bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unstable Gene Systems in Vegetable Crops and Implications for Selection1
Authors: Pearson O. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mutation rate in higher plants depends on the gene considered; some change more easily than others. Stadler, as summarized by Srb (34), reported in corn a range from 492 per million gametes to less than one, according to the gene involved; most of them averaged about two per million (2 × 10-6). In man (34) the rate is about 2 × 10-5. This speaks well for the stability of the gene replicating system. With present understanding of the replicating mechanism involved -- DNA serving as a template for the RNA synthesis, or collection of the required bases and their arrangement in proper order - DNA serving as a template for the RNA sequence or other chromosome aberrations, often associated with reduced fertility. In any case the result is most commonly a block in the complex metabolic pathway leading to the phenotypic expression of the character.
Time of Flower Initiation in Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans’ as Related to Shoot and Leaf Elongation
Authors: Adams D. G. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent interest in the production of Rhododendrons as potted plants has raised many questions concerning propagation, dormancy, flower initiation, and general patterns of growth and development. Cathey (1) has shown that general growth habit may be altered to give a more compact plant through the use of Phosphon or by B-nine. He found further that flower initiation could be stimulated after the production of 4-5 flushes of growth instead of the normal 8-9 flushes required under natural conditions, thus making this plant useful as a potted plant. Myhre (3) showed that large applications of phosphate fertilizer increased the number of terminal apices initiating flowers in ‘Cynthia’. In 1920, work in the Netherlands by Luyten and Versluys (2) indicated that leaf and flower initiation occurred early in the growth cycle, May 31 to June 8.
Vernalization in Easter Lilies ?
Authors: Langhans R. W. , Weiler T. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since Derek Smith (23) in 1963 used the term vernalization to describe the cold storage requirement of Easter lilies, the appropriateness of the term periodically has been questioned. Even among those who now accept this terminology, differences of opinion have arisen in interpretation of past and current experimental results. It is with this in mind we wish to clarify our reasons for enthusiastically accepting the vernalization concept for Easter lilies.
A Number-Color-Coding Technique for Sand Culture Studies
Authors: Ballinger W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sand culture experiments with many treatments offer opportunities to apply a solution to the wrong container or plant. Such errors may destroy the treatment differences and, therefore, the experiment. Often it is necessary to depend on untrained personnel for the routine day-after-day application of solutions; this increases chance for error. Therefore, a system of number-color-coding has proven of great value.
Control of Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Seed Plants1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Hackett W. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although for an entire plant, vegetative and reproductive development may proceed concurrently, at each shoot apical meristem a transition occurs from leaf production to bract or sepal production at the time of flower initiation. Subsequent stages of reproductive development are equally differentiated from that of vegetative development. Hence, vegetative and reproductive development represent alternative courses of differentiation of apical meristematic tissues.
The Role of Hormones in Fruit Set and Development
Authors: Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This subject has been reviewed periodically by Nitsch (60) in 1953, Luckwill (53) in 1959, Leopold (47) in 1962, and lastly by Crane (19) in 1964. It has been pointed out repeatedly that the seeds in fruits are rich sources particularly of auxins, but also of gibberellins and cytokinins as well. Various types of evidence would indicate that these hormones emanating from the seeds stimulate growth of the fruit tissues surrounding them and also control fruit abscission. For example, in many fruits marked correlations exist between seed number and ultimate fruit size and also between seed distribution and fruit shape. Fruits that absciss prematurely are usually multi-seeded ones with a lower seed content than normal, or are single or multi-seeded fruits in which the seeds abort.
Effect of Fungicides on Nutlet Set of Pecans1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fungicidal applications in 1966 exerted a profound influence on the number of nutlets set in 1967. Nutlet set ranged from practically none without fungicide sprays to 1.34 per terminal where 5 applications of Du-Ter were made at the rate of 0.12 lb per tree. Du-Ter was the most effective fungicide and dodine was next best in their enhancement of nutlet production. Dodine and Du-Ter were also most effective in controlling scab.
Yield Performance of (Juglans regia) ‘Payne’ on Seedlings of Northern California Black Walnut (Juglans hindsii) Rootstock at Three Planting Distances1
Authors: Martin George C. , Forde Harold I. , Serr Eugene F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Walnut trees planted at 50’ × 30’ grew more slowly than xtrees at 50’ × 40’ or 50’ × 50’. Yields per tree were similar at all spacings early in the orchard’s life, but unit area yields later increased proportionately to the number of trees per acre. Long-term monetary returns above fixed costs were far greater as the number of trees per acre increased.
Approved Common Names for Pesticides1
Authors: Danielson Loran L. , Dallyn Stewart L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recognizing the need for coined common names for complex organic pesticide chemicals, the Federal Government in 1947 gave the Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control the responsibility for establishing appropriate names. By 1953 the committee had established common names for 24 pesticides. Beginning in 1954 the American Standards Association (predecessor to the USA Standards Institute), Sectional Committee K62, Common Names for Pest Control Chemicals, was given the responsibility for establishment of common names under the administrative sponsorship of the United States Department of Agriculture. A total of 91 common names was established by these two committees as of May 1, 1968.
Legal Maturity of ‘Temple’ Oranges as Influenced by Lead Arsenate Sprays1,2
Authors: Reese R. L. , Eldon Brown G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Applications of lead arsenate to ‘Temple’ oranges lowered the titratable acid content but not the soluble solids or percentage juice. The percentage total decay, peel injury, and creasing were not appreciably influenced by the lead arsenate sprays. Fruit from trees sprayed with lead arsenate passed legal maturity standards 15 to 20 days earlier than fruit from non-sprayed trees.
The Influence of N-dimethylamino Succinomic Acid Pretreatment on Chemically Induced Leaf Abscission of Certain Deciduous Woody Plants1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth retarding effect of N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) on certain deciduous fruit trees in the orchard was first reported in 1964 (1). Its value for size control in the nursery where tree size is sometimes excessive was subsequently reported in 1967 (3). It was reported in 1954 (2) that certain growth regulators applied prior to the application of a nursery stock defoliant reduced the effectiveness of the defoliant.
Evidence of Increased Fruit Set in Lowbush Blueberry by Using Honeybees
Authors: Wood G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field trials carried out with honeybees as pollinators of lowbush blueberry in 1968 showed significant increases in per cent fruit set over that obtained by native bees alone. Previous studies with honeybees have given inconsistent results. The high sets obtained in 1968 were attributed to a greater concentration of bees working on blueberry because of a scarcity of floral competition.
Effects of Certain Growth Regulators on Low Temperature Injury of Cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium1
Authors: Bruckel D. W. , Wiggans S. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth substances Alar, gibberellin, maleic hydrazide, and phosfon were applied to Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars and their effects on low temperature injury resistance determined electrolytically. Single and repeated applications of Alar and maleic hydrazide were found to reduce effectively low temperature injury, but gibberellin and phosfon applications did not affect resistance to injury.
Tree Fruit and Grape Harvest Mechanization Progress and Problems
Authors: Fridley Robert B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The past decade has seen a marked increase in the mechanical harvest of some tree fruits grown on the Pacific Coast. Prunes and cherries are extensively harvested by a shake-catch method, walnuts and almonds by pickup machines or catching frames and tree shakers, and figs by pickup machines after natural drop. The trend indicates that machine harvest of clingstone peaches, apricots, and grapes will soon be commonplace.
Starch Content in Cherry Stems Near Loci of Graft, Banding and Scoring1
Authors: Carlson R. F. , Yu Kyung 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) budded on Mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) in some instances exhibit incompatibility symptoms, but less frequently when on Mazzard rootstock (4). The symptoms of incompatibility of sweet cherry cultivars on Mahaleb are over-growth above the graft union and premature defoliation in the fall. Longitudinal sections through the graft union reveal a thick phloem and bark just above the graft union, whereas, no major abnormalities appear in the xylem area of the graft union (4).
Nature and Occurrence of Juglone in Juglans nigra L.1
Authors: Lee K. C. , Campbell R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Black walnut toxicity to crop plants was found to be due to the juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone) in the tree (5). Cook (3) and Massey (9) suggested that toxic material came from the roots of the walnut tree. Bode (2) believed that the toxin came from the leaves. However, the quantity of juglone in the different parts of the walnut tree has not been fully established. Daglish (4) conducted experiments on Juglans regia, in which he suggested that juglone existed in the plant as glucoside of 1,4,5-trihydroxynaphthalene. On hydrolysis it yielded glocose and alpha-hydrojuglone.. This non-toxic hydrojuglone is oxidized to its toxic juglone from exposure to the air or some oxidizing substance from roots of other plants (6). Recent experimental data (Wang, unpublished) showed that 10 ppm commercially purified juglone reduced tomato seedling growth by 50 per cent when roots were immersed in the solution. A 100 ppm application killed the seedlings.
Stem-cavity Browning of McIntosh Apples1,2
Authors: Webster D. H. , Eaves C. A. , Forsyth F. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A browning of the stem-cavity region is frequently the first externally visible storage disorder to appear in Mcintosh apples. Stem-cavity brpwning is associated with core browning and is of commercial significance for it may develop after several days at 21°C during marketing (2). A somewhat similar disorder of Sturmer apples, stalk-end scald, was reported to preferentially affect terminal apples and to be controlled by scald inhibitors (3). Casual observation suggested that both size and position in the blossom cluster influenced development of stem-cavity browning of Mcintosh apples.
Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants1
Authors: Hageman R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus is ubiquitous and multi-functional in plant metabolism and possesses chemical and physical properties that facilitate experimentation. Consequently, it has been extensively studied and the accumulated literature almost defies condensation. A major goal of this presentation is to be provocative with the hope that valid questions will be raised that could lead to productive research.
Peach Thinning with Ethylene1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A resurgence of interest has been focused on the search for a chemical which would evolve ethylene after foliar application and thus induce plant growth responses. One such compound, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), has been under study as a peach thinner at the University of California orchards at Davis. It has been assumed that the peach thinning induced by Ethrel was caused by the ethylene gas which is released after application2. As an adjunct to the work with Ethrel, we were interested in the thinning action of ethylene gas and the resultant gross effects on the treated tree parts.
Mechanical Pollination of Two Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Vaccinium corymbosum1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C. , Nelson J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mechanical pollination trials using air blasts and vibration to distribute pollen were conducted on the highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum cvs. ‘Jersey’ and ‘Rubel’. Neither treatment nor a simultaneous combination of the two gave commercial fruit set for either cultivar. Mechanical trials on the ‘Rubel’ cultivar indicated almost total failure to effect pollination. Production from ‘Jersey’ cultivar mechanical pollination trials was more promising. However, low seed numbers indicated that the increased production of this cultivar might be due to its tendency to set fruit parthenocarpically.
Nectar Studies of the Highbush Blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv. ‘Rubel’ and ‘Jersey’1
Authors: Brewer J. W. , Dobson R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sugar concentration in nectar from ‘Jersey’ variety blueberry blossoms was significantly higher than that from ‘Rubel’. Nectar volume was not significantly different for the 2 varieties. For both varieties sugar concentration increased as the day progressed and volume of nectar decreased. As the blossoms aged, nectar concentration and volume increased for both varieties. Paper chromatographic analysis of nectar from both varieties indicated no differences in component sugars.
Bighart, An Improved Pimiento Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Variety1,2
Authors: Greenleaf W. H. , Hollingworth M. H. , Harris Hubert , Rymal K. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bighart, an improved Pimiento pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety (Fig. 1), was developed at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, and released to the Associated Pimiento Canners in February 1969. Bighart averaged 74% more yield than the commercial Truhart variety in 2 years’ trials at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Bighart fruits were 37% heavier, had 13% thicker walls and gave a 10% higher recovery of canned product than those of Truhart. In addition, the concentrated fruit set and fruit maturity of Bighart promises suitability for machine harvest.
Evidence of a Respiratory Climacteric in Highbush and Lowbush Blueberry Fruit
Authors: Ismail Amr A. , Kender Walter J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The respiratory rates for eight stages of development of highbush and lowbush blueberry fruits ranging from immature green to senescence are presented. Based on these data, the blueberry exhibits a typical climacteric respiration curve. An increase in temperature from 15.5°C to 25.5°C resulted in an increase in the respiration rate.
Plural-Seeded Acorns in Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.)1
Authors: Beck Allan R. , Weigle Jack L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plural-seeded acorns of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) were observed in seven of 18 trees, with one tree producing acorns containing as many as five seeds. The frequency of plural-seeded acorns for individual trees ranged from 0% to 62%. There was no correlation between diameter of acorns and number of seeds per acorn.
Morphological Changes in Ripening Fruit
Authors: Spurr Arthur R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many events in the ripening of fruit have received intensive study, yet we have little information on some of the structural changes involved. It is of value to summarize the current morphological information in the field of fruit ripening so that it may be considered in relation to the other contributions to this symposium. Not only is attention given here to structure during ripening, but some biochemical and physiological data in which structural changes are strongly implicated are considered. Our attention is limited to studies on the ripening of fleshy horticultural fruits; however, the phenomena considered may apply to other types of fruits or to other plant parts and tissues.
TIBA-Induced Pitting of Golden Delicious Apples
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chemical 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA 1,2) has been reported by workers in the United States (1,2,3,4,8) and other countries (6,7) to influence flower bud initiation and branch angle of apple trees. This report describes injury to fruits and pedicels of Golden Delicious and to foliage of Golden Delicious, Delicious and Winesap apple trees from the application of 25 ppm TIBA about 4 weeks after bloom in North Central Washington.
Comparative Endosperm Cytokinesis in Two Low Chilling, Short Cycle Peaches and a Nectarine1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Edwards T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Development from free nuclear to completely cellular endosperm was observed in ‘Flordasun’ and ‘Early Amber’ peaches and ‘Sunred’ nectarine. The free nuclear stage was present at 33, 38 and 49 days before first harvest, respectively, after which cytokinesis began. Approximately a third of the fruit had completely cellular endosperm at 23, 32 and 43 days before first harvest, at which times seed lengths and fruit diameters were 13.5 and 24.1 mm, 13.2 and 22.9 mm, and 11.4 and 20.5 mm, respectively. During cytokinesis, fruit and seed sizes were larger in the varieties with a shorter developmental cycle. Endosperm was completely cellular in all fruit of each variety at 19, 30 and 39 days and early stages of stone hardening was observed at 21, 30 and 43 days before first harvest. Seed length, fruit diameter and fruit volume were highly correlated within each variety and these parameters were related to the stages of endosperm development.
Sweetpotato Plant Production as Influenced by Gibberellin and 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Bowers J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant production was increased by treating ‘Centennial’ and ‘Julian’ sweetpotato roots with 250 to 1000 ppm GA or 1000 to 4000 ppm CEPA (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). In general, GA treated plants were taller than controls and CEPA treated plants were shorter. Cutting roots into sections also increased plant production regardless of chemical treatment.
Some Effects of CCC and Alar on Fruit Set and Fruit Quality of Apple1
Authors: McDonnell P. F. , Edgerton L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth retardants, CCC and Alar, were compared for their effects on fruit set and fruit quality of apple. Early season sprays were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ and midsummer applications were made on ‘Idared’. Pre-bloom sprays of Alar increased fruit set on ‘Golden Delicious’. Pre-bloom applications of CCC and post-bloom applications of Alar tended to reduce set. Neither chemical influenced fruit size, flesh firmness or percent soluble solids of ‘Golden Delicious’ at the concentration used in this study. Pre-bloom sprays of both retardants increased the severity of fruit russet on this cultivar; post-bloom sprays did not affect russet. On ‘Idared’, Alar reduced fruit size and increased red color; it also increased flesh firmness at harvest but not after storage to March. CCC did not affect any measured characteristic of ‘Idared’ apples.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide (Alar) on Bloom Delay and Fruit Development of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Sullivan D. T. , Widmoyer F. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alar applied at the rate of 4000 ppm to ‘Delicious’ apple trees in the fall delayed bloom the following spring four to five days and increased fruit set. At harvest, the fruits were smaller, less elongated, had more advanced ground color and expressible juice. Fruit diameter, over color, flesh color, soluble solids, and respiration rate were not affected.
Plant Constituents as they Affect Quality in Vegetables
Authors: McCollum J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Assays for quality in vegetables are not generally considered difficult. Even the constituents of flavors may be determined readily by modern analytical methods. Characteristics such as color, sweetness, tenderness, crispness, pungency, and acidity can be readily observed. The apparent simplicity of a study of quality often obscures its complexity.
Genetics and Breeding Cooperatives for Horticultural Crops
Authors: Rick Charles M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Attention here will be confined to those non-profit groups that serve to exchange information and materials related to genetics and breeding of specific horticultural crops. Being independent of the formal scientific societies and having arisen electively according to demand, they are highly heterogeneous in regard to functions, organization, support, and even titles. In most respects this heterogeneity is commendable since the needs of the various groups differ, and each group develops a distinctive character. It is beyond the scope of this article to present all the details of each cooperative, but they will be compared in respect to the most important aspects of their structure and functions. I hope to avoid an excessive slant toward the Tomato Genetics Cooperative, with which I have been associated since its inception. Excluded from major consideration in this article are groups devoted exclusively to line testing (ex. Southern Tomato Exchange Program, STEP), those covering an entire crop group (e.g. Vegetable Improvement Newsletter, VIN; Small Fruit Workers, SFW), or those which are restricted regionally.
A Strawberry Harvest Mechanization System1
Authors: Quick Graeme R. , Denisen Ervin L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The development of a narrow bed cultivation technique, concentrated ripening varieties, and a novel machine for harvesting is presented as a potential solution to problems of strawberry production for processing.
Results of tests in the 1969 season and the steps in the development of this system are described. The harvester itself can readily be mounted on certain conventionally designed garden tractors.
The cost of equipment required and results obtained are sufficiently encouraging to suggest that an economical minimum labor production system might again be possible in areas which have been forced to abandon strawberry production by rising costs.
Winterhardiness in Strawberries for the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Norton R. A. , Schwartze C. D. , Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Winter injury is the greatest limiting factor in strawberry production in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. In recent years the problem has been accentuated by the susceptibility of the widely grown cultivar ‘Northwest’ to injury. During the winter of 1968-1969, conditions were such that severe injury occurred in strawberry plantings throughout the region. It was possible, therefore, to assess the relative winter hardiness of various cultivars and advanced selections, from the strawberry breeding programs in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, which had been placed at 5 locations in 1968. All the cultivars or selections were more winter hardy than Northwest and several appeared to have an outstanding level of hardiness. Some of the more hardy selections have as good processing quality as Northwest and at least one is likely to replace it within the next few years.