bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Computed Tomography of the Head in Patients With Acute Atraumatic Altered Mental Status
Authors: Acharya Roshan , Kafle Smita , Shrestha Dhan Bahadur , Sedhai Yub Raj , Ghimire Meera , Khanal Kishor , Malla Queen Baba , Nepal Uttam , Shrestha Rojina , Giri Badri 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceThe usefulness of computed tomography of the head (CTH) in patients with acute-onset atraumatic altered mental status (AMS) is poorly understood, but use in these patients remains high.ObjectiveTo evaluate the use of CTH (event rate) in patients with AMS and the positive outcome event rate of the performed CTH studies.Data SourcesThe PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched using predefined Boolean parameters. All studies that met inclusion criteria until January 31, 2022, were included.Study SelectionRandomized clinical trials and observational, cohort, and case-control studies were included. Conference abstracts, reviews, letters, case reports, case series, systematic literature, and meta-analyses were excluded.Data Extraction and SynthesisThe systematic literature review was performed per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Data were independently extracted by 2 authors. Data were pooled using a random-effects method.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEvent rate of CTH use in patients with acute atraumatic AMS. The CTH event rates and positive CTH event rates were calculated with 95% CIs.ResultsOf 9338 studies identified, 26 qualified for the systematic review and 25 for the meta-analysis. The 25 studies in the meta-analysis included a total of 79 201 patients. The CTH event rate was 94% (proportion, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.76-1.00), and the positive CTH event rate was 11% (proportion, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.07-0.15). There was significant heterogeneity among the studies included (I2 &amp;gt; 50%, P &amp;lt; .001), for which a random-effects model was used. There was significant publication bias, as evident by an asymmetric funnel plot. There was no fluctuation of the results during the sensitivity analysis, which reassured the reliability of the data.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this meta-analysis, CTH use among patients with acute-onset atraumatic AMS was very high with a low yield. Large-scale studies are needed to guide clinical decision-making in such a situation.
Cumulative Payments Through the Earned Income Tax Credit Program in Childhood and Criminal Conviction During Adolescence in the US
Authors: Moe Caitlin A. , Kovski Nicole L. , Dalve Kimberly , Leibbrand Christine , Mooney Stephen J. , Hill Heather D. , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceChildhood poverty is associated with poor health and behavioral outcomes. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), first implemented in 1975, is the largest cash transfer program for working families with low income in the US.ObjectiveTo assess whether cumulative EITC payments received during childhood are associated with the risk of criminal conviction during adolescence.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cohort study, the analytic sample consisted of US children enrolled in the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth. The children were born between 1979 and 1998 and were interviewed as adolescents (age 15-19 years) between 1994 and 2016. Data analyses were performed from May 2021 to September 2022.ExposureCumulative simulated EITC received by the individual’s family from birth through age 14 years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was dichotomous, self-reported conviction for a crime during adolescence (age 14-18 years). A cumulative, simulated measure of mean EITC benefits received by a child’s family from birth through age 14 years was derived from federal, state, and family-size differences in EITC eligibility and payments during the study period to capture EITC benefit variation due to differences in policy parameters but not endogenous factors such as changes in household income. Logistic regression models with fixed effects for state and year and robust SEs clustered by mother estimated relative risk of adolescent conviction. Models were adjusted for state-, mother-, and child-level covariates.ResultsThe analytical sample consisted of 5492 adolescents born between 1979 and 1998; 2762 (50.3%) were male, 1648 (30.0%) were Black, 1125 (20.5%) were Hispanic, and 2719 (49.5%) were not Black or Hispanic. Each additional $1000 of EITC received during childhood was associated with an 11% lower risk of self-reported criminal conviction during adolescence (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95). Adjusted risk differences were larger among boys (−14.2 self-reported convictions per 1000 population [95% CI, −22.0 to −6.3 per 1000 population]) than among girls (−6.2 per 1000 population [95% CI, −10.7 to −1.6 per 1000 population]).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings suggest that income support from the EITC may be associated with reduced youth involvement with the criminal justice system in the US. Cost-benefit analyses of the EITC should consider these longer-term and indirect outcomes.
Tailoring Structure‐Borne Sound through Bandgap Engineering in Phononic Crystals and Metamaterials: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Oudich Mourad , Gerard Nikhil JRK , Deng Yuanchen , Jing Yun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn solid state physics, a bandgap (BG) refers to a range of energies where no electronic states can exist. This concept was extended to classical waves, spawning the entire fields of photonic and phononic crystals where BGs are frequency (or wavelength) intervals where wave propagation is prohibited. For elastic waves, BGs are found in periodically alternating mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness and density). This gives birth to phononic crystals and later elastic metamaterials that have enabled unprecedented functionalities for a wide range of applications. Planar metamaterials are built for vibration shielding, while a myriad of works focus on integrating phononic crystals in microsystems for filtering, waveguiding, and dynamical strain energy confinement in optomechanical systems. Furthermore, the past decade has witnessed the rise of topological insulators, which leads to the creation of elastodynamic analogs of topological insulators for robust manipulation of mechanical waves. Meanwhile, additive manufacturing has enabled the realization of 3D architected elastic metamaterials, which extends their functionalities. This review aims to comprehensively delineate the rich physical background and the state‐of‐the art in elastic metamaterials and phononic crystals that possess engineered BGs for different functionalities and applications, and to provide a roadmap for future directions of these manmade materials.
Atomically Interlocked Chemistry Activated by Interstitial Sites in LiMn2O4 Cathode
Authors: Zhang Shu , Chen Hongyi , Chen Jun , Fang Susu , Ni Lianshan , Wang Haoji , Deng Wentao , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe extensive applications of spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) are severely plagued by grievous capacity degradation and structural collapse, mainly ascribed to deleterious Jahn−Teller distortion and subsequent dissolution of Mn2+. Herein, highly stable LMO with atomic interlocking effect is rationally designed via engineering Al into the unoccupied 16c sites. The local coordination environment of the surficial MnO6 octahedron is reconstructed by robust Al−O band coherency, giving strengthened lattice oxygen skeleton and constraining heterophase evolution with the suppression of Jahn−Teller distortion, validated by theoretical calculations coupled with synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectrum. Concomitantly, with the occupation of Al in interstitial site, the migration of Mn is effectively restrained, directly observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, leading to the inhibition of inactivation as well as dissolution loss of Mn. Resultantly, splendid long cycling stability of Al‐LMO after 1000 loops with only 0.019% capacity fading per cycle is presented. Given this, this elaborate study can provide an ingenious avenue for regulating the structure/interface chemistry architecture in electrode materials.
Ceramic Wafer Scintillation Screen by Utilizing Near‐Unity Blue‐Emitting Lead‐Free Metal Halide (C8H20N)2Cu2Br4
Authors: Su Binbin , Jin Jiance , Han Kai , Xia Zhiguo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractScintillators with high light yield, low detection limit, large X‐ray attenuation efficiency as well as stable and nontoxic compositions are of great importance for radiation detection applications. Here, 0D (C8H20N)2Cu2Br4 single crystals are obtained and show blue emission peaking at 468 nm with a near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield of 99.7%, a large Stokes shift of 148 nm (i.e., negligible self‐absorption), and a good environmental stability along with strong X‐ray absorption capability. Moreover, a high light yield of up to ≈ 91 300 photons/MeV and a low detection limit of 52.1 nGyair s−1 are realized, which is more than one hundred times lower than the dose rate of 5.5 µGyair s−1 required for X‐ray medical diagnostics. (C8H20N)2Cu2Br4 ceramic wafer scintillation screen is fabricated by a cold pressing sintering process, and the clear contrast images of opaque metal box and electronic component with a spatial resolution of 9.54 lp mm−1 are realized. This study not only designs a new lead‐free metal halide scintillator, but also develops a universal strategy for the preparation of large‐sized scintillator screen in nondestructive X‐ray imaging.
Fouling‐Proof Cooling (FP‐Cool) Fabric Hybrid with Enhanced Sweat‐Elimination and Heat‐Dissipation for Personal Thermal Regulation
Authors: Li Feiran , Wang Shuai , Wang Ziran , Jiang Keda , Zhao Xuezeng , Shao Lu , Pan Yunlu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPassive cooling fabric that facilitates sweat‐wicking and evaporation is highly desirable for promoting human body's thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. However, highly hydrophilic sweat‐wicking fabric fails to repel external fouling due to the contradiction between hydrophilicity and lyophobicity. Moreover, conventional passive cooling fabrics show limited evaporation capacity when they reach the adsorption limit in intense perspiration scenarios. Herein, a fouling‐proof cooling (FP‐Cool) fabric with an interactive functional structure design for highly‐efficient personal thermal regulation is proposed by constructing spatially distributed superoleophobic Janus channels on an optimized heat conductive superomniphobic fabric. The dominant superomniphobicity and superoleophobic Janus feature endow the outer FP‐Cool fabric with durable performance (up to 3000 cycles’ abrasion) to repel oil/water‐based contaminations. The Janus channels rapidly pull sweat out of the inner fabric for efficient evaporation, ensuring a dry sense of skin. The FP‐Cool fabric preserves 40% higher thermal conductivity, and over 50% higher evaporation rate than conventional fabrics. In the sweat evaporation test, the FP‐Cool fabric shows up to 100% reduction in sweat gain ratio to cotton fabric. The concept would have implications for intelligent textiles design, and the synthesis strategy can be applied in various applications such as oil‐water separation and microfluidics control.
Ultrastable Fe–N–C Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts by Eliminating Non‐Coordinating Nitrogen and Regulating Coordination Structures at High Temperatures
Authors: Xia Dongsheng , Tang Xuan , Dai Sheng , Ge Rile , Rykov Alexander , Wang Junhu , Huang Tzu‐Hsi , Wang Kuan‐Wen , Wei Yinping , Zhang Kai , Li Jia , Gan Lin , Kang Feiyu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPyrolyzed Fe–N–C materials have attracted considerable interest as one of the most active noble‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Despite significant progress is made in improving their catalytic activity during past decades, the Fe–N–C catalysts still suffer from fairly poor electrochemical and storage stability, which greatly hurdles their practical application. Here, an effective strategy is developed to greatly improve their catalytic stability in PEMFCs and storage stability by virtue of previously unexplored high‐temperature synthetic chemistry between 1100 and 1200 °C. Pyrolysis at this rarely adopted temperature range not only enables the elimination of less active nitrogen‐doped carbon sites that generate detrimental peroxide byproduct but also regulates the coordination structure of Fe–N–C from less stable D1 (O–FeN4C12) to a more stable D2 structure (FeN4C10). The optimized Fe–N–C catalyst exhibits excellent stability in PEMFCs (>80% performance retention after 30 h under H2/O2 condition) and no activity loss after 35 day storage while maintaining a competitive ORR activity and PEMFC performance.
Zn‐Doped P‐Type InAs Nanocrystal Quantum Dots
Authors: Asor Lior , Liu Jing , Xiang Shuting , Tessler Nir , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Banin Uri 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDoped heavy metal‐free III–V semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest both from the fundamental aspects of doping in highly confined structures, and from the applicative side of utilizing such building blocks in the fabrication of p–n homojunction devices. InAs nanocrystals (NCs), that are of particular relevance for short‐wave IR detection and emission applications, manifest heavy n‐type character poising a challenge for their transition to p‐type behavior. The p‐type doping of InAs NCs is presented with Zn – enabling control over the charge carrier type in InAs QDs field effect transistors. The post‐synthesis doping reaction mechanism is studied for Zn precursors with varying reactivity. Successful p‐type doping is achieved by the more reactive precursor, diethylzinc. Substitutional doping by Zn2+ replacing In3+ is established by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, enhanced near infrared photoluminescence is observed due to surface passivation by Zn as indicated from elemental mapping utilizing high‐resolution electron microscopy corroborated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. The demonstrated ability to control the carrier type, along with the improved emission characteristics, paves the way towards fabrication of optoelectronic devices active in the short‐wave infrared region utilizing heavy‐metal free nanocrystal building blocks.
A Highly Crystalline Single Layer 2D Polymer for Low Variability and Excellent Scalability Molecular Memristors
Authors: Liu Lei , Geng Bowen , Ji Wenyan , Wu Lingli , Lei Shengbin , Hu Wenping 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLarge‐scale growth of highly crystalline single layer 2D polymers (SL‐2DPs) and their subsequent integration into memristors is key to advancing the development of high‐density data storage devices. However, leakage problems resulting from the porous structure of 2DPs continue to make such advances extremely challenging. Herein, we overcome this issue by incorporating long alkoxy chains into key molecular building blocks to obtain a highly crystalline 2DP, as visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy, and prevent metal permeation in the subsequent device fabrication process. SL‐2DP memristors constructed via direct evaporation of the top electrodes exhibit low variability (σVset = 0.14) due to the single‐monomer‐thick feature together with the high regular structure and coordination ability which minimizes the stochastic spatial distribution of conductive filaments (CFs) in both vertical and lateral dimensions. The variability is further decreased to 0.04 by confining the formation and fracture of CFs to the interface through the utilization of bilayer junctions. Using peak force tunneling atomic force microscopy, the nanometer scalability (< 50 nm2) and low power consumption of these molecular memristor devices are demonstrated.
3D‐Cell Spotter Cooperated High‐Throughput Screening (HTS) for Estimating Targeted Drugs in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Lee Sang‐Yun , Hwang Hyun Ju , Lee Dong Woo 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA 3D‐cell spotter is developed to maximize the efficiency of 3D cell‐based high‐throughput screening (3D‐HTS). The performance of 3D‐HTS is verified through heatmap analysis for distinguishing responses to targeted drugs according to the expression of HER2 in breast cancer cells. Under 2D culture, the expression of cell proliferation receptors is lost as cells adhere to the bottom of the plate. To address this issue, alginate is applied as an extracellular matrix to the 3D cell culture to maintain the expression of tumor‐associated proteins. In general, higher drug resistance is observed with 3D‐HTS. However, increased drug resistance does not necessarily mean decreased analytical sensitivity to drug responsiveness. In particular, with 3D‐HTS, EGFR‐targeted drug reactivity to HER2‐positive and ‐negative cell lines are distinguished by a higher positive/negative (P/N) score, and more combinations of strong correlations between EGFR‐targeted drugs are observed. After confirming the reactivity of 65 drugs using previous analysis results with heatmap analysis, two new non‐EGFR‐targeted drugs with excellent efficacy against breast cancer cells are identified. To verify this, high‐content imaging analysis is conducted to assess their ability to inhibit phospho‐EGFR activity. Therefore, the 3D‐HTS‐based heatmap analysis method is useful for analyzing the efficacy of targeted drugs against breast cancer cells.
Axle Box Resonance Excitation Model Based on Wheelset Polygon and Its Resonance Characteristic Analysis in High‐Speed Train
Authors: Yi Cai , Huo Haoxiang , Liao Xiaokang , Wang Hao , Lin Jianhui 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBy grasping the vibration characteristics of the wheelset, the service state of the wheel can be reversely deduced. In this paper, the dynamic model of a rigid–flexible coupling vehicle system, considering wheelset flexibility and axle box flexibility, is established, and a novel resonance excitation loading method for axle box is proposed. Through this method, the vertical force of the wheel‐rail and the resonance response of the axle box vibration under different rigid–flexible combinations of wheelset axle box are obtained. The resonance response characteristics of the axle box of the wheelset and the main factors affecting the resonance characteristics are analyzed. Results show that the bending mode of the wheelset considerably affects the vibration characteristics of the axle box. The mass, the moment of inertia around the x‐axis, and the position of the center of gravity of the axle box also greatly affect the resonance characteristics of the wheel‐to‐axle box.
Variance‐Based Global Sensitivity Analysis: A Methodological Framework and Case Study for Microkinetic Modeling
Authors: van den Boorn Bart F. H. , van Berkel Matthijs , Bieberle‐Hütter Anja 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChemical models are built up from chemical reactions and parameters. Each of these parameters has a degree of uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis has proven to be an important tool to quantify and trace this uncertainty to specific input parameters. In this study, the methodology of a prominent global sensitivity analysis method, that is, Sobol's variance‐based method, is presented for chemical modeling with a focus on microkinetic modeling. Sobol's method is developed to be used as an analysis framework, which—once set‐up for microkinetic modeling—can easily be used for different models. This analysis framework is successfully demonstrated by means of two case studies from the field of microkinetic modeling: 1) CO oxidation and 2) oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the photoanode in a photo‐electrochemical cell. The results give insight into the influence of each input parameter on the output uncertainty. For CO oxidation, it is found that the temperature and chemisorption energies have most impact on the output. For the OER model, the valence band energy and solvent reorganization energy are most influential. Based on this, a workflow is proposed incorporating the sensitivity analysis into the modeling process, aimed at reducing the output uncertainty and at validating and optimizing the model.
High Performance Polarization‐Resolved Photodetectors Based on Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Gao Yerun , Liao Jiawen , Chen Haoyu , Ning Haijun , Wu Qinghe , Li Zhilin , Wang Zhenye , Zhang Xinliang , Shao Ming , Yu Yu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPolarization‐sensitive photodetectors based on anisotropic semiconductors sense both the intensity and polarization state information without extra optical components. Here, a self‐powered organic photodetector (OPD) composed of intrinsically stretchable polymer donor PNTB6‐Cl and non‐fullerene acceptor Y6 is reported. The PNTB6‐Cl:Y6 photoactive film accommodates a remarkable 100% strain without fracture, exhibiting a high optical anisotropy of 1.8 after strain alignment. The resulting OPD not only shows an impressive faint‐light detection capability (high spectral responsivity of 0.45 A W−1 and high specific detectivity of 1012 Jones), but also has a high anisotropic responsivity ratio of 1.42 under the illumination of parallel and traversed polarized light. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, both the detector performance and polarization features are among the best‐performing OPDs and polarization‐sensitive photodetectors. As a proof‐of‐concept, polarization‐sensitive OPDs are also utilized to set up a polarimetric imaging system and full‐Stokes polarimeter. This work explores the potential of highly stretchable organic semiconductors for state‐of‐art polarization imaging and spectroscopy applications.
Synthesis of MAX Phase Nanofibers and Nanoflakes and the Resulting MXenes
Authors: Shao Hui , Luo Sha , Descamps‐Mandine Armel , Ge Kangkang , Lin Zifeng , Taberna Pierre‐Louis , Gogotsi Yury , Simon Patrice 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLayered ternary carbides and nitrides, also known as MAX phases, have attracted enormous attention for many applications, especially as precursors to produce 2D metal carbides and nitrides called MXenes. However, it is still challenging to tune and control the shape/morphology of MAX phase particles at the nanoscale, as they are typically manufactured as large grains using ceramic technology. Herein, nanostructured Ti‐Al‐C MAX phases with fine‐tuned morphology of nanofibers and nanoflakes are prepared by using 1D and 2D carbon precursors at a synthesis temperature of 900 °C. The nanostructured MAX phases are used as precursors to produce nanosized multilayered MXenes, with a considerably shorter etching time and a low reaction temperature. These nanosized MXenes exhibit good electrochemical lithium‐ion storage properties and a pseudocapacitive electrochemical signature. The obtained Ti2CTx MXene electrode can deliver delithiation capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at low rates and 100 mAh g−1 when the lithiation/delithiation cycle happens within 30 s. Availability of nanoscale MAX phases and MXene nanoflakes with small lateral size may open new opportunities for both classes of materials.