bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs zum Kartellschadensersatzrecht
Authors: Bach Albrecht 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Der Kartellsenat des BGH hat dem Recht des Kartellschadensersatzes mit seiner Rechtsprechung seit Grauzementkartell II in kurzer Zeit Konturen verschafft. Der Beitrag analysiert diese Entwicklung anhand von fünf Thesen in fünf ausgewählten Themenfeldern. Dabei steht eine kritische Würdigung im Vordergrund. Insgesamt zeigt sich ein lösungsorientiertes, teilweise recht pragmatisches Vorgehen. Im Vordergrund stehen Lösungsansätze des deutschen Schadensersatzrechts, um deren unionsrechtlicher Absicherung der Kartellsenat ebenso bemüht ist wie um die Berücksichtigung ökonomischer Voraussetzungen. Kartellschadensersatz wird dabei nicht auf eine Kompensationsfunktion reduziert, ihm kommt vielmehr eine wichtige Präventivfunktion zu.
Zum Umgang mit ökonomischer Unsicherheit bei der Schätzung von Kartellschäden: Eckpfeiler eines kartellschadensersatzspezifischen Beweisrechts
Authors: Schweitzer Heike , Woeste Kai 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Bei der Ermittlung des Kartellschadens sind die Parteien und Gerichte mit erheblicher ökonomischer Unsicherheit konfrontiert. Der Umgang mit dieser Unsicherheit entscheidet darüber, ob und in welchem Maße sich die Ziele des Kartellschadensersatzrechts erreichen lassen. Der Beitrag zeigt vor diesem Hintergrund die Notwendigkeit auf, die Grundsätze des deutschen Beweisrechts im Lichte der besonderen Ziele des Kartellschadensersatzrechts kartellrechtsspezifisch auszuformen. Auf Grundlage der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung unterbreiten wir einen Vorschlag für die Bewältigung der bislang größten Herausforderung in Kartellschadensersatzprozessen: Die Schätzung der Höhe des kartellbedingten Preisaufschlags.
Kartellschadensermittlung im Spannungsfeld zwischen Präzision und Effizienz: Prinzipielle Anforderungen aus ökonomischer Perspektive und praktische Handlungsoptionen
Authors: Haucap Justus , Heimeshoff Ulrich 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Kartellschadensersatzverfahren sind regelmäßig mit ökonomischen Gutachten beider Parteien verbunden. Typischerweise weichen diese Gutachten in ihren Ergebnissen deutlich voneinander ab. Während die Gutachten der beklagten Parteien fast immer zu dem Ergebnis kommen, dass kein Schaden entstanden sei, enthalten die Gutachten der Kläger immer das Ergebnis, dass sehr wohl ein – meist ganz erheblicher – Schaden entstanden sei. Für das Gericht ergibt sich – gerade nach den Urteilen des Bundesgerichtshofs in Schienenkartell II und LKW-Kartell II – die Notwendigkeit, diese ökonomischen Gutachten umfassend zu würdigen. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet dazu Hilfestellung an und greift die wichtigsten Probleme bei der Wahl geeigneter Ansätze zur Schadensermittlung auf, welche bei der Würdigung ökonomischer Schadensgutachten einbezogen werden sollten. Darüber hinaus befassen wir uns mit Möglichkeiten zur Ersteinschätzung der Schäden in bestimmten Kartellfällen und diskutieren den Nutzen von Schadensvermutungen zur Beurteilung des Einzelfalls. In diesem Kontext diskutieren wir zum einen die Arbeit von Gerichtsgutachtern. Zum anderen entwickeln wir einen eigenen Vorschlag zur Erstellung von Ersteinschätzungen zur Höhe kartellbedingter Schäden als Hilfestellung für die Gerichte inklusive der institutionellen Ausgestaltung eines solchen Ansatzes.
Heilung zivilrechtlich unwirksamer Vollzugsrechtsgeschäfte bei nachträglichem Entfall der Fusionskontrollpflicht des Zusammenschlusses
Authors: Hauser Patrick 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung
Fusionskontrollpflichtige Zusammenschlüsse dürfen vor Freigabe durch das Bundeskartellamt grundsätzlich nicht vollzogen werden. § 41 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GWB sichert dieses Vollzugsverbot zivilrechtlich ab und ordnet die Unwirksamkeit von Rechtsgeschäften an, die gegen dieses Verbot verstoßen. Derartige Rechtsgeschäfte sind nicht nichtig, sondern (nur) schwebend unwirksam. Nach herrschender Auffassung ist der Heilungstatbestand in § 41 Abs. 1 Satz 3 Nr. 3 GWB abschließend. Richtigerweise besteht aber eine ungeschriebene Heilungsmöglichkeit mit Wirkung ex nunc, wenn der Zusammenschluss im Nachhinein aus dem Anwendungsbereich der §§ 35 ff. GWB herausfällt, wie der nachfolgende Beitrag darlegt.
The Negative Binomial-New Generalized Lindley Distribution for Count Data: Properties and Application
Authors: Aryuyuen Sirinapa 
Published: March 2022

In this paper, a new mixture distribution for count data, namely the negative binomial-new generalized Lindley (NB-NGL) distribution is proposed. The NB-NGL distribution has four parameters, and is a flexible alternative for analyzing count data, especially when there is over-dispersion in the data. The proposed distribution has sub-models such as the negative binomial-Lindley (NB-L), negative binomial-gamma (NB-G), and negative binomial-exponential (NB-E) distributions as the special cases. Some properties of the proposed distribution are derived, i.e., the moments and order statistics density function. The unknown parameters of the NB-NGL distribution are estimated by using the maximum likelihood estimation. The results of the simulation study show that the maximum likelihood estimators give the parameter estimates close to the parameter when the sample is large. Application of NB-NGL distribution is carry out on three samples of medical data, industry data, and insurance data. Based on the results, it is shown that the proposed distribution provides a better fit compared to the Poisson, negative binomial, and its sub-model for count data.
The Effectiveness of Oil Palm Empty Bunch Compost and Goat Manure on Shallots Cultivated on Red Yellow Podzolic Soil
Authors: Mamondol Marianne Reynelda , Meringgi Amossius Rompolemba Andi Baso 
Published: March 2022

Red yellow podzolic (RYP) soil is one of the limiting factors in crop cultivation due to its high level of acidity and low content of essential nutrients. This study aimed to explore the effect of oil palm empty bunch (OPEB) compost and goat manure on shallots cultivated on RYP soil, determine the best treatment combination as fertilization recommendation, and analyze the economic feasibility for organic shallot farms. Observations were conducted on soil pH, crop growth, crop yield, shallot farm economic analysis, and the fertilization effectiveness calculation. The results demonstrated that the fertilization had a significant interaction effect on crop height, number of tillers, and fresh and dry tuber weights, but not on the soil pH, number of leaves, and tubers per cluster. A combination of 4 ton/ha compost and 1,00 ton/ha manure resulted in optimal production of dry tubers reaching 0.708 kg/plot (2.36 ton/ha). Meanwhile, the highest production of dry tubers of around 0.990 kg/plot (3.30 ton/ha) resulted from the combination of 5 ton/ha compost and 1.25 ton/ha manure. Farm analysis showed that organic fertilizer applications provided economic profit, indicated by R/C Ratio value greater than 1. The effectiveness of organic fertilization using compost and manure reached the highest values of 318.90% and 384%, respectively.
The Role of Indigenous Mycorrhizae of Corn Plants in Various Soil Types in Gunung Kidul, Indonesia
Authors: Diannastiti Fani Aulia , Utami Sri Nuryani Hidayah , Widada Jaka 
Published: March 2022

Indigenous Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) are natural mycorrhizae from specific areas that have good environmental adaptability. This study, conducted from January to November 2020 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, aimed to isolate the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus so that it can be used as information on the type and role of VAM on Gunung Kidul soil. The research was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three factors. The first factor was soil type from Gunung Kidul Regency (Inceptisol, Mollisol, and Alfisol), the second factor was sterilization (sterilized soil and unsterilized soil), and the third factor was corn variety (local and hybrid). Analysis of soil and plant growth was performed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (Tukey's HSD) Test. Genetic detection of root infecting VAM was performed by using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) method with FAM AML1-AML2 labeled primers. The VAM detected in the roots of hybrid variety included Acaulospora sp., Gigaspora sp., and Septoglomus sp., and those in the roots of local variety were Acaulospora sp., Gigaspora sp., and Funelisformis sp. The results showed that the role of VAM could be seen through unsterilized soil so that there was no VAM elimination in the soil. Unsterilized soil showed the best results of root infection, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf phosphor (P) content, and leaf P uptake. Meanwhile, Alfisol showed the best result of root infection, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf P content, and leaf P uptake. The treatment of plant varieties showed that the varieties did not significantly affect the root infection, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf P content, and leaf P uptake.
Weeding Frequencies Improve Soil Available Nitrogen in Organic Paddy Field
Authors: Maimunah Margi Asih , Kautsar Valensi , Bimantara Putu Oki , Kimani Samuel Munyaka , Utami Asih Indah , Sabri Riza Kurnia , Tawaraya Keitaro , Utami Sri Nuryani Hidayah , Purwanto Benito Heru , Cheng Weiguo 
Published: March 2022

Appropriate weeds control is needed against weeds constraints in field, especially the organic field. With the appropriate management, weeding would benefit the organic field not only in reducing weeds but also in increasing nitrogen (N) availability in organic rice fields. This research aims to observe soil available N changes affected by weeding frequencies in organic paddy fields. Treatments applied were five weeding frequencies (WF) such as 0 WF, 2 WF, 4 WF, 6 WF, and 8 WF, to study the effect of various weeding frequencies on soil total N and available N ( NH4+ and NO3–) in the organic rice field. The soil in the conventional field was analyzed as a comparison to organic field soil. The results showed that soil C and N contents are similar in all treatments. Meanwhile, 6 WF performed the highest soil NH4+ among organic plots (10.36 mg N kg–1) and 8 WF enhanced soil NO3– to the highest average among all plots (10.12 mg N kg–1). The treatment of 6 WF and 8 WF also maintain the increase of soil NH4+ to 51 days after transplanting (DAT), meanwhile 0 WF, 2 WF, and 4 WF decreased after 40 DAT. Water samples from fields inlet-outlet and river showed that NH4+ content found in water sample was higher than NO3–. We concluded that the more frequencies of weeding applied to organic fields potentially preserved soil inorganic N longer, which is very important in supporting rice growth.
Agrobiodiversity as Necessary Standard for the Design and Management of Sustainable Farming Systems
Authors: Borsari Bruno 
Published: March 2022

Agriculture constitutes the major planetary force, which over the course of the past century has been changing forever the connotations of terrestrial ecosystems, due to its dependence on resources and impacts (e.g.: global climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and eutrophication of fresh and coastal waters). The purpose of this work aimed at demonstrating the compelling need to design and manage modern farms in a way that these may conserve, and even foster biodiversity because its restoration offers resilience, longevity, and productivity to 21st century farms. Therefore, special emphasis in this work was given to the management of agricultural soils and agroforestry. These approaches enhance biological diversity, while strengthening the health of plants, animals, and human communities thus, contributing to the health of planet Earth. Agroecology is the science, practice and social movement that effectively, can assist with a conversion of farming systems toward sustainability and a restoration of agrobiodiversity.
Histopathological Evaluation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Strains Resistance to Sclerotium rolfsii Disease
Authors: Samiyarsih Siti , Erlina Chindy Ayu , Muljowati Juni Safitri , Fitrianto Nur 
Published: March 2022

Sclerotinia infection of stem and leaf of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. caused by the fungal pathogen of Sclerotium rolfsii has recently become more important in the Indonesian soybean production area. This study aimed to evaluate the level of resistance and intensity of infection by S. rolfsii in four soybean strains. The research was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design. The observed variables include the anatomy characteristics of leaves and stems of soybean and disease intensity caused by S. rolfsii. The data were analyzed quantitatively with the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 95% and 99% confidence level, followed by the Least Significant Difference Test (Fisher’s LSD) at the level of 5%. Soybean leaves and stem anatomy inoculated by S. rolfsii showed a decrease in the stomatal density, epidermis thickness, and mesophyll thickness as well as a damaged cuticle, damaged stem epidermis, and swollen stem cortex. Four strains inoculated by S. rolfsii showed a higher disease intensity of 40%-80% compared to the resistant cultivar ('Dering') and susceptible cultivar ('Wilis'), showing disease intensity of 20% and 40%, respectively.
Presenting a Model for Predicting Emotional Divorce based on Personality Traits and Job Self-Efficacy Mediated by Perceived Social Support in Working Married Women
Authors: Asl Nahid , Dokaneifard Farideh , Jahangir Pantea 
Published: March 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to present a model for predicting emotional divorce based on personality traits and job self-efficacy mediated by perceived social support in employed married women. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational, using structural equation model approach. From the community of married women working in Tehran municipality during the years 2020-21. Individuals were selected through cluster random sampling. Guttman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, Personality Traits, Job Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire by Zimet et al. Were used to collect data. Structural equations were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings: The findings showed that perceived social support mediates the relationship between extraversion and coping with emotional divorce in a negative and significant way (p<0.01). In addition, perceived social support mediates the relationship between job self-efficacy and emotional divorce in a negative and significant way (p<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that in order to prevent divorce or emotional divorce, appropriate trainings should be provided to families and families with marital conflicts should be helped with appropriate medical interventions offered through counseling centers to help solve their problems.
May Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions be the New Marker of a Hypoxic Response in Non ST Elevation Myocardial İnfarction?
Authors: DAMAR İbrahim Halil , ERÖZ Recep 
Published: March 2022

Objective: Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of acute coronary syndrome and its’ incidence is similarly high to ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are located of the secondary structure of acrocentric chromosome and composed of proteins and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) some of which are argyrophilic. We aimed to investigate the change of AgNOR proteins, which increase in hypoxia, in patients with NSTEMI.
Methods: A total of 125 participants, 63 patients with NSTEMI and 62 volunteers without any acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. Echocardiography was performed and both mean AgNOR Number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) were detected for each individuals.
Results: The mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA ratio were significantly higher in the NSTEMI group than control (p
Enriquecimento de Pectina através da técnica squeeze-flow empregando a concha da Lucina Pectinata como fonte de carbonato de cálcio
Authors: Mota Adnaildo Miranda , Carvalho Mateus da Silva , Virgens Cesário Francisco das 
Published: March 2022

A discussão mundial e adoção de práticas relacionadas à sustentabilidade, culminaram no reaproveitamento de resíduos provenientes da agroindústria em concordância com os 3R's empregados no país. Segundo dados atuais do IBGE, o Brasil em 2020, produziu 690 mil toneladas de maracujá amarelo (M) - (Passiflora edullis f. flavicarpa), sendo o maior produtor mundial. Contudo cerca de 70% deste percentual é de casca e semente, que se descartados de forma inadequada pode causar impactos ao meio ambiente. A casca deste fruto, é composta por celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e pectina, que se conectam por meio de pontes de cálcio intermoleculares, sendo capazes de estabelecer interações com espécies externas à sua estrutura, tornando-a promissora para o reaproveitamento. Neste sentido, este estudo visou reaproveitar as conchas da Lambreta(L) - Lucina pectinata como fonte de carbonato de cálcio empregando-a no enriquecimento da casca do maracujá amarelo fazendo uso da técnica squeeze-flow. As investigações foram realizadas a partir da variação da proporcionalidade entre as duas biomassas, gerando novos materiais que foram denominados ML11, ML12, ML13, LM12 e LM13. Os efeitos da mistura das biomassas, foram evidenciados através das técnicas de caracterização: FTIR, TG/DTG, DSC e MEV. Os eventos de degradação térmica das amostras foram avaliados através dos parâmetros cinéticos e termodinâmicos pelo método de Kissinger. Os resultados obtidos constataram um aumento na estabilidade térmica dos constituintes das fibras do maracujá amarelo pelo enriquecimento com carbonato de cálcio oriundo da Lucina pectinata nas amostras ML11, ML12. Pode-se notar que a baixa energia de ativação nas amostras LM12 e ML13 conduz à diminuição da estabilidade térmica desses materiais indicando uma condição ideal na proporcionalidade entre as duas biomassas envolvidas, favorecendo a aplicação desses materiais em processos termoquímicos. Por meio das observações realizadas nos experimentos de FTIR foi possível observar a supressão da banda relacionada ao estiramento -CO (1605 cm-1) indicando a eficiência da técnica squeeze-flow na estrutura do maracujá corroborando com as micrografias obtidas.
Breeding value of leafy and root turnip samples from the VIR collection
Authors: Kornyukhin D. L. , Artemyeva A. M. 
Published: March 2022

Turnip, Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa is the oldest vegetable crop in Russia. Turnip varieties are fastgrowing, productive, have valuable biochemical properties, cold-resistant, relatively easy to grow. To expand the vegetable assortment, new varieties and hybrids should be created, first of all, the types of varieties that are not in the State Register of Russia. The purpose of the work: using the data of a long-term study of the VIR collection to identify valuable material for breeding.Methods. Field study of 170 samples of the VIR collection was carried out in the NPB "Pushkin and Pavlovsk laboratories of VIR" (Leningrad region) in 2001-2020. Sowing was carried out on June 26- 28. Each sample was sown on a single-row plot 2 m long in three repetitions. As a control, turnip varieties included in the State Register were used – the variety of leaf turnip Sapphire, the table turnip variety Petrovskaya-1 and the fodder turnip variety Osterzundomsky. The description was carried out according to the Methodological Guidelines for the study and maintenance of the VIR world collection, with author's additions.Results. The best leaf turnip samples, found during the study has a large plant mass (up to 1.42±0.32 kg in the Early top F1 sample (k-366, Japan), many samples exceeded the Sapphire standard for this trait. Some of the samples of table turnips also exceed the Petrovskaya-1 standard by weight of the root (Purple top (k-1345, Nepal), Pekki (vr.2176, Finland)). Samples Solovetskaya (k-803, Russia, Murmansk region), Gul Findlandsk (vr.2175, Norway) have a bright yellow flash of the root, are easy to store and resistant to damage by cabbage flies. Among the turnip samples distinguished by yield (Table 5), the most interesting are the turnips Ova Dæhnfeldt (vr.2183, Denmark) and Korova (vr.2187, Sweden), which have yellow flesh and an increased content of β-carotene in roots.Conclusion. It was possible to identify new samples belonging to groups of leaf and root turnips, that are not represented on the seed and food market of Russia. Such samples belong to morphologically different forms, are productive, carry a complex of valuable economic and biochemical characteristics and are perspective material for inclusion in programs for the selection of leaf and root crops.
Evaluation of heterosis through reciprocal crosses of inbred cucumber lines (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Ushanov A. A. , Ulyanov R. A. , Mironov A. A. 
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of heterosis in short-fruited parthenocarpic F1 cucumber hybrids by the main economically valuable characteristics, when grown using low-volume technology in industrial greenhouses of the Moscow region.Materials and methods. The object of the study is short-fruited parthenocarpic reciprocal hybrids of cucumber Druzhny (F1 I73514 x I74011), F1 I74011 x I73514 and their parent inbred lines I73514 and I74011 of selection by N.N. Timofeev Breeding Station LLC. F1 SV4097CV of foreign selection of Semenis company (Netherlands) was used as a control. The study was conducted in 2020-2021 in industrial greenhouses of the "V. I. Edelstein Vegetable Experimental Station" of the K.A. Timiryazev Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy in Moscow on low-volume hydroponics in peat bags. Parental lines and hybrid combinations were evaluated by earliness, early yield, yield, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and marketability.Results. According to the results of the study, F1 Druzhny (F1 I73514 x I74011) and the reverse hybrid I73514 x I74011 demonstrated high positive effects of heterosis in yield (MPH=19.4...22%; HPH=13.4...15.9%; CH=9.6...12%) and the number of fruits per plant (MPH=22.5...26.4%; HPH=12.5...15.8%; CH=11.7...15%). Negative indicators of the heterosis effect were noted for earliness from germination to flowering (MPH=-3.4...-1.1%; HPH=-6.5...-4.4%; CH=-4.4...-2.2%) and average fruit weight (MPH=-2.2...-1.3%; HPH=-5.3...-4.3%; CH=-3.4...-2.4%). The value of the degree of dominance indicates the presence of positive overdominance in the inheritance of such traits as yield (hp=2.7...3.2), the number of fruits from the plant (hp=1.5...1.9) and marketability (hp=1.6...2.3). Negative overdomination was observed in earliness from germination to flowering (hp= -2...-1.3) and average fruit weight (hp=-1.7...-1.2). According to the signs of earliness from germination to fruiting (hp =0) and early yield (hp=-0.1...0.5), intermediate inheritance was revealed. The Druzhny hybrid significantly exceeded the control hybrid SV4097CV in early yield, yield and number of fruits from the plant, and the reverse hybrid F1 I74011 x I73514 was at the control level, which indicates the prospects of growing these hybrids in the conditions of spring-summer turnover on low-volume hydroponics.