bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Tetranychus Urticae to San 831A, 1990
Authors: Herron G. A. , Rophail J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted on a susceptible reference strain (S) and a highly Apollo®/Calibre® (hexythiazox/clofentezine) resistant strain (QRP) of T. urticae. Neither strain had been previously exposed to SAN 831 A. Strain S and QRP were maintained on potted French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., at room temperature, under constant illumination for at least 6 months prior to testing. Strain QRP was pressured weekly with Apollo SC (500 g/liter suspension concentrate of clofentezine) and was highly resistant (&gt;1000 fold) to Apollo SC and Calibre 100 WP (100 g/kg W of hexythiazox). Adults were tested by transferring 22-25 young females to 25 mm diameter French bean leaf discs. Serial dilutions of SAN 831 A (200 g/kg W) were prepared in an aqueous suspension. A 2 ml aliquot of liquid was then sprayed onto 2 discs per concentration using a Potter spray tower producing a deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Each test was replicated 3 times and a water only replicate was included as a control. After spraying, the discs were maintained on moistened cotton wool at 28 ° 1°C under constant illumination. Mortality, defined as an inability to walk when prodded, was assessed after 48 h. Ovicidal/larvicidal activity was assessed by placing 12-15 females on each leaf disc and maintaining them for 18 h at 28°C under constant illumination. The females were removed leaving only newly laid eggs and the discs were immediately sprayed with serial dilutions of SAN 831 A. The method was as previously described except 4 ml of liquid was sprayed giving a deposit of 3.2 mg/cm2 to improve coverage. The eggs were counted and discs then held for 8 d at 28°C under continuous illumination. Egg hatch was then assessed visually. To calculate larval mortality, the number of young adult survivors was counted and subtracted from the number of eggs. Log dose-probability curves (ld-p) were calculated for all tests. LC50 values were calculated using probit regressions after correction for control mortality.
Control of Thrips in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn , Kimbrough James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots of ‘DPL 50’ were planted on 4 Jun at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center. Granular compounds were applied by Gandy box on the planter. In-furrow liquids were applied with a CO2 powered system mounted on the planter directing sprays into the furrow. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 6.7 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8003 flat fan nozzles. The Bidrin treatment was applied on 18 Jun using a John Deere high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver the chemical on the ground near the row and cultivating it in immediately after application. Granular treatments were applied with a coffee can with a small hole in the bottom calibrated to deliver the desired rate. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 15 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Damage ratings were made based on scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants from each plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Yields were taken by harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, Trial III, 1992
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 14 Aug using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 48 psi. The crop had been planted on a skip row pattern, 2 and 1, on 36 inch rows. The plots, which were located in Madison County, were 6 rows wide by 40 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Counts were made 3 and 7 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae; 4 randomly chosen fruiting structures (squares and young bolls) from each plant were examined for larval damage. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 3 DAT sample date. Pretreatment infestation level within the plot area was 12% eggs and 10% small larvae. Of 13 larvae collected from check plots at 3 DAT, 77% were identified as tobacco budworms.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm in Late Season with Post Optimal Appli-Cation Timing, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 1 Jul with plots consisting of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 9.1 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.39 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 10 and 16 Sep. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. High numbers of soybean looper larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation estimates were made to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower 1/3 of the plant), 2 (feeding damage to the lower and middle 1/3 of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). No rainfall occurred during this test. Sprinkler irrigation was provided “as needed” during the test but not within 48 h following treatment applications. Insecticide applications were delayed until infestations of bollworm and tobacco budworm larvae in varying stages had become established in the plots.
Evaluation of Dipel Es for Control of Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm (Bw-Tbw), 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dipel ES was evaluated for control of BW-TBW at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA in three tests. Test 1 consisted of a randomized block design with 5 replications of ‘DPL 51’ cotton planted 17 May in plots consisting of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m. Test 2 consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications of ‘Stv 453’ cotton planted 10 May in plots consisting of 4 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m. Test 3 consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications of ‘Stv 453’ cotton planted 10 Jul in plots of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) X 15.2 m. Test 1 was treated on 21 Jul, Test 2 on 29 Jul and Test 3 on 6 Aug. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air delivery system. Treatments in Tests 1 and 2 were applied with the spray boom calibrated to deliver 102.8 liters/ha at 2.3 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were applied to Test 3 with the spray boom calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Test 1 was evaluated on 24 Jul, Test 2 on 3 Aug and Test 3 on 10 Aug. Evaluation of treatments consisted of visual examination of 100 randomly picked squares per plot for damaged squares and live BW-TBW larvae. In Test 1, the plots received 0.43 and 0.28 cm rainfall on 22 Jul and 23 Jul. In Test 2, no rainfall occurred. In Test 3, the plots received 1.22 cm rainfall on 9 Aug.
Thrips Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1992:
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
At-plant, in-furrow, and foliar-applied insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on 12 May at approximately 85 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 72°F and the soil was moist (0.6% H.M. and 5.8 pH). Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide x ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows with plot ends separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter, and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with the seed using electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow application of Orthene was applied by mounting spray nozzles directly j behind the seed tube and connecting these to a CO2-pressurized sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and delivered approximately 15 * gal/acre. Band applications of Temik were applied using glass jars with perforated lids to act as shaker-type dispensers for the required amount of product I over the row. The orthene seed treatment was applied by taking a known quantity of seed in a 5 gal bucket and adding the appropriate amount of Orthene J to the bucket and shaking the contents gently for 15 s. The seed was then placed into empty hoppers on the planter. The NTN 33893 seed treatment was pretreated by manufacturer. Treatments, rates, and application techniques are listed in the table. Foliar treatments were applied when damage was found on at least 25% of the leaflets. Since at-plant treatments varied in the amount of damage, all foliar treatments exceeded the threshold for damage. Foliar applications were made following the 18 Jun sample with a backpack CO2-powered sprayer operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Peanuts were otherwise managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 11, 18, 24 Jun and 1 Jul. Twenty-five newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets were recorded. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Harrison-Bryan W. W. , Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 4 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied 2 x, either broadcast at late ground cracking and again at early postemergence (broadcast, LGC + EPO), or banded at late ground cracking and again at early postemergence (band, LGC + EPO). The late ground cracking treatments were applied about 4 wk (2 Jun) after planting and the early postemergence treatments were applied about 7 wk (24 Jun) after planting. Broadcast treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 17 psi through 8003 VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through 1,8004 E flat fan nozzle per row. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 35 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Soybean Insect Pests in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1991:
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three tests were conducted to evaluate insecticide efficacy against foliage feeding insect pests of soybean. Plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m, planted on 7 Jun in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 20 Aug, 20 Aug and 28 Aug in Tests 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using one 50-sweep sample with a standard 38.1 cm diam sweep net. Rows 1 and 2 were sampled 2 DAT and rows 3 and 4 were sampled 7 DAT. The plots in Test 1 and 2 received 0.5 cm rainfall on 27 Aug. The plots in Test 3 received 1.5 cm rainfall on 29 Aug, 2.8 cm rainfall on 30 Aug, 1.2 cm rainfall on 31 Aug, 0.2 cm rainfall on 1 Sep and 0.7 cm rainfall on 2 Sep.
Soybean Looper Control with Selected Bt Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides was evaluated for soybean looper control at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 5 rows (1.02 m centers) by 9.0 m of soybeans in the R5 growth stage planted 18 Jun. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep and treatments were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using 2 samples of 20 sweeps with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. The plots received 3.0 cm rainfall on 2 Sep and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Sep.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug and Velvetbean Caterpillar on Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boyd Michael L. , Boethel. David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot insecticide screening trial was conducted at the Central Research Station (Ben Hur Farm) near Baton Rouge, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SGSB and VBC. Plots measuring 4 rows (0.91 m row spacing) by 15 m were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 0.98 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep to soybeans in the R5 plant growth stage. Kinetic surfactant (3.9 ml form, material/liter finished spray) was added to NTN 33893. Posttreatment samples consisted of one set of 25 sweeps per plot (38.2 cm diam sweep net) taken at 2, 7, 10, and 14 DAT.
Aerial Application Control of the Sugarcane Borer, 1992:
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Skias J. M. , Younis A. M. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to first ratoon sugarcane (4 replications) at Palo Alto Plantation, Donaldsonville, LA, for season-long control of SCB. Each treatment was applied in water using an Ag Cat with swaths of 14.5 m (8 rows) wide delivering 18.7 liters of finished product/hectare. The 1st application was made when 60% of the stalks showed visible internodes, and &gt;5% of stalks sampled contained live larvae present in the leaf sheaths (the Louisiana State University-recommended threshold). The 1st treatment was applied on 28 Jul; the 2nd on Aug 16, when SCB infestation in the Asana XL treatment exceeded the economic threshold. SCB damage was estimated by examining 15 plants at 5 locations in each plot (75 stalks). The number of bored internodes, exit holes and total number of internodes were counted (Oct 9) and statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance and mean separation by LSD (0.05) tests.
Tobacco Aphid Control, 1991:
Authors: Johnson Douglas W. , Maksymowicz William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Research and Education Center, Princeton, KY, on 31 May. All tobacco was produced using standard agronomic practices, including topping, housing, firing, stripping and grading. Plots were 3 rows wide by 25 ft long. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar applications of insecticides were made to the center row using a CO2 powered, back pack sprayer fitted with 3, 70° hollow cone nozzles/row with 1 nozzle directly over the row and with 8 inch drops (aimed 135° from vertical) on either side of the row. Treatments were applied in 29 gal/acre at 42 psi on 23 Jul, 6 and 26 Aug. Aphid ratings were made from 5 consecutive plants in the center of each plot using the following rating scale: 0-no aphids present; 1-very light, 1 to small colonies; 2-several colonies but not widespread; 3-general wide spread colonies; 4-extremely heavy, on all plant parts. In Test 1, application of Orthene 75 SP or Thiodan 3 EC was made on none, 1, 2 or all 3 dates with the topping occurring on 31 Jul. In Test 2, topping was delayed until 9 Aug and only no treatment and the final 2 treatment dates were used. Test 1 contained 4 replicates; Test 2 3 replicates.
Management of the Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Budworm, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco budworm control on flue-cured tobacco with various combinations of foliar and soil-applied systemic insecticides. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 ft, on 13 May. Ten treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Temik soil treatments were applied in 14-inch bands using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and were immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 6 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 25 Jun and 21 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot about once a wk from 4 to 12 wks after transplanting. Tobacco budworms were collected from untreated field tobacco and released at the rate of 1 budworm/plant on each of 15 plants/plot on 24 Jun. Budworms were counted on the 15 plants at 2, 7 and 14 DAT. Leaves were harvested, cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculate tobacco yield and price. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1). before ANOVA.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments (TPW). Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 May. Seventeen treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 (ca. 24 plants) ft, were separated by single untreated guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations of insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 36 gal/acre through 8004LP tips at 30 psi on 4 May. Soil treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 6 May. A measuring cup was used to apply TPW treatments of Orthene and NTN 33893 in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base of newly transplanted plants. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied to one treatment on 23 Jun and 21 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row. Dipel was applied on 19 Jun and 28 Aug for control of hornworms and budworms. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 4 to 12 wk after transplanting. Tobacco flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector and tobacco yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Wheat Curl Mite Control, 1992:
Authors: Hammon Robert , Judson Fred , Peairs Frank 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for wheat curl mite control in furrow irrigated winter wheat at the Fruita Research Center (Mesa County, CO). Insecticides were applied with a hand held CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal/acre finished spray material through six LF4 nozzles mounted on a 8.5 ft boom with 20 in spacing at 25 psi. Treatments were applied 13 Apr while plants were jointing. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 11 ft x 25 ft. Sampling for mites was accomplished by picking 5 tillers at random from each plot, and counting the mites on the uppermost leaf using a dissecting microscope. The penultimate leaf was sampled on the first sample date, and the flag leaf on the final 2 sample dates. Analysis of variance was done on arcsin transformed percent control; nontransformed data are shown. A 5.5 x 23 ft area was harvested from the center of each plot on 21 Jun for yield estimates.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid on Winter Wheat, 1989:
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Hoeschele Wolfgang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve insecticides in a total of 15 formulations were evaluated as controls against the RWA in a heavily infested field near Davenport, Lincoln County, WA. Treatments were applied on 15 Nov with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 9 ft boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. At treatment, all of the plants had from 2-5 tillers. Plots were 18 x 18 ft, each separated by an 18 ft buffer row, and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. These plots were located within a block of wheat seeded on 20 Sep (seeding rate: 98 lb/acre, 10 inch row spacing). At least 10 plants and over 50 total tillers were taken at random from each plot, placed into paper bags, and transported back to the lab in coolers. Aphids were recovered from samples using Berlese-Tulgren funnels. The number of plants and tillers for each sample was recorded. Aphid population densities for this evaluation are expressed as numbers of aphids per tiller. RWA represented 98% of the aphid species present; most of the remaining 5% were bird cherry-oat aphid. This proportion was not changed by the insecticide treatments.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on Fairway 18-W (west) at the Jackson County Golf Course on the Gulf Coast. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 20 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Irrigation was used once a day, late in the afternoon applying 0.5 inch. Rainfall from 20 May to 17 Jun was a total of 3.5 inches. All plots were irrigated the afternoon of treatments immediately prior to applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a I m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 20 May and post-treatment counts were made on 29 May, 3, 10 and 17 Jun.