bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsibility and Blame
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Issues of responsibility and blame are very rarely discussed in public health training, but are seldom forgotten in practice. Blame often follows a crisis, and leaders of health agencies should be able to think strategically about how to handle such accusations before being faced with the pain of dealing with them. When the health agency is not at all at fault, officials can make the case for a strong public health response without reservation. When the agency is entirely to blame, a quick and sincere apology can allow the agency to retain credibility. The most difficult situation is when the agency is partly to blame. The goal in this situation is to accept the appropriate amount of blame while working quickly to resolve the crisis.
Opportunity in Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Public health has no burning buildings, no sirens, and no heroic surgeries. Our ideas frequently draw the ire of entrenched interests opposed to safety measures. Many of those whose health we are seeking to advance have little political capital of their own. Yet the history of public health is replete with examples of the politically impossible becoming possible during crisis. As a result, crisis offers an unique opportunity for health officials. Those who are reluctant to arouse a sense of crisis—even when there is ample justification—are potentially squandering one of their most important tools for change. Those who embrace crisis leadership and management can achieve significant gains in health for their communities.
The Historical Significance of South Africa’s Third Force
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Accounts of South Africa's transition from apartheid differ markedly in the role they attribute to violence. The most influential narratives of negotiations tend to portray the violence of the transition period, including that perpetrated by those networks within and without the security forces which have become known collectively as the Third Force, as a reaction to events, doomed to failure and rather disconnected from the main narrative of history. Newly available evidence shows the degree to which the Third Force was integrated into the policy of the National Party (NP) over a long period (from the 1960s onwards), and played a crucial role in determining the nature and outcome of constitutional negotiations in the period 1990–1994. Concentration on the narrative of negotiations, or any account which fails to give due weight to the perpetrators of organized violence including those who constituted the Third Force, implicitly assigns the violence of 1990–1994 to a position somewhat divorced from, or even antithetical to, the pursuit of negotiations. This has deflected attention from the important question of ascertaining the extent to which the agenda and pace of negotiations, and thus the shape of the eventual political and constitutional outcome, were actually driven by proponents of violence who were able to make their influence felt from outside the conference chamber.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Randrianja Solofo , Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReligious modes of thinking about the world are widespread in Africa and have a pervasive influence on politics in the broadest sense. The authors have published elsewhere a theoretical model as to how the relationship between politics and religion may be understood, with potential benefits for observers not just of Africa, but also of other parts of the world where new combinations of religion and politics are emerging. Application of this theoretical model requires researchers to rethink some familiar categories of social science.
Afterword
Authors: Bayart Jean-François 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter, inspired by the work of Stephen Ellis, argues that perhaps never before has the interaction between the sphere of religion and that of politics in Africa been so evident. Its main manifestations include the mobilization of Islamic and Christian fundamentalists and the spread of practices of the invisible. There is nothing specifically "African" about this: it is a global and globalized phenomenon. The problem is now to think of the relations between religion and politics no longer in a binary mode, but as a set of combinations and permutations, a "generalized mutual interaction," which the chapter explores via six perspectives on what it calls the paradigm of the "cult city," opening the door to a reinvigoration of the study of the relations between religion and the political, informed by the thorny questions of the colonial encounter and social subalternity.
Underground Penality and Social Control
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the response to informing by rebel groups as a form of social control, where the threat of informing is used to rationalise and expand broader efforts of internal policing and surveillance, beyond the initial operational needs. The analysis reveals a wide set of methods, strategies and goals used by underground groups in this context, which extend beyond direct violence aimed at security breaches, and reach deeper into the organisation and into society at large. The IRA’s punishment and control of informing facilitated wider efforts to uphold obedience and conformity and to enforce rules of conduct within the organisation. Anti-informing norms and practices were also used by Republicans to legitimise social control of the community, and pervaded relations between Nationalist communities and the British state; the category of ‘informer’ was expanded and utilised as part of a broader effort to discourage contacts with the British state. Echoing state practices in the ‘war on crime’, the IRA also enlisted the community in its the struggle against informing, with a combination of threats and didactic public pedagogy, and devised ‘adaptive strategies’ that accepted informing as an inevitable threat and sought to manage rather than eliminate it. The chapter also discusses pragmatic changes in the IRA’s definition of informing and in the image of the informer in Republican rhetoric. Throughout, it demonstrates that penality against informers is part of broader efforts demanding and inculcating discipline, sacrifice and unity—and legitimising control.
Why Study the Personalization of Politics in the European Union?
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the research objectives of the book. It argues that that in order to understand recent personalization developments in European Union politics and their implications, one needs to take a comprehensive approach and examine the personalization of politics both over time and across domestic political contexts within the EU. It introduces the four key dimensions of personalization, namely institutional personalization, media personalization, personalization of politician behaviour, and personalization in citizen attitudes and behaviour, which are subject to this book. It argues that understanding each of these dimensions have important implications for accountability and representation in the European Union. Moreover, the chapter presents a summary of the argument and provides an overview of the remainder of the book.
Test your Patience
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Even with good design practices, great art, and the technical framework to back it all up, a game isn’t successful until real players enjoy it. Testing is an integral part of creating a good game, so much so that entire research disciplines have sprung up around it. This chapter gives readers a brief introduction to the ethos of games user research, methods for observing and questioning players, and designing effective testing strategies. It discusses the goals of game evaluation in terms of understanding player motivations, behaviour, and reactions to gameplay. Additionally, it covers several different evaluation designs to support rapid design iteration, comparing alternative designs, and gauging usability, among other common development goals.
The Rationality of Emotion
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to explain the sense in which emotions, and specifically grief and anger, are reasons-responsive. It makes a case for the rationality of emotion in the relevant sense and distinguishes it from the rationality of action and the rationality of belief. The chapter also offers a sustained argument against the “wrong kind of reasons” for emotion, arguing, in particular, that appealing to them constitutes confusion. Finally, the chapter clarifies what the objects of grief and anger are and how they are related to reasons for emotion and background conditions for such reasons.
Testimony and the Scientific Enterprise
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 opens with some conceptual clarifications and a provisional taxonomy of types of scientific testimony. Notably, this includes the distinction between intra-scientific testimony, which takes place between collaborating scientists, and public scientific testimony, which is directed at laypersons and comes in two varieties: scientific expert testimony and science reporting. Scientific expert testimony is characterized by the testifier being a scientific expert. Science reporting, in contrast, is public scientific testimony by testifiers, such as journalists, who often lack scientific expertise. Given this initial clarification, Chapter 1 considers how scientific testimony is related to prominent themes in philosophy of science. These include scientific expertise, scientific collaboration, and the division of cognitive labor. In discussing these themes, Gerken articulates conceptual and empirical arguments that scientific collaboration contributes immensely to the epistemic force of science and that intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of such collaboration.
Intra-Scientific Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 continues the overarching argument that intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of scientific practice by articulating some norms for it. The first one is a Norm of Intra-Scientific Testimony (NIST) according to which a scientist who provides intra-scientific testimony within a scientific collaboration must base it on a contextually determined degree of scientific justification. The focus is then turned from the producer side to the consumer side. The result is a Norm of Intra-Scientific Uptake (NISU). According to NISU, a collaborating scientist receiving intra-scientific testimony should, as a default, believe or accept it insofar as he has contextually adequate warrant for believing that the testimony is properly based on scientific justification. Finally, Gerken argues that these norms partly but centrally contribute to explaining the truth-conduciveness of scientific collaboration. This reflects how intra-scientific testimony is centrally situated in scientific practice.
Coda
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The brief Coda indicates how scientific testimony relates to (cognitive) diversity and epistemic injustice. After characterizing these notions, the author considers how cognitive diversity bears on intra-scientific testimony. He argues that it has good epistemic consequences in virtue of adding critical perspectives but also bad consequences in virtue of complicating intra-scientific communication. Relatedly, he notes that cognitively diverse minorities’ intra-scientific testimony is particularly liable to be received in epistemically unjust ways. Turning to public scientific testimony’s relationship to cognitive diversity and epistemic injustice, he suggests that a social environment characterized by an appreciative deference to scientific testimony may help minimize some types of epistemic injustice for cognitively diverse or epistemically disadvantaged groups. On this basis, he suggests that social and institutional initiatives combating epistemic injustice for cognitively diverse groups should be central to the pursuit of the broader goal of aligning scientific expertise and democratic values.
Introduction
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To understand nature’s contributions to human well-being, one needs a model of value centred on the concepts of cultural meaning and part-whole relations, rather than those of causation and means–end relations. This book presents one such model. The focus, throughout, is fixed on natural entities—that is to say, those whose current states are not the intended result of human actions. The aim, moreover, is to assess the value such entities might have ‘for us’—that is, the value they acquire by contributing to human well-being. Brief summaries of each of the book’s chapters are provided.
Deep Ecology, Essentialism, Narrative, and Relational Value
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In some respects, the part–whole model resembles certain other accounts of environmental value. In particular, the claim that natural entities can have constitutive value as parts of certain meaningful and valuable wholes may call to mind the following claims and approaches: (a) the deep ecological proposal that natural entities have value as parts of what Arne Naess once called one’s ‘comprehensive Self’; (b) the ‘essentialist’ claim, defended by writers such as William J. Fitzpatrick, that nature can have constitutive value because certain kinds of engagement with it are essential components of human well-being; (c) the narrative-based account set out in John O’Neill, Alan Holland, and Andrew Light’s jointly authored book Environmental Values; and (d) the view, chiefly associated with the work of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), that in many cases natural entities have, not just intrinsic and instrumental value, but also relational value. Comparing the part–whole model with these accounts not only situates it within the field of environmental philosophy as a whole; it also illuminates some of its key features.
‘Such Was the End of Their Feast’
Authors: Horning Audrey 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the Ulster Plantation in the early modern period with a particular focus on the role of violence in processes of hybridization. Distinguishing between the experiences and displacement strategies of the political elite from those settlers facing the reality of engagement, settlers to the Ulster Plantation were overwhelmingly outnumbered and dependent on their Irish neighbours. The author argues that such reliance was the cause of certain material adaptations, notably relating to hospitality and architecture, and that behavioural and material mimesis was especially employed by settlers to render comfortable familiarity to their situation. However, mimesis was multi-directional, with mimetic play mutually employed through the political elite as a strategy to amplify coercion and to exert their authority.
Observations of a Diverse Discussion on Power and Diversity
Authors: Card Jeb 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers a short review of the book’s contributions and provides some further observations on key themes. The chapter is structured around a number of sections: scale and interpretation; identity; hybrid practices, labels, and categories; and imperialism and resistance. Recurring themes from the volume are given additional scrutiny, including: that hybrid materials are less important than hybrid practices; that the movement of people and the innovation of social roles affect the material record in subtle ways; and the importance of subversion in understandings of hybridity.
Security and Credit in Roman Law
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book outlines the legal history of pignus and hypotheca in terms of an iterative relationship between transactional lawyers drafting legal transactions and jurists deploying their analytical skills in order to accommodate new transactional practices into the Roman legal system. It reconstructs the evolution of the Roman law of real security, well known through the legal sources (Justinian’s Digest and Code), while matching it with actual banking practices, in particular the secured lending transactions documented in the archive of the Sulpicii. In the late classical period the imperial chancery increasingly interfered with the law of real security in order to provide a considerable degree of protection to debtors. This aspect of legal evolution will not be ignored in this book. The largely but not completely spontaneous evolution of Roman law produced a law of secured transactions that was highly sophisticated and versatile, allowing non-possessory security, multiple charges, pledges of receivables, antichretic pledges, and even floating charges over a dynamic fund of assets. The complexity of the Roman law of real security indicates that pignus and fiducia did play a significant role in the Roman economy. It will be shown that this role was generally a positive one. Its main weaknesses were lack of publicity and the presence of fiscal charges but even these weaknesses did not undermine the effectiveness of secured transactions.
Anatomical observation and transcriptome analysis of buds reveal the association between the AP2 gene family and reproductive induction in hybrid larch (Larix kaempferi × Larix olgensis)
Authors: Hao Jun-Fei , Wang Chen , Gu Chen-Rui , Xu Dai-Xi , Zhang Lei , Zhang Han-Guo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hybrid larch is an excellent afforestation species in northern China. The instability of seed yield is an urgent problem to be solved. The biological characteristics related to seed setting in larch are different from those in angiosperms and other gymnosperms. Studying the developmental mechanism of the larch sporophyll can deepen our understanding of conifer reproductive development and help to ensure an adequate supply of seeds in the seed orchard. The results showed that the formation of microstrobilus primordia in hybrid larch could be observed in anatomical sections collected in the middle of July. The contents of endogenous gibberellin 3 (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) were higher and the contents of GA4, GA7, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were lower in multiseeded larch. Transcriptome analysis showed that transcription factors were significantly enriched in the AP2 family. There were 23 differentially expressed genes in the buds of the multiseeded and less-seeded types, and the expression of most of these genes was higher in the buds than in the needles. We conclude that mid-July is the early stage of reproductive organ development in hybrid larch and is suitable for the study of reproductive development. GA3 and ABA may be helpful for improving seed setting in larch, and 23 AP2/EREBP family genes are involved in the regulation of reproductive development in larch.
Preoperative anxiety
Authors: Friedrich Sabine , Reis Stefanie , Meybohm Patrick , Kranke Peter 
Published: September 2022

Purpose of review
With first research reports dating back to the 1970s, the important role of anxiety in the perioperative period has been recognized for a long time and remains in effect.

Recent findings
The global pooled prevalence of preoperative anxiety among 14 000 surgical patients was reported to be 48%. The underlying fears among surgical patients include: fear of surgical complications, worry about the duration and degree of disability after the procedure, concerns about general anesthesia and the associated loss of control, as well as fear of waking up and experiencing discomfort and pain during or after surgery. The type and invasiveness of the planned procedure contribute to differences in preoperative anxiety levels. While preoperative anxiety is higher in younger, female patients as well as in those with a high need for information, prior exposure to anesthesia or surgery was associated with lower anxiety levels. High levels of preoperative anxiety may lead to poor postoperative pain control and increased morbidity. Due to adverse effects such as delirium, the use of benzodiazepines to manage preoperative anxiety has decreased.

Summary
Preoperative anxiety remains a critical issue in the perioperative period. Further research is needed to develop effective management strategies, which may need to be tailored to the patient's individual need.
Strategies to Improve Enrollment and Participation in Pulmonary Rehabilitation Following a Hospitalization for COPD
Authors: Kotejoshyer Rajashree , Eve Julianna , Priya Aruna , Mazor Kathleen , Spitzer Kerry A. , Pekow Penelope S. , Pack Quinn R. , Lindenauer Peter K. 
Published: September 2022

Purpose:
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, very few patients attend. We sought to describe strategies used to promote participation in PR after a hospitalization for COPD.

Methods:
A random sample of 323 United States based PR programs was surveyed. Using a positive deviance approach, a 39-item survey was developed based on interviews with clinicians at hospitals demonstrating high rates of participation in PR. Items focused on strategies used to promote participation as well as relevant contextual factors.

Results:
Responses were received from 209 programs (65%), of which 88% (n = 184) were hospital-based outpatient facilities. Most (91%, n = 190) programs described enrolling patients continuously, and 80% (n = 167) reported a wait time from referral to the initial PR visit of <4 wk. Organization-level strategies to increase referral to PR included active surveillance (48%, n = 100) and COPD-focused staff (49%, n = 102). Provider-level strategies included clinician education (45%, n = 94), provider outreach (43%, n = 89), order sets (45%, n = 93), and automated referrals (23%, n = 48). Patient-level strategies included bedside education (53%, n = 111), flyers (49%, n = 103), motivational interviewing (33%, n = 69), financial counseling (64%, n = 134), and transportation assistance (35%, n = 73). Fewer than one-quarter (18%, n = 38) of PR programs reported using both bedside education and automatic referral, and 42% (n = 88) programs did not use either strategy.

Conclusions:
This study describes current practices in the United States, and highlights opportunities for improvement at the organization, provider, and patient level. Future research needs to demonstrate the effectiveness of these strategies, alone or in combination.