bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the theme, research objectives, main arguments, methodology, and structure of the book. By investigating, in a transnational perspective, the forgotten struggle of the European Left for a ‘social Europe’ favouring the lower and middle classes in the long 1970s—as well as the reasons for its defeat—this book ambitions to shed new light on a critical turning point in the recent history of European integration, the history of European socialism, and by extension the history of capitalism. The main argument of this work is that the years stretching from the late 1960s until the 1980s saw a political struggle of conflicting social forces over the European order, and that the defeat of the Left’s ‘social Europe’ project was crucial in determining the progression of European integration on the neoliberal road, the Left’s forced acceptance of the ‘neoliberal consensus’, and the shift between welfare capitalism and neoliberal capitalism.
Epilogue
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This epilogue gives an overview of the road taken by European integration after the battle for a ‘social Europe’ was lost, from the mid-1980s until today; it then draws some conclusions regarding the reasons for this defeat. Some of its main causes were internal divergences within the European Left, its inability to truly unite and to consolidate an ‘alliance of the Left’ at European level, its failure to organize an efficient multilevel lobbying force against transnational capitalism, and problems of timing for its proposals, which often arrived late when free-market ideology was already on the rise and when the window of opportunity of the 1970s was closing. Above all, there was a lack of grassroots thrust, as European socialists and trade unions never managed to mobilize mass popular support to radically impose change at the European level.
Familiarize the Unthinkable
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores how Italian intellectuals dealt with the post-war nuclear threat focusing on the writer Alberto Moravia and on his “conversion to politics.” This was provoked by a 1982 visit to Hiroshima, which pushed Moravia—who for a lifetime had openly rejected any active political commitment—to present his candidacy to the European Parliament in order to bring forward the question of disarmament. The chapter investigates Moravia’s rhetorical strategies in his journalistic and fictional production related to the years in Parliament, especially his so-called “oversimplification.” Critics tend to dismiss Moravia’s consistent stylistic and conceptual simplification as a product of naiveté and lack of sophistication. Instead, the chapter contends that this was a precise rhetorical choice through which Moravia tried to tame the nuclear problem and make it a familiar reality, thus preventing it from being distanced to the phantasmal sphere of the “unthinkable.”
Sabotage Logic
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes its start from the lecture “For or Against the Atomic Bomb” by Elsa Morante. In this piece, Morante frames in her own terms the Frankfurt School’s idea of the entangled relationship between rationality and barbarism. Morante denounces the bond between the cultural legacy of Italy and the most aberrant deviations of instrumental reasoning, calling out the nation as a fully responsible partner in the extermination camps and the atomic bomb. Sealed by a Zen koan, which keeps in check a now perverted rationality, Morante’s lecture serves as a declaration of poetics for her most powerful novel, History. In it, fiction is assigned the task of telling the truth about twentieth-century events that official history would likely represent in a distorted and partial way. The chapter probes an ethical ban that erects armor-plated fencing around the Hiroshima and Nagasaki events, making them incompatible with Morante’s historical novel and effectively intractable.
Cultural Identity in Hindi Plays
Authors: Dimitrova Diana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book deals with the interface between identity, culture, and literature. It aims at studying questions of cultural identity and gender in Hindi plays of the 19th and 20th centuries and the interplay of poetics and politics, as revealed in the work of several influential playwrights. The book explores questions related to the ways in which seven representative playwrights imagine India and its identity and the ways, in which this concept is revealed in the ‘narratives of the nation’, its postcolonial contentions, and the politics of identity, as revealed in the production of various cultural discourses. The chapters explore various aspects of the ongoing process of constructing and narrating culture, gender, the nation, and identity. There has been no monograph on the questions of cultural identity in Hindi drama. This is a pioneering project and a desideratum in the field of Hindi literature, South Asian Studies, and broadly, in the study of theatre of India and of South Asian cultures and literatures.
Rethinking Cultural Identity
Authors: Dimitrova Diana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores theoretical aspects related to the interface of cultural identity, discourse, gender, and myth. Cultural identities are those sides of our identities, which arise from our affiliation with a certain ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, and national culture. The concept of cultural identity also includes our gender and sexual identities. For a certain individual and at certain times of one’s life, different aspects of cultural identity would be prevailing—whether political, gender, linguistic, racial, and so on. While the concept of a collective cultural identity would be difficult to define without falling into the trappings of untrue and biased generalizations, a close and critical look at specific texts or narratives of literary and cultural productions of performative genres such as drama, theatre, and film could provide valuable insights into these interesting and timely questions.
Hindi Drama
Authors: Dimitrova Diana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 inquires into the history of Hindi drama and discusses major tendencies and schools. It also looks at the plurality of cultural traditions, identities, and influences that have shaped the playwrights’ worldviews throughout the centuries. Thus, we can identify influences from Western dramaturgy, from classical Urdu drama, from the Parsi theatre, from indigenous sources, such as the nauṭaṅkī-play, as well as classical Sanskrit drama. While the diversity and plurality of the dramatic and theatrical traditions should not be overlooked, Hindi theatre has come to be seen as a sort of a national theatre because of the status of Hindi as the national language of India, as most plays written in regional languages are staged in Hindi before they are staged in the original language. Therefore, in this chapter, Hindi theatre has been discussed as representative of developments in Indian theatre..
In Other Words
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
J. M. Coetzee’s ‘Jesus’ trilogy extends and intensifies his long-term interest in engaging with a wide range of texts, themes, and assumptions that help constitute the history of Western European philosophy. In this commentary, Stephen Mulhall extends his own earlier work on Coetzee’s previous stagings of the ancient quarrel between philosophy and literature by identifying and following out various ways in which the ‘Jesus’ trilogy activates and interrogates themes drawn from Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. These themes include rival conceptions of counting and reading, the relation between concepts and wider forms of life, and the intertwined fate of philosophy, literature, and religion in a resolutely secular world. In these ways, Wittgenstein’s and so Coetzee’s visions of the world disclose their uncanny intimacy with issues and values central to the critique of modernity elaborated in the work of Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre.
Novilla
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter exposes the extent to which the work of Plato and Wittgenstein informs the world disclosed in the first volume of the ‘Jesus’ trilogy (The Childhood of Jesus), as well as the events and the character relationships that dominate it. Both philosophers interrogate the relation between ideas, ideals, and reality: Wittgenstein does so by exploring the phenomenon of rule-following, initially in mathematics, but more generally in language use, and thereby relates the normative to the natural in ways which influence Coetzee’s presentation of the role of literature and religion in a fictional world which appears to lack room for the very idea of either register of human forms of life.
Elizabeth Wiskemann
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is the first biography of Elizabeth Wiskemann (1899–1971), journalist, historian, and distinguished commentator on European affairs. Based upon new archival sources, including Foreign Office and OSS files and private papers, as well as Wiskemann’s many publications, it examines her life from her youth and student years at Cambridge to her suicide. Disappointed in her hopes for an academic career, she reinvented herself as a foreign correspondent in Berlin, reporting on the final years of the Weimar Republic, Hitler’s ascent to power, and Nazism’s expansionist drive in Eastern Europe. Expelled from Germany by the Gestapo, she moved to Prague and in 1938 published a classic account of the Czech–German conflict over the Sudetenland. With the outbreak of the war that she had long foretold, Wiskemann put her investigative skills to good use as a secret agent in Switzerland, working closely with Allen Dulles, the OSS chief in Bern, and running agents into Axis-controlled Europe. She returned to journalism after the war, living for a time in Rome and focusing especially on the political birth of the Italian Republic and Adenauer’s West Germany. For Chatham House she also wrote the first (and for many years the only) English-language study of the expulsion of 12 million Germans from Eastern Europe in 1945–47. Aside from the intrinsic interest of Wiskemann’s career, the book situates her within a cohort of British women, pioneers in international affairs, whose careers were strongly influenced by Chatham House and war service in the intelligence and propaganda agencies. By the 1960s their expertise was widely recognized and some, like Wiskemann, gained positions in universities where degree programs in IR and contemporary history were slowly spreading and achieving legitimacy. Wiskemann got her first real academic job when she was fifty-nine years old as Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Edinburgh. In her different roles she enjoyed a great deal of success but in none of the realms in which she operated—journalism, government service, and academia—did she enjoy the same opportunities as men, and she encountered barriers and sometimes outright obstruction. Blinded in one eye by a botched surgery, she became increasingly fearful of going completely blind; terrified of losing her autonomy and independence, she took her own life.
Introduction
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introduces the reader to central themes of Wiskemann’s biography: her early associations with Bloomsbury circles, her aspirations for an academic career at Cambridge, her encounter with Nazism in Berlin, and its transformative effect on her life. It also situates her within a cohort of women who pursued careers in international affairs after graduating from university in the 1920s and 1930s. With few opportunities open in universities and the Foreign Service closed to women, they looked to journalism, broadcasting, and the agencies of the League of Nations. Their careers have common characteristics. They began as liberal internationalists, they were active in the anti-fascist and anti-Appeasement campaigns of the 1930s, and their trajectories were profoundly shaped by Chatham House and their Second World War service, especially in the propaganda, information, and intelligence agencies. Like Wiskemann, many spent most of their careers outside academia or on its margins. Wiskemann left no formal archive of papers and she presents challenges for a biographer; inevitably, there are gaps, silences, but her career as journalist, secret agent, and scholar illuminates larger historical issues as well as more individual themes such as her struggle to earn a living, define herself, and protect her independence.
Becoming a Journalist
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Wiskemann’s early life and her years as an undergraduate and doctoral student at Newnham College, Cambridge, where her social circle was the younger generation of Bloomsbury intellectuals, including Julian Bell, William Empson, and Julian Trevelyan. Her hopes for an academic career were thwarted by the downgrading of her doctoral thesis (the result, she believed, of her supervisor’s gender prejudice) and a scandal that resulted in Empson’s dismissal from Cambridge. She began traveling to Berlin, became part of a stellar group of foreign correspondents, and reinvented herself as a journalist. Reporting on the Weimar Republic’s final years and the rise of Nazism for the New Statesman and Nation and other periodicals and newspapers, she rapidly gained a national reputation. The chapter examines German politics 1930–35 and the milieu of foreign journalists in Central Europe, and suggests that she is a likely model for Christopher Isherwood’s hard-driving reporter Helen Pratt in Mr. Norris Changes Trains (1935).
Czechoslovakia and the Nazi ‘Drang nach Osten’
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By 1935 Wiskemann’s journalism focused increasingly on the danger Hitler posed to neighboring states and the Versailles order. Her position in Germany became increasingly precarious and in July 1936 she was arrested and expelled from the Reich. She then focused increasingly on Eastern Europe and was recruited by Chatham House to write Czechs and Germans (1938) about the growing crisis in the Sudetenland that resulted in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia at the Munich Conference. A big success and still regarded as a classic, her book led to a lecture tour in Canada and the United States. She lectured and lobbied in an effort to publicize the nature of Nazi aims in Europe and, like Elizabeth Monroe, Shiela Grant Duff, Violet Bonham Carter, and other women, became a vehement opponent of Neville Chamberlain’s Appeasement policy. A second book, Undeclared War, examining Nazism’s political and economic destabilization policies in Eastern Europe, appeared just before the outbreak of war.
Secret Agent in Wartime Switzerland
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Wiskemann spent the war years in Switzerland, ostensibly as an Assistant Press Attaché in the Bern Embassy, but in reality, working for British intelligence. She was tasked with gathering a wide range of non-military intelligence about Germany, Italy, and Axis-occupied Europe. Essentially working alone, she became a highly effective secret agent with a wide range of informants, running agents into enemy territory, and keeping London supplied with straight intelligence and information used for ‘white’ and ‘black’ propaganda. Having extensive trading connections across Europe and as a haven for refugees, Switzerland was an important espionage hub, especially after the defeat of France in the summer of 1940. The chapter examines Wiskemann’s connections to the exile community in Switzerland, the diverse information sources she cultivated, her day-to-day life as a spy, and the personal difficulties and rivalries she encountered within the British legation—some prompted by chauvinism towards an independent woman but also a reflection of internecine struggles between different British covert agencies.
“Dear Mr. Dulles”
Authors: Field Geoffrey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Allen Dulles arrived in Bern in November 1942 to become OSS station chief. He quickly established contact with British intelligence officers, including Wiskemann, whom he had met in New York in 1938. Facing difficulties with her British colleagues, Wiskemann soon developed a close and mutually beneficial working relationship with Dulles. OSS records and British Foreign office files are used to shed light on their partnership and the political differences between them. The chapter also examines Wiskemann’s close ties to the Italian exile community, especially after September 1943 when Hitler’s forces occupied much of Italy. The German resistance, including Adam von Trott zu Solz, contacted Wiskemann and Dulles, although she was more doubtful it could mount an effective coup against Hitler, Finally, the chapter discusses the arrival of the Vrba–Wetzler report in Switzerland, Wiskemann’s sending information about Auschwitz to London, and efforts in Switzerland to publicize and halt the deportation of Hungarian Jews.
Introduction
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter provides a sense of the context and need for this work, as well as providing an overview of how the argument proceeds. It clarifies the methodological principles undergirding the project, particularly in terms of how the work presents the relationship between anthropology and Christology, theology and the natural sciences, and science and feminism. Understandings of original sin are ultimately derivative of Christological doctrines and are entangled with other Christian doctrines regarding soteriology and ecclesiology. The doctrine of original sin has been a place of heightened tension between evolutionary biology and theology since the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, and it is a complex process to develop this doctrine because of its nature as making both scientific (in some articulations) and theological claims. Finally, the relationship between science and feminism has been fraught at times because of the ways in which science has been a tool used to subjugate women and people of colour. This introduction clarifies the guiding principles shaping this work regarding these issues to lay the foundation for the development of the argument.
Augustine on Original Sin and Sexual Difference
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with an analysis of the relevant features of Augustine’s life that illuminate the context in which he elaborated his thinking about original sin and sexual difference. This is followed by an exposition of the set of interrelated doctrines that comprise Augustine’s teachings on original sin in the context of the broader range of his thought. Augustine has significantly shaped Christian thinking about sexual difference as well, so this chapter explores these aspects of his work, including the way in which the category of ‘woman’ serves as a key intersection for symbolic associations of scientia, concupiscentia, sexuality, sin, and salvation in his thought. While critiquing aspects of Augustine’s legacy in shaping Christian thinking about sex and sin, this chapter seeks a partial retrieval of Augustine, particularly his focus on the role of desire in human life and sin, his interest in the biological effects and propagation of sin, and his reliance on the motif of ‘unity’.
New Feminist Materialism and a Theology of Sex and Sin after #MeToo
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 draws from the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, John Paul II’s Theology of the Body, and New Feminist Materialism to articulate a renewed understanding of original sin and sexual difference that is informed by biology, gender theory, and theology. It begins by providing an overview of key themes expressed in New Feminist Materialism, followed by analyses of the contributions of two New Feminist Materialists who are particularly relevant for this project. After discussing New Feminist Materialism, the chapter integrates the insights of the New Feminist Materialists with insights from the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis and John Paul II’s Theology of the Body to construct a framework for a theology of original sin and sexual difference. This articulation of original sin avoids reducing the doctrine to biological imperfection, or conversely, abstracting it into the spiritual realm in a way that neglects attention to the material impacts of sin. It demonstrates that the effects of sin and its propagation involve every aspect of being human, all the way down to the biological. This view of the symbiosis of nature and culture that forms us as human beings allows for an understanding of original sin that sees humans as both victims and perpetrators of sin, and further, it embeds an understanding of human sinfulness in the context of the rest of the natural world, acknowledging the interdependence of creation. This chapter also addresses the possibility of embracing process theology, but ultimately argues that process theology does not provide an adequate metaphysical grounding for materialism.
Intervention and State Sovereignty in Central Europe, 1500-1780
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Interventions in other states on behalf of their subject populations is often portrayed as a novel phenomenon in state practice, one which breaches the old principle of sovereignty. But is this practice really so new? This book argues that such interventions for the protection of other rulers’ subjects occurred frequently as far back as the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. It is the first detailed study of interventions in the early modern period and focusses on central Europe, in particular the Holy Roman Empire. It therefore challenges the common view that in the period after the Peace of Westphalia (1648), the legal scope for and occurrence of intervention were reduced. The book sheds new light on the geopolitical and legal interconnections between the old German Reich and Europe, while also providing comparative insights. It investigates the norms inherent in central European interventions and thereby contributes to a better understanding of the political and legal culture of the Empire, while also assessing the relative importance of geopolitical considerations in such undertakings.
Legal Foundations
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Intervention for the defence of other rulers’ subjects occurred both within the Holy Roman Empire—often in the form of enforcement mechanisms of its judicial system according to which every subject could sue their prince at a higher court—and it occurred ‘internationally’ across sovereign state borders. As today, there was a divide among legal thinkers between those arguing for the legality of interventions in some cases (Bodin, Gentili, Grotius), and those largely denying it (Hobbes, Vattel, Suarez). A discourse against tyrannical, arbitrary rule and a perceived responsibility to protect one’s own—and to a lesser extent, other rulers’—subjects persisted throughout the early modern period, and was by no means a new development in the nineteenth century, let alone the twentieth or twenty-first century.