bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Size of Polities in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Moriguchi Chiaki , Sng Tuan-Hwee 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is organized into four themes. It first appraises the views of historical thinkers in the East and West on the consequences of polity size. Next, it surveys modern historical studies on the relationship between polity size and governance. It then discusses attempts to provide a unified framework on the causes and consequences of polity size. Finally, we highlight some existing gaps in the literature and explore how history can illuminate our understanding of the size of polities.
UNRRA in North Africa: A Late Colonial History of Refugee Encampment
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article tells the story of two long-forgotten United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) camps in wartime French North Africa, using their history as a lens through which to view the emergence of a modern global regime of refugee encampment. It examines these camps’ entanglements with the mechanisms of late colonial rule; their resonances with the systems of detention articulated by the Third Reich and its Vichy collaborationists; their rehabilitation of the practice of encampment for post-war colonial ‘development’ schemes like French Algeria’s centres de regroupement; and their eventual clearing of the way for the Cold War–era extension of an internationalist, American-dominated regime of refugee internment, first into Tunisia and Morocco and later across much of the Global South. Through its attempt to present its North African refugee camps as a new, modern, humanitarian form of encampment, UNRRA managed to rehabilitate the old colonial strategy of migrant internment as fundamentally humanitarian rather than punitive, successfully eliding its relationships with Nazi and Vichy practices in the process and establishing encampment as a central strategy of the modern internationalist refugee regime for the era of decolonization.
The evening complex promotes maize flowering and adaptation to temperate regions
Authors: Zhao Yongping , Zhao Binbin , Xie Yurong , Jia Hong , Li Yongxiang , Xu Miaoyun , Wu Guangxia , Ma Xiaojing , Li Quanquan , Hou Mei , Li Changyu , Xia Zhanchao , He Gang , Xu Hua , Bai Zhijing , Kong Dexin , Zheng Zhigang , Liu Qing , Liu Yuting , Zhong Jinshun , Tian Feng , Wang Baobao , Wang Haiyang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) originated in southern Mexico and has spread over a wide latitudinal range. Maize expansion from tropical to temperate regions has necessitated a reduction of its photoperiod sensitivity. In this study, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) regulating flowering time in maize and show that the maize ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING3, ZmELF3.1, is the causal locus. We demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 and ZmELF3.2 proteins can physically interact with ZmELF4.1/4.2 and ZmLUX1/2, to form evening complex(es; ECs) in the maize circadian clock. Loss-of-function mutants for ZmELF3.1/3.2 and ZmLUX1/2 exhibited delayed flowering under long-day and short-day conditions. We show that EC directly represses the expression of several flowering suppressor genes, such as the CONSTANS, CONSTANS-LIKE, TOC1 (CCT) genes ZmCCT9 and ZmCCT10, ZmCONSTANS-LIKE 3, and the PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes ZmPRR37a and ZmPRR73, thus alleviating their inhibition, allowing florigen gene expression and promoting flowering. Further, we identify two closely linked retrotransposons located in the ZmELF3.1 promoter that regulate the expression levels of ZmELF3.1 and may have been positively selected during postdomestication spread of maize from tropical to temperate regions during the pre-Columbian era. These findings provide insights into circadian clock-mediated regulation of photoperiodic flowering in maize and new targets of genetic improvement for breeding.
Conserved noncoding sequences and de novo Mutator insertion alleles are imprinted in maize
Authors: Li Tong , Yin Liangwei , Stoll Claire E , Lisch Damon , Zhao Meixia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which differential allele expression occurs in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. Imprinting in plants is tightly linked to transposable elements (TEs), and it has been hypothesized that genomic imprinting may be a consequence of demethylation of TEs. Here, we performed high-throughput sequencing of ribonucleic acids from four maize (Zea mays) endosperms that segregated newly silenced Mutator (Mu) transposons and identified 110 paternally expressed imprinted genes (PEGs) and 139 maternally expressed imprinted genes (MEGs). Additionally, two potentially novel paternally suppressed MEGs are associated with de novo Mu insertions. In addition, we find evidence for parent-of-origin effects on expression of 407 conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) in maize endosperm. The imprinted CNSs are largely localized within genic regions and near genes, but the imprinting status of the CNSs are largely independent of their associated genes. Both imprinted CNSs and PEGs have been subject to relaxed selection. However, our data suggest that although MEGs were already subject to a higher mutation rate prior to their being imprinted, imprinting may be the cause of the relaxed selection of PEGs. In addition, although DNA methylation is lower in the maternal alleles of both the maternally and paternally expressed CNSs (mat and pat CNSs), the difference between the two alleles in H3K27me3 levels was only observed in pat CNSs. Together, our findings point to the importance of both transposons and CNSs in genomic imprinting in maize.
Homotopy epimorphisms and derived tate’s acyclicity for commutative C*-algebras
Authors: Bambozzi Federico , Mihara Tomoki 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We study homotopy epimorphisms and covers formulated in terms of derived Tate’s acyclicity for commutative $C^*$-algebras and algebras of continuous functions valued in non-Archimedean valued fields. We prove that a homotopy epimorphism between commutative $C^*$-algebras precisely corresponds to a closed immersion between the compact Hausdorff topological spaces associated with them and a cover of a commutative $C^*$-algebra precisely corresponds to a topological cover of the compact Hausdorff topological space associated with it by closed immersions admitting a finite subcover. This permits us to prove derived and non-derived descent for Banach modules over commutative $C^*$-algebras.
Opinions as Facts
Authors: Bursztyn Leonardo , Rao Aakaash , Roth Christopher , Yanagizawa-Drott David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rise of opinion programs has transformed television news. Because they present anchors’ subjective commentary and analysis, opinion programs often convey conflicting narratives about reality. We experimentally document that people across the ideological spectrum turn to opinion programs over “straight news”, even when provided large incentives to learn objective facts. We then examine the consequences of diverging narratives between opinion programs in a high-stakes setting: the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. We find stark differences in the adoption of preventative behaviours among viewers of the two most popular opinion programs, both on the same network, which adopted opposing narratives about the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We then show that areas with greater relative viewership of the program downplaying the threat experienced a greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Our evidence suggests that opinion programs may distort important beliefs and behaviours.
Systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease: a conceptual framework for subclinical, clinical and progressive disease
Authors: Roofeh David , Brown Kevin K , Kazerooni Ella A , Tashkin Donald , Assassi Shervin , Martinez Fernando , Wells Athol U , Raghu Ganesh , Denton Christopher P , Chung Lorinda , Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Distler Oliver , Johannson Kerri A , Allanore Yannick , Matteson Eric L , Kawano-Dourado Leticia , Pauling John D , Seibold James R , Volkmann Elizabeth R , Walsh Simon L F , Oddis Chester V , White Eric S , Barratt Shaney L , Bernstein Elana J , Domsic Robyn T , Dellaripa Paul F , Conway Richard , Rosas Ivan , Bhatt Nitin , Hsu Vivien , Ingegnoli Francesca , Kahaleh Bashar , Garcha Puneet , Gupta Nishant , Khanna Surabhi , Korsten Peter , Lin Celia , Mathai Stephen C , Strand Vibeke , Doyle Tracy J , Steen Virginia , Zoz Donald F , Ovalles-Bonilla Juan , Rodriguez-Pinto Ignasi , Shenoy Padmanabha D , Lewandoski Andrew , Belloli Elizabeth , Lescoat Alain , Nagaraja Vivek , Ye Wen , Huang Suiyuan , Maher Toby , Khanna Dinesh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To establish a framework by which experts define disease subsets in systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD).

Methods
A conceptual framework for subclinical, clinical and progressive ILD was provided to 83 experts, asking them to use the framework and classify actual SSc-ILD patients. Each patient profile was designed to be classified by at least four experts in terms of severity and risk of progression at baseline; progression was based on 1-year follow-up data. A consensus was reached if ≥75% of experts agreed. Experts provided information on which items were important in determining classification.

Results
Forty-four experts (53%) completed the survey. Consensus was achieved on the dimensions of severity (75%, 60 of 80 profiles), risk of progression (71%, 57 of 80 profiles) and progressive ILD (60%, 24 of 40 profiles). For profiles achieving consensus, most were classified as clinical ILD (92%), low risk (54%) and stable (71%). Severity and disease progression overlapped in terms of framework items that were most influential in classifying patients (forced vital capacity, extent of lung involvement on high resolution chest CT [HRCT]); risk of progression was influenced primarily by disease duration.

Conclusions
Using our proposed conceptual framework, international experts were able to achieve a consensus on classifying SSc-ILD patients along the dimensions of disease severity, risk of progression and progression over time. Experts rely on similar items when classifying disease severity and progression: a combination of spirometry and gas exchange and quantitative HRCT.
Neighborhood disadvantage, race/ethnicity and neural sensitivity to social threat and reward among adolescents
Authors: Jorgensen Nathan A , Muscatell Keely A , McCormick Ethan M , Prinstein Mitchell J , Lindquist Kristen A , Telzer Eva H 
Published: September 2022

AbstractExperiences within one’s social environment shape neural sensitivity to threatening and rewarding social cues. However, in racialized societies like the USA, youth from minoritized racial/ethnic backgrounds can have different experiences and perceptions within neighborhoods that share similar characteristics. The current study examined how neighborhood disadvantage intersects with racial/ethnic background in relation to neural sensitivity to social cues. A racially diverse (59 Hispanic/Latine, 48 White, 37 Black/African American, 15 multi-racial and 6 other) and primarily low to middle socioeconomic status sample of 165 adolescents (88 female; Mage = 12.89) completed a social incentive delay task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We tested for differences in the association between neighborhood disadvantage and neural responses to social threat and reward cues across racial/ethnic groups. For threat processing, compared to White youth, neighborhood disadvantage was related to greater neural activation in regions involved in salience detection (e.g. anterior cingulate cortex) for Black youth and regions involved in mentalizing (e.g. temporoparietal junction) for Latine youth. For reward processing, neighborhood disadvantage was related to greater brain activation in reward, salience and mentalizing regions for Black youth only. This study offers a novel exploration of diversity within adolescent neural development and important insights into our understanding of how social environments may ‘get under the skull’ differentially across racial/ethnic groups.
Anti-transparency within the EU shift to open science
Authors: Nelhans Gustaf , Nolin Jan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 2014, the European Commission initiated a process to strengthen science 2.0 as a core research policy concept. However, this turned into a substantial ideational shift. The concept of science 2.0 was dropped. Instead, open science became established as one of the three pillars of the €94 billion research framework programme Horizon Europe. This article scrutinises the official narrative regarding the shift of concepts, identifying transparency issues, specifically misrepresentation of concepts and data, and the redaction of key material. This can be characterised as problems of input legitimacy. A public consultation did take place, but numerous transparency issues can be found. From science 2.0 to open science, the ideational shift was portrayed as simply a matter of exchanging two synonymous concepts. However, science 2.0 is a descriptive concept referring to science being transformed by digitalisation. In contrast, open science involves normative assumptions about how science should work and be governed.
IIOld English
Authors: Burns Rachel A , Kehoe Niamh , Knowles Emma , Pascual Rafael J , Ponirakis Eleni , Tedford Margaret 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter has ten sections: 1. Manuscript Studies; 2. Cultural and Intellectual Contexts; 3. Literature: General; 4. The Poems of the Exeter Book; 5. The Poems of the Vercelli Book; 6. The Poems of the Junius Manuscript; 7. Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript; 8. Other Poems; 9. Prose; 10. Reception. Section 1 is by Rachel A. Burns; sections 2 and 9 are by Margaret Tedford; section 3 is by Margaret Tedford with contributions by Rachel A. Burns; section 4 is by Niamh Kehoe; sections 5 and 7 are by Rafael J. Pascual; section 6 is by Emma Knowles; sections 8 and 10 are by Eleni Ponirakis.
IXThe Seventeenth Century, Part I
Authors: Martin Catherine Gimelli , Urban David V , Gwynn Lucy , Stelzer Emily , Dyck Paul , James Anne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter has seven sections: 1. General; 2. Bacon; 3. Browne; 4. Burton; 5. Herbert; 6. Donne; 7. Milton. Section 1 is by Catherine Gimelli Martin; section 2 is by David V. Urban; section 3 is by Lucy Gwynn; section 4 is by Emily Stelzer; section 5 is by Paul Dyck; section 6 is by Anne James; section 7 is by David V. Urban.
Monitoring Spore Dispersal and Early Infections of Diplocarpon coronariae Causing Apple Blotch Using Spore Traps and a New qPCR Method
Authors: Boutry Clémence , Bohr Anne , Buchleither Sascha , Ludwig Mathias , Oberhänsli Thomas , Tamm Lucius , Schärer Hans-Jakob , Flury Pascale 
Published: September 2022

Apple blotch (AB) is a major disease of apple in Asia and recently emerged in Europe and the United States. It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon coronariae (formerly Marssonina coronaria; teleomorph: Diplocarpon mali) and leads to severe defoliation of apple trees in late summer, resulting in reduced yield and fruit quality. To develop effective disease management strategies, a sound knowledge of the pathogen's biology is crucial. Data on the early phase of disease development are scarce: No data on spore dispersal in Europe are available. We developed a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR method to quantify D. coronariae conidia in spore trap samples. We monitored temporal and spatial dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae and the progress of AB in spring and early summer in an extensively managed apple orchard in Switzerland in 2019 and 2020. Our results show that D. coronariae overwinters in leaf litter, and spore dispersal and primary infections occur in late April and early May. We provide the first results describing early-season dispersal of conidia of D. coronariae, which, combined with the observed disease progress, helps to understand the disease dynamics and will be a basis for improved disease forecast models. Using the new qPCR method, we detected D. coronariae in buds, on bark, and on fruit mummies, suggesting that several apple tissues might serve as overwintering habitats for the fungus, in addition to fallen leaves. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The Impact of Virtual Interviewing During the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Residency Application Process: One Institution’s Experience
Authors: Nilsen Kari , Walling Anne , Johnson Mariah , Curran Maggie , Irwin Gretchen , Meyer Mark , Unruh Greg 
Published: September 2022

Purpose
To assess the impact of virtual interviewing during the COVID-19 pandemic on the residency application process and to compare applicant costs and time spent interviewing during the 2020–2021 application cycle with prior years.

Method
Fourth-year medical students at the University of Kansas School of Medicine applying for first-year residency positions via the National Resident Matching Program Match completed an electronic 46-item survey after submitting their rank lists during each application cycle from 2015–2016 to 2020–2021. The authors used descriptive statistics and t tests to analyze and compare responses to demographics questions and questions regarding number of submitted applications, offered and completed interviews, ranked programs, costs, and time spent interviewing. They used thematic analysis to code respondents’ narrative comments about the virtual interviewing experience.

Results
From 2015–2016 to 2020–2021, 994 (of 1,190; 83.5%) respondents completed the survey. From 2019–2020 to 2020–2021, the average total cost of applying to residency per applicant dropped by $3,566 (P < .001) and the average time spent interviewing dropped by 13.3 days (P < .001). At the same time, the average number of applications per applicant dropped by 3.4, and applicants completed the same number of interviews and ranked 2.3 fewer programs, none of which were statistically significant differences. Narrative comments from 113 (79%) respondents in 2020–2021 revealed 4 themes related to virtual interviewing: convenience of time and cost, positive aspects of the process, negative aspects of the process, and overall impressions of the program.

Conclusions
Virtual interviewing during the 2020–2021 application cycle resulted in an approximately 80% reduction in cost for applicants and an approximately 50% decrease in time spent interviewing compared with previous years but was not associated with large increases in number of submitted applications, completed interviews, or ranked programs. Applicants generally perceived virtual interviewing as positive although they raised notable concerns.
Impact of Side Branch Lesion Length on Clinical Outcome after Coronary Stenting Techniques in Patients with Coronary Artery Bifurcation Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kan Junyan , Luo Shuai , Wang Dongchen , Cai Dandan , Zhang Xiaojuan , Kan Jing 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
The optimal percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technique for bifurcation lesions remains controversial, especially considering the variability of the side branch (SB). A provisional stenting technique is currently recommended in most cases. This meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes of different bifurcation PCI strategies, clarifying their scope of application.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials comparing PCI strategies for coronary bifurcation lesions were systematically retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EBSCO literature databases without limitations on published date or language. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were stipulated as main outcomes. Secondary outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis. Both pooled analysis and sub-group analysis were performed.

Results:
Twenty-three randomized controlled trials with 6380 participants were included. Eighteen studies compared the provisional strategy with 2-stent approaches. No significant difference in MACEs (relative risk (RR), 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90–1.48; I2
= 62%) was found between 1-stent and 2-stent techniques. However, when SB lesion length was used as the separation condition, the 2-stent strategy was associated with fewer MACEs (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.46–2.41; I2
= 70%), TLRs (RR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.50–3.02; I2
= 59%), and MIs (RR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.19–3.95; I2
= 52%) than the provisional strategy in those where SB lesions measured >10 mm long.

Conclusions:
In the current work, there was no significant difference between 1-stent and 2-stent techniques in terms of MACEs or secondary outcomes. However, 2-stent approaches have clinical advantages over the provisional strategy in bifurcation when the SB lesion length is >10 mm due to fewer cases of TLR and MI.
Long-term Outcomes after Second-Generation Cryoballoon Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation and Analysis of Risk Factors Related to Recurrence
Authors: Dai Yufan , Wang Chenyuan , Wang Zulu , Liang Ming , Yang Guitang , Jin Zhiqing , Ding Jian , Zhang Ping , Han Yaling 
Published: September 2022

Objective:
This study is aimed to analyze the long-term safety and effectiveness of second-generation cryoballoon (CB2) ablation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods:
Data from 760 consecutive patients in the Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from August 2016 to December 2018 with drug-refractory symptomatic AF undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using CB2 were assessed. Procedure-related safety and freedom from AF and atrial flutter/atria tachycardia through 3 years were determined. The risk factors related to atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence were analyzed.

Results:
Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of the 760 patients. Radiofrequency application for additional focal ablation was needed in 11 (1.4%) patients and for 14 pulmonary veins (0.5%, 14/(760 × 4)) to achieve PVI. A total of 748 patients, including 539 with paroxysmal AF (PAF) and 209 with persistent AF (SAF) completed the follow-up, and only 12 (1.6%) patients were lost. The mean follow-up duration was (19 ± 8) months. The rate of major complications was 0.9%, including 0.8% of right phrenic nerve injury, which resolved before discharge. Freedom from all tachyarrhythmias was achieved in 75.0%, 69.4%, and 63.2% of patients with PAF, respectively, at 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up, and in 75.1%, 67.4%, and 60.9% for SAF, with no significant differences between the PAF and SAF groups. AF course and the rate of body weight gain were independent risk factors for recurrence at 12 months after ablation (P = 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively).

Conclusion:
PVI using CB2 has a high acute success rate and good safety in the treatment of PAF and SAF. Long course of AF and weight gain after ablation were independent risk factors for recurrence.