bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using an application to measure trainees’ procedural knowledge before chest tube insertion
Authors: De Mol Leander , Vangeneugden Joris , Desender Liesbeth , Van Herzeele Isabelle , Konge Lars , Willaert Wouter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Purpose of the study
To collect validity evidence for the chest tube insertion (CTI) test mode on the medical simulation application Touch Surgery. This was done by using Messick’s contemporary framework.

Methods
Novice, intermediate and experienced participants provided informed consent and demographic information. After familiarisation with the application, they completed the CTI test mode. Validity evidence was collected from four sources: content, response process, relation to other variables and consequences. A post-study questionnaire with 5-point Likert scales assessed the perceived realism, relevance and utility of the assessment. Mean scores of the three groups were compared.

Results
A total of 25 novices, 11 intermediates and 19 experienced participants were recruited. Content evidence was collected by an expert in CTI and was based on published literature and guidelines. All users were familiarised with the application, and received standardised instructions throughout the test. Most users rated the simulation as realistic and suitable to assess cognitive skills. Novices received significantly lower (55.9±7.5) test mode scores than intermediates (80.6±4.4) (p&lt;0.001) and experienced participants (82.3±5.3) (p&lt;0.001). There was no significant difference in score between intermediate and experienced participants (p=0.75). Consequences evidence was provided by establishing a pass/fail score of 71% using the contrasting groups method, which resulted in one observed false positive and no false negatives.

Conclusion
A robust validity argument was constructed for the CTI test mode, which can be implemented in surgical curricula to assess learners’ cognitive skills prior to hands-on simulation practice.
Evaluating US smokers’ willingness to pay for different cigarette packaging designs before and after real-world exposure in a randomised trial
Authors: Stone Matthew , Dimofte Claudiu , Strong David , Pulvers Kim , Crespo Noe C , Leas Eric C , Pierce John P 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionRemoval of tobacco industry branding from cigarette packs may reduce their appeal. Adding graphic warning labels (GWLs) should enhance this effect. We investigate whether willingness to pay for various packaging designs changes after 3 months’ use of: (1) US branded packs without GWLs (US), (2) non-branded packs without GWLs (Blank), and (3) rotating non-branded packs with GWLs (gangrene; throat cancer; neonatal baby) covering >75% of pack (GWL).MethodsCalifornian adult daily smokers not planning to quit (n=287; 56% female; mean age=39.6) completed a discrete choice purchase task before and after 3 months’ experience using one of three packaging options. Conjoint analysis and pre-post modelling evaluated the change in importance of pack attributes and willingness to pay for US, Blank or GWL (blindness; teeth; gangrene) pack designs.ResultsPrice determined ~70% of purchase choices, while pack design determined ~22%. Irrespective of intervention arm, US packaging generated appeal valuations compared with Blank packaging, while GWLs consistently provoked strong aversive valuations at baseline and follow-up. Compared with the US pack arm, using GWL packs for 3 months decreased willingness to pay for US packaging (β=−$0.38, 95% CI −0.76 to 0.00). Wear-out effects were detected in the discount needed to willingly purchase the gangrene-GWL pack (β=$0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.82) and Blank pack (β=$0.42, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74) but not for GWLs (blindness, teeth) not used in trial.ConclusionCompared with US branded packs, the negative valuation of non-branded GWL packs attenuates with even 3 months’ use but does not generalise to non-used GWLs. This suggests that GWLs should be regularly refreshed. The appeal valuation of industry imagery suggests that the US plan to retain such imagery on packs may ameliorate the effect of GWLs.
Towards model descriptions of the latest data by the NA61/SHINE collaboration on $${^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+{^{45}}\mathrm{Sc}}$$ and $${^{7}\mathrm{Be}+{^{9}}\mathrm{Be}}$$ interactions
Authors: Galoyan A. , Ribon A. , Uzhinsky V. ,   the Geant4 hadronic physics working group
Published: February 2022

AbstractApplication of the HIJING, EPOS 1.99, UrQMD and Geant4 FTF models for the analysis of experimental data by the collaboration is considered. A short description of the models is given. It is shown that the FTF (FRITIOF) model of the Geant4 toolkit describes well the NA61/SHINE data on $$\pi ^-$$

π
-

meson rapidity distributions in $${ ^{40}\mathrm{Ar}+{}^{45}\mathrm{Sc}}$$

40

Ar
+

45

Sc

interactions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$$

s

NN

=

5.2 and 6.1 GeV. At higher energies, $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$$

s

NN

=

7.6, 8.8, 11.9 and 16.8 GeV, the model underestimates the data by 13%, 14%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The model also describes well the analogous data for $${^{7}\mathrm{Be}+{}^{9}\mathrm{Be}}$$

7

Be
+

9

Be

interactions at all energies ($$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$$

s

NN

=

6.1–16.8 GeV). It is the best model description among the descriptions of other models considered by the collaboration.
Brownian particles driven by spatially periodic noise
Authors: Breoni Davide , Blossey Ralf , Löwen Hartmut 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe discuss the dynamics of a Brownian particle under the influence of a spatially periodic noise strength in one dimension using analytical theory and computer simulations. In the absence of a deterministic force, the Langevin equation can be integrated formally exactly. We determine the short- and long-time behaviour of the mean displacement (MD) and mean-squared displacement (MSD). In particular, we find a very slow dynamics for the mean displacement, scaling as$$t^{-1/2}$$t-1/2with timet. Placed under an additional external periodic force near the critical tilt value we compute the stationary current obtained from the corresponding Fokker–Planck equation and identify an essential singularity if the minimum of the noise strength is zero. Finally, in order to further elucidate the effect of the random periodic driving on the diffusion process, we introduce a phase factor in the spatial noise with respect to the external periodic force and identify the value of the phase shift for which the random force exerts its strongest effect on the long-time drift velocity and diffusion coefficientGraphical Abstract
A Capacity Associated with the Weighted Lebesgue Space and Its Applications
Authors: Li Guoliang , Wang Guanglan , Zhang Lei 
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we focus on a further study of the weighted Lebesgue capacity associated with the following fractional heat equation:

∂

t

+

−

Δ

x

α

u

t
,
x

=
0
,

∀

α
,
t
,
x

∈

0,1

×

0
,
∞

×

ℝ

n

,

u

0
,
x

=
f

x

,

∀
x
∈

ℝ

n

.

. More properties of that capacity are explored, and applications to a trace inequality for the weak solution of the equation are considered.
Antimicrobial Usage in Smallholder Poultry Production in Nigeria
Authors: Bamidele Oladeji , Amole Tunde A. , Oyewale Oluwafikayo A. , Bamidele Olayinka O. , Yakubu Abdulmojeed , Ogundu Uduak E. , Ajayi Folasade O. , Hassan Waheed A. 
Published: March 2022

The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in livestock production is of increasing concern due to the threat of antimicrobial resistance in both humans and animals. Much emphasis has been placed on intensively managed poultry production systems, which routinely use antimicrobials as against smallholder poultry production systems (SPPS). Therefore, this study investigated the use of antimicrobials among smallholder poultry farmers in Nigeria, and compared the prevalence of antimicrobial drug use against the practice of ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM). A cross-sectional study was conducted in five states (agroecologies) of Nigeria using structured questionnaires administered on a total of 350 farmers. The practice of EVM was prevalent among most of the farmers (39%). The western method (pharmaceuticals) was practiced by a large proportion of farmers (60%), either solely (25%) or in combination with EVM (35%). Antimicrobials were used primarily for treatment and prevention of diseases (78%). Semi-scavenging system of production had the highest proportion (49%) of farmers using antimicrobials, compared to semi-intensive (37%) and scavenging (14%) systems. Gender (χ2 = 9.30,

p

= 0.01), and location (χ2 = 216.86,

p

≤ 0.001), influenced farmers’ choice of methods for bird treatment. Education (odds ratio [OR] odds ratio [OR] 3.06, 95% CI 2.10–4.44), income (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.10–3.59) and management system (OR 1.97, CI% 1.1–3.45) were most associated with antimicrobial use. Critically important antibiotics, with lower to higher risk of antimicrobial resistance, were used by farmers (40%). These findings showed the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials by farmers and the potential risk of antimicrobial resistance within the SPPS in Nigeria.
Saireito (114) Increases IC50 and Changes T-Cell Phenotype When Used in Combination with Prednisolone Therapy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Yamazaki Kyosuke , Kiyomi Anna , Imai Shinobu , Sugiura Munetoshi 
Published: March 2022

Prednisolone (PSL), a type of corticosteroid used to treat autoimmune diseases, can increase the risk of infection and osteoporosis. Saireito (114), a Kampo medicine, has an immunosuppressive effect; with its use, the dose of steroids can be reduced. However, its mechanism when used with PSL is still unclear. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy adults to examine the effect of 114 and PSL treatment on PBMC proliferation, T-cell subsets, and cytokine production. PBMCs were cotreated with concanavalin A and 300 μM 114 (either Tsumura & Co. (TJ) or Kracie Holdings (KR)) and 0.0001–1.0 μM PSL for 96 h to create the T-cell mitogen. We then measured the PBMC proliferation; ratio of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells; and concentration of cytokines (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21). The proliferation of PBMCs was dose dependently suppressed in both the PSL and PSL + 114 groups (

p
<
0
.
05

). Combination therapy increased the IC50 in the PSL group (0.0947 μM) by 2.02 and 1.64-fold in the PSL + TJ114 and PSL + KR114 groups, respectively. Both the PSL + 114 groups had an increased ratio of CD4+ T cells compared to the PSL group, with no effect on the ratio of CD8+ T and Tfh cells. Furthermore, the PSL + 114 groups showed increased IL-6 and IL-10 compared to the PSL monotherapy group, although the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in the TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-21 concentrations between the PSL and PSL + 114 groups. The elevated IC50 with 114 cotreatment suggests diminished immunosuppressive action. Moreover, increased cytokine production by Th2 with 114 cotreatment suggests a restoration of T-cell balance in Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases. However, increased IL-6 suggests potential exacerbation of IL-6-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor these clinical parameters when using 114 in combination with PSL.
Pregnane X Receptor‒4β‐Hydroxycholesterol Axis in the Regulation of Overweight‐ and Obesity‐Induced Hypertension
Authors: Rahunen Roosa , Kummu Outi , Koivukangas Vesa , Hautajärvi Heidi , Hakkola Jukka , Rysä Jaana , Hukkanen Janne 
Published: March 2022

Background
Mechanisms mediating hypertensive effects of overweight and obesity have not been fully elucidated. We showed previously that activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) by rifampicin elevates 24‐hour blood pressure (BP) and plasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), agonist for liver X receptor (LXR).

Methods and Results

In combined “PXR activation data set” (n=62) of 4 clinical trials, 1 week rifampicin dosing increased office systolic BP (SBP) by 3.1 mm Hg, DBP 1.8 mm Hg, and mean arterial pressure 2.2 mm Hg in comparison with placebo (
P
<0.01). Plasma 4βHC had negative correlation with SBP both in rifampicin (
r
=−0.46,
P
=0.0002) and placebo (
r
=−0.45,
P
=0.0003) arms, although 4βHC was elevated >3‐fold by rifampicin. In “non‐intervention data set” (n=102) of patients with obesity and healthy volunteers (body mass index, 19.2–55.2 kg/m
2
), 4βHC had negative correlations (
P
<0.00001) with office SBP (
r
=−0.51), diastolic BP (
r
=−0.50), and mean arterial pressure (
r
=−0.54). Lean women had higher 4βHC than men, with increasing weight repressing 4βHC (
r
=−0.62,
P
<0.00001) in both sexes. In multiple linear regression analysis, the only statistically significant predictor for SBP was 4βHC. Six‐day PXR agonist dosing elevated SBP in rats (n=7–8/group). PXR activation elevated 4βHC and after PXR agonist was withdrawn and elevated 4βHC was left to act alone, SBP was reduced on days 7 to 14 in comparison with control rats.

Conclusions
PXR activation elevates SBP. Elevated circulating 4βHC lowers SBP in rats, and higher 4βHC is an independent predictor of lower SBP in humans. PXR‐4βHC‐LXR is novel BP‐regulating pathway deregulated in overweight and obesity by repressed 4βHC, with implications for sex‐specific BP regulation.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifiers: NCT00985270, NCT01293422, NCT01690104, NCT02329405, and NCT01330251.
Dietary plasticity of a understudied primate (Sapajus cay) in a biodiversity hotspot: applying ecological traits to habitat conservation in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest
Authors: Smith Rebecca L. , Rebergen Kelly , Payne Carter , Megapanos Epaminondas , Lusseau David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One of the main threats to wild primates is habitat alteration, fragmentation and destruction. Therefore it is crucial to understand the ability of those species to adapt to human-induced habitat changes to prevent extirpation. Key to this is a species diet plasticity. In Paraguay over 91% of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest has been destroyed to expand agricultural land. We determined the diet composition of three Sapajus cay groups in degraded and near-pristine Atlantic Forest in eastern Paraguay to assess whether the diet composition of this species changes with habitat degradation. We accounted for diet variability associated with demographic traits and forest characteristics using multinomial linear models. Once the effect of age, sex, and season were accounted for, we found that the diet of capuchins was plastic and shifted to adapt to studied degraded forest conditions. The results showed that (as expected) the capuchins have a generalist and flexible diet, including opportunistically taking advantage of crop plants, particularly Slash Pine plantations, when the risks were lower. The capuchins ability to adjust their diet in different habitat fragments demonstrates that small islands of Paraguayan Atlantic Forest are valuable for their persistence. This insight can be used to create applied conservation strategies, such as using the existing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) legislation to provide an opportunity to begin reconnecting fragments using native trees bordered by Slash Pine plantations. Using the capuchins as an umbrella species would increase public support of the program, while compensation through the PES scheme and profiting from the timber would encourage landowner participation.
The Politics of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb and Zinā-Stoning
Authors: Rizwan Syed Atif 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article examines several versions of a report in which ʿUmar b. al-Ḫaṭṭāb makes a public statement asserting the lawfulness of stoning as punishment for a category of offenders convicted of unlawful intercourse. The article also analyzes certain versions of a report in which ʿUmar makes a public declaration that the acclamation of Abū Bakr as caliph was legitimate despite the process being unexpected and in haste. The author argues that the motif of ʿUmar as having made a public statement about the validity of stoning drew upon a motif about his public declaration regarding Abū Bakr’s caliphate. The association between these two motifs may have been part of a strategy to link, under the purview of ʿUmar’s authority and reputation for insulating the community against internal crisis, the settling of one contentious matter (the legitimacy of stoning) with another (the legitimacy of Abū Bakr’s caliphate).
Modes of Failure in Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
Authors: Richie Cheryl D. , Castle Jennifer T. , Davis George A. , Bobadilla Joseph L. , He Qiang , Moore Mary B. , Kellenbarger Tricia A. , Xenos Eleftherios S. 
Published: February 2022

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with potentially preventable in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Although evidence-based guidelines are widely available, their application in clinical practice varies markedly. VTE prophylaxis involves a multistep dynamic process that can fail at various points during hospital stay. Our aim was to identify defects in VTE prophylaxis. Upon admission, our patients undergo VTE risk stratification and orders for prophylaxis are entered. All patients that fulfill the criteria for the Patient Safety Indicator (PSI)-12, as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, are prospectively entered in a database. From a review of 138 PSI-12 patients, only 21 had correct risk stratification and appropriate chemoprophylaxis during their hospital stay; 70 had been incorrectly stratified, with 28 of these patients receiving incorrect prophylaxis due to incorrect stratification, thus delaying the correct administration of chemoprophylaxis for >24 h. Inadequate application of mechanical prophylaxis was noted in 114 patients. VTE prophylaxis relies on correct risk stratification, ordering appropriate pharmacomechanical measures and, finally, the delivery of this treatment throughout the hospital stay. A large percentage of patients who had a thromboembolic complication received inadequate prophylaxis. This study identifies potential areas for intervention to improve VTE prophylaxis.
Multiple lifestyle risk behaviours and hierarchical dimensions of psychopathology in 6640 Australian adolescents
Authors: Gardner Lauren A , Champion Katrina E , Chapman Cath , Newton Nicola C , Slade Tim , Smout Scarlett , Teesson Maree , Sunderland Matthew 
Published: February 2022

Objective: Physical inactivity, sugar sweetened beverage consumption, alcohol use, smoking, poor sleep and excessive recreational screen time (the ‘Big 6’ lifestyle risk behaviours) often co-occur and are key risk factors for psychopathology. However, the best fitting latent structure of the Big 6 is unknown and links between multiple lifestyle risk behaviours and hierarchical dimensions of psychopathology have not been explored among adolescents. This study aimed to address these gaps in the literature. Methods: Confirmatory factor analysis, latent class analysis and factor mixture models were conducted among 6640 students ( Mage = 12.7 years) to identify the latent structure of the Big 6 lifestyle risk behaviours. Structural equation models were then used to examine associations with psychopathology. Results: A mixture model with three classes, capturing mean differences in a single latent factor indexing overall risk behaviours, emerged as the best fitting model. This included relatively low-risk (Class 1: 30%), moderate-risk (Class 2: 67%) and high-risk (Class 3: 3%) classes. Students high on externalizing demonstrated significantly greater odds of membership to the high-risk class (odds ratio = 8.75, 99% confidence interval = [3.30, 23.26]) and moderate-risk class (odds ratio = 2.93, 99% confidence interval = [1.43, 5.97]) in comparison to the low-risk class. Similarly, students high on internalizing demonstrated significantly higher odds of membership to the high-risk class (odds ratio = 1.89, 99% confidence interval = [1.06, 3.37]) and the moderate-risk class (odds ratio = 1.66, 99% confidence interval = [1.03, 2.67]) in comparison to the low-risk class. Associations between lower order factors of psychopathology and lifestyle risk behaviours were mostly accounted for by the more parsimonious higher order factors. Conclusion: Classes representing differences in probabilities of the Big 6 lifestyle risk behaviours relate to varying levels of hierarchical dimensions of psychopathology, suggesting multiple health behaviour change and transdiagnostic intervention approaches may be valuable for reducing risk of psychopathology.
Head Start programme participation and BMI change: Roles of family partnership and age of entry
Authors: Dahlin Melissa S. , Reich Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2022

Objective: To gain insight into the extent of body mass index (BMI) change during an academic year for children with overweight or obesity at entry to an early learning programme with nutrition and physical activity components ( Head Start). We explored whether meeting with families to discuss weight and nutrition and age of entry in the programme were associated with movement towards healthy weight via a reduction in BMI. Design: Quantitative analyses of administrative Head Start data of children aged 3–5 years old who entered the programme with a BMI labelled as overweight or obese. Setting: Children who participated in a Head Start early learning programme in the Southwest USA. Method: Descriptive analyses of BMI changes over the Head Start programme year. Ordinary least square regression analyses were run to explore whether a meeting with a family regarding their child’s weight and nutrition (i.e. a family service event) and age of entry predicted BMI change over the programme year. Results: Children with BMI labelled as overweight or obese, on average, reduced BMI over the academic year. Unexpectedly, having a family service event was related to an increase in BMI over the school year. Earlier age of entry predicted reduced BMI over the programme year. Conclusion: Head Start programming appears well suited to support decreases in prevalence of childhood obesity and that earlier entry was better. A meeting with families regarding their child’s weight and nutrition predicted an increase in BMI, though several factors indicated the need for more nuanced research on the types and intensity of these events.
A Prospective Analysis of Systemic and Local Aeroallergen Sensitivity in Central Compartment Atopic Disease
Authors: Edwards Thomas S. , DelGaudio John M. , Levy Joshua M. , Wise Sarah K. 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveTo compare systemic allergen sensitivity and local allergen sensitivity in the sinonasal tissue of patients with a recently identified subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis strongly associated with allergy: central compartment atopic disease (CCAD).Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAcademic tertiary care rhinology clinic.MethodsFifteen participants with endoscopic and radiographic evidence of CCAD underwent systemic allergy testing with skin testing and measurement of serum specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to 15 regionally common aeroallergens. Local allergen sensitivity was determined by measuring sIgE to these same 15 allergens in their sinonasal tissue. sIgE testing was performed by ImmunoCAP assay.ResultsOf the 15 participants, 14 were sensitive to at least 1 allergen locally in the central compartment and systemically on skin or serum testing. Among all participants, 4 were sensitive to allergens on central compartment sIgE testing that they were not sensitive to on skin and serum sIgE testing (range, 1‐8 discordant allergens). Comparisons between local and systemic aeroallergen sensitivity results showed statistically significant correlations (P <. 05) ranging from weak to strong.ConclusionSystemic allergy testing is recommended in the initial workup for CCAD. Local allergen sensitivities may be present in a subset of patients with CCAD. Further study of the clinical significance of these sensitivities should be undertaken in CCAD, with evaluation of the role of medical therapies and allergen immunotherapy in the treatment of CCAD.