bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Beliefs about Genes and Behavior Predict Improved Sun Protection Following Melanoma Genetic Counseling
Authors: Aspinwall Lisa G , Drummond Danielle M , Stump Tammy K , Kohlmann Wendy K , Leachman Sancy A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Little is known about how members of cancer-prone families think about genetic determinism and whether personal behavior can amplify or counter genetic risk for disease.

Purpose
Understanding how people think about the impact of personal behavior on disease risk may inform communications about genetic risks and their management.

Methods
We assessed three sets of beliefs about the impact of behavior on genetic risk—interactive (unhealthful behaviors can amplify genetic risk), subtractive (healthful behaviors can reduce genetic risk), and deterministic (genes primarily determine health outcomes)—among 114 unaffected members of melanoma-prone families receiving genetic counseling (51.6% men, average age = 35.3). We examined whether these beliefs predicted changes in perceived control, motivation to manage melanoma risk, and sun-protection behavior one year later.

Results
Participants strongly endorsed interactive and subtractive beliefs, but not deterministic beliefs. These beliefs generally did not change, even among those who received positive CDKN2A/p16 genetic test results conferring up to 76% lifetime melanoma risk. Controlling for age, sex, education, skin type, and genetic test result, interactive beliefs predicted sustained increases in perceptions of personal control, motivation to reduce sun exposure, use of multiple sun-protection methods, and reduction in objectively assessed tanning at the wrist one year following genetic counseling. Subtractive beliefs predicted increased personal control, motivation to manage risk, and sunscreen use, while deterministic beliefs were generally unrelated to outcomes.

Conclusions
Among people at highly elevated hereditary cancer risk, beliefs that unhealthful behaviors can amplify genetic risk seem to be especially motivating of behavioral risk-reduction efforts.
Describing transitions in residential status over 10 years in the very old: results from the Newcastle 85+ Study
Authors: Davies Laurie E , Brittain Katie , Wilkinson Heather , Lewis Sue , Robinson Louise , Kingston Andrew 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
the very old (aged ≥ 85) are the fastest growing subpopulation of many developed countries but little is known about how their place of residence changes over time. We investigated transitions in residential status in an inception cohort of 85-year-olds over 10 years.

Methods
data were drawn from the Newcastle 85+ Study, a population-based longitudinal study of individuals aged 85 in 2006 (i.e. born in 1921) and permanently registered with a Newcastle or North Tyneside general practice (n = 849).

Results
76.3% lived in standard (non-supported) housing at baseline (age = 85) and few moved into a care home. The majority either remained in standard housing or died over the study period. A significant number who lived in standard housing had dependency and frailty at baseline.

Discussion
given the undersupply of care homes, and preference of older people to remain in their own homes as they age, the questions posed by this analysis are how to survive to 85 and remain in standard housing until the age of 85? And how, and by whom, are such a group being supported to remain at home? We need qualitative research to explore the informal-formal care networks of the very old.
Longitudinal associations between falls and future risk of cognitive decline, the Motoric Cognitive Risk syndrome and dementia: the Einstein Ageing Study
Authors: Jayakody Oshadi , Blumen Helena M , Breslin Monique , Ayers Emmeline , Lipton Richard B , Verghese Joe , Callisaya Michele L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
falls share risk factors with cognitive decline but whether falls predict cognitive decline, pre-dementia syndromes and dementia is poorly understood.

Objectives
this study aimed to examine if falls are associated with cognitive decline in specific domains and the risk of Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome and dementia.

Design
cross-sectional study.

Methods
in older people (age 80.6 ± 5.3 years) free of dementia at baseline, the number of falls (none, one or multiple) during the year before enrolment and the first year of follow-up (exposure) were recorded. Decline in specific cognitive functions (global cognition, episodic verbal memory, verbal fluency, working memory, response inhibition and processing speed-attention), incident MCR and incident dementia were outcome measures. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the associations between falls and cognitive decline, adjusting for confounders. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine if falls predicted risk of incident MCR or dementia.

Results
of 522 eligible participants, 140 had a single fall and 70 had multiple falls. Multiple falls were associated with a greater decline in global cognition, episodic memory, verbal fluency and processing speed-attention compared to those with no falls (P &lt; 0.05). Over a median follow-up of 1.0 years 36 participants developed MCR and 43 participants developed dementia. Those with multiple falls had a two-fold increased risk of MCR compared to those with no falls, but no increased risk of developing dementia.

Conclusions
multiple falls may be an important marker to identify older people at greater risk of future cognitive decline and incident MCR.
Assessment as a Site of Anti/Oppressive Social Work Practice: Negotiating with Power and the De/Professionalisation of Social Work
Authors: Lee Eunjung 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Social work practice starts with an effort to understand clients-in-context, a task which involves a process of assessment. Whilst social workers often assess clients-in-systems, rarely do they consider the social worker-in-systems as part of the client’s context. Guided by Foucault’s concepts of disciplinary and biopolitical power and related constructs of ‘Panopticism’ and ‘homo oeconomicus’, this article interrogates how the social worker’s observational gaze in assessment has become veiled in practice. Using a critical review method, the author examines how Foucault’s notion of a ‘faceless gaze’ has been increasingly intensified by the use of information technology in ‘common assessment’, thereby transforming the fundamentals of assessment from understanding the client for ‘care’ to ‘managing risk’ in neoliberal governance. This article historicises and politicises temporal discourses of social work assessment and illustrates how the worker’s embodied knowledge of assessment as a governing apparatus may solidify and/or endanger the social work profession. Locating assessment as a site of social in/justice, this critical review on the inevitable workings of power in assessment invites social workers to re-think the boundaries of de/professionalisation and to critically reflect on and re-imagine everyday institutional practices in social work assessment.
Cholinergic and hippocampal systems facilitate cross-domain cognitive recovery after stroke
Authors: O’Sullivan Michael J. , Oestreich Lena K. L. , Wright Paul , Clarkson Andrew N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous recovery of motor and cognitive function occurs in many individuals after stroke. The mechanisms are incompletely understood, but may involve neurotransmitter systems that support neural plasticity, networks that are involved in learning and regions of the brain that are able to flexibly adapt to demand (such as the ‘multiple-demand system').
Forty-two patients with first symptomatic ischaemic stroke were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study of cognitive function after stroke. High-resolution volumetric, diffusion MRI and neuropsychological assessment were performed at a mean of 70 ± 18 days after stroke. Cognitive assessment was repeated 1 year after stroke, using parallel test versions to avoid learning effects, and change scores were computed for long-term episodic, short-term and working memory. Structural MRI features that predicted change in cognitive scores were identified by a two-stage analysis: a discovery phase used whole-brain approaches in a hypothesis-free unbiased way; and an independent focused phase, where measurements were derived from regions identified in the discovery phase, using targeted volumetric measurements or tractography. Evaluation of the cholinergic basal forebrain, based on a validated atlas-based approach, was included given prior evidence of a role in neural plasticity.
The status of the fornix, cholinergic basal forebrain and a set of hippocampal subfields were found to predict improvement in long-term memory performance. In contrast to prior expectation, the same pattern was found for short-term and working memory, suggesting that these regions are part of a common infrastructure that supports recovery across cognitive domains. Associations between cholinergic basal forebrain volume and cognitive recovery were found primarily in subregions associated with the nucleus basalis of Meynert, suggesting that it is the cholinergic outflow to the neocortex that enables recovery. Support vector regression models derived from baseline measurements of fornix, cholinergic basal forebrain and hippocampal subfields were able to explain 62% of change in long-term episodic and 41% of change in working memory performance over the subsequent 9 months.
The results suggest that the cholinergic system and extended hippocampal network play key roles in cognitive recovery after stroke. Evaluation of these systems early after stroke may inform personalized therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery.
Clinical features and nasal inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis
Authors: Chen Meiping , Ge Yijun , Lin Wanmi , Ying Haiping , Zhang Wen , Yu Xuechan , Li Chunlin , Cao Chao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAsthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are widely considered to be the most common chronic inflammatory disorders. This study was performed to investigate the clinical features, disease severity, and upper airway inflammation among patients with asthma, AR, and asthma comorbid AR. Blood and nasal lavage fluid samples were collected from patients with isolated asthma (n = 23), isolated AR (n = 22), and asthma comorbid AR (n = 22). Demographic data, symptom evaluation, and spirometry were obtained from all subjects. The levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, IL-25, IL-33, and S100 proteins were measured in the nasal lavage fluid. Compared with isolated asthma, patients with asthma comorbid AR showed a lower quality of life according to the asthma quality-of-life questionnaire (AQLQ) score (6.11 ± 0.47 vs. 6.45 ± 0.35, P = 0.007). Additionally, no significant difference in the levels of IL-4 (P = 0.116), IL-25 (P = 0.235), and S100A12 (P = 0.392) was observed in nasal lavage fluid among three groups. However, miniscule levels of IL-5, IL-17, IL-13, IL-33, S100A8, and S100A9 were detected in nasal lavage fluid in all three groups. Patients with asthma comorbid AR showed an increased level of systemic cytokine in plasma than that of patients with isolated AR or asthma alone. The finding from our study may help clinicians to better understand the airway inflammation among asthma patients with or without AR.
Voxel-based morphometry and a deep learning model for the diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease based on cerebral gray matter changes
Authors: Huang Huaidong , Zheng Shiqiang , Yang Zhongxian , Wu Yi , Li Yan , Qiu Jinming , Cheng Yan , Lin Panpan , Lin Yan , Guan Jitian , Mikulis David John , Zhou Teng , Wu Renhua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to analyse cerebral grey matter changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using voxel-based morphometry and to diagnose early Alzheimer's disease using deep learning methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) evaluating these changes. Participants (111 MCI, 73 normal cognition) underwent 3-T structural magnetic resonance imaging. The obtained images were assessed using voxel-based morphometry, including extraction of cerebral grey matter, analyses of statistical differences, and correlation analyses between cerebral grey matter and clinical cognitive scores in MCI. The CNN-based deep learning method was used to extract features of cerebral grey matter images. Compared to subjects with normal cognition, participants with MCI had grey matter atrophy mainly in the entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex, and bilateral frontotemporal lobes (p &lt; 0.0001). This atrophy was significantly correlated with the decline in cognitive scores (p &lt; 0.01). The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the CNN model for identifying participants with MCI were 80.9%, 88.9%, and 75%, respectively. The area under the curve of the model was 0.891. These findings demonstrate that research based on brain morphology can provide an effective way for the clinical, non-invasive, objective evaluation and identification of early Alzheimer's disease.
Gene editing reverses arrhythmia susceptibility in humanized PLN-R14del mice: modelling a European cardiomyopathy with global impact
Authors: Dave Jaydev , Raad Nour , Mittal Nishka , Zhang Lu , Fargnoli Anthony , Oh Jae Gyun , Savoia Maria Elisabetta , Hansen Jens , Fava Marika , Yin Xiaoke , Theofilatos Konstantinos , Ceholski Delaine , Kohlbrenner Erik , Jeong Dongtak , Wills Lauren , Nonnenmacher Mathieu , Haghighi Kobra , Costa Kevin D , Turnbull Irene C , Mayr Manuel , Cai Chen-Leng , Kranias Evangelia G , Akar Fadi G , Hajjar Roger J , Stillitano Francesca 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
A mutation in the phospholamban (PLN) gene, leading to deletion of Arg14 (R14del), has been associated with malignant arrhythmias and ventricular dilation. Identifying pre-symptomatic carriers with vulnerable myocardium is crucial because arrhythmia can result in sudden cardiac death, especially in young adults with PLN-R14del mutation. This study aimed at assessing the efficiency and efficacy of in vivo genome editing, using CRISPR/Cas9 and a cardiotropic adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9), in improving cardiac function in young adult mice expressing the human PLN-R14del.

Methods and results
Humanized mice were generated expressing human wild-type (hPLN-WT) or mutant (hPLN-R14del) PLN in the heterozygous state, mimicking human carriers. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 12 weeks of age showed bi-ventricular dilation and increased stroke volume in mutant vs. WT mice, with no deficit in ejection fraction or cardiac output. Challenge of ex vivo hearts with isoproterenol and rapid pacing unmasked higher propensity for sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in hPLN-R14del relative to hPLN-WT. Specifically, the VT threshold was significantly reduced (20.3 ± 1.2 Hz in hPLN-R14del vs. 25.7 ± 1.3 Hz in WT, P &lt; 0.01) reflecting higher arrhythmia burden. To inactivate the R14del allele, mice were tail-vein-injected with AAV9.CRISPR/Cas9/gRNA or AAV9 empty capsid (controls). CRISPR-Cas9 efficiency was evaluated by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and NGS-based amplicon sequencing. In vivo gene editing significantly reduced end-diastolic and stroke volumes in hPLN-R14del CRISPR-treated mice compared to controls. Susceptibility to VT was also reduced, as the VT threshold was significantly increased relative to controls (30.9 ± 2.3 Hz vs. 21.3 ± 1.5 Hz; P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
This study is the first to show that disruption of hPLN-R14del allele by AAV9-CRISPR/Cas9 improves cardiac function and reduces VT susceptibility in humanized PLN-R14del mice, offering preclinical evidence for translatable approaches to therapeutically suppress the arrhythmogenic phenotype in human patients with PLN-R14del disease.
Mechanical stretching and chemical pyloroplasty to prevent delayed gastric emptying after esophageal cancer resection—a meta-analysis and review of the literature
Authors: Nienhüser Henrik , Heger Patrick , Crnovrsanin Nerma , Schaible Anja , Sisic Leila , Fuchs Hans F , Berlth Felix , Grimminger Peter P , Nickel Felix , Billeter Adrian T , Probst Pascal , Müller-Stich Beat P , Schmidt Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) occurs in up to 40% of patients after esophageal resection and prolongs recovery and hospital stay. Surgically pyloroplasty does not effectively prevent DGE. Recently published methods include injection of botulinum toxin (botox) in the pylorus and mechanical interventions as preoperative endoscopic dilatation of the pylorus. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of those methods with respect to the newly published Consensus definition of DGE.

Methods
A systematic literature search using CENTRAL, Medline, and Web of Science was performed to identify studies that described pre- or intraoperative botox injection or mechanical stretching methods of the pylorus in patients undergoing esophageal resection. Frequency of DGE, anastomotic leakage rates, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Outcome data were pooled as odd’s ratio (OR) or mean difference using a random-effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Robins-I tool for non-randomized trials.

Results
Out of 391 articles seven retrospective studies described patients that underwent preventive botulinum toxin injection and four studies described preventive mechanical stretching of the pylorus. DGE was not affected by injection of botox (OR 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–2.03, P = 0.75), whereas mechanical stretching resulted in significant reduction of DGE (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.5, P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusion
Mechanical stretching of the pylorus, but not injection of botox reduces DGE after esophageal cancer resection. A newly developed consensus definition should be used before the conduction of a large-scale randomized-controlled trial.
Days alive and out of hospital after enhanced recovery video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy
Authors: Huang Lin , Frandsen Mikkel Nicklas , Kehlet Henrik , Petersen René Horsleben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Days alive and out of hospital (DAOH) integrates overall information of hospitalization, readmissions, and mortality that have been applied as a new outcome measure. However, DAOH after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in an established enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme has not been reported.

METHODS
Patients aged ≥18 years with non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing VATS lobectomy in an established ERAS programme were eligible. The primary and secondary outcomes were DAOH during the first postoperative 365 days and reasons for reduced DAOH.

RESULTS
A total of 316 consecutive patients with well-defined inclusion criteria and complete follow-up were assessed retrospectively. The median length of stay was 3 days (IQR 2–6). The medians (IQR) of postoperative 30, 60, 90, 180 and 365 DAOH were 27 (22–28), 57 (51–58), 86 (80–88), 176 (169–178) and 359 (349–363) days, respectively. Air leak was the dominant factor for reduced DAOH from postoperative day (POD) 0–30 (47.2%) and 0–365 (38.3%). Side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy were dominant from POD 31–60 and 61–90 (23.5% and 47.1%) and recurrence/metastases from POD 91–180 and 181–365 (25.6% and 50.0%). A low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (odds ratios 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.53; P=0.007) and prior surgical history (odds ratios 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.99; P=0.023) were predictors for low DAOH.

CONCLUSIONS
DAOH after 1 year with an established VATS lobectomy ERAS programme was only reduced with a median of 6 days. The main factors reducing DAOH were air leak, adjuvant chemotherapy and recurrence. DAOH may be an important patient-centred outcome to define future improvement strategies.
Epidemiology of cerebral microbleeds and risk of adverse outcomes in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Corica Bernadette , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Raparelli Valeria , Cangemi Roberto , Basili Stefania , Proietti Marco 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the epidemiology of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and the risk of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and ischaemic stroke (IS) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results
PubMed and EMBASE databases were systematically searched from inception to 6 March 2021. All studies reporting the prevalence of CMBs and incidence of ICH and IS in AF patients with and without CMBs were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effect models; odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated for each outcome. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the number and localization of CMBs. A total of 562 studies were retrieved, with 17 studies finally included in the meta-analysis. Prevalence of CMBs in AF population was estimated at 28.3% (95% CI: 23.8–33.4%). Individuals with CMBs showed a higher risk of ICH (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.83–5.06, 95% PI 1.23–7.49) and IS (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.26–2.49, 95% PI 1.10–2.87). Patients with ≥5 CMBs showed a higher risk of ICH. Metaregression showed how higher of prevalence of diabetes mellitus in AF cohort is associated with higher prevalence of CMBs.

Conclusions
Cerebral microbleeds are common in patients with AF, found in almost one out of four subjects. Cerebral microbleeds were associated with both haemorrhagic and thromboembolic events in AF patients. Moreover, the risk of ICH increased consistently with the burden of CMBs. Cerebral microbleeds may represent an important overlooked risk factor for both ICH and IS in adults with AF.
Clinical impact of Bachmann’s bundle pacing defined by electrocardiographic criteria on atrial arrhythmia outcomes
Authors: Infeld Margaret , Nicoli Charles D , Meagher Sean , Tompkins Bradley J , Wayne Shawn , Irvine Benjamin , Betageri Omkar , Habel Nicole , Till Sean , Lobel Jennings , Meyer Markus , Lustgarten Daniel L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
Evaluate whether Bachmann’s bundle pacing (BBp) defined by electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria is associated with less atrial fibrillation/tachycardia (AF/AT) compared with anatomically defined right atrial septal pacing (RASp) and right atrial appendage pacing (RAAp).

Methods and results
This is a retrospective study comparing BBp with non-specific RASp and RAAp on new incidence, burden, and recurrence of AF/AT. We included patients who underwent atrial lead placement between 2006 and 2019 and received &gt; 20% atrial pacing. BBp was defined by paced P-wave morphology and fluoroscopic lead position. Compared with RASp (n = 107) and RAAp (n = 108), AF/AT burden was lower in the BBp (n = 134) group by repeated measures ANOVA (P &lt; 0.001). Over 2-year follow-up, AF/AT burden increased in the RASp (P &lt; 0.01) and RAAp (P &lt; 0.01) groups but did not significantly change in the BBp group (P = 0.91). Atrial arrhythmia burden was lower in the BBp group than the RASp and RAAp groups at 12–15, 18–21, and 24–27 months (P &lt; 0.05) after pacemaker placement. Risk of AF/AT recurrence was lower in BBp than RASp (HR 0.43; P &lt; 0.01) and RAAp patients (HR 0.29, P &lt; 0.01). Risk of de novo AF/AT was also lower in BBp than in RASp (OR 0.12; P &lt; 0.01) and RAAp patients (OR 0.20, P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
Bachmann’s bundle pacing defined using P-wave criteria was associated with decreased atrial arrhythmia burden, recurrence, and de novo incidence compared with right atrial septal pacing and right atrial appendage pacing.