bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Federated Learning PoisoningAttacks and Defenses
Authors: Liang Junchuan , Wang Rong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As one kind of distributed machine learning technique, federated learning enables multiple clients to build a model across decentralized datacollaboratively without explicitly aggregating the data. Due to its abilityto break data silos, federated learning has received increasing attentionin many fields, including finance, healthcare, and education. However,the invisibility of clients’ training data and the local training process result in some security issues. Recently, many works have beenproposed to research the security attacks and defenses in federatedlearning, but there has been no special survey on poisoning attacks onfederated learning and the corresponding defenses. In this paper, weinvestigate the most advanced schemes on federated learning poisoningattacks and defenses and point out the future directions in these areas.
Motivation and job satisfaction of community health workers in Ethiopia: A mixed-methods approach.
Authors: Ejigu Yohannes , Abera Netsanet , Haileselassie Werissaw , Berhanu Negalign , Haile Biniyam Tadesse , Nigatu Frehiwot , Tewfik Nurhan , Kiflie Yibeltal , Medhin Girmay , Walelign Fasil , Demissie Mekdes , Tigabu Setegn , Taddesse Daniel , Dadi Tegene Legese , Teklu Alula 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background: Ethiopia has been providing health care to its rural population since 2004 using female Community Health Workers called Health Extension Workers (HEWs). The HEWs are credited with several achievements in improving the country's health indicators. However, information about the HEWs' motivation and job satisfaction is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the HEWs' motivation and job satisfaction, as well as the factors that influence them. Methods: A mixed-methods study was nested within a national health extension program assessment conducted from March 01 to May 31, 2019. A structured questionnaire which looked at motivation and satisfaction with Likert type single-question and multiple-item measures was used to collect quantitative data from 584 HEWs. Focus group discussion and in-depth interviews were used to gather qualitative data. Means and percentages were used to descriptively summarize important variables. Linear regression was used to identify factors associated with job satisfaction. The qualitative data was analysed thematically. Result: Overall, 48.6% of HEWs were satisfied with their jobs, with a mean score of 2.5 out of 4.0. The result showed a high level of satisfaction with autonomy (72%), relationships with co-workers (67%), and recognition (56%). Low level of satisfaction was linked to pay, and benefits (13%); opportunities for promotion (29%); and education (34%). Regression analysis showed that HEWs in the age category of 30 years and older had lower satisfaction scores as compared to HEWs in the age category of 18 to 24 years (adjusted β = -7.71, 95% CI: -14.42, -0.99). The qualitative result revealed that desire to help the community, recognition or respect gained from the community, and achievement were the major motivating factors. In contrast, inadequate pay and benefit packages, limited education and career advancement opportunities, workload, work environment, limited supportive supervision, and absence of opportunity to change workplace were the demotivating factors.Conclusion: The overall job satisfaction of HEWs was low; extrinsic factors, such as inadequate pay and benefits, limited education, and career advancement opportunities were the major sources of demotivation. Policy makers and human resource managers should revise their human resource policies and guidelines to address the main sources of low level of job satisfaction and demotivation.
Study of the inflammatory activating process in the early stage of Fusobacterium nucleatum infected PDLSCs
Authors: Feng Qiang , Wang Yushang , Wang Lihua , Sun Tianyong , Shen Song , Li Zixuan , Ma Xiaomei , Gu Xiufeng , Zhang Xiumei , Peng Ai , Xu Xin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is the early pathogenic colonizer of periodontitis, while the host response to this pathogen infection remains unclear yet. In this study, we built the F. nucleatum infectious model with human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and showed that F. nucleatum could inhibit proliferation, facilitates apoptosis, ferroptosis, and inflammatory cytokines production in a dose-dependent manner. F. nucleatum adhesin FadA acted as a proinflammatory virulence factor and increased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Further study showed FadA could bind with PEBP1 to active Raf1-MAPK and IKK-NF-κB signaling pathways. Time-course RNA-sequencing analyses showed the cascade of gene activation process of PDLSCs with the increasing duration of F. nucleatum infection. NFκB1 and NFκB2 were up-regulated since 3 h of F. nucleatum-infection and time serially elevated the inflammatory related genes on the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using computational drug repositioning analysis, we predicted and validated that two potential drugs (piperlongumine and fisetin) could attenuate the negative effects of F. nucleatum-infection. Collectively, this study unveils the potential pathogenic mechanisms of F. nucleatum and the host inflammatory response at the early stage of F. nucleatum-infection.
Experimental study on uniaxial creep characteristics of sandstone with pre-peak unloading damage
Authors: Liang Zhonghao , Ji Peizhi , Zhang Yifan , Qin Nan , Huang Qiming , Yu Zhuoqun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Deep resource extraction is subjected to the complex geological environment of "three highs and one disturbance" for a long time. The surrounding rocks experience strong unloading stress disturbance during the underground resource extraction. The creep characteristics of the perimeter rocks are of great theoretical and practical value. Firstly, the triaxial pre-peak loading and unloading tests on the prepared samples are conducted on the intact rock samples using the TAW-200 rock mechanics test system. Then the rock samples with different degrees of pre-peak unloading damage are prepared under the condition of pre-peak yield. Then uniaxial creep tests were carried out to study the uniaxial creep mechanical properties. The results show that the wave velocities of the damaged rock samples are reduced to different degrees compared with those of the intact rock samples; The creep of the pre-peak unloading damaged rock has a time-dependent damage effect, and the study results are similar to those of the conventional uniaxial creep test of the white sandstone. The instantaneous strain at all stress levels of the damaged rock samples increased gradually with the stress level, and all conformed to the non-linear functional relationship; based on the time-dependent damage effect. The two-parameter Weibull distribution function was introduced into the West Plains viscoelasticity model, and a creep damage model for white sandstone was proposed. The improved Nishihara model can simulate the uniaxial creep characteristics of each damaged rock sample at various stress levels.
The medium effective volume of 0.375% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided anterior suprascapular nerve block in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a single-armed, prospective, dose-finding study
Authors: PU JIANGPAN , YIN HAILING , ZHANG YONG 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Backgroundː This prospective, single-armed study investigated the median effective volume (MEV) of 0.375% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided anterior suprascapular nerve block (aSSNB) required to produce an analgesic effect on patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Our primary objective is the MEV. The secondary objectives are the 24h sufentanil consumption, 24h PCA Presses, and diaphragm movement.Methodsː 24 patients were enrolled, and 23 completed the study. Using an up-and-down procedure, patients enrolled in the study received different doses of 0.375% ropivacaine in the anterior section of the suprascapular nerve. The aSSNB was performed under ultrasound guidance. The first patient received 15 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine. After a successful or failed block, the next patient would receive a volume decreased or increased by 3 ml. 23 patients were recruited in the study and then met the stopping rule. We used a 3-point scale to determine if the block is successful or not. We considered a successful block if both the sensory score of C5 and C6 was equal to or greater than 1. Otherwise, the block was considered a failure.Results: MEV50 was 6 ml (95% CI 5.78-6.78 ml), and MEV95 was 13.88 ml (95% CI 13.37-14.87 ml). There was no significant difference in the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) presses, 24h sufentanil consumption, and diaphragm movement between successful and unsuccessful blocks.Conclusionsː To produce an analgesic effect, the MEV50 is 6 ml, and the MEV95 is 13.88ml in patients conducting aSSNB using 0.375% ropivacaine for analgesia undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery.Trial Registration: ChiCTR2200061773. 02/07/2022 retrospectively registered.
Repeated use of morphine induces anxiety via affecting a proinflammatory cytokine signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex in rats
Authors: Ahmadi Shamseddin , Talvar Shiva Mohammadi , Masoudi Kayvan , Zobeiri Mohammad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We examined the involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and proinflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in anxiety-like behaviors after repeated use of morphine. Morphine dependence in male Wistar rats was induced via twice-daily morphine injection (10 mg/kg) for eight days. On day 8, opioid dependence was confirmed by measuring morphine withdrawal signs precipitated with naloxone. On days 1 and 8, anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using a light/dark box test. On day 8, TLR1 and 4, proinflammatory cytokines, and some of the downstream signaling molecules were evaluated at mRNA and protein levels in the PFC. The results revealed that morphine caused anxiolytic-like effects on day 1, which significantly decreased after eight days of the repeated injection. On day 8, a significant decrease in TLR1 expression in the PFC was detected in morphine-dependent rats but TLR4 remained unaffected. Repeated morphine injection significantly increased theIL1-β, TNFα, and IL6 expression but decreased IL1R and TNFR at mRNA and protein levels except for IL6R at the protein level in the PFC. The p38α mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase expression significantly increased but the JNK3 expression decreased in the PFC of morphine-dependent rats. The NF-κB expression also increased significantly in the PFC after repeated injection of morphine. Significant increases in Let-7c, mir-133b, and mir-365 were also detected in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats. We conclude that TLR1 and proinflammatory cytokines in the PFC via a MAP kinase/NF-κB pathway may party underlie the decrease in the anxiolytic-like effect of morphine in dependent rats.
Parents’ decision whether or not to enrol their infant in a clinical trial: towards a patient centred approach? A qualitative study
Authors: Cornu Catherine , Carle Quentin , Poite Maylis , Erpeldinger Sylvie , Meunier-Beillard Nicolas , Binquet Christine , Ginhoux Tiphanie , Saidi Manel , Lamotte-Félin Alexandra , Supper Irène , Moreau Alain , Verriere Virginie , Tisserand Elodie , Berard Anick , Paris Adeline , Lamort-Bouché Marion , Kieffer François , Wallon Martine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Clinical trials are the cornerstone of drug evaluation but are difficult to perform in children since obtaining written informed consent from both parents is very challenging. We aimed to identify determinants of parents’ decision whether or not to enrol their child in a clinical trial.
Methods
A Grounded Theory qualitative approach was used, based on semi-structured interviews with parents who had to give their consent to enrol their child some years before in the TOSCANE study, evaluating the occurrence of chorioretinitis. An interview guide based on bibliographic references, expert consultations and work meetings with the TOSCANE investigators was used during video interviews, conducted until saturation was reached. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed anonymously into text format, and double coded before analysis.
Results
Between April 2020 and April 2021, 18 interviews (nine consenting and nine non-consenting parents) were conducted. Saturation was reached after 16 interviews. The important determinants of parents’ decision, already described in the literature and which could result either in consent or refusal, were: investigator perceived to be human and competent, parents’ personality, parents’ working in healthcare, strong preference for one of the treatment groups, good health of the child, opinions regarding research. New determinants, such as mothers’ guilt about toxoplasmosis transmission, were identified and mostly associated with non-consent.
Conclusion
Parents' decisions depend on a set of determinants related to family history, personality, and perception of the disease and research, none of them predominating. These determinants suggest that a patient-centred approach could be adopted along with the adequate training of investigators, which requires future assessment.
Immunodominance of epitopes and protection efficacy of RBD antigen are differentially altered by different adjuvants and immune routes
Authors: Li Sisi , Duan Lianli , Zhang Xiaoli , yang Rui , Chen Longlong , Chen Zhifu , Gou Qiang , Bao Wenxin , Yuan Yue , Jing Haiming , zhang Yi , Cheng Ping , Luo Ping , Zou Quanming , Wang Wanneng , Zhao Zhuo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Previous studies have revealed that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is immunogenic in both mice and healthy volunteers, and the humoral immune response plays key roles in RBD-mediated protection. In this study, we evaluated the immunodominant humoral response of RBD with different adjuvants and different immune routes in inducing neutralizing antibodies and immunodominant epitopes in RBD.
Methods
In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of immunization with RBD plus three different adjuvants (Al(OH)3, ASO3 or AddaVax) and two different routes (intramuscular immunity or intranasal immunity) in a mouse model.
Results
The results showed that RBD-mediated protection was altered in response to different adjuvants; even with the same adjuvant, RBD-mediated protection was altered in different immune routes. Using antisera from immunized mice, we identified six B-cell immunodominant epitopes in the RBD, including 2 novel epitopes (RBD1 − 18 and RBD49 − 66) in intramuscular immunity and 3 novel epitopes (RBD31 − 48, RBD61 − 78, RBD97 − 114) in intranasal immunity. The B-cell immunodominant epitopes identified from mice immunized with RBD plus different adjuvants were also different from each other, which may explain the differences in protective immunity observed in each immunized group.
Conclusions
This study indicate that adjuvants and immune routes largely affect the immunodominance of epitopes and the protective efficacy of RBD, which may guide further adjuvant screening for vaccine development and optimization.
A new tool to quantify biodiversity change under landscape transformation
Authors: Hilário Renato Richard , Carvalho William Douglas , Rosalino Luís Miguel , Xavier Bruna da Silva , Palmeirim Jorge M , Vieira Marcus Vinícius , Mustin Karen , Cardoso Pedro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
ContextIdentifying how species richness (or diversity) changes with different proportions of natural and anthropized environments in the landscape is important for landscape management for conservation. ObjectivesHere we propose a new method to assess biodiversity changes in landscapes with varying proportions of habitat types. MethodsOur method copes with two or more habitat types in the landscape and works with taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities. We tested our method and a previous approach developed by Chao et al. using eight different simulated scenarios and one empirical dataset to assess whether they behaved as expected. ResultsOur method performed as expected in all scenarios and in the empirical dataset (considering also the functional and phylogenetic diversities in this latter case). The alternative method by Chao et al. conformed with the predictions only in two out of eight scenarios and provided counterintuitive results in all other scenarios and in the empirical dataset. ConclusionsWe showed that our method is a reliable tool to assess biodiversity changes in the context of landscape planning. The possibility of working with more than two habitat types and with different dimensions of diversity (i.e. functional and phylogenetic diversity) are also major advances of our method.
Three-dimensional analysis of laryngeal cartilage development
Authors: Kitamura Kei , Odaka Kento , Yamamoto Masahito , Ogawa Yuudai , Kikuchi Nobue , Kasahara Norio , Ishikawa Noboru , Abe Shinichi , Yamamoto Hitoshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The process of laryngeal cartilage growth during the recanalization of the glottis has not been resolved. Therefore, we performed 3-dimensional analysis of the process of laryngeal cartilage development in utero. This study examined fetal mice at embryonic day (E)13.5–E17.5. The 3-dimensional structure of the laryngeal cartilage was reconstructed from serial slices of the entire larynx, and its morphology was observed and measured. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed with anti-SOX9 and anti-ColII antibodies to investigate the differentiation process of chondrocytes. At E13.5 the laryngeal cartilage was a single mass, but at E14.5 it had divided to form the thyroid cartilage (TC), cricoid cartilage (CC), and arytenoid cartilage (AC). Recanalization of the glottis occurred from E15.5 to E16.5, and the upper part of the laryngeal cartilage supporting the glottis also underwent substantial growth during this period. At E17.5, following recanalization of the glottis, growth of the laryngeal cartilage supporting the infraglottic region occurred. The laryngeal cartilage supporting the glottis underwent rapid growth during recanalization. This finding suggested that laryngeal cartilage growth may support the recanalization of the glottis.
Student preferences and perceptions of learning with vSim® for Nursing in pneumonia: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Liao Zhaohui , Zhao Li , Guan Chunhong , Huang Lei , Zeng Ruyi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Backgrounds:
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and participant satisfaction of the virtual simulation education for nursing students about pneumonia using the vSim platform.
Methods
Sixty eight junior college students were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In addition to the training on the vSim platform in the experimental group, experimental and control groups received lectures on pneumonia and clinical skills training. Knowledge tests and self-confidence assessments must be completed before and after training.
Results
The data of participants in the experimental (n = 32) and control groups (n = 31) were analyzed. Comparing the data before and after training in the two groups revealed that knowledge improvement between the groups after training (p = 0.684) was not significantly different. The improvement level of self-confidence in the experimental group (p = 0.045) was better than that in the control group. The satisfaction survey results for the vSim platform disclose that the satisfaction of seven items exceeds 90% in all items.
Conclusion
Nursing training with the vSim platform increases nursing students' confidence in their practice and causes high practice satisfaction.
Investigation on proximate composition and quality of carp fish ( Cyprinus carpio) enrichment with Beta vulgaris
Authors: Aberoumand Ali , nejad Saeed Ziaei , Amiri Nahid 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
The optimizing nutritional conditions are effective in the quantitative and qualitative position of carp production. The use of plant material in the fish diet to reduce production costs and increase growth rate.
Objectives
The aim of present research was to investigate the effect of different levels of powder Beta vulgaris was preformatted on some indices of nutrition and the fillet analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Methods
The 360 fish with a weight average of 20 g and a standard length of 9 cm were selected and randomly divided into 12 tanks. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments and 3 triplicates. The fishes were fed to diet containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% of Beta vulgaris powder for 6 weeks. The nutrition indices and chemical composition of the fish fillet were investigated.
Results
The adding Beta vulgaris leaves powder to the fish diet had a positive effect on the nutrition indices. Feed conversion ratio was increased by adding Beta vulgaris to diet, and there was a significant difference between dietary conversion efficiency and protein/fat ratio and protein content in compared to the control.
Conclusion
The adding 1% of Beta vulgaris powder to fish diet caused a decrease in the fat content which significantly difference found with other treatments. The presence of Beta vulgaris leaves in the diet increased the protein and ash contents in the fish fillet.
Kalman Filter With Impulse Noised Outliers : a Robustsequential Algorithm to Filter Data With a Large Number Of outliers
Authors: Cloez Bertrand , Fontez Bénédicte , GONZÀLEZ-GARCÌA Eliel , Sanchez Isabelle 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Impulse noised outliers are data points that differs significantly from other observations. They are generally removed from the data set through local regression or Kalman filter algorithm. However, these methods, or their generalizations, are not well suited when the number of outliers is of the same order as the number of low-noise data. In this article, we propose a new model for impulse noised outliers based on simple latent linear Gaussian processes as in the Kalman Filter. We present a fast forward-backward algorithm to filter and smooth sequential data and which also detect these outliers. We compare the robustness and efficiency of this algorithm with classical methods. Finally, we apply this method on a real data set from a Walk Over Weighing system admitting around $60\%$ of outliers. For this application, we further develop an (explicit) EM algorithm to calibrate some algorithm parameters.