bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide as an Indicator of Fruit Impact Damage
Authors: Burton Clyde L. , Schulte-Pason Nancy L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An infrared CO2 analyzer system was used as a nondestructive and rapid means of monitoring the CO2 evolution of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), and tart cherries (P. cerasus L.). An increase in the CO2 evolution of blueberries and cherries caused by impact-induced bruising was correlated with percent product decay. This technique may be useful in evaluating bruise damage caused by harvesting and handling systems.
Glycoalkaloids in Potato Plants and Tubers
Authors: Kozukue Nobuyuki , Kozukue Etsuko , Mizuno Susumu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concentration of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) glycoalkaloids (PGA) (i.e., α-chaconine and α-solanine) in six different parts of plants and within slices cut at 1 mm in thickness from the outside to the inside of the tubers of both ‘May Queen’ and ‘Irish Cobbler’ potatoes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest concentrations of PGA in both plants were found in the calyxes and petals. A large quantity of PGA in tubers of both cultivars was located within the first 1 mm from the outside surface, and decreased toward the center of the tuber. Thus, when cooking potato tubers, nearly all the PGA was removed by peeling the tissue 3-4 mm in thickness from the outside, including the periderm region.
Use of Isozyme Techniques to Identify Peach x ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Hybrids
Authors: Chaparro J. X. , Durham R. E. , Moore G. A. , Sherman W. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two isozyme systems, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), were identified that permit the early verification of peach x almond hybrids as opposed to plants resulting from accidental self-pollination. Nondestructive samples for analysis can be taken from cotyledons or primary leaves. Isozymes of PGM-2, PGD-1, and PGD-2 were found to be monomorphic in the peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars studied. P. amygdalus Batsch ‘Nonpareil’ was found to be heterozygous at the PGM-2 banding region, bearing the peach allele and a slower migrating allele. This locus allows verification of 50% of the hybrids. ‘Nonpareil’ was homozygous for alleles contrasting to peach at the PGD-1 and PGD-2 banding regions, allowing the unequivocal verification of all hybrids.
In Vitro Propagation of Aconitum noveboracense and Aconitum napellus
Authors: Cervelli Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot proliferation in vitro of a threatened species, northern monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense Gray), and of common European monkshood (A. napellus L.) was achieved using growth chamber-grown stem nodes cultured on Gelrite-solidified MS medium supplemented with 4.5 μM BA, whereas rooting occurred when BA levels were <3.4 μM. Problems with phenol oxidation and its diffusion into the medium were circumvented with addition of 0.1μM citric acid and 500 mgliter−1 PVPP. The use of 60 μM rifampicin provided effective control of most bacterial contaminants. Nonchimeric albino foliage was observed on 30% of shoots produced on agar. Seventy four percent of basal rosettes rooted directly in peat plugs under high humidity within 10 weeks. Normal growth morphology was exhibited after plants were subjected to a 10-week dormancy treatment (3°C, dark). Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); polyvinylpolypyrolidone (PVPP).
Reclassifications of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.
Authors: Anderson Neil O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reclassifications of the genus Chrysanthemum (10, 11, 13-15, 18, 22), accepted by most botanists and taxonomists for almost a decade, have not been brought to the attention of horticulturists. Of special concern is the correct scientific name of the garden and greenhouse chrysanthemums, currently integral components of national and international floricultural trade.
Comparison of Fluorescent and High-pressure Sodium Lamps on Growth of Leaf Lettuce
Authors: Koontz H. V. , Prince R. P. , Koontz R. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Radiation from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps provided more than a 50% increased yield (fresh and dry weight of tops) of loose-leaf lettuce cultivars Grand Rapids Forcing and Ruby Conn, compared to that obtained by radiation from cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps at equal photosynthetic photon flux; yet, input wattage was ≈36% less. It was postulated that the considerable output of 700 to 850 nm radiation from the HPS lamp was a significant factor of the increased yield. Under HPS lamps, the leaves of both cultivars were slightly less green with very little red pigmentation (‘RubyConn’) and slightly elongated, compared to CWF, but plant productivity per unit electrical energy input was vastly superior with HPS.
Annual Bluegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Germination Response to Flurprimidol
Authors: Gaussoin R. E. , Branham B. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed of Poa annua var. reptans (Hauskins) Timm, (annual bluegrass) and Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross’ (creeping bentgrass) were treated at planting with flurprimidol at rates of 0.00, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.68, and 2.24 kg·ha−1. Data were collected on germination of each species. Flurprimidol rates greater than 0.56 decreased germination for both species. Chemical name used: α-(1-methylethyl-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine methanol (flurprimidol).
Sieve Tube Development in Strawberry Receptacles in Relation to Fruit Set and Initial Growth
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Martin George C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of phloem sieve tube files in receptacles of pollinated, nonpollinated, and auxin-treated strawberry flowers (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Fern’) was examined from 0 to 120 hr after emasculation and treatment and correlated to fruit set and growth. The receptacle dry weight of nonpollinated flowers increased very little during the first 120 hr after emasculation. Conversely, receptacle dry weights of the pollinated and auxin-treated flowers began to increase within 24 hr after emasculation and continued to increase throughout the rest of the experimental period. No differences were found in the appearance of the phloem and xylem cells produced in the receptacles among the three treatments. Although the number of sieve tube files in all treatments increased with time, there was no consistent difference in the number of files between growing and nongrowing receptacles. These results indicate that there is no correlation between the degree of phloem sieve tube development and fruit set/initial growth of strawberry receptacles.
Locular Gel Formation in Developing Tomato Fruit and the Initiation of Ethylene Production
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene production by developing tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sunny) increased 3- to 5-fold at the time of gel formation in the locules, followed by a larger (20-fold) increase at the breaker stage. When the levels of ACC and the activities of ACC synthase and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) were measured in different portions of the fruit during maturation, the first increases were observed in the locular tissue coincident with gel formation, followed by changes in the placental and columella tissue. Later changes in ACC, ACC synthase, and EFE in the radial and outer pericarp corresponded to the marked increased in ethylene production that occurred at the breaker stage. Treatment of immature fruit with 50 μl·liter−1 ethylene enhanced the rate of gel formation markedly with no apparent lag time, but the stimulation was dependent on continuous presence of ethylene. These results indicate that the onset of ethylene production occurs in the locule tissue of green tomato fruit prior to its initiation in the pericarp and that the locule cells may develop greater sensitivity to ethylene at an earlier stage than pericarp cells. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Micro- and Cutting Propagation of ‘Crimson Pygmy’ Barberry
Authors: Uno Satomi , Preece John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased numbers and length of roots were produced from stem cuttings of ‘Crimson Pigmy’ barberry (Berberis thunbergii atropurpurea) treated with 3000 ppm IBA (50% ethanol/water, v/v). Two node explants from greenhouse-grown stock plants performed best if oriented vertically on woody plant medium with 5 or 10 μm BA and μm GA3. Up to 20 axillary shoots were produced from each explant in 3 months, and leaves that normally become spines grew in vitro as round green lamina with petioles. IBA did not stimulate rooting of microshoots, which are more difficult to root than cuttings. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), and gibberellic acid (GA3).
Micropropagation of Rhododendron prinophyllum by Ovary Culture
Authors: Dai Chaoxi , Lambeth Victor N. , Taven Ron , Mertz Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using ovaries from dormant flower buds of Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais as a source for micropropagation, shoot and root regeneration were studied in vitro. Ovaries placed on Anderson's rhododendron shoot tip multiplication medium with 4 mg·liter−1 IAA and 15 mg·liter−1 2iP in darkness for 1 month, then under 16-hr cool-white fluorescent light (35–50 μmol·s−1·m−2) regenerated 20-50 shoots/ovary from ovary wall and calli. After three transfers on Economou and Read's shoot propagation medium, hundreds of shoots were produced per ovary. Shoots 1 to 2 cm in length transferred to root induction media resulted in 90% rooting in 1 to 2 months. Rooted plantlets transplanted to potting mixture had nearly 100% survival. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP).
‘Shamrock’ Apple
Authors: Lane W. D. , MacDonald R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Shamrock’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a green apple nearly identical in appearance, texture, and taste to ‘Granny Smith.’ It differs from ‘Granny Smith’ by maturing 6 weeks earlier and by having a more favorable tree growth habit. It develops full maturity and good quality in northern tree fruit production areas where ‘Granny Smith’ does not mature before cold weather slows growth. ‘Shamrock’ is introduced to allow growers in northern areas to compete with ‘Granny Smith’ imported from production areas with long growing seasons. It also may extend the season for ‘Granny Smith’-type apples where ‘Granny Smith’ is presently grown.
Apomictic Crabapples and Their Potential for Research and Fruit Production
Authors: Olien William C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The desire to propagate plants with useful and predictable characteristics vegetatively has been a major concern since the beginning of agriculture. Clonal propagation of apple varieties by grafting onto rootstocks dates back to ancient times (72). A range of techniques for vegetative propagation have been developed over the years, including advances in layering, rooting cuttings, grafting and budding, and the relatively recent approach of micropropagation (31). Vegetative propagation is costly and inefficient compared to seed propagation. For crops with short generation time, repetitive inbreeding or hybrid crosses of inbred lines allows the propagation of nearly genetically uniform populations by sexually produced seed (1). However, generation time in perennial tree crops, including Malus spp., is too long to make this approach practical. As a result, sexually produced seedling populations are highly variable. For this reason, the limited numbers of apomictic species among perennials constitute extremely valuable exceptions, allowing efficient propagation of genetically uniform populations from seed.
Orchard Systems Research with Deciduous Trees: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An orchard system is the integration of all the horticultural factors involved in establishing and maintaining a planting of fruit trees. These factors include tree density and arrangement, cultivar, root-stock and interstock, tree size and form, pruning and training techniques needed to maintain the desired configuration, mechanical training and harvesting, and support systems. An orchard system is a blueprint for the orchardist to follow throughout the life of a planting.
Gibberellic Acid Increases Flower Number in Zantedeschia elliottiana and Z. rehmannii
Authors: Corr Brian E. , Widmer Richard E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) was applied to Zantedeschia elliottiana (W. Wats.) and Z. rehmannii (Engl.) (yellow and pink calla lily) at 0, 50, 100, 500, or 1000 ppm, either as a preplant rhizome 10-min soak or as a foliar spray. Soaking rhizomes in 500 ppm GA3 prior to planting increased number of flowering shoots and flowers per shoot. Leaves on treated plants were narrower, but length was unaffected. Flower height was not affected. Foliar sprays did not alter any measured parameter. A preplant GA soak may be useful in the production of Zantedeschia as flowering potted plants. Chemical name used: (1α, 2β, 4aα, 4bβ, 10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA3).
Prolonged Flooding Effects on Anatomy of Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Abbott John D. , Gough R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roots of flooded highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants examined by light and scanning electron microscopy exhibited enlarged epidermal cells, compressed cortical cells, and disrupted vascular tissue. The stems of flooded plants showed disrupted epidermal tissue, condensed outer cortical cells, and large aerenchyma-like mid-cortical tissue. Leaves from flooded plants showed an increase in intercellular spaces in the spongy mesophyll and a disrupted palisade layer. There were no apparent differences in inflorescence bud anatomy, although inflorescences were small and delayed in development.
Isozyme Verification of Hybrids in Koelreuteria
Authors: McArdle Alice Jacot , Santamour Frank S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One-year-old interspecific hybrids of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. and K. bipinnata Franch., as well as intraspecific hybrids of K. paniculata, were verified on the basis of anodal isoperoxidase banding patterns from petiole tissue. No band was unique to any one species or cultivar, and the efficacy of this technique therefore depended on the isozyme phenotypes of the individual parents involved. Since parental banding patterns are distinctly different, isozyme analysis is an effective means of establishing Koelreuteria hybridity because of the codominant expression of isozyme bands.
Competition Between Sweet Potato Cultivars in Small Plots
Authors: Walker D. W. , Randle W. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field experimentation with sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] is difficult because extraneous sources of error often require extensive replication and multiple experiments (1). These problems are compounded when cultivars of different growth habits are compared in adjacent plots. Because sweet potato plants produce extensive prostrate vines, there has been considerable controversy among researchers as to whether cultivars planted in adjacent rows compete with one another such that cultivar evaluation is compromised. This controversy was recently asserted by Bouwkamp (2), who used turning point tests and showed that the competitive effects of cultivars do not affect sweet potato yield trial results enough to justify the use of multi-row plots (2).
Increasing Root Regeneration and Shoot Growth in Two Oak Species with Spray Applications of IBA
Authors: Cappiello Paul E. , Kling Gary J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genus Quercus comprises a major group of woody landscape plants that differ widely in root system morphology and recovery from transplanting (2, 6). Quercus alba has a coarse root system and is more difficult to transplant than the more fibrous-rooted Quercus rubra (2).
Multiplication of the Tree Fern Cyathea dregei
Authors: Finnie J. F. , Staden J. van 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cyathea dregei (Alsophila dregei) Kunze, is a tree fern indigenous to Southern Africa. Due to its popularity for landscape gardens and water features, this species has been over-exploited from the wild and currently is classified as a protected plant. For this reason, attempts were made to multiply this plant by partial tissue culture (2). This simple system was adopted because it eliminates the multiple stages of culture recommended by Murashige (4), but nevertheless allows the production of large numbers of pathogen-free sporophytes (2).
‘Georgiagem’ Blueberry
Authors: Austin M. E. , Draper A. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Georgiagem’, a new low-chilling cultivar. is the first highbush blueberry (Vacciniwn corymbosum L.) cultivar developed from the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA. Although ‘Georgiagem’ originated mostly from tetraploid highbush blueberry parentage, it obtained adaptation to the southern U.S. environment from the diploid species, V. darrowi, selected from the wild in Florida (2). ‘Georgiagem’ is early ripening, moderately productive, and has fruit of medium size with good color, small stem scar, firmness, and pleasant flavor.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Read Paul E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The influence of the stock plant (mother plant, donor plant) has long been known to exert a profound effect on subsequent propagation capability of its propagules. Both treatments applied to the stock plant and the environment under which the stock plant is grown have a strong influence on subsequent propagation. These effects may include an increase in size or number of cuttings and improved root regeneration by cuttings taken from such stock plants. Nutrition, light, temperature, genotype, plant growth regulator applications, physical manipulations, and season of the year have all been reported to influence macropropagation efforts. Similarly, the influence of these same factors often has been reported to have a strong effect on the performance of propagated explants taken from stock plants so treated. From the early work of Kraus and Kraybill (18) in 1918, we can see that the carbohydrate: nitrogen ratio was shown to be an important factor in the rooting of tomato cuttings. Micronutrition of stock plants also has been given some attention, as exemplified by the work of Weiser and Blaney (25). Dhillon (5) also has pointed out that nutrient effects often are modified by light. Reduced light intensity has been reported to enhance the rooting of dahlia, forsythia, and weigelia (3, 19). Etiolation, or extreme light reduction, frequently has been reported to also improve rooting (9. 17). Other authors have reported that reduced stock plant light intensities can lead to better rooting of the cuttings of several species (1, 11, 21). Increases in endogenous auxin level generally are believed to occur under reduced light, thus enhancing rooting (20). Whally (26) has reviewed literature on photoperiod effects on rooting of numerous ornamental species. Keeping stock plants in a vegetative condition by the use of night interruption or day extension has enabled researchers to provide a continuous supply of cuttings (14, 15, 24). Bachelard and Stowe (2) and von Hentig (16) have reported direct effects of stock plant photoperiod on the rooting of cuttings.
Stock Plant Lighting and Adventitious Root Formation
Authors: Hansen Jürgen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root formation in cuttings is influenced by the light conditions during the growth of stock plants. Exclusion of light from the entire shoot prior to propagation stimulates the formation of roots in some woody species. Localized etiolation of that part of the stem, which will become the cutting base, also can be effective (9, 14, 15).
Influence of Agronomic and Climatic Factors on the Response of Apple Fruit to Controlled Atmosphere Storage
Authors: Sharples Richard O. , Johnson David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Variability in the quality of stored apple fruit and their susceptibility to physiological disorders are influenced by effects of climatic and growing conditions on the structure, composition, and maturity of the fruit when harvested. Thus, potential storage life of the crop from any particular orchard will be determined by the interaction of a wide range of preharvest factors, many of which are within the control of the fruit grower (24).
Bioreactor Production of Alfalfa Somatic Embryos
Authors: Stuart David A. , Strickland Steven G. , Walker Keith A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest recently in the development of artificial seed as a cloning method for plants (1, 6, 9). The idea is intriguing, since it proposes clonal propagation of plants by somatic embryogenesis without recombination of the genome that normally occurs in zygotic embryo formation. Once a suitably developed embryo is achieved, a delivery system composed of gels, nutrients, and a membrane can be used to encapsulate and protect the embryo prior to planting in the greenhouse or field. Efficient and economical manufacture of somatic embryos and surrounding matrix must be achieved in order to make this system work like true seed. To be of commercial importance, this delivery system should satisfy a number of criteria, including high production volume, high genetic fidelity, and good germination of the embryo from the gel.
Hormonal Aspects of Bud and Seed Dormancy in Temperate-zone Woody Plants
Authors: Powell L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Perennial woody plants of the temperate zone typically are challenged each winter by freezing temperatures. Their capacity to survive these winter temperatures is due in part to an evolved dormancy mechanism, often called rest. This mechanism exerts a commanding influence on growth and development. The physiology of rest has been studied extensively and much is known, but its more basic biochemical aspects are little understood. It is commonly assumed to be hormonally controlled. This review will summarize the physiological aspects of the rest mechanism and the evidence for hormonal involvement.
Postharvest Senescence: An Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Huber Donald J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Senescence has long been a concern of postharvest scientists. The essential interests are two-fold. On the one hand, the premature senescence of many commodities, often accelerated due to adverse handling and storage conditions, renders them useless to the consumer. On the other hand, for many other commodities, notably fruits and cut flowers, the early manifestations of senescence form the basis of desirable quality attributes. The objectives of postharvest handling practices in the latter case are to: a) arrest continued developm ent during storage and b) ensure that normal development occurs following storage. For these reasons, an appreciation of the underlying causes of senescence becomes crucial to our understanding of how best to control and regulate the process. The symposium speakers will focus on the mechanisms and control of senescence in three horticultural commodity groups: leafy vegetables, fruits, and cut flowers.
Senescence and Homeostasis in Postharvest Research
Authors: Romani Roger J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
My aim in this brief presentation is to illustrate how the interplay of senescence and homoeostasis can offer a context within which to question and, in part, explain various postharvest phenomena. I should like to begin by briefly noting the status of principal phenomena and related paradigms that have influenced postharvest research, namely the respiratory climacteric, ethylene, and molecular (genetic) determinants.