bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Border Student Flows and the Construction of International Law as a Transnational Legal Field
Authors: Roberts Anthea 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how the global flow of students shape the production and diffusion of knowledge in international law as a transnational legal field. It highlights the crucial role education plays in shaping an individual’s approaches and networks and how education represents a meaningful form of soft power through which academics in some states are able to diffuse ideas, materials, and approaches across borders. The chapter also mentions Oscar Schachter, who called the professional community of international lawyers an invisible college whose members were dispersed throughout the world but still engaged in a continuous process of communication and collaboration. The chapter describes the transnational field of international law as a divisible college of international lawyers that is marked by patterns of difference and dominance. It looks at distinct profiles of international law academics in different states.
On Dangerous Ground
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The book explores the history of U.S. involvement in the South China Sea disputes from the late nineteenth century through the present day. The work seeks to explain which U.S. national interests best explain its positions on the disputes over the course of more than a century. It determines that two have been most abiding: defense of freedom of the seas and the credibility of U.S. alliance commitments, particularly to the Philippines. As a result, the book examines not just the evolution of the South China Sea disputes but how those intersected with monumental shifts in the law of the sea and the state of the U.S.-Philippines alliance over the course of the twentieth century. The book also serves as a general history of the territorial and maritime disputes, providing a comprehensive overview of the factors that drove each party to stake claims, undertake new occupations, and occasionally resort to the threat or use of force. These threads come together in a forward-looking analysis of the current state of play and options for the United States and like-minded partners to pursue their long-standing interests in the face of a status quo which China has radically altered in just a few short years.
On Revolutions
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOn Revolutions integrates insights from diverse fields—civil resistance studies, international relations, social movements, terrorism—to offes new ways of thinking about the study of revolution. Conventional lines of thought draw on a number of categorical distinctions: social versus political revolutions, structure versus agency, violent versus nonviolent strategies, domestic versus international factors, and success versus failure. In contrast, the book outlines an approach that reaches beyond these dichotomies. Revolutions are not just political or social—they feature many types of change. Structure and agency are not mutually distinct—they are mutually reinforcing processes. Contention is not just violent or nonviolent—it is a messy process that usually involves both strategies. Revolutions do not just succeed or fail—they achieve and simultaneously fall short. And causal conditions are not just domestic or international—they are dependent on the interplay of each. The merit of this approach is demonstrated through consideration of a wide range of cases. The volume also explores new opportunities for conceptual thinking about revolution, provides methodological advice, and engages with the ethical issues that exist at the nexus of scholarship and activism. Taken together, these innovations chart a new path for revolution studies.
Triumph over Adversity
Authors: Anderson Lisa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Authored by one of the doyens of Middle East studies, this chapter reflects on the state of the subfield. It imparts why the current study of MENA politics represents both a turning point and a point of departure. It highlights how regional scholars have also wrestled with unique concerns, such as wrenching impediments to research—including poor data quality and dangerous field sites—as well as entrenched biases in mainstream political science, which made off-the-shelf theories and methods sometimes unsuitable to regional inquiry. Questions about ethical research practices have also loomed large, making MENA political scientists superbly wary about the pitfalls and payoffs of their craft. In all, this concluding chapter argues that regional specialists have successfully championed the practice of political science in a region long viewed as resistant to conventional analysis, while pointing out new directions for the discipline.
Proto-Uralic
Authors: Sámmol Ánte Luobbal Sámmol 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter presents an overview of the common protolanguage of all Uralic languages: its phonematics, morphology, morphosyntax, and lexicon. Uralic comparative linguistics is a highly developed field of research, and many aspects of the structure of Proto-Uralic can be reconstructed reasonably well. However, there are still problems and lacunae, owing to the shallow philological record and the highly uneven state of research and description of present-day Uralic languages. Beside the attempt at a systematic reconstruction of the structure of Proto-Uralic, the chapter also presents a brief critique of some misguided principles of explanation which have become well-established in mainstream reconstructions of Proto-Uralic morphology and syntax, such as the tendency to base morphological reconstructions almost exclusively on phonological correspondences. The chapter ends with a critical analysis of diverse hypotheses concerning the possible relatedness of Uralic with other language families.
The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring
Authors: Saarikivi Janne 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter deals with the dispersal of Proto-Uralic into reconstructible intermediate protolanguages, from which the current Uralic languages can easily be derived: Proto-Saamic, Proto-Finnic, Proto-Mordvin, Proto-Mari, Proto-Permic, Proto-Samoyedic and the three Ugric languages or language groups traditionally conflated into a subtaxon: Proto-Hungarian, Proto-Mansi, and Proto-Khanty. The Uralic intermediate protolanguages are localized and dated on the basis of loanword strata, areal linguistics, and toponymy. The chapter also discusses the prehistory of each proto-language in terms of speaker populations and their contacts with other ethnic groups, in the light of archaeological evidence of their subsistence and possible migrations. The chapter includes maps and diagrams illustrating the original speaking areas and dispersal of the intermediate protolanguages.
Language policy in Russia
Authors: Zamyatin Konstantin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter offers an overview of the language policy of Russia, with a special emphasis on its effects on Uralic minority languages. The structure of the first part of the chapter is chronological: it starts from the period when the Finno-Ugric peoples were first integrated into the Russian political realm and consequently overviews the language policies of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and then a democratizing and present-day authoritarian Russia. The second part of the chapter is about regional language policies, especially from the point of view of language revival and the role of minority languages in education. First, it presents an overview of some common trends in regional policy development and then discusses differences in the language protection regimes of the Uralic languages in individual regions. Despite the common general framework, some regions were more successful in pursuing their language policy goals than others.
Saami
Authors: Koponen Eino 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the Saami languages, a chain of indigenous language varieties constituting the westernmost branch of Uralic, especially their reconstructible proto-form, Proto-Saamic, its genesis and central features. Proto-Saamic, a sister language of Proto-Finnic, was probably spoken (also) south of the historical Saami areas (“Lapland”) in the North of Fennoscandia, and its genesis and emergence from Northwest Uralic may have involved contacts with other, partly unknown languages. The chapter briefly describes the main features of Proto-Saamic and the Saami languages, phonology (developments in the vowel and consonant system, consonant gradation, phonotactics and word structure), morphology (case, number, person, tense, mood, the origins of the characteristically rich derivation system), syntax, and lexicon.
Finnish, Meänkieli, and Kven
Authors: Laakso Johanna 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Finnish, a language descending from diverse Northern Finnic dialects of the area which until 1809 belonged to Sweden, is a national language in Finland and also spoken by migrant diasporas in other countries, especially in Sweden. Two varieties which linguistically belong to the continuum of the Finnish Far North dialects, Meänkieli in Sweden and Kven in Norway, are now officially recognized and codified as minority languages. This chapter will briefly describe the development of Finnish, with special respect to its heterogeneous dialectal basis. The major part of the chapter will focus on the structure and characteristics of Finnish, Meänkieli, and Kven, especially those features which distinguish them from other Finnic languages. The chapter ends with a glossed text example.
Ingrian
Authors: Markus Elena , Rozhanskiy Fedor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter gives a concise description of Ingrian, a minor unwritten northern Finnic language currently classified as nearly extinct. Ingrian is spoken in the western part of the Leningrad province of the Russian Federation. Of the four original dialects, two are still alive: Soikkola Ingrian and Lower Luga Ingrian. According to the authors’ estimation, the number of fluent speakers is no more than fifty; their number is rapidly decreasing. All the speakers are bilingual, and the language is not being passed to following generations. The description is based on the data from Soikkola Ingrian recorded by the authors in 2006–14. The chapter addresses the most important aspects of Ingrian, including a typologically rare ternary contrast of consonant lengths and a rich system of morphophonological alternations.
Votic
Authors: Markus Elena , Rozhanskiy Fedor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter gives a concise description of Votic, an almost extinct unwritten southern Finnic language. The remnants of the Votic population live in a few villages in the Leningrad province of the Russian Federation. The language is moribund: there are no more than five speakers left and the average age of the speakers is more than eighty. The description is based on the data from the Luuditsa variety of Western Votic. Most of the data comes from field recordings made by the authors in 2001–14. The chapter addresses the most important aspects of Votic, including the vowel harmony, reduced final vowels, replacement of 3pl verbal forms with impersonal forms, and others.
Seto South Estonian
Authors: Pajusalu Karl 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
South Estonian (SE) is a historical Southern Finnic language spoken in southern Estonia and adjacent areas. The core forms of SE are Võro and Seto, the western dialect of SE is called Mulgi, and the northern dialect of SE is Tartu. There also were SE Leivu and Lutsi language islands in Eastern Latvia and Kraasna in the Southern Pskov Region in Russia. Although the SE varieties clearly differ from Northern and Standard Estonian at all levels of language structure, they have not been officially recognized as languages. South Estonian displays most of the phonological and morphosyntactic features which are characteristic of Southern Finnic, such as ternary quantity alternation, velar vowel harmony, comitative and terminative cases, grammatical devices for expressing reported evidentiality, i.e. reported commands. SE vocabulary shows long-lasting contacts with Baltic and Slavic languages. This chapter describes Seto, a characteristically SE variety whose speakers have a distinct ethnic identity.
Mari
Authors: Saarinen Sirkka 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Mari (in older literature also known as "Cheremis"), a minority language in European Russia, comprises two closely related languages, Meadow and Hill Mari, differing from each other mainly in phonology, and to some extent, in morphology. Mari has nine to ten cases marked with suffixes, some of which are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric and some historically compound suffixes or borrowings. Mari has three moods, three simple tenses, and four compound past tenses. Half of the past tenses express non-experienced action. Mari has a rich system of derivational suffixes. Instead of subordinate clauses different non-finite constructions are used. Syntactically Mari is a SOV language. During its history Mari has been most strongly influenced by the Turkic languages Chuvash and Tatar. Because of this Mari has several hundred, in some dialects even over 2,000 loanwords from Turkic. Also, derivational suffixes and even some inflectional morphemes have been borrowed.
Permic
Authors: Klumpp Gerson 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides historical and structural background information on shared innovations of the two Permic sub-branches, Komi and Udmurt. The Permic languages are closely related. According to the evidence of loanwords from Western Turkic, Komi split off from Proto Permic towards the end of the first millenium AD. The languages share the same phoneme inventories, the same case systems, they developed parallel evidential past-tense forms, and, of course have a common lexical stock. However, from a syntactical point of view they show clear differences: while Udmurt is strictly SOV and more often aligns with its Turkic neighbours, Tatar and Chuvash, Komi is less strictly SOV and parallels more often Russian structures. In addition to presenting common Permic traits, this chapter also aims at defining some differences from the other two Uralic branches of the larger Volga-Kama area, Mari and Mordvin.
Komi
Authors: Kuznetsov Nikolay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Komi language belongs to the Permic group of the Finno-Ugric language family and displays typical Permic features such as a rich case system; in comparison with its sister language Udmurt, it is more clearly marked by Russian influences but also by contacts with Nenets and language varieties of a Finnic type. Komi has two mutually intelligible written standards, Komi-Zyryan and Komi-Permyak. Komi speakers traditionally live in the north-east of the European part of Russia, the majority of Zyryans in the Komi Republic and the Komi-Permyak in the Komi-Permyak District in the Perm Krai. There are also traditional Komi settlements on the Kola peninsula and in western Siberia. Komi has an official status in the Komi Republic, but its speaker numbers tend to decrease. This chapter mainly focuses on the description of Standard Komi-Zyryan, with some additional remarks about Permyak.
Selkup
Authors: Kazakevič Olga 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Selkup (in older literature also known as "Ostyak Samoyed") is an indigenous language with some 600 speakers and semi-speakers, very few of whom are children. Practically all speakers reside in the north of Western Siberia. Selkup has had restricted written use for about 150 years; from the late 1930s on the orthography is based on Cyrillic script. Northern Selkup dialects show variation in both phonology and morphology. Here a description of the Middle Taz dialect will be given, and specific features of the other local dialects of Northern Selkup will only be mentioned. This chapter will describe the Middle Taz Selkup phonology with its forty-one vowels and sixteen consonants, rich morphonology, derivation and inflection, and syntax (special attention will be paid to the word order, which is often described as SOV, although in practice, the word order in Selkup is not very strict). The chapter ends with a glossed text example.
Prosody
Authors: Pajusalu Karl 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Finno-Ugric languages have been called quantity languages, because most of them have a phonological opposition of short and long durations. Finno-Ugric languages are usually characterized by a fixed word-initial stress and distinctive quantity alternations. The most thoroughly studied Finno-Ugric languages, i.e. Hungarian and Finnish, have indeed such prosodic characteristics. However, several Finno-Ugric languages are characterized by various patterns of rhythmic word stress, quantity oppositions which co-occur with tonal cues, a tendency for stress- or foot-timing, etc. Such prosodic oppositions have an important role in complex morphophonological word paradigms. Sentence intonation is usually falling in the Finno-Ugric languages. Nevertheless, recent studies, such as on Hungarian and Estonian, indicate that there is a rather complicated interaction between the focus structure, syntax, and sentence prosody.
Person marking
Authors: Janda Gwen Eva , Laakso Johanna , Metslang Helle 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates patterns of verbal and nominal person marking in Uralic languages. Person is combined with number: there are three persons in singular and plural, in some languages also in dual. Person marking on finite verbs (in many Uralic languages, in case of negation it is placed on the negative auxiliary verb) is used in subject agreement, and in Mordvin, Ugric, and Samoyedic there exists an additional paradigm for object agreement (aka objective conjugation). Adnominal person markers, traditionally known as possessive suffixes, can encode possessor person but also a variety of features connected with referentiality or definiteness. With non-finite verbs they mark subject agreement in dependent clauses. The functions, uses and productivity of possessive suffixes vary greatly within Uralic.
Introduction to Nanophotonics
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The aim of this book is to cover the scope of Nanophotonics, a discipline that has emerged around the turn of the millennium. It results from the merge of different communities working in different aspects of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. These include near-field optics and super-resolution microscopy, photonic crystals, diffractive optics, plasmonics, optoelectronics, synthesis of metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, two-dimensional materials and metamaterials. Our feeling when we started the project was that a book covering most of these aspects altogether was lacking. The field is so rapidly evolving that it is impossible to summarize all the recent breakthroughs. The goal of this book is to provide a self-contained discussion of the fundamentals of the different subfields involved in nanophotonics. The current project is a collaborative project between three researchers that have been actively involved in the field from different communities. Henri Benisty has a background in semiconductor physics and optoelectronics, Jean-Jacques Greffet has a background in near-field optics and light scattering, Philippe Lalanne has a background in diffractive optics and photonic crystals. All of them made significant contributions to the advancement of the field. The book material is based on lectures that have been given by them at the Institut d’Optique Graduate School (Palaiseau, Bordeaux and Saint-Etienne).
Radiation
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to derive the electromagnetic fields generated by timedependent sources. Here, we consider that the sources are known and that they radiate in vacuum. This typically corresponds to the problem of a wire antenna in vacuum. The procedure to compute the fields is based on the fact that Maxwell equations are linear. It follows that a key role is played by the field radiated by a point-like source, as any source can be decomposed into a linear superposition of point-like sources. We also introduce in this chapter a concept that plays a fundamental role in electrodynamics: the electric dipole moment.
Propagation in periodic media (I): Bloch modes and homogenization
Authors: Benisty Henri , Greffet Jean-Jacques , Lalanne Philippe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 introduces the Bloch modes of photonic crystals for the very important textbook example of one-dimensional photonic crystals. The originality of the present presentation lies in the dual view that is adopted. Bloch modes are described by deriving either complex-valued wavevectors for fixed real frequencies (like the waveguide modes of Chapter 6) or complex-valued frequencies for fixed real wavevectors (like the quasinormal modes of Chapter 7). This synoptic description is then used to study the first and second-order homogenisation of multidimensional crystals in the long wavelength limit, the properties of the gap and the band edge being left for the following chapter. The last part focuses on the conditions for which diffraction gratings, first reminded, can be approximately replaced by homogeneous thin films, a generic problem that is encountered in the design of many optical components and prepares the readers to the applications of metasurfaces discussed in chapter 18.
Tsushima
Authors: Kowner Rotem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Battle of Tsushima, in which the Japanese Imperial Navy defeated the Russian Imperial Navy in 1905, marks the first modern victory of an Asian power over a major European power. This final and most decisive naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War was not only the most devastating defeat suffered by the Imperial Russian Navy in its entire history but also the only truly decisive engagement between two battleship fleets in modern times. On the eve of the battle, both sides believed that an engagement of their fleets would determine the final course of the war. A Russian victory could lead to tsarist control of the seas west of the Japanese home islands. A defeat, however, would end any Russian hope of altering the course of the war and possibly oblige the Russians to negotiate peace. And indeed, the Russian government’s hopes of reversing the military situation in East Asia were dashed in the battle’s aftermath. Now it was compelled to enter into peace negotiations, which resulted in the Treaty of Portsmouth, signed just over three months later. In both Japan and Russia, the Battle of Tsushima had a prolonged impact on both the fate of these nations’ respective navies and on their ambitions during at least four decades. This book is the first scholarly endeavour in English that seeks to not only tell the story of the battle but also evaluate its short- and long-term consequences in the naval, political, and social spheres.
The Battle
Authors: Kowner Rotem 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account and analysis of the battle from the interception of the Russian armada until the arrival of its surviving ships to Vladivostok three days later. Of special attention are the opening stage of the battle and the final one, in which the Russian commander, Vice Admiral Zinovii Rozhestvenskii fell prisoner while unconscious. In tactical terms, the initial engagement between the Japanese 1st Battle Division (comprising battleships and armoured cruisers) with the life of Russian battleships was unprecedented. This chapter concludes with a detailed analysis of the reasons for the Japanese victory and the Russian fiasco.