bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring polygenic‐environment and residual‐environment interactions for depressive symptoms within the UK Biobank
Authors: Gillett Alexandra C. , Jermy Bradley S. , Lee Sang Hong , Pain Oliver , Howard David M. , Hagenaars Saskia P. , Hanscombe Ken B. , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Lewis Cathryn M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSubstantial advances have been made in identifying genetic contributions to depression, but little is known about how the effect of genes can be modulated by the environment, creating a gene–environment interaction. Using multivariate reaction norm models (MRNMs) within the UK Biobank (N = 61294–91644), we investigate whether the polygenic and residual variance components of depressive symptoms are modulated by 17 a priori selected covariate traits—12 environmental variables and 5 biomarkers. MRNMs, a mixed‐effects modelling approach, provide unbiased polygenic–covariate interaction estimates for a quantitative trait by controlling for outcome‐covariate correlations and residual–covariate interactions. A continuous depressive symptom variable was the outcome in 17 MRNMs—one for each covariate trait. Each MRNM had a fixed‐effects model (fixed effects included the covariate trait, demographic variables, and principal components) and a random effects model (where polygenic–covariate and residual–covariate interactions are modelled). Of the 17 selected covariates, 11 significantly modulate deviations in depressive symptoms through the modelled interactions, but no single interaction explains a large proportion of phenotypic variation. Results are dominated by residual–covariate interactions, suggesting that covariate traits (including neuroticism, childhood trauma, and BMI) typically interact with unmodelled variables, rather than a genome‐wide polygenic component, to influence depressive symptoms. Only average sleep duration has a polygenic–covariate interaction explaining a demonstrably nonzero proportion of the variability in depressive symptoms. This effect is small, accounting for only 1.22% (95% confidence interval: [0.54, 1.89]) of variation. The presence of an interaction highlights a specific focus for intervention, but the negative results here indicate a limited contribution from polygenic–environment interactions.
The effects of dietary fiber on common complications in critically ill patients; with a special focus on viral infections; a systematic reveiw
Authors: Hajipour Azadeh , Afsharfar Maryam , Jonoush Mona , Ahmadzadeh Mina , Gholamalizadeh Maryam , Hassanpour Ardekanizadeh Naeemeh , Doaei Saeid , Mohammadi‐Nasrabadi Fatemeh 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundViral infections are mostly highly contagious and may cause widespread health problems. Some studies reported that the dietary fiber (DF) may be effective in reducing the complications of viral infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The present review study aimed to investigate the effect of DF on common complications in critically ill patients with viral infections.MethodsA literature review was conducted for the published papers in English from January 2001 to July 2021 using related keywords. Studies with clinical trial or case‐control design described the effects of fiber intake on the complications of viral infections in patients admitted to the ICU were collected.ResultsDF may reduce the mortality rate of viral infections through modulating inflammatory processes. A higher intake of DF intake may improve hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with viral infections. A high‐fiber formula in enteral nutrition was reported to reduce the risk of diarrhea in patients with viral infections.ConclusionDF may reduce the complications of viral infections such as inflammation, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and mortality in critically ill patients. Future longitudinal studies on the amount and type of DF are warranted.
Does subjective well‐being matter when assessing the impacts of irrigation infrastructure? Empirical evidence from Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Sinha Ranu , Dadson Simon , Hope Robert 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInvestments to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure aim to enhance climate resilience and improve farmers' livelihoods in the face of hydrological risks. Studies seeking to assess the impacts from investments in irrigation primarily focus on yield and income‐related poverty measures. This approach provides an incomplete picture of the distributional implications of investments, such as the impact of rehabilitated irrigation infrastructure on the subjective well‐being of farmers. Drawing on data from 707 farmers in Madhya Pradesh, India, we explore whether investments to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure are associated with changes in subjective well‐being among smallholders. Our findings show a positive relationship between farmers with access to rehabilitated surface irrigation and well‐being improvements. Results reveal that farmers in areas with rehabilitated irrigation canals experience improvements in subjective well‐being which are 20%–30% higher in comparison to farmers in areas without rehabilitated canals. When results are disaggregated, we find a larger positive effect on well‐being for farmers in deficient‐rainfall areas compared to average‐ or high‐rainfall areas. The integration of contextual factors related to subjective well‐being into future assessments of infrastructure investments in India can enhance knowledge of the multidimensional benefits of canal irrigation among diverse farming groups facing differing degrees of hydrological risk.
Preparing pharmacy trainees for a future in research and contributing to the medical literature
Authors: Lichvar Alicia B. , Smith Condeni Melanie , Pierce Dana R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractClinical research is a skill that can be honed and cultivated in the right educational environment. Creating experiences to maximize growth and interest in clinical research can occur both during pharmacy school and throughout postgraduate training. The purpose of this “how‐to” guide is to assist pharmacists, as well as their students and residents, with effectively structuring experiences and programs that instill and cultivate a lifelong desire to contribute to the medical literature. The overarching areas of focus are threefold: (1) identifying trainees and mentors, (2) crafting research training experiences, and (3) supporting continued interest and growth in research after completion of the initial experience. Early introduction of a positive research culture in the trainee experience through structured and thoughtful curricula and experiences can maximize learner potential. Several thoughtful steps and recommendations can maximize these experiences and opportunities for learners and new practitioners. Instilling and cultivating a lifelong desire to contribute to the medical literature in pharmacy trainees remains a challenge that is both worthy and necessary to pursue for the sakes of our profession, patients, and trainees.
Evaluation of burnout among emergency medicine pharmacists
Authors: Rozycki Elizabeth , Bilhimer Matthew , Bridgeman Patrick , Slocum Giles W. , Cocchio Craig , Weant Kyle , Groth Meghan , Sturgill Marc , Shirk Mary Beth , Li Junan , Acquisto Nicole M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionBurnout syndrome is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors and is becoming an increasing concern in the medical community. Burnout in emergency medicine (EM) pharmacists has not been previously assessed.ObjectivesTo identify the prevalence of burnout among EM pharmacists, in addition to demographic, professional, seasonal, and job‐related associations.MethodsPharmacists practicing greater than 50% of their time in the emergency department (ED) setting were invited through the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Emergency Medicine Practice and Research Network listserv to complete a survey at three separate, 4‐week, time periods (July 2018, October 2018, and April 2019). The survey contained the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Personnel to detect burnout. Questions regarding personal and job‐specific demographics were asked. Descriptive statistics were used to report demographics and burnout dimensions in each period. Spearman's rank correlation and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of burnout and potential associations.ResultsA total of 485 surveys were completed across all periods (116 [July], 207 [October], 162 [April]) and response rates were 18.4%, 31.6%, and 22.7%, respectively. Burnout was identified in 69.8%, 67.1%, and 68.5% of respondents with no difference between periods. A majority of participants had high depersonalization scores (50.6‐76.3%) during the three survey periods.Younger age, more ED visits per year, level I trauma center designation, and lower percentage of direct patient care time were associated with increased odds of burnout in the July 2018 period. Intent to leave one's current position or the specialty of EM and consideration of a job with different hours had positive correlations with burnout.ConclusionsBurnout is prevalent in a majority of EM pharmacists throughout the year. It is difficult to identify exact predictors of burnout; however, potential contributors include age, trauma center designation, patient volumes, and direct patient care time.
Surveying the selection landscape: A systematic review of processes for selecting postgraduate year 1 pharmacy residents and key implications
Authors: Reed Brent N. , Noel Zachary R. , Heil Emily L. , Shipper Andrea G. , Gardner Aimee K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe growth in applicants to postgraduate year one (PGY1) pharmacy residency programs outpaces the number of available positions, requiring that residency program directors (RPDs) evaluate an increasing number of qualified candidates. Discrepancies exist in the characteristics thought to distinguish exemplary candidates and the methods for selecting them.ObjectivesTo characterize the burdens of the selection process, summarize methods for selecting PGY1 residents based on a systematic review, and list best practices for improving the process.MethodsBurdens were characterized by collecting applicant costs via survey and program costs and workload estimates via interviews of RPDs at small, medium, and large programs. For the systematic review, a medical librarian searched for articles pertaining to resident selection. Articles underwent a title/abstract screen and full text screen by two authors and a third served as tiebreaker. Data were summarized in descriptive form, and consisted of study methodology, selection method(s) of interest, and principal findings.ResultsThe median cost to applicants was $1756 (interquartile range [IQR] $1271‐$2423). The median cost to residency programs was $5068 (IQR $3943‐$12 310). Program directors spent a median of 56.5 hours on selection; a median of 22.0 and 21.3 hours were spent by each preceptor and current resident, respectively. A total of 51 articles (22 surveys and 29 other designs) were included in the systematic review. Biographical data, interviews, and references were among the most commonly explored evaluation methods. Articles consisted primarily of descriptions of selection methods, summaries of RPD attitudes regarding these methods or characteristics desired in a resident, or factors that predicted a successful match. Few articles investigated the validity and reliability of selection methods.ConclusionSelection is a cumbersome process for both applicants and programs alike. Fortunately, numerous opportunities exist to improve the process, and these should serve as the basis of future research.
Expanding pharmacy resident research capacity through integration of introductory pharmacy practice experience students into a prospective research study: A novel application of the layered learning practice model
Authors: Rashidi Sanam , Shieh Jennifer , Agustin Janelle , Gross A. Kendall , Thompson Ashley E. , Li Fanny , Staub Elizabeth S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionResearch and quality improvement projects are routine in contemporary pharmacy practice and are valuable components of experiential training for pharmacy students. There are descriptions of the layered learning practice model (LLPM) for expanding direct patient care activities, but its application in clinical research has not been described in the literature.ObjectivesThis case study provides a description of the novel integration of introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) students into a prospective research study led by a pharmacy resident to expand screening, enrollment, and data collection capacity.MethodsIPPE students were integrated into a prospective, observational study evaluating the effect of time to restart of prior to admission psychotropic medications on the development of intensive care unit (ICU) delirium. Using the LLPM, attending pharmacist preceptors mentored the pharmacy resident, who then assumed the primary preceptor role for three IPPE students. Students were integrated into project activities including institutional review board submission, data collection, and data analysis. Study data were collected and managed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDcap). Student contributions to longitudinal research activities were quantified using descriptive statistics.ResultsThere were 487 patients screened for study enrollment, and 112 patients were included in the study. Research team members completed 890 ICU delirium screenings using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM‐ICU) tool and inputted 243 prospective medication reconciliations. Collectively, the students, resident, and pharmacist preceptors completed 48.6%, 38.7%, and 12.7% of CAM‐ICU assessments, respectively. This study was associated with increased opportunities for pharmacy resident‐led and student‐led scholarly activities.ConclusionThe integration of IPPE students into a prospective research study was successful in using the LLPM in expanding resident research capacity while being mutually beneficial to the pharmacy students and residents.
Pharmacist intervention and anti‐platelet medication monitoring in patients following stroke and transient ischemic attack
Authors: Greger Jessica , Wojcik Rachael , Westphal Erica , Aladeen Traci , Landolf Kaitlin , Boyce Samantha , Rainka Michelle , Gengo Fran , Bates Vernice 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionAspirin and clopidogrel are mainstays in secondary stroke prevention; however, some patients do not demonstrate optimal antiplatelet effects from these therapies.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to determine if pharmacist medication intervention paired with anti‐platelet medication monitoring with whole blood aggregometry improved responsiveness to antiplatelet treatment when compared with standard‐of‐care, alone in patients at risk of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).MethodsThis retrospective chart review at an outpatient neurology practice examined patients treated post‐stroke or post‐TIA between 2005 and 2017. Patients were categorized as either having undergone platelet function testing (PFT) with pharmacist intervention and standard‐of‐care or standard‐of‐care alone. Patient populations for each group were matched based on age, sex, and ABCD2 risk scores. Pharmacotherapeutic management and interventions were assessed in each group.ResultsA total of 342 patients were included as two matched groups (n = 171 for each group) with parallel baseline characteristics. Drug‐drug interactions were identified (P < .0001), and counseling on adherence (P = .0008) occurred statistically significantly more often with a pharmacist involved in patient care. After pharmacist intervention and PFT, 83% of patients were considered responsive to their antiplatelet therapy compared with 27% at baseline in the pharmacist intervention group (P < .0001).ConclusionPharmacist interventions optimized secondary stroke/TIA prophylaxis therapy, decreased drug‐drug interactions, and increased adherence counseling. Patients who underwent PFT and pharmacist intervention transitioned from nonresponsive to responsive to their antiplatelet therapy regimen.
The Clinical Training Center: A layered‐learning rotation model to meet departmental goals at a community teaching hospital
Authors: Masterson Jordan , Rafferty Aubrie , Michalets Elizabeth Landrum 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionQuality experiential education (EE) programs are the mainstay of hands‐on learning for Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) candidates, but challenges remain in the health system setting regarding capacity. Layered‐learning practice models (LLPM) provide the opportunity to both increase student capacity and add benefit to the hospital pharmacy department.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to describe a before and after assessment of a rotation practice model change to benefit departmental goals at a community teaching hospital.MethodsThe Clinical Training Center (CTC) model was implemented in 2016 in tandem with a curricular transformation at the University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy. Faculty within the hospital pharmacy department developed a model to accommodate an increased student capacity and created a hands‐on, layered‐learning environment to provide direct patient care to non‐rounding clinical inpatient units and decreased staff‐to‐patient bed volumes.ResultsWith the implementation of the CTC rotation model, student capacity on the health systems and transitions of care rotations increased by 2.4‐fold (from 32 student‐months to 77 student‐months per year). The student‐driven care team provided comparable levels of clinical interventions to decentralized clinical pharmacists and increased direct patient contact by 2.2‐fold. Six decentralized clinical pharmacists experienced a 48% decrease in patient volume due to the CTC model. Capacity concerns within the institution were alleviated without the need for additional pharmacist preceptors. Other benefits of the model included peer‐to‐peer learning between different student levels and successful transition to a predominantly online training platform.DiscussionThe CTC model successfully provided hands‐on patient care opportunities to multiple levels of pharmacy students in an LLPM. This model allowed for similar rates of clinical pharmacy intervention to decentralized pharmacists, decreased clinical pharmacist‐patient volumes, and increased face‐to‐face patient contact by pharmacy personnel.
Call to action: The need for enhanced nutrition support education and training in pharmacy schools and postgraduate programs
Authors: Salman Genene , Boullata Joseph I. , Sacks Gordon S. , Tellez‐Corrales Eglis 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPharmacists play essential roles in the various aspects of nutrition support pharmacotherapy. According to the available literature, deficiencies in pharmacists' knowledge and skills in nutrition support exist. Furthermore, postgraduate year two (PGY2) nutrition support training positions no longer exist in the United States. American Society of Health‐System Pharmacists (ASHP)‐accredited postgraduate year one (PGY1) residencies do not require nutrition support rotations, and pharmacy schools may not provide the foundation to prepare students to meet the challenges in clinical practice. This article discusses the roles of the pharmacists in nutrition support, the current climate of nutrition support education in pharmacy schools and postgraduate programs, and solutions to address the challenges associated with the inadequacy of learning experiences in nutrition support.
Cost‐benefit of reimbursement for pharmaceutical care in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Chien‐Chih , Tsai Shu‐Ling , Ku Pou‐Jen , Wu Fe‐Lin Lin , Huang Li‐Jung , Tseng Wan‐Yun , Li I‐Hsun , Wang Ting‐Ying , Wang Ming‐Shyan , Kuo Li‐Na , Chang Yuh‐Lih , Su Hui‐Chen , Lin Yu‐Jing , Cheng Yih‐Dih , Chen Chi‐Hua , Huang Yu‐Chia , Wang Chi‐Chuan , Shen Li‐Jiuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPharmaceutical care provided by well‐educated clinical pharmacists improves the safety and effectiveness of health care, especially regarding medication use, and can thus save costs.AimsThe aim of this study is to illustrate the implementation of the reimbursement policy of National Health Insurance for pharmaceutical care in Taiwan, to determine its influences on current health care practices, and to evaluate the quantity of pharmacy interventions.Materials & MethodsThe inclusion criteria for this study were qualified pharmacists working in intensive care units (ICUs) at medical centers and regional hospitals or in clinics at district hospitals who provided pharmaceutical care services. Details of the pharmaceutical care they provided—including pharmacy notes (in the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan sequence), intervention type, and acceptance by physicians—were uploaded and documented via an online virtual private network platform, from which data were later collected and analyzed.ResultsDuring the first quarter of 2019, a total of 260 pharmacists were included in the analysis, 109 of whom were from medical centers, 94 from regional hospitals, and 57 from district hospitals. The total person‐days of pharmaceutical care during the study period was 12 158 for medical centers, 7090 for regional hospitals, and 757 for district hospitals. The acceptance rates of the doctors were 98.3%, 89.5%, and 90.5% for medical centers, regional hospitals, and district hospitals, respectively.DiscussionThe cost savings of pharmaceutical care was estimated by adverse drug events (ADEs) avoidance based on an average prolonged ICU stay of 2 days per ADE. Pharmaceutical care in ICUs resulted in a savings of 57 931 710 New Taiwan Dollars during the study period, with a cost‐benefit ratio of 13.7.ConculsionBased on the cost effectiveness of pharmaceutical care in early 2019, the program should be reserved and expanded to different settings, and it will hopefully become an essential service provided by pharmacists in Taiwan.
Forces driving change in pharmacy education: Opportunities to takeacademic, social, technological, economic, and politicalinto the future
Authors: Rhoney Denise H. , Singleton Scott , Nelson Nicholas R. , Anderson Sarah M. , Hubal Robert 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn pharmacy education, we are experiencing the “new normal” after an “inflection point” along with a host of other overused phrases. Yet, without doubt, there is pressing need to reconsider what was once standard operating procedure. When an inflection point is viewed as opportunity, it sparks a strategic boom. Indeed, the confluence of threats and opportunities caused—or revealed—by the COVID‐19 pandemic is setting the stage for an acceleration of change in professional education. In this paper, we investigate the motivations and approaches to accelerate needed change in pharmacy education. Though prompted by the demand for rapid restructuring in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, these ideas transcend any one driver. We argue that now is the time to disrupt current practices through innovation leading to new educational models and present sample solutions. We consider academic, social, technological, economic, and political (ASTEP) forces driving the imperative to educational change.