bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Various Candidate Insecticides for Quarantine Treatments Against Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis Invicta Buren, 1990
Authors: Lockley T. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were evaluated at Gulfport, Miss., for quarantine treatments of nursery potting media capable of harboring imported fire ant (IFA) colonies. Treatments for this media are required to prevent accidental introduction of IFA into uninfested areas via shipment of commercial nursery stock. Candidate insecticides were incorporated into a commonly used potting media (Strong-lite, 382 lb/cu yd) at 11.35 g AI (theoretical dose rate ca. 65 ppm) in a 2 cu ft capacity electric cement mixer for 1 h to assure a uniform mix. Treated media were placed in trade 1 gal plastic pots and aged out of doors under ambient conditions. After 30 d exposure to natural rainfall and temperature (no irrigation added), 3 pots from each treatment were bioassayed by confining 5 field collected alate IFA queens (4 replicates) to 25 cc each of treated media for 7 d. Treatments that allowed any survival were considered ineffective. Subsequent bioassays of effective treatments were carried out at 30 d intervals.
Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredri. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 28 Jun, cuttings of Taxus media ‘Hatfieldii’ were sprayed until wet with a handheld atomizer. After drying, 2 treated taxus cuttings were placed in 1 liter cardboard containers along with 10 BVW, covered with cheese cloth and secured with a rubber band. Containers were maintained in the laboratory at 22.4°C. There were 5 replications/treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Weevils were checked daily and the number of weevils alive (very active and feeding), dead, or some activity (SA) (showing some nerve activity, no feeding) were recorded. SA was recorded due to indications that weevils may recover from a sublethal dose of fluvalinate.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil (BVW) Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus, 2.5-3.0 m tall, growing in a hedge row at OSU-OARDC campus were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against BVW adults. The row was divided into sections consisting of 3 individual plants. Each treatment was applied to a randomly selected section and separated by an unsprayed buffer area. Sprays were applied 19 Sep under sunny skies, with 16—25 kph winds. The treatment area received 10.8 cm rainfall during the test period. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a single SS8004 flat-fan Teejet nozzle was used to apply treatments. Two, 10-15 cm twigs were removed, at specified intervals, from each of the three replicate plants and placed in 1-liter fonda containers fitted with nylon organdy mesh tops along with 3 ovipositing weevils per replicate. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake County, Ohio, and maintained on fresh taxus foliage in the rearing facility at 21-23°C, 80% + RH, and a 16 h photoperiod. Efficacy was evaluated 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 DAT by allowing the weevils to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed on fresh, unsprayed foliage, and percent mortality was assessed 48 h later.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Belmont, Mich., 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Curative treatments: A grid of 3 × 3 ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was established at Blythefield Country Club. Six replications of 11 treatments were applied on 20 Aug between 9:00 and 11:00 AM. Temperature at application was approximately 70°F with a slight rainfall (0.21 inches) about 9:30 AM followed by sunny weather conditions. The plots were established on an irrigated rough with sandy soil. Irrigation was applied approximately every other day depending on rainfall. Insect parasitic nematodes were applied while the grass was wet with dew and then hand irrigated with (0.25 inch) of water applied through a watering can immediately after application. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle hand held wand CO2 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/acre). Granular insecticides were applied with modified “salt” shakers. Evaluations were made on 17 Sep by removing 294 sq. inch (six 7 inch × 7 inch squares) sections of turf, roots, and soil/plot and counting larvae. Preventive treatments: A grid of 4 × 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established in irrigated rough at Blythefield Country Club. Six replications of 4 insecticide treatments were applied on 11 Jun. Granular insecticides were applied the same as described above. Evaluations were made on 17 Sep using the same method described above. The preventive and curative plots were on different fairways.
Birch, Control of Birch Leafminer, Wooster, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Birch suckers, 1-1.5 m tall, growing at the base of selected birch at an OARDC experimental plot under nursery management conditions, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against birch leafminer. A C02 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to run-off. Sprays were applied 18 May under sunny skies, 21°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. The treatment area received 6 cm of rainfall during the test period. Only suckers with adult birch leafminer activity were selected; sprays were applied to each of 4 replicates/treatment. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 12 DAT by counting the number of mined leaves of the 10 most apical leaves on 4 sucker twigs from each replicate.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pin Cherry trees with active tent caterpillar colonies were selected among open woodlot trees at the MSU horticulture farm in E. Lansing. Precounts were made on 4 May. Applications were made at 1:00 PM to the tents and to the foliage around the tents. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The insecticides were applied with a R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 flat-fan nozzle at 50 psi. The postcounts were evaluated on 9 May. Caterpillars were counted by walking around each tree and observing the tents and surrounding branches. The larvae were 2nd and 3rd instars at the time of the experiment. Heavy rain (0.78 inch) fell 10 h after application. More rain fell on 9 May (0.5 inch) and 12 May (0.65 inch).
Juniper, Control of Eriophyoid Mite, Lake Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Juniper, 13-25 cm tall, growing in 1 pt containers in a nursery in Lake Co., were used to evaluate selected pesticides against an eriophyoid mite. Plants showing symptoms of mite injury were randomly selected and placed in groups of 3. Sprays were applied 4 Sep under sunny skies, 23°C, and with 24-40 km/h winds. Plants received overhead irrigation every other day or as needed during the test period. A COa compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply sprays to runoff to each of 3 single-plant replicates/treatment. Evaluations were made 7 DAT by removing two needles from each of 3 buds from each replicate and counting the number of active mites with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine with Formulations of Insecticidial Soaps, Horticultural Oil, and Conventional Formulations in Westmoreland Co., Pa, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle scale nymphs on moderately infested 8-12 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 8 May and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74—76°F; water pH, 5.0; and skies were partly cloudy. At 15 DAT, at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree at each of 4 cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs (at each cardinal location) observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fasciles. A total of 400 nymphs were examined from each replicate.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, Test 1, 1990
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on five beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale, Newton and Neshoba Counties in south Mississippi. One ear tag per ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Terminator (diazinon) tags were placed in a herd of 55 cows and two bulls on 27 Apr. Saber tags were placed in a herd of 62 cows and one bull on 30 Apr. Ear Force Ranger tags were placed in a herd of 72 mature heifers on 1 May. Optimizer tags were placed in a herd of 53 cows and one bull on 3 May. Tomahawk tags were placed in a herd of 54 cows and one bull on 4 May. Untreated herds of 10-32 cows were located in the vicinity of each farm. All tags remained in herds for 16 wk. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once each week using binoculars.
Use of Self-Activating Automatic Spray System in Controlling Face Flies and Horn Flies, 1990
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The spray apparatus consisted of a self-contained automatic system with a 30-gal reservoir powered by a 12-volt, battery operated, spray pump. The sprayer was housed in a walkin mineral station mounted on skids to facilitate transport. The mineral box, located at one end of the station, required cattle to walk inside and lift a wooden lid to access the mineral. When a cow lifted the lid over the mineral box and held it open for 10 s or more, 2 spray nozzles above the animal's back were activated for 3 s. As the animal backed out of the sprayer, it was treated with the insecticide mixture contained in the reservoir. For this experiment, a 0.5% water mixture of Vapona feedlot spray was used in the automatic spray system. Before evaluating the automated spray system for horn fly control, horn flies from the experimental herds were tested for resistance against both permethrin and diazinon. The horn fly populations were susceptible to diazinon, but exhibited a 48-fold resistance to permethrin. Prior to treatment and at 2-wk intervals thereafter, horn fly densities were estimated on one side of ten mature animals while face flies were counted on the head and face of these same animals. Untreated cattle within a 1-km radius were used as a control. The test was repeated in two similar herds.
Permethrin Sprays for Fly Control on Horses, 1990
Authors: Burg J. G. , Knapp F. W. , Estienne M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three permethrin insecticide products, ThroughCare Power Plus (plus R-ll), ThroughCare Power Plus (minus R-ll), and Tri-Tec 14, were tested for fly control using 12 pastured thoroughbred mares. Three mares were randomly assigned to each treatment group and 3 mares were used as untreated controls. On 25 Jun, all mares were brushed and a 0.25 m2 area on each side of the treatment mares was sprayed with 15 ml of a test product: to wet the hair thoroughly without runoff. Mares were pastured by treatment groups. Twenty house flies and 30 stable flies were confined to the sides of each mare for 10 min using tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) held in place with elastic straps. Separate sets of straps and tea strainers were used for each treatment group. House flies were confined on one side and stable flies were confined on the other side of each mare 2 h prior to treatment, 1 h and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 DAT. Numbers of house flies and stable flies resting on each mare and knocked down were recorded after 1, 5, and 10 min. After exposure, flies were transferred to paper cages (473 ml) with screen tops and supplied with cotton soaked in 15% glucose. Mortality was determined 24 h after the exposure period. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 10-35°C and 30-84%, respectively. Precipitation was limited to 0.3 cm on 5 Jul.
The Effect of Compensol on the Potency of Meta-Systox, 1988
Authors: Herron G. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Compehsol is a mixture of 20 organic esters and was supplied by Bayer Australia Ltd. as an odour masking agent for Meta-Systox (i) 250 g/L EC. The masking agent was added at the rate of 25% v/v of the proprietary product. A population of Myzus persicae, which had been kept under insecticide-free conditions for several years, was used for all testing. Insects were exposed to a range of concentrations by spraying with a Potter tower producing a spray deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Solutions were sprayed directly onto test animals and the response assessed after a 24 h holding period on cabbage leaves. Log dose probability curves were calculated using probit regressions and were compared using relative potency and residual deviance. The following models were fitted: 1. single probit regression line for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta- Systox (i) plus compensol; 2. parallel probit regression lines for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta-Systox (i) puis compensol; 3. nonparallel probit regression lines for Meta-Systox (i) and Meta-Systox (i) plus compensol. The changes in deviance were calculated and compared to the relevant 5% value of X2.
Laboratory Study of Susceptibility of Cattle Biting Louse to Permethrin, 1990
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Lloyd J.E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bovicola bovis collected from a naturally infested castrate bovine at the University of Wyoming Livestock Farm were transported to the laboratory at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. Appropriate serial dilutions of analytical standard (9.2%) trans-permethrin were prepared in reagent grade acetone. Acetone solutions were pipetted onto Whatman no. 1, 9.0 cm filter papers which were then allowed to air dry. Filter papers were placed into separate 100 × 15 mm Pyrex petri dish bottoms; 0.01 g of fresh, bovine skin scurf was distributed evenly over the surface of the filter paper. Randomly selected adult female B. bovis were placed directly on the treated filter paper in the petri dishes at the rate of ca. 25 ± 3 per dish. Polystyrene petri dish bottoms (100 × 20 mm) with air holes were inverted and placed over the filter papers to prevent louse escape and ensure continuous contact of lice with the upper surface of the treated paper. Petri dishes were placed in a growth chamber at 35.0°C and 75.5% RH. Mortality was determined after 24 h. Lice incapable of walking were considered dead. Data were analyzed by probit analysis using POLO-PC (LeOra Software, Berkely, Calif.).
Residual Film Bioassay, 1990
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. , Plapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The responses of 24-48 h old fed (10% honey solution) diamondback moth (DBM) adults, from a susceptible laboratory population, to technical grade permethrin, methomyl, abamectin and MK-243 were measured in laboratory bioassays. Twenty ml glass scintillation vials were treated with desired amounts of technical grade insecticides dispersed in acetone. When dry, 10 moths were placed inside each vial and vials plugged with cotton. Doses in a geometric series and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. Each dose was replicated twice. Vials were held under ambient conditions 25°C ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D). Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Moths were considered dead if they did not respond when probed. Mortality data were analyzed using the probit option of POLO-PC. LD50 and LD90 values for each insecticide are reported herein.
Time Response to Direct Vs. Indirect Exposure to Aphicides, 1990
Authors: O'Brien P. J. , Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A colony of the cotton aphid was established from aphids collected at Stoneville, MS, and was bioassayed after 3 mo in culture. Individual greenhouse-grown cotton leaves (DES-119, nontreated seed) were sprayed with formulated insecticides at recommended field rates using a laboratory spray chamber calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 30 psi with a TX6 cone nozzle moving at 2 mph. Each leaf was sprayed either on the top surface or on the underside of the leaf and allowed to' dry. Controls consisted of leaves sprayed with water only. Aphids were then caged in ventillated clip cages on the underside only of leaves, so that aphids recieved either indirect or direct exposure to insecticides, depending on which side of the leaf was sprayed. Cumulative mortality was determined for 24 and 48 h of exposure, during which time treated leaves and aphids were held in a laboratory chamber at 80°F, 14:10 L:D and 50% RH. For each insecticide tested, 6 leaves (replications) were treated and 10 adult female aphids were caged on each leaf. Statistical comparisons were made for percent mortality within a chemical treatment for time and method of exposure. All tests were not conducted on the same day, so statistical comparisons were not made among chemicals.
Rice Bloodworm, Toxicity of Fatty Acids, 1981
Authors: Treverrow N. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The toxicities of solutions of saturated straight chain fatty acids and the potassium soaps of 2 of them to RB larvae were evaluated in the laboratory. Fatty acids with 1-8 and 10 carbon atoms were bioassayed at concentrations of 50, 10 and 1 mg/liter in distilled water. Additionally, solutions of formic, butyric, propionic and capric acids and the potassium soaps of the last 2 acids were made up in water collected from a 2 wk previously flooded rice bay. The pH of the solutions ranged from 5.0-5.5. Each treatment consisted of a 25 ml aliquot of fatty acid solution in 25 mm diameter glass tube and was replicated 4 times. Ten late instar RB larvae from a laboratory colony were placed in each tube, capped and held at 25°C ± 2°C and assessed for mortality after 24 h. Appropriate untreated controls were maintained for each assay and all treatment results were corrected for control mortality. Larvae were counted as dead if they failed to respond to a jet of water.
Safer'S Insecticidal Soap for Pear Psylla Control, 1989
Authors: Hollingsworth Craig , Coli William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to adjacent unreplicated rows of 15 trees. Chemical applications were made with a John Bean 400 gal speed sprayer at 300 psi with a delivery rate of 50 gal/acre. Materials were applied to runoff. In both treatments, oil at 1 gal/100, was applied on 25 Apr and 23 May. Polyram 80 WP at 1-1.5 lb/100, was applied on 14 Apr, 25 Apr, 23 May, 5 Jun, 27 Jun, 17 Jul, 24 Jul and 9 Aug. Guthion 35 WP at 0.63 lb/100 was applied at petal fall (23 May). In the standard block, Imidan 50 WP at 1 lb/100 was applied on 5 Jun and 27 Jun for plum curculio control and Mitac 1.5 EC was applied at 1.5 pt/100 on 17 Jul, 24 Jul and 9 Aug for pear psylla control. Safer's Insecticidal Soap at 2 gal/100 was applied to the treatment block on 26 May, 24 Jul, 9 Aug and 22 Aug for psylla control. Early instar and late instar pear psylla nymphs were counted from the first fully expanded leaf from 5 succulent terminals (as available) on 10 trees in each block. At harvest, 300 pears from each treatment were examined for phytotoxicity, and insect and disease damage.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control with a Juvenile Hormone Mimic, Pyriproxyfen, 1990
Authors: Yamamoto Haruyasu , Manzanares Pere 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 7- yr-old trees with a hand-operated backpack sprayer in an experimental farm in Lerida, Spain. Plots consisted of three 4-tree replicates in a randomized block design. Dates of application were 26 Apr and 7 May. Approximately 0.40 gal/plot of spray was applied. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs under a stereo microscope at 10-day intervals. Counts were made by sampling 20 leaves from 20 terminals/plot.
Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) in San Joaquin Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied to fresh market table grapes on 27 May. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and with 5 replicates for each treatment and check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine from the field edge. Spray materials were applied with a hand gun at 175 gal/acre 200 psi. Both sides of all vine rows were sprayed to runoff. Leafhoppers were sampled with a D-Vac suction sampler with a ft2 nose cone. The leafhoppers from each replicate were placed in a 1-pt Mason jar containing a water solution at 70% alcohol and the VGL were counted in the laboratory.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1989
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental EL-436 alone, and tank mixed with NR 440 spray oil, were compared to standard acaricides for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to 3 × 3 (9 tree) plots and replicated 2 times in a 4-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 18 ft × 24 ft spacing. All treatment applications were made on 30 May with an FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with nozzeling, pressure and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. All live CRM were counted in 2, 1-cm2 lens fields at 10 × on the shaded side of each of 50 fruit randomly selected in the middle tree row of each test plot. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as on observation.
Citrus Blackfly Control on Nursery Citrus, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Meagher R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Talstar, Dursban, and Orthene were compared to petroleum oil (Sunspray 6 N) for efficacy against CBF on container grown citrus in a nursery at Monte Alto, Tex. CBF-infested trees, 3-4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 5 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff, with control trees receiving a water spray, using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack COa Sprayer at 30 psi. At intervals prespray and postspray, mature young leaves (20/treatment) were randomly sampled and lst-4th stage CBF (minimum of 500/ treatment) were examined under a binocular microscope. CBF were recorded as dead by the absence of body fluid when probed with a needle. Percent mortality of all immature stage CBF was determined for each treatment.