bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whaling with Turner
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Joseph Mallord William Turner's famous quartet of whaling paintings, which were on display in New York City in 2016 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Whaling is a beguiling subject. On the one hand, back in the 1840s, when Turner made these paintings, whaling was a hugely important industry. But on the other hand, it was a big business whose work took place not in local factories but far from public view in the most remote places in the world, out in the middle of the ocean. Turner himself probably never saw a whale or witnessed whaling firsthand. His renderings, therefore, are products of educated fantasy. One of the exhibition's preoccupations is whether Herman Melville saw these paintings and was influenced by them when he wrote Moby Dick. However, it is hard to see how a fantasy of the whale hunt by a painter who had never even seen a whale or the hunt could have made that big an impression on Melville, who had been a whaler.
Take My Breath Away!
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Tony Scott's Top Gun (1986) and Ridley Scott's Alien (1979). Top Gun is a dangerous movie: it aestheticizes killing machines and invites the audience to get caught up in Cold War jingoism. But more than anything else, it is a work of dazzling filmic choreography. The movie is an extended rock video, a dance-on-film put together from imagery of men in uniforms and planes moving impossibly through and around and astride the painted sky. The timing and repetition remind one of the opening scenes of Alien. Alien is blanketed in the dark silence of space. But it is also a composition of movement and sound, an unfolding dance between human beings, their machines, and an alien with fertile and violent impulses. As in the case of Top Gun, the action happens in the hot, closed confines of spaces that have been designed by distant governments or corporations for obscure ends that finally mean little to the people sweating it out onstage.
The Importance of Being Dressed
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a church in Florence where women and girls wearing shorts or other summer garb are made to don a blue gown upon entering. In her book on dress in Western painting, art historian Anne Hollander notices that when it comes to human beings, it is not nakedness that is the norm, but the clothed body. Nakedness is the absence of clothing, or its removal. The politics of dress, in Europe and elsewhere, is not always so benevolent. In Florence, they made women cover up. But sometimes women—for example, Muslim women—are forced to uncover; their insistence on covering up is a perceived threat.
Peering into Rembrandt’s Eyes
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the exhibition “Late Rembrandt” that ran in 2015 at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, which was the first exhibition ever to focus on the adventurous and experimental painting of the last eighteen years of Rembrandt's life. Many of the figures portrayed by Rembrandt seem to have opaque and unseeing eyes. As Rembrandt's near contemporary René Descartes argued, the soul is not present in the body the way a pilot is present in a vessel. The connection is tighter than that. And Rembrandt's pictures offer a kind of exhibition of this idea—one can encounter the manifest spirit of a living person in a picture even when there is no seeing “into” them, even when we are confined, as we are, to seeing them from the “outside.” Meanwhile, there are a group of portraits by Rembrandt that are in an entirely different key—his self-portraits. In these paintings, almost miraculously, there is no question of lifeless or unseeing eyes. The differences between the blank eyes one sees in almost every figure painting of Rembrandt in this exhibition and the animate gaze of the self-portraits is not so much a difference in what the viewer actually sees but a difference in the acts these paintings perform.
The Opportunity of Boredom
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the role of boredom in art. One might say that boredom is the besetting sin not just of art but also of the lecture hall and the classroom. What all of these have in common is the structure of detachment. Some artists, writers, and teachers see boredom as the enemy; in their effort to deviate from the baseline, from boredom, they engage the audience. At its best, they do this by, in effect, putting on display a thing of value—knowledge, a story, a sculpture, or a painting—while also providing the tools the audience needs to understand it. At its worst, the impulse to deny boredom finds its expression in mere stagecraft and manipulation, in the willingness to pander and entertain. There is another approach to boredom in the arts, one that is perhaps more common in the avant-garde. If boredom stems from detachment, and if some measure of detachment is unavoidable in art (and in life), then getting bored is not just an irritating state, it is an opportunity.
Reproductions in the Age of Originality
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the reproductions of Michelangelo's and Sebastiano's works of art, which was on display as part of the “Michelangelo and Sebastiano” exhibition at the National Gallery in 2017. The show's high point is a remarkable new reproduction of the Borgherini Chapel in the church of San Pietro in Montorio, in Rome. In the “copy cultures” of the past, works of art lived in and through their copies. The transition from a copy culture to a cult of original production is one that seems to have taken place in Michelangelo's day. So it is somehow fitting that the curators of the exhibition have made free use of copies. In doing so, and in doing so with such a light touch, they cast illumination on the fact that in the age of Michelangelo and Sebastiano, the status of a copy would have been uncertain and problematic.
Aesthetic Evolution
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses aesthetic evolution. The basic problem with attempts to biologize art by grounding it in natural selection is that they end up treating art as just another form of conspicuous consumption. However, in Richard O. Prum's view, beauty is the result of a coevolutionary process. According to Prum, the pleasures we take in art are directly and specifically bound up with art. Not because art generates a special sort of aesthetic feeling or sensation, but because our responses to art—the pleasures we take in it—are bound up with art itself by processes of coevolution. What we like shapes art, and art, in turn, shapes and reshapes what we like. Art, like attractive ornament in the biological world, is the result of a coevolutionary processes spanning evolutionary and cultural time scales.
All Things Shining
Authors: Noë Alva 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982). In this movie, Deckard is a blade runner, a cop charged with capturing rebel androids (replicants). To find out whether a suspected replicant is really a replicant, Deckard deploys a sort of lie detector test: he poses emotionally loaded questions to them and uses a device to measure a telltale physiological response. Deckard's hard-cop detachment is deeply incompatible with the kinds of relationships—even romantic ones—that he himself carries on with replicants. This brings us to the argument of the movie: in treating others as if a physiological response is called for to decide if they count or not—in taking up a detached attitude that is willing to call their very humanity into question—Deckard convincingly puts his own humanity in jeopardy. This is driven home when we learn that Deckard himself, unbeknownst to him, is probably a replicant. Although Hubert Dreyfus and Sean Kelly do not discuss Blade Runner in their important book All Things Shining, they might have. Deckard's is just the sort of perversion they investigate. Dreyfus and Kelly warns us not only of the dangers of our hubris but of its basic incoherence.
Boundary Spanners of Humanity
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Boundary Spanners of Humanity tackles the growing severity of global problems and our strained ability to collaborate by critically re-examining two pivotal tools: communication and public diplomacy. R. S. Zaharna, a leading scholar of public diplomacy and international strategic communication, exposes the limitations of intercultural communication and state-based public diplomacy and proposes a pan-human vision of communication that can revolutionize how we communicate globally. The book reveals how dominant views of communication and public diplomacy are based on a 19th-century mindset of separateness that clashes with today’s global connectivity and human diversity. In a radical break from outdated models that divide humanity into cultural categories, Zaharna introduces a vision of humanity-centered public diplomacy featuring three complementary logics of communication. Used together, these communication logics are key to leveraging diversity, navigating connectivity, and enhancing our capacity for global collaboration. Zaharna’s innovative approach stems from decades-long, interdisciplinary research spanning ancient cosmologies, diverse intellectual heritages, contemporary social science, and emerging neuro-biological science. Boundary Spanners of Humanity provides a rich array of examples from ancient diplomacies to the Covid-19 pandemic to illustrate a vision of pan-human communication that spans our diversity and harnesses it as an essential strength in collective problem solving and global collaboration.
Introduction
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
At a time when global problems are growing in frequency and severity, we are seeing a growing strain on humankind’s evolutionary capacity for cooperation. Why is that capacity declining now, when we need it most? This introductory chapter takes a critical look at the 19th and 20th century conceptual tools that divided humanity into mutually exclusive national and cultural categories. That mindset of separateness runs counter to accelerating 21st century dynamics of global connectivity and diversity. To break from that old mindset, the chapter critically examines four interrelated pillars of the book: public diplomacy, culture, human communication, and identity. The chapter provides an overview of the book and the three logics of communication. It concludes with a call to humanity’s “Boundary Spanners,” those who would span the boundaries between human diversity and commonality to foster innovative problem-solving and global collaboration.
A World of Relations, World of Communication
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the backstory of how the three communication logics developed. It opens with the appeal of prominent intercultural models and the unexpected inconsistencies that plague them. In an effort to break out of the circular argument of using “communication” to define “communication,” the chapter adopts the analytical lens of relationalism and embarks on a global trek to understand the varying assumptions about “relations” in the world’s intellectual heritages. The trek begins by unpacking the assumptions buried in the ideal of individualism and moves to new conceptual territory for envisioning the idea of relations in individuality, relationality, and relational universes. The chapter reveals how assumptions about “relations,” far from being universal, vary and impact our understandings of communication and diplomacy. The chapter concludes with take-away points for Boundary Spanners and implications for intercultural communication and public diplomacy.
Individual Logic
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 travels back to the agora (Ἀγορά), or public square, of ancient Athens and Aristotle’s legacy of rhetoric as a window into the Individual or Expressive logic. The chapter explores the interlocking premises of individuals as bounded, separate, and autonomous entities and the communication imperative of agency, control, and expression. In the Individual logic, expression is an existential imperative. Expression becomes synonymous with communication as the primary way for the separate individual to be known to others, to connect with others, and to maintain autonomy. The chapter highlights the central role of the Communicator in defining communication. Communication dynamics of the Individual logic spotlight Communicator attributes and agency, message, medium, audience, goal orientation, and measurability. The chapter concludes with notes for the Boundary Spanners on individualism and individuality, identity and expression, and sharing and preserving intellectual heritages.
Relational Logic
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 ventures back to the ancient Near East to explore the diplomatic bonding practices among a brotherhood of the kings. Their reciprocal exchange of gifts, greetings, and brides, known as Amarna diplomacy, provides a window into the Relational logic. The Relational logic focuses on the level of the paired relationship and views the communication experience through the prism of the relational bond. Emotion serves as the key thread running throughout the communication dynamics that seek to define and strengthen relational bonds. Drawing on examples from ancient Amarna diplomacy and contemporary public diplomacy, the chapter presents the communication dynamics associated with the Relational logic: contact points, nonverbal behaviors, emotional expression, perspective-taking, reciprocity, and symbolism. The chapter concludes with insights from neuroscience and the communication functions of emotions in shaping relational identities, forging relational bonds, and fostering intuitive ways of knowing.
Holistic Logic
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 draws upon the creation myths and cosmograms of the ancient world as a window into the communication dynamics of the Holistic logic. The chapter opens by surveying sacred cosmic circles that ancient societies used to convey their relational assumptions of an all-encompassing, indivisible relational universe. Because the relational universe provides meaning for the communication experience, maintaining the integrity and continuity of the whole is a communication imperative. The communication dynamics of the Holistic logic assume relational interaction and embodied communication. Examples from ancient cosmograms, including the Sri Yantra and Yin-Yang, are used to illustrate the interactive dynamics of the Holistic logic: expanding relations, finding commonality, preserving diversity, developing contextual sensitivity, creating interaction synchrony and synergy, and adopting a cooperative orientation. The chapter concludes with notes for Boundary Spanners on hierarchy and identity and the powerful role of synchrony and spirituality in shaping the human communication experience.
The Ethical Dilemmas of (Un)Healthy Eating
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces healthy eating efforts and briefly illustrates some ethical objections to them. The chapter also outlines a conception of eating and food experiences that underlies the book: food and eating have many kinds of value for individuals, families, and communities, and the value of food and eating can be both positive and negative. Healthy eating can result in trade-offs between different valued ends, such that people face dilemmas related to food, eating, and health. Central to this chapter is the claim that when particular healthy eating efforts are envisioned, public health policymakers should consider how such efforts may affect citizens in the context of their lives, given the importance that food, eating, and health (as well as other values) can have for them.
George Gershwin
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
George Gershwin was one of the few famous songwriters who wrote also wrote large-scale “classical” works. This chapter discusses only his songs. It is perhaps surprising to note that in spite of his experiments with larger, more complex compositions, Gershwin kept his songs simple, and, if anything, they became less complex during his career. This contrasts markedly from several other composers, such as Cole Porter and Harold Arlen, who boldly experimented with the established popular song format. While acknowledging his musicality and skill at turning out splendid songs, this survey also suggests that some of his quite popular songs do not appear to contain the substance to account for their great success. Among other characteristics, it is observed that Gershwin relied heavily on repeated notes in his songs.
Monopolies of Competence
Authors: D'Errico Mike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the mid-2000s, Ableton’s Live became a dominant software for electronic music producers working across genres. Designed for “real-time” musical performance onstage and in the studio, Live introduced unique affordances for engaging digital sound, such as a nonlinear “Session View” which allows for the modular juxtaposition of musical ideas, as well as increased interoperability between Live and other media. Through design analyses of Avid’s Pro Tools, Apple’s Logic Pro X, and Live, as well as discourse analysis among producers and designers, this chapter details how the design of music software moved away from the representation of preexisting instruments, toward more abstract interfaces for engaging digital sound. Further, the chapter considers how these changes in design reflected social and cultural changes in user demographics, especially following popular feminist movements such as Me Too.
Terminal Aesthetics
Authors: D'Errico Mike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
While DAWs such as FL Studio and Live appealed to music producers because of the influx and accessibility of creative options presented by the software, other programs embodied minimalist aesthetics, fostering creativity through limitations in design. Max, for example, is rarely described as software at all but rather as a musical “environment.” As the visual and algorithmic nature of the program suggests, Max requires composers to embrace an alternative digital literacy when working with the software, one more akin to computer coding than to traditional music composition. This chapter aligns the creative practices of multimedia composition in Max with the technical skills and design aesthetics of computer programmers and software designers. Surveying concepts from software studies, computer science, and the individual aesthetics of software developers—including those of original Max developer Miller Puckette—the chapter presents insights into the nature of composition and instrumentality in the digital age.
Conclusion
Authors: D'Errico Mike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter contextualizes virtual music making in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and the tumultuous social and political landscape of the year 2020. Through analyses of remote music-making apps, video games, and VR programs that individuals turned to as a means of escape, the chapter expands on the concept of procedural listening in order to develop a relational ethics of digital audio production and HCI. The major argument advanced by the book—that forms of contemporary media production exist within an increasingly convergent technological and aesthetic space, and thus forms of HCI have become more focused on process-oriented practices—opens up a space through which the relationships between interface aesthetics and ethics can be discussed. In this context, the goal of HCI and the development of new software shifts away from the perennial narrative of control and mastery into more vulnerable, exploratory modes of mediation.
Hegel’s Philosophical Interpretation of Christianity
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 is dedicated to Hegel’s interpretation of Christianity as the highest development in the history of religion. In previous cultures, according to Hegel, there was no conception of the true freedom of human beings, and for this reason people were not recognized as free beings in their religion and in their relations to their gods. Hegel’s claim is that only in Christianity is human freedom realized. Human freedom means having this inward sphere of rationality, which is able to recognize and give its consent to the external sphere of, for example, custom and law insofar as it is rational. This is something that requires that humans have reached a certain level of development. Prior to Christianity, humans were not understood to have this inward rational side, Hegel claims. Only the Christian God recognizes this. An account is given of Hegel’s analyses of the various Christian doctrines: the Revelation, miracles, the Resurrection, the Holy Spirit, and the Trinity. Hegel also believes that Lutheranism’s focus on the subjective belief of the individual is an important chapter in the story of the development of human freedom. Hegel’s account of Lutheranism sheds light on his view that Christianity alone is the religion of freedom. It celebrates the inward subjective side of the individual and regards conscience as something irreducible.
Links Between Growth, Inequality, and Poverty
Authors: Cerra Valerie , Lama Ruy , Loayza Norman 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Is there a tradeoff between raising growth and reducing inequality and poverty? This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the complex links between growth, inequality, and poverty, with causation going in both directions. The evidence suggests that growth can be effective in reducing poverty, but its impact on inequality is ambiguous and depends on the underlying sources of growth. The impact of poverty and inequality on growth is likewise ambiguous, as several channels mediate the relationship. But most plausible mechanisms suggest that poverty and inequality reduce growth, at least in the long run. Policies play a role in shaping these relationships and those designed to improve equality of opportunity can simultaneously improve inclusiveness and growth.
Conclusion
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion draws together the threads of the preceding chapters, restating that the sheriff remained an indispensable component of local government and administration at the close of the Tudor period. It offers a consolidated summary of all the Tudor reforms to the office of sheriff discussed in the preceding chapters, and briefly summarizes the decline of the shrievalty in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also offers some comments on the office of sheriff in the United States of America and in the Commonwealth. It concludes by affirming the value of administrative history and archival empiricism, in contrast to various forms of theory-driven history.