bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the Bud Union in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)1
Authors: Soule James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Details of mango (Mangifera indica L.) stem anatomy and formation of the bud union were observed in 4 combinations of 2 scions and 3 stocks chip budded at 5 stages of stock growth from first flush to 1 year old. ‘Haden’, ‘Saigon’, and ‘Turpentine’ stems of equivalent age and growth rate were indistinguishable anatomically. Four stages in formation of the bud union were: pre-callus, where 4 days after budding only a wound periderm was present; callus, where 8 days after budding proliferation from tissues mainly near the cambium resulted in firm attachment of the components; cambial bridge, where 12 days after budding cambial layers from stock and scion formed a bridge and vascular tissues were differentiated within 36-48 days; and, the healed union, where after 6-8 months several cylinders of new tissues were present and the lateral shift of the scion to align with the stock had begun.
Hastening the Fruiting of Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Way Roger D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the initial fruiting in nearly 50,000 apple seedlings grown over a 29-year period showed that 12% had fruited by their 8th year from seed. For 18 carefully studied crosses, 82% of the seedlings had flowered by their 11th year. Parent cultivars producing the most precocious progenies were ‘Fyan’, ‘Haralson’, ‘Red Melba’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘Idared’.
Early fruiting of seedlings was enhanced by large seedling size and wide spacing in the row, but season of transplanting had no significant effect.
Fruiting of apple seedlings was hastened by 2 methods of trunk ringing: scoring with a knife or saw and spraying trunks with 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dow General). Ringing caused precocious bearing in 4-year-old seedlings but 3-year-old seedlings were too young to be stimulated by ringing and a large portion of 5-year-old seedlings bore without ringing.
Seedling fruiting was advanced about 1¼ years by grafting onto established 10-year-old trees having M.IX roots. This small advance was not enough to justify the considerable effort required to do the grafting. The presence of a fruiting branch of the stock tree did not hasten fruiting of seedling scions grafted onto the stock tree.
The Effect of Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals on Rose Shoot Development from Basal and Axillary Buds1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rodriguez R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), 6-(benzylamino) - 9 - (2-tetrahydropyran-yl) - 9 H-purine (PBA), and N6 benzyl adenine (N6BA) were applied to greenhouse rose cvs. Red American Beauty, Forever Yours, Mary DeVor and Jack Frost as sprays, lanolin paste, and in solutions in floral foam. Axillary shoot development was significantly increased when PBA and N6BA were applied as sprays, in paste or in solutions in floral foam. The most significant response was obtained when the chemical solutions were absorbed from floral foam cubes attached to a cutback rose cane. Most of the axillary buds broke dormancy when the growth regulating chemicals were applied by this method, however, many of the developing buds stopped growth before becoming shoots. Chemicals PBA and N6BA significantly increased the development of flowering and blind shoots for all rose clones. Plant growth regulating chemicals, methods of application, and concentrations favorable for the development of axillary shoots had no comparable effect on basal shoots developing from the rose bud union.
A Numerical Taxonomic Study of the Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Malo Simon E. , Campbell Carl W. , Carmer S. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Principal components and cluster analyses, based on 67 characters, were applied to 38 cultivars, which collectively exemplified the 3 races of avocado and their racial hybrids. Diagrams constructed from principal component analysis clearly showed the phenetic diversity of the 3 races and their racial hybrids. Correlation and distance phenograms from cluster analyses did not show overall phenetic diversity as well as principal component diagrams. The phenograms were most useful, however, in showing phenetic similarities among closely related cultivars, which were obscure in principal component analysis. The 2 methods are, thus, complementary, and both methods are recommended in studying patterns of variation with species such as avocado.
The Effect of the Modified Munson and 4-Arm Kniffin Training Systems on Changes in Pectic Substances of ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Smit C. J. B. , Couvillon G. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Concord’ grapes were harvested at weekly intervals from vines trained to either the Modified Munson (M.M.) or 4-arm Kniffin (4-A.K.) training systems. Total pectic substances and protopectin increased until about 7-9% soluble solids was reached and then decreased during further maturation. As maturity approached, water and oxalate soluble pectins increased. The M.M. system gave higher values for total pectic substances, protopectin, and water soluble pectins than the 4-arm Kniffin system.
Arginine and Total Free Amino Acids As Indicators of the Nitrogen Status of Grapevines1
Authors: Kliewer W. Mark , Cook J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth and composition of ‘Thompson Seedless’ rootings grown in a perelite-vermiculite mixture (1:1 v/v), and receiving Hoagland nutrient solutions containing 0, ½, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mM NO3 were investigated over a 3-year period. Dry wt, no. of nodes, and total leaf area per vine, trunk circumference, and chlorophyll concn in leaves increased linearily with increasing concn of NO3 from 0 to 4 mM, and then remained relatively constant at 4 and 8 mM. Control vines (no NO3) had significantly less area per leaf blade and dry wt per unit leaf area than vines receiving ½ to 8 mM NO3. However, among vines irrigated with ½ to 8 mM NO3 differences in leaf area and leaf wt were not statistically significant. Highly significant linear (correlation coefficients 0.76 to 0.98) and 4th degree polynomial (correlation coefficients 0.92 and 0.99) regression equations were obtained between the levels of NO3 in the nutrient solution and the concn of arginine in canes, trunk, and roots at 3 different stages of vine development; i.e., mid-dormancy, budbreak, and bloom. Total free amino acids and NO3 in petioles and leaf blades were also positively correlated with the level of N in the Hoagland solutions, and with each other. The increases in concn of arginine and total free amino acids (relative to the control) in various parts of vines irrigated with different levels of NO3 were greatest at bloom, followed by budbreak and then dormancy, and were generally in the order of roots>trunk>canes>leaves. The relative increases of arginine reserves in vines following budbreak was first from canes, then from trunk, and lastly from roots.
Effects of Urea and Nitrate Nitrogen on Growth and Composition of Cranberry Vines1
Authors: Leschyson M. A. , Eaton G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was carried out to observe the effects of NO3 and urea N sources at several rates on ‘McFarlin’ cranberry vines. Nitrogen applied as NO3 enhanced vegetative growth, and treatments which increased vegetative growth also increased foliar N, P and Mg, but decreased foliar K and Ca. Growth measurements obtained 2 weeks after differential N applications correlated with tissue Mg or Mg and Mn, while 14 weeks later growth measurements were correlated with leaf N, P and K content.
Factors Affecting Floral Stalk Elongation of Flowering Tulips1
Authors: op den Kelder P. , Benschop M. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Factors affecting floral stalk elongation of tulips during the period from floral bud coloring (budded flower) to the senescence of the perianth were studied. All internodes elongated, however, the greatest elongation occurred in the internode directly beneath the flower and most of the elongation occurred in the upper two-thirds of the internode. Cut tulips elongated less than plants left in the forcing flats. Removal of the budded flower inhibited elongation of the last internode while removal of the leaves was stimulatory with some cultivars. With cut tulips, the perianth appeared to be the primary organ controlling floral stalk elongation followed by the gynoecium and androecium. When the flowers were left intact on the plant the gynoecium exerted the greatest control followed by the perianth and androecium. When the complete flower was removed and IAA or NAA was applied as a lanolin paste to replace the flower, the last internode elongated in a manner similar to the intact flower. Similar applications of kinetin and GA3 were ineffective.
Bud-Graft Incompatibility of Rosa multiflora Seedling Understock1
Authors: Buck Griffith J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three degrees of scion-understock compatibility were used to describe the rose bud-graft combinations ‘Charlotte Armstrong’–R. multiflora Thunb. seedlings: the compatible, the rapidly failing, and the slowly failing union in which cambiform tissue did not develop in callus of scion origin. In the slowly failing union, callus contact between understock and scion was sufficient to maintain the scion in a dormant condition, but was not sufficient for its maintenance under climatic stress or growth stress induced by heading-back the understock. Symptoms of bud-graft failure could be identified by the 4th day after grafting.
An Evaluation of the Excised Root Tip Method for Determining the Resistance of Pisum sativum to Aphanomyces euteiches1
Authors: Morrison R. H. , Johnson J. K. , King T. H. , Davis D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance in Pisum sativum to Aphanomyces euteiches was evaluated in the laboratory by the number of oospores formed in excised root tips inoculated with zoospores of the pathogen. Significantly lower mean numbers of oospores formed in root tips of 3 moderately resistant breeding lines than in those of 3 susceptible cultivars. Results were reproduceable if test procedures were adequately controlled. A sample size of 40 root tips gave 95% confidence in detecting a 40 oospore/root tip difference between means of resistant and susceptible genotypes.
Lower mean numbers of oospores formed in excised root tips of genotypes which were resistant in greenhouse tests. Inoculum concentrations of 10 to 100 zoospores/plant caused severe disease in susceptible cv. New Era, while greater amounts of inoculum were needed to cause comparable disease in 2 resistant breeding lines.
Genetics and Heritability of Resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola in Beans1
Authors: Hassan Ahmed A. , Wilkinson Robert E. , Wallace Donald H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance to T. basicola was found in Phaseolus vulgaris lines P.I.203958 (N203) and 2114-12. To determine the inheritance of resistance, these 2 lines were crossed with each other and with the susceptible cv. Redkote. Greenhouse tests were conducted on parental, F1, F2, and backcross progenies of each of the 3 crosses, and on F3 progenies of crosses ‘Redkote’ × 2114-12 and ‘Redkote’ × N203. The data indicate that N203 and 2114-12 possess the same genes for resistance, that resistance is partially recessive, and that resistance is controlled by approximately 3 genes. Broad sense heritability was estimated as 59% and the additive variance as 39%.
Radioisotopic Evidence of Immobilization of Iron in Azalea by Excess Calcium Bicarbonate1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The redistribution of 59Fe in azalea plants was followed after allowing root absorption of the isotope under favorable conditions. During the 12 weeks of redistribution, high lime (Ca(HCO3)2) was found to have an inhibitory effect of redistribution of Fe. A marked interveinal pattern of chlorosis developed under high lime and autoradiographs demonstrated a localization of 59Fe along the veins of the chlorotic leaves. Distribution of Fe within green leaves grown under low lime was more uniform than in those grown under high lime.
Copper Deficiency in Chrysanthemum: Critical Level and Symptoms1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted with chrysanthemum cv. Giant Betsy Ross grown in acid-washed quartz sand. The nutrient solution was buffered at pH 7.8 to induce Cu deficiency while Fe, Mn and Zn were supplied in high quantities to avoid simultaneous deficiencies. Nutrient levels in the tissues were monitered by atomic absorption analyses.
The critical range of Cu was established at 6.7 to 7.4 ppm for the first fully expanded leaves of the plant. The deficiency first appeared on the terminal leaves as chlorosis most intensely developed at the leaf blade base. As the leaf became more chlorotic the margin, and particularly the lobes toward the leaf apex, retained a normal green color. Tissues over and adjacent to the vascular tissue did not become as chlorotic as the leaf lamella giving rise to the second symptom which was interveinal chlorosis. At that stage the green pigmentation associated with the vascular tissue occurred in a broader pattern than in Fe deficiency. In the third stage of deficiency veinal chlorosis appeared, followed by necrosis of leaves located immediately below the first fully expanded leaf. There was a concomitant regreening of foliage at the terminal end of the shoot which lasted for a short time. In the final stage the shoot apex died.
Effects of Mechanical Pruning of Apple Hedgerows with a Slotting Saw on Light Penetration and Fruiting1
Authors: Cain John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Annual cutterbar and slotting saw hedging were compared after 3 years. Fruiting was measured as the number of spurs per twig on 3 year old growth, number of spurs flowering and fruiting, and bushels per tree. Integrated light energy quantities were measured for 6- to 14-day periods for various positions within the tree and correlated with fruiting.
A hydraulic “slotting saw” mounted on a boom on a fork lift hedged a slot in the side of the tree. By cycling the slots any one position was cut only once every 4 years, permitting the regeneration of fruiting wood and the penetration of light.
‘McIntosh’ apples pruned as 10 ft high hedges with (a) cutterbar and (b) with a slotting saw, show that annual cutterbar hedging reduces the generation of new fruiting spurs, produces a dense outer periphery shading interior spurs and reduces bearing. The slotting saw mechanical pruning technique increases light penetration into the tree, produces nearly 3 times as many new spurs and about a 4-fold increase in the percentage of spurs flowering. Light measurements within the tree indicate that spur leaves require about 50% of available light for suitable flowering.
Light values in trees hedged 3 years with the cutterbar were reduced to less than this value within the outer 2 ft of tree canopy where few spurs exist.
Influence of Cucurbitacins, Sugars, and Fatty Acids on Cucurbit Susceptibility to Spotted Cucumber Beetle1,2
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Hall Charles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 18 plant types from 5 genera of Cucurbitaceae were analyzed for cucurbitacins, total sugars, and fatty acids and these were correlated with spotted cucumber beetle feeding. The species were: Citrullus colocynthis L. (Schrad.), C. lanatus (Mansf.) Matsumara: Cucumis anguria L., C. dipsaceus Ehrenb., C ficifolius Bouche’C. longipes Hook f., C. melo L., C. myricarpus Naud., C. prophetarum L.: Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K., C. pepo L.; Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stamdl.; Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., and L. cylindrica Roem. Seedling injury ranged from 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Regression analysis indicated that cucurbitacins, total sugars, and the fatty acids (palmitic and linolenic) except linoleic contributed to insect feeding; correlation between concn and feeding was positive. Cucurbitacins, which cucumber beetles were able to locate without feeding, played the major role in seedling susceptibility; next in importance were palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and total sugars. All apparently related to the preference of beetles for specific strains or cultivars. In non-preferred seedlings, preference was induced by topical application of cucurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, and 1 and by the glycosides from C. foetidissimma roots. A barrier seemed to obstruct feeding of the beetles on the upper surface of the cotyledons, even when the attractant cucurbitacins were applied.
Inheritance of Growth Habit and Time of Flowering in Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Bliss F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four true bush snap bean cultivars were hybridized with OSC410, a determinate, sprawling ‘Blue Lake’ bush breeding line. Observed segregation data fit a single gene hypothesis with the sprawling habit completely dominant to true bush type. Crosses of OSC410 to 2 indeterminate cultivars provided evidence for 2 additional patterns of inheritance. When ‘Polaris’ was used as the indeterminate parent, segregation ratios indicated that indeterminance was dominant and controlled by a single gene. Epistasis of 2 genes was suggested from the cross Mexico 80R' (normal) × OSC410, with indeterminance dominant.
Effect of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon) on Maturation of Vitis vinifera L.1
Authors: Weaver Robert J. , Pool Robert M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of ethephon at 200 to 2,000 ppm was made to the grape cvs. ‘Tokay’ and ‘Emperor’, and at 1,000 ppm to ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Carignane’. The soluble solids were significantly increased in some fruits of ‘Carignane’ but not in the other cultivars. Ethephon treatment resulted in reductions in acidity in some fruits of all cultivars. This increased soluble solids to acidity ratios in some ethephon-treated fruits. An increase in anthocyanin content of the colored berries occurred, but not significantly so in ‘Tokay’. Optimum time for treatment was about 2 weeks after initiation of coloring.
Sugar and Organic Acid Concentrations in Cultivars of Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Carroll Daniel E. , Hoover Maurice W. , Nesbitt William B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Individual and total sugar and organic acid concn in the juice of 12 cultivars of muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were determined in each of 3 years. Fructose ranged from 3.35 to 9.28% and averaged 5.51%; glucose 3.52 to 7.70% and averaged 5.16%; sucrose 0 to 5.20% and averaged 1.89%; soluble solids 10.20 to 17.85% and averaged 13.21%; malate 0.17 to 1.16% and averaged 0.50%; tartrate 0.15 to 0.52 and averaged 0.26%; citrate ranged from a trace to 0.06% and averaged 0.04%; total titratable acidity 0.39 to 1.549% and averaged 0.839%; pH ranged from 3.50 to 2.88. ‘Roanoke’ was significantly lower in soluble solids (11.18%) than most of the other cultivars over the 3-year period. It was also exceptionally high in malic acid (0.70%) and contained significantly more malate than 7 other cultivars. ‘Roanoke’ and ‘Pamlico’ averaged the highest titratable acidities with 1.099 and 1.049%, respectively. ‘Magoon’ contained significantly more tartrate (0.41%) than all other cultivars except ‘Hunt’. When total titratable acidity values for the 12 cultivars were pooled for each season, it was apparent that yearly differences in these values were primarily due to differences in malate levels since tartrate levels were similar in each of the 3 seasons.
Morphological and Anatomical Aspects of Oedema in Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.)1
Authors: Eisa H. M. , Dobrenz A. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oedema in eggplant occurred in 2 of 6 cultivars grown in warm, humid air-supported plastic greenhouses located in Puerto Peñasco, Mexico. Oedema was observed when plants reached the fruiting stage and its occurrence was limited to the upper side of young and old leaves, including the petioles. Anatomically, hypertrophy of the palisade cells, followed by rupturing in the upper epidermis, was characteristic of oedemata. Hypertrophied cells apparently contained fewer chloroplasts than normal cells, although chlorophyll determination for susceptible and resistant cultivars did not suggest a correlation with this oedema. Differences in chlorophyll, fruit number, and yield were characteristic of the different cultivars.
Influence of Germination and Growing Temperature on Flowering of Six Cultivars of Annual Statice (Limonium cv.)1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Krizek Donald T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of 3 germination temperature (16/13°, 21/18°, and 27/24°C day/night) and 2 growing temp (24/16° and 26/24°C day/night) on flowering in 6 cultivars of annual statice (Limonium cv.) grown under long days was determined over a 24-week period. When grown at 24/16°C nearly all of the plants produced a visible flower stalk irrespective of the germination temp. Flowering percentages at 26/24°C varied greatly, depending upon the cultivar and the germination temp. When grown at a temp of 26/24°C, the percentage of ‘Blue Bonnet’ flowering was low regardless of the germination temp. However, the percentage of ‘Midnight Blue’, ‘Iceberg’, and ‘Twilight Lavender’ plants flowering at a growing temp of 26/24°C was higher following germ temp of 16/13° or 21/18°C. ‘Gold Coast’ flowered irrespective of temp treatment. Except for ‘Gold Coast’, plants grown at 24/16°C generally had the earliest and greatest number of mature flower stalks, and the highest flower stage. Thus, growing temp appears to be the chief determinant of flowering in annual statice.
Female Flower Induction on Androecious Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L.1
Authors: Augustine J. J. , Baker L. R. , Sell H. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon applied as a foliar spray caused an androecious (all-male) line of Cucumis sativus L. to produce pistillate flowers analogous to those of monoecious phenotypes. The degree of conversion depended on the concentration of ethephon and stage of growth at the time of application. In the greenhouse, a concentration of 50 ppm applied at the 3- or 4-leaf stage was the best treatment for induction of pistillate flowers without marked inhibition of growth.
Postharvest Effects of Freezing on Apples1
Authors: Bir R. E. , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intact, mature apple (Malus pumila, Mill. cv. Richared Delicious) fruit exhibited 2 exotherms, at −2.1 ± 0.1°C and at −4.7 ± 0.3° during freezing. Freezing only through Exotherm 1 caused fruit softening. Freezing to inception of Exotherm 2 caused increased softening, and also slightly increased ion leakage. Freezing to termination of Exotherm 2 produced a 3rd increment of softening, greatly increased ion leakage, and reduced respiration. Only with freezing through termination of Exotherm 2 did visual injury symptoms occur; these symptoms were evident several hours after thawing, and apparently reflected lethal injury to the fruit. Injury was no greater after 3 months than after 1 month of storage at 0° following freezing.
Factors Influencing Dehardening and Rehardening of Forsythia x intermedia Stems1,2,3
Authors: Hamilton David F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardiness of stems of Forsythia x intermedia Zabel growing outdoors was determined from November 1970 through April 1971. At different times in winter, stem pieces from plants were subjected to different time-temperature combinations to determine the requirements for dehardening and rehardening.
Once dormancy had been broken, the temperature and exposure required for significant dehardening decreased, reaching a minimum in late winter. The daily duration of low temperature required to prevent dehardening increased after dormancy was broken, but was constant throughout the remainder of winter. Stems failed to reharden beyond the level of hardiness found following dehardening, but before any exposure to low temperature.