bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development and implementation of a bespoke teaching curriculum for final year University of Bristol medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors: Brown Niall , Hurst William 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the cancellation of final year medical student experiences, such as finals examinations, face-to-face teaching, and structured assistantship programmes. This heightened an already established feeling of unpreparedness for their transition from academic studies to becoming acute caregivers. To address this, we developed a fully virtual teaching course. The primary aims were to improve student confidence, decrease anxiety and develop the student’s knowledge of what is expected of their FY1 role.
Method:
A teaching curriculum was developed using the Foundation Programme syllabus, junior doctor experience and medical student questionnaires. The course was open to all final year medical students at the University of Bristol. The creators attended accredited teaching courses and content was reviewed with a Teaching Fellow. Feedback was collected to analyse individual sessions and the entire course.
Results:
Six one-hour online teaching sessions were delivered over 12 weeks via Zoom. Cumulative attendance was sixty-three. Mean rating for knowledge of the FY1 job role and confidence in starting FY1 increased by 24% and 46%, respectively. Prior to the course, 70% agreed and a further 26% strongly agreed with ‘I feel anxious about starting FY1’. After the course, 64% of participants agreed and 21% strongly agreed that the course made them feel less anxious about starting FY1. 100% of participants would recommend this teaching course to a peer. Qualitative feedback included comments such as, “The salient points relevant to practicalities of FY1 were highlighted- cannot find anywhere else online which would equip me so well”. The two creators undertook a dedicated session of collective reflection using the Gibb’s cycle once the course had been completed.
Conclusion:
Virtual teaching will continue to be crucial to ensure students are not disadvantaged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main project limitation was that of modest participant numbers. This project has improved student confidence, knowledge and reduced anxiety; by improving preparedness for FY1, we hope to uphold excellent patient care as a result. A further iteration is planned, and future tutors recruited to ensure project sustainability.
Performance Enhancement of Solar Cooker Integrated with Photovoltaic Module and Evacuated Tubes Using ZnO/Acalypha Indica Leaf Extract: Response Surface Study Analysis
Authors: Prabu Arulraj Simon , Chithambaram Venkatesan , Shanmugan Sengottaiyan , Cavaliere Pasquale , Gorjian Shiva , Aissa Abderrahmane , Mourad Abed , Pardhasaradhi Pokkunuri , Muthucumaraswamy Rajamanickam , Essa Fadl Abdelmonem Elsayed , Elsheikh Ammar Hamed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this study, the effect of employing ZnO/Acalypha Indica leaf extract (ZAE) on the energy absorption of a coated portable solar cooker have been examined using an experimental setup. A prototypical model has been developed to corroborate in associating an investigative outcome per constituents of the experiments. The studied heat transfer process in ZAE is stable for harsh conditions. The design analysis and an estimation of the system performance were done given various parameters including the pressure of the vacuum envelope, bar plate coating digestion, emissivity, and solar rays. The fabricated solar was tested with and without ZAE to investigate the impact of this coating material on the solar cooker's thermal performance. To observe the performance of the new design, two figures of merit (F1 and F2) have been introduced. The factual food cooking assessments were for a family of four people, which operated in ZAE coating (0.8, 1.0, 1.2 \({\mu }\text{m}\)) of the solar cooker. The values of F1 and F2 for the proposed cooker were obtained as 0.1520 and 0.4235, respectively, which is intact with the BIS values. The results revealed that employing ZAE instead of a thermal NHC - PV solar cooker reduced the time required to boil 2 L of water for about 2,820 seconds. The overall thermal energy productivity of the solar cooker with electrical backup was obtained as 42.65%, indicating that the ZAE coating can improve the thermal efficiency by 10.35%.
Experimental study on the simulated defects detection in submerged transmission pipeline
Authors: Chang Ho , Durai Mathivanan , Huang Chun-Wei , Peng Chi-Chuan , Lan Chou-Wei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Long-distance pipelines are commonly used to transport oil, natural gas, water, etc. However, long-term uses without maintenance cause the residue of deposits in the pipeline to gradually adhere to the inside of the pipeline by physical or chemical action, it causing the pipeline to become clogged. And it makes overpressure and leaks in the pipeline, which further impacts the safety of industry and people`s lives. The purpose of this study is to establish a non-destructive inspection to measure the defects in a pipe by ultrasonic technique. The material of the simulated pipe is SCH80 carbon steel pipe with a thickness of about 11mm as standard, and defects were designed such as holes and grooves inside and outside the pipe. The carrier mechanism design is printed by a 3D printer. A submerged ultrasonic transducer is used to evaluate the simulated pipeline and establish that data in an imaging system through LabVIEW and Origin software. Thereby, thickness and defect locations are clearly evaluated. In addition, ultrasonic detection error was calculated within 6.5%. It helps to apply this technique and equipment for underground pipeline inspections to prevent pollution.
Modelling the impact of climate variability and land-use changes in the Upper Crocodile River Basin, South Africa
Authors: Fynn Byron Melvin , Abiye Tamiru A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Improved understanding of the impacts of climatic variability and land-use changes on water resources in the semi-arid part of South Africa is necessary to ensure sustainability in water resources supply. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was applied in the highly urbanized Upper Crocodile River Basin (UCRB) to evaluate the individual and combined effects of climate and land-use changes on streamflow. The SWAT model was calibrated against four discharge stations from 1998 to 2010 and validated from 2010 to 2016. Successful results regarding the coefficient of determination (R2), percentage bias (PBIAS), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency equation (NSE) objective functions proved that streamflow predictions were reliable for analysis under climate and land-use changes. The climate change scenarios, reflecting a 1.5°C temperature increase, and a 20% precipitation decrease, were shown to reduce the antecedent moisture condition of the UCRB. The 5% urban expansion land-use scenario revealed that increasing urbanization enhanced the imperviousness of the basin. Moreover, in the worst-case scenario, incorporating the climate and land-use changes resulted in a 14% average streamflow decrease in the UCRB. Consequently, the UCRB's predicted climate and human activity changes suggest water availability and quality decreases. The deterioration of the surface water quality will be aggravated as there is less natural water for the dilution of effluent loadings, and groundwater quality may be exacerbated by its connection with surface water in the basin. Therefore, improved integrated water management strategies, above those currently considered, is required to ensure the efficient use and sustainability of the UCRB's water resources.
Self-reported Difficulty in Walking 400 Meters: the “red Flag” for Probable Sarcopenia
Authors: SALINI Sara , RUSSO Andrea , CALVANI Riccardo , COVINO Marcello , MARTONE Anna Maria , TOSATO Matteo , DAMIANO Francesco Paolo , PICCA Anna , MARZETTI Emanuele , LANDI Francesco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes in older people. Several tools are recommended to assess muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, but are not always available in daily practice.Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate if there is a correlation between the personal perception of physical performance (assessed through a question on personal functional status) and the effective presence of sarcopenia (according to the EWGSOP2 definition) using data from the Longevity Check-up 7+ project.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: The Longevity Check-up 7+ project is an ongoing study started in June 2015 and conducted in unconventional settings (i.e., exhibitions, malls, and health promotion campaigns). Subjects: Candidate participants are eligible for enrollment if they are at least 18 years of age and provide written informed consent. For the present study subjects 65 years age old and older have been considered (n=2901).Methods: According to the most recent EWGSOP2 consensus definition, subjects were defined to be affected by probable sarcopenia when handgrip strength was less than 27kg in male and less than 16kg in female, respectively. Furthermore, a single question assessed the perceived health status regarding own physical performance: “Do you have any difficulty in walking 400 meters?”.Results: Using the EWGSOP2 algorithm, 529 (18,9%) participants were identified as affected by probable sarcopenia with a significant higher prevalence among subjects with self-reported difficulty in walking 400 meters compared to participant without any difficulty (33.6% versus 13.1%, respectively; p<0.001). Relative to participants without self-reported difficulty, those subjects with self-reported difficulty in walking 400 meters showed a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.75-4.07)Conclusions: A single “Red Flag” question such as “Do you have any difficulty in walking 400 meters?” should be considered as a recommended method for screening probable sarcopenia risk.
A study on changed lifestyle of the elderly living in old age homes of pune city
Authors: Janbandhu Priyanka , Phad Santosh , Bansod Dhananjay 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Increase in old age homes and its residents mandates attention to the living condition of elderly at such institutions. The study is based on information collected from 500 residents of 23 old age homes of Pune city. A multistage random sampling was adopted for the sample selection. A semi-structured interview schedule, which was approved by the research ethical board of the institute, was used to gather the information from the respondents. The study also has gathered qualitative insights using case studies and key informant interviews. About half of the respondents were having issues while adjusting to the old age home environment and similar percent has reported that their life has considerably changed after joining the old age home. Three-fifths of these have experienced negative impact, such as homesickness, feeling of staying at a hostel, elderly have to adjust in their daily life, follow certain schedule, and so on. Yet, surprisingly, almost all respondents reported that the care and services available at old age home are good and they are satisfied with it. Due to family attachment, many respondents feel lonely. For instance, 56 percent of the respondents perceive that they are being left out by their family members. Hence, they would like to go back to their families. Despite the fact that more than two-fifths (44%) of the respondents know that they will have their last breath at the old age home. Whereas, half of the respondents said they are not certain about their future stay and 3 percent believe that very soon they will return to their homes. Almost all respondents are satisfied with the available facilities at the old age homes. Yet, the issues of uncomfortable living, loneliness, or similar unpleasant feeling is present among some of the respondents. These experiences are mostly due to the absence of family members in surrounding.
Development of a core outcome set for the evaluation of interventions to prevent COVID-19 in care homes (COS-COVID-PCARE Study)
Authors: Shepherd Victoria , Islam Ishrat , Wood Fiona , Williamson Paula R , Goodman Claire , Bath Philip M , Thompson Carl , Knapp Martin , Gordon Adam L , Hood Kerenza 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
People living in care homes have experienced devastating impact from COVID-19. As interventions to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 are developed and evaluated, there is an urgent need for researchers to agree on the outcomes used when evaluating their effectiveness. Having an agreed set of outcomes that are used in all relevant trials can ensure that study results can be compared.
Objective
The aim of the study was to develop a core outcome set (COS) for trials assessing the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for preventing COVID-19 infection and transmission in care homes.
Methods
The study used established COS methodology. A list of candidate outcomes was identified by reviewing registered trials to evaluate interventions to prevent COVID-19 in care homes. Seventy key stakeholders participated in a Delphi survey, rating the candidate outcomes on a nine-point scale over two rounds, with the opportunity to propose additional outcomes. Stakeholders included care home representatives (n = 19), healthcare professionals (n = 20), people with personal experience of care homes (n = 7), researchers (n = 15) and others (n = 9). Outcomes were eligible for inclusion if they met an a priori threshold. A consensus meeting with stakeholders resulted in agreement of the final outcome set.
Results
Following the Delphi and consensus meeting, twenty-four outcomes were recommended for inclusion. These are grouped across four domains of infection, severity of illness, mortality, and those specific to interventions. Due to the considerable heterogeneity between care homes, residents, and interventions, the relevance and importance of outcomes may differ between trial contexts. Intervention specific outcomes would be included only where relevant to a given trial, thus reducing the measurement burden.
Conclusion
Using a rapid response approach, a COS for COVID-19 prevention interventions in care homes has been developed. Future work should focus on identifying instruments for measuring these outcomes, and the interpretation and application of the COS across different trial contexts. Beyond COVID-19, the outcomes identified in this COS may have relevance to other infectious diseases in care homes, and the rapid response approach may be useful as preparation for future pandemics.
Being Silenced, Loneliness and Being Heard: understanding pathways to Intimate Partner Violence &amp; Abuse in young adults. A mixed-methods study
Authors: Barnes Maria , Szilassy Eszter , Herbert Annie , Heron Jon , Feder Gene , Fraser Abigail , Howe Laura D , Barter Christine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
BackgroundInternational research shows the significance and impact of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) as a public health issue for young adults. There is a lack of qualitative research exploring pathways to IPVA.MethodsThe current mixed-methods study used qualitative interviews and analysis of longitudinal cohort data, to explore experiences of pathways to IPVA. Semi-structured Interviews alongside Life History Calendars were undertaken to explore 17 young women’s (19-25 years) experiences and perceptions of pathways to IPVA in their relationships. Thematic analysis was undertaken. Based on themes identified in the qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis was conducted in data from 2127 female and 1145 male participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort study. We fitted regression models to assess the association of child maltreatment, parental domestic violence, and peer-to-peer victimisation, by age 12, with loneliness during adolescence (ages 13-14), and the association of loneliness during adolescence with IPVA (age 18-21). Mediation analysis estimated the direct effects of maltreatment on IPVA, and indirect effects through loneliness.FindingsAll women interviewed experienced at least one type of maltreatment, parental domestic violence, or bullying during childhood. Nearly all experienced IPVA and most had been multi-victimised. Findings indicated a circular pathway: early trauma led to isolation and loneliness, negative labelling and being silenced through negative responses to help seeking, leading to increased experiences of loneliness and intensifying vulnerability to further violence and abuse in young adulthood. The pathway was compounded by intersectionality. Potential ways to break this cycle of loneliness included being heard and supported, especially by teachers.Quantitative analysis confirmed an association between child maltreatment and loneliness in adolescence, and an association between loneliness in adolescence and experience of IPVA in young adult relationships. ConclusionIt is likely that negative labelling and loneliness mediate pathways to IPVA, especially among more disadvantaged young women. The impact of early maltreatment on young people’s wellbeing and own relationships is compounded by intersectionality. Participants’ resilience was enabled by support in the community.
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
Authors: Lawrence David Wyndham , Carhart-Harris Robin , Griffiths Roland , Timmermann Christopher 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Understanding the phenomenology and content of the inhaled N, N, dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) experience is critical to facilitate and support ongoing research and therapeutic models targeting mental health conditions and central nervous system pathology. Methods: Qualitative analysis of all N, N-DMT experiences posted to the r/DMT Reddit community over a 10-year period from 2009-2018. Results: A total of 3778 experiences from 3305 posts were included in this study. A median dose of N, N-DMT of 40.0 mg [interquartile range (IQR), 27.5 to 50.0] and a median experience duration of 10 minutes (IQR, 5.0 to 15.0) were identified. The most common somatic effects were somaesthesias (n=1415, 37.5%) and an auditory ringing (n=583, 15.4%). Visualizations predominantly consisted of fractals, shapes, patterns (n=1231, 32.5%) and vivid colours (n=953, 25.2%). Entity encounters occurred in 45.5% (n=1719) of the experiences and involved predominantly a feminine phenotype (n=416, 24.2%); aliens (n=281, 16.3%); deities (n=238, 13.8%); creature-based entities (n=158, 9.2%, including reptilian and insectoid beings); mythological beings (n=138, 8.0%, including machine elves); and jesters (n=112, 6.5%). Entity interactions were predominantly positive (n=600, 34.9% of encounters) involving benevolent, comforting, protecting, or outwardly caring interactions. A companion-type, pedagogical, or guide-type interaction was identified 32.4% of encounters (n=557). Common typology, architectural, and structural features of the “DMT world” were descriptions of alternate or higher dimensions (n=952, 25.2%); room(s) [n=582, 15.4%, including the “waiting room” (n=105, 2.8%)], and a tunnel (n=390, 10.3%). Features of mystical and ego-dissolution experiences were common and additional rewarding aspects were reported, including familiarity and acceptance/removal of the fear of death. Challenging and difficult responses were less frequent but also documented. Statements of profundity were identified in 232 experiences (6.1%), including pronouncing the experience or an aspect of the experience as the most “beautiful” or feeling the most “beautiful” of their life (n=47, 1.2%).Conclusion: This study identified common phenomenological themes and content of naturalistic inhaled N, N-DMT experiences. Major thematic domains included (1) physical and somatic experiences; (2) content of visualizations and imagery; (3) entity encounters including entity phenotype, descriptors, attributes, disposition, and characteristics of the interaction; (4) typology, architectural features, structural characteristics, and scenery of the “DMT world”; (5) emotional responses (including positive, rewarding, difficult, and challenging); and (6) statements of profundity.
COVID-19 epidemic forecast in USA East coast by novel reliability approach
Authors: Gaidai Oleg , Xing Yihan , Xu Xiaosen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease with high transmissibility to spread worldwide with considerable morbidity and mortality and presents an enormous burden on worldwide public health. Due to the non-stationarity and complicated nature of epidemic waves, it is challenging to model such a phenomenon. Few mathematical models can be used because epidemic data are generally not normally distributed. This paper describes a novel bio-system reliability approach, particularly suitable for multi-regional environmental and health systems, observed over a sufficient period of time, resulting in a reliable long-term forecast of the highly pathogenic virus outbreak probability. Traditional statistical methods dealing with temporal observations of multi-regional processes do not have the advantage of dealing efficiently with extensive regional dimensionality and cross-correlation between different regional observations. For this study, COVID-19 daily numbers of recorded patients in most affected US states were chosen. This work aims to benchmark state of the art method, which makes it possible to extract the necessary information from dynamically observed patient numbers, while taking into account relevant territorial mapping. The method proposed in this paper opens up the possibility of accurately predicting epidemic outbreak probability for multi-regional biological systems.
In Situ Observation of the Atomic-scale High-temperature Phase Transition Enhancement Mechanism at the ODS-W Interface
Authors: Wei Guoqing , Laima Luo , Zhang Qi , Liu Xuepeng , Zhang Yifan , Li Haixin , Li Zhipeng , Wu Yu-Cheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Rare earth oxide doping Metal is a common strengthening method for metal matrices. Recent studies show that the ODS-W alloys exhibit a more superior mechanical properties at higher temperatures, but the underlying strengthening mechanism is obscure due to the experimental technical limitations. This study performed in situ tensile deformations at temperatures up to 1273 K inside a transmission electron microscope with atomic-scale resolution. The results uncovered that the crack source caused by tension is at the W grain boundary, rather than the expected weak interface between W and oxide. We showed that the W near the ODS-W interface occurs BCC–FCC phase transition and breaks away from the W matrix. By combining molecular dynamics simulation with first-principle theory calculations, we confirmed that the WFCC matrix after the BCC–FCC phase transition possesses excellent adhesion work, which remarkably enhances the W and the oxide bonding force. Based on these observations, we proposed a high-temperature phase transformation strengthening method, which provides essential guidance for oxide-strengthen alloys at high temperatures and adds new ideas to the second-phase strengthening mechanism.