bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Letters of Oscar Hammerstein II
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Letters of Oscar Hammerstein II is a collection of hundreds of letters to and from and the man who all but invented the modern Broadway musical. Best remembered for Show Boat, Oklahoma!, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, Cinderella, and The Sound of Music, Hammerstein was a lyricist, librettist, and producer—not only on Broadway, but also in Hollywood, London, and on television. The letters deal with all aspects of show business. Oscar’s correspondents included Edna Ferber, Arthur Freed, Judy Holliday, Jerome Kern, Gertrude Lawrence, Josh Logan, General Douglas MacArthur, Mary Martin, James Michener, Basil Rathbone, Richard Rodgers, Billy Rose, Stephen Sondheim, John Steinbeck, and Florenz Ziegfeld. The letters are funny, revealing, touching, and surprising. There are passionate love letters, friendly and witty letters, angry and conciliatory letters—all of them exquisitely written. His correspondence is also a mirror of his times, reflecting the challenges of race and prejudice, war and peace.
1937 through 1939
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hammerstein works with director Rouben Mamoulian on the film High, Wide and Handsome. Letters follow a collaboration with Jerome Kern and Otto Harbach on the musical Gentlemen Unafraid, set during the Civil War. Hammerstein is frustrated in his dealings with Hollywood writing the screenplay for the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle. Oscar produces and does rewrites for the play Knights of Song about Gilbert and Sullivan, with Nigel Bruce as Gilbert. Plans are discussed for a revival of “Show Boat” and discussions re possible new shows with Jerome Kern and Sigmund Romberg.
June 1941 through 1942
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hammerstein is approached by Richard Rodgers about writing a musical with him and Lorenz Hart based on Enda Ferber’s Saratoga Trunk; when that falls through he pursues it with Jerome Kern. He works with Kern on a revival of Music in the Air and they win the Academy Award for The Last Time I Saw Paris. World War II begins to take center stage as Oscar joins committees and works on war efforts, including helping to create the Stage Door Canteen. Work begins in earnest on the writing of Carmen Jones with vacillations between Max Gordon and Billy Rose as potential producers. Hammerstein flirts with writing a script based on the life of W.C. Handy. Rodgers and Hammerstein begin collaborating on what will become Oklahoma!.
1944
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oscar Hammerstein is approached by Jimmy Cagney’s representatives proposing a film version of Oklahoma! to star Cagney. Work begins in earnest on State Fair; Rodgers and Hammerstein want Kathryn Grayson to star; Comden and Green wonder if there are parts for them. Work and negotiations continue on Carousel; both Shirley Booth and Judy Holliday are interested in playing Julie. Oscar negotiates with Arthur Freed for a cut song from Oklahoma! to be used in Meet Me in St. Louis. Kern and Hammerstein discuss adapting Marco Polo or Rip Van Winkle. Rodgers and Hammerstein win a special Pulitzer Prize. Jeanette MacDonald want Hammerstein and Kern to write her an opera based on Baby Doe. Hammerstein underwrites Hy Kraft to begin a libretto based on Don Quixote. The Catholic Theatre Movement complains of irreverence in I Remember Mama. Hammerstein corresponds with his son on shipboard in the South Pacific as World War II continues.
1950
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hammerstein gives advice to the producer of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes re “Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend.” The Rodgers and Hammerstein-produced play, The Happy Time, opens. Rodgers and Hammerstein invest in Come Back, Little Sheba. Beatrice Lillie wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write her a musical based on Mary Poppins. Work begins on The King and I, including discussions about Gertrude Lawrence, Jerome Robbins discussing his research for the choreography, and designer Jo Mielziner reporting his discoveries about using elephants. Hammerstein has a serious debate with Josh Logan about how faithful shows should be to their original productions. Carousel opens in the West End. Hammerstein discusses the United World Federalists and the situation with Russia with Maxwell Anderson. Hammerstein explains the difficulties in hiring a woman stage manager to Ruth Mitchell. Hedy Lamarr wants Rodgers and Hammerstein to write her a musical based on The Little Prince.
1954
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hammerstein writes a letter to prominent Americans seeking their input in response to racial prejudice in hiring at United States Steel and the issue of racial discrimination in housing. Rudolf Bing of the Metropolitan Opera asks Hammerstein to adapt an Offenbach operetta for Rise Stevens. Oscar discusses international affairs, the United World Federalists, and what’s happening in Indo-China. Hammerstein discusses Pipe Dream with John Steinbeck, which opens to disappointing results. Hammerstein reports from being on-location during the filming of Oklahoma!. There are discussions about the upcoming filming of The King and I, including that Rex Harrison can’t be considered for the Ling because he’s “taboo” with Zanuck. There’s a minor uproar when Valerie Hobson wants to leave The King and I in London in order to get married—to John Profumo. Arthur Hammerstein delivers detailed memories of his father, Oscar Hammerstein I.
1956
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The film of Oklahoma! continues to generate discussion. Hammerstein advocates and raises funds for the George M. Cohan statue on Broadway. Rodgers and Hammerstein consider writing a musical version of the film Love Affair. Hammerstein writes a tribute to Otto Harbach for his 83rd birthday. Oscar argues on behalf of ASCAP in its battle with BMI. Hammerstein gives advice on the prospect of a film musical of A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Rodgers and Hammerstein collaborate by mail on the writing of Cinderella while Hammerstein is in Melbourne for the Olympics.
1960
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are discussions of a possible re-make of State Fair, and an adaptation of Allegro for television. Hammerstein reflects on his association with Vincent Youmans. Oscar deals with ill-health and cancer treatment. Oscar defends The Sound of Music from a “friend’s” accusation that it is “unadulterated treacle.” Rodgers and Hammerstein attend the opening of Flower Drum Song in the West End and respond to the new cast recording. Hammerstein continues supporting and advocating for the United World Federalists. Hammerstein tells Rodgers how a young person must be cast in the film of The Sound of Music and why Doris Day would be inappropriate. Oscar discusses the dispute between Actors Equity and the League of New York Theatres that resulted in a blackout. Dorothy Hammerstein received condolence letters on Oscar’s passing, including from Maria Trapp, and Agnes de Mille, and reports on Oscar’s passing to his doctor and Sister Gregory.
The French Revolution
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the French Revolution. It analyzes why the French monarchy became vulnerable to collapse by the end of the eighteenth century and why, when it did collapse, a revolution, rather than a less tumultuous type of transition, occurred. It also examines why the first modern democratic experiment produced by the revolution led to state terror and a populist military dictatorship rather than consolidated liberal democracy. And it begins considering how the revolution would influence subsequent French and European political development.
The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Fascism in Italy
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 asks why Italian democracy collapsed so quickly after the First World War. It investigates the causes of the political instability and violence Italy experienced after 1918 and the reasons why Mussolini and the fascists were able to take advantage of democracy's problems. The chapter also examines the nature and consequences of the fascist dictatorship in Italy.
The Collapse of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of National Socialism in Germany
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 12 examines the interwar Weimar Republic. It investigates the causes of the Republic's collapse and why Hitler and the Nazis were able to take advantage of democracy's weaknesses and disorder reigning in Germany during the interwar period. The chapter also examines the nature and consequences of the Nazi dictatorship.
The Consolidation of Democracy in Western Europe
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 14 examines postwar Western Europe, examining why liberal democracy was able to consolidate after 1945, having failed so often in the past. It focuses on how the Second World War and the changes that occurred after it at the international, regional and domestic levels enabled Western Europe to put the instability, conflict and violence of the previous 150 years behind it. The nature and consequences of the "social democratic" political economies constructed in Western European countries comes in for special consideration.
The Transition to Democracy in Spain
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 16 investigates the background, timing, type and consequences of Spain's transition to democracy in the 1970s. It examines the Francoist dictatorship that ruled Spain after the civil war and how it transformed Spain's economy and society, the nature of the transition to democracy and the reasons why democratic consolidation occurred relatively successfully in Spain during the late twentieth century.
Kutuzov
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This text is the first modern English-language biography of Mikhail Golenischev-Kutuzov, the famed Russian field marshal and central character of Leo Tolstoy’s epic War and Peace. One of the most important military minds of the period, he is credited with defeating Napoleon and saving Russia, though his fame is not limited to the Napoleonic Wars. As much as Kutuzov is venerated in Russia, he remains an overlooked figure in the West. This book provides a biography of the field marshal, examining his personal life and military/diplomatic accomplishments, and relying on a wide range of primary and secondary sources as well as Russian archival material.
The Masters and the Apprentice, 1763–1771
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is about Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, an outstanding military theorist and practitioner who combined practical experience with enlightened intelligence, sarcastic wit, and an indomitable will. The chapter recounts how Suvorov met General Hannibal, whom two decades later Mikhail Kutuzov encountered at the JAENS. In 1748, Suvorov enlisted as a private in the Life Guard Semeyonovskii Regiment and went on to attend the Cadet Corps of Land Forces, the professional military education institution that trained a new generation of Russian officers. The chapter considers Suvorov as among the first Russian commanders to devote attention to counteracting the general lack of literacy in the army. Suvorov emphasized planning and strategy as well as speed and mobility, accuracy of gunfire, and the use of the bayonet.
“The Gutters Dyed with Blood,” 1790
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter details Mikhail Kutuzov’s brief respite through the winter of 1790, which he spent recovering his health, getting his units in order, and spending some time with his wife. Kutuzov welcomed the spring thaw at the fortress of Akkerman, which brought fresh responsibilities along with the new season. Russia’s manpower and material resources were stretched thin between wars against the Ottomans and the Swedes, with neither conflict showing signs of nearing conclusion. The chapter explains how the Swedes scored a decisive victory over the Russian fleet near Svensksund in July 1790. This threatened Russian control of the Baltic Sea. The chapter also describes the formal alliance signed between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia. This posed a direct threat to Russia’s sole ally, Austria, which had already lost the support of the French monarchy.
Walking the Tightrope, 1801–1804
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Alexander’s ascension. This was greeted with elation in Russian society, which hoped to leave behind memories of Alexander’s father’s reign. The new monarch remained torn between the liberal views impressed upon him by his republican tutor Frédéric-César de La Harpe and the hard reality of being the autocrat of a vast and conservative empire. The chapter details the familial drama that reinforced this duality as Alexander sought to navigate the contrasting worlds of his father and grandmother. The chapter talks about Mikhail Kutuzov being in the middle of rancorous power struggles where, in a foreign diplomat’s words, too many undercurrents converged and clashed. Kutuzov’s prior diplomatic mission to Berlin had acquainted Kutuzov with Nikita Panin, who admired his abilities.
The Master of War, 1811
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Russian inactivity that was causing concern in St. Petersburg during the period 1811–1812. The czar expected quick and decisive results. The chapter considers Mikhail Kutuzov’s rivals, who accused him of sluggishness and ineptitude. The emperor was very unhappy to hear of his return from beyond the Danube. Kutuzov had known Ivan Barozzi since his embassy days but, despite valuing his talents, did not trust him. The chapter details how Kutuzov had tested Barozzi while in Istanbul by sharing with him intentionally false information, which he then discovered had reached the ears of some Ottoman officials. When their paths crossed once more, seventeen years later, Kutuzov was instinctively mistrustful of the man, whose official mission was to facilitate talks with the Turks but whom he suspected of having been sent to spy on him.
Between War and Peace, January–June 1812
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter details Mikhail Kutuzov’s triumphant return to Bucharest during the final days of December 1811, to the sound of thundering cannon and ringing bells. Even amid the revelry and the daily bustle, Kutuzov felt profoundly discouraged, as the seven-month-long campaign had left him feeling drained. He complained about recurring bouts of fever, severe headaches, and hemorrhoidal coughs that laid him down for days. The chapter recounts Kutuzov’s wish to sign peace with the Turks so that he could return to his family and a quiet life, yet negotiations kept getting prolonged week after week. The main obstacle remained the fact that Russia found the pretensions of the Porte as exaggerated as those of Russia appeared to the Porte.
The Road to Borodino
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts Mikhail Kutuzov’s journey from St. Petersburg to Borodino. This journey turned into a procession, as at every stop the townsfolk and villagers came out to greet him with ecstatic cheers. At Novgorod, Kutuzov attended a prayer service at the Cathedral of St. Sophia and was surprised to receive some belated farewell gifts from the Ottoman sultan, though Kutuzov regretfully described them as insufficiently opulent. The chapter mentions Kutuzov’s encounters with Bennigsen and British commissioner Wilson at Torzhok and describes how Kutuzov had over the years transformed from a dashing young warrior to an older man who combined agility of mind with cunning and adroitness. As messengers cantered ahead to spread the news of his arrival, Kutuzov spent his time trying to lift the troops’ spirits and ease discontent within the ranks.
The Torrent and the Sponge
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Fyodor Rostopchin, who was confident that the Russian army would make a stand and protect Moscow, particularly when Mikhail Kutuzov was appointed as supreme commander. Rostopchin was sure that a true-blue Russian nobleman like Kutuzov would not tolerate the loss of a great symbol of Russian glory. The chapter talks about how Kutuzov assured Rostopchin that he would do his best to defend the capital, noting his belief that the loss of Moscow would mean the loss of Russia. The Russian commander told Rostopchin that the armies would go no further than Mozhaisk, where he would give battle to the enemy. With Russia’s fall, the bonds that supported popular opinion and strengthened the throne of the sovereign would be broken.
The Great Escape
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains what happened on the frozen banks of the Berezina and looks back to when Mikhail Kutuzov assumed supreme command of the Russian forces. It reviews Kutuzov’s decision to send new instructions to the 3rd Army of Observation, the Army of the Danube, and Peter Wittgenstein’s corps to intensify their attacks on Napoleon Bonaparte’s flanks and rear. These orders were soon superseded by a strategic plan that Emperor Alexander and his advisors had drafted upon receiving Kutuzov’s reports of the Russian victory at Borodino. The chapter explores the strategic considerations underpinning what became known as the “St. Petersburg Plan.” According to the czar, the operational goal was to drive the Saxons into the Duchy of Warsaw, the Austrians into Galicia, and the Prussians and Württembergers across the Nieman, while the French must be annihilated to the last.
The Last Campaign
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts how the news of what transpired in Russia sent shock waves through Europe, dramatically altering the balance of power and signaling an opportunity to cast off French hegemony. It mentions the Convention of Tauroggen, signed by Russian negotiators and Prussian General Johann von Yorck on December 30, 1812, which marked the start of a new phase of the war. The Prussian general’s decision to declare his Prussian contingent of the French army neutral was a clear act of defiance, both against his French superiors and against the Prussian king. The chapter emphasizes how Mikhail Kutuzov saw matters differently, noting that the liberation of Europe was not a mission that he felt any desire to support. It was not Russia’s responsibility to seek the destruction of the Napoleonic imperium; it should focus on the restoration of its own forces.
The Centrality of Shame in the Punishment Ritual
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at how shame was conceived around public execution, and how dishonour was integrally bound up with the rituals and methods associated with the spectacle of punishment. It was the method by which one was punished, rather than the crime one had committed, that brought the most shame, and this would have tangible social consequences for one’s surviving relatives. The methods chosen were linked to the social status the criminal had during life, so there were less dishonourable methods used for the nobility. The chapter reveals how ballads expressed these ideas, and looks at ballads involving particularly shameful methods of execution and post-mortem punishments. It closes with the reforms of public execution which tried to create more socially levelling forms of punishments.
Fake News?
Authors: McIlvenna Una 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the inclusion of obviously fictional elements in execution ballads that could lead one to doubt their veracity. It finds that the inclusion of supernatural or fantastical elements, such as werewolves and miracles, rather than creating doubt, would actually have made the stories more believable for an early modern audience who believed that God’s will operated in everyday life. It also examines ballads’ regular claims to truth, and the contrasting portrayal of ballad-sellers as dishonest con artists. It also explores the regular features of execution ballads that were clearly a fiction: smooth executions, pliant victims, and the use of the first-person voice of the condemned who sings their final words at the moment of their death.
Book Fifteen, Ashramavasika Parvan, The Book of Living in the Ashram
Authors: Doniger Wendy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The five Pandava brothers enter the forest to visit their mother, Kunti, their uncle, King Dhritarashtra, and Dhritarashtra’s wife, Gandhari. Vidura dies by entering the body of Yudhishthira, and Vyasa arrives at the hermitage. The wives and mothers of the dead warriors grieve, and Gandhari tells Vyasa of their grief. Kunti tells Vyasa how she laments the loss of the son, Karna, whom she bore secretly and abandoned, and Vyasa absolves her of her guilt, as she was powerless to resist the Sun god who impregnated her against her will. Vyasa then conjures the dead warriors out of the River Ganges for one glorious night with their wives. Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti perish in a forest fire, and Yudhishthira curses his kingship. But Narada arrives and assures Yudhishthira that the fire was in fact a sacrificial fire, and Yudhishthira performs the funeral rites for his mother and his aunt and uncle.
Lockhart’s Question
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The exclusionary ideals of the Glorious Revolution presented a challenge for empire builders. The empire needed to find a way of managing diversity that would not provoke exclusionary patriot fears. In the wake of the revolution, the new governments, provincials, and some Gaelic and Indian communities managed to work out such a solution. This new “exclusionary constitution” rested on an informal compromise between provincial autonomy and the demands of imperial governance. Provincial peoples generally agreed to tighter imperial supervision, largely for the sake of preserving exclusionary aims. In exchange they maintained control of Gaelic and Indian policy. This arrangement preserved the exclusionary patriot ideal by denying Gaelic and Indian people unmediated access to the imperial government as well as the government’s role in Gaelic and Indian issues. Meanwhile, the imperial government was willing to leave those matters to the locals if doing so would not threaten its larger aims.
Interest and Economy
Authors: Fisher Samuel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the years immediately following the Seven Years’ War, years when British leaders debated plans for the reform of imperial administration. As earlier debates about reform had, these arguments centered on diversity. Some championed inclusive empire, arguing that even the defeat of the French had not removed the need for Britain to incorporate Gaelic and Indian people into the empire. Inclusivists emphasized the mutual interest of excluded people and the empire, insisting that Britain’s financial difficulties meant indulgence made good economic sense. Their exclusivist opponents, however, charged that Britain’s power was now unchallenged, and the empire could deal with “conquered” enemies as it pleased.