bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Flexible Riser Decoupled Time Domain Analysis
Authors: Lirola François , Azarbadegan Alireza , Ferdi Faycal , Holland Ian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Due to an on-going project's specificities, running time domain analyses using wave and vessel motions timeseries has been required. However due to numerical limitations, preserving time consistency between wave elevation and vessel motions led to unacceptable simulation run time (several days per analysis). To solve this, consistency between wave elevation and vessel motions was discarded.
The present paper has two objectives. First, validating the use of a timeseries to represent vessel motions in combination with wave timeseries that are inconsistent from a timestamp perspective (i.e. phasing between vessel motions and wave elevation is incorrect), in a shallow water context (33 m) where direct wave loading on the risers contributes as much as vessel motions. Second comparing the use of a Gumbel distribution versus an empirical distribution to determine levels of non-exceedance.
The following methodology was used: Time domain simulations using both consistent and inconsistent vessel motions/wave elevation were performed. Statistical processing was then performed to derive design values from each type of analysis (consistent and inconsistent). Results from each approach were then compared to assess the impact of wave inconsistency on design variables. In a second step, time domain analyses were performed with 20 seeds. Results from these analyses were processed using both a Gumbel distribution and an empirical approach. A comparison between the results obtained with each approach was then performed.
The performed analyses put in evidence: Losing the consistency between wave elevation and vessel motion generates an error that lies within the statistical error related to the randomness of the wave process. On that basis, provided a sufficient number of seeds (set at 20 in the frame of this study) is considered and that a proper statistical processing is performed, not preserving the time consistency between vessel motions and wave elevations is deemed acceptable for riser design, even in shallow waters where direct wave loading on the risers cannot be neglected. In addition, the comparison between a Gumbel distribution and empirical distribution provides matching results for the system modelled on the considered project.
Wind Potencial as an Oportunity for Energy Transition in Oil and Gas Industry: Colombian Caribbean Offshore Case of Study
Authors: Portillo Diaz Carlos David , Montiel Hoyos Cristian Camilo , Montes Páez Erik Giovany , Guerrero Martin Camilo Andrés 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
First, the maritime and wind potential of the Colombian Caribbean coast was mapped and later a technical analysis, based on an extensive bibliographic review and the use of NASA Power Data Access Viewer (DAV). Then, the current affairs of offshore oil rigs in Colombian basins were studied through available information of government web sites, exploration information and statistical reports. Subsequently, the amount of energy required to supply the necessary processes of the platform was roughly estimated based on theoretical cases of study and field data. Secondly, bearing in mind the above, a methodology was devised to figure out the supply the energy demand and the possibility of deliver the energy excess to the grid; additionally, analyzing the current behavior of local oil and gas industry and reservoir engineering, a forecast was generated to expand the concept of energy security. Finally, the potential use of wind farms for the generation of eolic resource was evaluated. In conformity with the last information and reports available, next years will be the point of start for some offshore Colombian basins, as Sinu-San Jacinto basin, Colombia basin, and Guajira offshore basin. One of the main findings is the wellbore Gorgon-1; on the south, the wells Kronos −1, Purple Angel −1 and Orca - 1 are the prospects to be the main gas producers after 2024, all of them ubicated in deep waters. At the same time, the greater wind potential is placed at the same region where La Guajira area stands out as one of the most favourable sites in Latin America, with Class 7 annual average wind speeds that near 10 m/s", which is due to the Vientos Alisios; the end of this, was 5 different sceneries depending on reservoir fluid type and 3 additional forecasting as the result of oil offshore industry growing. This work provides a roadmap for starting the inclusion of renewable energies as a suitable partner to achieve the objectives of production with less possible CO2 emissions, while the idea of energy transition becomes a reality in the Colombian context.
Subsea Low Power Distribution for Subsea Processing Components, Suggested Solution, and Benefits
Authors: Kristiansen Karstein Berge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the requirements for a "next-generation" low power distribution for subsea control systems and provides a description of a proposed new setup/architecture. The future seems to be all-electric for seabed installed equipment, moving away from the usage of hydraulic power to operate valves on the seabed. The increasing usage of subsea drones are another subsea located device consuming electrical power for charging in between active work periods.
Location and topology of future subsea field developments has presented the subsea industry with new challenges. Some of these challenges include increases in the step-out length between new subsea installations and existing or new surface facilities, as well as water depth increases.
New subsea fields tend to be smaller in size and scattered over a larger area in between the larger already discovered and producing fields. These smaller subsea fields are usually connected to an existing surface located production facility, in a so-called subsea tieback solution. The existing surface setup could have limited physical space available and/or limited amount of potential individual connections for the new subsea installation. In an already existing FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) installation the swivel could be a bottleneck for future expansions regarding the amount of electrically operated subsea equipment.
Decarbonizing FPSO Operations in West Africa by Offshore Wind Energy
Authors: Lau Hon Chung , Piriyev Samir 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The tropical waters of West Africa is a top growth region for floating, production, storage and offloading units (FPSO) deployment and is the home to approximately one-quarter of the world's operating FPSOs. This study shows that a typical FPSO operating in this region with a nameplate oil production capacity of 60,000 bbl/d may emit as much as 0.8 Mtpa CO2. Therefore, the aggregate of CO2 emission from FPSOs operating in West Africa can reach as much as 40 Mtpa. The urgent need to decarbonize FPSO operations will soon become a license-to-operate issue due to the world's aspiration to achieve net-zero around the middle of the century. This study further shows that in the context of West Africa, offshore wind energy is probably the most mature and impactful technology to decarbonize FPSO operations at a water depth less than 130 m. Current technology gaps include adaptation to low wind speeds, robust power cable design, design of on/off strategy to switch between deck boilers and wind turbines, and extension of floating substructures to water depth exceeding 130 m.
Prediction of Horizontal and Vertical Distribution Trend of Formation Pressure and Characteristics of Safety Density Window in Yinggehai Basin
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Li Jun , Gao Reyu , Li Yanjun , Luo Ming , Li Wentuo , Liu Kai 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Yinggehai Basin has become the main battlefield for natural gas exploration in recent years in China, but the formation pressure system in this area has the characteristics of poor horizontal distribution regularity and severe vertical distribution changes. This paper proposes a new method for predicting the horizontal and vertical distribution trend of formation pressure for the situation of limited offshore drilling data. The method is based on the topological triangulation algorithm, combined with the data set to fit the multivariate interpolation function, and conveniently realizes the prediction and visualization of the three-dimensional horizontal and vertical distribution trend of regional formation pressure.On this basis, through the analysis of the relevant data of the complex accident points that have been drilled, the characteristics of the single well safety density window and the regional safety density window are clarified. The study found that there is no high pressure in the shallow layer of the block, and the formation pressure spreads smoothly in the lateral direction; the high pressure top surface is at 3500m, and the formation pressure gradually increases with the increase in longitude and decrease in latitude in the lateral direction. The formation pressure rises extremely rapidly with the increase of depth in the longitudinal direction, which has the characteristic of "broken line pressurization". The safety density window of a single well is in the shape of a funnel with the characteristic of turning back, and the turning section is between 3500m and 4000m. The safety density window feature of the block can be divided into three stages according to the depth., and the window appears extremely narrow after 3500m (&lt;0.3g/cm3).According to the method proposed in this paper, it is possible to efficiently and conveniently predict and visualize the three-dimensional horizontal and vertical distribution trend of regional formation pressure under the condition of limited formation data during deep-water drilling.
Inferring the Effect of Chemical Injections for Asphaltene Producing Deepwater Wells Using Machine Learning
Authors: Kara Mustafa Can , Dastan Aysegul , Oyler Evan , Peterson Bret , Dixit Rahul 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Asphaltene production in Deepwater wells is an important operational issue which may result in planned and unplanned shut-ins. Excessive asphaltene precipitation and deposition can cause production curtailment that adds up to significant costs yearly tooperators in Deepwater production and transportation of Deepwater asphalt base crude oil. Costly chemical injections such as xylene soaks are used to dissolve the asphaltenes in the tubing. This study proposes a new machine learning technique to increase the effectiveness of such soaks in a Deepwater well.
A predictive solution is developed where a scalable Machine Learning (ML) model predicts un-commanded shut-ins by analyzing historical and real-timefeed of sensor and simulation data. Deployed workflow can inform Control Room Operators hours or days before a potential un-commanded shut-inoccurs. A common unsupervised learning framework for predictive maintenance called anomaly detection algorithm is built. Multiple anomaly detection models are investigated within the scope of dimensionality reduction. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Net(ANN) base LSTM Autoencoders are deployed to tackle the problem through reconstruction of the original input. Anomaly score and threshold as ML outputs are streamlined in near real-time back to the database to serve the operators. Following this, further analytics is conducted toassess the impact of chemical soaks on anomalies.
In this work, ML model output is benchmarked against a Gulf of Mexico Deepwater well where asphaltene precipitation and deposition is known to occur. The ML architecture can ingest real-time data in batch, maintained by OSI PI historian. The architecture is proved to detect anomalies hours or days before a shut-in event happens, so that operators can take early actions before severe damage to wellhead or downhole equipment occurs instead of reacting to a possible asphaltene event offshore. This study shows that, if used properly, data science can be an effective and reliable tool for Petroleum Engineers and Offshore Operators to not only detect anomalous events but also assess the impact of well interventions during drilling, completions and operations in Oil and Gas Industry.
Trust but Verify – Managing Supply Chain Risks
Authors: Fletcher Edwin John , Croft Nigel Howard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The oil and gas sector operates within a complex environment of operational and process safety requirements, regulatory and social license obligations. This complexity and the resultant risks and opportunities cascades throughout the sector's supply chain. It is standard practice for organizations in the sector to require their products and services suppliers to operate quality management systems.
This paper demonstrates the value of aligning and standardizing customer quality management requirements through the adoption of standards such as ISO 29001:2020 to realize and protect value and to limit the uncertainty and supplier cost and schedule contingencies applied to bespoke customer quality requirements and intervention in supplier operations.
ISO /TS 29001:2010 and comparable standards such as API Specification Q1 were developed to supplement the generic aspects of ISO 9001 with sector specific requirements tailored to address the context and associated risks of the sector.
ISO 9001:2015 introduced a step change in the way quality management systems are implemented across all industries. Organizations are required to place emphasis on the identification and management of risks associated with their activities, processes, output products and services. Quality management systems must include appropriate processes for risk management and opportunity realization. ISO 29001:2020 supplements ISO 9001:2015 with requirements and guidance to manage risks associated with the oil and gas sector and to provide a framework for aligning requirements with complementary standards, such as API Specifications Q1 and Q2 employed within the sector.
Recognizing that there is a vast scope of supply in the sector, from standard to specialized materials, equipment, and services, it is important that relevant risk-based approaches are taken when specifying and evaluating quality management system requirements. This strategy ensures that both supplier and customer resources are deployed to facilitate and verify conformance with requirements based on service risk and supplier capabilities.
The paper overviews the methodology and implementation strategies for performing risk assessments, assessing supply chain capability and for specifying and verifying quality requirements provided in Annex C of ISO 29001:2020.
The paper introduces case studies demonstrating the potential value of implementing ISO 29001:2020 and the methodology prescribed in Annex C. It also provides observations and draws conclusions on the prerequisites and barriers to the successful implementation of the standard.
This paper will also demonstrate how the sector specific quality requirements provided in ISO 29001:2020 complement the introduction of innovative technologies. Examples include virtual communication, data collection, analysis, identification and traceability applications to validate conformance and enable innovation and learning organizations.
Digital Requirement Development: Three Years of Using Digital Methods to Improve Standardization of Procurement Specifications
Authors: Machin Philip 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP33) was established through IOGP with backing from the World Economic Forum to drive industry level standardization for procurement of equipment and packages. During Phases 1 and 2 of JIP33 the traditional business applications Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and e-mail were used to develop, collaborate and publish 14 specifications.
For phase 3 a digital requirements management platform was implemented to enhance capacity, efficiency and auditability of specification development and maintenance. This platform has subsequently been used to develop and publish 27 ‘exception’ style specifications and 4 ‘narrative’ style specifications, bringing the JIP33 published specification library to 45 since the program's commencement in 2016.
JIP33 proposed that the adoption of a digital requirements management platform would reduce the cost and time of development, simplify collaboration and improve the quality and maintainability of output. The platform's original configuration and work processes have evolved to enhance collaboration and improve traceability. Natural language processing technology has been integrated into the platform to support JIP33 writing protocols and reduce user dependence on external tools. Document production is automated using customised data transformations to output the specifications in a publishable form. Requirement Interchange Format (ReqIF) data exports are being piloted in collaboration with the IOGP Standards committee to test the digital transfer of JIP33 specifications into user databases.
Changes to JIP33 work processes aimed at improving user engagement also provided resilience to the Covid pandemic and the sudden shift globally to virtual working. However, notwithstanding improvements in the tools and process, timely engagement of collaborators in content development and reviews remains a significant area for improvement. Resistance to ‘sentence centric’ requirement writing should decline as familiarity and culture change programs take effect. Improvements to JIP33 data transformations are predicted to streamline extraction of publishable specification documents from the platform. Digital transfer of JIP33 specifications has also been piloted and advances in the standardisation of data attributes across the industry will drive the future evolution of the JIP33 program's use of these tools.
This paper will present an update of the JIP33 program's sustained use of a requirement management platform and other digital tools for specification development and future digital integration of JIP33 specifications by users.
Changing the Game: Dp Rig in Shallow Waters Using Bop Tethering System and Real Time Riser Analysis
Authors: Silva Magno Almeida da , Fulco Rafael Rodriguez , Weidlich Marcos Correa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBOP tethering is a system installed around the wellhead with the purpose of stabilizing laterally the top of the BOP Stack through the action of cables, anchors, and other devices. This system, which significantly reduces loads on the wellhead, have been used in the last decade in operations in the North Sea and other locations around the world to mitigate wellhead fatigue. In Brazil, it was proposed to enable the use of dynamically positioned (DP) drilling rigs in shallow waters, where the loads imposed by the riser-BOP on the wellhead during a drift-off/drive-off event are a stricter restriction to operations than wellhead fatigue. This article describes the process of investigation, homologation, design, construction, and operation of the BOP tethering system in a semisubmersible rig, making feasible important projects for Petrobras using this resource.
Evaluation of Floating Wind Technology to Reduce Emissions in Newfoundland and Labrador's Offshore Hydrocarbon Industry
Authors: Paulin Mike , Humby Damien , Cooke Nathan , King Tony 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The move to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the offshore hydrocarbons production industry has resulted in a growing interest in the possibility of using offshore wind to reduce on-platform power generation. While some offshore areas are progressing towards, or planning for, the use of offshore wind to electrify hydrocarbon producing platforms, they do not have some of the challenges associated with Newfoundland & Labrador's offshore environment.
The authors are undertaking a study to investigate the feasibility of, and the benefits associated with the use of offshore floating wind to displace power generation for offshore hydrocarbon production platforms, thus reducing GHG emissions. The work is focusing on the applicability of potential concepts, services, supply chain, fabrication, facilities, and operations, and how these tie into various floating wind concepts and technologies that might be fabricated and assembled locally, and operated offshore Newfoundland & Labrador (NL). Electrification of offshore oil and gas production facilities through offshore wind could reduce the requirement for local power generation via turbine generators under normal operation. This paper examines the suitability of potential offshore floating wind concepts in the NL offshore, using wind energy to supply power to offshore facilities, reducing the need for fuel powered turbine generators, and thereby decreasing GHG emissions from power generation. The study looks at the full-field approach, from suitability of design to construction to operations and maintenance of offshore wind technology.
Axial Pile Capacity: Correlation Between Impact Driven Piles and Vibro Driven Piles
Authors: Verbeek Gerald , Van Dorp Rob , Moscoso Nicolas , Bielefeld Marcel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For an open pipe pile installed on the North Sea to serve as the foundation for an offshore gas production platform the capacity was determined in various ways. First the Cone Penetration Test data obtained at the location were used to simulate the vibro driving process. Then the monitoring data obtained during vibro driving were used adjust the soil model used for the initial simulation and to derive the pile capacity. Next the monitoring data for the Beginning of Restrike and the End of Impact Driving were used to assess the capacity yet again. The results as well as the soil models used for the simulations and the capacity estimates are presented to demonstrate that there is no need to drive a pile to its final penetration with an impact hammer to assess its bearing capacity, which when adopted in the industry will greatly reduce pile driving duration and thus cost.
Application for Evaluating Performance in Offshore Renewables Environmental Conditions
Authors: Gullaksen Joannes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Environmental conditions cover natural phenomena, which may contribute to overloading and fatigue damage. This paper is describing a method implemented for modelling and analysis of environmental conditions and loads on offshore renewables. Sea states are described by irregular wave models as ocean waves that are irregular and random in nature. Furthermore, a linear irregular wave model is a sum of many small linear wave components. Short-term wave conditions are described by a stochastic method using wave spectra, or the deterministic design wave method. Statistical distributions are used to describe long-term and extreme value conditions, or scatter diagrams for governing sea state parameters. Wind speed varies with time and the height above the sea surface. Therefore, the averaging time for wind speeds and the reference height above the sea surface are considered, whereas statistics are used in describing the short- and long-term conditions. The effects of currents are considered for steady excursions and slow drift motions, drag and lift forces, vortex induced vibrations and motions, interaction between currents and waves, and seabed scouring. Joint wave-current distributions of parameters and corresponding surfaces for given exceedance probability levels are considered as applicable. The fluctuating response can be resonant response, response due to vortex shedding, or reinforced vibration. This paper presents a small-scale method for software application to evaluate performance of offshore renewables. It aims to contribute to the practice of numerical simulations for ocean energy converters.