bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of multispectral UAV for paddy growth monitoring in Jitra, Kedah, Malaysia
Authors: Mohidem N A , Jaafar S , Rosle R , Che’Ya N N , Arif Shah J , Fazlil Ilahi W F , Zainol W N Z , Berahim Z , Omar M H , Ismail M R 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Rice is the staple food for most people in Southeast Asia, mainly Malaysia. Unfortunately, Malaysia does not reach a 100% self-sufficiency level on rice production due to inefficiency of rice farm management, pest and disease outbreak, poorly irrigation system, and climate change. Each spectral band of electromagnetic signature in the rice crops can be identified to analyse the crop condition based on the reflectance value. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can capture different spectral band images of the rice field depending on the sensors used. This study aims to produce a paddy growth map based on the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) value and validate the paddy growth map using the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) data. This study was carried out at the paddy field planted with PadiU Putra rice variety in Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA), Jitra in Kedah. Three reading samples for each point at the paddy field within 1 m radius were recorded. Then, the samples from each point were scanned using SPAD chlorophyll meter. The image data were collected using multispectral and RGB cameras at the altitude of 60 m, and a calibrated reflectance panel was used to calibrate the image. Ground control point (GCP) was placed at the four corners of the study plot, and it was being used as a georeferencing point for aerial imagery mapping. Those images were undergone orthomosaic process to produce a single overlapped image. NDVI was used to measure the healthy level of rice crops. NDVI map had shown the distribution of NDVI value across the study plot, which includes the healthy and less healthy vegetative area. SPAD value has no significant relationship with the aerial imagery of NDVI value. The NDVI map allows the farmers to monitor the paddy growth status and effectively improve their rice farm management. In the future, advanced classification methods based on the reflectance of weed, water, and soil can be prioritized and separated into different classes, whereby the NDVI map can be plotted on the paddy crops.
Design of automatic control system on trickle irrigation for tomato cultivation
Authors: Irwin M R , Prastowo  
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The development of technology has had an impact on the progress of irrigation systems, called the intelligent irrigation system 4.0. The objectives of this research are a measurement of Emission Uniformity (EU) and designing automatic irrigation based on soil water sensors. The result of EU value is in the range of 85-90%, which is a good category. EU value can determine whether one emitter can represent the entire emitter in one irrigation system. The principle of the soil water sensor is to read the value of the soil moisture content in the planting medium. The soil water content of 22.4%, which is the field capacity, is used as an upper limit and the soil water content of 21.1%, which is the critical point, is used as the lower limit. Determination of the critical point value is done by using the management allowable depletion (MAD) value of 0.52. The working principle of the control system is to monitor the work of the soil water sensor and become the main data to control valves, pumps, and dosing. The required cost for the automatic system is Rp. 12,626,000, -.
Design Development of Portable (Mini) Multi-function Incinerator for Dry Medical Waste Handling.
Authors: Endah Agustina S. , A.Pane Erlanda , F.Nurcholis Miftah , Arviansyah  
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Medical waste contains biohazard, such as dry medical waste from the Centre of Public Health Services (PUSKESMAS) should be burning out, especially in the pandemic of covid 19. One of the possible solution is burning the waste by using incinerator. Basic concept of incinerator is controlled high temperature combustion, thus it should be perfect condition to burnt out the hazardous waste. Heat energy that exposed while incinerator operated should having high potency to be used for other purposes such as water heater and carbonization process. This research aims to develop an incinerator which can be used not only as high temperature burner (as incinerator’s main function), but also for water heater system and carbonization process, in the same time. The incinerator designed as mini portable incinerator since it will be used in a center of public health services (PUSKESMAS). Both of hot water and charcoal produced while incinerator operation can be used for sanitation purposes in the PUSKESMAS itself. Combustion process temperatures, smoke quality, safety factor, and energy utilities are the parameters which were determined as incinerator performance. Some design improvement has been done to the original design by Pradipta and Agustina [1] in order to improve the incinerator performance. The latest design performance is showing that combustion temperature successfully increased up to 980 °C for combustion rate of 9 kg waste/hour. Utilization of heat energy produced by combustion process inside the chamber has been successfully produce 2-2,5 kg of good quality coconut shell charcoal and hot water of 83 °C at 6 lt/minute flow rate.
Determine Field and Machine Operating Condition of Rice Combine Harvester to Minimize Grain Loss
Authors: Nugroho Z A , Mandang T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Paddy can be harvested by a manual or mechanization metode. Mechanization harvesting also use some of machinery, one of example is rice combine harvester. This research has a goal to test performance of this machine in condition of field when the machine operates to know that it is worth or not to use based on national standard. The results of this research show that the field has a dry bulk density value 0.9 g/cc with 5.55 kgf/cm2 of cone index, water content is about 72.52 % and 65.49 % of soil’s porosity. Field efficiency of this machine is around 77.12 % with 915.28 kg/h of harvest capacity and 2.07 % of harvest losses. The capacity of hay disposal unit is about 170.4 kg/h with 97.69 % of grain cleanliness level. The slip that happened is about 8.01 % with actual velocity 0.535 m/s and 1.02 liter/h of fuel consumption. All of that are compared and evaluated with SNI 8185-2015 and the results show that this machine is worth to use in that area. Based on teority measurement on traction unit, this machine has rolling resistance around 121.6 kg from total weight, and has a critical traction around 532 kg and it has a rimpull value about 1525.15 kg.
Characteristics of Oil Palm Stem Mulch as Soil Conditioner at Oil Palm
Authors: Alfarisi A , Mandang T , Sutejo A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Oil palm is a plantation crop that has great potential in Indonesia. The very rapid development of oil palm is due to the high economic value of this commodity. However, the handling and utilization of oil palm waste resulting from replanting is not optimal yet. Planting new seedlings is delayed because the decomposition process of oil palm stems from replanting takes a long time. One method of replanting uses a mulcher machine which produces mulches in the form of thin fibers and has different characteristics from other replanting methods. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the mulch from the chopping of oil palm stems using a mulcher, to learn the effect of oil palm stem mulch on soil conditioner in oil palm replanting land, and to determine the optimum heap thickness to maintain soil quality in oil palm replanting land. Oil palm stem mulch was composted for two months using the bin method. The application of oil palm stem mulch as a soil conditioner was carried out in different thickness treatment was 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm thickness and control. Oil palm stem compost chopped by mulcher has the characteristics as the quality of standard Indonesian compost and decomposed faster than other replanting methods. The results showed that at a soil depth of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm and 15-20 cm, mulch with a thickness of 10 cm was the best treatment because it was able to increase the average value of soil moisture content respectively amounted to 28.22% and decreased the value of soil penetration resistance to 15.13 kgf/cm2 and and soil temperature 27.5°C respectively. The results of the compost fit in criteria of SNI:19-7030-2004, which is moisture content of 22.99%; density of mulch of 0.77 g/cm3; C-organic content of 10.72%; N-total of 0.7952%; mulch porosity of 70.3%; and C/N ratio of 13.48%.
Application of Palm Stearin Edible Coating on Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata)
Authors: Agusta W , Anggraeni D , Hermansyah H D , Gebrina A D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Palm stearin has the potential to alter the use of beeswax. This study aimed to assess the effect of palm stearin as an edible coating on the quality changes of Cavendish banana during storage. The samples of Cavendish banana were stored within eight days with treatment combinations of temperature (room temperature: 28 °C and 10 °C) and application of edible coating (control: without coating, and coated with palm stearin). During the storage period, physicochemical properties of the samples were evaluated in terms of weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, respiration rate, and peel colour. The obtained results showed that storage temperature and storing period significantly (p< 0.05) affected the properties of Cavendish banana in terms of weight loss, fruit firmness, CO2 evolution, and O2 consumption. Application of palm stearin edible coating significantly affected (p< 0.05) weight loss and ascorbic acid content. Palm stearin edible coating at room temperature reduced weight loss and maintained ascorbic acid content. On the eighth day of storage, coated samples and controls stored at room temperature lose their weight up to 12.96 % and 23.94 % on average, respectively.
Drying kinetics of porang (Amorphophallus mueller B.) chips under open sun drying
Authors: Hawa L.C. , Septiyanto F.G. , Yulianingsih R. , Susilo B. , Lastriyanto A. , Sumarlan S.H. , Tihardo Y. , Sinambela L. G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The drying behavior of porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) chips under open sun drying has been conducted. The aim of present study was to determine the drying kinetics and mathematical modeling of the chips and color alteration during open sun drying. The drying process was carried out for 21 hours at the open space with direct sunlight with 3, 5, and 7 mm of chips thickness variation. The average initial water content of the chips was 89.34±1.24 %wb (wet basis), and 7.77±0.44; 9.61±1.31; and 12.88±1.47% wb (wet basis) of final moisture content at the end of process for 3, 5, 7 mm of chips thickness, respectively. The nonlinear analysis for subjected model indicated that the Midilli et al model was satisfactorily describe the drying curve of the chips with following constants, i.e. a = 0.9894; k = 0.0129; n = 2.8962; b = 0.0064. During drying, browning occurs on porang chips with decreased brightness index (L*) and yellowness index (b*) and increased redness index (a*).
A Preliminary study: the addition of konjac glucomannan-based hydrogel into chocolate increases the melting point of chocolate
Authors: Bangun S K , Saputro A D , Fadilah M A N , Rahayoe S , Prasetyatama Y D , Setiowati A D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chocolate easily melts at a temperature of 32-34°C. This is a challenge for tropical countries, such as Indonesia. To cope with this problem, an innovation is needed to produce a heat-resistant chocolate. One of methods that can be done is by adding hydrogel. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrogel made from konjac glucomannan on the physical characteristics of chocolate. In this study, hydrogel with a proportion of 2% was added into chocolate at the end of conching process. The influence of three different hydrogels made with konjac glucomannan concentration of 3%, 5%, and 7% was investigated. The result showed that the addition of hydrogel had a significant effect on the characteristics of chocolate. The addition of hydrogel did not only increase the melting point of chocolate, but also increased the hardness and particle size of chocolate. The higher the hydrogel concentration, the higher the hardness values. In conclusion, the addition of konjac glucomannan-based hydrogel in chocolate has the potential to produce heat-resistant chocolate.
Effect of Harvest and Postharvest Handling on Quality of Moringa Leaf Powder
Authors: Krah C Y , Sutrisno  , Krisnadi D , Samsudin  
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Moringa Oleifera is a highly nutritious plant with a plethora of uses in various fields of life. It serves as food for humans and animals, soil amendment, water purification, skincare, etc. Almost all parts of the plant are valuable and have potential commercial value. The leaves contain vitamin C in quantities that exceed orange, vitamin A exceeds carrot, calcium exceeding milk, and potassium exceeding banana. Another remarkable property of the plant is it full complement of essential amino acids, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. The seed also gives valuable oil, which has both domestic and industrial uses. Even though the plant is naturally endowed with many useful attributes, the right harvesting and postharvest handling is required to maximise the potential and produce moringa products with optimum quality and nutritional content. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on some of the important postharvest handling practices carried out to transform the moringa leave into finished products. Some of the practices discussed are harvesting, stripping, washing, drying, and milling. The discussion also captures ways in which the activities affect the nutritional, medicinal, and general final quality of the moringa products.
Novel optical metrology for inspection of nanostructures fabricated by substrate conformal imprint lithography
Authors: Nevels Teun D G , Ruijs Lieke J M , van de Meugheuvel Paul , Verschuuren Marc A , Rivas Jaime Gómez , Ramezani Mohammad 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Substrate conformal imprint lithography (SCIL) technology enables the fabrication of complex and non-trivial 3D nanostructures such a slanted gratings and metasurfaces with sub-10 nm resolution over large areas for industrial-scale production, which can be fabricated in a single lithography step. This technology utilizes novel composite silicone rubber stamps that provide versatility in addition to high precision. To inspect the quality and reproducibility of the nanostructures that are fabricated using SCIL, a novel optical characterization method using Fourier microscopy is proposed. In this method, nanostructures are illuminated under a microscope objective using a collimated light beam at different incident angles and the properties of the reflected and/or diffracted beams are analysed to extract the critical dimensions of the nanostructures. This fast and non-destructive method has the potential for being used as an in-line inspection technology to extract the critical dimensions of the nanostructures over large areas and improve the overall properties of nanostructured surfaces.
A multi-level feature-fusion-based approach to breast histopathological image classification
Authors: Ding Wei-Long , Zhu Xiao-Jie , Zheng Kui , Liu Jin-Long , You Qing-Hua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Previously, convolutional neural networks mostly used deep semantic feature information obtained from several convolutions for image classification. Such deep semantic features have a larger receptive field, and the features extracted are more effective as the number of convolutions increases, which helps in the classification of targets. However, this method tends to lose the shallow local features, such as the spatial connectivity and correlation of tumor region texture and edge contours in breast histopathology images, which leads to its recognition accuracy not being high enough. To address this problem, we propose a multi-level feature fusion method for breast histopathology image classification. First, we fuse shallow features and deep semantic features by attention mechanism and convolutions. Then, a new weighted cross entropy loss function is used to deal with the misjudgment of false negative and false positive. And finally, the correlation of spatial information is used to correct the misjudgment of some patches. We have conducted experiments on our own datasets and compared with the base network Inception-ResNet-v2, which has a high accuracy. The proposed method achieves an accuracy of 99.0% and an AUC of 99.9%.
Utility of U-Net for the objective segmentation of the fibroglandular tissue region on clinical digital mammograms
Authors: Yamamuro Mika , Asai Yoshiyuki , Hashimoto Naomi , Yasuda Nao , Kimura Hiorto , Yamada Takahiro , Nemoto Mitsutaka , Kimura Yuichi , Handa Hisashi , Yoshida Hisashi , Abe Koji , Tada Masahiro , Habe Hitoshi , Nagaoka Takashi , Nin Seiun , Ishii Kazunari , Kondo Yohan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the equivalence or compatibility between U-Net and visual segmentations of fibroglandular tissue regions by mammography experts for calculating the breast density and mean glandular dose (MGD). A total of 703 mediolateral oblique-view mammograms were used for segmentation. Two region types were set as the ground truth (determined visually): (1) one type included only the region where fibroglandular tissue was identifiable (called the ‘dense region’); (2) the other type included the region where the fibroglandular tissue may have existed in the past, provided that apparent adipose-only parts, such as the retromammary space, are excluded (the ‘diffuse region’). U-Net was trained to segment the fibroglandular tissue region with an adaptive moment estimation optimiser, five-fold cross-validated with 400 training and 100 validation mammograms, and tested with 203 mammograms. The breast density and MGD were calculated using the van Engeland and Dance formulas, respectively, and compared between U-Net and the ground truth with the Dice similarity coefficient and Bland–Altman analysis. Dice similarity coefficients between U-Net and the ground truth were 0.895 and 0.939 for the dense and diffuse regions, respectively. In the Bland–Altman analysis, no proportional or fixed errors were discovered in either the dense or diffuse region for breast density, whereas a slight proportional error was discovered in both regions for the MGD (the slopes of the regression lines were −0.0299 and −0.0443 for the dense and diffuse regions, respectively). Consequently, the U-Net and ground truth were deemed equivalent (interchangeable) for breast density and compatible (interchangeable following four simple arithmetic operations) for MGD. U-Net-based segmentation of the fibroglandular tissue region was satisfactory for both regions, providing reliable segmentation for breast density and MGD calculations. U-Net will be useful in developing a reliable individualised screening-mammography programme, instead of relying on the visual judgement of mammography experts.
Potential changes in temperature extreme events under global warming at 1.5 °C and 2 °C over Côte d’Ivoire
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Authors: N’Datchoh E T , Kouadio K , Silué S , Bamba A , Naabil E , Djè K B , Diedhiou A , Sylla M B , Anquetin S , Lennard C 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This work investigated the impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C of global warming levels (GWLs) above pre-industrial levels on annual and seasonal mean changes in temperature extremes over Côte d’Ivoire and its different climatic zones. We used the multi-model Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment for Africa of 25 regional climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario. The changes in temperature are quantified relative to the period 1971–2000 based on five Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices indexes namely for warm spells, hot nights, hot days, cold nights and cold days. We show that a global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C will lead to an increase in the frequency of warm days and warm nights and a decrease in the occurrence of cold days and cold nights across Côte d’Ivoire in all climatic zones and seasons. More than 80% of the model ensemble members project this change at both GWLs. Moreover, the assessment of differences in GWLs highlights that the difference between the 1.5 °C and 2 °C thresholds may intensify the changes over all the country, climatic zones and seasons. Therefore this 0.5 °C difference in global warming is likely to impact upon energy demand and the agricultural system throughout the country and over all of the seasons. This study provides climate information for decision makers related to sectors such as agriculture, energy in their adaptation strategies.
Caution with colour calculations: spectral purity is a poor descriptor of flower colour visibility
Authors: van der Kooi Casper J , Spaethe Johannes 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe colours of flowers are of key interest to plant and pollination biologists. An increasing number of studies have investigated the importance of saturation of flower colours (often called ‘spectral purity’ or ‘chroma’) for visibility to pollinators, but the conceptual, physiological and behavioural foundations for these metrics as well as the calculations used rest on slender foundations.MethodsWe discuss the caveats of colour attributes that are derived from human perception, and in particular spectral purity and chroma, as variables in flower colour analysis. We re-analysed seven published datasets encompassing 774 measured reflectance spectra to test for correlations between colour contrast, spectral purity and chroma.Main findings and ConclusionsWe identify several concerns with common calculation procedures in animal colour spaces. Studies on animal colour vision provide no ground to assume that any pollinator perceives (or responds to) saturation, chroma or spectral purity in the way humans do. A re-analysis of published datasets revealed that values for colour contrast between flowers and their background are highly correlated with measures for spectral purity and chroma, which invalidates treating these factors as independent variables as is currently commonplace. Strikingly, spectral purity and chroma – both of which are metrics for saturation and are often used synonymously – are not correlated at all. We conclude that alternative, behaviourally validated metrics for the visibility of flowers to pollinators, such as colour contrast and achromatic contrast, are better in understanding the role of flower colour in plant–pollinator signalling.