bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital anomalies and maternal age: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Ahn Damin , Kim Jieon , Kang Junyeong , Kim Yun Hak , Kim Kihun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionSeveral studies have reported on the maternal age‐associated risks of congenital anomalies. However, there is a paucity of studies with comprehensive review of anomalies. We aimed to quantify the risk of birth defects in children born to middle‐aged mothers compared with that in children born to young or older mothers.Material and methodsWe classified maternal ages into three groups: young (<20 years old), middle (20–34 years old) and older age (≥35 years old). Observational studies that met our age criteria were eligible for inclusion. The articles searched using the Embase and MEDLINE databases were those published from 1989 to January 21, 2021. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the risk of bias. If heterogeneity exceeded 50%, the random effect method was used; otherwise, the fixed‐effect method was used. Prospero registration number: CRD42021235229.ResultsWe included 15 cohort, 14 case–control and 36 cross‐sectional studies. The pooled unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of any congenital anomaly was 1.64 (1.40–1.92) and 1.05 (0.95–1.15) in the older and young age groups, respectively (very low quality of evidence). The pooled unadjusted odds ratio of chromosomal anomaly was 5.64 (5.13–6.20) and 0.69 (0.54–0.88) in the older and young age groups, respectively. The pooled unadjusted odds ratio of non‐chromosomal anomaly was 1.09 (1.01–1.17) and 1.10 (1.01–1.21) in the older and young age groups, respectively (very low quality of evidence). The incidence of abdominal wall defects was increased in children of women in the young maternal age group.ConclusionsWe identified that very low quality evidence suggests that women in the older maternal age group had increased odds of having children with congenital anomalies compared with those in the 20–34 year age group. There was no increase in odds of children with congenital anomalies in women of <20 year age group except for abdominal defects compared with those in the 20–34 year age group. The results stem from very low quality evidence with no adjustment of confounders.
Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling for the prediction of drug–drug interactions involving anlotinib as a perpetrator of cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Jin Zhiping , He Qingfeng , Zhu Xiao , Zhu Mingshe , Wang Yike , Wu Xin‐an , Lv Qianzhou , Xiang Xiaoqiang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnlotinib is a small molecule of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially approved to treat non‐small cell lung cancer in China. Drug–drug interaction (DDI) is an extrinsic factor important for the appropriate use of anlotinib in clinical practice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that anlotinib is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and moderate inhibitor of several common ones; however, no clinical DDI studies have been performed to investigate inhibitory effects of anlotinib on these CYP enzymes. Thus, its drug label recommends avoiding co‐administration with substrates of these enzymes, which have narrow therapeutic windows. In this study, we performed a CYP450 inhibition study, followed by gathering in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic data to build the first physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of anlotinib. The verified model was subsequently used to predict the DDI mediated by anlotinib. As a result, the marginal plasma exposure changes of typical CYP3A and CYP2C9 substrates were less than the bioequivalence threshold, indicating that anlotinib has a very low potential of causing clinically meaningful DDI through the inhibition of several major CYP enzymes. According to the FDA's latest guideline on DDI, the established model with the simulation results may support the revision of anlotinib labelling without further clinical studies, lifting unnecessary restrictions on anlotinib regimens.
The impact of the SMART program on cognitive and academic skills: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: May Richard J. , Tyndall Ian , McTiernan Aoife , Roderique‐Davies Gareth , McLoughlin Shane 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOnline interventions promoted to enhance cognitive ability hold great appeal for their potential positive impact in social, employment, and educational domains. Cognitive training programs have, thus far, not been shown to influence performance on tests of general cognitive aptitude. Strengthening Mental Abilities with Relational Training (SMART) is an online program that claims to raise intelligence quotient (IQ). This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluates the effect of SMART on indices of cognitive aptitude and academic performance. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42019132404). A systematic literature search of bibliographic databases (ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Scopus, Proquest Psychology) identified five studies (N = 195) that met the criterion for inclusion. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias ‘RoB 2’ tool. Overall, there was a moderate impact of SMART on measures of nonverbal IQ (g = 0.57, 95% CI [0.24, 0.89]). There was insufficient evidence to determine the impact of SMART on any other domain. All studies included in the review were judged to be at a high risk of bias for their primary outcome. Despite the methodological limitations of published studies to date, these initial findings suggest that a large‐scale study of SMART is warranted.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

SMART is a popular, commercially available online program that claims to improve cognitive skills in children.

A number of controlled trials have investigated the efficacy of SMART and reported positive findings.

There are no existing systematic reviews or meta‐analyses of the literature for this intervention.

What this paper adds

The present study represents the first systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of SMART on cognitive and educational outcomes.

We identified five trials that met the criteria for inclusion in the review. All five studies were rated as having a high risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool.

We calculated a moderate overall impact of SMART on measures of nonverbal IQ. There was insufficient evidence to determine the impact of SMART in any other cognitive or educational domain.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Practitioners and/or teachers can use the review to inform their decisions about adopting SMART as an online educational tool.

While the current findings are encouraging, the number of controlled trials conducted on SMART is small and the studies have a number of significant methodological limitations.

We recommend that SMART be evaluated with larger and more robustly designed trials.
Applying the PROSPER prevention delivery system with middle schools: Emerging adulthood effects on substance misuse and conduct problem behaviors through 14 years past baseline
Authors: Spoth Richard , Redmond Cleve , Shin Chungyeol , Trudeau Linda , Greenberg Mark T. , Feinberg Mark E. , Welsh Janet 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study evaluated emerging adult effects of the PROmoting School‐Community‐University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience (PROSPER) universal prevention delivery system implemented in middle schools. Twenty‐eight rural school districts were randomized to intervention and control conditions, with 1985 nineteen‐year‐old participants (90.6% White, 54.1% female) evaluated through age 25. Intent‐to‐treat, multi‐level, point‐in‐time analyses of covariance and growth analyses were conducted. Outcomes were assessed with self‐report measures of substance misuse (lifetime, current, frequency) and conduct problem behaviors. Analyses showed very limited point‐in‐time effects; there were growth pattern effects on measures of illicit drugs, non‐prescribed drugs, cigarettes, and drug problems. When risk moderation was observed, it favored higher‐risk participants. These emerging adult effects concerning slower growth of lifetime misuse combine with more robust adolescent stage findings to support PROSPER’s public health value.
Effect of stress‐induced hyperglycemia after non‐traumatic non‐aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on clinical complications and functional outcomes
Authors: Zhang Zeyu , Zhao Yue , Liu Yibo , Wang Xiaoyu , Xu Houshi , Fang Yuanjian , Zhang Anke , Lenahan Cameron , Luo Yujie , Chen Sheng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite having an overall benign course, non‐traumatic non‐aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (naSAH) is still accompanied by a risk of clinical complications and poor outcomes. Risk factors and mechanisms of complications and poor outcomes after naSAH remain unknown. Our aim was to explore the effect of stress‐induced hyperglycemia (SIH) on complication rates and functional outcomes in naSAH patients.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients with naSAH admitted to our institution between 2013 and 2018. SIH was identified according to previous criterion. Symptomatic vasospasm, delayed cerebral infarction, and hydrocephalus were identified as main complications. Outcomes were reviewed using a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge, 3 months, and 12 months. A statistical analysis was conducted to reveal the associations of SIH with complications and outcomes.ResultsA total of 244 naSAH patients were included in the cohort with 74 (30.3%) SIH. After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, Hunt and Hess (HH) grade, modified Fisher Scale (mFS), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and subarachnoid blood distribution, SIH was significantly associated with symptomatic vasospasm (p < 0.001, 12.176 [4.904–30.231]), delayed cerebral infarction (p < 0.001, 12.434 [3.850–40.161]), hydrocephalus (p = 0.008, 5.771 [1.570–21.222]), and poor outcome at 12 months (p = 0.006, 5.506 [1.632–18.581]), whereas the correlation between SIH and poor outcome at discharge (p = 0.064, 2.409 [0.951–6.100]) or 3 months (p = 0.110, 2.029 [0.852–4.833]) was not significant. Incorporation of SIH increased the area under curve (AUC) of ROC in the combined model for predicting symptomatic vasospasm (p = 0.002), delayed cerebral infarction (p = 0.024), hydrocephalus (p = 0.037), and 12‐month poor outcome (p = 0.087).ConclusionsSIH is a significant and independent risk factor for symptomatic vasospasm, delayed cerebral infarction, hydrocephalus, and long‐term poor outcome in naSAH patients. Identifying SIH early after naSAH is important for decision‐making and treatment planning.
1026. MECONOPSIS WANBAENSIS SUBSP. UNDULATISSIMA: Papaveraceae
Authors: Rankin David W. H. , Chambers Anne 
Published: March 2022

SummaryMeconopsis wanbaensis subsp. undulatissima D. W. H. Rankin, a new subspecies from the south‐west part of Sichuan Province of China, is described and illustrated. The description of M. wanbaensis T. Yoshida is revised and its relationships with other members of Meconopsis Vig. section Grandes Fedde series Integrifoliae Grey‐Wilson are discussed.
Applying cover crop residues as diverse mixtures increases initial microbial assimilation of crop residue‐derived carbon
Authors: Shu Xin , Zou Yiran , Shaw Liz J. , Todman Lindsay , Tibbett Mark , Sizmur Tom 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIncreasing the diversity of crops grown in arable soils delivers multiple ecological functions. Whether mixtures of residues from different crops grown in polyculture contribute to microbial assimilation of carbon (C) to a greater extent than would be expected from applying individual residues is currently unknown. In this study, we used 13C isotope labelled cover crop residues (buckwheat, clover, radish, and sunflower) to track microbial assimilation of plant residue‐derived C using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. We also quantified microbial assimilation of C derived from the soil organic matter (SOM) because fresh residue inputs also prime the decomposition of SOM. To consider the initial stages of residue decomposition, and preclude microbial turnover, we compared a quaternary mixture of residues with the average effect of their four components 1 day after incorporation. Our results show that the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in the treatment receiving the mixed residue was significantly greater, by 132% (3.61 μg C g−1), than the mean plant residue‐derived MBC in treatments receiving the four individual components of the mixture. However, there was no evidence that the mixture resulted in any additional assimilation of C derived from native SOM than the average observed in individual residue treatments. We surmise that, during the initial stages of crop residue decomposition, a greater biodiversity of residues increases microbial assimilation to a greater extent than would be expected from applying individual residues either due to faster decomposition or greater carbon use efficiency (CUE). This might be facilitated by functional complementarity in the soil microbiota, permitted by a greater diversity of substrates, reducing competition for any single substrate. Therefore, growing and incorporating crop polycultures (e.g., cover crop mixtures) could be an effective method to increase microbial C assimilation in the early stages of cover crop decomposition.Highlights
The effect of mixing crop residues on assimilation of C by soil microbial biomass was investigated.
The study is important due to recent interest in diverse cover crop mixtures for arable systems.
Mixing crop residues enhanced the assimilation of plant residue‐derived C into microbial biomass.
Growing and incorporating cover crop polycultures may enhance C storage in arable soils.
Functional connections between bird eggshell stiffness and nest characteristics through risk of egg collision in nests
Authors: Hung Chih‐Ming , Tsao Shu‐Han , Chiang Pei‐Lin , Wu Shang‐Ping , Tuanmu Mao‐Ning , Juang Jia‐Yang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEggs and nests are two critical traits for the ecological success of birds. Their functional interactions, however, remain unclear. Here, we examined the functional connections between egg stiffness and nest attachment, site and structure for 1350 avian species. We revealed high eggshell stiffness for eggs in nests with a pensile attachment, located on non‐tree vegetation or having a domed shape, suggesting that birds produce stiffer eggs in response to higher egg‐collision risk in unstable or enclosed nests. Interdependence models suggested that the evolution of eggshell stiffness was more likely to be driven by than drive that of nest characters. Our results implied a trade‐off between investment in competing for established nesting niches and producing stiff eggs to explore novel niches with high collision risk, possibly mediated by predation or thermoregulation. This study highlights an overlooked connection between nests and eggshells that may have broadened the ecological niches of birds.
No evidence for general intelligence in a fish
Authors: Aellen Mélisande , Burkart Judith M. , Bshary Redouan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe average mammal or bird has a roughly ten times larger brain relative to body size than the average ectotherm vertebrate. It has been surprisingly challenging to determine how this translates into increased cognitive performance. In particular, it is unclear whether the brain size differences translate into qualitative differences in specific cognitive abilities. Here, we provide a first exploratory study to examine the possibility that the larger brains of endotherms support a different organisation of information processing, rather than specific differences in cognitive processes. In mammals, individual performance across domain‐general cognitive tasks is positively correlated, resulting in the psychometric factor g. The value of g is positively correlated with brain size. We tested wild‐caught female cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus, known for its highly sophisticated social behaviour, in four ecologically nonrelevant cognitive tasks that have been used to varying degrees to assess g in mammals. Cleaner fish solved three of these four tasks, flexibility (reversal learning), self‐control (detour around an obstacle) and numerical competence (simultaneous two‐choice task), while also providing enough interindividual variation to test for g. They did not perform above chance levels in the fourth task, which tested for object permanence. For the three retained tasks, individual performance did not load positively on one principal component. Furthermore, all pairwise correlation coefficients were close to zero. These negative results contradict a frequent criticism of g studies, which proposes that g is a default result of how brains are designed. Rather, the results provide a first indication that endotherm and ectotherm vertebrates may process cognitive tasks in fundamentally different ways due to differences in brain organisation. Our relatively low number of experiments compared to mammalian studies enhances this hypothesis, as the probability of finding a g factor by chance would have been higher.
The contribution of macroalgae‐associated fishes to small‐scale tropical reef fisheries
Authors: Wilson Shaun K. , Fulton Christopher J. , Graham Nicholas A.J. , A. Abesamis Rene , Berkström Charlotte , Coker Darren J. , Depczynski Martial , Evans Richard D. , Fisher Rebecca , Goetze Jordan , Hoey Andrew , Holmes Thomas H. , Kulbicki Michel , Noble Mae , Robinson James P.W. , Bradley Michael , Åkerlund Carolina , Barrett Luke T. , Bucol Abner A. , Birt Matthew J. , Chacin Dinorah H. , Chong‐Seng Karen M. , Eggertsen Linda , Eggertsen Maria , Ellis David , Leung Priscilla T. Y. , Lam Paul K.S. , van Lier Joshua , Matis Paloma A. , Pérez‐Matus Alejandro , Piggott Camilla V.H. , Radford Ben T. , Tano Stina , Tinkler Paul 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMacroalgae‐dominated reefs are a prominent habitat in tropical seascapes that support a diversity of fishes, including fishery target species. To what extent, then, do macroalgal habitats contribute to small‐scale tropical reef fisheries? To address this question we: (1) Quantified the macroalgae‐associated fish component in catches from 133 small‐scale fisheries, (2) Compared life‐history traits relevant to fishing (e.g. growth, longevity) in macroalgal and coral‐associated fishes, (3) Examined how macroalgae‐associated species can influence catch diversity, trophic level and vulnerability and (4) Explored how tropical fisheries change with the expansion of macroalgal habitats using a case study of fishery‐independent data for Seychelles. Fish that utilised macroalgal habitats comprise 24% of the catch, but very few fished species relied entirely on macroalgal or coral habitats post‐settlement. Macroalgal and coral‐associated fishes had similar life‐history traits, although vulnerability to fishing declined with increasing contribution of macroalgae association to the catch, whilst mean trophic level and diversity peaked when macroalgal‐associated fish accounted for 20%–30% of catches. The Seychelles case study revealed similar total fish biomass on macroalgal and coral reefs, although the biomass of primary target species increased as macroalgae cover expanded. Our findings reinforce that multiple habitat types are needed to support tropical fishery stability and sustainability. Whilst coral habitats have been the focus of tropical fisheries management, we show the potential for macroalgae‐associated fish to support catch size and diversity in ways that reduce vulnerability to overfishing. This is pertinent to seascapes where repeated disturbances are facilitating the replacement of coral reef with macroalgal habitats.
Larval transport pathways from three prominent sand lance habitats in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Suca Justin J. , Ji Rubao , Baumann Hannes , Pham Kent , Silva Tammy L. , Wiley David N. , Feng Zhixuan , Llopiz Joel K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNorthern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) are among the most critically important forage fish throughout the Northeast US shelf. Despite their ecological importance, little is known about the larval transport of this species. Here, we use otolith microstructure analysis to estimate hatch and settlement dates of sand lance and then use these measurements to parametrize particle tracking experiments to assess the source–sink dynamics of three prominent sand lance habitats in the Gulf of Maine: Stellwagen Bank, the Great South Channel, and Georges Bank. Our results indicate the pelagic larval duration of northern sand lance lasts about 2 months (range: 50–84 days) and exhibit a broad range of hatch and settlement dates. Forward and backward particle tracking experiments show substantial interannual variability, yet suggest transport generally follows the north to south circulation in the Gulf of Maine region. We find that Stellwagen Bank is a major source of larvae for the Great South Channel, while the Great South Channel primarily serves as a sink for larvae from Stellwagen Bank and Georges Bank. Retention is likely the primary source of larvae on Georges Bank. Retention within both Georges Bank and Stellwagen Bank varies interannually in response to changes in local wind events, while the Great South Channel only exhibited notable retention in a single year. Collectively, these results provide a framework to assess population connectivity among these sand lance habitats, which informs the species' recruitment dynamics and impacts its vulnerability to exploitation.
Genetic and environmental influences on quality of life: The COVID‐19 pandemic as a natural experiment
Authors: van de Weijer Margot P. , Pelt Dirk H. M. , de Vries Lianne P. , Huider Floris , van der Zee Matthijs D. , Helmer Quinta , Ligthart Lannie , Willemsen Gonneke , Boomsma Dorret I. , de Geus Eco , Bartels Meike 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBy treating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic as a natural experiment, we examine the influence of substantial environmental change (i.e., lockdown measures) on individual differences in quality of life (QoL) in the Netherlands. We compare QoL scores before the pandemic (N = 25,772) to QoL scores during the pandemic (N = 17,222) in a sample of twins and their family members. On a 10‐point scale, we find a significant decrease in mean QoL from 7.73 (SD = 1.06) before the pandemic to 7.02 (SD = 1.36) during the pandemic (Cohen's d = 0.49). Additionally, variance decomposition shows an increase in unique environmental variance during the pandemic (0.30–1.08), and a decrease in the heritability estimate from 30.9% to 15.5%. We hypothesize that the increased environmental variance is the result of lockdown measures not impacting everybody equally. Whether these effects persist over longer periods and how they impact health inequalities remain topics for future investigation.