bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Photochemical Air Pollutants on Zinfandel Grapes1
Authors: Thompson C. R. , Hensel E. , Kats G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The formation of ozone in Los Angeles type (photochemical) smog was recognized by Haagen-Smit et al (1) in 1952. It soon became apparent that this compound could cause plant lesions identical to those which were seen on economic crops growing in many areas of the Los Angeles Basin. A “stipple” of grape leaves which occurred in midsummer in the field and which became progressively more severe with the season, was shown by Richards et al (4) to be very similar to lesions produced by ozone fumigation. Additional work with conifers (5) showed that a severe needle mottle of Pinus ponderosa and related species was caused by ozone in photochemical smog. Peroxy-acyl nitrates and oxides of nitrogen axe present in this mixture and are toxic to plants, but the separate effects of these pollutants have not been studied on grapes in detail.
Effect of Preharvest Sprays of Ethrel, Alar, Malathion on Anthocyanin Content of Early Black Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)1
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethrel at 600 ppm applied as a 200 gal/A preharvest spray to ‘Early Black’ cranberry increased anthocyanin development. Gardner Color Difference Meter readings of fresh fruit indicated that Alar-treated fruit had higher reflectance than control fruits suggesting a delay in surface coloring. Ethrel, Alar, and malathion preharvest sprays did not influence yield or size of the fruit.
Mechanization in Agriculture
Authors: Bainer Roy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The strong position of the United States in today's world is largely due to a prospering mechanized agricultural industry-an industry that produces the nation's food and fiber in abundance with around 6 per cent of the nation's working force on the production line. The millions released from producing the necessities of life are freed to other industries, services and professions, thereby contributing to America's remarkable industrial expansion and the prevailing high standard of living.
Mechanization of Fruit Harvest in the Eastern United States
Authors: Paul Larsen R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
No one knows when mechanization of fruit harvest began in the United States. It is documented, however, that machine patents were approved for a fruit gatherer in 1899 (9), a mechanical tree shaker in 1927 (1) and a collecting unit similar to today’s models in 1931 (24).
Tree Fruit and Grape Harvest Mechanization Progress and Problems
Authors: Fridley Robert B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The past decade has seen a marked increase in the mechanical harvest of some tree fruits grown on the Pacific Coast. Prunes and cherries are extensively harvested by a shake-catch method, walnuts and almonds by pickup machines or catching frames and tree shakers, and figs by pickup machines after natural drop. The trend indicates that machine harvest of clingstone peaches, apricots, and grapes will soon be commonplace.
Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the Eastern United States
Authors: Warren G. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although there are several ways to discuss mechanization of crop production, I have chosen the evolutionary approach. Mechanization goes through evolutionary stages. As new crops are mechanized, the intermediate steps could be by-passed if the evolutionary pattern is understood. Let us examine some of the steps taken in mechanization with various vegetable crops.
Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , McMurray A. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars.
The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration.
Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple to Differential Placement of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The response to surface placement of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer materials at: 1) dripline, 2) inside and 3) broadcast was observed for 5 years. Inside placement of equal or lesser amounts of fertilizer was as effective, and at times more effective, than dripline or broadcast placement. It appears possible that herbicides and fertilizer may be applied close to the bole of the tree in a single operation.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Soil Injections of Lime1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hydrated dolomitic limestone as a slurry was injected under pressure to soil depths of 3 feet under apple trees growing in acid loamy sand soil. Comparisons of: 1) dripline vs. near bole placement, 2) spring vs. fall application and 3) trees having high leaf magnesium vs. trees having lower leaf magnesium were made. Near bole treatment appeared superior to dripline placement; the response of trees to spring applications were immediate, exceeding the response to fall application, and trees having a higher original leaf magnesium content were more responsive than those of lower leaf magnesium.
Performance of Muscadine Grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Mich.) in Central Florida1
Authors: Balerdi C. F. , Mortensen J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Some people consider muscadines as the most satisfactory of all fruits for the home garden in the south (1). An increasing interest in muscadine culture in Florida is indicated by growers who have planted them for commercial production, and by others who plan vineyards for the near future. Therefore, information on the performance of muscadine varieties in central Florida is valuable for potential growers, and for research and extension personnel.
Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruit Bud Hardiness in Prunus1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chemical regulation of cold hardiness is a fascinating objective for pomological research. In the past 5 years gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) have been reported to increase fruit bud hardiness of peaches (3, 4, 7). Trees treated with these two chemicals and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) were exposed to -11°F on December 30, 1968, permitting us to observe their effects on resistance of fruit buds to cold injury.
Horticulture’s Issues in Education, Science, Communication, Philosophy, Politics, and Human Welfare
Authors: Frazier W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
William Alan Frazier (Tex), like his predecessor, Neil Stuart, was born in 1908 and received his graduate degrees from the University of Maryland in the 30‘s. He graduated with honors from Texas A & M in 1930 with a BS in Horticulture.
The Effect of Light Types on Leaf and Flower Bud Burst of Excised Peach Shoots1,2
Authors: Lavee S. , Erez A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach leaf and flower buds showed different light requirements for opening. Leaf bud opening required light, the active range for the process was 600 - 690 m. Flower bud opening was relatively light independent. Green light or low light intensities slightly promoted it, while red and white light or high intensities caused some inhibition.
A Foliage Drying Harvest Aid for Onions1
Authors: Pendergrass A. , Isenberg F. M. , St. John L. E. , Lisk Donald J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Onion foliage sprayed before harvest with a neo-decanoic acid mixture (Wiltz-65) became bleached and limp. The rate of water loss from bulb necks was accelerated. Residue analysis shows that at concentrations sufficient to wilt tops, about 1 ppm is recoverable from bulbs before storage, none after 4 months’ storage. Neck rot was increased in 2 cultivars which form double bulbs but not in one where bulbs grow singly.
Nature and Occurrence of Juglone in Juglans nigra L.1
Authors: Lee K. C. , Campbell R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Black walnut toxicity to crop plants was found to be due to the juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) in the tree (5). Cook (3) and Massey (9) suggested that toxic material came from the roots of the walnut tree. Bode (2) believed that the toxin came from the leaves. However, the quantity of juglone in the different parts of the walnut tree has not been fully established. Daglish (4) conducted experiments on Juglans regia, in which he suggested that juglone existed in the plant as glucoside of 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene. On hydrolysis it yielded glocose and alpha-hydrojuglone.. This non-toxic hydrojuglone is oxidized to its toxic juglone from exposure to the air or some oxidizing substance from roots of other plants (6). Recent experimental data (Wang, unpublished) showed that 10 ppm commercially purified juglone reduced tomato seedling growth by 50 per cent when roots were immersed in the solution. A 100 ppm application killed the seedlings.
Influence of Alar, Ethrel and Gibberellic Acid on Browning of Peaches1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Hall C. B. , Biggs R. H. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethrel at 30 and 50, GA 50, and Alar 2000 ppm were applied as whole tree sprays to ‘Early Amber’ and ‘Flordasun’ peach trees in a commercial orchard in Central Florida. Ethrel (applied at a seed length of 12 mm) and GA at 50 ppm (2 weeks following petal fall) consistently prevented browning of puree and sliced peaches for 24 hours. The results with Alar were inconsistent.
Influence of 2,3,5-trnodobenzoic Acid, Gibberellin and Row Spacing on Yield and Growth Parameters of Southern Peas
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Cowley W. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Once-over harvest with a mechanical harvester is becoming more important in the production of many crops. This is particularly true for southern peas because a major item of expense in production of the crop is harvesting if hand harvested. Recently, research was reported concerning the use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) for increasing adaptability of southern peas for mechanical harvest (3). The work by Hipp and Cowley (3) indicated better plant geometry for mechanical harvest but only a slight increase in yield when peas were grown on 38-inch beds. Prevatt and Lundy (4) reported smaller, more compact pea plants with the application of TIBA to southern peas. The use of TIBA on soybeans also results in small compact plants but yield increases are generally small when plants are grown on conventional 38-inch rows. Variations in row spacing appears to be the most logical method of increasing yield of peas since TIBA application generally results in reduced plant size (1,2,3,4,5). Experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Weslaco to evaluate the influence of TIBA and Gibberellin on the yield and growth parameters of California Blackeye No. 5 peas.
Stem-cavity Browning of McIntosh Apples1,2
Authors: Webster D. H. , Eaves C. A. , Forsyth F. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A browning of the stem-cavity region is frequently the first externally visible storage disorder to appear in Mcintosh apples. Stem-cavity brpwning is associated with core browning and is of commercial significance for it may develop after several days at 21°C during marketing (2). A somewhat similar disorder of Sturmer apples, stalk-end scald, was reported to preferentially affect terminal apples and to be controlled by scald inhibitors (3). Casual observation suggested that both size and position in the blossom cluster influenced development of stem-cavity browning of Mcintosh apples.
Regulation of Phosphorus Nutrition of Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Wittwer S. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus occupies a unique position in the nutrition of horticultural crops. The net quantitative plant needs are not as great as for the other macro-nutrients. Crop removal is usually only a fraction of that for N, K, or Ca. Large quantities applied as fertilizer to the soil may revert to, or become fixed in, unavailable forms. There may be little movement from the area of placement. Although present in the soil it can be positionally unavailable. Seeded row crops and vegetable, strawberry, and flower transplants may show a marked response to applications of this nutrient in early spring but nothing later on.
Peach Thinning with Ethylene1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A resurgence of interest has been focused on the search for a chemical which would evolve ethylene after foliar application and thus induce plant growth responses. One such compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), has been under study as a peach thinner at the University of California orchards at Davis. It has been assumed that the peach thinning induced by Ethrel was caused by the ethylene gas which is released after application2. As an adjunct to the work with Ethrel, we were interested in the thinning action of ethylene gas and the resultant gross effects on the treated tree parts.
Evidence of a Respiratory Climacteric in Highbush and Lowbush Blueberry Fruit
Authors: Ismail Amr A. , Kender Walter J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The respiratory rates for eight stages of development of highbush and lowbush blueberry fruits ranging from immature green to senescence are presented. Based on these data, the blueberry exhibits a typical climacteric respiration curve. An increase in temperature from 15.5°C to 25.5°C resulted in an increase in the respiration rate.
Plural-Seeded Acorns in Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.)1
Authors: Beck Allan R. , Weigle Jack L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plural-seeded acorns of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) were observed in seven of 18 trees, with one tree producing acorns containing as many as five seeds. The frequency of plural-seeded acorns for individual trees ranged from 0% to 62%. There was no correlation between diameter of acorns and number of seeds per acorn.
Pine Mortality Along Michigan Highways1
Authors: Davidson Harold 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the spring and fall of 1966, three thousand one hundred and forty-nine pine trees were planted along the Interstate Highway System in Michigan as part of the highway beautification program. The species included: Pinus nigra (Arnold) Austrian pine; P. resinosa (Aiton) red pine; P. strobus (1.) white pine; and P. sylvestris (L.) Scots pine. Plants ranged in size from two feet for some of the red pine, up to six feet for some of the white pine, but most plants averaged four to five feet in height. Specifications required: “that all plants be nursery grown and shall qualify under the AAN Horticultural Standards for the current American Standards for Nursery Stock, ASA Specification Z 60.1.” All of the plantings were made by landscape contractors, who were the successful bidders for each project.
The Effect of Temperature on Sub-terminal Bract Coloration of Poinsettia ‘Stoplight’1
Authors: Sink Kenneth , Carlson William 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cultivar ‘Stoplight’ was introduced to the floriculture industry in 1965 by Robert N. Stewart, U.S.D.A. at Beltsville, Maryland. The sub-terminal bracts of the cultivar have coloration in addition to those located terminally. ‘Stoplight’ is the first poinsettia cultivar noted for this type of bract coloration, and recent hybrid poinsettia introductions inherit this plant characteristic from ‘Stoplight’ parentage (2).
Similarities Between the Control of Flower Initiation and Cold Acclimation in Plants1
Authors: Howell Gordon S. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It has been necessary for perennial plants to develop systems for sensing and reacting to environmental parameters. Their survival and perpetuation is determined, in large measure, by the timing of vital processes in relation to favorable and unfavorable cycles of environment. While the regulation of flowering by environmental stimuli has been extensively researched little is known about the control of cold acclimation. Recent studies show striking similarities between the control mechanisms for flowering and cold acclimation in temperate zone plants.
Influence of Ethrel Upon Highbush Blueberry Fruit Ripening1
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) applied as a foliar spray to blueberry two weeks before first harvest resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of the total yield of ripe fruit harvested in the first picking. The increase in fruit ripe at first picking occurred at a concentration of Ethrel as low as 240 ppm on the Weymouth variety, but for the Blueray variety 1920 ppm were needed to produce the same effect. Ethrel-treated berries were smaller and were less acid than control berries.
Morphological Changes in Ripening Fruit
Authors: Spurr Arthur R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many events in the ripening of fruit have received intensive study, yet we have little information on some of the structural changes involved. It is of value to summarize the current morphological information in the field of fruit ripening so that it may be considered in relation to the other contributions to this symposium. Not only is attention given here to structure during ripening, but some biochemical and physiological data in which structural changes are strongly implicated are considered. Our attention is limited to studies on the ripening of fleshy horticultural fruits; however, the phenomena considered may apply to other types of fruits or to other plant parts and tissues.
Endosperm Development in ‘Maygol’ Peach1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Aitken J. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of the endosperm of the ‘Maygold’ peach may be used to predict the optimum time for chemical thinning. With this variety 3-chlorophenoxy alpha-propionamide (CPA) was most effective when fruit diameter and seed length were 24 and 13-14 mm, respectively. This stage occurred 29 days after full bloom when cytogenesis was completed in 35 per cent of the fruit.
Lucite—A Molding Plastic on Biological Slides1
Authors: Edwards T. W. , Sherman W. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Permanent microscopic slides generally consist of mounting stained tissues in Canada balsam or resin and protecting them with a cover glass. Application of the correct amount of mounting material is necessary to prevent cleaning of excess resin from slides. In addition, air bubbles are often caught under the cover glass and cannot easily be removed. Fast-drying liquid plastics offer a simple technique for solving this problem. Satisfactory permanent slides have been made by using a form of Lucite (methyl methacrylate polymer) to mount tissues (1). This form was soluble in xylene to yield 30 to 40% solutions (w/v).
A Rapid Stain for Plant Cell Nuclei1
Authors: Carmichael J. W. , Sherman W. B. , Schank S. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recent studies in pollen germination, fertilization and embryo sac development have led to a search for a rapid nuclear stain. Pontacyl violet 6R3 (C.I. 16640) proved to be excellent in animal tissues (4) and was therefore tested for effectiveness with plant tissues.
Sweetpotato Plant Production as Influenced by Gibberellin and 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Bowers J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant production was increased by treating ‘Centennial’ and ‘Julian’ sweetpotato roots with 250 to 1000 ppm GA or 1000 to 4000 ppm CEPA (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). In general, GA treated plants were taller than controls and CEPA treated plants were shorter. Cutting roots into sections also increased plant production regardless of chemical treatment.
Winterhardiness in Strawberries for the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Norton R. A. , Schwartze C. D. , Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Winter injury is the greatest limiting factor in strawberry production in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. In recent years the problem has been accentuated by the susceptibility of the widely grown cultivar ‘Northwest’ to injury. During the winter of 1968-1969, conditions were such that severe injury occurred in strawberry plantings throughout the region. It was possible, therefore, to assess the relative winter hardiness of various cultivars and advanced selections, from the strawberry breeding programs in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, which had been placed at 5 locations in 1968. All the cultivars or selections were more winter hardy than Northwest and several appeared to have an outstanding level of hardiness. Some of the more hardy selections have as good processing quality as Northwest and at least one is likely to replace it within the next few years.
Differentiating Diploid from Tetraploid Seedlings of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Howard Ellison J. , Tiangco Elito S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tetraploid asparagus seedlings were produced from diploid seeds by means of colchicine treatment. Stomata length and cladophyll width were reliable characters for identifying diploids and tetraploids, but number of cladophylls per whorl and cladophyll length were unreliable.
The Influence of Growth Regulators and Temperature on Flowering of Seed Propagated Geraniums1
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Carlson William H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The influence of B-Nine (2500 ppm), F 529 (1250 ppm), TIBA (250 ppm), IAA (100 ppm), Ethrel (1000 ppm), Cycocel spray (1475 ppm) and soil drench (2950 ppm) were investigated on seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’. IAA had no effect on date of flowering, plant height or branching, but TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier and Ethrel sprays significantly delayed it. Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching. A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering. In growth chambers with 12-hour light periods of 75 F and 12-hour dark periods of 70 F, 60 F, or 50 F, earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F. The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures.
2, 4-D as an Air Pollutant: Effects on Market Quality of Several Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Denisen E. L. , Sherwood C. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crops were grown in field plots under plastic-covered greenhouses for 3 years under ambient, charcoal-filtered, and charcoal-filtered with 2,4-D added atmospheres. No differences in market quality were found with green beans and raspberries. Deformed fruit in strawberries, uneven berry ripening in grapes, and blotchy ripening and deformed fruit in tomatoes occurred in “2,4-D added” treatment but not in “charcoal-filtered” treatment, while “ambient” was generally intermediate. The amount of 2,4–D in the atmosphere also influenced yields of grapes and strawberries.