bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering from 3.8 to 4.2 gal spray/tree or 364 to 403 gal/acre. Trees were 23 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the M.2 rootstock. A Pounce spray was applied on 21 Apr (pink); Brigade was applied 13 May (petal fall) and 29 May (first cover); and Imidan was applied 14 and 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug as the first treatment. Danitol treatments were applied 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug, followed by Guthion in the remaining cover sprays 29 May, 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 18 Aug. Danitol was also applied at a high rate along with Spray oil on 13 May. This treatment was followed with Guthion applications in the remaining cover sprays commencing 6 Jun. DPX-EY059 was applied at three different rates on 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug. EF-667 and EF-667 + Lorsban were applied starting 13 May. Fenoxycarb and Guthion treatments were initiated 21 Apr. All four treatments were applied in cover sprays 29 May, 14 and 30 Jun or 1 and 17 Jul and 4 and 18 Aug. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80S 15.5 lb/acre, 12 Apr; Cyprex 65W 1.5 lb/acre, 13 and 23 May; and Rubigan 1EC.7 lb/acre, 14 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 23 May using from 0 to 10 ppm depending on the cultivar. White apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves from one 'Greening' and one 'Empire' tree/plot on 15 Jul. Apple and spirea aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals on one 'McIntosh' tree/plot on 10 Jun and one 'McIntosh' and one 'Cortland' tree/plot on 23 Jun. European apply sawfly and plum curculio were evaluated prior to June drop by examining all fruit in 25 fruiting clusters on one 'McIntosh' tree/plot on 8 Jun. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 6 Aug by counting mines on 25 spurs (125 leaves) from one 'McIntosh' and one 'Greening' tree/plot. Insect damage to the fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruit/cultivar/plot from 'Jersey Mac' 31 Jul and 'Golden Delicious' 25 Sep. 'Golden Delicious' finish was also evaluated 25 Sep using a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish) to grade each fruit. An early spring resulted in an early and prolonged bloom period. Rainfall was above average throughout most of the season; temperatures were generally normal for the area.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test pesticides were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature apple trees planted 40 by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 3 replications (cultivars) per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 500 psi on the following dates; 18 Apr (pink [P]), 7 May (petal fall [PF]), 23 May (first cover [1C]), 4 Jun (second cover [2C]), 18 Jun (third cover [3C]), 30 Jun (fourth cover [4C]), 14 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 28 Jul (sixth cover [6C]) and 13 Aug (seventh cover [7C]). Treatments containing Asana also included Captan 50 WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal; all other treatments included Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed from the leaves onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) and white apple leafhopper (WALH) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of infested terminals per tree was used to evaluate potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (GAA) infestations. Woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested areas per tree.
Pear, Residual Control of Pear Psylla, 1987
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate residual life of Abamectin and amitraz for control of pear psylla nymphs. Leaves were collected from trees at intervals after applications. Ten circular disks, 2.2 cm diam, were punched from leaves and floated on wet paper towels in 15-cm plastic Petri dishes for each treatment at each postapplication interval. Ten PP nymphs were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Treatments were evaluated by counting dead and live nymphs after 72 h exposure on the disks. Tests were conducted with leaves collected 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after sprays were applied for the 4 May test but only 1, 7, and 14 days after sprays for the 8 and 29 Jun tests. To test toxicity of growing terminal;- to adult PP, shoots were collected from each treatment and the control 17 days after applications for the 4 May test and 1, 7, and 14 days after sprays foi the 8 and 29 Jun tests. Test shoots were placed upright in sand in clay pots. The pots were placed in a tray containing 2 inches of water to keep shoots turgid. Twenty-five summer-form adult PP were caged on each shoot for 3 to 6 days then surviving adults and eggs were counted. An intense, short rain shower occurred about 30 min after the 8 Jun application.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six-year-old pear trees were sprayed by handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of PP. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks 2 rows wide containing 48 trees. The test orchard was sprayed on 6 Mar with Pydrin 2.4 EC, 1 pt/100 gal, and superior type oil, 1 gal/100 gal, to reduce density of overwintered adult PP. Experimental programs were compared to a standard program consisting of a 1 Apr spray containing Pydrin 2.4 EC, 4 oz, parathion 25% WP, 1 lb; and Morestan 25% WP, 1 lb/100 gal; sprays on 21 May and 17 Jun containing Guthion 50% WP 8 oz, Amitraz 50% WP 12 oz/100 gal; and a 14 Jul spray containing Guthion 50% WP 8 oz, amitraz 50% WP 12 oz, and Plictran 50% WP 6 oz/100 gal. PP eggs, nymphs, and adults were counted at 2-wk intervals. Eggs and nymphs were counted on 10 fruiting spurs/plot on 24 Apr and two 50-leaf samples/ plot thereafter. Entire spurs were examined using a dissecting microscope. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, the distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 shoots and were processed by the standard leaf-brushing technique. Adults were counted by the limb-tap method. Phytophagous mites were also counted on the brushed-leaf samples. PP, PRM russet, and CM damage were rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit/per plot.
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 4- to 5-tree plots consisting of Bartlett (9 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were bud burst (BB), 3 Apr; white-bud (WB), 21 Apr; petal fall (PF), 6 May; first cover (IC), 26 May; third cover (3C), 19 Jun; fourth cover (4C), 8 Jul; sixth cover (6C), 30 Jul. Approximately 1.75 gal of spray was applied/tree. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 1 Jun counts were made by sampling 5 mid-terminal and 5 distal leaves from each tree. Pear psylla pressure was moderate through the experiment.
Pear, Effect of Calcium Chloride on Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. , Mielke E. , Facteau T. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 4.4-acre 60-yr-old commercial pear block was subdivided into 4 equal-sized plots. Two plots were treated with calcium chloride (MORA-LEAF 94%) on 14 and 28 Jul and 12 Aug. Calcium chloride was tank-mixed with other materials, which were applied on those dates. Triton B-1956 was added as spreader at 2 oz/100 gal to all calcium chloride treatments except the first. The postbloom insect and mite control program consisted of the following (rates are given as formulated material/acre): Guthion 50WP (1.25 lb) on 19 May, 3 Jun, 28 Jul, and 12 Aug; Vydate L (2 qt) plus Plictran 50 WP (2 lb) on 3 Jun and 14 Jul; and Mitac (3 lb) on 28 Jul. Streptomycin and fungicides were applied as needed for disease control. PP nymphs and eggs were counted on 96 terminal leaves/replicate (1 leaf each from top, middle, and bottom position from 2 terminals/tree). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. In addition, 100 leaves/replicate (5 leaves each from 20 trees) were brushed with a mite-brushing machine to evaluate mite populations. Fruit of each variety was examined at harvest for PP russett (200 fruit/replicate).
Methyl Bromide Quarantine Treatment for Codling Moth on Exported Nectarines, 1987
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. , Hartsell Preston L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Small- and large-scale test were used to develop a methyl bromide (MB) quarantine treatment to disinfest 6 early to mid-season nectarine cultivars of codling moth (CM) for export to Japan. Nectarines were infested with 1-day-old CM eggs, the CM life stage least susceptible to MB. Small-scale tests were conducted in 1986 using 28-Iitei fiberglass chambers. At least 8 MB doses were tested for each nectarine cultivar to determine the dose/response of CM eggs to MB fumigation. Fumigations were for 2 h at 21°C with a 50% fruit volume load factor. After treatment and aeration for 30 min, the infested fruit were removed from the fumigation chambers and held at 22-23°C. Egg hatch was determined 7-8 days after treatment. Data were analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) PROBIT procedure. Large-scale tests were conducted in 1986-1987 in 3.12-m3 wood chambers that had the interior surfaces sealed with epoxy paint. Large-scale tests were used to establish the efficacy of the MB quarantine treatment that was based on small-scale test results. Procedures were similar to small-scale tests except treated fruit were aerated for 2 h after fumigation and treated eggs were examined for hatch at 2- to 3-day intervals over a period of 15-17 days after oviposition. CM eggs on fruit used in controls were handled similarly to treated fruit except controls were not fumigated with MB.
Peach, Miticide Trials, 1987
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
These tests were carried out in a 5-yr-old orchard of ‘Red Haven,’ ‘Crest Haven,’ ‘Loring,’ and ‘Jefferson’ peaches. In the first table, treatments were applied on 8 Jul with an FMC PT50 airblast sprayer operated at 300 psi and 1.5 mph to deliver 2.25 gal/tree. Single tree plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the second table, treatments were applied on 11 and 22 May with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi to deliver 200 gal/acre. Single-tree plots were replicated 5 times (1 and 2, ‘Loring’; 3 and 4, ‘Red Haven’; and 5, ‘Jefferson’) and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data were transformed to × + 1 or arcsine × prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the tables, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a = 0.05, DMRT. For disease control, the orchard was sprayed with Captan as needed. ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree.
Insecticide Evaluation for Popillia Japonica Control on Grapes, 1987
Authors: Aim Steven R. , Williams Roger N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test insecticides were applied to 21-yr-old Concord grapevines planted 2.7 by 2.4 m. A randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates (2 vines/replicate) was used for evaluation. Applications were made on 10 and 26 Jun and 3 Aug with a hand-held C02 sprayer and a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2). Japanese beetle damage to leaves was evaluated by rating 20 leaves per replicate. Ratings were as follows: 1, no damage; 2, &lt;50% of leaf area marked by feeding; 3, &gt;50% of leaf area marked by feeding; 4, &gt;50% of leaf area marked by feeding plus &lt;50% of leaf area totally removed; and 5, &gt;50% of leaf area totally removed.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1986
Authors: Knapp Joseph L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to completely randomized 1 acre plots replicated 2 times. Ground treatments were applied using an Air-O-Fan pto airblast sprayer at 200 psi applying 476 gal/A. Aerial treatments were applied using a Hiller UH-12E helicopter with a simplex spray system utilizing 45 nozzles flying at 25 mph while applying 20 gal/A. CRM were counted in 2-lcm2 10 × lensfield on opposite surfaces of 20 fruit selected at random around 20 trees in each replicate for a total of 400 fruit/treatment.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests, 1987
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to plots ranging from 1 to 3 acres as allowed by grove shape. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Sprays were applied with an FMC 757 airblast sprayer equipped with tree sees (sonic tree sensors) on 3-4 Aug. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 16 trees at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Wiens Mel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was located at the Irrigation Station, Staples, Minn. Soils are sandy loam and were irrigated both prior to and after planting. Plots were 2 row × 31 ft in length, treatments replicated 4 times and arranged by pairs in a randomized complete block design. The field was first marked with a 4-row planter and a combination of blood meal, bone meal, and meat scraps (1:1:1) distributed in the planter tracks. Three hundred lb of this mixture was used on reps 1 through 3 and the field then irrigated. Four days later the seed, which already had been treated with captan and bacterial inoculant, was treated with insecticide when appropriate, using water as a sticker. The seed was allowed to dry for 1 h and was then seeded using a John Deere Maximerge 4-row planter. Granular insecticides were applied in a 6-inch band by hand following seeding but on the same day and lightly incorporated. The field was again irrigated to provide uniform plant emergence. Stand and damage counts were taken on 20 ft of row. Damage was converted to a percentage, transformed using ARCSINE and then compared. Both rows were harvested for yield. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, and weighed and a moisture was taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature trees on 21 Apr; 13 and 27 May; 16 Jun; 6 and 27 Jul; and 11 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. All trees were sprayed with Lorsban 4E 2.5 pt/A on Apr 8 before the test began. Insect damage was evaluated on 24 Aug by randomly selecting and checking 50 apples/replicate. Only codling moth and redbanded leafroller damage could be analyzed. Other damage is included on the chart and the total damage from all insects is shown. Average finish ratings were evaluated for each treatment by grading each apple in a 100-apple sample on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being the best).
Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 5 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 23 Sep and 5 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (15 Sep, 8 Oct), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 25 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 26 Oct).
Aphid Control on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Greenback YR' variety cabbage was seeded on 2 Mar into 40 inch rows at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots measured 30 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by one row of grain sorghum. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Apr through a CO2-powered ground sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre (60 psi, 4 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per plot). Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 7 days postspray by counting aphids on 5 randomly selected plants per plot.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Collards, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S H. , Hernandez J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Georgia’ collard seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 2 February 1989. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart, one row/bed, on 72 inch-center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Applications were made on 3, 10, 17, 23, and 31 Mar and 11 Apr, using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, small, medium, and large larvae of beet armyworm (BAW), and small and large larvae of cabbage budworm (CBW) were recorded on 8 plants/replicate on 6 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants/replicate at harvest (24 Apr), using a scale from 1-5 (1 = 0-3%, 2 = 4-10%, 3 = 11-25%, 4 = 26-50%, and 5 = 51-100% of leaves damaged/plant; based on number of leaves/plant). A second rating was taken by assigning plants to one of these 5 damage indices based on visual estimates.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky Sap Beetle and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J. , Patton Terrance W. , Bean Richard , Dively Galen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 5 Jun 1989. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk (24 Jul), 28 Jul and 1 Aug. Plots were harvested 8 Aug and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm Control, 1989
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , Hsiao W. F. , Nault B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn seed was planted on 12 Jun at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row wide with 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone sprayer using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi with a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed on the plant ears. Sprays were applied 7 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 31 Jul and continuing on 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 14 Aug. All ears in the center 16 ft of row were examined on 16 Aug for the presence of larvae or damage.
Use of Labeled and Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1989
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted 16 Jun. Each treatment plot was 6 rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Teejet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liter of finished spray/ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 15, 18, 22 and 29 Aug. Plots were evaluated 5 Sep by removing 25 ears/treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Control on Eggplant, 1989
Authors: Cartwright Bob 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Florida Market’ eggplant transplants were planted at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK on 21 Jun. Test plots were established in randomized block design, with 4 replications of each treatment. Each plot consisted of 13 plants spaced 18 inches within rows and 6 ft between rows. Insecticide treatments were made using a COa powered backpack sprayer using two nozzles (TX-10) spaced 12 inches apart. The boom was oriented to direct spray into the plant canopy from the side and 2 passes/plot were used to get effective spray coverage. Total spray volume was 33 gal/acre. A single spray application was made on 11 Jul. Efficacy of treatments was assessed by counting CPB eggs, egg masses, young larvae (&lt;3rd instar), large larvae (&gt;2nd instar), and CPB adults and YSA larvae on 8 plants/plot. Counts were made one day prior to treatment application, as well as 3, 7 and 14 DAT.
Onion Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Henry P. , Quentin M. , Stehr M. , Maier R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions (‘Spartan Banner 80’, thiram-treated seed) were seeded on 21 Apr 1989 at Dyk Brothers’ farm near Grant, MI. Plots were double rows, 20 ft long with 4 inches between rows within a plot, and 18 inches between plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular materials were applied in the furrow with the seed using a v-belt planter. Liquid materials were applied at planting directly into the furrow using a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 50 gal/acre) with the nozzle behind the shoe of the planter, but in front of the seed and the press wheel. Nematodes were applied on 18 May, with a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 100 gal/acre) in a ca. 2 inch band over the top of the row. Post-plant soil drench treatments (Lorsban 4 E or Trigard 75 WP) were applied on 22 Jun, with a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 50 gal/acre) in a ca. 2 inch band over the top of the row