bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a Stretchable Polyampholyte Hydrophilic Film with Compositional Gradient for Long‐Term Stable, Substrate‐Independent Fouling‐Resistant Coating
Authors: Kim Hogi , Song Younseong , Park Seonghyeon , Kim Youson , Mun Hyeonwoo , Kim Jueun , Kim Seongeun , Lee Kyung G. , Im Sung Gap 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe prevention of nonspecific biofouling is crucial for technological development in biomaterials and medical devices. Thus, zwitterionic materials have attracted significant attention due to their effective fouling‐resistance, long‐term durability against oxidation, and biocompatibility. However, fabricating a substrate‐independent zwitterionic surface with outstanding fouling‐resistance remains a challenge. In this study, a polyampholyte coating that satisfies the aforementioned requirements is obtained using a vapor‐phase method. The polyampholyte coating consists of a bilayer of poly(1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetravinyl cyclotetrasiloxane) (pV4D4) and polyampholyte, poly(2‐carboxyethyl acrylate‐co‐2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) (pCD), stacked with compositional gradient, which are obtained via sequential deposition using initiated chemical vapor deposition. The heavily crosslinked pV4D4 acts as an adhesion promoter layer that may be applied conformally to various substrate materials with high interfacial adhesion. The pCD surface exhibits a long‐lasting, superior fouling‐resistance to proteins (20.3 ± 1.8 ng cm−2 for undiluted human serum) and microorganisms. The pCD‐grad‐pV4D4 films, coupled with the stress‐dissipative gradient interface, are highly stretchable up to 50% without compromising the fouling‐resistance. The fouling‐resistance is maintained after 1 day of sonication, 10 days of water flushing, and 30 days of water shearing. Further, the pCD‐grad‐pV4D4 films are fully transparent and patternable, making them a prospective alternative for future non‐fouling biomedical applications.
On‐Demand Programming of Liquid Metal‐Composite Microstructures through Direct Ink Write 3D Printing
Authors: Haake Aaron , Tutika Ravi , Schloer Gwyneth M. , Bartlett Michael D. , Markvicka Eric J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSoft, elastically deformable composites with liquid metal (LM) droplets can enable new generations of soft electronics, robotics, and reconfigurable structures. However, techniques to control local composite microstructure, which ultimately governs material properties and performance, is lacking. Here a direct ink writing technique is developed to program the LM microstructure (i.e., shape, orientation, and connectivity) on demand throughout elastomer composites. In contrast to inks with rigid particles that have fixed shape and size, it is shown that emulsion inks with LM fillers enable in situ control of microstructure. This enables filaments, films, and 3D structures with unique LM microstructures that are generated on demand and locked in during printing. This includes smooth and discrete transitions from spherical to needle‐like droplets, curvilinear microstructures, geometrically complex embedded inclusion patterns, and connected LM networks. The printed materials are soft (modulus < 200 kPa), highly deformable (>600 % strain), and can be made locally insulating or electrically conductive using a single ink by controlling the process conditions. These capabilities are demonstrated by embedding elongated LM droplets in a soft heat sink, which rapidly dissipates heat from high‐power LEDs. These programmable microstructures can enable new composite paradigms for emerging technologies that demand mechanical compliance with multifunctional response.
Cognitive load during training for out‐of‐department emergency responses
Authors: Dworkis Daniel A. , Jain Aarti , Wolfe Marissa , Sanko Stephen , Arora Sanjay 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmergency medicine (EM) physicians sometimes respond to critical events outside the emergency department. To prepare for these complex cases—typically called “rapid responses” (RRs)—EM residents receive simulation‐based training involving four practice tasks and three exam tasks during a 1‐day session. Cognitive load (CL) theory describes how humans function with limited working memories to perform complex tasks. RRs are expected to generate high levels of CL, but the profile of CL across providers and RR cases is not well understood. In this study, we analyzed resident’s CL during RR training. We hypothesized variations in CL across individual and case and that exam cases would cause higher CLs than practice cases.MethodsResidents anonymously self‐reported CL levels after each case using the Paas scale, a single‐item, 9‐point scale from “very, very low CL” to “very, very high CL.” To examine case‐based differences in CL, data were rescaled by individual residents. “High CL” was defined as a score of 9/9.ResultsAmong 18 residents participating, CLs ranged from 4 to 9, with median of 7 and interquartile range of 7–8. While many cases showed bell curve–like distributions of CLs, one case—a bleeding tracheostomy—showed a rightward skew reflecting higher levels of CL. No significant difference was found in CL between practice and exam cases. There were 20 reports (16.5%) of “high” CL with variation across residents (0/7 [0%] to 5/6 [83.3%] cases) and across cases (1/18 [5.6%) to 8/18 [44.4%]).ConclusionsThe CL that EM residents experienced did show considerable interpersonal and intercase variation, but there was no significant difference between practice and exam cases. These results highlight several questions about how to optimally design future training, including how best to balance low and high CL training cases and which cases may require further training.
Enhanced Blue Afterglow through Molecular Fusion for Bio‐applications
Authors: Su Xianlong , Kong Xiaoyan , Sun Kuangshi , Liu Qian , Pei Yuetian , Hu Donghao , Xu Ming , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAfterglow materials have drawn considerable attention due to their attractive luminescent properties. However, their low‐efficiency luminescence in aqueous environment limits their applications in life sciences. Here, we developed a molecular fusion strategy to improve the afterglow efficiency of photochemical afterglow materials. By fusing a cache unit with an emitter, we obtained a blue afterglow system with a quantum yield up to 2.59 %. This is 162 times higher than that achieved with the traditional physical mixing system and more than an order of magnitude larger than that of the covalent coupling system. High‐efficiency afterglow nanoparticles were obtained and utilized for bio‐imaging with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 131, and for the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) of β‐hCG with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.34 mIU mL−1. This paves a new way for the construction of high‐efficiency afterglow materials and expands the number of luminescence reporter candidates for disease diagnosis and bio‐imaging.
Influence of morphology on the dynamic and quasi‐static energy absorption of polylactic acid‐based lattice structures
Authors: Verbeek Casparus Johannes Reinhard , Yapa Priyal Madubhashana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the difference between energy absorption (EA) of a lattice structure under quasi‐static and dynamic loading, as influenced by morphology. Lattices were manufactured from blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), with and without a compatibilizer. Under quasi‐static compression, PLA and blends with low PCL content provided the greatest EA. Above 30% PCL, a drastic decrease in EA was observed as the ductility increased. The morphology of the blends under slower loading played little role in affecting EA, as the lattice's performance was mainly dictated by the ductility of the blend. However, under dynamic loading brittle lattices provided poor EA, however, at 30% PCL, EA was significantly higher, improved further with including a compatibilizer. At 10% PCL an erratic dispersion of PCL in the PLA matrix was observed, whilst at 50% the morphology was co‐continuous. A uniformly, finely dispersed droplet morphology was observed at 30% PCL. The ductility and morphology of the matrix paired with the complex loading scenario led to optimal EA under dynamic loading. The partial bonding between PCL and PLA provided clear improvement to EA, however, this effect was vastly different under quasi‐static loading.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/modified cassava starch blends plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol
Authors: Boonsuk Phetdaphat , Sukolrat Apinya , Chantarak Sirinya , Kelarakis Antonios , Chaibundit Chiraphon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA series of blend films comprised 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with native cassava starch (NCS), high‐oxidized cassava starch (HCS), and pre‐gelatinized cassava starch (PCS) was prepared via solution casting. The blends were plasticized with glycerol or glycerol‐sorbitol mixture. The structure of each blend film was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Cross‐sections of the PVA/HCS and PVA/PCS blend films, imaged by scanning electron microscopy, indicated a PVA‐rich/starch‐rich bilayer structure, irrespective of the type of plasticizer in the blend. High degree of swelling of the blend films resulted to the fast degradation. All blend films were completely degraded in soil after 4 days. Significantly, we identified a number of blend films showed greater strength and elongation at break than low density polyethylene, suggesting that these environmentally benign blends could be ideal candidates for widespread applications currently dominated by petroleum‐derived products.
Improving the toughness and flame retardancy of poly (lactic acid) with phosphorus‐containing core‐shell particles
Authors: Dong Xinyi , Wu Zhenggui , Wang Yang , Li Ting , Yuan Hao , Zhang Xuhui , Ma Piming , Chen Mingqing , Huang Jing , Dong Weifu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite polylactide (PLA) representing one of the most promising biodegradable materials, its applications lag far behind owing to the disadvantages of inherent brittleness and flammability, which is challengeable to simultaneously overcome. In this work, a phosphorus‐containing core‐shell starch nanoparticle (FR‐CSS) was synthesized via soap‐free emulsion polymerization for concurrent improvement of toughness and flame retardancy of PLA. The results revealed that with the incorporation of 10 wt% FR‐CSS, the elongation at break of PLA/10FR‐CSS was prominently improved to 308% while the tensile strength was about 40.0 MPa. Particularly, the toughness of PLA/FR‐CSS was as high as 108.2 MJ/m3, which was 48 times higher than that of neat PLA. Besides, the PLA/10FR‐CSS exhibited improved flame retardancy with a UL‐94 V‐2 rating and a LOI value of 24.5%. These results established an integrated design strategy of incorporating phosphorus‐containing core‐shell nanoparticles to prepare PLA composites combined excellent toughness with enhanced flame retardancy, therefore broadening the application gallery of PLAs.
Are corporate climate efforts genuine? An empirical analysis of the climate ‘talk–walk’ hypothesis
Authors: Coen David , Herman Kyle , Pegram Tom 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study conducts machine‐aided textual analysis on 725 corporate sustainability reports and empirically tests whether climate ‘talk’ within the sampled reports translates into performance ‘walk’, proxied by changes in greenhouse gas emissions over a 10‐year period. We find mixed results for the ‘talk–walk’ hypothesis, depending on the type of talk and the associated climate change actors involved. Indeed, our empirical models show that while some climate commitments are genuine, many constitute little more than ‘greenwashing’—producing symbolic rather than substantive action. We attribute this result to false signalling of climate transitioning in order to mislead due to misaligned incentives. An unexpected positive finding of the study is that talk about operational improvements is a significant predictor of climate performance improvement. On the other hand, reactive strategies are consistent with poor climate performance. Our findings highlight the significance of corporate climate strategies other than emissions reductions in assessing the effective contribution of business to the climate transition.
Making Photocatalysis Comparable Using a Modular and Characterized Open‐Source Photoreactor**
Authors: Kowalczyk Daniel , Li Pengcheng , Abbas Amir , Eichhorn Jonas , Buday Philipp , Heiland Magdalena , Pannwitz Andrea , Schacher Felix H. , Weigand Wolfgang , Streb Carsten , Ziegenbalg Dirk 
Published: March 2022

AbstractReproducibility and comparability of photocatalytic experiments are still challenging, owing to the large number of experimental parameters and their comprehensive documentation. To overcome this limitation, a modular, adaptable, and extensible photoreactor platform is reported, which enables experiments under well‐characterized, reproducible conditions. Comparability is ensured by comprehensive photonic characterization with chemical actinometry, radiometry and open documentation of the incident photon fluxes in the reaction vessels for different setups as well as the homogeneity of irradiation in multi‐reactor setups. Comprehensive documentation minimizes the need for repeated photonic characterization when modifying the setups. Experimental reproducibility within and across experiments was evaluated with studies of photocatalytic systems for hydrogen evolution, emphasizing the validity of the concept.
Grain yield performance of hybrid rice in relation to inbred cultivars in long‐term multi‐environment tests in India
Authors: Muralidharan Kalambur , Prasad Gogineni S. V. , Rao Chilukuri S. , Sridhar Ranganathan , Siddiq Ebrahim A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe analyzed the yield data of 2,070 rice hybrid F1 genotypes with inbred local cultivars (ILCv) evaluated over 32 yr (from 1988 to 2019) in 2,376 multi‐environment experiments executed at 102 locations in the irrigated ecosystem across India. The genetic gain or loss in yield of hybrid F1 genotypes estimated over the test duration was nonsignificant. The differences were highly significant between the means of group of F1 hybrid genotypes with yields higher than ILCvs in 985 experiments and the group of F1 hybrid genotypes with yields lower than ILCvs in 962 experiments. Hybrids produced 10% more yield (728–2,588 kg ha–1) than ILCvs in 672 experiments at several locations. Our analyses have established that grain yields of 7.0–7.9 Mg ha–1, were harvested in hybrid F1 genotypes with early‐ (110–120 d), mid‐early‐ (121–130 d), and medium‐ (131–140 d) maturity duration, and in those with medium slender grains (130±5 d) at many locations in 374 out of the 985 experiments. A higher level of rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity per day (62–63 kg ha–1) was recorded with the early‐maturing and mid‐early‐maturing hybrid genotypes. Both the hybrid F1 genotypes and ILCvs produced grain yields (≥10 Mg ha–1) similar to values that were recorded previously with commercial inbred cultivars since 1968 at many locations. The attainable grain yield records of ILCvs were not broken by the yields of hybrid F1 genotypes. Hence the doubt arises whether there was any overestimation of hybrid genotypes or an underestimation of inbred yields. Therefore, any genetic gain or loss for grain yields in new genotypes developed in experiments can be estimated only when ILCvs produce their attainable yield recorded previously. There is scope for breeders to limit test locations to represent specific target areas to avoid data loss.
Multivariate analysis of oriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) based on phenotypic and pomological characterizations
Authors: Moradi Younes , Khadivi Ali , Mirheidari Farhad 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) is rich in valuable traits, such as later blooming, adaptation to a wider array of habitats, and capacity for longer storage of the apples, that should be considered important to the genetic makeup of the domestic apple. Here, the morphological diversity of this species was evaluated. There were significant differences among the accessions studied as revealed by the recorded traits. Ripening date ranged from late April to mid‐May. Fruit skin ground color showed strong diversity, including light cream, cream, yellow, light green, and green‐white. Also, fruit skin over color was highly variable, including white, cream, yellow, light green, and green‐white. Fruit weight ranged from 3.45 to 16.74 g. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed 13 PCs which contributed to 83.30% of total variance and fruit‐related characters were the most effective traits for separating and identifying the studied accessions. The Ward dendrogram reflected the similarities and dissimilarities among the accessions based on the qualitative and quantitative variables measured. A high phenotypic diversity within the collected material of M. orientalis was indicated. The diversity existing in the indigenous wild M. orientalis could further add new genetic information in the global gene pool of Malus species. The present study confirmed the necessity of preserving this unique genetic resource and continuing its study no matter the fact that in practice.
Weathering the storm alone or together: Examining the impact of COVID‐19 on sole and partnered working mothers
Authors: Dionisi Angela M. , Smith Chelsie J. , Dupré Kathryne E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSole employed mothers and their families face numerous challenges. Yet, the unprecedented circumstances of the COVID‐19 pandemic may be adding additional risk to the already precarious day‐to‐day reality of this population. Thus, we examine the implications of this crisis for the mental health and job‐related well‐being of both sole and partnered working mothers. Participants were 206 mothers who continued to work during the pandemic. A moderated mediation model was analyzed. Work‐family conflict (WFC) during the pandemic differentially related to mothers’ parenting stress, based on romantic partnership status; when mothers were sole parents, the relationship between WFC and parenting stress was exacerbated. Moreover, this stress mediated the relationship between WFC and both poor mental health and decreased work engagement for sole employed mothers. Findings broaden our understanding of the implications of the COVID‐19 pandemic for sole and partnered employed mothers, and how this crisis may be increasing disparities between working sole‐parent and dual‐partner families.
Unhoused and unhireable? Examining employment biases in service contexts related to perceived warmth and competence of people experiencing houselessness
Authors: Martinez Larry R. , Smith Nicholas A. , Snoeyink Megan J. , Noone Breffni M. , Shockley Alex 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLack of safe and stable housing is a pernicious and growing social concern, and stereotypes about individuals experiencing houselessness are generally quite negative. Little scholarly work has examined housing insecurity and its associated stereotypes in employment contexts. The purpose of the current research was to examine, in the context of the hospitality industry, whether housing status influences hiring managers' perceptions of hireability (Study 1) and customers' evaluations of an organization and its employees (Study 2) using the stereotype content model. Across two experimental studies, we assessed participant attitudes toward individuals experiencing houselessness. In Study 1, we instructed 148 hotel managers to listen to a hypothetical job interview with either an unhoused or housed job applicant, and then complete measures of hireability. In Study 2, we instructed 139 hotel customers to observe a hypothetical interaction with either an unhoused or housed employee, and then evaluate the employee and the organization. Study 1's findings suggested an indirect effect of housing status on perceived hireability through warmth, and this indirect relationship was moderated by gender. Men who were houseless were rated lower in warmth, and thus lower in hireability, than non‐houseless men or women regardless of their housing status. However, houseless men were perceived by customers as warmer than non‐houseless men as employees, driving higher evaluations of the organization and the employee (Study 2). Hiring initiatives targeted at providing short‐term housing for unhoused employees will benefit employees, employers, and the larger communities they encompass.
Structural equation modeling of the influence of primary school teachers' demographics on their psychosocial work hazards
Authors: Ugwuanyi Christian S. , Okeke Charity C. , Okeke Chinedu I. O. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMost workers, especially teachers experience one form of psychosocial work hazards or the other. In the Nigerian context, there is a high prevalence of psychosocial work hazards and no study has been conducted to ascertain the influence of teachers’ demographics on their psychosocial work hazards. This study explored the influence of primary school teachers’ demographics on their psychosocial work hazards using the structural equation modeling approach. Drawing from the tenets of Job‐Demand‐Control‐Support theory, a correlational survey research design was used, using a sample of 254 primary school teachers, and the study was based on a quantitative research approach. The study's data were gathered utilizing a 28‐item questionnaire adapted from the 30‐item Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire developed by Kristensen and coworkers in 2005. The internal consistency reliability index of the questionnaire items was 0.74. The data were analyzed using a combination of frequency, percentage, chi‐square test of independent samples, hierarchical multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. It was revealed that demographic characteristics of teachers correlated with their psychosocial work hazards. However, it was found that only the age and location of the teachers had significant (p < .05) relationships with their psychosocial work hazards. The age and location of the teachers are significant determinants of their psychosocial work hazards. This our findings call for more research on the subject matter as some recent studies have documented that other demographics of teachers had significant relationships with psychosocial work hazards. It was therefore recommended that teachers’ demographics should be considered as important factors in the recruitment of teachers.