bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Review: How to interpret associations between polygenic scores, environmental risks, and phenotypes
Authors: Pingault Jean‐Baptiste , Allegrini Andrea G. , Odigie Tracy , Frach Leonard , Baldwin Jessie R. , Rijsdijk Frühling , Dudbridge Frank 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundGenetic influences are ubiquitous as virtually all phenotypes and most exposures typically classified as environmental have been found to be heritable. A polygenic score summarises the associations between millions of genetic variants and an outcome in a single value for each individual. Ever lowering costs have enabled the genotyping of many samples relevant to child psychology and psychiatry research, including cohort studies, leading to the proliferation of polygenic score studies. It is tempting to assume that associations detected between polygenic scores and phenotypes in those studies only reflect genetic effects. However, such associations can reflect many pathways (e.g. via environmental mediation) and biases.MethodsHere, we provide a comprehensive overview of the many reasons why associations between polygenic scores, environmental exposures, and phenotypes exist. We include formal representations of common analyses in polygenic score studies using structural equation modelling. We derive biases, provide illustrative empirical examples and, when possible, mention steps that can be taken to alleviate those biases.ResultsStructural equation models and derivations show the many complexities arising from jointly modelling polygenic scores with environmental exposures and phenotypes. Counter‐intuitive examples include that: (a) associations between polygenic scores and phenotypes may exist even in the absence of direct genetic effects; (b) associations between child polygenic scores and environmental exposures can exist in the absence of evocative/active gene–environment correlations; and (c) adjusting an exposure‐outcome association for a polygenic score can increase rather than decrease bias.ConclusionsStrikingly, using polygenic scores may, in some cases, lead to more bias than not using them. Appropriately conducting and interpreting polygenic score studies thus requires researchers in child psychology and psychiatry and beyond to be versed in both epidemiological and genetic methods or build on interdisciplinary collaborations.
Botulinum toxin type A for preventing and treating cleft lip scarring—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ji Qiang , Tang Jun , Hu Hua , Chen Junjie , Cen Ying 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundCleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are congenital cleft facial deformities that are abnormal developments caused by errors in the fusion process of the embryo's face. Surgery is an important treatment, but postoperative scars will still cause psychological shadows to patients. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) in preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scars and improving scar quality.MethodsA systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for relevant trials. All relevant trials were performed before June 30, 2021. The data were entered into Revman 5.3 software, and a meta‐analysis was conducted by using the random‐effects model or fixed‐effects model.ResultsFour randomized controlled trials involving 161 cases were included. Through quantitative analysis, BTXA showed significant differences in preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scars in terms of scar width (MD: −0.20; [95% CI, −0.30, –0.10], p < 0.0001) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (MD: 1.30; [95% CI, 1.06, 1.55], p < 0.0001), although no significant difference was noted on the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) (MD: −0.75; [95% CI, −1.68, 0.19], p = 0.12) between the two groups.ConclusionIn preventing and treating postoperative CL/P scar hypertrophy, we found that BTXA injection can show better results. There was no statistically significant difference between the results after omitting Navarro's study or Chang's study because of the time of injection—before/during surgery or adult CL/P scars.
Resource Allocation in Bank Supervision: Trade‐Offs and Outcomes
Authors: EISENBACH THOMAS M. , LUCCA DAVID O. , TOWNSEND ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTWe estimate a structural model of resource allocation on work hours of Federal Reserve bank supervisors to disentangle how supervisory technology, preferences, and resource constraints impact bank outcomes. We find a significant effect of supervision on bank risk and large technological scale economies with respect to bank size. Consistent with macroprudential objectives, revealed supervisory preferences disproportionately weight larger banks, especially post‐2008 when a resource reallocation to larger banks increased risk on average across all banks. Shadow cost estimates show tight resources around the financial crisis and counterfactuals indicate that binding constraints have large effects on the distribution of bank outcomes.
Decoloniality as a social issue for psychological study
Authors:   Readsura Decolonial Editorial Collective
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical introduction to a two‐installment special issue on decolonial approaches to the psychological study of social issues. Decolonial approaches propose that colonial violence is not confined to the distant past (i.e., colonialism); instead, it persists as coloniality: racialized ways of thinking and being associated with Eurocentric global domination. Rather than characterizing modernity and its individualist psychological manifestations as progress, decolonial theorists use modernity/coloniality to illuminate the colonial violence inherent in the modern order and inseparable from modern individualist development. One implication of a decolonial framework is that colonial violence extends beyond physical space to psychological space, such that complete liberation requires forms of psychological decolonization. Accordingly, articles in this first installment consider decoloniality as a social issue for psychological analysis not only to address historical trauma, internalized inferiority, and other forms of psychological violence among the (formerly) colonized but also to recognize the coloniality in features of Eurocentric modernity—e.g., mainstream environmentalism, prevailing articulations of human rights education, or modern individualist lifeways—that appear liberal or progressive.
Prevalence of functional abdominal pain disorders and functional constipation in adolescents
Authors: Siajunboriboon Sakonkarn , Tanpowpong Pornthep , Empremsilapa Suthatip , Lertudomphonwanit Chatmanee , Nuntnarumit Pracha , Treepongkaruna Suporn 
Published: March 2022

AimFunctional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) and functional constipation (FC) are the common functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents. We aimed to determine the prevalence of FAPDs and FC in adolescents using the Rome IV Questionnaire of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms and the factors associated with these two functional gastrointestinal disorders.MethodsA survey for the prevalence of FAPDs and FC in adolescents was carried out at two high schools. A translated and validated Thai version of Rome IV Questionnaire of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms was used. Potential associated factors were also collected. Psychosocial problems were evaluated by using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.ResultsA total of 1700 adolescents (55.5% females) with a mean age (SD) of 16.1 (0.9) years were enrolled. The prevalence of FAPDs and FC was 5.3% and 8.1%, respectively. The subtypes of FAPDs were functional dyspepsia (4.7%; postprandial distress syndrome 3.9% and epigastric pain syndrome 0.8%), irritable bowel syndrome (0.6%), abdominal migraine (0.4%) and functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified (0.3%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that FAPDs were associated with female gender (odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7–6.4), underlying allergic diseases (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.6–6.6) and concomitant emotional problem (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–5.9). No significant associated factors with FC were found.ConclusionFAPDs and FC are common in adolescents. Postprandial distress syndrome is the most common subtype of FAPD. Associated factors for FAPDs may suggest hormonal, immune‐related and psychological involvement in the disease pathogenesis.
PK/PD modelling of enrofloxacin againstGlaesserella parasuisinfection in pigs
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Xiao Dong , Chen Xun , Hong Juan , Liu Can , Zheng Jin Ping , Ou Zheng Yang , Yu Dao Jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to optimize the dosing regimen of enrofloxacin (EN) againstGlaesserella parasuisin pigs. EN (2.5 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to eight healthy pigs and eight pigs that were experimentally infected withG. parasuisSW124. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points. Plasma EN concentrations were determined, and the main PK parameters were estimated. The PD of EN againstG. parasuisSW124 was also investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The dynamic behaviour of EN in pigs was consistent with a one‐compartment model. Significant differences were observed between healthy and infected pigs in the area under the curve (AUC) (3.58 ± 0.94 and 5.39 ± 1.01 μg h/ml, respectively) and the systemic clearance (CL) (736.32 ± 171.46 and 479.36 ± 96.81 ml/h/kg, respectively), suggesting that the pathogenicity ofG. parasuisSW124 to pigs might alter the PK profile of EN, and therefore should be considered in dose optimization. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 0.125 μg/ml in tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium or plasma. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was 0.6 μg/ml. EN inhibited or killedG.parasuisSW124 in a concentration‐dependent manner. The targeted endpoints of AUC24 h/MIC for bacteriostasis, bactericidal action, and eradication were 5.10, 7.34, and 8.65 h and 5.91, 9.01, and 10.90 h in healthy and infected pigs, respectively. The optimal doses were 3.58−6.08 mg/kg in healthy pigs and 2.71−4.99 mg/kg in infected pigs from the point of view of preventing drug resistance.
An infinite‐dimensional affine stochastic volatility model
Authors: Cox Sonja , Karbach Sven , Khedher Asma 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe introduce a flexible and tractable infinite‐dimensional stochastic volatility model. More specifically, we consider a Hilbert space valued Ornstein–Uhlenbeck‐type process, whose instantaneous covariance is given by a pure‐jump stochastic process taking values in the cone of positive self‐adjoint Hilbert–Schmidt operators. The tractability of our model lies in the fact that the two processes involved are jointly affine, that is, we show that their characteristic function can be given explicitly in terms of the solutions to a set of generalized Riccati equations. The flexibility lies in the fact that we allow multiple modeling options for the instantaneous covariance process, including state‐dependent jump intensity. Infinite dimensional volatility models arise, for example, when considering the dynamics of forward rate functions in the Heath–Jarrow–Morton–Musiela (HJMM) modeling framework using the Filipović space. In this setting, we discuss various examples: an infinite‐dimensional version of the Barndorf–Nielsen–Shephard stochastic volatility model, as well as covariance processes with a state dependent intensity.
Locating Autonomous Abortion Accompanied by Feminist Activists in the Spectrum of Self‐Managed Medication Abortion
Authors: Veldhuis Suzanne , Sánchez‐Ramírez Georgina , Darney Blair G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDiverse models of self‐managed medication abortion exist—ranging from some interaction with medical personnel to completely autonomous abortion. In this commentary, we propose a new classification of self‐managed medication abortion and describe the different modalities. We highlight autonomous abortion accompanied by feminist activists, called “acompañantes,” as a community‐ and rights‐based strategy that can be a safe alternative to clinical abortion services in clandestine as well as legal settings. To improve access, abortion needs to be decriminalized and governments must acknowledge and facilitate the diversity of safe abortion options so women may choose where, when, how, and with whom to abort.
Acute intermittent hypercapnic‐hypoxia elicits central neural respiratory motor plasticity in humans
Authors: Welch Joseph F. , Nair Jayakrishnan , Argento Patrick J. , Mitchell Gordon S. , Fox Emily J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAcute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits long‐term facilitation (LTF) of respiration. Although LTF is observed when CO2 is elevated during AIH in awake humans, the influence of CO2 on corticospinal respiratory motor plasticity is unknown. Thus, we tested the hypotheses that acute intermittent hypercapnic‐hypoxia (AIHH): (1) enhances cortico‐phrenic neurotransmission (reflecting volitional respiratory control); and (2) elicits ventilatory LTF (reflecting automatic respiratory control). Eighteen healthy adults completed four study visits. Day 1 consisted of anthropometry and pulmonary function testing. On Days 2, 3 and 4, in a balanced alternating sequence, participants received: AIHH, poikilocapnic AIH, and normocapnic‐normoxia (Sham). Protocols consisted of 15, 60 s exposures with 90 s normoxic intervals. Transcranial (TMS) and cervical (CMS) magnetic stimulation were used to induce diaphragmatic motor‐evoked potentials and compound muscle action potentials, respectively. Respiratory drive was assessed via mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1), and minute ventilation measured at rest. Dependent variables were assessed at baseline and 30–60 min after exposures. Increases in TMS‐evoked diaphragm potential amplitudes were observed following AIHH vs. Sham (+28 ± 41%, P = 0.003), but not after AIH. No changes were observed in CMS‐evoked diaphragm potential amplitudes. Mouth occlusion pressure also increased after AIHH (+21 ± 34%, P = 0.033), but not after AIH. Ventilatory LTF was not observed after any treatment. We demonstrate that AIHH elicits central neural mechanisms of respiratory motor plasticity and increases resting respiratory drive in awake humans. These findings may have important implications for neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury and other neuromuscular disorders compromising breathing.Key points
The occurrence of respiratory long‐term facilitation following acute exposure to intermittent hypoxia is believed to be dependent upon CO2 regulation – mechanisms governing the critical role of CO2 have seldom been explored.
We tested the hypothesis that acute intermittent hypercapnic‐hypoxia (AIHH) enhances cortico‐phrenic neurotransmission in awake healthy humans.
The amplitude of diaphragmatic motor‐evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation was increased after AIHH, but not the amplitude of compound muscle action potentials evoked by cervical magnetic stimulation.
Mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1, an indicator of neural respiratory drive) was also increased after AIHH, but not tidal volume or minute ventilation.
Thus, moderate AIHH elicits central neural mechanisms of respiratory motor plasticity, without measurable ventilatory long‐term facilitation in awake humans.
Engineering Document Summarization: A Bidirectional Language Model-Based Approach
Authors: Qiu Yunjian , Jin Yan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this study, the extractive summarization using sentence embeddings generated by the finetuned Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models and the k-means clustering method has been investigated. To show how the BERT model can capture the knowledge in specific domains like engineering design and what it can produce after being finetuned based on domain-specific data sets, several BERT models are trained, and the sentence embeddings extracted from the finetuned models are used to generate summaries of a set of papers. Different evaluation methods are then applied to measure the quality of summarization results. Both the machine evaluation method Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) and a human-based evaluation method are used for the comparison study. The results indicate that the BERT model finetuned with a larger dataset can generate summaries with more domain terminologies than the pretrained BERT model. Moreover, the summaries generated by BERT models have more contents overlapping with original documents than those obtained through other popular non-BERT-based models. The experimental results indicate that the BERT-based method can provide better and more informative summaries to engineers. It has also been demonstrated that the contextualized representations generated by BERT-based models can capture information in text and have better performance in applications like text summarizations after being trained by domain-specific data sets.
Design, Modeling, and Kinematics Analysis of a Modular Cable-Driven Manipulator
Authors: Ju Renjie , Zhang Dong , Xu Jiakai , Yuan Hao , Miao Zhiwen , Zhou Mengchu , Cao Zhengcai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modular manipulators have broad application prospects in the field of narrow confined space owing to their characteristics of superior dexterity. However, compared with traditional ones, their mechanism design, modeling, and inverse kinematics (IK) are challenging due to their special structures and redundant degrees-of-freedom. In this paper, a modular cable-driven manipulator (CDM) is designed. A lightweight and expandable structure is proposed to reduce weight of the whole manipulator and improve its environmental adaptability. To calibrate its global posture, angle sensors are equipped with its joints. Its kinematics are rigorously analyzed. To obtain the IK of a hyper-redundant CDM in real-time, a fast heuristic method with adaptive joint constraints is introduced. Then, a segmented IK strategy is proposed by extending the IK solver to local CDM, which realizes the local joint migration motion under the stable overall configuration. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted and a physical prototype is developed to carry out experiments. The results show that the designed CDM has great performance in dexterity and accuracy.
Stakeholders, Prototypes, and Settings of Front-End Medical Device Design Activities
Authors: Coulentianos Marianna , Rodriguez-Calero Ilka , Daly Shanna , Burridge Jocelyn , Sienko Kathleen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Successful medical device design entails an understanding of stakeholder-driven requirements early in the process to assure device safety and usability and support successful and positive patient experiences. Prototypes can be used during stakeholder engagement in the design front end to gather information to inform design decisions. However, an understanding of medical device industry practices of front-end stakeholder engagement with prototypes is lacking. Through interviews with medical device design practitioners, this study explored the variety of stakeholder groups engaged by design practitioners, prototype types used during stakeholder engagements, and settings in which engagements took place during front-end design activities. This study describes the 14 types of stakeholders, 14 types of prototypes, and six types of settings described by practitioners as well as patterns across engagement strategies, stakeholders, prototypes, and/or settings in front-end activities. These outcomes can contribute to broadening designers' stakeholder engagement planning and practices.
Neutronic Evaluation of Light Water Reactor-Based Small Modular Reactor With Transuranic Fuel and Comparison With Different Core Configuration of UO2 and Mixed Oxide Fuel
Authors: Biswas Sushanta , Sahadath Md. Hossain , Ananya Nazia Rahim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Neutronic and burnup assessment of a light water reactor (LWR)-based small modular reactor (SMR) core with transuranic fuel (TRU) was carried out and compared with UO2 fuel and mixed oxide fuel (MOX) for different core composition and configurations. Eight different cores were modeled by changing the fuel composition and loading pattern of four different fuel assemblies, namely, UO2, MOX, TRU, and annular UO2 fuel and simulated in open-source Monte Carlo code OpenMC. The radial neutron flux distribution and maximum to average flux ratio were studied. The lowest flux ratio was found in annular-2 models, whereas TRU models showed the highest value. The effect of enrichment, fuel burnup, moderator to fuel ratio, and soluble boron concentration on effective multiplication factor (keff) was investigated. Burnup analysis of fissionable materials and neutron poison was performed. Burnup-dependent fission rate of U-235, Pu-239, and Pu-241 was also studied. The composition of spent fuel at end of the cycle (EOC) was investigated and lower minor actinides (MAs) production was observed for TRU models. This analysis would help to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of these potential core configurations and to predict their neutronic behavior.
Numerical Model of the Railway Brake Disk for the Temperature and Axial Thermal Stress Analyses
Authors: Cati Yusuf , aus der Wiesche Stefan , Düzgün Mesut 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Increases in travel speeds and traffic density in railway sector impose challenges on the modern disk-pad brake systems such as higher temperatures and stresses resulting in cracks/hot spots and a degraded system performance. The prediction of disk thermal behavior under challenging conditions has become an important engineering issue. In this study, a model is developed using the finite difference method with realistic time-dependent boundary conditions and different experimental convection correlations with non-uniform time-step size features. A previous numerical/experimental study on the thermal behavior of railway disk brake is partly adopted and enhanced. The results of the developed model agree well with the results of the previous study. A practical prediction method for thermal stresses in the disk is applied using the axial temperature distributions at several time instants from locations with highest temperature. Apart from that, same configuration of the disk with the pad is modeled in simcenter star-ccm+ which is a well-validated commercial computational fluid dynamics software to compare the results and computation times with that of the developed model. Using this model, an investigation has been conducted on the effect of temperature-dependent material properties on thermal behavior of the disk. The developed numerical model can simulate the conditions experienced by a railway disk in a relatively new standard (EN 14535-3) considering the transient thermal behavior and axial thermal stress distribution with relatively low computational time and reasonable accuracy. Also, in this study, valuable insights are obtained on the effect of variable thermal properties of the disk and convection correlations on the disk thermal behavior.