bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prehospital activation of a coordinated multidisciplinary hospital response in preparation for patients with severe hemorrhage: A statewide data linkage study of the New South Wales “Code Crimson” pathway
Authors: Partyka Christopher , Miller Matthew , Johnson Tamara , Burns Brian , Fogg Toby , Sarrami Pooria , Singh Hardeep , Dee Kelly , Dinh Michael 
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND
Hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death in trauma. Prehospital medical teams can streamline access to massive transfusion and definitive hemorrhage control by alerting in-hospital trauma teams of suspected life-threatening bleeding in unstable patients. This study reports the initial experience of an Australian “Code Crimson” (CC) pathway facilitating early multidisciplinary care for these patients.

METHODS
This data-linkage study combined prehospital databases with a trauma registry of patients with an Injury Severity Score greater than 12 between 2017 and 2019. Four groups were created; prehospital CC activation with and without in-hospital links and patients with inpatient treatment consistent with CC, without one being activated. Diagnostic accuracy was estimated using capture-recapture methodology to replace the missing cell (no prehospital CC and Injury Severity Score < 12).

RESULTS
Of 72 prehospital CC patients, 50 were linked with hospital data. Of 154 potentially missed patients, 42 had a prehospital link. Most CC patients were young men who sustained blunt trauma and required more prehospital interventions than non-CC patients. Code Crimson patients had more multisystem trauma, especially complex thoracic injuries (80%), while missed CC patients more frequently had single organ injuries (59%). Code Crimson patients required fewer hemorrhage control procedures (60% vs. 86%). Lower mortality was observed in CC patients despite greater hospital and intensive care unit length of stay. Despite a low sensitivity (0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38–0.61) and good specificity (0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.96), the positive likelihood ratio was acceptable (6.42; 95% CI, 3.30–12.48).

CONCLUSION
The initiation of a statewide CC process was highly specific for the need for hemorrhage control intervention in hospital, but further work is required to improve the sensitivity of prehospital activation. Patients who had a CC activation sustained more multisystem trauma but had lower mortality than those who did not. These results guide measures to improve this pathway.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
Mining for Health: A Comparison of Word Embedding Methods for Analysis of EHRs Data
Authors: Getzen Emily , Ruan Yucheng , Ungar Lyle , Long Qi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractElectronic health records (EHRs), routinely collected as part of healthcare delivery, offer great promise for advancing precision health. At the same time, they present significant analytical challenges. In EHRs, data for individual patients are collected at irregular time intervals and with varying frequencies; they include both structured and unstructured data. Advanced statistical and machine learning methods have been developed to tackle these challenges, for example, for predicting diagnoses earlier and more accurately. One powerful tool for extracting useful information from EHRs data is word embedding algorithms, which represent words as vectors of real numbers that capture the words’ semantic and syntactic similarities. Learning embeddings can be viewed as automated feature engineering, producing features that can be used for predictive modeling of medical events. Methods such as Word2Vec, BERT, FastText, ELMo, and GloVe have been developed for word embedding, but there has been little work on re-purposing these algorithms for the analysis of structured medical data. Our work seeks to fill this important gap. We extended word embedding methods to embed (structured) medical codes from a patient’s entire medical history, and used the resultant embeddings to build prediction models for diseases. We assessed the performance of multiple embedding methods in terms of predictive accuracy and computation time using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) database. We found that using Word2Vec, Fast-Text, and GloVe algorithms yield comparable models, while more recent contextual embeddings provide marginal further improvement. Our results provide insights and guidance to practitioners regarding the use of word embedding methods for the analysis of EHR data.
Intentions and willingness to engage in risky driving behaviour among high school adolescents: evaluating the bstreetsmart road safety program
Authors: Sharwood LN , Martiniuk A , Sarrami P , Seggie J , Wilson S , Hsu J , Burns B , Logan D.B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveinvestigate the impact of a road-safety program on adolescent willingness to engage in risky behaviour as probationary drivers, adjusted for covariates of interest.Methodbstreetsmart is a road-safety program delivered to around 25,000 adolescent students annually in New South Wales. Using a smart phone-based app, student and teacher participation incentives, students were surveyed before and after program attendance. Mixed methods linear regression analysed pre-post modified Behaviour of Young Novice Driver (BYNDS_M) scores.Results2360 and 1260 students completed pre- and post-event surveys respectively. Post-event BYNDS_M scores were around 3 points lower than pre-event scores (−2.99, 95%CI - 3.418 to -2.466), indicating reduced intention to engage in risky driving behaviours. Covariates associated with higher stated intentions of risky driving were exposure to risky driving as a passenger (1.21, 95% CI 0.622-2.011), identifying as non-binary gender (20.8, 95% CI 8.795 to 40.852), adjusting for other predictors.ConclusionsTrauma-informed, reality-based injury prevention programs are effective in changing short term stated intentions to engage in risky driving, among a pre-independent driving student population. The adolescent novice driver age group is historically challenging to engage, and injury prevention action must be multi-pronged to address the many factors influencing their behaviour.What is already known on this topicRoad traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for adolescents in most developed countries globally. Injury prevention action must be multi-pronged to address the many factors influencing their behaviourWhat this study addsThe bstreetsmart injury prevention intervention which incorporates trauma informed, CBT influence and reality-based road safety information to around 25,000 students annually, showed significant short-term impact on the stated willingness of the study population to engage in risky driving behaviour when obtaining their probationary licence. Adolescents are strongly influenced by examples of risky road behaviours among their closest adult drivers.How this study might affect research, practice, or policyInterventions such as bstreetsmart hold a positive place in the multi-pronged approach needed to address the difficult issue of novice drivers.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF NON-INVASIVE DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION BY CANINE OLFACTION
Authors: Grandjean Dominique , Elie Caroline , Gallet Capucine , Julien Clotilde , Roger Vinciane , Desquilbet Loïc , Alvergnat Guillaume , Delarue Séverine , Gabassi Audrey , Minier Marine , Choupeaux Laure , Kerneis Solen , Delaugerre Constance , Le Goff Jérôme , Treluyer Jean-Marc 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, testing individuals remains a key action. One approach to rapid testing is to consider the olfactory capacities of trained detection dogs.METHODSProspective cohort study in two community COVID-19 screening centers. Two nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), one saliva and one sweat samples were simultaneously collected. The dog handlers (and the dogs…) were blinded with regards to the Covid status. The diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction was assessed as compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR as the reference standard, saliva RT-PCR and nasopharyngeal antigen testing.RESULTS335 ambulatory adults (143 symptomatic and 192 asymptomatic) were included. Overall, 109/335 participants tested positive on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR either in symptomatic (78/143) or in asymptomatic participants (31/192). The overall sensitivity of canine detection was 97% (95% CI, 92 to 99) and even reached 100% (95% CI, 89 to 100) in asymptomatic individuals compared to NPS RT-PCR. The specificity was 91% (95% CI, 72 to 91), reaching 94% (95% CI, 90 to 97) for asymptomatic individuals. The sensitivity of canine detection was higher than that of nasopharyngeal antigen testing (97% CI: 91 to 99 versus 84% CI: 74 to 90, p=0.006), but the specificity was lower (90% CI: 84 to 95 versus 97% CI: 93 to 99, p=0.016).CONCLUSIONSNon-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction could be one alternative to NPS RT-PCR when it is necessary to obtain a result very quickly according to the same indications as antigenic tests in the context of mass screening.
Hetero-bivalent Nanobodies Provide Broad-spectrum Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern including Omicron
Authors: Ma Huan , Zhang Xinghai , Zheng Peiyi , Dube Peter H. , Zeng Weihong , Chen Shaohong , Yang Yunru , Wu Yan , Zhou Junhui , Hu Xiaowen , Xiang Yan , Zhang Huajun , Chiu Sandra , Jin Tengchuan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFollowing Delta, Omicron variant triggered a new wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection globally, adaptive evolution of the virus may not stop, the development of broad-spectrum antivirals is still urgent. We previously developed two hetero-bivalent nanobodies with potent neutralization against original WT SARS-CoV-2, termed aRBD-2-5 and aRBD-2-7, by fusing aRBD-2 with aRBD-5 or aRBD-7, respectively. Here, we resolved crystal structures of these nanobodies in complex with RBD, and found the epitope of aRBD-2 differs from that of aRBD-5, aRBD-7. aRBD-2 binds to a conserved epitope which renders its binding activity to all variants of concern (VOCs) including Omicron. Interestingly, although monovalent aRBD-5 and aRBD-7 lost binding to some variants, they effectively improved the overall affinity when transformed into the hetero-bivalent form after being fused with aRBD-2. Consistent with the high binding affinities, aRBD-2-5-Fc and aRBD-2-7-Fc exhibited ultra-potent neutralization to all five VOCs; particularly, aRBD-2-5-Fc neutralized authentic virus of Beta, Delta and Omicron with the IC50of 5.98∼9.65 ng/mL or 54.3∼87.6 pM. Importantly, aRBD-2-5-Fc providedin vivoprophylactic protection for mice against WT and mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, and provided full protection against Omicron in hamster model when administrated either prophylactically or therapeutically. Taken together, we found a conserved epitope on RBD, and hetero-bivalent nanobodies had increased affinity for VOCs over its monovalent form, and provided potent and broad-spectrum protection bothin vitroandin vivoagainst all tested major variants, and potentially future emerging variants. Our strategy provides a new solution in the development of therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19 caused by newly emergent VOCs.
Gender and financial performance in SMEs in emerging economies
Authors: Espinosa-Méndez Christian , Inostroza Correa Alejandra 
Published: March 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how chief executive officer (CEO) gender relates to financial performance in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a Latin American emerging economy like Chile.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a questionnaire on a sample of 188 SMEs in Chile in 2017. The authors apply multiple ordinary least squares regression models to test the effects of CEO gender on SME performance using the industry location indicators to account for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample. As a robustness test the authors use hierarchical regression analysis.FindingsThe authors find a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs and firm performance. Then, when probing whether the sociodemographic characteristics of the CEO are related to firm performance or moderate the gender-performance relationship, the authors do not find statistically significant evidence that these types of characteristics affect the performance of SMEs.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate the relationship between CEO gender and financial performance of SMEs in an emerging Latin American economy. The study contributes to the general literature by reporting comparable evidence with studies in developed economies.
Governance for global health: the role of Nordic countries
Authors: Ibragimova Irina 
Published: March 2022

PurposeGlobal health challenges and threats could be confronted by collaborative efforts of international community. Governance for global health is a set of formal and informal processes, operating beyond state boundaries, and refers to institutions and mechanisms established at the national, regional and international levels. Nordic countries demonstrated a long-standing commitment to development assistance for health (DAH), and more recently to governance for global health. Governance for global health tools could be used effectively to achieve collective solutions for the maintenance and promotion of health as a common good, could ensure accountability and transparency, and reconcile the interests of different actors on the international and national levels. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of tools and approaches in support of eight sub-functions of governance for global health applied by the Nordic countries. This will help international audience to compare those mechanisms with similar mechanisms that are available or planned in their countries and regions, and may benefit policy scholars and practitioners.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses qualitative review of research literature, policy documents and information available from institutional websites related to the governance of global health in four Nordic countries. In total, 50 selected publications were analyzed using framework synthesis, mapping all findings to 8 dimensions (sub-functions) of governance for global health and related tools.FindingsReview reveals which tools are available, how they have been applied by the Nordic countries and influenced all domains (sub-functions) of governance for global health at different levels: national governments, agencies and networks; bilateral and multilateral partnerships; inter-governmental institutions and international health-related organizations. Common trends and approaches in governance for global health have been formulated.Originality/valueThis study is unique in relation to the prior literature as it looks at the role of Nordic countries in the governance for global health system through the lens of tools applied in support to its sub-functions.
Analysis of factors affecting dysfunctional audit behavior in Malaysia
Authors: Johari Razana Juhaida , Mohd Hairudin Nurul Afifah , Dawood Ayub Khan 
Published: March 2022

Purpose
The financial scandals in Malaysia have caused auditors to be convicted of such failure and led to the claims that they were involved in dysfunctional audit behavior. The incidences have worsened the profession’s credibility and deteriorated the public confidence on the profession. This study aims to examine the influence of professional skills, independence, work experience, time budget pressure on dysfunctional audit behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
This study collected primary data based on a questionnaire survey among audit firms in the Klang Valley area and registered with Malaysian Institutes of Accountants.

Findings
The findings from a survey conducted on 130 Malaysian auditors proved that time budget pressure is significantly influenced the dysfunctional audit behavior. However, this study did not support the relationship between professional skills, independence, work experience and dysfunctional audit behavior.

Originality/value
This study contributed to the researchers, auditors as well as educators in further understanding the factors that might influence the dysfunctional audit behavior. The findings are expected to help in improving the auditors’ credibility and uphold the public confidence on the auditing profession.
Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises in Iran: an exploratory pathology
Authors: Beygi Vahid , Abooyee Ardakan Mohammad , Moghimi Seyyed Mohammad 
Published: March 2022

PurposeDespite the rather adequate physical and human resources available to Iranian state-owned enterprises (SOEs), they have proved not only unproductive and unprofitable but also corrupt in cases due to their corporate governance (CG) systems. This study aims to identify the most important challenges faced within designing, implementing and operating such systems in Iranian SOEs.Design/methodology/approachA judgmental sampling technique was adopted for the purposes of the present qualitative study to select a heterogeneous group of interviewees in terms of experience and expert knowledge in CG and SOEs. Using 28 semi-structured interviews and the thematic analysis methodology within an exploratory approach, the themes/challenges were extracted from the data thus collected that were subsequently analyzed and explicated.FindingsThe 16 challenges derived from the data set were subsequently classified into the four categories of “general assembly deficiencies”, “contextual issues of ownership”, “board deficiencies” and “external managerial constraints”.Research limitations/implicationsThis study aims to provide insights into policy-making systems at both national and international levels to gain a better understanding of the contextual factors that could be exploited toward developing and/or reforming CG codes. To improve SOEs, this study also suggests four main solutions to the CG challenges faced within Iran and similar centralized economic planning systems.Originality/valueThe literature on the topic indicates that while a few theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted on CG of SOEs, no study has ever been conducted on similar Iranian cases. The present study provides ample empirical evidence from the CG systems in a state-controlled and centralized economic system to offer new insights into the comparative CG, especially in a developing country like Iran, where the government is the major player in the economy.
The prevalence of telework under Covid-19 in Canada
Authors: Haider Murtaza , Anwar Amar Iqbal 
Published: March 2022

PurposeThis study investigates the determinants of teleworking before and during COVID-19 in Canada. It explores the extent of telework adoption across industrial sectors, as well as the long-term impacts of large-scale adoption of teleworking on urban travel demand and the dwindling demand for commercial real estate in downtowns.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a survey of business establishments, this study employs data visualization techniques to illustrate how telework adoption evolved during the early stages of the COVID-19 lockdown. The study also estimates Logit models to explore the determinants of telework before and during the pandemic using a subsample from the Canadian labor force survey.FindingsThe study found that telework adoption reached a peak in March and April of 2020 when almost 40% of the workers in Canada were teleworking. Only 12% of employees reported teleworking before the pandemic. The adoption of teleworking was far more pronounced amongst firms that use information and communication technologies (ICTs) extensively. Teleworking appears to be far more frequent among university-educated (knowledge economy) workers.Practical implicationsKnowledge economy and highly educated workers, who switched to teleworking during the pandemic at higher rates than workers with less education, are more frequently employed in offices located in the urban core or downtowns. The drastic decline in commuting to the urban core via public transit and record low occupancy levels in downtown office towers suggests that, even if telework prevailed at levels much lower than those observed during March and April of 2020, landlords holding large portfolios of commercial real estate must prepare to cope with the lower demand for commercial real estate. This is especially significant when commercial leases come up for renewal in the next few years. In addition, governments struggling to address traffic congestion by spending hundreds of billions of dollars on transport and transit infrastructure might want to promote teleworking as a means of reducing travel demands and costly infrastructure expenditures.Social implicationsTeleworking has partially eroded the boundaries between work and home by enabling millions to continue being productive while working from home. However, teleworking would require new norms and rules to maintain a work-life balance. This change requires workers and employers to cooperate.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that explores the extent of telework adoption during COVID-19 in Canada and the determinants of telework adoption, presenting both employee and firm-level perspectives using Canada-wide representative data.
Political connections, related party transactions and firm performance: evidence from Tunisian context
Authors: Ben Cheikh Sana , Loukil Nadia 
Published: March 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the presence of political connections on firm performance through related party transactions in Tunisia, a country where that is characterized by the Jasmin revolution in 2011.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a sample of nonfinancial firms between 2008 and 2014 listed on the Tunis Stock Exchange and uses generalized least squares on panel data.FindingsFirst, the political connection and related parties' transaction enhances firm's market performance. Second, the study reveals that political connection moderates the relationship between the related party transactions and firm performance only in the period after revolution. Indeed, politicians seem to have used related party transactions to expropriate firms in a period of political instability. Finally, we show that politicians are more attracted by firms with higher market performance and with higher number of related parties' transactions.Practical implicationsThe empirical findings contribute to the current debate on the benefits and costs of political connections in emerging economies. It shows that political connections enhance market valuation of firms. However, political connection costs appear during political instability period.Originality/valueThis study addresses the interaction between related party transactions, political connections and firm performance. It is the first study to test if the related party transactions are used as a tool by politicians to expropriate firms.