bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population-based analysis of radiation-induced gliomas after cranial radiotherapy for childhood cancers
Authors: Leary Jacob B , Anderson-Mellies Amy , Green Adam L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Cranial radiotherapy (RT) used for pediatric CNS cancers and leukemias carries a risk of secondary CNS malignancies, including radiation-induced gliomas (RIG). Our aim was to characterize the epidemiology of RIG.

Methods
This retrospective study used SEER data (1975–2016). Cohort 1 included patients diagnosed with glioma as a second malignancy ≥2 years after receiving treatment for a first malignancy diagnosed at 0–19 years, either a primary CNS tumor (1a, n = 57) or leukemia (1b, n = 20). Cohort 2 included patients who received RT for a pediatric CNS tumor and died of presumed progressive disease &gt;7 years after diagnosis, since previous studies have documented many missed RIGs in this group (n = 296). Controls (n = 10 687) included all other patients ages 0–19 years who received RT for a first CNS tumor or leukemia.

Results
For Cohort 1, 0.77% of patients receiving cranial RT developed RIG. 3.39% of patients receiving cranial RT for primary CNS tumors fell in cohort 2. Median latency to RIG diagnosis was 11.1 years and was significantly shorter for cohort 1b than 1a. Median OS for cohort 1 was 9.0 months. Receiving surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy were all associated with a nonstatistically significant improvement in OS (P .1–.2). A total of 1.8% of all brain tumor deaths fell in cohort 1, with 7.9% in cohort 2.

Conclusion
A total of 1%–4% of patients undergoing cranial RT for pediatric cancers later developed RIG, which can occur 3–35 years after RT. Given the substantial and likely underestimated impact on overall CNS tumor mortality, RIG is deserving of increased attention in preclinical and clinical studies.
Socio-Economic Status Differences in Changing Affordability of Tobacco Products from 2011–2012 to 2018–2019 in India
Authors: Sharma Nitika , Nazar Gaurang P , Chugh Aastha , Chopra Mansi , Mdege Noreen D , John Rijo M , Arora Monika , Karan Anup 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionWe studied the change in affordability of tobacco products, an important determinant of tobacco use, across the different socio-economic status (SES) in India.Aims and MethodsWe calculated affordability in the form of relative income price (RIP-cost of tobacco products relative to income) for the years 2011–2012 and 2018–2019 using three different denominators, that is per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and net state domestic product at national and state levels, respectively; monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE); and individual wages. We investigated RIP for cigarettes, bidis, and smokeless tobacco (SLT) across different SES groups (caste groups, type of employment, and education).ResultsRIP increased marginally for cigarettes, bidis and remained almost constant for SLT across casual workers. However, when RIP was adjusted with SES variables, there was no significant change (p &gt; .05) in the affordability of products for casual workers in the year 2018–2019 as compared to 2011–2012. For regular workers, cigarettes and bidis became marginally less affordable (β &lt; 1), whereas affordability remained constant for SLT. All products became more affordable for backward caste groups within regular workers. When RIP was calculated using MPCE all tobacco products became less affordable in the year 2018–2019. However, after adjusting for SES variables SLT reported no change in affordability. There was a marginal increase in affordability for all products when RIP was calculated with GDP.ConclusionsAlthough implementation of GST has increased the price of tobacco products, it is still not sufficient to reduce the affordability of tobacco products, particularly SLT and especially for the lower SES group.ImplicationsTobacco use and economic disadvantage conditions of the population are intricately linked. Affordability of tobacco products is influenced by socio-economic indicators like age, sex, income, education, etc. The literature measuring the affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups is scant in India. Additionally, existing literature measures affordability of tobacco products based on per capita GDP as a proxy for income. This is the first study in Indian context to report the change in affordability of tobacco products across different SES groups after adjusting for SES indicators, using individual-level income data. We have calculated the change in affordability of tobacco products between the year 2011–2012 and 2018–2019 using GDP, household income, and individual wages as a proxy for income.
Ramucirumab for Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Elevated Alpha Fetoprotein Following Non–Sorafenib Systemic Therapy: An Expansion Cohort of REACH-2
Authors: Finn Richard S , Yau Thomas , Hsu Chih-Hung , De Toni Enrico N , Goyal Lipika , Galle Peter R , Qin ShuKui , Rao Sujata , Sun Fangfang , Wang Chunxiao , Widau Ryan C , Zhu Andrew X 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Ramucirumab is indicated for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥400 ng/mL following sorafenib. Here, we prospectively studied ramucirumab following non-sorafenib systemic therapies.

Materials and Methods
This open-label, non-comparative cohort of REACH-2 enrolled patients with advanced HCC, Child-Pugh class-A liver disease, and AFP ≥400 ng/mL who had received 1-2 lines of therapy, excluding sorafenib or chemotherapy. Ramucirumab was administered 8 mg/kg intravenously Q2W. The primary endpoint was safety. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate (RECIST v1.1), time to progression, pharmacokinetics, and patient-reported outcomes. Final analysis occurred after all enrolled patients completed ≥3 treatment cycles or discontinued treatment.

Results
Between April 27, 2018, and March 29, 2021, 47 patients were treated at 21 investigative sites in Asia, Europe, and USA. The most frequently reported grade ≥3 adverse events, regardless of causality, were hypertension (11%), proteinuria (6%), hyponatremia (6%), and AST increased (6%). Two patients died from adverse events (myocardial infarction and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage), deemed related to treatment. Median progression-free survival, time to progression, and overall survival were 1.7 months, 2.8 months, and 8.7 months, respectively. The objective response rate was 10.6% with a median duration response of 8.3 months. Median time to deterioration in FHSI-8 total score was 4.4 months.

Conclusion
Ramucirumab demonstrated consistent and meaningful clinical activity with no new safety signals following non-sorafenib therapies in patients with advanced HCC and AFP ≥400 ng/mL. This represents one of the first sequencing studies for patients with advanced HCC not treated with sorafenib.
Sport, Economics, and Finance
Authors: Gerrard Bill 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the economics and finance of professional team sports. The business models of individual pro sports teams and pro sports leagues are considered, and the key issues of the sporting and financial viability of teams and leagues are discussed. Four approaches to studying the business of professional team sports are identified: allocative (i.e., mainstream) economics, corporate finance, strategic management, and radical political economy. It is argued that only the radical political economy approach sets the business of sport in its social, cultural, and historical contexts, but this approach has had a very limited influence within the sports economics literature. The chapter then considers three ongoing debates in sports economics: the motivation of team owners, the role of league regulation, and innovation and the Moneyball story.
Sport, Globalization, and Glocalization
Authors: Beissel Adam , Andrews David L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key issues and expressions of the generative relationship linking the global and the local within contemporary sport culture by critically and empirically engaging sport as the nexus of global-local events, bodies, spaces, and practices. Following a brief introduction to the complex phenomenon of globalization, the chapter elucidates the social, cultural, political, economic, and technological issues complicit in sport’s concerted glocalization. Second, the discussion critically explicates the contrasting theoretical approaches that have been utilized in examining sport’s global-local, grobal-glocal, cosmopolitan-glocal, and lobal-grobal manifestations. Third, the chapter introduces the commercialized, corporatized, spectacularized, and celebritized uber-sport model to the globalization of sport debate, discussing how uber-sport and its assemblant relations are manifest through global/local sporting and cultural variations. This involves a critical exposition of the glocalized nature of various sport practices, institutions, events, spectacles, and bodies, with the English Premier League serving as the object of study for examining how the uber-sport assemblage is both grobal and glocal, ubiquitous and ubietous. Finally, the discussion points to ongoing and future research directions that will address the gaps within the sport, globalization, and glocalization literature.
Sport, Olympic Ideals, and Realities
Authors: Tomlinson Alan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Olympic Games are the highest-profile multidiscipline sport events in human history. Their contemporary manifestation as a global media event has attracted the largest viewing figures for any sporting event; the London 2012 Olympic Games reportedly generated 3.6 billion viewers worldwide, with Beijing’s 2008 Summer Olympics coming a close second with 3.5 billion viewers. Only the FIFA Men’s World Cup has rivaled these figures. Blending historical data with contemporary evidence, this chapter (1) outlines the key issues underlying the crises and challenges faced by the IOC and the Olympics in a changing, volatile, and globalizing world since the organization’s inception in 1894; (2) evaluates and critiques theoretical and interpretive models that have been used to account for the survival of the Olympic phenomenon and its claimed ideals; and (3) examines contemporary debates concerning citizenship, participation, and the future of the Games as their existence has become increasingly questioned in the face of the realities of their overexpansion, excessive costs, vulnerability to corruption, and ethical myopia—and never more so than throughout the global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020–2021.
Sport, Aggressive Play, and Violence
Authors: Young Kevin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
At first glance, the topic of sports aggression and violence directs our attention to what happens on the field of play during athletic contests between competitors both within and outside accepted rule structures. Indeed, this is the way the subject matter has traditionally been defined and approached. Such an approach is both inescapable and useful. But the fact of the matter is that it is necessary to step back and consider the sociological underpinnings, outcomes, and associations of athlete aggression and violence. As such, a cluster of related issues quickly becomes apparent: why and how various sports require athletes to play in an aggressive manner; why aggressive socialization strategies are not embraced by all athletes in the same way; how coaches and administrators might play contributory roles; how risky play is linked with pain and, in turn, how injury is linked with litigation. Such questions inevitably bring larger sociological factors into focus, such as social control, social stratification, and social change. Rather than viewing athlete aggression and violence in isolation, this chapter considers these issues through the lens of existing debates to place the subject matter in broader and more expansive sociological context.
Sport, Injury, and Medical Intervention
Authors: Malcolm Dominic , Pullen Emma 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the phenomenon of injury in sport and attendant medical intervention. Key issues include the contextually specific definition of injury used by athletes, the propensity of participants to disregard restrictions to their physical abilities, and the relative availability of suitably trained medical personnel. The chapter then identifies three main approaches to the study of sports injury, plus the main theoretical orientations and methodological assumptions in this field. It concludes with a discussion of three prominent debates: (1) the role of gender in mediating injury and medical treatment, (2) the degree of voluntarism/coercion experienced by participants, and (3) the balance between healthcare professionals’ promotion of health and performance. The conclusion discusses how medical and social concerns about concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are reinvigorating this field, returning scholars to some core questions and encouraging the use of diverse theoretical developments.
Sport, Child Maltreatment, and Sexual Violence
Authors: Hartill Michael J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces and examines the broad area of child maltreatment and sexual violence in the context of sport, with a particular focus on sexual violence against children in sport. The chapter selectively covers some of the key issues, approaches, and debates within research, policy, and administration related to the (sexual) abuse and exploitation of children and athletes. Based in social science perspectives, the chapter covers a range of empirical issues, research findings, and theoretical arguments set within the historical development of a relatively new field of inquiry. In policy terms, developments in child protection and safeguarding in sport are discussed. The chapter closes by offering critical discussion on specific areas of debate within the sport sector in relation to its efforts to address child maltreatment and sexual violence.
Sport, Scandal, and Social Morality
Authors: Rowe David , Palmer Catherine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
There is a deep and enduring relationship between sport and scandal. This chapter recognizes that sport scandals are enormously variable, involving moral and ethical conduct ranging from relatively mundane transgressions such as marital infidelity to serious breaches of the civil and criminal law. Using sociological and anthropological theories and concepts, it seeks to understand the social relationships implicated in the making, trajectory, and consequences of the sport scandal. Focusing especially on sport scandals involving “race” and gender, and the key role of the media, the chapter considers the creation of “moral panics” through sport and its recurring narratives of redemption, particularly in cases involving sport celebrities. In challenging arguments that sport scandals are mostly trivial, ephemeral, mediated dramas, it is concluded that they can be profoundly instructive about the constitution of social morality and serve to stimulate policy changes of considerable importance within the institution of sport and across wider society.
Sport, Ideology, and Power
Authors: Carrington Ben 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When we think about “power” and “sport” we typically focus on the power of athlete’s bodies. While physical power and the development of highly specialized motor skills are important to success on the playing fields, a broader understanding of power would include a focus on those who run and organize sports, and the institutional structures and organizations that govern how sports are played, and by whom and under what conditions. Similarly, sports produce powerful narratives that emphasize sport’s positive social and personal outcomes, and it is widely believed that sports are removed from politics and operate in a separate, apolitical sphere of human activity. However, sports studies scholars have demonstrated that power is a central dimension of how sports are organized, played, and watched. Sports are also an important site for the reproduction and contestation of ideologies. This chapter maps key approaches to studying power and surveys the debates around ideology. The chapter outlines ongoing debates within sports studies on how power and ideology should be understood, critically evaluating the ideas of sport studies scholars and recent work in the areas of race, gender, and media in order to highlight the continuing need to study sports as a central domain of political struggle and ideological contestation.
Sport, Social Movements, and Athlete Activism
Authors: Hartmann Douglas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sociological research and theory on activism, protest, and social movements in and through sport. It begins with a brief review of sport’s complicated history with social change and protest, and the centrality of athletes therein. The first full section identifies key research issues: definitions, primary areas of activism in sport, and structural factors that make resistance challenging, such as its complicity with power and profit as well as long-standing cultural taboos about politics. The second section summarizes sport sociology’s defining theories and methods of analysis: race-based case studies with a focus on broader social context, resources, goals, and tactics. The final section highlights newer developments, ongoing debates in the field, and primary questions for future work. The conclusion suggests that the study of athletically oriented activism reveals both the cultural power of sport as well as the limitations of standard liberal democratic ideals about sport as an inherently progressive social force.
Sport, Animals, and Humans
Authors: Atkinson Michael , Gibson Kass 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sociologists have documented an array of cultural contexts and practices in which humans and animals collide by design, or accident, through the practice of human sport and leisure. From early studies of animal violence/rights and companionship in sports to more recent debates regarding the deep punctuation of animals within more-than-human sports and leisure networks, sociologists of sport have produced key works contributing to the larger sociology of animals library. Nevertheless, the pervasive confusion about the explicit or implicit goals of a sociology of or for animals in sport raises important questions about the actual purpose or meaning of sociological research for the animals themselves. This chapter provides a topographical view of major issues and sociological problems covered, theoretical and methodological preferences, and unresolved debates in the field. In the end, a case is made for the development of an interspecies physical cultural studies, and suggestions are offered for a more robust and meaningful critical analysis of how humans and other animals interact in and outside of sport.
Sport, Education, and Opportunity
Authors: Bailey Richard , Glibo Iva 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the current position of sports in schools, focusing on the justifications and consequences of their inclusion and the extent to which they can provide adequate opportunities to meet the needs of all students. It presents some perennial issues related to students’ opportunities, focusing on inequalities based on gender. It provides both theoretical and empirical insights into sports in schools and the varied opportunities it creates. This discussion draws on philosophical, sociological, and educational perspectives that will help the reader to gain insights into this inherently complex situation. Finally, the chapter discusses values and goals as well as the granted status of school sports at the nexus of sport, education, and opportunities.
Sport, Social Mobility, and Elite Athletes
Authors: Spaaij Ramón , Ryder Suzanne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the association between sport and social mobility. Drawing on a review of literature and primary research on elite women’s road cycling, it is shown that opportunities for social mobility exist in sport, with key mechanisms being earnings, occupational status, educational attainment, and social prestige. However, it is evident from the literature and the primary data that these opportunities and pathways are not distributed evenly. There is considerable evidence to support the argument that, on the whole, sport is not the social equalizer it is considered to be, regardless of what high-profile rags-to-riches stories may suggest. Social factors such as gender, race-ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (and the intersections between them) moderate opportunities for social mobility in and through sport. Those from privileged backgrounds, and especially white middle-class males, are more likely to benefit from social mobility opportunities and pathways in sport than persons from underserved communities. This social stratification pattern is influenced by conditions and circumstances of early life, which shape disparities in access to sport participation opportunities from an early age. The case study of women’s road cycling illustrates how these dynamics will vary across sports labor markets of different size, depending on both the economic opportunities within a sport and the resources required to enter the sport and to maintain a playing career.
Sport, Lifestyle, and Alternate Pathways
Authors: Thorpe Holly , Dumont Guillaume 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The past three decades have seen research on recreational action sport participants growing steadily alongside transformations of these sporting cultures. This chapter focuses on key issues in this literature, including the highly mobile and alternative work and career paths carved out by those seeking to pursue this lifestyle, and the growing body of scholarship on action sport professionals (i.e., athletes, coaches, agents, journalists, photographers, social media producers, development volunteers). With recent inclusion into the Olympic Games of more youth-focused action sports, the industry structures and professional opportunities for action sport participants are changing rapidly, calling for a reexamination of their commercialization, institutionalization, and professionalization. Thus, this chapter considers key transformations at stake in the field, including approaches to studying action sports cultures and new career pathways that are emerging alongside industry changes. We conclude by mapping new lines of inquiry and key debates in the field of action sports studies.
Sport, Policy, and Politics
Authors: Sam Michael P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The subject of policy and politics occupies an important place in the study of sport and society. This chapter considers the domain’s key issues, including those surrounding distribution (e.g., state emphasis on mass or elite sport), regulation (e.g., doping, match-fixing), and governance (e.g., accountability, modernization). The field of sport policy and politics is characterized by a breadth of theoretical perspectives that fall broadly within pluralist, institutional, and ideational approaches. These approaches are discussed in light of their merits and potential contributions toward understanding policy processes, program implementation, and policy outcomes. The chapter concludes with a consideration of future scholarship priorities at the nexus of sport, politics, and policy.