bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of bruise in peach with impact energy
Authors: Yeşiloğlu Cevher Elçin , Öztekin Yeşim Benal 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study is to find out the factors affecting mechanical bruising of peach and to develop a model for the prediction of the bruise that occurs in peach in harvest and post‐harvest processes. For this purpose, experiments were carried out with Redhaven, Glohaven, and Dixired peach varieties. The peaches were harvested in three different periods. Researches on experiment materials were carried out after storing in two different environments, room temperature and cold storage conditions. In the study, pendulum impact test setup was used to create different degrees of bruise on peaches. Regression models were created with “Multiple Linear Regression” analysis to prediction the amount of bruise volume by using impact energy, maximum contact force, radius of curvature, and Magness–Taylor force factors obtained based on the measurement and calculation results. As a result, it was found that all of the multiple linear regression models created for the prediction of bruising in peach fruit were statistically significant (p ≤.01).Practical ApplicationsDamages in fruits cause quality loss in the product. Mechanical damage can occur at many different stages, such as during the harvesting and postharvest processing of the material, or during manual handling. Peach fruit is sensitive to different types of damage that may occur during and after harvest. In this study, models were developed for the prediction of fruit damage by working on some peach cultivars. With the study, suggestions were made for the prevention of damage to the peach during harvest and postharvest processes. In addition, in the light of the information obtained, it will provide a reference for the improvement of systems and designs used or to be installed for harvest and postharvest processing of peach fruit.
The effect of rectus reapproximation on postoperative muscle strength and core endurance in cesarean section: A prospective case–control study
Authors: Demir Çaltekin Melike , Doğan Hanife , Onat Taylan , Aydoğan Kırmızı Demet , Başer Emre , Yalvaç Ethem Serdar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimThe necessity of the reapproximation technique of the rectus abdominis muscle in the cesarean section (CS) is a controversial issue. We aimed to investigate the effect of the approximation of the rectus abdominis muscle in CS on postoperative pain intensity, muscle strength, and core endurance.MethodsThirty‐eight women whose rectus muscle was reapproximated in CS and 36 women whose muscles were not reapproximated were included in the study. All women were called in for evaluation in the postoperative period twice, in the 8th–10th and 24–26th weeks. While muscle strength was assessed by manual muscle test (MMT), core endurance was assessed by core stability tests [trunk flexion test (TFT), trunk extensor endurance test (TEET), lateral right/left bridge test (LRBT/LLBT)]. The distance between inter‐rectus diastasis (IRD) and rectus abdominis muscle thickness were evaluated by ultrasonography.ResultsIn the first evaluation; in the rectus muscle reapproximation (RMR) group, lower and upper IRD values were less than the control group, while muscle strength, TFT, TEET, LRBT, and LLBT times were higher (p < 0.001, <0.001, 0.014, <0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and <0.001, respectively). In the second evaluation; in the RMR group, lower and upper IRD values were lower than the control group, while upper rectus abdominis muscle thickness, TFT, TEET, and LRBT times were higher (p < 0.001, <0.001, 0.046, <0.001, 0.032, and 0.010, respectively).ConclusionRMR in CS increases muscle strength and core endurance in the early postoperative period. RMR can facilitate the daily work of mother by increasing their physical fitness, especially in the early postoperative period.
Risk tolerance and fertility: Evidence from a lottery question in Italy
Authors: Bellani Daniela , Arpino Bruno 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis article offers a contribution to the fertility literature by considering the role of risk tolerance in the fertility decision‐making process.BackgroundDespite a long tradition in fertility research emphasizing the great uncertainty underlying the decision to have children, the role of risk tolerance has been overlooked. Elaborating on previous theoretical approaches including those that have considered children as a “security” or as a “risky investment,” whether and how risk tolerance is related to fertility outcomes has been analyzed.MethodThe analyses are based on longitudinal data from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth carried out by the Bank of Italy and rely on a lottery question to measure risk tolerance. Probit models for the probability of having the first and second child are estimated.ResultsResults indicate that the most risk‐tolerant individuals have the lowest probability to have a (an additional) child. This is consistent with the theoretical approaches that conceptualize children as an insurance and an immanent value. These results are particularly evident for low‐income individuals.ImplicationsThe findings point to the importance of considering risk tolerance in fertility research to gain a more complete understanding of heterogeneities in fertility behaviors.
New predictors to identify severe cases during intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Kawasaki disease
Authors: Iwasa Mitsuji , Inukai Sachiko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to predict which patients would require plasma exchange therapy (PEX) using laboratory findings during intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in Kawasaki disease.MethodsA retrospective, single‐center, cohort study was conducted. Of the 621 IVIG‐treated patients, 166 patients who received a second IVIG dose on the second day after initiation of IVIG were included. The endpoint was PEX. Participants were divided into two groups: 10 patients who received PEX and 156 patients who did not. The variables were C‐reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), and neutrophil fraction (NEUT) at three time points: pre‐initial IVIG, pre‐second IVIG, and post‐second IVIG. The change ratio (post‐IVIG value/pre‐IVIG value) of each variable, with each IVIG dose, was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined the area under the curve (AUC) and cut‐off values.ResultsThe variables with an AUC > 0.9 were CRP (post‐second IVIG), change ratio of CRP (CRP value post‐second IVIG/CRP value pre‐second IVIG), NEUT (pre‐second IVIG), and NEUT (post‐second IVIG). Among these, the variables with high sensitivity were CRP (post‐second IVIG) and the change ratio of CRP (second IVIG), with cut‐off values of 9.52 mg/dL and 0.99, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of these variables were 100% and 91%, and 100% and 80%, respectively. The combined sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence intervals) of these two variables were 100% (59–100) and 94% (89–97).ConclusionHigh CRP levels and the change ratio of CRP after the second IVIG dose were associated with PEX.
Atherosclerosis: Known and unknown
Authors: Fan Jianglin , Watanabe Teruo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAtherosclerotic disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, is the number one killer worldwide. Atherosclerosis is considered to be caused by multiple factors, including genetic and environmental factors. In humans, it takes several decades until the clinical complications develop. There are many known risk factors for atherosclerosis, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, which are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, it is generally believed that atherosclerosis is vascular chronic inflammation initiated by interactions of these risk factors and arterial wall cells. In the past 30 years, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been investigated extensively using genetically modified animals, and lipid‐reducing drugs, such as statins, have been demonstrated as the most effective for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. However, despite this progress, questions regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remain and there is a need to develop new animal models and novel therapeutics to treat patients who cannot be effectively treated by statins. In this review, we will focus on two topics of atherosclerosis, “pathology” and “pathogenesis,” and discuss unanswered questions.
Performance of diagnostic coding and laboratory testing results to measure COVID‐19 during pregnancy and associations with pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Regan Annette K. , Arah Onyebuchi A. , Sullivan Sheena G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundLarge‐scale evaluation of COVID‐19 is likely to rely on the quality of ICD coding. However, little is known about the validity of ICD‐coded COVID‐19 diagnoses.ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance of diagnostic codes in detecting COVID‐19 during pregnancy.MethodsWe used data from a national cohort of 78,283 individuals with a pregnancy ending between 11 March 2020 and 31 January 2021 in the OptumLabs® Data Warehouse (OLDW). OLDW is a longitudinal, real‐world data asset with de‐identified administrative claims and electronic health record data. We identified all services with an ICD‐10‐CM diagnostic code of U07.1 and all laboratory claims records for COVID‐19 diagnostic testing. We compared ICD‐coded diagnoses to testing results to estimate positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). To evaluate impact on risk estimation, we estimated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by source of exposure information.ResultsOf 78,283 pregnancies, 5644 had a laboratory test result for COVID‐19. Testing was most common among older individuals, Hispanic individuals, those with higher socioeconomic status and those with a diagnosed medical condition or pregnancy complication; 52% of COVID‐19 cases was identified through ICD‐coded diagnosis alone, 19% from laboratory test results alone and 29% from both sources. Agreement between ICD‐coded diagnosis and laboratory testing records was high 91% (95% confidence interval [CI] 90, 92). However, the PPV of ICD‐code diagnosis was low (36%; 95% CI 33, 39). We observed up to a 50% difference in risk estimates of adverse pregnancy outcomes when exposure was based on laboratory testing results or diagnostic coding alone.ConclusionsMore than one‐in‐five COVID‐19 cases would be missed by using ICD‐coded diagnoses alone to identify COVID‐19 during pregnancy. Epidemiological studies exclusively relying on diagnostic coding or laboratory testing results are likely to be affected by exposure misclassification. Research and surveillance should draw upon multiple sources of COVID‐19 diagnostic information.
Sublimation From Disks to Air Streams Flowing Normal to Their Surfaces
Authors: Sogin H. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mass transfer by sublimation from 4-in-diam naphthalene disks to the stagnation regions of impinging jets of air was calibrated with heat transfer by convection in an identical configuration. Within the limits of the experimental reproducibility, all results were brought into a single correlation using Colburn’s formulation of the heat-mass analogy. The calibration was then employed to obtain mean coefficients of heat transfer on disks with free edges. This part of the investigation was performed using two sorts of air streams; namely, a 10-in-diam jet discharging freely into the atmosphere and a 5-ft-diam stream in a closed throat of a wind tunnel. The air speeds ranged from 22 to 293 fps, and the disks, made of naphthalene or of paradichlorobenzene, were 2.25 and 4 in. diam. The results of this part of the investigation may be represented by the equation j√(GDpμf)=1.08 with a probable error of ±3 per cent. Including Powell’s work on evaporation of water from disks, the equation covers a range of Reynolds number from 2000 to 600,000 with a maximum deviation of about ±10 per cent from the experimental points. The results of this work possibly may be of some general interest with regard to heat transfer at the stagnation region of a surface of revolution and perhaps may be of some use in dew point or water-content instrumentation.
Heat Transfer From a Rotating Cylinder With and Without Crossflow
Authors: Kays W. M. , Bjorklund I. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper the problem of convection heat transfer from a rotating cylinder is extended to the case of a cross, or normal flow to the cylinder. Experimental heat-transfer data are presented for a cylinder rotating with and without crossflow. The data for the cylinder rotating with no crossflow are in substantial agreement with the results of previous work, and also with the results of a heat-and-momentum-transfer-analogy solution for convection with no crossflow. Measured temperature profiles in the boundary layer of the heated rotating cylinder are in very good agreement with the analogy solution, and indicate that the boundary layer on a rotating cylinder is quite similar to a turbulent boundary layer on a stationary surface out to about y+ = 20. Thereafter a secondary flow becomes the controlling mechanism. The experiments with combined rotation and crossflow indicate two flow regimes; the first for the cylinder peripheral velocity less than twice the crossflow velocity, in which the crossflow provides the controlling effects; the second for the cylinder peripheral velocity greater than twice the crossflow velocity, in which there is a continuous boundary layer around the cylinder and the rotational velocity provides the controlling effects on heat transfer. It is shown that the combined effects of rotation, free convection, and crossflow can be correlated by the equation NNu=0.135[(0.5NR2+NRs2+NGr)NPr]1/3 for the rotating Reynolds number in the range 2000 to 45,000.
Shear-Strain Rate in Metal Cutting and Its Effects on Shear-Flow Stress
Authors: Kececioglu Dimitri 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A relationship is derived from which the average shear-strain rate in the shear zone, during orthogonal as well as oblique cutting, may be calculated if the average shear-zone thickness is known. A method of determining the average shear-zone thickness is described, which involves the use of a mechanism that stops the cutting process practically instantaneously and thus “freezes” the process of chip formation. The variation of the shear-zone thickness and of the shear-strain rate with the normal rake angle, the inclination angle, the feed, and the cutting speed when dry-machining SAE 1015, 118 Bhn seamless-steel tubing is determined. The average shear-zone thickness is found to vary from 0.0007 to 0.007 in. and the average shear-strain rate from 2500 to 212,000 per sec. The shear-flow stress in the shear zone is calculated and found to be 2⅓ to 3¼ times the static shear-flow stress of approximately 26,000 psi. The effect of the shear-strain rate on the shear-flow stress in the shear zone is analyzed and it is found that an increase in the shear-strain rate is accompanied by a significant increase in the shear-flow stress.
Analysis of Incompressible, Nonviscous Blade-to-Blade Flow in Rotating Blade Rows
Authors: Kramer J. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A method is developed for the blade-to-blade solution of the incompressible, nonviscous flow through rotating blade rows (including the inlet region) with or without splitter vanes. Splitter vanes are partial blades which do not extend to the inlet of the blade row. Numerical solutions are obtained for four weight flows through a centrifugal impeller without splitter vanes at one operating speed. The results are presented in a series of figures showing streamlines and relative velocity contours.
Two-Phase Flow in Rough Tubes
Authors: Chisholm D. , Laird A. D. K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents data for pressure drop and saturation during flow of air-water mixtures in smooth and rough horizontal tubes. Improvements in the two-phase flow correlations for rough tubes are presented. Approximate empirical relationships developed using these improvements correlated the majority of the data within 15 per cent.
Transient Free Convection From a Vertical Flat Plate
Authors: Siegel Robert 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The method of characteristics is employed to obtain solutions to the time dependent free-convection equations of momentum and energy placed in integral form (Karman-Pohlhausen method). Two boundary conditions are considered for a vertical flat plate of infinite width and semi-infinite length which is initially at ambient temperature in quiescent fluid: (a) The plate is suddenly raised to a uniform higher temperature, and (b) the plate suddenly begins to produce a uniform heat flux at its surface. The results yield the time required for steady flow to be established as a function of position along the plate. Heat-transfer coefficients are obtained for the initial stage of motion during which the convective process is one dimensional. The approximate velocity and temperature profiles obtained from the analysis are compared with more precise solutions of the differential equations for the initial stage of motion and for steady state.
Similar Solutions for Free Convection From a Nonisothermal Vertical Plate
Authors: Sparrow E. M. , Gregg J. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An analysis is made for laminar free convection from a vertical flat plate having a nonuniform surface temperature. The following two families of surface temperatures were studied: (i) Tw – T∞ = Nxn, (ii) Tw – T∞ = Memx. Both families submit to mathematical analysis by the conventional techniques of laminar boundary-layer theory; i.e., they permit the finding of similar solutions of the boundary-layer equations. Numerical solutions have been carried out for Pr = 0.7 and 1.0; i.e., for gases. Heat-transfer results are presented, as are temperature and velocity distributions.
A New Method of Heat-Exchanger Design With Specified Inlet and Outlet Conditions
Authors: Fairall R. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to solve the general design problem for a heat exchanger, the relative advantages of a number of possible solutions must be compared with the respective disadvantages. The solutions may be compared on a basis of flows, pressure losses, temperatures, and heat-exchanger size and weight. This paper develops a set of simultaneous equations which expresses the size of a heat exchanger as a function of the operating conditions and the surface temperatures within the unit and permits this comparison to be made on an analytical basis. The general case of counterflow, parallel flow, single-pass crossflow, and two-pass crossflow are solved; examples and figures are included.
Development of Ceramic Insulating Materials for High-Temperature Use
Authors: Kingery W. D. , Klein J. D. , McQuarrie M. C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Factors affecting the thermal conductivity of ceramics in the temperature range from 2200–4000 F are considered from the point of view of high-temperature insulation. The effective conductivity of solids and pores over a wide range of temperatures is analyzed. Particular attention is devoted to the effects of structure and phase distribution. This analysis is related to the development of optimum properties in thermal insulation for the temperature range considered.
Bubble Growth Rates in Boiling
Authors: Griffith Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The conditions determining the growth rate of a bubble on a surface in boiling are considered and a mathematical model framed in the light of these conditions. The growth rate is then calculated for bubbles growing under a range of conditions of pressure, wall superheat, and bulk fluid temperature. The average growth rate of a bubble is found to decrease with increasing maximum size and to decrease with increasing pressure. At high pressure, the maximum size of the bubble is found to be independent of pressure and primarily a function of the thickness of the superheated layer near the surface.
Heat Transfer to Supercritical Water
Authors: Dickinson N. L. , Welch C. P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Heat-transfer coefficients for supercritical water are presented for flow in an electrically heated AISI Type 304 stainless-steel tube having an inside diameter of 0.300 in. Bulk fluid temperatures were varied from 220 to 1000 F at 4500 psi, and over a more limited temperature range at 3500 psi. Mass flows tested include 1.6 to 2.5 × 106 lb/hr-sq ft, and a flux range of 280,000 to 580,000 Btu/hr-sq ft was covered. Values of film conductance in the vapor region were found to be substantially higher than those predicted by extrapolation of data found in the literature, or by recent formulas based on a theoretical approach. These findings are of special interest to the boiler industry which is presently designing units for use at supercritical conditions.
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Shear Flow—A Review of Some Recent Advances in Its Understanding
Authors: Morkovin M. V. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recent experimental studies of transition from laminar to turbulent shear flows are reviewed. Certain common features are emphasized and related to the stability theories of viscous shear layers. The three-dimensional character, the unsteadiness, and the nonlinear and random behavior of the latter stages of the transition process are also examined.
Effect of Temperature Variation on Composition, Fouling Tendency, and Corrosiveness of Combustion Gas from a Pulverized-Fuel-Fired Steam Generator
Authors: Piper John D. , Van Vliet Hazen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Metal condensers, cooled to selected temperatures between 87 and 242 F, were placed in stack gas of a pulverized-fuel-fired steam generator. The amount and nature of substances depositing upon the condensers were determined as well as the corrosion resistances of many materials. Chlorides were found to deposit at unsuspectedly high temperatures and concentrations. Corrosion rates increased markedly as the water dew point was reached.
Liquid-Flowmeter Calibration Techniques
Authors: Shafer M. R. , Ruegg F. W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Calibration techniques for liquid flowmeters are discussed with emphasis on problems which are known to influence the accuracy of calibration procedures. Also, reference methods which have been used to evaluate the comparative accuracy of different calibrators are described. The results of comparative accuracy tests on four calibrators of different designs are presented and it is shown that the agreement between these is within ±0.15 per cent in the test range of 10,000 to 100,000 lb per hr. The many precautions necessary to approach this precision from the traditionally accepted “plus and minus one per cent” are given in detail.
Transient Temperature and Thermal Stresses in Skin of Hypersonic Vehicle With Variable Boundary Conditions
Authors: Chen Shih-Yuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The transient temperature distribution and thermal stresses resulting from aerodynamic heating in the skin of a vehicle at hypersonic speeds are found analytically for a finite slab in which one boundary has a variable coefficient of heat transfer and a variable adiabatic wall temperature while the other boundary is insulated. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of using exponential functions of time to represent the coefficient of heat transfer and the adiabatic wall temperature. In general, one can choose as many exponential functions as necessary to obtain a better solution since the solution is a straightforward mathematical problem. This paper has considered the sum of two exponential functions and a constant for the coefficient of heat transfer and the sum of two exponential functions and a constant for the adiabatic wall temperature. This represents several types of aerodynamic heating problems. Solutions for three special cases are given to show that the general solution also can be applied to simpler problems.