translation. In addition, the collective effect of increased phosphorylation of RPS6, increased phosphorylation of regulators of RNA polymerase I, and increased protein expression in the transfer RNA‐aminoacylation pathway may contribute to enhancing the translational apparatus for increased productivity. In concert, an elevated stress response via GCN2/EIF2AK4‐ATF4 axis persisted over the treatment course, which may link mTOR to downstream responses including the unfolded protein response and autophagy to enhance proper protein folding and secretion. Together, this comprehensive proteomics and phosphoproteomics characterization of CCI‐treated CHO cells offers insights into understanding multiple aspects of signaling events resulting from CDK4/CDK6 inhibition.
The role of head circumference and cerebral volumes to phenotype male adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Denier Niklaus , Steinberg Gerrit , van Elst Ludger Tebartz , Bracht Tobias 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been repeatedly associated with enlargements of head circumference in children with ASD. However, it is unclear if these enlargements persist into adulthood. This is the first study to investigate head circumference in a large sample of adults with ASD.MethodsWe apply a fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based measurement approach to compute head circumference by combining 3D and 2D image processing. Head circumference was compared between male adults with ASD (n = 120) and healthy male controls (n = 136), from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) database. To explain which brain alterations drive our results, secondary analyses were performed for 10 additional morphological brain metrics.ResultsASD subjects showed an increase in head circumference (p = .0018). In addition, ASD patients had increased ventricular surface area (SA) (p = .0013). Intracranial volume, subarachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, and gray matter volume explained 50% of head circumference variance. Using a linear support vector machine, we gained an ASD classification accuracy of 73% (sensitivity 92%, specificity 68%) using head circumference and brain‐morphological metrics as input features. Head circumference, ventricular SA, ventricular CSF volume, and ventricular asymmetry index contributed to 85% of feature weighting relevant for classification.ConclusionOur results suggest that head circumference increases in males with ASD persist into adulthood. Results may be driven by morphological alterations of ventricular CSF. The presented approach for an automated head circumference measurement allows for the retrospective investigation of large MRI datasets in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Evaluation of native and non‐native biomaterials for engineering human skin tissue
Authors: Motter Catarino Carolina , Kaiser Katharina , Baltazar Tânia , Motter Catarino Luiza , Brewer Jonathan R. , Karande Pankaj 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA variety of human skin models have been developed for applications in regenerative medicine and efficacy studies. Typically, these employ matrix molecules that are derived from non‐human sources along with human cells. Key limitations of such models include a lack of cellular and tissue microenvironment that is representative of human physiology for efficacy studies, as well as the potential for adverse immune responses to animal products for regenerative medicine applications. The use of recombinant extracellular matrix proteins to fabricate tissues can overcome these limitations. We evaluated animal‐ and non‐animal‐derived scaffold proteins and glycosaminoglycans for the design of biomaterials for skin reconstruction in vitro. Screening of proteins from the dermal‐epidermal junction (collagen IV, laminin 5, and fibronectin) demonstrated that certain protein combinations when used as substrates increase the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes compared to the control (no protein). In the investigation of the effect of components from the dermal layer (collagen types I and III, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate), the primary influence on the viability of fibroblasts was attributed to the source of type I collagen (rat tail, human, or bovine) used as scaffold. Furthermore, incorporation of dermatan sulfate in the dermal layer led to a reduction in the contraction of tissues compared to the control where the dermal scaffold was composed primarily of collagen type I. This work highlights the influence of the composition of biomaterials on the development of complex reconstructed skin models that are suitable for clinical translation and in vitro safety assessment.
Can advertising enhance consumers' desirable COVID‐19 health behavioral intentions? The role of brand‐pandemic fit
Authors: Özsomer Ayşegül , Güzel Zeynep Müge , Newmeyer Casey E. , Schmidt‐Devlin Ellen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article explores the fit between the advertised brand and the pandemic as a potential influence on consumers' intentions to engage in socially responsible health behaviors (social distancing, mask wearing, and getting tested when exposed). In an advanced and emerging market setting we find that advertisements for brands that are perceived as high on brand‐pandemic fit enhance consumers' socially desirable COVID‐19 health behavioral intentions and changes in brand credibility is the mechanism that drives such intentions. Fit is especially beneficial on the intentions of consumers whose health beliefs reflect only low to moderate concern about COVID‐19. Consumers with low or moderate (vs. high) COVID‐19 health beliefs exhibit an increased susceptibility to the fit—desirable health behavioral intentions relationship. The results are also corroborated in an emerging market context. Together, the results establish links between brand‐pandemic fit of advertisements, brand credibility, health beliefs, and consumers' intentions to engage in socially desirable health behaviors. The results suggest that advertising can play a role in encouraging desirable health behaviors and can promote consumer welfare via ads of high fit products and services that provide benefits during the pandemic in both advanced and emerging markets.
Impact of malnutrition and frailty on mortality and major amputation in patients with CLTI
Authors: Karim Adham M. , Li Jun , Panhwar Muhammad S. , Arshad Samiullah , Shalabi Shihabaldean , Mena‐Hurtado Carlos , Aronow Herbert D. , Secemsky Eric A. , Shishehbor Mehdi H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo understand the prevalence of malnutrition and its association with chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI) outcomes; to clarify the differential impact of revascularization methods on outcomes; to assess the ability of the CLTI Frailty Risk Score (CLTI‐FRS) to predict adverse events in patients hospitalized with CLTI.BackgroundDespite advances in the management of CLTI, a majority still undergo major amputation, and a minority heal within 6 months. There is a lack of validated assessment tools for the identification and management of frailty and malnutrition in these patients.MethodsUsing the National Inpatient Sample from January 2012 to September 2015, we identified all patients with CLTI using International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition Clinical Modification codes. The cohort was divided into three groups according to nutritional status. Multivariable regression analysis was used to analyze the interaction between malnutrition and outcomes of interest.ResultsOf 1,414,080 CLTI‐related hospitalizations, 163,835 (11.6%) were malnourished, 332,855 (23.5%) patients were frail, 917,390 (64.9%) were well‐nourished. In‐hospital mortality, major amputation, the average length of stay, and hospital costs were highest among malnourished or frail patients and lowest in well‐nourished patients (p < 0.001). Malnourished and frail patients were observed to have lower rates of mortality with endovascular revascularization as compared to surgical (adjusted odds ratios: 0.675 [0.533–0.854; p = 0.001]).ConclusionMany patients with CLTI are malnourished or frail, and this is associated with mortality and amputation. Both malnourished and frail patients were observed to have a mortality benefit with a less invasive approach to revascularization. Better assessment of nutritional and frailty status of CLTI patients may guide therapy and help prevent amputation and death.
Infrared thermography as an adjunctive tool for detection of femoral arterial thrombosis after cardiac catheterization: A prospective, pilot study
Authors: Kang Sok‐Leng , Manojlovich Larissa , Mrozcek Dariusz , Benson Lee 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the utility of infrared thermography (IRT), to map skin temperature, in the detection of femoral arterial (FA) thrombosis after cardiac catheterization.BackgroundUltrasound is a validated method for thrombus detection but is generally reserved as a confirmatory test for clinical suspicion due to various constraints.MethodsProspective study of infants and children undergoing cardiac catheterization via FA access, comparing IRT and pulse examination. The thermograms, displayed in a color map with each pixel representing a temperature, were examined by qualitative assessment of symmetry in thermal patterns and quantitative image analysis with abnormal thermographic asymmetry defined as a difference of >10% between limbs.ResultsIn the 20 children enrolled, excellent agreement was found between the two methods with a Kappa value of 0.89. The median thermographic asymmetry in the nine children with pulse loss was 36 (13–76)%. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the asymmetrical pattern of ≥18% between limbs predicted the need for anticoagulation with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 89%. The area under the curve was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.95–1). Children with absent pulse requiring anticoagulation showed a slower recovery in thermal asymmetry compared to those with a reduced pulse. By qualitative IRT assessment, all children with absent pulse requiring anticoagulation were correctly identified by 10 independent assessors.ConclusionsThis pilot study showed that IRT is feasible and reliable as an adjunctive tool for thrombus detection postcatheterization and treatment monitoring. Specific advantages of IRT include portability, affordability, and contactless image acquisition.