bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrification of water: From basics to applications
Authors: Jin Yuankai , Wu Chenyang , Sun Pengcheng , Wang Mingmei , Cui Miaomiao , Zhang Chao , Wang Zuankai 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs the most common but indispensable matter to humankind, water usually stays in a macroscopically electric neutral state. Due to its inherent molecular polarity, however, water can be easily electrified, which builds a connection between water and electricity. Such a coupling of water and electricity abounds deep scientific basics and technological applications. The past several decades have witnessed extensive progress in studying the mutual effects between electricity and water, but a comprehensive review of its fundamentals and applications is still largely missing. In this review, we first reassess and classify the basic electrifying methods of water according to their mechanisms, then highlight how to leverage the bond nexus of water and electricity to achieve promising technical applications. We envision that this review will inspire multidisciplinary scientific communities to think and innovate more on the research of water, electricity, and their marriage.
Breeding system and geospatial variation shape the population genetics of Triodanis perfoliata
Authors: Tackett Morgan , Berg Colette , Simmonds Taylor , Lopez Olivia , Brown Jason , Ruggiero Robert , Weber Jennifer 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBoth intrinsic and extrinsic forces work together to shape connectivity and genetic variation in populations across the landscape. Here we explored how geography, breeding system traits, and environmental factors influence the population genetic patterns of Triodanis perfoliata, a widespread mix‐mating annual plant in the contiguous US. By integrating population genomic data with spatial analyses and modeling the relationship between a breeding system and genetic diversity, we illustrate the complex ways in which these forces shape genetic variation. Specifically, we used 4705 single nucleotide polymorphisms to assess genetic diversity, structure, and evolutionary history among 18 populations. Populations with more obligately selfing flowers harbored less genetic diversity (π: R2 = .63, p = .01, n = 9 populations), and we found significant population structuring (FST = 0.48). Both geographic isolation and environmental factors played significant roles in predicting the observed genetic diversity: we found that corridors of suitable environments appear to facilitate gene flow between populations, and that environmental resistance is correlated with increased genetic distance between populations. Last, we integrated our genetic results with species distribution modeling to assess likely patterns of connectivity among our study populations. Our landscape and evolutionary genetic results suggest that T. perfoliata experienced a complex demographic and evolutionary history, particularly in the center of its distribution. As such, there is no singular mechanism driving this species' evolution. Together, our analyses support the hypothesis that the breeding system, geography, and environmental variables shape the patterns of diversity and connectivity of T. perfoliata in the US.
Dung‐visiting beetle diversity is mainly affected by land use, while community specialization is driven by climate
Authors: Englmeier Jana , von Hoermann Christian , Rieker Daniel , Benbow Marc Eric , Benjamin Caryl , Fricke Ute , Ganuza Cristina , Haensel Maria , Lackner Tomáš , Mitesser Oliver , Redlich Sarah , Riebl Rebekka , Rojas‐Botero Sandra , Rummler Thomas , Salamon Jörg‐Alfred , Sommer David , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Tobisch Cynthia , Uhler Johannes , Uphus Lars , Zhang Jie , Müller Jörg 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDung beetles are important actors in the self‐regulation of ecosystems by driving nutrient cycling, bioturbation, and pest suppression. Urbanization and the sprawl of agricultural areas, however, destroy natural habitats and may threaten dung beetle diversity. In addition, climate change may cause shifts in geographical distribution and community composition. We used a space‐for‐time approach to test the effects of land use and climate on α‐diversity, local community specialization (H2′) on dung resources, and γ‐diversity of dung‐visiting beetles. For this, we used pitfall traps baited with four different dung types at 115 study sites, distributed over a spatial extent of 300 km × 300 km and 1000 m in elevation. Study sites were established in four local land‐use types: forests, grasslands, arable sites, and settlements, embedded in near‐natural, agricultural, or urban landscapes. Our results show that abundance and species density of dung‐visiting beetles were negatively affected by agricultural land use at both spatial scales, whereas γ‐diversity at the local scale was negatively affected by settlements and on a landscape scale equally by agricultural and urban land use. Increasing precipitation diminished dung‐visiting beetle abundance, and higher temperatures reduced community specialization on dung types and γ‐diversity. These results indicate that intensive land use and high temperatures may cause a loss in dung‐visiting beetle diversity and alter community networks. A decrease in dung‐visiting beetle diversity may disturb decomposition processes at both local and landscape scales and alter ecosystem functioning, which may lead to drastic ecological and economic damage.
Short‐term plant–soil feedback experiment fails to predict outcome of competition observed in long‐term field experiment
Authors: Beckman Noelle G. , Dybzinski Ray , Tilman David 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMounting evidence suggests that plant–soil feedbacks (PSF) may determine plant community structure. However, we still have a poor understanding of how predictions from short‐term PSF experiments compare with outcomes of long‐term field experiments involving competing plants. We conducted a reciprocal greenhouse experiment to examine how the growth of prairie grass species depended on the soil communities cultured by conspecific or heterospecific plant species in the field. The source soil came from monocultures in a long‐term competition experiment (LTCE; Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, MN, USA). Within the LTCE, six species of perennial prairie grasses were grown in monocultures or in eight pairwise competition plots for 12 years under conditions of low or high soil nitrogen availability. In six cases, one species clearly excluded the other; in two cases, the pair appeared to coexist. In year 15, we gathered soil from all 12 soil types (monocultures of six species by two nitrogen levels) and grew seedlings of all six species in each soil type for 7 weeks. Using biomass estimates from this greenhouse experiment, we predicted coexistence or competitive exclusion using pairwise PSFs, as derived by Bever and colleagues, and compared model predictions to observed outcomes within the LTCE. Pairwise PSFs among the species pairs ranged from negative, which is predicted to promote coexistence, to positive, which is predicted to promote competitive exclusion. However, these short‐term PSF predictions bore no systematic resemblance to the actual outcomes of competition observed in the LTCE. Other forces may have more strongly influenced the competitive interactions or critical assumptions that underlie the PSF predictions may not have been met. Importantly, the pairwise PSF score derived by Bever et al. is only valid when the two species exhibit an internal equilibrium, corresponding to the Lotka–Volterra competition outcomes of stable coexistence and founder control. Predicting the other two scenarios, competitive exclusion by either species irrespective of initial conditions, requires measuring biomass in uncultured soil, which is methodologically challenging. Subject to several caveats that we discuss, our results call into question whether long‐term competitive outcomes in the field can be predicted from the results of short‐term PSF experiments.
Application of sericin‐based edible coating material for postharvest shelf‐life extension and preservation of tomatoes
Authors: Tarangini Korumilli , Kavi Palepu , Jagajjanani Rao Korukonda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper studied the effects of sericin‐based edible coating material on the quality and shelf‐life of tomatoes over 40 days of storage at 25°C and relative humidity of 70%. The key constituents of the coating material are sericin (1.5%), chitosan (1.0%), Aloe vera (1.0%), and glycerol (1.5%) in an aqueous solution and applied onto tomatoes in a simple dip‐coating technique. Weight loss, firmness titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and lycopene content were investigated and scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the semipermeable nature and the thickness of the coating layer. The results stated that the developed coating material reduced weight and firmness losses in tomatoes. With increased storage time, fruit TA content was increased and the values of pH, TSS, lycopene content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant concentration stood low in comparison with uncoated tomatoes. With no evidence of wrinkles (up to 21 days), visible cracks, or deterioration on coated fruits during the study period, the application of sericin‐based coating might be useful commercially for maintaining the postharvest quality control of tomatoes and even other fruits as well.
Characteristics and management of very elderly patients with heart failure: a retrospective, population cohort study
Authors: Olofsson Mona , Lindmark Krister , Stålhammar Jan , Törnblom Michael , Lundberg Anna , Wikström Gerhard , Boman Kurt 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsUnmet needs exist in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure (HF) in the elderly population. Our aim was to analyse and compare data of diagnostics and management of very elderly patients (aged ≥85 years) compared with younger patients (aged 18–84 years) with HF in Sweden.MethodsIncidence of ≥2 HF diagnosis (ICD‐10) was identified from primary/secondary care in Uppsala and Västerbotten during 2010–2015 via electronic medical records linked to data from national health registers. Analyses investigated the diagnosis, treatment patterns, hospitalizations and outpatient visits, and mortality.ResultsOf 8702 patients, 27.7% were ≥85 years old, women (60.2%); most patients (80.7%) had unknown left ventricular ejection fraction; key co‐morbidities comprised anaemia, dementia, and cerebrovascular disease. More very elderly patients received cardiovascular disease (CVD)‐related management after diagnosis in primary care (13.6% vs. 6.5%; P < 0.0001), but fewer patients underwent echocardiography (19.3% vs. 42.9%; P < 0.0001). Within 1 year of diagnosis, very elderly patients were less likely to be hospitalized (all‐cause admissions per patient: 1.9 vs. 2.3; P < 0.0001; CVD‐related admissions per patient: 1.8 vs. 2.1; P = 0.0004) or prescribed an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) plus a β‐blocker (45.2% vs. 56.9%; P < 0.0001) or an ACEI/ARB plus a β‐blocker plus a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (15.4% vs. 31.7%; P < 0.0001). One‐year mortality was high in patients ≥85 years old, 30.5% (CI: 28.3‐32.7%) out of 1797 patients.ConclusionsDespite the large number of very elderly patients with newly diagnosed HF in Sweden, poor diagnostic work‐up and subsequent treatment highlight the inequality of care in this vulnerable population.
Shaking‐table substructure test using a MDOF boundary‐coordinating device
Authors: Tian Yingpeng , Wang Tao , Zhou Huimeng , Du Chunbo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBoundary coordination is necessary for a shaking‐table substructure test (STST), which includes transferring forces and displacements between the tested and numerical substructures. Unlike other real‐time hybrid tests (RTHTs), the physical substructure is mounted on a shaking table and excited by the inertial force, which naturally requires a force control for boundary coordination. However, the natural velocity feedback in hydraulic actuators and high‐frequency noise in the force feedback signals makes it difficult to achieve force control. To solve these difficulties, in this study, a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) boundary‐coordinating device (BCD) is developed to simultaneously implement the boundary shear force and bending moment by the inertial force generated from shaking masses that are uniaxially driven by electromagnetic actuators. An STST framework was developed based on the BCD. The bottom two stories of a four‐story steel moment frame were selected as the physical substructure. A hydraulic shaking table was employed for ground excitation, and the BCD was used as the boundary coordinator for the numerical substructure, that is, the top two stories of the frame. To trace high‐frequency force signals, an enhanced three‐variable control (ETVC) method is proposed. Furthermore, an error‐response negative‐feedback compensation (ENC) method was developed to reduce the adverse effects of loading errors. Several rounds of STST tests demonstrated that the boundary commands were effectively traced by the BCD, so that the STST framework could consistently reproduce the seismic behavior of engineering structures.
Deep learning‐based evaluation for mechanical property degradation of seismically damaged RC columns
Authors: Miao Zenghui , Ji Xiaodong , Wu Minghui , Gao Xiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe evaluation of mechanical property degradation (i.e., stiffness and strength degradation) for seismically damaged reinforced concrete (RC) components is a critical step in the post‐earthquake assessment of the residual seismic capacity of buildings. In this study, a novel approach based on deep learning (DL) was proposed to evaluate the stiffness and strength degradation of RC columns according to visible seismic damage. A database was constructed by linking the test photos of RC column specimens with the loading points on the hysteretic curves, from which the stiffness and strength reduction factors (λK and λQ, respectively) were analyzed. Two novel convolutional network (CNN) modules were designed to enable feature extraction and integration of seismic damage with a reduced number of parameters, and multitask learning was introduced to enable adaptive feature fusion for stiffness and strength degradation individually. A deep convolutional network (DCNN) was therefore proposed to model the correlation between visible seismic damage and mechanical property degradation of flexural‐dominated RC columns, which can integrate visual characteristics and spatial topologies of visible damage to estimate λK and λQ. The application to two test specimens validated the preferable accuracy and robustness of the proposed DL‐based approach, and demonstrated its high potential for use in post‐earthquake performance assessment of buildings.
The effects of time variable fracture conductivity on gas production of horizontal well fracturing in natural gas hydrate reservoirs
Authors: Hao Yongmao , Yang Shiwei , Guo Yingchun , Yang Fan , Li Shuxia , Wang Chuanming , Xiao Xinhai 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea belong to muddy silt‐type hydrate reservoirs with low permeability. Horizontal well fracturing is one of the main stimulation methods for low‐permeability oil and gas reservoirs. For muddy silt‐type hydrate reservoirs, the stability and effectiveness of hydraulic fractures may be a severe problem due to poor reservoir cementation, reservoir deformation, and sand production. In this paper, the time variability of fracture conductivity is considered for the first time. According to the geological data at offshore gas hydrate production test site in the South China Sea, a multilayer hydrate reservoir model was established, and the influence of the time variable fracture conductivity on the production behavior in the process of horizontal well fracturing was analyzed. The simulation results show that, compared with the case of constant fracture conductivity, the gas production rate with the case of time variable fracture conductivity is greatly reduced, and the 5‐year cumulative gas production is reduced by 49.9%. Sensitivity analysis shows that the larger the initial fracture conductivity, the higher the peak gas production rate; the larger the attenuation magnitude of the fracture conductivity, the lower the gas production rate in the late production period; the larger the decline rate coefficient of the fracture conductivity, the higher the gas production rate in the early production period. The analysis of the orthogonal experimental design shows that the influence of the attenuation magnitude of fracture conductivity, the initial conductivity of fracture, and the decline rate coefficient of fracture conductivity on the cumulative gas production decreases in order. The actual production process should try to avoid excessive attenuation magnitude of fracture conductivity, while improving the initial fracture conductivity as much as possible to ensure high cumulative gas production.
Design and research of permanent magnet synchronous motor controller for electric vehicle
Authors: Huang Qi , Huang Qiuhong , Guo Hangcheng , Cao Jichao 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPermanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have high power density, stable output torque, low noise, and good speed regulation performance, making them very suitable for electric vehicle propulsion. In this paper, a PMSM controller, based on Renesas MCU, is designed. To meet the requirements of small size, lightweight, wide speed range, and power generation of the PMSM controller the design has been carried out from three aspects: hardware circuit, structural components, and software algorithm, including electronic component selection, hardware protection circuit, printed circuit board layout, control algorithm, structural strength, and the cooling channel. The controller prototype was produced and an experimental platform was built. The controller efficiency test, generator test, field weakening test, and temperature rise test were carried out. The experimental results verify the rationality of the design scheme. Compared with earlier motor controllers, this controller is small in size, light in weight with low cost.
Environmental thermoeconomic performance analysis of gas turbine combined cycle under off‐design conditions
Authors: Wang Zhen , Duan Liqiang , Zhang Zuxian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlthough the gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) system has better environmental performance, it still emits pollution gases such as CO2 and NOx. It is reasonable and necessary to add the environmental cost to the power production cost of the GTCC system. Based on the structure theory of thermoeconomics, through the reasonable pricing of pollutants (considering the environmental costs of CO2 and NOx emission), the system environmental thermoeconomic cost (ETC) model is developed in this study, which achieves absolute internalization of environmental costs. Taking GTCC with different gas turbine (GT) operation strategies as the research object, the influences of different operation strategies and environmental conditions on the GTCC system ETC are studied. The results of this study show that it is beneficial to maintain higher turbine inlet temperatures (T3) and turbine outlet temperatures (T4), thus ensuring better GTCC environmental thermoeconomic performance, and GTCC with the operation strategy (using inlet guide vane (IGV) control to maintain T3 at the design value and then to keep T4 at its maximum value (IGVT3‐650‐F) has the lowest ETC, which are 0.09429 $/kW·h at 75% gas turbine load rate (GTLR) and 0.10079 $/kW·h at 50% GTLR, respectively; reducing the emission of pollutants can reduce the unit ETC; for the combustion chamber, as the pollutant generation component of GTCC unit, it is most affected by the environmental damage cost; reducing the inlet air temperature can improve the system environmental thermoeconomic performance.
Smart contract assisted blockchain based public key infrastructure system
Authors: Panigrahi Amrutanshu , Nayak Ajit Kumar , Paul Rourab 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTPublic key infrastructure (PKI) is a reliable solution for Internet communication. PKI finds applications in secure email, virtual private network (VPN), e‐commerce, e‐governance, and so on. It provides a secure mechanism to authenticate users and communications. The conventional PKI system is centralized, which exposes the infrastructure to many security issues. The digital certificate generation and validation processes in PKI suffer from high latency and inadequate authentication processes. Moreover, it needs enormous time and effort to mitigate the malfeasance of the certificate authority (CA). The complexity of employing the traditional key and certificate management increases by enforcing the centralized , which can compromise the transaction security. To overcome the aforementioned issues of PKI, three different solutions have been reported in the literature: Log based PKI (LBPKI), Web of Trust (WoT), and blockchain based PKI. The blockchain based PKI achieves more attention as it is the combination of LBPKI and WoT, which serves distributed trust, log of transactions, and constant sized data to verify the identity of users. Motivated by these facts, this article reports a blockchain‐based PKI system which has a lighter smart contract and less storage capacity and is also suitable for lightweight applications. The lighter smart contract in our infrastructure uses a , which validates the limit of one participating node for becoming the of any transaction inside the network. This approach can prevent distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. This smart contract also checks the signer node address. The proposed smart contract can prevent seven cyber attacks, such as Denial of Service (DoS), Man in the Middle Attack (MITM), Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), 51%, Injection attacks, Routing Attack, and Eclipse attack. The Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus algorithm used in this model reduces the number of validators for each transaction which makes it suitable for lightweight applications. The timing complexity of key/certificate validation and signature/certificate revocation processes do not depend on the number of transactions. The comparisons of various timing parameters with existing solutions show that the proposed PKI is competitively better.
Performance evaluation of cooperative‐nonorthogonal multiple access‐based improved hybrid simultaneous wireless information and power transfer protocol
Authors: Amin Ahmed Al , Shin Soo Young 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe integration of cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) and the improved hybrid simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) (IHS) protocol (termed the CNOMA‐IHS scheme) is proposed in this article. The proposed CNOMA‐IHS scheme performs the energy harvesting to energize the cooperative relay operation from cell center user to cell edge user and also convey information to the users as well. Moreover, the proposed scheme also conveys multiple different symbols to the users to improve the user channel capacities, ergodic sum capacity (ESC), and energy efficiency (EE). Finally, the analytical and simulation results illustrated the proposed scheme outperforms the existing CNOMA based SWIPT schemes as well as orthogonal multiple access based IHS scheme in terms of ESC and EE.