bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The injustice of the world’
Authors: Foley Hugh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at questions of closure, integrity, and self-identity in the work of Jorie Graham. It reads Graham’s poetry against a background in which the critique of liberal individualism in lyric becomes explicitly theorized. Beginning with a discussion of the ways in which Graham’s work does or does not oppose anthropomorphism to ecological thinking, it considers her use of a range of critiques of anthropomorphism. The chapter connects a critique of lyric, as the avant-garde movement of Language Poetry often does in its legitimating narratives, to the legacy of the Vietnam War. It then demonstrates how Graham attempts to use the resources of lyric to reimagine the idea of individual agency in response to a variety of drastic reconceptions of what subjectivity is. In each case, it argues that Graham is invested in showing that imaginative agency can be envisioned as an emergent property of larger phenomena; in such a way, the subject need not be enclosed or separated from the world. The chapter considers how she uses the lyric exchange to make this argument, and finishes by reading ‘Evolution’ (2000) from Never.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Hugh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The conclusion begins by discussing the poem ‘where you are planted’ by Evie Shockley. It connects Shockley’s poems to the various functions of the lyric exchange that the book has discussed as a whole. It argues that Shockley’s poem demonstrates the same capacity to critique the historical entanglements of the tropes it uses. It then positions the book’s interventions in the context of recent discussions about contemporary poetry, politics, form, and the lyric. After recapitulating what the individual claims of each chapter were, it finishes with a brief discussion of Walt Whitman’s ‘of the terrible doubt of appearances’, making a claim for the value of certain kind of intensities the works discussed embody.
Imagination and Suppositional Thought
Authors: Berto Francesco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as capturing a certain kind of imaginative exercise, Reality-Oriented Mental Simulation (ROMS): the activity one engages in, when one supposes that something is or had been the case and wonders what else will be or would have been the case in the hypothetical scenario. In this reading, the TSIM Iφψ says that in an imaginative act starting from supposition φ, one imagines that ψ is the case. The chapter argues that imagination, of this sort, can have epistemic value insofar as its departure from reality is regimented and only partly voluntary, and connects ROMS to the formation of conditional beliefs. The chapter also explores the idea of equivalence in imagination: what it means that φ and ψ play the same cognitive role in one’s mental life, in particular when one engages in suppositional thinking. It proposes the addition of a constraint on the semantics of the TSIMs, which allows them to capture such cognitive equivalence. Finally, it discusses the suggestion that full topic-inclusion of the topic of ψ in that of φ may be too draconian a constraint for our TSIMs, at least (and perhaps not only) in the ROMS setting.
Hyperintensional Belief Revision
Authors: Berto Francesco 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as expressing conditional belief or (static) belief revision. In this setting, the TSIM Bφψ says that conditional on φ, one believes that ψ, or that if one were to learn that φ, one would believe that ψ was the case. The reading is enforced by adding to the basic TSIM semantics a total preordering of worlds, understood as representing relative plausibility: the closer a world, the more plausible the scenario it represents for the believing agent. The chapter argues that, thanks in particular to the hyperintensionality of TSIMs, this setting reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents in the standard AGM belief revision theory as well as in non-hyperintensional modal logics of belief revision. It also argues that the represented agents are not vulnerable to a complete trivialization of their belief system based on inconsistent information. The chapter concludes by hinting at a way to expand the setting into a dynamic framework, as in Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL), via a dynamics representing how the agent can come to grasp new subject matters.
Introduction
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This introduction outlines the central argument of the book and also suggests its relevance for contemporary discussions in LGBTQI+ politics and theory. It opens with a dispute about the language to use on a plaque celebrating the life of Anne Lister in which different versions used the terms “gender nonconforming” and “lesbian” to show how nineteenth-century figures such as Lister can be embroiled in current controversies such as the increasingly tense opposition between transgender activists and gender critical feminists. Such disputes illustrate a continuing tension between models of identity that are primarily based on sexual preference and those focused on gender identity, suggesting tensions within the broad LGBTQI+ coalition that recent developments such as “LGB alliances” also document. As such, the introduction suggests that we return to the nineteenth century in a spirit of humility, not assuming that we have solved past problems but instead being open to learning from earlier theories, models, and experiences.
Ulrichs’ Riddles
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the pamphlets that have constituted an origin story of modern male homosexuality, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs’ The Riddle of “Man-Manly” Love. Works of homophile advocacy designed to advance legal reforms, Ulrichs’ pamphlets aimed to systematize and integrate diverse strands of thinking into a coherent account of homosexual identity. Tracking the evolution of Ulrichs’ thought and his proliferation of sub-categories indicates how cross-gender identification emerged as the key component of gay male identity by the mid-nineteenth century. Ulrichs’ insistence on gender transitivity, codified in his Latin slogan anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa (typically translated as the feminine soul in a masculine body), has been the subject of intense resistance by lesbian/gay activists and theorists, in part because it formed the ground of homophobic practices such as aversion and conversion therapies. Arguing for re-examining Ulrichs’ work and the sexological tradition it helped to initiate, this chapter make two central claims. First, that Ulrichs was unable to wall off soul from body or “masculine” from “feminine,” writing of these terms as relative to each other and as inadequate to account for the diversity of lived experience. Second, the development of a classificatory system forced Ulrichs to address valuable questions that are implicit but unaddressed by our current positing of an umbrella LGBTQIA+ alliance, most notably, how to think about the potential commonalities of interest between identities that are primarily organized around sexual orientation and others organized around gender.
Bodies in Transition
Authors: Joyce Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As a genre, pornography is uniquely in a position to imagine sexual possibilities and gendered selves without reference to actually existing practices and bodies, and as such it has none of the limitations of law or medicine. As a consequence, late-Victorian erotica is a place to look for two configurations that appealed to and eluded the figures in previous chapters: fully mutual and reciprocated same-sex relationships and bodies that seem to transition themselves under the pressure of cross-gender identification to the extent that the anatomical components of the body are made to match outside signs of a gender expression. This chapter explores these possibilities in readings of the multiple authored Teleny (1893) in which Wilde is sometimes thought to have participated and Le Roman De Violette (1891), a French text now ascribed to Henriette de Mannoury d’Ectot. These sections bracket readings of two other texts, Sins of the Cities of the Plain (1881) and Letters from Laura and Eveline (1883) in which Fanny and Stella appear as characters. In the process of imagining them as transsexual figures, these novels amplify dissonant notes that could not be incorporated into the narratives offered at their trial, in the process allowing for more complicated intersections between gender and sexual identity.
Introduction
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Introduction to Dickens and Victorian Psychology details both Dickens’s immersion in the psychology of the nineteenth century and the terms of Victorian psychological debate, arguing that Dickens employs the introspective mode—by which Dickens and Victorian Psychology denotes a range of narrative strategies, from free indirect discourse to first-person narration, that reflect the central methodology of Victorian dualist psychologies—to make a case for the immateriality of the mind and the irreducibility of consciousness, positions necessitated by the growth of physical psychologies in the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite a long critical tradition of dismissing Dickens as an entertainer rather than a thinker, that is, this Introduction positions him as deeply informed about Victorian theories of mind and an active contributor, through his fiction, to nineteenth-century psychological thought. Dickens’s psychological position also comes into focus as inextricably linked with his religious beliefs: his argument for a dualist theory of mind is ultimately an argument for the immortality of the soul. But this Introduction also gestures toward the strategies that allowed psycho-physiologists to overcome the resistance of dualists like Dickens. Key among those strategies was the erasure from the essential terms of psychological debate of any meaning that pointed beyond the body.
The Latent and the Manifest
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines Dickens’s return to first-person narration in Great Expectations, arguing that Pip’s frequent invocations of the mental work that goes on outside his consciousness are part of Dickens’s efforts to undergird his soul-based psychology with the metaphysical latency theorized by Sir William Hamilton. But while Hamilton’s model of latency appears to conflate unconsciousness with the powers of the soul when freed of the body, other theories of unconsciousness suggested that what was latent to the mind was merely the body, the nerves and fibers that underlay consciousness. Key here are two such theories, those offered by Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, both of whom melded their physical models of unconsciousness with the latest advances of associationist psychology, rendering especially problematic for Dickens’s anti-materialist project the ambiguities inherent in the language of association. In considering Spencer’s psychological work, this chapter situates Great Expectations in the midst of evolutionary debate, but evolution of a sort quite different from Darwin’s natural selection. Instead, Spencer’s evolutionary psychology, which posited the hereditary transmission of inherited characteristics, redefined the notion of habit—so central to Great Expectations—as the source of those innate qualities that were seen by faculty psychologists to be the gifts of God. Great Expectations’s deployment of the discourse of habit, like Martin Chuzzlewit’s treatment of Jonas Chuzzlewit, thus inadvertently threatens to deny the immortal soul that, for Dickens, separates humankind from the beasts and serves as evidence of the existence of God.
Life-Writing
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses Pater’s imaginary portraits as precursors of ‘the New Biography’, defined by the modernists in rebellion against Victorian life-writing. The Imaginary Portraits constitute a set of alternative lives to Leslie Stephen’s Dictionary of National Biography: international in scope, they pose a counter discourse to the patriotic monument. The conflation of commemoration and resurrection links biography to the obituary; Pater toys with the brief life, or the obituary, in the final summing up the protagonist’s life which concludes most of the portraits. Focusing on ‘An English Poet’, the chapter explores Pater’s merging of life-writing with the literary portrait, with the portrait as literary criticism, in dialogue with Sainte-Beuve’s portraits littéraires and Macmillan’s ‘English Men of Letters’. Editor John Morley’s view that it took one man of letters to write the life of another resulted in compressed biographies mixed with literary criticism, composed by the leading writers of the day. The final section deals with some of the heirs to Pater’s imaginary portraits. Marcel Schwob’s Vies imaginaires spanned similar historical and geographical ranges as Pater’s, revolving around sudden deaths, while reflecting the authors’ awareness of their power to cut lives and narratives short. For modernist life-writing (Strachey, Nicolson, Woolf) Pater became an influential presence: Nicolson’s ‘method of writing about people and about himself as though they were at once real and imaginary’ was praised by Woolf whose own Orlando is as much a reader as a poet; her imaginary portrait becomes a piece of criticism, a catalogue of influence.
Narrating the Self
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores Pater’s work with literary form and voice, demonstrating his ability to construct narrative, drama, and fictitious personalities. It revolves around the diary format as a narrative device in ‘A Prince of Court Painters’ and ‘Sebastian van Storck’. With their French and Dutch settings, these two portraits explore Pater’s own European ancestry and employ paintings as plot devices, chronicling the rise of the modern self. Redefining the epistolary genre, Pater added layers of nineteenth-century interiority in a process of deformation which selected certain aspects of the diary novel, while suppressing others. As the chapter traces Pater’s version of the female complaint in ‘A Prince of Court Painters’, it also discusses interiority as a feature of modernity and the act of writing as an addictive one, related to the ‘talking cure’ of psychoanalysis. Pater was much inspired by Senancour’s novel Obermann and Amiel’s journal intime. His Sebastian constitutes a fictitious counterpart to these two popular nineteenth-century texts. His journal is both symptom and cause of mental illness, a fetishistic addiction where the boundaries between self and diary are erased as an instance of ‘pathographesis’, the sustained writing out of bodily and mental pathology. Like the wave of publications of the private diaries of near contemporaries, of recently deceased figures of the immediate past which flooded the French market at the fin de siècle, ‘Sebastian van Storck’ taps into a new fashion for self-centred, introspective intimistes who convey their rich interior worlds to the modern reader.
Character and Caricature
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses how Pater conceives of and constructs character. It adopts a prismatic approach, stressing parallels between the portraits, tragedy, and the character study, placing Pater in dialogue with Euripides, Philostratus, and Theophrastus. As Pater aestheticizes classical tragedy, he recreates Euripides’ Bacchae in ‘Denys l’Auxerrois’ and rewrites his fragmentary Hippolytus play. Philostratus’ Imagines serve as likely intertexts for Pater’s mythological portraits, as they employ the ekphrastic form of the short prose narrative in a transformation of the plots and characters of Greek tragedy into brief descriptions of paintings. The Theophrastan Characters form counterparts to Philostratus’ Imagines: a short, isolated form, centring on the individual, arranged in a sequence which may be rearranged, like the portraits in a picture gallery. The fluid boundaries between character and caricature are explored with the underlying argument that some of Pater’s own emotional detachment from his characters, often expressed through ironizing narrators, derives from his need to respond to the criticism of his style, person, and ideas. The chapter makes a case study of Rothenstein’ s Oxford Characters which includes a portrait of Pater and Pater’s character sketch of Frederick Bussell. Oxford Characters addresses the essence of Oxford life, implicitly asking what an Oxford character is. The Paterian educator becomes a recognizable type who speaks Pateresque and holds aesthetic ideals, most of which can be traced back to misreadings of The Renaissance. A subversive form, parody dissolves boundaries between one author and another, questioning our ideas about the integrity of personality and artistic product.
The Poetics of Space
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines the physical and emotional life of the Paterian self in dialogue with architectural space, from the tiny house of the reliquary to the vast spaces of the cathedral. Whether as home to dislodged human remains, shifted about through history, or as a religious edifice, Pater’s houses constitute significant shells for the self in which interior and exterior interact. Bachelard’s phenomenological topoanalysis plays some part in the discussion of architecture as a container of memories across Pater’s writings. The chapter discusses the notion of ‘home’, central to Pater’s circular narratives as a place from which to depart and return. It traverses a range of domestic interiors, from Pater’s own at Brasenose College to the aesthetic interior in Gaston. Like Shakespeare’s birthplace, the evocative empty space of Montaigne’s tower becomes a site of memory, embodying a sense of absence, while serving as a stimulus to the imagination. Pater had a claustrophobic fear of death; the dead are often exhumed or erupt to the surface in his writing. The chapter traces his concern with exhumations and resurrections from ‘Denys l’Auxerrois’ to ‘Gaudioso the Second’. Pater’s love of the gothic is reflected in his obsession with death; the architectural framework of his exhumations resides in that northern European architectural style which Ruskin had promoted so forcefully. Pater’s gothic almost becomes a character in its own right. The poetics of Pater’s space is both national and European, domestic and public, as the journey from Pater’s college rooms to the French cathedrals demonstrates.
The Poetics of Time
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Pater as a ‘maker of time’, forming, rather than finding the past. It places the imaginary portraits in the contexts of the historical novel, of Pater’s dialogue with Jules Michelet, and the Bildungsroman, demonstrating the complexity of Pater’s argument with the past. The linearity of unbroken time is part of the romantic narrativization of history in a century when history became an academic discipline, when the emerging nation-states developed philosophies of history, when the historical novel came into its own and vied with the Bildungsroman about how to chronicle the life and development of the individual in relation to major historical events. Questioning such concepts as the truth and the factual by alluding to the historian’s ‘imaginative sense of fact’, Pater challenged fact-based positivism and claimed history as a literary art. Chapter 7 suggests Pater as the missing link between Walter Scott and Virginia Woolf in the construction of a collective memory, bridging the gulf to the past. The poetics of time may mould history, but the reverse is equally relevant: time moulds people. The Hegelian view of history as a series of conflicts underlies Scott’s novels and Pater’s portraits. With their interest in the minor figures of history rather than the stars, they explored the impact of war and crises on the individual. Collapsing the boundaries between past and present they forged an alliance between fiction, memory, and identity in a century when Europe was finding its feet after the Napoleonic Wars.
Advertising and News
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the dilemma of differentiating adverts from news. It begins in 1848 with the successful campaign to free the press from the so-called taxes on knowledge, one of which was the advertisement duty. The campaign relied on a theory of advertising as essential information, which undergirded a liberal-individualist account of the market. However, newspapers owners, who became free to print adverts without tax inhibitions, discovered that advertisers threatened their control of the medium. It was not clear how adverts differed from news when both were described as information, and both were produced in a commercialized environment. Newspapers therefore engaged in boundary work through trade-wide legal practices that included recommended policies, articulations of the roles of journalists, editors and departments, flaggings of violations, and examinations and channelling of everyday contracts. While these treated advertising as an informational category, they also developed theories that conceptualized it as inherently biased and therefore inferior to news. The persistent informational focus thus celebrated news as the main public service of the press and elevated it over advertising, which appeared compromised. However, the same focus legitimized advertising within the terms of a disenchanted modernity. Legitimation and degradation were both necessary for newspapers to operate on a commercial model based on advertising revenues. The informational hierarchy had little to hang on in theory and in practice, yet gradually assumed the status of common sense. Meanwhile, it marginalized the possibility that information was simply an incomplete framework for assessing advertising. Enchantment, irreducible to biased information, was absent from the discussion.
Gambling, Indecency, and the Bounded Realms of Enchantment
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 returns to thematic historical controversies about advertising, to examine boundary work on the lines between advertising and so-called moral questions in the debates about gambling and indecency. These were the two areas in which uses of law came closest to conceptualizing enchantment. The theory of gambling in legislation and case law highlighted gamblers’ quasi-mystical views and ecstatic behaviours. The theory of indecency placed primacy on concepts of influence of the print object, which could draw affective responses beyond reason’s control, famously articulated in the 1868 case of R. v Hicklin. In both cases, the unstable boundary between popular culture and enchantment was crossed. They provided conceptual languages that could open up a broader debate about enchanting appeals. However, this conceptual possibility was curbed as the legal logic and practice applied to advertising shielded it from a developed discussion of the role of enchantment. To show this process, Chapter 6 explores select contexts: prize competition adverts, poster censorship, and the medico-legal campaign against adverts for abortion medicines. From differing directions and with no unified perspective, these all demonstrate how even with theories of enchantment at hand, and legal operations intended to apply them, the role of enchantment in advertising remained only minimally acknowledged, while advertising was once again theorized as an inferior part of a disenchanted culture—at that culture’s margins yet within its bounds.