bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adherence of Healthcare Professionals to Guidelines on Inpatient Management of Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition at the Upper East Regional Hospital in Ghana
Authors: Wuni Francis K. , Kukeba Margaret W. , Ayamsegna Hilda N. K. , Ofosu-Poku Rasheed 
Published: August 2022

Aim: To assess the adherence of health professionals to guidelines on inpatient management of children aged 6-59 months admitted with severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
Study Design: Retrospective descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: Paediatric Unit of the Upper East Regional Hospital, Ghana. Records of children seen from 1st January, 2016 to 30th April, 2018 were reviewed.
Methodology: Hospital records of 75 children discharged after treatment for SAM were assessed in the study. The records were selected using convenient sampling. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20 and results presented using descriptive statistics.
Results: Eighty-eight percent (88%) of the patients were treated for presumed infections. Of this, only 8% of the children received the recommended Ampicillin and Gentamycin therapy. Over 97% of patients were given therapeutic diets (F-75), and 90.7% of patients were assessed for dehydration. However, only one (1.3%) of the children had their blood glucose levels checked on admission. None 0(0%) of the children were given 10% IV glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia on admission and only 21.2% of patients with dehydration received the recommended ReSoMal
Conclusion: There is inadequate adherence to the recommended guidelines for inpatient management of children with SAM. This requires exploring explanations to inform strategies that promote compliance.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Polyamines and Biostimulants on Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) under Polyhouse Condition
Authors: Singh Alka , Shah H. P. , Patel G. D. , Ahlawat T. R. 
Published: August 2022

Investigation was done to find out the effect of different polyamines viz., spermine and spermidine (5, 10, 20 mg/l) and biostimulants viz., 2 % Novel (banana pseudostem sap) and 2% cow urine as foliar spray on growth parameters of rose var. Top Secret.
Plant height, number of branches and number of leaves were found to be significantly higher with foliar spray of polyamines and biostimulants. Maximum plant height was found in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermidine while number of branches were found maximum in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermine. Maximum number of leaves were observed with 20 mg /l spermine and were at par with 10 mg/l spermine and 20 mg/l spermidine.
Flower stem length and stem diameter were significantly maximum with treatment 20 mg/l spermine, at par with 10 mg/l spermine and 2% novel. Bud diameter was significantly higher with treatment of 10 mg/l spermine, 20 mg/l spermine, 20 mg/l spermidine and 2% novel while bud length and flower diameter were maximum in 20 mg/l spermidine. Chlorophyll and anthocyanins pigments were observed maximum in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermine followed by 2% Novel spray. Further, plants treated with 2% Novel showed maximum flower yield (16.98 flowers/plant) as well as vase life (8.53 days).
Unmasking the Resolution–Throughput Tradespace of Focused‐Ion‐Beam Machining
Authors: Madison Andrew C. , Villarrubia John S. , Liao Kuo‐Tang , Copeland Craig R. , Schumacher Joshua , Siebein Kerry , Ilic B. Robert , Liddle J. Alexander , Stavis Samuel M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFocused‐ion‐beam machining is a powerful process to fabricate complex nanostructures, often through a sacrificial mask that enables milling beyond the resolution limit of the ion beam. However, current understanding of this super‐resolution effect is empirical in the spatial domain and nonexistent in the temporal domain. This article reports the primary study of this fundamental tradespace of resolution and throughput. Chromia functions well as a masking material due to its smooth, uniform, and amorphous structure. An efficient method of in‐line metrology enables characterization of ion‐beam focus by scanning electron microscopy. Fabrication and characterization of complex test structures through chromia and into silica probe the response of the bilayer to a focused beam of gallium cations, demonstrating super‐resolution factors of up to 6 ± 2 and improvements to volume throughput of at least factors of 42 ± 2, with uncertainties denoting 95% coverage intervals. Tractable theory models the essential aspects of the super‐resolution effect for various nanostructures. Application of the new tradespace increases the volume throughput of machining Fresnel lenses by a factor of 75, enabling the introduction of projection standards for optical microscopy. These results enable paradigm shifts of sacrificial masking from empirical to engineering design and from prototyping to manufacturing.
Traps for Electrons and Holes Limit the Efficiency and Durability of Polymer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Diethelm Matthias , Devižis Andrius , Hu Wei‐Hsu , Zhang Tao , Furrer Roman , Vael Camilla , Jenatsch Sandra , Nüesch Frank , Hany Roland 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPolymer light‐emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) and light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) receive interest for large‐area lighting and signage applications. During operation of a PLEC, a p–i–n junction develops where electrons and holes are injected into the film and are transported along n‐ and p‐doped regions to the intrinsic (i) region, where they recombine under light emission. Conceptually, this resembles the PLED device architecture equipped with Ohmic charge‐injection and transport layers. The similarity between the i‐region of the PLEC and the emissive layer of the PLED is obvious; however, implication of this has not been examined in detail so far. For example, for PLEDs it is known that electron traps hinder the electron transport, and that hole trap formation dictates the long‐term durability. Here, for PLECs the electrical and optical response to electrical driving and breaks are studied, the current response to external light irradiation is probed, and degradation is followed with long‐term absorption and capacitance measurements. The electron traps in PLECs are identified and it is found that hole trap formation limits the device lifetime, in the same manner as established for PLEDs. It is concluded that charge traps in semiconducting polymers present important, but so far overlooked intrinsic performance limitations for PLECs.
The Saga of Water and Halide Perovskites: Evidence of Water in Methylammonium Lead Tri‐Iodide
Authors: Jasti Naga Prathibha , Shter Gennady E. , Feldman Yishay (Isai) , Ceratti Davide Raffaele , Kama Adi , Buchine Isaac , Grader Gideon S. , Cahen David 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe environment humidity effects on performance of halide perovskites (HaPs), especially MAPbI3, are known. Nevertheless, it is hard to find direct experimental evidence of H2O in the bulk materials at the levels lower than that of Monohydrate (MAPbI3.H2O). Here, for the first time, direct experimental evidence of water being released from bulk (µm‐s deep) of MAPbI3 single crystal is reported. The thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA‐MS) of evolved gases is used to detect the MS signal of H2O from the penetrable depth and correlate it with the TGA mass loss due to H2O leaving the material. These measurements yield an estimate of the average H2O content of 1 H2O molecule per three MAPbI3 formula units (MAPbI3.0.33H2O). Under the relatively low temperature conditions no other evolved gases that can correspond to MAPbI3 decomposition products, are observed in the MS. In addition to being direct evidence that there is H2O inside MAPbI3, the data show that H2O diffuses into it. With this article, a solid basis is proved for further studies on the mechanisms through which water modifies the properties of MAPbI3 and all the other halide perovskites.
Reduction Sensitive Polymers Delivering Cationic Platinum Drugs as STING Agonists for Enhanced Chemo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Lingpu , Shang Kun , Li Xiaomin , Shen Meifang , Lu Sheng , Tang Dongsheng , Han Hongbin , Yu Yingjie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSTING agonists have made great progress in tumor immunotherapy. However, the inherent instability and low bioavailability have limited their wide applications. Herein, a reduction sensitive polymer with pair‐wised carboxyl groups that further encapsulate a cationic phenanthriplatin drug (PhenPt) as STING agonists into nanoparticles (PhenPt NPs) via electrostatic interactions is designed. PhenPt NP can release PhenPt in cancer cells, which then induce DNA damage, activate the STING signaling pathway, stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and improve the chemo‐immunotherapy efficacy. In vitro, for the first time it is found that PhenPt NP can activate cGAS‐STING pathway. Further genome‐wide RNA‐sequencing reveals that DNA replication, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and other gene repair‐related pathways are involved. In vivo, PhenPt NP are found to completely inhibit the tumor growth, thereby shifting the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory phenotype, and boosting antitumor immune responses for long‐term immunity. In addition, PhenPt NP combined with checkpoint blockade therapy (a‐PD‐L1) can elicit long‐term immune response on both primary and distant tumors by activating the cGAS‐STING pathway. Overall, this nano‐delivery system with cationic chemotherapeutic drugs can greatly enhance DNA damage and activate immunity, hence providing a promising strategy for enhanced chemo‐immunotherapy.
Batch‐Sprayed and Stamp‐Transferred Electrodes: A New Paradigm for Scalable Fabrication of Multilayer Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Cohen Andy J. , Kollosche Matthias , Yuen Michelle C. , Lee Dae‐Young , Clarke David R. , Wood Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMultilayer dielectric elastomer actuators have a wide range of potential applications, but their development and commercial implementation have been hindered by existing manufacturing processes. Existing processes are low‐throughput, limited in area, and/or can only process a narrow range of elastomers. This study presents a novel fabrication paradigm that overcomes these challenges: instead of sequentially patterning electrodes directly onto successive elastomer layers, electrode stamps are patterned onto a carrier film in an independent batch‐spray process and the electrodes are then stamp‐transferred onto each elastomer layer. By modularizing the production and assembly of electrodes, a laboratory‐scale implementation of the process achieves a throughput of 15 layers h−1, a maximum electrode size of 300×300 mm, and tuning‐free compatibility with a wide range of elastomers. The batch‐spraying paradigm also provides the unique capability to evaluate and modify electrodes before they are assembled into a multilayer; a method of mechanically treating the electrodes is employed to increase the breakdown strength of Elastosil P7670 devices from 15.7 to 33.5 V µm−1. The electrodes are conductive up to a strain of more than 200% and add negligible stiffness to the multilayer structure. The capabilities of this process to produce useful devices are demonstrated with a large‐area loudspeaker and an actuator with 60 active layers.
Interfacial Space Charge Enhanced Sodium Storage in a Zero‐Strain Cerium Niobite Perovskite Anode
Authors: Liang Guisheng , Yang Liting , Xiong Xuhui , Pei Ke , Zhao Xuebing , Wang Chao , You Wenbin , Liu Xianhu , Zhang Xuefeng , Che Renchao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntercalation electrode materials store Na by incorporation into their framework structure without phase transformation and substantial large volume, resulting in the excellent cycling stability during electrochemical cycling. However, challenges arise due to a low capacity of intercalation electrode for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Here, a perovskite oxide (Ce1/3NbO3 (CNO)) as an intercalation anode with dual functions of high capacity and excellent cycling stability is explored. The Na+ storage capacity of CNO (141.3 mAh g‐1) originates from not only sufficient cation vacancies but also the interfacial space charge storage of Na+ in the surface of CNO particles. Additionally, CNO exhibits excellent cycling stability with 90.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1 C, 99.4% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 5 C, and 96.5% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles at 10 C. The cycling performance can be explained by the “zero‐stain” Na+ storage characteristic, where the maximal unit cell volume variation induced by Na+ insertion/extraction is calculated to be only 0.38%. Hence, CNO is a promising alternative for long‐life SIBs. The mechanisms that enable the storage of Na+ with negligible volume variation will guide new insights for the rational design of ultra‐stable electrode materials for SIBs.
Dual‐Network Liquid Metal Hydrogel with Integrated Solar‐Driven Evaporation, Multi‐Sensory Applications, and Electricity Generation via Enhanced Light Absorption and Bénard–Marangoni Effect
Authors: Wei Zechang , Wang Yibo , Cai Chenyang , Zhang Yaoxin , Guo Shuai , Fu Yu , Tan Swee Ching 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSolar‐driven evaporation is a promising strategy to relieve fresh water stress in the world. For an evaporator, it is necessary to be equiped with novel photothermal conversion materials and regulate heat energy loss in the solar‐driven generation process for evaporation efficiency. Herein, a novel eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn)/polyaniline (PANI) complex (EP) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are explored as the light absorber for broadband light absorbing and the dispersant for particles uniformity. Based on the Bénard–Marangoni effect, a dual‐network poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylamide) (PM) hydrogel as the evaporator and water/ethylene glycol as the solvent to regulate heat transfer. Specifically, with CNCs and EP incorporated, the hydrogel is endowed with excellent mechanical properties, photothermal conversion performance, and electrical characteristics. Surface temperature of the hydrogel can reach to ≈38.7 °C in water under 1 sun illumination for 1 h. Based on combination of broadband light absorption and the Bénard–Marangoni effect, its evaporation rate is higher than 1.50 kg m–2 h–1. The engineered synergy also gives the hydrogels with multiple sensory capabilities, skin‐like function, and power generation. This work demonstrates novel EGaIn‐based photothermal conversion particles and a new approach to regulate the heat transfer for highly solar‐driven evaporation, with a focus on the integration of multifunctional solar evaporation systems.
A Universal Method of Perovskite Surface Passivation for CsPbX3 Solar Cells with VOC over 90% of the S‐Q limit
Authors: Guo Zhanglin , Zhao Shuai , Shibayama Naoyuki , Kumar Jena Ajay , Takei Izuru , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn comparison to hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), all‐inorganic CsPbX3 PSCs suffer from larger VOC deficits, leading to inferior efficiency. The perovskite surface defects like iodine vacancy (VI) are the main sources of nonradiative recombination causing a VOC deficit. Here, 2,5‐thiophenedicarboxylic acid (TDCA) is used to passivate the surface VI through the strong coordination interaction between the thiophene unit of TDCA and the undercoordinated Pb2+ of perovskite. TDCA passivation also elevates the perovskite surface valence band position, leading to a better interfacial energy alignment. Consequently, the VOC of CsPbI2.25Br0.75 PSCs is remarkably improved from 1.36 to 1.43 V (efficiency from 15.55% to 16.72%), reaching 92% (record‐high among CsPbX3 PSCs) of the Shockley–Queisser VOC limit. This method also promotes the VOC of CsPbI1.5Br1.5 cell from 1.42 to 1.51 V (90% of the limit) and CsPbIBr2 cell from 1.44 to 1.54 V (87% of the limit), demonstrating its universality for CsPbX3 perovskites.
Crystalline Lattice‐Confined Atomic Pt in Metal Carbides to Match Electronic Structures and Hydrogen Evolution Behaviors of Platinum
Authors: Ma Tian , Cao Hao , Li Shuang , Cao Sujiao , Zhao Zhenyang , Wu Zihe , Yan Rui , Yang Chengdong , Wang Yi , van Aken Peter A. , Qiu Li , Wang Yang‐Gang , Cheng Chong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPlatinum‐based catalysts occupy a pivotal position in diverse catalytic applications in hydrogen chemistry and electrochemistry, for instance, the hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). While adsorbed Pt atoms on supports often cause severe mismatching on electronic structures and HER behaviors from metallic Pt due to the different energy level distribution of electron orbitals. Here, the design of crystalline lattice‐confined atomic Pt in metal carbides using the Pt‐centered polyoxometalate frameworks with strong PtO‐metal covalent bonds is reported. Remarkably, the lattice‐confined atomic Pt in the tungsten carbides (Ptdoped@WCx, both Pt and W have atomic radii of 1.3 Å) exhibit near‐zero valence states and similar electronic structures as metallic Pt, thus delivering matched energy level distributions of the Pt 5dz2 and H 1s orbitals and similar acidic hydrogen evolution behaviors. In alkaline conditions, the Ptdoped@WCx exhibits 40 times greater mass activity (49.5 A mgPt−1 at η = 150 mV) than the Pt@C because of the favorable water dissociation and H* transport. These findings offer a universal pathway to construct urgently needed atomic‐scale catalysts for broad catalytic reactions.
Potent Antibacterial Composite Nonwovens Functionalized with Bioactive Peptides and Polymers
Authors: Barbieri Eduardo , Cutright Camden C. , Ramesh Srivatsan , Khan Saad A. , Efimenko Kirill , Genzer Jan , Menegatti Stefano 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study presents a set of strategies for producing potent antibacterial fabrics by functionalizing nonwoven fabrics (NWFs) with antimicrobial peptides and polymers (AMPs). The incorporation of AMPs is initially optimized on 2D substrates by evaluating conjugation on a poly(maleic anhydride) copolymer coating versus adsorption on polycationic/anionic films and microgels. The evaluation of the resulting surfaces against S. aureus and E. coli highlights the superior antibacterial activity of poly‐ionic films loaded with daptomycin and polymyxin B as well as microgels featuring controlled release of bacitracin and polymyxin B. These formulations are translated onto spun‐bond polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) NWFs. The poly‐ionic coatings are either covalently anchored or physically adsorbed onto the surface of the fibers, while the microgels and antibacterial polymers are adsorbed and photo‐crosslinked thereon using a ultraviolet (UV)‐crosslinkable benzophenone‐based polymer. Selected formulations loaded with bacitracin and polymyxin B afford a 105‐fold reduction of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in artificial sweat, respectively, on par with commercial antibacterial NWFs. The proposed antibacterial fabric, however, outperforms its commercial counterparts in terms of biocompatibility, showing virtually no adverse effect on human epidermal keratinocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrate affordable and scalable routes for developing antimicrobial NWFs that efficiently eliminate resilient pathogenic bacteria.
Fabrication of a Flexible Strain Sensor with High‐Aspect‐Ratio Liquid‐Metal Galinstan
Authors: Guo Hongji , Lv Xiaofeng , Chen Wenyuan , Zhong Ya , Zou Wuhao , Liu Lianqing , Yu Haibo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFlexible electronic devices containing gallium‐based liquid metal (GbLM) play an important role in human–computer interaction and the sensing elements of motion monitoring owing to the intrinsic fluidity and metallic conductivity of the GbLM. High‐aspect‐ratio liquid‐metal patterns have 3D structures, which can increase the heat radiating area of the circuits and the stability of the sensors. However, fabricating high‐aspect‐ratio patterns in high resolution is challenging owing to easy oxidation at the surface layer and the high surface tension of the liquid metal. This study proposes a simple method for the efficient and reproducible fabrication of GbLM patterns. A flexible strain sensor was obtained with high‐aspect‐ratio Galinstan (height/width > 5), linearity (R‐square = 0.9975), stability (ΔR/R0 < 0.8 after 10 000 cycles), and low hysteresis. In addition, the application of the strain sensor in the flexible display and motion measurement of soft hand exoskeletons is demonstrated. The high‐aspect‐ratio liquid‐metal patterns in this work have the potential to extend the application of the presented flexible electronics to the fields of wearable systems and rehabilitation devices.
High‐Efficiency Optical Sparse Aperture Metalens Based on GaN Nanobrick Array
Authors: Lin Yu , Dong Yangeng , Sun Ti , Zhao Yongmin , Wang Miao , Hu Jingpei , Wang Chinhua , Zeng Zhongming , Jiang Chunping 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA flat and compact metasurface‐based optical metalens with superior performance can be widely used for focusing and imaging. However, the realization of a large‐aperture metalens, which is composed of billions of nanoscale building blocks, poses significant challenges for both process technology and manufacturing cost. Herein, an unconventional optical sparse‐aperture (UOSA) metalens is developed with a Wiener filtering algorithm to obtain a high‐quality image. The proposed UOSA metalens consists of three identical and concentric annular sectors sub‐aperture metalens based on a gallium nitride nanobrick array, which can effectively focus the unpolarized visible light into the same point. An effective aperture of 0.72 mm with lower cost is realized by utilizing less than 1/2 processing area. The experimental imaging results show that this all‐dielectric UOSA metalens with a diffraction‐limited resolution of 11.36 µm under 632.8 nm illumination is consistent with the simulated results. Furthermore, a relatively high focusing efficiency (≈51.2%) can also be achieved under the incident light of any polarization state. The approach with less area process, time‐saving, high efficiency, and large‐aperture characteristics offers vast potential applications in the fields of integrated optical systems, near‐eye imaging devices, and wearable optics.
Super‐Resolution Lifetime Imaging of Single Molecules Near Gold Bowtie Nanoparticles
Authors: Hallenbeck Zachary , Wertz Esther A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInteractions between light and matter serve as the basis of many technologies, but the quality of these devices is inherently limited by the optical properties of their constituents. Plasmonic nanoparticles are a highly versatile and tunable platform for the enhancement of such optical properties. However, the near‐field nature of these effects has made thorough study and understanding of these mechanisms difficult. In this work, we introduce a fully confocal technique combining photoswitching super‐resolution microscopy with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to study single‐molecule decay rate enhancement. We demonstrate that the technique combines a spatial resolution better than 20 nm, and a 16 ps temporal resolution. Simultaneously, an autocorrelation measurement is also performed to confirm that the data indeed originates from single molecules. This work provides insight into the various mechanisms of plasmon‐enhanced emission, and allows the study of the correlation between emission intensity and lifetime enhancement. This complicated relationship is shown to be dependent upon the relative influence of various radiative and nonradiative decay pathways. Here, we provide a platform for further study of emission mislocalization, the position‐dependent prominence of different decay pathways, and the direct super‐resolved measurement of the local density of states.