bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient estimation of pathwise differentiable target parameters with the undersmoothed highly adaptive lasso
Authors: van der Laan Mark J. , Benkeser David , Cai Weixin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We consider estimation of a functional parameter of a realistically modeled data distribution based on observing independent and identically distributed observations. The highly adaptive lasso estimator of the functional parameter is defined as the minimizer of the empirical risk over a class of cadlag functions with finite sectional variation norm, where the functional parameter is parametrized in terms of such a class of functions. In this article we establish that this HAL estimator yields an asymptotically efficient estimator of any smooth feature of the functional parameter under a global undersmoothing condition. It is formally shown that the L
1-restriction in HAL does not obstruct it from solving the score equations along paths that do not enforce this condition. Therefore, from an asymptotic point of view, the only reason for undersmoothing is that the true target function might not be complex so that the HAL-fit leaves out key basis functions that are needed to span the desired efficient influence curve of the smooth target parameter. Nonetheless, in practice undersmoothing appears to be beneficial and a simple targeted method is proposed and practically verified to perform well. We demonstrate our general result HAL-estimator of a treatment-specific mean and of the integrated square density. We also present simulations for these two examples confirming the theory.
Detection of atmospheric nuclear explosions: the infrasound component of the International Monitoring System
Authors: Christie D. R. , Veloso J. A. Vivas , Campus P , Bell M. , Hoffmann T. , Langlois A. , Martysevich P. , Demirovic E. , Carvalho J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The infrasound component of the International Monitoring System (IMS') for Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification will consist of 60 array stations distributed as uniformly as possible over the surface of the globe. This network will be far larger and more sensitive than any other previously operated infrasound network. In this paper, we discuss the design and performance characteristics of this monitoring network and the current status of the site survey and installation programs. A brief review of significant developments in infrasound monitoring technology in the last few years is also presented along with a summary of the various areas where data from this unique global network is likely to be of value to the scientific community.
The International Data Centre of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: vision and progress
Authors: Bratt S. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The mission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty International Data Centre (IDC) is to: (a) acquire data over a Global Communications Infrastructure from a global network of 337 facilities of the International Monitoring Systems (IMS), (b) to process and analyze these data, and (c) to provide the IMS data, IDC products and services to Member States. In effect, the IDC symbolizes a new brand of arms control for the information age, leveraging Internet communications, knowledge-based data fusion, graphical decision support systems and Web-based user interfaces to achieve its mission. During 2000, the IDC was disseminating products based on data from about 90 seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide stations of the future network. The number of events in the reviewed seismo-acoustic bulletins ranged from 40 to 360 each day. On average, some 200 radionuclide spectra were processed and analysed each month. Users from 45 Member States received an average of close to 18,000 data and product deliveries per month from the IDC. As the IDC continues to prepare for entry-into-force of the CTBT, it will continue to integrate the state-of-the-art in science and technology in order to meet the demands of the increasing volume of new types of IMS data, expanded IDC services, and a growing base of users.
An advanced German approach for screening within the framework of probabilistic fire safety assessment studies
Authors: Türschmann M. , Röwekamp M. , Berg H. P 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As part of a larger nuclear regulatory investigation project, a contribution to the development of methodologies for the fire hazard assessment has been provided. Within the framework of probabilistic fire risk analyses, a methodology for the selection of critical plant areas as starting point for the detailed analysis has been developed. This method is mainly based on the systematic compilation of comprehensive fire related information for each individual compartment. The primary information gathered is used for ranking of compartments in terms of fire load, conditional fire occurrence frequency, and possibilities of fire propagation. For the implementation and application of the methodology within the framework of probabilistic safety assessment studies, an ACCESS database has been developed, both for compilation of the raw data as well as for further data analysis.
The upgrade and conversion of the ET-RR-1 research reactor using plate type fuel elements
Authors: Ashoub N. , Saleh H. G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe ET-RR-1 research reactor has been operated at 2 MW since 1961 using EK-10 fuel elements with 10% enriched uranium. The reactor has been used for nuclear applied research and isotope production. In order to upgrade the reactor power to a reasonable limit facing up-to-date uses, core conversion by a new type of fuel element available is necessary. Two fuel elements in plate type are suggested in this study to be used in the ET-RR-1 reactor core rather than the utilized ones. The first element has a dimension of 8×8×50 cm and consists of 19.7% enriched uranium, which is typical for that utilized in the ET RR-2 reactor, but with a different length. The other element is proposed with a dimension of 7×7×50 cm and has the same uranium enrichment. To accomplish safety requirements for these fuel elements, thermal-hydraulic evaluation has been carried out using the PARET code. To reach a core conversion of the ET-RR-1 reactor with the above two types of fuel elements, neutronic calculations have been performed using WIMSD4, DIXY2 and EREBUS codes. Some important nuclear parameters needed in the physical design of the reactor were calculated and included in this study.
What embedded counterfactuals tell us about the semantics of attitudes
Authors: Haslinger Nina , Schmitt Viola 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We discuss German examples where counterfactuals restricting an epistemic modal are embedded under glauben ‘believe’. Such sentences raise a puzzle for the analysis of counterfactuals, modals, and belief attributions within possible-worlds semantics. Their truth conditions suggest that the modal’s domain is determined exclusively by the subject’s belief state, but evaluating the counterfactual separately at each of the subject’s doxastic alternatives does not yield the correct quantificational domain: the domain ends up being determined by the facts of each particular world, which include propositions the subject does not believe. We therefore revise the semantics of counterfactuals: counterfactuals still rely on an ordering among worlds that can be derived from a premise set (Kratzer, Angelika. 1978. Semantik der Rede: Kontexttheorie – Modalwörter – Konditionalsätze (Monographien Linguistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft 38). Königstein: Scriptor, 2012 [1981]a. The notional category of modality. In Modals and conditionals (Oxford studies in theoretical linguistics 36), 27–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press), but rather than uniquely characterizing a world, this premise set can be compatible with multiple worlds. In belief contexts, the attitude subject’s belief state as a whole determines the relevant ordering. This, in turn, motivates a revision of the semantics of believe: following Yalcin’s work on epistemic modals (Yalcin, Seth. 2007. Epistemic modals. Mind 116. 983–1026), we submit that evaluation indices are complex, consisting of a world and an ordering among worlds. Counterfactuals are sensitive to the ordering component of an index. Attitude verbs shift both components, relativizing the ordering to the attitude subject.
Cross-dialectal synchronic variation of a diachronic conditioned merger in Tlingit
Authors: Cardoso Amanda , Crippen James , Mellesmoen Gloria 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCrosslinguistically rare sounds may be uncommon as a result of being phonologically marked (Trubetzkoy 1939) or due to articulatory or perceptual biases (Maddieson 1998). Certain types of sound changes are often argued to have roots in articulatory and perceptual biases (Blevins 2004). But in cases where there is limited data available, such as with understudied languages, it may be difficult to find evidence for the roots of sound changes. Synchronic variation can be used to provide evidence for diachronic sound changes (Blevins 2004; Lindblom 1990; Ohala 1993), which is particularly useful when historical data is limited. In this investigation we discuss phonetic biases, including acoustic and perceptual factors, that contribute to a set of sound changes in Tlingit, a critically endangered Indigenous language of Alaska, British Columbia, and the Yukon, that resulted in a primary split-merger (Blust 2012). This investigation provides further support for including explicit discussion of synchronic variation as part of the description of understudied languages. We propose that there should be a stronger emphasis on documenting and analyzing variation within understudied languages because excluding variation potentially masks significant intralinguistic and crosslinguistic phenomena.
On the behaviour solutions of fractional and partial integro differential heat equations and its numerical solutions
Authors: Mosa Gamal A. , Abdou Mohamed A. , Gawish Fatma A. , Abdalla Mostafa H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the semi-group method is used to discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions for fractional and partial integro differential equations (F-PIDEs) of heat type in Banach space E. In addition, the stability of the solutions for F-PIDEs are discussed. Moreover, the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is used to obtain the solutions numerically. Finally, numerical results of each case are obtained, and the difference of results between the fractional partial integro differential equation and partial integro differential equation are explained. Furthermore, the error is computed in each case.
Dynamic response of functionally graded plate under harmonic load with variable gradient parameters
Authors: Tian Jianhui , Zhang Hongrui , Sun Jinjuan , Wu Jialiang , Hu Guangchu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article used the strip element method to study the dynamics problems of the functionally graded plate with variable gradient parameters under the harmonic loads. The dynamic model of the functionally graded plate is established by using the strip element method, the rationality and accuracy of the theoretical results are verified by finite element method, and the displacement response under different gradient parameters is also calculated. The results show that under the different gradient parameters, the displacement varies harmonically with time, and with the increase of gradient parameters, the fluctuation period of displacement with time increases continuously, and the displacement peak also gradually increases. The displacement along the thickness direction also shows the harmonic form. Through comparison, it is found that the gradient parameters have a greater impact on the dynamic response for the functionally graded plate; with the increase in the gradient parameters, the displacement response also increases, but the displacement response trend slows down.
Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Substrate Oxidation Responses and Blood Lactate in Women Expressing Varying Levels of Aerobic Fitness and Body Fat
Authors: Waldman Hunter S. , Bryant Andrea R. , Knight Savanna N. , Killen Lauren G. , Davis Brett A. , Robinson Marcus A. , O'Neal Eric K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Waldman, HS, Bryant, AR, Knight, SN, Killen, LG, Davis, BA, Robinson, MA, and O'Neal, EK. Assessment of metabolic flexibility by substrate oxidation responses and blood lactate in women expressing varying levels of aerobic fitness and body fat. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 581–588, 2023—Collection of substrate oxidation responses during exercise is proposed as a noninvasive means for assessing metabolic flexibility in male subjects. However, because of hormonal and metabolic differences between sexes, this method may not be applicable to female subjects. This study assessed metabolic flexibility through indirect calorimetry across female subjects with different maximal oxidative capacities. Thirty-eight (18–45 years) eumenorrheic female subjects were stratified (p < 0.05) based on V̇o
2peak (mL·kg−1·min−1) into (1) endurance-trained (ET, n = 12, 42.6 ± 5.3), (2) recreationally active (RA, n = 13, 32.3 ± 1.6), or (3) overweight female subjects (OW, n = 13, 21.0 ± 4.0). Subjects completed the same 5-stage graded exercise test with intensities of 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 W. Lactate [La−], carbohydrate (CHOox), and fat (FATox) oxidation rates were assessed during the last min of each 5-minute stage. Subjects then cycled to exhaustion to determine V̇o
2peak. Endurance-trained and RA female subjects expressed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher absolute rates and rates scaled to fat-free mass of CHOox and FATox compared with OW female subjects during multiple stages. [La−] failed to consistently differentiate the 3 groups with higher [La−] for OW only found during stage 4; however, RER differed by 0.09 units or more at each stage for OW vs. ET. It seems that RER was more sensitive to cohort characteristics than [La−] contrasting recent findings in male cohorts. In conclusion, indirect calorimetry is a practical and noninvasive method for assessing metabolic flexibility in eumenorrheic female subjects of varying aerobic fitness levels.
Triaxial Shear Test for Strength Behavior of Saturated Sand–Steel Interface Based on Preformed Failure Plane
Authors: Liao Chencong , Liu Shi-ao , Xia Xiaohe 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An innovative test method for analyzing the strength characteristics of a saturated sand–steel interface by triaxial apparatus is presented. A two-part triaxial test specimen was utilized incorporating a preformed interface along which surface sliding took place. The triaxial apparatus is used to control the drainage state and stress path of the specimen to implement expected interface boundary condition. Four steel specimens with various surface roughness (R1 to R4, smooth to noticeably rough) were used to analyze the effect of surface roughness on the sand–steel interface shear behavior. Typical drained and undrained interface behavior are demonstrated, and the influence of boundary conditions, initial confining pressure, and roughness on drained sand-steel interface are discussed. Results show that the strength of specimen with preformed failure plane is less than that of pure sand specimen. The strain hardening occurs in R1, R2, and R3 roughness during the tests, but the deviator stress has the tendency to decrease after reaching the turning point in R4 roughness. In addition, the normalized efficiency parameter E and the interface friction angle φint increased approximately linearly with Ra in a semi-logarithmic scale. Comparison with direct interface shear tests indicates that friction angles obtained by triaxial tests are only slightly higher than those derived from direct shear tests, implying that the triaxial interface shear test can reasonably obtain the index of the saturated soil–steel interface shear strength.
Apolipoprotein A1 Enhances Endothelial Cell Survival in anIn VitroModel of ALS
Authors: Garbuzova-Davis Svitlana , Willing Alison E. , Borlongan Cesario V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAltered lipoprotein metabolism is considered a pathogenic component of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), a major high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protein, is associated with prevention of vascular damage. However, ApoA1’s effects on damaged endothelium in ALS are unknown. This study aimed to determine therapeutic potential of ApoA1 for endothelial cell (EC) repair under a pathologic condition reminiscent of ALS. We performedin vitrostudies using mouse brain ECs (mBECs) exposed to plasma from symptomatic G93A SOD1 mice. Dosage effects of ApoA1, including inhibition of the phosphoinoside 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and integration of ApoA1 into mBECs were examined. Also, human bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (hBM-EPCs) and mBECs were co-cultured without cell contact to establish therapeutic mechanism of hBM-EPC transplantation. Results showed that ApoA1 significantly reduced mBEC death via the PI3K/Akt downstream signaling pathway. Also, ApoA1 was incorporated into mBECs as confirmed by blocked ApoA1 cellular integration. Co-culture system provided evidence that ApoA1 was secreted by hBM-EPCs and incorporated into injured mBECs. Thus, our study findings provide important evidence for ApoA1 as a potential novel therapeutic for endothelium protection in ALS. Thisin vitrostudy lays the groundwork for furtherin vivoresearch to fully determine therapeutic effects of ApoA1 in ALS.
Gonadal tumor development in 46,XX disorders of gonadal development
Authors: Costanzo Mariana , Touzon María Sol , Marino Roxana , Guercio Gabriela , Ramirez Pablo , Mattone María Celeste , Pérez Garrido Natalia , Bailez María Marcela , Vaiani Elisa , Ciaccio Marta , Galluzzo Mutti María Laura , Belgorosky Alicia , Berensztein Esperanza 
Published: July 2022

Background
Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.

Objective
The aim of this study is to report the histological characteristics and immunoexpression patterns of gonadal parenchyma in patients with 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular DSD, with a focus on the detection of germ cell malignancies.

Design
Inclusion criteria were SRY-negative 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular DSD with available samples from gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy for the review of histological findings. Gonadal histology was assessed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and immunohistochemical analysis. Histopathological criteria from the last World Health Organization classification of urogenital tumors were used to identify undifferentiated gonadal tissue, gonadoblastoma, and dysgerminoma.

Results
Median age at first histological evaluation of gonadal samples was 1.46 years (range: 0.16–16 years). Totally 15 patients were classified as ovotesticular and only 1 as testicular DSD. Most individuals had bilateral ovotestes (12/15). No histological alterations were found in the ovarian parenchyma, while signs of dysgenesis were seen in all cases of testicular parenchyma. In 4/15 ovotesticular DSD, a prepubertal biopsy failed to identify ovarian parenchyma. We detected early prepubertal preinvasive and invasive malignancies in this cohort (five patients had undifferentiated gonadal tissue, five gonadoblastoma, and one dysgerminoma).

Conclusion
46,XX disorders of gonadal development are historically considered at a low risk for germ cell cancer, and the need for assessment of gonadal histology has been questioned. The finding of early germ cell malignancies in our cohort brings awareness and needs further research.
EUTECTIC CRYSTALLIZATION OF Fe-C ALLOYS WITH HYPERCEMENTITE CARBIDE
Authors: Mazur V. 
Published: July 2022

Рurpose. To investigate the peculiarities of the structure formation in white cast irons with the participation of Fe3C and Fe7C3 carbides.
Methods of research. By the comparing detailed both microscopic and thermal (DSC) kinetics of the melting and crystallization process to determine the regularities of the eutectic transformation of the white cast iron under significant undercooling of the liquid phase.
Microscopic analysis of samples using a light microscope Jenaphot 2000 (Carl Zeiss, Germany). Thermal analyses using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) STA 449C “Jupiter” (Netzsch Geratebau GmbH, Germany).
Results. It is shown that eutectic crystallization of white cast irons with great undercooling of the melt is a complex process that consists of crystallization and simultaneous dissolution of crystalline phases: γ austenite and two metastable carbides Fe3C and Fe7C3. In general, crystallization proceeds according to scheme L → L+ Fe7C3 +γ → L++ Fe7C3 + γ + Fe3C→ Fe7C3 +γ+ Fe3C. As a result, two eutectics are formed, one Fe7C3 +γ (plate-like) with austenitic, second ledeburite γ+ Fe3C with cementite matrix.
Scientific novelty. The microscopic kinetics of nucleating and growth of plate-like Fe7C3 +γ eutectics was investigated and relative stability of Fe7C3 carbide under normal conditions was found. A scheme of metastable phase equilibria with the participation of Fe7C3 carbide in system Fe-Fe3C-Fe7C3 is proposed.
Practical value. A simple liquid phase processing technology is proposed in order to generate significant undercooling of the melt that causes formation a natural composite material with both a matrix of transformed austenite and carbide reinforcing phases.
Climate-related Financial Stability Risks for the United States: Methods and Applications
Authors: Brunetti Celso , Dennis Benjamin , Caramichael John , Crosignani Matteo , Kotta Gurubala , Morgan Don , Shin Chaehee , Boudet Ilknur Zer 
Published: July 2022

This report has two objectives:
1.	Review the available literature on Climate-Related Financial Stability Risks (CRFSRs) as it pertains to the United States. Specifically, the literature review considers several modeling approaches and aims to
1.1	Identify financial market vulnerabilities (e.g., bank leverage),
1.2	Provide an assessment of those vulnerabilities (high/medium/low) as identified by the current literature, and
1.3	Evaluate the uncertainty surrounding these assessments based on interpretation of the findings and coverage of existing literature (high/low).
2.	Identify methodologies to link climate risks to financial stability and possible research paths to assess U.S. CRFSRs.
The report is structured in three parts. First, it characterizes the potential financial system vulnerabilities of climate change. Second, it describes the major methodologies adopted in studying the implications of climate change and provides an assessment of financial system vulnerabilities identified by the current literature. Third, it discusses how different methodologies can be further developed or combined to assess U.S. CRFSRs.