bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Depth of Planting Affects the Garden Peony
Authors: Howard Gene S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two peony varieties were field planted at 5 depths ranging from ground-level to 8 inches in 4 replications. Survival and flower production notes were taken in 1965, 1966, and 1967. Only the 8-inch depth had significantly adverse effects on survival. Ground-level and 2-inch depths had significantly higher flower production than deeper plantings.
Selectivity of Nitrofen Between Cabbage Cultivars
Authors: Hopen H. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increasing herbicide selectivity between weeds and economic crops has facilitated row crop production with a decreasing demand for labor to be used for mechanical weed control. However, selectivity has been identified in several cases (1, 2, 3) to be of an intra-specific nature. Intra-specific selectivity by growth regulating compounds (i.e. herbicides) provides interesting academic concepts for more adequate physiological models (4, 5, 6) than inter-specific comparisons. The increased selectivity does creat problems in the use of herbicides in commercial production practices because several cultivars of a crop are usually available. Robinson (3) has suggested that with close selectivity and the rapid changing of cultivar utilization, inbred lines may be the most appropriate indicator plants to utilize in determining herbicide tolerances.
The Effect of Ethrel on the Ripening of Montmorency Sour Cherries1
Authors: Anderson J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethrel (Amchem 66-329, 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid) is a water soluble plant growth regulator thought to be degraded within plant cells resulting in the liberation of ethylene (1, 2). The eth-lene released within the plant is probably responsible for the subsequently observed biological activity.
The Thinning Effect of 3-chlorophenoxy-α-propionamide (3-CPA) in Paloro Peach
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
3-CPA when applied to peach moves slowly, accumulating in the margins and veins of leaves, and the epidermal and sub-epidermal layers in the fruit and the micropylar end of the ovule. Equal degrees of fruit thinning resulted when fruit or leaves alone were treated with 3-CPA. Treating both leaves and fruit resulted in an additive thinning effect. Uniform spray coverage is emphasized to obtain uniform thinning results.
Incorporating TMV Resistance into Tomato Hybrids1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The practical significance of incorporating TMV resistance into F1 hybrid tomatoes can hardly be over-estimated. Internal browning, graywall and blotchy ripening disorders continue to plague the greenhouse tomato grower and constitute perhaps his greatest current disease problem. Lewis and Taylor (6) pointed out the confusion which exists with regard to the association of TMV with these disorders.
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Following publication in 1965 (9) of the identity of Abscisin II isolated from cotton by Addicott's group, it was established that sycamore dormin and Abscisin II have the same structure (3). Abscisin II was later named abscisic acid (1). This and other research (4, 8, 10) shows that this is apparently a widely distributed compound.
The Influence of Mechanization on Processing of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Allewelt William F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
I greatly appreciate your invitation to participate in this symposium. As a layman involved in the workings of the canning industry, my principal contribution will be to provide a further dimension for your deliberations. I will attempt to describe the social and economic environments which have caused us to appeal to you for accelerated development of mechanical equipment for the production and processing of fruits and vegetables.
A Rapid and Accurate System for Scoring Tomato Fruit Cracking
Authors: Armstrong R. J. , Thompson A. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many studies have been conducted concerning the crack resistance of tomato fruits. Various means of measuring crack susceptibility of tomato fruits have been used. Iverson (3), Reynard (6), and Prashar and Lambeth (5) have used rating systems to evaluate cracking of tomato fruits. These systems were rapid and suitable for distinguishing between relatively large differences in crack resistance. Johannessen (4), Voisey and MacDonald (10), and Voisey and Lyall (9) have devised instruments to measure the mechanical strength of the tomato skin. Methods using these instruments are slow and the relationship between crack resistance of tomato fruits and the mechanical strength of the skin has not been definitely established. White and Whatley (11) have suggested the use of a map measure to measure the lengths of cracks in tomatoes and apples. This method is very accurate, but it is slow and limits the number of fruits that can be evaluated. Hepler (2) developed, and Thompson et al.(7) and Thompson (8) used the Illinois vacuum-immersion technique for testing the resistance of fruit cracking in tomatoes. It consists of placing in water fruits selected at incipient color, drawing a partial vacuum and holding the vacuum until bubbles are no longer emitted from the stem scar, then continuing the immersion for a certain period at normal pressure. The resulting cracks are measured with a map measure. This method has the advantage in that it can differentiate crack resistance among lines that appear resistant to cracking in the field. The conditions under which cracking occurs can be controlled by using this method, and a large part of the environmental effect upon cracking can be eliminated. This method is rapid as far as inducing cracking is concerned, but extremely time—consuming when it comes to measuring the induced cracks. This is especially true on lines where large amounts of cracking are induced on the fruit.
Nitrogen Stress and Premature Leaf Abscission in Citrus
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The growth response of grapefruit trees to a wide range in N supply was followed for seven years. The rates of N were 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 lb. per tree per year. Deficiency symptoms increased in severity with diminished supply below 3 lb. The most striking symptom was the lack of adequate foliage resulting from early abscission of mature leaves. Leaf and shoot production and ultimate tree size were essentially the same on all levels of N. Leaf life was one year or less under N stress compared to about two years when N supply was adequate.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Ripening
Authors: Dostal H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The obvious changes which occur during ripening have long been the mainstay of man’s evaluation of fruit and vegetable quality. Influence of environment on these changes have been investigated over the past decade. More recently, research has focused on the basic physiological processes which occur prior to and in close association with the manifested ripening changes.
Metabolic Control of Ripening1
Authors: Looney N. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is generally agreed that fruit ripening is a biologically active process often involving high metabolic activity, increased activity of some enzyme systems, and ultimately in fleshy fruits, deterioration of the organ. These events occur in nature only at the proper physiological stage indicating that natural control systems operate to prevent premature ripening. Because of the dynamic nature of ripening in many species, it is probable that endogenous control systems also function to initiate ripening at the proper stage of ontogeny. The presence of these natural control mechanisms suggest that ripening may be subject to manipulation by horticultural, physiological or biochemical means and indeed, we are becoming increasingly aware of and conversant with concepts and techniques leading to control of this important plant process.
Anthocyanins in Pears1
Authors: Francis F. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The introduction of colored mutants and their development into commercial varieties of red pears has attracted considerable attention since the fruit has a very attractive appearance (4,6). Dayton (1) reported that Starkcrimson, a mutation from Clapps Favorite, differed from all other red sports in having approximately 50% of cells in the outer hypodermal layer colored with anthocyanin. The Eureka variety had approximately 10% of epidermal cells colored. All other red sports had anthocyanin only in the second histogenic layer. The epidermis was colorless, together with one or two cell layers below this. Starkcrimson and, for example, Max-Red Bartlett, a sport of Bartlett, probably developed from different gene mutations. It was of interest to determine whether the anthocyanin pigments were identical in the two varieties.
TIBA-Induced Pitting of Golden Delicious Apples
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Williams Max W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chemical 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA 1,2) has been reported by workers in the United States (1,2,3,4,8) and other countries (6,7) to influence flower bud initiation and branch angle of apple trees. This report describes injury to fruits and pedicels of Golden Delicious and to foliage of Golden Delicious, Delicious and Winesap apple trees from the application of 25 ppm TIBA about 4 weeks after bloom in North Central Washington.
Stem Attachment Area, A New Variable for Cucumber Breeders1
Authors: Burnham Milo , Peterson Clinton E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There have been few investigations of the anatomical and morphological characteristics of cucumber peduncles. Judson (3) reported that there are 10 vascular bundles entering the pistillate cucumber flower and the resulting fruit. Leonard (4), Bingley et al (1), and Burnham and Peterson (2) observed varietal and seasonal differences in the force required to pull the pickling cucumber fruit from its stem. The variety ‘Wisconsin SMR-12’ was easy to pick while Ohio MR-17’ was among those requiring a relatively high picking force.
The ASHS Educational Slide Collection1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Color slides put more life into all forms of horticultural teaching, in the classroom, for industry and agricultural meetings, as a part of garden club programs, also on television, the largest audience of all. The ASHS Slide Collection is under way. Help develop it! Make use of it! The Education Committee suggests that a good slide set with narrative should be given the same administrative credit as any other form of publication.
Color Measurement in Plant Breeding
Authors: Francis F.J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Instrumentation for color measurement is relatively well developed in terms of a convenient and accurate tool for the plant breeder. This paper discusses the development of a color solid and the meaning of a color reading in terms of the Judd-Hunter solid. Carrots are used as a specific example with references to squash, sweetpotatoes and red fruit juices. Color measurement can be used to predict the appearance of a fruit or vegetable which in turn can be used to predict the consumer acceptance in terms of appearance for the product. These methods are fairly accurate and are limited only by the ingenuity of the operator to present the sample to the instrument. The readings will reflect the visual impact from all factors which affect the color. It is unlikely that a color reading can be used to follow the development or degradation of a single pigment unless the system under study has only one predominant pigment. Such cases are relatively uncommon with fruits and vegetables.
Comparative Endosperm Cytokinesis in Two Low Chilling, Short Cycle Peaches and a Nectarine1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Edwards T. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Development from free nuclear to completely cellular endosperm was observed in ‘Flordasun’ and ‘Early Amber’ peaches and ‘Sunred’ nectarine. The free nuclear stage was present at 33, 38 and 49 days before first harvest, respectively, after which cytokinesis began. Approximately a third of the fruit had completely cellular endosperm at 23, 32 and 43 days before first harvest, at which times seed lengths and fruit diameters were 13.5 and 24.1 mm, 13.2 and 22.9 mm, and 11.4 and 20.5 mm, respectively. During cytokinesis, fruit and seed sizes were larger in the varieties with a shorter developmental cycle. Endosperm was completely cellular in all fruit of each variety at 19, 30 and 39 days and early stages of stone hardening was observed at 21, 30 and 43 days before first harvest. Seed length, fruit diameter and fruit volume were highly correlated within each variety and these parameters were related to the stages of endosperm development.
Effect of Ethrel on Growth and Bulb Initiation in Onion1
Authors: Levy D. , Kedar N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Young onion plants were grown in glass tubes under short daylength non-inductive for bulbing. Ethrel was added to the growth medium and caused swelling of leaf-bases, bulb initiation and a pronounced increase in the bulbing index. Swelling of leaf-bases was also observed in Ethrel treated plants of leek. In a replicated field experiment seedlings of 5 cultivars were sprayed once or several times with Ethrel at rates of 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 ppm. Except for one very early cultivar, which showed bulbing due to natural daylength, the treatments resulted in early bulb initiation and in a greatly increased rate of bulbing. Rates of 5,000 and 10,000 ppm Ethrel were more effective than lower concentrations but they also caused retarded leaf growth and a decrease in the final size of bulbs. The possible role of ethylene in bulbing of onion is discussed.
Muskmelon vs. Cantaloupe1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The common name for botanical varieties and cultivars of Cucumis melo L. is muskmelon. This term includes those forms with both edible and inedible fruits. In the United States the word “cantaloupe” has been applied to cultivars belonging to C. melo var. reticulatus Naud. The fruits of var. reticulatus are medium in size, the surface is netted, and has shallow vein tracts. The flesh is usually salmon colored, but it may vary from green to deep salmon-orange. The vines usually bear andromonoecious flowers, and the fruit generally separates from the stem when mature (slips). Most cultivars grown for commercial purposes in this country belong to C. melo var. reticulatus. The name “cantaloupe” has become firmly imbedded in American culture to indicate these medium-sized, netted melons found in season on shelves of nearly every grocery store and supermarket in the country. For this reason, little can be done to correct its usage except to point out that “cantaloupe” is a misnomer.
Some Effects of CCC and Alar on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of Apple1
Authors: McDonnell P. F. , Edgerton L. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The growth retardants, CCC and Alar, were compared for their effects on fruit set and fruit quality of apple. Early season sprays were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ and midsummer applications were made on ‘Idared’. Pre-bloom sprays of Alar increased fruit set on ‘Golden Delicious’. Pre-bloom applications of CCC and post-bloom applications of Alar tended to reduce set. Neither chemical influenced fruit size, flesh firmness or percent soluble solids of ‘Golden Delicious’ at the concentration used in this study. Pre-bloom sprays of both retardants increased the severity of fruit russet on this cultivar; post-bloom sprays did not affect russet. On ‘Idared’, Alar reduced fruit size and increased red color; it also increased flesh firmness at harvest but not after storage to March. CCC did not affect any measured characteristic of ‘Idared’ apples.
Genetics and Breeding Cooperatives for Horticultural Crops
Authors: Rick Charles M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Attention here will be confined to those non-profit groups that serve to exchange information and materials related to genetics and breeding of specific horticultural crops. Being independent of the formal scientific societies and having arisen electively according to demand, they are highly heterogeneous in regard to functions, organization, support, and even titles. In most respects this heterogeneity is commendable since the needs of the various groups differ, and each group develops a distinctive character. It is beyond the scope of this article to present all the details of each cooperative, but they will be compared in respect to the most important aspects of their structure and functions. I hope to avoid an excessive slant toward the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, with which I have been associated since its inception. Excluded from major consideration in this article are groups devoted exclusively to line testing (ex. Southern Tomato Exchange Program, STEP), those covering an entire crop group (e.g. Vegetable Improvement Newsletter, VIN; Small Fruit Workers, SFW), or those which are restricted regionally.
Texts in Tropical Horticulture, a Difficult Choice
Authors: Martin Franklin W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To most North American horticulturists, tropical horticulture is an “exotic” science. Familiar concepts such as length of growing season, degree of hardiness, winter dormancy, and critical day length are inappropriately applied to many tropical situations. Ignorance of tropical agriculture may lead one to believe that very little research has been done in tropical crops. A missionary attitude may prevail: We ought to send some of our horticulturists down there to show them how. These attitudes and beliefs are inappropriate in an age when American “know-how” is being widely exported.
Effects of Gibberellin and Alar Sprays upon Fruit Set, Seed Development, and Flowering of ‘Bartlett’ Pear1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Edgerton L. J. , Parker K. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Spray applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) were tested for their effects in increasing fruit set when applied during bloom in two commercial pear orchards in which cross-pollination was limited. No beneficial effects were obtained, and flower bud formation was inhibited at concentrations of 20 to 100 ppm. In one year, the inhibitory effect of GA3 upon flowering was partially offset by spraying with 500 or 1000 ppm of succinic acid, 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at petal fall.
Effect of Fall Application of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Williams M. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Limb units and whole trees of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ sprayed in the fall with 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Ethrel significantly decreased fruit set and vegetative growth the following season.
Physiological Differences Between a Green and a Tan Dry Podded Line of Snap Bean1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Honma S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A green and tan dry podded line of snap bean was compared with respect to respiration rate, chlorophyll degradation, % dry matter of the leaves, effects of light and Ethrel treatment on abscission of petiole expiants, and fresh weight increase of leaf discs floated on a nutrient solution. The green dry podded Une respired at a higher rate, degraded chlorphyll at a slower rate and contained a higher percentage of dry matter than the tan dry podded line. Petiole explants from the green dry podded line abscised faster in the dark and slower in the light than petiole explants from the tan dry podded line. Ethrel treatment of petiole explants resulted in promotion of abscission in both phenotypes but did not change the relative rates of abscission. Fresh weight increase in leaf discs floated in nutrient solution was greater than for the green dry podded line than the tan. These observations suggest that the green dry podded line has a higher endogenous level of kinetin or kinetin-like substance.
Effect of Time of Disbudding on Single-Harvest Yields and Maturity of ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels Sprouts1
Authors: Cutliffe J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The terminal bud was removed from ‘Jade Cross’ Brussels sprout plants when sprouts began to develop and at various later stages of sprout development. Total marketable single-harvest yields increased as time of disbudding was delayed and equalled those of normal plants when disbudding was delayed to the 9- whorl stage or later. Thus, terminal bud removal on ‘Jade Cross’ cannot be justified on the basis of increased single-harvest marketable yields. However, time of removal of the terminal bud affected maturity and the optimum harvest period of disbudded plants was advanced as much as 12 to 14 days. This effect of disbudding can be of assistance to a grower or processor in obtaining earlier production or in scheduling an extended harvesting period.
Effects of Certain Soil Fumigants on Essential Nutritive Components and the Respiratory Rate of Carrot1 (Daucus carota L.) Roots
Authors: Wu Maureen , Singh B. , Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. , Dull G. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Telone (10, 20, 30 gal/acre) and Nemagon (1, 2, 3 gal/acre) were applied to the soil one week before planting of carrots. Compared to the untreated controls, the roots of the treated plants had a significantly higher content of total carotene, β-carotene and total sugars and a lower rate of respiration.
Defoliation of Snap Beans with Preharvest Treatments of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Palevitch Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) applied to snap bean plants (cv. ‘Tenderette’) at 250-4000 ppm as a preharvest treatment caused considerable leaf abscission. A reduction in yield per plant resulted from yellowing and abscission of the pods. Much less damage occurred with the lower concentrations and/or by postponing the treatment close to the anticipated harvest time. The effectiveness of Ethrel as a leaf abscission promotor was greater in the summer than in the autumn season. The possible use of Ethrel as an aid for mechanical harvesting of snap beans is discussed.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Sex Expression and Yield in Butternut Squash and its Usefulness in Producing Hybrid Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethrel, 250 ppm, applied at 9 weekly intervals, starting when the first true leaf was about 1 inch in diam. produced 91% pistillate flowers, increased fruit numbers, and decreased fruit wt of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ squash. Plant spread was reduced under this treatment due to a shortening of in tern ode length. Treatments of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm of Ethrel applied once did not change significantly the no. of pistillate flowers on a whole plant basis. The total fruit yield did not differ among treatments. Ethrel could be used to develop a female line of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ as an aid in the development of F1 hybrids having low crookneck frequency.
Optimum Tree Density for Apple Orchards1
Authors: Cain John C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Orchard density is considered as the fraction of land covered by trees at any time. Using a generalized expression for tree spread as a function of age, a general expression is derived for mean lifetime orchard density for trees of various sizes. These curves show maxima with tree sizes of 10 to 15 ft for orchard lifetimes of 24 to 40 years. Evidence is presented showing a significant negative correlation between tree size and production per unit of tree area. This regression applied to mean lifetime orchard density values shows that maximum lifetime production can be expected from trees whose final “hold spread” is 10 to 12 ft when spaced in the row at this distance with a fixed alley clearance of 8 ft.