bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State of Confusion
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents two models of confusion, the belief model and the concept model. It argues that the models ought to capture both combinatory and separatory cases of confusion, that is, both cases where two objects are taken for one and one object is taken for two. Positive arguments are developed in favor of the belief model and it is shown that objections developed by Ruth Millikan and Joseph Camp are inconclusive. They have argued that mistaking two objects for one cannot consist in a mental state of believing that those two objects are identical because, roughly, the thinker will not have the two required concepts at their disposal, only the one. This chapter shows in some detail that this is not true, by arguing that the mental state in question can be an implicit belief. The notion of implicit belief is then examined in more depth in the next chapter.
Representational Acts and Implicit Attitudes
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues for the distinction between representational acts and representational states on the assumption that the former are under greater intentional control than the latter. Individuals choose what to say but they put up with their beliefs. On this basis it is argued that there are profoundly or strongly implicit attitudes, namely, attitudes which a speaker may possess without having the conceptual resources for its expression in a representational act. Thus, the speaker’s representational states can outstrip their capacity for representational action. This chapter shows how this notion of implicit attitude is assumed by other theorists in explaining self-deception, mental fragmentation, and similar phenomena. Finally, it is argued that the state of confusion is precisely a state of this kind, namely, where the speaker may lack the capacity for performing the corresponding representational act. In Chapters 1 and 2, the language of the theorist is distinguished from the language of the subject whose thought and talk theorists are trying to explain. Here this distinction comes into its own as a tool for identifying contentful attitude states in subjects lacking the relevant representational capacities themselves. Finally, two illustrations are presented to support the contention that mental states can be profoundly implicit both in content and in attitude, that is, thinkers can lack access to the content of, for example, a belief, and lack access to the fact that it is a belief rather than some other attitude type. The next chapter then examines the nature of intentionally controlled representational actions.
Explanation, Mechanism, and Function
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents and argues for a mechanistic and teleofunctionalist perspective on explanation in cognitive science. It proposes that the theorist’s task is to explain cognitive capacities by postulating mental mechanisms whose function is to enable the production of some characteristic effect. Pragmatic competence is, in the author’s view, the capacity to produce speech acts with certain specific intentions. This capacity is explained by dedicated mechanisms whose normal operation results in the production of such acts. The mechanism of referential competence is a component part of the mechanism of pragmatic competence and can be decomposed into component operations by defining its characteristic functional contribution to acts of speaker meaning, and examining the ways in which it may malfunction. Four explanatorily relevant aspects of the mechanism for reference are identified: context, external conditions, constitution, and etiology. Most importantly, the decomposition makes it possible to develop new mechanistic accounts of familiar phenomena in the philosophy of language and mind. First, the author shows that the so-called Humpty Dumpty constraint on communicative intentions should be thought of as a constitutive feature of the mechanism for referential competence. Second, the author argues for a mechanistic reinterpretation of well-known arguments for externalism about content, associated with Kripke, Putnam, Burge, and others. Both will serve as models for the notion of the edenic constraint on reference to be introduced in Chapter 7.
Antioch and Northern Syria in the Sixth Century
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses Antioch and northern Syria in the sixth century, the setting for Symeon the Younger’s life and cult. It explores the series of disasters, including earthquakes, plague, and Persian invasion, which hit the city during Symeon’s lifetime. It summarizes the literary evidence relating to these disasters, which presents a picture of catastrophe, before considering archaeology, which offers some, albeit limited, support for a picture of decline. It considers new archaeological perspectives on crisis, including the paradigm of ‘resilience’. It explores social and cultural tensions in the Antiochene region, including conflicts over paganism, and divisions between Chalcedonians and miaphysites. It argues that Christian communities in Antioch were fractured as much by tensions and disagreement over proper Christian identity and attitudes towards the pagan past as they were by Christological divisions. It addresses the scholarly debate about the state of the Roman empire in this period, arguing that the severity (or otherwise) of the economic and practical consequences of disasters did not necessarily correlate to the scale of their cultural, psychological, and ideological ramifications.
Defending Didactic Enlightenment, 1805−1815
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Stewart’s defence of his didactic Enlightenment. In the contexts of Leslie affair of 1805−6, which harboured an ecclesiastical counter-revolutionary attack against the Scottish philosophical tradition, Stewart defended the utility of his educational doctrine. He went on to confront competing philosophical systems in the revived republic of letters after his triumph over Edinburgh clergymen with the support of his intellectual disciples in the Edinburgh Review. Stewart ridiculed Immanuel Kant’s Transcendental Idealism and John Horne Tooke’s ‘etymological metaphysics’ in his Philosophical Essays (1810), which cleared the way for his rational logic of moral education that he set forth in the second volume of his Elements (1814). And the development of an experimental programme of education for a boy, who was born blind and deaf, exhibited the wider democratization of Stewart’s didactic Enlightenment.
Homer the Rhetorician
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book is the first monograph study devoted to the monumental Commentary on the Iliad by Eustathios of Thessalonike, one of the most renowned orators and teachers of the Byzantine twelfth century. Homeric poetry was a fixture in the Byzantine educational curriculum and enjoyed special popularity under the Komnenian emperors. For Eustathios, Homer was the supreme paradigm of eloquence and wisdom. Writing for an audience of aspiring or practising prose writers, he explains in his commentary what it is that makes Homer’s composition so successful in rhetorical terms. This book explores the exemplary qualities that Eustathios recognizes in the poet as author and the Iliad as rhetorical masterpiece. Moreover, by placing Eustathios’ reading of the Iliad in the long traditions of earlier literary criticism, rhetorical thought, and Homeric exegesis, it sheds light on the conceptual framework governing Eustathios’ analysis of Homeric poetry and reassesses his contribution to the history of both rhetoric and the reception of Homer. With chapters on Eustathios’ hermeneutic programme as well as his views on the poet’s rhetorical virtuosity, the poem’s rhetorical plausibility, and the different functions of the Homeric gods, the book charts Eustathios’ literary criticism of the Iliad. In this way, it advances our understanding of the rhetorical thought of a leading intellectual and the role of a cultural authority as respected as Homer in one of the most fertile periods in Byzantine literary history.
Introduction
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This section briefly introduces the life and work of Eustathios of Thessalonike, the literary climate of the Komnenian period, as well as the age-old connection between Homeric poetry and rhetorical thought. It lays out the book’s approach to the Commentary on the Iliad as an ideological and cultural text that allows us to read the Iliad from beginning to end through Byzantine eyes. The introduction also justifies the choice of the texts that are used throughout the study to place Eustathios’ reading of Homer in its wider literary critical, rhetorical, and exegetical contexts.
Epilogue
Authors: van den Berg Baukje 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This epilogue to the book suggests several avenues for future research. Eustathios’ rhetorical analysis of Homer can be fruitfully put into dialogue with the broader literary culture of the time: his reflections on literature and language in the Homeric commentaries shed light on the stylistic and compositional underpinnings of his own writings as well as those of his students and contemporaries. Eustathios’ rhetorical reading accounts for only one (albeit significant) part of his Homeric exegesis. A comprehensive study of the material other than the rhetorical and grammatical can further flesh out what it means to be a polymath in the twelfth century. Largely unexplored remains also what Eustathios’ scholarship can tell us about medieval thought beyond the linguistic and literary. Eustathios’ moralizing reading of Homer, his reflections on heroism and rulership, and his incidental remarks on human behaviour and interhuman relations can open a perspective onto contemporary political thinking and social values. By continuing to unlock the classical scholarship of intellectuals such as Eustathios, we will gradually come closer to a fuller appreciation of the Byzantine study of ancient literature as an expression of Byzantine thought.
That Damned Dialogue
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This third chapter analyses the increasingly fractious relations between the national churches of England and Scotland. The first section examines how James VI of Scotland, newly crowned in 1603 as James I of England, embraced the Church of England. The second section details the king’s attempt, from 1617 onward, at using his new church to set the standard for how the churches in his other kingdoms would operate. But placing the Church of England into close contact with the Church of Scotland revealed conflicting understandings of sixteenth-century religious change. The English church was just as far removed from the developing historiographies of evangelicals in Europe. As the third section shows, the English took no notice in 1617 of the first Luther centenary. The chapter concludes with a survey of Jacobean historiography on Tudor England. Setting the stage for Chapter 4, this portion of the chapter notes that early Stuart historians not only failed to see Tudor religious history as one of reformation—they actually advanced the first negative appraisals of the sacrilege that took place under Henry VIII and Edward VI.
Reformed Catholics, True Protestants
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter opens with how the early 1660s often appeared on the verge of repeating recent political history, as new political and religious pamphlets reiterated arguments many decades old. This only changed in 1662, when a new oath of conformity was ratified. The stage was thus set for the further refinement of English Reformation historiography. Throughout Charles II’s reign, historians largely told the same story—but with two notable differences. First, there was a growing awareness of the differences that emerged under Edward VI about Eucharistic doctrine. Second, Henry VIII was increasingly excised from histories of the English Reformation, leaving it a fundamentally Edwardian-Elizabethan event. Finally, the chapter surveys perspectives on Martin Luther and uses of the term “Protestant,” concluding that even in the late seventeenth century, England lacked a clearly defined “Protestant” identity.
Nominalization in Latin
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book is devoted to verbal nouns, defined as nouns which have a systematic correspondence with a clause structure. The book aims to contribute to the much-debated question of ‘abstract nouns’ in general and ‘verbal derivatives’ in particular by showing that syntactic parameters are useful for a better classification of what are traditionally called nomina actionis. It adopts a descriptive approach and it provides methods and criteria for identifying these nouns which retain some verbal properties and for distinguishing them from nouns with concrete reference. This distinction is important for a better understanding of Latin texts and for the presentation of these words in dictionaries. The book investigates the use of verbal nouns in various text types: narrative texts and technical treatises (rhetoric, architecture, and legal texts). It shows that verbal nouns, as well as gerunds, gerundives, participles in participial clauses, and also, partly, infinitives, are competing expressions with a low ‘sententiality’ that serve, to different extents, to condensate clausal expressions. They form a system in which the elements are partly overlapping and partly complementary. The fact that Latin does not have a verbal noun available for every verb should not be viewed as a ‘deficiency’, but as a facet of this complex system.
How China is Reshaping the Global Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe growth of China and its re-emergence as a major economic power has been a key feature of globalization in the twenty-first century. China has become an increasingly significant actor in the global economy and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The implications of this for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been a source of major debate. This book examines the arguments, drawing on a growing body of research on China’s economic involvement in SSA and LAC. It begins by considering the process of economic reform in China from the late 1970s that provided the basis for China’s growing integration with the global economy. It considers four aspects of this integration: the growth of China as a global manufacturing centre; its impact on global commodity markets; the overseas expansion of Chinese firms as part of the ‘Go Global’ policy; and the increased role of China in global capital flows. Discussion of China’s impact on SSA and LAC is characterized by disagreements over both the extent of its presence and the underlying drivers. The book documents the different forms of Chinese economic involvement and clarifies some of the confusions that have arisen over the extent of China’s presence. It then analyses the economic, social, political, and environmental impacts of China on both regions to show a much more varied picture than the one that is often presented. These impacts depend to a significant extent on local conditions and actors and cannot be explained solely as a consequence of Chinese expansion.
The Transformation of the Chinese Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the growth of the Chinese economy since the late 1970s and the various phases of economic reform during the period. It shows the way in which China became increasingly integrated with the global economy through trade and inward investment and later by outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Key aspects of the economic reforms discussed are the reform of the financial sector that led to the creation of the policy banks, and enterprise reform leading to changes in the management of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the growth of the private sector. Developments in the Chinese labour market affecting employment, wages, and productivity are also considered. Finally the negative environmental impacts of China’s rapid economic growth and the responses to it are discussed.
The Workshop of the World
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the rapid growth of Chinese manufacturing since 1979 and its increasing share of global industrial output. It analyses the factors that have made the manufacturing sector so competitive internationally considering the role of wages and productivity, economies of scale and scope, the exchange rate, and government subsidies. The chapter highlights several characteristics of China’s manufactured exports including the significant role played by foreign firms, the high levels of import content (although this has been declining over time) and technological upgrading. These characteristics reflect the integration of China into a regional production network in East Asia. It concludes with a discussion of the ways in which China expansion has helped reduce the prices of manufactured goods and has affected the manufacturing production and exports of other countries.
The World’s Wallet?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChina’s economic success has led to the accumulation of the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves. The chapter discusses the role played by Chinese sovereign wealth funds in reinvesting reserves abroad as well as the growth of foreign lending by the Chinese banks and the expansion of export credit, with particular attention to the activities of the China Development Bank and the China Exim Bank. Chinese aid has been particularly controversial with widely differing claims regarding the volume of aid that China gives. The chapter discusses the scale of aid and the key features of the way in which Chinese aid is organized. The chapter identifies the main drivers of Chinese financial flows distinguishing between the different types of financial flows. It concludes with a discussion of the wider implications of the growth of Chinese finance for development finance and the access of countries which have been marginalized by traditional lenders.
China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and African sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analysed econometrically.
China’s Economic Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and Latin American sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in LAC. It also addresses questions of Latin American agency and the interests of local actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analysed econometrically.
China’s Economic Impacts on Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter considers three aspects of China’s economic impact on Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC). It looks first at the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities which benefitted a number of LAC economies in the short and medium term. China’s role in financing and building infrastructure in the region has been less significant than in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The impact on manufacturing has been of much greater concern with all the main countries in the region facing increased competition in the domestic market and those that had developed significant exports of manufactures also losing out in third markets. Three case studies of Brazil, Mexico and Chile illustrate different patterns of economic relations between China and Latin America.
A Comparative Perspective on China’s Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter brings together the findings of the previous two parts of the book to provide a systematic comparison of China’s economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It compares the history of relations between China and the two regions and the key actors involved. It shows that Chinese interests in economic engagement in SSA and LAC are broadly similar. However there are important economic, political, and institutional differences between the two regions which lead to important differences in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental impacts. However it is also important not to lose sight of the heterogeneity that exists within each region.
The Context of Illegitimacy
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the legal and economic background to illegitimacy, alongside the characteristics associated with it in the culture of long eighteenth-century England. The chapter examines the perception of illegitimate individuals in printed texts, including religious texts, ballads, newspapers, political debates, and close reading of thirty-eight novels, plays, and poetry collections. The chapter includes new analysis of canonical texts by Daniel Defoe and Mary Wollstonecraft, among others, and argues that child and adult illegitimate characters had a different narrative function to orphan and foundling characters, in contrast to previous arguments by literary scholars. The chapter argues that perceptions of genteel illegitimate characters underwent a significant shift over the period, in response to changing religious ideas about the heritability of sin and the valorization of sensibility and sympathy as virtues. Poor illegitimate characters, in contrast, remained associated with older associations of illegitimacy as causes of social disorder. This chapter sets out the framework of ideals that informed the everyday social interaction of illegitimate individuals and those around them.