bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatal rugoscopy as an adjunct for sex determination in forensic odontology (Sri Ganganagar population)
Authors: Gupta Vineet , Kaur Amanpreet 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
Palatorugoscopy is the term used to study the rugae patterns. The word rugae came from the Greek word seam. Moreover, it relates the crisscrossing or joining or stitching of the parts of two biological structures during fetal differentiation. The aim of this study is to determine the gender difference in rugae pattern with regard to length, number, shape, unification and direction in the population of Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan.

Objective:
The objective is to determine the gender difference in rugae pattern with regard to length, number, shape, unification and direction; to investigate the difference in division of rugae in males and females and to compare rugae pattern in males and females of different age group.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 100 subjects, in which 50 were males (Group A) and other 50 were females (Group B). After the formation of primary cast, all quantitative as well as qualitative characteristics of palatal rugae patterns were recorded. Mainly, two classifications were used in this study, Thomas et al. and Kapali et al.

Statistical Analysis:
Student t-test was used, and “P” value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A statistically significant value was found in left-sided palatal rugae patterns depending upon the size, where we found that primary rugae were more in males. On comparing the angulation of palatal rugae patterns of left-sided rugae, a statistically significant value was found among the negative angulation which was higher in male subjects. Next, while comparing the angulation of palatal rugae of right side, we found a statistically significant value among zero (perpendicular rugae), which was more in male population. On comparing the unification of right-sided rugae patterns, we found that divergent rugae were more in male subjects.

Conclusion:
Palatal rugae patterns act as individualistic, and are unique patterns, and are helpful in determining the human gender. Further, more studies are required on palatal rugae patterns used in forensics on large population scale.
Expression of human chorionic gonadotropin-β in tissue specimens, saliva and urine of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Sireesha D , Reginald Bernard Ajay , Reddy Basireddy Siva , Samatha Meda 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains as one of the leading causes of death in many of the developing countries including India. Early detection helps in improving the prognosis and survival rates. Over the years, tumor markers continue to play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring cancer progression. The ectopic production human chorionic gonadotropin-β (hCG-β) is one such marker that is seen in various nontrophoblastic cancers and serves as a marker for tumor prognosis. Few immunohistochemical studies have shown the presence of hCG-β in oral cancers too. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical expression, levels of hCG-β in saliva and urine of various grades of OSCC patients and correlated it with their histopathological grading.

Materials and Methods:
Tissue sections of 50 histologically confirmed OSCC were subjected to immunohistochemical staining by using hCG-β antibody (well differentiated – 21, moderately differentiated – 21 and poorly differentiated – 8). The levels of hCG-β in saliva and urine were estimated in these individuals, by using Beckman Coulter Access 2 automated immunoassay system and comparisons drawn.

Results:
hCG-β immunopositivity was seen in 8 (38%) of 21 well-differentiated, 11 (52%) of 21 moderately differentiated and 6 (75%) of 8 poorly differentiated OSCC specimens. The levels of hCG-β in both saliva and urine were increased in poorly differentiated (0.40 and 1.19 mIU/ml) than moderately (0.3 and 0.76 mIU/ml) and well-differentiated (0.36 and 0.48 mIU/ml) OSCC patients.

Conclusion:
Immunohistochemical expression, salivary and urine levels of hCG-β could serve as an independent prognostic indicator in OSCC patients.
The Role of Salivary Lactate Levels in assessing the Severity of Septic Shock
Authors: Shruthi D K , Channabasappa Shivakumar M , Mithun K M , Suresh B S , Tegginamani Anand S , Smitha T 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Sepsis is a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Hence, rapid and reliable diagnosis is essential. Emergency departments use a standard measure of sepsis, based upon an elevated Lactate level in blood. Saliva is more readily available and easier to obtain than blood samples, and is increasingly being studied as a new source of diagnostic information.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate whether analysis of Lactate levels in saliva can substitute for that of Lactate levels in blood.

Methods/Materials:
We processed saliva samples and serum samples from septic shock and non-septic shock patients. We found out Lactate levels in both the group. We plotted the concentration of Lactate in non-septic and septic patients and compared lactate levels in saliva to its levels in blood.
Statistical analysis: Results were statistically analyzed by independent sample t test and A Spearman rho correlation

Results:
We found increased serum and salivary Lactate levels in all cases of sepsis compared to the control group. Notably, the increase in Lactate levels was higher in serum as compared to saliva in septic patients, suggesting saliva may not serve as a better indicator of sepsis compared to blood. Salivary lactate was more in septic shock patients compared to non-septic shock patients.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare lactic acid levels in serum and saliva in cases of sepsis. The increase in serum lactate in patients with sepsis is evident when compared to increase in salivary lactate, so serum lactate level would be easier for physicians to differentiate septic patients from non-septic patients. Salivary lactate may not serve as better indicator in septic shock patients.
Tooth decalcification using different decalcifying agents – A comparative study
Authors: Khangura Amberpreet Kaur , Gupta Shally , Gulati Anubha , Singh Simranjit 
Published: January 2022

Background:
In microscopic assessment of mineralized tissue, decalcification is an important step during tissue processing. The present study was attempted to compare the efficacy of various decalcifying agents and to evaluate the most efficacious decalcifying agent.

Aims and Objectives:
The aim was to study and compare the time taken for complete decalcification of the specimen by six different chemical agents; to study and compare the effect of various decalcifying agents on cellular and nuclear changes of hard and soft tissues; to study and compare the effect of various decalcifying agents used on the staining intensity with Ehrlich's Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and to determine the ideal decalcification technique.

Materials and Methods:
The six decalcifying agents, namely 5% nitric acid, 8% formic acid, formalin-nitric acid, 5% trichloroacetic acid, neutral ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Perenyi's fluid were used to decalcify 30 human permanent teeth (5 teeth in each solution). The endpoint of decalcification was evaluated by chemical (calcium oxalate test) as well as radiographic methods. The specimens were then subjected to processing, sectioning and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The stained sections were observed under a light microscope and grading was done.

Results:
The results in the present study confirmed the fact that the time required for complete decalcification process was least in Perenyi's fluid, 5% trichloroacetic acid and highest in 14% EDTA. Teeth decalcified in 5% trichloroacetic acid, 8% formic acid, formalin-nitric acid and 5% nitric acid were easy to section. Sectioning was most difficult for teeth decalcified in Perenyi's fluid and 14% EDTA. The overall structure details as well as staining characteristics were best in teeth decalcified by 5% trichloroacetic acid and neutral EDTA and worst in teeth decalcified by Perenyi's fluid.

Conclusion:
Five percent trichloroacetic acid was showing the most efficient result as it balances both tissue integrity and time factor suggesting that it can be used as a stable decalcifying agent for routine histopathological diagnosis.
Oral amyloidosis
Authors: Indu Sudip , Roy Indranil Deb , Tewari Rohit , Pramanik Suman 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Amyloidosis is a distressing and infrequent condition caused by accumulation of abnormally folded proteins as aggregates in the extracellular tissue spaces of the body, leading to destruction of organ structure and function. Presentation of Oral Amyloidosis is generally a rare phenomenon, tongue being the most common site to manifest the disease process. Accurate recognition of the amyloid protein and its sub typing is absolutely critical for clinical management and to assess prognosis such as to avoid misdiagnosis and unwanted, potentially harmful treatment.

Case Report:
We report a case of 84 year old male patient with an enlarged tongue, who presented with burning sensation and a facial violaceous papules with no other known systemic findings. Incisional biopsy revealed amorphous deposits confirmed for amyloid by congo red stain and Immunohistochemistry.

Conclusion:
The suspicion of Amyloidosis should always be kept in mind whenever a solitary enlargement of the tongue is noticed. Close follow-up and an entire panel of investigations is mandatory, both to manage recurrences and to monitor the possible advancement of the disease into a full blown systemic form.
Demographic study of 366 cases of oral leukoplakia and immunohistochemical analysis – An institutional study
Authors: Ahire Manisha Sardar , D′Souza Zaneta Ivy , Chettiankandy Tabita Joy , Nagar Saurabh R. , Sinha Anuradha , Tupkari Jagdish V. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
It has been reported that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with the presence of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) in 15%–48% of cases. Among PMDs, oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common, with 16%–62% of cases associated with OSCC. Hence, in the present study, we have analyzed demographic data and re-evaluated immunohistochemical (IHC) data of OL cases and aimed to correlate the clinical, histopathological and IHC aspects of OL.

Materials and Methods:
The data of histopathologically diagnosed cases of OL were retrieved from the archives. These data were further evaluated for age, gender, duration, site, size, side, habits, clinical staging and histopathological grading. IHC re-evaluation of OL tissues was done using epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), n = 20; human MutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), n = 30; CD1a (n = 30); vimentin (n = 30); Ki-67 (n = 30); heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), n = 30; p16INK4, n = 20; and mucin-1 (MUC1), n = 30. All the results and observations were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis.

Results:
The male: female ratio was 7.5:1; right side and buccal mucosa were more commonly affected. The duration of the lesion ranged from 1 to 30 years. One hundred and twelve patients were habituated to tobacco chewing, while 171 patients came with a combined habit of smoke and smokeless tobacco usage. Clinically, most of the lesions were of stage 2 while histopathologically they were of mild dysplasia. There was a decrease in the immunoexpression of E-cadherin, hMLH1 and CD1a, while there was an increase in the immunoexpression of vimentin, Ki-67, HSP-70, MUC1 and p16INK4.

Conclusion:
The study of different biomarkers such as cytoplasmic, membranous and nuclear in OL will help in better understanding and application of a reliable marker for diagnostic and prognostic purpose.
“Neuroectodermal influence of CD 99 immunoexpression correlates with the clinical behavior of odontogenic cysts and tumors”
Authors: Mishra Harshi , Gulati Nikita , Jain Anshi , Juneja Saurabh , Shetty Devi Charan 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Odontogenic tumors show a variety of characteristic features that are dependent on the tumor cell origin and the stage of tumor cell differentiation. Odontogenic cysts arise from the enamel organ or remnants of dental epithelium which influences their pathogenetic model and further clinical behavior of these lesions.

Aim:
The study aims at assessment of CD 99 immunoexpression in odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and ameloblastoma (in tooth bearing [anterior to third molar] and nontooth bearing areas [molar ramus area]) to postulate neural influence in their pathogenesis and the clinical behavior.

Materials and Methods:
Immunohistochemical analysis for CD 99 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections on 50 histopathologically confirmed cases of OKC and ameloblastoma (25 each) arising within the oral cavity and were scored qualitatively, topographically, and according to cellular localization.

Statistical Analysis:
The resulting data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.0. The significance of the parameters was tested by the Pearson's Chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant).

Results:
CD99 immunoreactivity was distributed in both tooth bearing and nontooth bearing groups of OKC and ameloblastoma with an increased immunoexpression in basal and suprabasal layers of OKC in nontooth bearing area and in peripheral cells of ameloblastoma in nontooth bearing area confined to the cell membrane.

Conclusions:
The results point toward the role of CD99 in the pathogenesis and aggressive behavior of such odontogenic lesions and it can be used as a promising therapeutic target.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of myofibroblasts in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pinisetti Soujanya , Tadi Durgaprasad , Manyam Ravikanth , Alla Ramya 
Published: January 2022

Aim:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the presence of myofibroblasts quantitatively in oral epithelial dysplasia, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved from the institutional archives. The sample size is 35 and included 15 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia (n = 15), 15 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (n = 15) and 5 cases of normal oral mucosa which served as the control (n = 5). Histologic sections were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the mean number of myofibroblasts was evaluated.

Results:
There were no myofibroblasts in the stroma of normal oral mucosa and oral epithelial dysplasia. Whereas all cases of OSCC showed myofibroblasts (mean ± standard deviation: 21.49 ± 9.76). This difference of myofibroblasts between OSCC and oral epithelial dysplasia was statistically significant with a P < 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean number of Myofibroblasts(MF) between 3 histologic grades of OSCC.

Conclusion:
The presence of myofibroblasts in the stroma of OSCC and their absence in normal oral mucosa and epithelial dysplasia reveals that these cells may play a role in cancer cell invasion and progression so the treatment strategies targeting the myofibroblasts and their by products may be beneficial in OSCC patients.
Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Its Luminal Androgen Receptor (LAR) Subtype
Authors: Liman AA , Kabir B , Abubakar M , Abdullahi S , Ahmed SA , Shehu SM 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignancy; the most frequent in Nigeria. BC characteristically exhibits great biologic diversity. Amongst its variants, the triple-negative subtype is also characterized by heterogeneity (thus making it a study in diversity within diversity) and also by some unique clinicopathologic features including clinical aggressiveness, lack of response to current targeted therapies, and tendency to cluster amongst young premenopausal women especially in populations of women of African ancestry.

Aims:
The objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective clinicopathologic survey of all breast carcinomas to profile the triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) amongst them and illustrate their immunohistochemical pattern of luminal androgen receptors (LARs) expression.

Patients and Methods:
All the cases entered into the departmental records as breast carcinomas over the study period were extracted including patients’ request cards, hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of those diagnosed as triple-negative cancers. These were immunohistochemically stained using a monoclonal antibody for androgen receptor (AR). The whole data were analyzed and presented in tabular formats.

Results:
A total of 660 breast carcinomas of which 89 (13.48%) cases were identified as TNBCs with a mean age of occurrence of 42.89 ± 11.88 years. Most TNBCs (95.5%) were carcinoma no special type and 61.8% had low or intermediate histologic grading. LAR expression was noted in 11.24% of the TNBCs.

Conclusion:
Triple-negative cancer in this study shares some of the known characteristics but also portrays some divergence from the commonly described features.
Clinical and Psychosocial Determinants of Patients with Tuberculosis/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection
Authors: Alao MA , Ibrahim OR , Chan YH 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is a complex mesh of physical and psychosocial disorders that require a multimodal and multifaceted approach for improved outcomes.

Aims:
This study determined the treatment outcomes of patients with TB/HIV co-infection and the clinico-psychosocial predictors of the disease over a 10-year period in resource-limited settings.

Patients and Methods:
This study reviewed the 10-year retrospective treatment outcomes of patients with TB/HIV co-infection in a tertiary centre. The data were retrieved from the TB treatment registers and analyzed with STATA 16.0. The effects of latent constructs of high clinical severity, stigmatization, and family stress/burden on treatment outcomes were evaluated using a structural equation model.

Results:
Of the 1,321 who met the inclusion criteria, 1,193 had sufficient data. The mean age of the patients was 38.2 ± 16.7 years. The treatment adherence rate over the 10 years was 93.8% (±6.8%) but successful treatment outcome was 75.5% (±8.1%). Stigmatism of TB/HIV infections was experienced by adults and males ( = 0.972; P < 0.001 = 0.674; P < 0.001, = - 0.770; P < 0.001, respectively), non-adherent to treatment ( = -0.460; P < 0.001) clinical severity of illness ( = 0.940; P < 0.001), and being HIV negative ( = -0.770; P < 0.001). Family Stress/Burden was strongly affected by both Death ( = 1.000; P < 0.001) and higher Stigmatism ( = 0.602; P < 0.001). Clinical severity of illness significantly influenced both Death and Unsatisfactory outcomes ( = 0.207; P < 0.001, = 0.203; P < 0.05, respectively). Non-Adherence led to potentially unsatisfactory outcome.

Conclusion:
TB/HIV co-infection is a complex psychosocial disorder that is significantly and negatively impacted by social determinants of the disease. A holistic approach to treatment intervention that addresses the latent factors of stigmatization, family stress/burden, and high clinical severity is key to achieving a successful treatment outcome.
Influence of Yoga-based program on health satisfaction in the Mongoloid patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Singh N. Ibohal , Pradhan Balaram , Pandey Mangesh , Parajuli Niranjan , Singh Achouba Ksh 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have to live with this condition throughout the life. Minimizing the complications and enhancing the overall health of patients with T2DM are the major global challenges. Improving the health satisfaction in diabetes patients can enhance their adherence to treatment and could minimize the complications of the disease.

Aim:
The study evaluated the effects of Yoga along with treatment as usual on health satisfaction in T2DM patients of Mongoloid.

Methods:
The design of the present study is randomized control trial. This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences (JNIMS), Imphal, Manipur. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants before enrolling to the study. Four hundred and fifty diabetes patients belonging to Mongoloid race were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Endocrinology at JNIMS, Imphal, Manipur. Out of them, 310 participants (age range 25–80 years) were recruited for the study purpose for fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were randomized into Yoga along with treatment as usual group (N = 155) and treatment as usual group (N = 155). The Yoga along with treatment as usual group was prescribed oral antiglycemic agents and yoga intervention for 16 weeks. The treatment as usual group was prescribed oral antiglycemic agents only without any exercise during the period. Participants were assessed at baseline and at the end of the intervention by using the Current Health Satisfaction Questionnaire (CHES-Q). Final analysis included 151 participants in the Yoga along with treatment as usual group and 153 in the treatment as usual group. Four participants in the Yoga group and two participants in the control group were excluded from the study for discontinuing the treatment at the endocrinology department.

Results:
Within-group analysis showed a significant improvement in all the subfactors of health satisfaction in both groups. There was a significant interaction (groups × times) in all domains of CHES-Q, except satisfied with the current level of energy, satisfied with current ability to sleep, satisfied with current blood sugar levels, and satisfied with current mood.

Conclusion:
The findings of the present study showed improvement in health satisfaction in both groups. Results also indicated that Yoga along with treatment as usual is better compared to the control group. However, future studies considering clinical and anthropometric parameters along with health satisfaction are required to support the current findings.
Sthiti and Yatna in the Abhyāsa of Yoga
Authors: Mahadevan Jayaraman 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Awareness about Yoga as a system of healing has increased in the current era. Various limbs of Yoga with their therapeutic benefits are being practiced and their efficacy is being investigated. But Yoga is not a onetime pill. It has to be practiced in a sustained and beneficial manner over a period of time for its benefits to manifest.

Aim and Objectives:
In Yogic parlance Abhyāsa is the term generally used to indicate practice. Yogasūtra, the fundamental text on Yoga defines Abhyāsa. In this context a comprehensive review of Yogasūtra Samskrta commentary literature with specific focus on the definition of Abhyāsa is essential, which has hitherto not been attempted.

Material and Methods:
Fifteen Samskrta commentaries have been surveyed and analysed for the current paper with focus on the definition of abhyāsa found in the sūtra - tatra sthitau yatno'bhyāsaḥ PYS 1.13.

Result:
The analysis of the Samskrta commentary literature on this offers clarifications on the two sthiti-s of Yoga that is to be attained through the Yatna that has five dimensions.

Conclusion:
Though the inputs from the commentary lore discuss Abhyāsa in the spiritual, philosophical context- the implications of Abhyāsa in the therapeutic dimensions of Yoga are immensely useful. The outcomes of this textual review on being imbibed and incorporated in the practice of Yoga may add to the quality of Yoga practice there by facilitating better outcomes in Yoga aimed at health and wellbeing.