bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage Assessment Method of Battery Pack of Electric Vehicle in Undercarriage Collision
Authors: Chen Powen , Xia Yong , Zhou Qing , Qu Yunlong , Wei Xinqi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Undercarriage impact occurs when vehicle’s ground clearance is incompatible with obstacle on the road. This kind of accidents are particularly dangerous to electric vehicles as battery pack is usually integrated into the vehicle floor. In case of an undercarriage collision, the battery pack could be ploughed through by the obstacle on the road, which could cause damage to battery cells in the pack and occurrence of internal short circuit and thermal runaway. To tackle this new problem, damage assessment method is needed to guide design of protective structure of battery pack. The present paper documents an analysis of battery damages in undercarriage collisions and development of a test method for evaluating undercarriage collisions. We first used a simplified finite element model of battery pack and conducted computer simulations to understand the influences of key parameters. The battery pack model included blade battery cells that had no module-level assemblies. Based on the learning from the finite element analysis, we then developed a generic test method for evaluating undercarriage collisions. The test method is robust in terms of repeatability and the device is adaptable for evaluating a wide range of electric vehicle undercarriage collision. We hope that this test method can become a unified and standard method for evaluating battery pack damage in undercarriage collisions and guide design of protection structures for enhancing safety performance of battery packs.
Prediction of Shock Wave Position Considering Non-Equilibrium Phase Change of Wet Natural Gas in Nozzle
Authors: Liu Yang , Cao Xuewen , Bian Jiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The existence of back pressure will cause shock wave in the Laval nozzle of the supersonic separator, which will lead to the condensed droplets to evaporate and reduce the separation efficiency of the separator. It is of great significance to determine the shock position and avoid the secondary evaporation of droplets for improving the separation efficiency. In this paper, one-dimensional isentropic flow function method was used to calculate the shock position in nozzle. A mathematical model of methane-water vapor was established. The results show that the pressure energy recovery leads to the shock wave. With the increase of energy recovery efficiency, the position of shock wave moves to the throat, which shortens the droplet growth space and reduces the liquefaction of Laval nozzle. When the pressure energy recovery efficiency is 56.25%, the liquid mass fraction is 1.63% at the outlet. The shock wave position error of theoretical calculation and numerical simulation increases with the enlargement of divergent angle when considering condensation. The average error between numerical simulation and theoretical calculation results was less than 5%, thus the one-dimensional isentropic flow function method can provide a theoretical basis for predicting the shock position.
Residual Formability of Single Point Incrementally Formed Part
Authors: Nikhare Chetan P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Single point incremental forming is a potential manufacturing process under sheet metal forming which promises various advantages over other manufacturing processes. Single point incremental forming is a die-less manufacturing process. In this process the sheet metal is clamped in the fixture and then a single point, incrementally form each point by sliding the material forward and downward. As at each point the single point is formed, the uniform deformation can be achieved in the whole part and due to which the part can show much higher formability as compared to the conventional forming. The process has these other advantages over conventional forming like complex shapes can be created, and higher flexibility in the process as it depends on the forming program. Enormous research on the subject are available in the literature on formability, process variation, process parameters and their influence, but limited research are available on residual formability on single point incrementally formed parts. The previously published paper in IMECE2019 by the author studied the residual formability of single point incrementally formed part with four cone angles. It was found that the 30 and 45° cone angle did not survive during single point incremental forming but 60 and 90° did. Further 60 and 90° cones were conventionally restrike with spherical dome punch to determine the residual formability, however the 60° cone failed without conforming the dome shape, but 90° deformed to full shape of dome and then fractured. In this paper the aim is to construct the whole section of forming limit point from uniaxial to equal-biaxial deformation mode restrike and measure the forming limits. These points will construct the whole residual forming limit curve of a single point incrementally formed part. For this, the successfully formed part by incremental forming were restrike with hemispherical tool in tensile, plane and biaxial deformation mode and limits were plotted. It was found that the maximum deformation is due to the single point incremental forming and less deformation are left in the part if it would be restrike by the conventional forming method.
Overlap Ratio as the Design Variable for Maximizing the Efficiency of a Savonius Wind Rotor: An Optimization Approach
Authors: Mohan Man , Saha Ujjwal K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The application of Savonius wind rotor is increasing worldwide to provide electricity without contributing to global warming and promoting the small-scale power production. However, its lower performance remains a major problem due to high unproductive torque produced by the returning blade. In this paper, an optimum blade profile is obtained by maximizing the power coefficient (CP) considering the overlap ratio (OR) as an optimization parameter. This is done by coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to the rotor blade profile developed through the simplex search method. The blade profile is symmetric about the x-axis, where half of the blade geometry is formed by a natural cubic spline curve using three points. Two end points are retained fixed, while x and y of the third point is taken as a variable in addition to OR in the simplex search process throughout its iteration using the MATLAB platform. In all the iterations, the blade profile is meshed by using ANSYS ICEM CFD platform. The rotor performance analysis is carried out by ANSYS Fluent using the shear-stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The finite volume method (FVM) is used as a solver setup to solve the transient 2D flow around the rotor blade. The optimum blade profile is compared to a conventional semicircular blade profile over a wide range of tip speed ratio (TSR). The present study demonstrates the superior performance of the optimum blade profile showing CPmax that is 23% higher than the conventional semicircular blade profile at TSR = 0.8. Further, at OR = 0.154, the CP is found to be maximum. The velocity magnitude contours, total pressure and turbulence intensity contours are generated to analyse the effect of the optimal design approach.
Process Parameter Optimization in Machining of γ-TiAl With Hexagonal Inserts
Authors: Peng Ching-Tun , Shareef Iqbal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
γ-TiAl, gamma titanium aluminide, is a unique metal matrix composite, the structure of which provides exceptional properties that include low density, high yield strength, high stiffness, high specific stiffness, etc. Consequently, γ-TiAl alloys are long being considered for substituting several superalloys for various applications in the fields of automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries. However, γ-TiAl is well-known as very difficult to machine, which has hindered the widespread application of γ-TiAl. In this paper, a central composite design (CCD) of experiments is adopted to investigate various turning process responses with hexagonal shape inserts. Results show that, among three turning factors, the depth of cut factor has the greatest impact on cutting force responses, while the feed rate factor has the most dominating effect on specific cutting energy and surface finish. Quadratic equations are developed, and the corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional plots are established. By means of regression analysis and response surface methodology (RSM), a series of optimal turning parameters is obtained, which renders the minimum machining energy, leading to increased tool life and improved machinability. Furthermore, it is feasible to achieve an industry-accepted surface finish. The results of this work cover a machinability investigation of a gamma titanium aluminide that can find application in automobile and aerospace industries for machining of high-temperature resistance parts.
On the Maximization of the Waste Heat Recovery From Exhaust Gases of Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Di Battista Davide , Carapellucci Roberto 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this work, two different options of waste heat recovery from internal combustion engines have been proposed and compared to each other. Both consider two thermodynamic cycles in order to maximize the energy recoverable. The first considers a Brayton-Joule cycle as top cycle, which is immediately interfaced with the exhaust gases and has a supercritical CO2 as working fluid; while an ORC is bottomed to this, using R1233zdE as the organic working fluid. In this way, the supercritical CO2 can have better efficiency and the bottomed ORC can further recover the low temperature energy discharged by the Brayton-Joule cycle.
The second option considers an Inverted Brayton Cycle as top thermodynamic cycle, which uses the same exhaust gases as working fluid and, so, has a lower complexity. The thermal power discharged at low temperature by the inverted Brayton Cycle is further recovered by the ORC bottom unit.
The two options will be studied using a mathematical model developed and tailored to a 3L turbocharged diesel engine, whose experimental data are available measuring the most relevant quantities (exhaust temperature and pressure, fuel consumption, brake efficiency, etc.) in typical operating points of a heavy duty vehicle. A comparison of the two combined systems assesses the most effective recovery option.
Crystalline Phase Changes Due to High-Speed Projectiles Impact on HY100 Steel
Authors: Slewa Muna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
High yield HY-100 steel is a unique alloy and well known for its employment in heavy construction. HY-100 offers good characteristics like ductility, notch toughness, corrosion resistance, and weldability. The physical characteristics and molecular structure of HY-100 steel are also well known; however, there is little known about the effect of high-velocity projectiles impact on this metal alloy’s crystalline structure and material phase. The effects of high-speed velocity impact on the crystalline structure and material phase changes are studied herein experimentally. The results of an impact on the crystalline structure are assessed by impacting HY-100 steel plates (15.4 × 15.4 × 1.27 cm) with Lexan projectiles. A two-stage light gas gun accelerates these projectiles to a velocity of 6.70 km/s at the point of the impact. The impacted plates’ surfaces are prepared as required for inspection by the Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) microscope. Ten regions on each impacted plate area are examined and analyzed after impact. These regions are selected from the area immediately under the impact crater to locations that are not physically affected by the impact. Observations of collected EBSD images show that the predominant phase is Body-Centered Cubic (BCC). Moreover, Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal-Close-Packed (HCP) phases are also indexed. The samples are also post-impact examined for molecular structure allocation changes. The results were then tabulated according to the regions relative to the impact crater. In this study, traces of HCP were found at some locations in all post-impact stages. This study also indicates that the BCC crystalline structure remained the dominant phase structure after impact, and it is valid with all test samples and all levels of shock loading. At this velocity, the damage zone develops within 5 microseconds due to impacting momentum. HY-100 steel materials go through a reversible phase change when subject to elevated temperature and high quasi-static pressure.
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Pipe Flow With 90-Degree Elbow Using Wall y+ Approach
Authors: Abuhatira Ahmed A. , Salim Salim M. , Vorstius Jan B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study presents the use of the wall y+ approach as a form of guidance for reliable selection of mesh and turbulence models in bent pipe flow investigations. The research builds on previous studies recommended by Salim et al.[1]–[3] for using the wall y+ approach to balance between the computational cost and time. This method is proposed as an effective tool for selecting an appropriate near wall treatment and corresponding turbulence model and remove the necessity of physical validation when experimental data is unavailable or difficult to obtain. Flow in a 90-degree pipe elbow is modelled using the ANSYS FLUENT CFD solver to evaluate the performance of different Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. The RANS models tested are the standard k-ε, the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), the k–ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) and the Spalart–Allmaras. A range of near wall spatial resolutions is used to determine the effectiveness of near wall modelling techniques when used in conjunction with each of the turbulence models. The near-wall treatments are investigated by solving the y+ values for the first layer of cells are in the viscous sublayer (y+ ≈ 3), buffer region (y+ ≈ 19) and log law region (y+ ≈ 39). The achieved results in this current study using the wall y+ approach are compared against experimental data published by Sudo et al.[4] and numerical simulations published by Kim et al.[5]. Qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment are carried out to identify which turbulence model agrees best with the published data. It is observed that the near wall models provide better results when the y+ values for the first layer of near wall cells are within viscous sublayer in comparison to simulations where it is in the buffer and log-low regions. The RSM predicts the flow field most accurately when compared against the reference data. This in turn will allow pipeline designers to assess the effectiveness of their design, and any potential problems with it, before the manufacturing stage.
Intelligent Defect Diagnosis of Spiral Bevel Gears Under Different Operating Conditions Using ANN and KNN Classifiers
Authors: Tayyab Syed Muhammad , Pennacchi Paolo , Chatterton Steven , Asghar Eram 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Spiral bevel gears are important part of many mechanical transmission systems and are known for their smooth operation and strong load carrying capacity. This type of gear has a high contact ratio, which makes it very difficult to diagnose even serious defects. Therefore, spiral bevel gears have rarely been used as a reference for defect diagnosis techniques. To overcome these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are used in this research to diagnose defects in spiral bevel gears. Although Al techniques in the field of fault diagnosis have been very successful, however, these methods largely use the assumption that the training and test data come from the same operating conditions. However, when the operating conditions in which the trained model is deployed for predictions, differ from the operating conditions in which the model was trained, the performance of these approaches might be significantly reduced. Outside the laboratory, in real-world applications, operating conditions significantly vary, and it is difficult to obtain data for all potential operating conditions. To overcome this limitation and to make AI techniques suitable for diagnosing spiral bevel gear faults under different operating conditions, an effort is made to find fault distinguishing features, which are lesser sensitive to operating conditions. Artificial neural network (ANN) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) are used as classifiers for fault detection. Performance comparison between both classifiers is made to determine their individual capability and suitability for diagnosing defects of spiral bevel gears under different operating conditions.
A Fluids Experiment for Remote Learners to Test the Unsteady Bernoulli Equation Using a Burette
Authors: Traum Matthew J. , Mendoza Zambrano Luis Enrique 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic illuminated the critical need for flexible mechanical engineering laboratories simultaneously deployable in multiple modalities: face-to-face, hybrid, and remote. A key element in the lesson portfolio of a forward-looking engineering instructor is economical, hands-on, accessible, “turn-key” lab activities; kits that can be deployed both in brick-and-mortar teaching labs and mailed home to remote learners. The Energy Engineering Laboratory Module (EELM™) pedagogy, described elsewhere, provides an underpinning theoretical framework and examples to achieve these features. In addition, instructional lab kits must demonstrate foundational engineering phenomena while maintaining measurement accuracy and fidelity at reasonable cost. In the energy-thermal-fluid sciences, achieving these conditions presents challenges as kits require energy and matter transport and conversion in real time at scales large enough to reveal measurable phenomena but not so large as to become hazardous to users. This paper presents theoretical underpinning and experimental verification of a fluid mechanics lab experiment appropriate for undergraduate engineering students that 1) meets all the above-described criteria, 2) costs less than $30 in materials, and 3) can be easily mailed to remote learners.
Horizontal Axis Wind Rotors With Twisted Blades
Authors: McGuire Joseph , Zhou Hong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Horizontal axis wind turbines are now prevalent across the world for wind energy harvesting. Electric power is produced by the electric generator of a wind turbine that catches wind power through its wind rotor that is mainly driven by the lift force on its rotor blade. Airfoil characteristics such as airfoil shape, cord length, camber and airfoil twist are utilized to generate lift force that is perpendicular to the rotor axis. Although horizontal axis wind turbines have been widely used on wind farms, there is still room to further improve their efficiency and power generation. In this research, the power conversion efficiency or coefficient of a wind rotor is improved from airfoil twist. The airfoil twist angles of a rotor blade are selected based on maximizing the ratio between lift and drag forces. Three blade twist configurations are introduced for three different tip speed ratios. Four blades that have the three optimal and one reference twist configurations and their corresponding rotors are modeled and simulated. The simulation results show that the power conversion coefficients of the rotors with the optimal twist configurations have significant improvements on power conversion efficiency over that of the reference rotor.
Novel Nanocomposite Refractive Index Tuning Mechanism Based on Controlling Embedded Particle Morphology
Authors: Liu Sipan , Islam Md Didarul , Ku Zahyun , Urbas Augustine M. , Derov John , Boyd Darryl A. , Kim Woohong , Sanghera Jasbinder S. , Ryu Jong E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the embedded nanoparticles’ morphology and distribution effects on the effective refractive index (RI) of composite. The study is based on the FEA model for the Fabry-Pérot interference cavity made from the nanocomposite film. The composites’ effective RI can be derived from the simulation reflection spectrum. In constant particle volume fraction condition, the embedded particles with a larger diameter, locating at the region with high electric field and having longer side length along the electric field oscillating direction, are identified as the factors to reinforce the effective RI. For 4 μm incident light-wave, as controlling the diameter from 24.8 nm to 212 nm, distribution from middle-gathered (high electric field region) to top-bottom gathered (low electric field region), and the rectangular cylinder particle shortest side along electric field oscillating direction to longest side along electric field oscillating direction, the effective RI increasing from 1.687 to 1.719, 1.638 to 1.745 and 1.66 to 1.901, respectively. The underlying RI shifting principle is recognized from the light scattering loss by embedded nanoparticles. This discovering provides one novel idea for next-generation real-time RI tuning structure and device.
On the Dynamic Response of a Dielectric Elastomer Membrane
Authors: Sarker Pratik , Chakravarty Uttam K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The dielectric elastomer material is a category of electroactive polymers which produces large deformation under applied voltage. This property made them much promising as smart materials that can rapidly adapt to changes in environmental conditions due to their mechanical response to an electrical input. In this study, a specimen of a hyperplastic elliptic DE membrane is considered to observe the structural dynamics and aerodynamic characteristics under external flow of air subjected to electric excitation. For the structural dynamic characteristics, a finite element model of the membrane subjected to three different electric voltages is created. The frequencies obtained from the finite element model are compared to that of the analytical method. For the aerodynamic response, a fluid-structure interaction model is created under steady airflow with low Reynolds number characteristics. The variations of the aerodynamic coefficients of lift and drag with the angle of attack are studied for a particular fluid velocity. In addition, the out-of-plane deformation of the membrane with different angles of attack subjected to different voltages are also investigated. It is found that the vibration frequency decreases as the voltage increases due to the softening effect of the voltage on the membrane. The aerodynamic coefficient of lift is observed to increase with the angle of attack up to the critical value which is a trend similarly followed by the aerodynamic efficiency.