bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sacrée Parole ! Exégèse, Ecriture sainte et Parole de Dieu d’après Dominique Grima et Armand de Belvézer, O. P
Authors: Morard Martin 
Published: December 2022

Sacred Word ! Exegesis, Holy Scripture and Word of God, according to Dominique Grima and Armand de Belvézer, O. P.
Before being a religion of the Book, Christianity is a religion of the Word, uttered, heard, memorised, passed on, interpreted. The Word of God, Holy Scripture and the word of the preaching clerics when they comment on the Bible, are three instances of the same schema of the « Sacred Word » which guarantees the social cohesion of medieval Christianity. The biblical Principium and the commentary on the preface Frater Ambrosius by Dominique Grima, the lectures or « collations » De Verbo Domini and De Scriptura sacra of Armand de Belvézer allow the reconstruction of a Christian cycle of the Word, whose dynamics are based a priori on three fundamentals : a logical « leap », which consists of imagining God as a speaking thought (Word or Logos), a prophetic « leap » which considers God as the author of some human words, and an hermeneutic « leap ». This latter leads to acceptance of a corpus of texts as part of the Canon, the Bible, by projecting onto its narrated history the faith-given meaning developed through the consensus of Churches. All the theological justifications of ecclesiastical practice are based on this intellectual construction which considers as sacred some elements of the human word by attributing to them a transcendent origin and divine meaning and power.
L’archevêque et les communautés canoniales en Bordelais à l’époque de la réforme grégorienne (1079-1145)
Authors: Boutoulle Frédéric 
Published: December 2022

Canonical communities and Gregorian Reform in the Bordelais (1079-1145).
The holding of two councils, chaired by the legates Amat of Oloron and Hugh of Die in Bordeaux in October 1079 and October 1080, marked the introduction of the Gregorian Reform in the Bordelais. The foundation of the Benedictine Abbey of La Sauve Majeure on October 28 1079, with its privileges (exemption, immunity, attachment to Rome), did not constitute the full extent of the Reform in the Bordelais. Less well known, the foundation of the canonical communities at St. Emilion and at Comprian nonetheless illustrate over a long period the role of the archbishops of Bordeaux in their diocese : Josselin de Parthenay (1059-1086), Amat d’Oloron (1089-1101), Arnaud Geraud de Cabanac (1103-1131) and Geoffroy du Loroux (1 135-1158). From the point of view of the archbishop, the totality of these canonical foundations sit neatly within the policy of episcopal control across the diocese. These points of control are located on the principal roads and river crossings, alongside former episcopal monasteries (for example St. Romain de Blaye, St. Seurin de Bordeaux, or even St. Vincent de Bourg) and monastic sites on the coast road where the prelate had important seigneurial rights (Soulac, Mimizan). The case of St. Emilion, equally situated at a river crossing of the Dordogne, illustrates the problems and difficulties encountered by the reformers vis-à-vis the lay powers. The viscount of Castillon defeats the project of Josselin de Parthenay, which was nonetheless of a very Gregorian character, given its indictment of lay investiture and simony. His successor, Arnaud Geraud de Cabanac, is more successful, by introducing the rule of St. Augustine and by appointing an abbot from the abbey of Lesterps.
Le domaine de l’apôtre. Droit de saint Pierre et cens de l’Église romaine dans les provinces d’Aix, Arles et Narbonne (milieu XIe-fin XIIe siècle)
Authors: Délivré Fabrice 
Published: December 2022

The domain of the Apostle. The authority of St Peter and the census of the Roman Church in the provinces of Aix, Arles and Narbonne (mid XIth to end XIIth century).
Looking at one particular aspect of the Gregorian Reform in Languedoc and Provence, this present paper discusses the special tie that unites the Papacy to those who are subordinate to St Peter’s authority and/or owed the census to the Church of Rome, by virtue of apostolic protection. The first section is devoted to the cartularies of the Curia, and demonstrates the close relationship between the nature of the documentation and the new ecclesiastical directions. It studies the process by which ecclesiastical communities and secular lords worked their way into Deusdedit’s canonical collection (1086-1087) (Book III, chapters 149-159), th & Digesta of Albinus (1188-1189 ?) (Book X) and the Liber censuum of the chamberlain Cencius (1192). These illustrate how the drawing up of lists superseded the compilation of blocks of texts to express the universal pretensions of the ecclesia Romana. The second part of this paper illustrates the different profiles which need to be distinguished among the protégés of St. Peter and the Roman Church. Beside these local traditions which defend the belief that monasteries have been given to the prince of the Apostles at the time of their foundation, the logicalities of ecclesiastical reform, papal travels and feudal structures are examined in detail. The final section looks in some detail at the formulae of letters and privileges issued by the papal chancery. It investigates the changing conceptions of the libertas used and the dynamics of the transformation of the tax, at the time when the offering made to St Peter’s altar is converted into a tax paid to the Lateran Palace and, later, to the popes and their successors. It explores also the links as well as the discrepancies between freedom, protection and exemption, which reflect the strong emphasis on jurisdictional preoccupations from the time of the pontificate of Alexander III (1159-1181).
Dom Joseph Vaissète (1685-1756), historien du Languedoc et patriote occitan avant l’heure
Authors: Passerat Georges 
Published: December 2022

Dom Joseph Vaissète (1685-1756), Languedoc historian and Occitan patriot before his time .
The two Benedictines authors of the Histoire générale de Languedoc, which was published between 1730 and 1745, produced a monumental work which remains today, in the Privat edition (1862-1905) an indispensable work of reference for the historians of Occitania. Volume III of the original edition, covering the years 1165-1271, edited solely by Dom Vaissète, merited sharp criticism for his stance which was judged to be partisan. The Religious, a native of the Tam, paints a sinister picture of Simon de Montfort. He draws on the criticisms made by the author of the Occitan poem the Canso, and refutes at the same time the testimony of the chronicler Pierre des Vaux-de-Cemay, in order to praise Raymond VI as the true national hero of his history. Thus, without knowing it, Dom Vaissète served as a model for future bards of the Occitan country, who were always ready to exalt the poetry of the Troubadours and to denounce the misdeeds of the Crusades.
La dépossession de la famille de Saint-Gilles
Authors: Paul Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Jacques Paul, La dépossession de la famille de Saint-Gilles.
La bulle d’innocent III Quantum Ecclesia labor averit met en forme juridiquement la dépossession de la famille de Saint-Gilles décidée par le IVe concile du Latran. Elle se calque sur la définition même de la croisade albigeoise : une affaire de paix et de foi. Ayant transgressé l’une et l’autre, le comte de Toulouse est reconnu coupable de ces deux chefs d’accusation qui entraînent, le premier comme le second, la confiscation des biens. Le motif lié à la paix est l’emploi de mercenaires. Il diffère de ce qui avait été retenu dans les lettres d’innocent III en 1207 et en 1209. Ce choix s’explique par la prise en compte du canon 27 du IIIe concile du Latran dont l’efficacité juridique est sans recours. La culpabilité comme fauteur d’hérésie entraîne l’extension de la perte des biens aux héritiers, même orthodoxes. La référence à ces deux motifs, l’un appuyant l’autre, permet de passer outre aux objections de principe et aux diverses difficultés liées à la dépossession d’un prince. La désignation de Simon de Montfort se fait dans le cadre de l’attribution des terres conquises aux croisés, avec l’obligation de les tenir de son suzerain. Philippe Auguste, mis devant le fait accompli, sait tirer parti de cette décision qui ouvre le pays à l’intervention des Capétiens.
La figure de l’Apostoli dans la Canso
Authors: Passerat Georges 
Published: December 2022

Georges Passerai, La figure de l'Apostoli dans la Canso
Dans la deuxième partie du manuscrit de la Canso, œuvre de l’Anonyme, figure une longue description du concile de Latran IV de novembre 1215. On y décida du sort de Toulouse au lendemain de la défaite de Muret. Le pape Innocent III, désigné par le terme d’Apostoli en occitan médiéval, semble s’apitoyer sur le sort malheureux du comte de Toulouse, Raimond VI, dépossédé de ses terres et présent à Rome, avec son jeune fils et le comte de Foix, pour y défendre ses intérêts devant le concile. Le pape écoute les arguments des adversaires de la croisade qui dénoncent les crimes commis au nom de Dieu et de l’Église par ses représentants officiels, l’évêque Foulque et le chef croisé Simon de Montfort. En fin de compte, le pape se range à l’avis général des Pères du concile, tout en manifestant une attitude ouverte en faveur du futur Raimond VII. Une vignette décorative de ce manuscrit illustre une des séances du concile où les débats furent souvent houleux.
L'élaboration d’un discours sur l’hérésie chez le cardinal Lothaire/Innocent III
Authors: Hanne Olivier 
Published: December 2022

Olivier Hanne, L’élaboration d’un discours sur l’hérésie chez le cardinal Lothaire/Innocent III
L’étude des traités du cardinal Lothaire de Segni, avant son accès au pontificat, étonne par la discrétion du problème de l’hérésie. Qu’il s’occupe de morale, de liturgie ou de mariage, le futur pontife semble se désintéresser de la dissidence hérétique - qu’il connaît mal -, ou alors par allusion. Le cœur de son travail intellectuel avant 1198 est le sacerdoce et une ecclésiologie spirituelle, faiblement inspirée par les débats canoniques. Parvenu sur le Siège apostolique, Innocent III se préoccupe en priorité de la réforme de l’Église. Ses premières lettres concernant l’hérésie sont écrites en avril 1198 et s’intégrent, elles aussi, dans une série de missives sur la réforme ecclésiastique. La vraie rupture que représente la bulle Vergentis in senium dans la lutte contre l’hérésie n’apparaît qu’un an après son avènement. Sans doute influencé par les canonistes et la curie, Innocent III renonce alors aux sens de l’Écriture pour développer un discours aux accents véritablement juridiques, bien plus efficient, mais aux conséquences dramatiques pour le Midi.
«Les petits renards qui détruisent la Vigne du Seigneur Sabaoth». Innocent III et le Cantique des Cantiques
Authors: Rist Rebecca 
Published: December 2022

Rebecca Rist, «Les petits renards qui détruisent la Vigne du Seigneur Sabaoth ». Innocent III et le Cantique des Cantiques
Cet article examine les interprétations médiévales du Cantique des Cantiques et leur développement dans la correspondance d’un des plus grands papes du Moyen Âge. L’image, utilisée par Innocent III, des hérétiques du Midi comme des « petits renards qui détruisent la Vigne du Seigneur Sabaoth » n’était pas sans précédent. Des décennies plus tôt, saint Bernard de Clairvaux avait lui aussi comparé, dans ses sermons, les hérétiques à des « petits renards ». La renommée de Bernard comme théologien mystique et défenseur infatigable de la papauté laisse penser qu’innocent a probablement puisé son inspiration dans de tels sermons quand il rédigeait sa correspondance destinée aux fidèles chrétiens. L’usage par Innocent III du Cantique du Cantiques met aussi en évidence le fait qu’un nombre significatif de ses lettres a une saveur très personnelle et qu’on peut vraiment discerner la «voix » du pape lui-même à travers sa correspondance.
Innocent III et les Pauvres Catholiques du Midi
Authors: Alberzoni Maria Pia 
Published: December 2022

Maria Pia Alberzoni, Innocent III and the Poor Catholics of the south of France.
Within the framework of relationships between Innocent III and the religious movements which appeared at the end of the Xllth century, the Poor Catholics around Durand d’Osca occupy an important place, as they were the first group converted from Waldensianism, thank to the preaching of Bishop Diego d’Osma during a public debate which took place at Pamiers in September 1207. Their approval by the Pope was facilitated through the mediation of the Bishop of Toulouse, Fulk, who, after the death of the legate Pierre de Castelnau (January 1208), went to Rome to seek the intervention of the Apostolic See in the struggle against
Innocent III et saint Dominique
Authors: Reltgen-Tallon Anne 
Published: December 2022

Anne Reltgen-Tallon, Innocent III et saint Dominique.
Evoquant le caractère extrêmement ténu du dossier documentaire concernant l’histoire des rapports entre Innocent III et saint Dominique, cet article se concentre sur le principal épisode mis en lumière par celui-ci : les tractations qui eurent lieu entre les deux hommes à l’automne 1215 autour de la confirmation de la Prédication récemment réorganisée à Toulouse par l’évêque Foulque et le chanoine d’Osma. Il s’efforce de comprendre comment des générations de Prêcheurs ont pu croire à l’incompréhension du projet par le pape de Latran IV. Puis, reprenant à son compte les conclusions d’une étude du P. Tugwell parue dans l'Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum il y a une vingtaine d’années, à savoir l’idée que les conditions alors imposées par Innocent III avaient essentiellement pour but de permettre l’extension à l’échelle de la Chrétienté de ce qui n’était encore qu’une institution diocésaine, il s’efforce d’en tirer toutes les conséquences : l’attribution d’un rôle majeur à Innocent III dans la fondation de l’ordre des frères Prêcheurs, mais aussi la mise en évidence de la véritable distorsion que le pape fit alors subir au projet qui lui fut initialement soumis, pour mieux le mettre au service de son propre programme de reconquête pastorale de la Chrétienté.
Épiscopat et papauté en Provence : une refondation
Authors: Pécout Thierry 
Published: December 2022

Thierry Pécout, Episcopacy and Papacy in Provence : a new foundation
Under the pontificate of Innocent III and in continuity with that of Celestine III, the episcopacy of the three provinces of Arles, Aix and Embrun experienced a process of ideological homogenisation. Its emergence as a factor, within the framework as much of the southern French crusade as in the struggle against the Count of Toulouse or in the search for a solid lay authority, owes more to common sociological origins or to a similar intellectual formation as to a renewal imposed by the Pope. Above all, it results from a uniting of interests, at the time of the temporal development of cathedrals, rivalry in the face of both ancient and emerging powers, notably in the cities, which bring together the bishop and the Pope, his legates, and the legitimate party favourable to the return of the young Raymond Berengar V to Provence. This process causes not only the emergence of a body fiercely attached to its prerogatives, but also a strengthening of the structures of his authority over his people, his clergy and Regulars, in their various pastoral, seigneurial and juridical aspects.
L’Évangéliaire de Carcassonne (XIIIe siècle), un manuscrit pour une cathédrale
Authors: Cassagnes-Brouquet Sophie 
Published: December 2022

The Carcassonne Gospel Book (XIIIth century), a manuscript for a cathedral.
Though not included among the major works of manuscript painting, the Gospel Book, preserved in the Departmental Archives of the Aude, raises several questions for an historian of illuminated manuscripts which have hardly been addressed until now regarding its attachment to a church institution, the context of its creation, and the identity of those who had commissioned it. Without any archives, the answers to these enigmas are often found within the manuscript itself, in the text as much as in its illuminations. The study of its sanctoral cycle attaches it to Saint Nazaire at Carcassonne, and that of its illustrations to the end of the XIIIth century, in a very particular context, namely that of the reconstruction of the cathedral
La Vierge à l’Enfant, réceptrice du livre dans les manuscrits méridionaux (XIIIe-XIVe siècle)
Authors: Beys Béatrice 
Published: December 2022

The Virgin and Child as recipients of books in the southern French manuscripts (XIIIth-XIVth centuries).
In the illuminated manuscripts of southern France, the Virgin and Child are sometimes represented as the recipients of books. This kind of illumination expresses the devotion and gratitude of the donor, in particular but not only, those of Cardinal Anglic Grimoard, represented in prayers in the Terrier that he commissioned after 1366. In another context than that of the pontifical court, the Virgin and Child appear as the recipients of the customs of the town. One of the little Thalami from Montpellier, still preserved to the present day, opens with an historical letter in which feature the Virgin and Child, Mary and Jesus, installed in a small shrine reminiscent of the church of Notre Dame des Tables at Montpellier, receiving the book from five dignitaries of the town, painted in the upper margin of the page. The image, here very contextualised, expresses a collective devotion, that of the urban community acting as a corporation. In other southern French manuscripts, such as those of the Customs of Agen, or the Te igitur from Cahors, the Virgin and Child appear yet again, however without receiving the book. The image thus reveals the necessity of its presence at the time of the oath-taking which bind the urban community. In other contexts, namely that of poetic competition, the Virgin receives an allegory of a book. As both inspirer and protector, she is at the origin of all creation. Thus, in various different contexts, the representation of the Virgin and Child as recipients of the book reveals a devotion which is as much private as collective. Often she appears as the obligatory reference point.
L’hostie, la demi-hostie et la Véronique. Des objets sacrés à la croisée d’enjeux pastoraux et théologiques au diocèse d’Agen (vers 1300)
Authors: Wallerich François 
Published: December 2022

The host, the half-host and the Veronica. Sacred objects at the intersection of the pastoral and theological domains in the diocese of Agen (towards 1300).
An exemplum from the beginning of the XIVth century tells how a priest discovered at Caussens a host and a half-host, half changed into flesh tinged with blood, on which appeared the face of Christ. After having been shown by the bishop to the faithful during his pastoral visits, the sacred objects were exposed in the cathedral at Agen. The story includes ancient motifs, such as the partial change of appearance of the hosts, which notably characterised the miraculous host at Arras a century earlier. It attracts notice through two new elements, the presence of a half-host, and the comparison which the bishop of Agen made between the face of Christ which appeared on the elements, and the Veronica which he had in his chapel. This communication proposes to interpret these two elements as a function of the context of the story. On the pastoral plan, the objects have been able to support an expression of the effective piety of the faithful anxious to see the host and the Christ, but also as a device designed to confirm the Eucharistic dogma in the face of heretical disputes. On the theological plan, the three sacred objects seem to reflect the matters elaborated in the Franciscan studia in the region (Narbonne, Toulouse) about the presence of Christ in the miraculous hosts.
Le reliquaire de Saint-Césaire d’Arles (1429)
Authors: Girard Alain 
Published: December 2022

The reliquary of Saint Césaire of Arles (1429).
The unpublished reliquary originating from a private collection, acquired in 1998 by the museum of sacred art of the Gard at Pont-Saint-Esprit, should be put in the context of a document published by Louis Stouff in relation to the fortuitous discovery of relics in the base of the altar of the chapel of Saint-Césaire-le-Vieux in the necropolis of the Alyscamps at Arles. In 1428, Dominique de Germayo, the hermit who served there, undertook work to restore the interior, on the advice of a benevolent voice that he heard in his sleep. He wanted to attract pilgrims and put an end to his financial troubles. In the base of the altar, he found a casket containing relics which he vainly tried to hide. The nuns of the abbey of Saint-Césaire retrieved it. In the course of an enquiry, and a rapid but detailed procedure, Foulque de Chonas, the presiding officer of the ecclesiastical court at Arles, authenticated its contents and permitted its veneration. To this end, in 1429 the nuns created a reliquary. They grouped together the scattered relics in their large convent. They all, whether bearing distinguishing marks or not, real or representative, belong to the beginning of Christianity and are celebrated, the pride of Arlesians, one of the pioneer churches of the Gauls. This reliquary appears as a diptych, in the form of a book opening with hinges, inspired by the binding boards of the gospels. The silver covering of this “opening picture” was destroyed at the Revolution. Separated for a while, the two wooden panels were brought together in 1839, in an iron casket calling to mind its original presentation. Each of these has eight carved hollows, protected by glass, and held together by a copper frame engraved with floral motifs. They received the relics, together with their authentication. In the centre of the figures, in high relief and in silver, the guardian bishops Césaire and Blaise take up the traditional iconography of seals and Arlesian money. The stamp of the smith is not known. The arrangement and style points most likely towards a workshop probably Languedocian.
Corps saints et dévotion aux reliques à Montpellier à la fin du Moyen Age
Authors: Laumonier Lucie 
Published: December 2022

Holy bodies and devotion to relics in Montpellier at the end of the Middle Ages.
The present article proposes preliminary pathways of research about the cult of relics in Montpellier in the XIVth and XVth centuries, a period in which their acquisition was in full swing. In the first section are examined the major relics of the town and their origins, as well as the procedures which led to the acquisition of holy bodies at the end of the Middle Ages. The second section addresses the devotional practices surrounding the relics, and their place in local religious life. Drawing on the study of sources linked to the consulate of the town, the research questions in depth the religious and political stakes linked to the relics, in the context of geographical distancing from the diocese and of a certain independence from the consulate at the beginning of the XIIIth century.
Les dissidents et la chair, selon leurs adversaires
Authors: Biget Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2022

Dissenters and the flesh, according to their adversaries.
The clergy in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries portrayed the religious dissenters of Occitania as sexually depraved, and devoted to practices which violated social and religious norms. The rejection by the southern French elites of the ecclesiastical framework of marriage is perhaps at the origin of these recurrent accusations. However, these latter are, above all, part of a tradition that harks back to Antiquity, upon which is grafted an attribution of devilishness, in order to discredit the dissenters. Such assertions lack all real foundation, like the dualism attributed to the bons hommes. This makes it evident that the pronouncements of the clergy must, in their totality, be considered as an arbitrary construction, hardly worthy of belief, so that the history of the bons hommes and of the Waldensians needs to be revisited.