bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of chromosome number during the diversification of the tribe Vernonieae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Angulo María Betiana , Chalup Laura , Florentín Javier Elías , Dematteis Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChanges in chromosome number have played an important role in the diversification and evolution of angiosperms. In Asteraceae, tribe Vernonieae are one of the most variable groups with regard to chromosome number. Previously, chromosome numbers n = 9 and 10 were thought to characterize the Old World members of the tribe, and n = 14, 16, 17 and 18 the New World members. This scenario was revised as a result of reports of new chromosome numbers, but the events leading to this wide variation remain unknown. Here we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Vernonieae in a temporal framework, assessing patterns of diversification and establishing possible relationships with chromosome events. Chromosomal evolution was analysed with ChromEvol, from a phylogenetic tree dated in BEAST. Shifts in diversification rates using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures were inferred. Vernonieae originated ~46 Mya and the diversification rate increased sharply ~11 Mya after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. The ancestral chromosome number for the tribe was n = 10, which remained stable for Old World taxa, whereas n = 9 was the ancestral number for New World species. The tribe has undergone 32 chromosome rearrangements throughout its evolutionary history, with dysploidy and polyploidy possibly explaining the observed diversification pattern.
CD44 is critical for the enhancing effect of hyaluronan in allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy in a murine model of chronic asthma
Authors: Katoh Shigeki , Uesaka Tae , Tanaka Hitomi , Matsuhara Hiroki , Ohashi-Doi Katsuyo , Oga Toru 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a potentially effective disease-modification treatment for patients with allergic asthma. Because CD44 signaling enhances regulatory T (Treg) cell-induction, administering CD44 ligands such as hyaluronan (HA) with allergen-specific SLIT may enhance the therapeutic effects. We evaluated the role of CD44 in Treg cell-induction in T helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated chronic airway inflammation using CD44−/− mice and the efficacy of HA on SLIT in a Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced murine model of chronic asthma. Th2 responses and Treg cell induction were evaluated in CD44−/− mice. We devised a new SLIT model of Df-induced chronic asthma utilizing HA as an adjuvant. The effects of HA added to the new SLIT model were evaluated by the early asthmatic response (EAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic airway inflammation, and serum Df-specific IgE levels. Th2-mediated chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation was worse in CD44−/− mice compared with Df-sensitized wild-type (WT) mice. HA enhanced the effect of Df-induced Treg cells in a CD44-dependent manner. Sublingual Df treatment in combination with HA, but not alone, normalized EAR and AHR, and significantly reduced the serum IgE levels and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophil number. HA also induced Treg cells in a Df-sensitized spleen cell culture in a CD44-dependent manner. The treatment-enhancing effects of HA in this SLIT model were diminished in CD44−/− mice. CD44 is a key contributor to Treg cell induction and critical for the enhancing effects of HA in a Df-induced murine model of chronic asthma.
Reduced Immune Response to Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in a Cohort of Immunocompromised Patients in Chile
Authors: Balcells M Elvira , Le Corre Nicole , Durán Josefina , Ceballos María Elena , Vizcaya Cecilia , Mondaca Sebastián , Dib Martín , Rabagliati Ricardo , Sarmiento Mauricio , Burgos Paula I , Espinoza Manuel , Ferrés Marcela , Martinez-Valdebenito Constanza , Ruiz-Tagle Cinthya , Ortiz Catalina , Ross Patricio , Budnik Sigall , Solari Sandra , Vizcaya María de los Ángeles , Lembach Hanns , Berrios-Rojas Roslye , Melo-González Felipe , Ríos Mariana , Kalergis Alexis M , Bueno Susan M , Nervi Bruno 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been widely implemented in low- and middle-income countries. However, immunogenicity in immunocompromised patients has not been established. Herein, we aimed to evaluate immune response to CoronaVac vaccine in these patients.

Methods
This prospective cohort study included 193 participants with 5 different immunocompromising conditions and 67 controls, receiving 2 doses of CoronaVac 8–12 weeks before enrollment. The study was conducted between May and August 2021, at Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) positivity, total anti–SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody (TAb) concentrations, and T-cell responses were determined.

Results
NAb positivity and median neutralizing activity were 83.1% and 51.2% for the control group versus 20.6% and 5.7% (both P &lt; .001) in the solid organ transplant group, 41.5% and 19.2% (both P &lt; .0001) in the autoimmune rheumatic diseases group, 43.3% (P &lt; .001) and 21.4% (P&lt;.01 or P = .001) in the cancer with solid tumors group, 45.5% and 28.7% (both P &lt; .001) in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection group, 64.3% and 56.6% (both differences not significant) in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant group, respectively. TAb seropositivity was also lower for the solid organ transplant (20.6%; P &lt; .0001), rheumatic diseases (61%; P &lt; .001), and HIV groups (70.9%; P = .003), compared with the control group (92.3%). On the other hand, the number of interferon γ spot-forming T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 tended to be lower in all immunocompromising conditions but did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions
Diverse immunocompromising conditions markedly reduce the humoral response to CoronaVac vaccine. These findings suggest that a boosting vaccination strategy should be considered in these vulnerable patients.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04888793.
Bess Beetle (Coleoptera: Passalidae) Species Composition Across the Altitudinal Gradient of Montecristo National Park, El Salvador
Authors: Serrano-Peraza Francisco , Serrano Cervantes Leopoldo , Chaves Luis Fernando 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBess beetle species tend to be endemic and are useful indicators for the designation of conservation areas. However, little is known about the diversity and distribution of these beetles in El Salvador. Here, we present results from a study testing if species segregated along the altitudinal gradient of Montecristo National Park, El Salvador. The survey was done between September and December 2015. Beetles were collected at nine transects from three ecosystems, which included cloud, mixed-pine, and dry forests that occur along the altitudinal gradient of Montecristo. We sampled a total of 696 trees, finding 79 galleries of bess beetles, belonging to 13 species, which included: Arrox agassizi (Kaup), Chondrocephalus granulifrons (Bates), Chondrocephalus sp., Chondrocephalus salvadorae (Schuster), Heliscus eclipticus (Truqui), Odontotaenius striatopunctatus (Percheron), Ogyges politus (Hincks), Oileus sargi (Kaup), Passalus punctatostriatus Percheron, Passalus punctiger Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, Verres hageni Kaup, Vindex sculptilis Bates, and Chondrocephalus gemmae Reyes-Castillo & Castillo which is a new species record for El Salvador. We found that species segregated by altitude, with the highest species richness observed in the cloud forest (n = 6), followed by the dry (n = 5) and mixed pine-oak (n = 4) forests. Most species were randomly associated with different tree species trunks, with the exception of V. hageni which was associated with trunks of Cecropia sp. Loefl. (Rosales: Urticaceae), and P. punctastriatus and P. punctiger which were associated with trunks of Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken (Boraginales: Boraginaceae). Our results show that species segregate by habitat, as only two species (C. gemmae and H. eclipticus) were found in more than one ecosystem.
Data standards for acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention: the European Unified Registries for Heart Care Evaluation and Randomised Trials (EuroHeart)
Authors: Batra Gorav , Aktaa Suleman , Wallentin Lars , Maggioni Aldo P , Ludman Peter , Erlinge David , Casadei Barbara , Gale Chris P ,   In collaboration with the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (ACNAP), Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), EURObservational Research Programme (EORP), ESC Patient Forum, ESC Working Group on Thrombosis and ESC Committee for Young Cardiovascular Professionals
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Standardized data definitions are essential for monitoring and benchmarking the quality of care and patient outcomes in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. There are no contemporary pan-European data standards for the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The European Unified Registries for Heart Care Evaluation and Randomised Trials (EuroHeart) project of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) aimed to develop such data standards for ACS and PCI. Following a systematic review of the literature on ACS and PCI data standards and evaluation of contemporary ACS and PCI registries, we undertook a modified Delphi process involving clinical and registry experts from 11 European countries, as well as representatives from relevant ESC Associations, including the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) and Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC). This resulted in final sets of 68 and 84 ‘mandatory’ variables and several catalogues of optional variables for ACS and PCI, respectively. Data definitions were provided for these variables, which have been programmed as the basis for continuous registration of individual patient data in the online EuroHeart IT platform. By means of a structured process and the interaction with major stakeholders, internationally harmonized data standards for ACS and PCI have been developed. In the context of the EuroHeart project, this will facilitate country-level quality of care improvement, international observational research, registry-based randomized trials, and post-marketing surveillance of devices and pharmacotherapies.
Organic agriculture and field edges uphold endospheric wheat microbiota at field and landscape scale
Authors: Ricono Claire , Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe , Aviron Stéphanie , Jambon Olivier , Michon-Coudouel Sophie , Causse-Vedrines Romain , Mauger Solène , Mony Cendrine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAgricultural intensification has been demonstrated to induce a loss of biodiversity. Despite the key role of symbiotic microorganisms in plant nutrition and protection, the impact of agricultural intensification on these microorganisms is not fully understood. Organic farming and field edges (as semi-natural elements) may promote a higher microbial diversity thanks to lower anthropic disturbance and higher plant diversity. We sampled wheat individuals in pairs of wheat fields (one organic and one conventional) along a distance gradient to the edges (hedgerow vs. grassy), in 20 landscape windows selected along an uncorrelated gradient of organic farming and hedgerow density. We demonstrated that organic farming shaped microbial composition and increased fungal and bacterial richness, while hedgerows had a neutral or negative effect on richness depending on the microbial phyla considered. In contrast to bacteria, fungal communities were heterogeneously distributed within fields, having a higher diversity for some phyla close to field edges. Overall we highlighted that fungi responded more to the field scale while bacteria were more affected by landscape scale. The effect of agricultural intensification on plant microbiota and therefore on the functions provided by microorganisms to the plants has to be considered at a multiple spatial scale—from field to landscape.
Motivation to Engage in Aging Research: Are There Typologies and Predictors?
Authors: Carr Dawn C , Tian Shubo , He Zhe , Chakraborty Shayok , Dieciuc Michael , Gray Nicholas , Agharazidermani Maedeh , Lustria Mia Liza A , Dilanchian Andrew , Zhang Shenghao , Charness Neil , Terracciano Antonio , Boot Walter R 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Study recruitment and retention of older adults in research studies is a major challenge. Enhancing understanding of individual differences in motivations to participate, and predictors of motivators, can serve the dual aims of facilitating the recruitment and retention of older adults, benefiting study validity, economy, and power.

Research Design and Methods
Older adults (N = 472) past and potential participants were surveyed about motivations to participate in research, demographic, and individual difference measures (e.g., health status, cognitive difficulties). Latent class and clustering analyses explored motivation typologies, followed by regression models predicting individual motivators and typologies.

Results
Older adults endorsed a diversity of research motivations, some of which could be predicted by individual difference measures (e.g., older participants were more motivated by the desire to learn new technology, participants without a college education were more motivated by financial compensation, and participants with greater self-reported cognitive problems were more likely to participate to gain cognitive benefit). Clustering analysis revealed 4 motivation typologies: brain health advocates, research helpers, fun seekers, and multiple motivation enthusiasts. Cognitive difficulties, age, employment status, and previous participation predicted membership in these categories.

Discussion and Implications
Results provide an understanding of different participant motivations beyond differences between younger and older adults and begin to identify different classes of older adults motivated to participate in research studies. Results can provide guidance for targeted recruitment and retention strategies based on individual differences in stated or predicted motivations.
Sensitivity kernels for receiver function misfits in a full waveform inversion workflow
Authors: de Jong J H E , Paulssen H , van Leeuwen T , Trampert J 
Published: March 2022

SUMMARY
Receiver functions have been used for decades to study the Earth’s major discontinuities by focusing on converted waves. Deconvolution, which is the mathematical backbone of the method, is assumed to remove the source time function and the far-field dependence on structure, making it a useful method to map the nearby Earth structure and its discontinuities. Ray theory, a plane incoming wavefield, and a sufficiently well-known near-receiver background velocity model are conventionally assumed to map the observations to locations in the subsurface. Many researchers are aware of the shortcoming of these assumptions and several remedies have been proposed for mitigating their consequences. Adjoint tomography with a quasi-exact forward operator is now within reach for most researchers, and we believe is the way forward in receiver function studies. A first step is to calculate adjoint sensitivity kernels for a given misfit function. Here, we derive the adjoint source for a receiver function waveform misfit. Using a spectral element forward code, we have calculated sensitivity kernels for P-to-S converted waves using several 2-D models representing an average crust with an underlying mantle. The kernels show profound differences between P- and S-wave speed sensitivity. The sensitivity to P-wave speed is wide-ranging and related to the scattered P-wavefield which interferes with that of the P-to-S converted wave. The S-wave speed sensitivity is more local and mostly associated to potential locations of P-to-S conversion, although more distant sensitivity is also observed. Notably, there is virtually no sensitivity to impedance. We further observe the well-known trade-off between depth of the discontinuity and wave speed, but find that considering a longer waveform that includes more surface reverberations reduces this trade-off significantly.
One hundred and eighty-two overlooked British comments on Bernard Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees, 1724–1800
Authors: Chatterjee Jacob Donald 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Fable of the Bees (1714) by Bernard Mandeville, a Dutch émigré physician and acerbic satirist, provoked some of the fiercest debates of the eighteenth century by arguing that luxury and vice were the driving forces of modern commercial societies. However, studies of these polemical storms remain largely reliant on Frederick Benjamin Kaye’s incomplete appendix of contemporary references to Mandeville in the Clarendon Edition of the Fable (1924). To address this historiographical lacuna, this research note presents substantial new evidence on the Fable’s reception by listing and describing 182 overlooked eighteenth-century British responses to Mandeville.
The rise of hybrid diplomacy: from digital adaptation to digital adoption
Authors: Bjola Corneliu , Manor Ilan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced diplomats to embrace virtual platforms and to learn to combine virtual and physical meetings in their work. In this article, we investigate how this process has taken place and with implications for the conduct of diplomacy. Specifically, we ask how diplomats have adapted to the transition to the virtual medium, what lessons have they learned from this, and how these lessons may inform the conduct of diplomacy in the post-pandemic period? We argue that diplomacy is about to enter a new phase, which we call hybrid diplomacy, in which physical and virtual engagements are expected to integrate, complement and empower each other. We begin by distinguishing between digital adaptation, a forced process brought about by external changes, and digital adoption, a strategic decision by diplomats to use specific technologies towards specific goals. Building on the results of a survey disseminated to 105 diplomats during the pandemic, we then examine how diplomats have adapted to the virtual medium and what challenges they see facing as they transition to the post-pandemic phase. While responders largely agree that virtual interactions are not a good substitute for physical diplomacy, we find strong support for the continued mix of virtual and physical meetings. They enable diplomats to maintain working procedures, collaborate with their peers from around the world, and continue negotiations that began offline. We conclude with a discussion of the technological and social factors that may inform the shape of hybrid diplomacy.
Shard Polytopes
Authors: Padrol Arnau , Pilaud Vincent , Ritter Julian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For any lattice congruence of the weak order on permutations, Reading proved that gluing together the cones of the braid fan that belong to the same congruence class defines a complete fan, called a quotient fan, and Pilaud and Santos showed that it is the normal fan of a polytope, called a quotientope. In this paper, we provide a simpler approach to realize quotient fans based on Minkowski sums of elementary polytopes, called shard polytopes, which have remarkable combinatorial and geometric properties. In contrast to the original construction of quotientopes, this Minkowski sum approach extends to type $B$.
QCA in International Relations: A Review of Strengths, Pitfalls, and Empirical Applications
Authors: Ide Tobias , Mello Patrick A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a rapidly emerging method in the field of International Relations (IR). This raises questions about the strengths and pitfalls of QCA in IR research, established good practices, how IR performs against those standards, and which areas require further attention. After a general introduction to the method, we address these questions based on a review of all empirical QCA studies published in IR journals between 1987 and 2020. Results show that QCA has been employed on a wide range of issue areas and is most common in the study of peace and conflict, global environmental politics, foreign policy, and compliance with international regulations. The utilization of QCA offers IR scholars four distinct advantages: the identification of complex causal patterns, the distinction between necessary and sufficient conditions, a middle ground between quantitative and qualitative approaches, and the reinforcement of the strengths of other methods. We find that albeit a few exceptions, IR researchers conduct high-quality QCA research when compared against established standards. However, the field should urgently pay more attention to three issues: the potential of using QCA in combination with other methods, increasing the robustness of QCA results, and strengthening research transparency in QCA applications. Throughout the article, we formulate strategies for improved QCA research in IR.
Multidimensional Impact Evaluation: The Impact of the Women’s Income Generating Support Program in Northern Uganda
Authors: Malaeb Bilal , Uzor Eustace 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper assesses the impact of a human capital and cash transfer intervention on individual disempowerment. Using a randomised controlled trial across 120 villages in Northern Uganda, we take a multidimensional measurement approach to evaluate the impact of Women’s Income Generating Support Program on the empowerment of ultra-poor and conflict-affected women. Building on the findings of Blattman et al. (2016) who find positive effects of the program on microenterprise ownership and income, we investigate the effects of the program on women who were most disempowered through an analysis of the joint distribution of the impacts and the changes in deprivation profiles of the targeted populations. Using a measure of ten indicators in five dimensions, we find that the intervention is successful in reducing the average number of deprivations by 13.6% on average relative to the control group at endline. Our analysis show that the intervention was successful in reducing the incidence and the severity of disempowerment among those who experience it more severely. However, we find that, even at endline, most of the participants in the sample experienced deprivation in at least two of the ten indicators simultaneously and that the group dynamics arm of the program did not have a significant impact on the beneficiaries’ empowerment.