bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of moist convective instability over Indian monsoon region and neighbourhood
Authors: PATTANAIK D. R. 
Published: January 2022

The nature of deep convection over the Indian monsoon region and neighbourhood during different seasons is investigated by analysing Dry Static Energy (DSE), Moist Static Energy (MSE), Precipitable Water Content (PWC) and Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) computed from 13 years (1982-1994) monthly mean data obtained from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis.

It is seen from this study that the mean atmosphere over the Indian monsoon region is convectively unstable at lower levels during all seasons with highest degree of instability and maximum PWC during the monsoon season compared to other seasons. The results also show that during the monsoon season from June to September the convectively most unstable region is situated over the Head Bay of Bengal (HBOB) region and decreases gradually from West Pacific (WP), Equatorial South Indian Ocean (ESIO) and to Arabian Sea (AS) regions. Similarly the CAPE value is also highest over HBOB region and it is about 362 Joules/kg (24%) more than the CAPE value over WP region. The composite MSE profiles for strong and weak monsoon years indicate higher values of MSE at all levels during the strong monsoon years compared to weak monsoon years. It is also observed that the surface MSE and PWC over Indian monsoon region during June to September show significant positive correlation with All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR).
Abnormal behavior of total ozone over Indian region during 1991-98
Authors: LONDHE A. L. , PATIL S. D. , KUMARI B. PADMA , JADHAV D. B. 
Published: January 2022

The total column ozone variation over India has been studied using monthly mean ozone for the period of 18 years from 1981 to 1998, which were collected with Dobson Spectrophotometer at four Indian stations, New Delhi (28° N), Varanasi (24° N), Pune (18° N), and Kodaikanal (10° N). The effect of atmospheric phenomena like Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO), solar cycle and volcanic eruptions (El Chichon of 1982, Mt. Pinatubo of 1991) on ozone variations has also been explored in this paper. The results of the analysis has shown that the ozone variations in the tropical region seem to have mostly caused by the equatorial QBO in zonal wind at lower stratosphere and solar cycle. During the period 1981-90, there is no much year to year variability in total ozone, whereas during the period 1991-98, much variability is observed between year to year. The total ozone is decreased from 1991 to 1993 and later started recovering. The ozone anomalies calculated for the period 1981-98 showed positive anomaly for the period 1981-90 and negative anomaly for the period 1991-98. Though the contribution of QBO and solar cycle to total ozone for the two different periods of 1981-90 and 1991-98 is almost same, the total ozone amounts for the later period are lower. These lower ozone amounts may be attributed to the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption.
Comparison of Indian ozonesonde and Umkehr profiles at New Delhi 1989-97
Authors: PESHIN S. K. , PANDA N. C. , DEWHARE J. N. , PEROV S. P. 
Published: January 2022

Umkehr observations made with Dobson Spectrophotometer no.112 have been compared with Indian ozonesondes at New Delhi. Umkehr data are compared with ozone sonde data converted to the layer averaged format of the Umkehr profiles. Comparisons are made for seasonally, annually and long term averaged data. Results of comparison are shown to differ from season to season and year to year, but there is no long-term trend.
Atmospheric surface layer spectra over a tropical desert station during Indian summer monsoon
Authors: PATIL M. N. , PARASNIS S. S. 
Published: January 2022

Characteristics of turbulence have been studied using the observations of wind components (u, v and w) and temperature (T) collected by fast response sensor the sonic anemometer (8.33 Hz) during the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment in 1990. The analysis showed that the spectra of wind and temperature obeyed the Monin-Obukhov scaling. The spectral curve showed a slope of –2/3 in high frequency portion which indicated the existence of inertial subrange. The diurnal variation in the eddy sizes were brought out.
Variability of sea surface temperature over Indian Ocean during El-Nino and La-Nina years
Authors: KHOLE MEDHA 
Published: January 2022

Many recent studies have brought out the importance of Indian Ocean in global climate variability. In the present study, the variability of composite Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) over Indian Ocean (10º S - 20º N, 50º E - 100º E) for El-Nino and La-Nina years is analysed. The data period is 1961-97. It is observed that, the composite SSTs over Indian Ocean for El-Nino (La-Nina) years show cooling (warming) during winter season and warming (cooling) during post-monsoon season.
On the persistence of fog over northern parts of India
Authors: BHUSHAN BRIJ , TRIVEDI H. K. N. , BHATIA R. C. , DUBE R. K. , GIRI R. K. , NEGI R. S. 
Published: January 2022

In winter there is a spell of about a fortnight, during end of December and beginning of January when persistent fog over plains of northern states of India occurs every year almost regularly . In this paper authors have tried to find the reasons of persistence of this fog particularly over this area. The reason envisaged here is in the large scale circulation . This diagnosis is for making it a forecasting tool and the study is based on satellite observed cloud imagery received in the VIS and water vapour channels and the derived winds.
A study of unusually heavy to very heavy rainfall over Kerala in October 1999
Authors: LAKSHMINARAYANAN R. , RAJAMOHAN R. 
Published: January 2022

Kerala received heavy to very rainfall in October 1999 being a record rainfall of 54.6 cm of the twentieth century for the month of October. A few stations in central Kerala like Punalur, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Konni, Aryankavu, Chertala, Thodupuzha and Mannarghat reported record October month rainfall of the twentieth century. Synoptic features responsible for these heavy rains have been examined. It was found that favourable position of the east-west trough/shear line running across latitude 10° North in the lower and middle troposphere and the strengthening of westerly winds over Lakshadweep and south Kerala in association with systems moving across north Andaman Sea and east central Bay are the prime causes leading to heavy to very heavy rainfall in October 1999 over Kerala for about 20 days in October.
Dynamics of monsoon trough over northwest and adjoining westcentral Bay of Bengal
Authors: SINGH O. P. 
Published: January 2022

Daily variations of surface and thermodynamical parameters in the vicinity of eastern end of the monsoon trough located over northwest and adjoining westcentral Bay of Bengal have been studied. A model sequence for the strengthening/weakening of the monsoon trough over head Bay of Bengal, which is the seat of cyclogenesis during southwest monsoon, has been proposed. Monsoon trough activity over the sea seems to possess a 4 day cycle. The primary forcing for the activation of monsoon trough appears to be the sea surface temperature (SST). The lag between peak SST and minimum surface pressure appears to be 2 days. The lag between peak SST and enhanced rainfall over Orissa seems to be 4 days.
Forecasting fog over Delhi - An objective method
Authors: ROY BHOWMIK S. K. , SUD A. M. , SINGH CHARAN 
Published: January 2022

The prediction of fog remains a difficult problem due to its dependence on micro-physical meso-scale and synoptic scale processes. In this paper synoptic evaluation and sounding analyses of Delhi are made in relation to the occurrence of fog over the city and finally an objective method is evolved for the prediction of fog over Delhi applying statistical multiple discriminating analysis. The study shows that : (i) Moisture incursion from the Bay of Bengal by the prevailing easterlies in the boundary layers particularly, at 925 hPa and lower levels cold air advection by the northerlies to the west are the two synoptic scale features associated with the fog episode over Delhi in December 1999, (ii) Sounding analyses of Delhi ( December and January of 1997-2000 ) reveals that fog occurrence of Delhi are dominant when the wind speed (at 1000 hPa) does not exceed 5 knots, minimum temperature is less then 9° C, dew point depression (1000 hPa) is less then 6° C and dew point (1000 hPa) is greater than 6° C. Most of the fog occurrences are associated with the backing condition of wind between 1000 hPa and 700 hPa and (iii) The objective method developed with threshold values of these parameters at different ranges applying successive multiple discriminating analyses is found to be reasonably skillful.
A study of water requirement of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in gangetic plains
Authors: VERMA I. J. , DAS H. P. , GHANEKAR M. G. 
Published: January 2022

Agro meteorological aspects of sugarcane (variety CO-1148) at Lucknow has been studied in this paper. A data set of 10 years, whenever this variety was grown between 1980-1996 was availed for this purpose. The crop phenology was divided into four phases i.e., germination, tillering, vegetative growth and maturity. Evapotranspirative demands were obtained and discussed, besides the crop coefficients, irrigation intervals and the amount of additional water needed by the crop were also computed.

The study revealed that vegetative growth stage is the most important phase, when evapotranspirative demand is maximum. The water use efficiency also attains the peak value in this phase. An interval of 7-days with about 35mm of water during germination and a fortnight interval with nearly 70mm of water in the rest of the period is needed by sugarcane for good growth and high yields.
Estimation of soil water content using plant and meteorological parameters under irrigated, partially irrigated wheat and bare dry soil at Pune
Authors: SAMUI R. P. , DHOTRE A. K. , JADHAV S. S. 
Published: January 2022

Canopy temperature and canopy-air temperature difference, leaf area index and other meteorological parameters were used to estimate the soil water content in irrigated as well as partially irrigated wheat. In case of bare-dry soil, the meteorological parameters only were used to estimate soil water content. The results showed clear shifts not only in accounting for variations in the water content at different depths but also in the predominant parameters for each of the three cases viz., irrigated, partially irrigated and bare-dry soil and also at different depths viz., 0-10, 0-20, 0-42.5 and 0-80 cm. A combination of net and reflected radiations with morning and afternoon mean soil temperatures were found the best predictors to estimate soil moisture under bare-dry soil. On the contrary, leaf area index was found the most predominant parameter for each of the four depths for estimation of soil water content under irrigated wheat. Canopy-air temperature difference and mean soil temperature at 1430 hours explained the maximum percent variation (67.64%) at 0-42.5 cm depth under irrigated wheat. Relative humidity along with either canopy temperature or net radiation were found the best predictors for the surface soil water content and accounted for 86.73% and 87.74% variation under partially irrigated soil. The results suggest that further improvement in the simulation of soil water content may result from the combination of canopy temperature, plant and environmental parameters particularly the energy balance and aerodynamic parameters.
An analytical study of rainfall pattern over Chennai
Authors: NATARAJAN S. , RAMAKRISHNAN B. , RAMANATHAN RM. A. N. 
Published: January 2022

The spells of daily rainfall received at Nungambakkam and Meenambakkam observatories located in Chennai for ten year period have been analysed. The study reveals that the spells have three distinct patterns with February and March having negligible spells while April to September being 15 to 20 percent and from October to January having very high values. The spells that occur during southwest monsoon season are having high consistency of occurrence during evening, night and early morning where as the spells during northeast monsoon are equally spread during the whole day. Frequency of one or two spells per day is more during the months January to September. There is significant increase in the value of two spells and more during October to December. In the months of June to September more than 65 percent of the rainy days, the duration of rainfall in a day is less than 2 hours while October to December the value of percentage is below fifty. The number of spells of rainfall with amount of rainfall less than two millimeters is about 55 percent throughout the year. The intensity of spells of rain of less than 7 millimeters per hour ranges from 60 to 70 percent for all the months except for the month of March.
Weather based operational plant protection on rice hispa and blast of paddy
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY N. , SAMUI R.  P. , BANERJEE S. K. 
Published: January 2022

Studies were made to explore the possibility of control/minimise the damages caused by the rice hispa and blast disease of rice by issuing timely weather based forecast. From the survey conducted by the Department of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (PPQ&S) Faridabad from 1988-93, it was observed that both rice hispa and blast incidences were comparatively more in kharif than rabi/summer season. Rice hispa appeared more frequently in moderate to severe intensity particularly in Orissa, Assam, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Blast disease appeared more in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Drop in maximum (< 32° C) and minimum temperature (< 24.5° C) under humid condition (morning RH > 90%; and afternoon RH > 80%) and cloudy condition was found to be the congenial weather condition for the incidence of rice hispa. Blast incidences on the crop were found to be favoured by the decrease in minimum temperature (< 23.5° C) in association with increase in morning relative humidity (> 90%) under cloudy condition. The findings of this study validated fairly well with the pest and disease observation made after 1993. It is concluded that forewarning of the incidence of the rice hispa and blast on rice could be possible, well in advance, through Agromet Advisory Service based on the prevailing weather parameters.
Unusual hail storms during May 2002 in Chennai and its suburbs – A study using data from a single Doppler Weather Radar
Authors: SURESH R. , BHATNAGAR A. K. 
Published: January 2022

Climatologically, hail storm phenomena over Chennai and its neighbourhood is extremely rare throughout the year. However two hail storm were reported during the year 2002, one by print / electronic media on 29 May within the city limits and the other on 30 May 2002 by a meteorological observatory maintained by Indian Navy at Arakonam located at the outskirts of city. These two storms were analysed based on the data received from the newly installed Doppler Weather Radar at Cyclone Detection Radar station, Chennai. The analysis reveals that the vertical extent of the hailstorms was well beyond 20 km and reflectivity as high as 45 dBZ was seen even at 18.5 km. The reflectivity at 3 km height was exceeding 58 dBZ which is well above the operational threshold limit for hail warning, viz., 50 dBZ at 3 km adopted by NEXRAD, USA (Atlas, 1990). More than 55 dBZ reflectivity was measured between 5 and 10 km altitude during the passage of hail storm. Moreover the 45 dBZ level at different stages of the storm was atleast 4.5 km above the freezing level permitting the growth of hail stones upto and beyond 10 km height a.g.l. The vertically integrated liquid (VIL) was more than 43 kg m-2 (at times more than 50 kg m-2) about an hour before the hails were observed at surface and it was between 58.7 and 64.7 kg m-2 just at the time of the hailstorm physically observed. Velocity divergence of 46 mps over the storm area at 18 km altitude confirms that hails of 19 mm was more probable with 0.80 probability. The enhanced hail detection algorithm (build 9) of NEXRAD has been verified for the severe hail index (SHI), probability of severe hail (POSH) and maximum expected hail size (MEHS) calculations and these confirmed the possibility of hail over these two locations and some more locations in the passage of the storm on these two dates.
A study on the convective structure of the atmosphere over the West Coast of India during ARMEX-I
Authors: MOHANTY U. C. , SAM N. V. , DAS S. , BASU S. 
Published: January 2022

Onset of south west monsoon (SWM) over Kerala is associated with intense convection followed by heavy rainfall over the west-coast of India. The intense rainfall events are usually associated with meso-scale convective systems embedded in large scale synoptic system over the Arabian Sea. Such deep and intense cumulus convection can have an important effect on the dynamics and energetics of large-scale atmospheric systems, because of the large magnitudes of the energy transformations associated with changes of phase of water in precipitating cumulus clouds as well as the strong updrafts and downdrafts in the troposphere.
The prime objective of this study is to understand the convective structure (active/suppressed) of the atmosphere over the west-coast of India during ARMEX-I (Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment). This study uses an approach to obtain the average structure of a cloud cluster and its interaction with the environment that enables in distinguishing the variation of kinematic and convective parameters from suppressed to convectively active process. Upper air observations obtained from four coastal land stations viz., Bombay, Goa, Mangalore and Trivandrum, alongwith that obtained over ORV Sagar Kanya are used to calculate both the convective and the kinematic parameters at the centre of the polygon formed by these observation locations. Time averaged circulation kinematic parameters and vertical velocity during active and suppressed convective phases off the west coast of India were discussed. The apparent heating and the apparent moisture sink are also estimated through residuals of the thermodynamic equations during intense and weak phases of SWM.
Air-sea interaction properties in the eastern Arabian Sea during active phase of off-shore trough (IOP 7-9 August ARMEX-2002)
Authors: CHINTHALU G. R. , NAGAR S. G. , SEETARAMAYYA P. 
Published: January 2022

During southwest monsoon season, the off-shore troughs along the west coast (WC) of India occupy shallow zones of convergence. These troughs frequently develop and decay off the WC extending from North Kerala to South Gujarat. They are typical in size, horizontal extent being of the order of 100 km and are discernible from just above the boundary level to about 900 hPa. They produce heavy rainfall over the coastal stations during active phase of the monsoon and vice-versa in weak phase.
In the present study the transfer of surface fluxes across the air–sea interface over eastern Arabian Sea following an intense off-shore trough is examined. This trough has developed off the WC during 7-9 August 2002. The results are discussed in relation to synoptic movement of this off-shore trough on the sea level chart.
Impact of special observations on the numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event during ARMEX-Phase I
Authors: RAO D. V. BHASKAR , PRASAD D. HARI 
Published: January 2022

The heavy rainfall event over west coast of India during 26 - 28 June 2002 (ARMEX Phase - I) is simulated using a high-resolution mesoscale model-NCAR MM5. Two experiments were made with and without the inclusion of special observations of ARMEX – Phase I along with Quickscat and SSM/I surface winds. NCAR MM5, with four nested domains of 81, 27, 9 and 3 km resolutions, is integrated for 72 hr from 0000 UTC of 25 June 2002. The initial and boundary conditions are derived from NCEP analysis at 1 - degree resolution. Quantitative precipitation estimates and the wind fields from MM5 output are analysed. The model results indicate the formation of a mesoscale convective system and associated heavy rainfall on 27 and 28 June 2002. The model could predict heavy rainfall upto about 30 cm/day though some observations at isolated locations are up to 50 cm/day. Experiment with the inclusion of ARMEX observations and satellite wind data seem to improve the prediction of the location of the maxima and the movement of the rain band but with a slight decrease in the intensity of the heavy rainfall.
FEATURES OF THE RAND CORPORATION'S INTERACTION WITH BRITISH COLONIAL SERVICE OFFICERS DURING THE VIETNAM WAR
Authors: Нестеров Д.А. 
Published: January 2022

Во время войны во Вьетнаме корпорация РЭНД стала играть существенную роль в полити-ческой экспертизе США, занимаясь разработкой стратегии действий американского правительства в данном вооруженном конфликте. При этом в рамках данного процесса «фабрика мысли» актив-но сотрудничала с британскими офицерами колониальной службы. Это было связано с тем, что Великобритания обладала знаниями и опытом антиповстанческой деятельности. Поэтому экспер-тов РЭНД интересовало, какую выгоду они могут получить из этих колониальных знаний и опыта в сценариях войны во Вьетнаме. В рамках данной статьи будут определены и проанализированы особенности данного взаимодействия.
During the Vietnam War, the RAND Corporation began to play a significant role in the political expertise of the United States, developing a strategy for the actions of the American government in this armed conflict. At the same time, within the framework of this process, the “thought factory” actively cooperated with British officers of the colonial service. This was due to the fact that the UK had the knowledge and experience of counterinsurgency activities. Therefore, RAND experts were interested in how they can benefit from this colonial knowledge and experience in scenarios of the Vietnam War. Within the framework of this article, the features of this interaction will be determined and analyzed.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROJECT OF PRINCE D. A. GOLITSYN
Authors: Занин С.В. 
Published: January 2022

В статье рассматриваются основные идеи, высказанные князем Д. А. Голицыным в рукопи-си «Замечаний на Наказ», и указывается, что проект содержал главное требование: отмены крепо-стного права в России и создания условий для развития освобожденного крестьянства: провеще-ния, доступного суда, самоуправления. В качестве паратекста проекта рассматриваются письма Д. А. Голицына к его дяде – вице-канцлеру А. М. Голицыну.
The article examines the main ideas expressed by Prince D. A. Golitsyn in the manuscript “Remarks on the Nakaz” and indicates that the project contained the main requirement: the abolition of serfdom in Russia and the creation of conditions for the development of the liberated peasantry: promulgation, accessible court, self-government. Letters from D. A. Golitsyn to his uncle, Vice-Chancellor A. M. Golitsyn, are considered as a paratext of the project.
EUROPEAN CINEMA AS A SOURCE OF HISTORICAL MEMORY FORMATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FILMS ABOUT THE FIRST WORLD WAR)
Authors: Губанова Т.С. 
Published: January 2022

В данной статье рассматривается кинематограф как один из актуальных вопросов мемори-альной культуры и исторического сознания. Определяется значение кино в вопросе конструирова-ния исторических и культурных мифов.
This article studies cinema as one of the topical issues of memorial culture and historical consciousness, the importance of cinema in the construction of historical and cultural myths.