bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability due to polycystic ovary syndrome in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019
Authors: Safiri Saeid , Noori Maryam , Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Karamzad Nahid , Carson-Chahhoud Kristin , Sullman Mark J M , Collins Gary S , Kolahi Ali-Asghar , Avery Jodie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
What is the global, regional and national burden of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), by age and socio-demographic index (SDI), over the period 1990–2019?

SUMMARY ANSWER
In 2019, the global age-standardized point prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLD) of PCOS were 30.4, 29.5 and 29.9 per 100 000 population, respectively.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2017 showed that the global age-standardized PCOS incidence rate increased 1.45% over the period 1990–2017.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A systematic analysis of the PCOS prevalence, incidence and YLDs across 204 countries and territories was performed.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Data on the point prevalence, annual incidence and YLDs due to PCOS were retrieved from the GBD study 2019 for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. The counts and age-standardized rates (per 100 000) are presented, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
In 2019, the global age-standardized point prevalence and annual incidence rates for PCOS were 1677.8 (95% UI: 1166.0 to 2192.4) and 59.8 (95% UI: 41.7 to 78.9) per 100 000, which represents a 30.4% and 29.5% increase since 1990, respectively. Moreover, the global age-standardized YLD rate in 2019 was 14.7 (6.3–29.5), an increase of 29.9% since 1990. In 2019, Italy (7897.0), Japan (6298.7) and New Zealand (5419.1) had the highest estimated age-standardized point prevalences of PCOS. Globally, the number of prevalent cases and the point prevalence of PCOS peaked in the 25–29 years and 40–44 years age groups, respectively. Positive associations were found between the burden of PCOS and the SDI at the regional and national levels.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Variations in how PCOS was defined is a major limitation that prevents valid comparisons between different regions.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Globally, the burden of PCOS has increased at an alarming rate, making it a major public health concern. Increasing public awareness about this common condition, improving management options and increasing support to reduce factors which lead to further complications, need to be public health priorities.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who were not involved in any way in the preparation of this manuscript, funded the GBD study. The Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant No. 28709) also supported the present report. The authors declare no competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Sums of Powers of Binomials, Their Apéry Limits, and Franel’s Suspicions
Authors: Straub Armin , Zudilin Wadim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We explicitly determine the Apéry limits for the sums of powers of binomial coefficients. As an application, we prove a weak version of Franel’s conjecture on the order of the recurrences for these sequences. Namely, we prove the conjectured minimal order under the assumption that such a recurrence can be obtained via creative telescoping.
CRISPR-Cas in Diagnostics and Therapy of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Gleerup Jens Lind , Mogensen Trine H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major threat to the global health. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant organisms, incurable chronic infections, and an increasing demand for rapid accurate diagnostics have prompted researchers to experiment with new approaches. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a naturally occurring adaptive immune system in bacteria that has been developed as a tool for performing genomic alterations in any genome of interest, including humans and microbes. Accordingly, several studies have been conducted to investigate how the technology can be utilized in infectious diseases to improve diagnostics, disrupt antimicrobial resistance, and cure chronic infections. This review provides an overview of the CRISPR-Cas system and how it has been applied in studies on infectious diseases. The review also investigates the current challenges of the technology and the improvements that are needed for the platform to be adopted for clinical use in patients.
HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance in vertically infected children is associated with poor virological response to protease inhibitor (PI)-based first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART): results from a cohort study in Argentina
Authors: Rozenszajn Mijael , Arazi-Caillaud Solange , Taicz Moira , Bologna Rosa , Mangano Andrea , Aulicino Paula C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Increasing evidence from adult cohorts suggests an important role of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) in ART failure, in spite of treatment being fully active according to baseline genotyping tests. Whether this is also true for children is unknown.

Methods
Virological and immunological parameters were longitudinally assessed in a group of 39 HIV-1 vertically infected children starting first-line lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART at a median of 5.0 months (IQR = 3.0–9.0). Evolution of viral load (VL) over time was compared between children with and without baseline PDR, as defined by the WHO mutation list.

Results
Resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in the HIV-1 pol gene were present in nine HIV-1-infected children (23%) before initiation of first-line ART (PDR group). Of them, six carried RAMs associated with NNRTIs (NNRTI-PDR subgroup). At 4–8 weeks after ART initiation, the proportion of children achieving ≥1 log VL reduction was 87% for the no-PDR group versus 33% and 16.7% for the PDR group and the NNRTI-PDR subgroup, respectively. During follow-up, children with no PDR reached virological suppression almost four times faster than children with PDR or NNRTI-PDR [no-PDR = 631 days and PDR = 2134 days (P = 0.1249) and NNRTI-PDR = 2134 days (P = 0.0447)]. CD4 T cells remained similar between the study groups over time.

Conclusions
HIV-1 baseline genotyping at diagnosis in vertically infected children is important for improved personalized medicine. While the mechanism is unclear, cases with PDR (particularly to NNRTIs) require closer monitoring of their first-line ART regimens in order to avoid early virological failures and prevent further accumulation of resistance.
Variations in clinical manifestations and outcomes of penetrating ocular injuries with intraocular foreign bodies: a case series
Authors: Adriono Gitalisa A , Agustiawan Referano , Fibrian Kartika C , Ardiani Lily S , Irawati Yunia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are the most common emergency cases in ophthalmology causing severe visual impairment to blindness. We present nine male patients with IOFBs, aged 28–64 years old, which displayed a wide spectrum of findings. Based on IOFB location, four cases were intravitreal, two were intraretinal, two were intralenticular and one was intracorneal. The most common material was metal, from hammering projectiles (six patients). The injuries mainly occurred at workplace (five patients). All IOFBs were successfully extracted. Initial visual acuity (VA) ranged from light perception to 20/32; six patients had better final VA, up to 20/20. A wide range of ocular manifestations is associated with IOFBs. Removing retained IOFB procedure is dependent on location, nature, lens opacity and vitreoretinal involvement. Meticulous ocular examination and imaging modality are vital to identify the IOFB presence. Various visual outcomes depend on zone involvement, IOFB size and level of difficulties of surgery.
High-throughput phenotyping of physiological traits for wheat resilience to high temperature and drought stress
Authors: Correia Pedro M P , Cairo Westergaard Jesper , Bernardes da Silva Anabela , Roitsch Thomas , Carmo-Silva Elizabete , Marques da Silva Jorge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Interannual and local fluctuations in wheat crop yield are mostly explained by abiotic constraints. Heatwaves and drought, which are among the top stressors, commonly co-occur, and their frequency is increasing with global climate change. High-throughput methods were optimized to phenotype wheat plants under controlled water deficit and high temperature, with the aim to identify phenotypic traits conferring adaptative stress responses. Wheat plants of 10 genotypes were grown in a fully automated plant facility under 25/18 °C day/night for 30 d, and then the temperature was increased for 7 d (38/31 °C day/night) while maintaining half of the plants well irrigated and half at 30% field capacity. Thermal and multispectral images and pot weights were registered twice daily. At the end of the experiment, key metabolites and enzyme activities from carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism were quantified. Regression machine learning models were successfully established to predict plant biomass using image-extracted parameters. Evapotranspiration traits expressed significant genotype–environment interactions (G×E) when acclimatization to stress was continuously monitored. Consequently, transpiration efficiency was essential to maintain the balance between water-saving strategies and biomass production in wheat under water deficit and high temperature. Stress tolerance included changes in carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in the sucrolytic and glycolytic pathways, and in antioxidant metabolism. The observed genetic differences in sensitivity to high temperature and water deficit can be exploited in breeding programmes to improve wheat resilience to climate change.
An analysis of the Word Adjacency Network method—Part 1—The evidence of its unsoundness
Authors: Rizvi Pervez 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA new mathematical method for authorship attribution, known as the Word Adjacency Network method, has emerged and its inventors have claimed a high success rate with it. They have announced that their method has shown that Christopher Marlowe wrote some scenes in the Henry VI trilogy of plays, an attribution which has made newspaper headlines. This first part of a two-part paper replicates the method’s success in attributing complete plays but demonstrates that it cannot be relied on to attribute individual scenes correctly, particularly where Marlowe is a candidate author. It shows by examining the method’s calculations that its unreliability is due to its mass exclusion of relevant evidence, that exclusion being necessitated by its use of a mathematical formula which can now be seen to be unsuited to the texts of early modern plays.
Fermi bubbles: the collimated outburst needed to explain forward-shock edges
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Keshet Uri , Sarkar Kartick C , Gurwich Ilya 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The bipolar, non-thermal, high-latitude lobes known as the Fermi bubbles (FBs) are thought to originate from a massive energy release near the Galactic Centre (GC). We constrain the FB engine and the circumgalactic medium (CGM) by analytically and numerically modelling the FB edges as strong forward shocks, as inferred from recent observations. A non-directed energy release produces shocks too spherical to account for observations even for a maximally massive Galactic disc, critical CGM rotation, or injection effectively offset from the GC. In contrast, collimated injection nearly perpendicular to the disc can account for observations in both ballistic (free expansion) and slowdown regimes, as we show using a simple stratified evolution model verified by hydrodynamic simulations. FBs still in their ballistic regime require injection (at z ≃ 100 pc heights in our model) with a half-opening angle θ ≃ 4°, a normalized velocity β−2 ≡ v/(0.01c) ≳ 0.4, and an energy $E\gtrsim 2\beta _{-2}^2\times 10^{55}$ erg, launched $\mathbb {T}\simeq 3.3\beta _{-2}^{-1}$ Myr ago, showing a distinctive low-pressure region behind the bubble head. Slowing-down (mass accumulated) FBs require a faster injection, a thinner jet, a smaller E/(β−2θ)2, and a comparable $\mathbb {T}$, and follow a ballistic stage that must reach a height zs ≳ 5 kpc.
RSAT 2022: regulatory sequence analysis tools
Authors: Santana-Garcia Walter , Castro-Mondragon Jaime A , Padilla-Gálvez Mónica , Nguyen Nga Thi Thuy , Elizondo-Salas Ana , Ksouri Najla , Gerbes François , Thieffry Denis , Vincens Pierre , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , van Helden Jacques , Thomas-Chollier Morgane , Medina-Rivera Alejandra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
RSAT (Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools) enables the detection and the analysis of cis-regulatory elements in genomic sequences. This software suite performs (i) de novo motif discovery (including from genome-wide datasets like ChIP-seq/ATAC-seq) (ii) genomic sequences scanning with known motifs, (iii) motif analysis (quality assessment, comparisons and clustering), (iv) analysis of regulatory variations and (v) comparative genomics. RSAT comprises 50 tools. Six public Web servers (including a teaching server) are offered to meet the needs of different biological communities. RSAT philosophy and originality are: (i) a multi-modal access depending on the user needs, through web forms, command-line for local installation and programmatic web services, (ii) a support for virtually any genome (animals, bacteria, plants, totalizing over 10 000 genomes directly accessible). Since the 2018 NAR Web Software Issue, we have developed a large REST API, extended the support for additional genomes and external motif collections, enhanced some tools and Web forms, and developed a novel tool that builds or refine gene regulatory networks using motif scanning (network-interactions). The RSAT website provides extensive documentation, tutorials and published protocols. RSAT code is under open-source license and now hosted in GitHub. RSAT is available at http://www.rsat.eu/.
A programmable pAgo nuclease with RNA target preference from the psychrotolerant bacterium Mucilaginibacter paludis
Authors: Li Wenqiang , Liu Yang , He Ruyi , Wang Longyu , Wang Yaping , Zeng Wanting , Zhang Zhiwei , Wang Fei , Ma Lixin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Argonaute (Ago) proteins are programmable nucleases found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Agos (pAgos) share a high degree of structural homology with eukaryotic Agos (eAgos), and eAgos originate from pAgos. Although eAgos exclusively cleave RNA targets, most characterized pAgos cleave DNA targets. This study characterized a novel pAgo, MbpAgo, from the psychrotolerant bacterium Mucilaginibacter paludis which prefers to cleave RNA targets rather than DNA targets. Compared to previously studied Agos, MbpAgo can utilize both 5′phosphorylated(5′P) and 5′hydroxylated(5′OH) DNA guides (gDNAs) to efficiently cleave RNA targets at the canonical cleavage site if the guide is between 15 and 17 nt long. Furthermore, MbpAgo is active at a wide range of temperatures (4–65°C) and displays no obvious preference for the 5′-nucleotide of a guide. Single-nucleotide and most dinucleotide mismatches have no or little effects on cleavage efficiency, except for dinucleotide mismatches at positions 11–13 that dramatically reduce target cleavage. MbpAgo can efficiently cleave highly structured RNA targets using both 5′P and 5′OH gDNAs in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+. The biochemical characterization of MbpAgo paves the way for its use in RNA manipulations such as nucleic acid detection and clearance of RNA viruses.
Kidney outcomes with finerenone: an analysis from the FIGARO-DKD study
Authors: Ruilope Luis M , Pitt Bertram , Anker Stefan D , Rossing Peter , Kovesdy Csaba P , Pecoits-Filho Roberto , Pergola Pablo , Joseph Amer , Lage Andrea , Mentenich Nicole , Scheerer Markus F , Bakris George L 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
In FIGARO-DKD, finerenone reduced the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and stage 1–4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). In FIDELIO-DKD, finerenone improved kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with advanced CKD. This analysis further explores kidney outcomes in FIGARO-DKD.

Methods
FIGARO-DKD (NCT02545049) included patients with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) 30–&lt;300 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 25–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or UACR 300–5000 mg/g and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Outcomes included two composite kidney endpoints, a composite of ≥40% decrease in eGFR from baseline sustained over ≥4 weeks, kidney failure or renal death, and a composite of ≥57% decrease in eGFR from baseline sustained over ≥4 weeks, kidney failure or renal death. Changes in albuminuria and eGFR slope were also analyzed. Kidney and CV outcomes were evaluated by baseline UACR.

Results
A lower incidence rate for the eGFR ≥40% kidney composite endpoint was observed with finerenone compared with placebo, but the between-group difference was not significant [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76–1.01; P = .069]. A greater treatment effect was observed on the eGFR ≥57% kidney composite endpoint (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.60–0.99; P = 0.041) with a 36% relative risk reduction for end-stage kidney disease. A larger magnitude of effect on kidney outcomes was observed with finerenone versus placebo for patients with severely increased albuminuria than with moderately increased albuminuria. Improvements in UACR, eGFR slope and cardiovascular risk were evident in both subgroups with finerenone.

Conclusions
The present analyses suggest that finerenone protects against kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events in patients with T2D and early- or late-stage CKD.
Unprecedented strong and reversible atomic orbital hybridization enables a highly stable Li–S battery
Authors: Yan Min , Dong Wenda , Liu Fu , Chen Lihua , Hasan Tawfique , Li Yu , Su Bao-Lian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The shuttle effect and excessive volume change of the sulfur cathode severely impede the industrial implementation of Li–S batteries. It is still highly challenging to find an efficient way to suppress the shuttle effect and volume expansion. Here, we report, for the first time, an innovative atomic orbital hybridization concept to construct the hierarchical hollow sandwiched sulfur nanospheres with double-polyaniline layers as the cathode material for large-scale high-performance Li–S batteries. This hierarchically 3D, cross-linked and stable sulfur–polyaniline backbone with interconnected disulfide bonds provides a new type and strong intrinsic chemical confinement of sulfur owing to the atomic orbital hybridization of Li 2s, S 3p, C 2p and N 2p. Crucially, such atomic orbital hybridization of sulfur sandwiched in the double sulfur–polyaniline network is highly reversible during the discharge/charge process and can very efficiently suppress the shuttle effect and volume expansion, contributing to a very high capacity of 1142 mAh g–1 and an excellent stabilized capacity of 886 mAh g–1 at 0.2 C after 500 cycles with a suppressed volume expansion and an unprecedented electrode integrity. This innovative atomic orbital hybridization concept can be extended to the preparation of other electrode materials to eliminate the shuttle effect and volume expansion in battery technologies. The present work also provides a commercially viable and up-scalable cathode material based on this strong and highly reversible atomic orbital hybridation for large-scale high-performance Li–S batteries.
Adjacencies and Its Negations
Authors: Cimini Amy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
“How can worlds of sound be joined?” While Amacher developed this question in realized and unrealized concert music during the mid-1960s, it also conjoined spectral and spatial ways of listening in her inaugural broadcast and environmental projects, City-Links WBFO, Buffalo, and In City, Buffalo 1967 on much different historical and material terrain. A close look at conceptual and notational strategies in Amacher’s electroacoustic percussion work Adjacencies illuminates her musical thought at an early stage and reveals how spectral listening could function as meeting place within which sound and ongoing life exchange intensities elsewhere. Critical comparisons with Karlheinz Stockhausen’s Mikrophonie I (1964) and Anthony Braxton’s Composition No. 9 for Amplified Shoveller Quartet (1969) elaborate how musical forms and experiences amid resonant metals, dramaturgy, and promissory grammar can work in concert or in conflict with historical spaces of biopolitics. Following Adjacencies’ archival traces across the radio broadcast City-Links and festival-like In City moves its connective ways of listening into concrete changes amid so-called redevelopment in urban history and policy debates, entwining social histories and media aesthetics that will inform Amacher’s long-distance projects in the decade to follow.
Explosion
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Graham’s largest “crusade” was just one massive revival in a series of transpacific “explosions.” Explo ’72 and Explo ’74—or, Holy Spirit “explosions”—hosted by Campus Crusade were massive revivals respectively in Texas and Seoul. South Korean Protestants made a powerful declaration challenging US exceptionalism, imagining South Korea as the “new emerging Christian kingdom.” Indeed, in the years leading up to Reagan’s rise, South Koreans, in a race for revival, challenged US evangelical empire by prompting Americans to recenter Christian power from the West to the East. By the 1980 World Evangelization Crusade, Joon Gon Kim argued for a “Korean-modeled and Korean-led missionary movement,” making the “world and all people become our working unit.” South Koreans’ faith in individual conversions alone as a means for social change, however, led them to forge an unholy alliance with authoritarian Park Chung-hee. These networks ultimately connected South Korean authoritarianism with US political conservatism, establishing a transpacific Christian Right.
The Daode Jing
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Daode jing (Book of the Dao and Its Virtue) is an essential work in both traditional Chinese culture and world philosophy. The oldest text of philosophical Daoism, and also widely venerated among religious Daoist practitioners, it was around the fourth century bce, ascribed to a thinker contemporaneous to Confucius (551–479 bce) named Laozi. Written in aphoristic verse, the book survives in several manuscripts, and its standard version consists of eighty-one chapters and two parts, one on Dao (chs. 1–37), and one on De (chs. 38–81), in approximately five thousand characters. Today, the Daode jing is still actively used in Daoist practice but, more importantly, serves as an inspirational guide to people in China and throughout the world. Its key concepts include cosmological notions, such as Dao, the underlying power of all life and the way the world functions; virtue or inner power, the manifestation of Dao within individual and society; heaven, the representative of nature and the patterns of stars, seasons, and more; as well as yin and yang, the alternating waves of universal development. In addition, it also presents key personal values, such as individual authenticity in so-being (aka naturalness or spontaneity), an ease and flow of life in nonaction, as well as integrity, humility, frugality, softness, simplicity, sufficiency, and more. Guides to Sacred Texts: The Daode jing by Livia Kohn presents a comprehensive overview of information regarding the Daode jing, from its origins and history through its content, commentaries, and ritual activation to its impact in the modern world, including self-help guides, leadership manuals, and poetic, even outlandish renditions.