bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active Materials: Biological Benchmarks and Transport Limitations
Authors: Dufresne Eric R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent works in cellular and molecular biophysics suggest that activity can drive dramatic changes to the properties of living materials and their fluctuations. Experimental investigations of active materials pose some challenges. In order to properly characterize active systems as materials, they need to have a homogeneous composition in steady state at experimentally accessible length scales. On the other hand, steady-state active systems require fluxes of mass and energy to fuel ongoing internal processes. Since transport rates are limited, this naturally introduces heterogeneity when the physical dimensions of the system are too large. This chapter discusses some benchmarks for the activity levels of biomimetic active materials and quantifies transport constraints on the overall size of homogeneous samples.
Modeling the Microscopic Origins of Active Transport
Authors: Frenkel Daan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Understanding non-equilibrium processes means understanding why things change, and at what rate. This chapter aims to explain simple non-equilibrium processes focusing on the physical rather than the mathematical aspects. The main ingredients are a discussion of entropy and fluctuations, followed by a brief description of the Onsager relations and their application to thermophoresis. This is followed by a simple discussion of linear response theory, and its application in the study of rare events.
Fluctuation-induced Forces In and out of Equilibrium
Authors: Kardar Mehran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fluctuation-induced forces (FIFs) are prevalent in nature, covering a plethora of phenomena spanning biophysics to cosmology. The common ingredients are: (i) A fluctuating medium that can be described by a probability distribution; and (ii) External objects whose presence constrains (or somehow modifies) these fluctuations. The overall strength of the interaction is proportional to the magnitude of undistorted fluctuations; while its range is set by the extent of correlations of the fluctuations. In this Chapter we focus on some interesting cases when the interactions are long–ranged and arise from scale free fluctuations. We first discuss the universality of FIF in equilibrium (set by $k_B T$ and $\hbar$ for thermal and quantum fluctuations) using tools from statistical mechanics and field-theory. The dependence of FIF on boundary shapes is explored next in the context of polymers; and finally we conclude by considering FIF in non-equilibrium settings with conservation laws.
Rheology of Complex and Active Fluids
Authors: Fielding Suzanne M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complex fluids have internal mesoscopic substructures with a typical size of order nanometers to microns. The mechanical behaviour of such materials is controlled not by strong covalent or metallic bonds, as in hard materials such as metals and ceramics, but by the physical interactions between the constituent mesoscopic substructures (chains, micelles, grains, etc). Such interactions are generically much weaker than those between atoms. This renders these materials soft and easy to reshape. Indeed, they can be subject to flows that cause a major disruption to the organisation of the internal substructures, but will (often) regain equilibrium once the flow stops, via a series of processes that span a wide range of viscoelastic timescales. The study of these fascinating deformation and flow properties is called rheology. The aim of these lectures is to introduce some basic concepts of rheology, and then to discuss their application to the study of active matter.
“Land for the People!”
Authors: O'Malley Seamus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the Land Wars, one of the most potent populist moments in Irish history, and how such a phenomenon appeared in fictional treatment. While the Land League’s famous phrase “Land for The People” crystalized rural opposition to British rule, the slogan signifies a heterogeneous mix of small and large landowners, agricultural laborers, and disaffected Protestant intellectuals. This coalition was held together by William O’Brien’s newspaper United Ireland, the official organ of the Land League. Key to O’Brien’s success was his populist language, and we will see how the paper produced The People, and then how three novels responded to such challenging language: Rosa Mulholland’s Marcella Grace, Emily Lawless’s, and George Moore’s A Drama in Muslin. This chapter concludes with Anna Parnell’s analysis; writing two decades after the League’s end, she crafted a bleak retrospective of the League and chided its male leadership for timidity and political cowardice.
Lady Gregory and the Voice of The People
Authors: O'Malley Seamus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter turns to the writer for whom The People is most important: Lady Augusta Gregory often positioned herself as “Friend to the People,” indicating the similarities between her and figures like Jean-Paul Marat. In both Gregory’s works and David’s iconic painting, the relationship between The People and their spokesperson evokes issues of class, power, education, etc., but Gregory is also akin to David himself, forced to come up with novel ways of representing The People that are sometimes direct, sometimes oblique. Populist sentiments within the Revival put pressure on the development of her styles, we can see the influence of populism on her literary techniques and approach to her Irish subjects throughout her work. Unlike many Revival writers, Lady Gregory was open about the collaborative nature of many of her works (most famously those with Yeats), but she also presents her work as the result of a collaboration with The People.
“THE PEOPLE” of the Easter Rising
Authors: O'Malley Seamus 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces the paths that James Connolly and Patrick Pearse took to create a “Republic in trust for the people” as stated in their Proclamation. The two rebels had not only drastically different notions of The People, but also distinct relationships to the populist currents that moved throughout the Revival period. Connolly generally avoided populist discourse and, during the Lockout especially, battled against prominent populist nationalists like William Martin Murphy, self-appointed arbiter of “public opinion.” The 1913 defeat is only one instance of Connolly’s inability to outflank the coalitions of nationalist populism that aimed to speak for The People. Pearse, especially in his last years, was more receptive to populist thought, partly due to his open embrace of the irrational and mystical side of politics. While no original thinker, Pearse’s instinct for symbolism was strong, making him a powerful conductor of romantic nationalism. Pearse ultimately turns to The People via his belief in their divinity: like Christ, The People are fully human and divine, and at first he wonders if “the people itself will perhaps be its own Messiah.” Yet he ultimately decides that unlike Christ, The People can only passively witness the sacrifice of others. That left Pearse as the only logical sacrificial embodiment of The People. In a similar way, Pearse rarely attempts to portray The People in his writings, instead representing them on the political stage, acting as their substitute.
Explaining National Preferences on the Fiscalization of the EU
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fifth chapter analyses the preferences of the member states regarding the EU’s fiscalization. In doing so, it examines member states’ contributions prepared as part of a debate on a strategic EU document outlining institutional options for the future of the EU, the so-called Five Presidents’ Report. The member states were grouped according to their preferences on fiscalization—to what extent the member states were mentioning a threat as a reason for fiscalization? By listing those arguments, this chapter found many contributions did not mention a threat—the main factor underpinning the hypothesis of this book. However, this is the very reason, it argues, why there is no fiscalization in the EU—the threat emerging from the euro crisis was not perceived by the member states to be large enough to trigger such a fundamental shift in the instruments of integration. As a result, fiscal regulation, and not fiscalization, has been chosen as the main instrument of fiscal integration.
The General Linear Model I
Authors: Inchausti Pablo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the general linear model for response variables with a normal distribution. The lognormal distribution is mentioned in relation to the general linear model. We explain simple and multiple linear regression analysis. We discuss the importance of standardizing continuous explanatory variables, and its implications for the interpretation of model parameters. We mention polynomial regression as a special case of multiple regression. We provide a first introduction to the definition of priors in general linear models. We also discuss the main graphical tools involved in the assessment of the goodness of fit of statistical models that will be used throughout the book, which are plots of residuals vs. predicted values, residuals vs. explanatory variables, quantile–quantile plots, and Cook distances. All statistical models are fitted in both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
When the Response Variable is Binary
Authors: Inchausti Pablo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts by discussing the use of the binomial distribution to model binary response variables. It then defines odds, log odds, and the logit link function involved in binary GLMs, and discusses grouped and ungrouped binary analyses in relation to the formatting of the data. It has a strong focus on the interpretation of the fitted parameters of binary GLMs, and discusses the assessment of the goodness of fit of binary GLMs, including the calculation and interpretation of receiver operating curves and the area under the curve, the use of Brier scores, and of the randomized quantile residuals. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
When the Response Variable is a Count, Often with Many Zeros
Authors: Inchausti Pablo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts by discussing the Poisson and negative binomial distributions to model counts, and the associated log link function. It discusses over-dispersion, a common problem arising in the modeling of counts, along with its consequences and solutions. It illustrates the use of the negative binomial distribution as a continuous Poisson–gamma mixture to deal with over-dispersion, and finally covers the use of mixture models to model counts with an excess of zeros in the two main cases: zero-inflated and zero-augmented models. All the statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Mixed Hierarchical Models and Experimental Design Data
Authors: Inchausti Pablo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formulation and interpretation of generalized linear mixed/hierarchical models. It illustrates the use of these models with three case studies involving randomized block, repeated measures, and split-plot designs with different types of response variables. We discuss the interpretation of the estimated fixed (population) and random (group-level) effects, and the asssessment of their goodness of fit with detailed residual analysis. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Introduction
Authors: Burke Mary M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Figures from the Scots-Irish Andrew Jackson to the Caribbean-Irish Rihanna, as well as literature, film, caricature, and beauty discourse, convey how the Irish racially transformed multiple times: in the slave-holding Caribbean, on America’s frontiers and antebellum plantations, and along its eastern seaboard. This cultural history of race and centuries of Irishness in the Americas examines the forcibly transported Irish, the eighteenth-century Presbyterian Ulster Scots, and post-1845 Famine immigrants. Their racial transformations are indicated by the designations they acquired in the Americas: ‘Redlegs,’ ‘Scots-Irish,’ and ‘black Irish.’ In literature by Fitzgerald, O’Neill, Mitchell, Glasgow, and Yerby (an African-American author of Scots-Irish heritage), the Irish are both colluders and victims within America’s racial structure. Depictions range from Irish encounters with Native and African Americans to competition within America’s immigrant hierarchy between ‘Saxon’ Scots-Irish and ‘Celtic’ Irish Catholic. Irish-connected presidents feature, but attention to queer and multiracial authors, public women, beauty professionals, and performers complicates the ‘Irish whitening’ narrative. Thus, ‘Irish Princess’ Grace Kelly’s globally-broadcast ascent to royalty paves the way for ‘America’s royals,’ the Kennedys. The presidencies of the Scots-Irish Jackson and Catholic-Irish Kennedy signalled their respective cohorts’ assimilation. Since Gothic literature particularly expresses the complicity that attaining power (‘whiteness’) entails, subgenres named ‘Scots-Irish Gothic’ and ‘Kennedy Gothic’ are identified: in Gothic by Brown, Poe, James, Faulkner, and Welty, the violence of the colonial Irish motherland is visited upon marginalized Americans, including, sometimes, other Irish groupings. History is Gothic in Irish-American narrative because the undead Irish past replays within America’s contexts of race.
Complicit Irishness: Plantation Novels by Yerby, Mitchell, and Faulkner
Authors: Burke Mary M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers three plantation novels that depict—in different registers—Southern planters of pre-Famine Irish and Scottish Gaelic origin: Margaret Mitchell’s Gerald O’Hara in Gone with the Wind, William Faulkner’s Thomas Sutpen in Absalom, Absalom! (both 1936), and Stephen Fox in Foxes of Harrow (1946), a bestselling novel by Frank Yerby, an African-American author of Scots-Irish maternal ancestry. (The film adaptation of the last, starring Maureen O’Hara, is also considered.) The chapter’s discussion of the entwined roots of the slave-holding Southern plantation, the Caribbean Great House, and the Irish Big House also encompasses an Elizabeth Bowen-inspired Eudora Welty short story. The three planter novels centre on initially penniless and ‘off-white’ protagonists of broadly Irish association who transform themselves into the exploitative and unconditionally white landowner class to whom they themselves had once been subject. These three novelists were all of Southern birth in a period in which that region was still racially segregated, and all three claimed Scottish Gaelic or pre-Famine Irish descent. Nevertheless, their origins do not conform to the dominant image of the Irish-connected writer as white, Catholic, and northeastern post-Famine by origin.
White Wedding
Authors: Burke Mary M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 suggests that the WASP persona movie studio executives created for film star Grace Kelly (later known as Princess Grace of Monaco) was meant to diminish the usual associations of her background. These Famine-Catholic Philadelphia roots are explored through the neglected drama of her Pulitzer Prize-winning uncle, George Kelly. The symbiosis between ‘whiteness’ and the images of women deployed to sell beauty, fashion, and film industry products is well documented. Such links, overlooked in male-centred accounts of the ‘whitening’ of Irish America, are used to analyse Kelly’s impact. In Dial M for Murder, Kelly performs a woman who duplicitously performs the role of a proper English wife, for which she was coached by Alfred Hitchcock. They shared a surprisingly similar background: both were, by origin, Catholic-Irish outsiders to elite WASP culture who learned to ‘pass’. Kelly’s wedding to Prince Rainier of Monaco in 1956 was one of the largest international media events of that decade. To Catholic-Irish Philadelphia it constituted the rejoinder of a ‘hometown girl’ to the 1953 spectacular of Elizabeth II’s coronation. Grace’s globally broadcast ascent to fairy-tale whiteness paved the way for ‘America’s royals’, the Kennedy dynasty, as well as broader Irish America’s assimilation. However, centuries of Gothic literature holds that where there is a fair princess in a castle, there is soon to be horror, as the epilogue unfolds.
Stirring Up Life from Its Deepest Foundations
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 is concerned with two religious discourses Kierkegaard published in his own name, ‘To Gain One’s Soul in Patience’ and ‘To Preserve One’s Soul in Patience’. In these discourses, patience is used to designate ‘noir optimism’—the strength of soul in the face of the future disaster. Kierkegaard’s discussion of prophetic noir takes as its point of departure Jesus’s prophecy of doom as recorded by Luke the Evangelist. The discourses’ existential analysis of the sombre mood brings into view an opposition between two kinds of existential time, between the suddenness of the heroic deed and the ongoingness of unheroic practices of care. The relation between care work and catastrophe is conceptualized with the help of Hannah Arendt and Lisa Baraitser. Moreover, Kierkegaard’s exploration of catastrophized temporality is discussed in dialogue with the interpretation of Kierkegaard’s religious discourses presented by the Kierkegaard scholar David Kangas.
Possibility’s Course in Calamity
Authors: Holm Isak Winkel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores prophetic noir as ‘noir anxiety’, a kind of anxiety Vigilius Haufniensis, Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous author, diagnoses in the second half of The Concept of Anxiety. In the second paragraph of chapter III, ‘Anxiety Dialectically Defined in Terms of Fate’, and in the concluding chapter V, ‘Anxiety as Saving through Faith’, Haufniensis examines noir anxiety as a question concerning the subject’s relation to fate. As a consequence, he approaches prophetic noir as a contradiction between freedom and necessity, between the human subject and the objective force of fate. The conceptual background for this contradiction is provided by theories of the tragic found in German Idealism. The chapter argues that this struggle between freedom and necessity is relevant for the study of literature in the Anthropocene, drawing on Georg Lukács’s The Theory of the Novel (1920) and Amitav Ghosh’s The Great Derangement (2012).
Social Nutrition and Accountability for Mass Starvation
Authors: Jaspars Susanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines social nutrition as a framework for understanding the social and political causes of malnutrition at population level and whether it can assist in strengthening accountability for mass starvation. It provides an overview of nutrition concepts, the evolution in identifying causes, and the processes of deprivation that lead to increased mortality. It discusses the importance and the challenges in linking malnutrition to its structural political causes and in delineating responsibility and intent. Examples from a range of famine contexts are used. The chapter concludes with areas that require further exploration and discussion to develop a politically oriented approach to nutrition that can help address starvation as a political act.
‘An Unprosecuted Crime’
Authors: Conley Bridget , DeFalco Randle , Abraha Senai , de Waal Alex 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents four cases where starvation crimes featured in a conflict and were investigated in the course of subsequent transitional justice efforts, but were not prosecuted as such: Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge (1975–79), Ethiopia under Mengistu Haile Mariam (1974–91), the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–95), and the conflict and atrocities in Darfur, Sudan (2003–08). In both Cambodia and Ethiopia, famine conditions resulted from policies directed against entire civilian populations. In Bosnia, through concerted international humanitarian intervention, only discrete pockets of extreme deprivation occurred, despite the fact that throughout the conflict access to food, water, and other life-supporting supplies was manipulated to serve war aims. Only prosecutions related to Cambodia addressed starvation, and even there, only partially. In Darfur, the humanitarian crisis claimed at least 200,000 lives and the ICC prosecutor framed charges against President Omar al-Bashir that included the destruction of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population and obstructing humanitarian assistance, with genocidal intent. Although al-Bashir was overthrown and at the time of writing is in custody in Sudan, no prosecutions on this basis have yet been commenced. Together, the case studies reveal the prosecutorial caution and evidential complexities of prosecuting starvation.
‘Once We Control Them, We Will Feed Them’
Authors: Sarkar Aditya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the causes of the protracted food security crisis in Yemen. Pre-war Yemen was the poorest and most food-insecure country in the Arab world but had not experienced famine or mass starvation. Conditions of extreme deprivation and perhaps even famine have arisen from the combination of economic policies and military policies pursued by all the belligerents to the conflict (although there has been no ‘official’ declaration of famine by the United Nations). The strategies used by the Internationally Recognized Government and its regional backers (the Saudi-led coalition (SLC)) and the Houthis have included blockades and siege warfare, a destructive aerial bombing campaign (waged by the SLC), artillery and mortar attacks as well as the indiscriminate use of landmines near food and water points, the destruction of essential infrastructure (including water and power infrastructure), agricultural facilities as well as attacks on healthcare facilities. Humanitarian access has been restricted by all parties. At the outset of the conflict, the warring parties—especially the SLC—might have pleaded ignorance of the devastating consequences of their chosen means of pursuing their military and political goals, but as the conflict war on and those calamitous humanitarian outcomes became clear, no such pleas are credible. Yemen is the largest and most protracted case of man-made famine of our times.
Prosecution of Starvation in South Sudan
Authors: Jordash Wayne , Yasar Aysev Uzay 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter fuses the legal analysis and the factual circumstances to provide a roadmap for the prosecution of the war crime of using starvation as a method of warfare in South Sudan in the course of the civil war which started in December 2013. To this end, the authors analyse the factual patterns that emerge from the conduct of the governmental armed forces during the civil war and discuss the potential issues that future prosecutors may face in prosecuting the war crime of starvation in South Sudan. The authors provide an assessment of the evidence currently available as derived from publicly available sources and discuss if/how the legal elements of the war crime of starvation as well as certain applicable modes of liability (such as co-perpetration, joint criminal enterprise, and command responsibility) could be established in order to effect the potential prosecution of senior South Sudanese perpetrators. Parallels are drawn with other cases, including Syria and Yemen, where applicable