bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fall Control of White Grubs with Granular Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides and one species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 17 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. At treatment time (17 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 93°F; soil temperature, 98°F (1 inch), 96°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.0; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture, 8.8%; soil texture, coarse sand, 15.6%, medium sand 30.7%, fine sand, 28.8%, very fine sand, 15.1% and silt and clay, 8.8%; thatch, &lt;0.25 inches. The nematodes, Heterorhabditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inch of water through the course's irrigation system. Posttreatment counts were taken on 28-29 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides and a species of entomogenous nematodes were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 19 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. The nematodes, a dessicated formulation of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (strain NC 25), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature, 75°F (1 inch); soil pH 6.7; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.6%; soil moisture, 20.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 22.3%, medium sand, 42.8%, fine sand, 20.8%, very fine sand, 7.4% and silt and clay, 6.0%; thatch was minimal (&lt;0.5 inches deep). Six-tenths inches of rain fell within 24 h before treatment and 0.25 inches of irrigation was applied after treatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 29-30 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Ultra-Low-Volume Abamectin for Control of Leaf-Feeding Thrips on Greenhouse-Grown Chrysanthemums. 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six replicate potted mums at flower-bud stage sustaining heavy thrips infestations were used at each treatment level. A prespray count of juvenile thrips was made on 2 leaves selected at random from each pot. Treatments were applied from 1 direction 6 Feb with a Turbair Scamp electric sprayer; a second application was made 13 Feb. Total spray volume was calibrated to 2.5 pt/acre by adjusting operator walking speed. Evaluations were made 4 day following each application and were carried out in a manner similar to the prespray count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a handheld shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature, 90°F; RH, 80%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 40.2% sand, 55.6% silt, 4.2% clay; soil moisture, 5.1%; soil pH 5.7; organic matter, 3.0%; water pH, slightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 3 Aug, 11 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three loatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Evaluation of Two Experimental Baits, UC86874 and UC84572, for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1985
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Jeter C. , Kissam J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tw experimental baits that function as insect growth regulators were evaluated for control of single colonies of red imported fire ant (RIFA) in Santee, S.C Twenty-seven plots, 30.5 m diam, were delineated, and the location of RIFA mounds in each plot was mapped. Plots were separated by a 10.1-m buffi zone to prevent interplot contamination. Each plot contained a minimum of 5 active colonies. Mound activity was determined by slightly probing the moufl with a thin metal wire to see whether any ants would come to the surface in response to the disturbance. One of 9 treatments was randomly assigned t each of the 27 plots. The treatments were as follows: UC86874 (6, 18, and 30 g/mound), UC84572 (6, 18, and 30 g/mound), Amdro (27 g/mound), Pro-Dronf (31 g/mound), and an untreated check. Bait was applied 15 cm from the base of each mound. All mounds treated were active prior to application. Activil| of all treated colonies was then assessed 1, 3, 5, 8, and 12 wk following treatment. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug.
Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L. , Hendricks H. J. , Miller G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested golden euonymus plants, growing in 1-gal plastic containers with an amended pine bark medium, were selected for single foliar-applied treatments. Materials and Chevron Spray Sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water) were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off with a CO2- pressurized sprayer (40 psi) on 12 Mar (dry bulb, 63°F; wet bulb, 56.5°F). Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Live mites were counted at 7 and 21 DAT with the aid of a Llanfair Orchard leaf-brushing machine and microscope. Each sample consisted of 15 randomly selected, fully expanded mature leaves/plant. Sample leaves were brushed, and the number of living mites landing on the counting disk was recorded.
Hot-Water Dip for Control of Fuller Rose Beetle Eggs, 1986
Authors: Soderstrom Edwin L. , Brandl David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fuller rose beetle eggs were obtained by allowing beetles to oviposit between layers of wax paper. Egg masses on wax paper, 0-7 days old, were randomized and placed in stainless steel screen cages (6 cm long × 18 mm diam) closed with cork stoppers. The cages contained an average of 505 eggs/each and were submerged in a water bath at several temperatures (±0.5°C) and durations as shown in the table. Posttreatment conditions were 27°C at 85% RH. Mortality counts made 1 mo after treatment consisted of fully developed embryos and hatched eggs versus undeveloped eggs. Each test was replicated 3 times. Embryos with clearly defined head capsules and body segmentations were considered fully developed.
Phytotoxicity on Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 4 Aug through 3 Sep in field plantings of red ginger. Plots measured 9 × 10 ft with 11 plantings/plot. Five weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates: Vydate L, 4.0 lb (AI)/ 100 gal; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.3 lb (AI)/100 gal; Avid 0.15EC, 0.04 lb (AI)/100 gal; Dursban 50W, 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal; Talstar 10WP, 0.4 lb (AI)/100 gal; Orthene 75SP, 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal; Metasystox R2, 1.5 lb (AI)/100 gal; and Tempo 2EC, 0.125 lb (AI)/100 gal. Treatments were applied to runoff (160 gal/ acre) using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Plants were observed weekly for any abnormalities as compared to control plants.
Single vs. Multiple Applications of Pydrin for Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil, 1987
Authors: Hanula James L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-hundred Japanese yews (18-inch-diam canopy) heavily infested with black vine weevil larvae were transplanted in April 1986 into a field of 5 rows of 10 plots. Each plot contained 4 plants. Plants were spaced 2 ft apart within plots, and plots were 5 and 7 ft apart within and between rows, respectively. A barrier constructed of 6-inchwide aluminum edging, coated with Fluon and buried 2 inches deep, was installed around each plot to prevent adult weevil migration. The field was irrigated with 1 inch of water/wk by overhead sprinkler. All plots except checks were treated with 0.15 lb (AI) 100 gal until runoff on 13 Jun, 2 wk after the first adults had emerged from the soil. The 4 treatments, 2 wk apart, consisted of 1-4 applications of Pydrin with a Solo backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in May 1987 by sifting the soil beneath the canopy of each plant to a depth of 1 ft for larvae.
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Control, 1986
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted in July and August to compare the efficacy of 3 formulations of Zectran mexacarbate insecticide for balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) control. Pydrin insecticide was used as a comparison standard. A Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation near Cullowhee in Jackson County, N.C., was selected as the study site. A 2.5-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer was used to spray insecticide treatments on the entire main stem of BWA-infested fir trees (6-7 ft tall) until runoff. Control trees received water sprays only. Eighteen to 20 trees could be sprayed per gal. Treatments were replicated 3 or 4 times, depending on availability of infested trees (1 tree/replicate) and applied in a completely random design. Pretreatment counts were taken on 2 Jul using a no. 8 cork borer to remove 2 heavily BWA infested circular disks of bark from the bole of each tree. All BWA life stages were counted on both disks and added for a total live sample count. In the same manner, posttreatment counts were taken at 2 and 6 wk ifter treatment and compared to corresponding pretreatment counts to determine % live BWA density changes.
Field Evaluation of a Gypcheck-Folic Acid Formulation for Gypsy Moth Control, Maryland, 1985
Authors: Podgwaite J. D. , Reardon R. C. , Kolodny-Hirsch D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Folic acid was evaluated as a sunlight screen to promote efficacy of the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus product, Gypchek, in low to moderate density gypsy moth populations in eastern Maryland. Woodlots were blocked by egg mass density and each woodlot within a block was randomly assigned one of three treatments; Gypchek + folic acid, Gypchek, and control (no spray). There were 5 replicates of each Gypchek treatment and 4 replicates of controls. One Gypchek treatment contained Gypchek, 5.1 g; 20% feed grade folic acid, 25.6 g; Rhoplex B60A per liter of finished spray, 20.5 ml; 8L inert ingredients (Abbott Laboratories) 250 ml; and water, 730 ml. The other Gypchek treatment contained the same less the folic acid. The control treatment was no spray. Gypchek was applied at 5 × 10u polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha in 9.4 liter/ha. Aerial application commenced when the expansion of white oak foliage was ≥50% and ≥75% of the gypsy moth larvae were in the first and second stages. Application was by a 600 hp Grumman AgCat equipped with a standard boom and eight Micronair AU5000 atomizers calibrated to deliver a droplet VMD 125-200 u,m. Two applications of each treatment were made (4 and 8 May). Effective swath width was 23 m, airspeed was 184 km/h, and spray height was 10-20 m above the canopy for both applications. Evaluation was based on comparisons of pre- and posttreatment egg mass counts within 25 0.01-ha subplots established on a grid system within each treatment woodlot and on defoliation in each subplot estimated from low-altitude infrared photographs taken at the cessation of larval feeding. Defoliation was rated on a l-to-4 scale; 1, none; 2, low; 3, moderate; 4, high. Average defoliation was calculated from the weighted mean for each defoliation class.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifteen insecticide treatments were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 5- to 6-ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was , applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with one Spraying System 5500 adjustable cone nozzle mounted on the end of a 24-inch boom operating at 28 psi; 940 ml of each treatment was applied/replicate. Treatments were applied 16 May under sunny skies. The air temperature was 68°F, and RH was 50%. Nine days posttreatment (25 May), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting stereomicroscope was determined. Counts were made for a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Pine Tortoise Scale Control on Scotch Pine, Carroll County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine (1-2 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against pine tortoise scale. Infested trees were sprayed 25 Apr using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at aperture setting 4 delivering 1200 ml of finished spray/tree. Sprays were applied to each of the 3 single-tree replicates/treatment when scales were mature (4.3 mm diameter). Conditions while spraying were sunny, 23-25°C, with winds at 16-23 km/h. Treatment effectiveness against mature scales was evaluated 9 May by removing 3 infested twigs from each tree and assessing percent mortality with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Residual impact of treatment on crawler establishment was evaluated 23 Jun by removing 5 needle fascicles near the twigs infested with mature scales from each tree and counting the number of live crawlers with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Evaluation of the Juvenoid Fenoxycarb Against the German Cockroach, 1986 & 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two separate 9-mo control programs were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of the juvenoid fenoxycarb (25.2% emusifiable concentrate) applied in a tank mix with residual neurotoxic insecticides. In each study, the residual insecticide was applied alone and served as a positive control. Multifamily public housing units served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Test sites for Test 1 were located in Hammond and Elkhart, Ind.; those for Test 2 were located only in Elkhart. Test 1 compared the cockroach control from applications of Dursban LO (0.5%) with the control from applications of Dursban LO (0.5%) plus fenoxycarb (0.25%) and was initiated in October 1985. In this test, the treatments were re-applied following the 1- and 6-mo evaluation periods. Test 2 compared the cockroach control from applications of Safrotin EC (1.0%) with the control from Safrotin EC (1.0%) plus fenoxycarb (0.125%) and was initiated in March 1986. In this test, the treatments were re-applied following the 2- and 6-mo evaluation periods. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general clean-out procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated, and approximately 0.5 gal of spray was used per unit. The exact volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. The performance of the spray program was monitored for 9 mo following the initial applications, with retreatments occurring as previously noted. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-15 apartments, but the sample size for posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or the lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts. Additionally, sticky traps (Raid Roach Traps) were placed in the apartments overnight at each sampling to monitor the frequency of morphogenetically deformed adults exhibiting the juvenoid induced twisting of wings, which is correlated with sterility.
Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative efficacy and residual life against the German cockroach for the organophosphates azamethiophos (50% wettable powder), TD2222 (24.4% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), Dursban ME (11.7% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), and Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos). Test sprays of various concentrations were applied to 1-sq-ft (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging. Residual agings evaluated varied from 3 to 12 mo for any one of the test insecticides. At the appropriate aging period, test insects were confined (continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm-diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. Three or 4 exposure times were evaluated at each aging period for any insecticide. Initial exposure times ranged from 10 s to 5 h, but as the spray deposits aged these exposure times were increased to as long as 24 h for some treatments. The particular range of exposure times evaluated was selected to deliniate the critical periods necessary to produce acceptable mortalities. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated panel and placed in unteated holding jars, with food and water provided, for 48 h. Mortality counts were recorded at the end of the exposure time and at 24 and 48 h after the start of the exposure; the final mortality 48 h after the exposure is reported here. Six replicates were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches—5 adult males and 5 adult nongravid females.
S-31183 Evaluated as a Direct Application Manure Treatment for Control of House Flies in Poultry Houses, 1986
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four groups of individually caged hens (14-16 hens per group) were used in each of 3 trials. The cages were suspended over concrete channels lm wide × 18 cm deep. When manure beneath the hens reached a depth of ca. 2.5cm it was treated once with an even distribution of a 0.5% granular formulation of S-31183 at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80mg AI/m2. At the end of Trials 1 and 2 (14 days) all manure in the channels was removed prior to the subsequent trial. Manure was sampled on days 3 or 4, 7, and 14 in Trials 1 and 2, and on days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 in Trial 3 and either frozen for later bioassays or immediately placed into plastic wash basins (28cm diam, 8cm deep) and held under screen emergence cones for 3 wk for adult fly emergence. For the bioassays, 4 156g paper souffle cups for each collection date were filled with manure and 25 one-day-old house fly larvae seeded into each cup. The cups were placed over sand in larger cardboard cups and held at ca. 27°C and 50% RH until the larvae pupated. Pupae were removed, counted, placed in plastic vials, and held for adults to eclose. At the end of 14 days (Trials 1 and 2) the manure was removed and the treatments were repeated.
Field Evaluation of Abg-6162A (Thuringiensin) as a Fly Larvicide, 1986
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , Rodriguez Laura E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three open-sided, adjacent caged-layer poultry houses on a ranch in San Bernardino, California, were selected for the test. Houses were 187 m long and had’ single rows of suspended cages (3 birds per 30 by 45 cm cage) on each side. Two rows of double (back-to-back) cages ran down the center portion of each house. Manure accumulated beneath the birds and was 30-40 cm deep at the time of the test. Water leaks and poor air flow contributed to a moderately wet manure condition in the center rows of all 3 houses; M. domestica larvae were abundant and well distributed. Areas of noticeable maggot activity (30 areas per house) were identified at regular intervals in the 2 center rows of manure in each house and were marked with flagging tape on the egg collection racks. At each sampling date, a core of manure (ca. 150 ml volume) was removed from each marked area with a coring device (tube) 5 cm in diameter. Each core was placed in a separate 456 ml plastic cup with a screened lid, labelled by date, house and location. Samples were held in a greenhouse for 6 wk to allow fly emergence. Samples were taken 2 days pretreatment and 5 days after each treatment. Whole-house treatments (water, 750 ppm Thuringiensin and 1500 ppm Thuringiensin) were applied weekly at 45 psi. at 1 gal material per 100 ft2. Average manure moisture levels (10 samples per house) were similar and ranged between 66% and 72% on 19 Sep (just before treatment 1) and 15 Oct (5 days after treatment 4). Weather was unusually cool for the test period, with high temperatures averaging ca. 24°C and low temperatures averaging ca. 10°C (hygrothermograph data from center test house).