bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rel/NF-κB Transcription Factors Emerged at the Onset of Opisthokonts
Authors: Leger Michelle M , Ros-Rocher Núria , Najle Sebastián R , Ruiz-Trillo Iñaki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Rel/NF-κB transcription factor family has myriad roles in immunity, development, and differentiation in animals, and was considered a key innovation for animal multicellularity. Rel homology domain-containing proteins were previously hypothesized to have originated in a last common ancestor of animals and some of their closest unicellular relatives. However, key taxa were missing from previous analyses, necessitating a systematic investigation into the distribution and evolution of these proteins. Here, we address this knowledge gap by surveying taxonomically broad data from eukaryotes, with a special emphasis on lineages closely related to animals. We report an earlier origin for Rel/NF-κB proteins than previously described, in the last common ancestor of animals and fungi, and show that even in the sister group to fungi, these proteins contain elements that in animals are necessary for the subcellular regulation of Rel/NF-κB.
Remarks about the unification types of some locally tabular normal modal logics
Authors: Balbiani Philippe , Gencer ÇiĞdem , Rostamigiv Maryam , Tinchev Tinko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is already known that unifiable formulas in normal modal logic $\textbf {K}+\square ^{2}\bot $ are either finitary or unitary and unifiable formulas in normal modal logic $\textbf {Alt}_{1}+\square ^{2}\bot $ are unitary. In this paper, we prove that for all $d{\geq }3$, unifiable formulas in normal modal logic $\textbf {K}+\square ^{d}\bot $ are either finitary or unitary and unifiable formulas in normal modal logic $\textbf {Alt}_{1}+\square ^{d}\bot $ are unitary.
Do NGO Restrictions Limit Terrorism? Smear Campaigns or Counterterrorism Tools
Authors: Koo Jeong-Woo , Murdie Amanda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDo initiatives to limit nongovernmental organization (NGO) activities work to limit terrorist attacks? Despite regime rhetoric, we argue that NGO restrictions and repression can heighten grievances and limit nonviolent options for citizens to express dissent, broadening support for terrorists and increasing terrorist incidents. Using novel data on NGO restrictions, we fail to find evidence that legal restrictions on NGOs reduce the number of terrorist attacks. Once we account for the unobservable factors that influence both the adoption of these initiatives and the terrorist violence via treatment effects regression models, we find much evidence that NGO restrictions instead exacerbate terrorism. Our findings call into question the counterterrorism and security benefits often used by regime leaders to justify restrictions and all-out repression to NGOs.
Caregivers’ Experience of Medication Adherence Barriers during Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chardon Marie L , Klages Kimberly L , Joffe Naomi E , Pai Ahna L H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
Medications are critical for reducing morbidity and mortality risk in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). Nonetheless, medication adherence is suboptimal in this population. Identifying and managing barriers to medication management (i.e., medication barriers) is a key component of supporting medication adherence. However, understanding how medication barriers uniquely impact the pediatric HCT population and which barriers characterize each treatment stage remain unclear. Therefore, this study examined caregiver-perceived medication barriers over the course of pediatric HCT.

Methods
Semi-structured qualitative interviews and demographic questionnaires were completed by 29 caregivers of children (≤12 years) who had received an HCT in the past 24 months and were either still admitted to, or had been discharged from, the hospital.

Results
Grounded methodology revealed 21 qualitative themes grouped into 6 hierarchical categories. Findings reflected barriers to be present across HCT treatment but to differ based on treatment stage with only child medication refusal being a consistent barrier across all stages. Barriers were particularly prevalent after hospital discharge post-HCT when caregivers assumed full responsibility for medication management. In addition, families approaching hospital discharge often lacked insight about these post-discharge barriers such that they did not report anticipating the range of barriers described by caregivers who had already been discharged from the hospital and taken on full responsibility for medication management.

Conclusions
Findings support the benefit of medication barrier assessment across HCT treatment. These results suggest that families may benefit from intervention to address the specific barriers they experience around medication adherence especially during the post-HCT outpatient period.
Dwarfism associated with wandering splenomegaly
Authors: Petroianu Andy , Sabino Kelly Renata 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Dwarfism associated with splenomegaly during teenage years is known. The purpose of this report was to present the first case of dwarfism associated with wandering splenomegaly. A 14-year-old boy presented a wandering splenomegaly and torsion of the splenic pedicle associated with a retarded growth and sexual underdevelopment characterized by lack of sexual maturity and absence of secondary sexual physical appearance. The patient was submitted to detorsion of the spleen, and splenopexy. After the surgery, the patient grew up, and his sexual characteristics developed to normal. The size of the spleen reduced from the 22 × 16 × 13 cm to 14 × 12 × 10 cm after the surgical procedure. This is the first report of dwarfism associated with wandering splenomegaly, which was successfully treated without partial or total splenectomy. After releasing the venous blood flow, the spleen reduced its dimension and the patient grew up to the expected family size.
Haro 11 – Untying the knots of the nuclear starburst
Authors: Sirressi M , Adamo A , Hayes M , Bik A , Strandänger M , Runnholm A , Oey M S , Östlin G , Menacho V , Smith L J 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Star formation is a clustered process that regulates the structure and evolution of galaxies. We investigate this process in the dwarf galaxy Haro 11, forming stars in three knots (A, B, and C). The exquisite resolution of HST imaging allows us to resolve the starburst into tens of bright star clusters. We derive masses between 105 and $10^7\, \rm M_{\odot }$ and ages younger than 20 Myr, using photometric modelling. We observe that the clustered star formation has propagated from knot C (the oldest) through knot A (in between) towards knot B (the youngest). We use aperture-matched ultraviolet and optical spectroscopy (HST + MUSE) to independently study the stellar populations of Haro 11 and determine the physical properties of the stellar populations and their feedback in 1-kpc diameter regions. We discuss these results in light of the properties of the ionized gas within the knots. We interpret the broad blue-shifted components of the optical emission lines as outflowing gas (vmax ∼ 400 km/s). The strongest outflow is detected in knot A with a mass rate of $\dot{M}_{\mathrm{ out}}\sim 10\, \rm M_{\odot }/yr$, 10 times higher than the star formation in the same region. Knot B hosts a young and not fully developed outflow, whereas knot C has likely been already evacuated. Because Haro 11 has properties similar to high-redshift unresolved galaxies, our work can additionally aid the understanding of star formation at high redshift, a window that will be opened by upcoming facilities.
A Phase Ib Study of Lucitanib (AL3810) in a Cohort of Patients with Recurrent and Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Yang , Luo Fan , Ma Yu-Xiang , Liu Qian-Wen , Yang Yun-Peng , Fang Wen-Feng , Huang Yan , Zhou Ting , Li Jin , Pan Hong-Ming , Yang Lei , Qin Shu-Kui , Zhao Hong-Yun , Zhang Li 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Lucitanib is a novel multi-target inhibitor of FGFR1-3, VEGFR 1-3, and PDGFR α/β. Here, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of lucitanib in recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RM-NPC).

Methods
Patients with pretreated RM-NPC were randomly divided into two treatment arms: continuous or intermittent treatment. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS).

Results
One hundred percent of patients in the continuous arm and 90% of patients in the intermittent arm had at least one treatment-related AE (TRAE). Grade ≥3 related TRAEs occurred in 5 patients in the continuous arm (5/10, 50%). No TRAEs grade &gt;3 occurred in the intermittent arm. The ORR and DCR of the continuous arm was 20% and 90%, and the intermittent arm was 10% and 60%, respectively. All responses were observed by the first evaluation. The duration of response was more than 1 year, with two patients still on treatment with sustained response at more than 3 years.

Conclusion
Lucitanib has promising clinical activity and tolerable safety profile in heavily pretreated patients with NPC. Patients who responded to lucitanib treatment generally achieved a long DoR. Lucitanib is now being evaluated in phase II/III studies.

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
NCT03260179
SCATTER RADIATION INTENSITIES IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PLANES ABOUT DIGITAL BREAST TOMOSYNTHESIS SYSTEM
Authors: Varcoe Joshua G , Barnes Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a main imaging modality for breast imaging. However, shielding calculations for DBT are commonly based on previous technology with softer beam spectra. In addition, shielding calculations often assume some patient attenuation is provided in locations to the posterior of the patient but without quantification of this attenuation. In this work, recent research in DBT shielding is validated by measuring scatter radiation in the vertical plane. It is also extended upon by measuring the scatter radiation in the horizontal plane and the effect of patient attenuation. These measurements are weighted by our local patient compressed breast thickness distribution to provide a simple scattering factor. Air kerma distributions are provided demonstrating the distribution of scatter radiation around the DBT system in the presence of patient body attenuation. The highest air kerma measured in any direction from a 4-view per patient screening tomosynthesis exam based on the local patient workload is 55 μGy at 1 m. This value can be used to conservatively treat the scatter radiation as an isotropic distribution for shielding assessments. This work is consistent with many recent publications, with the notable exception of the forward scattered peak which is smaller than previous studies. Under our locally encountered breast thickness distribution, the increased scatter radiation and consequent increased minimum shielding requirements is small in most cases. With 400 patients per week, the air kerma at 1 m is 22 mGy and, for a fully occupied public area 2 m away, this requires a gypsum plasterboard thickness of 45.6 mm which is 5.3 mm more than previous data suggests. Although the increase is minimal, standard manufacturing thicknesses of shielding material may not be automatically assumed to be sufficient and careful consideration of the scatter radiation is warranted.
Frontostriatal functional connectivity underlies self-enhancement during social evaluation
Authors: Parrish Michael H , Dutcher Janine M , Muscatell Keely A , Inagaki Tristen K , Moieni Mona , Irwin Michael R , Eisenberger Naomi I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Self-enhancement, the tendency to view oneself positively, is a pervasive social motive widely investigated in the psychological sciences. Relatively little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this motive, specifically in social-evaluative situations. To investigate whether positive emotion regulation circuitry, circuitry involved in modulating positive affect, relates to the self-enhancement motive in social contexts, we conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in a healthy young adult sample. We hypothesized that self-enhancement indices (state and trait self-esteem) would relate to greater functional connectivity between right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC), a region implicated in emotion regulation, and the ventral striatum (VS), a region associated with reward-related affect, during a social feedback task. Following social evaluation, participants experienced stable or decreased state self-esteem. Results showed that stable state self-esteem from pre- to post-scan and higher trait self-esteem related to greater RVLPFC–VS connectivity during positive evaluation. Stable-state self-esteem also related to greater RVLPFC–VS connectivity during negative evaluation. Moreover, RVLPFC activation during all types of feedback processing and left VS activation during negative feedback processing was greater for participants with stable-state self-esteem. These findings implicate neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation in the self-enhancement motive and highlight a pathway through which self-enhancement may restore feelings of self-worth during threatening situations.
An Online Elective Entry-Level Physical Therapy Oncology Course Guided by Qualitative Analysis of the Student Perspective
Authors: Croarkin Earllaine , Costello Ellen 
Published: January 2022

Background:
As prevalence of cancer survivors continues to grow, physical therapists will play a major role in cancer rehabilitation. To meet growing educational needs for oncology physical therapy, the George Washington University DPT program developed an online elective course. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore student motivation for course enrollment, student self-perceived strengths and weaknesses in oncology physical therapy, and personal learning objectives.

Design:
Retrospective qualitative analysis.

Methods:
Pre and postcourse student narrative responses, based on self-reflection, were analyzed using a general inductive approach to identify themes.

Results:
Sixteen students enrolled in the course over 2 years. Students were interested in complex patient management and understood the effect of changing survival rates in future practice. Self-perceived strengths related to oncology physical therapy were rooted in communication skills, adaptability, compassion, and empathy. Students' perceived weaknesses and objectives ranged from oncological disease and treatment to safe physical therapy interventions. Students expressed concerns related to the emotional toll working with this population; they identified areas for future self-study.

Conclusion:
This course provided additional learning experiences in the management of patients with a cancer history. As adult learners, students identified learning objectives and explored topics in a supportive, self-directed learning environment. Educational needs related to oncological medical management and provision of safe and effective physical therapy interventions and psychosocial concerns expressed by our student group are similar to those of practicing clinicians. Qualitative analysis served as a useful tool to identify future course direction.
Differential Effects of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acidergic Sedatives on Risk of Post-Extubation Delirium in the ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study From a New England Health Care Network
Authors: Azimaraghi Omid , Wongtangman Karuna , Wachtendorf Luca J. , Santer Peter , Rumyantsev Sandra , Ahn Curie , Kiyatkin Michael E. , Teja Bijan , Sarge Todd , Subramaniam Balachundhar , Eikermann Matthias 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate whether different gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) sedatives such as propofol and benzodiazepines carry differential risks of post-extubation delirium in the ICU.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Seven ICUs in an academic hospital network, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA).

PATIENTS:
Ten thousand five hundred and one adult patients mechanically ventilated for over 24 hours.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We tested the hypothesis that benzodiazepine versus propofol-based sedation is associated with fewer delirium-free days within 14 days after extubation. Further, we hypothesized that the measured sedation level evoked by GABAergic drugs is a better predictor of delirium than the drug dose administered. The proportion of GABAergic drug-induced deep sedation was defined as the ratio of days with a mean Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale of less than or equal to –3 during mechanical ventilation. Multivariable regression and effect modification analyses were used. Delirium-free days were lower in patients who received a high proportion of deep sedation using benzodiazepine compared with propofol-based sedation (adjusted absolute difference, –1.17 d; 95% CI, –0.64 to –1.69; p < 0.001). This differential effect was magnified in elderly patients (age > 65) and in patients with liver or kidney failure (p-for-interaction < 0.001) but not observed in patients who received a low proportion of deep sedation (p = 0.95). GABAergic-induced deep sedation days during mechanical ventilation was a better predictor of post-extubation delirium than the GABAergic daily average effective dose (area under the curve 0.76 vs 0.69; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Deep sedation during mechanical ventilation with benzodiazepines compared with propofol is associated with increased risk of post-extubation delirium. Our data do not support the view that benzodiazepine-based compared with propofol-based sedation in the ICU is an independent risk factor of delirium, as long as deep sedation can be avoided in these patients.
Consequences of hyperandrogenemia during pregnancy in female offspring: attenuated response to angiotensin II
Authors: Shawky Noha M. , Dalmasso Carolina , Ojeda Norma B. , Zuchowski Yvonne , Stachenfeld Nina , Alexander Barbara T. , Reckelhoff Jane F. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by reproductive and metabolic dysfunction, and elevated blood pressure (BP). The cardiometabolic consequences of maternal hyperandrogenemia on offspring, either as adults or with aging, have not been well studied. We previously found that male offspring of hyperandrogenemic female (HAF) rats, a model of PCOS, are normotensive but have an exaggerated pressor response to angiotensin (Ang) II.

Method:
In this study, the hypothesis was tested that adult and aging female offspring of HAF rats develop a metabolic and hypertensive phenotype. Control and HAF rats were implanted prepubertally with placebo or dihydrotestosterone pellets, which continued throughout pregnancy and lactation.

Results:
Female offspring of HAF dams had lower birth weight than female control offspring. Although female HAF offspring (aged 16–24 weeks) had no differences in intrarenal Ang II, plasma lipids or proteinuria, they did have lower intrarenal Ang (1–7) and lower nitrate/nitrite excretion than controls. Adult HAF offspring had similar baseline BP as controls, but had an attenuated pressor response to Ang II. With aging (16–20 months), female HAF offspring remained normotensive with an attenuated pressor response to Ang II and high salt diet but more proteinuria and higher intrarenal Ang(1–7) than controls.

Conclusion:
Taken together, these data suggest that female HAF offspring are protected from developing hypertension, but may be at risk for renal injury with aging. Future studies are necessary to determine whether adult and postmenopausal offspring of PCOS women are at increased risk for cardiovascular dysfunction.

Graphical abstract:
http://links.lww.com/HJH/B820
Potential to Decrease Hospital Readmission Reduction Program Penalty Through Pharmacist Discharge Visits
Authors: Zupec Jason , Smith Jennifer N. , Fernandez Natalie , Otsuka Shelley , Lucado F. Greg 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARY

Goal:
We explored how investment in pharmacist services may be beneficial for health systems at risk for Hospital Readmission Reductions Program reimbursement penalties from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Our aim was to determine to what extent reduction in readmission penalties justifies the increased operational cost of integrating a pharmacist in the delivery of transitions of care services in the outpatient setting.

Methods:
We created a mathematical model using incremental costs to evaluate the potential benefit from penalty reduction over a range of patient discharge volumes and excess readmission ratios (ERRs). The model estimates were based on the following assumptions: a national average of 13.45% of all Medicare discharges being measured by the program, an average of 40 minutes of pharmacist time per Medicare patient discharge, and a pharmacist hourly total payroll cost of $91.00 per hour.

Principal Findings:
Institutions in our model with discharge volumes ranging from 1,000 to 7,000 patients annually and an ERR of 1.1–1.3 benefited from pharmacist posthospital discharge visits, achieving a 15% reduction in early readmissions. Estimated annual net savings ranged from nearly $70,000 to just under $1,000,000. Net savings were greater for institutions with larger discharge volumes and higher initial ERRs.

Applications to Practice:
Healthcare managers overseeing transitions of care services need evidence-based strategies for reducing early readmission penalties. Our model shows that the additional cost of pharmacists providing outpatient transitions of care services could improve patient care and reduce early hospital readmission penalties. Institutions could target interventions to patients at high risk of readmission and further increase savings by limiting implementation costs.
New insights into the role of bempedoic acid and ezetimibe in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Pirillo Angela , Catapano Alberico L. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
A number of new cholesterol-lowering drugs have been recently developed and approved, enriching the pharmacological armamentarium beyond and above statins. Ezetimibe, available since two decades, and bempedoic acid, a new drug inhibiting the same biosynthetic pathway targeted by statins but at an early step, represent valuable tools for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, particularly in specific groups of patients.

Recent findings
Bempedoic acid, either alone or in combination with ezetimibe, appears to reduce significantly LDL-C levels, an effect that has been observed also in patients with statin intolerance. A Mendelian randomization study has anticipated a protective cardiovascular effect of bempedoic acid; a randomized clinical trial is currently assessing whether the pharmacological control of hypercholesterolemia with bempedoic acid translates into a clinical benefit. Bempedoic acid, as well as ezetimibe, does not appear to induce adverse events in muscles; moreover, whereas statins are associated with a modest, although significant, increased risk of new-onset diabetes, bempedoic acid does not, at least based on the available evidence.

Summary
On the basis of available data, and while awaiting the results of the outcome trial, bempedoic acid appears to represent a valuable approach for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, either alone or in combination in ezetimibe.