bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis sequesters more carbon than growth does
Authors: Buesa René J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Carbon sequestration by marine plants has traditionally been measured based on biomass from growth rates. However, our work hypothesis is that photosynthesis based sequestration should yield larger values. In the Northwestern Cuban shelf, our study area, the combined photosynthesis of six seaweeds genera Halimeda thalli, and turtle grass leaves resulted in an estimated 350 t CO2 km-2 y-1 sequestered, 3.4 times the 102 t C km-2 y-1 from growth, validating the hypothesis. Other existing CO2 sequestration estimates are at least threefold smaller meaning that the world growth average of 119 t C km-2 y-1 should be increased to 357 t C km-2 y-1, similar to sequestration in the study area. Because high salinity and water transparency benefit the studied species’ growth, they can be qualified as oceanic. Biomass growth rates are expressed as “t C km-2 y-1” to facilitate comparisons with that in other areas. Sequestration values in this study are based on turn-over-rates of species’ dry biomasses collected 50 years ago, so they can be used as a baseline for present and future studies.
A Cyber Resilience Analysis Case Study of an Industrial Operational Technology Environment
Authors: Perrett Kirsty , Wilson Ian David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cyber resilience is an active research area offering a novel approach to Cyber Security. The term appeared due to the concerning number of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a framework to assist organisations with techniques and approaches to improving cyber resilience. However, there is a sparsity of case studies that speak to the adoption or measurement of these novel approaches within a complex industrial control environment. This paper presents a case study analysis of a manufacturing plant assessment drawing on key themes from the NIST literature.
The paper presents how well NIST constructs can be adopted to find cyber resilient enhancement opportunities and to decide if an evaluation of the results could supply a quantitative baseline measure of an organisation’s overall resilience. Conclusions drawn show that although the framework did partially aid with the analysis process, the frameworks ease of adoption assumes an organisation has a conventional cyber security foundation; NIST should make this clear within their guidance. Furthermore, the accompanying evaluation process was not sufficient to quantitatively measure the overall cyber resilience maturity for this case study.
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Precipitation Anomalies Using Rainfall Gini Index Between 1980 and 2022
Authors: Sahbeni Ghada , Jarocki Konrad , Pleynet Jean-Baptiste 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As a reaction to the expanding challenges associated with social susceptibility and their interconnection to diverse environmental threats, parametric insurance plays a key role as an innovation tool in the insurance sector to enhance social resilience to natural disasters and extreme climatic conditions, which can tremendously impact several economic sectors, including agriculture and as a result food security. In this context, this study investigates the association between rainfall Gini index and drought events in Northern Europe. For this purpose, we acquired ERA5 data for daily precipitation for five locations from 1980 to 2022. Gini Index (GI) values were calculated and analyzed for each location with the Mann–Kendall test at a 5% significance level. As expected, a minimal decreasing trend has been observed for daily precipitation, while an increasing trend was recorded for Gini Index. In addition, data on the Soil Moisture Index (SMI) and top drought events were extracted from the European Drought Observatory (EDO) to explore their potential association with the Gini index over time and space. Although a moderately low to negligible correlation, ranging between -0.27 and 0.02, was found between SMI and GI, a qualitative comparison between major drought episodes and Gini index anomaly showed that similar spatiotemporal patterns are present across the region, particularly for extreme drought events in 1996-1997 and 2003. The current study elucidates the rainfall Gini Index’s efficiency as a drought indicator for qualitative analysis, yet more work must be conducted to quantitatively evaluate its association with drought magnitude.
Do not put all your eggs in one basket: social perspectives on desalination and water recycling in Israel
Authors: Sneegas Gretchen , Seghezzo Lucas , Brannstrom Christian , Jepson Wendy , Eckstein Gabriel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Israel has set ambitious goals in terms of the widespread adoption of desalination and water recycling technologies. Policymakers in Israel consider these technologies as the key to improve urban water security but knowledge of stakeholder views on this policy approach is not well established. We deployed the Q-methodology, a qualitative–quantitative approach, to empirically determine social perspectives on desalination and water recycling across a wide range of stakeholders in the Israeli water sector. We identified the following four distinctive social perspectives: (1) desalination should be the option of last resort; (2) desalination is moving us to an infinite resource; (3) equating savings to resources is a dangerous illusion; and (4) desalination is (risky) electric water. A common characteristic of these perspectives is the belief that desalination is necessary for a water-secure country, but desalination should not be the only source of drinking water in Israel. Our findings indicate that Israeli stakeholders show complex and contingent understandings of the pros and cons of desalination and water recycling and the risks involved in too much reliance on a limited number of water sources. We discuss the potential implications of our findings for water management and security in Israel and other places with water scarcity concerns.
Know-what, know-when and know-how: A web and mobile-based android application for early detection of pump failures in rural water supply projects, Tanzania
Authors: Marwa Leah Isack , Munishi Subira , Mwamila Tulinave B. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Tanzania, like other developing countries, experiences frequent water supply project failures during its operations leading to subsequent loss in revenues annually which is mainly attributable to pumping system failure. While a lot of investment is spent on establishing new water supply projects, little attention is paid to the functioning of these systems, leading to the abandonment of most projects due to pump failures. The purpose of the study was to assess the operational situation of water pumps and develop an appropriate application for early faults detection to foster prompt remedial actions. A site visit and online survey with questionnaires were performed to collect information on water pump problems in 13 regions in Tanzania. The study revealed that 82% of pumps face excessive power consumption, 53% fail due to broken seals, 41% encounter no or low flow, 35% have no or low pressure and 24% produce excessive noise or vibration. The Pump Diagnosis Tool (PDP) application is developed to provide rapid insight into the condition and state of the pumping system and the required measures to address the problem. The PDT has the potential to detect and diagnose pump problems in a timely manner to avoid total failure which is potentially the major driver behind water supply work breakdowns.
Analysis of steady flow in radial porous media
Authors: Sadeghian Jalal , Norouzi Hadi , Bazargan Jalal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The outflow depth from the radial porous media (inflow to the well) is very useful as the downstream boundary condition and the starting point for water surface profile calculations. Based on the studies, unlike the Stephenson's hypothesis (the outflow depth is equal to the critical depth), the outflow depth from the rockfill media is a coefficient (Γ) of the critical depth. In the present study, using several (large scale and almost real) experimental data in the radial non-Darcy flow condition, dimensional analysis and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, an equation was presented to calculate the mentioned coefficient based on upstream water depth (h) and distance between the well center and the upstream (R). Then, using the calculated outflow depth and the 1D flow analysis equations, the water surface profile in the radial non-Darcy condition was calculated for the first time. The results showed that considering an outflow depth equal to the critical depth and using the proposed solution in the present study, the mean relative error (MRE) values of 83.43% and 3.53% were obtained, respectively. In addition, using the proposed solution for different experimental conditions, an average MRE of 2.58% was calculated for the water surface profile.
Optimization of roughing filtration unit for a handwashing wastewater recirculation point-of-use system
Authors: Olupot Peter Wilberforce , Menya Emmanuel , Jjagwe Joseph , Wakatuntu Joel , Román Franz , Hensel Oliver 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A downward roughing filter unit consisting of silica sand as the filter medium was optimized for performance towards removal of turbidity and suspended solids from handwashing wastewater. Design-Expert software was employed to optimize media particle size, filter depth, and flowrate. Linear and quadratic models were found to best fit the responses of turbidity and suspended solids removal, respectively. Particle size and flow rate were the only parameters with significant effects on removal of turbidity and suspended solids. Optimal conditions were found to be media particle size 0.6 mm, filter depth 12 cm, and flow rate 0.3 Lmin−1, corresponding to removal efficiencies of 62 and 67% for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively, as predicted by the model. Validation of model at optimal conditions resulted in turbidity and TSS removal of 55 and 53%, respectively. Additionally, removal efficiencies of the roughing filter towards apparent colour, true colour, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from handwashing wastewater were 56, 20, 32, and 5%, respectively. Overall, although turbidity of filtered water was &gt;50 NTU, the reduction achieved by roughing filtration is a significant step in enhancing the performance of water treatment processes downstream, including filtration and adsorption by slow sand filters and activated carbon, respectively.
Elucidation of the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Run-zao-zhiyang
Capsule for Itch based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking
and In Vitro Experiment
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Li Huixin , Yang Zixuan , Huang Chunyue , Sun Yichun , Hu Xiao 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) Run-zao-zhi-yang capsule
(RZZY) is commonly used in treating itch in China. However, there are few studies on its mechanisms.
In this study, we revealed the mechanisms and molecular targets of RZZY for itch by network
pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments.

Methods:
The network pharmacology consisted of active ingredient collection, target acquisition,
enrichment analysis, biological process analysis, and network construction. Molecular docking was
carried out using molegro virtual docker (MVD) software. LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were
used to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.

Results:
We collected 483 high-confidence targets that interacted with 16 active compounds of
RZZY, including 121 common genes related to itch. 43 important targets and 20 important pathways
were identified according to the network and system analysis. Target-pathway network function
analysis suggested that RZZY is treated for itch by multiple ways in immune regulation, hormone
adjustment, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. Molecular docking results demonstrated
that daidzein and formononetin could be closely combined with 4 proteins. In vitro experiments
displayed that RZZY, sophocarpine, catalpol, emodin, and daidzein had suppressive effects against
TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-6 production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, the result of
network pharmacology revealed that RZZY might be more suitable for senile pruritus, consistent
with the bibliometric analysis of RZZY’s clinical indications.

Conclusions:
This study illustrated the potential mechanisms and molecular targets of RZZY for
itch, which may contribute to the proper use of RZZY in clinical practice.
Birch Pollen Allergens
Authors: Guan Kai , Li Lisha , Chang Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract:Birch belongs to order Fagales and family Betulaceae. Birch pollen is one of the most important airborne inhaled allergens in the north temperate zone, leading to allergic rhinitis, asthma and pollen-related food allergy. The sensitization rate to birch pollen is about 8-16% in the general populations and 7-57% in patients seen at various allergy centers. Seven birch pollen allergens have been recognized by the International Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee, with Bet v 1 as the sole major allergen. Component-resolved diagnostics can help to discriminate broad cross-reactivity and false-positive diagnoses of pollen allergy caused by specific IgE to pan-allergens such as Bet v 2, 4 or Bet v 7 from true birch allergy represented by the major allergen Bet v 1-specific IgE. Patients with allergic symptoms to birch pollen showed significantly higher serum anti-Bet v 1 IgE concentrations than asymptomatic individuals with birch sensitization. Higher level of IgE to Bet v 1 also predicted oral allergy syndrome after the ingestion of Rosaceae fruits, nuts, or Apiaceae vegetables, which have cross-reactive homologous allergens with birch allergens. Bet v 1 is one of the first allergens developed using recombinant technology. Many forms of genetically modified Bet v 1 hypo-allergens have been developed and have shown benefit in animal models or even clinical trials of allergen immunotherapy.
Synthetic Transformation of 4-fluorobenzoic Acid to 4-fluorobenzohydrazide
Schiff Bases and 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Analogs having DPPH Radical Scavenging
Potential
Authors: Khan Momin , Fazal Zala , Alam Aftab , Ibrahim Mohammad , Ali Tehseen , Ali Mahboob , Khan Hafiz Danyal 
Published: November 2022

Aims:
Synthesis of 4-fluorobenzohydrazide Schiff bases and 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogs has a
DPPH radical scavenging potential.

Background:
Synthetic antioxidants are widely used because they are effective and cheaper than natural
antioxidants. Based on the literature survey, this present study is mainly focused on the study of the free
radical scavenging activity of the Schiff base and oxadiazole motifs.

Methods:
In this research work, Schiff’s base (4a-4g) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (5a-5g) derivatives based on
4-fluorobenzoic acid were synthesized through multistep reactions. Initially, 4-fluorobenzoic acid was
esterified in the presence of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in ethanol solvent, and then it was reacted with an
excess of hydrazine hydrate to obtain the desired 4-fluorobenzohydrazide. Various aromatic aldehydes
were reacted with 4-fluorobenzo hydrazide in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid to obtain
the desired hydrazones. Finally, different substituted hydrazones were cyclized in the presence of iodine
and potassium carbonate in DMSO to obtain substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. The progress of all reactions
was checked using thin-layer chromatography. The compounds were recrystallized from ethanol with
good yield. The synthesized compounds were characterized with the help of EI-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

Results:
The synthesized Schiff bases (4a-4g) and oxadiazole derivatives (5a-5g) of 4-fluorobenzoic acid
demonstrated good free radical scavenging activity. Among the series, Compound 4f (IC50 = 25.57 ± 7.41
μM), showed comparable activity when compared with the standard Vitamin C (IC50 = 19.39 ± 12.57
μM). Similarly Compound 4a (IC50 = 40.90 ± 1.92 μM), 4b (IC50 = 34.77 ± 1.03 μM), 4c (IC50 = 90.2 ±
2.90 μM), 4e (IC50 = 78.62 ± 9.64 μM), 4g (IC50 = 80.65 ± 1.80 μM), 5a (IC50 = 52.67 ± 4.98 μM) and 5f
(IC50 = 89.45 ± 9.11 μM) showed moderate antioxidant activity. Furthermore compounds, 4d (IC50 =
102.55 ± 10.4 μM), 5b (IC50 = 123.76 ± 12.34 μM), 5d (IC50 = 701.62 ± 1.06 μM), and 5e (IC50 = 102.87
± 7.98 μM) displayed less significant anti-oxidant potential, while compounds 5c and 5g were found inactive.

Conclusion:
Schiff’s base (4a-4g) and substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole (5a-5g) derivatives based on 4-
fluorobenzoic acid scaffolds were synthesized using standard pathways. All compounds were structurally
characterized through EI-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy and evaluated for their in vitro DPPH free radical
scavenging activity. In-vitro study reveals that the newly prepared derivatives of 4-fluorobenzoic acid
have potent antioxidant potential. Whereas compound 5c and 5g were found inactive, this study has recognized
a series of potential molecules as antioxidant agents and is useful in the field of medicinal chemistry.
Diabetes, Aging, and Insulin’s Reponic Features: Review
Authors: Moen Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract:
The aging process and the concomitant physiological changes that come with increasing
age have been a focus of researchers and the general population for centuries. The pursuit of
knowledge and understanding of the aging process was famously articulated by Aristotle, stating,
“education is the best provision for old age.” This remains true today in our quest to understand the
physiological underpinnings of aging and the incessant attempt to slow or reverse many of the processes.
The need to understand normal aging physiology is important to guide future targeted interventions
to promote autonomy and prevent impairment of functioning. The risk of frailty, “vulnerability
to stressors” and impaired or decreased functioning of a multitude of body systems is a
major public health consideration for adults 65 years or older. While there has been a plethora of
research on the aging effects of different systems throughout the body, the following literature review
will focus on our recent understanding of the components of nutrient handling, specifically
the endocrine system in older adults. By understanding the normal physiological changes that occur
in response to nutrients, future interventions can be targeted to promote an extension of optimal
functioning throughout the lifespan.
Identification of Multi-kinase Allosteric Inhibitors of Oncogenic Targets
EGFR1, PI3K, and BRAF Kinase
Authors: Kakarala Kavita Kumari , Jamil Kaiser 
Published: November 2022

Aim:
This study aimed to identify promising allosteric inhibitors with the potential to
inhibit EGFR1, PI3K, and BRAF kinases as a single agent or in a combination of existing drugs,
thus acting as a therapeutic option when traditional drugs fail to give a beneficial response in
disease pathology.

Background:
Upregulation of EGFR1 activates several downstream signaling pathways, resulting
in pathophysiological alterations that contribute to cancer. The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK)
and PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathways are major downstream signalling partners
induced by EGFR1 activation. Despite their vast importance, allosteric FDA-approved drugs targeting
EGFR1 and these pathways are not available.

Objective:
The objective of the study is to identify novel multi-kinase small molecules with the
potential to inhibit major sites of amplification of cancer signalling pathways, i.e., EGFR1,
PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signalling pathways targeting allosteric sites.

Method:
In silico methods were used to identify the potential inhibitors using EGFR1, PI3, and
BRAF crystal structures complexed with allosteric inhibitors. The potential novel molecules were
confirmed for their drug-likeness. Their stability of binding was also confirmed using molecular
dynamics simulation studies. To eliminate false negatives, this study used a pharmacophore and
structure-based targeting method.

Results:
The current study was effective in identifying drug-like small molecules, such as
ZINC38783966, ZINC01456629, ZINC01456628, and 124173751, 137352549, 137353176,
137352399, 132020316 from ZINC and PubChem database, respectively, with a potential to bind
EGFR1 (6DUK), PI3 (4A55) and BRAF (6P3D) at allosteric sites. A 50 ns molecular dynamics
investigation also revealed that these potential novel multitarget kinase allosteric inhibitors
exhibited stable binding.

Conclusion:
Alterations in EGFR1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK)
signalling pathways are observed in cancers in high frequency and are also used by viral and
environmental toxicants for pathologic purposes. These multi-kinase allosteric inhibitors will
provide insight into allosteric drug discovery and deepen our understanding of targeting these
pathways, either individually or in combination with orthosteric inhibitors.
Triazol-1-yl Benzamides Promote Anticoagulant Activity via Inhibition of
Factor XIIa
Authors: Al-Horani Rami A. , Afosah Daniel K. , Mottamal Madhusoodanan 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Human factor XIIa (FXIIa) is a plasma serine protease that plays a significant
role in several physiological and pathological processes. Animal models have revealed an
important contribution of FXIIa to thromboembolic diseases. Remarkably, animals and patients
with FXII deficiency appear to have normal hemostasis. Thus, FXIIa inhibition may serve as a
promising therapeutic strategy to attain safer and more effective anticoagulation. Very few small
molecule inhibitors of FXIIa have been reported. We synthesized and investigated a focused library
of triazol-1-yl benzamide derivatives for FXIIa inhibition.

Methods:
We chemically synthesized, characterized, and investigated a focused library of triazol-
1-yl benzamide derivatives for FXIIa inhibition. Using a standardized chromogenic substrate hydrolysis
assay, the derivatives were evaluated for inhibiting human FXIIa. Their selectivity over
other clotting factors was also evaluated using the corresponding substrate hydrolysis assays. The
best inhibitor affinity to FXIIa was also determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Effects on
the clotting times (prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)) of
human plasma were also studied.

Results:
We identified a specific derivative (1) as the most potent inhibitor in this series. The inhibitor
exhibited nanomolar binding affinity to FXIIa. It also exhibited significant selectivity
against several serine proteases. It also selectively doubled the activated partial thromboplastin
time of human plasma.

Conclusion:
Overall, this work puts forward inhibitor 1 as a potent and selective inhibitor of FXIIa
for further development as an anticoagulant.