bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revaluating aircraft leasing contracts in the pandemic era: navigating the challenges of invoking force-majeure by applying hardship under international commercial law
Authors: Tanya  
Published: February 2022

Majority of aircraft are acquired on leasing agreements, and the financial burden is on the lessor due to financing heavy equipment for the lessee in these agreements. Therefore, to ensure that the lessee fulfils his lease payment to the lessor, Hell or High-water clause is drafted in the contract.
This enforces payment by the lessee irrespective of any circumstantial change which makes it difficult for the lessee to pay. However, due to the pandemic, the airlines have suffered from a severe cash crunch making it difficult for them to honor their upcoming contractual obligations.
The airline companies are debating to invoke Force Majeure in these contracts to excuse nonperformance and avoid damages, but considering the development in Private International Air Law and nature of the contract, taking such measures will be difficult. This paper proposes to apply Hardship codified in the UNIDROIT Principle of International Commercial Contracts so that airlines can renegotiate the contract with the lessors instead of completely avoiding their contractual obligation.
This will provide breathing space to the lessee and also ensure his obligation towards the lessor is maintained during the pandemic.
Positron Annihilation in Stable and Supercooled Metallic Melts
Authors: Seeger Alfred , Siegle Andreas , Stoll Hermann 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The stable and supercooled melts as well as the crystalline phases of Ga, In, Sn, Pb, and Bi have been investigated in the age –momentum correlation (AMOC) positron annihilation facility at the Stuttgart pelletron. The comparison of the lineshape parameter S, characterizing the momentum distribution of the annihilating electron –positron pairs, and of the mean positron lifetime with measurements of the positron diffusivity confirms in considerable detail the ‘polaron’ model of positrons in metallic melts developed earlier. The quantitative analysis of the data provides us with valuable information on the structure of the melts. E. g., in the investigated melts the existence of an appreciable concentration of ‘free volumes’ comparable in size with the atomic volume can be excluded. It is shown that this is in accord with earlier deductions from self-diffusivity measurements. An interesting but hitherto incompletely understood correlation between the entropy of fusion and the absence of trapping of positrons by vacancies in thermal equilibrium is pointed out.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Strength Distributions of Brittle Materials – Type of Distribution, Specimen and Sample Size
Authors: Danzer Robert , Lube Tanja , Supancic Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Strength data of brittle materials have a large scatter. Therefore, probabilistic methods have been developed for designing with brittle materials. In general, a Weibull-type strength distribution function is determined by strength testing of a sample of about 30 specimens. This function is then used to predict a tolerable load level for a high component’s reliability. Curved structures in Weibull plots are often attributed to special features of the strength distribution function, e. g. to a threshold strength for failure or to bi- and multimodal flaw distributions. For such strength distributions the usual extrapolation is impossible.
By means of Monte Carlo simulations it is shown that on the basis of small samples (containing around 30 experiments) real structures in strength distributions can hardly be distinguished from artefacts arising from the statistical nature of the data. On the basis of a small sample it is also not possible to decide whether a distribution is of a Weibull-type or any other distribution. Requirements for the determination of strength distribution functions and possible problems are discussed. Safe data extrapolations are possible if the flaw size distribution, which causes the strength distribution, is known. This knowledge can be acquired by testing a sample containing several subsamples with specimens of different size.
Some New Aspects of Microstructural Design of β-Si3N4Ceramics
Authors: Herrmann M. , Schulz I. , Hermel W. , Schubert Chr. , Wendt A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA new possibility in tailoring microstructures and properties of silicon nitride ceramics is demonstrated by the use of fine b-Si3N4powders. Fine powders were produced by a plasmachemical synthesis and by crystallisation of amorphous Si3N4in the presence of an oxide nitride liquid. A wide range of microstructures can be obtained depending on sintering and powder characteristics. At low sintering temperatures microstructures consisting of nanosized, equiaxed grains were obtained, whereas at high temperatures or long sintering times microstructures consisting of fine needle like grains were formed. Microstructural analysis revealed a high anisotropic grain growth of the b grains in the fine grained materials.
Ni-Based SOFC Anodes: Microstructure and Electrochemistry
Authors: Bieberle Anja , Gauckler Ludwig J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of Ni-based SOFC anodes with different microstructures was studied. The anodes consisted either of a Ni gauze, a Ni pattern, a Ni paste, or a Ni –YSZ cermet. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the anodes are dominated by two main processes. The high frequency process decreases exponentially with an applied overpotential and is thermally activated with an activation energy of around 1 eV. The process could be attributed to the adsorption of hydrogen including charge transfer. The low frequency impedance arc arises only under a high overpotential applied between the working and the reference anode. The impedance of this process increases the higher the overpotential and is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.5 eV. This process is assigned to the desorption of water.
Influence of Microstructure and Impurities on Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium Nitride Ceramics
Authors: Ruckmich Stefan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The microstructure of AlN ceramics, which were pressureless sintered with CaO and CaF2 as additives, was modified via an annealing process. The thermal conductivity of these samples was measured and correlated with the microstructure changes. The influence of the microstructural elements, especially content and distribution of secondary phases, is described and quantitatively related to mixture models from literature for a full understanding of the relationships between microstructure, impurity content and thermal conductivity. The main result of the investigation is that the microstructural influence on thermal conductivity is limited to at maximum 41 W/m · K. The increase of the intrinsic thermal conductivity, due to loss of impurities especially oxygen during the beginning of the annealing process, is the main effect influencing thermal conductivity of sintered samples.
Solving the selectivity problem in magnetic random access memories using configurations that form C-states
Authors: Arrott Anthony S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The selectivity problem in magnetic random access memory is caused by processing problems that are metallurgical in origin. In honor of the 70th birthday of Professor Kronmüller, who has made so many contributions to magnetism and metallurgy, a solution of the selectivity problem is presented in which the metallurgical problems are circumvented by the design of the patterned thin film element to make it insensitive to processing problems. The solution is theoretical, using micromagnetics, the limitations of which call for experiments to support the conclusions.
Functional substrates – a novel approach to tailor transport properties and flux-line pinning in YBa2Cu3O7 – x
thin films
Authors: Habermeier H.-U. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A concept is introduced, using substrates for high-temperature superconductor (HTS) thin-film deposition beyond their usual application as chemical inert, lattice-matched support for the films. The substrates are applied as functional elements in order to controllably modify the growth mode of YBa2Cu3O7– x
thin films in the case of vicinal cut SrTiO3 single crystals and, thus, generate regular arrays of pinning centers. Furthermore, the use of biaxial epitaxial strain, caused by lattice misfit of film and substrate, is briefly reviewed for HTS thin films and the application of this concept to tailor the properties of perovskite thin films in general is shown.
Superconducting permanent magnets and their application in magnetic levitation
Authors: Schultz Ludwig , Krabbes Gernot , Fuchs Guenter , Pfeiffer Wilfried , Müller Karl-Hartmut 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Superconducting permanent magnets form a completely new class of permanent magnets. Of course, they must be cooled to 77 K or below. At very low temperatures (24 K) their magnetization can be a factor of 10 higher than that of the best conventional magnets, providing magnetic forces and energies which are up to two orders of magnitude higher. These new supermagnets became only recently available by the extreme improvement of the quality of melt-textured massive YBa2Cu3O
x
samples. Besides having a high magnetization, these superconducting permanent magnets can freeze in any given magnetic field configuration allowing completely new applications like superconducting transport systems or superconducting magnetic bearings.
Use of duplex microstructures in steel for estimation of plastic deformation in high-speed machining chips
Authors: Blümke R. , Müller C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is shown that chip formation in high-speed milling of a steel remains unaffected by the presence of a volume fraction of about 10 % ferrite to either martensitic or pearlitic microstructures. Ferrite grains remain visible within the chips and can, therefore, be used for an estimation of the local plastic deformation. In case of the martensite structure, a deformation of 3000 % was measured in the white etching secondary shear zone, while a considerable amount of deformation even takes place within chip segments. The presence of ferrite grains within the white layer is an indication of a thermally-induced phase transformation occurring within the secondary shear zone of the chips.
A thermodynamic description of the B–Co system: modeling and experiment
Authors: Du Yong , Schuster Julius Clemens , Austin Chang Y. , Jin Zhanpeng , Huang Baiyun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The B–Co system is investigated via thermodynamic modeling and experiments. In the modeling section, all of the experimental phase diagram and thermodynamic data available from the literature were critically reviewed and assessed by using thermodynamic models for the Gibbs energies of individual phases. In the experimental section, 6 key alloys were prepared by arc melting Co slug and B pieces and annealing at 900 °C for 9 days. Water-quenched samples were analysed by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and differential thermal analysis techniques. The measured invariant reaction temperatures are: 1136 ± 2 °C for Liquid (L) ↔ (αCo) + Co3B, 1157 ± 2 °C for L + Co2B ↔ Co3B, 1263 ± 2 °C for L ↔ Co2B + CoB, and 1358 ± 2 °C for L ↔ CoB + B. A consistent thermodynamic data set for the B–Co system is finally obtained by considering the present experimental results and reliable literature data. Comparisons between the calculated and measured phase diagram and thermodynamic quantities show that all of the accurate experimental information is satisfactorily accounted for by the thermodynamic description.
Thermodynamic interpretation of thermoelectric phenomena
Authors: Brodowsky Horst , Kastaun Sieglinde , Yin Zhoulan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There is considerable evidence, illustrated here with the example of alkali metals, that the absolute thermoelectric power of a metal is equal to the temperature dependence of its Fermi energy divided by the electronic charge. Some puzzling features, e. g., the positive sign of the value for Li, fall into this pattern. The equality follows exactly from Onsager’s relations, if (1) the pressure or the molar volume is constant along the wire and (2) the ratio of charge carriers to atoms is also constant or if electroneutrality holds at least in the bulk of the material.
Aberration correction in electron microscopy
Authors: Rose Harald 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Spherical and chromatic aberrations limit the resolution of conventional electron microscopes. Both defects are unavoidable in the case of static rotationally symmetric electromagnetic fields (Scherzer theorem). To compensate for these aberrations, multipole correctors or electron mirrors are required .The correction of the resolution-limiting aberrations is demonstrated for the hexapole corrector, the quadrupole-octopole corrector, and the tetrode mirror. Electron mirrors require a magnetic beam separator, which must be free of second-order aberrations. The multipole correctors are highly symmetric telescopic systems compensating for the defects of the round lenses. The hexapole corrector has the simplest structure yet eliminates only third-order spherical aberration and coma, whereas the mirror and the quadrupole-octopole (QO) corrector are able to correct the chromatic aberration as well. The QO corrector eliminates chromatic aberration by means of crossed electric and magnetic quadrupoles and the third-order spherical aberration by octopoles. At present, aberration-corrected electron microscopes obtain a resolution limit of about 1 Å.
Off-axis electron holography: Materials analysis at atomic resolution
Authors: Linck Martin , Lichte Hannes , Lehmann Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In high-resolution off-axis electron holography, the correction of coherent aberrations allows the quantitative interpretation of the amplitude and phase of the object wave up to the information limit of the electron microscope. Since the measured object phase is directly related to the projected atomic potential for sufficiently thin samples, off-axis electron holography is expected to allow distinguishing of different elements in the reconstructed phase image (“holographic materials analysis”). This has already been verified with the example of Ga and As. However, simulations of the atomic phase shift reveal that the interpretation of the measured phase shift in terms of atomic species is generally rather complex. The findings suggest that, in some cases, the requirements as to lateral resolution and phase detection limit will be met only by electron microscopes of the next generation.
Dislocation imaging in fcc colloidal single crystals
Authors: Schall Peter , Spaepen Frans 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We describe the imaging of dislocations in crystals that are composed of micron-size colloidal particles. The dislocations form in an fcc crystalline film close to the interface with a template that is used to grow these crystals. We use a simple laser diffraction microscope (LDM) to image the strain field of the dislocations on a medium-range length scale. This setup is inspired by the transmission electron microscopy technique used to image dislocations in atomic crystals. Confocal microscopy allows us to reconstruct the defect topology in the colloidal crystal in three dimensions and on the particle scale. We take advantage of the three-dimensional particle coordinates determined by confocal microscopy to simulate LDM image contrast for specific imaging conditions.
On the formation of Si nanowires by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Werner Peter , Zakharov Nikolai D. , Gerth Gerhard , Schubert Luise , Gösele Ulrich 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Silicon nanowires can be successfully grown by applying the vapor – liquid – solid process. In the case of the commonly used chemical vapor deposition technique, a Si containing gas/precursor is cracked at Au droplets acting as seeds. Si adatoms are subsequently dissolved in the liquid metal. Due to a supersaturation within this droplet, Si precipitates predominantly at the liquid – solid interface – a nanowire grows. A different situation occurs if nanowires are grown by molecular beam epitaxy via the vapor– liquid – solid mechanism. The difference consists, for example, of the role of the metal seed, the morphology of the nanowires and their aspect ratio. In particular, surface diffusion including the metal used as well as Si, strongly influences the growth process. This article describes molecular beam epitaxy growth experiments of Si nanowires under ultra-high vacuum conditions and compares the results with other growth techniques.
Koreans in Paraguay: language, identity and (re)migration
Authors: Choi Jinny 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article focuses on the concept of globalization and its effect on linguistic and cultural identities. Modern migration patterns related to globalization generally provide migrants with increased access to resources, while at the same time placing them in a multiplicity of sociocultural encounters within numerous and diverse linguistic contexts. In this article, I turn to the concept of superdiversity to analyze the Korean community’s transformation from a traditional and homogeneous generation to one that is characterized by transnational mobility; economic fluidity, both local and global; issues of multiple linguistic and ethnic belongingness; and dynamic social connections in Paraguay. I also demonstrate that identity construction of contemporary migrants is a unique and complex process that emerges from individualized experiences.
New records and geographic distribution extension of two primate species in the Amazonia-Cerrado transition area, Brazil
Authors: Lima-Silva Luan Gabriel , Fernanda Braga de Mendonça Ravena , da Silva Dutra Leonan , Vieira Rossi Rogério 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We expanded the geographical distribution of Ateles marginatus and Chiropotes albinasus to the Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone region. Visual records were made while surveying through linear transections in a forest area associated with two important rivers that form the Xingu River in the central region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Females were observed with infants in the dry and rainy seasons. Other primate species locally recorded are Alouatta caraya, Mico emiliae, Plecturocebus vieirai, and Sapajus libidinosus. Our records demonstrate the importance of continuous forest areas in maintaining the primate community in landscapes modified by agribusiness activities.
Moment matching adaptive importance sampling with skew-student proposals
Authors: Wang Shijia , Swartz Tim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper considers integral approximation via importance sampling where the importance sampler is chosen from a family of skew-Student distributions. This is an alternative class of distributions than is typically considered in importance sampling applications. We describe variate generation and propose adaptive methods for fitting a member of the skew-Student family to a particular integral. We also demonstrate the utility of the approach in several examples.
Sex differences in interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Flegge Lindsay G. , Lake Eric , Truesdale Carnigee , Craner Julia R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs (IPRPs) are evidence-based treatments for chronic pain. Previous research has demonstrated that initial presentations of adult men and women admitted to IPRPs differ, but less is known about sex differences in IPRP treatment outcomes. To summarize and synthesize the current literature base on this topic, a systematic literature review was conducted that asked: are sex differences present in participant outcomes upon completion of interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programs for cisgender patients? Four core domains of outcome measures were assessed: depression, pain catastrophizing, pain interference, and pain intensity/severity.

Methods
Relevant studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified using a computer-aided search of the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL (via Wiley Online Library), and CINAHL (via EBSCOhost). The reference list of relevant studies identified in the electronic searches was also screened to identify further studies.

Results
This review concluded that most studies did not find any differences related to sex using the four outcome measures included in this review. This implies that specific considerations based on sex may not be needed when providing interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation.

Conclusions
Future research directions include comparison of additional outcome measures and exploring sex and gender issues in IPRP treatment in other formats than as a simple dichotomous variable.
Ionic transport in K2Ti6O13
Authors: Skurikhina Olha , Gombotz Maria , Senna Mamoru , Fabián Martin , Baláž Matej , Da Silva Klebson Lucenildo , Achimovičová Marcela , Wilkening H. Martin R. , Gadermaier Bernhard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The increasing demand for batteries forced the development of energy storage systems that rely on materials consisting of abundant elements in the Earth’s crust. Switching from Li+ to K+ as the main ionic charge carrier needs highly conducting potassium-bearing electrolytes to realize K+ ion batteries (PIBs). The knowledge gained from the design of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs) may conceptually inspire also the establishment of PIBs. Considering, for instance, the hexatitanates Na2Ti6O13, Li2Ti6O13, and H2Ti6O13, which were previously investigated as components for LIBs and NIBs, here we investigated ion dynamics in the K-analog K2Ti6O13. Ionic transport in polycrystalline samples of K2Ti6O13 was studied in a moisture-free atmosphere by broadband impedance spectroscopy in a temperature range from 20 °C to 450 °C. The current study aims at establishing a correlation between structural features of K2Ti6O13 and long-range ionic transport. As expected for K+ transport in K2Ti6O13 with its geometrically obstructed structure, the overall activation energy of ion transport in the ternary oxide takes a rather high value of 0.97(2) eV. Almost the same result (0.95(3) eV) is obtained for the migration activation energy, which we extracted from the analysis of crossover frequencies of the corresponding conductivity isotherms. By comparing our results with those of Na2Ti6O13 (0.82 eV), Li2Ti6O13 (0.65 eV), and H2Ti6O13, we clearly see how the size of the mobile cation correlates with both specific conductivities and activation energies. This comparison points to K+ being the main charge carrier in K2Ti6O13. It also helps in laying the foundations to derive the relevant structure-property relationships in this class of materials.