bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privacy Beyond the Individual Level
Authors: Suh Jennifer Jiyoung , Metzger Miriam J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines privacy as a multilevel concept. While current conceptualizations of privacy tend to focus on the individual level, technological advancements are makinggroup privacyincreasingly important to understand. This chapter offers a typology of both groups and group privacy to establish a framework for conceptualizing how privacy operates beyond the individual level. The chapter describes several contemporary practices that influence the privacy of multiple actors and considers the dynamics of multi-stakeholder privacy decision-making. Potential tensions that exist between the rights and preferences of individual group members or between individuals and the group as a whole are also examined. Finally, recommendations for tools and other mechanisms to support collaborative privacy management and group privacy protection are provided.
On the Path Toward Lifelong Learning: An Early Analysis of Taiwan’s 12-Year Basic Education Reform
Authors: Coudenys Blansefloer , Strohbach Gina , Tang Tammy , Udabe Rachel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, Taiwan has sought to adopt a holistic approach to education. Reform has been directed towards guiding students to realize their individual potential and to contribute to increasing national competitiveness. In recent years, the extension of basic education from nine to twelve years serves to advance an increasingly equitable, high-performing education system, one which encourages students’ lifelong learning and their contributions to a dynamic and diverse society. This chapter assesses the preliminary implementation of Taiwan’s 12-Year Basic Education reform, which consists of the 2014 Senior High School Education Act, and the 12-Year Curriculum Guidelines implemented in 2019. We analyze government data sourced through the Ministry of Education and the National Statistics Bureau; interviews with teachers, school administrators, professors, and national education researchers; and an online survey disseminated among teachers around the country. Taiwan’s 12-Year Basic Education reform works to reimagine society’s definition of educational success and broaden opportunities for all students—by expanding and diversifying enrollment opportunities for senior high school, revising comprehensive curricular guidelines, supporting innovative pedagogies, and increasing school autonomy. Taiwan’s transition to twenty-first century learning within a traditionally high-stakes, exam-centric educational culture serves as an important case study for discussion within the global pursuit to redefine teaching and learning for the students of today and citizens of tomorrow.
Middle School Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Curriculum in the United States: Peers Lead Peers Through Change and Action
Authors: Cunnion Janna , Hua Feifei , McNicholl Maureen , Ospina Sandra 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWhile the previous chapters of this book tackle reforms in existing, established national programs, this chapter is an emergent proposition to a change in policy at local school district levels in the United States. Change is dependent on and influenced by the educational ecosystem around the student which includes such stakeholders as parents, teachers, teacher preparation programs, community groups, curriculum and textbook developers, businesses, universities, local and federal agencies, and policy leaders. The criteria for what makes a climate change curriculum “effective” are difficult to name: first, because the subject itself is divisive, and second because humankind has not yet fully understood all there is to know about tackling climate change. Thus, in this chapter, a normative pro stance is taken in support of climate change education, as the need to implement climate change education in school echoes UNESCO's notion that climate education “is crucial to promote climate action. It helps people understand so they can address the impacts of the climate crisis, empowering them with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes needed to act as agents of change (Education for climate action, 2021). In Orange County, California—like many places in the United States—climate change is a politically charged and controversial topic. When 20 states adopted the well-regarded Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) in 2014, it was hoped that schools across the country would improve climate change education. However, we found that adopting new science standards does not necessarily mean that teaching and learning about climate change has improved in general, and this is made more complex by the fact that each state determines its own education system, and little can be mandated at a national level. Many factors contribute to inadequate student learning about the causes, impact, and especially the strategies to mitigate climate change among Orange County middle school students. We aim for education leaders to understand these best practices and encourage them to apply these to their contexts. We offer a curriculum based on best practices, one that is peer-led and garners hope. We wish for students to see themselves as agents of change and leaders of the not-so-distant tomorrow who become inspired to mitigate, adapt, and reverse climate change.
Creating Brighter Futures: Building Climate Leaders in the United States Through a Community-Focused Curriculum
Authors: Bauman-Hill Kathryn , Dai Susan , Payne Arcadia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThroughout this volume, our co-authors focus on top-down education reforms. In this analysis, we take a different approach to education reform, instead focusing on the impact of translating a niche school-level curricular reform to expand to the systemic level. In this paper, we will argue for the need for an elementary climate change-focused curriculum and outline the components necessary to make such a program successful. We partnered with an independent school in the Washington, DC region to contextualize the process of building such a curriculum, with the additional benefit of the school being near political power. Nevertheless, the implications of our findings are applicable to a variety of contexts, including international ones. In our methodology, we examined best practices for creating a rigorous elementary curriculum that centers around climate change education and leadership development. We combined successful elements of climate change education programs, including participatory learning, interdisciplinary integration, and a focus on community-based learning. We utilized a logical framework to identify assumptions and risks, implementation steps, achievement indicators, and program evaluation tools, which helped us identify key considerations for scaling an elementary climate change curriculum.
Towards Securing Availability in 5G: Analyzing the Injection Attack Impact on Core Network
Authors: Raavi Manohar , Wuthier Simeon , Sarker Arijet , Kim Jinoh , Kim Jong-Hyun , Chang Sang-Yoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract5G technology for mobile networking involves control communications to set up the radio channels and the authentication and security credentials. The control communications preceding the authentication and subscription verification remain vulnerable against the communication injection threats. We study the injection threats on control communications in 5G New Radio standard in 3GPP. From our 5G client-based implementation and experimentation against real-world networking, we analyze and measure the threat impact against the 5G service provider infrastructure of the core network. To secure 5G networking, our paper discusses about future research directions for increasing the understanding of such vulnerability/threat and for building greater security and availability for 5G networking against such wireless injection threats.
Multiple hierarchies from a warped extra dimension
Authors: Lee Seung J. , Nakai Yuichiro , Suzuki Motoo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Theories beyond the Standard Model often contain mass scales hierarchically different from the electroweak scale and the Planck scale. It has been shown that such hierarchical mass scales can be realized as typical energy scales of multiple 3-branes in a 5D warped spacetime. We present a mechanism for stabilizing the intervals between the multiple 3-branes in the warped extra dimension, by introducing a single 5D scalar field with brane-localized potentials. We discuss the radion stabilization by solving the Einstein equation and the scalar field equation of motion so that a backreaction effect on the geometry due to the presence of the scalar field is taken into account. Perturbations from the background configuration are then considered with proper identification of multiple radion degrees of freedom. By solving their equations of motion, we compute the mass spectrum of the radion-scalar field system and the radion couplings to brane-localized matter fields, which are found to be suppressed by typical energy scales and radion profiles at the branes. We also compute the mass spectrum of Kaluza-Klein gravitons and their profiles in the extra dimension. Some applications of the setup are briefly described. Our analysis provides a solid ground to build 5D warped extra dimension models with multiple 3-branes.
Direct metal laser sintering of Ti-6Al-4V parts with reused powder
Authors: Contaldi Vincenzo , Corrado Pasquale , Del Re Francesco , Di Martino Daniela , Di Petta Paolo , Palumbo Biagio , Scherillo Fabio , Squillace Antonino 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTi-6Al-4V alloy is characterised by having excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance combined with low specific weight and biocompatibility. This material is ideal for many high-performance engineering applications. It is increasingly used in additive manufacturing (AM) thanks to the possibility of producing very complex lightweight structures, often not achievable with conventional manufacturing techniques, as well as to easily customise products according to specific customer requirements. In powder bed fusion (PBF) processes, only a small percentage of the powder is actually melted and solidified to achieve the final part while most is left after the build. Since the surface morphology and chemistry, the shape and size distribution of the un-melted particles are inevitably modified during the process, and this may affect the resulting properties of the final products, many companies tend to use virgin powders for AM builds to keep compliance with manufacturing requirements and minimise risk. From both an economic and environmental point of view, it results crucial to develop recycling methods to reuse the metal powder as many times as possible while maintaining compliance with manufacturing standards. In this work, the effect of Ti-6Al-4V powder reuse on the evolution of powder characteristics and mechanical properties of final products additively manufactured is investigated through a systematic approach based on design of experiments.
Developments in high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of new psychoactive substances
Authors: Klingberg Joshua , Keen Bethany , Cawley Adam , Pasin Daniel , Fu Shanlin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe proliferation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has necessitated the development and improvement of current practices for the detection and identification of known NPS and newly emerging derivatives. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is quickly becoming the industry standard for these analyses due to its ability to be operated in data-independent acquisition (DIA) modes, allowing for the collection of large amounts of data and enabling retrospective data interrogation as new information becomes available. The increasing popularity of HRMS has also prompted the exploration of new ways to screen for NPS, including broad-spectrum wastewater analysis to identify usage trends in the community and metabolomic-based approaches to examine the effects of drugs of abuse on endogenous compounds. In this paper, the novel applications of HRMS techniques to the analysis of NPS is reviewed. In particular, the development of innovative data analysis and interpretation approaches is discussed, including the application of machine learning and molecular networking to toxicological analyses.
Activation of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1I to a 50 kDa stable core impairs its full toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Khorramnejad Ayda , Bel Yolanda , Talaei-Hassanloui Reza , Escriche Baltasar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1I insecticidal proteins are structurally similar to other three-domain Cry proteins, although their size, activity spectrum, and expression at the stationary phase are unique among other members of the Cry1 family. The mode of action of Cry1 proteins is not completely understood but the existence of an activation step prior to specific binding is widely accepted. In this study, we attempted to characterize and determine the importance of the activation process in the mode of action of Cry1I, as Cry1Ia protoxin or its partially processed form showed significantly higher toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis than the fully processed protein either activated with trypsin or with O. nubilalis midgut juice. Oligomerization studies showed that Cry1Ia protoxin, in solution, formed dimers spontaneously, and the incubation of Cry1Ia protoxin with O. nubilalis brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) promoted the formation of dimers of the partially processed form. While no oligomerization of fully activated proteins after incubation with BBMV was detected. The results of the in vitro competition assays showed that both the Cry1Ia protoxin and the approx. 50 kDa activated proteins bind specifically to the O. nubilalis BBMV and compete for the same binding sites. Accordingly, the in vivo binding competition assays show a decrease in toxicity following the addition of an excess of 50 kDa activated protein. Consequently, as full activation of Cry1I protein diminishes its toxicity against lepidopterans, preventing or decelerating proteolysis might increase the efficacy of this protein in Bt-based products.

Key points
• Processing Cry1I to a 50 kDa stable core impairs its full toxicity to O. nubilalis
• Partially processed Cry1Ia protoxin retains the toxicity of protoxin vs O. nubilalis
• Protoxin and its final processed forms compete for the same functional binding sites
Age as a risk factor in vasculitis
Authors: Gloor Andrea D. , Berry Gerald J. , Goronzy Jorg J. , Weyand Cornelia M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTwo vasculitides, giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), are recognized as autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases that manifest exclusively within the aorta and its large branches. In both entities, the age of the affected host is a critical risk factor. TAK manifests during the 2nd–4th decade of life, occurring while the immune system is at its height of performance. GCA is a disease of older individuals, with infrequent cases during the 6th decade and peak incidence during the 8th decade of life. In both vasculitides, macrophages and T cells infiltrate into the adventitia and media of affected vessels, induce granulomatous inflammation, cause vessel wall destruction, and reprogram vascular cells to drive adventitial and neointimal expansion. In GCA, abnormal immunity originates in an aged immune system and evolves within the aged vascular microenvironment. One hallmark of the aging immune system is the preferential loss of CD8+ T cell function. Accordingly, in GCA but not in TAK, CD8+ effector T cells play a negligible role and anti-inflammatory CD8+ T regulatory cells are selectively impaired. Here, we review current evidence of how the process of immunosenescence impacts the risk for GCA and how fundamental differences in the age of the immune system translate into differences in the granulomatous immunopathology of TAK versus GCA.
On the robustness of potential-based flow networks
Authors: Klimm Max , Pfetsch Marc E. , Raber Rico , Skutella Martin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPotential-based flows provide a simple yet realistic mathematical model of transport in many real-world infrastructure networks such as, e.g., gas or water networks, where the flow along each edge depends on the difference of the potentials at its end nodes. We call a network topology robust if the maximal node potential needed to satisfy a set of demands never increases when demands are decreased. This notion of robustness is motivated by infrastructure networks where users first make reservations for certain demands that may be larger than the actual flows sent later on. In these networks, node potentials correspond to physical quantities such as pressures or hydraulic heads and must be guaranteed to lie within a fixed range, even if the actual amounts are smaller than the previously reserved demands. Our main results are a precise characterization of robust network topologies for the case of point-to-point demands via forbidden node-labeled graph minors, as well as an efficient algorithm for testing robustness.
Is the Goligher classification a valid tool in clinical practice and research for hemorrhoidal disease?
Authors: Dekker L. , Han-Geurts I. J. M. , Grossi U. , Gallo G. , Veldkamp R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
The most widely used classification for hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is the Goligher classification, which ranks presence and severity of prolapse in four grades. Since physicians base this gradation on medical history and physical examination, it might be prone to interobserver variability. Furthermore, the gradation impacts the treatment of choice which makes reproducibility of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to determine the interobserver variability of Goligher classification among surgeons in the Netherlands.

Methods
A single-choice survey was used. The first part consisted of questions concerning baseline characteristics and the use of the Goligher classification in routine clinical practice. In the second part, to assess interobserver variability, we asked gastrointestinal surgeons and residents who routinely treat HD to review 25 photographs (with given timing as during rest or push) of patients with HD and classify the gradation using the Goligher classification. The survey was sent by email on April 19, 2021 and was available online until July 5, 2021. Interobserver variability was assessed using Fleiss’ Kappa test.

Results
A total of 329 gastrointestinal surgeons, fellows and residents were sent an invitation email, of whom 95 (29%) completed the survey. Among the respondents, 87% indicated that they use the Goligher classification in clinical practice. Eighty-one percent found the classification helpful and 63% classified HD according to Goligher and followed the guidelines for treatment of HD accordingly. The interobserver variability showed an overall fair strength of agreement, with a Fleiss’ Kappa (κ) of 0.376 (95% CI 0.373–0.380). There was a moderate agreement for grade I and IV HD with a κ statistic of 0.466 and 0.522, respectively. For grades II and III, there was a lower (fair) strength of agreement with 0.206 and 0.378, respectively.

Conclusions
The fair interobserver variability is disappointing and demonstrates the need for a more reliable, and internationally accepted, classification for HD. A new classification should enable more uniformity in treating HD and in comparing outcomes of future trials and prospective registries. The protocol for a Delphi study for a new classification system is currently being prepared and led by an international research group.
Total plasma magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery
Authors: Hierons Stephen J. , Catchpole Anthony , Abbas Kazim , Wong Wingzou , Giles Mathew S. , Miller Glenn V. , Ajjan Ramzi A. , Stewart Alan J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObesity enhances the risk of type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and inflammatory conditions and often leads to metal dyshomeostasis, which contributes to the negative health aspects associated with the disease. In severe cases, bariatric surgery can be recommended to achieve sustained weight loss and improvement in health. Here, magnesium, zinc, copper and selenium concentrations were examined in 24 obese patients (7 males; 17 females) before and 9 months after undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. All patients lost weight over this period, with the mean BMI reducing from 51.2±7.1 kg/m2to 37.2±5.5 kg/m2. Moreover, whole-blood glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), as a marker of average glycaemia, was also measured and a correlative analysis of this parameter with metal concentrations performed. Significant alterations in the plasma concentrations of magnesium, zinc (both increased by 13.2% and 25.2% respectively) and copper (decreased by 7.9%) were observed over this period (plasma selenium concentration was unchanged), with BMI values correlating with plasma magnesium (p = 0.004) and zinc (p = 0.022) concentrations. At 9 months post-surgery, an increase in mean zinc/copper ratio was observed (0.86±0.29 compared to 0.63±0.14 pre-surgery). Comparison of whole-blood HbA1c concentrations pre- and post-surgery revealed a reduction from 6.50±1.28% pre-surgery to 5.51±0.49% post-surgery. Differences in plasma HbA1c and magnesium at either pre- and post-surgery correlated significantly, as did HbA1c and magnesium levels when pre- and post-surgery values were analysed together. Collectively, this work reveals that bariatric surgery, in conjunction with lifestyle/dietary changes, lead to improvements in the nutritional status of magnesium, zinc and copper. Furthermore, the observed improvements in magnesium and zinc were associated with weight loss and in the case of magnesium, to better glycaemic control.
Remembering emotions
Authors: Retkoceri Urim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMemories and emotions are both vital parts of everyday life, yet crucial interactions between the two have scarcely been explored. While there has been considerable research into how emotions can influence how well things are remembered, whether or not emotions themselves can be remembered is still a largely uncharted area of research. Philosophers and scientists alike have diverging views on this question, which seems to stem, at least in part, from different accounts of the nature of emotions. Here, I try to answer this question in a way that takes an intuitive notion of emotion and includes both scientific as well as philosophical aspects of both emotions and memory. To do this, I first distinguish between two different ways emotions can be expressed: as certain physiological responses, or as certain conscious experiences. Next, I show how each of these expressions of emotions can be remembered. Finally, I bring these two ways of expressing emotions, and the ways of remembering each of them, together into an explanation that also includes aspects often ascribed to emotions such as cognition. This interdisciplinary endeavor aims to serve as a starting point on what it could mean to remember emotions, and in doing so tries to build a bridge between scientific research and philosophical investigation of the memory of emotions.