bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy in hospitalised adult COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Marcec Robert , Dodig Vinko Michael , Radanovic Igor , Likic Robert 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy has been suggested as a potential treatment option for hospitalised COVID‐19 patients. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the potential impact of IVIg on mortality and length of hospitalisation in adult COVID‐19 patients. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and medRxiv were searched in the week of 20.12.2021 for English language, prospective trials, and retrospective studies with control groups, reporting on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in adult hospitalised COVID‐19 patients. Exclusion criteria were: studies evaluating the use of IVIg in paediatric COVID‐19 cases, trials using convalescent anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 plasma or immunoglobulins derived from convalescent anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 plasma. A random effects meta‐analysis with subgroup analyses regarding study design and patient disease severity according to WHO criteria was also performed. A total of 13 studies were included, of which 6 were prospective, on a total of 2313 (IVIg = 1104, control = 1209) patient outcomes. Meta‐analysis results indicated that IVIg therapy had no statistically significant effect on mortality (RR 0.91 [0.59; 1.39], p = 0.65, I2 = 69% [46%; 83%]) or length of hospital stay (MD 0.51 [−2.80; 3.81], p = 0.76, I2 = 96% [94%; 98%]). Subgroup analyses indicated no statistically significant impact on either outcome, but prospective studies' results suggested that IVIg may increase the length of hospitalisation in the severe COVID‐19 patient group (MD 2.66 [1.43; 3.90], p < 0.01, I2 = 0% [0%; >90%]). The results of this meta‐analysis do not support use of IVIg in hospitalised adult COVID‐19 patients.
Short‐term effects of organic matter and compaction manipulations on soil temperature, moisture, and soil respiration for 2 years in the Oregon Cascades
Authors: Gallo Adrian C. , Holub Scott M. , Littke Kim , Lajtha Kate , Maguire Doug , Hatten Jeff A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the factors controlling nutrient dynamics can help guide forest management plans to promote their long‐term productivity. We used experimental treatments with three levels of biomass removals and two levels of compaction to monitor the impacts to soil biophysical characteristics in an intensively managed forest. Soil temperature, moisture, and respiration observations began 6 mo after treatment installation completion and continued for 2 yr. Compaction had few consistent significant effects on measured variables, and there were negligible differences in volumetric soil water content between whole tree (WT) and bole only (BO) harvesting. Compared with BO, the 10‐cm average and maximum growing season temperatures in WT significantly increased by 1.2 and 2.5 °C, respectively. The effects of WT removals resulted in whole profile (10–100 cm) increases in the average and maximum growing season soil temperatures. The WT removals resulted in an increase of 1.4 times more soil growing degree days (SGDD) at 10 cm and 1.6 times more at 100 cm compared with BO. Despite favorable temperature and moisture conditions, differences in soil respiration could not be explained by biomass or compaction treatments. The uncut reference forest was consistently cooler and drier, but respired more CO2 throughout both years of observation compared with treated areas. The large physical disturbance of forest harvesting on the site likely masked any incremental treatment differences by homogenizing the microbial response in the ensuing 2‐yr study period. Future research should continue to investigate whether these soil biophysical changes influence site productivity or more sensitive indices of soil C dynamics.
How to Balance Individual and Collective Values After COVID-19? Ethical Reflections on Crowd Management at Dutch Train Stations
Authors: Dameski Andrej , Spahn Andreas , Pouw Caspar A. S. , Corbetta Alessandro , Toschi Federico , Bombaerts Gunter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the shift in the balance of individual versus collective values instigated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The incredible viral spread rate among the population and its relatively high fatality rate has initially resulted in an assertion of the primacy of collective values (such as collective safety, collective responsibility, conformism). In contrast, individual rights and values (such as the individual counterparts of autonomy, freedom, responsibility, and privacy) took a ‘back seat’ for the good of the collective. However, as the pandemic extended over the months, there emerged a pressure to reject the primacy of collective values and restore the importance of individual values. If we are to return to a healthy and prosperous living within a well-functioning society, this balance shift between collective and individual values will have to be re-negotiated and resolved to reach a societally acceptable balance position.We conduct this ethical exploration, first, by following the ethico-philosophical discussion on the balance between individual and collective values generally, as well as in times of crisis, with special focus on the COVID-19 crisis. Second, we explore this topic through the lens of recent changes to how particular technologies were and are used before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. More precisely, we identify and explore broad trends we see relevant to ethics – with a particular focus on crowd management and nudging and on the balance shift between individual and collective values. Finally, by exploring findings from a sociophysics case study dealing with crowd management of people before and during the pandemic, we argue that some sociophysical phenomena can be used as proxies for ethical principles. Here, distance is used as a conceptual proxy for individual and collective responsibility, having in mind COVID-19 distancing rules and recommendation.With all the above, we identify several broad trends that have been instigated by the pandemic that are relevant to ethics. These changes relate to future crowd management, nudging, and control; individual (per-person) tracking; insistence on the importance of collective values in times of crisis, and the rejection of this infringement upon individual rights. In this regard, we assert that such value changes are an opportunity to rethink and (re)set balance points between individual and collective rights for each particular society.
Rhetorics of Resilience and Extended Crises: Reasoning in the Moral Situation of Our Post-Pandemic World
Authors: Copeland Samantha , Cañizares-Gaztelu Jose C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks closely at the use of resilience as a value in pandemic discourses, and particularly at how it reflects the moral complexity of the situation the pandemic presents: an extended crisis where shocks and stressors interact and have an uncertain end. We review key aspects of how resilience has been conceptualised, generally speaking, focusing on its normative implications. Insofar as resilience is suggested as a goal, or used to evaluate individuals, groups and systems, the rhetorical use of resilience in the pandemic has moral implications that we unpack. Asking questions such as resilience to what, of what, and for whom, drives our analysis of the multiple scales at which morally relevant factors must be considered, in terms of distance and certainty, and across space and over time. Further, we highlight the importance of particularly challenging, intersecting scales both within and beyond the pandemic, such as the interaction between other- and self-regarding concerns and the tension between transformation and conservation, as we consider when to take up opportunities for improving ourselves, our society and our systems, in times of extended crises and radical change. Given that a ‘return to normal’ is neither universally desirable nor likely, we recommend in this chapter ways to address resilience as a value that can shape approaches to policy and behaviour while also being explicit about the normative—evaluative and also prescriptive—implications of its use.
Contact Tracing Apps for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Responsible Innovation Perspective
Authors: Ogoh George , Akintoye Simisola , Eke Damian Okaibedi , Leach Tonii , Ochang Paschal , Owoseni Adebowale , Oyeniji Oluyinka , Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has brought about the first real opportunity to test the efficacy of the Responsible Research and Innovation framework or RRI in a global health crisis. This is in view of the bold new approaches to health research and innovation that the pandemic has paved the way for. One such approach is the digital contact tracing application (CTA). Although contact tracing has been a fundamental part of infectious disease control for decades, this is the first time this technique has been used in mobile applications. Based on a Multivocal Literature Review, the development of CTAs in four countries – France, Germany, Spain, and the UK – was assessed to understand what dimensions of RRI can be identified in the governments’ response to COVID-19. This chapter shows that although from 2011, RRI has been promoted as a governance approach for increasing societal desirability of the processes and products of science and technology, very little is known about how the framework may be applied in a health crisis. Notwithstanding that RRI was not explicitly referenced during the development of CTAs in France, the UK, Spain, and Germany, the analysis has identified some interesting linkage to this framework. It shows that while no RRI approach was explicitly embraced by these governments, some key components were present – even though inadequately. It also indicates that, while it is challenging to apply RRI in crises, there is value in using it as an analytical tool for techno-social responses in situations, like those created by the COVID-19 health crisis.
The Accident
Authors: Jinnah Zaheera 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I use a case study of an underground accident to illustrate the pervasive forms of exclusion that the urban poor face. It follows the story of Florence, the wife of a miner who has been injured underground, and subsequently arrested, as she and others like her interface with the criminal justice and public health care sectors. Through these engagements, the chapter constructs an argument of the informalisation of governance in South Africa and its dangers.
The Future
Authors: Jinnah Zaheera 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, the arguments and evidence from proceeding chapters are woven together to discuss how informality can lead to an erosion in democracy. Additional political analysis from 2021–2022 help frame the argument of a precarious future for the country’s political stability. At the same time, the book ends on a note of hope by returning to the voice of the Zama Zama, and how they construct agency and meaning in the face of ontological insecurity.
Quantum nucleation of topological solitons
Authors: Eto Minoru , Nitta Muneto 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chiral soliton lattice is an array of topological solitons realized as ground states of QCD at finite density under strong magnetic fields or rapid rotation, and chiral magnets with an easy-plane anisotropy. In such cases, topological solitons have negative energy due to topological terms originating from the chiral magnetic or vortical effect and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, respectively. We study quantum nucleation of topological solitons in the vacuum through quantum tunneling in 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 dimensions, by using a complexϕ4(or the axion) model with a topological term proportional to an external field, which is a simplification of low-energy theories of the above systems. In 2 + 1 dimensions, a pair of a vortex and an anti-vortex is connected by a linear soliton, while in 3 + 1 dimensions, a vortex is string-like, a soliton is wall-like, and a disk of a soliton wall is bounded by a string loop. Since the tension of solitons can be effectively negative due to the topological term, such a composite configuration of a finite size is created by quantum tunneling and subsequently grows rapidly. We estimate the nucleation probability analytically in the thin-defect approximation and fully calculate it numerically using the relaxation (gradient flow) method. The nucleation probability is maximized when the direction of the soliton is perpendicular to the external field. We find a good agreement between the thin-defect approximation and direct numerical simulation in 2 + 1 dimensions if we read the vortex tension from the numerics, while we find a difference between them at short distances interpreted as a remnant energy in 3 + 1 dimensions.
Gravity factorized
Authors: Blommaert Andreas , Iliesiu Luca V. , Kruthoff Jorrit 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We find models of two dimensional gravity that resolve the factorization puzzle and have a discrete spectrum, whilst retaining a semiclassical description. A novelty of these models is that they contain non-trivially correlated spacetime branes or, equivalently, nonlocal interactions in their action. Such nonlocal correlations are motivated in the low-energy gravity theory by integrating out UV degrees of freedom. Demanding factorization fixes almost all brane correlators, and the exact geometric expansion of the partition function collapses to only two terms: the black hole saddle and a subleading “half-wormhole” geometry, whose sum yields the desired discrete spectrum. By mapping the insertion of correlated branes to a certain double-trace deformation in the dual matrix integral, we show that factorization and discreteness also persist non-perturbatively. While in our model all wormholes completely cancel, they are still computationally relevant: self-averaging quantities, like the Page curve, computed in the original theory with wormholes, accurately approximate observables in our theory, which accounts for UV corrections. Our models emphasize the importance of correlations between different disconnected components of spacetime, providing a possible resolution to the factorization puzzle in any number of dimensions.
Metric approach to a $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$-like deformation in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Conti Riccardo , Romano Jacopo , Tateo Roberto 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We consider a one-parameter family of composite fields — bi-linear in the components of the stress-energy tensor — which generalise the $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$
T

T
¯

operator to arbitrary space-time dimension d ≥ 2. We show that they induce a deformation of the classical action which is equivalent — at the level of the dynamics — to a field-dependent modification of the background metric tensor according to a specific flow equation. Even though the starting point is the flat space, the deformed metric is generally curved for any d > 2, thus implying that the corresponding deformation can not be interpreted as a coordinate transformation. The central part of the paper is devoted to the development of a recursive algorithm to compute the coefficients of the power series expansion of the solution to the metric flow equation. We show that, under some quite restrictive assumptions on the stress-energy tensor, the power series yields an exact solution. Finally, we consider a class of theories in d = 4 whose stress-energy tensor fulfils the assumptions above mentioned, namely the family of abelian gauge theories in d = 4. For such theories, we obtain the exact expression of the deformed metric and the vierbein. In particular, the latter result implies that ModMax theory in a specific curved space is dynamically equivalent to its Born-Infeld-like extension in flat space. We also discuss a dimensional reduction of the latter theories from d = 4 to d = 2 in which an interesting marginal deformation of d = 2 field theories emerges.
Pulsatile lavage systems and their potential to penetrate soft tissue
Authors: Knappe Kevin , Lunz Andre , Bülhoff Matthias , Schonhoff Mareike , Renkawitz Tobias , Kretzer Jan Philippe , Jaeger Sebastian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
In orthopedic and trauma surgery, pulsatile lavage systems are used to clean soft tissue. This may be necessary in septic surgeries or in case of contaminated wounds after trauma. Positive features such as reduction of bacterial contamination and removal of foreign particles are counterbalanced by negative aspects such as bacterial seeding in deeper tissue layers, damage to various tissues and even cases of air embolism.

Purpose
The aim of this prospective experimental in vitro study was to compare impact pressure and flow rate in three different pulsatile lavage systems and to determine, whether these parameters alter their ability to reach deeper soft tissue layers.

Methods
To test the penetration of soft tissue, the muscle tissue was flushed with contrast medium instead of saline fluid and afterwards scanned by computed tomography.

Results
Impact pressure and flow rate showed significant differences between the different systems. There were no significant differences between the three devices in terms of total penetration volume, but there were significant differences in penetration depth.

Conclusion
In this study, we found that higher impact pressure leads to deeper penetration and therefore bacteria are likely to be transferred to deeper tissue layers.
A radiological index that influences the outcome following patellofemoral joint arthroplasty: the anterior trochlea offset ratio
Authors: Aweid Osama , Ahearn Nathanael , Metcalfe Andrew J. , Eldridge Jonathan , Porteous Andrew , Murray James R. ,   The Bristol Knee Group, Porteous Andrew , Eldridge Jonathon , Robinson James , Murray James , Davies Hywel , Howells Nick , Clark Damian , Putnis Sven , Hassaballa Mo , Bray Rachel , Negrut Corina , MacDonald Karen , Miller Suzanne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Although largely successful, patellofemoral joint arthroplasty (PFA) has a less than satisfactory outcome in some patients. It was hypothesized that certain factors can be identified on radiological review that correlate with poor patient reported outcomes following PFA.

Methods
A retrospective cohort review of 369 patients undergoing PFA at our institution between 2005 and 2018 identified 43 “poor outcome” patients with an Oxford Knee Score (OKS) of less than 20 at 2 years follow up. These cases were matched by sex and age with 43 “good outcome” patients who had an OKS above 40 at 2 years post-op. Multiple radiological measurements were performed including anterior trochlea offset ratio (ATOR), component flexion/extension, component varus/valgus, component to bone width ratio and retinacular index. The OKS PROM was the primary outcome of the study. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to analyze the differences in radiological indices between the two groups.

Results
Intraclass correlation coefficients for inter-observer and intra-observer reliability were 0.90–0.98 for all indices measured. The only index demonstrating statistical significance between the groups was the ATOR (p = 0.003). The good outcome group had a mean ATOR of 0.19 whereas the poor outcome group had a mean ATOR of 0.24.

Conclusions
Lower ATOR on radiological review was strongly associated with improved outcomes following PFA. The surgeon should therefore take particular care to prevent increasing the anterior offset of the trochlea component when performing PFA.

Level of evidence
Retrospective cohort study, Level III.
Fractional (p, q)-Schrödinger Equations with Critical and Supercritical Growth
Authors: Ambrosio Vincenzo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we complete the study started in Ambrosio and Rădulescu (J Math Pures Appl (9) 142:101–145, 2020) on the concentration phenomena for a class of fractional (p, q)-Schrödinger equations involving the fractional critical Sobolev exponent. More precisely, we focus our attention on the following class of fractional (p, q)-Laplacian problems:$$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} (-\Delta )^{s}_{p}u+(-\Delta )^{s}_{q}u + V(\varepsilon x) (u^{p-1} + u^{q-1})= f(u)+u^{q^{*}_{s}-1} \, \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^{N}, \\ u\in W^{s, p}(\mathbb {R}^{N})\cap W^{s,q}(\mathbb {R}^{N}), \, u>0 \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^{N}, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$(-Δ)psu+(-Δ)qsu+V(εx)(up-1+uq-1)=f(u)+uqs∗-1inRN,u∈Ws,p(RN)∩Ws,q(RN),u>0inRN,where$$\varepsilon >0$$ε>0is a small parameter,$$s\in (0, 1)$$s∈(0,1),$$1<p<q<\frac{N}{s}$$1<p<q<Ns,$$q^{*}_{s}=\frac{Nq}{N-sq}$$qs∗=NqN-sqis the fractional critical Sobolev exponent,$$(-\Delta )^{s}_{r}$$(-Δ)rs, with$$r\in \{p, q\}$$r∈{p,q}, is the fractionalr-Laplacian operator,$$V:\mathbb {R}^{N}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$V:RN→Ris a positive continuous potential such that$$\inf _{\partial \Lambda }V>\inf _{\Lambda } V$$inf∂ΛV>infΛVfor some bounded open set$$\Lambda \subset \mathbb {R}^{N}$$Λ⊂RN, and$$f:\mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$f:R→Ris a continuous nonlinearity with subcritical growth. With the aid of minimax theorems and the Ljusternik–Schnirelmann category theory, we obtain multiple solutions by employing the topological construction of the set where the potentialVattains its minimum. We also establish a multiplicity result when$$f(t)=t^{\gamma -1}+\mu t^{\tau -1}$$f(t)=tγ-1+μtτ-1, with$$1< p<q<\gamma<q^{*}_{s}<\tau $$1<p<q<γ<qs∗<τand$$\mu >0$$μ>0sufficiently small, by combining a truncation argument with a Moser-type iteration.
Nutritional state variations in a tropical seabird throughout its breeding season
Authors: Lerma Miriam , Dehnhard Nina , Castillo-Guerrero José Alfredo , Fernández Guillermo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIndividual body condition is frequently used to explain differences in foraging and breeding ecology in seabirds. However, little is known about the covariations of body mass with the nutritional state of animals as measured through plasma metabolites and how these different measures vary between and within individuals during breeding. Here, we assessed intra-individual variations of plasma metabolites (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, and ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations) and in body mass of Blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii) throughout their breeding season 2011–2012 in Isla El Rancho, Mexico. We found breeding-stage and sex-specific variations in individuals’ plasma metabolite concentrations, but these did not mirror variations in body mass. Before egg-laying, females had higher triglycerides, cholesterol, and protein concentrations than males. In contrast, males used their nutritional reserves (higher ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations) more than females during the breeding season (except for early chick-rearing). At the individual level, males gained weight during the breeding season, whereas females lost weight. We also found that between-individual differences in plasma metabolite concentrations and changes in body mass were not consistent throughout the breeding season, while individual body mass was significantly repeatable. This study contributes to a better understanding of seabird breeding ecology and physiology by showing that sex-specific breeding roles might highly influence the nutritional state. Similar patterns might occur in other seabird species, helping to explain why we can find stage- and sex-specific foraging behaviors even in monomorphic species.