bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Relation of Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Yields to Plant Population Density1
Authors: Stang J. R. , Mack H. J. , Rowe K. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The yield-plant density relationships of 5 bush snap bean cultivars and the effect of rate of N application on the yield-density relationship of a single cultivar were studied in 2 separate experiments. Responses were described by the equation W-θ = α + βρ where W is the pod weight per plant, ρ is the plant population density, and θ, α and β are constants. The θ, α and β values were tested for significant differences among the cultivars and levels of N. In experiment 1, θ = 0.836 was acceptable for all 5 cultivars and in experiment 2, θ = 0.897 was acceptable for the 3 rates of N. Values of θ were similar to those found for bush snap beans by other researchers. Significant differences existed among both α and β values of the cultivars. In the N experiment, α was constant but values of β differed significantly and were inversely related to the level of N. Optimum plant density was dependent on the cultivar and increased with the level of N.
Variation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resistance in Tomato Breeding Lines1
Authors: Kwaje S. L. , Young R. J. , Schubert O. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Tm-2a gene and probably the Tm-2 gene, both of which confer resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), were used to develop fresh-market type red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines. Crosses were made between lines carrying these genes and susceptible fresh-market type tomato cultivars. Progenies were screened for resistance to TMV by inoculating with 5 known Ohio strains and inheritance was studied at 17° and 28°C. The highest level of resistance to all virus strains was obtained when the 2 resistant genes were combined in a single cross.
Organic Acids in Grapefruit Fruit Tissues
Authors: Monselise Shaul P. , Galily David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Organic acid components of tissues of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. At harvest, in autumn, malic acid was the main component of the flavedo (78% of total acid content), with malonic, adipic, citric, succinic and oxalic, ranging in order from 11% to 2%. In the albedo, malic was again the prevalent acid (67%), with malonic, adipic, oxalic and succinic acids ranging in order from 19% to 2%; citric acid was present in traces only. In the juice, citric was the prevalent acid (87%), malic attained 12% while other acids were present only in minute amounts. Malic, malonic, adipic and succinic acids in the flavedo declined when the fruit was left on the tree but increased during off-tree storage. Oxalic acid disappeared from the flavedo during storage. Orange and grapefruit acids are compared.
Influences of Polyethylene-Coated Paper Mulch on Soil Environment1
Authors: Liptay A. M. , Tiessen H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of polyethylene-coated paper mulches in altering soil environment was investigated. The increase in maximum daily soil temperatures under mulch compared to bare soil was approximately the same for a clear polyethylene laminated on black paper as the clear polyethylene alone. Minimum daily soil temperatures were higher under laminated paper mulch than under black polyethylene. Polyethylene coated paper was as effective as polyethylene in reducing soil moisture evaporation. Studies of bulk density indicated that soils under all mulches were less compacted than the bare soil. Nitrate N levels under mulches were also higher than in the bare soil. The disposal problem encountered with polyethylene mulches at the end of the growing season is eliminated by the use of polyethylene coated paper mulches because the very thin coating of polyethylene disintegrates during the growing season, and the residual paper decomposes in the soil after tilling.
Simulated Mechanical Damage to Garden Beans During Germination1
Authors: Pollock B. M. , Manalo J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds otherwise free from mechanical breakage may be subjected to stress during a germination test to give symptoms of mechanical damage typical of those resulting from harvesting and cleaning machinery. This physiological breakage occurs when seeds at low moisture levels are imbibed in a wet germination medium, and is an artifact of the testing procedure. It is not clear whether the potential susceptibility to such damage should be considered as a factor in planting quality.
Greenhouse and Field Tests for Determining the Resistance of Onion Lines to Fusarium Basal Rot1
Authors: Retig Nira , Kust A. F. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A greenhouse method was developed for testing the resistance of onion lines to Fusarium basal rot. Roots of onion seedlings at the first true leaf stage were dipped in a heavy suspension of the pathogen. The seedlings were then planted in silica sand and grown at a soil temperature of 24° C. The first disease symptoms in a susceptible progeny appeared in about 10 days and continued to appear for up to 10 to 14 days thereafter. Infected seedlings died or were severely stunted in growth. Resistant seedlings exhibited no disease symptoms.
Field tests were conducted on muck soil known to be heavily infested with the Fusarium organism. Counts of infected plants were taken during the growing season and at harvest time. All bulbs which did not show disease symptoms were then put in cold storage for 4 months. A considerable number of bulbs which appeared to be uninfected at harvest time showed the typical decay after storage. After storage, infected and non-infected bulbs were counted and a total per cent infected was calculated.
A high positive correlation existed between greenhouse and field results.
A Bud-Graft Incompatibility in Rosa1
Authors: Buck Griffith J. , Heppel Bunny J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study of the histology of the bud-graft unions involving a rose cultivar, Rosa × ‘Fire King’ and two rose understocks, R. multiflora, ‘Brooks’ and R. × ‘Manetti’, was made. These 2 combinations produce a growth phenomenon termed “brittleness”. The graft unions were characterized by large quantities of fragments of necrotic material in the understock-scion interface and delay in the reconstruction of the cambial cylinder with a corresponding decrease in thickness of the cylinders of cambial derivatives derived as a result of cambial activity.
A Method of Estimating the Potential Yield of a Vegetable Crop Obtainable in a Single Harvest1
Authors: Davis R. M. , Fildes R. , Baker G. A. , Zahara M. , May D. M. , Tyler K. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A table is presented from which the percentage distribution of a crop into various maturity classes can be estimated for an optimizing or non-optimizing harvest day. Two or three characteristics of the crop must be known or guessed for predictive or speculative purposes. The use of the table throws light on the type of information which must be at hand in order to work intelligently toward a once-over harvest in those perishable crops which at present are not well adapted for it.
Effect of Succinamic Acid, 2-2-Dimethyl Hydrazide and Late-Season Night Temperature on the Maturity Indices of ‘Stayman’ Apples1
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Childers N. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of succinamic acid, 2-2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) and controlled late-season night temperatures on maturity indices of the sun-exposed and shaded sides of ‘Stayman’ apples were studied. The inhibitory effects of Alar on maturity were apparently reduced by warmer night temperatures. Warmer nights decreased soluble solids and red color but increased softening and acidity. These effects are attributed to an increased night respiration rate. Maturity indices data suggest that metabolic activities of the sun-exposed and shaded sides of the fruit respond differentially to increases in night temperature.
Peach Cultivar Responses to Fruit Thinning with CPA1
Authors: Bausher Michael G. , Christ Ernest G. , Childers Norman F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chemical thinning of peaches was conducted under orchard conditions using CPA,3 followed by standard hand thinning, on the cultivars ‘Jerseyqueen,’ ‘Sunhigh,’ ‘Redhaven’, ‘Sunqueen’ and ‘Rio Oso Gem.‘ Timing of the 3 sprays at 150 ppm was based on the water volume displacement of 100 fruits selected at random from each plot: a) at 200 ml displacement, b) at 280 ml, and c) at 280 ml plus 4 days. The control was hand thinned only. Ovule length was measured at each spray timing and found to be 7–10 mm at the 280 ml water displacement; both ovule length and water displacement techniques were used to time CPA sprays in over 2000 acres of New Jersey orchards in 1968.
Timing of the CPA thinner for optimum effectiveness in this experiment varied with cultivar. Individual fruit weight was greater on CPA-thinned trees than on the controls for the cultivars ‘Redhaven,’ ‘Rio Oso Gem,’ ‘Sunqueen’ and ‘Sunhigh’ at harvest. Chemically thinned ‘Jerseyqueen’ did not show an increased mean fruit weight at harvest. Yield reductions occurred on ‘Sunhigh’ at the 280 ml timing and on ‘Redhaven’ at the 280 ml + 4 days timing, due apparently to subsequent over-thinning by hand. Shading increased the thinning effectiveness of CPA on all cultivars. ‘Jerseyqueen’ and ‘Redhaven’ were difficult to thin with CPA under the conditions of this experiment. ‘Rio Oso Gem’ was moderately difficult, while ‘Sunhigh’ and ‘Sunqueen’ were thinned readily.
Consistency of Intercellular Space in 4 Sweet Potato Cultivars at Harvest1
Authors: Pope D. T. , Kushman L. J. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Nugget’, ‘Gem’, ‘Goldrush’ and ‘Centennial’ sweet potato cultivars were grown for 3 yr at 3 locations in North Carolina. Root samples were collected at peak harvest (about October 1) each year and examined for intercellular space (IS). At 1 location each year a collection was made 3 wk prior to peak harvest, at peak harvest, and 3 wk after peak harvest. Cultivars differed significantly from one another in IS at harvest and averaged 6.26, 7.32, 8.41 and 9.85 ml/100 ml of root for ‘Nugget’, ‘Gem’, ‘Goldrush’ and ‘Centennial’, respectively. Over the 3-yr period IS did not differ significantly due to location, time of harvest, or years.
Relation of Imbibition and Drying on Cotyledon Cracking in Snap Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Morris J. L. , Campbell W. F. , Pollard L. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of imbibition and drying rates on colyledon cracking in snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., was studied. Six snap bean cultivars, representing various degrees of susceptibility to cotyledon cracking, were compared. Data indicated that differences in the rate of imbibition and drying were not responsible for differences in susceptibility to cotyledon cracking. The crack-resistant ‘Improved Higrade’ and moderately-resistant ‘Earliwax’ imbibed water faster than the crack-susceptible cultivars. Anatomical studies indicated that cracking was more frequent across the cell walls of the cotyledon cells than along the middle lamellae in all cultivars.
Temperature Effect of Greenhouse Water on Rose and Chrysanthemum Turgidity, Stomate Behavior, Growth, and Flowering1
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold irrigation water during mid-winter significantly reduced greenhouse soil temperatures, reduced rose and chrysanthemum relative turgidities, tended to partially or completely close stomates and decreased plant heights and fresh weights. Rose and chrysanthemum leaf relative turgidities were found to decrease from 86% and 79% before irrigation with 35°F water to 54% and 43% one hour after watering. Scanning electron micrographs of rose and chrysanthemum leaves were used to compare stomates during a 5 hour period after irrigation with 35°F and 65°F water. Photographs showed 35°F water caused stomates to close, produced a pronounced flaccidity of guard cells and caused considerable distortion of leaf epidermal cells within 1 to 2½ hours after its application. Chrysanthemum plant heights and fresh weights at flowering decreased significantly as irrigation water temperatures declined. No treatment differences in numbers of rose flowers were found, but stem lengths and fresh weights were reduced significantly.
Effects of Growth Retardants on Biosynthesis of Gibberellin Precursors in Root Tips of Peas, Pisum sativum L.1
Authors: Wylie Anthony W. , Ryugo Kay , Sachs R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pea root tips were pre-incubated for 2 hr in the presence of Alar, Amo–1618, or Cycocel after which a quantity of 2-14C-mevalonic acid was added to the medium. The incorporation of mevalonic acid subsequent to decarboxylation into 3 gibberellic acid precursors, trans-geranylgeraniol, kauren-19-ol, and kauren-19-al was ascertained by paper and thin layer chromatography. The amount incorporated into a fourth acidic fraction containing kaurenoic acid was also estimated.
In the presence of Alar, the amount of radioactivity in trans-geranylgeraniol increased while that in kauren-19-al decreased simultaneously; the radioactivity in the acidic and kauren-19-ol fractions remained unchanged. Amo-1618 at 125 ppm induced an accumulation of radioactive acidic materials and concurrent decreases in the other 3 fractions. With Cycocel, the incorporation of 14C in kauren-19-ol and kauren-19-al remained unchanged while that in the acidic fraction increased and trans-geranylageraniol decreased. Amo-1618 was 100-fold more effective than Cycocel in altering the levels of GA precursors. The Alar concentration required to affect the biosynthesis of GA precursors was the same as that which inhibited epicotyl elongation of intact pea seedlings. The findings support the hypothesis that these growth retardants disrupt GA biosynthesis which in turn affects subapical meristematic activity, thereby inhibiting internodal elongation.
Internal Browning of Thompson Seedless Grapes1
Authors: Pool Robert M. , Weaver Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Girdling reduced, and gibberellic acid or 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid treatment had no effect on, the incidence of internal browning in ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries stored at 0°C. There was a direct relationship between the soluble solids content of the berries and the percentage of berries which developed internal browning. Fruit susceptible to internal browning had high levels of polyphenoloxidase and low levels of dihydroxy-phenolic substrate.
Increasing the Number and Crotch Angles of Primary Branches of Apple Trees with Cytokinins and Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Williams Max W. , Billingsley H. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cytokinins and gibberellins applied to dormant buds on young apple trees significantly increased the number of growing buds and the angle between the main trunk and the new shoot. Total shoot growth on treated trees was nearly double that of control trees. Nursery trees treated with growth regulators several weeks before planting produced branches with wide crotch angles from which good permanent primary scaffold limbs could be selected.
Effect of Day Temperature and Light Intensity on Coloration of Vitis vinifera L. Grapes1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of high (86°F) and low (68°F) day temperature, and of high (2,500 to 5,000 ft-c) and low (500 to 1,200 ft-c) light intensity, on the coloration of ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Pinot noir’ grapes grown in sunlit, temperature-controlled rooms during the ripening period were investigated. Night temperature (7 PM to 7 AM) was 59°F in all treatments.
Low day temperature significantly increased the level of anthocyanin pigments in the skins of both cultivars at both high and low light intensity. Anthocyanin synthesis was almost completely inhibited in the skins of ‘Cardinal’ berries that had average daytime temperatures between 91 and 95°F.
Low light intensity greatly reduced coloration of ‘Pinot noir’ grapes at both low and high day temperatures but decreased the level of pigments in grapes grown at 86°F. It either increased or had little effect on fruit coloration of ‘Cardinal’ grapes grown at 68°F.
Comparative Responses of Three Apple Rootstocks to Soil-Incorporated Simazine1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Damon R. A. , Robinson D. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
EM VII, EM IX AND MM 106 apple rootstocks were grown under greenhouse conditions in cans containing soil-incorporated simazine at concentrations of 0–6 ppm. In general, except for severity of foliar injury, the rootstocks responded similarly to simazine. Least foliar injury occurred on MM 106 rootstocks and the most injury on EM VII. Fresh weight increases indicated, however, that this difference may be of no practical significance.
Simazine levels of 1 and 2 ppm improved above-ground growth and increased total leaf nitrogen (N) but suppressed root growth. At concentrations of 3 ppm and higher, simazine suppressed both above-ground growth and root growth but markedly increased leaf N.
Growth Relationships in the Strawberry Plant1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Dana Malcolm N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Correlation and regression analyses were made on growth measurements obtained from ‘Dunlap,’ ‘Sparkle’ and ‘Catskill’ strawberry plants grown in the greenhouse. Two tests were evaluated in which plants of 3 and 7 age groups and a range of weights were included. Results indicated close relationships between many growth measurements. These included high correlations between initial plant weight and plant age, leaf production rate, and early leaf area. After 3 or 4 months, growth correlations of .5 to .8 were still present between initial plant weight and leaf area and between early and late leaf area measurements. Correlations of .3 to .8 were found between initial weight or plant age and the number of flower buds. Correlations were generally similar in all cultivars and for both tests. The results indicate that some of these measurements could be used to predict or evaluate growth response of strawberry plants to applied treatments.
Effects of Photoperiod and Other Factors upon Flowering and Runner Development of Three Strawberry Cultivars1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Lipecki J. , Kiang Chi-Li 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of 3 strawberry cultivars, an everbearer (‘Geneva’), and 2 June bearers (‘Catskill’ and ‘Frontenac’) were grown in growth chambers to determine the effects of photoperiod, light intensity, and night temperature upon flowering and runner development. In one experiment, plants dug in the fall and stored at −2° C until spring were compared with spring-dug plants.
The most important factor affecting response was photoperiod. Eighteen hour photo-periods (LD) or continuous light promoted flowering in ‘Geneva’ and runner production in ‘Catskill’ relative to 12 hour photoperiods, while response of ‘Frontenac’ varied in 2 experiments. A light break during a long night simulated LD conditions in ‘Catskill’, but not in ‘Geneva’, and was more consistent than LD in promoting runner development in ‘Frontenac’.
The effects of light intensity were mainly quantitative, 2400 f-c increasing inflorescence or runner production (depending upon cultivar) in comparison with 1200 f-c.
Night temperature did not affect inflorescence or runner production independently of other factors, except for greater runner production with low night temperature (15° C) in ‘Frontenac’.
Time of digging was tested only in ‘Geneva’ and ‘Frontenac’. Fall digging increased the number of inflorescences formed and reduced runner production in ‘Geneva’.
Distribution of Manganese−54 in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees in Relation to the Occurrence of Internal Bark Necrosis (IBN)1,2
Authors: Shelton J. E. , Zeiger D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Red Prince Delicious’/East Mailing (EM) VII trees were grown in sand culture and fertilized with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.5, 5.0 or 50.0 ppm Mn. 54Mn was supplied to provide the same specific activity in all treatments. Autoradiographs showed “islands” of radioactivity in bark patches from all treatments 2½ months after initiation of the experiment. These “islands” disappeared after 8 months in the 0.5 ppm treatment, and after 10 months in the 5.0 ppm treatment, but continued to exist in bark patches from the 50.0 ppm treatment through the last sampling at 15½ months. Typical, and some aberrant, symptoms of IBN first appeared after 5½ months in the 50.0 ppm treatment. Pimples occurred at sites where autoradiographs indicated Mn concentrations. As the pimple stage of IBN progressed to necrotic lesions, radioactivity was concentrated around the periphery of the lesions. Data is presented which suggests that, as Mn supply is increased, alteration of mechanisms for regulating uptake and distribution of Mn occurs.
Population Density and Growth Rate of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in an Arid Climate with Sprinkler Irrigation1
Authors: Robinson Frank E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using sprinkler irrigation for the entire season allowed a change in bed conformity for head lettuce. Growing 6 rows on an 82-inch bed introduced a maturity variable, with the 2 outside rows having larger heads or heads with greater numbers of leaves.
On a flat soil surface with plants on square spacings of 10 × 10, 12 × 12, 14 × 14, 16 × 16, and 24 × 24 inches, growth was slowed but total yields increased as density increased. Using ‘Climax’ and the present system of packaging 24 or 30 heads per carton, the 14 × 14-inch spacing produced the greatest number of cartons per acre. The greater yields at the 10 × 10-inch spacing (45 tons per acre) were small heads that would be acceptable only for shredding.
Effect of Temperature on Development of Premature Ripening in ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. , Hansen Elmer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Premature ripening, a physiological disorder of ‘Bartlett’ pears, was induced experimentally by use of temperature controlled limb cages. Exposure to 65° day and 45° F night temperatures for 3-31 days prior to harvest caused an early acceleration in ethylene production and occurrence of the climacteric rise in respiration. These changes were accompanied by fruit softening, increases in soluble pectin and protein N, a more rapid decline in malic acid as well as a decrease in the rate of citric acid accumulation. Treatments with gibberellic acid (GA3), 100 ppm, and succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar), 1000 ppm, counteracted the effect of cool temperature exposure and retarded premature ripening. The disorder did not develop in fruit maintained at 75° day and 60° night temperatures during the experiment.
The Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Flower Differentiation, Date of Bloom, and Flower Hardiness of Peach1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Widmoyer F. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA), when applied to peaches from early August to early September at 200 ppm, resulted in flower thinning, bloom delay, and increased hardiness near bloom. Early August treatments were more effective than earlier or later applications. A morphological study of buds after treatment indicated that GA: delayed flower initiation, delayed development after initiation, resulted in smaller buds, and delayed microsporogenesis.
Effects of Foliar Applied Mg on Yield, Fruit Quality and Macronutrients of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange1
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Opitz K. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Where Mg deficient ‘Washington’ navel orange trees were sprayed with Mg, leaf Mg was increased from a deficient to an optimum level in the first year of application. However, it was not until the fourth year of application that a yield increase occurred. At least 2 sprays annually were required. There was an increase in total soluble solids in the juice as a result of the sprays, but there were no other consistent effects on fruit quality. Magnesium in the feeder roots was increased by the foliage sprays. Leaf K was decreased by the Mg sprays. One year after cessation of the sprays the leaf Mg was again in the deficiency range.