bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal fruit body assemblages are tougher in harsh microclimates
Authors: Krah Franz-Sebastian , Hagge Jonas , Schreiber Jasper , Brandl Roland , Müller Jörg , Bässler Claus 
Published: January 2022

AbstractForest species are affected by macroclimate, however, the microclimatic variability can be more extreme and change through climate change. Fungal fruiting community composition was affected by microclimatic differences. Here we ask whether differences in the fruiting community can be explained by morphological traits of the fruit body, which may help endure harsh conditions. We used a dead wood experiment and macrofungal fruit body size, color, and toughness. We exposed logs of two host tree species under closed and experimentally opened forest canopies in a random-block design for four years and identified all visible fruit bodies of two fungal lineages (Basidio- and Ascomycota). We found a consistently higher proportion of tough-fleshed species in harsher microclimates under open canopies. Although significant, responses of community fruit body size and color lightness were inconsistent across lineages. We suggest the toughness-protection hypothesis, stating that tough-fleshed fruit bodies protect from microclimatic extremes by reducing dehydration. Our study suggests that the predicted increase of microclimatic harshness with climate change will likely decrease the presence of soft-fleshed fruit bodies. Whether harsh microclimates also affect the mycelium of macrofungi with different fruit body morphology would complement our findings and increase predictability under climate change.
Evaluation of epigenetic age calculators between preeclampsia and normotensive pregnancies in an Australian cohort
Authors: Pruszkowska-Przybylska Paulina , Brennecke Shaun , Moses Eric K. , Melton Phillip E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAdvanced biological aging, as assessed through DNA methylation markers, is associated with several complex diseases. The associations between maternal DNA methylation age and preeclampsia (PE) have not been fully assessed. The aim of this study was to examine if increased maternal DNA methylation age (DNAmAge) was shown to be accelerated in women with PE when compared to women who had normotensive pregnancies. The case/control cohort available for study consisted of 166 women (89 with normotensive pregnancy, 77 with PE) recruited previously at the Royal Women’s Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. DNA methylation profiles were obtained using the Illumina EPIC Infinium array for analysis of genomic DNA isolated from whole blood. These profiles were used to calculate seven estimates of DNAmAge and included (1) Horvath, (2) Hannum, (3) Horvath Skin and Blood, (4) Wu, (5) PhenoAge, (6) telomere length and (7) GrimAge and its surrogate measures. Three measures of DNA methylation age acceleration were calculated for all seven measures using linear regression. Pearson's correlation was performed to investigate associations between chronological age and DNAmAge. Differences between chronological age and DNAmAge and epigenetic age acceleration were investigated using t-tests. No significant difference was observed for chronological age between women with PE (age = 30.53 ± 5.68) and women who had normotensive pregnancies (age = 31.76 ± 4.76). All seven DNAmAge measures were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with chronological age. After accounting for multiple testing and investigating differences in DNAmAge between normotensive women and women with PE, only Wu DNAmAge was significant (p = 0.001). When examining differences for epigenetic age acceleration between PE and normotensive women Hannum, Wu, and PhenoAge DNAmAge estimates (p < 0.001) were significant for both epigenetic age acceleration and intrinsic acceleration models. We found that accelerated maternal DNAmAge is increased in women with PE in some models of epigenetic aging. This research underlines the importance for further investigation into the potential changes of differential DNA methylation in PE.
The formation of tonalitic and granodioritic melt from Venusian basalt
Authors: Wang Yao Jui , Shellnutt J. Gregory , Kung Jennifer , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Lai Yu-Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe crust of Venus is composed of the low lying volcanic planitiae and the elevated, deformed tesserae. It is thought that the tesserae may be composed of silicic igneous rocks and that it may resemble proto-continental crust. The initial development of terrestrial continental crust is likely due to melting and deformation of primitive mafic crust via mantle-plume upwelling and collisional plate processes. Unlike Earth, the lithosphere of Venus is not divided into plates and therefore evolved continental crust, if present, developed primarily by melting of pre-existing mafic crust. Here, we report the results of high pressure equilibrium partial melting experiments using a parental composition similar to the basalt measured at the Venera 14 landing site in order to determine if silicic melts can be generated. It was found that at pressures of 1.5 GPa and 2.0 GPa and temperatures of 1080 °C, 1090 °C, and 1285 °C that tonalitic and granodioritic melts can be generated. The experimental results indicate that silicic rocks may be able to form in the crust of Venus providing the thermal regime is suitable and that the lower crust is basaltic. The implication is that the older, thicker regions of Venusian crust may be partially composed of silicic igneous rocks.
Higher hemoglobin levels are an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes
Authors: Sissala Niina , Mustaniemi Sanna , Kajantie Eero , Vääräsmäki Marja , Koivunen Peppi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIncidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) has increased rapidly. It poses significant risks for both mother and fetus affecting also negatively their longer-term metabolic heath. We asked whether early pregnancy maternal hemoglobin (Hb) levels, indicative for tissue oxygenation, would affect mother’s metabolic health and fetal outcome. We assessed in FinnGeDi, a Finnish multicenter case–control study for GDM (n = 1828), association of maternal 1st trimester Hb levels with metabolic parameters and perinatal outcome. Our data show that mothers with GDM had higher Hb levels compared to controls (mean difference 1.746 g/L). Hb levels associated positively with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose levels and glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (bp) levels. When assessed in quartiles the highest Hb quartile had more chronic and gestational hypertension and the most adverse outcome of the metabolic parameters, dose-dependency seen in bp, BMI and glucose levels. In a multivariable regression analysis Hb levels remained an independently associated parameter for GDM after adjusting for key covariates (OR 1.019, 95% CI [1.007; 1.031]). In conclusion, higher maternal Hb levels within the normal variation are an independent risk factor for GDM in this population but have little effect on perinatal outcome.
Higher order interactions destroy phase transitions in Deffuant opinion dynamics model
Authors: Schawe Hendrik , Hernández Laura 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMost opinion dynamics models are based on pairwise interactions. However in many real situations, discussions take place within groups of people. Here, we define a higher order Deffuant model by generalizing the original pairwise interaction model for bounded-confidence opinion-dynamics to interactions involving a group of agents of size k. The generalized model is naturally encoded in a hypergraph. We study this dynamics in different hypergraph topologies, from random hypergraph ensembles, to spatially embedded hyper-lattices. We show that including higher order interactions induces a drastic change in the onset of consensus for random hypergraphs; instead of the sharp phase transition, characteristic of the dyadic Deffuant model, the system undergoes a smooth size independent crossover to consensus, as the confidence value increases. This phenomenon is absent from regular hypergraphs, which conserve a phase transition.
BAM: Block attention mechanism for OCT image classification
Authors: Nabijiang Maidina , Wan Xinjuan , Huang Shengsong , Liu Qi , Wei Bixia , Zhu Jianing , Xie Xiaodong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy attracts considerable research interest due to the number of diabetic patients increasing rapidly in recent years. Diabetic retinopathy is a common symptom of retinopathy, which damages the patient's eyesight and even causes the patient to lose sight. The authors propose a novel attention mechanism named block attention mechanism to actively explore the role of attention mechanisms in recognizing retinopathy features. Specifically, the block attention mechanism contributions are as follows: (1) The relationship between the blocks in the entire feature map is explored, and the corresponding coefficients are assigned to different blocks to highlight the importance of blocks. (2) Furthermore, the relationship between the edge elements of the feature map and the edge elements is explored, and corresponding coefficients are assigned to the elements at different positions on the feature map to highlight the importance of the elements in the feature map. Experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms the existing popular attention‐based baselines on two public retina datasets, OCT2017 and SD‐OCT, achieving a 99.64% and 96.54% accuracy rate, respectively.
Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung in Deutschland im
Zeitvergleich der Jahre 2014 und 2020
Authors: Hurrelmann Klaus , Klinger Julia , Schaeffer Doris 
Published: January 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel In dem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse von zwei Erhebungen der
Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) der Bevölkerung in Deutschland im
Zeitvergleich analysiert. Die erste Erhebung erfolgte 2014, die zweite 2020.
Untersucht werden die Veränderungen der GK, gemessen über den
Grad der subjektiv eingeschätzten Schwierigkeiten bei einzelnen
Informationsaufgaben in den drei Bereichen
Krankheitsbewältigung/Versorgung, Prävention,
Gesundheitsförderung, in der Gesamtbevölkerung und in einzelnen
Teilgruppen.
Methodik Die Analysen basieren auf
bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Querschnittsdaten, die 2014 im
HLS-GER 1 und 2020 im HLS-GER 1‘ erhoben wurden. Dabei kam das
international abgestimmte Instrument HLS-EU-Q47 zur Messung der GK zum Einsatz.
Veränderungen in den Bevölkerungsgruppen wurden in einer
Trendanalyse sowohl uni- und bivariat als auch multivariat analysiert.
Ergebnisse Die GK der Bevölkerung in Deutschland hat sich im
Zeitvergleich innerhalb von sechs Jahren statistisch signifikant verschlechtert.
Dies lässt sich in allen drei untersuchten Handlungsbereichen
beobachten. Der Effekt zeigt sich besonders bei Menschen mit niedrigem
Sozialstatus und finanzieller Deprivation.
Schlussfolgerung Im Zeitverlauf ist der Umgang mit gesundheits- und
krankheitsbezogenen Informationen schwieriger geworden. Diese Entwicklung ist
besonders stark bei sozioökonomisch benachteiligten
Bevölkerungsgruppen zu beobachten, was die soziale Ungleichheit im
Gesundheitsbereich verstärkt. Die Förderung der GK ist –
wie diese und andere Studien zeigen – gesellschaftlich wichtiger denn je
und sollte den genannten Bevölkerungsgruppen besondere Beachtung
schenken.
Bleeding Risk Assessment in End-Stage Kidney Disease: Validation of Existing Risk Scores and Evaluation of a Machine Learning-Based Approach
Authors: Nopp Stephan , Spielvogel Clemens P. , Schmaldienst Sabine , Klauser-Braun Renate , Lorenz Matthias , Bauer Benedikt N. , Pabinger Ingrid , Säemann Marcus , Königsbrügge Oliver , Ay Cihan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk for bleeding. However, despite relevant clinical implications regarding dialysis modalities or anticoagulation, no bleeding risk assessment strategy has been established in this challenging population.
Methods Analyses on bleeding risk assessment models were performed in the population-based Vienna InVestigation of Atrial fibrillation and thromboemboLism in patients on hemoDialysIs (VIVALDI) study including 625 patients. In this cohort study, patients were prospectively followed for a median observation period of 3.5 years for the occurrence of major bleeding. First, performances of existing bleeding risk scores (i.e., HAS-BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and four others) were evaluated in terms of discrimination and calibration. Second, four machine learning-based prediction models that included clinical, dialysis-specific, and laboratory parameters were developed and tested using Monte Carlo cross-validation.
Results Of 625 patients (median age: 66 years, 37% women), 89 (14.2%) developed major bleeding, with a 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year cumulative incidence of 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2–8.0), 10.3% (95% CI: 8.0–12.8), and 13.5% (95% CI: 10.8–16.2), respectively. C-statistics of the seven contemporary bleeding risk scores ranged between 0.54 and 0.59 indicating poor discriminatory performance. The HAS-BLED score showed the highest C-statistic of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.53–0.66). Similarly, all four machine learning-based predictions models performed poorly in internal validation (C-statistics ranging from 0.49 to 0.55).
Conclusion Existing bleeding risk scores and a machine learning approach including common clinical parameters fail to assist in bleeding risk prediction of patients on HD. Therefore, new approaches, including novel biomarkers, to improve bleeding risk prediction in patients on HD are needed.
Comparison of Summative Temporal Bone Dissection Scales Demonstrate Equivalence
Authors: Hochman Jordan B. , Pisa Justyn , Singh Shubhi , Gousseau Michael , Unger Bert 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction Temporal bone surgery is a unique and complicated surgical skill that requires extensive training. There is an educational requirement to maximize trainee experience and provide effective feedback.
Objective We evaluate three temporal bone dissection scales for efficacy, reliability, and accuracy in identifying resident skill during temporal bone surgery.
Methods Residents of various skill levels performed a mastoidectomy with posterior tympanotomy on identic 3D-printed temporal bone models. Four blinded otologic surgeons evaluated each specimen at two separate intervals using three separate dissection scales: the Welling Scale (WS), the Iowa Temporal Bone Assessment Tool (ITBAT), and the CanadaWest Scale (CWS). Scores from each scale were compared in their ability to accurately separate residents by skill level, inter- and intrarater reliability, and efficiency in application.
Results Nineteen residents from 9 postgraduate programs participated. Assessment was clustered into junior (postgraduate year or PGY 1, 2), intermediate (PGY 3) and senior resident (PGY 4, 5) cohorts. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences between cohort performance (p < 0.05) for all 3 scales considering the PGY level and the subjective account of temporal bone surgical experience. The inter-rater reliability was consistent across each scale. The intrarater reliability was comparable between the CWS (0.711) and the WS (0.713), but not the ITBAT (0.289). Time (in seconds) to complete scoring for each scale was also comparable between the CWS (42.7 ± 16.8), the WS (76.6 ± 14.5), and the ITBAT (105.6 ± 38.9).
Conclusion All three scales demonstrated construct validity and consistency in performance, and consideration should be given to judicious use in training.
Neurodegeneration and Early Infantile Epilepsy Associated with ITPA Variants: A Case Series and Review of Literature
Authors: Sharma Yashu , Saini Arushi Gahlot , Kaur Rajdeep , Bhatia Vikas , Didwal Gunjan , Kumar Pawan , Uppala Revathi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase) deficiency associated with mutations in the ITPA gene is a recently characterized purine pathway defect that presents with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and lethal course. This disorder is rare, and only 12 cases are reported worldwide.
Methods We report two additional cases of ITPA-associated neurodegeneration and two pathogenic compound heterozygous variants. We also reviewed the previously published cases of ITPA-associated encephalopathy.
Results Both cases presented with progressive infantile-onset encephalopathy, severe developmental delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, and epilepsy. Together with the presented two cases, 14 cases were available for analysis. The mean age of presentation was 16.7 ± 12.4 months (range 3–48 m). The most common clinical features at presentation were developmental delay, seizures, microcephaly, and hypotonia, seen in all 14 (100%) patients. The mean age of seizure onset was 4.75 months (range 2–14 m). Cardiomyopathy was noted in 42% of patients where it was explicitly evaluated (n = 5/12). Consanguinity was reported in 77% of the cases. The cardinal neuroradiological features are T2-signal abnormalities and diffusion restriction in the long tracts, especially the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the optic radiation. The majority of the patients died before 4 years of age (85.7%).
Conclusion ITPA-related encephalopathy presents with infantile-onset neurodegeneration, progressive microcephaly, and epilepsy. Progressive brain atrophy and diffusion restriction in the white matter tracts are important radiological clues.
Substrate rigidity modulates traction forces and stoichiometry of cell–matrix adhesions
Authors: Balcioglu Hayri E. , Harkes Rolf , Danen Erik H. J. , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: January 2022

In cell–matrix adhesions, integrin receptors and associated proteins provide a dynamic coupling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoskeleton. This allows bidirectional transmission of forces between the ECM and the cytoskeleton, which tunes intracellular signaling cascades that control survival, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. The quantitative relationships between recruitment of distinct cell–matrix adhesion proteins and local cellular traction forces are not known. Here, we applied quantitative super-resolution microscopy to cell–matrix adhesions formed on fibronectin-stamped elastomeric pillars and developed an approach to relate the number of talin, vinculin, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) molecules to the local cellular traction force. We find that FAK recruitment does not show an association with traction-force application, whereas a ∼60 pN force increase is associated with the recruitment of one talin, two vinculin, and two paxillin molecules on a substrate with an effective stiffness of 47 kPa. On a substrate with a fourfold lower effective stiffness, the stoichiometry of talin:vinculin:paxillin changes to 2:12:6 for the same ∼60 pN traction force. The relative change in force-related vinculin recruitment indicates a stiffness-dependent switch in vinculin function in cell–matrix adhesions. Our results reveal a substrate-stiffness-dependent modulation of the relationship between cellular traction-force and the molecular stoichiometry of cell–matrix adhesions.
Novel stimuli evoke excess activity in the mouse primary visual cortex
Authors: Homann Jan , Koay Sue Ann , Chen Kevin S. , Tank David W. , Berry Michael J. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Rapid detection and processing of stimulus novelty are key elements of adaptive behavior. Predictive coding theories postulate that novel stimuli should be encoded differently from familiar stimuli. Here, we show that the majority of neurons in layer 2/3 of the mouse primary visual cortex exhibit a significant excess response to novel visual stimuli. The distinction between novel and familiar images developed rapidly, requiring only a few repeated presentations. We show that this phenomenon can be described by a model of cascading adaptation. This ubiquitous mechanism makes it likely that similar computations could be carried out in many brain areas.
Rewarding cognitive effort increases the intrinsic value of mental labor
Authors: Clay Georgia , Mlynski Christopher , Korb Franziska M. , Goschke Thomas , Job Veronika 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Many extraordinary human skills like reading, mastering an instrument, or programming require thousands of hours of practice and continued exertion of mental effort. However, the importance of mental effort often contrasts with currently dominant theories suggesting that effort is aversive and something people avoid whenever possible. Here, we show that rewarding participants for the exertion of effort in a cognitive task increased their preference for more demanding tasks in a transfer phase. This provides evidence that people can learn to positively value effort and demanding tasks in the absence of extrinsic reward. These findings challenge currently dominant theories of mental effort and point to the role of learning environments for the development of effort-related motivation.
Sequence-specific RNA recognition by an RGG motif connects U1 and U2 snRNP for spliceosome assembly
Authors: de Vries Tebbe , Martelly William , Campagne Sébastien , Sabath Kevin , Sarnowski Chris P. , Wong Jason , Leitner Alexander , Jonas Stefanie , Sharma Shalini , Allain Frédéric H.-T. 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is a key regulatory step in gene expression. The splicing reaction is mediated by the spliceosome, a dynamic complex comprising five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which assembles onto each intron in multiple steps. We present detailed structural analysis and supporting functional data of an important protein–RNA interaction between human U1 and U2 snRNP. Our structure shows that an intrinsically disordered arginine-glycine (RGG/RG)–rich motif of a U2 snRNP subunit forms an RNA-sequence–specific connection with U1 snRNP. This study broadens the functional scope of unstructured RGG/RG-rich motifs in RNA binding proteins and provides a molecular basis of early steps of spliceosome assembly, which may help develop innovative therapeutic strategies against diseases originating from splicing defects.
The /s/ ~ /z/ voice contrast in L1 French, L1 Spanish and L1 Italian learners of L2 English
Authors: Mairano Paolo , Contreras Roa Leonardo , Capliez Marc , Bouzon Caroline 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, we present a comparative corpus-based analysis of the English /s/ ~ /z/ voice contrast for learners
of three L1s. Acoustic analysis of periodicity and duration for target segments confirms expectations based on L1 transfer and on
the Markedness Differential Hypothesis. We found that, due to the absence of phonemic /z/ in Spanish, L1 Spanish learners exhibit
great difficulty in producing voiced realisations for /z/, and more so in the (more marked) word-final position than in the (less
marked) word-medial position. In contrast, L1 French and L1 Italian learners did not exhibit difficulties in reproducing the
voicing patterns of English /s/ ~ /z/ neither word-medially nor word-finally, due to the existence of these sounds in their L1
(and despite differences in relative markedness for these two positions, especially considering that word-final /z/ does not exist
in Italian). Finally, we observed the impact of orthography on the production of L1 French and L1 Italian learners, affecting the
periodicity of /s/ and /z/ depending on spelling transparency.