bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purgeless atomic layer etching of SiO2
Authors: Lee Y S , Kim S J , Lee J J , Cho C H , Seong I H , You S J 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Atomic layer etching (ALE) typically proceeds through four sequential steps of surface modification, purging, removal of the modified surface, and a second purging. This serial process is repeated to achieve atomic-scale precision etching by removing material layer by layer. However, it is is challenging for ALE to play a bigger role in semiconductor fabrication due to its low productivity. Among various obstacles, the time-consuming purging steps between the surface modification and removal steps of the ALE cycle have been a major hurdle hindering the ALE process. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a purgeless SiO2 ALE methodology in which the surface modification and removal steps are controlled solely by pulsed C4F8 injection into continuous Ar plasma. The working principle of this simple approach is based on the conventional fluorocarbon (FC) plasma SiO2 etching mechanism, where the SiO2 etch rate decreases to zero when the thickness of an FC film on the SiO2 is above a certain level. Here, a thick FC film is considered to act as a protective layer against residual FC radicals in the surface removal step, allowing the purging step between the surface modification and removal steps to be omitted. The proposed approach is expected to facilitate the improvement of ALE equipment costs and potentially lead to wider employment of ALE technology in semiconductor manufacturing.
Magnon dynamics during phase transitions in FeRh by Brillouin light scattering
Authors: Jin Ying , Tian Yinhua , Wu Huiliang , Zhang Yabing , Li Chaozhong , Liu Fufu , Chai Guozhi , Jiang Changjun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
FeRh has been extensively studied because of metamagnetic phase transitions between the antiferromagnetic (AFM) and the ferromagnetic (FM) phase observed in this material. In this work, Brillouin light scattering is used to detect magnons in metamagnetic FeRh. Appearance and disappearance of magnon scattering peaks with variation of temperature illustrate the transformation of FeRh into the FM and AFM phases, respectively. The dependence of frequency on temperature indicates significant change thus characterizing metamagnetic phase transitions in FeRh, since the temperature dependence of the magnon frequency shift mainly follows the saturation magnetization temperature dependence. In addition, a considerable increase of full width at half maximum linewidth of the Stokes peak for FeRh is explained by the enhancement of magnetic damping. It is further found that the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) takes place in single-layer FeRh with the DMI energy D affected by the first-order phase transitions in FeRh. These results provide an insight into the magnon dynamics in metamagnetic materials as well as offering new ways toward a modulation of magnetic damping in a wide range, which will be useful in the design of multifunctional spintronic devices.
Pressure evolution of electronic and structural properties in transition metal dichalcogenide 1T-Co1.06Te2
Authors: Zhou Ying , An Chao , Chen Xuliang , Zhou Yonghui , Fang Yong , Zhang Zhitao , Yang Zhaorong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are important materials for promising electronic devices because they usually exhibit excellent and highly tunable electronic properties. Here, we report on the pressure-driven electronic phase transition in a TMD 1T-Co1.06Te2. High-pressure transport measurements reveal a sign reversal of the Hall coefficients at a critical point of P
C ∼ 32 GPa, evidencing a transition from hole band(s) dominated transport into one that is dominated by electron band(s). Synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments demonstrate that no structural phase transition occurs below 46.3 GPa, indicating an electronic origin of the transition. Moreover, a kink anomaly of the lattice constant ratio c/a is also observed at P = P
C. These results might indicate a Lifshitz transition which refers to a change of Fermi surface topology in absence of structural transition.
A curriculum learning-based fully automated system for quantification of the choroidal structure in highly myopic patients
Authors: Liu Xindi , Jin Kai , Yang Zehua , Yan Yan , Wang Shuai , Wang Yaqi , Ye Juan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. An automated tool for choroidal segmentation and quantitative analysis under pathological conditions is currently lacking, hindering the exploration of choroidal structural changes in fundus diseases. This study aims to create a fully automated deep learning system for the quantitative analysis of the choroid with pathological changes, and to apply the system in analyzing the correlation between the choroidal structure and the severity of high myopia. Approach. A total of 2590 optical coherence tomography B-scan images of 1424 eyes of 1029 patients of high myopia from 3 hospitals were collected. We developed a curriculum learning-based system, including a two-stage U-net (TSU-net) and a post-process module for segmentation of the choroid, to calculate mean choroidal thickness (MCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). The output of the images was statistically analyzed to explore the associations among MCT, CVI and the clinical characteristics of the patients. Main results. The Dice coefficient and IoU measures of choroid segmentation were 0.9221 and 0.8575, respectively. In a human-machine comparison, the system performed faster and better than a senior ophthalmologist. Statistical analysis demonstrated that, MCT is correlated with age, scan region, axial length, maculopathy type, and CVI, and CVI is correlated with scan region and MCT. Significance. A fully automated choroidal structural quantification system was developed. Clinical evaluation demonstrated that severity of high myopia is closely related to MCT but shows only a low correlation with CVI, suggesting that CVI may have little applicability in eyes with large anatomical structural variations. Future quantitative analysis of choroidal structure of large samples will enable exploration of the pathogenesis of additional fundus diseases.
Design and development of a high-performance tensile-mode piezoelectric energy harvester based on a three-hinged force-amplification mechanism
Authors: Chang Hao-Lin , Su Wei-Jiun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When considering durability and reliability, flexible piezoelectric materials, such as PVDF and macro-fiber composite, are preferable to piezoceramics due to the brittleness of piezoceramics. However, flexible piezoelectric materials cannot sustain compressive loads so they need to be operated in either tensile or bending mode. The tensile mode has the advantage of uniform strain distribution over the bending mode. This study proposes a novel tensile-mode piezoelectric energy harvester based on a three-hinged force amplification mechanism. The proposed design consists of a rigid beam and an elastic PVDF film connected to each other via a revolute joint. The assembly is attached to a base via revolute joints with the PVDF film pre-stretched. The PVDF film bears a dynamic tensile load when the harvester is under harmonic excitations. A theoretical model of the proposed harvester is developed and experimentally validated. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed design exhibits a strong hardening effect due to the nonlinear geometry of the three-hinged mechanism. The effect of preloads and mass distributions are explored to see their impact on the harvesting performance. It is shown that the peak voltage and bandwidth of the harvester decline as the preload increases. By properly tuning the mass distribution, the performance of the harvester can be enhanced. Compared with a bending-mode cantilevered harvester, the voltage output and harvesting bandwidth of the proposed harvester can be improved by 500% and 1250%, respectively.
The structural order of protein hydration water
Authors: Shi Rui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The ability of water to dissolve biomolecules is crucial for our life. It has been shown that protein has a profound effect on the behavior of water in its hydration shell, which in turn affects the structure and function of the protein. However, there is still no consensus on whether protein promotes or destroys the structural order of water in its hydration shell until today, because of the lack of proper structural descriptor incorporating hydrogen-bond (H-bond) information for water at the protein/water interface. Here we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of lysozyme protein in water and analyzed the H-bond structure of protein hydration water by using a newly developed structural descriptor. We find that the protein promotes local structural ordering of the hydration water while having a negligible effect on the strength of individual H-bonds. These findings are fundamental to the structure and function of biomolecules and provide new insights into the hydration of protein in water.
The Mu3e detector
Authors: Vigani L. , Rudzki T. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Mu3e experiment searches for the lepton flavour violating decay μ → eee with an ultimate sensitivity of 1 event in 1016 decays. This goal can only be achieved by reducing the material budget per tracking layer to X/X
0 ≈ 0.1%. For this purpose, the tracking detector is based on High Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS) thinned to 50 µm. The powering and data transmission is performed by means of polyimide-aluminum HDIs, which serve as mechanical support as well. The detector concept is presented, focusing on the technical aspects of the pixel tracker and the associated challenges.
FastIC: a fast integrated circuit for the readout of high performance detectors
Authors: Gómez S. , Alozy J. , Campbell M. , Fernandez-Tenllado J.M. , Manera R. , Mauricio J. , Pujol C. , Sanchez D. , Sanmukh A. , Sanuy A. , Ballabriga R. , Gascon D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This work presents the 8-channel FastIC ASIC developed in CMOS 65 nm technology suitable for the readout of positive and negative polarity sensors in high energy physics experiments, Cherenkov detectors and time-of-flight systems. The front-end can be configured to perform analog summation of up to 4 single-ended channels before discrimination in view of improving time resolution when segmenting a SiPM. The outputs encode the time-of-arrival information and linear energy measurement which captures the peak amplitude of the input signal in the 5 µA–25 mA input peak current range. Power consumption of the ASIC is 12 mW/ch with default settings. Measurements of single photon time resolution with a red-light laser source and a HPK SiPM S13360-3050CS are ≈140 ps FWHM.
Beam delivery and final focus systems for multi-TeV advanced linear colliders
Authors: White G. , Gessner S. , Adli E. , Cao G.J. , Sjobak K. , Barber S. , Schroeder C. , Terzani D. , van Tilborg J. , Esarey E. , Doss C. , Litos M. , Lobach I. , Power J. , Lindstrøm C.A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Beam Delivery System (BDS) is a critical component of a
high-energy linear collider. It transports the beam from the
accelerator and brings it to a focus at the Interaction Point. The
BDS system includes diagnostic sections for measuring the beam
energy, emittance, and polarization, as well as collimators for
machine protection. The length of the BDS increases with collision
energy. Higher collision energies also require higher luminosities,
and this is a significant constraint on the design for
energy-frontier machines. Here, we review BDS designs based on
traditional quadrupole magnets and examine the challenges involved
in extending these to the Multi-TeV regime consistent with
requirements for advanced accelerator concepts.
Coral responses to climate change exposure
Authors: McClanahan T R 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A brief historical narrative of coral responses to climate change exposures is followed by a review of evidence. I trace the history of investigations and summarize the findings from 112 multiple-site field studies that examined environmental exposure variables and coral bleaching and mortality response relationships. A total of 59 environmental variables in six topic areas were studied of which excess thermal exposure was the most common topic and variable. Investigations were broadly classified into two categories; those focused on either excess thermal stress thresholds (TM) or on continuous variables (VM). The TM investigations considered a total of 28 variables, but only 1.7 ± 1.3 (SD) variables per publication, and only 11% completed a variable selection process that competed variables for fit or parsimony. The 65 VM publications considered 59 variables, more variables per publication (4.1 ± 4.3), and 43% of the studies followed a variable selection procedure. TM investigations received more citation and were most frequently used to identify future climate change impacts and sanctuaries. VM investigations often report excess heat threshold variables as weak single predictors of coral bleaching and mortality. Coral responses to exposure favors mechanisms of causation that are additive and interactive; specifically, the interactions between chronic and acute stresses within the geographic and habitat contexts of local environmental and coral genetic histories. Some of the potentially most important variables for predicting coral responses to exposure have seldom been studied or modeled. The implication is that the future status and health of coral reefs will be better than predicted by TMs. Moreover, impacts and sanctuaries are expected to be patchy and influenced by space, time, genetics, and taxa heterogeneity that will reflect a mix of avoidance, resistance, and recovery processes and their associated sanctuary locations.
Floquet engineering the Hofstadter butterfly in the square lattice and its effective Hamiltonian
Authors: Zhao Ming , Chen Qi , Du Liang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The effect of monochromatic circularly or linearly polarized laser on the Hofstadter butterfly in the square lattice is studied theoretically using Floquet theory. In the absence of laser, the butterfly has a self-similar, fractal structure against the magnetic flux ϕ with particle–hole symmetry and reflection symmetry about ϕ = 1/2. The observed two symmetric features are preserved by the sub-lattice symmetry and the symmetry property of the model with respect to time-reversal, respectively. As the system is exposed to a circularly polarized light, the Hofsatdter butterfly in equilibrium is deformed by degrading the above two symmetries to the inversion symmetry about energy E = 0 and ϕ = 1/2. Our study show that, the deformation of Hofstatder butterfly is due to the breaking of both the sub-lattice symmetry and the time-reversal transformation related symmetry of the system by the circularly polarized light. The inversion symmetry is preserved because the Hamiltonian at ϕ and 1 − ϕ is connected through the sub-lattice transformation. Focusing on the small flux region, we study the influence of circularly polarized light on the Landau level. A quantitative description on the Landau level is given by considering the effective Hamiltonian at high frequency. On the other hand, the linearly polarized light deforms the original Hofstadter butterfly by breaking the rotational symmetry while preserving sub-lattice and the time-reversal transformation related symmetry. Further, we study the influence of the periodic drive on the Chern number of the lowest band in the middle Floquet copy within the off-resonance regime. We find that strong circularly polarized light will change the Chern number. For linearly polarized light, the Chern number will not change and the values stay independent of laser polarization direction. Our work highlights the generic features expected for the periodically driven Hofstadter problem on square lattice and provide the strategy of engineering the Hofstadter butterfly with laser.
Response of Different RC Slab Systems in Buildings to Seismic Excitations
Authors: Azad Ramakant , Setia Saraswati 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the current study, the response of flat, grid and conventional slab against seismic excitation is studied and comparative analysis is performed to establish which among the three slab system would be most effective and safe in an earthquake scenario. The parameter such as storey displacement, drift, shear, and base shear of each slab arrangement is extracted from ETABS which is general structural design software for comparison. In the analysis, three different building specimen with the aforementioned slab type having length, width and height of 40m, 30m and 30m respectively are designed as per Indian design code IS: 456:2000 and analyzed as per IS:1893:2016.
Design of Pile Foundation for Distillation Column
Authors: Betkar Rajkumar R. , Sayyad Atteshamuddin S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Equipment foundation is one of the most critical facility in every petrochemical, fertilizer, oil and gas plants. This equipment comprises distillation columns, vertical vessels, horizontal vessels, high pressure exchangers, reactors etc. Out of this equipment, distillation column is one of the most critical equipment due to its large diameter and height hence resulting into heavy dead load and heavy transverse loads at the base of column. Hence proper foundation system should be designed to cater all these loading without affecting the strength and serviceability of the foundation system. In most of the cases due to poor bearing capacity of soil one need to go for pile foundation. This paper summarizes the Indian code and process industry practices, design loads and load combinations to be adopted for design of pile foundation. One sample example is solved to evaluate the no of piles for column foundation by assuming suitable loading and vessel data.
Conversion of a Lada 2106 car into a rally racing car
Authors: Zombori Ferenc , Forrai Sándor , Szabó István Péter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The subject of this publication is a rally car designed as a diploma thesis and later produced. G-Sport Ltd. designs and manufactures racing car bodies, chassis components and all other motorsport related components for both the domestic and international markets. The aim was to design the Lada 2106 race car to accept a Ford Mk2 suspension, a Toyota 4A-GE engine and other parts that would enable it to compete in official FIA rally events. The work was done using a 3D scanner. The first phase involved creating 3D models of the body, engine, gearbox and other components, while checking their dimensional accuracy. Then, the custom parts of the car, including the roll cage, had to be designed to meet FIA specifications. This article describes the steps of the 3D scanning method, how the scans are processed, oriented, assembled correctly, and how the deformations of the body frame were detected. In addition, the typical problems encountered during 3D scanning of large objects and their generally applicable solutions are shown. The components of the drivetrain and components of own custom design are also described.
Eco-marathon racing car casing and frame structure design
Authors: Kozák Emese , Gégény Ádám , Zombori Ferenc , Forrai Sándor , Péter Szabó István 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In addition to the Pneumobil competition, our team will also participate in the Shell Eco-marathon with an electric-powered prototype category car. Based on our results so far, we are in the midfield of European competitions. After several modifications to our current car, we will be building a new car again in 2022. The goal of building eco-marathon racing cars is to achieve the lowest possible energy consumption, and accordingly, great emphasis should be placed on reducing weight and drag coefficient.
Our previous cars used a welded aluminum frame and fiberglass. One of the best ways of weight reduction would be a self-supporting, carbon-fiber composite frame structure; however, the team does not currently have the technology to produce this. The frame structure of the new car consists of carbon fiber composite tubes, the nodes are 3D printed, fiber-reinforced composite elements. The streamlined casing of the vehicle consists of vacuum formed PETG elements. By using this structure, the total weight can be radically reduced at minimal cost. In our publication, we describe the main steps in the design of the casing and frame structure, finite element analysis of air resistance and deformations, and the drive chain.
Development of a measurement method to determine rolling resistance
Authors: Pálinkás S , Tóth Á 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Nowadays, car manufacturers tend to produce cars of low consumption to comply with stricter and stricter environmental protection standards. Fuel consumption can only be reduced by decreasing losses emerging during vehicle operation. This is corroborated by the fact that due to the terminal capacity of batteries of electric cars, manufacturers aim to reduce losses to enhance their range of operation. The main goal of our current research is to work out indirect methods of measurement to define rolling resistance, one of the most decisive losses. Later on, the values defined will serve as input data to model vehicle energetics calculations. During our experiments, measurements were carried out with both summer and winter tires. During the evaluation losses of the engine, rolling resistance and air resistance were all considered, while losses from the driving components of the vehicle were ignored.
Modelling Steering Resistance to Save Energy
Authors: Pusztai Zoltán , Kőrös Péter , Friedler Ferenc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the design and vehicle model implementation of a spiral path steering system for a lightweight vehicle is presented. The lateral sliding caused by imperfect rolling in corners means considerable loss, for lightweight vehicles. A spiral path steering mechanism provides an alternative solution for steering generated loss reduction. Theoretically, with the application of a spiral path steering system, ideal Ackerman steering geometry is feasible in all corners. The system is able to replace the common rack and pinion solution in purpose-made vehicles. The main design concepts of spiral path steering are introduced in this article. The described system was realized and installed in an experimental vehicle, where field tests were carried out, to measure the cornering losses during operation. The process of cornering loss measurement is also presented in this paper. The resistance model of cornering is elaborated in a Matlab Simulink environment, based on the measurement results. Vehicle losses are characterized by an extended resistance force model, which can be used by simulations for energy saving purposes. The optimization of vehicle operation can be achieved by simulations, where the corresponding velocity profiles of the vehicle is determined. An accurate steering model is essential for proper vehicle modelling and for the following optimization process.