bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Cyberspace Dynamics in the COVID Era
Authors: Katagiri Nori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article explores new cyberspace developments witnessed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) era and analyzes their significance relative to trajectories of pre-pandemic events. I show how COVID allowed hackers to scale up operational methods, use cryptocurrencies, and launch ransomware attacks and helped to widen resource gaps between states. My analysis also demonstrates that many events that appeared to be distinct at first have turned out to be more of the intensification of previous modes of cybersecurity activity before COVID. Indeed, COVID showed that the state of cyberspace stability was more durable than initially thought. Pre-COVID problems such as the limited effectiveness of preventive mechanism in international institutions and principles of cyberspace behavior continued to reveal the structural tenacity of cyber anarchy in forcing states to avoid overrelying on international law and social norms for protection. Hardly any substantive change has occurred to the structure of cyberspace dynamics, power relations, and strategic interests of major cyber powers. The article concludes with an emphasis on the need to reflect the continuing forms of cybersecurity through the crisis times.
A bias evaluation checklist for predictive models and its pilot application for 30-day hospital readmission models
Authors: Wang H Echo , Landers Matthew , Adams Roy , Subbaswamy Adarsh , Kharrazi Hadi , Gaskin Darrell J , Saria Suchi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
Health care providers increasingly rely upon predictive algorithms when making important treatment decisions, however, evidence indicates that these tools can lead to inequitable outcomes across racial and socio-economic groups. In this study, we introduce a bias evaluation checklist that allows model developers and health care providers a means to systematically appraise a model’s potential to introduce bias.

Materials and Methods
Our methods include developing a bias evaluation checklist, a scoping literature review to identify 30-day hospital readmission prediction models, and assessing the selected models using the checklist.

Results
We selected 4 models for evaluation: LACE, HOSPITAL, Johns Hopkins ACG, and HATRIX. Our assessment identified critical ways in which these algorithms can perpetuate health care inequalities. We found that LACE and HOSPITAL have the greatest potential for introducing bias, Johns Hopkins ACG has the most areas of uncertainty, and HATRIX has the fewest causes for concern.

Discussion
Our approach gives model developers and health care providers a practical and systematic method for evaluating bias in predictive models. Traditional bias identification methods do not elucidate sources of bias and are thus insufficient for mitigation efforts. With our checklist, bias can be addressed and eliminated before a model is fully developed or deployed.

Conclusion
The potential for algorithms to perpetuate biased outcomes is not isolated to readmission prediction models; rather, we believe our results have implications for predictive models across health care. We offer a systematic method for evaluating potential bias with sufficient flexibility to be utilized across models and applications.
Efficacy of Intravenous Ustekinumab Reinduction in Patients With Crohn’s Disease With a Loss of Response
Authors: Heron Valerie , Li Fraine Steven , Panaccione Nicola , Restellini Sophie , Germain Pascale , Candido Kristina , Bernstein Charles N , Bessissow Talat , Bitton Alain , Chauhan Usha K , Lakatos Peter L , Marshall John K , Michetti Pierre , Seow Cynthia H , Rosenfeld Greg , Panaccione Remo , Afif Waqqas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background/Aims
In patients receiving ustekinumab (UST) for treatment of Crohn’s disease, there is no proven strategy to enhance or re-capture response. We assessed the utility of UST intravenous (IV) reinduction (~6 mg/kg) to achieve clinical, biochemical and endoscopic response or remission, in patients with partial or loss of response to UST maintenance therapy.

Methods
A multicentre, retrospective cohort study was performed. Adults who received an IV reinduction dose of UST for either partial response or secondary loss of response to UST were assessed. The primary outcome was clinical remission off corticosteroids (Harvey Bradshaw Index &lt;5), with biochemical response (defined as ≥ 50% decrease of CRP or FCP and/or endoscopic response (defined as a decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score-CD ≥ 50%). Secondary outcomes included clinical, biomarker and endoscopic response/remission, as well as safety.

Results
Sixty-five patients (median age 38 years, 54.7% women) underwent IV UST reinduction between January 2017 and April 2019. Most patients (88.3%) were already on escalated maintenance dosing of UST 90 mg subcutaneous every 4 weeks. Clinical outcomes were assessed at a median of 14 weeks (IQR: 12–19) post-reinduction. The primary outcome of clinical remission off corticosteroids with biochemical and/or endoscopic response was achieved in 31.0% (n = 18). Pre-reinduction UST concentrations were ≥1 μg/mL in 88.6% (mean 3.2 ± 2.0 μg/mL). No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions
UST IV reinduction can be effective in patients with Crohn’s disease with partial or loss of response to UST maintenance therapy. Further studies evaluating this strategy are warranted.
Double-layer omics analysis of castration- and X-ray-resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Iwanaga Mototaro , Kawamura Hidemasa , Kubo Nobuteru , Mizukami Tatsuji , Oike Takahiro , Sato Hiro , Miyazawa Yoshiyuki , Sekine Yoshitaka , Kawabata-Iwakawa Reika , Nishiyama Masahiko , Ohno Tatsuya , Nakano Takashi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer shows resistance to not only androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) but also X-ray therapy. On the other hand, carbon ion beams have a high biological effect and are used for various cancers showing resistance to X-ray therapy. The purposes of this study are to clarify the difference in the sensitivity of Castration-resistant prostate cancer to X-ray and carbon ion beams and to elucidate the mechanism. The androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP-LA established by culturing the androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP for 2 years in androgen-free medium was used for this study. First, colony formation assays were performed to investigate its sensitivity to X-ray and carbon ion beams. Next, DNA mutation analysis on 409 cancer-related genes and comprehensive transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) were performed with a next-generation sequencer. Lethal dose 50 values of X-rays for LNCaP and LNCaP-LA were 1.4 Gy and 2.8 Gy, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). The Lethal dose 50 values of carbon ion beams were 0.9 Gy and 0.7 Gy, respectively (P = 0.09). On DNA mutation analysis, AR mutation was observed specifically in LNCaP-LA. From RNA-seq, 181 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs; FDR &lt;0.10, P &lt; 0.00076) between LNCaP and LNCaP-LA. Function analysis suggested that cell death was suppressed in LNCaP-LA, and pathway analysis suggested that the NRF2-pathway involved in intracellular oxidative stress prevention was activated in LNCaP-LA. LNCaP-LA showed X-ray resistance compared to LNCaP and sensitivity to carbon ion beams. The AR mutation and the NRF2-pathway were suggested as causes of resistance.
Epidemics in Nineteenth-Century British Towns: How Important was Cholera?
Authors: Pelling Margaret 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One major legacy of the bacteriological revolution of the later nineteenth century is a simplified model of cause and effect. Looking back, this model seems entirely appropriate for a century dominated by infectious diseases. In this widely accepted picture of the nineteenth-century mortality experience the leading role is taken by the cholera epidemics which invaded Britain between 1831 and 1866. Historians have followed this lead by making cholera an exciting cause of political and social change, including the first Reform Bill. This essay suggests that the sporadic incursions of cholera were less a spur to reform than a distraction from the perpetual, or endemic, causes of death, which are inevitably those with the closest connections with the social, economic and political contexts of Victorian Britain. The Benthamite sanitarians built their case primarily on what they called continued fever, which we now identify as typhus and, increasingly, typhoid. The endemic diseases, year upon year, caused more deaths than cholera, and it is they which provided the quantitative definition of excess mortality which came to justify government intervention. Similarly, a further phase of public health reform was necessary after cholera was no longer a factor. These later reformers deplored the degeneration and mortality associated with extreme urbanization, and attributed them to respiratory conditions, fluxes, and what we might now call the pneumonia-diarrhoea complex among children. Cholera was an important phenomenon, but its effects on society need to be defined with some precision.
Note: this is a revised version of the 12th Henry Cohen History of Medicine Lecture, given in 1983, and republished by kind permission of the Liverpool Medical Institution.
Recovering the mass distribution of an extended gravitational lens
Authors: Turyshev Slava G , Toth Viktor T 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the possibility of determining the mass distribution of a gravitational lens via lensing observations. We consider an extended, compact gravitational lens, representing its static external gravitational potential via an infinite set of symmetric trace free (STF) multipole moments. Within the wave-optical treatment, we evaluate the caustics formed in the lens’s point spread function (PSF). We study the only quantity that is available in astronomical lensing observations: the image of that PSF formed by an imaging telescope. This observable may be used to recover some physical characteristics of the lens, including its shape, orientation, and composition. Illustrating this, we study exotic gravitational lenses formed by several well-known solids with uniform density. We show that when moments beyond the quadrupole are observed, some of the symmetry properties of the lens can be recovered. The presence of an octupole moment implies breaking the ‘north–south’ symmetry of the mass distribution in the lens. The presence of a rotated hexadecapole moment implies breaking axial symmetry. As such, if observations of lensed images allow the reconstruction of these moments, important information about the mass distribution and dynamics of the lens can be obtained. This may help with choosing the most appropriate mass profile that is used to characterize the mass distribution of astrophysical lenses, such as the dark matter haloes that are presumed to contain most of the mass of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Our results are novel and offer new insight into gravitational lensing by realistic astrophysical systems.
DNA binding by polycomb-group proteins: searching for the link to CpG islands
Authors: Owen Brady M , Davidovich Chen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPolycomb group proteins predominantly exist in polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) that cooperate to maintain the repressed state of thousands of cell-type-specific genes. Targeting PRCs to the correct sites in chromatin is essential for their function. However, the mechanisms by which PRCs are recruited to their target genes in mammals are multifactorial and complex. Here we review DNA binding by polycomb group proteins. There is strong evidence that the DNA-binding subunits of PRCs and their DNA-binding activities are required for chromatin binding and CpG targeting in cells. In vitro, CpG-specific binding was observed for truncated proteins externally to the context of their PRCs. Yet, the mere DNA sequence cannot fully explain the subset of CpG islands that are targeted by PRCs in any given cell type. At this time we find very little structural and biophysical evidence to support a model where sequence-specific DNA-binding activity is required or sufficient for the targeting of CpG-dinucleotide sequences by polycomb group proteins while they are within the context of their respective PRCs, either PRC1 or PRC2. We discuss the current knowledge and open questions on how the DNA-binding activities of polycomb group proteins facilitate the targeting of PRCs to chromatin.
PaintOmics 4: new tools for the integrative analysis of multi-omics datasets supported by multiple pathway databases
Authors: Liu Tianyuan , Salguero Pedro , Petek Marko , Martinez-Mira Carlos , Balzano-Nogueira Leandro , Ramšak Živa , McIntyre Lauren , Gruden Kristina , Tarazona Sonia , Conesa Ana 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPaintOmics is a web server for the integrative analysis and visualisation of multi-omics datasets using biological pathway maps. PaintOmics 4 has several notable updates that improve and extend analyses. Three pathway databases are now supported: KEGG, Reactome and MapMan, providing more comprehensive pathway knowledge for animals and plants. New metabolite analysis methods fill gaps in traditional pathway-based enrichment methods. The metabolite hub analysis selects compounds with a high number of significant genes in their neighbouring network, suggesting regulation by gene expression changes. The metabolite class activity analysis tests the hypothesis that a metabolic class has a higher-than-expected proportion of significant elements, indicating that these compounds are regulated in the experiment. Finally, PaintOmics 4 includes a regulatory omics module to analyse the contribution of trans-regulatory layers (microRNA and transcription factors, RNA-binding proteins) to regulate pathways. We show the performance of PaintOmics 4 on both mouse and plant data to highlight how these new analysis features provide novel insights into regulatory biology. PaintOmics 4 is available at https://paintomics.org/.
Effects of ferric citrate and intravenous iron sucrose on markers of mineral, bone, and iron homeostasis in a rat model of CKD-MBD
Authors: Biruete Annabel , Metzger Corinne E , Chen Neal X , Swallow Elizabeth A , Vrabec Curtis , Clinkenbeard Erica L , Stacy Alexander J , Srinivasan Shruthi , O'Neill Kalisha , Avin Keith G , Allen Matthew R , Moe Sharon M 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Anemia and chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) are common and begin early in CKD. Limited studies have concurrently compared the effects of ferric citrate (FC) versus intravenous (IV) iron on CKD-MBD and iron homeostasis in moderate CKD.

Methods
We tested the effects of 10 weeks of 2% FC versus IV iron sucrose in rats with moderate CKD (Cy/+ male rat) and untreated normal (NL) littermates. Outcomes included a comprehensive assessment of CKD-MBD, iron homeostasis and oxidative stress.

Results
CKD rats had azotemia, elevated phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). Compared with untreated CKD rats, treatment with FC led to lower plasma phosphorus, intact FGF23 and a trend (P = 0.07) toward lower C-terminal FGF23. FC and IV iron equally reduced aorta and heart calcifications to levels similar to NL animals. Compared with NL animals, CKD animals had higher bone turnover, lower trabecular volume and no difference in mineralization; these were unaffected by either iron treatment. Rats treated with IV iron had cortical and bone mechanical properties similar to NL animals. FC increased the transferrin saturation rate compared with untreated CKD and NL rats. Neither iron treatment increased oxidative stress above that of untreated CKD.

Conclusions
Oral FC improved phosphorus homeostasis, some iron-related parameters and the production and cleavage of FGF23. The intermittent effect of low-dose IV iron sucrose on cardiovascular calcification and bone should be further explored in moderate–advanced CKD.
Intersecting Inequalities: Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Math Achievement and School Contexts in California
Authors: Owens Ann , Tom Thalia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Past research extensively documents inequalities in educational opportunity and achievement by students’ race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status (SES). Less scholarship focuses on how race/ethnicity and SES interact and jointly contribute to educational inequalities. We advance this burgeoning line of scholarship by charting math achievement trajectories and school socioeconomic composition by both student race/ethnicity and SES in California from 2014–15 through 2017–18. Linked administrative data allow us to operationalize student SES more richly than point-in-time free meal eligibility, a measure commonly used in education research. We find evidence of considerable racial/ethnic disparities in math achievement and school socioeconomic composition among same-SES students. White and Asian students score substantially higher on math achievement tests and attend higher-SES schools than same-SES Hispanic and Black students. Achievement and contextual inequalities are related: differential exposure to school SES by student race/ethnicity is associated with racial/ethnic achievement disparities within SES groups. Our findings show that SES does not translate into the same contextual or achievement advantages for students of all racial/ethnic groups, demonstrating the importance of jointly considering student race/ethnicity and SES in future research and policy development.
Multiple PHT1 family phosphate transporters are recruited for mycorrhizal symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis and conserved PHT1;4 is a requirement for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Che Xianrong , Lai Wenzhen , Wang Sijia , Wang Xinyang , Hu Wentao , Chen Hui , Xie Xianan , Tang Ming 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eucalypts engage in a mutualistic endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to acquire mineral nutrients from soils, particularly inorganic phosphate (Pi). In return, the host plant provides organic carbons to its fungal partners. However, the mechanism by which the Eucalyptus plants acquire Pi released from the AM fungi has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the characterization of potential PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) family Pi transporters in AM symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. We show that multiple PHT1 family Pi transporters were recruited for AM symbiosis in E. grandis. We further report that EgPT4, an E. grandis member of the PHT1 family, is conserved across angiosperms and is exclusively expressed in AM roots with arbuscule-containing cells and localizes to the periarbuscular membrane (PAM). EgPT4 was able to complement a yeast mutant strain defective in all inorganic Pi transporters and mediate Pi uptake. Importantly, EgPT4 is essential for improved E. grandis growth, total phosphorus concentration and arbuscule development during symbiosis. Moreover, silencing of EgPT4 led to the induction of polyphosphate accumulation relevant genes of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198. Collectively, our results unravel a pivotal role for EgPT4 in symbiotic Pi transport across the PAM required for arbuscule development in E. grandis.
Factors Related to Meaning in Life Among Residents of Long-Term Care Institutions
Authors: HUNG Chaw-Mew , LI I-Chuan 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Meaning in life plays an important role in, and is associated with all dimensions of, well-being. Finding meaning in life has been shown to increase life satisfaction in residents of long-term care (LTC) institutions, whereas social support has been found to relate positively with meaning of life. Interactions with LTC staff are the main source of social support for LTC residents.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the factors related to meaning in life in LTC residents, especially those associated with interactions between nursing assistants and residents.

Methods
A cross-sectional study design was applied to interview participants from October 2015 through July 2016. One hundred fifty-four residents from six LTC institutions participated in this study. The Staff–Patient Interaction Scale and Meaning-in-Life Scale were used to collect data. The statistical methods of t test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise regression of forward selection analysis were used to explore the factors related to meaning in life in the study population.

Results
The participants were found to perceive a moderate level of meaning in their lives, with a Meaning-in-Life Scale average total score of 42.75 (range: 17–63, SD = 10.19). Staff–patient interaction (β = .50), financial support from government subsidies and social assistance (β = −.41), and number of medical diagnoses (β = −.18) were the three most important factors related to meaning in life, explaining 44.2% of the variance.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
Improving the quality of interactions between nurse assistants and residents and health promotion may increase meaning in life in LTC residents.
The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulated Learning on the Relationships Among Emotional Intelligence, Collaboration, and Clinical Performance in Korean Nursing Students
Authors: KIM Sun-Hee 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Clinical performance is an important competence for nursing students to achieve. However, little is known about the degree to which self-regulated learning mediates the relationships among emotional intelligence, collaboration, and clinical performance in nursing students.

Purpose
This study was designed to investigate the mediating effect of self-regulated learning on clinical performance.

Methods
A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was used, and a convenience sample of 302 nursing students in Years 3 and 4 of a bachelor's degree program were recruited as participants from five universities in South Korea. Information on participant characteristics, emotional intelligence, collaboration, self-regulated learning, and clinical performance was collected from the participants using self-reported questionnaires from September to October 2019. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the research model.

Results
Emotional intelligence, collaboration, and self-regulated learning were found to be statistically significantly related to clinical performance. Moreover, self-regulated learning was identified as a full mediator of the relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical performance (accounting for 62.0% of the variance) and a partial mediator of the influence of collaboration on clinical performance (accounting for 25.4% of the variance).

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
Nursing educators should encourage self-regulated learning among their students and provide a collaborative learning environment to enhance their students' clinical performance.