bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of Unstressed Specimens of Alloy Steel by Steam at Temperatures up to 1800 F
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L. , Agnew J. T. , Potter A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of tests made at the Engineering Experiment Station of Purdue University to determine relative resistance to corrosion by steam of unstressed specimens of various alloy steels at temperatures of 1500 F and 1800 F. The data include results from 500-hr tests at 1500 F and 1800 F for a representative selection of steels containing up to 18 per cent chromium, and for a 500-hr and a 1300-hr test on 25-20 and 25-15-2-W steels at 1800 F. The results permit extension of previously published data to cover the temperature range from 1000 to 1800 F. All of the steels tested except the 25-20 and 25-15-2-W specimens show rapid corrosion beyond a limiting temperature which increases with chromium content. The 25-20 and 25-15-2-W steels were extremely resistant to steam corrosion for exposures up to 1300 hr at 1800 F.
Measurement of High Temperatures in High-Velocity Gas Streams
Authors: King W. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conventional methods of measuring temperatures are subject to considerable errors, when applied to gas streams at velocities around 500 fps and temperatures of the order of 1600 F, which conditions occur, for example, in the exhaust-gas pipe of an airplane engine. An investigation of this problem the results of which are reported in this paper was suggested by the Special Subcommittee on Exhaust Gas Turbines and Intercoolers of the N.A.C.A. and was carried out with the assistance of the Subcommittee on Exhaust Gas Temperature Measurement of the Committee on Industrial Instruments and Regulators. Tests were conducted on the thermocouple, which at present is the most satisfactory temperature-measuring device available, to develop a shield and mounting that would achieve maximum accuracy and minimum size and weight for airplane application. The results indicate that something better than the ordinary thermocouple mountings is required for even a fair degree of accuracy with either the high velocities or temperatures considered. A few tentative devices are suggested which will serve until further studies have been made and more adequate solutions provided.
The Holding Power and Hydraulic Tightness of Expanded Tube Joints: Analysis of the Stress and Deformation
Authors: Goodier J. N. , Schoessow G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The expanding process used for making the tubes of boilers tight and in other applications is idealized to form a problem in the theory of plasticity. This problem is solved in order to find out how far the factors taken into account in this theory are adequate to explain the results obtained in tests, mainly those reported in the companion paper of Grimison and Lee (19). The pressure left between the tube and plate or seat, which gives it tightness and contributes to its strength, is the principal object of calculation. Its variations with the yield stresses of tube and plate material, with degree of expanding, and with the thickness of the plate, are obtained in graphical form. Numerical comparison with tests is made for six joints, with fair agreement in five, the theoretical values being within 12 per cent. All are on the low side, and this is to be expected from the fact that the theory disregards strain-hardening, stress in the direction of the tube axis, and possible differences between expanding by a three-roller tool and expanding by uniform pressure within the tube.
Influence of Nonuniform Development of Heat Upon the Temperature Distribution in Electrical Coils and Similar Heat Sources of Simple Form
Authors: Jakob Max 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The maximum temperature in an electrical coil of simple shape can be found by measuring the surface temperature and the increase of the electrical resistance under load which yields the mean temperature. This well-known method is based upon the assumption that a coil is a body in which heat is developed almost uniformly all over the volume. But, owing to the increase of the electrical resistance with temperature, more heat per unit volume is developed in the warmer sections of the coil than in the colder ones. The purpose of the present paper is to find the influence of this lack of uniformity in some simple cases. It is further shown how for some usual shapes of coils the maximum temperature can be found approximately from the equations derived for certain simple shapes, and the results for such a case are compared with experimental results taken from literature. The results of the paper refer, but are not restricted to electrical coils. They can be used also for exothermal chemical reactions in cases where steady-state and linear increase of the heat of reaction with temperature can be assumed, and the method can be extended to endothermal reactions. The application to the cases of plate, hollow cylinder, and hollow sphere with different temperature at the two free surfaces will form the subject of another paper.
Centrifugal-Pump Performance as a Function of Specific Speed
Authors: Stepanoff A. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The object of this paper is to examine the performance of centrifugal pumps as a function of specific speed. Based on established gross pump efficiencies, hydraulic efficiency is evaluated by eliminating mechanical and leakage losses. General laws of variation of disk friction and leakage losses with the specific speed are established. A special study is made of leakage losses, and coefficients necessary for calculation of flow through small annular clearances are given as function of Reynolds number. Knowing hydraulic efficiency, hydraulic losses are calculated, and these in turn permit determination of the necessary experimental coefficients for improved formulas for the theoretical head developed by impellers of centrifugal pumps.
New Five-Bar and Six-Bar Linkages in Three Dimensions
Authors: Goldberg Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author outlines the historical background for the study of linkages, both in a plane and of the three-dimensional type. The latter have not received very much attention, although some investigations of special types of space linkages have been reported. The present paper is confined to a discussion of two types of five-bar linkages and four types of six-bar linkages. While it is little known by the engineering field, the Bennett linkage is a useful and economic mechanism. An explanation of this linkage, its mathematical derivation, and combinations of its elements are discussed at some length. Among the possible applications of space linkages, the most obvious is the conversion of oscillating or rotational motion in one plane to motion in another plane. The Bennett linkage is the simplest for this purpose. Other uses of various types of linkages are mentioned.
A Practical Way to Prevent Embrittlement Cracking
Authors: Berk A. A. , Schroeder W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suggestions are given for applying methods of preventing embrittlement cracking which are based upon the results of a great number of tests with the embrittlement detector on operating boilers. A summary is given in tabular form of more than 900 plant tests of this nature on variously treated boiler waters. The method of water treatment, the sources of supply of chemicals, and the most desirable conditions of application for sodium nitrate, quebracho extract, waste sulphite liquor, and zero-caustic alkalinity are discussed. These methods of chemical treatment for preventing embrittlement are compared.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Annuli
Authors: Davis Elmer S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents new equations for heat transfer and pressure drop in annular spaces for turbulent and laminar flow. The equations have been checked against most of the data available in the literature and are found to give excellent agreement. For heat transfer, the D2/D1 range tested is from 1.18 to 6800, and for pressure drop from 1.0044 to infinity. The heat-transfer and friction factors vary with the same powers as the corresponding cases for flow inside tubes. The friction equation reduces exactly to the conventional equation for flow inside tubes when D1 approaches zero. For most commercial cases, the new equations give higher rates than the equation for flow inside tubes of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, using hydraulic diameter based on either heated or wetted perimeter.
Automatic Temperature-Recording Control System
Authors: Moore M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The automatic temperature-recording system developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., is described. Designed primarily for use in flight-test work, the system may be readily adapted to test stands and the like. The system provides for the measurement of any number of points in groups of twenty-four each. The adaptation of this system to any automatic temperature-recording device is discussed, and the requirements of such a device are stated. Design considerations are covered, and the construction and operation of the system described.
Snap Buckling in Overhand Knots
Authors: Tong Dezhong , Choi Andrew , Joo Jungseock , Borum Andy , Khalid Jawed Mohammad 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
When an overhand knot tied in an elastic rod is tightened, it can undergo a sudden change in shape through snap buckling. In this article, we use a combination of discrete differential geometry (DDG)-based simulations and tabletop experiments to explore the onset of buckling as a function of knot topology, rod geometry, and friction. In our setup, two open ends of an overhand knot are slowly pulled apart, which leads to snap buckling in the knot loop. We call this phenomenon “inversion” since the loop appears to move dramatically from one side of the knot to the other. This inversion occurs due to the coupling of elastic energy between the braid (the portion of the knot in self-contact) and the loop (the portion of the knot with two ends connected to the braid). A numerical framework is implemented that combines discrete elastic rods with a constraint-based method for frictional contact to explore inversion in overhand knots. The numerical simulation robustly captures inversion in the knot and is found to be in good agreement with experimental results. In order to gain physical insight into the inversion process, we also develop a simplified model of the knot that does not require simulation of self-contact, which allows us to visualize the bifurcation that results in snap buckling.
Survival Time of Humans in Extreme Cold Climate: Experimental, Numerical and Parametric Study on Ambient Temperature, Fabric Insulation and Metabolic Heat
Authors: Dupade Vikrant , Premachandran B. , Rengasamy R. S. , Talukdar Prabal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Prior knowledge of the survival time of a person clothed with extreme cold-weather clothing would be useful in designing an appropriate fabric ensemble. The survival time may depend on ambient temperature, fabric insulation, and metabolic heat and can be evaluated by designing a suitable experiment. To study the effect of different parameters on the survival time of humans, one such experiment is designed in an in-house developed guarded hot plate instrument placed inside a cold chamber capable of maintaining the ambient temperature between 210 K and 310 K. The experiments were performed at three different subzero temperatures, three different fabric insulation, and selecting three metabolic heats. The transient temperature profiles at different locations of the fabric assembly were measured continuously. Further, a one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed to carry out the numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical transient temperature profiles across the fabric assembly agree well. The correlations developed for theoretically predicted survival times compare well with actual experimental data. The parametric analysis has shown that the ambient temperature is the most influencing parameter affecting the survival time followed by fabric insulation. The metabolic heat does not have a significant effect on survival time.
High-speed single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing against dynamic scattering
Authors: Luo Jiawei , Liu Yan , Wu Daixuan , Xu Xiao , Shao Lijie , Feng Yuanhua , Pan Jingshun , Zhao Jiayu , Shen Yuecheng , Li Zhaohui 
Published: December 2022

Focusing light deep inside live scattering tissue promises to revolutionize biophotonics by enabling deep tissue noninvasive optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. By combining with guide stars, wavefront shaping is emerging as a powerful tool to make scattering media optically transparent. However, for in vivo biomedical applications, the speeds of existing techniques are still too slow to accommodate the fast speckle decorrelation of live tissue. To address this key bottleneck, we develop a quaternary phase encoding scheme to enable single-exposure time-reversed ultrasonically encode optical focusing with full-phase modulations. Specifically, we focus light inside dynamic scattering media with an average mode time down to 29 ns, which indicates that more than 10
4
effective spatial modes can be controlled within 1 millisecond. With this technique, we demonstrate in vivo light focusing in between a highly opaque adult zebrafish of 5.1 millimeters in thickness and a ground glass diffuser. Our work presents an important step toward in vivo deep tissue applications of wavefront shaping.
Vascular malformation rupture in a patient affected by Costello syndrome
Authors: Barbieri Francesca , Hall Ignacio Fernando , Elia Leonardo , Civilini Efrem 
Published: December 2022

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic syndrome affecting multiple organs, generally caused by mutations of theHRASgene, belonging to theRAS/MAPKgenes family.A male patient with CS developed a painful pulsatile mass on the lateral side of the wrist. An initial ultrasonographic investigation confirmed the presence of a radial artery lesion, possibly an arterial aneurysm. On surgical resection, histological evaluation showed a tangle of vascular structures with variable calibre and abnormal wall histology. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed a very poor endothelial contribution to the central vascular wall structure. These histological observations led us to conclude we had managed an acute vascular malformation (VM) rupture, rather than a common arterial aneurysmal condition. Considering the molecular mechanisms regulated byRAS/MAPKgenes, CS patients might have a higher risk of developing VMs and, in the presence of a pulsatile mass with acute onset, VM rupture should be considered.
Strategies and best practices that enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Johannes Chante , Onagbiye Sunday O , Roman Nicolette V , Leach Lloyd L 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionPhysical activity has health benefits, including lowered obesity, diabetes and hypertension levels. However, participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students is declining and, instead, physical inactivity sets the path for sedentarism. Strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students are beneficial for mitigating sedentariness and promoting healthy lifestyles. Therefore, this study aims to present a systematic review protocol that focuses on the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students.Methods and analysisQuantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods design studies will be included and appraised. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Web of Science, SAGE, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus. Database searches on physical activities among undergraduate university students will be generated to answer the following research question: What are the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students? Two independent reviewers will conduct the primary screening of articles from 2011 to 2022. A third reviewer will be consulted to solve any disagreements. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and study quality will be assessed by the Johanna Biggs Institute checklist. Results from the selected articles will be extracted, summarised and categorised based on the type of study participants, study design and setting, and methodological quality. A narrative description will synthesise the findings to answer the objectives of this review.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for this study was granted by the Humanities and Social Science Research Ethics Committee at the University of the Western Cape, reference number: HS21/10/24. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.
Retrospective case–control study on screening risk factors of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Wang Hongling , Liu Daquan 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveThe renal excretion function of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reduced, and the nervous system toxic reactions of antibiotics are prone to occur. The purpose of this study is to screen out some risk factors for patients with CKD to suffer from antibiotic-associated encephalopathy (AAE).DesignA case–control study.SettingA tertiary hospital in China.ParticipantsThe medical records of patients who were hospitalised for CKD and infectious diseases in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2019. All patients used antibiotics to treat infectious diseases during hospitalisation. All patients were divided into two groups according to whether they developed AAE during hospitalisation. The patients with CKD without AAE were selected as the control group (n=120), and the patients with CKD with AAE were regarded as the AAE group (n=102).InterventionsThis study systematically analysed its clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, prognosis, etc, and summarised the risk factors related to AAE in patients with CKD.Primary outcomeScreening risk factors of AAE in patients with CKD.ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that coronary heart disease, as well as abnormal indicators of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid and blood phosphorus were independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE (OR values were 4.137, 0.963, 0.849, 0.996 0.161, respectively, all p<0.05). The case fatality rate (Pearson χ2=7.524, p=0.006), rehospitalisation rate (Pearson χ2=6.187, p=0.013) and treatment costs (t=−8.44, p<0.001) in encephalopathy group are significantly higher than the control group.ConclusionsPatients with CKD with AAE will increase the case fatality rate and cause poor prognosis. Coronary heart disease, as well as decreased levels of haemoglobin, albumin, uric acid, and blood phosphorus are independent risk factors for patients with CKD with AAE. Timely intervention of these risk factors may reduce the incidence of AAE and improve the prognosis.
Clinical characteristics and mortality of patients with heart failure in Southern Sweden from 2013 to 2019: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Davidge Jason , Ashfaq Awais , Ødegaard Kristina Malene , Olsson Mattias , Costa-Scharplatz Madlaina , Agvall Björn 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo describe clinical characteristics and prognosis related to heart failure (HF) phenotypes in a community-based population by applying a novel algorithm to obtain ejection fractions (EF) from electronic medical records.DesignRetrospective population-based cohort study.SettingData were collected for all patients with HF in Southwest Sweden. The region consists of three acute care hospitals, 40 inpatient wards, 2 emergency departments, 30 outpatient specialty clinics and 48 primary healthcare.Participants8902 patients had an HF diagnosis based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision during the study period. Patients <18 years as well as patients declining to participate were excluded resulting in a study population of 8775 patients.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was distribution of HF phenotypes by echocardiography. The secondary outcome measures were 1 year all-cause mortality and HR for all-cause mortality using Cox regression models.ResultsOut of 8775 patients with HF, 5023 (57%) had a conclusive echocardiography distributed into HF with reduced EF (35%), HF with mildly reduced EF (27%) and HF with preserved EF (38%). A total of 43% of the cohort did not have a conclusive echocardiography, and therefore no defined phenotype (HF-NDP). One-year all-cause mortality was 42% within the HF-NDP group and 30% among those with a conclusive EF. The HR of all-cause mortality in the HF-NDP group was 1.27 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.37) when compared with the confirmed EF group. There was no significant difference in survival within the HF phenotypes.ConclusionsThis population-based study showed a distribution of HF phenotypes that varies from those in selected HF registries, with fewer patients with HF with reduced EF and more patients with HF with preserved EF. Furthermore, 1-year all-cause mortality was significantly higher among patients with HF who had not undergone a conclusive echocardiography at diagnosis, highlighting the importance of correct diagnostic procedure to improve treatment strategies and outcomes.
Trends in body mass index, overweight and obesity among adults in the USA, the NHANES from 2003 to 2018: a repeat cross-sectional survey
Authors: Li Mingxi , Gong Weijun , Wang Shidong , Li Zhe 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo analyse detailed trends in adult obesity from 2003 to 2018 in the USA, and provide the latest national estimates of adult obesity in 2017–2018.Design, setting and participantsAnalysis of data, including measured height and weight, obtained from 42 266 adults aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the US population.ExposureSurvey period.Primary outcome measuresThe mean body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity.ResultsIn 2017–2018, the prevalence of overweight (including obesity, BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was 73.8% (95% CI 71.1% to 76.4%) and 42.8% (95% CI 39.5% to 46.1%), respectively. From 2003 to 2018, a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight (including obesity, overall adjusted OR for 2017–2018 vs 2003–2004, 1.08 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.13) and obesity (overall adjusted OR for 2017–2018 vs 2003–2004, 1.15 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.21) was found among American adults. However, annual changes in mean BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity did not differ significantly before and after 2009–2010. The prevalence of overweight and obesity varied significantly by age, sex, race, education, daily total energy intake, economic conditions and physical activity status (all p<0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence of adult obesity continues to rise, there have been no significant changes in the annual growth of adult obesity prevalence between 2003–2004 and 2017–2018. In 2017–2018, the prevalence of obesity was 42.8%, which equates to 76 million American adults at risk for serious and costly chronic conditions. The prevalence of obesity was higher among older adults (aged 60–69 years), females, non-Hispanic blacks, and those who did not graduate college, were physically inactive, reported lower daily total energy intake and had poor economic status.