bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effective noise of stochastic gradient descent
Authors: Mignacco Francesca , Urbani Pierfrancesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the workhorse algorithm of deep learning technology. At each step of the training phase, a mini batch of samples is drawn from the training dataset and the weights of the neural network are adjusted according to the performance on this specific subset of examples. The mini-batch sampling procedure introduces a stochastic dynamics to the gradient descent, with a non-trivial state-dependent noise. We characterize the stochasticity of SGD and a recently-introduced variant, persistent SGD, in a prototypical neural network model. In the under-parametrized regime, where the final training error is positive, the SGD dynamics reaches a stationary state and we define an effective temperature from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem, computed from dynamical mean-field theory. We use the effective temperature to quantify the magnitude of the SGD noise as a function of the problem parameters. In the over-parametrized regime, where the training error vanishes, we measure the noise magnitude of SGD by computing the average distance between two replicas of the system with the same initialization and two different realizations of SGD noise. We find that the two noise measures behave similarly as a function of the problem parameters. Moreover, we observe that noisier algorithms lead to wider decision boundaries of the corresponding constraint satisfaction problem.
Approximate method for helical particle trajectory reconstruction in high energy physics experiments
Authors: Topolnicki K. , Bold T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High energy physics experiments, in particular experiments
at the LHC, require the reconstruction of charged particle
trajectories. Methods of reconstructing such trajectories have been
known for decades, yet the applications at High Luminosity LHC
require this reconstruction to be fast enough to be suitable for
online event filtering.

A particle traversing the detector volume leaves signals in active
detector elements from which the trajectory is reconstructed. If the
detector is submerged in a uniform magnetic field that trajectory is
approximately helical. Since a collision event results in the
production of many particles, especially at high luminosities, the
first phase of trajectory reconstruction is the formation of
candidate trajectories composed of a small subset of detector
measurements that are then subject of resource intensive precise
track parameters estimation.

In this paper, we suggest a new approach that could be used to
perform this classification. The proposed procedure utilizes the z
coordinate in the longitudinal direction in addition to the x, y
coordinates in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the
magnetic field. The suggested algorithm works equally well for
helical trajectories with different proximities to the beamline
which is beneficial when searching for products of particles with
longer lifetimes.
Predicting electricity infrastructure induced wildfire risk in California
Authors: Yao Mengqi , Bharadwaj Meghana , Zhang Zheng , Jin Baihong , Callaway Duncan S 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the use of risk models to predict the timing and location of wildfires caused by electricity infrastructure. Our data include historical ignition and wire-down points triggered by grid infrastructure collected between 2015–2019 in Pacific Gas & Electricity territory along with various weather, vegetation, and very high resolution data on grid infrastructure including location, age, and materials. With these data we explore a range of machine learning methods and strategies to manage training data imbalance. The best area under the receiver operating characteristic we obtain is 0.776 for distribution feeder ignitions and 0.824 for transmission line wire-down events, both using the histogram-based gradient boosting tree algorithm with under-sampling. We then use these models to identify which information provides the most predictive value. After line length, we find that weather and vegetation features dominate the list of top important features for ignition or wire-down risk. Distribution ignition models show more dependence on slow-varying vegetation variables such as burn index, energy release content, and tree height, whereas transmission wire-down models rely more on primary weather variables such as wind speed and precipitation. These results point to the importance of improved vegetation modeling for feeder ignition risk models, and improved weather forecasting for transmission wire-down models. We observe that infrastructure features make small but meaningful improvements to risk model predictive power.
Equivalence of mean-field avalanches and branching diffusions: from the Brownian force model to the super-Brownian motion
Authors: Le Doussal Pierre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We point out that the mean-field theory of avalanches in the dynamics of elastic interfaces, the so-called Brownian force model (BFM) developed recently in non-equilibrium statistical physics, is equivalent to the so-called super-Brownian motion (SBM) developed in probability theory, a continuum limit of branching processes related to space-embedded Galton–Watson trees. In particular the exact solvability property recently (re-)discovered from the field theory in mean-field avalanches (the ‘instanton equation’) maps onto the so-called Dawson–Watanabe 1968 duality property. In the light of this correspondence we compare the results obtained independently in the two fields, and transport some of them from one field to the other. In particular, we discuss a scaling limit of the branching Brownian motion which maps onto the continuum field theory of mean-field avalanches.
Lax equations for relativistic

GL(NM,C)

Gaudin models on elliptic curve
Authors: Trunina E , Zotov A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We describe the most general GL
NM
classical elliptic finite-dimensional integrable system, which Lax matrix has n simple poles on elliptic curve. For M = 1 it reproduces the classical inhomogeneous spin chain, for N = 1 it is the Gaudin type (multispin) extension of the spin Ruijsenaars–Schneider model, and for n = 1 the model of M interacting relativistic GL
N
tops emerges in some particular case. In this way we present a classification for relativistic Gaudin models on GL-bundles over elliptic curve. As a by-product we describe the inhomogeneous Ruijsenaars chain. We show that this model can be considered as a particular case of multispin Ruijsenaars–Schneider model when residues of the Lax matrix are of rank one. An explicit parametrization of the classical spin variables through the canonical variables is obtained for this model. Finally, the most general GL
NM
model is also described through R-matrices satisfying associative Yang–Baxter equation. This description provides the trigonometric and rational analogues of GL
NM
models.
A high-sensitivity rapid acquisition spectrometer for lanthanide(III) luminescence
Authors: Nawrocki Patrick R , Nielsen Villads R M , Sørensen Thomas Just 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Detecting luminescence beyond 750–800 nm becomes problematic as most conventional detectors are less sensitive in this range, and as simple corrections stops being accurate. Lanthanide luminescence occurs in narrow bands across the spectrum from 350–2000 nm. The most emissive lanthanide(III) ions have bands from 450 nm to 850 nm, some with additional bands in the NIR. Investigating NIR bands are hard, but the difficulties already start at 700 nm. In general, the photon flux from lanthanide(III) emitters is not great, and the bands beyond 700 nm are very weak, we therefore decided to build a spectrometer based on cameras for microscopy with single-photon detection capabilities. This was found to allieviate all limitations and to allow for fast and efficient recording of luminescence spectra in the range from 450 to 950 nm. The spectrometer characteristics were investigated and the performance was benchmarked against two commercial spectrometers. We conclude that this spectrometer is ideal for investigating lanthanide luminescence, and all other emitters with emission in the target range.
Investigation of physical properties of Fe3O4/Au-Ag@MoS2 nanoparticles on heat distribution in cancerous liver tissue
Authors: Seyedjamali Tina , Farahzadi Mohamadreza Kazem , Arabi Hossein 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Liver cancer has significantly grown in recent years, and thus its mortality rate has also increased since its symptoms appear to be in malignant stages and the treatment path at this stage is extremely challenging. New therapies based on producing heat in cancerous tissues have opened up a new way to treat cancer. This study investigated the treatment of liver cancer by the magnetic hyperthermia approach and nanoparticles (NPs) such as iron oxide (

F

e

3

O

4

) core with gold (Au), silver (Ag) alloy shell, and molybdenum disulfide (

M
o

S

2

) coating. The optical properties of these NPs within the tumor, including the extinction coefficient and surface plasmon peak (SPR) as a function of size, structure, different compositions, and thickness, were also examined using the effective medium theory, followed by assessing the impact of temperature distribution through the analytical modeling of an alternating current magnetic field. The results demonstrated that NPs with a compound of

F

e

3

O

4

−
A

u

0.25

A

g

0.75

@
M
o

S

2

,

a 3 nm thick cover of Au-Ag alloy, and two layers of

M
o

S

2

have the best coefficient of extinction and SPR in the biological window. The Au-Ag alloy improved the extinction coefficient and simultaneously prevented the accumulation of magnetic NPs. Considering that the Au-Ag alloy alone cannot function within the range of biological windows,

M
o

S

2

was used, which increased the extinction efficiency at higher wavelengths. The examination of the temperature distribution in the tumor for the proposed alloy compound indicated that after a short time from irradiation initiation, the tumor temperature reaches 45 °C. Further, the temperature distribution within the tumor tissue reached its maximum value at the center of the tumor and decreased dramatically while getting away from the center. Finally, the use of magnetic hyperthermia enabled localized delivery of therapeutic doses to malignant tumors, thereby representing superior performance and efficiency over the photothermal method.
Negative refractive index modified fishnet enhancement by wire shift
Authors: Wegrowski Antoine , Wang Wei-Chih , Tsui Chileung , Garu Prabir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We propose a modification to the negative refractive index fishnet design and demonstrate numerically that this modification leads to an even lower refractive index resonance peak and higher gains compared to the fishnet design, this effect being sustained for design dimensions ranging from the nanometer up to the millimeter and for various materials. This modification, we called ‘bd design’, consists in a shift of the metallic arms to the extremities of the metallic slab, the structure remaining otherwise identical. We discuss the numerical comparison between the use of the fishnet design and the bd design, simulating three fishnet-based metamaterials presented in the literature and showing how a modification of these metamaterials to the bd design leads to improved performances. Finally, we present an explanation for the superior characteristics of the bd design.
Optimisation of additives on the performance of loess/fly ash-based ceramic membrane supports
Authors: Tong Zhi , Wang Han , Yang Xiaoyu , Cui Shuangke , Zhang Jianxu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inorganic ceramic membranes have received a lot of attention due to their resistance to acid and alkali corrosion and ease of cleaning and utilisation, however, their high cost has limited their widespread use. To obtain lower-cost ceramic membranes with better performance, in this paper, single-channel tubular ceramic membrane supports were prepared using natural loess and solid waste fly ash as raw materials. This paper firstly investigated the effects of various additives (including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), graphite, calcium carbonate, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, and manganese dioxide,) on the pore size distribution, pure water flux, and flexural strength of the supports to select the appropriate additives; secondly, the response surface methodology was used to determine the amount of each parameter to be added. The results showed that CMC was more viscous and malleable compared to graphite and CaCO3, thus increasing the density and pure water flux of the supports. MnO2 improved both the pure water flux and flexural strength of the supports compared to CuO and MgO. The best sample was obtained when the contents of CMC, MnO2, and kaolinite were 9.85 wt%, 10.62 wt%, and 4.8 wt%, respectively, the best sample obtained exhibited a pure water flux of 4985.52 L·m−2·h−1·MPa−1 and a flexural strength of 45.4 MPa. The support obtained meets the conditions for the application of porous ceramic carriers and provides a viable pathway for the wide application of low-cost ceramic membrane carriers.
Flexibility of fluorinated graphene based memristor structures: current flow model in a multi-barrier system under tensile strain
Authors: Ivanov A I , Antonova I V 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The flexibility of two types of memristor structures with fluorinated graphene (FG) based active layers (FG with graphene islands on polyvinyl alcohol, FG/PVA, and films from nanoparticles of V2O5 capsulated with FG, FG/V2O5) under the tensile strain in bending conditions was investigated and compared in the present study. Both types of memristors show a similar mechanism of resistance switchings (current paths on traps without filaments). Multi-barrier model of current flow was used to estimate the barrier parameters connected to FG from experiments on resistive switching of memristor structures in the bending condition. The first type of structures (Ag/FG/PVA/Ag) demonstrates the record high values of flexibility: ON/OFF current relation is not changed up to 7% tensile strain created by bending. The second type of structures (Gr/FG/V2O5/Gr with graphene contacts) show a decrease in ON current already for tensile strain more than 2%. The similar mechanism of current flow allows us to use the similar theory for description of the current flow versus the tensile strain. In spite of different structures and morphology of memristors, the typical values of the barrier height extracted from the theoretical description were similar: ∼1.5 eV with an effective barrier thickness of ∼16.5 nm and ∼1.3–1.6 eV with thickness 13.5–15.0 nm for FG/PVA and FG/V2O5 structures, respectively. Increase in the barrier thickness over 19 nm in both cases leads to the strong decrease in ON current of memristors.
Implementation and analysis of 32 channel MDRZ DWDM system at narrow channel spacing
Authors: Dhadhal Dharmendra , Mishra Vivekanand , Thummar Ruturaj 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This work is proposed to examine modified duobinary return to zero modulation in DWDM long haul communication system. In this framework we simulate 32 channels each channel data rate is 40 Gbps multiplexed with the channel spacing 80 GHz, 90 GHz and 100 GHz to perceive 1.2 Tbps data. This data completed transmission Distance over 250 KM by utilizing scattering remuneration strategy. This 40 Gbps data is encoded by utilizing Mach Zehnder modulator (MRZ) inferred by CW laser of power − 10 dBm, − 5 dBm, 0 dBm, 5 dBm, 10 dBm. In the system analysis, we use modified duobinary return to zero (MDRZ) in the DWDM communication long haul system.
Corrugated nanowires as distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Wilson D P , LaPierre R R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), comprised of periodic refractive index changes, are widely used in optoelectronic devices as resonators, filters and sensors. The heterostructures required for DBRs can be difficult to implement in nanostructures due to poor compositional control on the nanoscale. In the present paper, simulation results are presented of the reflectance spectra from DBR structures that are implemented using periodic perturbations of a nanowire (NW) diameter, rather than heterostructures. The corrugated NW structure can produce a DBR stopband with reflectance near unity. The Bragg wavelength and stopband can be tuned by adjusting the pitch of the nanowire arrays, the corrugation depth, and the period of the corrugation. The proposed DBR structure presents a new paradigm for a wide range of nanoscale device applications.
Exploring Teacher Caring as a “Happy Object” in Language Teacher Accounts of Happiness
Authors: Miller Elizabeth R , Gkonou Christina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article explores how the language teachers in our study associated particular teaching experiences with feeling happy in qualitative interview accounts. Adopting a critical poststructural orientation, it uses the concept of sticky objects (Ahmed 2010; Benesch 2017) to explore how contexts, social discourses, relationships and emotional norms are entangled in and shape emotions such as happiness. More particularly, it adopts Ahmed’s (2010) notion of “happy objects” in exploring language teachers’ associations of “teacher caring” with feeling happy. Rather than exploring what happiness is, this study investigates what happiness does to and for language teachers, focusing on their accounts of teacher caring. It argues that the happy object of teacher caring is enmeshed in normative discourses that cast individual teachers as responsible for caring enough in order to help their students to succeed as determined by institutional norms of student achievement. Ultimately, it contends that accounts of teacher happiness require careful scrutiny for what they can tell us about the complex intersections of emotions with normative discourses, structures and values.
Habitat change alters the expression and efficiency of a female ornament
Authors: Bäckroos Sini , Ala-Ilomäki Lea , Candolin Ulrika 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic habitat changes are disrupting the mate choice process in a range of organisms, with consequences for populations and communities. Research has so far focused on male sexually selected traits and female mate choice, given their conspicuousness, whereas effects on female ornaments and male mate choice have been largely overlooked. Yet, females of many species develop ornaments that males use in mate choice. These ornaments can be costly and reduce female fecundity and viability and, hence, influence population growth rate. Thus, attention should be paid to changes in female ornaments and the consequences the changes have for populations. Here, we show that declining visibility in aquatic ecosystems reduces the investment of female three-spined stickleback in a melanin-based ornament in favor of increased mate search activity. The adjustment appears adaptive as males pay less attention to the ornament under poor visibility, and as melanin-based ornaments are generally physiologically costly. It is likely that past fluctuations in visibility have promoted the evolution of environment-dependent plasticity in female ornamentation. More attention should be paid to changes in female ornaments and their adaptive value, across taxa, given the impact that female investment in ornaments can have on fecundity and population growth rate. Environments are changing at an accelerating rate because of human activities and knowledge of the responses of both males and females is needed to evaluate and predict the ultimate impact on populations and biodiversity.
Identifying the kind behind SMILES—anatomical therapeutic chemical classification using structure-only representations
Authors: Cao Yi , Yang Zhen-Qun , Zhang Xu-Lu , Fan Wenqi , Wang Yaowei , Shen Jiajun , Wei Dong-Qing , Li Qing , Wei Xiao-Yong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAnatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification for compounds/drugs plays an important role in drug development and basic research. However, previous methods depend on interactions extracted from STITCH dataset which may make it depend on lab experiments. We present a pilot study to explore the possibility of conducting the ATC prediction solely based on the molecular structures. The motivation is to eliminate the reliance on the costly lab experiments so that the characteristics of a drug can be pre-assessed for better decision-making and effort-saving before the actual development. To this end, we construct a new benchmark consisting of 4545 compounds which is with larger scale than the one used in previous study. A light-weight prediction model is proposed. The model is with better explainability in the sense that it is consists of a straightforward tokenization that extracts and embeds statistically and physicochemically meaningful tokens, and a deep network backed by a set of pyramid kernels to capture multi-resolution chemical structural characteristics. Its efficacy has been validated in the experiments where it outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by 15.53% in accuracy and by 69.66% in terms of efficiency. We make the benchmark dataset, source code and web server open to ease the reproduction of this study.
Ferumoxytol dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging identifies altered placental cotyledon perfusion in rhesus macaques
Authors: Seiter Daniel P , Nguyen Sydney M , Morgan Terry K , Mao Lu , Dudley Dawn M , O’connor David H , Murphy Megan E , Ludwig Kai D , Chen Ruiming , Dhyani Archana , Zhu Ante , Schotzko Michele L , Brunner Kevin G , Shah Dinesh M , Johnson Kevin M , Golos Thaddeus G , Wieben Oliver 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Identification of placental dysfunction in early pregnancy with noninvasive imaging could be a valuable tool for assessing maternal and fetal risk. Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be a powerful tool for interrogating placenta health. After inoculation with Zika virus or sham inoculation at gestation age (GA) 45 or 55 days, animals were imaged up to three times at GA65, GA100, and GA145. DCE MRI images were acquired at all imaging sessions using ferumoxytol, an iron nanoparticle-based contrast agent, and analyzed for placental intervillous blood flow, number of perfusion domains, and perfusion domain volume. Cesarean section was performed at GA155, and the placenta was photographed and dissected for histopathology. Photographs were used to align cotyledons with estimated perfusion domains from MRI, allowing comparison of estimated cotyledon volume to pathology. Monkeys were separated into high and low pathology groups based on the average number of pathologies present in the placenta. Perfusion domain flow, volume, and number increased through gestation, and total blood flow increased with gestation for both low pathology and high pathology groups. A statistically significant decrease in perfusion domain volume associated with pathology was detected at all gestational ages. Individual perfusion domain flow comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant decrease with pathology at GA100 and GA145, but not GA65. Since ferumoxytol is currently used to treat anemia during human pregnancy and as an off-label MRI contrast agent, future transition of this work to human pregnancy may be possible.