bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Earworm Control on Soybean with CME 134, an Insect Growth Regulator, with Thuringiensin, a Beta-Exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, and With Dipel 1985
Authors: Herbert D. Ames , Harper James D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans were planted in 40-inch rows at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit in east-central AL. Treatment plots (6 rows by 50 ft) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug, when the number of H. zea larvae in the test field was ca. 1 per row ft. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.68 gal/acre at 40 psi, through 3-TX4 hollow cone tip nozzles per row. All insect counts were made using the standard shake cloth technique. Two 6-ft samples were taken per plot, per sample date. A pretreatment sample was taken on 6 Aug. Posttreatment samples were taken on 9, 14, and 19 Aug, after which time the H. zea population declined in the test field.
Effects of Insecticides on Pest and Beneficial Insects in Soybean, 1985
Authors: Layton Blake , Boethel David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Iberville Parish, LA. Each plot was 50 ft long by 8, 36-inch rows wide. On 6 Sep treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal of finished spray per acre at 30 psi. The soybeans were R5 at the time of application. Two 25-sweep samples were taken per plot at 3 and 7 days posttreatment by sweeping a single row with a 15-inch dia sweep net. A total of 0.36 inches of rain fell on the plots between application and the 3-day sample with most of the rain fall occurring on day 2 posttreatment. An additional 0.28 inches of rain fell prior to the 7-day sampling.
Apple, Scale Control, Yakima, Wa, 1982
Authors: Howell J. F. , Maitlen J. C. , Burditt A. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A dormant application of parathion 25 WP or Advantage 4EC was made on 9 Apr, 1982 to a block of mature ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees for control of San Jose Scale. Parathion was applied at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with an air blast sprayer in 200 gal of spray/acre. Advantage (2 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with an air blast sprayer also in 200 gal/acre, aerially at 14 gal/acre and as a combined aerial-air blast sprayer application. The combined application was to determine if the aerial application would improve control in the tops of the trees. Each application included 5 gal of superior oil/acre. On 8 and 9 Jun, the efficacy of each treatment was determined by counting live scales out of 100 on each of 5 twigs taken at two levels from 25 randomly selected trees per treatment. On 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment, 5 twigs were taken at 2 levels from 5 trees in each block treated with Advantage® for residue analysis. In the untreated block, and the parathion treatment, trees were too small to partition into high and low levels; therefore samples were randomly collected over the entire tree. At harvest, 50 apples from each of 5 trees were sampled to determine percent infestation.
Single vs Double Applications for Banded Sunflower Moth Control, 1984
Authors: Noetzel David M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established in a growers field near Gary, Norman county, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and placed 100 ft from the east and 100 ft from the north edge of a 40-acre field. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft long. The first applications were broadcast on 8 Aug, one day after the main field was treated with 3 labeled insecticides. Thirty per cent of the plants had male florets extended (30% bloom) on 8 Aug. The second application was 11 Aug with the plot area then with 80% bloom, or 8 of 10 heads with the first male florets extended. Application each time was with a hand held CO2 sprayer using 40 lb psi and 20 gal total material per acre. Temperature on 8 Aug was 83°F and 11 Aug 80°F. Plant height was approximately 6 ft. Seed damage was obtained by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing 2 cups full of this unclean material, and examining 100 seeds/florets for larval feeding.
Residual Toxicity of Insecticides Applied on Tobacco Seedlings for Cutworm Control, 1984
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco seedlings were transplanted on 28 May. The insecticides were applied as an overall spray on tobacco seedlings on 5 Jun, using a commerical power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Tee Jet nozzles applying 25 gal of liquid per acre at 3.5 mph and 32 psi. Plots were 4 rows, 76 ft long and 14 ft wide, replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Test insects were 6th and 7th-stage larvae. The larvae were separated into groups of 10 and placed on the insecticide-free dry sand in 5.5 inch petri dishes. After application of the insecticides, random samples of tobacco leaves were collected at regular intervals from each plot, taken to the laboratory, and equal amounts of treated leaves were placed in the petri dishes with the larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 days by counting the numbers of dead larvae in each petri dish. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated. Before analysis of variance, data were transformed into angular units. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Bacillus Thuringiensis var. Kurstaki, 1985
Authors: Lambert E. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted into plots 60 ft long and 15 ft wide (4 rows) on 1 May at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. The predominant soil types were Dothan and Varina loamy sands. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design having 10 treatments and 4 replicates. On 13 June, 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants were selected from each of the 2 left-most rows per plot, tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. The 2 right-most rows served as buffers. On 14 Jun, treatments were applied using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer having a single D2-33FC nozzle per row. At 60 psi and traveling at 1.4 mph, 25 gpa were applied. Granular treatments were applied in a 6-inch band over the row using a Noble granular applicator on the spray rig. The 1% cornmeal bait treatment was applied directly into the bud by hand using a measuring spoon. At 3 and 10 days posttreatment, the number of larvae on the 30 tagged plants were counted. Damage ratings (1/10-leaf equivalents per plot) were made on the same plants 14 days posttreatment.
Azalea Caterpillar Control, 1985
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 8 Aug ‘85 established nursery grown azaleas were used to test 6 insecticides for control of azalea caterpillar. Larval counts were made prior to treatment and 24 h posttreatment. Insecticides were applied using a 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were treated to runoff. Temperature at time of treatment was 80 F and 0.11 inches of rain fell between application and evaluation.
Control of Vegetable Mite and Variegated Cutworm on Chrysanthemums, HI, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at a cut-chrysanthemum nursey in Mountain View, Hawaii (721 m elev.). Rooted cuttings of the ‘Blue Chip’ chrysanthemum were planted in 1.0 m × 3.1-m treatment plots with 70 plants per plot. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 blocks and 7 treatments. Insecticides were applied with a compressed CO2 sprayer which delivered 757L water per acre and was equipped with a No. 8004 TeejectR nozzle. A spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 at 89 ml/100 gal was added to all treatments except for Penncap-M. Eleven weekly spray applications began on 1 Jul, 2 wk after planting and ended on 9 Sep, 7 days before harvest. The number of plants per plot damaged by cutworms were recorded 4 and 5 wk after planting. Cutworm damage was characterized by feeding damage on the plant terminals causing multiple stem growth. At harvest, 50 single stem chrysanthemums from each plot were evaluated for vegetable mite damage. Mite damage was scored according to the number of leaves with silvering on the undersides.
Efficacy of Selected Microbial and Related Insecticides Against Second Instar Beet Armyworm Larvae, Pall, California, 1985
Authors: Yoshida H. A. , Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The materials were applied to individual 4-wk-old chrysanthemum plants with a 1-gaI B&G sprayer at 60 psi 11 Oct. five second-stage larvae were immediately confined to each plant for 48 h by an inverted, ventilated 1 qt plastic container. Mortality was assessed after 48 h and each surviving larva was placed individually on untreated commercial beet armyworm diet. Mortality was assessed every 48 thereafter until all surviviing larvae had pupated. The pupae were held for adult emergence. To correct for differences in escaping larvae between treatments, the data were expressed as percent mortality for each replicate. Arcsin square root transformations were performed on the data prior to analysis by ANOVA.
Control of ELM Leaf Beetle on Siberian ELMS, 1985
Authors: Freeman Richard , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elms. The trees were approximately 20 ft tall and located 2 mi south of Stillwater, Okla. Trees were treated on 19 Jul when the temperature and wind velocity was 83°F, and 1 to 5 mph. The larvae were 1st to 3rd instar. Application equipment consisted of a FMC DM010 sprayer which delivered material at 300 psi. Trees were treated to runoff and separated by enough distance to avoid drift. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Lansdale, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 23 Jul by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was syringed with 1 gal of water. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental factors existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 86°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 2.5; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 5.8; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 85; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.75 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 23 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch open ended stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 66.1 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 23 Aug before treatment.
Sprays for Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas Fir Christmas Trees, 1985
Authors: Cowher C. F. , Cameron E. Alan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A total of 16 Douglas fir trees in each of three blocks in a 7-acre Christmas tree plantation in Carbon County, PA, was assigned at random, 4 to each of 3 treatments and to an untreated check. Selected trees were 1.2 to 2-m tall and surrounded on all sides by at least 2 untreated trees. Treatments were applied on 28 Sep using a 5 hp Solo™ Backpack Mistblower; spray was applied until runoff, or ca 1L spray/tree. Weather was clear and rain-free for at least 48 h post spray. Pre- and posttreatment foliage samples were taken 9 Sep, 11, 25 Oct, cooled immediately, and transported to the laboratory. All live and dead 1st stage sistentes on the terminal 20 infested needles on 1 lateral branch in the middle Vb of the tree from each of the 4 cardinal directions were counted within 48 h with the aid of a 20x binocular microscope. Each insect was punctured with a sharp probe; presence of visible body fluids was the criterion for a living insect. Counts from all samples from each tree were pooled for evaluation by analysis of variance using the SASS program; mortality rates were corrected using Abbott’s formula.
Spring Control of Bluegrass Billbugs On ‘Baron’ Bluegrass Plots at University Park, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticide treatments were applied 15 May for control of bluegrass billbugs. The field plots consisted of Kentucky bluegrass ‘Baron’ (100%). Treatment plots were 6 × 15 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. After all treatments were completed, a rain shower occurred. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 45°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 58°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.6; % organic matter, 2.3; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 15.3; amt thatch, 0.5; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 75; and very cloudy skies. A total of 7.81 inches of rain was recorded during the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 65 days later (19 Jul).
Control of White Grubs in Golf Course Fairway, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on the right side of #10 fairway at Pebble Creek Golf Club in Lexington, KY (Richland Co.). There was no measurable thatch accumulation. At treatment time soil temperature at 3 inch was 53°F air temperature was 45°F. The fairway was Kentucky Bluegrass. The larvae were third instars. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 6 × 20 ft. Liquid applications were made with a constant pressure CO2 sprayer (35 psi) equipped with four LF3 80° nozzles at a rate of 100 gal water per acre. The Mocap and Oftanol granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. The Triumph granular was applied with a perforated container. No rainfall occurred within 24 h after treatment, 0.05 inches occurred 5 days after treatment. Surviving larvae were sampled 42 days after treatment for the spring count, and 161 days after treatment for the fall count. Sampling was accomplished by cutting five 7 × 7 × 3-inch deep plugs into each 6 × 20-ft plot.
Control of a Honeylocust Plant Bug with Foliar Sprays, Aurora, CO, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Jagne Jarra F. , Lordier Martha K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Honeylocust trees, 8-10 ft. tall, at the City of Aurora Nursery were used to evaluate insecticides for honeylocust plant bug control. Plots were single trees arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Trees were sprayed to point of run-off on 15 May using a hand operated compressed air sprayer. Evaluations were made 28 May by shaking 3 branches/tree over a tray and counting the dislodged insects.
Field-Grown Cut Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. , Tanaguchi K. , Mellano M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen weekly applications of Evisect 50SP or Ekalux 480E at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb (AI)/100 gal were compared to 13 weekly applications of Trigard at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre. The materials were applied to 27 cultivars of chrysanthemums grown under commercial conditions without cover by the cooperating grower (San Luis Rey, CA). The plants were planted 6 Aug; treatments were initiated 13 Aug and ended 5 Nov. Six plants of each variety were planted in each of 7 rows, with 1 pesticide treatment per row. The materials were applied with a 15L backpack sprayer.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine, 1985
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Freeman Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, OK. Field grown loblolly pines 3 to 4 ft tall, were utilized. Trees were treated to runoff on 13 June with a Hardi RY-15 backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Temperature at the time of treatment was 70°F, and the wind was 0-3 mph. Each treatment was randomized and replicated 4 times. Trees were evaluated for larval infestation on 5 Jul, 15 Jul, 15 Aug and 15 Sep. Evaluations were made by removing all damaged tips and checking for live larvae.
Phytotoxicity and Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Poinsettias, Massachusetts 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plants were grown in 6 inch plastic pots in 25% Metro Mix 350, 25% Terralite, and 50% sterilized field soil. The plants were pinched to 7 leaves on 8 Oct. Bracts began to color late in the second week of Nov. Each insecticide was sprayed to run-off with a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 3 plants. Plants were then arranged randomly on benches. Insecticides were applied on 23 Oct and again on 13 Nov. Observations for phytotoxic responses were made weekly.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thumngiensis for Control of Some Stored-Product Beetles, 1984
Authors: White N. D. G. , Loschiavo S.R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner formulation, designated SAN 410 and containing a beta exotoxin (1% AI), was obtained from Sandoz, Zoecon Corp. Cracked wheat at 16.0% moisture content was treated with various concentrations of the insecticide. Five replicates of 20 adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis, O. mercator, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, and Tribolium castaneum were exposed to the medium treated with 0, 500, or 1000 ppm (AI) for 2 wk at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH. Mortality was assessed at 1 and 2 wk. Five replicates of 20 late-stage larvae of O. surinamensis, O. mercator, and C. ferrugineus were exposed to cracked wheat treated with 0, 5, 20, 50, or 200 ppm B. thuringiensis for 2 wk at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH. Mortality was assessed at 1 and 2 wk.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1980-1984
Authors: Halliday W. R. , Kirkpatrick R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (32-71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. The insects used and their ages were: Tribolium confusum Jacquelin deVal, adults 7-14 days old; Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) =A. megatoma (F.)) larvae 3 mo old; Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), larvae 6 wk old. For each test, 40 adults or larvae of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from the side wall. Each trailer was used once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by “an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for a specified amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as a carrier and introduced by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The insects were exposed for 5 h; 10 min in the trailer with the doors closed, 20 min with one door open for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers following removal from the trailers. The insects were transferred to a clean petri dish after exposure. Knockdown (KD) was measured after 24 h. Mortality was measured after 14 days at 27°C, 60% RH and is the sum of moribund (responding feebly to prodding) plus dead (no response to stimulus) insects. Each test and control was replicated at least 3 times on successive days. The temperature ranged from 19 to 29°C.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1985
Authors: Halliday William R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (32-71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 adults or larvae of each species were held in 10-cm open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from the side wall. Each trailer was used only once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol for a specified amount of time. Dusts were formulated with Hi-Sil 233 as a carrier and introduced by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The stage and age of the 3 species is as follows: Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, adults 1 wk old; Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (=A. megatoma (F.)), larvae 3 mo old; Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), larvae 6 wk old. The insects were exposed for 5 h, 10 min in the trailer with the doors closed, 20 min with one door open, and 4.5 h in the original containers following removal from the trailers.
Nymphal Production of Adults Feeding on an Alsystin Diet, 1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 0.031% diet containing the chitin synthesis inhibitor alsystin (=Bay Sir 8514) was fed to newly emerged adults of both sexes. The diet was prepared using a 25% WP formulation and Wayne Laboratory Blox. The Blox were first ground, then sieved with a 20 mesh screen to obtain a finely ground meal. The desired dry weight concentration of AI in the final diet was achieved by mixing a 210 ml suspension of water/alsystin with the proper amount of meal. The diet was then cut into 9 cm3 chunks and allowed to thoroughly dry under a ventilation hood. Upon drying, pairs of adult cockroaches less than 3 days old were placed in individual 0.951 jars provisioned with water, harborage and the alsystin diet. Three feeding regimes were run —15 day, 30 day and continuous feeding. Each treatment combination was replicated 10 times, with observations taken on egg capsule formation and nymphal production every 3 or 4 days
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Beef Cattle with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1985
Authors: Doisy K. E. , Hall R. D. , Fisher F. J. , Gerrish D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Separate ear tag efficacy trials were conducted at the University of Missouri South Farm (Boone Co.) and the Forage Systems Research Center (FSRC) (Linn Co.). At the South Farm, 2 herds of 15 Angus cows each were treated with commercial AtrobanR permethrin 10% active ingredient (AI) and Dual-GardR 7.2% AI permethrin, 2% AI piperonyl butoxide, 9.4% AI chlorpyrifos ear tags at the rate of 2/head on 20 Jun and 18 Jul, respectively. A third herd of similar size and composition was left as an untreated control. At the FSRC, 5 herds of Hereford cows and heifers ranging in size from 50 to 72 head were treated with the following materials: 3 herds had Anchor experimental polyvinyl chloride tags containing 10% (AI) permethrin applied at a rate of 2/head on 5 and 6 Jun. The 2 remaining herds were treated on 23 Jul with commercial EctrinR 8.0% AI fenevalerate and AnchorR 10% (AI) permethrin ear tags at the rate of 1/head. A sixth herd of 34 Hereford cows served as an untreated control. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficacy was made on a weekly basis by repetitive visual inspection of each treatment group until 25 counts were taken. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on a single side of each animal. Data thus obtained were converted to logio (n + 1) prior to analysis; however, true averages are reported.