bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Airblast Insect Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of'Yorking' and 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' with a buffer row between blocks. These trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 16-yrs-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 50 gpa per alternate side spray (100 GPA-both sides) driven at 2.3 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. The Diazinon/Insegar treatment received complete sprays for all covers and the RH-5992 treatments received complete sprays on 22 May and 15 Jul. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate, Dikar, Nova, and Dithane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. For a complete schedule of all treatments, see the first table. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM were evaluated by a 5- min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of each of the three generations before peak emergence of the next generation adults. TABM were also evaluated with a similar 5-min count of shelters on 11 Jul during the first generation when most larvae were late fourth and fifth instars. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops between 3 Jul and 1 Sep and two picked samples on 21 Aug (35 apples/replicate) and 24 Sep (100 apples/replicate). All lepidopteran larvae from one replicate of each treatment that were found at the time of scoring were placed singly on an artificial lima diet normally used for rearing TABM. These larvae were then reared to adults in sealed 22 ml plastic cups at 25°C and 16:8 LD. Adults were identified to species and parasites noted to give an indication of the proportion of species attacking the apples at various times of the season. Pest pressure was extremely high throughout the season. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Control of Diamondback Moth on Canola, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Eastman C. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Canola was seeded on 20 Aug in single-row plots 16 ft long at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Natural populations of DBM were augmented with mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all sprays except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Spray solutions were applied with a 3 gal backpack-type hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 280 gal/acre on 10 Oct. One destructive sample of 5 plants/plot (previously infested with laboratory-reared DBM) was made on 14 Oct. Treated foliage from these plots was used in a laboratory bioassay (see Paper 1 L).
Biological Control of the Western Corn Rootworm Using An Entomoparasitic Nematode, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae, All strain as a biological control agent for WCR was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 3 rows (76 cm row spacing) of 10, were laid out in a completely random design on 28 Jun, and infested with WCR eggs at 600 eggs/30.5 cm of row using the method of Branson and Sutter (1980). Most of the corn (planted 10 Jun) had then reached the 3 or 4-leaf stage. On 17 Jul, nematodes (BioVector° were applied. Approximately 11 ml of S. carpocapsae suspended in 0.15% agar were applied around the base of each treated plant with a 35 ml syringe. Control plants received agar only. Six replicates of 4 nematode rates and an agar control were used; although applied per-plant, rates are expressed as nematodes/30.5 cm of row. All plots were watered after treatment until the top 5 cm of soil appeared uniformly moist. Three WCR emergence cages were placed in each plot on 24 Jul, each covering 2 plants. Beetle traps were monitored weekly from 31 Jul through 23 Sep. On 17 Sep, 10 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale (with half-point increments of greater sensitivity).
Sulfur for Corn Rootworm Control, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of disintegrating and feed grade sulfurs was evaluated against WCR as part of I investigations into organic alternatives to chemical control. Experimental plots, measuring 2 rows (76 cm row spacing) X 14 m, were planted on 7 Jun in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block I design with 4 replications; an insecticide check (Counter 15 G) was included. All treatments were applied at planting using a modified Nobel applicator. In (order to insure adequate rootworm pressure, approximately 3 m of each plot row was artificially infested with WCR eggs at a rate of 600 eggs per 30.5 cm on 19 Jul using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). On 21 Aug, 5 roots were dug from each plot, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (subdivided into half-point increments for higher sensitivity).
Biological Insecticide Performance Against First Generation European Corn Borer, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 1 row (76 cm row spacing) × 7.6 m were established in a commercial corn field (planted 6 Jun) on the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The center 15 plants of each plot were infested with 2 “black-headed” ECB egg masses on 19 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 25 Jul to corn in late whorl stage (V16). Granules were banded over the row with a Gandy granular applicator; liquids were applied in a band over the row using a C02 powered backpack sprayer delivering 217 liter/ha (20 gal/acre) through an 8004 nozzle. Insecticide performance was evaluated on 27-29 Aug by dissecting the stalks of all 15 infested plants per plot, and counting tunnels and ECB larvae.
Efficacy of Selected Bacillus Thubingiensis Formulations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 7 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 16 May with plots consisting of 5 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 13.7 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays (pH of water was 7.0) with a hi-clearance tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 56.2 liters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. All plots were oversprayed twice with methyl parathion 4 EC at 0.34 kg (AI)/ha for boll weevil suppression. Treatments were applied on 29 Jul and 14 Aug and all plots were mechanically harvested on 2 Oct. On 1 and 8 Aug, 25 terminals/plot were sampled for boUworm and tobacco budworm eggs, larvae and damage. On these dates, 25 squares/plot were examined for worm damage. Live larvae/25 squares were counted on 1, 7, and 19 Aug. On 19 Aug, 25 bolls/plot were examined for larval damage. Rainfall was recorded on 9 Aug (0.41 cm) and 10 Aug (2.06 cm).
Pyrethroid Aphicide Efficacy, 1990
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen treatments of 9 candidate pesticides were tested for efficacy against cotton aphids in cotton planted 5 May. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks replicated 4 times. Dimensions of each plot were 26.7 ft wide (8 rows) by 50 ft long. All plots were sprayed on 29 May with Ammo 2.5 EC (0.025 lb Al/acre) to diminish the predator population and help initiate a cotton aphid infestation. All plots were also sprayed on 8 Jun with Orthene 90 SP (0.375 lb Al/acre) for control of a tarnished plant bug infestation. Pesticide applications were made with a compressed air spray system mounted on a John Deere, model 6000 high clearance sprayer operated at 5.5 mph using Conejet, TX-8 nozzles calibrated to deliver 7.3 gal/acre at 42 psi. Applications were made on 6, 20, 27 Jul, 2, 17, and 31 Aug. Pretreatment counts of aphids were made on 3 Jul and posttreatment counts at approximately weekly intervals thereafter. Counts were made on 5 mature leaves (5-8 nodes below terminal) and 5 terminal leaves (4th fully expanded leaf from the terminal bud) in each plot. The 2 center rows of each plot (2°50 row ft samples) were harvested on 2 Oct, with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker.
Early and Mid Season Systemic Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R, E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Systemic insecticides were evaluated when applied in-furrow at planting treatments for thrips control and as side-dress applications for cotton aphid control at the early squaring stage of crop development. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots (13.3 × 50 ft) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Planting and in-furrow granular (IFG) insecticide treatment application was with a 4 row John Deere, model 7100 planter adapted for Almaco cone planters and Kincaid cone granule applicators, on 8 May. The in-furrow spray (IFS) treatment was applied with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 3.8 gal/acre, Conejet TX-8 spray tips). Spray was directed onto the seed and adjacent soil (ca. 3 inch wide band) as seed dropped into the seed furrow and before seed were covered with soil. Side-dress granule (SDG) treatments were applied with a Gandy, granule applicator (on tool bar with 4 applicator knives) about 3 inches deep and about 9 inches to the side of plants. Side-dress spray (SDS) treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 6.7 gal/acre, Teejet 8003 nozzle tips) and injected through the same knives as SDG. Insecticides (Karate 1 E + Orthene 90 SP°0.025 + 0.5 lb Al/acre) for bollworm/tobacco budworm control were applied 14 and 22 Aug. Plots (2 center rows) were harvested with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker on 2 Oct.
Effects of a 22% Urea Aqueous Foliar Fertilizer on Aphid Control Test-II, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm center) × 6.1 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 95 liters/ha at 3.66 kg/cm2 (2 TX-6 nozzles/row) and 5.5 km/h. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul and evaluations were made on 11 Jul and 16 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 75-120 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 plant terminals from the center 2 rows of each plot and placing diem immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300- mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded during the course of this test.
Adjuvant Effects on an Insecticide Applied in Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) for Aphid Control, Test-IV, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with 7 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm center) × 6.7 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 28 liters/ha total spray solution at 1.9 kg/cm2 (2, TX-3 nozzles/row) traveling at 7.2 km/h. Treatments were applied on 15 Jul and evaluations were made on 17 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 50-75 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 25 plant terminals from each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars \\ re poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded between 15 and 17 Jul and 1.9 cm or rainfall was recorded on 21 Jul.
Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1991
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides and 6 insecticide combinations were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of the selected treatments in controlling the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 21 May on 40-inch centers. Experimental plots were 4 rows × 100 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 3.0 gal of finished spray solution/acre at 50 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Treatments were applied on 10, 19 Jul, 1, 9, and 20 Aug. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed on the entire test area after the last observation on 23 Aug. Plant damage was monitored 3-6 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 23 Oct.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted 16 May at the Edward Farless farm in Bertie Co. Seed rate was approximately 80 lb/acre in a sandy loam soil with 1.3% humic matter and a pH of 5.6. Soil temperature was 69°F. Plots were 4 rows (on 36 inch centers) × 20 ft with 4 replications/treatment arranged in a randomized complete block. Except for insecticide applications, the crop was grown using standard agronomic practices as recommended by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. The pre-plant incorporated (PPI) Lorsban 4 E was applied prior to planting by spraying the insecticide as a broadcast treatment over the plot with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at 40 psi. Immediately after application, the insecticide was lightly incorporated with a hand rake. The pegging-time applications of Lorsban 4 E were applied in a similar fashion, but were placed in a 16 inch band over the row and were not incorporated. A bicycle-wheel applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit was used to apply the at-pegging treatments on 16 Jul in a 16 inch band. Growing conditions were dry in May and Jun, but Jul and Aug had above normal precipitation. This same wet weather also promoted increased leaching of pesticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 7 Sep by collecting 100 pods/plot at random from 5 plants in the two right-hand rows. Pods were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for freezing and subsequent examination. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 left-hand rows of the plots on 15 Oct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by DNMRT. All data were transformed Vx = 0.05 prior to analysis, but actual means are reported.
Apple, Lorsban Timing and Rate Trial for Suppression of European Red Mite, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees near Doublas, MI ('A' Block) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 24 Apr (1/2 inch green), 30 Apr (P), 15 May (PF), 27 May (IC), 8 Jun (2C), 19 Jun (3C), 1 Jul (4C), 14 Jul (5C), 27 Jul (6C), 8 Aug (7C), 19 Aug (8C), 3 Sep (9C), and 17 Sep (10C). When timed applications were not made, treatment plots were maintained with Guthion 35 WP at 3.0 lb per acre. The Kelthane application was timed for a threshold of 5 mites/leaf. Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 9 Jul, 19 Jul, 6 Aug, and 15 Aug, samples consisting of 50 leaves per tree (200 per treatment) were picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. ERM adults and eggs, and AF and ZM were counted.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Carbofuran, 1991
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Carbofuran was evaluated for control of RWW at Stuttgart (Crowley silt loam soil) and Keiser (Sharkey silt clay soil), AR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows with 17.8 cm spacing × 4.88 m. At Stuttgart, rice ('Newbonnet') was drill-seeded at 123.2 kg seed/ha 25 Apr and emerged 6 May. Propanil at 4.48 kg (AI)/ha and thiobencarb at 2.24 kg (AI)/ha were applied 16 May. Plots were temporarily flooded 17 May and permanently flooded 30 May. Urea at 151.2 kg/ha was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha 30 May and 33.6 kg/ha each on 10 and 22 Jul. Carbofuran 4 F was sprayed 30 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with Tee Jet 8002 flat fan spray tips. Carbofuran 3 C and fertilizer granules (33.6 kg/ha) coated with carbofuran 4 F were applied with a hand-held shaker 13 Jun. At Keiser, rice ('Alan') was drill-seeded at 100.8 kg seed/ha 23 May and emerged 5 Jun. Propanil at 4.48 kg (AI)/ha and thiobencarb at 3.36 kg (AI)/ha were applied 14 Jun. Urea at 151.2 kg/ha was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha 25 Jun and 33.6 kg/ha each on 7 and 26 Jul. Carbofuran 4 F, 3 G, and coated fertilizer granules were applied on 24 Jun with the same equipment as at Stuttgart. On 20 and 27 Jun at Stuttgart and on 16 and 25 Jul at Keiser, 5, 10.2 cm diam by 10.2 cm deep, soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil and plant roots were washed into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Nematodes, 1990
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. , Smith K. , Martin R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments, designed as randomized complete blocks, were conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and its satellite station at Eagle Lake. Each of 2 experiments at Beaumont and a single experiment at Eagle Lake consisted of 5 and 8 treatments, respectively, all with 4 replications. Soil at Beaumont was Beaumont clay and that at Eagle Lake was Nada fine sandy loam. At the Beaumont location plots were 13 × 6 ft, broadcast sown to dry soil with 100 lbs seed/acre, and fertilized with urea at 110 lbs N/acre. Plots were flush irrigated (flooded for 24 to 48 h then drained) as needed until the permanent flood was applied on 4 Jun (22 d after seedling emergence through soil). On 30 May plots were treated with 3, 2, and 0.25 lbs (AI)/acre propanil, thiobencarb, and bentazon, respectively. Metal barriers were placed around plots to receive treatments applied to flood water. Treatments were applied as described in the tables. Nematode treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle hand-held boom sprayer using CO2, at 22 psi, as a propellant. Nozzles were LF 3, 80 degrees without screens. Final spray vol was 100 gal/acre. Nematode treatments were made at dusk with the spray boom positioned below the canopy to prevent drift. Furadan was applied with a hand-held shaker. At panicle differentiation (29 Jun) plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lbs N/acre. From 25 to 27 Jun, 5, 4-inch diameter × 4-inch deep soil cores were removed from each plot of Experiment 1. Each core contained a single plant with roots which were washed and inspected for immature RWW. Plots in Experiment 2 were sampled 9-10 Jul as in Experiment 1. At maturity plots in both experiments were harvested, yields adjusted to 12% moisture, and grain milled to determine quality. Plots at Eagle Lake were 13 × 6 ft, drill planted (6-inch row spacing) at 100 lbs seed/acre, and fertilized with urea and 16-20-0 at 45 lbs N/acre on 21 Mar. Seedlings emerged through soil between 5 and 7 Apr. Plots were flush irrigated as needed until the permanent flood was applied 11 May (34 to 36 d after seedling emergence). On 19 Apr molinate, propanil, and bentazon were applied at 3.0; 3.0; and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, followed by an application of thiobencarb, molinate, and propanil at 2.0; 3.0, and 3.0 lbs (AI)/acre, respectively, on 3 May. Treatments as listed in the table were applied as described for the experiments at Beaumont. At panicle differentiation (1 Jun), plots were fertilized with urea at 45 lbs N/acre. On 7 Jun (13 d after application of treatments), plots were sampled, as in experiments at Beaumont, for RWW immatures. Plots were not harvested; thus, yield and milling quality are not available for the Eagle Lake experiment. Data for RWW densities were transformed using Vx + 0.5; yield and milling data were not transformed. Data were subjected to ANOVA and where appropriate DMRT.
Apple, Control of Leafhoppers with Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees near Douglas, MI (Block—E) at a rate of 300 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 handgun sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul. Dodine, Bravo, and Bayleton were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations were made on 16, 20, and 31 Jul by counting motile leafhopper stages on the end 4 leaves of 25 terminals per tree (100 terminals per treatment).