bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Main directions of detection of malignant neoplasms of leading localizations in rural municipal districts
Authors: Novikova S. V. , Vazhenin A. V. , Tyukov Yu. A. , Kotov A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction. The leading localizations of malignant neoplasms in terms of detection frequency in Russia are breast cancer (BC) and uterine cancer by women (RTM) — 51.8 and 18.3%, accordingly, by men — lung cancer (RL) and prostate cancer (PC) — 47.4 and 41.4%, respectively. Study objective was the identification of the main reasons of the high level of neglect of cancer of the leading localizations among residents of rural municipalities of the Chelyabinsk region. Material and methods. The study was carried out on the general population of people living in 5 rural municipal districts of the Chelyabinsk region, included by the Ministry of Health of the region in the Magnitogorsk oncological cluster, with malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland and the body of the uterus, lung and prostate gland (total 1696 observation units). Results. During medical examinations in basic rural municipal areas, the detection of breast cancer and RTM is in the range from 0.1 to 0.3 cases and 0.04 to 0.1 cases per 100 examined women, prostate cancer — 0.04-0.1 per 100 examined men. In medical examination suits, the detection is even lower — from 0.005 to 0.03 cases and 0.007 to 0.02 cases per 100 women and 0.01 to 0.05 cases per 100 men. The levels of cancer detection in rural areas are substantially lower than similar indicators among the urban population. Only when RL is detected, medical examinations of the rural population do not lag behind the indicators of the townspeople in their effectiveness. Discussion. The oncological epidemiological situation in municipal areas of the Magnitogorsk oncological cluster can be characterized as extremely unsatisfactory, due to a lower level of registered morbidity than in the city and to the low efficiency of active methods for detecting cancer. Conclusion. The lower incidence of malignant neoplasms in rural areas compared to urban indicators is due to the low efficiency of active methods for detecting neoplasms. The main way to identify malignant neoplasms of the leading localizations, with the exception of individual years of follow-up, is the independent appeal of rural patients to an oncologist, which causes a high level of neglect.
أحكام الإضراب عن الطعام في الشريعة الإسلامية
Authors: Murtadha Maroof 
Published: March 2022

The hunger strike is a burning issue and is widely practised in the contemporary world for different purposes, including as a means of agitation against political, social and other kinds of discrimination and injustice. Some modern jurists hold that it is heresy borrowed from Western democratic systems. However, the issue needs to be seen in all its aspects. First, it is a means of demanding rights, a matter that is very significant in Islam. Second, hunger strikes are practised only in protest against the injustice of those in power and the injustice of the employers. Third, it is carried out only after the failure of various legitimate means and sources. The article explains the meaning of the hunger strike literally and technically and provides a comprehensive perspective on the issue. It further elaborates the opinions of classical and contemporary scholars, compares their views, and identifies the most correct opinion of them. It concludes that any demonstration that may result in violence and bloodshed is extremely prohibited and rejected in Islamic law. Likewise, any hunger strike, which may lead to death is strongly forbidden. It is advisable to be patient and tranquil and pray for the improvement of circumstances.
Perancangan Multiplatform Aplikasi Mobile untuk Penentuan Arah Mortir
Authors: Utomo Suharjanto 
Published: March 2022

Saat ini perkembangan perangkat mobile semakain pesat. Hal ini dibuktikan semakin banyak penggunaan Android, iOS, an Windows. Dan permintaan aplikasi mobile otomatis semakin tinggi. Tentunya diperlukan usaha yang efektif untuk dapat mengembangkan aplikasi yang dapat berjalan dalam beberapa sistem operasi seperti Android, iOS, dan Windows. Salah satu kebutuhan aplikasi mobile adalah aplikasi untuk penentuan arah mortir. Hal ini diperlukan untuk menjamin kecepatan dan ketelitian perhitungan dibandingkan dengan perhitungan dengan menggunakan kertas planset. Hasil perhitungan yang diperlukan adalah elevasi dan azimuth daripada mortir. Untuk pengembangan prototipe aplikasi mobile dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan Xamarin.
Pengaturan Sistem Pintu Otomatis Dengan Sensor PIR Terintegrasi Dengan Arduino
Authors: Royhan Muhamad 
Published: March 2022

Semakin maju teknologi, pintu membuka dan menutup secara otomatis, tidak ada penjaga untuk membuka dan menutup secara manual. Sensor mikro wave untuk mendeteksi orang yang datang maupun keluar dari pintu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah riset dan pengembangan. Setelah sensor mendeteksi ada target, maka arduino memberikan sinyal ke relay untuk membuka atau menutup pintu. Membuka dan menutup pintu berdasarkan putar kanan-kiri pada motor penggerak pintu.
Analyzing the students’ motivation to learn English
Authors: Alamsyah Aam 
Published: March 2022

Identifying motivational factors in every field is always important. Likewise, identifying the student’s motivation to learn English is important so that the teachers or the other relevant education stakeholders can take more specific action regarding their students’ motivation. Especially, since motivation is a driving force affecting human’s life, the attempt to analyze the factors affecting the students’ motivation is always important.
The present study was conducted in a private telecommunication college. The research method employed was a survey research with additional limited interview. The number of the participants recruited for the study was 40 students. The students recruited were the active students who are currently studying in their fourth/fifth semester.
Of the whole factors questioned to the students, the lecturers were found to be the most significant factors affecting the students’ motivation. The other factors affecting the students’ motivation were the teaching media, such as internet and library.
The finding also confirms the previous studies suggesting the important role of teachers/lecturers in serving the students. The students also indicated that the role of lecturers in facilitating their learning process, which was getting more complicated during the pandemic, as the most important factor leading to better motivation. Lastly, in terms of relationship, parents were found to be important as they could possibly support the students’ spirit to learn English regardless of their learning context.
Keywords: Analyzing, the students’ motivation, learn, English
National Profile of Teacher Perceptions of Teaching and Learning in Modern Band Programs in the United States
Authors: Knapp David H. , Powell Bryan , Smith Gareth Dylan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Following more than half a century of resistance to popular music in the classroom, modern band programs have proliferated in the United States since the early 2000s. Supported in part by the music education nonprofit Little Kids Rock (LKR), proponents of modern band aim to engage more students in school music and to support creative, student-centered music-making. The present study examined responses to the 2019 LKR end-of-year teacher survey and found that program participation has grown substantially in recent years, but is concentrated in a few urban areas. Teachers perceived that modern band expanded access to music education by engaging more students while also making themselves more committed to the teaching profession. With respect to student learning, teachers perceived that modern band allowed for nonmusical outcomes, including academic motivation and the creation of classroom social bonds. To a lesser extent, teachers perceived that students achieved creative outcomes, such as composition and improvisation.
Awake Percutaneous Fixation for Unstable Fractures of the Spine in High-risk Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Valero-Moreno Eduardo , Kaplan Leon , Bineth Noa , Cohen Jose , Schroeder Josh E. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Unstable fractures in sick or elderly patients are on the rise. These patients who are at high risk for surgery present a challenge for surgeons and anesthesiologists. In patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores 3 to 4, the risk is even higher because of the high rate of intraoperative complications.

Methods:
All patients with ASA scores 3 to 4 who presented with unstable fractures of the spine to a level-one trauma center were assessed, and they underwent awake spinal percutaneous fixation, with mild sedation and local anesthesia. Demographics, radiology, and the outcome were collected.

Results:
Nineteen patients were operated between the years 2019 and 2021. Average follow-up was 12 months (range 8 to 24 months); six patients were female and 13 males. The average age was 77.7 years; the ASA score was 3 to 4 in all patients. There were 10 extension-type injuries, six unstable burst injuries, two chance fractures, and one teardrop fracture. All patients underwent unilateral fixation, and just one patient underwent bilateral fixation; cement augmentation was done in 16 of the patients. No neurologic complication was observed. One case of infection presented 4 months after surgery. All patients were discharged ambulating.

Conclusions:
Awake fixation in extreme cases is safe and feasible; a dedicated team including an anesthesiologist and radiologist is needed to treat these cases safely and quickly.
Gender Quotas for Corporate Boards: A Comparison Between Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Foort-Diepeveen R.A.van 't 
Published: March 2022

This article discusses and compares Belgian and Dutch gender quota legislation. In Belgium, a mandatory quota that imposes sanctions for non-compliance was introduced in 2011. From 2013–2020, a target figure (streefcijfer) was in force in the Netherlands. This target figure applied on a comply-or-explain basis with no sanctions for non-compliance. The Netherlands is currently in the process of introducing mandatory gender quota, as the target figure did not yield the desired result of increasing the number of women on boards to the required level. This article discusses the key features of the Belgian mandatory quota and of the Dutch former target figure and proposed mandatory quota. Subsequently, this article compares the Belgian and Dutch quota legislation in terms of introduction of the quota, scope, application, implementation deadlines and sanctions. The analysis of the existing Belgian quota and the proposed Dutch quota legislation reveals that there are some similarities with regard to their application and sanctions. This article concludes with a discussion about what the Dutch legislator can learn from the Belgian gender quota legislation in order to succeed in increasing the number of women on corporate boards in the Netherlands.
gender equality, gender quota, women, corporate law, corporate governance, women on boards
The Importance of ‘Smooth’ Data Usage and the Protection of Privacy in the Age of AI, IoT and Autonomous Robots
Authors: Shimpo Fumio 
Published: March 2022

The emerging technologies of AI and autonomous robots are forcing us to consider not only improvements in the development of their industrial use but also further urgent research into the ethical and legal issues. In the future, autonomous robots equipped with AI will become more widespread in our society and such robot acquisition of data may lead to data confidentiality issues which we are not able to solve just by focusing solely on AI-data acquisition issues. This paper focuses on the possibilities of privacy violation and the issues which should be considered related to handling personal data and focuses on an introduction to the Japanese Personal Information Protection Act, the mutual adequacy findings between Japan and the EU, the Data Free-Flow with Trust (DFFT) initiative and future legal discussions about the increasing use of AI. Finally, I will point out the need to both clarify and streamline any related future regulations.
AI, autonomous robots, IoT, Japan, emerging technologies
Statistics, Anti-dumping and the Emperor’s New Clothes
Authors: O'Connor Bernard 
Published: March 2022

ECIPE Working Paper No. 02/2009 on ‘Ten years of anti-dumping policy in the European Union (EU)’ has raised a number of interesting issues. It identifies five tendencies based on an empirical examination of the anti-dumping statistics over the past ten years. One tendency identified is that the products targeted by EU anti-dumping actions ‘are concentrated in sectors where European comparative advantage is declining that is, raw materials, industrial input goods and textiles’.
This particular tendency cannot be deduced from the paper itself. In addition, if this tendency is removed, the other tendencies do not seem to show much need for the concerns expressed. They are merely the usual consequences of normal anti-dumping procedures. Thus, the paper’s conclusion that there is a tendency of ‘targeting fair and legitimate market competitors from abroad through anti-dumping protectionism’ is not shown in the paper either.
Like many conclusions based on statistics, the paper fails to exclude, or even examine, other possible causes of the supposed trends identified. Nor does it show why a normal aspect of anti-dumping, such as the fact that the duties imposed are higher than bound duties, is disquieting or even remarkable in any way. In addition, the statistics cited appear to contain factual errors.
This note is a brief commentary on the ECIPE anti-dumping paper. Its purpose is to highlight some of the problems in the approach taken. It shows that the statistical examination of the last ten years of EU anti-dumping practice does not support the bullet points set out in the paper’s abstract section or the conclusions themselves.
Some Thoughts on Unlocking the Potential of Existing Trade in Services Rules
Authors: Natens Bregt 
Published: March 2022

This contribution suggests that EU trade in services remains below its potential, and that trade in services rules are a likely (co )culprit. The rules are highly complex and appear vastly under-used. This suggests that there is a large untapped potential for increasing EU trade in services under the existing rules. One way to tap into this potential is by leveraging existing trade in services rules, as these seem to contain power that may sometimes be underestimated or underexplored. This contribution points to a few such circumstances.
The Criminal Provisions of German and UK Export Control and Sanctions Law
Authors: Rüping Hinrich , Wilke Malte 
Published: March 2022

Germany and the UK have been among the strongest supporters of a liberal trade policy within the European Union for decades. At the same time, however, both states have advocated a more or less effective export control policy in the past decades, which usually included economic, humanitarian and security considerations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this British–German alliance will end with Brexit. As a predictable result of this withdrawal of the UK from the EU, the UK will have to give itself a new export control and sanctions law. This essay examines a sub-aspect of this area of law. The article focuses on the criminal provisions relating to the German and the UK export control and sanctions laws, since the competence for criminal law relating to foreign trade still lies with the EU Member States. However, the study outlines the similarities between the German and the UK criminal provisions, which are astonishing in view of their different legal traditions. From this it can be deduced that both national legislations are strongly influenced by European law. Moreover, this examination illustrates that this de facto harmonization of this area contributes to the security of all EU Member States. For this very reason it would be desirable if the UK would remain a member of the customs union.
China and the Emerging Powers in International Trade Relations: The Future of the Multilateral Trade System, the Role of Free Trade Agreements and New Unilateralism
Authors: Altemöller Frank 
Published: March 2022

The shifting trends in trade relations between the major partners indicate that we are witnessing the emergence of long-term changes in international trade policy that extend well beyond current events. Does this development in international trade relations point to a future characterized by conflict, as is suggested by the disputes of the US with China and the European Union – a future informed by aggressive unilateralism and a retreat from international law and multilateral cooperation?
At the time of the founding of the World Trade Organization in the mid-90s and the considerable achievements around multilateral trade system liberalization brought about through the new WTO treaty texts, the implications posed by the emerging states were somewhere off in the still distant future. In the course of rapid development, we have now reached that future, and we have a clearer view of the actual form it takes. It raises the question of how the global power balance will unfold in the face of the continuing growth in the importance of Asia, in particular China, and the concurrent relative loss of importance of the West. And does the currently observed rise in unilateralism point to a future in which the previous model of a liberal trade order can no longer be maintained, and in which multilateral structures are increasingly replaced by forms of an alternative trade policy?
This article explains the striking movements in trade policy as being intimately related to overarching changes in the overarching world order: The changes in trade policy strategies are evolving as a response to global changes in the competitive environment, in which the emerging powers are gaining importance not only economically but politically and geopolitically as well. This is the background against which the author will discuss the perspectives of the shifting international trade regime, which simultaneously expresses an ever more clearly defined reorganization of transnational relations.
The New Paradigms for the Rule of Origin in México
Authors: Uruchurtu Gustavo A. 
Published: March 2022

One of the main tools for the operation of the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are the Rules of Origin that allow exporters to be able to take advantage to the preferential tariffs. In the case of a Mexico, such rules were inserted in our legislation firstly, as a result of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and from there after by other trade agreements, and secondly as a tool for exempting the application of dumping duties, principally those applied to China. Mexico has undergo through a process of signing new FTA s as the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership Treaty, as well as the modernization of NAFTA that resulted in the United States, Mexico and Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the FTA with the European Unión. The former has provided for a new rule of Origin in the automotive industry that were the core of the negotiations which turned free trade into a trade administration Trade Agreement. In this article I analyse briefly the rules of origin in such agreements.
USMCA, NAFTA, Automotive, CPTPP, Chemicals; Focused Value Method, FTA EU
Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-461/18 P Changmao v. Distillerie Bonollo and Others
Authors: Rusche Tim Maxian 
Published: March 2022

In Case C-461/18 P Changmao v. Distillerie Bonollo and Others, the Court of Justice of the EU clarified the conditions under which the EU industry and EU producers can challenge a regulation imposing anti-dumping duties, where they consider that those duties are set too low. Contrary to the analysis proposed by the Advocate General, the Court of Justice does not recognize a ‘right to an imposition of an anti-dumping duty’. Rather, it bases direct concern on the specific role the Union industry plays in the administrative procedure. The Court also clarifies the effects of annulment: Where the EU Courts annul a regulation terminating an interim review, the effect of annulment is that the duty as originally imposed applies. Finally, the Court also adopts a very narrow interpretation of the notion of ‘change in circumstances’ pursuant to Article 11(9) of the basic Regulation.
Standing before the EU Courts, Direct Concern, Standing of EU Industry, Implementation of judgments, Interest in bringing an appeal, Effect of annulment, Change in circumstances, No right to antidumping duty, Judicial control under Article 13 World Trade Organization Antidumping Agreement (WTO ADA), Interpretation in conformity of EU primary law
Intellectual Property-Related Local Content Requirements in International Trade Law: An Evolving Concept Amid Persisting Questions
Authors: Gagliani Gabriele 
Published: March 2022

Despite the challenges they pose under international trade law, recent discussions and cases at the World Trade Organization (WTO) demonstrate that local content requirements (LCRs) have enjoyed continued success among both developed and developing countries. This article focuses on a specific type of LCRs, intellectual property-related LCRs (IP-related LCRs). The article argues that the concept and related regulation of LCRs concerning IP rights have undergone a remarkable evolution under international trade law. The notion and regulation of IP-related LCRs, in particular, have changed from the 1883 Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and the 1886 Berne Convention on the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 and, later, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and other Agreements at the WTO. Indeed, while the Paris Convention and the Berne Convention are still in force, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and the WTO Agreements have reframed the debate and implications of IP-related LCRs. Nevertheless, some questions on what is permissible under international trade law remain open at the WTO. Given LCRs continued success, some clarifications on their consistency with WTO law may be further needed.
Local Content Requirements (LCRs), Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), World Trade Organization (WTO), Intellectual Property Rights
The ACWL’s Mandate to Provide Training on WTO Law: The ACWL’s Annual Training Course
Authors: Valles Cherise 
Published: March 2022

The Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) has a mandate to provide legal training on WTO law. The ACWL developed its first training course on WTO law in 2002. To date, the ACWL has conducted nineteen training courses. The ACWL structures its annual training courses on a three-year cycle. The first course covers the basic principles of WTO law, the second covers the WTO Agreements relating to trade remedies, trade in services and trade-related intellectual property rights, and the third covers WTO dispute settlement procedures. The training course is taught by ACWL lawyers and begins in October and ends in June the following year. Over the years, 955 delegates have registered their interest in attending the training courses, 159 of whom were from least-developed countries (LDCs.) The ACWL has provided Certificates of Attendance – given to delegates that attend a minimum number of training sessions each year – to 630 delegates, ninety six of whom were from LDCs. Feedback from former participants has been positive indicating that their participation in the ACWL’s training course(s) has assisted themselves and their government to better understand their rights and obligations under WTO law.
Training, capacity building, ACWL, basic principles on WTO law, WTO agreements, Moot Court exercise, developing countries, least developed countries, Geneva-based delegates