bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of liver disease: why and how
Authors: Macpherson Iain , Abeysekera Kushala W M , Harris Rebecca , Mansour Dina , McPherson Stuart , Rowe Ian , Rosenberg William , Dillon John F , Yeoman Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Mortality from chronic liver disease (CLD) in the UK has increased by over 400% since 1970, driven by alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus, the natural histories of which can all be improved by early intervention. Patients often present with advanced disease, which would be preventable if diagnosed earlier and lifestyle change opportunities offered.Liver function tests (LFTs) are very commonly measured. Approximately 20% are abnormal, yet the majority are not investigated according to guidelines. However, investigating all abnormal LFTs to identify early liver disease would overwhelm services. Recently, several diagnostic pathways have been implemented across the country; some focus on abnormal LFTs and some on stratifying at-risk populations.This review will collate the evidence on the size of the problem and the challenges it poses. We will discuss the limitations and restrictions within systems that limit the responses available, review the current pathways being evaluated and piloted in the UK, and explore the arguments for and against LFT-based approaches and ‘case-finding strategies’ in the community diagnosis of liver disease. Furthermore, the role of fibrosis assessment methods (including scoring systems such as Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, the enhanced liver fibrosis test and elastography) within these pathways will also be discussed.In conclusion, this review aims to establish some principles which, if adopted, are likely to improve the diagnosis of advanced liver disease, and identify the areas of contention for further research, in order to establish the most effective community detection models of liver disease.
Improved prognosis and evidence of enhanced immunogenicity in tumor and circulation of high-risk melanoma patients with unknown primary
Authors: Tarhini Ahmad A , Lee Sandra J , Tan Aik-Choon , El Naqa Issam M , Stephen Hodi F , Butterfield Lisa H , LaFramboise William A , Storkus Walter J , Karunamurthy Arivarasan D , Conejo-Garcia Jose R , Hwu Patrick , Streicher Howard , Sondak Vernon K , Kirkwood John M 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundMelanoma of unknown primary (MUP) represents a poorly understood group of patients both clinically and immunologically. We investigated differences in prognosis and candidate immune biomarkers in patients with unknown compared with those with known primary melanoma enrolled in the E1609 adjuvant trial that tested ipilimumab at 3 and 10 mg/kg vs high-dose interferon-alfa (HDI).Patients and methodsMUP status was defined as initial presentation with cutaneous, nodal or distant metastasis without a known primary. Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Stratified (by stage) log-rank test was used to compare RFS and OS by primary tumor status. Gene expression profiling (GEP) was performed on the tumor biopsies of a subset of patients. Similarly, peripheral blood samples were tested for candidate soluble and cellular immune biomarkers.ResultsMUP cases represented 12.8% of the total population (N=1699) including 11.7% on the ipilimumab arms and 14.7% on the HDI arm. Stratifying by stage, RFS (p=0.001) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.009) showed outcomes significantly better for patients with unknown primary. The primary tumor status remained prognostically significant after adjusting for treatment and stage in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Including only ipilimumab-treated patients, RFS (p=0.005) and OS (p=0.023) were significantly better in favor of those with unknown primary. Among patients with GEP data (n=718; 102 MUP, 616 known), GEP identified pathways and genes related to autoimmunity, inflammation, immune cell infiltration and immune activation that were significantly enriched in the MUP tumors compared with known primaries. Further investigation into infiltrating immune cell types estimated significant enrichment with CD8 +and CD4+T cells, B cells and NK cells as well as significantly higher major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II scores in MUP compared with known primary. Among patients tested for circulating biomarkers (n=321; 66 unknown and 255 known), patients with MUP had significantly higher circulating levels of IL-2R (p=0.04).ConclusionPatients with MUP and high-risk melanoma had significantly better prognosis and evidence of significantly enhanced immune activation within the TME and the circulation, supporting the designation of MUP as a distinct prognostic marker in patients with high-risk melanoma.
Clinical and imaging outcomes of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula embolization
Authors: Brinjikji Waleed , Garza Ivan , Whealy Mark , Kissoon Narayan , Atkinson John L D , Savastano Luis , Madhavan Ajay , Cutsforth-Gregory Jeremy 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundWe report outcomes of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) patients who underwent transvenous embolization of cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas (CSFVFs) confirmed on digital subtraction myelography (DSM) performed at our institution.MethodsThis is a retrospective evaluation of a prospectively collected database of SIH patients who underwent transvenous embolization of CSFVFs. Only patients who had fistulas confirmed on DSM performed at our institution were included. All patients had a baseline MRI and an MRI performed at least 90 days post-embolization, as well as clinical evaluation using the six item Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scales. Paired t-test was used to report changes in Bern MRI scores and HIT-6 scores at follow-up.Results40 patients were included (29 female, 11 male). Mean age was 57.4±10.3 years. Mean Bern score improved from 5.7±3.0 at baseline to 1.3±2.0 at follow-up (p<0.0001). Mean HIT-6 score at baseline was 67.2±11.1 and at follow-up was 41.5±10.1 (p<0.0001). Median PGIC was 1, with 36 patients (90.0%) reporting at least minimal improvement and 32 patients (82.5%) reporting much or very much improvement. Complications included persistent local site pain in 12 patients (30%), suspected rebound intracranial hypertension requiring medical intervention in 7 patients (17.5%), and asymptomatic tiny Onyx emboli to the lungs in 3 patients (7.5%).ConclusionsTransvenous embolization of CSFVFs using Onyx is safe and effective, resulting in significant improvement in headache and overall clinical outcomes in nearly 90% of patients, and substantial improvements in brain MRI abnormalities.
Occupational risk factors for work disability following carpal tunnel syndrome: a pooled prospective study
Authors: Harris-Adamson Carisa , Eisen Ellen A , Kapellusch Jay , Hegmann Kurt T , Thiese Matthew S , Dale Ann-Marie , Evanoff Bradley , Meyers Alysha Rose , Bao Stephen , Gerr Fred , Krause Niklas , Rempel David 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundAlthough recent studies have identified important risk factors associated with incident carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), risk factors associated with its severity have not been well explored.ObjectiveTo examine the associations between personal, workplace psychosocial and biomechanical factors and incident work disability among workers with CTS.MethodsBetween 2001 and 2010 five research groups conducted coordinated prospective studies of CTS and related work disability among US workers from various industries. Workers with prevalent or incident CTS (N=372) were followed for up to 6.4 years. Incident work disability was measured as: (1) change in work pace or work quality, (2) lost time or (3) job change following the development of CTS. Psychosocial factors were assessed by questionnaire. Biomechanical exposures were assessed by observation and measurements and included force, repetition, duty cycle and posture. HRs were estimated using Cox models.ResultsDisability incidence rates per 100 person-years were 33.2 for changes in work pace or quality, 16.3 for lost time and 20.0 for job change. There was a near doubling of risk for job change among those in the upper tertile of the Hand Activity Level Scale (HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.01), total repetition rate (HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.02), % time spent in all hand exertions (HR 2.20; 95% CI 1.21 to 4.01) and a sixfold increase for high job strain. Sensitivity analyses indicated attenuation due to inclusion of the prevalent CTS cases.ConclusionPersonal, biomechanical and psychosocial job factors predicted CTS-related disability. Results suggest that prevention of severe disability requires a reduction of both biomechanical and organisational work stressors.
Patients with presumed tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa that are not diagnosed with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jayasooriya Shamanthi , Dimambro-Denson Francesca , Beecroft Claire , Balen Julie , Awokola Babatunde , Mitchell Caroline , Kampmann Beate , Campbell Fiona , Dodd Pete , Mortimer Kevin 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundMany patients in sub-Saharan Africa whom a diagnosis of tuberculosis is considered are subsequently not diagnosed with tuberculosis. The proportion of patients this represents, and their alternative diagnoses, have not previously been systematically reviewed.MethodsWe searched four databases from inception to 27 April 2020, without language restrictions. We included all adult pulmonary tuberculosis diagnostic studies from sub-Saharan Africa, excluding case series and inpatient studies. We extracted the proportion of patients with presumed tuberculosis subsequently not diagnosed with tuberculosis and any alternative diagnoses received. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates stratified by passive and active case finding.ResultsOur search identified 1799 studies, of which 18 studies (2002–2019) with 14 527 participants from 10 African countries were included. The proportion of patients with presumed tuberculosis subsequently not diagnosed with tuberculosis was 48.5% (95% CI 39.0 to 58.0) in passive and 92.8% (95% CI 85.0 to 96.7) in active case-finding studies. This proportion increased with declining numbers of clinically diagnosed tuberculosis cases. A history of tuberculosis was documented in 55% of studies, with just five out of 18 reporting any alternative diagnoses.DiscussionNearly half of all patients with presumed tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa do not have a final diagnosis of active tuberculosis. This proportion may be higher when active case-finding strategies are used. Little is known about the healthcare needs of these patients. Research is required to better characterise these patient populations and plan health system solutions that meet their needs.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018100004.
Tobacco company agreements with tobacco retailers for price discounts and prime placement of products and advertising: a scoping review
Authors: Reimold Alexandria E , Lee Joseph G L , Ribisl Kurt M 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveThe objectives of this scoping review are to examine existing research on the often-secretive contracts between tobacco manufacturers and retailers, to identify contract requirements and incentives, and to assess the impact of contracts on the sales and marketing of tobacco products in the retail setting.Data sourcesThe systematic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Political Science Database, Business Source Premier, ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection, and Global Health through December 2020.Study selectionWe included studies that collected and analysed empirical data related to tobacco contracts, tobacco manufacturers, and tobacco retailers. Two reviewers independently screened all 2786 studies, excluding 2694 titles and abstracts and 65 full texts resulting in 27 (0.97%) included studies.Data extractionStudy characteristics, contract prevalence, contract requirements and incentives, and the influence of contracts on the retail environment were extracted from each study.Data synthesisWe created an evidence table and conducted a narrative review of included studies.ConclusionsContracts are prevalent around the world and handsomely incentivise tobacco retailers in exchange for substantial manufacturer control of tobacco product availability, placement, pricing and promotion in the retail setting. Contracts allow tobacco companies to promote their products and undermine tobacco control efforts in the retail setting through discounted prices, promotions and highly visible placement of marketing materials and products. Policy recommendations include banning tobacco manufacturer contracts and retailer incentives along with more transparent reporting of contract incentives given to retailers.
Phase Stability of Garnet Solid-Electrolyte Interfacing with Various Cathodes in All Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Yu Chan-Yeop , Choi Junbin , Han Jinhyup , Lee Eungje , Kim Jung-Hyun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Garnet-structured Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) is one of the most promising electrolyte materials for solid-state Li batteries (SS-LiB). The design and fabrication of a good cathode/electrolyte interface is an important criterion for the SS-LiB. In this work, we performed a systematic study on the impact of cathode crystal structure and chemical compositions on their chemical stabilities against the LLZTO at elevated temperatures, which are required for their adhesion during cell fabrication processes. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement analyses revealed the chemical stabilities of various cathode materials in contact with the LLZTO. While layered LiCoO2 cathode showed good stability in contact with LLZTO to 900 oC, LiNiO2 or Ni-rich LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathodes suffered from the formation of La4NiLiO8 due to La-diffusion from LLZTO. Mn-rich LiMn2O4 spinel and layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathodes suffered from the formation of La2Zr2O7 due to Li-diffusion and production of Li2MnO3. As a result, LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, having an ideal balance of Ni/Mn/Co composition, or Li2MnO3 containing cathodes such as Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2 were found to having excellent phase stability as the cathodes for LLZTO-based SS-LiBs.
Sex Differences in Health Status and Clinical Outcomes After Nonprimary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Hiremath Pranoti G. , Aversano Thomas , Spertus John A. , Lemmon Cynthia C. , Naiman Daniel Q. , Czarny Matthew J. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Greater insight into sex-based differences in health status can lay the foundation for more equitable health care. This study compares differences in health status of women and men in the CPORT-E trial (Cardiovascular Patient Outcomes Research Team Non-Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) undergoing nonprimary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods:
We compared Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores at baseline, 6 weeks, and 9 months for 6851 women and 12 016 men undergoing nonprimary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Results:

Proportions of angina-free patients increased from 26.2% and 29.8% at baseline to 71.6% and 78.7% at 6 weeks to 78.1% and 83.0% at 9 months in women and men, respectively (
P
<0.001 for all). After adjusting for clinical and procedural characteristics as well as baseline angina, freedom from angina in women was 34% less likely at 6 weeks (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.61–0.71];
P
<0.001) and 32% less likely at 9 months (odds ratio, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.62–0.74];
P
<0.001) compared with men.

Conclusions:
Although health status increased significantly after percutaneous coronary intervention in both women and men, women had poorer health status outcomes than men before and after percutaneous coronary intervention. Additional investigation into therapies that address the causes of poorer health status in women with coronary artery disease is needed.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT00549796.
Underutilization of Endovascular Therapy in Black Patients With Ischemic Stroke: An Analysis of State and Nationwide Cohorts
Authors: Kim Youngran , Sharrief Anjail , Kwak Min Ji , Khose Swapnil , Abdelkhaleq Rania , Salazar-Marioni Sergio , Zhang Guo-Qiang , Sheth Sunil A. 
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose:
Endovascular therapy (EVT) is a very effective treatment but relies on specialized capabilities that are not available in every hospital where acute ischemic stroke is treated. Here, we assess whether access to and utilization of this therapy has extended uniformly across racial and ethnic groups.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective, population-based study using the 2019 Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File. Acute ischemic stroke cases and EVT use were identified using the
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10
) diagnosis and procedure codes. We examined EVT utilization by race/ethnicity and performed patient- and hospital-level analyses. To validate state-specific findings, we conducted patient-level analyses using the 2017 National Inpatient Sample for national estimates. To assess independent associations between race/ethnicity and EVT, multivariable modified Poisson regressions were fitted and adjusted relative risks were estimated accounting for patient risk factors and socioeconomic characteristics.

Results:

Among 40 814 acute ischemic stroke cases in Texas in 2019, 54% were White, 17% Black, and 21% Hispanic. Black patients had similar admissions to EVT-performing hospitals and greater admissions to comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) compared with White patients (EVT 62% versus 62%,
P
=0.21; CSCs 45% versus 39%,
P
<0.001) but had lower EVT rates (4.1% versus 5.3%; adjusted relative risk, 0.76 [0.66–0.88];
P
<0.001). There were no differences in EVT rates between Hispanic and White patients. Lower rates of EVT among Black patients were consistent in the subgroup of patients who arrived in early time windows and received intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (adjusted relative risk, 0.77 [0.61–0.98];
P
=0.032) and the subgroup of those admitted to EVT-performing hospitals in both non-CSC (3.0% versus 5.5,
P
<0.001) and CSC hospitals (7.9% versus 10.4%,
P
<0.001) while there were no differences between Whites and Hispanic patients. Nationwide sample data confirmed this finding of lower utilization of EVT among Black patients (adjusted relative risk, 0.87 [0.77–0.98];
P
=0.024).

Conclusions:
We found no evidence of disparity in presentation to EVT-performing hospitals or CSCs; however, lower rates of EVT were observed in Black patients.
Using NOAA Satellite Imagery to Detect and Track Hazardous Sea Spray in the High Latitudes
Authors: Line William E. , Grasso Lewis , Hillger Don , Dierking Carl , Jacobs Aaron , Shea Samuel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sea spray presents a significant hazard to vessels in the high latitudes. At issue is the accumulation of ice, which can destabilize, and at times, sink a ship. Many studies have focused on icing prediction systems, but a knowledge gap exists in the detection of sea spray using remote sensing data. The recent availability of data from new and advanced imagers on board NOAA satellites, specifically the GOES-R series Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) and JPSS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), offers new tools for the detection and tracking of sea spray for forecasters. While ABI provides superior temporal coverage in order to capture the near-real-time evolution of sea spray, VIIRS contributes higher spatial detail, allowing for improved analysis of sea spray extent, particularly within smaller bodies of water. Forecasters can implement these detection techniques to help verify sea spray–related forecast products, and to pass along potentially life-saving information to their mariner core partners. This paper discusses the freezing sea spray hazard, and introduces newly identified methods for detecting and tracking sea spray using NOAA satellite data.
Association of urine output during cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft
Authors: Khademi Saeed , Mehr Leila Shojaei , Janati Mansour , Jouybar Reza , Dehghanpisheh Laleh 
Published: January 2022

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We investigated the association of urine output (U/O) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with postoperative AKI in a cohort of patients undergoing elective CABG. This single-center retrospective study used data from patients undergoing elective CABG with CPB (March 2015 to March 2020). Demographic data and perioperative information were extracted from the Patients' records. Urine output during CPB and in the first 3 days after surgery was also recorded. Acute kidney injury was defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) classification. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between quantitative variables and multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine AKI predictors. A total of 532 patients with a mean age of 56.83 ± 7.99 years were analyzed. In the first 48 h after surgery, the incidence of AKI was 18%, of which, 7 (2.7%) patients developed stage II of AKI. There was no significant correlation between U/O during CPB and change in postoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Oliguria during CPB was not observed in any of the patients. Age and duration of bypass were identified as predictors of AKI. In this study, the incidence of AKI was 18% and there was no significant correlation between U/O during CPB and changes in postoperative BUN and creatinine. Age and duration of bypass were independent risk factors of AKI.
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with atypical vein thrombosis: Implications for clinical practice
Authors: Zamboni Paolo , Scerrati Alba , Sessa Francesco , Pomara Cristoforo , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio 
Published: January 2022

Objectives Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a new and rare syndrome resulting from the largest vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 in the history of mankind. The aim of this review is to clarify underlying mechanisms, pathology, diagnosis, and therapy, with the related clinical implications. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature review in order to collect the clinical and treatment data about patients suffering from VITT. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were screened regarding patients who developed VITT. Last search was launched on June 30th 2021. Results Abdominal and/or neurological symptoms develop between 5 and 20 days after vaccine administration and do not involve the lower extremities. VITT is suspected if the platelet count is lower than 100.000/mm3 and D-dimer is higher than the age-adjusted range. Medical treatment is mainly based on intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and anticoagulant drugs with a short plasma half-life, but the complete avoidance of low molecular weight heparin is recommended. Endovascular treatment and/or decompressive craniectomy might be an option in a minority of cases. Conclusion Due to widespread vaccination concerns, the vascular specialist and phlebologist are increasingly consulted to prevent or diagnose VITT. The latter has peculiar and completely different localizations, symptoms, and treatment compared to the common pictures of venous thrombosis.