bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrodiagnostic Assessment of Myopathies
Authors: Liewluck Teerin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Myopathies include a group of acquired and inherited disorders of skeletal muscle with marked clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Electrodiagnostic studies can be used as an extension of neurologic examination, in conjunction with serologic tests, to help confirm the presence of myopathy and exclude its mimickers. The pattern of findings, including the presence of fibrillation potentials, myotonic discharges, an underlying peripheral neuropathy, or a concomitant defect of neuromuscular transmission can help narrow the differential diagnosis of myopathy subtypes. Although none of the electrodiagnostic abnormalities are specific for any given types of myopathies and the final diagnosis frequently relies on histopathologic, antibody, or genetic confirmation, electrodiagnostic studies can assist in selecting the suitable muscle for biopsy or guiding the appropriate molecular study. In cases of immune-mediated myopathies, needle electromyography can be used to assess the treatment response.
Pediatric Sleep Assessment
Authors: Kotagal Suresh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is considerable overlap in the categories of sleep-wake disorders of adults and children. The indications for various sleep diagnostic tests, the recording scenarios, scoring of various sleep-related events in children, and reference values, however, differ from those of adults. Many childhood sleep disorders are treatable, hence their early recognition and diagnosis is important. Certain aspects of the pediatric sleep history and examination are also unique due to developmental influences that change with age. This chapter provides an overview of these aspects. The optimum assessment requires integration of patient and parental concerns, questionnaire surveys, a sleep-focused examination and data from the various diagnostic modalities.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Monitoring
Authors: Muzyka Iryna M. , Hoffman E. Matthew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The brainstem and cranial nerves are at risk during many surgeries on or near the skull base. Detailed knowledge of the neuroanatomy and electrophysiologic techniques available for assessing the integrity of brainstem function is necessary to plan and execute successful intraoperative monitoring of brainstem and cranial nerves. Electromyography, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, long tract monitoring, and reflex testing are discussed. In addition, description of monitoring plans and interpretation for common skull base surgeries are outlined. Though recent innovative modalities provide theoretical improvements for monitoring cranial nerve and brainstem function over the more established techniques, additional studies of these techniques are needed prior to more widespread adoption.
Trauma to the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: den Boer Robin B. , Hietbrink Falco , van Hillegersberg Richard , Ruurda Jelle P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The trauma patient with suspected abdominal injury is initially resuscitated according to the principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) and computed tomography (CT) are the preferred imaging modalities to detect injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, depending on the patients’ physiology. Injuries found in combination with the patient’s physiological state dictate operative or non-operative management. If surgical treatment is indicated, a decision has to be made between damage control surgery or early total care. Surgical and non-surgical decisions are dependent on the patient’s physiology, the mechanism of trauma (e.g. blunt vs penetrating), the anatomical location of the injury and on the extent of injury. In this chapter, the diagnosis and therapy are described of injuries to the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, colon, and rectum.
Physiology of the small bowel
Authors: Wells Cameron I. , O’Grady Greg 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe small intestine has multiple physiological roles, including digestion, absorption, motility, secretion, sensation, intestinal barrier, and immunological functions. Small bowel activity takes place almost entirely unnoticed by healthy individuals; however, these functions are often affected in pathological and postoperative states. A complex interplay of tightly controlled luminal, neural, and hormonal processes regulate small intestinal function, with bidirectional signalling in neural, endocrine, and immunological pathways. An understanding of normal and altered small bowel physiology is critical for the care of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.
Intestinal failure, short bowel syndrome, and intestinal transplantation
Authors: Wright Danette B. , Soop Mattias 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Intestinal failure (IF) is a term which encompasses a broad range of clinical conditions that result in the loss of a patient’s nutritional independence to the point where they are reliant on artificial supplementation to maintain homeostasis and growth. It is now well recognized that IF is not just a chronic condition requiring lifelong parenteral nutrition with limited prospects of rehabilitation. IF also encompasses patients with an acute self-limiting condition requiring short-term supportive therapy frequently encountered in the postoperative period. Furthermore, it also includes patients with an acute severe illness often associated with intestinal fistulation resulting from complications of abdominal surgery. This group of patients require specialist management in order to avoid progressing to chronic irreversible IF. Developments in medical therapy, artificial nutrition, critical care, and surgery have led to improved outcomes and survival for patients with IF. Programmes of multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation and small bowel transplantation have also allowed many patients with chronic irreversible IF to regain nutritional independence, and avoid the long-term complications often associated with long-term PN supplementation.
Tuberculosis, typhoid, and other infectious diseases of the small bowel
Authors: Pal Partha , Nabi Zaheer , Nageshwar Reddy D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe small bowel absorbs ingested fluids, extracts nutrients, excludes pathogens, and propels food by its unique architecture and strict regulatory mechanisms driven by hormones and neurotransmitters. This intricate balance is altered by various enteric infections with bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites, or fungi. These infective agents interact with different small intestinal cells, but the pathophysiological consequences such as diarrhoea, malabsorption, abdominal pain, and signs of systemic disease are similar due to a common final pathway for all such infections. Most of them are self-limiting or short lasting so that the functions of the small intestine are restored quickly. However, some of the infections are chronic and lead to long-term dysfunction of the small bowel. Both acute and chronic small intestinal infections cause a significant disease burden, morbidity, and mortality across the globe and are among the most common causes of disease worldwide. Hence, knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of small bowel infectious diseases is important.
The Phenomenology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Rothenberger Aribert , Roessner Veit 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the complex epidemiological and phenomenological aspects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Tourette syndrome (TS). Research on this topic is relatively recent and elucidated the high importance of comorbidity in TS and the need for an early assessment of ADHD in TS. Several observational studies have confirmed that ADHD is the most common comorbidity in TS, possibly anticipating TS onset and influencing the male gender predominance of TS. ADHD exerts a negative impact on externalizing and internalizing symptoms, as well as on psychosocial functioning and quality of life in TS. The impact of comorbid ADHD upon sleep disturbances in TS remain a neglected issue. Approaches to model the coexistence of TS and ADHD are still ongoing. Whereas basic neurobiological aspects fit with an additive model, complex cognitive functioning supports an interactive model. Specific pathophysiological features for TS plus ADHD have not yet been identified, but common heritability between TS and ADHD might be explained, at least in part, by the comorbidity of ADHD and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Future studies on the phenomenology of TS plus ADHD should consider not only the core symptoms of TS and ADHD but also obsessive–compulsive behavior traits, emotional aspects, neuropsychological aspects, quality of life, early risk factors, resilience, and other possible mediators and moderators.
The Phenomenology of Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Ferrão Ygor Arzeno , de Alvarenga Pedro Gomes , Hounie Ana Gabriela , de Mathis Maria Alice , Farhat Luis Carlos , do Rosário Maria Conceição , Miguel Eurípedes Constantino 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In clinical practice, the boundary between symptoms arising from obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) is not easily determined. There are important areas of overlap between tics and compulsions that likely indicate a shared genetic vulnerability and a probable intersection of neurobiological structures and circuits, especially involving the basal ganglia. The frequency of this behavioral comorbidity varies across studies, confirming the heterogeneity of symptoms presentation in both disorders. Psychiatric comorbid diagnoses are more frequent in TS with comorbid OCD and include separation anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, grooming behaviors, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social and simple phobia. This chapter describes the complex phenomenology of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in TS and highlights the impact of this comorbidity on the occurrence of other behavioral problems, the burden of other psychiatric comorbidities, and its consequence with regard to treatment approaches.
Other Psychiatric Comorbidities in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Cath Danielle C. , Müller-Vahl Kirsten R. , Mathews Carol A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Symptoms of anxiety and depression occur at elevated rates in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) and their family members. In children and young adolescents, anxiety symptoms put persons at risk for later tic persistence. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in childhood put persons at risk for later development of anxiety and depressive symptoms. In adults (specifically adult women), there is a relationship between tic severity and anxious and depressive symptoms. Specifically comorbid OCD in children and adolescents puts TS individuals at risk to develop (internalizing) anxiety and depressive symptoms, whereas comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) mostly puts individuals at risk to develop disruptive and externalizing behaviors. Environmental adversities (negative family environment factors and psychosocial stressors) strongly contribute to comorbidity with anxiety and depression in TS. In adults with TS, personality disorders are prevalent. Dimensional personality ratings indicate that neuroticism seems to be mostly associated with tics. Dysfunctions of cognitive flexibility and planning are more often related to comorbid OCD and autism traits in TS, and inhibition problems are more often linked to comorbid ADHD in TS. Intellectual ability is normally distributed in TS. The prevalence of learning disabilities (LDs) in TS is similar to that in the general population. Comorbidities with ADHD and—to a lesser extent—with OCD seem to increase the prevalence of LDs. In addition to the fact that dyslexia is the most common learning disability in general, children with TS tend to have problems with mathematics and written language. Rage attacks are frequent in TS.
Cellular and Molecular Pathology in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Fasching Liana , Brady Melanie , Vaccarino Flora M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the available literature and data on pathological findings in Tourette syndrome. In severe, unremitting Tourette syndrome, there are decreases in somatostatin-positive/nitric oxide synthase–positive interneurons, fast spiking parvalbumin-positive/γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons, as well as tonically active cholinergic interneurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen. There is also a prominent increase in inflammation throughout the basal ganglia along with activation of microglial cells. Overall, neuroimaging studies suggest that the basal ganglia, a set of nuclei situated deep within the cerebral cortical hemispheres, are a central component of the pathophysiology of TS. These findings are discussed in light of current views on the pathogenic mechanisms underlying tic disorders.
Pharmacological Treatment of Tics
Authors: Roessner Veit , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a literature review and a critical commentary of the available evidence on pharmacological treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome (TS). Because of the waxing and waning nature of tics, a meaningful appraisal of treatment efficacy in TS can only be given in most cases after a longer observation time. Environmental or situational factors have a modulating influence on tics, possibly biasing the appraisal of treatment efficacy. Many affected children, adolescents, and adults do not seek/require pharmacological treatment (tic severity: mild to moderate). Nonpharmacological and/or pharmacological interventions are beneficial for persons with subjective discomfort, social and/or emotional problems, functional interference, etc. The clinical experience is that the pharmacotherapy induces faster and probably more prominent tic reduction in comparison to behavioral treatment options. The goal of pharmacological treatment is a reduction in tic symptoms. Antipsychotic drugs may lead to the most reliable and fastest treatment effectiveness, but they also pose the greatest risk of side effects. Risperidone can be favored as a first-choice agent for the treatment of tics. Pimozide, tiapride, sulpiride, and aripiprazole are regarded as second-choice agents. Clonidine might be helpful mainly in case of TS plus attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For high-quality evidence on pharmacological treatment in TS, future studies should include, for instance, longer observation periods, larger groups, a more standardized methodological approach, placebo controls, and a double-blind design.
Complementary and Integrative Health Medicine in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Cruz Maria , Coffey Barbara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) approaches are among the most popular and widely utilized treatments in Tourette syndrome (TS). CIM approaches most frequently reported to be used by patients with TS are dietary modification, allergy treatment, prayer, vitamins, massage, nutritional and dietary supplements, chiropractic manipulation, meditation, yoga, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and biofeedback. Research evidence suggests that a number of CIM approaches are potentially useful in TS, yet there are methodological limitations in all studies. The approaches that appear to have most promise based on the evidence to date are 5-Ling Granule, hypnosis, biofeedback, ω3 fatty acids, cannabinoids, and Ningdong granule.
Albert Hoffer
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Albert Hoffer was 78 years old when he was diagnosed with cancer of the throat. A deeply private man, he found it painful to endure the invasions of his body and the strong feelings he experienced in the last months of his life. He was an opinionated, forthright, and mistrustful person who tested everyone intensely before allowing them to get close. Years of alcohol abuse had cost Mr. Hoffer his career and damaged his relationship with his wife and children. The complex, interwoven medical and family issues in the context of the Hoffer family’s limited financial means posed a significant challenge for the hospice team.
Klara Bergman
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When Klara Bergman’s doctors told her that she had incurable lung cancer, she did not question the diagnosis. But she felt it was a terrible injustice. She felt that she had been cheated and was being punished for no good reason. Mrs. Bergman, who was 80 years old, had suffered in Nazi concentration camps during World War II and lost most of her loved ones. She had cared for her sick father for many years after they were freed from the camp. Since then she had strived to repair and alleviate the suffering of victims of concentration camps, never thinking of herself or of her own needs. Why had God inflicted such a terrible injustice on her? A good and loving God would not do such a thing. Perhaps there was no God. All her life she had been deeply religious and committed to her Jewish faith. But if God existed, he was not there for her now.
Richard Johnson
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many people, especially those who are relatively young, opt to fight their illness to the end. Richard Johnson refused chemotherapy at first, but when his disease became far advanced, he asked for aggressive treatments. Although he understood that his chemotherapy was a purely experimental treatment, he nonetheless hoped that his life would be prolonged. It made him feel safe to be on a medical ward where he thought that he might get aggressive biomedical interventions for as long as possible. Both Mr. Johnson and his wife Linda wanted to be totally involved with the decision-making concerning his illness, down to the last detail. Yet Mr. Johnson did not involve his wife in some of the crucial choices he made. Mrs. Johnson disagreed with his aggressive approach at the end, when she saw him get sicker and realized that he was dying. Mr. Johnson died a conflicted death, and the course of his wife’s and son’s bereavement reflected this.
Costas Metrakis
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It was unusual for the palliative care team to see someone like Costas Metrakis, a 58-year-old man who had only recently been diagnosed with terminal illness, on the Palliative Care Unit. Usually, the people they cared for, and their families, had time to absorb some of the anguish and turmoil that accompanies the news of a fatal illness. For the Metrakis family there was no time. From the date of his diagnosis of incurable cancer of the stomach to his reluctant admission to palliative care was a period of only two weeks. The whole family felt numbed. They could not accept palliative care. “It is a place where they send people to die,” Elie Metrakis, the patient’s wife, said. Reluctantly, recognizing that help for Mr. Metrakis’s symptoms would be available on the unit, the couple agreed to be transferred there from the medical ward. After only three days on the unit, despite his burdensome symptoms, Mr. Metrakis asked to go home. The team mobilized the support they could, and Mr. Metrakis went home on a weekend pass. As soon as he came back to the unit, he insisted on returning home again. Four days later he was dead.
Research Methods
Authors: Barnard David 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe aims of this final chapter of the book are to outline the premises of qualitative research, show the relevance of qualitative methods to palliative care, and explain the specific methods of qualitative research underlying this book. The discussion aims to provide an understanding of ethnographic, narrative inquiry, which was the authors’ approach to the experiences of patients, families, and caregivers in palliative care. The authors outline their rationale for a case narrative study, the ethnographic methods and techniques used to gather and analyze data, the role of the participant-observer, and the ethical issues related to qualitative research in palliative care.
Preoperative assessment
Authors: Ho Roger H. Y. , Lam David M. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The aims of preoperative assessment are to evaluate and optimize pre-existing medical conditions and medications, to stratify the risk of perioperative complications, and to inform the planning of perioperative care. This chapter outlines the specific challenges brought about by the range of different oromaxillofacial pathologies requiring surgery, airway evaluation and planning, the preoperative management of patients with pre-existing medical conditions in the context of oromaxillofacial surgery, environmental considerations, the preoperative management of commonly encountered long-term medications, and the various risk stratification tools available to facilitate optimal planning of the perioperative care.
Imaging
Authors: Mitra Indu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA basic knowledge of head and neck anatomy, an understanding of the associated pathologies and patterns of injury, and their appearance on the most commonly used imaging modalities can greatly assist the anaesthetist in anticipating and planning for potential difficulties, particularly with regard to airway management interventions and in avoiding further injury from manipulation of the head and neck. The relative advantages and disadvantages of imaging modalities are described in this chapter, with reference to craniofacial anatomy relevant to the anaesthetist managing the oromaxillofacial patient. Important pathologies and their radiological appearance are discussed, including craniofacial and orbital fractures, cervical spinal injuries, dental disease, infection, and tumours, and the relevance of each to the anaesthetist are explained.
Aesthetic surgery
Authors: Lee Corina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOrofacial aesthetic surgery concerns operative procedures of the mouth and face specifically undertaken for cosmetic purposes. This type of surgery has been part of a rapidly expanding healthcare sector, often undertaken in non-hospital-based environments, that is consequently relatively less evidence based than more established surgical specialities. This chapter describes a safe approach to anaesthesia for these procedures, highlighting procedure-specific requirements, as well as discussing the tenets of orofacial aesthetic surgery—smooth emergence from anaesthesia, meticulous blood pressure control, avoidance of nausea and vomiting, and provision of adequate analgesia—all measures designed to reduce postoperative haematoma formation. Important aspects of non-surgical facial procedures relevant to the anaesthetist are also described, with particular attention to the potential risks and safety strategies pertinent to laser surgery.
Burns and inhalational injury
Authors: Nicholas Caroline A. R. , Vorster Tim N. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The management of acute orofacial burns and inhalational injury can be extremely challenging and emotive, requiring a calm but expeditious systematic, multidisciplinary approach. Airway interventions necessitate involvement of a skilled, senior anaesthetist and, therefore, must be carefully timed with a full array of difficult airway equipment immediately available. This chapter describes the principles in managing any emergency admission with major burns with a special focus upon the specific issues and treatment strategies associated with severe facial burns and inhalational injury. The importance of thorough assessment, resuscitation, fluid and temperature management, and analgesia are highlighted in the context of the pathophysiological changes that occur. Priorities for intraoperative and intensive care management are also discussed, as well as the challenges these patients pose for repeated surgical procedures.