bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid classifier strategy with tuned training weights for distributed denial of service attack detection
Authors: Dahiya Deepak 
Published: December 2022

SummaryThe 5G wireless networks associated with higher data‐transferring speeds considerably affect the performance of IoT networks. Nowadays, the Internet has become a very significant aspect of human lives, and it aids in data transfers, processing, and storing. However, 5G networks are subjected to varied cyber security attacks, which are hard to detect. As a result, it is required to set up attack detection models that can recognize 5G network's distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. Thereby, this article aims to introduce a new model for detecting DDoS attacks. Initially, from input data, features such as statistical features, improved exponential moving average, higher order statistical features, MI, and improved correlation based features are derived. Further, a gain ratio ranking model is used for picking fine features from the overall derived features. Finally, at the detection stage, bidirectional long short‐term memory as well as optimized deep belief network (DBN) are introduced that portray the detected results in a precise way. DBN weights get fine‐tuned by the combined shark smell and electric fish model with new distance based active eco‐location model. Finally, the created approach's advantages are demonstrated using a variety of metrics, including precision, accuracy, F‐measure, and others. In particular, the performance metrics of the proposed work at node = 6000 are accuracy = 98.59%, sensitivity = 96.82%, specificity = 97.52%, precision = 98.91%, F‐measure = 97.86%, MCC = 92.19%, NPV = 97.24%, FPR = 2.47%, and FNR = 3.17%, respectively.
Synthesis of Non‐centrosymmetric Dipolar 4,4′‐Bipyridines: Potential Molecular Tectons for Programmed Assembly of Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Kühner Hannes , Leyen Louis , Hassan Zahid , Wöll Christof , Bräse Stefan 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this report, we describe a modular synthesis approach towards a new series of non‐centrosymmetric, dipolar 4,4′‐bipyridines bearing 2,6‐ and 3,5‐functionalized pyridyl moieties at the peripheries. Central to our strategy is the selective substitution on only one pyridyl motif that could contain electron‐donating (−CH3) or electron‐withdrawing (−F, −Cl, −CF3) groups which causes electronic/steric effects on one nitrogen atom in 4,4′‐bipyridines. This synthetic protocol was further applied to prepare azo‐functionalized (−N=N−) asymmetric bipyridines and non‐centrosymmetric 4,4′‐bipyridine N‐oxide scaffolds, which overcome the synthetic hurdles oxidizing 4,4′‐bipyridines to N‐monoxides selectively at only one pyridine. Compared to the conventional symmetrical bipyridines, the dipolar non‐centrosymmetric molecular tectons pave the way for the realization of non‐centrosymmetric supramolecular assemblies because of the difference in the binding energy of the pyridyl nitrogen atoms.
An integrated decision‐making framework for corporate sustainability
Authors: Molin Michele , Pizzol Lisa , Pesce Marco , Maura Alessandro , Civiero Matteo , Gritti Elisa , Giotto Simone , Ferri Alberto , Liguoro Lorenzo , Bagnoli Carlo , Semenzin Elena 
Published: December 2022

AbstractConcepts such as sustainability and sustainable development applied to companies have recently come under the spotlight pushed by stakeholders that are increasingly aware of the negative externalities such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and overexploitation. Several methodologies and tools have been developed encompassing standard, reporting tool, environmental, social, and governance rating tools and frameworks which are often not standardized and increase the uncertainties related to the selection of the most suitable tool or methodology to implement sustainable practices. The purpose of this paper is to design a logical tool, identified as a sustainability decision‐making framework (SDMF), that can guide companies in the process of identifying a personalized, and strategic path toward sustainable development. Specifically, SDMF supports companies in (i) the assessment of material issues and key externalities through bilateral interaction with the key stakeholders, (ii) the adoption and implementation of sustainability through a proactive approach and (iii) reporting their non‐financial externalities. Furthermore, an iterative morphological matrix was developed with the support of 20 sustainability experts and integrated within the SDMF to support the identification of the most suitable methodologies which can be used by companies to mitigate the relevant sustainability issues.
Siemens Reloaded: Chloride‐Assisted Selective Hydrodechlorination of SiCl4 to HSiCl3
Authors: Sturm Alexander G. , Karaca Uhut S. , Heinz Myron , Felder Thorsten , Lewis Kenrick M. , Auner Norbert , Holthausen Max C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTrichlorosilane is the key intermediate for the large‐scale production of polycrystalline silicon in the Siemens and Union Carbide processes. Both processes, however, are highly inefficient, and over two thirds of the trichlorosilane employed is converted to unwanted silicon tetrachloride accumulating in millions of tons per year on a global scale. In this combined experimental and theoretical study we report an energetically and environmentally benign synthetic protocol for the highly selective conversion of SiCl4 to HSiCl3 using organohydridosilanes as recyclable hydrogen transfer reagents in combination with onium chlorides as efficient catalysts. We put the same protocol to further use demonstrating the quantitative conversion of higher oligosilane residues, which form as another unwanted and potentially hazardous byproduct of Siemens processes, to HSiCl3 in a low‐temperature recycling step.
In Situ‐Generated CuI Catalytic System for Oxidative N‐Formylation of N‐Heterocycles and Acyclic Amines with Methanol
Authors: Zhang Yujing , Dai Xingchao , Wang Jixue , Liang Junxi , Rabeah Jabor , Tian Xia , Yao Xiaoqiang , Wang Yanbin , Pang Shaofeng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe development of a sustainable and simple catalytic system for N‐formylation of N‐heterocycles with methanol by direct coupling remains a challenge, owing to many competing side reactions, given the sensitivity of N‐heterocycles to many catalytic oxidation or dehydrogenation systems. This work concerns the development of an in situ‐generated CuI catalytic system for oxidative N‐formylation of N‐heterocycles with methanol that is based on the case study of a more typical 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline as substrate. Aside from N‐heterocycles, some acyclic amines are also transformed into the corresponding N‐formamides in moderate yields. Furthermore, a probable reaction mechanism and reaction pathway are proposed and extension of work based on some findings leads to a demonstration that the formed ⋅O2− and ⋅OOH radicals in the catalytic system is related to the formation of undesired tar‐like products.
Photoexcitation of Fe3O Nodes in MOF Drives Water Oxidation at pH=1 When Ru Catalyst Is Present
Authors: Ezhov Roman , Ravari Alireza K. , Palenik Mark , Loomis Alexander , Meira Debora M. , Savikhin Sergei , Pushkar Yulia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractArtificial photosynthesis strives to convert the energy of sunlight into sustainable, eco‐friendly solar fuels. However, systems with light‐driven water oxidation reaction (WOR) at pH=1 are rare. Broadly used [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2’‐bipyridine) photosensitizer has a fixed +1.23 V potential which is insufficient to drive most water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in acid, while Fe2O3, featuring the highly oxidizing holes, is not stable at low pH. Here, the key examples of Fe‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) water oxidation photoelectrocatalysts active at pH=1 are presented. Fe‐MIL‐126 and Fe MOF‐dcbpy structures were formed with 4,4’‐biphenyl dicarboxylate (bpdc), 2,2’‐bipyridine‐5,5’‐dicarboxylate (dcbpy) linkers and their mixtures. Presence of dcbpy linkers allows integration of metal‐based catalysts via coordination to 2,2’‐bipyridine fragments. Fe‐based MOFs were doped with Ru‐based precursors to achieve highly active MOFs bearing [Ru(bpy)(dcbpy)(H2O)2]2+ WOC. Materials were analyzed with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, resonance Raman, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, fs optical pump‐probe, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), diffuse reflectance and electric conductivity measurements and were modeled by band structure calculations. It is shown that under reaction conditions, FeIII and RuIII oxidation states are present, indicating rate‐limiting electron transfer in MOF. Fe3O nodes emerge as photosensitizers able to drive prolonged O2 evolution in acid. Further developments are possible via MOF's linker modification for enhanced light absorption, electrical conductivity, reduced MOF solubility in acid, Ru‐WOC modification for faster WOC catalysis, or Ru‐WOC substitution to 3d metal‐based systems. The findings give further insight for development of light‐driven water splitting systems based on Earth‐abundant metals.
Introduction of non‐native Douglas fir reduces leaf damage on beech saplings and mature trees in European beech forests
Authors: Matevski Dragan , Foltran Estela , Lamersdorf Norbert , Schuldt Andreas 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRecent ecological research suggests that, in general, mixtures are more resistant to insect herbivores and pathogens than monocultures. However, we know little about mixtures with non‐native trees, where enemy release could lead to patterns that differ from commonly observed relationships among native species. This becomes particularly relevant when considering that adaptation strategies to climate change increasingly promote a larger share of non‐native tree species, such as North American Douglas fir in Central Europe. We studied leaf damage on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings and mature trees across a wide range of site conditions in monocultures and mixtures with phylogenetically distant conifers native Norway spruce (Picea abies) and non‐native Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). We analyzed leaf herbivory and pathogen damage in relation to tree diversity and composition effects, as well as effects of environmental factors and plant characteristics. We observed lower sapling herbivory and tree sucking damage on beech in non‐native Douglas fir mixtures than in beech monocultures, probably due to a lower herbivore diversity on Douglas fir trees, and higher pathogen damage on beech saplings in Norway spruce than Douglas fir mixtures, possibly because of higher canopy openness. Our findings suggest that for low diversity gradients, tree diversity effects on leaf damage can strongly depend on tree species composition, in addition to modifications caused by feeding guild and tree ontogeny. Moreover, we found that nutrient capacity modulated the effects of tree diversity, composition, and environmental factors, with different responses in sites with low or high nutrient capacity. The existence of contrasting diversity effects based on tree species composition provides important information on our understanding of the relationships between tree diversity and plant–herbivore interactions in light of non‐native tree species introductions. Especially with recent Norway spruce die‐off, the planting of Douglas fir as replacement is likely to strongly increase in Central Europe. Our findings suggest that mixtures with Douglas fir could benefit the survival or growth rates of beech saplings and mature trees due to lower leaf damage, emphasizing the need to clearly identify and compare the potential benefits and ecological trade‐offs of non‐native tree species in forest management under ongoing environmental change.
Creating and evaluating uncertainty estimates with neural networks for environmental-science applications
Authors: Haynes Katherine , Lagerquist Ryan , McGraw Marie , Musgrave Kate , Ebert-Uphoff Imme 
Published: December 2022

Neural networks (NN) have become an important tool for prediction tasks
– both regression and classification – in environmental science.
Since many environmental-science problems involve life-or-death
decisions and policy-making, it is crucial to provide not only
predictions but also an estimate of the uncertainty in the predictions.
Until recently, very few tools were available to provide uncertainty
quantification (UQ) for NN predictions. However, in recent years the
computer-science field has developed numerous UQ approaches, and several
research groups are exploring how to apply these approaches in
environmental science. We provide an accessible introduction to six of
these UQ approaches, then focus on tools for the next step, namely to
answer the question: Once we obtain an uncertainty estimate (using any
approach), how do we know whether it is good or bad? To answer this
question, we highlight four evaluation graphics and eight evaluation
scores that are well suited for evaluating and comparing uncertainty
estimates (NN-based or otherwise) for environmental-science
applications. We demonstrate the UQ approaches and UQ-evaluation
methods for two real-world problems: (1) estimating vertical profiles of
atmospheric dewpoint (a regression task) and (2) predicting convection
over Taiwan based on Himawari-8 satellite imagery (a classification
task). We also provide Jupyter notebooks with Python code for
implementing the UQ approaches and UQ-evaluation methods discussed
herein. This article provides the environmental-science community with
the knowledge and tools to start incorporating the large number of
emerging UQ methods into their research.
To sell or store? Assessing smallholder farmers' willingness to pay for potato cold storage in Kenya
Authors: Ateka Josiah M. , Mbeche Robert 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStorage of food commodities for some time after harvest can play an important role in alleviating the downside of price fluctuations in developing countries. While storage can offer smallholder farmers substantial inter‐temporal arbitrage opportunities, existing evidence shows that many farmers in developing countries store little of their harvest. Using a cross sectional survey of 502 households in Nyandarua and Bomet Counties of Kenya, this paper assessed smallholder farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for cold storage and compares their WTP with the arbitrage opportunities. Our results reveal that the storage of potato was generally limited with only 26% storing in the season preceding the study. Using a hypothetical scenario with double‐bounded contingent valuation formats, our findings show that a considerable proportion of households (70.7%) were willing to rent cold storage facilities. The WTP for storing a 90 kg bag of Shangi, a common variety with a short shelf life (1 month) was Kenya shillings (KES) 104 (1.16/kg/month) compared KES 96.4 (1.07/kg/month) for the Unica variety (slightly longer shelf life). The probit model results show that gender (being female), and transaction costs associated with access to markets (e.g., geographical location and distance to the road) were positively associated with WTP. Furthermore, household endowment, reflected in household expenditure, income and level of potato commercialization had a positive influence on WTP to store. In addition, institutional characteristics of collective action, previous experience with storage and use of certified seed (often associated with extension) enhanced households WTP for potato storage. The results on potato prices over a 5‐year period (2014–2019) show that seasonal price gaps were higher than the estimated WTP, suggesting that potato storage could be economically viable. These findings have significant policy implications not only for commodities whose harvest is perishable and season bound (e.g., vegetables, fruits) where arbitrage may offer price stabilization.
Motivating household food waste reduction: Harnessing the power of message context and framing
Authors: Begho Toritseju , Zhao Ningxin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHousehold food waste is a major contributor to the total food waste from all sectors globally. Food waste undermines sustainability and reduces the resilience of food systems. The current food waste statistics, especially in high‐income economies, indicate a need to rethink how households can be motivated to reduce food waste. Generally, persuasive messages can be used to create positive behavior change. But there is yet to be explored potential to influence food waste behavior using messages. Thus, this paper employs behavioral insights to assess the effectiveness of message domains, contexts, and composition in encouraging households to reduce food waste. We find that message domains and composition influences the intent to reduce food waste. The odds of motivating food waste reduction are higher using the loss domain framed messages with financial outcomes, and the gain domain framed messages with environmental outcomes. Moreover, composite messages are more likely to encourage household food waste recycling behavior. The paper shows that improving behavioral change messages in terms of message appropriateness and clarity is pivotal to implementing an effective instrument.
Interacting effects of environmental enrichment across multiple generations on early life phenotypes in zebrafish
Authors: Green Michael R. , Swaney William T. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe environment plays an important role in an individual's development during early life, however, parents may also influence offspring development through so called “parental effects.” We examined the effects of environmental enrichment in zebrafish (Danio rerio) across two generations through the paternal lineage. Fathers and grandfathers were exposed to either standard or high levels of housing enrichment for 4‐weeks during adulthood. First‐generation (F1) and second‐generation (F2) offspring were obtained from controlled breeding and tested as larvae for changes in morphology at hatching stage (72hpf), and in locomotor activity at larval stage (120hpf) in both generations. We found paternal experience of enrichment resulted in changes in trunk length of F1 offspring and changes in spine curvature and dorsal length of F2 offspring, while changes in snout morphology of F2 offspring seemed to be driven by whether grandpaternal and paternal experience of the environment was matched or not. We found that while paternal enrichment increased the frequency of spontaneous movement in F1 and F2 offspring, interacting effects of paternal and grandpaternal enrichment on movement distance were seen in F2 offspring, and that spontaneous movement and the distance that larvae swam are thus distinct phenotypes that were differentially affected by the experiences of previous paternal generations. Taken together, these findings suggest that the parental and grandparental environment influence zebrafish behavior and morphology. The nature of these effects and the design of this study mean that these phenotypes were likely the result of nongenetic transmission through the paternal germline.
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasonography of Kidney in Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Rat Model
Authors: Lun Haimei , Liu Ruochuan , Hu Qiao , Liu Yaoli , Wei Lisi , Liu Xia , Wu Dan , Zhu Shangyong 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesThe objective of our study was to assess the ability of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluating renal microperfusion in an animal model.MethodsTwenty Sprague–Dawley rats were subdivided into two groups: the normal and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) groups. In the CIH model, 10 Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to CIH for 8 weeks to mimic obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The CEUS parameters of the renal cortex and medulla were obtained and compared between groups. The pathological changes of the kidney tissues were examined by histological staining such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome.ResultsCIH caused morphological damage to kidneys. In the cortex, the peak intensity (PI) (P = .009) was significantly lower and time to peak (Ttop) (P = .019) was significantly prolonged in the CIH group compared with the controls. The area under ascending curve (WiAUC) in the medulla and cortex were both significantly lower in the CIH group than those in the control group (P both <.05). CEUS parameters (including PI and WiAUC of the cortex and WiAUC of the medulla) were negatively correlated with serum creatinine (P all <.05). In the medulla, the area under descending curve (WoAUC) was positively correlated with serum creatinine (P = .027), PI was negatively correlated with uric acid (P = .034).ConclusionCEUS parameters (including Ttop, PI, WoAUC, and WiAUC) reflect renal microvascular changes in CIH. CEUS could be a safe and accurate imaging method to assess renal microvascular damage in CIH rats.
Buffering effects of the soil seed bank on annual plant community composition after wetland drying
Authors: Ren Ai‐tian , Hu Dan‐Ying , Qi Pei‐Xia , Zhang Shao‐Cong , Gao He‐Miao , Mickan Bede S. , Xiong You‐Cai , Yuan Long‐Yi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSubalpine peat wetlands are extremely sensitive to global environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances. Unlike most other biological groups, plant species can possess dormant life‐history stages such as the soil seed bank (SSB), which may help plant communities to resist or at least postpone the detrimental impact of disturbance. This study investigates the potential for SSB to achieve this along a soil moisture gradient. Species richness and density of SSB were significantly lower by 31.9% and 47.2% in wetland, and 35.1% and 68.1% in swamp meadow in comparison with steppe meadow, respectively. Soil moisture content did not directly affect the density and species richness of SSB, whilst had indirect effects on density and species richness via affecting vegetation and soil pH. SSB composition was less responsive to soil moisture changes than plant community composition. Furthermore, compositional trends in the annual plant SSB were weaker than in the aboveground vegetation along the soil moisture gradient. The similarity between SSB and vegetation significantly declined with increasing soil moisture content. High SSB diversity and compositional similarity between the vegetation and SSB may provide a potentially important functional buffer against the impact of ongoing moisture changes on plant communities in wetlands. Dormant life‐history stages can therefore be important sources of diversity in changing environments. Furthermore, although SSB has low regeneration potential for the aboveground vegetation communities in subalpine peat wetlands, the SSB would still not be a neglected factor for the restoration of propagule diversity after disturbance in wetlands if hydrology is restored.