bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Concerning Human Understanding
Authors: Yousef Nancy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter mounts an extended argument for reading George Eliot’s Middlemarch and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations together as related efforts to rethink long-standing philosophical presuppositions about the privacy of thoughts and sensations. The writings of the novelist and the philosopher evince a shared preoccupation with inwardness as a prevailing concept and governing trope in philosophical psychology, one that extends back to foundational empiricist accounts of mind, such as John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, a work that served as the basis for the nascent field of psychology in the nineteenth century. In Middlemarch, Eliot approaches the “problem of other minds” at once diagnostically and historically, as an inherited—and for that reason difficult to disown—picture from the recent philosophical past. “Pictures” of inwardness and egoism in the novel correspond to what Wittgenstein describes as “pictures that hold us captive” in his investigations of deep-seated convictions about the “privacy” of psychic life. Both Eliot and Wittgenstein redirect attention to the desires, disappointments, and temptations that give rise to the picture in the first place. In both writers, complex modulation of multiple voices and striking juxtapositions of examples and aphoristic reflections effect a fundamental reshaping of the “problem of other minds.” Epistemological analysis is displaced by investigations of everyday scenes of expectation and rejoinder, withholding and responding, which foreground the ethical challenges of privacy and disclosure.
The Spirit of the Commonplace, or When does it make sense to use the word “soul”?
Authors: Yousef Nancy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The imperative to attend to ordinary language shapes how the poet William Wordsworth and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein approach “truths” which do not lend themselves to proof, verification, or theorization. The poet and the philosopher both draw attention to the commingling of literal and figural meanings in everyday evocations of “soul” and “spirit.” “Soul” makes sense in Wordsworth and Wittgenstein because they credit the importance and the everydayness of utterances and expressions we might easily exclude or overlook as obviously fanciful, a mere figure of speech, or a mystification of material facts. “In my heart,” “upon my soul,” “as I live and breathe”: Wordsworth and Wittgenstein take such commonplace turns of phrase seriously, as bearing philosophical, affective, and ethical weight. Suspending a facile distinction between literal and figurative meanings, but nevertheless insisting on the place that the “soul” holds in conversation—be it in colloquy with others or in silent introspection—Wordsworth and Wittgenstein each affirm the import of ordinary language as a source of cognition and recognition at a cultural moment that each felt (separately, and separated by over a century) was at risk of overlooking or trivializing forms of responsiveness and responsibility that have their sole articulation in the meaningful idiosyncrasies of everyday speech.
Introduction
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the world of Barbary, and to British perceptions and attitudes towards it. It outlines Barbary’s political history, governmental structures, and complex society, made up of Turks, janissaries, Moors, Jews, renegade Europeans, corsairs, and slaves. It covers Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, the three regencies under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire, with Algiers serving as the model, and also the very different structures found in Morocco, which never fell under the sway of the Ottomans. Sections on the world of the corsairs explore their rise, operational strategy, ships, leaders, and galley-slaves. It assesses the role of English renegade corsairs in the early seventeenth century, such as the notorious Captain John Ward, and the parallels between Barbary’s corsairs and the Christian corsairs of Malta, Italy, and France. The Introduction also explores the issue of slave numbers, both British and European, the ‘ransom economy’, and the wider labour-value of European captives. The chapter ends by returning to the ambivalent attitudes of the English towards the Ottomans and Barbary, a compound of awe, fear, contempt, and respect. It stresses the need to distinguish clearly between attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire and to the ‘piratical’ regencies.
Faith and Identity
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the issues of identity, both religious and political, facing the British captives in Barbary, and also facing the renegade corsairs and soldiers who had moved there voluntarily. Trust in God’s providence helped some captives endure the ordeal of enslavement, though the chapter explains how the doctrine could prove a two-edged sword. The chapter also explores the circumstances and motives that led some captives to accept Islam and ‘turn Turk’, and the relationship between coercion, incentives, and resignation in such decisions. Religious identity could be fluid and multilayered. What did apostasy mean to those who took this step? For renegade corsairs, it might be wholly transactional; for some slaves too, it might be no more than an outward performance. In other cases a pragmatic or coerced apostasy might over time evolve into a genuine attachment to Islam. The chapter also explores the apostasy of captured children, who had little or no understanding of what it meant, but whose new identities might take firm root. It ends with the challenges facing apostates who later found their way home and sought to return to the Christian faith.
Escaping from Barbary
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Escaping from Barbary was hazardous, with no overland route to safety from Algiers or Tunis. Harsh punishments or death awaited those recaptured. Chapter 5 begins by exploring mutinies or risings on board the corsairs’ own men-of-war or prizes. Although many designs were abandoned or foiled, others succeeded, a few bloodless, some ending in mass slaughter. The chapter then turns to ‘the chances of the sea’, the possibility of freedom if a man-of-war was driven ashore or encountered a British warship. Some slaves escaped by being smuggled aboard a visiting ship or swimming out to one, though the crown and merchants strongly disapproved of such exploits as a threat to peaceful commerce. Other captives desperate to escape fashioned flimsy boats and attempted to paddle their way to Europe, with one such case graphically described by William Okeley. Only Morocco offered, for a time, an overland route to safety, for slaves who could escape and reach the Spanish outpost at Mamora.
Arranging Redemptions
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the ‘redemption business’, the organization and payment of ransoms in Barbary, and the roles played by a variety of intermediaries, including merchants, consuls, Jews, and Moors. It assesses individual redemptions organized privately and the large-scale operations mounted on the initiative of the state, notably by Leate and Frizzell in 1624, Edmund Cason in 1646–47, and William Bowtell in the 1680s. The chapter also provides the first account of the mission by two clerics in 1662—the only time England imitated continental arrangements. The chapter assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the English systems, and the problems facing negotiators. It compares English arrangements with those of continental powers, and compares their performance. It also explores the role of Jews, and the anti-Semitism provoked by their part in the capture as well as redemption of slaves. Another section examines the significance of exchange as a method of liberating slaves. Once freed, former captives faced the challenge of rebuilding their broken lives. The chapter’s final section offers a pioneering assessment of the challenges they faced, and how far the effects of enslavement might continue to shape their lives.
Government Action
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 traces the British state’s efforts to curb the corsair threat and liberate the slaves by diplomacy, money, force, or a combination of all three, across the seventeenth century and into the eighteenth. Its efforts were frustrated by the early Stuarts’ limited resources and the fact that, throughout the period, other foreign policy issues always enjoyed higher priority. The chapter shows how, nonetheless, from the 1650s the state deployed its growing naval strength to apply pressure, and with increasing effect. The chapter outlines and assesses the failed pre-Civil War expedition of Robert Mansell and William Rainborough’s success at Salé, and later naval operations from Robert Blake to Arthur Herbert. By Charles II’s death in 1685, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli no longer posed a threat to British shipping. The chapter then explores why Morocco proved far less susceptible to naval pressure, through a combination of geographical and political factors, and traces the interminable negotiations that finally brought peace in 1721.
Conclusion
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion draws together the main threads of the book and broadens the discussion to reflect on British attitudes towards slavery and freedom, showing how Barbary coloured political discourse in both the civil war and Restoration periods. It shows how some radicals who condemned the ‘slavery’ of the English people under the so-called Norman Yoke were paradoxically willing to contemplate something very similar to slavery as a suitable punishment for offenders in England. A generation later, Whig pamphleteers warned that the accession of the Catholic James, duke of York, would reduce the English people to the misery of slaves in Algiers. The Conclusion provides an overview of the book’s findings, in particular on the much disputed issue of the conditions experienced by slaves in Barbary, and the factors that shaped them. It summarises how ransoms were raised and how redemptions were organized, comparing Britain and its continental neighbours in their approach to the challenges they shared, the responses they adopted, and the degree of success or failure that resulted.
Conclusion
Authors: Dudney Arthur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Many of our received ideas about the eighteenth century in South Asia were mediated through colonial scholarship and epistemology, and would therefore have been unthinkable to the people of that era. This study situates late pre-colonial Persianate Indian literary culture in a global early modern context, presenting the philological and literary methodology of Ārzū and his circle as the paradigmatic early modern combination of maintaining a deep respect for tradition while stretching that tradition’s fundamental categories and assumptions to breaking point and sometimes beyond. Persianate literary society in early eighteenth-century Delhi can inspire us with its transnational and multiconfessional outlook, but this early modern cosmopolitanism may unfortunately not be able to provide a workable model for cosmopolitanism in our own time.
What is it Like to be a Human Being?
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In which I offer a descriptive exploration of human phenomenology. It is in epiphanies in particular that we encounter value; but it isn’t only there. Value is pervasively presented to us in the whole continuum of our subjective experience, not only the peaks in that continuum that we call epiphanies. So it is important to look at the whole continuum. Our subjective experience is very complex and very various, so I cannot examine all of it. But in this chapter I look at some important aspects.
In Search of Vulnerabilities Lost
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces how the reception of the pamphlet Rangila Rasul contributed to the formation of a distinctly Muslim political subjectivity in colonial India. It shows that the increasing salience of print media at the beginning of the twentieth century challenged the aesthetic–religious authority or ‘aura’ of the Prophet. This process set the stage for a discourse on honour, purity, and insult that became so characteristic of the pre-partition political language. This chapter further reveals that blasphemy legislation, and the surrounding legislative and judicial debates led to a solidification of the Muslim subject as a category in law and carved deep fissures between Hindus and Muslims. The Prophet’s entrance into the legal sphere also allowed for other issues around sacred space and territoriality to take centre stage and stirred Muslim political thought towards questions of representation and nationhood.
Empirical Results
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this chapter it is shown that time, in the folk sense, is not immune to error. That is, it is demonstrated that there are discoveries that one could make about the world that would lead people to deny that time exists. Along the way, it is argued that there is no single, univocal folk concept of time. The chapter begins by briefly revisiting some of the standard positions in the philosophy of time. This is then used as a framework for developing a suite of hypotheses about the folk concept of time. Empirical data from the Sydney time studies is then summarised with respect to these hypotheses and used to show that there is substantial conceptual variation among the folk with respect to their concepts of time. Finally, a range of discoveries is identified that would lead people to deny that time exists.
Study Methodology
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the background to the Sydney time studies, along with broad methodological issues that frame their development. The chapter begins with an overview of existing empirical work on folk concepts of time and explains why it is essential that the project move beyond this existing body of work. This established, the chapter then outlines some of the methodological difficulties that arise in any attempt to investigate the folk concept of time and explains how these difficulties can be overcome. The chapter closes by outlining a broad empirical strategy for investigating the folk concept of time.
Metaphysical Emergence
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter Six focuses on the metaphysical, and weighty, emergence of spacetime from a more fundamental, non-spatiotemporal ontology. That spacetime must emerge in a metaphysical sense is challenged by considering a number of different ways of making the notion of metaphysical emergence more precise. Each option involves specifying emergence in terms of a particular metaphysical relation. The trouble is that the options are all spatial, temporal, or spatiotemporal notions (or tacitly rely on the same), and so without spacetime it is unclear that sense can be made of metaphysical emergence. Because standard ways of understanding metaphysical emergence appear to break down for spacetime, it is not so clear that spacetime must be emergent. At best, it seems that it might be emergent, but equally it might not be.
‘Of Related Blood’
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes how head nurses were in danger of losing their caps from so many Hitler salutes under the new hospital regime after the Brownshirt raid in 1933. It refers to uniformed doctors dressed up in white coats that were devoid of any technical expertise, which replaced the Jewish doctors that were taken as prisoners. It also mentions Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s memory on the bizarre treatment methods that the new staff introduced, which often put patients in mortal danger. The chapter cites Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, who explicitly welcomed the subjugation of Arab nations to the will of Europe in his book The Myth of the Twentieth Century. It discusses the Nuremberg Laws that was introduced by the Nazi government in 1935 that was meant to capture its murder victims and astonished Dr. Helmy at the extent to which Muslims were spared by the law.
A Daring Plan
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with a discussion of Anna’s defiance to wear a yellow badge that recognizes her as Jewish. It mentions the Gestapo that deported Jews from Berlin, including Anna who was ordered to get her passport stamped at the Romanian Consulate and leave Germany for Romania. It also talks about the Consular official that stamped Anna’s passport, who advised her not to travel to Romania under any circumstances as Jews were sent to camps in Poland instead. The chapter details how Anna turned to Dr. Mohamed Helmy to hide from the Gestapo and changed her identity into the Muslim Nadia, Dr. Helmy’s niece and assistant. It recounts the beginning of the Gestapo’s search for Anna after they were notified that the Jewish girl had gone away on 10 March 1942.
In the Lion’s Den
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter mentions the Prinz Albrecht hotel that used to host lavish parties up to 1932 but has now gained the reputation of the building where SS chief Heinrich Himmler directed the extermination of Europe’s Jews. It describes Wilhelmstraße as the power centre of the Third Reich, where the key ministries installed itself and gathered since 1934. It also recounts the event when Dr. Mohamed Helmy, along with his Muslim assistant, was summoned by the SS to the Prinz Albrecht hotel and was tasked to provide medical care to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini. The chapter depicts Amin al-Husseini as a dangerous man for Jews as he compared Jews to disease-carrying insects during his anti-Semitic propaganda speeches. It details how the Nazis used the Grand Mufti to recruit Muslim volunteers in return for an ‘aryanized’ villa and a monthly allowance of 75,000 Reichsmarks.
An Overnight Conversion
Authors: Steinke Ronen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter details Anna’s conversion to Islam on 10 June 1943, which is Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s plan to provide her a long-term escape route. It explains how the conversion included a certificate that prove that it had been obtained from the Islamic Central Institute, whose patron was the Grand Mufti Amin al-Husseini and his well-known supporter, Adolf Hitler. It also points out that Helmy’s plan depended on being able to smuggle Nina past the Grand Mufti unnoticed as he was not informed that he was about to sponsor the conversion of a Jewish girl to the Islamic faith. The chapter mentions Kamal el-Din Galal, General Secretary of the Islamic Central Institute of Berlin, who supported Helmy’s plan by using stolen letterheads and stamps to create an official document of Anna’s Islamic conversion. It talks about how Galal did not share the Grand Mufti’s anti-Semitism, although he worked for him.
Time-as-Resource
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Time-as-resource departs from the other three dimensions by representing the abstraction of time from actors’ worlds of practice or experience. The term ‘abstraction’ is used to underline that streams in the flow of time are translated into tangible entities, such as interest rates. Time-as-resource captures both clock time as measurement and time as a qualitative mechanism of social ordering. Any process of translating practices from one place to another passes via time-as-resource, which makes time-as-resource a vital ingredient in organizing. Time-as-resource is complex and involves both quantitative and qualitative elements. It is described as temporal templates, which work as repositories for the temporality of organizations, groups, teams, etc. Temporal templates act as a means of translation to and from local practice, which enables time-as-practice to travel between different contexts.
Themes of Interplay
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There are multiple ways to conceptualize the interplay of the four dimensions, and rather than attempt to be exhaustive, this chapter discusses selected themes of interplay that can be explained in light of the framework. The framework aims to describe how organizational life fluctuates among moments of instantaneity, enduring continuity, and imagination of distant times, which requires that the four dimensions are analysed in terms of their mutual interplay. Interplay between the four dimensions is inevitably complex, therefore four selected themes of interplay are selected for illustration. They are analysed as two different modes of interplay. As transitional interplay dimensions connect sequentially. As simultaneous interplay they interact in parallel with one another.
Mattering of Time
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
When materiality has been considered in relation to time, it has been considered a measurement tool. The role of materiality as embodiment of time—how materiality ‘does time’—has been largely neglected in research until recently. Material temporality invites both the experience dimension and the events dimension. As actors interact over different types of materials in the present, they may envisage material aspects of distant past or future events. As recent works suggest, materiality has properties both for evoking the past and predicting the future. Materiality is also a means to predict the past and evoke the future.
Leading in Time
Authors: Hernes Tor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Human agency has traditionally been associated with free choice. In a time view, time as trajectory represents agency, as actors may choose to foreground some parts of their past or future and background others. A temporal view of leadership or leading points towards how leaders are able to narrative the connection between past and future and convert that narrative into actions in the present. This involves combining continuity and change and avoiding dichotomy between them. It also involves the leader as symbol of past achievements and future challenges. Most accounts of change assume that continuity signifies carrying on with current practices, making change an obvious antithesis to continuity. But if we consider continuity as joining together practices from different epochs, continuity becomes an active process, which effectively becomes a process of change. This is a form of continuity not in opposition to but part and parcel of change. While this form of continuity is not often mentioned explicitly when leaders effect change, many leaders are acutely aware of the importance of leveraging the potential for change by creating a sense of continuity.
Anselm's Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Anselm stated the first modal “ontological” argument for a perfect being’s existence. The argument’s key premise is that necessarily, if anything is a perfect being, it necessarily exists. The modalities here are what we now call metaphysical, broadly logical, or absolute. Anselm’s modal metaphysics is based on power and prevention. Despite this, it is adequate to these modal concepts. Anselm’s Argument defends all premises of Anselm’s argument but the claim that possibly there is a perfect being. In particular, it blocks all extant objections to the key premise. It also provides two arguments for it. One contends that existing necessarily is equivalent to lacking three “less-makers,” and so a perfect being would exist necessarily. The other contends that there is no viable way fully to explicate a perfect being’s contingency. In some possible worlds with no perfect being, a perfect being would possibly exist. But there is (the book argues) no adequate metaphysical account of what would make a perfect being possible in those worlds.