bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cuticular Retention in Vitro and Localization of Zn after a Foliar Application of Zinc-containing Fungicides1
Authors: Chamel A. R. , Marcelle R. D. , Eloy J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cuticular retention of zinc contained in 4 fungicides (Antracol, Calyram, M-Special, and Polyram Combi) and zinc chloride was studied using isolated pear leaf cuticles (Pyrus communis L. cv. Passe Crassane). The retention of Zn by the cuticular discs was significant after a 24-hour immersion in each fungicide (0.2% w/v). The distribution coefficient, calculated as the ratio of the zinc retained by the cuticles (in μg/g) to the zinc content of the immersion liquid (in μg/ml), varied from 25.1 to 88.2 for the fungicides, but was only 5.7 in the case of ZnCl2. Laser probe mass spectrography indicated that Zn supplied with the fungicides remained superficially localized 24 hours after a foliar application on maize (Zea mays L. cv. Dekalb 202); Zn was detectable only in the surface zone corresponding to a maximum depth of 30 μm from the adaxial leaf surface.
Relationship of Number of Long Nights to Meristem Development and Flowering in Kalanchoe1
Authors: Nell T. A. , Fischer J. M. , Sheehan T. J. , Barrett J. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. varied in number of long nights required for complete flower initiation and development. ‘Montezuma’ and ‘Texas Sunset’ requried 14 long nights, while ‘Pixie’, ‘Nugget’, ‘Cactus Candy’, ‘Goddess’, ‘Tobasco’, ‘Osage Orange’, ‘Toltec’, ‘Adobe Rose’ and ‘Rotkappchen’ required 15 to 28 nights. Height of apical meristems increased in ‘Montezuma’ after 7 long nights, but changes were not evident in ‘Pixie’ until 9 long nights. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed first evidence of sepal primordia in ‘Pixie’ after 28 long nights—6 nights later than ‘Montezuma’. Differences in the number of long nights required for flower induction were related to delayed floral initiation rather than organogenisis or maturation.
Performance of Tomato and Pepper Seeds Germinated before Planting1
Authors: Ghate Suhas R. , Phatak Sharad C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were either germinated before planting, primed (immersed in an aerated solution of potassium phosphate and ammonium phosphate for 72 hours (tomato) or 120 hours (pepper) and dried), or left untreated (raw) and then planted with gel in loamy sand and sandy soils. There was little difference in response from the tomato seed treatments. In pepper, germinated seeds emerged much earlier and established heavier plants. Differences in emergence due to seed treatments generally were greater in loamy sand than in sandy soil.
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Tobacco Ringspot Virus in Pelargonium × hortorum1
Authors: Newhart Susan R. , Romaine C. Peter , Craig Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several factors which influence the detection of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in leaf extracts of geranium (Pelargonuim × hortorum Bailey), were examined. Crude leaf extracts could be used in ELISA to rapidly index geraniums for TRSV, providing measures were taken to minimize the effect of leaf substances which were inhibitory to the ELISA reaction. Optimal detection of TRSV (50 ng/ml) was obtained by extracting leaves in a 20-fold excess (w/v) of either 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 containing 0.15M NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, and 2% polyvinyl pyrrolidone or 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 containing 4% polyethylene glycol. Clarification of the extract with polyethylene glycol and NaCl provided a 5-fold higher test sensitivity. ELISA proved useful for the detection of TRSV in both clonal and seedling geranium leaves as well as in geranium seed. The test was found to be more reliable than a bioassay for the detection of virus in the latent stage of infection.
Overcoming Dormancy in Lilium longiflorum Bulblets Produced in Tissue Culture1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. , Wilkins Harold F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf emergence from bulblets of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. generated in vitro from bulb-scale explants incubated in the dark at either 25 or 30°C was enhanced by 3 stimuli: incubation at 4°C for 1 or more weeks after removal from culture; immersion in water at 45° for 30 minutes to 8 hours after removal from culture; or in vitro red-light irradiation. For maximum response, bulblets generated at 25° required longer treatments at either 45° or under red-light irradiation. On the other hand, bulblets generated in vitro at 30° responded least to incubation at 4°. Although all 3 environmental factors ended dormancy, variation in rates of leaf emergence and total percentage of bulblets with leaves at the end of the experiments suggested differences in the state of bulblet dormancy due to in vitro temperature and differences in the physiological action of the environmental stimuli promoting leaf emergence.
Root Initiation in Tomato Seedlings1
Authors: Aung L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The initiation of root primordia on the primary root and hypocotyl of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Fireball, Epoch, and MD 412-4) was determined under controlled conditions. The first primordium of ‘Fireball’, ‘Epoch,’ and MD 412-4 seedlings was initiated on the primary root 5–6, 7, and 8 days, respectively, after seeding. Primordia on the hypocotyl were initiated acropetally, after initiation on the root. Root initiation in ‘Epoch’ and MD 412-4 lagged behind ‘Fireball’, but the general pattern was similar. Hoagland’s nutrient solution significantly increased the number of primordia on the primary root and hypocotyl. Presoaking seed in 10 μm abscisic acid (ABA) or 6-benzylamino purine (BA significantly increased the number of primordia on the primary root. Application of 50 μ1 of 1 mm 2,3,5 triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) in lanolin 1 cm below the cotyledonary node reduced the number of primordia on the hypocotyl.
Chemical Characteristics of Composted Hardwood Bark as they Relate to Plant Nutrition1
Authors: Albrecht Mary Lewnes , Watson Maurice E. , Tayama Harry K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No differences were observed in the level of total acidity, total N and phenolic hydroxyl groups for samples of composted hardwood bark (fresh composted hardwood bark) and composted hardwood bark which had undergone further decomposition (aged composted hardwood bark). Humic acid was extracted from both fresh and aged composted hardwood barks. Yield of humic acid was greater for the aged bark, and there was an increase in the reactive functional groups which are involved in micronutrient chelation (carboxyl groups increased from 2.69 to 3.59 meq/g; phenolic hydroxyls increased from 7.82 to 10.29 meq/g). Alcoholic hydroxyl groups in fresh composted hardwood bark decreased from 2.03 to 0.01 meq/g with aging. From leaching studies it was determined that 0.5 meq/g Cu+2 was bound per gram of dried, fresh bark. Nutrient uptake studies showed that there was a reduction in the foliar nutrient concentration for Lolium multiflorum Lam. for increased cropping time when grown in aged, composted hardwood bark.
Slow-release Fertilizers Optimize Mycorrhizal Development in Container-grown Pine Seedlings Inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. , Hendrix James W. , Cornelius Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of pitch pine (Pinus rigida mill.) and Virginia pine (P. virginiana mill.) were grown with and without inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius [(Pers.) Coker & Couch] in a sphagnum peatmossperlite medium supplemented with various rates of the slow-release fertilizer (18N–2.5P–10K Osmocote or single rates of 14N–6P–11.6K Osmocote and 19N–3P–8.3K Sierrablen plus ON–19.8P–OK superphosphate) or a soluble 20N–8.6P–16.4K fertilizer treatment. Mycorrhizal development was evaluated after 5 months of growth and then after a 3-month cold storage period. Seedlings heavily mycorrhizal with P. tinctorius and of acceptable planting size were produced with 2.3 to 4.5 kg 18N–2.5P–10K Osmocote/m3 medium. Higher fertilizer rates reduced or eliminated mycorrhizal development and reduced plant growth. Seedlings grown with soluble fertilizer were comparable in size to those produced with slow-release fertilizers, but mycorrhizal development was eliminated. The 3 slow-release fertilizer formulations produced seedlings of comparable size and mycorrhizal development. Superphosphate with or without slow-release or soluble fertilizer did not influence seedling growth or mycorrhizal development. Mycorrhizae continued to develop while plants were in cold storage. The ITW One-Way tube produced seedlings equal in size to those produced in the Leach Pine Cell, but mycorrhizal development appeared to be more sensitive to high fertilizer rates with the ITW tube. Mycorrhizal development did not affect seedling size.
A Rapid Method for Evaluating Curing Progress in Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Walter William M. , Schadel William E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freshly harvested sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. c. Jewel] are cured by holding them at 80–95% relative humidity and 29.4°C for 5 to 7 days. Curing heals wounds inflicted during harvest, thus minimizing loss from microbial decay during subsequent storage. The wound healing process was followed by applying a saturated solution of phloroglucinol in strong acid (PG) to the underside of detached wound tissue and scoring the intensity of the color developed. Microscopic examination of companion tissue with PG showed that color intensity was due to the layers of cells in which PG positive material was deposited. Wound periderm formation was observed to occur simultaneously with development of the most intense color, indicating that the test may be useful in the evaluation of curing progress.
Effect of Oxytetracycline and Benzimidazole Treatments on Blight-affected Citrus Trees1
Authors: Lee R. F. , Timmer L. W. , Albrigo L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Citrus blight is a vascular wilt disease of unknown etiology. Blight-affected ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock in early stages of decline were treated with benzimidazole fungicides or with oxytetracycline (OTC) by trunk injection, soil drench, or injection plus drench. The distribution and persistence of the materials were monitored by bioassay using Bacillus cereus var. mycoides for OTC and Penicillium expansum L. for benzimidazoles. Both materials were well-distributed in the canopy following trunk injections, in the root systems following soil drenches, and though most of the tree after injection plus drench treatments. Benzimidazoles and OTC persisted within the trees for several months and relatively high levels of activity were maintained for over a year by 3 applications. OTC persisted in soil for more than 6 months; whereas, benomyl disappeared from the soil in 3 months or less. Although high levels of bactericidal or fungicidal activity were maintained in the treated trees, most treated trees declined as rapidly as the untreated control trees. The injection plus drench group treated with OTC showed a slight improvement after 2 years. None of the treatments increased tree growth or resulted in increased water uptake. High levels of zinc in trunk wood, an internal symptom of blight, were unaffected by the benzimidazole treatments, but injection plus drench treatment with OTC significantly reduced zinc levels in trunk wood. Since neither OTC nor benzimidazoles completely reversed symptoms of blight, we were unable to conclusively confirm or refute proposed bacterial or fungal etiologies for citrus blight.
Effectiveness of Fluidized Bed Material as a Calcium Source for Apples1
Authors: Korcak R. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fluidized bed material (FBM), a dry, high Ca, alkaline waste product which results from combining coal and limestone, was used as the sole source of Ca for ‘York Imperial’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in outdoor sand cultures over 3 growing seasons. FBM treatments were compared to gypsum, applied at similar rates based on apple tree Ca requirements, and to a no Ca amended control. Over 3 years, leaf Ca was significantly enhanced by increasing levels of FBM. FBM was a better Ca source compared to gypsum applied at similar rates only during the third year. Fruit flesh Ca and the incidence of cork spot were not significantly or consistently affected by treatments. There were no visual or nutrient deficiencies or toxicities noted from the FBM nor were yields and average fruit size affected.
Weed Control Systems for Narrow and Wide Row Snap Bean Production1
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Frank J. Ray 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five field experiments compared weed control systems for snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in 25-cm rows including herbicides, but no cultivation, to systems for conventional 91-cm rows including both herbicides and cultivation. Herbicide combinations of EPTC + dinoseb each at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC at 3.4 kg/ha + bentazon at 0.8 kg/ha, and trifluralin at 0.6 kg/ha + bentazon at 0.8 kg/ha provided excellent control of annual weeds and yellow nutsedge in most experiments. With the most effective herbicide treatments, weed control was similar in 25-cm and 91-cm rows. However, when herbicide treatments failed to control all weed species, weed control in 91-cm rows was better than that in 25-cm rows, because 91-cm rows were cultivated. Snap beans in 25-cm rows yielded an average of 25% higher than snap beans in 91-cm rows (plant density was equivalent at both row spacings). As weed control improved, the magnitude of the yield difference between 25-cm and 91-cm row spacings increased.
Effect of Protective Covers on Cold Acclimation and Survival of Hybrid Tea Roses1
Authors: Rose A. E. , Pellett N. E. , Aleong John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rosa hybrida L. ‘Peace’ and ‘Garden Party’ plants covered with mulch in October and November for 2 weeks were less cold-hardy, based on laboratory freezing studies, than unmulched plants. Subsequently, field injury of mulched stems was observed in December and January. Plants covered in mid-December were less cold-hardy than unprotected plants but exhibited less field injury in January than October- and November-mulched plants. Plants covered with Styrofoam cones were not injured as early as perlite-covered plants. There was no significant difference in winter injury when stems were covered with perlite, soil, or leaves. Unprotected plants had less winter stem injury than covered plants during the winter of 1978–79, when the plants were covered with snow. The following winter there was little snow cover, and November- and December-covered plants had significantly less winter stem injury in January than plants with no cover.
Factors Influencing Absorption of 14C(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid by Leaves of Cherry1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
14C(2-chloroethhyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was readily absorbed by leaves of cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency: Prunus avium L. cv. Windsor, Napoleon). Penetration was greater (20–25 ×) through the abaxial than the adaxial surface, in light than in dark, and for ‘Windsor’ and ‘Napoleon’ than for ‘Montmorency’. Penetration was temperature-dependent, increasing 55 × between 15–35°C. The addition of a surfactant (X-77) increased wetting and penetration (+ 65%). Radioassay of ethylene released after 14C-ethephon treatment indicated that most of the ethylene (>80%) was derived from ethephon and not endogenously produced. The significance of these findings in relationship to field application is discussed.
Effect of Root Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Crop Productivity Efficiency of Petunia1
Authors: Merritt Richard H. , Kohl Harry C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Petunia hybrida cv. Snow Cloud were subjected to root zone temperatures at the bottom surface of the pots of 15.6° to 19.4°C (NT) or 21° to 35° (HT) and photoperiods of 9 (SD) or 13 hr (LD) for 25 days in a eontrolled-environment chamber with air temperatures of 21° for 9 hr and 15.6° for 15 hr. HT × LD plants produced the largest total leaf area, largest main stem leaves, and most dry weight of all treatments; they were tallest and bloomed first, but had the fewest lateral branches. HT × SD plants developed the most lateral branches at the fastest rate and had a total leaf area, dry weight gain, and root development comparable to those of the LD treatments. NT × SD plants were the smallest. Crop productivity efficiency was determined to be NT × SD = 2.9%, HT × SD = 3.4%, NT × LD = 3.7%, and HT × LD = 3.9%.
Effects of Temperature and Low Oxygen Atmospheres on Respiration, Chip Color, Sugars, and Malate of Stored Potatoes1
Authors: Sherman Mark , EWing Elmer E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following curing and a period of storage at 10°C, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers were stored for 4 to 5 weeks at 1° or 10° in controlled atmospheres consisting of either air, 2.5% O2 (balance N2), or N2. CO2 production of tubers stored in air at 10° was relatively constant. When tubers were stored in air at 1°, CO2 production initially was lower than at 10° in air. It then increased to a maximum after about 15 days and eventually declined again. Storage in 2.5% O2 or N2 prevented the increase in CO2 production that occurred after several days of storage in air at 1°. Malate and citrate were the only organic acids detected in significant amounts in juice extracted from tubers when experiments were terminated. Changes in citrate showed no consistent trends. Tubers stored in air at 1° had higher sucrose, fructose, glucose, and malate levels than tubers stored at 10°. Storage in N2 at 1° prevented the malate, sucrose, and reducing sugar increases. Storage in 2.5% O2 inhibited the malate, fructose, and glucose increases at 1° and reduced the sucrose content of ‘Monona’ and ‘Norchip’ cultivars, which accumulated large amounts of sucrose during storage in air at 1°. Sucrose content of ‘Kennebec’ was not affected by 2.5% O2. Storage in 2.5% O2 slowed the accumulation of fructose and glucose, but only ‘Monona’ and ‘Norchip’ yielded acceptable chips after storage in 2.5% O2 at 1°. All 3 cultivars yielded acceptably colored chips after storage in N2 at 1°, but the development of blackheart when tubers were returned to air makes N2 an unacceptable storage atmosphere at this temperature. Storage in N2 resulted in soft rot at 10°.
Influence of Summer Pruning and Tree Orientation on Net Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Shoot Growth, and Dry-weight Distribution in Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Myers S. C. , Ferree D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young, actively growing, container-grown Malling Merton (MM) 106 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.), trained to a single shoot in a greenhouse, were oriented at vertical, 45° from vertical (45°), 90° from vertical (90°), or 90° from vertical and rotated at 1 rpm (90° rotated), and summer-pruned to remove none or 50% of 70.0-cm shoots. Orientation in a nonvertical position and summer pruning delayed a decline in net photosynthesis (Pn) exhibited by vertical unpruned trees. Pruning but not orientation increased total shoot growth, shoot number, and the number and total area of leaves of subsequent growth, but decreased average leaf size. Within 1 week after orientation, unpruned trees at 45° or 90° showed a decline of terminal shoot growth. However, 60 days after pruning a delayed growth of axillary shoots along the tree axis resulted in no difference in total shoot growth, leaf area, or leaf number on subsequent growth compared to vertical unpruned trees. Orientation at 45° and 90° increased the dry-weight root:shoot ratio and induced rootsuckers. Pruning decreased the root dry weight in all tree orientations. Rotation of unpruned trees increased apical growth, axillary shoot numbers, and dry weight of subsequent growth, and decreased root growth compared to unrotated trees.
Basis for Enhanced Softening of Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Postharvest Exposure to Carbon Dioxide1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Adams K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest exposure of snap beans to elevated CO2 (40%), but not reduced O2 (2.5%), enhanced softening when the pods were subsequently heated. Softening and solubilization of pectic substances induced by CO2 were related to lowered hydrogen ion concentrations, which were caused by the depletion of malic acid. In contrast, high CO2 stimulated succinic acid accumulation but did not alter citric acid levels. Blanching and boiling reduced the content of both succinic and malic acids in pods. Transelimination was effective in depolymerizing and solubilizing pectic substances in snap bean pods. The shift in pH induced by CO2 increased the transelimination reaction and thus increased pod softening.
Effects of Ethephon-gibberellin Combinations on Yield, Size, and Quality of Muskmelon1
Authors: Batal K. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mixtures of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) plus gibberellic acid (GA3) were applied to ‘Edisto-47’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) plants at the 3–4 true leaf stage for 3 growing seasons. Ethephon at 240 mg/liter + GA3 at 100 mg/liter consistently increased the marketable yield of melons over the control. However, at 480 mg/liter ethephon, increased GA3 concentration from 50 to 150 mg/liter decreased yields. Average fruit weight and lengthdiameter ratios were increased by all ethephon + GA3 combinations, compared to the untreated control. Increased soluble solids and sweetness by 240 mg/liter ethephon + 100 or 150 mg/liter GA3 combinations were associated with increased fruit weight.
Factors Controlling Intumescence Development on Tomato Plants1
Authors: Lang S. P. , Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Oxheart, and of the wild tomato, L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl., were maintained in a growth chamber within small Plexiglas boxes to produce intumescence (oedema) injury. Severe injury occurred when plants were exposed to air from a pressurized laboratory supply and slight injury after exposure to air drawn from outside. Injury was greater on plants with 5 liters/min of air passing through the exposure boxes than with 1 liter/min. Severe but similar types of injury were observed at 30, 80, and 92% relative humidity (RH) levels. This is in contrast to previous research, which demonstrated that high humidity caused injury. Severe injury occurred at all irradiation levels evaluated—80, 240, and 400 µmol s−1m−2 (PPFD)—for a 16-hour light period. Exposure to toxic air from the laboratory supply lines during either the light period or the dark period resulted in similar amounts of injury. Continuous exposure caused greater injury. Injury developed consistently under Cool-White fluorescent lamps with a UV-B absorbing barrier between the lamps and plants, but no injury occurred if the barrier was not present. UV-B irradiation of the air before it was supplied to the plant chamber did not prevent injury.
Correlative Effects of Bench Chip Budded ‘Mirandy’ Roses1
Authors: Yui-Sing Fann , Davies Fred T. , Paterson D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bench chip budding was tested as an alternative to T-budding of roses in field bush production. Greater than 90% success was obtained when ‘Mirandy’ scions (Rosa hybrida L.) were bench chip budded to rooted ‘Brooks 56’ R. multiflora Thunb. rootstocks with a Liliput budding tool. Growth of chip budded scions was inhibited by the presence of rootstock lateral shoots. This correlative inhibition was overcome by selected forcing, girdling, and pruning treatments to promote vigorous scion growth. Best chip bud growth was obtained when scions were budded onto the same side as rootstock lateral shoots and rootstock stems were partially cut or girdled. A positive correlation existed between ‘Mirandy’ scion shoot growth and flowering.