bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian protection: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Authors: Forsythe David P. 
Published: July 2022

RésuméLe CICR et le HCR ont tons deux pour mandat international d'œuvrer en faveur d'une meilleure protection des personnes touchées par une situation de conflit. Quelles sont les similitudes entre ces deux organisations et qu'est-ce qui les différencie? L'auteur examine d'abord la notion de «protection humanitaire». Il arrive à la conclusion que les deux institutions ont, dans l'ensemblà, adoptà le même concept et qu'un lien àtroit existe entre la protection et l'assistance. Même si les deux institutions n'exercent pas leurs compàtences sur le même cercle de personnàs, leurs activitàs se rejoignent souvent dans la pratique. L'auteur compare ensuite la manière dont les deux institutions abordent certaines questions telles que la discrétion institutionnelle, les relations avec les donateurs et la tension entre l'approche juridique et le pragmatisme. Cette analyse le conduit à constater que le CICR et le HCR défendent une notion semblable de «protection humanitaire». Toutefois, l'engagement des deux institutions est nécessaire pour affronter les problèmes humanitaires du présent et de l'avenir.
Corporate responsibility and humanitarian action. What relations between
the business and humanitarian worlds?
Authors: Carbonnier Gilles 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Les milieux économiques exercent depuis longtemps une influence majeure
sur l'évolution géopolitique mondiale. Aujourd'hui, la communauté
internationale et les médias s'intéressent de plus près aux questions de
responsabilité des entreprises privées, et depuis peu au rôle des acteurs
économiques dans les conflits armés. En parallèle, de nombreuses compagnies
se sont dotées de codes de conduite qui s'inspirent de normes reconnues au
plan international, notamment dans le domaine du droit du travail et des
droits de l'homme. Sur cette toile de fond, il s'agit de bien cerner les
divers objectifs qui motivent le monde des affaires et les organisations
humanitaires a établir des ponts entre eux.
Les compagnies privées sont amenées à engager du personnel de sécurité
pour protéger leurs installations et leur personnel lorsqu'elles opèrent
dans des zones instables. De ce fait se pose la question de la pertinence du
droit international humanitaire dans le contexte d'activités économiques
privées. Le CICR a décidé de mettre en œuvre une stratégic spécifique envers
lesfirmes qui opèrent en zones conflictuelles, et ce dans le but d'améliorer
sa capacité à protéger et assister les victimes de conflits armés. Cette
stratégie comprend entre autres la promotion des principes humanitaires
fondamentaux ainsi que l'établissement d'un dialogue sur le terrain visant à
sensibiliser les acteurs économiques sur des préoccupations humanitaires
spécifiques.
Humanity: What is it and how does it influence international law?
Authors: Coupland Robin 
Published: July 2022

RésuméPour I'auteur, le principe de l'humanité inclut la possibilité et la volonté de réduire la capacité de se livrer à la violence armée et d'en limiter les effets sur la sécurité et la santé. L'humanité ainsi interprétée englobe l'humanitarisme, la moralité, le développement, les droits de l'homme et la sécurité humaine. À ce titre, elle est une des principales sources du droit international en général et du droit international humanitaire en particulier. Dans cet article, l'auteur décrit les conséquences du lien étroit qui existe entre humanité et droit international.
Application du droit international humanitaire par la Cour
interaméricaine des droits de l'homme
Authors: Martin Fanny 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Does the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has the authority to apply
international humanitarian law in a case before it? The author examines a
recent decision where the Court concludes that it has no power to apply
rules other than the American Convention on Human Rights and general
international law (Las Palmeras case). This decision overturns the position
taken by the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights which concluded that
international humanitarian law must be refered to insofar as human rights
law does not satisfactorily answer the problem. The article examines the
pros and cons of the question, with ample reference to the practice of the
European Court of Human Rights.
The right to food in situations of armed conflict: The legal
framework
Authors: Pejic Jelena 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
La guerre est l'un des obstacles majeurs à la réalisation du droit de
chacun á une alimentation adéquate. Cet article examine les dispositions
pertinentes des différents traités de droit international, qu'elles
appartiennent au droit des droits de l'homme ou au droit international
humanitaire. L'auteur conclut que les instruments de droit international
humanitaire en vigueur ont codifié un corps de règies suffisant pour assurer
une alimentation adéquate aux personnes touchees par un conflit arme.
Contrairement aux traités relatifs aux droits de l'homme, les conventions de
droit humanitaire ne créent pas des droits subjectifs pour les personnes
concernées, mais des obligations qui lient les États.
Biodegradable and biobased mulch residues had limited impacts on soil properties but reduced yield of the following crop in a low fertility soil
Authors: Reid E. V. , Samuelson M. B. , Blanco-Canqui H. , Drijber R. , Kadoma I. , Wortman S. E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBiodegradable and biobased mulch films and fabrics (BDMs) are potentially sustainable alternatives to polyethylene plastic mulch film (PE) in vegetable production because BDMs can be incorporated into the soil by tillage at the end of the growing season for decomposition. However, grower adoption has been limited in part by concerns about slow degradation rates and possible adverse effects on soil health and productivity. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of soil incorporated residues from two BDMs and compost on soil chemical and physical properties and vegetable crop yield across two diverse locations [Lincoln (LNK) and Scottsbluff (SBF), NE, USA] during a 2-yr study. The BDMs, including a polylactic acid biofabric with embedded wood particles (PLA; 1.14 mm thick and 298 g m−2), and a starch-polyester bioplastic mulch film (STP; 0.015 mm thick and 20 g m−2), were applied in May 2017 for vegetable production. Mulches were incorporated in soil by tillage in September 2017 in half of the experimental plots and removed in the other half as a control. Compost was applied in fall 2017 and 2018 at rates between 42 and 60 Mg ha−1 to establish high and low (no compost) fertility soil environments within each location. Sweet corn (Zea mays) was grown in 2018 and cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) in 2019, and yield data were collected. The soil was sampled at ~6 month intervals for two years. The BDM residues had little effect on soil pH, organic matter or physical properties, but the incorporation of PLA in the soil at SBF reduced soil nitrate 6 months after the incorporation of residues. Nitrogen immobilization likely contributed to the 16% ± 5% reduction in sweet corn yield observed at SBF in plots without compost where BDM residues were incorporated compared to removed. No additional yield differences were detected in sweet corn (2018) or cabbage (2019) across locations or treatments, which suggests that BDM residues are less likely to immobilize nitrogen and reduce yield in high fertility soil environments. Given the potential environmental benefits of BDMs as an alternative to PE, future research should seek to mitigate the negative effects of BDM residues on crop yield, particularly in lower fertility soils.
The shaping of cancer genomes with the regional impact of mutation processes
Authors: Lee Soo-Youn , Wang Han , Cho Hae Jin , Xi Ruibin , Kim Tae-Min 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMutation signature analysis has been used to infer the contributions of various DNA mutagenic-repair events in individual cancer genomes. Here, we build a statistical framework using a multinomial distribution to assign individual mutations to their cognate mutation signatures. We applied it to 47 million somatic mutations in 1925 publicly available cancer genomes to obtain a mutation signature map at the resolution of individual somatic mutations. Based on mutation signature-level genetic-epigenetic correlative analyses, mutations with transcriptional and replicative strand asymmetries show different enrichment patterns across genomes, and “transcribed” chromatin states and gene boundaries are particularly vulnerable to transcription-coupled repair activities. While causative processes of cancer-driving mutations can be diverse, as shown for converging effects of multiple mutational processes on TP53 mutations, the substantial fraction of recurrently mutated amino acids points to specific mutational processes, e.g., age-related C-to-T transition for KRAS p.G12 mutations. Our investigation of evolutionary trajectories with respect to mutation signatures further revealed that candidate pairs of early- vs. late-operative mutation processes in cancer genomes represent evolutionary dynamics of multiple mutational processes in the shaping of cancer genomes. We also observed that the local mutation clusters of kataegis often include mutations arising from multiple mutational processes, suggestive of a locally synchronous impact of multiple mutational processes on cancer genomes. Taken together, our examination of the genome-wide landscape of mutation signatures at the resolution of individual somatic mutations shows the spatially and temporally distinct mutagenesis-repair-replication histories of various mutational processes and their effects on shaping cancer genomes.
m6A methyltransferase METTL3-induced lncRNA SNHG17 promotes lung adenocarcinoma gefitinib resistance by epigenetically repressing LATS2 expression
Authors: Zhang Heng , Wang Shao-Qiang , Wang Li , Lin Hang , Zhu Jie-Bo , Chen Ri , Li Lin-Feng , Cheng Yuan-Da , Duan Chao-Jun , Zhang Chun-Fang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGefitinib has been widely applied for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the long-term application of gefitinib usually leads to acquired drug resistance in tumour patients, resulting in clinical treatment failure. Small nucleolar host gene 17 (SNHG17) has been shown to play a regulatory role in LUAD progression. Nevertheless, the role of SNHG17 in LUAD gefitinib resistance remains elusive. The expression pattern of SNHG17 was examined in tissues and cell lines of gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant LUAD, respectively. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were employed to assess the biological functions of SNHG17 in cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as aggressive phenotypes of LUAD cells. MeRIP-qPCR and colorimetric quantificational analysis were performed to detect m6A modifications and contents. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and subcellular fractionation analysis were used to reveal the distribution of SNHG17. RIP and ChIP assays were performed to further validate the SNHG17/EZH2/LATS2 regulatory axis. A xenograft tumour growth assay was conducted to evaluate the role of SNHG17 in LUAD gefitinib resistance in vivo. SNHG17 was upregulated in gefitinib-resistant LUAD tissues and cell lines. Functional assays showed that SNHG17 aggravated the malignant phenotypes of gefitinib-resistant LUAD cells. In addition, METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification could induce the upregulation of SNHG17by stabilising its RNA transcript. Mechanistically, SNHG17 epigenetically repressed the expression of LATS2 by recruiting EZH2 to the promoter region of LATS2. The regulatory role of the SNHG17/EZH2/LATS2 axis in LUAD gefitinib resistance was further supported in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggested that SNHG17 induced by METTL3 could promote LUAD gefitinib resistance by epigenetically repressing LATS2 expression.
Palmitic acid control of ciliogenesis modulates insulin signaling in hypothalamic neurons through an autophagy-dependent mechanism
Authors: Ávalos Yenniffer , Hernández-Cáceres María Paz , Lagos Pablo , Pinto-Nuñez Daniela , Rivera Patricia , Burgos Paulina , Díaz-Castro Francisco , Joy-Immediato Michelle , Venegas-Zamora Leslye , Lopez-Gallardo Erik , Kretschmar Catalina , Batista-Gonzalez Ana , Cifuentes-Araneda Flavia , Toledo-Valenzuela Lilian , Rodriguez-Peña Marcelo , Espinoza-Caicedo Jasson , Perez-Leighton Claudio , Bertocchi Cristina , Cerda Mauricio , Troncoso Rodrigo , Parra Valentina , Budini Mauricio , Burgos Patricia V. , Criollo Alfredo , Morselli Eugenia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPalmitic acid (PA) is significantly increased in the hypothalamus of mice, when fed chronically with a high-fat diet (HFD). PA impairs insulin signaling in hypothalamic neurons, by a mechanism dependent on autophagy, a process of lysosomal-mediated degradation of cytoplasmic material. In addition, previous work shows a crosstalk between autophagy and the primary cilium (hereafter cilium), an antenna-like structure on the cell surface that acts as a signaling platform for the cell. Ciliopathies, human diseases characterized by cilia dysfunction, manifest, type 2 diabetes, among other features, suggesting a role of the cilium in insulin signaling. Cilium depletion in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons triggers obesity and insulin resistance in mice, the same phenotype as mice deficient in autophagy in POMC neurons. Here we investigated the effect of chronic consumption of HFD on cilia; and our results indicate that chronic feeding with HFD reduces the percentage of cilia in hypothalamic POMC neurons. This effect may be due to an increased amount of PA, as treatment with this saturated fatty acid in vitro reduces the percentage of ciliated cells and cilia length in hypothalamic neurons. Importantly, the same effect of cilia depletion was obtained following chemical and genetic inhibition of autophagy, indicating autophagy is required for ciliogenesis. We further demonstrate a role for the cilium in insulin sensitivity, as cilium loss in hypothalamic neuronal cells disrupts insulin signaling and insulin-dependent glucose uptake, an effect that correlates with the ciliary localization of the insulin receptor (IR). Consistently, increased percentage of ciliated hypothalamic neuronal cells promotes insulin signaling, even when cells are exposed to PA. Altogether, our results indicate that, in hypothalamic neurons, impairment of autophagy, either by PA exposure, chemical or genetic manipulation, cause cilia loss that impairs insulin sensitivity.
Health professionals’ views and experiences of the Australian moratorium on genetic testing and life insurance: A qualitative study
Authors: Dowling Grace , Tiller Jane , McInerney-Leo Aideen , Belcher Andrea , Haining Casey , Barlow-Stewart Kristine , Boughtwood Tiffany , Gleeson Penny , Delatycki Martin B. , Winship Ingrid , Otlowski Margaret , Jacobs Chris , Keogh Louise , Lacaze Paul 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAustralian life insurance companies can legally use genetic test results in underwriting, which can lead to genetic discrimination. In 2019, the Financial Services Council (Australian life insurance industry governing body) introduced a partial moratorium restricting the use of genetic testing in underwriting policies ≤ $500,000 (active 2019–2024). Health professionals (HPs), especially clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors, often discuss the implications of genetic testing with patients, and provide critical insights into the effectiveness of the moratorium. Using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, we interviewed 23 Australian HPs, who regularly discuss genetic testing with patients and had previously completed an online survey about genetic testing and life insurance. Interviews explored views and experiences about the moratorium, and regulation, in greater depth. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Two key themes emerged from views expressed by HPs during interviews (about matters reported to or observed by them): 1) benefits of the moratorium, and 2) concerns about the moratorium. While HPs reported that the moratorium reassures some consumers, concerns include industry self-regulation, uncertainty created by the temporary time period, and the inadequacy of the moratorium’s financial limits for patients’ financial needs. Although a minority of HPs felt the current industry self-regulated moratorium is an adequate solution to genetic discrimination, the vast majority (19/23) expressed concern with industry self-regulation and most felt government regulation is required to adequately protect consumers. HPs in Australia are concerned about the adequacy of the FSC moratorium with regards to consumer protections, and suggest government regulation is required.
A Transparent Electrode Based on Solution-Processed ZnO for Organic Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Chen Zhi , Wang Jie , Wu Hongbo , Yang Jianming , Wang Yikai , Zhang Jing , Bao Qinye , Wang Ming , Ma Zaifei , Tress Wolfgang , Tang Zheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAchieving high-efficiency indium tin oxide (ITO)-free organic optoelectronic devices requires the development of high-conductivity and high-transparency materials for being used as the front electrode. Herein, sol-gel-grown zinc oxide (ZnO) films with high conductivity (460 S cm−1) and low optical absorption losses in both visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions are realized utilizing the persistent photoinduced doping effect. The origin of the increased conductivity after photo-doping is ascribed to selective trapping of photogenerated holes by oxygen vacancies at the surface of the ZnO film. Then, the conductivity of the sol-gel-grown ZnO is further increased by stacking the ZnO using a newly developed sequential deposition strategy. Finally, the stacked ZnO is used as the cathode to construct ITO-free organic solar cells, photodetectors, and light emitting diodes: The devices based on ZnO outperform those based on ITO, owing to the reduced surface recombination losses at the cathode/active layer interface, and the reduced parasitic absorption losses in the electrodes of the ZnO based devices.
Breaking the fundamental scattering limit with gain metasurfaces
Authors: Qian Chao , Yang Yi , Hua Yifei , Wang Chan , Lin Xiao , Cai Tong , Ye Dexin , Li Erping , Kaminer Ido , Chen Hongsheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA long-held tenet in physics asserts that particles interacting with light suffer from a fundamental limit to their scattering cross section, referred to as the single-channel scattering limit. This notion, appearing in all one, two, and three dimensions, severely limits the interaction strength between all types of passive resonators and photonic environments and thus constrains a plethora of applications in bioimaging, sensing, and photovoltaics. Here, we propose a route to overcome this limit by exploiting gain media. We show that when an excited resonance is critically coupled to the desired scattering channel, an arbitrarily large scattering cross section can be achieved in principle. From a transient analysis, we explain the formation and relaxation of this phenomenon and compare it with the degeneracy-induced multi-channel superscattering, whose temporal behaviors have been usually overlooked. To experimentally test our predictions, we design a two-dimensional resonator encircled by gain metasurfaces incorporating negative- resistance components and demonstrate that the scattering cross section exceeds the single- channel limit by more than 40-fold. Our findings verify the possibility of stronger scattering beyond the fundamental scattering limit and herald a novel class of light-matter interactions enabled by gain metasurfaces.
Photocatalytic dehydrogenative C-C coupling of acetonitrile to succinonitrile
Authors: Zhou Xian , Gao Xiaofeng , Liu Mingjie , Gao Zirui , Qin Xuetao , Xu Wenhao , Ye Shitong , Zhou Wenhua , Fan Haoan , Li Jing , Fan Shurui , Yang Lei , Fu Jie , Xiao Dequan , Lin Lili , Ma Ding , Yao Siyu 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe coupling of acetonitrile into succinonitrile, an important terminal dinitrile for value-added nylon production, via a dehydrogenative route is highly attractive, as it combines the valuable chemical synthesis with the production of green hydrogen energy. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a highly selective light driven dehydrogenative coupling of acetonitrile molecules to synthesize succinonitrile using anatase TiO2 based photocatalysts in aqueous medium under mild conditions. Under optimized conditions, the formation rate of succinonitrile reaches 6.55 mmol/(gcat*h), with over 97.5% selectivity to target product. Mechanism studies reveal that water acts as cocatalyst in the reaction. The excited hole of anatase semiconductor oxidizes water forming hydroxyl radical, which subsequently assists the cleavage of sp3 C-H bond of acetonitrile to generate ·CH2CN radical for further C-C coupling. The synergy between TiO2 and Pt cocatalyst is important to enhance the succinonitrile selectivity and prevent undesirable over-oxidation and hydrolysis. This work offers an alternative route to prepare succinonitrile based on renewable energy under mild conditions and avoid the use of toxic reagents and stoichiometric oxidative radical initiators.
Inverse altitude effect disputes the theoretical foundation of stable isotope paleoaltimetry
Authors: Jing Zhaowei , Yu Wusheng , Lewis Stephen , Thompson Lonnie G. , Xu Jie , Zhang Jingyi , Xu Baiqing , Wu Guangjian , Ma Yaoming , Wang Yong , Guo Rong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractStable isotope paleoaltimetry that reconstructs paleoelevation requires stable isotope (δD or δ18O) values to follow the altitude effect. Some studies found that the δD or δ18O values of surface isotopic carriers in some regions increase with increasing altitude, which is defined as an “inverse altitude effect” (IAE). The IAE directly contradicts the basic theory of stable isotope paleoaltimetry. However, the causes of the IAE remain unclear. Here, we explore the mechanisms of the IAE from an atmospheric circulation perspective using δD in water vapor on a global scale. We find that two processes cause the IAE: (1) the supply of moisture with higher isotopic values from distant source regions, and (2) intense lateral mixing between the lower and mid-troposphere along the moisture transport pathway. Therefore, we caution that the influences of those two processes need careful consideration for different mountain uplift stages before using stable isotope palaeoaltimetry.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of phonophoresis on patients with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Yang Fu-An , Chen Hung-Lun , Peng Chih-Wei , Liou Tsan-Hon , Escorpizo Reuben , Chen Hung-Chou 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of phonophoresis when various gel types were used. Medline (using PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were used to search for relevant studies from the date of their inception to June 28, 2021. We included studies that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), included patients with a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis, included treatment with either phonophoresis or therapeutic ultrasound with placebo gel, and reported clinical and functional outcomes. Continuous variables are expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. We initially retrieved 2176 studies and finally analyzed nine RCTs including 423 patients. The intervention group significantly outperformed the control group in pain scores with NSAID gel (SMD = − 0.53, 95% CI [− 1.02, − 0.05], I2 = 73%) and in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) function score with corticosteroid gel (SMD = − 0.96, 95% CI [− 1.47, − 0.44], I2 = 20%). Phonophoresis alleviated pain and improved functional performance. Because of some limitations of this study, additional high-quality, large-scale RCTs are required to confirm the benefits.