bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of an HbA1c-based Diabetes Screening on Prevalence and Effect of Dysglycemia in Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Van Baal Lukas , Reinold Johanna , Benson Sven , Diehl Anke , Witzke Oliver , Fuehrer Dagmar , Tan Susanne 
Published: October 2022

AbstractContextIn patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infection, diabetes is associated with poor COVID-19 prognosis. However, case detection strategy is divergent and reported prevalence varies from 5% to 35%.ObjectiveWe examined how far the choice of screening tools affects the detection rate of dysglycemia and in consequence the estimation of diagnosis-associated risk for moderate (mo) or severe (s) COVID-19.MethodsNon–intensive care unit inpatients with COVID-19 were screened systematically at admission for diabetes (D) and prediabetes (PreD) by glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (A), random blood glucose (B), and known history (C) from November 1, 2020 to March 8, 2021. Dysglycemia rate and effect on COVID-19 outcome were analyzed in 2 screening strategies (ABC vs BC).ResultsA total of 578 of 601 (96.2%) of admitted patients were screened and analyzed. In ABC, prevalence of D and PreD was 38.2% and 37.5%, respectively. D was significantly associated with an increased risk for more severe COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [moCOVID-19]: 2.27, 95% CI, 1.16-4.46 and aOR [sCOVID-19]: 3.26, 95% CI, 1.56-6.38). Patients with PreD also presented more often with more severe COVID-19 than those with normoglycemia (aOR [moCOVID-19]: 1.76, 95% CI, 1.04-2.97 and aOR [sCOVID-19]: 2.41, 95% CI, 1.37-4.23). Screening with BC failed to identify only 96% of PreD (206/217) and 26.2% of D diagnosis (58/221) and missed associations of dysglycemia and COVID-19 severity.ConclusionPandemic conditions may hamper dysglycemia detection rate and in consequence the awareness of individual patient risk for COVID-19 severity. A systematic diabetes screening including HbA1c reduces underdiagnosis of previously unknown or new-onset dysglycemia, and enhances the quality of risk estimation and access of patients at risk to a diabetes-specific intervention.
Prodromal α-Synucleinopathies
Authors: Chahine Lana M. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article describes prodromal α-synucleinopathies.

RECENT FINDINGS
The pathology underlying α-synucleinopathies, which include Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies, begins years before the presence of the full syndrome that is the basis for the clinical diagnosis of each of these disorders. This “prodromal” phase may manifest with various signs or symptoms. In addition to individuals in the prodromal phase, some individuals are asymptomatic but are at risk for α-synucleinopathies owing to genetic predisposition or other risk factors.

SUMMARY
Clinicians are increasingly seeing patients in the clinical setting who are prodromal or at risk for α-synucleinopathies, and this article reviews the approach to these patient populations, which includes identifying clinical features, assessment, and counseling.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome
Authors: Pantelyat Alexander 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The differential diagnosis of parkinsonism (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and gait difficulty/postural instability) is broad and includes two neurodegenerative conditions that exist on a clinicopathologic spectrum: progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Early in their clinical course, PSP and CBS may be difficult to distinguish from Parkinson disease and several other illnesses, but it is crucial to do so because of implications for management and prognosis.

RECENT FINDINGS
Early accurate diagnosis of PSP and CBS remains a challenge because of heterogeneity in presenting symptoms and high frequency of coexisting pathologies (especially Alzheimer disease and vascular disease). It is increasingly recognized that patients with PSP, CBS, and other parkinsonian disorders require multidisciplinary care for optimal outcomes. With the recent proliferation of biomarker studies and therapeutic trials for tauopathies, there is growing hope that better treatments for PSP and CBS are on the horizon.

SUMMARY
Although PSP and CBS currently lack disease-modifying therapies, it is important to diagnose them as early as possible so that the patient can benefit from the many available symptomatic therapies, support groups, and a growing number of clinical trials.
The Dystonias
Authors: Stephen Christopher D. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article discusses the most recent findings regarding the diagnosis, classification, and management of genetic and idiopathic dystonia.

RECENT FINDINGS
A new approach to classifying dystonia has been created with the aim to increase the recognition and diagnosis of dystonia. Molecular biology and genetic studies have identified several genes and biological pathways involved in dystonia.

SUMMARY
Dystonia is a common movement disorder involving abnormal, often twisting, postures and is a challenging condition to diagnose. The pathophysiology of dystonia involves abnormalities in brain motor networks in the context of genetic factors. Dystonia has genetic, idiopathic, and acquired forms, with a wide phenotypic spectrum, and is a common feature in complex neurologic disorders. Dystonia can be isolated or combined with another movement disorder and may be focal, segmental, multifocal, or generalized in distribution, with some forms only occurring during the performance of specific tasks (task-specific dystonia). Dystonia is classified by clinical characteristics and presumed etiology. The management of dystonia involves accurate diagnosis, followed by treatment with botulinum toxin injections, oral medications, and surgical therapies (mainly deep brain stimulation), as well as pathogenesis-directed treatments, including the prospect of disease-modifying or gene therapies.
Chorea
Authors: Stimming Erin Furr , Bega Danny 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWThis article provides an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to a patient with chorea. The phenomenology of chorea is described in addition to other common hyperkinetic movements that may be mistaken for or coexist with chorea. Chorea can be acquired or hereditary. Key historical and clinical features that can aid in determining the etiology are reviewed, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment strategies are discussed.RECENT FINDINGSClinical investigations are under way to target transcription and translation of the mutant huntingtin protein as a potential disease-modifying strategy in Huntington disease (HD). Additional heritable factors have been revealed through genome-wide association studies. Symptom-focused treatments for HD are are being studied, including a third vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor for chorea attenuation and drugs to target irritability and cognitive impairment. Increased availability of genetic testing has led to increased awareness of HD mimics (eg,C9orf72and IgLON5).SUMMARYChorea is a relatively common hyperkinetic disorder with a broad differential. The first step in the approach to a patient with chorea is accurately defining the phenomenology. Once it has been determined that the patient has chorea, the investigation into determining an etiology can begin. Factors such as age of onset, time course, family history, unique clinical features, and imaging and laboratory findings can guide the diagnosis. Treatments for most causes of chorea are purely symptomatic, although it is important to recognize causes that are reversible or have disease-modifying interventions.
Neurodegenerative Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Rosenthal Liana S. 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxia is a diverse collection of diseases that are unified by gait and balance abnormalities, appendicular incoordination, and abnormalities of eye movement and speech. The differential diagnosis is broad, ranging from paraneoplastic syndromes that progress quite rapidly to unidentified genetic disorders that progress slowly over the course of decades. This article highlights the diagnostic process, including the differential diagnosis, as well as treatment approaches and symptomatic management. The pillars of treatment are physical, occupational, and speech therapy as well as counseling and discussions of disease prognosis, genetics, and reproductive choices. There are many ways to help patients with neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxia and improve their quality of life.

RECENT FINDINGS
Recent years have seen significant improvements in genetic testing, with reductions in cost of both Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing and increasing availability of the latter. These improvements increase clinicians’ ability to identify the etiology of neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxia and suggest future treatments. Although no medication has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of cerebellar ataxia, research and clinical trials for these diseases are increasing.

SUMMARY
Neurodegenerative cerebellar ataxia is characterized by dysarthria, dysmetria, oculomotor abnormalities, and ataxic gait. It has a broad differential diagnosis, and numerous options exist for managing symptoms. Although no medications have been approved specifically for cerebellar ataxia, treatment options are available to improve patients’ quality of life.
The Poetics of Protest, from Africa to Minneapolis
Authors: Judy R. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Offering an itinerary of the thinking that led to Sentient Flesh: Thinking in Disorder, Poiēsis in Black, R. A. Judy explains the concept of “poetic socialities” mentioned in it. This explanation begins with an account of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers’ reception of Aristotle’s Poetics, focusing on ibn Sīnā’s conception of the role poetic expression’s cognitive as well as affective force plays in the instantiation of what he calls الأمة الشعرية (al-umma al-sh’irīya), “the poetic or aesthetic community.” Elaborating how and why the phrase poetic socialities is the paraphrastic translation of ibn Sīnā’s, the essay tracks the study of poetic socialites from its initial formulation regarding the 2010 Tunisian Revolution to it becoming the reference point of orientation for an interrogation of the modern concepts of sovereignty, revolution, and civic republicanism. With respect to these concepts, the study of poetic socialities enacts a critique of imperial neoliberal tendency of socialization; whereby the only tenable norm of general subjectivity is a function of speculative market value as the absolute measure not just of human progress but existence as well. Along these lines, poetic socialities is an attempt at understanding something of what is at play in te current era of popular unrest.
Panda Games: Corporate Disclosure in the Eclipse of Search
Authors: Wang Kemin , Yu Xiaoyun , Zhang Bohui 
Published: October 2022

We show that firms strategically alter their disclosures when investors’ access to information via search engines is interrupted. We conduct a textual analysis and exploit an exogenous event—Google’s 2010 surprising withdrawal from mainland China, which significantly hampered domestic investors’ ability to search for foreign information but did not affect their cost to access domestic information. Following Google’s exit, Chinese firms’ announcements on foreign transactions become more bullish relative to domestic transactions. Optimism in disclosure is especially rosy if the press releases are conveying negative news or are issued by poorly governed firms. This effect is mitigated in the presence of foreign investors or analysts affiliated with foreign brokers who are not subject to foreign information censorship by the government. The increase in search cost also appears to leave domestic news media and financial analysts more vulnerable to the influence of corporate disclosure. These optimistic announcements allow insiders to harvest higher returns from selling their shares and are associated with a higher likelihood of corporate misconduct. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71272072 and 71572042]. X. Yu gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Arthur M. Weimer Fellowship. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4521 .
Lagrangian Dual Decision Rules for Multistage Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming
Authors: Daryalal Maryam , Bodur Merve , Luedtke James R. 
Published: October 2022

On Decision Rules for Multistage Stochastic Programs with Mixed-Integer Decisions Multistage stochastic programming is a field of stochastic optimization for addressing sequential decision-making problems defined over a stochastic process with a given probability distribution. The solution to such a problem is a decision rule (policy) that maps the history of observations to the decisions. Design of the decision rules in the presence of mixed-integer decisions is quite challenging. In “Lagrangian Dual Decision Rules for Multistage Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming,” Daryalal, Bodur, and Luedtke introduce Lagrangian dual decision rules, where linear decision rules are applied to dual multipliers associated with Lagrangian duals of a multistage stochastic mixed-integer programming (MSMIP) model. The restricted decisions are then used in the development of new primal- and dual-bounding methods. This yields a new general-purpose approximation approach for MSMIP, free of strong assumptions made in the literature, such as stagewise independence or existence of a tractable-sized scenario-tree representation.
Association between leisure activities and sleep disturbances among children with and without cerebral palsy
Authors: Amiri Alireza , Kalantari Minoo , Gharebashloo Farzad 
Published: October 2022

Background/Aims Sleep disturbances are common among children with cerebral palsy, resulting in adverse consequences. Investigating the association between leisure activities and sleep disturbances could help to develop ways to promote their sleep quality. This study primarily aimed to investigate the association between leisure activities and sleep disturbances among children with and without cerebral palsy. The secondary aim was to study the prevalence of sleep disturbances and some of its associated factors. Methods A total of 75 children with cerebral palsy (study group) (mean age 10.0 ± 2.5 years) and 75 typically developing children (control group) (mean age 10.5 ± 2.9 years) were randomly selected to completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment. Sleep disturbances were assessed using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Factors associated with sleep disturbances (age, gender, school attendance, bedroom sharing, type of cerebral palsy, motor functions, eating and drinking ability and communication functions) were statistically analysed and the prevalence of sleep disturbances was calculated. Results Overall frequency of leisure participation was strongly correlated with overall sleep disturbances (P<0.001) among both groups. The prevalence of overall sleep disturbances was 17.1% and 10.6% among the study and the control groups respectively. Eating and drinking ability and spastic quadriplegia emerged as the strongest predictors of overall negative scores on the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Conclusions Greater participation in leisure activities is associated with better sleep. Occupational therapists are encouraged to consider this association when planning for occupation-based interventions aimed at enhancing occupational performance.
Computerized adaptive testing for the Oxford Hip, Knee, Shoulder, and Elbow scores
Authors: Harrison Conrad J. , Plummer Otho R. , Dawson Jill , Jenkinson Crispin , Hunt Audrey , Rodrigues Jeremy N. 
Published: October 2022

Aims The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate machine-learning-based computerized adaptive tests (CATs) for the Oxford Hip Score (OHS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and the Oxford Elbow Score (OES) and its subscales. Methods We developed CAT algorithms for the OHS, OKS, OSS, overall OES, and each of the OES subscales, using responses to the full-length questionnaires and a machine-learning technique called regression tree learning. The algorithms were evaluated through a series of simulation studies, in which they aimed to predict respondents’ full-length questionnaire scores from only a selection of their item responses. In each case, the total number of items used by the CAT algorithm was recorded and CAT scores were compared to full-length questionnaire scores by mean, SD, score distribution plots, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation (ICC), and the Bland-Altman method. Differences between CAT scores and full-length questionnaire scores were contextualized through comparison to the instruments’ minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Results The CAT algorithms accurately estimated 12-item questionnaire scores from between four and nine items. Scores followed a very similar distribution between CAT and full-length assessments, with the mean score difference ranging from 0.03 to 0.26 out of 48 points. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and ICC were 0.98 for each 12-item scale and 0.95 or higher for the OES subscales. In over 95% of cases, a patient’s CAT score was within five points of the full-length questionnaire score for each 12-item questionnaire. Conclusion Oxford Hip Score, Oxford Knee Score, Oxford Shoulder Score, and Oxford Elbow Score (including separate subscale scores) CATs all markedly reduce the burden of items to be completed without sacrificing score accuracy. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(10):786–794.
Effect of Fan Frequency on the Airflow Distribution and Moisture Content in Aquatic Feed Belt Dryer with CFD Simulation and Experimental Verification
Authors: Zhang Peng fei , Huang Min feng , Sutar Parag P. , Wang Jian , Zhang Qi , Zhang Jian feng , Shi Zhen zhen 
Published: October 2022

HighlightsCFD simulation was done for studying airflow uniformity during drying of aquatic feed in a belt dryer.The simulation predicted the airflow distribution in different feed layers of the dryer well.The fan frequency affected the moisture diffusivity and overall drying uniformity.The fan frequency of 30 Hz resulted in the best drying process.Abstract. Drying is an essential process in the production of aquatic feed products. Belt dryer is widely used in drying aquatic feed. The uniformity of airflow distribution inside the belt dryer affects the quality of dried products, the dryer efficiency, and energy consumption. Fan frequency was one of the critical factors affecting air distribution inside the dryer. However, the internal airflow distribution inside the belt dryer was not fully investigated, and air velocities were challenging to test accurately. The airflow distribution inside a belt dryer at four different fan frequencies (25, 30, 35, and 40 Hz) was studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental verification. A finite volume method was employed to simulate airflow distribution inside the dryer. The porous medium model was added to improve result accuracy. The results showed that the simulated value of air velocity was consistent with the experimental value. The maximum gap between observed and simulated values was 7.24%, and the minimum was less than 0.1%. The air velocity on the feed layer ranged from 0.34 to 1.10 m s-1 with a standard deviation of up to 0.17 m s-1. When the fan frequency was 30 Hz, air velocity uniformity on the feed layer surfaces could reach the best results. Keywords: Airflow distribution, Belt dryer, CFD, Fan frequency, Porous media.
Automated Leaching Fraction-based Irrigation System Reduces Leaching, Conserves Water, and Supports Crop Growth in a Commercial Nursery
Authors: Cypher Quinn , Wright Wesley C. , Sun Xiaocun , Fessler Lauren , Fulcher Amy 
Published: October 2022

HighlightsAn automated irrigation system based on a novel leachate sensor was built to schedule and deliver irrigation to a container nursery.The sensor network was designed to achieve a 0.15 leaching fraction; it maintained an actual average leaching fraction of 0.17.Water use and container effluent were reduced by 60% and 96%, respectively, without reducing crop growth. Abstract.With the aim of reducing irrigation water use, an irrigation and leachate measurement and control system was developed and evaluated to automatically schedule and actuate irrigation in a commercial nursery. Leachate and irrigation sensors were built using a tipping bucket mechanism and used to calculate the daily leaching fraction (LF) = volume leached/volume applied. For the experimental daily irrigation schedule, the previous day’s LF was used to calculate irrigation run time for the current day using a scaled multiplier, where the change in irrigation run time was proportional to the difference between the calculated LF and the target LF, 0.15. The control zone was irrigated for two hours every other day simulating the commercial nursery’s standard schedule. The irrigation control system worked as designed and correctly imposed the irrigation treatments, including correctly delaying in response to rain and actuating based on a programmed minimum runtime, when necessary. Season-long water use was 60% less for the leachate-based irrigation schedule compared to the grower’s standard irrigation schedule (p = 0.0028). The average daily LFs were 0.17 and 0.73 for the LF-based irrigation and control, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001). Compared to the grower’s standard practice the time averaged irrigation application rate was 3.3-fold less and time averaged leaching rate was 12.1-fold less for the LF-based irrigation schedule. Substrate volumetric water content was not correlated with LF and thus was not a good predictor of leaching fraction. Growth metrics were not impacted by irrigation treatment (p = 0.1429), indicating plants received sufficient water in the LF-based irrigation system. This novel system was able to actuate and adjust irrigation run-time based on daily leaching fraction without being influenced by the lag between irrigation and leaching and had an average leaching fraction within 0.02 of the target LF. Reducing water use with this LF-based schedule has the potential to reduce agrichemical-laden nursery effluent and increase nursery irrigation capacity, i.e., their ability to expand production on the current water supply. Keywords: Container effluent, ET-based irrigation, Irrigation schedule, Leachate, Precision irrigation, Sensor-based irrigation.
QPSK to BPSK modulation format conversion by phase-sensitive parametric amplification in multi-slot waveguides
Authors: Wu Xiao , Li Xuefeng , Ren Li , Liu Hongjun 
Published: October 2022

The optical modulation conversion of a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal to two binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals is theoretically realized in a phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) conversion system. We propose a multi-slot silicon-carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane hybrid waveguide to achieve high nonlinearity of

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for improving PSA performance. Constellation diagrams, error vector magnitude, and bit error rate (BER) are used to investigate and measure the performance of the output. The results show that the converted BPSK signal has more than a 10 dB higher signal-to-noise ratio than the QPSK signal with a BER threshold of

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. Furthermore, the system has great potential for hierarchical modulation of advanced format signals and long-distance transmission.