bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A practical guide for generating unsupervised, spectrogram‐based latent space representations of animal vocalizations
Authors: Thomas Mara , Jensen Frants H. , Averly Baptiste , Demartsev Vlad , Manser Marta B. , Sainburg Tim , Roch Marie A. , Strandburg‐Peshkin Ariana 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackground: The manual detection, analysis and classification of animal vocalizations in acoustic recordings is laborious and requires expert knowledge. Hence, there is a need for objective, generalizable methods that detect underlying patterns in these data, categorize sounds into distinct groups and quantify similarities between them. Among all computational methods that have been proposed to accomplish this, neighbourhood‐based dimensionality reduction of spectrograms to produce a latent space representation of calls stands out for its conceptual simplicity and effectiveness.Goal of the study/what was done: Using a dataset of manually annotated meerkatSuricata suricattavocalizations, we demonstrate how this method can be used to obtain meaningful latent space representations that reflect the established taxonomy of call types. We analyse strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach, give recommendations for its usage and show application examples, such as the classification of ambiguous calls and the detection of mislabelled calls.What this means: All analyses are accompanied by example code to help researchers realize the potential of this method for the study of animal vocalizations.
Home is where the heat is: Thermoregulation of European bats inhabiting artificial roosts and the threat of heat waves
Authors: Czenze Zenon J. , Noakes Matthew J. , Wojciechowski Michał S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Anthropogenic land use changes, such as deforestation and commercial forestry, have substantially reduced natural roost sites for European bats. A common conservation solution is to provide artificial roosts (i.e. bat boxes), but there are concerns that these can become hotter than natural roosts in summer and could be death traps during heat waves. Nevertheless, females of several bat species form maternity colonies in these boxes, thus occupying hotter and more humid microclimates than solitarily roosting males. We tested if cooling efficiency and heat tolerance differ between sexes in European bats, and estimated the evaporative water requirements for bats living in bat boxes during hot summer days.

We used indirect calorimetry and thermometry to quantify thermoregulation at high air temperatures (Ta) in four species of verspitilionid bats that regularly occupy artificial roosts. We measured resting metabolic heat production, evaporative water loss rates (EWL) and body temperature (Tb) at Ta between 28°C and 48°C during summer. We predicted that females have higher evaporative cooling efficiency (evaporative heat loss/metabolic heat production) than males, allowing them to reach their heat tolerance limit at higher Ta.

We found no sex differences in maximum evaporative cooling efficiency, maximum Tb, and maximum Ta tolerated. However, the patterns of increasing EWL with Ta differed between sexes. Females tolerated higher Ta before increasing EWL than males and then rapidly increased EWL to higher values than males at the maximum Ta tolerated. These sex differences in heat dissipation strategies may reflect varying ecological and physiological constraints associated with different summer roosting habits.

Synthesis and applications. Our study revealed that some small European bat species are already at risk of succumbing to lethal dehydration during present‐day heat waves, with daytime evaporative water requirements equivalent to ~30% of body mass in sun‐exposed boxes. For conservation managers working with common European bat species, particularly those in monoculture forests with woodcrete bat‐boxes, our physiologically informed recommendations include positioning boxes in diverse locations varying in aspect and sun exposure. This will ensure thermal heterogeneity of roost sites and provide a wide gradient of microclimate conditions, allowing for roost switching when necessary.
Connections between Evaporite Deposition and Glacial Periods since the Middle Pleistocene in Salt Lakes in the Western Qaidam Basin, China
Authors: GU Jiani , CHEN Andong , LIU Jiajun , HAN Guang , WANG Xuefeng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Quaternary was the main evaporite deposition period in the Qaidam Basin (QB), but the correlation between the evaporite deposition period and the glacial period is still unclear. In this study, the research objects are primarily evaporite‐bearing strata in a 461.58 m‐long drill core in the QB. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to study the evaporite minerals, U‐Th dating being applied to construct the 230Th geochronological framework. Evaporite deposition from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15 to MIS 4 in the borehole was reconstructed via mineralogical and geochronological data. The evaporite minerals are mainly halite (NaCl), mirabilite (Na2SO4·10H2O), thenardite (Na2SO4) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). A total of 9 effective 230Th data points, ranging from 492.5 ± 43.0 ka to 62.0 ± 11.9 ka, were obtained. The depositional age of the earliest halite layer in the borehole is 592.5–563.0 ka. There were mirabilite deposits in the QB during the cold glacial environment of MIS 6. During MIS 4, the study area desiccated, with mirabilite and halite being deposited. This study suggests that mirabilite is an indicator mineral for the glacial environment in the QB, while halite deposition does not correspond well to glaciation.
New Zealand divaricate plant species: Tensile strength and Remote Island occurrence
Authors: Howard Jarden , Cameron Ewen , Bellve Andre , Baba Yumiko , Wright Shane 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDivaricate plant species account for more than 10% of New Zealand/Aotearoa's woody flora, a higher proportion for that life form than anywhere else on earth. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to account for the prevalence of this phenotype. The first suggests herbivorous birds, particularly large flightless moa, exerted selective pressure on many plants to adopt the form. The second proposes climate as the main driver since insular New Zealand has many exposed habitats and, historically, experienced stressing conditions during the Pleistocene. Our study investigated two questions to shed further light on the evolution of divaricates, in particular related to the potential influence of browsing by large avian herbivores. First, divaricate plants have been posited to have a higher tensile strength than non‐divaricates as a defence mechanism against moa browsing. We tested the great majority of New Zealand plant genera within which divaricates occur, contrasting the stem tensile strength of these plants against their closest non‐divaricate counterparts using accurate testing technology. The results indicate divaricate species have tensile strength that approaches twice that of non‐divaricates across a broad and disparate phylogenetic range that includes gymnosperms and many clades of angiosperms. Second, we tested the species level distributions of widely dispersed woody plant genera across the New Zealand archipelago on islands where moa had been present or always absent. We found that no endemic divaricate species occurred on any islands from which moa had been permanently absent. In contrast, their non‐divaricate counterparts were commonly endemic to those same islands.
Distribution of intraepithelial lymphocytes, mast cells, and goblet cells in the intestine of alpaca
Authors: Ma Meng , Bai Xue , Wang Zixu , Dong Yulan , Chen Yaoxing , Cao Jing 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntestinal diseases in ruminants are frequent and susceptible to invasion by exogenous substances, and the intestinal mucosal barrier is the first line of defence of the body's immune defence. At present, the study on the structure of intestinal mucosal immune barrier in alpaca is incomplete. Therefore, the alpaca intestines were studied to show the distribution characteristics of intestinal mucosal barrier structure and cells associated with immune system using histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the intestinal tract of alpaca was composed of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were distributed in mucosal epithelium and glands of the large intestine. Mast cells were distributed in each segment of the intestine, mainly in the intestinal lamina propria, intestinal glands, and duodenal glands around, as well as in the muscularis, and the particles of cytoplasm were obvious. Acidic goblet cells were mainly distributed in the ileal mucosal epithelium and ileal intestinal glands, while sialomucins were mainly expressed in the colon. The cells associated with the immune system in the intestinal mucosa of alpaca play an important role in protecting against foreign microbial invasion and infection, and this result provides a theoretical basis for revealing the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases in alpaca.
Open habitats in a tropical biodiversity hotspot support pollinator diversity in both protected and unprotected areas
Authors: Balogun Ibukun , Eluyeba Olumayowa , Adedoja Opeyemi , Samways Michael J. , Polašek Ozren , Kehinde Temitope 
Published: June 2022

AbstractProtected areas (PAs) are vital in the global effort to preserve biodiversity, particularly for disturbance‐intolerant pollinator species in the tropics. As there is little information on the potential of PAs for pollinator conservation in sensitive tropical ecosystems, we assessed here insect pollinator diversity in protected vs. unprotected areas in two vegetation zones in Nigeria, within the West African Guinea Biodiversity Hotspot. We selected two land‐use types based on predominant canopy cover type (open and tree‐shaded habitats) and these were sampled in both protected and unprotected areas of tropical rain forest and savanna vegetation zones. Pollinator composition varied significantly between protected vs. unprotected areas in each vegetation zone, signifying both areas support unique assemblages of insect pollinators. However, pollinator diversity varied according to land‐use type (open vs. shaded habitats) rather than protected area per se, such that pollinators were more abundant and species‐rich in open habitat than shaded habitat. These findings emphasize that beyond the protection of ecosystems, fine scale habitat management promoting the availability of adequate floral resources in natural areas is critical for ensuring conservation of these pollinators in tropical ecosystems.
Automation of dry eye disease quantitative assessment: A review
Authors: Brahim Ikram , Lamard Mathieu , Benyoussef Anas‐Alexis , Quellec Gwenolé 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDry eye disease (DED) is a common eye condition worldwide and a primary reason for visits to the ophthalmologist. DED diagnosis is performed through a combination of tests, some of which are unfortunately invasive, non‐reproducible and lack accuracy. The following review describes methods that diagnose and measure the extent of eye dryness, enabling clinicians to quantify its severity. Our aim with this paper is to review classical methods as well as those that incorporate automation. For only four ways of quantifying DED, we take a deeper look into what main elements can benefit from automation and the different ways studies have incorporated it. Like numerous medical fields, Artificial Intelligence (AI) appears to be the path towards quality DED diagnosis. This review categorises diagnostic methods into the following: classical, semi‐automated and promising AI‐based automated methods.
UVB‐induced SFRP1 methylation potentiates skin damage by promoting cell apoptosis and DNA damage
Authors: Liang Junqin , Liu Lina , Tang Hongbo , Ma Qingyu , Sang Yingbing , Kang Xiaojing 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn response to the accumulation of genetic mutations and cellular changes, ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) skin lesions undergo dysplasia and transform into a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Consistent with our previous findings that secreted frizzled‐related protein 1 (SFRP1), a member of the SFRP gene family, was downregulated in human CSCC tissue samples, we found a significant downregulation of SFRP1 in HaCaT, A431, and SCL‐1 cells after UVB irradiation. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was significantly increased in CSCC tissues as well as UVB‐exposed A431 and SCL‐1 cells. Bisulfite genomic sequencing analysis showed that the downregulation of SFRP1 was mainly due to methylation of the SFRP1 promoter, as indicated by increased methylation rate of SFRP1 after UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells. Moreover, demethylation treatment with 5‐aza′‐deoxycytidine (5‐AzaC) increased SFRP1 expression and reduced the methylation rate of SFRP1 in HaCaT cells. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that 5‐AzaC treatment or overexpression of SFRP1 ameliorated UVB‐induced apoptosis, while knockdown of SFRP1 promoted UVB‐induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells. In addition, a comet assay confirmed that 5‐AzaC treatment reduced DNA damage following UVB irradiation, while knockdown of SFRP1 enhanced DNA damage following UVB irradiation. In conclusion, our study identified DNA methylation of SFRP1 as a key mediator in the UVB‐induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. These findings indicate that reinforcing SFRP1 defences by 5‐AzaC may help prevent UVB‐induced skin damage.
HETEROGENEOUS TREATMENT EFFECTS OF NUDGE AND REBATE: CAUSAL MACHINE LEARNING IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION
Authors: Murakami Kayo , Shimada Hideki , Ushifusa Yoshiaki , Ida Takanori 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the different impacts of monetary and nonmonetary incentives on energy‐saving behaviors using a field experiment conducted in Japan. We find that the average reduction in electricity consumption from the rebate is 4%, whereas that from the nudge is not significantly different from zero. Applying a novel machine learning method for causal inference (causal forest) to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects at the household level, we demonstrate that the nudge intervention's treatment effects generate greater heterogeneity among households. These findings suggest that selective targeting for treatment increases the policy efficiency of monetary and nonmonetary interventions.
Characterization of cation disorder and oxygen vacancies in Li‐rich Li2TiO3
Authors: Guo Hao , Shi Yanli , Wang Hailiang , Chen Ruichong , Ye Diyin , Shi Qiwu , Qi Jianqi , Liao Zhijun , Lu Tiecheng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLi2TiO3 has a broad stoichiometric range and wide application prospects such as cathode, tritium breeder, and microwave dielectric materials. Particularly, Li2TiO3 shows a faster tritium release performance and exceptional chemical and radiation stabilities, making it one of the most promising solid breeder materials. Li‐rich Li2TiO3 has been developed for years as an advanced breeder material due to its enhanced tritium production and better stability in hydrogen atmosphere. However, the defect chemistry responsible for accommodating excess Li and how the non‐stoichiometry improves the material's performance is still unclear. In this work, the crystal structure and non‐stoichiometry‐induced defects in Li‐rich Li2TiO3 were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that oxygen vacancies and cation disorder both play a major role in the incorporation of excess Li. The sintering atmosphere (air/vacuum) has a negligible effect on the formation of the non‐stoichiometry‐induced defects but will influence the concentration of the oxygen vacancies. The better stability in the reduction atmosphere may be ascribed to the oxygen vacancies inside the Li‐rich Li2TiO3 crystals.
Precipitation of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals in glasses based on liquid phase separation
Authors: Ye Ying , Li Kai , Zhang Wenchao , Liu Chao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIncorporation of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3 PNCs, X = Cl, Br, I) into glasses can significantly improve their stabilities and extend their application areas. Precipitation of CsPbX3 PNCs in glasses is mainly based on thermal treatment; however, the formation of mechanism is not clarified. Here, several in situ methods are employed to illustrate the precipitation mechanism of CsPbX3 PNCs. It is found that precipitation of CsPbX3 PNCs in glasses is based on the liquid phase separation in solid amorphous matrix, followed by crystallization in the supercooled state. Liquid phase separation process determines the composition of CsPbX3 PNCs, and cooling process has strong effect on the crystallinity and quality of CsPbX3 PNCs. These results clarify the precipitation mechanism of CsPbX3 PNCs in glasses and provide important guideline for the development of CsPbX3 PNCs embedded glasses for opto‐electronic applications.
FOXM1 regulates glycolysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through PDK1
Authors: Yang Qing , Wu Fang , Zhang Yong , Wang Rensheng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a well‐known proto‐oncogene that plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various human cancers. However, the regulatory role and underlying mechanisms of FOXM1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metabolism remain unclear. We demonstrated that FOXM1 could positively regulate glycolysis in NPC cells. Functional studies have shown that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) is involved in FOXM1‐regulated lactate production, ATP generation and glycolysis. FOXM1 binds directly to the PDK1 promoter region and increases the expression of PDK1 at the transcriptional level, leading to the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) at serine 293, inhibiting its activity. Knocking down FOXM1 using specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) can significantly decrease glycolysis and the expression of PDK1 in NPC cells. Furthermore, microenvironmental factors can increase the expression of FOXM1 by regulating hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) expression. Clinical data and in vivo studies confirmed the positive roles of FOXM1/PDK1 in NPC proliferation and progression. In conclusion, our findings revealed that FOXM1 regulates glycolysis and proliferation of NPC through PDK1‐mediated PDH phosphorylation. Therefore, targeting the FOXM1‐PDK1 axis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for NPC.
A Not Merely Charitable Alliance: Anti‐Poverty Workers Within and Against the State
Authors: Anastasi Andrew 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis essay explores the insurgent practices of members of the Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) program from 1965–1973. VISTA is situated historically in relation to New Left community organizing projects and the War on Poverty. Testimonials of VISTA workers demonstrate that many developed political perspectives critical of the “war” in which they had enlisted. Records of collective mobilization chart how VISTA workers attempted to form a labor union and bring the program under community control. Their largest organization, the National VISTA Alliance, represented a form of social justice unionism ante litteram within and against the U.S. state.
Risk‐sharing rules and their properties, with applications to peer‐to‐peer insurance
Authors: Denuit Michel , Dhaene Jan , Robert Christian Y. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper offers a systematic treatment of risk‐sharing rules for insurance losses, based on a list of relevant properties. A number of candidate risk‐sharing rules are considered, including the conditional mean risk‐sharing rule proposed in Denuit and Dhaene and the newly introduced quantile risk‐sharing rule. Their compliance with the proposed properties is established. Then, methods for building new risk‐sharing rules are discussed. The results derived in this paper are helpful in the development of peer‐to‐peer insurance (or crowdsurance), as well as to manage contingent risk funds where a given budget is distributed among claimants.
From one year to the next: Video gaming life‐style predicts subsequent psychosocial risk in adolescent boys and girls
Authors: Pagani Linda S , Jalbert Mégane , Derevensky Jeffrey L 
Published: June 2022

AimThe ubiquitous societal presence of screens and gaming software is ever growing in popularity. However, can this recreational life‐style pose risks for children's psychosocial adjustment? We thus examine associations between gaming life‐style and later psychosocial development.MethodsThe study sample originates from the 2120 boys and girls from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort. At age 12, 625 boys and 702 girls from the original sample self‐reported the number of hours engaged in video gaming per week and 1 year later, they self‐reported psychosocial outcomes.ResultsAmong boys, higher weekly video gaming frequency at age 12 forecasted increases in subsequent reactive aggression, emotional distress and ADHD symptoms at age 13. For girls, higher weekly video gaming frequency at age 12 predicted increases in subsequent reactive aggression and ADHD symptoms at age 13. No association between video game use and emotional distress was found for girls.ConclusionIn both boys and girls, a more intense video gaming life‐style predicted subsequent risks for reactive aggression and ADHD symptoms, compared with their same sex counterparts reporting less intensity. For boys only, video gaming was associated with subsequent reactive emotional distress, likely due to the gender differences in violent content. Our data were collected at a time when there were less versatile screen‐based technologies; therefore, our findings can be interpreted as very conservative compared to current estimates. Paediatric professionals and allied disciplines must take preventive measures to ensure that parents are aware of the risks associated with excessive use by their sons and daughters.
Radiographic evidence of metaphyseal sclerosis secondary to canine distemper virus: 4 cases in juvenile dogs
Authors: Johnson Kryssa L. , Craig Linden E. , Wilson Sabrina , McLarty Ehren , Hespel Adrien‐Maxence 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundMetaphyseal sclerosis secondary to canine distemper virus has been described histopathologically, but its radiographic appearance has not been described.ObjectivesDescribe the radiographic appearance of metaphyseal sclerosis secondary to canine distemper virus in juvenile dogs as distinct from metaphyseal osteopathy (formerly called hypertrophic osteodystrophy).AnimalsFour dogs (2 intact females and 2 intact males) between 2.5 and 4 months of age presented to 2 different veterinary teaching hospitals.MethodsRetrospective case series in which definitive diagnosis of canine distemper virus based on antemortem positive reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) result or necropsy was required.ResultsAll 4 dogs were presented for evaluation of neurologic abnormalities, respiratory signs, and lethargy; 2 dogs had gastrointestinal signs and ocular abnormalities. Radiographs on all patients featured multifocal, symmetric, metaphyseal sclerosis, with no evidence of lysis or changes to the adjacent growth plate. The metaphyseal sclerosis was most apparent at the proximal humeral diaphyses and other included long bones. Diagnosis of distemper was confirmed by necropsy (2 of 4 dogs) or positive RT‐PCR results (2 of 4 dogs). Three dogs were euthanized because of progressive illness, and 1 dog was lost to follow‐up.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceIdentification of metaphyseal sclerosis on radiographs during diagnostic evaluation of young dogs should lead to a clinical suspicion of canine distemper virus infection. Sclerosis identified secondary to canine distemper virus is distinct from the necrosis and inflammation of metaphyseal osteopathy.