bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal anatomy core syllabus for Australian chiropractic programs: A pilot study
Authors: BSc Rosemary Giuriato , Štrkalj Goran , Prvan Tania , Pather Nalini 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of this study is to conduct a pilot survey to determine core anatomy content for chiropractic curriculum based on the perception of chiropractors and anatomy educators involved in teaching in an Australian chiropractic program.

Methods
A survey of anatomical structures previously used in a medical survey, with similar criteria for synthesizing responses, was used and classified according to whether the respondents rated an item as essential, important, acceptable, or not required in a chiropractic program. The item was scored as core if ≥60% of respondents rated it essential, recommended if 30%–59% rated it essential, not recommended if 20%–29% rated it essential, or not core if &lt;20% rated it essential.

Results
The respondents rated 81.6% of all musculoskeletal concepts as core and 18.4% as recommended, 88.8% of the vertebral column items as core, and 11.2% of the items as recommended, 69.4% upper limb and pectoral girdle items as core, 23.7% of items as recommended, 5.5% as not recommended and 1.3% as not core items for inclusion, 85.3% of all lower limb and pelvic girdle items as core, 14.4% as recommended and 0.3% not recommended.

Conclusion
Chiropractors and anatomists involved in teaching in an Australian chiropractic program rated most musculoskeletal items as essential for inclusion in a chiropractic teaching program to ensure adequate preparation for safe practice and to promote alignment with the standards of anatomy education delivered into the clinical professions.
The Effect of Working Capital Management Cycle on Profitability of Retail Supermarkets in Mombasa, Kenya: A Case Study of Binathman Household Supermarket in Mombasa City
Authors: Ngari Alice Ruguru , Kamau Charles Guandaru 
Published: May 2022

Working capital management involves running of short-term assets and liabilities due to its direct effect on profitability of a business. The aim of this research was to scrutinize the effect of working capital management cycle on the profitability of retail supermarkets in Mombasa, Kenya. This research was guided by Operating Cycle Theory, Trade-off theory and Transaction cost economic theory. This study applied descriptive survey design. Target populace of this research was seventy-five workers of the supermarket. Secondary data was gathered from monetary reports of the supermarket for 9 years from year 2011 to 2019. Data was presented using tables. To test how working capital management (WCM) and the profitability of Binathman Household Supermarket are related, a linear multiple regression test was conducted and analysis was carried via coefficient of multiple regression. The descriptive outcomes indicate a modest level of receivables collection period, cash conversion cycle, payables deferral period and inventory conversion period. The study found a positive correlation amid working capital management cycle variables in addition to profitability of the supermarket. However, the research indicated an inverse relationship between average payables period and return on assets; showing that longer payables periods had possibility of reducing a firm’s earning if the cost of financing purchases was higher than the benefits. This research concludes that supermarket determine the cost of sales for their sales which was indicated by the mean of 3.81 and a Standard Deviation of 1.482. When supermarkets improve on their average collection days, their financial performance will be improved. The researcher recommends that it is imperative for companies to make an initial cost-benefit investigation of the numerous working capital management decisions prior to committing the companies’ resources to a particular decision. It is also important for supermarkets in Kenya to integrate a proper risk management framework in their execution of the numerous working capital management policies. This research demonstrated that operative working capital management practices play a critical role in refining the general profit margins in lieu of supermarkets.
On the Natural Causes of Global Warming
Authors: Kovalyov Mikhail 
Published: May 2022

Aims/ Objectives: To illustrate natural origins of global warming.
Methodology: It is demonstrated that temperature anomalies in 1900 – 2009 are inextricably linked to the speed of the magnetic North Pole, used as a proxy for the Earth’s magnetic field; and UFO sightings, used as a proxy for energy transfer from the near-terrestrial space to the Earth’s atmosphere. Also explained is why 2010 – 2016 was a very unusual period and how it affected global temperature and the environment.
Conclusion: Current global warming is an entirely natural process driven by forces of Nature.
Effective teaching and use of the constant growth dividend discount model
Authors: Payne Thomas H. , Finch J. Howard 
Published: July 2002

The appropriate application of the constant growth dividend discount model (DDM) requires an understanding of the fundamental nature of the model and its parameters. It is important that students not only be able to mechanically “plug and chug” the formula, but that they also understand the model’s assumptions, inputs, sensitivity to error and practical limitations. This paper demonstrates that the valuation measure derived from using the DDM is very sensitive to the relationship between the required return on investment (K ) and the assumed growth rate (g) in
s
earnings and dividends. Examples show that the valuation error increases at an increasing rate
when the values of K and g converge in the formula. Classroom experience has indicated that students believe and strive to compute a single “correct” valuation of the share price. They should realize that the goal of valuation analysis is to estimate a reasonable range for the intrinsic value of a share price, rather than a single point estimate as often implied by end-of-chapter and exam-type problems using the DDM. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Unfolding and Conformational Distributions during Protein Precipitation
Authors: Chang Stephen T. , Tobler Scott A. , Fernandez Erik J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe association of misfolded proteins, or aggregation, is a critical problem in a number of human diseases as well during the expression, refolding, formulation, and delivery of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we investigate lysozyme precipitation with hydrogen exhange using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). We show that MS can reveal the presence of conformational distributions, albeit without the detailed structural information afforded by NMR. Further, we find that increases in precipitant concentration alter the structure and composition of precipitates. The selective unfolding of one portion of the protein in these precipitates is correlated with hydrogen exchange patterns observed under nonprecipitating conditions and in other studies of lysozyme.
A Quantitative Immunoassay Utilizing Escherichiacoli Cells Possessing Surface‐Expressed Single Chain Fv Molecules
Authors: Chen Gang , Cloud Jeffrey , Georgiou George , Iverson Brent L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA facile, quantitative immunoassay is described that utilizes Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria expressing single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments attached to the cell surface. A Scatchard analysis demonstrated that the antibodies on the surface of the cells retained full binding activity (Kd = 2.2 × 10−9 M) and that there are 60 000 scFv molecules per cell. The cells are used as the antibody reagent in the assay, and, following incubation with analyte, simple centrifugation is used to separate the antibody‐bound from unbound analyte. The immunoassay is rapid and accurate down to the nanomolar level. In addition, a variety of detection strategies can be used, and the immunoassay is not adversely affected by the presence of animal serum. A key advantage of the new immunoassay is that the antibody reagent can be inexpensively produced in a “ready to use” form by simply growing cultures of the bacteria.
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) polymorphism is associated with diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kamiuchi K. , Hasegawa G. , Obayashi H. , Kitamura A. , Ishii M. , Yano M. , Kanatsuna T. , Yoshikawa T. , Nakamura N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAims Leucocyte adhesion to the diabetic retinal vasculature has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in leucocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules and diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods We determined ICAM‐1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1), and leucocyte endothelial adhesion molecule‐1 (LECAM‐1) genotypes in 81 patients with and 50 without diabetic retinopathy.Results The frequency of ICAM‐1 469KK genotype and K allele were significantly higher in the patients with diabetic retinopathy than in those without retinopathy (genotype 42% vs. 20%, χ2= 6.70, P = 0.035; allele 66% vs. 50%, χ2= 6.49, P = 0.011). With regard to the PECAM‐1 V125L and LECAM‐1 P213S polymorphisms, there were no significant associations between the distribution of genotypes or allele frequencies and the presence of diabetic retinopathy. Independent of other risk factors, the ICAM‐1 469KK genotype was associated with a 3.51‐fold increased risk for retinopathy.Conclusions These data suggest that the ICAM‐1 469KK genotype could be a genetic risk factor for retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabet. Med. 19, 371–376 (2002)
NIKOS II—a system for noninvasive coronary angiography with synchrotron radiation (abstract)
Authors: Dix W.-R. , Graeff W. , Heuer J. , Engelke K. , Jabs H. , Kupper W. , Stellmaschek K. H. 
Published: July 2002

During the last years attempts have been underway at several synchrotron radiation laboratories1–4 to employ the abrupt change of absorption at the iodine K edge (33.17 keV) to the imaging of coronary arteries. The subtraction of two images taken with photon energies just above and below the edge strongly surpresses background contrast like bone and soft tissue and allows for amplification of iodinated structure contrast. At HASYLAB, for these studies, a beamline at a bending magnet was only available until 1987. At this beamline the system NIKOS I was tested to obtain information on its essential components like monochromator and detector by in-vivo investigations of dogs.
The basic feature which differs from the approaches in other laboratoriesis simultaneous registration of two stationary beams in a two-line detector without any beam switching. Based on the experience with this system during the last year all its components have been improved and changed to dimensions capable of taking a 12-cm-wide image of the human heart. At present the new system NIKOS II is under testing at the new wiggler beamline HARWI. The new monochromator comprises two pairs of a thin Si Laue case crystal and a Ge Bragg crystal, each, with inherent focussing of the beam to a horizontal line focus of about 0.5 mm height and 12 cm width. The advantage of the Laue crystals which are optimized in thickness (30 μm) for maximum reflectivity, is the low heat absorption and the full use of the white beam in the production of two monochromatic beams. The crystals are cooled in a stream of helium. Compared to the NIKOS I version5 the detector was changed in the following points: The two detection lines are enlarged to 125 mm width and the phosphor at the entrance is exchangeable to be either made of powderlike Gd2O2S:Tb or of single crystals like CdWO4 or CaF2:Eu separated by thin walls for optimum spatial resolution. The numerical aperture of the glass fiber optics guiding the light via image intensifiers to the photodiode arrays is higher. The gain of the intensifiers is raised to 1000.
Now two photodiode arrays are needed for the simultaneous readout of the two entrance lines. The readout time is halved by reading the odd and even number diodes by two ADCs per array. All these measures will increase the detective quantum efficiency from 0.2 to 0.6. The performance of the new system will be tested again by investigations of dogs before moving to investigations on humans, expected at the end of this year.
Temperature dependence of the anchoring strength at a nematic liquid crystal-evaporated SiO interface
Authors: Yokoyama H. , Kobayashi S. , Kamei H. 
Published: July 2002

The out-of-plane anchoring strength at the interface between 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) and an obliquely evaporated SiO was measured as a function of temperature by applying the ‘‘high-electric-field technique’’ recently developed by Yokoyama and van Sprang [J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4520 (1985)]. The orientational ‘‘extrapolation length’’de for the interface was found to remain virtually constant at about 30 nm up to nearly 1 K below the clearing temperature Tc=308.4 K. At temperatures closer to Tc, however, it was observed to show an apparently critical increase, which approximately follows de∝[(Tc−T)/Tc]−0.45. At 0.043 K below Tc, de=183±3 nm, yielding the anchoring energy of (1.13±0.03)×10−5 J/m2. The implications of the observed temperature dependence are first investigated by extending Gibbs’ surface thermodynamics to a nematic-wall interface, deriving a general relationship between the temperature variation of de and the surface excess entropy. In particular, it is concluded on thermodynamic grounds that the exponent of −0.45 can never be associated with a real critical behavior, but is indicative of the occurrence of crossover to a more singular or noncritical behavior. To draw specific connections between the temperature dependence of de and the orientational order near the interface,
we develop a simple statistical mechanical theory of the anchoring strength, based on a van der Waals picture of the nematic-wall interface. We show that the extrapolation length consists of two essentially distinct contributions: one is from the anisotropic interactions at the interface and the other is unconventionally from the interfacial inhomogeneity of the order parameter itself. For the most relevant cases, the van der Waals theory states that a reduction of the anchoring strength should always be accompanied by a depression of the surface order parameter. By comparing the theory with the experiment, the surface order parameters just below and above Tc are found to be 0.04 and 0.01, respectively, in agreement with the estimates from the contact angle and the pretransitional birefringence experiments. It is also argued, based on the present model, that the order parameter inhomogeneity is predominantly responsible for the quasicritical behavior of the anchoring strength.
Theoretical investigation of wave-vector-dependent analytical and numerical formulations of the interband impact-ionization transition rate for electrons in bulk silicon and GaAs
Authors: Kolník Ján , Wang Yang , Oğuzman Ismail H. , Brennan Kevin F. 
Published: July 2002

The electron interband impact-ionization rate for both silicon and gallium arsenide is calculated using an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation with the expressed purpose of comparing different formulations of the interband ionization transition rate. Specifically, three different treatments of the transition rate are examined: the traditional Keldysh formula, a new k-dependent analytical formulation first derived by W. Quade, E. Scholl, and M. Rudan [Solid State Electron. 36, 1493 (1993)], and a more exact, numerical method of Y. Wang and K. F. Brennan [J. Appl. Phys. 75, 313 (1994)]. Although the completely numerical formulation contains no adjustable parameters and as such provides a very reliable result, it is highly computationally intensive. Alternatively, the Keldysh formula, although inherently simple and computationally efficient, fails to include the k dependence as well as the details of the energy band structure. The k-dependent analytical formulation of Quade and co-workers overcomes the limitations of both of these models but at the expense of some new parameterization. It is found that the k-dependent analytical method of Quade and co-workers produces very similar results to those obtained with the completely numerical model for some quantities.
Specifically, both models predict that the effective threshold for impact ionization in GaAs and silicon is quite soft, that the majority of ionization events originate from the second conduction band in both materials, and that the transition rate is k dependent. Therefore, it is concluded that the k-dependent analytical model can qualitatively reproduce results similar to those obtained with the numerical model yet with far greater computational efficiency. Nevertheless, there exist some important drawbacks to the k-dependent analytical model of Quade and co-workers: These are that it does not accurately reproduce the quantum yield data for bulk silicon, it requires determination of a new parameter, related physically to the overlap integrals of the Bloch state which can only be adjusted by comparison to experiment, and fails to account for any wave-vector dependence of the overlap integrals. As such the transition rate may be overestimated at those points for which ‘‘near vertical,’’ small change in k, transitions occur.
Methoxycarbene and methylhydroxycarbene: Energies, structures, vibrational frequencies, and unimolecular reactivities
Authors: Yadav Janardan S. , Goddard John D. 
Published: July 2002

In the light of recent experimental interest in the spectroscopy and photochemistry of matrix isolated oxycarbenes, ab initio calculations have been employed to investigate two prototypical oxycarbenes, CH3COH and CH3OCH, derived from acetaldehyde. Singlet state methylhydroxymethylene, CH3COH, exists as trans and cis isomers lying at 61.8 and 64.2 kcal mol−1 above ground state acetaldehyde. Partial CO double bond character as evidenced by a barrier to internal rotation from trans to cis of 27.3 kcal mol−1 accounts for the existence of geometric isomers. CH3COH (S0) faces a barrier of 27.7 kcal mol−1 to the Woodward–Hoffmann ‘‘forbidden’’ 1,2-hydrogen shift leading to ground state acetaldehyde. Trans and cis singlet methoxycarbenes, CH3OCH, are 73.6 and 77.3 kcal mol−1 less stable than S0 acetaldehyde. The large trans to cis rotational barrier of 30.4 kcal mol−1 is again evidence for a partial CO double bond. The barrier to the 1,2-methyl shift from trans-methoxycarbene to CH3CHO is 28.3 kcal mol−1. These carbenes, substituted with electron donating groups, OH or OCH3, are singlet stable. The singlet–triplet gaps are 23.0 kcal mol−1 for CH3COH and 21.3 kcal mol−1 for CH3OCH. Triplet CH3COH lies at 84.8 kcal mol−1 relative to ground state acetaldehyde which is 8.0 kcal mol−1 greater than the triplet acetaldehyde origin. The barrier for the triplet state 1,2-hydrogen shift from CH3COH to CH3CHO is calculated to be 33.3 kcal mol−1. Although all these methylene isomers lie high in energy in comparison with acetaldehyde, the transition state for the rearrangement to singlet CH3COH is lower than the energies of ∼95 kcal mol−1 employed in many gas phase studies of acetaldehyde photochemistry. It should be possible to
isolate the trans- and cis-CH3COH species in an inert matrix following acetaldehyde photolysis and to characterize these methylenes by their vibrational spectra as predicted herein. Ion cyclotron double resonance experiments are suggested that could afford an experimental measure of the relative thermochemical stability of CH3COH with respect to CH3CHO which is calculated to be 61.8 kcal mol−1.
Effects of interchannel coupling on the photoionization cross sections of carbon dioxide
Authors: Lucchese Robert R. 
Published: July 2002

The photoionization cross sections of CO2 leading to the first four electronic states of CO+2 have been computed including the effects of interchannel coupling. The results were obtained in the Tamm–Dancoff approximation using the Padé-approximant C̃-functional method to solve the resulting scattering equations. All of the required matrix elements have been computed using single-center expansions and numerical integration of the resulting radial functions. An alternative approach for computing products of single-center-expanded functions is presented where the functions are transformed into a coordinate representation, then the product is computed, and finally the product is transformed back into the angular momentum representation. The computational effort required in this approach depends on the second power of the number of partial waves in contrast to the third power dependence found in methods used previously. The photoionization cross sections are obtained in the mixed dipole representation which ensures that the Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule is satisfied. In the coupled-channel approximation, the shape resonance in the 4σg→kσu channel is found to remain at the same energy and have the same width as was found in earlier single-channel calculations.
Both the total cross section in the (4σg)−1 channel and the photoelectron asymmetry parameter are somewhat less affected by the resonance than in the single-channel approximation, but there is still a substantial disagreement with experimental data. The kσu shape resonance is found to modify the cross sections and asymmetry parameters in the other channels, with the largest effect being in the (3σu)−1 ionization channel. The full coupled-channel results, which include coupling among the 1πg→kπu,1πu→kπg,3σu→kσg, and 4σg→kσu channels, are found to significantly modify the cross section in the 1πg→kπu channel leading to good agreement between theory and experiment for the total ionization cross section in the (1πg)−1 channel. However, this coupling is found to significantly perturb the other channels, and in the case of the asymmetry parameters in the (3σu)−1 channel, this leads to relatively poor agreement with experimental data.