bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grenville's Postponement of the Stamp Act Reconsidered*
Authors: Kukla Jon 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn March 1764 George Grenville announced plans to raise revenues in America for colonial defence with stamp duties. Opinions differ about why Grenville then postponed the Stamp Act until a year hence. Writing in 1950, Edmund S. Morgan found the decision puzzling. Peter D.G. Thomas and John L. Bullion subsequently offered procedural explanations. Grenville envisaged the Stamp Act as a firm precedent for parliament's authority to impose direct taxation (‘inland duties’) in the colonies – a prospect that terrified Americans schooled in the common law, alert to dangerous precedents, and already prone to slippery‐slope reasoning. With the mundane details of the Stamp Act unavailable until after its passage, however, the postponement also raised imperial debate to a level of abstraction from which it never retreated. Grenville's postponement of the Stamp Act foreclosed prospects for compromise and set British imperial policy on a course that ultimately fomented the American Revolution.
The Economic Achievement of Sir Robert Peel 1841–6*
Authors: Gash Norman 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNorman Gash (1912–2009), the leading authority on the ‘age of Peel’, died on 1 May 2009, having left instructions to his daughters that the bulk of his private correspondence and personal papers should be destroyed. A small exception was made in respect of material relating to Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850), the subject of his most famous historical and biographical labours. A collection of papers and correspondence was bequeathed to the Peel Society at Tamworth, on strict condition that it should never be sold.1 Among the ‘Gash Bequest’ was a hitherto unpublished essay on ‘The Economic Achievement of Sir Robert Peel 1841–1846’. Typed in characteristic style on Gash's Remington typewriter, with only occasional manuscript insertions, the essay aptly summarises the position which he had developed in the final volume of his biography of Peel, the second volume of which was published 50 years ago this autumn.2 The essay is republished below as written, without any supporting notes or references. It acts not only as a commemoration of the half‐century since Gash's life of Peel was completed, but of the 40 years which have elapsed since he published an equally ground‐breaking article on the Conservative Party in the first volume of Parliamentary History.3
Edinburgh's Local Liberal Party and the Political Crises of 1885–6*
Authors: Thompson M.K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article examines Edinburgh's Liberal politics in the wake of the 1884–5 electoral reforms and the introduction of the Irish home rule debate. The objective is to uncover local nuances of this transitional period of Liberal politics. The Third Reform Act and the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 fractured the local Liberal Party as Liberals fought to control the newly established single‐member districts’ associations. Advanced Liberals gained control over the associations and endorsed parliamentary candidates holding advanced views on the leading questions in the 1885 election. In three districts, unofficial Liberals stood and won against endorsed Liberals. Consequently, after the election the local Liberal associations in each of these districts split creating rival associations. This allows for unique insight into the effects of Irish home rule on Liberal politics as the associations were largely divided along partisan lines. Ultimately this study shows that the ideological stance of Liberals was not the determining factor of support or opposition to Irish home rule and that Gladstone's Irish question created a more united Party in Edinburgh.
The long iron line: Water resources development at the United States Military Academy, West Point (1802–1943)
Authors: Butkus Michael A. , Malinowski Jon C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractComprehensive analyses of long‐term region‐specific water resources developments could offer new insights for contemporary water resources planners and decision makers. The objective of this work was to analyze water supply development at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the 19th and early 20th Centuries through the lens of selected modern water resources planning and management practices. Analysis of water usage, population, and technological growth revealed that changes in technology had a greater influence on total water withdrawals than an increase in population. The USMA water supply system evolved incrementally over much of the 141‐year study period and failure to adequately recognize shortcomings in water supply options resulted in several suboptimal decisions. Communications and enhanced stakeholder participation might have resulted in alternative decisions.
Lower injection‐site reactions and long‐term safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of etanercept biosimilar YLB113: Results from a post‐hoc analysis of a double‐blind, randomized, phase III comparative study and its open‐label extension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yamanaka Hisashi , Tanaka Yoshiya , Hibino Toshihiko , Unmesh Gopalakrishnan , Shah Chirag , Bakhle Dhananjay , Stefanidis Dimitris 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimYLB113 biosimilar was evaluated in an open‐label extension single‐arm study to assess long‐term safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We also report post‐hoc results on the incidence of injection‐site reactions (ISRs) and injection‐site erythema (ISE) from a phase III study.MethodParticipants from the phase III, double‐blind, randomized, 96 week equivalence study who completed the final visit received 50 mg YLB113 subcutaneously every 2 weeks. Key safety end points were assessed through adverse events (AEs), ISRs, ISE, and anti‐drug antibody (ADA) incidence. The efficacy end point was change from baseline in Disease Activity Score 28‐joint count (DAS28) over time.ResultsOf 201 participants, 184 (91.5%) completed the study. Treatment‐emergent AEs were experienced by 93.5% and severe AEs by 10.0% of participants. The discontinuation rate due to AEs was 2.0%. Overall, 20.0% of participants reported an incidence of ISRs throughout the open‐label extension study. Two participants developed ADAs, and none developed neutralizing ADAs at any time after study drug administration. The overall DAS28 (mean ± SD) change was 2.22 ± 0.95 at the study transition, 2.10 ± 0.91 at week 72, and 2.06 ± 0.89 at the end of the study. In the post‐hoc analysis, YLB113 showed a statistically significant lower incidence of ISRs (10 [3.8%], P < 0.0001) and ISE (5 [1.9%], P < 0.0001) compared with the reference product Enbrel®.ConclusionYLB113 demonstrated long‐term safety and sustained efficacy for up to 96 weeks. Patients on YLB113 experienced significantly lower ISRs and ISE in a post‐hoc analysis of the phase III study when compared with reference product.
A novel red‐edge spectral index for retrieving the leaf chlorophyll content
Authors: Zhang Hu , Li Jing , Liu Qinhuo , Lin Shangrong , Huete Alfredo , Liu Liangyun , Croft Holly , Clevers Jan G. P. W. , Zeng Yelu , Wang Xiaohan , Gu Chenpeng , Zhang Zhaoxing , Zhao Jing , Dong Yadong , Mumtaz Faisal , Yu Wentao 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

The leaf chlorophyll content (Chlleaf) is a crucial vegetation parameter in carbon cycle modelling and agricultural monitoring at local, regional and global scales. The red‐edge spectral region is sensitive to variations in Chlleaf. An increasing number of sensors are capable of sampling red‐edge bands, providing opportunities to estimate Chlleaf. However, the contributions of canopy/foliar/soil factors are always combined in the reflectance signal, which limits the generalizability of vegetation index (VI)‐based Chlleaf inversions. This study aims to propose a new red‐edge chlorophyll index to decouple the effects of the canopy and soil background from the Chlleaf estimation.

The chlorophyll sensitive index (CSI) was proposed, and the regression equations between the CSI and Chlleaf were acquired using PROSAIL (PROSPECT + SAIL) and the 4‐Scale‐PROSPECT model.

Sensitivity analyses showed that the CSI is resistant to variations in the canopy structure and soil background. Validation results obtained using 308 ground‐measured samples over nine sites world‐wide revealed that CSI improves the Chlleaf retrieval accuracy (root mean square error (RMSE = 9.39 μg cm−2) compared with the existing Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI; RMSE = 13.00 μg cm−2). Moreover, the CSI method steadily achieves a highly accurate inversion under different LAI and Chlleaf conditions. Based on the CSI regression method, a Chlleaf product with a 30‐m/10‐day resolution across China was generated.

The CSI is sensitive to Chlleaf but resistant to canopy structure and soil moisture parameters, and it has the potential to explicitly retrieve leaf‐scale biochemistry in ecosystem modelling and ecological applications.
Multi‐species hotspots detection using self‐organizing maps: Simulation and application to purse seine tuna fisheries management
Authors: Stephan Pauline , Gaertner Daniel , Perez Ilan , Guéry Loreleï 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

To fulfil fisheries management objectives that often include implementing the precautionary and ecosystem‐based approaches, multispecies fisheries data need to be analysed. Amongst the different methods dealing with these multidimensional data, self‐organizing maps (SOMs) remain rarely used, although they are highly flexible in data input and offer visualization possibilities particularly suited to summarize complex datasets.

Here, we propose to combine SOMs with a clustering approach to break down data complexity and produce simple geographic maps showing catch hotspots, which can indicate sensitive zones in terms of fishery management. To promote this approach, we tested it first on simulated datasets and then on the open‐access ICCAT commercial catch database of the tropical tuna fisheries of the Atlantic Ocean. We aimed to detect drifting fish aggregating devices (dFADs) catch hotspots of juveniles of two tuna species, bigeye and yellowfin tunas and of the silky shark, a commonly bycaught vulnerable shark species, in tropical tuna purse seine fisheries. Simulations on datasets increasing in complexity (in number, geographic and duration extent of the hotspots and number of species in the analysis) informed us about the method's sensitivity and limits.

Our findings showed that, in the context of multi‐specific fisheries, the detection of the hotspot is dependent on a certain level of catch within the hotspot and that adding species to the analysis tended to mask small and short‐duration hotspots. Applied to tropical tuna fisheries' data, the method confirmed the empirical knowledge on which first time‐area closures were based and provided scientifical support.

All in all, the visual support provided by the method, its interpretability and its potential transferability to other fisheries' systems constitute its main strengths and imply a possible implementation in management decisions; specifically, as a tool to reach agreement between stakeholders in the definition of regulated areas for protecting juveniles of tunas and vulnerable associated species to dFAD practices.
DNA damage contributes to age‐associated differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Jin Rui , Niu Chang , Wu Fengyun , Zhou Sixin , Han Tao , Zhang Zhe , Li Entao , Zhang Xiaona , Xu Shanrong , Wang Jiadong , Tian Shen , Chen Wei , Ye Qinong , Cao Cheng , Cheng Long 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is known to disproportionately affect older individuals. How aging processes affect SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and disease progression remains largely unknown. Here, we found that DNA damage, one of the hallmarks of aging, promoted SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro and in vivo. SARS‐CoV‐2 entry was facilitated by DNA damage caused by extrinsic genotoxic stress or telomere dysfunction and hampered by inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR). Mechanistic analysis revealed that DDR increased expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the primary receptor of SARS‐CoV‐2, by activation of transcription factor c‐Jun. Importantly, in vivo experiment using a mouse‐adapted viral strain also verified the significant roles of DNA damage in viral entry and severity of infection. Expression of ACE2 was elevated in the older human and mice tissues and positively correlated with γH2AX, a DNA damage biomarker, and phosphorylated c‐Jun (p‐c‐Jun). Finally, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and MDL‐800, which promote DNA repair, alleviated SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and disease severity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data provide insights into the age‐associated differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and a novel approach for antiviral intervention.
Molecular regulators of human blastocyst development and hatching: Their significance in implantation and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Vani Venkatappa , Vasan Satya S. , Adiga Satish K. , Varsha Samson Roy , Seshagiri Polani B. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn humans, blastocyst hatching and implantation events are two sequential, critically linked and rate‐limiting events for a prospective pregnancy. These events are regulated by embryo‐endometrium derived molecular factors which include hormones, growth factors, cytokines, immune‐modulators, cell adhesion molecules and proteases. Due to poor viability of blastocysts, they fail to hatch and implant, leading to a low ‘Live Birth Rates’, majorly contributing to infertility. Here, embryo‐derived biomarkers analysis plays a key role to assess potential biological viability of blastocysts which are capable of implantation and prospective pregnancy. Thus far, embryo‐derived biomarkers examined are mostly immune‐modulators which are thought to be associated with blastocyst development‐implantation and progression of pregnancy, leading to live births. There is an urgent need to develop a quantitative and a reliable non‐invasive approach aiding embryo selection for elective single embryo transfer and to minimize recurrent pregnancy loss and multiple pregnancies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on our current knowledge and understanding of potential embryo‐derived molecular regulators, that is, biomarkers, of development of human blastocysts, their hatching and implantation. We discuss their potential implications in the assessment of blastocyst implantation potential and pregnancy outcome in terms of live births in humans.
European History in the Shadows of Crisis
Authors: Mercer Ben , Pattison Micaela 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article situates the practice of history in the commemoration and experience of contemporary crises. It argues that the current preoccupation with crisis reflects a failure of historical imagination produced by short‐term thinking that increasingly also governs higher education. The concept of crisis often falls short as a tool for understanding both the past and the contemporary world. Histories and accounts that emphasise sudden crisis or triumphal narratives of resolution fail to account for the deep structures and long‐term struggles that can be illuminated by historical research.
Small non‐coding RNA sequencing reveals global dysregulation of piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA) expression in gonadal malignant germ cell tumours
Authors: Laidlaw Sean , Alonso‐Crisostomo Luz , Bailey Shivani , Saini Harpreet K. , Molnár Attila , Nicholson James C. , Enright Anton J. , Scarpini Cinzia G. , Rahbari Raheleh , Coleman Nicholas , Murray Matthew J. ,   on behalf the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAnalyses of small non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) expression in malignant germ cell tumours (GCTs) have focused on microRNAs (miRNAs). As GCTs all arise from primordial germ cells, and piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have important roles in maintaining germline integrity via transposon silencing, we hypothesised that malignant GCTs are characterised by fundamental piRNA dysregulation.AimsWe undertook global small ncRNA sequencing in malignant GCTs, in order to describe small ncRNA expression changes for both miRNAs and piRNAs.Materials and methodsWe performed small ncRNA next generation sequencing on a representative panel of 47 samples, comprising malignant GCT (n = 31) and control (n = 16) tissues/cell lines. Following quality control and normalisation, filtered count reads were used for differential miRNA and piRNA expression analyses via DESeq2. Predicted mRNA targets for piRNAs were identified and utilised for pathway enrichment analyses.ResultsOverall, miRNAs and piRNAs comprised 21.9% and 43.0% of small ncRNA species, respectively. There were 749 differentially expressed miRNAs in malignant GCTs, of which 536 (72%) were over‐expressed and 213 (28%) under‐expressed. The top‐ranking over‐expressed miRNAs were exclusively from the miR‐371∼373 and miR‐302/367 clusters. The most significantly under‐expressed miRNAs were miR‐100‐5p, miR‐214‐3p, miR‐125b‐5p and let‐7 family members, including miR‐202‐3p. There were 1,121 differentially expressed piRNAs in malignant GCTs, of which 167 (15%) were over‐expressed and 954 (85%) under‐expressed. Of note, of the top‐20 differentially expressed piRNAs, 16 were over‐expressed, of which piR‐hsa‐2506793 was both top‐ranking and most abundant. Mobile element (ME; i.e., transposon)‐associated piRNAs comprised 166 (15%) of the 1,121 differentially expressed piRNAs, of which 165 (>99%) were down‐regulated. The remaining 955 (85%) non‐ME‐associated piRNAs may have wider cellular roles. To explore this, predicted mRNA targets of differentially expressed piRNAs identified putative involvement in cancer‐associated pathways.ConclusionThis study confirms previous miRNA observations, giving credence to our novel demonstration of global piRNA dysregulation in gonadal malignant GCTs, through both ME and non‐ME‐associated pathways, which likely contributes to GCT pathogenesis.
Third‐degree atrioventricular block caused by intoxication with rhododendron leaves
Authors: Jiang Liu , Zhanxiong Lin , Fengcai Yao , Fuli Liang , Xiaoling Su 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe report the case of a 41‐year‐old human with third‐degree atrioventricular block caused due to intoxication with water concoction prepared from Rhododendron leaves. Such poisoning is rare. It is prone to arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability and is confused with various diseases. For these reasons, the correct diagnosis and treatment of this poisoning are particularly important. We confirmed it by analyzing the remaining liquid carried by the family members. After symptomatic and supportive treatment, the patient was discharged uneventfully.
Cardiovascular concentration–effect relationships of amodiaquine and its metabolite desethylamodiaquine: Clinical and preclinical studies
Authors: Chan Xin Hui S. , Chotsiri Palang , Capel Rebecca A. , Pike James , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Lee Sue J. , Hanafiah Maryam , Win Yan Naung , Cremer Maegan A. , Kiechel Jean‐René , Ogutu Bernhards , Taylor Walter R. J. , Burton Rebecca‐Ann B. , Tarning Joel , White Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2022

AimsAmodiaquine is a 4‐aminoquinoline used extensively for the treatment and prevention of malaria. Orally administered amodiaquine is largely converted to the active metabolite desethylamodiaquine. Amodiaquine can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and electrocardiograph QT interval prolongation, but the relationship of these changes to drug concentrations is not well characterized.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a pharmacokinetic study of the cardiac safety of amodiaquine (10 mg base/kg/day over 3 days) in 54 Kenyan adults (≥18 years) with uncomplicated malaria. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was used to assess amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine concentration–effect relationships for vital sign (pulse rate, blood pressure) and electrocardiograph interval (QT, QRS, PR) outcomes. We also measured the spontaneous beating heart rate after cumulative dosing of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in isolated mouse atrial preparations.ResultsAmodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine caused concentration‐dependent mean decreases in pulse rate (1.9 beats/min per 100 nmol/L; 95% confidence interval: 1.5–2.4), supine systolic blood pressure (1.7 mmHg per 100 nmol/L; 1.2–2.1), erect systolic blood pressure (1.5 mmHg per 100 nmol/L; 1.0–2.0) and erect diastolic blood pressure (1.4 mmHg per 100 nmol/L; 1.0–1.7). The mean QT interval prolongation was 1.4 ms per 100 nmol/L irrespective of correction factor after adjustment for residual heart rate dependency. There was no significant effect of drug concentration on postural change in blood pressure or PR and QRS intervals. In mouse atria, the spontaneous beating rate was significantly reduced by amodiaquine (n = 6) and desethylamodiaquine (n = 8) at 3 μmol/L (amodiaquine: 10 ± 2%; desethylamodiaquine: 12 ± 3%) and 10 μmol/L (amodiaquine: 50 ± 7%; desethylamodiaquine: 46 ± 6%) concentrations with no significant difference in potency between the 2 compounds.ConclusionAmodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine have concentration‐dependent effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and ventricular repolarization.
Intraoperative cell salvage using swab wash and serial thromboelastography in elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery involving massive blood loss
Authors: Stoneham Mark D. , Barbosa Antonio , Maher Keith , Douglass Paul , Desborough Michael J. R. , Von Kier Steve 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThe loss of 50% blood volume is one accepted definition of massive haemorrhage, which ordinarily would trigger the massive transfusion protocol, involving the administration of high ratios of fresh frozen plasma and platelets to allogeneic red cells. We investigated 53 patients who experienced >50% blood loss during open elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery to assess allogeneic blood component usage and coagulopathy. Specialist patient blood management practitioners used a tailored cell salvage technique including swab wash to maximise blood return. We assessed the proportion of patients who did not require allogeneic blood components and develop evidence of coagulopathy by thromboelastography (TEG) parameters. Blood loss was 50%–174% (mean [SD] 68% [27%]) of blood volume. The mean (SD) intraoperative decrease in haemoglobin concentration, assessed by arterial blood gas analysis, was 5 (13) g/l. No patient received allogeneic red cells intraoperatively. Four of the 53 (8%) patients received blood components in the first 24 h postoperatively at the anaesthetists’ discretion. No patient had intraoperative TEG changes indicative of fibrinolysis or coagulopathy. The 30‐day mortality was 2% (one of 53). Reduction of allogeneic transfusion is one aim of patient blood management techniques. We have demonstrated virtual avoidance of allogeneic blood product transfusion despite massive blood loss. These data show possible alternatives to the current massive transfusion protocols to the management of elective vascular surgical patients.