bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discretization Analysis of Fluid Mechanical Flow Field Grid
Authors: Sheng Yu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The design basis of the performance of special industrial fluid machinery is to obtain the distribution of air flow parameters through the solution of flow field. In the numerical solution of flow field, the discretization of computational domain grid is the key factor affecting the calculation results. In this paper, the two-dimensional axisymmetric flow field analysis model were adopted. By establishing the software interface and automatic execution script file, the grid discreteness analysis process was established. The Richardson extrapolation method was used to infer the accurate solution of the flow field, and the grid independence and convergence analysis and the grid spacing analysis of the first layer of the wall were carried out. The results showed that the numerical results gradually approached the exact solution with the increase of the total number of grids, but the correlation between the numerical results and the total number of grids decreased in this process; By changing the normal spacing of the first layer of grid on each wall and making mathematical statistical analysis, the sensitive area of grid spacing could be determined. The method established in this paper could significantly improve the overall efficiency of the fluid mechanical mesh discreteness analysis and flow field analysis, and recommended the configuration of the optimal mesh discretization mode for the subsequent simulation calculation, which was conducive to further improve the calculation accuracy and efficiency of the flow field.
Visual Hierarchy Design of Map Site Information in Thematic Meteorological Interface
Authors: Shao Junkai , Tang Wenzhe , Yang Bingqing , Xue Chengqi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The visual map elements of the thematic meteorological interface have an essential impact on the user’s processing efficiency. Based on the different visual hierarchies of map site information, including shape, colour, and area, this paper explored the influence of site information’s visual hierarchy change mechanism on user behaviour performance. The results were as follows: 1) The greater the number of shapes, the more difficult it was to complete the task. Therefore, the shape of map sites could be formulated according to the type of meteorological disaster. 2) Under the same comparison level, when the number of colours for multiple map sites was 6, the user’s task operation efficiency was best. 3) The area of map sites was reasonably enlarged within a specific range that could improve the operation efficiency of interface tasks and balance the information complexity of map sites. The results have certain reference value for the visual hierarchy design of map sites in the meteorological interface.
Hyperelastic Constitutive Model Determination and Structural Optimization Based on High Vacuum Elastomer Sealing Structure
Authors: Wang Bo , Liang Zehui , Li Zhen , Chen Xuekai , Kang Zhenran 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The stress analysis of rubber liner is widely used in the design of high vacuum elastomer sealing structure. It is very important to determine a reasonable constitutive model and establish a strength evaluation method suitable for failure mode. A series of mechanical properties tests of JY7766 fluororubber were completed in this paper, and material parameters under different constitutive models and strain levels were fitted. A model selection method based on stiffness relative deviation of liner as evaluation index was proposed, and the high precision constitutive model and material parameters with only 0.2% stiffness relative deviation was determined. At the same time, the consistency of crack propagation path and Mises stress distribution of liner was confirmed based on the comparison between theoretical calculation and the actual structure. Under the condition of ensuring the contact total stress of main sealing surface, the maximum Mises stress was reduced by 43.6% and the safety margin of structural strength was improved by optimizing the sealing groove size of a vacuum equipment. The test result showed that the optimized structure meet the requirement of sealing performance.
Lunar Observatory for monitoring the radiation balance of the Earth and climate
Authors: Abdussamatov H I 
Published: June 2022

AbstractContinuous uniform high-precision data on the Earth's radiation balance over many decades and hundreds of years are essential for reliable research and prediction of climate change. This necessarily requires the use of long-term fixed, stable space platforms at a sufficient distance from Earth. However, measurements by all low-orbit and geostationary satellites cannot provide high-precision identifications of the radiation balance, since they observe its limited areas. Two identical especial optical robotic telescopes, of which the Lunar Observatory (LO) consists of, are a single system of sequentially functioning in the automatic mode of Earth observations. Telescopes will be installed along the equatorial zone at opposite edges of the Moon, 80.9±0.1° distant from its visible center. LO provides measurements of the variations in the magnitude of the specific power reflected by the planet into the space of the total solar irradiance in the spectral range Δλ=0.2–4 μm and outgoing intrinsic thermal radiation of the Earth in the ranges Δλ=4–50 μm and the atmospheric transparency window Δλ=8–13 μm. The system of two telescopes, replacing each other, will sequentially survey the entire Earth's surface continuously for more than 94% of the time of a lunar day only at lunar night time. LO will make it possible to determine the parameters of the average annual values of total energies departing from the Earth into space with an error of the order of 0.1%, which is almost an order of magnitude more accurate than the errors in the measurement of these parameters by instruments of any orbital spacecraft. Monitoring of energy variations in the range Δλ=8–13 μm will make it possible to control and determine the relative contribution of the variation in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to climate change.
Submicron aerosol and nitrogen dioxide in the atmospheric near-surface layer at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS: Thirty years of measurements
Authors: Gruzdev A N , Isakov A A , Elokhov A S , Anikin P P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The paper presents results of measurements and trend analysis of the mass concentration of submicron aerosol and the NO2 content in the atmospheric surface layer at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The station is located in a rural area of the western Moscow region. Aerosol concentration is determined by directional light scattering in a flow nephelometer. The NO2 content is measured spectrometrically by zenith-scattered solar radiation. Three decades of aerosol and NO2 measurements give a possibility to analyze long-term trends in near-surface aerosol and NO2. Seasonally dependent estimates of the aerosol trends are presented for three periods differing in character of aerosol variability: 1991–2002, 2003–2012, and 2013–2020. The common feature of the trends is a general decrease in the aerosol concentration. There are however significant interdecadal differences in the strength of the trends and in their seasonal dependence. The NO2 content in the near-surface layer undergoes a significant positive trend. The NO2 increase is likely associated with an increase in the population and human activity resulting, in particular, in the increase in motor traffic in the region. Effects of wind direction on aerosol and NO2 anomalies are also studied.
Meteorological multi-rotor unmanned aerial complex and its application for monitoring of the atmosphere
Authors: Popov Yu B , Karpushin P A , Krasnenko N P , Kurakov S A , Popova K Yu , Rakov A S 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A design of a meteorological complex based on multi-rotor aeromobile platforms of unmanned aerial vehicles and its possible application for measuring vertical profiles of the main meteorological parameters of the atmosphere, including the air temperature, humidity, and pressure are considered. An example of a comparison of multicopter measurements with the data obtained using an MPT-5 meteorological temperature profiler is given.
Variability of near-surface aerosol composition in Moscow in the spring of 2020
Authors: Gubanova D P , Skorokhod A I , Elansky N F , Iordanskii M A , Minashkin V M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The paper studies variability in mass concentration and elemental composition of near-surface aerosol in Moscow in March-April 2020. During the study period, noticeable fluctuations in concentration of surface aerosol caused by atypical synoptic and meteorological conditions were revealed. Sharp increase in PM10 particle concentration (March 25-29, April 13) is associated with anticyclonic activity and advection of air containing combustion aerosols from the areas with biomass fires. In April as a whole, anomalously low values of aerosol particle concentrations were recorded in comparison with the long-term average. The prevailing dry Arctic air masses significantly decreased the atmospheric aerosol pollution. The decrease of anthropogenic load during COVID-19 non-proliferation actions affected on daily variations of the surface aerosol, smoothing out its typical daily maximal concentration values. Results of spring experiment at the IAP RAS showed good agreement with the data of the Obuchi nearest station of State Budgetary Institution "Mosecomonitoring". We analyzed geochemical spectrum of chemical elements in aerosol and its variability under different synoptic and weather conditions in Moscow. Possible sources and sinks of aerosols are discussed taking into account both abnormal weather conditions and decreased anthropogenic load during a lockdown period in the spring of 2020.
Numerical modeling of methane hydrates dissociation in the submarine permafrost
Authors: Malakhova V V 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of gas hydrate reservoirs associated with submarine permafrost conditions to changes in global climate. We apply numerical simulations to assess the timings of methane hydrate dissociation on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf after flooding the shelf with the seawater. The modeling combines a model of submarine permafrost evolution with a model of methane hydrate dissociation that accounts for the consumption of latent heat during hydrate dissociation. Based on the analysis of the performed experiments, we found that the endothermic reaction is a significant mechanism for slowing hydrate dissociation in frozen sediments. As a result, it additionally increases the lag of the subsea permafrost and hydrates stability zone response to glacial cycles.
Application of A.M. Obukhov’s theory of correlation of vectors for scientific research and engineering calculations of ice drift in the Arctic Ocean.
Authors: Ivanov N E , Demchev D M , Nesterov A V 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The theory of vectors correlation of Obukhov was used to describe an ice drift in the Arctic Ocean. The main features are defined by an area. The tracks tortuosity in Beaufort Gyre and Transarctic current varies threefold: 1.5 and 4.5. Year to year and seasonal variations indicate the position of the Beaufort Gyre and the speed of the Transarctic drift. The average speed does not exceed 10 cm/s. The drift increases in summer, and in winter it intensifies in Fram Strait. In Fram Strait the velocity month–over–month increases from June to December–March from 2.5 to 6.5 cm/s. Overall correlation drift and wind is 0.95 and 0.85 for ice fields and icebergs. The non-wind drift reproduces the cyclonic circulation between Frantz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. The wind drift specifies the coefficients and angles of drift evasion from the wind. The coefficient for total drift is 0.14–0.18, fore wind drift 0.10–0.15, and the angles are 15–30° and 10–15° in the Barents Sea. In the Fram Strait the drift and wind directions are stable, the trend considers the modulus and direction. The drift trend has the direction towards the south. It decreases to 5 % of variance in June and increases to 15% from December to March.
Atomic-molecular effects in geophysical hydrodynamics
Authors: Chashechkin Y D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To calculate the dynamics and structure of flows, a system of fundamental equations of fluid mechanics with equations of state for the Gibbs potential and density of an inhomogeneous medium is applied. The complete solution of the system describes ligaments, waves, vortices, jets, wakes, and other types of flows. Calculations of flow patterns around obstacles are consistent with the experiment. Observations of the processes of merging a freely falling drop with a target fluid revealed that the finest components are formed during the direct generation of ligaments by atomic-molecular processes. The involvement of a scaled and parametrically invariant system of fundamental equations permits the study of unsteady energetic flows and more accurately describes their dynamics and structure in the whole range of scales from microscopic to global.
The ability of climate models to reproduce the weakening of the annual air temperature cycle over the central part of the Russian Plain
Authors: Alexandrov G A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Natural variability plays a large role in local climate that makes it difficult to specify the causes of the weakening of the annual cycle of surface air temperature in the central part of the Russian Plain. This study is to check whether this could be caused by the global warming by using the outputs of climate models. For this purpose, the changes in monthly surface air temperature simulated for the period from 1950 to 2010 were used to calculate the coefficients of correlation between the annual mean of the air temperature and the amplitude of its annual cycle. The negative correlation demonstrated by some models allows us to attribute, at least with a low confidence, the weakening of the annual temperature cycle in the central part of the Russian Plain to the global warming. The model disagreement on the sign of the correlation calls for the study of model ability to reproduce the changes in zonal and meridional atmospheric circulation over the eastern part of the European continent.
Algorithms for Operationalizing Mild Cognitive Impairment Using the Spanish-Language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery
Authors: Karr Justin E , Rivera Mindt Monica , Iverson Grant L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective
Neuropsychologists would benefit from flexible methods for operationalizing psychometric cognitive impairment in Spanish-speaking examinees that vary in association with intelligence, education, and sociocultural characteristics. The current study combined low and high score base rates (BRs) for the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) to identify score combinations that are uncommon within different stratifications of the normative sample and may indicate cognitive impairment.

Method
The Spanish-language NIHTB-CB normative sample included 250 healthy Latinx adults with complete data on two crystallized and five fluid cognitive tests (M = 38.8 ± 13.7 years old, 72.0% women). Test performances were converted into age-adjusted and demographically adjusted normed scores, adjusting for age, gender, and education. The frequencies at which participants obtained one or more low scores or few to no high scores on fluid cognitive tests were combined into algorithms that occurred at BRs approximately 1 SD (~16%) or 1.5 SDs (~7%) below the mean.

Results
Algorithms are provided for age-adjusted and demographically adjusted scores, with BRs stratified by crystallized ability, education, and sociocultural characteristics. Using demographically adjusted norms, the BR of obtaining any one of the following, 5 scores &lt;50th, 4+ scores ≤25th, 3+ scores ≤16th, or 2+ scores ≤9th percentile, approximates 1 SD below the mean in participants born (BR = 16.2%) or educated abroad (BR = 18.6%), who are monolingual Spanish speakers (BR = 16.4%) or who reside in low-income households (BR = 13.6%).

Conclusions
These algorithms offer a flexible approach to operationalizing psychometric cognitive impairment, through which different definitions can be applied to different examinees based on varying crystallized ability, education, and sociocultural characteristics.
Arginine inhibits Saccharomyces cerevisiae biofilm formation by inducing endocytosis of the arginine transporter Can1
Authors: Nishimura Akira , Nakagami Kazuki , Kan Kyoyuki , Morita Fumika , Takagi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Biofilms are formed by the aggregation of microorganisms into multicellular structures that adhere to surfaces. Biofilm formation by yeast is a critical issue in clinical and industrial fields because of the strong adhesion of yeast biofilm to abiotic surfaces and tissues. Here, we clarified the arginine-mediated inhibition of biofilm formation by yeast. First, we showed that arginine inhibits biofilm formation in fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, and Cladosporium cladosporioides, but not in bacteria. In regard to the underlying mechanism, biochemical analysis indicated that arginine inhibits biofilm formation by suppressing Flo11-dependent flocculation. Intriguingly, a strain with deletion of the arginine transporter-encoding CAN1 was insensitive to arginine-mediated inhibition of biofilm formation. Finally, Can1 endocytosis appeared to be required for the inhibitory mechanism of biofilm formation by arginine. The present results could help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of yeast biofilm formation and its control.
Baicalein inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα pathway
Authors: Zhang Zi-Zhen , Yu Xiao-Hua , Tan Wei-Hua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Lipid accumulation and inflammatory response are two major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Baicalein, a phenolic flavonoid widely used in East Asian countries, possesses a potential atheroprotective activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was performed to explore the impact of baicalein on lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Our results showed that baicalein up-regulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, liver X receptor α (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), promoted cholesterol efflux, and inhibited lipid accumulation. Administration of baicalein also reduced the expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Knockdown of LXRα or PPARγ with siRNAs abrogated the effects of baicalein on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, cholesterol efflux, lipid accumulation as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In summary, these findings suggest that baicalein exerts a beneficial effect on macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα signaling pathway.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Africa: Current Considerations and Future Projections
Authors: Idoko Olubukola T , Usuf Effua , Okomo Uduak , Wonodi Chizoba , Jambo Kondwani , Kampmann Beate , Madhi Shabir , Adetifa Ifedayo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The burden of severe Covid-19 has been relatively low in sib-Saharan Africa compared to Europe and the Americas. However, SARS-CoV-2 sero-prevalence data has demonstrated that there has been more widespread transmission than can be deduced from reported cases. This could be attributed to under reporting due to low testing capacity or high numbers of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in communities. Recent data indicates that prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure is protective against reinfection and that vaccination of previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals induces robust cross-reactive antibody responses. Considering these data, calls for a need for a re-think of the COVID-19 vaccination strategy in sub-Saharan African settings with high SARSCoV-2 population exposure but limited available vaccine doses. A potential recommendation would be to prioritize rapid and widespread vaccination of the first dose, while waiting for more vaccines to become available.
Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies in the Mozambican Population: A Cross-Sectional Serologic Study in 3 Cities, July–August 2020
Authors: Arnaldo Paulo , Mabunda Nédio , Young Peter Wesley , Tran Tiffany , Sitoe Nádia , Chelene Imelda , Nhanombe Armando , Ismael Nália , Júnior António , Cubula Basílio , Inlamea Osvaldo Frederico , Gudo Eduardo , Jani Ilesh Vinodrai 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
The extent of population exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was uncertain in many African countries during the onset of the pandemic.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study and randomly selected and surveyed general population and occupational groups from 6 July to 24 August 2020, in 3 cities in Mozambique. Anti–SARS-CoV-2–specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured using a point-of-care rapid test. The prevalence was weighted for population (by age, sex, and city) and adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity.

Results
A total of 21 183 participants, including 11 143 from the general population and 10 040 from occupational groups, were included across all 3 cities. General population seropositivity (IgM or IgG) prevalence was 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0%–6.6%) in Pemba, 2.1% (95% CI, 1.2%–3.3%) in Maputo City, and 0.9% (95% CI, .1%–1.9%) in Quelimane. The prevalence in occupational groups ranged from 2.8% (95% CI, 1.3%–5.2%) to 5.9% (95% CI, 4.3%–8.0%) in Pemba, 0.3% (95% CI, .0%–2.2%) to 4.0% (95% CI, 2.6%–5.7%) in Maputo City, and 0.0% (95% CI, .0%–.7%) to 6.6% (95% CI, 3.8%–10.5%) in Quelimane, and showed variations between the groups tested.

Conclusions
In the first representative COVID-19 serosurveys in Mozambique, in mid-2020, weighted and assay-adjusted seroprevalence in 3 provincial capitals of anti–SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 0.9% to 3.0%, whereas adjusted prevalence in occupational groups ranged from 0.0% to 6.6% with variation between groups. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was extensive during the first pandemic wave, and transmission may have been more intense among occupational groups. These data have been of utmost importance to inform public health intervention to control and respond to the pandemic in Mozambique.
Vaccines, Variants, and Vigilance: Strengthening the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Response Through Partnerships and Collaborations
Authors: Kutty Preeta K , Stuckey Matthew J , Koumans Emilia H 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments; other US government departments and agencies; the private sector; and international partners have engaged in a real-time public health response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccination, variants, and vigilance were themes that arose in the second year of pandemic response in the United States. The findings included in this supplement emerged from these themes and represent some of the many collaborative efforts to improve public health knowledge and action to reduce transmission, infection, and disease severity.