bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood socio-economic circumstances and dementia: prospective register-based cohort study of adulthood socio-economic and cardiovascular health mediators
Authors: Korhonen Kaarina , Leinonen Taina , Tarkiainen Lasse , Einiö Elina , Martikainen Pekka 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
This study analysed the association between childhood socio-economic circumstances and the risk of dementia, and investigated the mediating role of potentially modifiable risk factors including adulthood socio-economic position and cardiovascular health.

Methods
We used a 10% sample of the 1950 Finnish population census linked with subsequent population and health registers (n = 95 381). Information of socio-economic characteristics, family structure and housing conditions at the age of 0–15 years was obtained from the 1950 census. We identified cohort members who developed dementia in 2000–2018 using national hospital, medication and death registers. Discrete time survival analysis using logistic regression and mediation analysis applying the Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) method were employed.

Results
An excess risk of dementia was observed for household crowding [odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.18 for 3 to &lt;4 persons per heated room; OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.27 for ≥4 persons], single-father family (OR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.07–1.51) and eastern and northern region of residence (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.10–1.28). The effects of single-father family and region of residence were mostly direct with adulthood characteristics mediating 14% and 29% of the total effect, respectively. The largest indirect effect was observed for household crowding mediated through adulthood socio-economic position (47–65%).

Conclusions
The study shows that childhood socio-economic circumstances are associated with dementia, and that the underlying mechanisms only partly relate to adulthood socio-economic position and cardiovascular health. Socio-economic and health interventions targeted at families with children may carry long-term benefits by contributing to a lower dementia risk in later life.
Antecedents and consequences of Americans’ COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: a focus on support for trump, populism, institutional trust, media consumption, and mask-wearing attitudes
Authors: Lee Taeyoung , Santillana Melissa , Lacasa-Mas Ivan , Ashe Ivy 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been growing concerns about conspiracy theories across the globe. Especially in the United States, conspiratorial narratives have been promoted by political figures and moved to public discourse from the fringe, shaping public opinion and hampering preventive measures. This study examines a host of political and communicative factors that might contribute to Americans’ belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and how such belief is associated with attitudes toward mask-wearing. Findings from a U.S. national two-wave panel survey showed that support for Donald Trump was the strongest predictor of conspiracy beliefs. Populism, trust in scientific institutions, conservative media use, and social media use predicted such beliefs as well. We also found a negative relationship between conspiracy beliefs and mask-wearing attitudes, suggesting that conspiracy beliefs might threaten public health by hindering preventive behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Linking sleep, political ideology, and religious observance: a multi-national comparison
Authors: Ksiazkiewicz Aleksander , Erol Fatih 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Sleep is fundamental to life and essential to one’s health behavior, scholastic achievement, and work performance. Recent years have seen an increase in empirical investigations incorporating sleep research into political science. This study complements existing sleep-politics studies by examining the associations between chronotype (a person’s preferred time to sleep and wake up) and attitudinal and behavioral political outcomes (left–right ideology and social conservatism proxied by religious service attendance). We analyze representative samples from 10 national contexts (Finland, Greece, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, and Switzerland) to test our hypotheses. The results demonstrate that morning chronotype has significant links with political conservatism in six national contexts depending on model specification (most robustly in Switzerland). Unexpectedly, the morning chronotype may have links to liberalism in three other countries depending on model specification (most robustly in Russia). The results for religious observance are more uniform, indicating a link between morningness and greater religious observance across all cases in many specifications (excepting a reversed relationship in New Zealand in some models). Urbanization, seasonal effects, geographical characteristics, and religious denominations are explored as potential confounders.
Invariance of Plurigenera Fails in Positive and Mixed Characteristic
Authors: Brivio Iacopo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We construct families of elliptic surface pairs with terminal singularities over a DVR of positive or mixed characteristic $(X,B)\to {\operatorname {Spec}} R$, such that $P_m(X_k,B_k)&gt;P_m(X_K,B_K)$ for all sufficiently divisible $m&gt;0$. In particular, this shows that invariance of all sufficiently divisible plurigenera does not follow from the MMP and abundance conjectures.
On Citing Dobzhansky about the Significance of Evolution to Biology
Authors: Giaimo Stefano 
Published: November 2022

Synopsis
Evolutionary thinking illuminates biology. Dobzhansky advocated this view in two distinct papers. The earliest paper (1964) is a discussion of the relationship between distinct biological disciplines, and one of the key ideas is that evolution is an integrative principle of biology. The later paper (1973) is a long argument to the effect that evolution makes more sense of the living than some creationist doctrines. The first paper should then be the primary reference for those biologists who cite Dobzhansky to champion among their peers the added value of evolutionary thinking in a specific scientific problem. Here, looking at citation data, we find evidence that this expected referencing practice does not coincide with the actual referencing practice in the scientific literature.
Repeated Alpine Flight Loss Within the Widespread New Zealand StoneflyNesoperla fulvescensHare (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)
Authors: McCulloch Graham A , Foster Brodie J , Dutoit Ludovic , Waters Jonathan M 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFlight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged N. fulvescens populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a &lt;30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptation even across narrow spatial scales. We propose that such repetitive processes may represent a far more pervasive feature of alpine insect adaptation than is currently recognized.
Using similar patients to predict complication in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and lipid disorder: a domain knowledge-infused convolutional neural network approach
Authors: Oei Ronald Wihal , Hsu Wynne , Lee Mong Li , Tan Ngiap Chuan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to develop a convolutional neural network-based learning framework called domain knowledge-infused convolutional neural network (DK-CNN) for retrieving clinically similar patient and to personalize the prediction of macrovascular complication using the retrieved patients.

Materials and Methods
We use the electronic health records of 169 434 patients with diabetes, hypertension, and/or lipid disorder. Patients are partitioned into 7 subcohorts based on their comorbidities. DK-CNN integrates both domain knowledge and disease trajectory of patients over multiple visits to retrieve similar patients. We use normalized discounted cumulative gain (nDCG) and macrovascular complication prediction performance to evaluate the effectiveness of DK-CNN compared to state-of-the-art models. Ablation studies are conducted to compare DK-CNN with reduced models that do not use domain knowledge as well as models that do not consider short-term, medium-term, and long-term trajectory over multiple visits.

Results
Key findings from this study are: (1) DK-CNN is able to retrieve clinically similar patients and achieves the highest nDCG values in all 7 subcohorts; (2) DK-CNN outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches in terms of complication prediction performance in all 7 subcohorts; and (3) the ablation studies show that the full model achieves the highest nDCG compared with other 2 reduced models.

Discussion and Conclusions
DK-CNN is a deep learning-based approach which incorporates domain knowledge and patient trajectory data to retrieve clinically similar patients. It can be used to assist physicians who may refer to the outcomes and past treatments of similar patients as a guide for choosing an effective treatment for patients.
Mis-mappings between a producer’s quantitative test codes and LOINC codes and an algorithm for correcting them
Authors: McDonald Clement J , Baik Seo H , Zheng Zhaonian , Amos Liz , Luan Xiaocheng , Marsolo Keith , Qualls Laura 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To access the accuracy of the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) mapping to local laboratory test codes that is crucial to data integration across time and healthcare systems.

Materials and Methods
We used software tools and manual reviews to estimate the rate of LOINC mapping errors among 179 million mapped test results from 2 DataMarts in PCORnet. We separately reported unweighted and weighted mapping error rates, overall and by parts of the LOINC term.

Results
Of included 179 537 986 mapped results for 3029 quantitative tests, 95.4% were mapped correctly implying an 4.6% mapping error rate. Error rates were less than 5% for the more common tests with at least 100 000 mapped test results. Mapping errors varied across different LOINC classes. Error rates in chemistry and hematology classes, which together accounted for 92.0% of the mapped test results, were 0.4% and 7.5%, respectively. About 50% of mapping errors were due to errors in the property part of the LOINC name.

Discussions
Mapping errors could be detected automatically through inconsistencies in (1) qualifiers of the analyte, (2) specimen type, (3) property, and (4) method. Among quantitative test results, which are the large majority of reported tests, application of automatic error detection and correction algorithm could reduce the mapping errors further.

Conclusions
Overall, the mapping error rate within the PCORnet data was 4.6%. This is nontrivial but less than other published error rates of 20%–40%. Such error rate decreased substantially to 0.1% after the application of automatic detection and correction algorithm.
Disparity in checkpoint inhibitor utilization among commercially insured adult patients with metastatic lung cancer
Authors: Li Meng , Liao Kaiping , Chen Alice J , Cascone Tina , Shen Yu , Lu Qian , Shih Ya-Chen Tina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
There is a lack of evidence from nationwide samples on the disparity of initiating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) after metastatic lung cancer diagnosis.

Methods
We identified metastatic lung cancer patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2020 from a large, nationwide commercial claims database. We analyzed the time from metastatic lung cancer diagnosis to ICI therapy using Cox proportional hazard models. Independent variables included county-level measures (quintiles of percentage of racialized population, quintiles of percentage of population below poverty, urbanity, and density of medical oncologists) and patient characteristics (age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, Medicare Advantage, and year of diagnosis). All tests were 2-sided.

Results
A total of 17 022 patients were included. Counties with a larger proportion of racialized population appeared to be more urban, have a greater percentage of its residents in poverty, and have a higher density of medical oncologists. In Cox analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio of the second, third, fourth, and highest quintile of percentage of racialized population were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82 to 0.98), 0.85 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.93), 0.78 (95% CI = 0.71 to 0.86), and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.62 to 0.81), respectively, compared with counties in the lowest quintile. The slower ICI therapy initiation was driven by counties with the highest percentage of Hispanic population and other non-Black racialized groups.

Conclusions
Commercially insured patients with metastatic lung cancer who lived in counties with greater percentage of racialized population had slower initiation of ICI therapy after lung cancer diagnosis, despite greater density of oncologists in their neighborhood.
Comparison of Mental Health Visits at a Military Treatment Facility Emergency Department Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Wojahn Amanda , Reilly Erin , Morrison Theodore C , Lemieux Renée S , Grimaldo Felipe 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There is a paucity of quantitative research regarding the effect of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on Emergency Department (ED) visits in the United States, and specifically mental health–related ED visits. The small existing body of research describes an overall decline in ED visits worldwide; however, there are anecdotal reports that psychiatric complaints to the ED have increased during the pandemic. The primary objective of this study was to describe the volume of mental health ED visits at a single ED during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years.

Materials and Methods
This was a single-center, retrospective chart review of adult patients evaluated in the ED at an academic military medical facility from March to December of 2017-2020 for mental health. The electronic medical record was queried for mental health International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision diagnosis codes. Demographic data including age, gender, disposition, diagnosis, and beneficiary status were collected, and Pearson Chi-Square was used to assess for statistical significance between years.

Results
There was a total of 1,486 mental health ED visits from March to December 2020, compared to an average of 1,668 visits from March to December 2017-2019. Statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences, between 2020 and the prior 3 years combined, were identified in the categories of age, disposition, beneficiary status, and diagnosis. In 2020, there was a lower proportion of visits for patients aged ≥60 (1.2%) than in 2017-2019 (2.5%). Active-duty patients comprised a higher proportion of mental health visits in 2020 (82.4%) versus 2017-2019 (77%). Proportionately fewer patients were admitted in 2020 (25.2%) versus 2017-2019 (29.2%). Adjustment disorders made up 19.0% of visits in 2020 versus 23.2% in 2017-2019, and suicidal ideation and intentional self-inflicted injury comprised 43.3% in 2020 compared with 40.4% in 2017-2019.

Conclusion
There was a significant decline in ED visits for patients over the age of 60 but a significant increase in visits for active-duty patients. Fewer patients were admitted compared to previous years. There was a significant increase in patients diagnosed with suicidal ideation and intentional self-inflicted injury in 2020 compared to previous years. Alarmingly, this study shows increased rates of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Further study is needed to determine why these effects were seen and if there is a higher risk for suicide attempt or completion in these populations. These results indicate that military leadership and the military health system is failing to adequately support and protect service members and their families during these uniquely stressful times. High-level attention to this issue by military leadership is required; the readiness and safety of the nation’s fighting force is at stake.
Modification of the radioactive heat budget of Earth-like exoplanets by the loss of primordial atmospheres
Authors: Erkaev N V , Scherf M , Herbort O , Lammer H , Odert P , Kubyshkina D , Leitzinger M , Woitke P , O’Neill C 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
The initial abundance of radioactive heat producing isotopes in the interior of terrestrial planets are important drivers of its thermal evolution and the related tectonics and possible evolution to an Earth-like habitat. The moderately volatile element K can be outgassed from a magma ocean into H2-dominated primordial atmospheres of protoplanets with assumed masses between 0.55 and 1.0MEarth at the time when the gas disc evaporated. We estimate this outgassing and let these planets grow through impacts of depleted and non-depleted material that resembles the same 40K abundance of average carbonaceous chondrites until the growing protoplanets reach 1.0MEarth. We examine different atmospheric compositions and, as a function of pressure and temperature, calculate the proportion of K by Gibbs Free Energy minimization using the ggchem code. We find that for H2-envelopes and for magma ocean surface temperatures that are ≥ 2500 K, no K condensates are thermally stable, so that outgassed 40K can populate the atmosphere to a great extent. However, due to magma ocean turnover time and the limited diffusion of 40K into the upper atmosphere, from the entire 40K in the magma ocean only a fraction may be available for escaping into space. The escape rates of the primordial atmospheres and the dragged 40K are simulated for different stellar EUV activities with a multispecies hydrodynamic upper atmosphere evolution model. Our results show that one can expect that different initial abundances of heat producing elements will result in different thermal and tectonic histories of terrestrial planets and their habitability conditions.
Imaging-polarimetric properties of the white-light inner corona during the 2017 total solar eclipse
Authors: Liang Yu , Qu Zhongquan , Hao Lei , Xu Zhi , Zhong Yue 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
We carried out the polarimetric observation of the white-light inner corona during the 2017 total solar eclipse in the United States. Degree of linear polarization (DLP) of the inner corona is obtained by the modulated polarized data. The electron density is inferred from the normalized white-light polarization brightness data. According to the observational results, we find that: (1) The DLP of the white-light corona increases with the height, peaking at approximately $1.3 \sim 1.35\, {\rm R}_{\odot }$ and then slightly decreases. In the coronal streamer region, DLP peaks at approximately 1.35 R⊙ and its value is about 40 per cent, whereas in the coronal hole region, DLP peaks at approximately 1.3 R⊙ and its value is about 35 per cent. (2) The azimuth angle of polarization sin (2χ) is symmetrical around the solar disk center. It can be easily found that the gradients of the angle of polarization, representing the direction of oscillations of the electric vector E, are tangential. Above the active region, the DLP distribution changes significantly, whereas the azimuth distribution is stable. This proves that the polarization of white-light corona is mainly caused by scattering polarization. (3) The electron density and the K-corona have similar distributions of properties. Electron density decreases from 6 × 107cm−3 to 2 × 106cm−3, whereas the height increases from $1.1\, {\rm R}_{\odot }$ to $1.85\, {\rm R}_{\odot }$. (4) An interesting finding is that, in the cavity region, there may be other polarization-induced mechanisms besides scattering, which can affect the value of the white-light DLP.
Single-station meteor detection filtering using machine learning on MOROI data
Authors: Anghel Simon , Nedelcu Dan A , Birlan Mirel , Boaca Ioana 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTNowadays, extensive data are collected in an automated regime. Combining this, with the increase in accessible computational power, led to large-scale implementations of machine learning (ML). This is also the case of meteor science, where object detection often requires tracking of a moving light source between frames, and the number of false positives can be up to an order of magnitude higher than true meteoric phenomena. While spatiotemporal coincidence of events recorded by close, multiple cameras can eliminate most of the false positives, single-station detections in some camera networks are currently discarded. In this paper, we explore a set of ML models aiming to find an optimal method for re-analysis of this single-station observations, in order to identify and extract real meteors. A set of 15 ML models were trained on features extracted from the meteor movement. Upon testing, we found a top accuracy score of 98,2 per cent, and a recall (i.e. percentage of meteors correctly classified) score of 96 per cent for the best performing models. When combined with the spatiotemporal coincidence of the detection, the recall increases to 99.92 per cent. These 15 ML techniques were selected according to their ability classify tabular data, hence the bundle can be applied to other studies. The same goes for the computed features, which are independent on the camera configuration, thus, the process can be scaled and applied to other networks. These methods are to be implemented to re-analyze the events recorded by the larger, FRIPON network.