bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of clinically relevant differences in safety and pharmacokinetics after second‐dose administration of intranasal diazepam within 4 h for acute treatment of seizure clusters: A population analysis
Authors: Cascino Gregory D. , Tarquinio Daniel , Wheless James W. , Hogan Robert Edward , Sperling Michael R. , Desai Jay , Vazquez Blanca , Samara Emil , Misra Sunita N. , Carrazana Enrique , Rabinowicz Adrian L. ,   for the DIAZ.001.05 Study Group
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveCurrent diazepam nasal spray labeling requires waiting 4 h before administering a second dose. The objective of the current analyses was to examine safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of second doses of diazepam nasal spray given 0−4 h after the first dose.MethodsTwo datasets were analyzed. The first, a long‐term, repeat‐dose safety study of diazepam nasal spray, compared rates of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious TEAEs, and treatment‐related TEAEs for patients receiving ≥1 second dose ≤4 h versus all second doses >4 h after the first. The second was a population pharmacokinetic analysis using data from three phase 1 studies to model drug exposure when a second dose of diazepam nasal spray was administered across multiple time points (1 min−4 h) following the first dose.ResultsIn the repeat‐dose safety study, a second dose of diazepam nasal spray was administered ≤24 h after the first to treat 485 seizure clusters in 79 patients. Rates of TEAEs were similar between patients receiving ≥1 second dose in ≤4 h (89.5%, n = 38) compared with >4–24 h only (80.5%, n = 41). The most common treatment‐related TEAEs were associated with nasal discomfort, which was mild or moderate and transient. There were no reports of respiratory or cardiac depression. The pharmacokinetic simulations of second doses predicted comparable elevations of plasma diazepam concentrations with administrations across a range of intervals after the first dose (1 min−4 h).SignificanceThese data indicate that the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of a second dose of diazepam nasal spray administered within 4 h of the first dose are consistent with those associated with current labeling. This is potentially important for patients with seizure clusters who have a recurrent seizure within 4 h of first treatment and might benefit from immediate retreatment to reduce the risk of progression to status epilepticus.
Deep transfer learning for COVID‐19 fake news detection in Persian
Authors: Ghayoomi Masood , Mousavian Maryam 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe spread of fake news on social media has increased dramatically in recent years. Hence, fake news detection systems have received researchers' attention globally. During the COVID‐19 outbreak in 2019 and the worldwide epidemic, the importance of this issue becomes more apparent. Due to the importance of the issue, a large number of researchers have begun to collect English datasets and to study COVID‐19 fake news detection. However, there are a large number of low‐resource languages, including Persian, that cannot develop accurate tools for automatic COVID‐19 fake news detection due to the lack of annotated data for the task. In this article, we aim to develop a corpus for Persian in the domain of COVID‐19 where the fake news is annotated and to provide a model for detecting Persian COVID‐19 fake news. With the impressive advancement of multilingual pre‐trained language models, the idea of cross‐lingual transfer learning can be proposed to improve the generalization of models trained with low‐resource language datasets. Accordingly, we use the state‐of‐the‐art deep cross‐lingual contextualized language model, XLM‐RoBERTa, and the parallel convolutional neural networks to detect Persian COVID‐19 fake news. Moreover, we use the idea of knowledge transferring across‐domains to improve the results by using both the English COVID‐19 dataset and the general domain Persian fake news dataset. The combination of both cross‐lingual and cross‐domain transfer learning has outperformed the models and it has beaten the baseline by 2.39% significantly.
Record‐setting algal bloom in polymictic Lake Balaton (Hungary): A synergistic impact of climate change and (mis)management
Authors: Istvánovics Vera , Honti Márk , Torma Péter , Kousal Josh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

After 25 years of apparently successful eutrophication management, a record‐breaking mixed bloom of Ceratium furcoides and Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae developed unexpectedly in 2019 in the large, polymictic Lake Balaton. The peak concentration of chlorophyll exceeded 300 mg/m3, 1.5 times higher than the pre‐management maxima. The external load was insufficient to provide the phosphorus (P) required to support this bloom, and its taxonomic composition was radically different from blooms in the 1980s. We hypothesised: (1) that unusually long periods of intermittent stratification led to anoxic P release from the sediments, providing the required P; and (2) that the surprising bloom composition indicated a potential regime shift.

To test hypothesis 1, we analysed decade‐long high‐frequency data on drivers of lake metabolism recorded at a shallow near‐shore observatory. To explore likely dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions in deep water in 2019, we performed a sensitivity analysis of a one‐dimensional DO model driven by the General Ocean Turbulence Model, the latter being calibrated against high‐frequency hydrometeorological data measured in the open water. Hypothesis 2 was examined by a sequential t‐test analysis applied to multidecadal (1976–2020) data on phytoplankton biomass and composition, nutrient loads and summer mean air temperature.

We found that DO depletion (<1 g/m3) was the immediate precursor of the large 2019 bloom. The synergistic impact of a climatic regime shift and multiple coincident management actions provoked a shift in phytoplankton composition in 2013 and forced the ecosystem into the state of internal eutrophication.

In the present ecosystem state, similarly large blooms could develop in any summer depending on the sequence of weather events. Within the present, warmer climate regime identified here, the effectiveness of external nutrient control in eutrophication management may be limited by changes in the thermal structure. Therefore, it is vital to supplement external nutrient control with internal nutrient control strategies, such as water level regulation, to manage eutrophication and prevent future blooms.

Large, continuous polymictic lakes are susceptible to small changes in water level, because the likelihood of stratification (and thus the likeliness of a eutrophication event) increases steeply and non‐linearly with increasing depth. With a climate that continues to warm, and the associated changes expected in internal lake processes, it is possible that we will see regime shifts (such as that identified in Lake Balaton) across more lakes globally. Managing these conditions will require case‐specific modifications of lake management plans.
Plant hydraulics, stomatal control, and the response of a tropical forest to water stress over multiple temporal scales
Authors: Detto Matteo , Pacala Stephen W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMany tropical regions are experiencing an intensification of drought, with increasing severity and frequency. The ecosystem response to these changes is still highly uncertain. On short time scales (from diurnal to seasonal), tropical forests respond to water stress by physiological controls, such as stomatal regulation and phenological adjustment, to cope with increasing atmospheric water demand and reduced water supply. However, the interactions among biological processes and co‐varying environmental factors that determine the ecosystem‐level fluxes are still unclear. Furthermore, climate variability at longer time scales, such as that generated by ENSO, produces less predictable effects because it depends on a highly stochastic combination of factors that might vary among forests and even between events in the same forest. This study will present some emerging patterns of response to water stress from 5 years of water, carbon, and energy fluxes observed on a seasonal tropical forest in central Panama, including an increase in productivity during the 2015 El Niño. These responses depend on the combination of environmental factors experienced by the forest throughout the seasonal cycle, in particular, increase in solar radiation, stimulating productivity, and increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and decreasing soil moisture, limiting stomata opening. These results suggest a critical role of plant hydraulics in mediating the response to water stress over a broad range of temporal scales (diurnal, intraseasonal, seasonal, and interannual), by acclimating canopy conductance to light and VPD during different soil moisture regimes. A multilayer photosynthesis model coupled with a plant hydraulics scheme can reproduce these complex responses. However, results depend critically on parameters regulating water transport efficiency and the cost of water stress. As these costs have not been properly identified and quantified yet, more empirical research is needed to elucidate physiological mechanisms of hydraulic failure and recover, for example embolism repair and xylem regrowth.
Positron‐emitting radiotracers spatially resolve unexpected biogeochemical relationships linked with methane oxidation in Arctic soils
Authors: Schmidt Michael P. , Mamet Steven D. , Senger Curtis , Schebel Alixandra , Ota Mitsuaki , Tian Tony W. , Aziz Umair , Stein Lisa Y. , Regier Tom , Stanley Kevin , Peak Derek , Siciliano Steven D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractArctic soils are marked by cryoturbic features, which impact soil‐atmosphere methane (CH4) dynamics vital to global climate regulation. Cryoturbic diapirism alters C/N chemistry within frost boils by introducing soluble organic carbon and nutrients, potentially influencing microbial CH4 oxidation. CH4 oxidation in soils, however, requires a spatio‐temporal convergence of ecological factors to occur. Spatial delineation of microbial activity with respect to these key microbial and biogeochemical factors at relevant scales is experimentally challenging in inherently complex and heterogeneous natural soil matrices. This work aims to overcome this barrier by spatially linking microbial CH4 oxidation with C/N chemistry and metagenomic characteristics. This is achieved by using positron‐emitting radiotracers to visualize millimeter‐scale active CH4 uptake areas in Arctic soils with and without diapirism. X‐ray absorption spectroscopic speciation of active and inactive areas shows CH4 uptake spatially associates with greater proportions of inorganic N in diapiric frost boils. Metagenomic analyses reveal Ralstonia pickettii associates with CH4 uptake across soils along with pertinent CH4 and inorganic N metabolism associated genes. This study highlights the critical relationship between CH4 and N cycles in Arctic soils, with potential implications for better understanding future climate. Furthermore, our experimental framework presents a novel, widely applicable strategy for unraveling ecological relationships underlying greenhouse gas dynamics under global change.
Using isotope pool dilution to understand how organic carbon additions affect N2O consumption in diverse soils
Authors: Stuchiner Emily R. , von Fischer Joseph C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a formidable greenhouse gas with a warming potential ~300× greater than CO2. However, its emissions to the atmosphere have gone largely unchecked because the microbial and environmental controls governing N2O emissions have proven difficult to manage. The microbial process N2O consumption is the only know biotic pathway to remove N2O from soil pores and therefore reduce N2O emissions. Consequently, manipulating soils to increase N2O consumption by organic carbon (OC) additions has steadily gained interest. However, the response of N2O emissions to different OC additions are inconsistent, and it is unclear if lower N2O emissions are due to increased consumption, decreased production, or both. Simplified and systematic studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of different OC additions on N2O consumption. We aimed to manipulate N2O consumption by amending soils with OC compounds (succinate, acetate, propionate) more directly available to denitrifiers. We hypothesized that N2O consumption is OC‐limited and predicted these denitrifier‐targeted additions would lead to enhanced N2O consumption and increased nosZ gene abundance. We incubated diverse soils in the laboratory and performed a 15N2O isotope pool dilution assay to disentangle microbial N2O emissions from consumption using laser‐based spectroscopy. We found that amending soils with OC increased gross N2O consumption in six of eight soils tested. Furthermore, three of eight soils showed Increased N2O Consumption and Decreased N2O Emissions (ICDE), a phenomenon we introduce in this study as an N2O management ideal. All three ICDE soils had low soil OC content, suggesting ICDE is a response to relaxed C‐limitation wherein C additions promote soil anoxia, consequently stimulating the reduction of N2O via denitrification. We suggest, generally, OC additions to low OC soils will reduce N2O emissions via ICDE. Future studies should prioritize methodical assessment of different, specific, OC‐additions to determine which additions show ICDE in different soils.
HIV‐associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HIV‐TTP): A practical guide and review of the literature
Authors: Louw Susan , Jacobson Barry Frank , Wiggill Tracey Monica , Chapanduka Zivanai , Sarah Mayne Elizabeth 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a serious thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), is prevalent in the South African HIV‐infected population. The exact pathogenesis of HIV‐associated TTP (HIV‐TTP) is however still unclear with diagnostic and therapeutic inconsistancies.MethodsA systematic review of the published literature regarding HIV‐TTP was performed.ResultsHIV‐TTP is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality in Africa despite the availability of anti‐retroviral therpy (ART). Diagnosis of HIV‐TTP requires the presence of a micro‐angiopathic haemolytic anaemia with significant red blood cell schistocytes and thrombocytopenia in the absence of another TMA but background activation of the coagulation system and inflammation in HIV infected people can result in diagnostic anbiguity. Plasma therapy in the form of infusion or exchange is successful but expensive, associated with side‐effects and not widely available. Adjuvant immunosuppression therapy may of benefit in patients with HIV‐TTP and ART must always be optimised. Endothelial dysfunction caused by chronic inflammation and complement activation most likely contributes to the development of HIV‐TTP.ConclusionThe role of adjuvant immunomodulating therpy, the therapeutic targets and pathogenic contribution from endothelial dysfunction in HIV‐TTP requires further investigation.
Classified processing of different rice bran fractions according to their component distributions
Authors: Yu Cheng‐wei , Luo Ting , Xie Tian , Li Jing , Deng Ze‐yuan 
Published: April 2022

SummaryRice grains were obtained from two Chinese provinces (Hubei and Guangxi) and then their rice bran was abraded into four equal fractions by weight from outside to inside. The component distributions in these four fractions were then investigated. The contents of total lipid‐soluble antioxidant showed no significant difference between rice bran from the Hubei province and the Guangxi province. But the content of total water‐soluble antioxidant was 1690.20 ± 86.40 mg kg−1 for rice bran from the Hubei province, significantly higher than those from the Guangxi province (1014.67 ± 71.09 mg kg−1). Obvious differences between four rice bran fractions or two provinces were proved by principal component analysis (PCA). Lipase activities decreased significantly from outer fractions to inner fractions, and lipids mainly distributed in three outer fractions. The essential element contents decreased significantly, but a main heavy metal element (Pb) in cereal increased significantly to 0.36 mg kg−1 from outer fractions to inner fractions, which was just slightly below the upper limit of Chinese Standard (0.40 mg kg−1). Although protein contents had no significant difference in four fractions, the amino acid compositions were quite different. In summary, different fractions of rice bran had different compositions, which could provide guidance for the classified processing of rice bran.
Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex‐specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses*
Authors: Cervantes Orlando , Cruz Talavera Irene , Every Emma , Coler Brahm , Li Miranda , Li Amanda , Li Hanning , Adams Waldorf Kristina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPregnant women infected with pathogenic respiratory viruses, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and coronaviruses, are at higher risk for mortality, hospitalization, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Several factors are likely to contribute to the susceptibility of pregnant individuals to severe lung disease including changes in pulmonary physiology, immune defenses, and effector functions of some immune cells. Pregnancy is also a physiologic state characterized by higher levels of multiple hormones that may impact the effector functions of immune cells, such as progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, and relaxin. Each of these hormones acts to support a tolerogenic immune state of pregnancy, which helps prevent fetal rejection, but may also contribute to an impaired antiviral response. In this review, we address the unique role of adaptive and innate immune cells in the control of pathogenic respiratory viruses and how pregnancy and specific hormones can impact their effector actions. We highlight viruses with sex‐specific differences in infection outcomes and why pregnancy hormones may contribute to fetal protection but aid the virus at the expense of the mother's health.
Wound repair, safety, and functional outcomes in reconstructive lower extremity foot and ankle surgery using a dehydrated amnion/chorion allograft membrane
Authors: Tacktill Jordan Z. , Rasor Zachary , Adams Josh , Driver Gary , Shannon Logan , Hudzinski Scott , Carter Marissa J. , Isaac Adam L. , Zelen Charles M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAmniotic membranes are known to be rich in growth factors, cytokines, and matrix proteins, which can help support wound closure and may improve patient outcomes in foot and ankle surgical interventions. In this Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved clinical study, 21 consecutive patients undergoing lower extremity soft tissue and bone reconstruction surgery received dehydrated human amnion and chorion allograft (dHACA) placed as a covering over the deep layers of the surgical wound during closure. Wound healing complications were assessed and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were compiled from over a 1‐year follow‐up period. Summary statistics were calculated for average pain, function, and alignment. The average overall AOFAS pre‐treatment score was 35.8 ± 23.0 and the post‐treatment score significantly improved to 87.5 ± 6.4 (P = 3.7 × 10−10). The pain‐score improved from pre‐treatment at 10.0 ± 11.0 to post‐treatment at 36.7 ± 4.8 (P = 5.0 × 10−5). The pre‐treatment function score was 18.7 ± 12.9 and at post‐treatment increased to 38.5 ± 5.7 (P = 5.8 × 10−5). Lastly, the alignment score at pre‐treatment was 7.1 ± 4.4 and at post‐treatment was 12.4 ± 2.6 (P = .001). These improvements in functional scores were accompanied with clinical observations of reduced surgical complications including a lack of wound dehisance in the cohort. These clinical findings suggest that the application of aseptically processed dHACA may reduce wound complications and as such may aide in clinical improvements in foot and ankle surgical interventions however a larger comparative trial should be considered to validate these initial findings.
Impact of the Anthropocene on the status of the world's small carnivores: A global macroecological perspective
Authors: Torres‐Romero Erik Joaquín , Giordano Anthony J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimThe continued erosion of global biodiversity resulting from Earth's sixth mass extinction event has been particularly pronounced on mammalian carnivores. Here, we evaluated the status of the world's small carnivore species (SCS) (<15 kg), examined their trending status and assessed the threats they face globally and regionally.LocationWorldwide.TaxonSmall carnivore species.MethodsUsing a global 100 km2grid, we analysed the impact of 12 variables (anthropogenic and landscape) on general small carnivore richness (SCR), threatened species richness and the number of declining SCS. We applied simple, multiple and simultaneous regression models to explore the associations between landscape conditions and human impacts on SCR.ResultsApproximately 22% (n = 49) of SCS are classified as threatened (vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered), with the largest number occurring in the Indo‐Malayan, followed by the Afrotropical regions. The family Mustelidae had the greatest number of threatened species, followed by the Felidae, Viverridae and Eupleridae. Euplerids, however, had the highest proportion of threatened species (90%). Human accessibility had the strongest negative impact on global species richness, whereas landscape modification gradient, indigenous lands and intact forest structure, all predicted higher levels of overall and threatened SCR. Approximately 84% of SCS are threatened by illegal wildlife trafficking, with greatest proportion hailing from the Indo‐Malayan region, followed by the Afrotropical region.ConclusionsLandscape conditions play a leading role in the conservation of SCS. However, the impact of humans has dramatically modified the spatial patterns of small carnivores across the globe. We believe new incentives promoting more sustainable landscapes could facilitate coexistence between carnivores and human communities. We advocate for new policies promoting sustainable practices, which are needed to help mitigate extinction risk and facilitate coexistence with small carnivores across the planet's human‐dominated landscapes.
Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis among adults: The 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey
Authors: Santoso Cornelia Melinda Adi , Bramantoro Taufan , Kardos László , Szakács Dóra Fanni , Nagy Attila 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimThis study aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and periodontitis among Indonesian adults.Materials and MethodsCross‐sectional data from the 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey (Riskesdas) was analysed. The sample included dentate individuals aged 35 years or older for whom complete information was available on components of MetS and periodontitis, including bleeding on probing (BOP) (N = 13,356), pocket depth (PD) (N = 13,273), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) (N = 13,000). Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with negative binomial regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 41.0%. The prevalence of individuals having at least one tooth with BOP, one tooth with PD ≥4 mm, or one sextant with CAL ≥4 mm was 74.9%, 40.7%, and 40.6%, respectively. No associations were observed between MetS and BOP, PD, or CAL, but hyperglycaemia was constantly positively associated with BOP (RR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.11), PD (RR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.03–1.23), and CAL (RR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.08–1.23).ConclusionsOur findings support the potential influence of hyperglycaemia on periodontitis. Incorporating oral disease prevention strategies into the management of systemic diseases could be beneficial for reducing the burden of these diseases in Indonesia.