bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and Race
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Most treatments of Robert Michels’ thought have paid scant attention to the salience of concepts of race and innate ethnic characteristics throughout Michels’ works. However, ideas of racial and ethnic difference play a consistent and important part in Michels’ thought, even if they tended to be soft-pedalled in his writings for the German Social Democratic Party. This prevalence of Michels’ views on race has yet to be subjected to a systematic analysis. The fact that the biologistic influences on Michels’ thought came more from Italian sources than German is worth emphasizing in the light of recent historiography which has increasingly focused on the significance of the evolution of racial thought in Italy on the emergence of Italian fascist ideology, in contrast to older literature which depicted racism as imported into Italian fascism from German Nazism. Michels contributed to the German journal Politisch-Anthropologische Revue, which was a forum for racial theorists, but much of the racial-biological influence on his thinking seems to have come from Italian sources, from the criminologist Cesare Lombroso to Italian ‘social anthropologists’ such as Enrico Ferri. Michels’ willingness to make use of ethnic and racial categories assisted his drift to the right as he became disillusioned with socialist politics.
Substance, Causation, and the Mind-Body Problem in Johann Clauberg
Authors: Hamid Nabeel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new interpretation of Clauberg’s account of the mind-body problem, against both occasionalist and interactionist readings. It examines his treatment of the mind-body relation through the lens of his theories of substance and cause. It argues that, whereas Clauberg embraces Descartes’s substance dualism, he retains a broadly scholastic theory of causation as the action of essential powers. On this account, mind and body are distinct, power-bearing substances, and each is a genuine secondary cause of its own modifications. Between mental and bodily modes, however, there is no causation but only a special, divinely instituted correlation. Clauberg’s view has the consequence that the conjunction of mind and body cannot be understood causally but only as the covariation of sensations and brain states, which he treats as mutually referring signs.
Astell and Masham on Epistemic Authority and Women’s Individual Judgment in Religion
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 1705, Mary Astell and Damaris Masham both published works advocating for women’s use of individual judgment in matters of religion. Although both advocate for women’s education and intellectual autonomy, they differ dramatically in their attitudes to religious authority. These differences are rooted in a deeper disagreement about the nature of epistemic authority. Astell defends an interpersonal model on which we properly trust testimony when the testifier is answerable for its truth. Masham holds an evidence model on which testimony is treated as empirical evidence. Central to Masham’s argument is her contention that religious beliefs based on the authority recognized by Astell could never serve as a stable source of moral motivation. Because of their different theories of epistemic authority, Masham’s defense of women’s intellectual autonomy leads to a radical anti-clericalism, while Astell’s defense is consistent with her insistence on deference to the established church.
How Caregiving for Parents Reduces Women’s Employment
Authors: Fahle Sean , McGarry Kathleen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter examines the social patterns of elder caregiving among women ages 50 and older in the United States. We find that women who provide personal care for parents or parents-in-law, tend to be from more advantaged sociodemographic groups, with larger differences by socio-economic status than by race and ethnicity. Prior to initiating care, caregivers also have greater labor market attachment than non-caregivers. In contrast, although less likely to provide care, women from less advantaged groups tend to provide more time-intensive care when they do provide care, particularly in the extreme upper-end of the distribution of care hours. We find strong negative associations between caregiving and employment, hours, and earnings, both immediately and over a longer 10-year period. The relationship between care and work is similar across the sociodemographic groups that we examine.
Money and Medicine
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis book frames the evolutionary path of medical spending and provides a useful forecasting model. Tracing health spending from ancient times to the present with a single ratio, health expenditures as a share of income, reveals an S-shaped growth curve, rising rapidly after science made therapies more effective and more expensive, inflecting as the rate of expansion peaked with the coalescence of national health systems in the 1960s, and decelerating after 1975. Medicine became qualitatively different as it scaled up along therapeutic, organizational, financial, and moral dimensions. The development of health insurance and changes in the flow of funds made macro effects on total spending different from micro determinants of allocation. Institutional inertia and lags require a span of observation long enough to distinguish temporary fluctuations from shifts in trend with careful attention to measurement methods and the dynamics of change over time and space. Archival data for early centuries are provided along with detailed graphical analysis of country trends since 1950 (Chapter 4). A case of the United States suggests when and how it became an outlier among OECD nations (Chapter 7). The contribution of medical expenditures to health and economic development are seen to be both obvious and difficult to measure.
Measuring NHE: Accounting, Boundaries, and Budgets
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe international system of health accounts (SHA) depends on statistical constructs generated to meet the needs of government ministries. Economic analysis depends on matching the temporal and spatial boundaries of units of observation to the span of action. Here the appropriate scale for quantification and measurement is “national expenditures relative to income over decades” rather than “amounts spent by persons for an illness.” Historical and conceptual developments in accounting provide insight into use of terms such as “money,” “technology,” “growth,” “health expenditure,” and “trend,” leading toward what could be termed a “budgetary perspective.” Attempts to quantify rates of technological change demonstrate some of the limits to econometric measurement and hypothesis testing.
Why on Earth Does “Tongue(s)” Become Ecstatic Speech?
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with the history of interpretation. Why is the phenomenon of “tongue(s)” in the New Testament understood today as ecstatic speech? In the history of interpretation, there are two major modes of reading the phenomenon of speaking in tongue(s) in the New Testament: the “missionary-expansionist” and the “romantic-nationalist” modes of reading. The earliest readers of the New Testament up until those of the mid-nineteenth century commonly understood the phenomenon of tongue(s) as a miraculous ability to speak in foreign languages—often called xenolalia—for the purpose of expanding Christianity and preaching the gospel. The shift in understanding began to take place in the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century. German biblical scholars began to introduce the idea of tongue(s) through the romantic and nationalist lenses. It results in the idea that tongue(s) is the ecstatic unintelligible phenomenon often called glossolalia.
Heteroglossia of Corinth in the Roman Period
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers an alternative reading through the lens of a heteroglossic-immigrant mode of reading. It first discusses Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of centripetal and centrifugal forces of language. Through a Bakhtinian framework, this chapter attempts to reimagine the sociolinguistic situation of the city of Corinth in the Roman period. It looks into the practice of slavery in the Greco-Roman world; the trade from and to Corinth; the Isthmian games; the existence of the Jewish, Samaritan, and Egyptian communities; and specific foreign names that appear in inscriptions from the Roman period. The existence of non-Greek- and Latin-speaking people in Roman Corinth should be taken seriously in reconstructing the sociolinguistic situation of this city. Such a social context would have had a direct consequence on the sociolinguistic make-up of early followers of Jesus in Corinth to whom Paul wrote his letter.
Tongue(s) as a Heteroglossic Phenomenon
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents an exegetical argument for tongue(s) as a heteroglossic phenomenon. It draws attention to the middle of Paul’s discussion in 1 Cor. 14:21, where he coins the term heteroglossia—a hapax legomenon (in the New Testament only) to explain the situation of tongue(s) in the Corinthian church. A quotation from Isaiah is an important key with which to open the Pandora’s box of this phenomenon from a heteroglossic-immigrant point of view. It points to the reality that the phenomenon of tongue(s) in the Corinthian church was not glossolalia (i.e., unintelligible utterances) nor xenololia (i.e., miraculous ability to speak in foreign languages), but heteroglossia (multiple stratified languages). A good case can be made that Paul’s discussion on tongue(s) in 1 Cor. 14 relates to his struggle with heteroglossia and immigrant experience with languages.
The Politicization of Language
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter highlights three political strategies that are behind the silencing of nondominant languages: the politics of race, the politics of gender, and the politics of imperialism. It suggests that Paul employs these strategies for the sole purpose of unifying the diversity of languages in the Corinthian congregation. The politics of race is apparent when Paul uses the term βάρβαρος in 1 Cor. 14:11. Paul employs the politics of gender when he discusses the silencing of women in 1 Cor. 14:32–36. And finally, the politics of imperialism is apparent in Paul’s theological insistence that God is a God of peace.
Conclusion
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this last section, some moments in history are highlighted to illustrate how 1 Cor 14 played a significant role during the transition of the dominant ecclesial language from Greek to Latin, and then from Latin to vernacular European languages in the post-Reformation period. The Corinthian commentary by Ambrosiaster in the fourth century reveals how this passage was used to combat the dominance of Greek. In the post-Reformation period, when a fierce debate concerning the liturgical language emerged again among church leaders in Europe, 1 Cor 14 was also used again to argue for silencing other languages. By changing one’s interpretative allegiance from Paul to the tongue(s) speakers, this concluding section argues that it is possible to reimagine the socio-linguistic dynamic in a multilingual space as being ordered, not by a totalizing-systemic structure of sameness, but by an openness to differences.
Introduction
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Because critical philosophy of race uses philosophy in the fight against racism, it must investigate the different forms of racism using the methodologies best equipped to render them visible and intelligible. The Introduction differentiates between institutional, structural, and systemic racism and argues for a historical turn in critical philosophy of race as a necessary prerequisite to any attempt to explore them. A combination of phenomenology, genealogy, and dialectics can contribute to an understanding of systems of oppression that does not lose sight of the concrete experience of racism. The Introduction ends with a review of the book’s fifteen chapters to show how each of them contributes to this reconceptualization of critical philosophy of race.
Racialization and the Construction of Religions
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Until the middle of the eighteenth century the concepts of race and religion were not nearly as clearly distinguished as they are now, when the difference between them is frequently mapped onto a distinction between nature and culture. Whereas in 1600 the term “religion” tended to be used in the singular to designate the true religion, as time wore on it increasingly became pluralized. When that happened, it proved a useful way of grouping peoples and the geographical spaces they inhabited, which was also how François Bernier introduced the already pluralized term “races” in 1684. This chapter includes a consideration of the purity of blood statues and of the conflict between missionaries and planters over the baptizing of slaves, as well as an examination of how the conceptions of race and religion were impacted by the experiences of Christian missionaries in East Asia.
The Policing of Race Mixing
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The second half of the nineteenth century saw a shift in emphasis from the race-based arguments used to justify slavery in the 1850s, which tended to focus on a hierarchically organized racial essentialism, to a medicalizing racism that focused instead on the threat to survival and virility posed by race mixing. Racial purity increasingly came to be seen as the key to the health of society; those who were of mixed race and who could pass unnoticed across racial lines presented the greatest danger to it. To counter this possibility, segregation, the one-drop rule, and eugenics were widely embraced. Michel Foucault’s account of biopower provides a powerful framework within which to chart this transformation.
A Most Dangerous Error
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The word racism became widespread in the English language only at the end of the 1930s, and it was primarily used to highlight not anti-Black racism, but a particular form of biological anti-Semitism that was attributed to certain Nazi anthropologists. The condemnation of racism in this narrow sense was promoted by Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Ashley Montagu. That it relied on an inadequate account of the history of racism can be demonstrated through a study of Benedict’s work. Ashley Montagu, together with UNESCO, was largely responsible for its widespread adoption. But its insufficiency had much earlier been recognized by Oliver Cromwell Cox and would be exposed later by Frantz Fanon with his introduction of the idea of “cultural racism.”
Perpetrator Disgust
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What is the significance of our gut feelings? Can they disclose our deep selves or point to a shared human nature? The phenomenon of perpetrator disgust provides a uniquely insightful perspective by which to consider such questions. Across time and cultures, some individuals exhibit signs of distress while committing atrocities. They experience nausea, convulse, and vomit. Do such bodily responses reflect a moral judgment, a deep-seated injunction against atrocity? What conclusions can we draw about the relationship of our gut feelings to human nature and moral frameworks? Drawing on a broad range of historical examples as well as the latest scholarship from the philosophical and scientific study of emotions, this book explores the relationship of cognition and emotion through the lens of perpetrator disgust. Considering a range of interpretations of this phenomenon, it becomes evident that gut feelings do not carry a straightforward and transparent intentionality in themselves, nor do they motivate any core, specific response; they are templates that can embody a broad range of values and morals. Using this core insight, the book proposes a contextual understanding of emotions, by which an agent’s environment shapes their available hermeneutic equipment—concepts, categories, names, scripts—that individuals rely on to make sense of their emotions and navigate the world.
Agency and Social Structure
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter outlines the main ideas in identity theory to orient the reader to what this book is about. It includes discussions of social structure, agency, and symbolic interaction. Identities are discussed as activated at the micro level of society, but embedded in meso-level and macro-level social structures and culture. Also discussed is the idea that while individuals enter situations at the micro level with agency as they are goal-oriented, this agency operates at the individual, interactive, and group levels. And, while people can bring about certain outcomes, social structure can constrain the actions of individuals. The scientific study of identities and the relationship between identities and the social structure emerges out of the structural version of symbolic interaction, and the latter part of the chapter reviews central concepts of this framework including the self, signs, symbols, language, and interaction.
The Development of Identity Theory
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a roadmap on the development of identity theory, highlighting the important points regarding the sources of the many ideas incorporated into identity theory, and the different foci in identity theory. Three foci are discussed: the focus on the interaction between and among persons; the focus on the roles, groups, and organizations as bases for identities; and the focus on the feedback control system that allows identities to accomplish their goals. The chapter begins with the roots of identity theory in symbolic interaction. Identity theory emerges out of structural symbolic interaction, which is compared to traditional symbolic interaction. The discussion then moves to an analysis of the interactional, structural, and perceptual control foci in identity theory, which broadly correspond to the meso, macro, and micro levels of analysis in identity theory, respectively. All three foci or levels of analysis should be incorporated simultaneously into empirical and theoretical work on identities.
Bases of Identities
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The different bases of identities refer to the source of the meanings in the identity standard. Identities based on personal meanings, role meanings, group meanings, and social category meanings are discussed along with the implications and consequences of having meanings lodged in these different bases. While all identities operate in the same manner, there are differences among identities with different bases, which result from the context in which each type of identity is activated. However, person, role, group, and categorical identities can be thought of as simultaneously operating in situations. Indeed, within groups there are roles, and persons play out these roles in different ways based on the distinctive aspects that define who they are. This overlap of identities in situations is discussed. Finally, the authors discuss how the verification of the different identities is associated with different bases of self-esteem. The verification of person identities is associated with authenticity-based self-esteem, the verification of role identities is related to efficacy-based esteem, and the verification of group and categoric identities is tied to worth-based esteem.
The Origins of Chinese Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study investigates in archaeological context the prehistoric origins of Chinese writing in the Late Neolithic (3500–2000 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (2000–1250 BCE). It uses a novel and inclusive theoretical approach to the examination of archaeological evidence, grammatological data, and textual sources with the intent of demonstrating that Chinese writing emerged as a result of a long process that began in various parts of the territory of what is now China in the Late Neolithic and continued during the Early Bronze Age.
Introduction
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction outlines the problematique of the book: Why do people support the troops fighting in wars they oppose? How has this come to be produced as common sense? It contextualizes this puzzle by laying out the apparent disconnect between cultural myths of “good wars” and the military service required of “good” masculine citizens on the one hand, and the contemporary liberal democratic experience of distant wars fought by small, professional armed forces on the other hand. The chapter establishes the support the troops phenomenon in the US and UK (2001–2010) as an instance of gendered civilian anxiety stemming from non-service in wartime. It also briefly outlines the logic of inquiry, case selection, and methodology, as well as the structure, of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the argument, contextualized by an overview of the casualties of the war on terror. It considers support the troops discourse and its political legacies in the context of the war on terror. It then moves from the war on terror to liberalism more generally, reflecting upon the characteristics of support the troops discourses that (re)produce the role of solidaristic, gendered violence in making up the political community. Finally, it reflects on what is to be done about the constraints of mandatory support. The chapter works through the perils of conscription, fascism, and pacifism as attempts to resolve the violent paradoxes of liberalism. It argues that though it is uncomfortable and difficult, “we” must refuse to support the troops, and reframe our notions of obligation beyond the liberal nation-state, substituting an analytic (and ethic) of refusing complicity for the existing one of unquestioning loyalty.
Spiritual Care
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 thrust chaplains—especially those in healthcare—into the national spotlight as they cared for patients, family members, and exhausted and traumatized medical staff fighting the pandemic in real time. That spotlight, like COVID-19, was new, but the work of chaplains was not. This book asks who chaplains are, what they do across the United States, how that work is connected to the settings where they do it, and how they have responded to and helped shape contemporary shifts in the American religious landscape. The book focuses on Boston as a case study to show how chaplains have been, and remain, an important part of institutional religious ecologies, both locally and nationally. The book engages with scholarly literatures in sociology, religious studies, and organizational studies to contextualize these data. The book encourages scholars, religious leaders, and educators to step back and look around broadly enough so that they can see chaplains and integrate their work into thinking about American religious life. Considering the work of chaplains and keeping it on the radar of scholars and religious leaders may be a source of continuing insights into the future of religious life in the United States.