bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cautionary tale: Bazaar trade and limitations to growth in Georgia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karrar Hasan H. , Rudaz Philippe 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the three decades since the Soviet Union, bazaars have enabled self‐employment for large segments of the population in the Caucasus and Central Asia. In this article, we analyse data collected through 1200 structured interviews with bazaar traders in 2016 and 2017 in Georgia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where we inquired about money, organization and support. These data allow us to draw empirically grounded conclusions about the daily operations of independent bazaar traders in the three countries. The data reveal two trends, which we describe in this article. First, the more globalized the individual businesses – evidenced by knowledge and usage of foreign currency and long‐distance trade networks – the more profitable the individual businesses. But simultaneously, in the three countries, bazaar trading has a low potential for growth. Although the cost of entry into the bazaar is low, the data show that the possibility of transformative growth – expansion in scale, innovation in efficiency or production, or increase in earning relative to investment – is also low, which reveals limitations on what bazaar trading can add to national economies despite its popularity as a vocation.
Network‐building by community actors to develop capacities for coproduction of health services following reforms: A case study
Authors: Usher Susan , Denis Jean‐Louis 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionResponsive, integrated and sustainable health systems require that communities take an active role in service design and delivery. Much of the current literature focuses on provider‐led initiatives to gain community input, raising concerns about power imbalances inherent in invited forms of participation. This paper provides an alternate view, exploring how, in a period following reforms, community actors forge network alliances to (re)gain legitimacy and capacities to coproduce health services with system providers.MethodsA longitudinal case study traced the network‐building efforts over 3 years of a working group formed by citizens and community actors working with seniors, minorities, recent immigrants, youth and people with disabilities. The group came together over concerns about reforms that impacted access to health services and the ability of community groups to mediate access for vulnerable community residents. Data were collected from observation of the group's meetings and activities, documents circulated within and by the group, and semi‐directed interviews. The first stage of analysis used social network mapping to reveal the network development achieved by the working group; a second traced network maturation, based on actor–network theory.ResultsNetwork mapping revealed how the working group mobilized existing links and created new links with health system actors to explore access issues. Problematization appeared as an especially important stage in network development in the context of reforms that disrupted existing collaborative relationships and introduced new structures and processes.ConclusionNetwork‐building strategies enable community actors to enhance their capacity for coproduction. A key contribution lies in the creation of ‘organizational infrastructure’.Patient or Public ContributionThe lead researcher was embedded over 3 years in the activities of the community groups and community residents. Several group members provided comments on an initial draft of this paper. To preserve the anonymity of the group, their names do not appear in the acknowledgements section.
Equity and diversity in the nephrology workforce in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Francis Anna , O'Sullivan Kim M. , Patel Pinika , Viecelli Andrea K. , Hedley James A. , Swaminathan Ramyasuda , Crosthwaite Amy , Haloob Imad , Kennard Alice , Rowlandson Matthew , Boudville Neil , Webster Angela C. , Wyburn Kate ,   Equity and Diversity and Inclusivity Committee of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundDespite diversity initiatives, inequities persist in medicine with negative implications for the workforce and patients. Little is known about workplace inequity in nephrology.AimTo describe perceptions and experiences of bias by health professionals in the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology (ANZSN), focussing on gender and race.MethodsA web‐based survey of ANZSN members recorded degree of perceived inequity on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (complete). Groups were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐test and logistic regression. Comments were synthesised using qualitative methods to explore themes of inequity and pathways to an inclusive future.ResultsOf the 620 members of the ANZSN, there were 134 (22%) respondents, of whom 57% were women and 67% were White. The majority (88%) perceived inequities in the workforce. Perceived drivers of inequity were gender (84/113; 75%), carer responsibilities (74/113; 65%) and race (64/113; 56%). Half (74/131) had personally experienced inequity, based on gender in 70% (52/74) and race in 39% (29/75) with perceived discrimination coming from doctors, patients, academics and health administrators. White males were least likely (odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.90) to experience inequity. Dominant themes from qualitative analysis indicated that the major impacts of inequity were limited opportunities for advancement and lack of formal assistance for those experiencing inequities. Proposed solutions to reduce inequity included normalising the discourse on inequity at an organisational level, with policy changes to ensure diverse representation on committees and in executive leadership positions.ConclusionsInequity, particularly driven by gender and race, is common for nephrology health professionals in Australia and New Zealand and impacts career progression.
Was Deng Xiaoping Right? An Overview of China's Equity Markets
Authors: Walter Carl E. 
Published: April 2022

In the western world, stock markets arose from the search by privately owned companies for capital to build their businesses. Over time, the markets became places where ownership interests and even entire companies were bought and sold. In China, the complete opposite has happened. The markets arose out of the need for capital by bankrupt state‐owned enterprises operating in an economy with no history of private property. Deng Xiaoping, China's last emperor, gave the green light for the stock market experiment in early 1992 more with the hope of encouraging reform and efficiency than from any conviction that stock markets were the next sure thing.Now, after more than 20 years of experimentation with domestic and international listings, it appears evident that stock markets whose primary function is to trade minority interests in government‐controlled companies have not achieved the goal of improving enterprise performance, as China's leaders originally hoped. Instead, the combination of state monopolies with Wall Street expertise and international capital has led to the creation of national companies that represent little more than the incorporation of China's old Soviet‐style industrial ministries. As for the markets, the government's determination to prevent real privatization has produced separate classes of shares that are defined almost entirely by one thing: the shareholder's relationship to the government. And with all aspects of stock market activity regulated, managed, and owned by various state agencies, it is not surprising that non‐state investors have become motivated more by speculative opportunities than by investment fundamentals.But a quarter of a century is a short time in any country's development and, for all their shortcomings, the markets in mainland China and Hong Kong have played a significant role raising capital for China. It may be too early, perhaps, to suggest that China's equity markets have failed to accomplish what they were intended to do.
The social construction of nurse educator professional identities: Exploring the impact of a community of practice through participatory action research
Authors: Woods Andrew , Cashin Andrew , Horstmanshof Louise 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to explore whether, and how, professional nurse educator identity is co‐constructed by a community of practice.DesignA critical participatory action research (PAR) methodology was used as it extends the principles of action research by seeking purposeful and sustainable social change that recognizes participants as researchers and generators of knowledge.MethodsTwenty‐two sector‐based nurse educators employed as either nurse educators or clinical nurse educators participated in the critical PAR. Multiple methods of data generation were pursued in a cyclic and sequential manner consistent in an action research process. Three distinct phases of the research across 2015–2017 involved the generation of data before, during and after the establishment of a nurse educator community of practice. A social constructionist lens of analysis was used to explore the social and relational outcomes. The COREQ checklist was used to appraise the study report.ResultsA sustained period of community of practice engagement enhanced the participants' relationships and shifted their perceived professional identities towards being validated nurse educators with a stronger collective sense of their roles.ConclusionFor this group of nurse educators, participation in the research resulted in collective meaning‐making, praxis, knowledge generation and the co‐construction of their professional identities.
Development and validation of an instrument to assess Brazilians’ knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors toward salt and sodium
Authors: Gomes Alícia Tavares da Silva , Gabe Kamila Tiemann , Jaime Patricia Constante 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess Brazilian adults’ knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors (KPB) toward salt and sodium. Based on a PAHO/WHO questionnaire, a new instrument was developed and evaluated by 11 experts, generating item and scale‐level content validity indexes (I‐CVI and S‐CVI, respectively). Face validity was verified through a focus group with eight participants, followed by an operational test with 36 interviewees. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the construct validity, and Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to analyze instrument's reliability, using data collected via telephone from a probabilistic sample of 422 adults. The generated solutions were analyzed from theoretical and statistical significance perspectives, which supported the determination of the best model. Remaining items were scored, with higher scores related to healthier practices. A descriptive analysis was performed considering the data from the 422‐adult sample. I‐CVIs (0.73‐1), S‐CVIs (0.93; 0.97) and the interviewees' analysis indicated that items are representative and clear, in addition to being suitable for application to the target audience. Tests confirmed sample adequacy to perform the EFA (KMO = 0.82; Bartlett's sphericity test, p < .001). The final validated model, with 16 items, sufficiently explained the variance and presented good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81; 95% CI 0.79 – 0.84). Women, older individuals, and with higher education had significantly higher scores, regardless of chronic diseases diagnosis (p < .001). This instrument is ready to be applied and easily reproduced, contributing to the assessment of KPB toward salt and sodium in Brazil.
Experimental sexual selection affects the evolution of physiological and life‐history traits
Authors: Garlovsky Martin D. , Holman Luke , Brooks Andrew L. , Novicic Zorana K. , Snook Rhonda R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSexual selection and sexual conflict are expected to affect all aspects of the phenotype, not only traits that are directly involved in reproduction. Here, we show coordinated evolution of multiple physiological and life‐history traits in response to long‐term experimental manipulation of the mating system in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Development time was extended under polyandry relative to monogamy in both sexes, potentially due to higher investment in traits linked to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Individuals (especially males) evolving under polyandry had higher metabolic rates and locomotor activity than those evolving under monogamy. Polyandry individuals also invested more in metabolites associated with increased endurance capacity and efficient energy metabolism and regulation, namely lipids and glycogen. Finally, polyandry males were less desiccation‐ and starvation resistant than monogamy males, suggesting trade‐offs between resistance and sexually selected traits. Our results provide experimental evidence that mating systems can impose selection that influences the evolution of non‐sexual phenotypes such as development, activity, metabolism and nutrient homeostasis.
Effects of liberal oral intake on postoperative outcomes after elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery: A randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bao Kaibei , Deng Yingqing , Zhao Xiaotong , Zhao Tingting , Chen Jiaxin , Li Tian , Zhu Qianqian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundWomen are at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. Traditionally, patients who undergo laparoscopic gynaecological surgery are only allowed to initiate oral intake after return of bowel function, including bowel sounds or passage of flatus or stool. The present study was designed to assess the effect of liberal oral intake immediately after discharge from the post‐anaesthesia care unit (PACU) on PONV incidence in patients who underwent elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery.MethodsIn total, 174 patients (aged 20–64 years) were randomly assigned to the traditional and liberal groups. In the traditional group, patients were allowed to initiate oral intake 6 h after discharge from the PACU. In the liberal group, patients were allowed oral intake immediately after discharge from the PACU. The primary outcome was the incidence of PONV 48 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes included ileus incidence, total dose of postoperative opiate (sufentanil) use, time to postoperative first flatus (FFL), first out‐of‐bed mobilisation and the duration of postoperative hospitalisation stay.ResultsIncidence of PONV was not significantly different between both groups (32.18% vs. 33.33%, p = 0.872). Time to FFL in the liberal group was significantly shorter than that in the traditional group (14.82 ± 0.91 h vs. 17.50 ± 0.96 h, p = 0.024). The postoperative pain score at 48 h after surgery was significantly lower in the liberal group than that in the traditional group (2.48 ± 0.17 vs. 3.20 ± 0.19, p = 0.008) without an increase in sufentanil use (89.32 ± 1.02 µg vs. 89.92 ± 1.16 µg, p = 0.702). No ileus occurred in either group. When considering the time of actually return to regular diet, initiating regular diet no more than 6 h after discharge from PACU significantly shortened the time to first out‐of‐bed mobilisation (11.18 ± 1.01 h vs. 15.05 ± 0.70 h, p = 0.003).ConclusionsOur results indicate that liberal oral intake after discharge from the PACU in patients aged 20–64 years who underwent gynaecological surgery is safe and beneficial and supports the rationale for a more liberal diet regime postoperatively.
GJB1 variants in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease X‐linked type 1 in Mali
Authors: Yalcouyé Abdoulaye , Diallo Seybou H. , Cissé Lassana , Karembé Mamadou , Diallo Salimata , Coulibaly Thomas , Diarra Salimata , Coulibaly Dramane , Keita Mohamed , Guinto Cheick O. , Fischbeck Kenneth H. , Wonkam Ambroise , Landouré Guida ,   The H3Africa Consortium
Published: April 2022

AbstractX‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1 (CMTX1) disease is one of the most common subtypes of inherited neuropathies and is caused by mutations in the GJB1 gene. To date, more than 400 mutations have been reported in GJB1 worldwide but none in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). We aimed to clinically characterize patients with CMTX1 and identify the genetic defects. All patients were examined thoroughly, and Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) were done. EEG and pure tone audiometry (PTA) were also done in select individuals having additional symptoms. DNA was extracted for CMT gene panel testing (50 genes + mtDNA and PMP22 duplication), and putative variants were screened in available relatives. The predominant starting symptom was tingling, and the chief complaint was gait difficulty. Neurological examination found a distal muscle weakness and atrophy, and sensory loss, skeletal deformities, decreased or absent reflexes and steppage gait. The inheritance pattern was consistent with dominant X‐linked. NCS showed no response in most of the tested nerves in lower limbs, and normal or reduced amplitudes in upper limbs. A severe sensorineural hearing impairment and a focal epileptic seizure were observed in one patient each. A high intra and inter‐familial clinical variability was observed. Genetic testing found three pathogenic missense variants in GJB1, one in each of the families (Val91Met, Arg15Trp, and Phe235Cys). This is the first report of genetically confirmed cases of CMTX1 in SSA, and confirms its clinical and genetic heterogeneity.
Do patients with psoriasis are at higher risk for atherogenity? A case–control study
Authors: Aksoy Hakan , Aksoy Sarac Gulhan , Dinçer Rota Didem , Acar Onur , Nayır Tufan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that is common in both adult and childhood. Patients with psoriasis are at significant risk for the development of many comorbid conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the cardiovascular risk status and serum lipid parameters in patients with psoriasis and to determine the risk of cardiovascular disease by atherogenic indices obtained accordingly.MethodsThis retrospective case‐control study was conducted with a total of 142 individuals, 72 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 70 healthy volunteers over the age of 18 who were admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic. Demographic information and laboratory values were retrieved from the hospital database. Afterward, atherogenic indexes such as Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I and II (CRI‐I and II), and Atherogenic coefficient (AC) were calculated.ResultsThere was a significant difference in lipid profile between the psoriasis patients and the control group. In patients with psoriasis, triglyceride level (140.09 ± 71.20 mg/dl vs. 116.10 ± 63.95, p = 0.037) was higher, while HDL level (44.34 ± 11.77 mg/dl vs. 50.31 ± 11.62, p = 0.003) was lower. Regarding atherogenic indices; AIP (0.10 ± 0.24 vs. −0.04 ± 0.27, p = 0.001), CRI‐I (4.63 ± 1.40 vs. 3.94 ± 1.02, p = 0.001), CRI‐II (2.98 ± 1.01 vs. 2.61 ± 0.82, p = 0.019) and AC (3.63 ± 1.40 vs.. 2.94 ± 1.02, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with psoriasis.ConclusionOur study shows that patients with psoriasis have higher pro‐atherogenic lipid profile and atherogenic indexes at a high risk level. Patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Walking a tightrope: A meta‐synthesis from frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Fernández‐Basanta Sara , Castro‐Rodríguez Marta , Movilla‐Fernández María‐Jesús 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNursing staff plays a key role in the public health response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, being in the front line of care. This study sought to synthesise the qualitative literature on care experiences of frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A search was conducted on five databases in January 2021. Fifteen qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the research, being submitted to interpretive meta‐synthesis according to the eMERGe guide. The final synthesis included a line of argument that shows the experiences of frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic, divided into three major themes: ‘Instability on the edge of a cliff: unpredictable and unknown context,’ ‘The price of walking the tightrope: the uncertainty surrounding care,’ and ‘Finding the balance to reach the other side: dealing with the emotional demands of care.’ Although essential in the health response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, nurses experienced an emotional impact arising from the hampered care provision. Our results point to need for strengthening the training of nurses and future nurses, creating and promoting measures that contribute to their psycho‐emotional well‐being, ensuring a safe environment for their clinical practice, and promoting their participation in decision‐making processes.
Effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Armstrong Alex , Jungbluth Rodriguez Klaus , Sabag Angelo , Mavros Yorgi , Parker Helen M. , Keating Shelley E. , Johnson Nathan A. 
Published: April 2022

SummaryExcess visceral adiposity contributes to elevated cardiometabolic risk, and waist circumference is commonly used as a surrogate measure of visceral adipose tissue. Although regular aerobic exercise is known to improve abdominal obesity, its effect on waist circumference is unclear. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to determine (1) the effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity; (2) the association between any change in waist circumference and change in visceral adipose tissue and/or bodyweight with aerobic exercise interventions; and (3) if reductions in waist circumference with exercise are moderated by clinical characteristics or components of aerobic exercise prescription. Twenty‐five randomized controlled trials (1686 participants) were included. Regular aerobic exercise significantly reduced waist circumference by 3.2 cm (95% confidence interval [CI] −3.86, −2.51, p ≤ 0.001) versus control. Change in waist circumference was associated with change in visceral adipose tissue (β = 4.02; 95% CI 1.37, 6.66, p = 0.004), and vigorous intensity produced superior reduction (−4.2 cm, 95% CI −4.99, −3.42, p < 0.0001) in waist circumference compared with moderate intensity (−2.50 cm, 95% CI −3.22, −1.79, p = 0.058). These findings suggest regular aerobic exercise results in modest reductions in waist circumference and associated visceral adipose tissue and that higher intensity exercise may offer superior benefit to moderate intensity.