bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Pure Academics and Advice Debutants: The Policy Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Italy
Authors: Pritoni Andrea , Galanti Maria Tullia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo date, no systematic attempt has been made to describe the main features of the Italian policy advisory system. In particular, we know very little about the role of political scientists within it. This study addresses precisely this gap in the literature. First, by presenting original data derived from an online survey to which 177 Italian political scientists responded, we reconstruct frequency, type, recipient(s), and areas of their (potential) policy advice. Second, by focusing on two very relevant policy processes—the approval of the so-calledItalicum(electoral law) and of the so-called Jobs Act (labour market reform)—we add insightful qualitative details to our quantitative analysis. Empirical results show that Italian political scientists are seldom engaged in policy advisory activities: many of them haveneverbeen. Moreover, there are no particular differences—from the point of view of personal characteristics (gender and level of academic career)—between policy advisors and the so-called pure academics. Finally, as the two case studies show, informal advice has the greatest impact on policymaking. This latter aspect reminds us of how much the Italian policy advisory system (PAS) is still poorly institutionalised and largely based on personal relationships as well as on political proximity.
In Search of Relevance: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Spain
Authors: Real-Dato José 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the involvement of academic political scientists in Spain in political and policy advisory tasks and the factors that account for such engagement. This is done by using data from the ProSEPS COST Action survey collected among political scientists working in Spanish academic institutions during 2018. After describing both the contextual opportunities and limitations affecting the demand and supply of policy and political advice in Spain, the chapter investigates the factors that could explain the frequency and causes of the engagement of political scientists in policy advice activities. Results show that the structure of the state as well as professional norms, the stage in professional career (seniority and tenure), and the level of specialisation influence the participation in advisory tasks. The chapter ends with a reflection about the possibilities to further expand the advisory influence of Spanish political scientists.
The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Timmermans Arco , Brans Marleen , Real-Dato José 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPolitical scientists in Europe are more extrovert in their behaviour as academics than is sometimes thought. They live outside the ‘ivory tower’ for part of their time and deliver knowledge and information to practitioners in the policy process. The majority takes a role as opinionating scholar; this happens more often than being an expert or a pure academic. Despite variation between countries, individual characteristics of respondents make a large difference to the extent and nature of engagement. Age, gender and type of employment contract have a strong predictive effect. Age and status of employment relate to the professional life cycle: more experienced scholars with a permanent academic position are more active in advising than their younger colleagues at the department of political science. These factors interact with gender, but the relevance of gender for advisory engagement is also strongly socially constructed. Female political scientists abstain more often, and when engaging they take an expert role, staying closer to evidence with less outreach to the public environment. This apparent gender gap occurs widely across all spheres of professional affiliation, and it requires more systematic attention within the academic political science community.
Restrained Wisdom or Not? The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Denmark
Authors: Kallestrup Morten 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe few existing studies on Denmark showed that political scientists are not well represented in public committees, while subsequent studies argued that the means by which political scientists offer their advice are writing articles in the media and participation in other such means of communications. The survey used in this study provides empirical data offering interesting new evidence regarding the role of political scientists in the policy advisory system in Denmark. It points to the fact that political scientists deliver substantial policy advice via informal contacts and forms of communication, e.g. to civil servants, civil society organizations, politicians and advisory bodies, mainly at the national level. According to the survey’s respondents, this advice is based on sound scientific evidence, which fits well with survey evidence emphasizing the belief that experts are more prominent than opinionating scholars in Denmark compared to other countries. Thus it would seem that political scientists’ role as providers of informal and direct policy advice has been underestimated. In the light of the amount, and the soundness, of the advice provided informally, Denmark may not be a case of restrained wisdom after all.
Driven by Academic Norms and Status of Employment: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Germany
Authors: Blum Sonja , Jungblut Jens 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe consensus-seeking nature of Germany’s civic epistemology and largely absent structural incentives for advisory work of academics may imply an overall comparatively lower engagement. Yet, German political science stands in the tradition of a ‘watchdog’ of democracy, and the past decades bear witness of continued involvement in societal and political debates. Not least, German political scientists have led a vivid internal debate on the ‘relevance of our discipline’ in recent years, reflected in a number of conferences and publications. Germany thus makes an interesting case regarding the advisory role of political scientists in a comparative perspective. This chapter studies how, to whom, and how often political scientists in Germany provide their expertise for policymaking. It is based on the German results of the ProSEPS survey, accompanied by a case illustration of advice and opinionating on the rise of populism. The analysis shows not only that German political scientists are less active in comparison to colleagues in many other countries but also that they are more active than could be expected—with academic norms and employment situation forming key explanatory factors for the level and forms of engagement.
Climate-Fit.City: Urban Climate Data and Services
Authors: Lefebre Filip , De Ridder Koen , Jupova Katerina , Köberl Judith , Lauwaet Dirk , Passani Antonella , Remund Jan , Willems Patrick , Witpas Katrien 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Climate-fit.City service (https://www.climate-fit.city) provides the best available scientific urban climate data and information for public and private end users operating in cities. Within the Climate-fit.City H2020 project, the benefits of urban climate information for end user communities was demonstrated, considering services in diverse domains (Climate and Health, Building Energy, Emergency Planning, Urban Planning, Active Mobility, Tourism and Cultural Heritage) to improve decision-making and to help end users to better address the consequences of climate change at the local scale. The socio-economic impact assessment performed in the Climate-fit.City project has demonstrated that, in all the cases, there are actual and potential added values in terms of public service effectiveness, economic impacts, policy innovation and social impacts. Further impact was also revealed in terms of raising awareness by end users, policymakers and the general public about climate change. These diversified impacts offer a variegated landscape of sub-areas and stakeholders that are touched upon by each climate service.
A New Modelling Approach to Adaptation-Mitigation in the Land System
Authors: Maire Juliette , Alexander Peter , Anthoni Peter , Huntingford Chris , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Rabin Sam , Rounsevell Mark , Arneth Almut 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClimate change, growing populations and economic shocks are adding pressure on the global agricultural system’s ability to feed the world. In addition to curbing the emissions from fossil fuel use, land-based actions are seen as essential in the effort to mitigate climate change, but these tend to reduce areas available for food production, thereby further increasing this pressure. The actors of the food system have the capacity to respond and adapt to changes in climate, and thereby reduce the negative consequences, while potentially creating additional challenges, including further greenhouse gas emissions. The food system actors may respond autonomously based on economic drivers and other factors to adapt to climate change, whereas policy measures are usually needed for mitigation actions to be implemented. Much research and policy focus has been given to land-based climate change mitigation, but far less emphasis has to date been given to the understanding of adaptation, or the interaction between adaptation and mitigation in the land use and food system. Here, we present an approach to better understand and plan these interactions through modelling. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies and the impacts on the global food system and socio-economic development can be simulated over long-term predictions, thanks to the new combination of multiple models into the Land System Modular Model (LandSyMM). LandSyMM takes into account the impacts in changes in climate (i.e. temperature, precipitation, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations) and land management on crop yields with its implications for land allocation, food security and trade. This new coupled model integrates, over fine spatial scale, the interactions between commodities consumption, land use management, vegetation and climate into a worldwide dynamic economic system. This study offers an outline description of the LandSyMM as well as the perspectives of uses for climate adaptation assessment.
Climate Change Adaptation and Societal Transformation: What Are the Public Health Challenges?
Authors: Murray Virginia , Chadborn Tim 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBehavioural change with societal transformation has been the key processes whereby hand and respiratory hygiene, social distancing and self-isolation that citizens across the world have been asked to implement to respond to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Is it possible to use such societal transformation approaches to change our behaviour for climate change adaptation? The European Commission (EC) funded research and innovation programmes that will be launched from 2021 will mobilise investment and EC’s wide efforts to achieve measurable and time-bound goals on issues that affect citizens’ daily lives. These programmes are based around five missions, one of which is the Mission on Adaptation to climate change including societal transformation. This will provide an opportunity to build evidence-informed assessment and design of interventions and should use a systems approach to determine and deploy the most cost-effective mix of public health behaviour change policy options according to the Nuffield Intervention Ladder and the Behaviour Change Wheel. This will maximise the likelihood of delivering societal transformation actions through ambitious but realistic research and innovation activities to help deliver planetary health programmes for Europe more widely.
Climate Impact Chains—A Conceptual Modelling Approach for Climate Risk Assessment in the Context of Adaptation Planning
Authors: Zebisch Marc , Terzi Stefano , Pittore Massimiliano , Renner Kathrin , Schneiderbauer Stefan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper we present a conceptual framework for a climate risk assessment based on the so-called impact chains. The method follows a general assessment framework consistent with the IPCC AR5 concept on climate risk. This framework has been developed by Eurac Research within the context of various projects with the German Environment Agency and the German Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Corporation for International Cooperation)—GIZ. It has been applied in almost twenty national climate risk assessments worldwide (e.g., Burundi, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Madagascar) and has been perceived as (1) an appropriate means for risk analysis, (2) a useful tool for communication of complex cause-effect relationships in climate change impacts and risks, and (3) a great approach to identify entry points for adaptation measures. For an operational risk assessment, impact chains serve as a basis for the selection of appropriate models, indicators or guide more qualitative, expert-based assessments.
Adaptation Modelling: A JPI Climate Perspective
Authors: Fernandes Alexandre F. , McGovern Frank 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Joint Programming Initiative “Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe” (JPI Climate) is a pan-European intergovernmental initiative gathering European countries to jointly coordinate climate research and fund new transnational research initiatives that provide useful climate knowledge and services for post-COP21 Climate Action. The main objective of JPI Climate is to bring together existing and developing new excellent scientific knowledge that is needed to assist practitioners to adequately transform society towards climate resilience and consequently providing integrated climate knowledge and decision support services for societal innovation. To date, JPI Climate has mobilised more than 100 million EUR in research investments and has provided access to knowledge and expertise across Europe and beyond. Some of the key projects from JPI Climate include “European Research Area for Climate Services” (ERA4CS), designed to boost the development of efficient climate services, “Assessment of Cross(X)-sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation” (AXIS), which aims to promote cross-boundary, cross-community research with the overall goal to improve coherence, integration and robustness of climate impact research and connect it to societal needs, and “Enabling Societal Transformation in the Face of Climate Change” (SOLSTICE), bringing together the Social Sciences and Humanities communities to enable and accelerate positive transformation in the face of climate change. The current development of JPI Climate Knowledge Hubs and the potential establishment of a European Facility for Climate Change (EFCC) will further establish JPI Climate as a key player in European climate change research and will actively inform and support the implementation of relevant national, European and international climate strategies and policies.
Climate Services Supporting Adaptation Modelling
Authors: Street Roger B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInformation and knowledge resources to support climate action (climate services) have been the subject of investments by European and national funding agencies and by the private sector in response to a growing demand and requirements to support climate-related actions. The extent to which the current state of these resources are consistent with and attributable to these investments still requires further assessment. There have been efforts to continue to inform such investments and to stimulate the climate service market. These to some degree identified remaining and emerging gaps, including those intending to support enhancing the breadth, quality and relevance of products and services, the infrastructure supporting the climate service public and private market domains and the factors enabling market growth. The criticality of realising the benefits from the availability and use of this intelligence is increasing and evolving as Europe and the rest of the world call for a transition to a climate-resilient and a low-carbon society and economy. To realise and sustain this potential, there is the need for a systematic assessment of the impacts of previous investments and of where and what type of investments could enhance the impacts in terms of informing action—exploring and identifying shared pathways to enable the development and use of climate services.
A Model-Based Response Surface Approach for Evaluating Climate Change Risks and Adaptation Urgency
Authors: Carter Timothy R. , Fronzek Stefan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe present a new approach to advance methods of climate change impact and adaptation assessment within a risk framework. Specifically, our research seeks to test the feasibility of applying impact models across sectors within a standard analytical framework for representing three aspects of potential relevance for policy: (i) sensitivity—examining the sensitivity of the sectors to changing climate for readily observable indicators; (ii) urgency—estimating risks of approaching or exceeding critical thresholds of impact under alternative scenarios as a basis for determining urgency of response; and (iii) response—determining the effectiveness of potential adaptation and mitigation responses. By working with observable indicators, the approach is also amenable to long-term monitoring as well as evaluation of the success of adaptation, where this too can be simulated. The approach focuses on impacts in climate-sensitive sectors, such as water resources, forestry, agriculture or human health. It involves the construction of impact response surfaces (IRSs) based on impact model simulations, using sectoral impact models that are also capable of simulating some adaptation measures. We illustrate the types of analyses to be undertaken and their potential outputs using two examples: risks of crop yield shortfall in Finland and impact risks for water management in the Vale do Gaio reservoir, Portugal. Based on previous analyses such as these, we have identified three challenges requiring special attention in this new modelling exercise: (a) ensuring the salience and credibility of the impact modelling conducted and outputs obtained, through engagement with relevant stakeholders, (b) co-exploration of the capabilities of current impact models and the need for improved representation of adaptation and (c) co-identification of critical thresholds for key impact indicators and effective representation of uncertainties. The approach is currently being tested for five sectors in Finland.
DeepFakes Detection: the DeeperForensics Dataset and Challenge
Authors: Jiang Liming , Wu Wayne , Qian Chen , Loy Chen Change 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent years have witnessed exciting progress in automatic face swapping and editing. Many techniques have been proposed, facilitating the rapid development of creative content creation. The emergence and easy accessibility of such techniques, however, also cause potential unprecedented ethical and moral issues. To this end, academia and industry proposed several effective forgery detection methods. Nonetheless, challenges could still exist. (1) Current face manipulation advances can produce high-fidelity fake videos, rendering forgery detection challenging. (2) The generalization capability of most existing detection models is poor, particularly in real-world scenarios where the media sources and distortions are unknown. The primary difficulty in overcoming these challenges is the lack of amenable datasets for real-world face forgery detection. Most existing datasets are either of a small number, of low quality, or overly artificial. Meanwhile, the large distribution gap between training data and actual test videos also leads to weak generalization ability. In this chapter, we present our on-going effort of constructing DeeperForensics-1.0, a large-scale forgery detection dataset, to address the challenges above. We discuss approaches to ensure the quality and diversity of the dataset. Besides, we describe the observations we obtained from organizing DeeperForensics Challenge 2020, a real-world face forgery detection competition based on DeeperForensics-1.0. Specifically, we summarize the winning solutions and provide some discussions on potential research directions.
Towards Innovative Ways to Assess Annoyance
Authors: Lavandier Catherine , Aalmoes Roalt , Dedieu Romain , Marki Ferenc , Großarth Stephan , Schreckenberg Dirk , Gharbi Asma , Kotzinos Dimitris 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTechnological changes have driven the developments in the field of noise annoyance research. It helped to increase knowledge on the topic substantially. It also provides opportunities to conduct novel research. The introduction of the internet, the mobile phone, and miniaturisation and improved sensor technology are at the core of the three research examples presented in this chapter. The first example is the use of a Virtual Reality simulation to evaluate aircraft flyovers in different environments, and it examines how visual perception influences noise annoyance. The second example describes the use of a mobile application applying an Experience Sampling Method to assess noise annoyance for a group of people living near an airport. The third and final example is a study over social media discussions in relation to noise annoyance and quality of life around airports. These three examples demonstrate how novel technologies help to collect and analyse data from people who live around airports, and so improve our understanding of the effect of noise on humans.
Coping with Aviation Noise: Non-Acoustic Factors Influencing Annoyance and Sleep Disturbance from Noise
Authors: Bartels Susanne , Richard Isabelle , Ohlenforst Barbara , Jeram Sonja , Kuhlmann Julia , Benz Sarah , Hauptvogel Dominik , Schreckenberg Dirk 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAnnoyance and sleep disturbances due to aircraft noise represent a major burden of disease. They are considered as health effects as well as part of the causal pathway from exposure to long-term effects such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as mental disorders (e.g. depression). Both annoyance and sleep disturbance are not only determined by the noise exposure, but also to a considerable extent by non-acoustic factors. This chapter summarises the most relevant non-acoustic factors and briefly explains their mechanisms on annoyance and sleep as well as the potential to address these factors via intervention methods aiming at the reduction of adverse noise outcomes and an increase in the quality of life of airport residents. Here, the focus is on airport management measures that are considered to help improve the residents’ coping capacity. Findings from the ANIMA case studies with regard to main aspects of quality of life in airport residents around European airports are briefly reported and recommendations for a community-oriented airport management are derived.
Managing Irregularity Through the Provision of Social Assistance
Authors: Schweitzer Reinhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies the conceptual and analytical frameworks to the institutional sphere of social assistance and thereby draws systematic comparisons between the two national and local contexts. First, I closely examine the relevant laws and policies enacted at various administrative levels as well as local implementation practices, by drawing on relevant documents and the original accounts of my interview respondents. This allows me to map the various ethical concerns, practical difficulties and organisational conflicts that either migrant irregularity itself, or the internalisation of its control, creates for individuals and the institutions they work for. At the end of the chapter, and with the help of my analytical framework, I summarise the main differences between the two contexts in terms of how they position the various categories of workers in relation to migrant irregularity and its control.