bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Temperature and Polyethylene Glycol-induced Osmotic Stress on Radicle Growth of Lespedeza stipulacea, Lolium multiflorum, and Bouteloua curtipendula
Authors: Masiunas J. B. , Carpenter P. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim., and Buteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. were grown for 48 hours in darkness at constant temperatures of 22°, 27°, 32°, or 37°C either in distilled water or polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG) solutions with osmotic potentials of −3.2, −7.7, and −9.8 bars. Redicle growth rate decreased as concentrations of polyethylene glycol increased. Radicle growth was reduced at 32° and negligible at 37° for L. multiflorum. All levels of PEG-induced osmotic stress reduced radicle growth at 22° and 32°, while at 27° only higher levels reduced growth of L. multiflorum. PEG-induced osmotic stress reduced radicle growth of B. curtipendula significantly at all temperatures except 37°, where the lowest level of PEG had an insignificant effect on radicle growth. With L. stipulacea, low levels of PEG-induced osmotic stress did not have a significant effect on radicle growth, but an osmotic stress of −9 bars reduced growth at all temperatures.
Effects of Relative Humidity and Root Temperature on Calcium Concentration and Tipburn Development in Lettuce
Authors: Collier G. F. , Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth chamber studies were undertaken with a tipburn-sensitive cultivar of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Lobjoits Green Cos) grown under a photosynthetic photon flux density of 320 μmol s−1m−2 for 16 hours; light and dark temperatures were 26.0° and 12.5°C, respectively. As the relative humidity (RH) during the light period was decreased from 74% to 51%, growth was retarded, Ca concentration increased, and the onset of tipburn delayed. Decreasing RH during the dark period from 95% to 90% reduced growth and resulted in lower CA concentrations and earlier tipburn development. Further decreases from 90% to 65% caused no additional change in growth or tipburn response. Root temperatures of 23.5°, compared with 15.0°, slightly increased Ca concentration but induced earlier tipburn development. Ca concentrations were increased and tipburn delayed by humidity conditions which provided large diurnal fluctuations in water potential in the plant and which encouraged root pressure flow during the dark period. Elevated root temperatures did not provide expected increases in Ca accumulation in young leaves.
Leaf Conductance, Growth, and Survival of Willow and Deciduous Fruit Tree Species under Flooded Soil Conditions
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Lombard P. B. , Westwood M. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted seedlings and cuttings of various tree species were submerged to 5–10 cm above the soil level for up to 20 months in order to determine flood tolerance based on leaf conductance (kl), growth, and survival. Flooding induced a decline in kl at soil oxygen diffusion rates of 30, 22, 20, and 15 × 10−8g cm−2 min−1 for Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Halford seedlings (peach), Pyrus communis L. cv. Bartlett (Bart), Pyrus calleryana Decne (Call), and Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge (Bet), respectively. The leaves of some species, particularly Pyrus communis L. cv. Old Home × Farmingdale 97 (OH × F 97), abscised shortly after a decline in kl, yet leaves of most other Pyrus species did not abscise despite months of maintaining a kl near zero. Growth rates were reduced for all fruit tree species except Bet and Call after one month of spring flooding. One month of fall flooding reduced the growth of all fruit tree species the following spring. Bet survived 20 months of continuous submergence; however, only Salix discolor Muhl. (willow) grew well under these conditions. Flooding promoted adventitious rooting of willow, Cydonia oblonga Mill. cv. Provence BA 29 (quince) and Malus domestica Borkh. cv. MM 106 (apple); anthocyanin pigmentation in leaves of apple and all Pyrus species; leaf chlorosis of quince, apple, and peach; and hypertrophied lenticels on the submerged stems and roots of all species. The tolerance, based upon kl, growth, and survival, was: willow > Bet > Call = quince > Bart > OH × F 97 = Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak. (Pyri) = Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. (Ussuri) = apple > peach. Although the survival of pear rootstocks with and without a ‘Bartlett’ scion were similar, flooding symptoms often were quite different.
Effects of Nitrapyrin and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Ultrastructure of Mesophyll Chloroplasts of Radish
Authors: Rufner Robyn , Barker A. V. , Boucher J. P. , Kroll W. , Hosmer Trina A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies concerning the use of the nitrification inhibitor, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (nitrapyrin), have indicated that at least one site of action of nitrapyrin is associated with leaf chloroplasts. Leaves from radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) grown with 10 ppm nitrapyrin in combination with 6 nitrogen fertilizers exhibited symptoms of nitrapyrin toxicity which ranged from reduced leaf size to marginal chlorosis and chlorotic mottling of leaves. The incorporation of nitrapyrin with nitrogen fertilizers, particularly organic sources of N, significantly reduced the number of chloroplasts per cell and significantly altered the structural integrity of radish chloroplasts relative to mesophyll cells and chloroplasts from plants grown at 0 ppm nitrapyrin.
High-density Polyethylene Wrap Improves Wound Healing and Lengthens Shelf-life of Mechanically Harvested Grapefruit
Authors: Golomb Avinoam , Ben-Yehoshua Shimshon , Sarig Yoav 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Superficial scratches were a major problem in mechanically harvested ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.). Sealing individual fruit in 0.015 mm thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets greatly reduced fruit weight loss under uncontrolled room conditions. HDPE-wrapped fruit retained excellent external and internal qualities for 3 months, but was slightly softer and began to develop an unfresh off-flavor and external yellow-orange color during the 4th month of storage. HDPE wrap did not keep the injury scars invisible but improved active healing and inhibited further softening and spreading of scars, thus partly preserving fruit appearance. Highest phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, a key process in lignification and wound healing, occurred in scratched, HDPE-wrapped fruit stored at 30°C. Peak activity was reached 72 hours following injury. Decay of scratched fruit by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. was reduced markedly by storage at low temperature (10°), by disinfection, or by wrapping in HDPE. The beneficial anti-decay effects of HDPE can be attributed both to insulation against secondary contact infections and to provision of a humid atmosphere which at warm temperature enhances lignification and the healing process of superficial flavedo scars.
Storage of Rose and Carnation Flowers
Authors: Staby G. L. , Cunningham M. S. , Holstead C. L. , Kelly J. W. , Konjoian P. S. , Eisenberg B. A. , Dressier B. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normal refrigeration (NR), low pressure (LP, 10 to 35 mm Hg), and low oxygen (0.5% to 8%) storage trials were conducted using cut flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and rose (Rosa sp.). Variables studied were storage time, gas partial pressures, vapor barriers, chemical pretreatments, grower source, cultivars, and stem recutting methods. Low oxygen storage was not beneficial regardless of variables tested. In general, carnations could be stored for 6 weeks under NR and 8 weeks under LP conditions if the flowers were pretreated with silver thiosulfate (STS) and vapor barriers were utilized during NR storage. Roses could be stored up to 2 weeks under NR and up to 4 weeks under LP conditions and still exhibit at least 61% of their nonstored, original vase-life if LP-induced leaf disorders were not considered. Rose vase-life after NR storage was enhanced by utilizing vapor barriers during storage, and visual appearance improved if stems were recut under water upon removal from storage. LP-stored roses did not benefit by these treatments. However, the same cultivars from different growers did not respond equally and great variability was noted among rose cultivars tested regardless of storage method. Of special concern were the LP-induced leaf disorders noted on ‘Forever Yours’, ‘Royalty’, ‘Town Crier’, and ‘Spanish Sun’ roses.
Development of Cyanide-resistant Respiration in Carnation Flower Petals
Authors: Wulster George J. , Sacalis John N. , Janes Harry W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cyanide-resistant respiration in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) petal tissue increased daily until 3 days after flowers were harvested. Mitochondria from petals exhibited only cyanide-resistant respiration when malate and pyruvate were provided as substrate. Although intact petals from freshly harvested flowers exhibited little cyanide-resistant respiration, mitochondria isolated from them were highly cyanide-resistant in their respiration if malate and pyruvate were provided as substrate. Pyruvate, in mitochondria, was capable of releasing mitochondria inhibited by cyanide in the presence of malate. Pentose-phosphate pathway activity was significant throughout the postharvest period, but was maximum 5 days after flowers were harvested. The gas exchange quotient (GEQ) was 1 for the first 3 days after harvest, declining on days 4 and 5 and dramatically increasing on day 6 as a result of a climacteric increase in CO2 evolution accompanying flower wilting.
Sensory and Instrument Measurement of Apple Texture
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Watada Alley E. , Massie David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationships among selected sensory textural attributes and data from modified Instron texture profile analysis (force/deformation curves obtained in compression of tissue cylinders) were examined for ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Rome Beauty’, ‘York Imperial’, ‘Redspur Delicious’, and ‘Miller Sturdy Spur Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Sensory crispness, hardness, and toughness were closely related to each other and to Instron texture profile forces at breakpoint (yield), failure, and 75% compression and to work energy in compression and rebound. Correlations of sensory attributes with the best single Instron texture profile variables were similar to those with Magness-Taylor penetration force (measured on an Instron); however, combinations of several texture profile variables in regression equations generally improved prediction of sensory attributes. Experimental Instron texture profile variables, especially force near midcompression, or the experimental variations on the customary variables, such as mean forces around failure and around full compression, were selected for prediction equations more frequently than the customary variables.
Effect of Leaf Number, Leaf Position, and Node Number on Flowering Time in Hybrid Geranium
Authors: Armitage Allan M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Time to flower in Pelargonium Xhortorum Bailey, whether expressed as time to visible flower bud or first anthesis, is most dependent on the first 6-8 true leaves (“critical” leaves). Flowering time was correlated with leaf area of the critical leaves but not with total leaf area. Removal of young leaves did not accelerate flowering but resulted in more flowers on the first inflorescence. If the 6-8 critical leaves occurred within the first 8-10 nodes, then flowering was not inhibited. A minimum of 15 nodes was necessary for flowering, but node number ranged from 15-23. Time from visible bud to anthesis was not affected by defoliation, leaf area, or position of critical leaves.
Effects of Planting Density on Peach and Nectarine Productivity
Authors: Giulivo C. , Ramina A. , Costa G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Productivity (number of fruits/trunk, cross sectional area) of ‘Stark Redgold’ nectarine and ‘Suncrest’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], planted at 4 × 1.25, 4 × 1.50, 4 × 1.75, and 4 × 2.00 m, corresponding to 2000, 1666, 1428, and 1250 trees/ha, respectively, was related inversely to tree density; yield per hectare constantly declined as tree density increased. June fruit drop was unrelated to tree density, while the fruit drop pattern peaked at the same date at all the tree densities. Fruit final diameter and weight, yield per tree and per hectare were related inversely to tree density. A significant correlation was found between final fruit size and relative growth rate of fruits (positive) and shoots (negative) during early stage I of fruit development.
Ethylene Production by ‘Flamekist’ Nectarines as Influenced by Exposure to Ethylene and Propylene
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Kader Adel A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Flamekist’ nectarine fruit [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] picked during the slow-growth phase exhibited reduced C2H4 production in response to 1250 and 12,500 ppm C3H6 while fruit picked during the 2nd rapid-growth phase did not. Ethylene production by mature, preclimacteric nectarines during ripening in air at 20°C was stimulated by prior storage in air at 0° or exposure to 100 ppm C2H4 at 0° or 20°. Storage in air + C2H4 at 0° for longer than 4 days, however, nullified the stimulative effect. Subsequent peak-level C2H4 production was reduced by one-half compared to air-stored fruit. Concentration of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) increased along with C2H4 production rates during ripening. In mature fruit showing reduced C2H4 production, ACC accumulated above the expected level relative to control fruit. The data indicates that the inhibition of C2H4 production by C3H6 in developing nectarine fruit during the slow-growth phase is due to low availability of ACC, while in mature fruit the reduction in C2H4 production results from slowed conversion of ACC to C2H4.
Effects of Time of Nitrogen Application and Soil Texture on the Availability of Isotopically Labeled Fertilizer Nitrogen to Reproductive and Vegetative Tissue of Mature Almond Trees
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Klein I. , Broadbent F. E. , Micke W. C. , Muraoka T. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb] trees growing on light-(Delhi sand) and heavy-textured (Yolo silty clay loam) soils were fertilized with 15N-depleted ammonium sulfate at different times during the year to permit direct measurement of fertilizer N within the trees. The distribution of fertilizer N between vegetative and reproductive organs was monitored during both the year of application, 1980, and the subsequent year. The later that fertilizer N was applied during the season, the less fertilizer N was recovered in the fruit and leaves that year, and the greater its N contribution to these organs was the following year. Isotopic labeling of fruit and leaves appeared to be relatively unaffected by soil texture during the year of fertilizer application. During the subsequent year, however, the recovery of fertilizer N by fruit and leaves was 2-fold greater on the heavy-textured soil than on the light-textured soil. Recovery of labeled N in fruit was relatively low on both soil types following application of fertilizer during the dormant period. Isotopic N was recovered in fruit in both 1980 and 1981 and constituted about 20% to 28% of fruit N at most. About 25% of the applied N was removed in the fruit on the heavy-textured soil over a 2-year period. Up to 1 kg N per tree was removed annually in the harvested fruit.
Peeled Yield and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples Peeled by Superheated Steam, Saturated Steam, and Caustic Peeling
Authors: Smith Durward A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Steam peeling resulted in higher, peeled yields and a brighter-colored product than caustic peeling. Efficient peeling was possible using relatively low pressures in conjunction with superheated steam. Peeled yields were 98% for superheated steam-peeled apples with flash cooling, 92% for caustic-peeled fruit which had a prepeel treatment to physically disrupt the cutin layer, 86% for conventionally caustic-peeled fruit, and 83% for the mechanically peeled control.
Effect of High and Low Temperatures on Pollen Germination and Seed Set in Snap Beans
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen germination in vivo in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was less at 8° and 12°C than at 18°. There were large cultivar differences, and germination at 9 am was no different from that at 3 pm. Pollen from bean flowers grown in the greenhouse at 21° Day/18°C Night (D/N) was transferred to plants in bloom at combinations of 8°, 10°, and 12° N, and 20°, 25°, and 30° D. Pollen from plants at the 9 temperature combinations also was used to pollinate plants in the greenhouse. Pollen from plants grown at 30° as compared to 20° and 25°, resulted in reduced seed yields. Conversely, viable pollen transferred to plants at 30° reduced set insignificantly. Thirty/8° D/N combinations resulted in the lowest yields. Low night temperatures appeared to inhibit ovule viability. In contrast, high temperatures reduced pollen viability. NY 5-161 and OSU 1604 were more stable than BBL 47, BBL 92, and PI 165426 at both high and low temperatures.
Ripening Period of Vaccinium Species in Southeastern North Carolina
Authors: Ballington J. R. , Ballinger W. E. , Mainland C. M. , Swallow W. H. , Maness E. P. , Galletta G. J. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vaccinium species collected from the eastern United States were grown and fruited at Castle Hayne, N.C. Harvest season extended from 5 June to 22 Aug. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. was earliest ripening. Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx., V. elliotti Chap., diploid V. corymbosum L., and tetraploid V. pallidum Ait. populations also contained very early- to early-ripening seedlings. Early-ripening seedlings were not observed in tetraploid V. corymbosum populations and reached peak ripeness around mid-June, about with ‘Bluecrop’. One tetraploid V. corymbosum population continued ripening into early August. Vaccinium ashei Reade populations from Georgia began ripening about 2 weeks earlier than Florida V. ashei or Arkansas V. amoenum Ait. populations. One Georgia V. ashei population was only slightly later than tetraploid V. corymbosum. The Florida V. ashei populations continued ripening into late August. The diploid species V. darrowi Camp, V. tenellum Ait., and V. stamineum L., were all basically late in ripening. The potential utility of these species in breeding for both early- and late-ripening Vaccinium genotypes is discussed.
Reduction of Bacterially Induced Frost Damage to Tender Plants
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Buchanan D. W. , Stall R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strategies for reducing bacterially induced frost damage to tender plants were examined. Introduction of the competitive bacterium, Erwinia herbicola M232A (not active in ice nucleation) did not lower the temperature at which freeze injury of tomato shoots occurred. Streptomycin was effective in reducing freeze damage of tomato shoots only when mixed with the Pseudomonas syringae suspension prior to plant inoculation. Spectinomycin, another aminoglycoside, was effective in reducing frost damage to tomato plants due to P. syringae. Bacteria present intercellularly (within the plant) may play a significant role in bacterial ice nucleation.
Growth, Free Amino Acids, and Mineral Composition of Tomato Plants in Relation to Nitrogen Form and Growing Media
Authors: Magalhaes Jose R. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants ‘Campbell 1327’ grown in peat with NH4 nutrition had no visible symptoms of NH4 toxicity, while severe symptoms of NH4 toxicity were displayed in solution or sand culture. Growth of plants was much better with NO3-N than NH4-N in sand, vermiculite, or solution culture; but in peat, growth of NH4-treated plants equalled or exceeded that of NO3-treated plants in sand, vermiculite, and peat. The total dry weight of NH4-treated plants grown in peat was 2, 2.5, and 3.4 times higher than plants grown in vermiculite, sand, and solution culture, respectively. Content of uncomplexed ASHS.109.3.406 in NH4-treated plants grown in peat was reduced markedly compared with other media. NH4-treated plants grown in sand, vermiculite, and solution culture, displaying NH4 toxicity symptoms, had a total amino acid:free NH4+ molar ratio < 2, compared to 6-8 with NO3. For NH4-treated plants grown in peat the ratio was similar to that of NO3-treated plants. Asparagine and glutamine in NH4-treated plants grown in peat were 3.5 and 11.3 times higher than with NO3-N, indicating a high efficiency in detoxification of NH4 through incorporation into these amino acids. The medium on which a plant is grown can have a marked influence on the plant response to N form.
The Influence of Gene B on Fruit Development in Cucurbita pepo
Authors: Schaffer Arthur A. , Boyer C. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of gene B on various growth parameters in 3 genetic backgrounds of Cucurbita pepo L. cultivars ‘Early Prolific’, ‘Small Sugar’, and ‘Fordhook Zucchini’ is reported. While fruit size is smaller in the presence of B in all 3 backgrounds, ‘Early Prolific’ was affected the least. Rind hardness also was lower when B was present in ‘Fordhook Zucchini’ and ‘Small Sugar’ but was not affected in ‘Early Prolific’. Percentage of dry weight of the pigmented rind was unaffected by B in the ‘Early Prolific’ background but was lower due to B in the ‘Fordhook Zucchini’ background. The inconsistent influences of B in these 3 genetic backgrounds are discussed in terms of chloroplast contribution to fruit growth and development.
Peach Rootstock Influence on Foliar and Dormant Stem Nutrient Content
Authors: Knowles J. W. , Dozier W. A. , Evans C. E. , Carlton C. C. , McGuire J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar and dormant shoot nutrient content and tree survival of ‘Loring’ and ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on 8 seedling rootstocks (Lovell, Halford, Harrow W-208, NA8, Nemagard, Siberian C, NC NRL-4, and NC 152-AI-2) were determined during 2 seasons. Foliar Ca levels of both ‘Loring’ and ‘Redhaven’ peach trees were lower on Siberian C rootstock than on any other rootstock in the study. Dormant stem Ca levels were lower when cultivars were on Siberian C rootstock than when on most other rootstocks. Cultivars on Siberian C had lower foliar K levels than most other scion/rootstock combinations. Some differences in foliar and stem N, P, Mg, and Mn levels were evident; however, these differences generally were small and inconsistent. After 6 years in the orchard, greatest tree loss occurred with ‘Loring’ on Siberian C and ‘Redhaven’ on Siberian C or NA-8. Other rootstocks did not affect tree survival of either cultivar. Tree width was smallest with Siberian C rootstock, but few differences in trunk circumference and tree height were observed.
Inheritance of Glandular Trichomes in Crosses between Lycopersicon esculentum and Lycopersicon pennellii
Authors: Lemke Carol A. , Mutschler Martha A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The absence or presence of type IV trichomes seemed to be simply inherited in crosses of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, and Lycopersicon pennellii Correll. F2 and BC1 data showed a good fit to a 15 : 1 and 3 : 1 ratio, respectively, suggesting that the presence of type IV trichomes is controlled by 2 unlinked genes. Broad sense heritability estimates of type IV trichome density were high. Generation means analysis of type IV trichome density indicated that genic interaction was important in the 3 crosses. All plants examined possessed type VI trichomes. Density of type VI trichomes seemed to be under large environmental influences. Broad sense heritability estimates for the density of type VI trichomes were low to moderate. Correlation coefficients comparing adaxial and abaxial trichome density measurements of both types of trichomes were significant for most of the populations studied. Correlation coefficients comparing type IV and type VI trichomes were not significant in most of the populations studied.