bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seawater Intrusion Assessment in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Nilawardani Catur , Wilopo Wahyu , Adi Baskoro Wursito 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Palu Bay is a body of water covering the mainland of Palu City and Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This phenomenon has made groundwater the city’s primary source of clean water supply, contributing 65.63% of total drinking water and estimated at 2.7 million m3. The community uses shallow or deep wells equipped with pumping systems to fulfill daily needs, but some have reported a brackish taste in the water. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the possibility of seawater intrusion in the area. It was achieved by analyzing the values of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chloride ion concentration (Cl−), plotting Cl/Br (bromide) vs Cl, Simpson ratio, sodium chloride ratio, and Base Exchange Index (BEX). The results showed that several areas around Palu Bay indicated seawater intrusion, including Mantikulore and Palu Barat Districts.
Groundwater Vulnerability to Seawater Intrusion in Parangtritis Beach, Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia
Authors: Rizqi Imaduddin Faris , Wilopo Wahyu , Sekar Harum Dewi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The consequences of increased tourism, population growth, and agricultural activities on groundwater resources are becoming increasingly concerning. The tourism industry in the Parangtritis Tourism Area has been expanding, leading to a rise in the number of hotels and visitors. This growth, along with the expanding population and the demand for groundwater in agriculture, has contributed to a reduction in groundwater reserves. Overexploitation of groundwater can result in several adverse effects, such as declining water tables and deteriorating water quality due to seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion in coastal areas poses a serious threat, potentially hindering economic development, endangering local cultures, and contaminating groundwater sources. This study is critical as it aims to identify the geological and hydrogeological conditions and assess areas at risk of seawater intrusion in the study area. The research involved observing surface geological conditions, mapping hydrogeology, and applying the GALDIT method to assess the vulnerability to seawater intrusion. The findings reveal diverse lithology in the study area, including fine sand, coarse sand, sandy clay, floatstone, wackestone, andesite, and andesite breccia. Observations from 80 dug wells or boreholes indicated that groundwater use in the study area is limited to an unconfined aquifer with a thickness of up to 101 meters. The GALDIT index results show that the Parangtritis tourism area has a moderate to very high vulnerability to seawater intrusion. Areas with very high vulnerability are primarily concentrated in coastal zones with extensive groundwater usage, covering 4.04% of the total study area. Additionally, high vulnerability areas cover 11.23% of the total research area, characterized by high hydraulic conductivity values in aquifers and dominated by settlements and agricultural land use.
Analysis of Depositional Environment and Geochemical Characteristics of Source Rocks in Mallawa Formation, South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Asaria Cifa Aufariq , Sutadiwira Yarra , Rendy  , Yunita Puteri Amalia , Haykal Yusuf Ariq , Arifin Asri , Ramadana Rahmat , Gamara Miftahul 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The research conducted on the outcrops of Shale and Coal in the Mallawa Formation in South Sulawesi aims to understand the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks and the geological features to determine their depositional environment. Source rocks, typically fine-grained sedimentary rocks, are where hydrocarbons accumulate. The objective of this study is to analyze the maturity and potential of the parent rocks in the Mallawa Formation, South Sulawesi. The methodology involves field sampling of rock specimens for laboratory analysis, including Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Rock Eval Pyrolysis, %Ro (% Reflectance), GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry), and fossil analysis. By employing these methods, the research aims to provide insights into the hydrocarbon potential and depositional environment of the source rocks within the Mallawa Formation in South Sulawesi. The findings of this study could serve as a basis for further exploration of natural resources in the region.
A Study on the Effect of Rice Husk Charcoal Mix on Coal Briquettes Using the Carbonization Method with Tapioca Flour Adhesive
Authors: Fachruzzaki  , Lestari Rina , Aminah Siti 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There are many coal mining companies in Tanah Bumbu Regency, South Kalimantan. The residue of the processing and testing of coal is mostly left by the company so that it is just wasted. This coal can be used to make briquettes. However, coal briquettes are often difficult to ignite and produce a lot of ash. Mixing residual coal with rice husks is desirable because it can improve its characteristics. Rice husks are found in this area because apart from industrial areas, there are also large agricultural areas. Furthermore, rice husks and coal residues are not widely used although it can be used to produce alternative energy fuels. The research method used is experimental quantitative. Coal is pulverized to 18 mesh. Rice husk is carbonized to obtain husk charcoal which is then used as a coal mixing material in making briquettes with tapioca flour adhesive. The results showed that BT-01 briquettes with a composition of 75% coal and 25% husks had the highest heating value 5194 cal/g and longer burning time was 28 minutes, ash content was 17.08%, and inherent moisture was 7.11%. The results of this study are applicable for further use for households and medium-sized industries.
Real Options Analysis of a Coal Mining Project
Authors: Amalia Rizki , Rini Novrianti Sutardjo T. , Virtanti Anas Aryanti , Baharuddin Andhika , Febri Saputra T , Shafira Tasyah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 2021, PT ABC planned to open a new pit, namely Pit XYZ. Currently, PT ABC uses the Discounted Cash Flow method to determine the economic feasibility of Pit XYZ. However, this method does not accommodate changes in coal commodity prices which fluctuate over time. A real options (RO) analysis was performed in this study to obtain the value of the option to abandon the Pit XYZ project plan of PT ABC. This study used NPV parameters as the underlying asset, with an NPV value of US $105,126,304.47, coal price volatility of 30.60%, a risk-free rate of 3.42%, and a mine life of 5 years. The results of the RO analysis show an Expanded NPV of US $105,126,313.05, which exceeds the value of the DCF analysis results. Therefore, PT ABC is advised to carry out the project as planned. However, upon the occurrence of a significant economic downturn, where the project value drops to US $6,031,721.79, it would be best for the company to halt the opening of Pit XYZ.
Characterizing the Leaching Behavior of Red Mud at Different pH Levels
Authors: Kurniawati Riskaviana , Dahani Wiwik , Subandrio Subandrio , Palit Christin , Kisal Albrian Gheraldy S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Red mud is classified as hazardous waste due to its high alkalinity and the presence of radioactive materials. This study aims to investigate the leaching properties of major metals and rare earth elements in red mud at pH levels of 2, 7, and 13. We performed XRD, XRF, and ICP analyses to determine the effect of pH on metal leaching in red mud. The findings revealed that the pH of the solution substantially affected the concentration of dissolved metals. Metal dissolution increases dramatically at an acidic pH (pH 2), but metal concentration drops quickly at a neutral pH (pH 7). At alkaline pH (pH 13), Al dissolves significantly, whereas Fe remains reasonably stable. These findings indicate that the red mud processing industry can utilize pH modulation to enhance the leaching effectiveness of specific metals, a crucial step towards developing more efficient and environmentally friendly purification procedures.
Estimating the Porosity and Initial Water Saturation in South Structure of X Field Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Sutiadi Andrian , Taufiq Fathaddin Muhammad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Determining the location of development wells requires rock and fluid data by carrying out petrophysical correlation between existing wells. That is done to estimate the potential of future wells or newly drilled wells. In this study, the porosity and saturation distribution of formations nearby CS-01 well with coordinates X = 722861.58 and Y = 9300235.29 at depths between 5377.5 ft to 6399.5 ft was estimated by applying an artificial neural network model (ANN). The ANN model was developed using data from three wells in X field. The data used includes measured depth, gamma ray, resistivity log, neutron log, density log as input parameters. Based on the results obtained correlation coefficients for training, validation, and testing processes for sequential porosity prediction are 0.9278, 0.9147, and 0.9303. Meanwhile, correlations for training processes, validations, and tests for initial water saturation prediction in sequence are 0.8787, 0.9162, and 0.8220. The implementation of ANN model shows prediction of porosity and initial water saturation in average of 0.24 and 0.49 respectively.
Identification of Alteration Zones Based on Satellite Images and Vegetation Response for Geothermal Exploration in Volcanic Fields
Authors: Eka Rahmidiani Wina , Saepuloh Asep , Kriswati Estu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Several studies have also shown that direct evidence of geothermal manifestation presented by surface features, such as hot springs, steam vents, and fumaroles is often detected by remote sensing method. In this context, the appropriate remote sensing method can support the early exploration stages to assess wide coverage areas rapidly. Therefore, this study aims to characterize geothermal features based on a combination of remote sensing method and field measurements at Mts. Tangkuban Parahu, Kamojang-Guntur (West Java), and Ijen (East Java). Data were obtained from Sentinel-1A and 2B images, DEMNAS, and chlorophyll content of ferns. The selected remote sensing method was modified Segment Tracing Algorithm (mSTA), band ratio, and red edge vegetation index (REVI). mSTA was used to estimate fracture permeability, which served as hydrothermal fluid paths to the surface and changed rock minerals into soil affecting plant physiological conditions. Band ratio and REVI were used to identify alteration zones and vegetation stress, respectively. The results showed that the stressed vegetation due to soil contamination of hydrothermal fluid could serve as an indirect indicator of geothermal system. The results revealed that lineament density at selected study areas was due to the low chlorophyll content and high ground temperatures. Based on Sentinel-2B images, alteration zones were identified by R, G, and B color composite for bands ratio 4/2, 11/12, and 8, with pinkish hues. After the images enhancement process, color indicating alteration became more prominent than the original composite. The measured chlorophyll contents of the ferns confirmed that the vegetation above alteration zones was under stressed conditions, as indicated by chlorophyll content of less than 25 SPAD.
Sucker Rod Pump Re-Design to Enhance the Oil Production Rate at PT Pertamina Hulu Rokan
Authors: Sasanti Nirmala Gerry , Untoro Edi , Oratmangun Mickhael , Arison Haratua Yesaya 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Sucker Rod Pump (SRP) is one artificial lift with a relatively simple design and easy to operate in oil wells. In this paper, a study is carried out regarding the efficiency of SRP of two wells with different completions, a directional and a vertical well. Both wells had a decreased production rate, and the analysis showed that the wells had a low productivity index. However, the production of wells is still expected in the future. Both wells use SRP with the same pump type named Thomassen C-730CE-200-74. The decrease in oil production is suspected to be caused by the reduction of pump efficiency, and analysis showed that the pump efficiency in directional and vertical wells was 40% and 39% respectively. Sensitivity analysis regarding the change in the stroke length and pump speed is discussed, producing the best combination of a stroke length of 54 inches with a pump speed of 5 spm. It increased efficiency by up to 87% in directional wells, and up to 79 % in vertical wells.
Analysis Of Result Pressure Build Up Test Before And After Acidizing In Gas Well Ya-01
Authors: Ristawati Arinda , Ginting Mulia , Ghina Kaynes Jasmine , Ridaliani Prapansya Onnie , Karyadi Oetomo R. Hari , Wijayanti Puri , Sultan Matheus Sahuleka Michael 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The YA-01 production well is a well that has decreased production. The decrease in the amount of production can be caused by continuous production activities or it can also be caused by formation damage. One way to overcome formation damage is by acidizing. The success of acidizing can be shown based on the analysis of the Pressure Build Up Test. Based on the analysis of the Pressure Build Up test, it can be obtained reservoir characteristics such as skin factor (s), permeability (k), permeability thickness (kh), initial reservoir pressure, reservoir model, well model, boundary model, and wellbore storage model. From the results of these parameters can be used to determine the success of acidizing. Pressure Build Up testing is done by using the Horner method with Pseudo-Pressure Approach and assisted by software. This test was carried out based on activities before and after acidizing. Based on the analysis before acidizing, it is known that the YA-01 gas well has a skin value of 10.4, which means that there is formation damage around the wellbore. Therefore, the YA-01 gas well is acidized with the aim of reducing the skin value. After acidizing, the skin factor value decreased to - 1.38, which means the well has been repaired. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be said that the acidizing in well YA-01 was successfully carried out.
Identification of Buffer Zone Based on Consequence Analysis in H2S Removal Unit
Authors: Ramadhani Pratama Putra Restu , Sulistiyo Nugroho Budi , Furqon Zami , Indah Mandaka Aprilia , Lestari Kulaleen Genoveva , Kurniawan Adhi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The oil and gas industry has high risks, especially related to process accidents such as gas releases, fires, and explosions. The consequences of these accidents can include death, injury, environmental damage, property damage, loss of company reputation, and financial loss. The H2S removal unit is one that has a high potential for process accidents. Therefore, prevention and mitigation measures, such as the implementation of buffer zones, are needed to improve safety. The purpose of this study is to identify buffer zones based on the consequence analysis of gas release, fire, and explosion in the H2S removal unit and establish areas that are considered safe from the hazards of gas release, fire, and explosion. This research uses the buffer zone identification method by reviewing the risks in the H2S removal unit, identifying the most likely and fatal accident scenarios, and analyzing the consequences of gas release, fire, and explosion using Shell FRED software. The variables of this study include independent variables in the form of actual operating conditions and feed composition data on the H2S removal unit and meteorological data. The dependent variable is the radius or range of the buffer zone. This analysis resulted in the identification of four hazard zones based on consequences: red zone for gas release (H2S dispersion), orange zone for explosion (vapor cloud explosion), yellow zone for flash fire, and green zone for jet fire. The buffer zone for gas release (H2S dispersion) is above 17.1 m, for explosion (vapor cloud explosion) above 17.8 m, for flash fire above 40.84 m, and jet fire above 60.79 m. The establishment of this buffer zone is expected to be a hazard mitigation when there is a gas release, fire, and explosion in the H2S removal unit.
SILAR as an effective photocatalyst synthesis method for performance improvement in hydrogen recovery on water splitting process: a brief review
Authors: Pratiwi R , Chusniyah D A , Yanti Widia , Fadliah  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Photocatalysis is now being extensively researched as a viable alternative to the process of generating hydrogen gas. The Sequential Ionic Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR in relation to synth) is a relatively simple photocatalyst film synthesis method, which can be performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the study of photocatalysis development esis methods using SILAR is highly intriguing. This review will discuss the mechanism of nanocomposite formation, the characteristics, drawbacks and advantages of the SILAR method, as well as the factors that influence its application in photocatalysis processes, particularly in the effort to obtain hydrogen gas through water splitting reactions. The writing of this brief review on the SILAR method is expected to provide an overview of the aspects that need to be developed or improved in the synthesis process, particularly in studies on the synthesis of photocatalyst layers for water splitting reactions. Thus, future research will be more focused and deliver results that impact the overall performance of photocatalysis, especially in terms of hydrogen gas production as an alternative energy source.
Virtues of Willpower and Self-Possession
Authors: Roberts Robert C , West Ryan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that the virtues of willpower (courage, self-control, patience, perseverance, etc.) put the self in possession of itself, and, since to be a self is (in part) to be in possession of oneself, are important in the very constitution of the self. The virtues of willpower are impulse-resisting personal strengths, excellent traits that enable their possessor to do work on his or her self. To be a self is (in part) to be an agent; to be an agent is to be an origin of one’s actions; and the power that enables such origination is choice. The person with the virtues of willpower exercises choice over the very self she is and thereby is an agent/origin/creator/owner of that self. In saying that humans have a role in creating themselves, we do not deny that we have been made by Another who has established the conditions of selfhood and to whom we are subject.
Hope and Resilience
Authors: Snow Nancy E 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Intuitively, it seems that having hope and being resilient are related. But how? This chapter views hope as a general disposition that either entails or produces mental states that can be described, at their most basic, as belief-desire complexes consisting of the desire that a certain outcome or state of affairs obtain, and the belief that it is possible. Most theories of hope go beyond the belief-desire model to include other elements, and the chapter follows suit. Vices contrasting with the virtue of hope include despair, fear, cynicism, and presumption. Thus, hope can be seen as an intermediate state between such states as despair, fear, and cynicism, on the one hand, and presumption, on the other. The chapter views resilience as an emergent property that supervenes on internal and external factors and enables its possessor to cope with or overcome adversity. Moller (2007) identifies two mental states that he calls “sub-resilient”—not being resilient enough or lacking in resilience, and “super-resilient”—being too resilient or having too much resilience. Similarly to hope, resilience can be situated as an intermediate between sub- and super-resilience. This chapter compares the mental state of hope and its associated nonhope mental states with resilience and nonresilient mental states, fleshing out all of these states in the process. This exercise in comparative moral psychology will show that the same vices attend hope and resilience. However, though hope can contribute to resilience and vice versa, a more precise relation between the two remains elusive.
Patience, Perseverance, and Goal Pursuit
Authors: Ratchford Juliette L , Pawl Timothy , Schnitker Sarah A 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Aquinas distinguished among four types of virtuous endurance relevant to goal pursuit: perseverance in the relation to difficulties intrinsic to the goal itself, constancy in relation to difficulties extrinsic to the goal, patience in the current suffering caused by undergoing something difficult, and longsuffering in waiting for the goal to be completed. This chapter compares Aquinas’s distinctions to current psychological constructs and research related to grit, initiatory self-control, resilience, and patience, with an emphasis on psychological literature indicating how these virtues affect goal pursuit. Future directions for interdisciplinary hypothesis testing are described, with cautions for both psychologists and philosophers to avoid both jingle and jangle fallacies through careful definitions and rigorous empirical analysis.
Hold the Line!
Authors: Harms Peter D , Lester Paul B , Smith Daniel R 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Endurance is a critical capacity required to address the endemic stressors of life and meet important goals. Therefore, it is unsurprising that it is one of the aspects of character most closely identified with successful functioning and recovery from negative events in military settings, for both military personnel and civilians. Further, endurance is necessary regardless of whether individuals are engaged in active combat, extended deployments, relief missions, or peacekeeping activities. This chapter reviews the nature of endurance and why it has mattered in military settings. It then reviews how modern militaries work to foster endurance in their ranks, at both an individual and unit levels. The chapter briefly reviews how military organizations conceptualize and assess individual-level endurance in addition to summarizing prior research linking endurance-related characteristics to both positive and negative outcomes. Finally, it provides suggestions for future research needed concerning the assessment, development, and importance of endurance in the military.
Perseverance in the Polity and the Person
Authors: Clark Sherman J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that we can illuminate perseverance much as Socrates illuminated justice—by thinking about how it might manifest itself or be nurtured at the level of the polity through law, legal procedure politics, political rhetoric, and the like. Because the mind, as illuminated by modern psychology and neuroscience, is not best understood as a unitary ghost in the machine but rather as a tenuous collection of thinking machines, individual character traits can sometimes be illuminated by thinking about how they manifest themselves in the larger tenuous collection of thinking machines that is the polity. The virtue of perseverance proves particularly amenable to this city-soul analysis, which calls our attention to the role played by that virtue in facilitating engagement with and continuity in projects that can provide a basis for identity and meaning. Various forms of legal and political perseverance—doctrinal, procedural, and rhetorical—help give a polity a shared sense of identity and purpose. Similarly, individual perseverance can help us each build a coherent and meaningful sense of self. It can allow us to stick with projects not just in the face of difficulty but also, and more essentially, in the face of abstract, identity-effacing rationality. Seen in this light, perseverance does not just help us do what we do; it helps us be who we are. It helps us find and make the meaning so vital to human happiness and thriving.