bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-evolution of massive black holes and their host galaxies at high redshift: discrepancies from six cosmological simulations and the key role of JWST
Authors: Habouzit Mélanie , Onoue Masafusa , Bañados Eduardo , Neeleman Marcel , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Walter Fabian , Pillepich Annalisa , Davé Romeel , Jahnke Knud , Dubois Yohan 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The James Webb Space Telescope will have the power to characterize high-redshift quasars at z ≥ 6 with an unprecedented depth and spatial resolution. While the brightest quasars at such redshift (i.e. with bolometric luminosity $L_{\rm bol}\geqslant 10^{46}\, \rm erg/s$) provide us with key information on the most extreme objects in the Universe, measuring the black hole (BH) mass and Eddington ratios of fainter quasars with $L_{\rm bol}= 10^{45}-10^{46}\, \rm erg\,s^{ -1}$ opens a path to understand the build-up of more normal BHs at z ≥ 6. In this paper, we show that the Illustris, TNG100, TNG300, Horizon-AGN, EAGLE, and SIMBA large-scale cosmological simulations do not agree on whether BHs at z ≥ 4 are overmassive or undermassive at fixed galaxy stellar mass with respect to the MBH − M⋆ scaling relation at z = 0 (BH mass offsets). Our conclusions are unchanged when using the local scaling relation produced by each simulation or empirical relations. We find that the BH mass offsets of the simulated faint quasar population at z ≥ 4, unlike those of bright quasars, represent the BH mass offsets of the entire BH population, for all the simulations. Thus, a population of faint quasars with $L_{\rm bol}= 10^{45}-10^{46}\, \rm erg\,s^{ -1}$ observed by JWST can provide key constraints on the assembly of BHs at high redshift. Moreover, this will help constraining the high-redshift regime of cosmological simulations, including BH seeding, early growth, and co-evolution with the host galaxies. Our results also motivate the need for simulations of larger cosmological volumes down to z ∼ 6, with the same diversity of subgrid physics, in order to gain statistics on the most extreme objects at high redshift.
Structure of cosmic web in non-linear regime: the nearest neighbour and spherical contact distributions
Authors: Ansari Fard Mohammad , Baghkhani Zahra , Ghodsi Laya , Taamoli Sina , Hassani Farbod , Baghram Shant 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
In non-linear scales, the matter density distribution is not Gaussian. Consequently, the widely used two-point correlation function is not adequate anymore to capture the matter density field’s entire behaviour. Among all statistics beyond correlation functions, the spherical contact (or equivalently void function), and nearest neighbour distribution function seem promising tools to probe matter distribution in non-linear regime. In this work, we use haloes from cosmological N-body simulations, galaxy groups from the volume-limited galaxy group and central galaxies from mock galaxy catalogues, to compare the spherical contact with the nearest neighbour distribution functions. We also calculate the J-function (or equivalently the first conditional correlation function), for different samples. Moreover, we consider the redshift evolution and mass-scale dependence of statistics in the simulations and dependence on the magnitude of volume-limited samples in group catalogues as well as the mock central galaxies. The shape of the spherical contact probability distribution function is nearly skew-normal, with skewness and kurtosis being approximately 0.5 and 3, respectively. On the other hand, the nearest neighbour probability distribution function is nearly lognormal, with logarithmic skewness and kurtosis being approximately 0.1 and 2.5, respectively. Accordingly, the spherical contact distribution function probes larger scales compared to the nearest neighbour distribution function, which is influenced by details of structures. We also find a linear relation between the mean and variance of the spherical contact probability distribution function in simulations and mock galaxies, which could be used as a distinguishing probe of cosmological models.
Correlated orientations of the axes of large quasar groups on Gpc scales
Authors: Friday Tracey , Clowes Roger G , Williger Gerard M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Correlated orientations of quasar optical and radio polarization, and of radio jets, have been reported on Gpc scales, possibly arising from intrinsic alignment of spin axes. Optical quasar polarization appears to be preferentially either aligned or orthogonal to the host large-scale structure, specifically large quasar groups (LQGs). Using a sample of 71 LQGs at redshifts 1.0 ≤ z ≤ 1.8, we investigate whether LQGs themselves exhibit correlated orientation. We find that LQG position angles (PAs) are unlikely to be drawn from a uniform distribution (p-values 0.008 ≲ p ≲ 0.07). The LQG PA distribution is bimodal, with median modes at $\bar{\theta }\sim 45\pm 2^{\circ }, 136\pm 2^{\circ }$, remarkably close to the mean angles of quasar radio polarization reported in two regions coincident with our LQG sample. We quantify the degree of alignment in the PA data, and find that LQGs are aligned and orthogonal across very large scales. The maximum significance is $\simeq 0.8{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (2.4σ) at typical angular (proper) separations of ∼30° (1.6 Gpc). If the LQG orientation correlation is real, it represents large-scale structure alignment over scales larger than those predicted by cosmological simulations and at least an order of magnitude larger than any so far observed, with the exception of quasar-polarization/radio-jet alignment. We conclude that LQG alignment helps explain quasar-polarization/radio-jet alignment, but raises challenging questions about the origin of the LQG correlation and the assumptions of the concordance cosmological model.
The saturation of the VSI in protoplanetary discs via parametric instability
Authors: Cui Can , Latter Henrik N 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a robust and potentially important phenomenon in irradiated protoplanetary discs (PPDs), yet the mechanism by which it saturates remains poorly understood. Global simulations suggest that the non-linear evolution of the VSI is dominated by radially propagating inertial wavetrains (called ‘body modes’), but these are known to be susceptible to a parametric instability. In this paper, we propose that the global VSI saturates via this secondary instability, which initiates a redistribution of energy from the large scales to smaller scale inertial waves, and finally into a turbulent cascade. We present an analytic theory of the instability in a simple idealized model that captures the main physical and mathematical details of the problem. In addition, we conduct numerical simulations with the snoopy code to consolidate the theory. We argue that it is challenging to capture parametric instability in global simulations unless the radial resolution is very fine, possibly ∼300 grid cells per scale height in radius; thus the VSI is likely far more disordered and incoherent than current global simulations suggest.
Detection of the Omicron Variant Virus With the Abbott BinaxNow SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Assay
Authors: Regan James , Flynn James P , Choudhary Manish C , Uddin Rockib , Lemieux Jacob , Boucau Julie , Bhattacharyya Roby P , Barczak Amy K , Li Jonathan Z , Siedner Mark J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We assessed the ability of the BinaxNow rapid test to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen from 4 individuals with Omicron and Delta infections. We performed serial dilutions of nasal swab samples, and specimens with concentrations of ≥100 000 copies/swab were positive, demonstrating that the BinaxNow test is able to detect the Omicron variant.
Sympathetic Blocks for Raynaud’s Phenomena in Pediatric Rheumatological Disorders
Authors: Punj Jyotsna , Garg Heena , Gomez Gaurav , Bagri Narendra Kumar , Thakur Jay Prakash , Singh Longjam Darendrajit , Jain Dhruv , Darlong V , Pandey R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
Sympathetic blocks are invaluable to prevent morbidity from Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP). RP may occur in children with rheumatological disorders and causes severe pain, discoloration of digits, gangrene, and auto-amputation. We describe the planning and execution of sympathectomy blocks in children with rheumatological disorders presenting with RP.

Methods
With upper-limb involvement, ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block (USGB) was given with ropivacaine and clonidine. When all four limbs were involved, intrathecal block with bupivacaine and clonidine was also given.

Results
A total of 68 sympathectomy blocks were performed: 28 bilateral USGBs, two unilateral USGBs, and 10 intrathecal injections. Multiple interventions in a single day were frequently required. For safety, all USGBs were performed with an ultrasound with strict adherence to local anaesthetic volume was maintained, with periprocedure monitoring of 2–3 hours. All blocks were performed by an experienced specialist. All children reported immediate pain relief with prevention of major amputation.

Conclusion
With meticulous planning, monitoring, and precautions, sympathectomy of limbs in pediatric rheumatological disorders with RP can be safely undertaken. Bilateral stellate ganglion block with ultrasound is safe in children, and clonidine is a useful adjunct for vasodilation and prolongation of the effect of sympathectomies in children.
Myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmic burden in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Ross Laura , Costello Benedict , Brown Zoe , Hansen Dylan , Lindqvist Anniina , Stevens Wendy , Burns Andrew , Prior David , Nikpour Mandana , La Gerche André 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Cardiac complications of SSc are a leading cause of SSc-associated death. Cardiac imaging for identifying substrate abnormality may be useful in predicting risk of cardiac arrhythmias or future cardiac failure. The aim of this study was to quantify the burden of asymptomatic fibro-inflammatory myocardial disease using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and assess the relationship between asymptomatic myocardial fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias in SSc.

Methods
Thirty-two patients with SSc with no documented history of pulmonary vascular or heart disease underwent CMR with gadolinium and 24-h ambulatory ECG. Focal myocardial fibrosis was assessed using post-gadolinium imaging and diffuse fibro-inflammatory myocardial disease quantified using T1- and T2-mapping. CMR results were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group.

Results
Post-gadolinium focal fibrosis was prevalent in SSc but not controls (30% vs 0%, p &lt; 0.01).. T1-mapping values (as a marker of diffuse fibrosis) were greater in SSc than controls [saturated recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA): 1584 ms vs 1515 ms, P &lt; 0.001; shortened Modified look locker sequence (ShMOLLI): 1218 ms vs 1138 ms, p &lt; 0.001]. More than one-fifth (22.6%) of the participants had ventricular arrhythmias on ambulatory ECG, but no associations between focal or diffuse myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias were evident.

Conclusion
In SSc patients without evidence of overt cardiac disease, a high burden of myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias was identified. However, there was no clear association between focal or diffuse myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias, suggesting CMR may have limited use as a screening tool to identify SSc patients at risk of future significant arrhythmias.
Gender- and age-specific rates of heart failure and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Sun Guoli , Yafasova Adelina , Andersson Charlotte , McMurray John J V , Jhund Pardeep S , Docherty Kieran F , Faurschou Mikkel , Nielsen Christoffer T , Schou Morten , Gislason Gunnar H , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Fosbøl Emil L , Køber Lars , Butt Jawad H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the long-term rates of heart failure (HF) and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary hypertension and pericarditis, in SSc patients according to gender and age.

Methods
Using Danish nationwide registries, SSc patients (diagnosed from 1996 to 2018) were matched with four controls from the background population by gender, age and comorbidities. Cox regression was used to compare the rates of cardiovascular outcomes between SSc patients and controls and the rate of mortality between SSc patients developing HF and HF patients without SSc, according to gender and age (above/below median).

Results
In total, 1569 SSc patients were matched with 6276 non-SSc controls (median age 55 years, 80.4% women, median follow-up 7.3 years). SSc had a higher rate of HF in both women [HR 2.99 (95% CI 2.18, 4.09)] and men [HR 3.01 (1.83, 4.95)] (Pinteraction = 0.88), with similar trends for other cardiovascular outcomes. SSc had a higher rate of HF in patients &lt;55 years of age [HR 4.14 (95% CI 2.54, 6.74)] and ≥55 years [HR 2.74 (1.98, 3.78)] (Pinteraction = 0.22), with similar trends for other cardiovascular outcomes. SSc patients with new-onset HF had a higher rate of mortality than HF patients without a history of SSc, irrespective of gender (Pinteraction = 0.53) and age (Pinteraction = 0.43).

Conclusions
SSc was associated with higher rates of HF and other cardiovascular outcomes than matched controls, irrespective of gender and age. Among patients with new-onset HF, a history of SSc was associated with higher mortality.
Staying vigilant during recurrent sleep restriction: dose-response effects of time-in-bed and benefits of daytime napping
Authors: Lo June Chi-Yan , Koa Tiffany B , Ong Ju Lynn , Gooley Joshua J , Chee Michael W L 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
We characterized vigilance deterioration with increasing time-on-task (ToT) during recurrent sleep restriction of different extents on simulated weekdays and recovery sleep on weekends, and tested the effectiveness of afternoon napping in ameliorating ToT-related deficits.

Methods
In the Need for Sleep studies, 194 adolescents (age = 15–19 years) underwent two baseline nights of 9-h time-in-bed (TIB), followed by two cycles of weekday manipulation nights and weekend recovery nights (9-h TIB). They were allocated 9 h, 8 h, 6.5 h, or 5 h of TIB for nocturnal sleep on weekdays. Three additional groups with 5 h or 6.5 h TIB were given an afternoon nap opportunity (5 h + 1 h, 5 h + 1.5 h, and 6.5 h + 1.5 h). ToT effects were quantified by performance change from the first 2 min to the last 2 min in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task administered daily.

Results
The 9 h and the 8 h groups showed comparable ToT effects that remained at baseline levels throughout the protocol. ToT-related deficits were greater among the 5 h and the 6.5 h groups, increased prominently in the second week of sleep restriction despite partial recuperation during the intervening recovery period and diverged between these two groups from the fifth sleep-restricted night. Daytime napping attenuated ToT effects when nocturnal sleep restriction was severe (i.e. 5-h TIB/night), and held steady at baseline levels for a milder dose of nocturnal sleep restriction when total TIB across 24 h was within the age-specific recommended sleep duration (i.e. 6.5 h + 1.5 h).

Conclusions
Reducing TIB beyond the recommended duration significantly increases ToT-associated vigilance impairment, particularly during recurrent periods of sleep restriction. Daytime napping is effective in ameliorating such decrement.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02838095, NCT03333512, and NCT04044885.
Immuno-phenotyping of Canadian beef cattle: adaptation of the high immune response methodology for utilization in beef cattle
Authors: Husseini Nasrin , Beard Shannon C , Hodgins Douglas C , Barnes Christy , Chik Elfleda , Mallard Bonnie A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The high immune response (HIR) methodology measures the genetic performance of the adaptive immune system to identify and breed animals with balanced and robust immunity. The HIR methodology has previously been used in dairy and swine to reduce disease but has not been fully investigated in beef cattle. The first objective of the current study was to examine whether the HIR methodology as standardized for use in dairy cattle was appropriate for use in beef cattle. The second objective was to determine the earliest age for immune response phenotyping of beef calves. In this study, beef calves (n = 295) of various ages, as well as mature beef cows (n = 170) of mixed breeds, were immunized using test antigens to assess their antibody- (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR). Heritability for AMIR and CMIR was estimated at 0.43 and 0.18, respectively. The HIR methodology was appropriate for use in beef cattle; beef calves as young as 2–3 wk of age were capable of mounting AMIR responses comparable with those seen historically in mature Holstein dairy cows. Three-week-old beef calves mounted CMIR responses comparable with those of Holstein cows, but 9-mo-old calves and mature beef cows had significantly higher CMIR responses than Holsteins. The HIR methodology can be used to measure both AMIR and CMIR in beef calves as young as 3 wk of age.
Extra-branchial processes manifest extra diversity: systematics of the genusTrapania(Nudibranchia: Goniodorididae) and nine new species descriptions
Authors: Smirnoff Dimitri S , Donohoo Samantha A , Gosliner Terrence M 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTrapania is a genus of dorid nudibranchs and one of the lesser studied members in the family Goniodorididae. Previous studies have been limited to using morphological data for producing phylogenies and establishing species relationships. This study presents the first molecular phylogeny for the genus Trapania with the goal of resolving questions that surfaced in previous morphological studies and enhancing our understanding of Trapania clade structure and species relationships. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and two types of species delimitation analyses reveal 15 previously described species and nine new species, which are described: Trapania kahel sp. nov., Trapania kamagong sp. nov., Trapania kanaloa sp. nov., Trapania lemanioides sp. nov., Trapania stegodon sp. nov., Trapania tamaraw sp. nov., Trapania tatsulok sp. nov., Trapania tigger sp. nov. and Trapania undulata sp. nov. Preliminary evidence presented here suggests that Atlantic and eastern Pacific species form a distinct clade and diverged from ancestors that were more widespread. An Indo-Pacific clade is sister to this clade, but stronger support and broader taxon sampling are required to test this hypothesis.
FDA Warns Against Using Needle-Free Injection Devices For Dermal Fillers
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: January 2022

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a safety communication to warn the public and health care professionals not to use needle-free devices for injection of dermal fillers. These devices are not approved by the FDA. FDA-approved dermal fillers are for prescription use only with a syringe and either a needle or cannula.Nurses should inform patients not to purchase any needle-free devices or products over the internet. Adverse effects from these devices should be reported to the FDA's MedWatch system.
New Naloxone Concentration Treats Opioid Overdose
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: January 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved another injectable form of naloxone in the effort to control opioid deaths. Zimhi is a single-dose prefilled syringe containing 5 mg/0.5 mL of naloxone. Zimhi is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly.Nurses should educate patients receiving opioids and their families on how to use Zimhi or other prescribed naloxone products.
Variation in Functional Mobility Within Gross Motor Function Classification System Levels
Authors: Rethlefsen Susan A. , Hanson Alison M. , Ciccodicola Eva , Wren Tishya A.L. , Kay Robert M. 
Published: January 2022

Background and Objective:
Variation in walking performance within Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels for patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is often unrecognized. The Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) rates mobility at household, school, and community distances. This study evaluated the variability of walking performance within GMFCS levels as measured by the FMS.

Methods:
Retrospective review of gait analysis records for ambulatory patients with CP. FMS rating distribution at each distance was examined for GMFCS levels I-IV within age groups (below 12 or above 12 y) and compared among levels using χ2 tests.

Results:
A total of 788 patients (499 male; age 11.2, SD 3.9 y) were included. FMS score distribution differed significantly among GMFCS levels for all distances (P<0.001).

GMFCS Level:
I—Children walked independently on all surfaces at home and school distances at all ages. In all, 5% to 7% used wheeled mobility in the community. II—Most walked at home and school distances. Some younger children crawled at home, and 5% to 8% of all subjects used walls and furniture. Approximately 50% of subjects in both age groups used some form of walking aids or a stroller/wheelchair in the community. III—Twenty-five percent to 30% walked unaided at home, requiring walking aids or wheeled mobility at school or in the community. Forty-five percent of younger and 18% of older subjects crawled at home. Eight percent of younger and 28% of older subjects used wheelchairs at school. Seventy-three percent to 75% of all subjects used strollers/wheelchairs in the community. IV—Sixty-two percent of younger and 43% of older subjects crawled at home. Approximately 15% of all subjects did some aided walking at home. Twenty-seven percent of younger children did some aided walking at school, while only 1 older subject did so. All used strollers/wheelchairs in the community.

Conclusion:
Mobility function varies within each GMFCS level with the most variability in GMFCS II at school and community distances and GMFCS III at household distances. These findings highlight the importance of using both the GMFCS and FMS when assessing functional mobility in children with CP.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.