bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant activity increased due to dynamic changes of flavonoids in orange peel during Aspergillus niger fermentation
Authors: Liu Ruiting , Tao Yexing , Xu Tingting , Wu Ting , Yu Qian , Pan Siyi , Xu Xiaoyun 
Published: December 2022

SummaryRich in flavonoids, orange peel (OP) converted into tangerine peel (TP) after long‐term storage and metabolism by surface microorganisms. The antioxidant activity of OP increased during ageing, but underlying mechanisms were still not clear. The current study simulated the ageing process by inoculating Aspergillus niger on OP. Antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, enzyme activities and hesperidin content were analysed at different fermentation times. The results showed that antioxidant activity was constantly increased and relatively consistent with total flavonoids. The maximum growth rate of antioxidant activity and total flavonoids appeared in 24–48 h. Total flavonoids content increased from 4.68 ± 0.04 to 8.32 ± 0.15 mg RE/g and positively co‐relate with cellulase and β‐glucosidase activities. During fermentation, nine flavonoids content accumulated, except that hesperidin began to convert into hesperetin after 72 h. In summary, these findings suggested that A. niger fermentation, which led to an increase in antioxidant activity, promoted the accumulation of flavonoids and transformation of hesperidin in OP. This study provided a microbial method for the effective utilisation of OP pomace.
Gut microbiome composition is similar between pregnant women with excess body fat with healthy and less healthy dietary intake patterns
Authors: O'Connor Hannah , Li Sherly , Hodge Allison , Callaway Leonie , David Mclntyre Harold , Barrett Helen , Wilkinson Shelley A. , Nitert Marloes Dekker 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundDietary composition influences the composition of the gut microbiota in healthy adults. Little is known about the effect of dietary patterns on gut microbiota composition in pregnancy. This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between two diet quality scores adapted from the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and the Mediterranean Dietary Score (MDS) with the composition of the gut microbiota in pregnant women with excess body fat at 28 weeks' gestation.MethodsWomen from the Study of Probiotics IN Gestational diabetes (SPRING) who had completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ; n = 395) were classified according to tertiles of ARFS and the MDS. Higher dietary pattern scores in both the ARFS and the MDS represent better diet quality. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysed using MicrobiomeAnalyst in a subset of 196 women with faecal samples.ResultsNo significant difference was found in alpha or beta diversity. A higher ARFS was associated with a higher abundance of Ruminococcus and lower abundance of Akkermansia, whereas a higher MDS was associated with a higher abundance of Ruminococcus and Butyricicoccus, though these changes disappeared after correction for multiple testing.ConclusionThese results suggest that dietary patterns defined by the ARFS and MDS were not associated with gut microbiota composition in pregnant women classified as overweight and obese at 28 weeks’ gestation within this study.
Prognostic indicators for survival of downer cattle treated using a flotation tank in a referral hospital: 190 cases (2000‐2020)
Authors: Holschbach Chelsea L. , Raabis Sarah M. , Peek Simon F. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundNonambulatory cattle present therapeutic challenges in addition to animal welfare concerns. Flotation therapy is a treatment option, but more information regarding prognostic indicators for survival is needed to guide use of this modality.Hypothesis/ObjectivesEvaluate historical and clinical variables assessed during hospitalization as prognostic indicators for survival in recumbent cattle undergoing flotation treatment in a referral hospital.AnimalsA total of 190 nonambulatory dairy cattle.MethodsRetrospective case series. Medical records were analyzed from cattle undergoing flotation between 2000 and 2020. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of clinical variables with survival to discharge.ResultsEighty‐nine of 190 (47%) recumbent cattle survived to discharge. For each additional day of hospitalization, cattle were 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02, 1.21) times more likely to survive. Cattle unable to walk out of the tank after their first float session were 0.11 (95% CI, 0.04, 0.28) times less likely to survive compared to cattle that could and inappetent cattle were 0.22 (95% CI, 0.07, 0.63) times less likely to survive compared to cattle with normal appetites. Cattle diagnosed with coxofemoral luxation or toxemia were 0.11 (95% CI, 0.02, 0.65) and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.02, 0.90) times less likely to survive, respectively, compared to cattle with causes of recumbency that were undetermined.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWalking out of the tank after the first float session, appetite, diagnosis, and days of hospitalization are associated with outcome in nonambulatory dairy cattle treated by flotation. These findings can be used to determine likely outcome and guide treatment, referral, or euthanasia decisions.
Sovereignty from ‘ground zero’: Power through performance in independent South Sudan
Authors: Doll Christian J 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThrough a reading of the South Sudanese independence ceremony as a ritual of statehood, I show how state actors in South Sudan declared and performed their claim to sovereignty in the face of extraordinary challenge. Central to their performance was their rendering of a national chronotope and their assertion of what I call rebel sovereignty: their articulation of themselves as both saviours from oppression and legitimate wielders of state power. State actors' equal appeal to local antipathy to centralised power and international norms of statehood, as well as their performative redefinition of international undermining as partnership, demonstrates the necessity of contemporary sovereign performance to define both the content and context of extant political realities. More broadly, the ritual demonstrates the performative basis of sovereignty and the increasing necessity of sovereign aspirants to acknowledge the impossibility of sovereign control and redefine challenges and critiques of this power as they assert it.
Heat-Transfer Temperature Patterns of a Multicomponent Structure by Comparative Methods
Authors: Kayan C. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For a thick two-dimensional corner composed of two different materials of unequal thickness, with fluid-boundary conductance on each side, and with a temperature difference established between the two boundary fluids, the isotherms throughout the solid corner are distorted in irregular fashion. Accordingly, calculation is difficult. This problem has been studied by various methods and comparative results have been obtained for the internal temperature distribution. The methods include the experimental “geometrical” and the network electrical analogies, as well as the solution of the equivalent electrical network by the process of arithmetical iteration.
Combustion Studies Using the Golay Photothermal Detector With an Infrared Monochromator
Authors: Agnew J. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At the Franklin Institute Research and Development Laboratories, a research project is in progress in connection with which certain techniques in infrared detection and spectroscopy have been developed. This paper contains the results of some experiments conducted with equipment developed in connection with this project which is sponsored by the General Engineering Branch, Signal Corps, Army Service Forces, U. S. Army.
Progress Report No. 2 on Tool-Chip Interface Temperatures
Authors: Trigger K. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report is a continuation of Progress Report No. 1 which was presented in 1947 before the Society. The investigation is principally concerned with the effects of cutting speed upon cutting temperature, chip thickness, and chip hardness, when steel at various hardness levels is machined with cemented-carbide tools. In most of the tests conducted, a steel-cutting grade of carbide tool was used. This type contained tungsten, titanium, and tantalum carbides and is referred to as a triple-carbide tool. A straight tungsten-carbide tool was used in one series of tests in order to compare the performance with that of the triple-carbide composition. The cobalt content of each grade was normal for the particular type and intended cutting service. Details of the tests are given in this paper.
Thermal Environment of Railroad Passenger Cars
Authors: Browne K. A. , Guins S. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Appreciating the limitations imposed by conventional railroad heating and air-conditioning equipment on thermal environment from the passenger viewpoint, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway undertook a research program to develop means for improving substantially the thermal comfort in cars. Various controls and their components were investigated. Radiant panel and floor heating and cooling were tested in a car in the Budd Company cold room and on the road. Then the car was completely re-equipped with means for accomplishing the objective and put into service test. It features effective control of humidity in the summer, no recirculating air in the overhead system, forced-convection heating and cooling panels, low temperature gradients, and lack of draft. This paper is a progress report on the project, which is continuing.
Centrifugal Blowers for Two-Cycle Diesel Engines
Authors: Cramer Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The usual means for supplying scavenging air to two-cycle Diesel engines is by reciprocating piston pump, by engine-driven positive-displacement blower, or by motor-driven blower, either of the positive-displacement type or centrifugal type. The pressure-volume characteristics of the centrifugal blower are less favorable for engine scavenging than those of either the Roots-type blower or the reciprocating pump. In spite of its somewhat lower efficiency, the centrifugal blower offers a solution to the problem of installing maximum additional horsepower to a plant restricted in space. This paper deals with the characteristics of this type blower and its advantages for certain applications.
Cavitation Characteristics and Infinite-Aspect-Ratio Characteristics of a Hydrofoil Section
Authors: Daily J. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes “two-dimensional” tests in a water tunnel of a profile identical to the 4412 airfoil section of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The tests included photographic observations of the inception and growth of cavitation as influenced by velocity, pressure (submergence), and angle of attack, and measurements, during cavitation-free operation, of the hydrodynamic forces and moments as functions of Reynolds number and angle of attack. The relation between the angle of attack and the value of the cavitation parameter at which inception occurs is shown for each face of the hydrofoil. The effect of profile geometry in causing cavitation, and the significance of distinctly different types of cavitation obtained with change in variables are discussed. Convenient curves are given showing the submergence required to avoid cavitation for different velocities and angles of attack. The measured hydrodynamic characteristics are presented in graphical form and are also compared with previously existing data from wind-tunnel tests of a finite-aspect-ratio span. The experimental procedure and its reliability in indicating true infinite-aspect-ratio characteristics are discussed.
Continental and American Gas-Turbine and Compressor Calculation Methods Compared
Authors: Martinuzzi P. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During a recent tour of the United States, it became evident to the author that there is no standard American method for gas-turbine or for axial-compressor calculations. Apparently, each firm goes its own way without much regard for precedents, competitors, or textbooks. In view of the wide diffusion that British data had in this country during the war, it might have been supposed that the Howell (1) method would have been generally used. However, although the actual data given by Howell are considered very reliable, his calculation method is not much used. In practice, calculations seem mostly to be influenced by Keller (2) and, to a much lesser degree, by Traupel (3). The same situation can be noted as regards gas-turbine-cycle calculations; the paper by Soderberg and Smith (4) is generally well known, but no standard system seems to prevail. To simplify matters, it will be assumed that general American practice can be represented by the methods given in Professor Zucrow’s (5) recent book and in the papers by Ponomareff (6), and Howell (1), as regards axial compressors.
Strength and Failure Characteristics of Metal Membranes in Circular Bulging
Authors: Brown W. F. , Thompson F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Circular hydraulic bulges were formed from a group of materials having widely varying strain-hardening rates. The complete development of the shapes and strain distributions was determined experimentally, and the stress and radius of curvature at the pole were calculated as a function of the maximum strain. An analysis of the data revealed that strain gradients and, therefore, the bulge heights were influenced by the stress-strain characteristics of the metal. It was also found that the bulge contour was closely approximated by a sphere only at strains in the vicinity of the instability strain. Instability was exhibited by all materials having a sufficient ductility at strains varying from ϵ3 = −0.47 for 75S-O to ϵ3 = −0.64 for annealed low-carbon steel. The phenomenon of instability was related to both the development of the shape and the strain distribution. The previously reported differential equation for instability in a circular bulge was found to yield strains which agreed with the maximum load strain and the instability strains derived from the analysis of the shape and strain distributions. These instability strains were not found to be simply related to the necking strains in uniaxial tension. The height and maximum strains (forming limits) obtainable in bulging were found to be greatly reduced by the presence of surface flaws or a large grain size.
Reheating in Steam Turbines
Authors: Reynolds R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper outlines the history of the reheat cycle, in which steam is resuperheated after expanding through the high-pressure section of the turbine, and shows the improvement in thermal efficiency to be derived from its use under various operating conditions. Such factors as regenerative feedwater heating, pressure drop through the reheater and its piping, and the temperature to which steam is reheated affect the gain in thermal efficiency obtainable with reheating. Reheating reduces throttle and exhaust-steam flows, exhaust moisture, and heat absorbed by the condenser. The effect of all of these factors is illustrated by the curves included in the paper.
Fouling Rates and Cleaning Methods in Refinery Heat Exchangers
Authors: Butler R. C. , McCurdy W. N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The three phases of heat-exchanger operation and maintenance which are covered in this paper are: rate of fouling (operating data from exchangers in various refinery services are used to correlate rate of fouling with time); reduction of fouling (the use of pressure and temperature control, blanketed feed tankage, feed stripping, and injection of additives as means to reduce fouling rates is discussed, as well as results obtained by refineries); cleaning methods (the mechanics and effectiveness of some methods of cleaning heat exchangers are discussed, the methods described being sandblasting, mechanical cleaning, and chemical cleaning).
Fouling of Marine-Type Heat Exchangers
Authors: Bethon H. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper emphasizes the importance of making due allowance for fouling and cleaning in the initial design of heat exchangers for naval service. It describes briefly the design and construction of marine-type heat exchangers (lubricating-oil and jacket-water coolers, steam condensers, steam- and thermal-compression distilling plants and fuel-oil heaters), in addition to various design and operating procedures which affect fouling characteristics.
Steam-Air Jets for Abatement of Locomotive Smoke
Authors: Benton E. D. , Engdahl R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For almost a century experimental work has been conducted on air-injection devices designed to lessen the smoke nuisance inherent in locomotive operation. Not until 1913, however, was any particular progress made in the design of jets for this purpose. At that time the Pennsylvania Railroad developed specifications which were widely used for a number of years. Recently, investigations of the steam-air jet have been conducted by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., which have developed optimum design values for such devices. The results of the tests and details of application of steam-air jets are given in the paper.
Cinder and Fly-Ash Factors When Burning Small Anthracite Coal on Traveling-Grate Stokers
Authors: Gladden C. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents: (a) Certain test data, concerning the quantities and characteristics of cinders and fly ash, which result when burning small sizes of anthracite coal on traveling-grate stokers; (b) distribution of precipitation of cinders and fly ash at various collection locations in the path of the furnace gases from the boiler to the stack; (c) influence of fines in the coal on the quantity of cinders and fly ash produced; d) description of an efficient method of recirculation of cinders and fly ash; and (e) economies to be expected by recirculating and reburning cinders and fly ash.
Regulation Theory for Thermal Power Plants Employing a Closed Gas Cycle
Authors: Salzmann F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the power regulation of gas-turbine plants employing a closed cycle according to the proposals of Ackeret and Keller. Theoretical calculations are shown in order to follow the nonstationary processes which occur in the plant when changing load. It is demonstrated how the regulation means shall operate with respect to the specific properties of the closed cycle for insuring a quick action in the case of sudden load changes.
A Review of Some German Developments in Airplane Anti-Icing
Authors: Tribus Myron 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The German Air Forces found the heated-wing system of anti-icing to be satisfactory. The empirical design basis used by Junkers is described and found to be very much different from theoretical approaches used by the research groups. The Messerschmidt electrical cycling system is presented and the results of some meteorological measurements are discussed. The theory of electrically anti-icing propellers had been examined and led to a controlling timer whose on and off cycles were responsive to ambient temperature.
Hydro in Wartime Germany
Authors: Hoefle A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Technical phases of hydro development in Germany during the war were influenced by the special characteristics of that nation’s remaining power facilities, such as the brown-coal stations. Another factor was the economics of scarcity created by the needs of total war. How the Germans adapted themselves to these conditions in developing the maximum power return from existing facilities and adding new ones is related in this paper. The underwater-type turbine is also extensively treated.
Haynes Alloys for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Sweeny W. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gas-turbine developments have been accelerated by recent advances in the field of high-temperature alloys. Efficient turbosuperchargers, jet engines, and higher-temperature steam turbogenerators have been made possible by the accomplishments outlined in this paper. Physical properties of various alloys in the forged and cast form are given in considerable detail. Applications are described and future possibilities are indicated.
Effect of Varying Relief Angles When Face-Milling Cast Iron With Sintered- Carbide-Tipped Cutters
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tests reported on were preformed to determine tool wear, tool life, and power consumption when varying the relief angles on 0-deg and 45-deg peripheral-cutting-edge-angle (pcea) face-milling cutters.
Application of Tables for Helical Compression and Extension Spring Design
Authors: Ross H. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tables have been developed covering all standard steel-wire gages between 0.025 and 0.394 in., music-wire gages between 0.010 and 0.118 in., and most even fractional dimensions. Odd wire sizes or nonferrous materials may also be derived with slight additional work. A summary is given of design considerations, and limitations, together with examples of the application of the spring tables as an aid in applying the fundamental principles outlined.
Liquid-Water Content and Droplet Size in Clouds of the Atmosphere
Authors: Brock G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In studying aircraft-icing conditions, the A.A.F. Weather Service conducts flight tests, which are reported, (a) to determine values of liquid-water content and droplet size to be found in clouds through which flight is conducted, (b) to study physical structure of clouds, and (c) to devise methods of improving forecasts of icing conditions.
The Role of Meehanite Metal Castings in Engineering Production
Authors: Austin C. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The application of iron castings in engineering production covers an extremely wide field which was extended greatly during the war years. Steel foundries and forging shops were heavily loaded, and it became necessary for the design engineer to seek other facilities, and other engineering materials. In the process, the engineer soon learned that cast irons were available which would replace even with advantage many of the engineering parts which had formerly been specified in fabricated steel or other materials. The engineering facts concerning high-strength cast irons, their production techniques, and examples of important applications are treated in this paper.
Nozzle Flow Characteristics in Pneumatic Force-Balance Circuits
Authors: Kirk D. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple nozzle-diaphragm device for transmitting an air pressure substantially corresponding to an applied process pressure is examined with respect to the factors affecting nozzle clearance. Elementary gas-flow formulas are used to analyze these factors, and auxiliary circuit components are introduced which reduce substantially the variation in nozzle clearance as a function of the transmitted air pressure.