bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanomaterials enhancing the solid-state storage and decomposition of ammonia
Authors: Mateti Srikanth , Saranya Lakshmi , Sathikumar Gautham , Cai Qiran , Yao Yagang , Chen Ying (Ian) 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen is ideal for producing carbon-free and clean-green energy with which to save the world from climate change. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells use to hydrogen to produce 100% clean energy, with water the only by-product. Apart from generating electricity, hydrogen plays a crucial role in hydrogen-powered vehicles. Unfortunately, the practical uses of hydrogen energy face many technical and safety barriers. Research into hydrogen generation and storage and reversibility transportation are still in its very early stages. Ammonia (NH3) has several attractive attributes, with a high gravimetric hydrogen density of 17.8 wt% and theoretical hydrogen conversion efficiency of 89.3%. Ammonia storage and transport are well-established technologies, making the decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen the safest and most carbon-free option for using hydrogen in various real-time applications. However, several key challenges must be addressed to ensure its feasibility. Current ammonia decomposition technologies require high temperatures, pressures and non-recyclable catalysts, and a sustainable decomposition mechanism is urgently needed. This review article comprehensively summarises current knowledge about and challenges facing solid-state storage of ammonia and decomposition. It provides potential strategic solutions for developing a scalable process with which to produce clean hydrogen by eliminating possible economic and technical barriers.
Lithography-free and high-efficiency preparation of black phosphorous devices by direct evaporation through shadow mask
Authors: Ni Junhao , Mi Huiru , Tan Pu , An Xuhong , Gao Lei , Luo Xiaoguang , Cai Zhengyang , Ni Zhenhua , Gu Xiaofeng , Xiao Shaoqing , Nan Haiyan , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials including black phosphorus (BP) have been extensively investigated because of their exotic physical properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Fabricating BP based devices is challenging because BP is extremely sensitive to the external environment, especially to the chemical contamination during the lithography process. The direct evaporation through shadow mask technique is a clean method for lithography-free electrode patterning of 2D materials. Herein, we employ the lithography-free evaporation method for the construction of BP based field-effect transistors and photodetectors and systematically compare their performances with those of BP counterparts fabricated by conventional lithography and transfer electrode methods. The results show that BP devices fabricated by direct evaporation method possess higher mobility, faster response time, and smaller hysteresis than those prepared by the latter two methods. This can be attributed to the clean interface between BP and evaporated-electrodes as well as the lower Schottky barrier height of 20.2 meV, which is given by the temperature-dependent electrical results. Furthermore, the BP photodetectors exhibit a broad-spectrum response and polarization sensitivity. Our work elucidates a universal, low-cost and high-efficiency method to fabricate BP devices for optoelectronic applications.
Developing solid-surface plasma facing components for pilot plants and reactors with replenishable wall claddings and continuous surface conditioning. Part B: required research in present tokamaks
Authors: Stangeby P C , Unterberg E A , Davis J W , Abrams T , Bortolon A , Bykov I , Donovan D , Guo H Y , Kolasinski R , Leonard A W , Nichols J H , Sinclair G , Rudakov D L , Thomas D M , Watkins J G 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The companion part A paper (Stangeby et al 2022) reports a number of independent estimates indicating that high-duty-cycle DT tokamaks starting with pilot plants will likely experience rates of net erosion and deposition of solid PFC, plasma facing component, material in the range of 103 to 104 kg yr−1, regardless of the material used. The subsequent redeposition of such large quantities of material has the potential for major interference with tokamak operation. Similar levels and issues will be involved if ∼continuous low-Z powder dropping is used for surface conditioning of DT tokamaks, independent of the material used for the PFC armor. In Stangeby et al (2022) (part A) it is proposed that for high-duty-cycle DT tokamaks, non-metallic low-Z refractory materials such as ceramics (graphite, SiC, etc) used as in situ replenishable, relatively thin—of order mm—claddings on a substrate which is resistant to neutron damage could provide a potential solution for protecting the main walls, while reducing the risk of degrading the confined plasma. Assessment of whether such an approach is viable will require information, much of which is not available today. Section 6 of part A identifies a partial list of major physics questions that will need to be answered in order to make an informed assessment. This part B report describes R&D needed to be done in present tokamaks in order to answer many of these questions. Most of the required R&D is to establish better understanding of low-Z slag generation and to identify means to safely manage it. Powder droppers provide a unique opportunity to carry out controlled studies on the management of low-Z slag in current tokamaks, independent of whether their protection tiles use low-Z or high-Z material.
Effects of a transitional home-based care program for stroke survivors in Harbin, China: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kam Yuet Wong Frances , Wang Shao Ling , Ng Shamay S M , Lee Paul H , Wong Arkers Kwan Ching , Li Haiyan , Wang Wei , Wu Lijie , Zhang Yi , Shi Yangyang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
China has the biggest stroke burden in the world. Continued measures have been taken to enhance post-stroke rehabilitation management in the last two decades. The weak link is with home-based rehabilitation, with more attention and resources devoted to inpatient rehabilitation.

Objective
to address the service gap, this study tested a home-based transitional care model for stroke survivors.

Methods
a randomized controlled trial was conducted from February 2019 to May 2020 in Harbin, China, involving 116 patients with ischemic stroke. The intervention group participants (n = 58, 50%) received a 12-week home-based care program with components of transitional care measures and the national guidelines for facilitating patients to perform home-based exercises with continued monitoring and gradual progression. Control group participants received standard care including medication advice, rehabilitation exercise and one nurse-initiated follow-up call. Data were collected at baseline and after a 90-day (post-intervention) and a 180-day (post-intervention) follow-up. The primary outcome was quality of life (QOL), measured using the EuroQol-Five Dimension 5-Level scale (EQ-5D-5L).

Results
both intervention and control groups showed improvement in EQ-5D-5L from baseline to post-intervention (0.66 versus 0.83, P &lt; 0.001) and (0.66 versus 0.77, P &lt; 0.001), respectively, and there was significant group-by-time interaction in EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale from baseline to post-intervention at 90 days and follow-up at 180 days with the intervention group experiencing better improvement. Similarly, significant interaction effects were also found in the Stroke Impact Symptom scale, self-efficacy and modified Barthel Index.

Conclusions
home-based transitional care was effective in improving QOL, symptoms, self-efficacy and activities of daily living.
Survival following non-operative management of infected coronary artery aneurysm with infected pericardial effusion complicated by multi-organ failure: a case report
Authors: Wareing Timothy , Jogia Pranesh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Infected coronary artery aneurysm with infected pericardial effusion is a very rare complication following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is associated with high mortality. Management options include open cardiothoracic surgery or non-operative management with pericardiocentesis. The best management option is currently unknown.

Case summary
A 76-year-old man with a background of hypertension, type two diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and a pacemaker presented with worsening shortness of breath 5 weeks following PCI to the right coronary artery (RCA) for a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. His blood cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and he developed progressive renal failure and shortness of breath despite high-dose antibiotics. Echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion with impending tamponade and the patient proceeded urgently for pericardiocentesis. He subsequently developed severe cardiogenic and vasoplegic shock with multi-organ failure. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) showed an RCA aneurysm. He was conservatively managed with a pericardial window due to being too high risk for cardiac surgery and subsequently made a full recovery.

Discussion
Non-operative management of infected coronary artery aneurysm and infected pericardial effusion resulted in survival and return to baseline function in our patient despite the development of severe shock with multi-organ failure.
P18 Prevalence and risk factors for nasal colonization with MRSA among children attending immunization in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Oreh Chinekwu N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial agent commonly found on the skin and anterior nares of healthy individuals. There has been an increase in the carriage of MRSA globally. Nasal MRSA colonization is a public health problem because it is a significant risk factor for staphylococcal infection. This study explores the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile and risk factors for nasal colonization of healthy children under 5 years old attending immunization.

Methods
Nasal swabs were collected from 176 healthy children 0–60 months old, attending routine immunization in Port Harcourt. Questionnaires covering demographic information and potential risk factors were administered to caregivers of the children. Collected samples were tested for the presence of MSSA and MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out on all MSSA and MRSA samples.

Results
The prevalence of MSSA and MRSA were 10/176 (5.68%) and 48/176 (27.3%), respectively. The MDR rate among the 58 S. aureus samples was 53/58 (91.38%). Children who had an ear infection in the preceding 1 month were at a higher risk of being colonized with MRSA at P = 0.048 (95% CI). There was also a significant association P = 0.036 (95% CI) between the educational status of mother and nasal colonization, with higher educational status reducing the chances of association.

Conclusions
There is a rising prevalence of MRSA colonization and MDR strains. A history of ear infections and a poor level of education of the mother were identified as significant risk factors for MRSA colonization.
P24 Cefiderocol activity against a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report
Authors: Lim, Felicia H. , Ashton Corrine , Jenkins David R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
MDR Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent the highest priority for addressing global antibiotic resistance. Moreover, selecting an appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment for MDR strains is a challenge. Cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, has demonstrated activity against Gram-negative strains resistant to other available antibiotics.

Patient case
A 58-year-old female was admitted on to the ICU with type 1 respiratory failure as a consequence of COVID-19 pneumonitis. During the course of her ICU admission she developed persistent bilateral empyema and pneumothorax which did not resolve despite the use of pleural drains. The empyema samples grew P. aeruginosa.

Treatment course
The patient was treated with commonly used antibiotics for P. aeruginosa, including piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ciprofloxacin. However, repeated testing of empyema fluid and respiratory secretions identified an increasingly drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strain. Following left thoracotomy and pleural decortication, cefiderocol was approved for compassionate use and the patient was treated for 14 days. The patient experienced good resolution of clinical symptoms and C-reactive protein levels and was discharged to the ward after 105 days in the ICU. The patient was briefly readmitted to the ICU with worsening type 2 respiratory failure 2 weeks later. Ceftolozane/tazobactam and colistin treatment were recommenced as a bridging measure until cefiderocol became available in the hospital. Notably, the P. aeruginosa isolated remained susceptible to cefiderocol following the first course of treatment. Cefiderocol therapy (2 g t.i.d.) was recommenced for 14 days of ward based treatment. The patient demonstrated clinical and radiographic resolution of her infection and was eventually discharged home.

Conclusions
This patient case describes a heavily pretreated female with a MDR P. aeruginosa strain successfully managed with cefiderocol and source control. Cefiderocol was prescribed for compassionate use for treatment of MDR P. aeruginosa. Treatment was well tolerated and led to good resolution of clinical symptoms. Cefiderocol may help address the global issue of MDR P. aeruginosa.
P35 ‘Antimicrobial Stewardship – Do It Right!’—a multidisciplinary clinical awareness-based quality improvement project
Authors: Xin Lee , Ahmad Duaa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Based on a recent trust-wide antibiotic stewardship (AMS) audit, three specific AMS criteria were identified for improvement, namely appropriate sample collection before starting antibiotics, timely antibiotic reviews and documentation and microbiology discussions for restricted antibiotics.

Objectives
To improve the performance of the aforementioned areas and assessing the efficacy of education materials and sessions in supporting AMS practice.

Methods
Local and regional usage data, together with performance data from the audit were summarized into presentations, with teaching sessions organized for clinical staff over several months. Education materials via two different posters for prescribers, pharmacists, nurses and healthcare staff were distributed trust-wide in relevant clinical areas, together with on-site teaching and barrier analysis. Weekly run chart data of compliance to the three AMS criteria was collected from two inpatient wards (General Medicine and General Surgery) before and during the project to assess baseline compliance and measure project outcomes.

Results
After 10 weeks, baseline AMS compliance achieved improvements of 5%–10% for appropriate sample collection (estimated baseline 60%), 20%–25% for timely antibiotic reviews and documentation (estimated baseline 65%) and 20%–25% for microbiology discussions of restricted antibiotics (estimated baseline 50%). Further data breakdown identified surgical specialities requiring additional AMS support, allowing for better allocation of microbiology resources, including a weekly ward round.

Conclusions
Clinical awareness via a multidisciplinary approach remains key to improving AMS compliance, which can be improved and sustained effectively through regular staff education, either via teaching sessions or targeted education materials within relevant clinical areas.
Detection of acoustic events in lavender for measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism and cellular damage
Authors: Lamacque Lia , Sabin Florian , Améglio Thierry , Herbette Stéphane , Charrier Guillaume 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAcoustic emission analysis is promising to investigate the physiological events leading to drought-induced injury and mortality. However, their nature and source are not fully understood, making this technique difficult to use as a direct measure of the loss of xylem hydraulic conductance. Acoustic emissions were recorded during severe dehydration in lavender plants (Lavandula angustifolia) and compared with the dynamics of embolism development and cell damage. The timing and characteristics of acoustic signals from two independent recording systems were compared by principal component analysis (PCA). Changes in water potential, branch diameter, loss of hydraulic conductance, and cellular damage were also measured to quantify drought-induced damages. Two distinct phases of acoustic emissions were observed during dehydration: the first one associated with a rapid loss of diameter and a significant increase in loss of xylem conductance (90%), and the second with slower changes in diameter and a significant increase in cellular damage. Based on PCA, a developed algorithm discriminated hydraulic-related acoustic signals from other sources, proposing a reconstruction of hydraulic vulnerability curves. Cellular damage preceded by hydraulic failure seems to lead to a lack of recovery. The second acoustic phase would allow detection of plant mortality.
Pogroms in Russia’s Borderlands, 1881–1884
Authors: Avrutin Eugene M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
More than 250 anti-Jewish riots erupted in the Russian Empire between 1881 and 1884. Some of the disturbances lasted only a couple of hours, and others took two or more days to subside. In most instances the pogroms originated in large urban centers, rippling outward to neighboring market towns along railroads, rivers, roads, and other paths of transportation. The pogroms, which devastated Jewish communities and contributed to a national emergency in the imperial borderlands lasting approximately two years, had many causes, including political shock caused by the assassination of Tsar Alexander II; social dislocations due to the uneven economic modernization of the empire; the circulation of rumors; and the role of the religious calendar in providing the occasion for anti-Jewish violence. In the aftermath of the pogroms, Tsar Alexander III used the events of 1881 and 1882 to strengthen the state by pursuing ruthless authoritarian policies. Significantly, the pogroms did not reverse the entrance of Jews into Russia’s civil society, but the events marked an important turning point by creating a blueprint for future waves of pogrom violence that rocked the empire in the last decades of the old regime and beyond.
Pogroms in World War I Russia
Authors: Zavadivker Polly 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
During the Great War, the Russian army carried out atrocities against thousands of Jewish civilians in front zones, both within the Russian Empire and in Russian-occupied Galicia. Such pogroms were unprecedented in the history of the Russian Empire. While earlier waves of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1880s and early 1900s had been instigated by local populations and not the Russian government, during the war, the Russian military as an institution carried out the violence. The army systematically engaged in plunder, rape, and murder of Jewish civilians in front zones. They justified their actions as protective measures against so-called enemy aliens. This chapter examines sources that reveal why and how Russian Jews became victims of the very armed forces that were supposedly fighting on behalf of their own country. It locates the causes of anti-Jewish violence in three contexts: (a) a preexisting belief among military elites that Jews collectively constituted an unpatriotic and unreliable population, (b) accusations from the very top of the military’s chain of command regarding “Jewish espionage,” and (c) the retreat of the Russian army in spring and summer 1915, accompanied by brutal violence that targeted Jews and their property.
A High-Stakes Movement
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Are English-taught courses a trend that western European countries should embrace? Is it time for rethinking and moderation? This chapter examines the movement toward English medium instruction (EMI) and the ways in which it is tied to internationalization, including student and faculty recruitment, scholarly work, and academic conferences. It examines the incentives and challenges for institutions, particularly the connection between EMI placement in international university rankings. It lays bare the benefits and burdens of EMI to faculty members and students and the divide in teaching and professional advancement opportunities between those who are proficient in English and those who are not. It addresses the concerns raised by scholars regarding “domain loss,” especially in the hard sciences, and the production and dissemination of knowledge. It examines steps that the Nordic countries have taken, particularly in “parallel instruction,” to internationalize their faculty and student body while preserving their national language.
Shakespeare in the Crossfire
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines controversies in France and Italy that underscored the political tensions and legal consequences for universities moving toward English-taught courses and programs. Each case, in a distinct way, mined the depths of cultural pride and academic governance as universities came under pressure to promote internationalization through English. In France, the debate focused on a proposal to ease legislative restrictions on teaching in languages other than French in the nation’s universities. In Italy, it centered on a legal challenge to a plan adopted by the prestigious Polytechnic Institute in Milan to offer all graduate courses and programs in English. The chapter fleshes out the competing arguments on remaining competitive in the global economy versus preserving academic quality, national identity, and the national language. In doing so, it presents a diverse and interesting cast of stakeholders sparring over the role of English in academia and beyond.
The “New Scramble” for Africa
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines France’s efforts using the “soft power” of language to maintain a presence particularly in French-speaking Africa, and similar efforts by China in its Belt and Road Initiative to gain an economic foothold in the continent. It discusses the ways in which French president Emmanuel Macron has cultivated France’s relationship with the nations of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the critical responses of African intellectuals to his strained attempts at navigating the colonial narrative, and his repeated calls promoting linguistic pluralism over a common language in English. It explores China’s “charm initiative” in spreading its language and culture through its Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms and the mounting opposition to those programs for their lack of transparency and limits on academic freedom. It suggests that France and China may be facing renewed competition from the United Kingdom and the United States in the “new scramble” for Africa.