bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Relationships of Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 Inoculation Date and Symptom Appearance and Yield in Yellow Squash
Authors: McLeod Paul , Scott H. A. , Morelock T. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In field studies, appearance of foliar symptoms in yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv Sundance) provided a better indication of time of watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2) inoculation than appearance of symptoms in fruit. Although the longest period of time between inoculation and foliar symptom appearance occurred with the last inoculation date (25 Sept.), differences in this period did not differ statistically among inoculation dates. Dates of fruit symptom appearance were more variable and were more related to plant developmental stage than to time of inoculation. The length of disease-free fruiting period and the number of disease-free fruit were reduced severely for plants receiving one of the first four weekly WMV-2 inoculations. Subsequent inoculations failed to reduce squash yield significantly.
Seasonal Development of the Leaf Canopy of ‘Macspur McIntosh’ Apple Trees
Authors: Forshey C. G. , Weires R. W. , VanKirk J. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Leaf canopy development of 7- and 10-year-old- ‘Macspur McIntosh’/M.7 apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees was studied in 1986. All growing points were counted on six trees of each age at budbreak and at appropriate intervals thereafter. The growing points were divided into old spurs, new spurs, terminal shoots, lateral shoots, and bourse shoots. Only old spur leaves were present from budbreak to pink; at pink, terminal shoots could be distinguished; at petal fall, the other three types could be identified. Shoot leaves averaged nearly 50% larger than spur leaves and made up 36.8% of the leaf numbers and 45.7% of the leaf area at full leaf. The leaf canopy was 10% complete at full bloom and 23% complete at petal fall. Total leaf area/tree increased 8-fold in the 4 weeks after full bloom.
Seed Germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setosa ssp. interior
Authors: Holloway Patricia S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seeds of Alaska iris, Iris setosa Pall. ssp. interior (Anders.) Hult., were collected from wild stands near Fairbanks and subjected to the following treatments: 0 or 125 days of stratification; 24-hr soak in water or 1000 mg·liter-1 gibberellic acid (GA3); alternating (25°/10°C) or constant (21°) temperatures; and germination in darkness or light. After 7 days, germination was best (95.0%) with stratified seeds that were soaked in GA3 and germinated at constant temperatures in the dark. A greenhouse study in which stratified seeds were soaked in water or GA3, sown in a commercial peat and vermiculite seed germination mix, and germinated beneath clear or black plastic confirm ed that germination was highest (64.4%) and most uniform (83.3% filled container cells) with the com bined treatments of GA3 and darkness.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Flowering and Quality of Double Persian Violet
Authors: Neumaier Evamaria E. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with double-flowering Persian violet (Exacum affine Balf.) to evaluate the effet of gibberellic acid (GA) applied at different flower bud sizes, developmental stages (ages) of the plant, and application frequencies. In Expt. 1, the greatest number of flowers was produced in plants with 8-mm bud size, with the largest flower diameter obtained with 4-mm bud size. Treatment with GA increased the number of flowers. Flower diameter was greatest with a GA concentration of 125 ppm. Plant quality of GA-treated plants was best when sprayed at 8-mm bud size with a concentration of 125 ppm. In Expt. 2, plants treated at 12 weeks after transplanting had the most flowers. Flower diameter decreased for all treated plants and all age groups in comparison with non treated plants. GA at 125 ppm produced the largest increase in number of flowers and maintained a large flower diameter. Plants treated 8 weeks after transplanting with 125 ppm GA had the most desirable plant size and flowering characteristics. In Expt. 3, a single application of 125 ppm GA was the most effective in contrast to multiple applications for flower induction, number of flowers, and flower diameter.
Influence of Ice Nucleation Temperature on the Freezing of Peach Flower Buds
Authors: Ashworth Edward N. , Davis Glen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The freezing behavior of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] flower buds was influenced by the temperature at which ice formation was initiated. Buds seeded with ice just below 0°C were more likely to exhibit deep supercooling, and water in the primordia would supercool to lower temperatures than in unseeded excised flower buds. This effect was not always expressed and varied with the stage of acclimation. Researchers using differential thermal analysis to estimate bud hardiness will need to evaluate this effect. Seeding specimens with ice may be warranted to obtain results comparable with field conditions.
Evaluation of Rutabaga Cultivars for Turnip Mosaic Virus Resistance and the Inheritance of Resistance
Authors: Shattuck V. I. , Stobbs L. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rutabaga (Brassica napus L. Group Napobrassica) cultivars were screened for resistance to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), and the inheritance of resistance was studied. Immunity and resistance were found in four of 49 rutabaga cultivars evaluated. The cultivar ‘Sensation’ was immune to the Ontario strain of TuMV. In crosses between susceptible ‘Laurentian’ and resistant Line 165 and susceptible triazine-resistant ‘Laurentian’ and Line 165, TuMV resistance was determined by a single dominant gene.
‘Aylés’, ‘Guara’, and ‘Moncayo’ Almonds
Authors: Felipe A. , Sodas i Company R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three new self-compatible, late-blooming cultivars of almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch, syn. P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] have been released from the almond breeding program that is being developed at the Unidad de Fruticultura of Zaragoza (1). One of the main objectives of this program is to obtain late-blooming, self-compatible cultivars in an attempt to solve widespread problems of inadequate cross-pollination and spring frosts. The shell of these almonds is hard, fitting very well into the Spanish market, which is almost exclusively based on hard-shelled cultivars.
Summary and Future Direction: Chemical Regulation in Tissue Culture
Authors: Reynolds John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This series of papers has expanded upon Skoog's milestone discovery regarding the roles of cytokinins and auxins in morphogenesis of in vitro systems. One of the effects of adenine-based cytokinins in culture systems is the formation of adventitious shoots or the expression of axillary shoots. This symposium reported that a cytokinin response also can be observed by using phenylurea-based cytokinins. Two phenylurea compounds, thidiazuron and 4PU–CI, were illustrated as having strong cytokinin activity, equivalent to or surpassing the adenine-based compounds. One of the effects of these diphenylureas is the formation of autonomous callus. These observations were used to speculate on the mode of action of the phenylureas as being stimulation of endogenous cytokinin biosynthesis (or metabolism), resulting in altered cytokinin levels. Other studies indicate that the phenylureas and adenine cytokinins may have similar action sites, hence similar effects.
Vegetable Cultivar Evaluation in England and Wales: Developments and Economies
Authors: Milbourn Graham , Holland Roger 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The oversupply of agricultural commodities, including vegetables, in the United Kingdom has led the government to urge decreases in expenditures on the official cultivar testing program. At the same time, the submission of new lines by breeders into the test program continues unabated. In summarizing the vegetable cultivar assessment program, as carried out in England and Wales by the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), both for the statutory National Listing requirements and for the production of Recommended Lists for vegetable growers, the emphasis therefore will be on the development of new techniques, particularly with a view to cost savings.
Seasonal Occurrence and Recovery of Phytophthora fragariae in Infected Strawberry Roots
Authors: George S. W. , Milholland R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) plants of the susceptible cultivar Tennessee Beauty were planted in naturally infested soil in a grower's field in 1985 and in microplots in 1986. From bimonthly examinations, oospores of Phytophthora fragariae were detected microscopically in infected strawberry roots from January through May in 1985 and 1986, with the maximum number observed in March. Oospores developed in root steles primarily during those months when the soil temperature was ≥16°C. Eighty-five percent of the bait plants of ‘Tennessee Beauty’ became infected when planted in infected soil removed from microplots in Mar. 1986 and incubated for 30 days at 15°. The fungus was isolated from 45% of these plants.
Root Development, Water Stress, and Yield of Mechanically Harvested Apple Trees
Authors: Glenn D. M. , Miller S. S. , Peterson D. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if over-the-row mechanical shake-catch harvesting affected root development, leaf water stress, and yield of young ‘Golden Delicious’/M.7A and ‘Law Rome’/MM.111 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. Leaf water potential and temperature differential (canopy-air temperatures) were not significantly altered by mechanical harvesting. A minirhizotron technique did not detect changes in root distribution or root morphology. The fruit yield was unaffected by mechanical harvesting for four harvest years. No deleterious effects were detected as a result of over-the-row shake-catch harvesting.
Influence of Aeration, Topdressing, and Vertical Mowing on Overseeded Bermudagrass Putting Green Turf
Authors: Mazur A. R. , Wagner D. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted for 4 years on putting green turf to determine the influence of cultivation practices on the transition from overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Yorktown II’) turf to hybrid burmudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davies] in the spring. The cultivation practices of core aeration, vertical mowing, and topdressing were shown to have no positive influence of increasing the rate of bermudagrass coverage during the spring on bermudagrass greens overseeded with perennial ryegrass. The verticut treatment resulted in decreased bermudagrass coverage as well as a reduction in turf quality. All cultivation practices resulted in some quality loss at various times during the spring transition period compared to the control.
Evaluation of Postemergent Grass Herbicides for Use in Annual Flower and Ground Cover Plantings
Authors: Teriy Graber Debra A. , Hensley David L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fifteen species of annual flowers and two ground covers were treated with sethoxydim (0.31 and 0.62 kg·ha−1), fluazifop-butyl (0.28 and 0.56 kg·ha−1), haloxyfop-methyl (0.14 and 0.28 kg·ha−1), crop oil (2.35 liter·ha−1), surfactant [0.25% (v/v)], and water, and phytotoxicity was evaluated in a greenhouse screening trial. In a separate study, three species of field-planted annual bedding plants and one ground cover received two applications of the same treatments. Field-grown plants were evaluated for phytotoxicity and growth. Phytotoxicity was variable with species and chemical. In both studies, however, geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) and celosia (Celosia cristata L.) were damaged by fluazifop-butyl and haloxyfop-methyl. Annual periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) was injured by sethoxydim. Chemical names used: [1-(ethoxyimino)buty]-5-(ethyIthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one (sethoxydim);(±)-2[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-butyl); methyl 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (haloxyfop-methyl).
Influence of Irrigation Interruptions on Flowering of Hippeastrum × hybridum ‘Red Lion’
Authors: Boyle Thomas H. , Stimart Dennis P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Irrigation interruptions of 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks were imposed on actively growing ‘Red Lion’ amaryllis (Hippeastrum × hybridum) bulbs to determine the influence of water stress on flowering. Withholding irrigation for 4 or 8 weeks was effective in promoting early flowering of first and second scapes compared to continuously irrigated plants. Irrigation interruptions of 2, 4, or 8 weeks resulted in first scape flowering on all plants by 160, 140, or 60 days, respectively, after resumption of irrigation. Only 83% of continuously irrigated plants flowered within 160 days. Water stress treatments did not influence total number of flowering scapes per plant produced in 160 days nor number of flowers per umbel. Irrigation interruption affected timing of flowering by promoting scape extension and floral development.
Use of Ethylene Production for Harvest-date Prediction of Apples for Immediate Fresh Market
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Unrath C. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were harvested weekly in 1983, 1984, and 1985; sealed in containers; and measured daily for ethylene accumulation over a 6-day period (or until ethylene reached ≥2.0 μl·liter−1). The number of hours to accumulate minimums of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 μl·liter−1 were calculated from daily readings and were regressed against date of sample harvest. When the number of hours required to accumulate a selected ethylene level began to decline, a linear equation using the first declining point and previous point was generated and used to predict a harvest date for immediate fresh-market use. Predicted harvest dates were compared to harvest dates selected by a taste panel. Out of 12 predictions made over a 3-year period using an ethylene level of 0.2 μl·liter−1, predicted harvest dates for ‘Golden Delicious’ were within 4 days of the taste panel harvest date on three occasions. In ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ there were five accurate predictions out of 12; however no single minimum level of ethylene gave successful predictions. Overall, it does not appear that this method accurately predicts harvest dates for ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ or ‘Golden Delicious’ destined for immediate sale on the fresh market.
Evaluation of Techniques to Measure Chilling Injury in Tomato
Authors: Kamps Terry L. , Isleib T. G. , Herner R. C. , Sink K. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intact plants of four Lycopersicon species, Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. and a L. esculentum Mill. × S. lycopersicoides intergeneric hybrid at the four- to 11-leaf developmental stage were subjected to temperatures of 20° or 2.5°C for 72 hr. Plants were assayed for chilling injury by a visual rating of damage on specified leaflets (VRL), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), electrolyte leakage (EL), and a visual rating of plants (VRP). Correlations of genotypic effects were significant between a) CF and VRL, b) CF and VRP, c) VRL and VRP, and d) VRP and EL. Correlations of the temperature × genotype interactions were highly significant between a) CF and VRL, b) CF and VRP, and c) VRL and VRP. CF was the most precise assay to quantify chilling injury. The means for CF for each of five leaflets from a single leaf produced similar separation of genotypes. Chilling resistance of an intergeneric hybrid between sensitive L. esculentum Mill. cv Sub-Arctic Maxi and resistant S. lycopersicoides suggested dominant, nuclear gene control.
Sensor Effects on Leaf Temperature Measurements
Authors: Vrecenak Arthur J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The steady-state porometer has been acknowledged as the state of the art in assessing leaf diffusive conductance in the field (3). This Note alerts users of the SSP to its limitations as a field sensor of leaf temperature, a use for which it is neither intended nor suited. The fact that some recent studies have reported leaf temperatures obtained with the SSP system as part of their results (1,2, 4) is cause for concern.
Effect of Trickle Irrigation and Black Mulch on Growth, Yield, and Mineral Composition of Watermelon
Authors: Bhella H. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Response of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Charleston Gray] to factorial combinations of trickle irrigation or no irrigation and black polyethylene mulch or no mulch was evaluated during 2 successive years on a southwestern Indiana Lyles fine sandy loam. Both trickle irrigation and polyethylene mulch, alone and in various combinations, increased stem growth and early and total yields of watermelon compared to untreated watermelons. Greatest stem growth and early and total yields were obtained from plants grown on polyethylene mulch in combination with trickle irrigation. Mean fruit weight did not vary with treatment. Trickle-irrigated watermelon plants produced shallow rooting near trickle emitters; nonirrigated plants produced relatively extended, deep, and diffuse roots. Petiole Zn concentration was greater in plants grown on polyethylene mulch than no mulch. Trickle irrigation resulted in a decreased concentration of petiole Mn.
Staminate Floral Induction on Gynoecious Buffalo Gourd Following Application of AVG
Authors: Scheerens J. C. , Scheerens H. M. , Ralowicz A. E. , McGriff T. L. , Kopplin M. J. , Gathman A. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Application of AVG to the terminal meristematic region of gynoecious buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK.) vines resulted consistently in the induction of staminate floral buds. Linear models adequately described the regressions of staminate floral induction frequency on AVG concentration and on frequency of AVG application. If AVG was applied repeatedly on gynoecious plants prior to the onset of female flowering, the transition to the potentially mixed floral phase was delayed. Chemcial name used: [S(E)]-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-3-butyric acid (AVG).
Comparisons of ‘Honey Dew’ and Netted Muskmelon Fruit Tissues in Relation to Storage Life
Authors: Lester Gene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Changes in morphology of epidermal layers and in permeability of mesocarp membranes of ‘Honey Dew’ and netted muskmelon fruits (Cucumis melo L., var. inodorus and reticulatus, respectively) were compared for 10 through 60 days after anthesis to relate tissue changes to storage life. Twenty-day-old netted muskmelon fruit developed lenticular tissue (net) over the entire melon surface. The muskmelon net had become fissured by 50 days after anthesis (10 days postharvest). ‘Honey Dew’ fruit did not develop lenticular tissue nor did the epidermis become fissured. ‘Honey Dew’ and netted muskmelon fruits had similar membrane electrolyte leakage characteristics (60% ± 3%) when harvested ripe, but, after 10 days at 20°C, electrolyte leakage was 70% and 87%, respectively. Membrane electrolyte leakage for both cultivars had a high regression coefficient (R2 = 0.97) with fruit maturation and postharvest senescence. An intact epidermis indirectly affected mesocarp membrane permeability and perhaps contributed to differences in muskmelon cultivar storage life.
Translocation and Breakdown of 14C-labeled Paclobutrazol in ‘Nemaguard’ Peach Seedlings
Authors: Early J. D. , Martin G. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Nemaguard’ peach seedlings [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were grown in nutrient solution cultures containing 0.36 µM 14C-labeled paclobutrazol (0.59 MBq·liter–1) for 9 days. Microautoradiographs of transverse and longitudinal stem sections showed that 14C activity was localized in the xylem. Tissue extracts showed that the total 14C activity in the plants was distributed predominantly between the roots (40.9%) and leaves (49.1%). The majority of 14C activity in stems and leaves was located in the lowest stem and leaf fractions. The concentration of 14C activity was highest in leaves (478 dpm·mg–1 fresh weight), and essentially equal in the roots and stems (141 dpm·mg–1 fresh weight) indicating that transport of the compound was occurring via the xylem. Although 14C-labeled paclobutrazol was relatively stable in the nutrient solution, its degradation in the plant was rapid. By 9 days after treatment, the amount of 14C label remaining as 14C-labeled paclobutrazol was 71.5% in the roots, 41.5% to 68.1% in the stems, and 7.8% to 12.2% in the leaves. Chemical name used: β-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Ethylene Evolution by Tomato Plants under Nutrient Stress
Authors: Barker Allen V. , Corey Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene evolution was determined for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants grown under nutrient-deficient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) conditions or under full nutrition with NH4+ or NO3 in sand culture. Ethylene evolution increased for plants deficient in K, Ca, or Mg relative to that of plants grown on nutritionally complete solutions with NO3. Deficiency of N, P, or S did not stimulate ethylene evolution relative to that detected from plants grown with complete nutrition with NO3. Physiological stress from NH4+ nutrition produced enhancements in ethylene evolution that exceeded those due to deficiencies of macronutrients.
Effect of pH and Temperature on Sorption of Auxin by Isolated Tomato Fruit Cuticles
Authors: Shafer Warren E. , Morse Ronald D. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of pH and temperature were determined on NAA sorption by enzymatically isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Sprinter) fruit cuticles. Both cuticular membranes (CM) and dewaxed CM (DCM) sorbed more NAA at pH 2.2 than at pH 6.2. At each pH, increasing temperature (15° to 35°C) decreased NAA sorption by both CM and DCM. The same qualitative temperature (5° to 25°) response was observed with 2,4-D for CM at low (0.8) pH. Chemical names used: 2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).
A Risk Management Model for Vegetable Crops
Authors: Rhodus W. Timothy , Precheur Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of micro-computer programs as a management teaching aid has enabled horticulture students to understand economic relationships involved in the production of apples (2, 3), strawberries (4), and selected greenhouse crops (7). By incorporating uncertainty about final crop yield and selling price, these models can be used to generate information about the relative “riskiness” of crop production, where risk is measured by the probability that total revenue will exceed total costs (1, 8). The objective of this research was to develop a micro-computer model that would assist students and/or producers in understanding the economic relationships between yield and price variability and overall risk.
‘Redlander’ Tomato
Authors: Herrington M. E. , Brown P. J. , O'Brien R. G. , Glass R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Susceptible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars in coastal Queensland may suffer substantial losses from bacterial wilt [Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith 1914 biovar III] from late spring to autumn (3). Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb. race 1) can be a major disease from autumn to early spring. A hybrid cultivar, Redlands Summertaste (1), recently was released and is resistant to bacterial wilt, verticillium wilt, and fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen race 1 and 2]. However, although this cultivar has high yields (75 to 92 t·ha–1), the jointed fruit attachment and indeterminate growth habit limit returns to growers who have high labor costs. ‘Redlander’ was developed as an inbred cultivar to provide a locally adapted tomato in which resistances to bacterial, verticillium, and fusarium wilts are combined with good fruit quality, jointless pedicel, and determinate growth habit.