bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 19: The Right to Protection from All Forms of Violence
Authors: Whalen Christian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractArticle 19 defines violence broadly to include all forms of harm, encompassing physical, mental and sexual violence as well as non-intentional forms of harm, such as neglect. As such, Article 19 articulates full respect for the human dignity and physical and personal integrity of children as rights-bearing individuals. This requires a paradigm shift of caregiving and protection away from the perception of children primarily as victims. Article 19 sets out a comprehensive prohibition on all forms of violence towards children and enjoins State Parties to take all form all measures available to enforce this right. This article summarizes the four main attributes of Article 19 as follows: (1) All violence towards children is prohibited, frequency or severity of harm need not be demonstrated and violence is defined broadly to encompass all forms of violence towards children, personal, social and institutional, including physical and emotional harm as well as neglect, maltreatment, sexual abuse, and abandonment; (2) the right protects children from harm from their parents and legal guardians as well as when they are in the care of proxy caregivers, including school officials, hospital staff, daycares, sports programs, as well as custodial settings and alternative care arrangements; (3) States are required to give effect to this right through all appropriate measures: legislative, administrative, social and educational; and finally the call for comprehensive measures to eradicate violence against children is reinforced by the final attribute (4) this attribute insists that the range of interventions required to give effect to Article 19 rights includes measures to ensure effective identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of all forms of harm to children.
Article 1: Definition of a Child
Authors: Lansdown Gerison , Vaghri Ziba 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhile all international human rights treaties apply to children, only the Convention explicitly elaborates who is defined as a child. Article 1 defines the child as a human being who is below the age of 18 years. Majority is set at age 18 unless, under domestic law, it is attained earlier. During the negotiations of the text of the Convention, there was significant debate regarding definitions of both the commencement and the ending of childhood. The initial text, proposed by the Polish Government, drawing on Principle 1 of the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959, provided no definition of childhood at all (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Rädda barnen (Society: Sweden), 2007, p. 301). However, government delegates on the Working Group immediately highlighted the need for clarification. The first revision of the text therefore proposed that a child is a human being from birth to the age of 18 years unless majority is attained earlier. However, with regard to the beginning of childhood, the Working Group were unable to come to a consensus. An unresolvable division persisted on whether childhood, in respect of the Convention, commenced from the point of conception, or from birth (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and Rädda barnen (Society: Sweden), 2007, pp. 301–313). The conflict was ultimately resolved by removing any reference to the start of childhood.
Articles 42 and 44(6): Making the Convention and States Parties’ Compliance Widely Known
Authors: Whalen Christian , Lansdown Gerison 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThese two articles place obligations on States Parties regarding dissemination of information about the Convention. Article 42 demands that both adults and children must be informed about the rights in the Convention and its protocols. Rights holders must have knowledge of their rights and knowledge of how to exercise them if those rights are to be meaningful. Article 44(6) addresses the initial and periodic reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (the Committee) that States Parties are required to produce on progress in implementing the Convention and imposes an obligation on States Parties to disseminate the reports widely. The Committee insists that its Concluding Observations be broadly disseminated by States Parties, to inform the public of the responses given by governments and ensure accountability in this regard (2003, para. 73).
Locally Linear Embedding Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Jinglin , Chen Xiaolu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuality variables are measured much less frequently and usually with a significant time delay by comparison with the measurement of process variables. Monitoring process variables and their associated quality variables is essential undertaking as it can lead to potential hazards that may cause system shutdowns and thus possibly huge economic losses. Maximum correlation was extracted between quality variables and process variables by partial least squares analysis (PLS) (Kruger et al. 2001; Song et al. 2004; Li et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015).
Integrative analysis of the 3D genome structure reveals that CTCF maintains the properties of mouse female germline stem cells
Authors: Tian Geng G. , Zhao Xinyan , Hou Changliang , Xie Wenhai , Li Xiaoyong , Wang Yinjuan , Wang Lijuan , Li Hua , Zhao Xiaodong , Li Jing , Wu Ji 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe three-dimensional configuration of the genome ensures cell type-specific gene expression profiles by placing genes and regulatory elements in close spatial proximity. Here, we used in situ high-throughput chromosome conformation (in situ Hi-C), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to characterize the high-order chromatin structure signature of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) and identify its regulating key factor based on the data-driven of multiple omics data. By comparison with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), adult stem cells (ASCs), and somatic cells at three major levels of chromatin architecture, A/B compartments, topologically associating domains, and chromatin loops, the chromatin architecture of FGSCs was most similar to that of other ASCs and largely different from that of PSCs and somatic cells. After integrative analysis of the three-dimensional chromatin structure, active compartment-associating loops (aCALs) were identified as a signature of high-order chromatin organization in FGSCs, which revealed that CCCTC-binding factor was a major factor to maintain the properties of FGSCs through regulation of aCALs. We found FGSCs belong to ASCs at chromatin structure level and characterized aCALs as the high-order chromatin structure signature of FGSCs. Furthermore, CTCF was identified to play a key role in regulating aCALS to maintain the biological functions of FGSCs. These data provide a valuable resource for future studies of the features of chromatin organization in mammalian stem cells and further understanding of the fundamental characteristics of FGSCs.
Parallel Packing Squares into a Triangle
Authors: Januszewski Janusz , Liu Xi , Su Zhanjun , Zielonka Łukasz 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAssume that$$T_h$$This a triangle with the interior angles at the base of the measure not greater than$$90^0$$900, with the base length 1 and the heighth. LetSbe a square with a side parallel to the base of$$T_h$$Thand let$$\{S_n\}$${Sn}be a collection of the homothetic copies ofS. A tight upper bound of the sum of the areas of squares from$$\{S_n\}$${Sn}that can be parallel packed into a triangle$$T_h$$This determined.
Molecular super-gluing: a straightforward tool for antibody labelling and its application to mycotoxin biosensing
Authors: Pradanas-González Fernando , Glahn-Martínez Bettina , Benito-Peña Elena , Arola Henri O. , Nevanen Tarja K. , Moreno-Bondi María C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMycotoxins are low molecular weight toxic compounds, which can cause severe health problems in animals and humans. Immunoassays allow rapid, simple and cost-effective screening of mycotoxins. Sandwich assays with a direct readout provide great improvement in terms of selectivity and sensitivity, compared to the widely used competitive assay formats, for the analysis of low molecular weight molecules. In this work, we report a non-competitive fluorescence anti-immune complex (IC) immunoassay, based on the specific recognition of HT-2 toxin with a pair of recombinant antibody fragments, namely antigen-binding fragment (Fab) (anti-HT-2 (10) Fab) and single-chain variable fragment (scFv) (anti-IC HT-2 (10) scFv). The SpyTag and SpyCatcher glue proteins were applied for the first time as a bioconjugation tool for the analysis of mycotoxins. To this aim, a SpyTag-mScarlet-I (fluorescent protein) and scFv-SpyCatcher fusion proteins were constructed, produced and fused in situ during the assay by spontaneous Tag-Catcher binding. The assay showed an excellent sensitivity with an EC50 of 4.8 ± 0.4 ng mL−1 and a dynamic range from 1.7 ± 0.3 to 13 ± 2 ng mL−1, an inter-day reproducibility of 8.5% and a high selectivity towards HT-2 toxin without cross-reactivity with other Fusarium toxins. The bioassay was applied to the analysis of the toxin in an oat reference material and in oat samples, with a LOD of 0.6 µg kg−1, and the results were validated by analysing a certificate reference material and by HPLC–MS/MS.
Graphical abstract
Anatomical variation of inner ear may be a predisposing factor for unilateral Ménière’s disease rather than for ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Lei Ping , Leng Yangming , Li Jing , Zhou Renhong , Liu Bo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective
Radiological anatomical variations, measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were evaluated in patients with ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH) and unilateral Ménière’s disease (MD). The role of anatomical variations in different subtypes of hydropic ear disease was investigated.

Methods
Twenty-eight patients with ipsilateral DEH, 76 patients with unilateral MD, and 59 control subjects were enrolled. The radiological indices included the distance between the vertical part of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior fossa (MRI-PP distance) and the visibility of vestibular aqueduct (MRI-VA). These variations among patients with DEH, MD, and control subjects were compared. The correlation between radiological anatomical variations and clinical features or audio-vestibular findings was also examined.

Results
(1) MRI-PP distance in the affected side of unilateral MD was shorter than that in ipsilateral DEH (Z =  − 2.481, p = 0.013) and control subjects (Z =  − 2.983, p = 0.003), while the difference of MRI-PP distance between the affected side of ipsilateral DEH and control subjects was not statistically significant (Z =  − 0.859, p = 0.391). (2) There was no significant interaural difference of MRI-PP distance in patients with unilateral MD (Z =  − 0.041, p = 0.968) and ipsilateral DEH (t =  − 0.107, p = 0.915) respectively. (3) No significant interaural difference of MRI-VA visibility was observed in patients with unilateral MD (χ2 = 0.742, p = 0.389) and ipsilateral DEH (χ2 = 0.327, p = 0.567) respectively. (4) No correlation was found between these anatomical variables and clinical features or audio-vestibular findings in patients with unilateral MD and ipsilateral DEH respectively (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
Anatomical variations of inner ear may be a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of unilateral MD rather than ipsilateral DEH.

Key Points
• Patients with ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops showed normal distance between the vertical part of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior fossa.
• Compared to patients with ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops and control subjects, patients with unilateral Ménière’s disease exhibited shorter distance between the vertical part of the posterior semicircular canal and the posterior fossa.
• Anatomical variations of inner ear may be a predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of unilateral Ménière’s disease rather than ipsilateral delayed endolymphatic hydrops.
Repeated intermittent administration of (R)-ketamine during juvenile and adolescent stages prevents schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes in adult offspring after maternal immune activation: a role of TrkB signaling
Authors: Tan Yunfei , Fujita Yuko , Pu Yaoyu , Chang Lijia , Qu Youge , Wang Xinming , Hashimoto Kenji 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMaternal immune activation (MIA) plays a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. MIA by prenatal exposure of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] in rodents caused behavioral and neurobiological changes relevant to schizophrenia in adult offspring. We investigated whether the novel antidepressant (R)-ketamine could prevent the development of psychosis-like phenotypes in adult offspring after MIA. We examined the effects of (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg/day, twice weekly for 4 weeks) during juvenile and adolescent stages (P28–P56) on the development of cognitive deficits, loss of parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and decreased dendritic spine density in the mPFC and hippocampus from adult offspring after prenatal poly(I:C) exposure. Furthermore, we examined the role of TrkB in the prophylactic effects of (R)-ketamine. Repeated intermittent administration of (R)-ketamine during juvenile and adolescent stages significantly blocked the development of cognitive deficits, reduced PV-immunoreactivity in the prelimbic (PrL) of mPFC, and decreased dendritic spine density in the PrL of mPFC, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus from adult offspring after prenatal poly(I:C) exposure. Furthermore, pretreatment with ANA-12 (TrkB antagonist: twice weekly for 4 weeks) significantly blocked the beneficial effects of (R)-ketamine on cognitive deficits of adult offspring after prenatal poly(I:C) exposure. These data suggest that repeated intermittent administration of (R)-ketamine during juvenile and adolescent stages could prevent the development of psychosis in adult offspring after MIA. Therefore, (R)-ketamine would be a potential prophylactic drug for young subjects with high-risk for psychosis.
There is no correlation between a delayed gastric conduit emptying and the occurrence of an anastomotic leakage after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy
Authors: Babic Benjamin , Schiffmann Lars Mortimer , Fuchs Hans Friedrich , Mueller Dolores Thea , Schmidt Thomas , Mallmann Christoph , Mielke Laura , Frebel Antonia , Schiller Petra , Bludau Marc , Chon Seung-Hun , Schroeder Wolfgang , Bruns Christiane Josephine 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Esophagectomy is the gold standard in the surgical therapy of esophageal cancer. It is either performed thoracoabdominal with a intrathoracic anastomosis or in proximal cancers with a three-incision esophagectomy and cervical reconstruction. Delayed gastric conduit emptying (DGCE) is the most common functional postoperative disorder after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (IL). Pneumonia is significantly more often in patients with DGCE. It remains unclear if DGCE anastomotic leakage (AL) is associated. Aim of our study is to analyze, if AL is more likely to happen in patients with a DGCE.

Patients and methods
816 patients were included. All patients have had an IL due to esophageal/esophagogastric-junction cancer between 2013 and 2018 in our center. Intrathoracic esophagogastric end-to-side anastomosis was performed with a circular stapling device. The collective has been divided in two groups depending on the occurrence of DGCE. The diagnosis DGCE was determined by clinical and radiologic criteria in accordance with current international expert consensus.

Results
27.7% of all patients suffered from DGCE postoperatively. Female patients had a significantly higher chance to suffer from DGCE than male patients (34.4% vs. 26.2% vs., p = 0.040). Pneumonia was more common in patients with DGCE (13.7% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.025), furthermore hospitalization was longer in DGCE patients (median 17 days vs. 14d, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the rate of type II anastomotic leakage, (5.8% in both groups DGCE). All patients with ECCG type II AL (n = 47; 5.8%) were treated successfully by endoluminal/endoscopic therapy. The subgroup analysis showed that ASA ≥ III (7.6% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.05) and the histology squamous cell carcinoma (9.8% vs. 4.7%, p = 0.01) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of an AL.

Conclusion
Our study confirms that DGCE after IL is a common finding in a standardized collective of patients in a high-volume center. This functional disorder is associated with a higher rate of pneumonia and a prolonged hospital stay. Still, there is no association between DGCE and the occurrence of an AL after esophagectomy. The hypothesis, that an DGCE results in a higher pressure on the anastomosis and therefore to an AL in consequence, can be refuted. DGCE is not a pathogenetic factor for an AL.
A two-level macroscale continuum description with embedded discontinuities for nonlinear analysis of brick/block masonry
Authors: Pantò B. , Macorini L. , Izzuddin B. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA great proportion of the existing architectural heritage, including historical and monumental constructions, is made of brick/block masonry. This material shows a strong anisotropic behaviour resulting from the specific arrangement of units and mortar joints, which renders the accurate simulation of the masonry response a complex task. In general, mesoscale modelling approaches provide realistic predictions due to the explicit representation of the masonry bond characteristics. However, these detailed models are very computationally demanding and mostly unsuitable for practical assessment of large structures. Macroscale models are more efficient, but they require complex calibration procedures to evaluate model material parameters. This paper presents an advanced continuum macroscale model based on a two-scale nonlinear description for masonry material which requires only simple calibration at structural scale. A continuum strain field is considered at the macroscale level, while a 3D distribution of embedded internal layers allows for the anisotropic mesoscale features at the local level. A damage-plasticity constitutive model is employed to mechanically characterise each internal layer using different material properties along the two main directions on the plane of the masonry panel and along its thickness. The accuracy of the proposed macroscale model is assessed considering the response of structural walls previously tested under in-plane and out-of-plane loading and modelled using the more refined mesoscale strategy. The results achieved confirm the significant potential and the ability of the proposed macroscale description for brick/block masonry to provide accurate and efficient response predictions under different monotonic and cyclic loading conditions.
Quaternion methods and models of regular celestial mechanics and astrodynamics
Authors: Chelnokov Y. N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper is a review, which focuses on our work, while including an analysis of many works of other researchers in the field of quaternionic regularization. The regular quaternion models of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics in the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel (KS) variables and Euler (Rodrigues-Hamilton) parameters are analyzed. These models are derived by the quaternion methods of mechanics and are based on the differential equations of the perturbed spatial two-body problem and the perturbed spatial central motion of a point particle. This paper also covers some applications of these models. Stiefel and Scheifele are known to have doubted that quaternions and quaternion matrices can be used efficiently to regularize the equations of celestial mechanics. However, the author of this paper and other researchers refuted this point of view and showed that the quaternion approach actually leads to efficient solutions for regularizing the equations of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics.This paper presents convenient geometric and kinematic interpretations of the KS transformation and the KS bilinear relation proposed by the present author. More general (compared with the KS equations) quaternion regular equations of the perturbed spatial two-body problem in the KS variables are presented. These equations are derived with the assumption that the KS bilinear relation was not satisfied. The main stages of the quaternion theory of regularizing the vector differential equation of the perturbed central motion of a point particle are presented, together with regular equations in the KS variables and Euler parameters, derived by the aforementioned theory. We also present the derivation of regular quaternion equations of the perturbed spatial two-body problem in the Levi-Civita variables and the Euler parameters, developed by the ideal rectangular Hansen coordinates and the orientation quaternion of the ideal coordinate frame.This paper also gives new results using quaternionic methods in the perturbed spatial restricted three-body problem.
Risk Assessment—the Key to More Security? Factors, Tools, and Practices in Dealing with Extremist Individuals
Authors: Höffler Katrin , Meyer Miriam , Möller Veronika 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn recent years, risk assessments for violent extremism have attracted great interest from both scholars and practitioners, and many assessment tools have been developed. After a critical review of this development, the paper examines differences and similarities between the indicators of various violent extremist risk assessment tools and checklists. Based on an interview study with 34 experts in the field of Counter Violent Extremism and 24 (formerly) radicalized persons from the right-wing radical and Salafi-Jihadist spectrum, risk factors were identified and the findings merged and compared with already existing risk assessment tools. The paper will present results especially regarding the risk signals’ occurrence and applicability in the German context. One key finding is that existing assessment tools insufficiently take into account personal contacts in the radicalization process. Thus, the paper—based on the results of a social network analysis—draws attention to the potential and importance of networks. The paper concludes by outlining the potential of risk assessment, suggesting improvements, and raising awareness of the limits and deficits of these tools. The paper thus scientifically addresses the challenge of more security through efficient risk assessment and management. It offers a list of radicalization process characteristics (ARISNA: Assessment of Radicalized Individuals including Social Network Analysis), which is designed to help users analyze the risk of radicalization based on concrete traits of a person and their environment.