bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egalitarian Justice, Population Size, and Parents’ Responsibility for the Costs of Children
Authors: Olsaretti Serena 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Theorists of egalitarian justice generally assume that the principles they formulate apply to a group of individuals whose creation and size is taken as given. Yet many of the policies egalitarians favor distribute the costs and benefits of children in different ways, and, by so doing, affect people’s procreative choices and a society’s population size. How do considerations of egalitarian justice bear on how the costs and benefits of children should be distributed and on what the population size should be in a just society? This chapter argues for the importance of addressing these questions within an egalitarian theory of justice and critically examines one revisionary way of answering them.
Population Paradoxes without Transitivity
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Most discussion in population ethics has concentrated on how to evaluate populations in regard to their goodness, that is, how to order populations by the relations “is better than” and “is as good as.” This field has been riddled with “paradoxes” and impossibility theorems which purport to show that our considered beliefs are inconsistent in cases where the number of people and their welfare varies. It is natural to think that the axiological impossibility results directly translates into impossibility results for normative theories since this part of our morality—our theory of beneficence—is consequentialist in nature and thus must be based on an ordering of outcomes in regard to their “welfarist” goodness. However, it is all too hasty to conclude that the axiological impossibility results directly translate into normative ones for two reasons: one can reject the transitivity of “better than” and one can reject consequentialism. The latter idea is that we should turn to theories that take welfare into account in a nonconsequentialist manner, that is, theories that take welfare into account directly on the normative level instead of taking the route over an ordering of outcomes in regard to their goodness. Since transitivity of “better than” plays an important role in the axiological paradoxes, and since there is no convincing analog to transitivity on the normative level, the paradoxes will not reappear on the normative level, or so it is claimed. This chapter shows that this claim is unfortunately false. As a corollary, it shows how we can prove the axiological impossibility theorems without an appeal to the transitivity of “better than.”
Lessons to be Learned from the Mere Addition Paradox
Authors: Temkin Larry S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Population ethics raises many questions. Some of these concern future generations. For example, does it matter how well-off people (or sentient beings) will be in the future; does it matter how long into the future people will exist; does it matter how many people will exist in the future; and does it matter whether or not people will exist in the future? These questions can be generalized. Does it matter whether people exist at all in space and time, and if so, does it matter where they exist, when they exist, or how well they were, are, or will be when existing? These questions are interesting in their own right. But beyond that, addressing them raises a host of deep and perplexing issues about the nature of the good, moral ideals, and practical reasoning. In this chapter, I aim to present several lessons learned from thinking about population ethics, some of the implications of those lessons, and some of the problems that remain.
Evaluative Uncertainty and Population Ethics
Authors: Bykvist Krister 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the debate about population ethics, it is often assumed that we need to decide on one principle of population ethics, and then apply it to real world problems. One obvious problem with this approach is that we are not certain which principle to apply. Indeed, the many paradoxes of population ethics show that there is nothing resembling a consensus on which intuitive principle should be dropped to avoid contradictions. One possible way forward is to make trade-offs between different principles in epistemic terms. In moral decision-making, perhaps more weight should be given to principles that we are more certain of. So one thing we must investigate is whether we can indeed rank the different principles of population ethics according to how much confidence we place in them. The further crucial question is then how to translate the idea of differential weight into a set of action-guiding principles. In this chapter, I will explore both questions.
Optimum Population Size
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecent years have seen a surge in concern about overpopulation. The basic thought is that the planet's capacity to provide food, water, energy, materials, and simple living space, in addition to current artificial infrastructure, is being stretched far beyond optimum usage by the sheer number of people currently alive. This is so to such an extent, the thought continues, that it would be better, all things considered, to reduce world population. Any argument for this conclusion, however, clearly must make some presuppositions in population axiology. But the arguments that are offered in practice tend to be naïve on these issues: typically no distinction is explicitly drawn, for instance, (1) between maximizing total versus maximizing average well-being, (2) between maximizing instantaneous versus timeless totals/averages, or (3) between any variant of total/average approach on the one hand, and a “person-affecting” approach on the other. This leaves the overpopulation/optimum-population debate in an unsatisfying state of confusion at the level of basic evaluative principles. This chapter disentangles the various arguments that have been offered in favor of population reduction according to the population-axiological commitments that each requires, and conducts a preliminary attempt to assess the question of optimum population more rigorously, against the background of (in particular) a “totalist” or “critical-level” population axiology.
Demographic Theory and Population Ethics
Authors: Kolk Martin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Demographic theory is concerned with how population systems regulate themselves given available resources and external shocks to population size. This chapter provides an overview of demographic theory, focusing specifically on relationships between population size, population growth, and welfare. It then discusses four implications of demographic theory for population ethics. Speaking broadly, these four implications concern (1) the overreliance by some population ethicists on Malthusian assumptions about the average welfare of population declining with increasing population size, (2) the likelihood of certain hypothetical scenarios that feature in thought experiments used in population ethics, (3) the prioritization of extinction risks by population ethicists, and (4) the patterns of intergenerational and intertemporal inequality that population ethicists may anticipate over the long run. The chapter closes with a discussion of demographic theory in relation to historical and future demographic change.
Hayley Mills and the Disneyfication of Childhood
Authors: Buckingham David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the early career of Hayley Mills, who in the early 1960s was the most popular child star in the Western world. It briefly outlines her film career and analyses her first two British-made feature films, Tiger Bay (1959) and Whistle Down the Wind (1961), alongside the first two films she made for the Disney Studios, Pollyanna (1960) and The Parent Trap (1961). These films are considered in relation to broader debates about child stardom and about the representation of childhood (and, more specifically, of girlhood); and there is also some discussion of how these films do or do not reflect the impending social changes of the time.
Changing Conceptions of Childhood in the Work of the Children’s Film Foundation
Authors: Shail Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of the Children’s Film Foundation, a unique body that, for nearly thirty years, produced films specifically created for an audience of children in the United Kingdom and beyond. At the heart of the CFF’s work was a deeply held conviction that childhood was a formative stage of development that was open to external influence, which films could positively impact to help shape future citizens for the better. The chapter considers the various attempts the Foundation made to produce “improving” films and how the underpinning conceptualization of childhood constructed changed in response to changing societal trends. By the use of primary evidence, the chapter also assesses the success, and failure, of the CFF in achieving its intentions.
Ethnic and Racial Difference in the Hungarian Animated Features Macskafogó/Cat City (1986) and Macskafogó 2/Cat City 2 (2007)
Authors: Gergely Gábor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The 1986 animated feature Macskafogó/Cat City (József Nepp) is an endlessly quoted Hungarian cult favourite. This children’s film about a war between mice and cats has become a common reference point for a generation of Hungarians who experienced the transition to multiparty democracy in 1989 while at school. The chapter argues that this beloved pastiche of spy films, with car chases, explosions, erotic thrills, and spectacular musical numbers, is a film that imagines competing social arrangements through the prism of irreconcilable racial difference, and thereby gives evidence of racist and anti-Semitic reflexes in Hungarian popular discourse of the 1980s. The chapter further contends that the same reflexes can be seen at work two decades on, when the sequel, about a satanic cat uprising against the rule of mice, was released. The chapter contends that the film and its sequel make use of crude national and racial stereotypes as they paint the nightmare vision of nemzethalál, or death of the nation, a recurring theme in Hungarian nationalist thinking.
Hollywood and the Baby Boom Audience in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Russell James 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Between 1946 and 1964, the United States underwent an unprecedented surge in birth-rates, a “baby boom” that resulted in over 75 million children being born over a period of less than twenty years. This chapter explores how the American film industry responded to the sudden presence of a rapidly growing child audience in the 1950s and 1960s. It begins by examining Hollywood’s assumptions about the child audience in the post-war period, and then moves on to looking at the child-oriented movies produced during this period. It argues that despite the massive size of the baby boom audience, industry preconceptions about the economic value of child viewers meant that the majority of children’s films originated with producers who worked outside the established Hollywood studio system, most notably, Walt Disney.
Norwegian Tween Girls and Everyday Life through Disney Tween Franchises
Authors: Sørenssen Ingvild Kvale 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how Norwegian tween girls incorporated the Disney tween franchises Hannah Montana and High School Musical into their everyday lives in relation to age, gender, and daily practices. Through the lens of domestication theory, the chapter explores how the media content was understood by these girls, how the Disney Channel became “their channel,” how Disney was used to perform age, and how they experienced growing older through Disney. The analysis also relies on actor-network theory to examine different assemblages wherein Disney was a prominent actor coproducing the social. The chapter finds that there was a co-interpretation of the self and Disney as the content was domesticated as part of the girls’ biographical narratives and then incorporated as resources for interpreting the self with respect to both age and gender.
An Empirical Report on Young People’s Responses to Adult Fantasy Films
Authors: Barker Martin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Drawing on two substantial databases—from the international Lord of the Rings and Hobbit projects—this chapter explores the ways in which young people’s responses to films are like or unlike adult responses. It analyses, in particular, how a possible transformative moment can occur in their lives, in which particular films play a crucial role in expanding their sense of the self and the world. These empirical findings are set in relation to psychological accounts of the “reminiscence bump,” and sociological accounts of generational memories, and to recent developments in general approaches to “fantasy.”
Alma Taylor, Mary Pickford, and Girlhood in Early British and Hollywood Cinema
Authors: Smith Matthew 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses Mary Pickford and Alma Taylor as a site on which to explore the discursive history of the girl-child on-screen and the changing role of women in Britain and the United States in the early part of the twentieth century. Building on the work of Gaylyn Studler, who positions Pickford as a child-woman, ambiguously inscribed with the characteristics of both and reflective of the Victorian anxiety toward new womanhood and the adolescent girl, the chapter suggests that Pickford’s and Taylor’s tomboyish performances serve a similar function. This tomboyism, absorbs, reflects, and reframes a range of desires and discourses through a figure culturally associated with maturation and growth. The chapter argues that the figure of the tomboy is an important representational apparatus through which early cinema works to ameliorate fears around the changing position of the girl and provides an important transnational link between two of cinema’s first stars.
Craft and Play in Lotte Reiniger’s Fairy-Tale Films
Authors: Ruddell Caroline 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Although Lotte Reiniger’s films are both animated and often based on fairy tales, her films, perhaps surprisingly, are not often explicitly associated with children. This chapter seeks to interrogate the relationship, or lack thereof, between Reiniger and children’s culture, by focusing on a number of key areas. First, Reiniger is perhaps best known for her animated films based on fairy tales, and this chapter will seek to position Reiniger alongside, or within, a long-held societal and cultural association between fairy tales and children. Second, Reiniger’s films are animated, and despite being extremely wide-ranging and multifaceted, animation is often, like fairy tale, aligned with children’s culture. Finally, the chapter moves beyond these arguments to consider Reiniger and children’s films in relation to notions of craft and play. What sets Reiniger’s animation apart from most other animation associated with children is her method. Reiniger uses the time-consuming technique of silhouette paper cut-outs. Her method is a distinctly “crafty” one. Craft and play are self-evidently also associated with children’s culture in some cases and will provide a lens through which to examine the relationship between Reiniger’s films and/as children’s culture.
History, Forbidden Games, Children’s Play, and Trauma Theory
Authors: Wojcik-Andrews Ian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The much-debated categories of children’s film and young-adult film consistently intersect with twentieth-century history; the theme of war; the trope of children’s play; and the unpredictable, lasting effects of trauma. Some critical studies discuss history, war, and film or film and play, but analyses in which history, war, and play overlap with trauma theory are a neglected area of study within children’s cinema. This lack of scholarly attention to how movies starring children interconnect with trauma studies is unsurprising. That film is a medium through which audiences grapple with catastrophic events becomes immensely problematic when discussed in terms of movies starring children, that can’t easily be classified as either a children’s film or an adult film, such as Forbidden Games (Jeux interdits, René Clément, 1952). These are some of the issues this chapter addresses.
Jane Addams’s Democratic Vision
Authors: Nackenoff Carol 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Addams’s democratic vision applied to the local, national, and international levels. Theory and practice were inextricably intertwined. Democratic citizens were forged through interactions that developed understandings across peoples with different backgrounds and experiences; there was no substitute for creating a social conscience or social ethic that would promote progressive goals. Institutions played an important role in advancing democracy but were not sufficient and should not eclipse participatory democracy. Developments since Addams’s death have challenged some of the heady optimism of that vision, but some aspirations still resonate, and later generations can embrace new democratic visions.
Affect and Emotion in Jane Addams’s Thought
Authors: Fischer Clara 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Critical theorists, especially feminists, have long been concerned with the affective dimension of our lives and have highlighted its centrality to political analyses. More recently, there has been a renewed interest in affect and emotion, often referred to as an “affective turn,” which has seen contemporary theorists across the disciplines focusing on affect in political, as well as ontological, settings. In light of such recent, renewed interest in affect and emotion, this chapter examines what resources, if any, Jane Addams’s work offers theorists for the present context. The chapter also positions Addams in relation to Dewey’s and James’s theories of emotion and identifies two prominent themes or roles for emotion in Addams’s thought: emotion as the basis of an ethical standard, and emotion as the basis of “perplexity.”
Social Policy and Superdiversity
Authors: Phillimore Jenny 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter makes the case that many of the research challenges set out by Vertovec in his original invocation of superdiversity are social policy challenges, and that many of the criticisms of superdiversity, particularly those concerning the neglect of racism and inequality, can also be made of social policy scholarship. Although some progress has been made in examining the nature of inequality in superdiverse populations, particularly around the issue of access to welfare services, much work remains. With the critical role of policy in addressing inequality and racism acknowledged, there is a need for social policy as an academic practice concerned with vulnerability and human needs to attend to superdiversity. Building on calls for the importance of focusing on everyday experiences and practices to uncover multifaceted forms of division and racism and to look at diversity as social practice, the chapter calls for a new focus and new approaches in social policy scholarship. The proposed approaches are multi- and interdisciplinary, longitudinal, and comparative endeavors that build up from the everyday through mixed methods studies that move beyond superdiverse “subjects” to micropublics and the elite and that look at patterns and processes across scales, places, borders, and time. The case is made for real world research that interlinks social policy and superdiversity to provide the evidence on which to develop policy capable of meeting the needs of all.
The Ghost of AI Governance Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Stix Charlotte 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The received wisdom is that artificial intelligence (AI) is a competition between the U.S. and China. This chapter will examine how the European Union (EU) fits into that mix and what it can offer as a “third way” to govern AI. The chapter presents this by exploring the past, present, and future of AI governance in the EU. First, the chapter will explore and evidence the EU’s coherent and comprehensive approach to AI governance. In short, the EU ensures and encourages ethical, trustworthy and reliable technological development. This will cover a range of key documents and policy tools that lead to the most crucial effort of the EU to date: to regulate AI. Then, the chapter will map the EU’s drive towards digital sovereignty through the lens of regulation and infrastructure. This covers topics such as the trustworthiness of AI systems, cloud, compute, and foreign direct investment. Finally, the chapter concludes by offering several considerations to achieve good AI governance in the EU.
The Virtuous Spiral
Authors: Callard Agnes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Central to Aristotelian ethics is the process of habituation by which agents acquire virtue. Aristotle holds that we become virtuous by performing virtuous actions—but he also holds that in order to perform virtuous actions, one must be virtuous. I explain that the Aristotelian account of habituation is not a closed circle, but rather a positive feedback loop relying on Aristotle’s division of the soul into an affective and intellectual part. When I act virtuously, my intellectual part shapes my affective part, regulating my feelings; and my affective part, thus improved, can act on my intellectual part, making me receptive to increases in my ethical knowledge; increases which in turn improve the ability of my intellect to regulate my feelings; and so on.
Weakness of Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter sketches a view about how paradigmatic weak-willed actions are produced that it contrasts with competing views, including some ancient views. Along the way, it explores the entanglement of weakness of will with such issues as how our intentional actions are to be explained, the power of practical reasoning and practical evaluative judgments, the nature of intentions, the motivational strength of desires, decision-making, self-control, and free will. Also discussed are scientific work on the motivational significance of different ways of representing the objects of our desires and of increased subjective proximity of potential desire satisfaction and the relationship between weakness of will and akrasia.
The Moral Psychology of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Rudy-Hiller Fernando 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this chapter I survey the two main families of views about the mental capacities that distinguish responsible agents from non-responsible agents. These are self-expression views, which maintain that responsible agency is essentially about being able to express one's practical stance or moral orientation in conduct; and reasons-responsiveness views, according to which responsible agency requires a suite of powers that make their possessors capable of detecting and responding appropriately to the moral considerations relevant to their actions. I explore different contemporary variants of each of these families of views and assess their weaknesses and strengths. Finally, I sketch a methodology for settling this debate, the essence of which is to note that the dispute about the moral psychology of moral responsibility is ancillary to a broader dispute about the nature of moral responsibility itself and, in particular, about the nature of blame and blaming reactions.