bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates each. Experiments CPB-A and B were planted 16 and 20 May, respectively, at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the whole seed pieces (ca 75 g) were planted 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by three foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18 and 26 Jul and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 940 liters/ha volume. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 25 whole plants in the middle row of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses or variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMRT and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Traditional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Superior' potatoes were planted 1 Mar, near Nixonton, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 × ) . Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 2 May (all materials) and 9 May (2 rates of Trigard and Thiodan). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot and visual damage ratings were made 9 and 14 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 10 Jun.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with NTN 33893
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots were established at the UI Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID. Potatoes were planted 20 May and irrigation was by fixed sprinkler sets. There were seven chemical treatments and one untreated check replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 2 rows (36 inch spacing) by 25 ft. Rows were not closed at planting to facilitate hand application of the granular NTN. After insecticide application, the rows were mechanically closed. On 10 Jun foliar applications were made of NTN 240 FS and Furadan 4 F in a 4-5 inch band (20 gal/acre) over the center of the row as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. On 9 Jul a second foliar broadcast application (20 gal/acre) of NTN was made on treatment 5 approximately 50 d after planting. On 25 Jun, a single application of Ambush 2 E was applied as a broadcast foliar spray (20 gal/acre) using the previously mentioned system. On a weekly basis, all stages of CPB were counted and percent defoliation estimations were made using whole plant inspections of the center five plants within the two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-3 instar) and large (4-5 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and significant means separated using Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Green Peach Aphid, 1991
Authors: Vaadeland John R. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 16 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 14 m (45 ft) long with 91 cm (36 in) row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The entire block was sprayed by heliocopter weekly, 22 Jun-31 Aug, with Asana 0.66 XL applied at 56 g Al/ha. All treatments other than Asana were applied by a tractor-drawn, row-crop sprayer with drop nozzles. Insecticides were applied in 738 liters of water/ha (79 gal/acre) at 620 kPa (90 psi). Ground applications were made 26 Jul, 5, 12, 19, 26 Aug, and 4 Sep. GPA apterae were counted on 35 leaves per plot 3 days post-application. Aphid-days were computed for the period 26 Jul-4 Sep as Area Under Curve (AUC).
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1991
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 14 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three, 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 20, 27 Mar, 3, 10, 17, 22 Apr, 1, 8, 13, and 29 May. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 75 gal/acre the seventh and eighth sprays (6 nozzles) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 5 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae, and pupa exuviae of the iweetpotato whitefly were counted. On 10 Jun the number of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of each plot. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of an unknown geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 28 May and 3 Jun and the fruit were counted and weighed.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly and Leafminers on Staked Tomato with Insecticide, Soap, and Oil Sprays
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
FALL, 1990: Raised beds 36" wide on 6 ft centers were prepared 3 wks before planting in sandy soil at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee. Fertilizer was applied as a bottom mix before beds were formed (508 lbs/acre of 5-16-8) and as a top mix (952 lbs/acre of 19-0-30) at bed formation in two bands 9" from center. Beds were fumigated at formation with Vapam (37% metham-sodium) at a rate of 30 gal/acre. The Vapam was mixed at a ratio of 3:2 with water and applied with injectors spaced 5" apart across the bed. Immediately after fumigation the beds were covered with whiteface black polyethylene film. Tomato transplants were set 20" apart on 4 Sep. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 3 rows wide, 20 ft long and separated by 40". Treatment applications began 9 Oct and continued weekly until harvest using a tractor mounted boom sprayer with 4 drop lines holding a maximum of 24 nozzles fitted with Albuz ceramic hollow cone tips (ATR brown delivering ca. 0.26 gal/min @ 400 psi). Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly for disease control with the same sprayer at 150 psi except that T-Jet hollow cone nozzles with TLX-3 80° tips were used. Whitefly immatures were counted at two week intervals on the terminal trifoliate of the 6th or 7th leaf from the top of 3 randomly selected plants per plot. The number of leafminer stings and mines and the numbers of dead and parasitized leafminers on the trifoliate were also noted. Adult whiteflies were sampled on alternate weeks by counting the number found after carefully inverting the 3rd leaf from the top of 3 randomly chosen plants per plot. Plants affected by geminivirus were marked as symptoms appeared. All fruit of marketable size were picked and graded from 10 randomly selected healthy plants per plot on 27 Nov and 17 Dec. Culls were removed and the remaining fruit separated into medium, large, and extra-large categories with a mechanical grader. Dollar value was estimated on the basis of $5.00/25 lb box for medium fruit, $6.00 for large fruit, and $8.00 for extra-large fruit. A split plot analysis of variance was used with treatments as whole plots and sample dates as subplots.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1991
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plots, 34 × 34 ft, were in a 4-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 18 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Valent X-77 non-ionic spreader activator (0.25% volume/volume) was added to an Ambush 2 EC treatment at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 4, 7, 12, 15, and 19 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 7.3 m (24 × 24 ft) were established in a 5-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in the early bud stage located in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Eleven treatments and 2 untreated checks were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 21 May with a C02 pressurized ATV-mounted 8 nozzle spray boom which spanned 3.66 m (12 ft). The sprayer delivered 302.8 liters/ha (32 gal/acre) at 40 psi and an ATV speed of 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph). AW density was evaluated 1 day pre-treatment and 4 DAT by collecting 25 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. AW density was evaluated 7 and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as mean AW/stem.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Roman Hecto. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 8 May, a cooperative trial with Sigco Research was established in Pennington county near St. Hilaire, MN. Plot size were six 38.1 cm rows, 6.10 m in length, planted with a cone type 6-row planter. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All granular treatments were applied with the seed. All foliar treatments were broadcast applied in 30.4 liter/ha material at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure using a hand held C02 sprayer. Two foliar applications were made at late pre bloom and early post bloom. Data on stand density, vigor, and lodging were collected. Plant heights were recorded pre bloom. Plots were threshed, moisture and plot yield recorded, and final yields adjusted for moisture.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Trial 3, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Kellesvig Kur. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A trial was located at Langdon, ND, in cooperation with Agrigenetics Co. Plots were : 1.5 m × 6.6 m and were drill planted, including soil applied granulars mixed into the seed. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. They were seeded on the 18th of May. Germination was very uneven so that when the foliars were applied on 28 May about % of the plots were at a suitable stage (cotyledon). A total of 2 liters of material was applied to the 4 plots (.0036 ha). Damage ratings were recorded on 28 May and 12 Jun. Stands were measured on 12 Jun. The entire plot was threshed, moistures collected, and yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1991
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Wildman L. G. , Posler S. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research- Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were 4 rows (10 ft) × 50 ft with a 10-ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10-ft alley between plots. Simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan° 100/140 rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height and centered between rows. This system was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2-inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom with 3 nozzles’directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-inch drop hoses). This system was calibrated to deliver 23.6 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 31 psi. Winds were nearly calm and the temperature was 94°F at the time applications were made. The target application date for a single application was 24 Jul (approximately 50-75% oviposition) based on KSU’s predictive model backed by visual field scouting. Treatments were not applied, however, until 29 Jul (&gt;75% oviposition) because of muddy field conditions. Comite° was applied to one set of plots to produce a reducedmite check in order to reduce mite pressure in order to help evaluate the effect of mites on the corn borer populations and corn yields. Corn borer counts were made 3-12 Sep by dissecting 15 consecutive corn plants from the center 2 rows (8 from the left row and 7 from the right row) in each plot. For each plant, the number of live second generation European corn borer larvae, the presence or absence of second generation corn borer tunneling, and the length of tunneling were recorded. The 15-plant totals for each of these categories were analyzed using SAS Proc GLM. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate means. Results are reported as means per 15 plants, rounded to the nearest whole number.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1991
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time soil insectides were evaluated for wireworm control in a field near Hancock, IA, which required replanting because of severe wireworm damage. Field cultivating removed the existing stand and prepared the seedbed for replanting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 40-ft long rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from 2, 1-m sections of row and inspected for wireworm feeding damage on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Planting-Time Versus Rescue Insecticide Treatments for Black Cutworm Control, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Levine El. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted in 30 inch rows on 28 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide × 50 ft long. Insecticides applied at planting-time and as rescue treatments were evaluated for the control of BCW in artificial infestations of corn plants (plants infested 6 Jun) within 36-ft2 barrier arenas. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Band treatments were incorporated into the soil with spring tines attached to the planter. The planting-time liquid insecticides (41.1 gpa) were applied in a 10-inch band at 30 psi and a speed of 5 mph with 8004E Teejet even flat nozzles. Rescue treatments were broadcast on 7 Jun with XR8004 Teejet extended range flat fan spray tips mounted on a 10-ft boom by a 3-point hitch to the rear of a tractor. A compressed-air system was calibrated to deliver 36.3 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The cumulative number of cut plants in each barrier was determined 1, 6, and 10 days after rescue treatments were applied (DAT). These dates corresponded to corn seedling growth stages 2-3, 4, and 5, respectively. The condition of the plants cut by BCW larvae was also determined at 10 DAT; that is, cut plants were classified as either “dead” or “recovered” from earlier cutting.
Reduced Rates of Soil Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Control, 1987-1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The current application rate for most corn rootworm (CRW) soil insecticides is approximately 1.0 lb of actual insecticide per acre. Reduced rates (V2 and % of the labeled rates) of selected CRW insecticides were included in our regular insecticide evaluations to compare their effectiveness with the labeled rates. Experiments were conducted from 1987 through 1991 at several research locations. Soil insecticides were applied at planting time in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and incorporated into the soil. The experimental designs were randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment was applied to a single 100- ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units 0ohn Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-Emerge planter). Five roots were evaluated for damage in each plot using the Iowa State 1-6 scale. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 linear ft of row.
Insecticide Performance Against First-Generation European Corn Borer—Liquids Vs Granules, 1991
Authors: Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granules are generally recommended over liquids for first-generation ECB. The comparative efficacy of liquid and granular insecticides was evaluated against an artificial ECB infestation established in a commercial corn field at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Plots, measuring 1 row (76-cm centers) X 9.1 m, were infested in the late whorl stage; the middle 15 plants received 3 egg masses, 1 each on 18 Jul, 19 Jul, and 20 Jul. Whenever possible, granular and liquid formulations of the same active ingredient were used plus several standards lacking a granular or liquid counterpart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granules were banded over the row on 22 Jul pm with a 1-row Gandy granular applicator. Liquids were banded over the row on 23 Jul am with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 217 liters/ha using 8002 nozzles. Efficacy was evaluated from 27 Aug to 4 Sep by dissecting the 15 infested plants from each plot and counting both tunnels and larvae.
Ovo-Larvicidal Efficacy of Aerially Applied Ovicides, 1990
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Larvin, Ovasyn, and Curacron were applied aerially at 2 rates (0.14 and 0.28 kg (AI)/ha), 2 spray volumes (18.7 and 46.8 liters/ha), and 2 aircraft speeds (145 and 209 km/h). Cotton plants for the study were grown outdoors in 4 liter pots, 2 plants per pot, to an average height of 0.5 m. The test plants were transported to a staging area near the field where TBW eggs (0-24 h), collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory-reared moths, were transferred to selected cotton plants with a moistened brush. Nine eggs were placed on each of 3 fully-expanded terminal leaves of each plant in each pot prior to spraying (54 eggs/pot). The test plants were moved to the field and placed in rows of field-grown cotton plants of similar size. A Cessna Ag Husky was used to apply spray treatments. All test plants were then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. Eggs were also similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 days after spraying. The 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 (ovicide × rate × spray vol × aircraft speed × days posttreatment) factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted in an experiment with 3 replications. Six days after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch and larval mortality. The percentage eggs hatched and percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs were converted to percent mortality compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine Vx prior to ANOVA.
Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) Effects on Aphid Control Test-I, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 treatments and a control replicated 6 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm centers) × 6.1 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 76 liters/ha at 2.6 kg/cm2 and 5.5 km/h (2 VS8001 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 29 May and plots were evaluated on 31 May and 5 Jun. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 50-75 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 25 plant terminals from each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing rules filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded between 29 and 31 May and a trace (&lt;0.1 cm) of rain occurred on 4 Jun.