bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies Related to the Description and Evaluation of Pistachio Nut Quality1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Heintz Christi M. , Labavitch John M. , Rae Henry L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chemical composition and sensory attributes of pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) were studied in relation to genotype, production area, maturity, moisture content, degree of shell staining, and storage conditions. ‘Kerman’ kernals were rated higher in firmness and sweetness, and lower in crispness, bitterness, and rancidity than those of the ‘Red Aleppo’, ‘Trabonella’, and ‘Bronte’ cultivars. Differences in composition and flavor of ‘Kerman’ pistachios harvested from 3 production areas were small. Nuts harvested at near optimum maturity were superior in quality to those harvested earlier or later. Drying nuts to 4–6% moisture levels resulted in the best quality. Shell staining did not influence eating quality of kernels but detrimentally affected shell appearance. Dried pistachio nuts can be kept for 12 months at 20°C. Moisture content influenced crispness and firmness while total sugars content was related to sweetness and overall flavor intensity.
Assimilation Patterns of [14C]-Photosynthate in Developing Sweet Potato Storage Roots1
Authors: Chua L. K. , Kays S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Patterns of deposition of [14C]-photosynthate in the storage roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. at 3 stages of development (44, 74, 105 days from planting) were distinct for each labeling period. [14C] initially accumulates in the vascular cambial region after labeling (24 hours); however, all areas of the storage root show discernable activity. Label in this region is lost with time probably through cell division with the majority of the label ending up in bundle parenchyma. Deposition of [14C]-photosynthate appears to occur for more than 24 hours reflecting either continued transport from aerial portions of the plant or redistribution within the root. Roots labeled early in their development do not have a uniform distribution of [14C] in the central stele, possibly due to later development of anomalous cambium. [14C] in the cortical region does not appear to be redistributed inward during subsequent growth of the root. [14C] deposited early in the development of the storage root was concentrated at the distal end with longitudinal bulking proceeding toward the proximal end. Invaginations along the surface of the root giving a furrowed appearance appear to be due to differential rates of activity of the vascular cambium in those regions.
Modeling Temperature Requirements for Rest Development in Cornus sericea1
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , English Marshall J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Temperature requirements for rest development were determined and used in developing an empirical model for predicting rest development in terminal vegetative buds of Cornus sericea L. Vegetatively mature plants were exposed to 5° to 20°C under a 12-hr photoperiod (SD) in growth chambers, and depth of rest was measured by days to terminal bud break at 20°/15° (day/night) under a 16-hour photoperiod (LD). Rest development proceeded only after vegetative maturity was attained. Time from vegetative maturity to maximum rest decreased with decreasing temperature. Rate of rest development at all temperatures varied and was dependent on growth stage. The annual growth cycle and rest development were described and quantified by a degree growth stage (°GS) model. Using temperature and accumulating °GS, the model predicted maximum rest within 2 days in both years.
A Sand Culture System for Simulating Plant Responses to Phosphorus in Soil1
Authors: Coltman Robert R. , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A sand medium containing activated alumina was developed to provide a range of stable, reproducible P concentrations in plant cultures. The lowest P levels compare favorably to concentrations found in soils. Activated alumina was “loaded” by absorption of phosphate from 0.01 m NaCl solutions containing KH2PO4. Phosphorus concentrations in solutions expressed from sand-alumina mixtures were dependent upon the P concentrations used to absorb P onto the alumina. Increasing the density of a specifically loaded alumina did not affect the average solution P concentration in the cultures but did result in substantial increases in total dry weight yields of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants grown in the cultures. Thus, diffusion of P to root surfaces seems to be a prominent limiting factor in this system as in soils. The sand alumina culture technique shows promise for simulating plant responses to P at concentrations and under conditions comparable to those found in soils.
Ozone Sensitivity of Herbaceous Plants: Modification by Ethylenediurea1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Heggestad H. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
[N-[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N’-phenylurea (EDU or ethylenediurea) was applied as a soil drench and as foliar sprays to evaluate protection from ozone injury in controlled fumigations on 44 species of herbaceous plants. At least 4 doses of EDU were compared on 5 plant species: Begonia cucullata var. Hookeri Willd., (fibrous rooted begonia), Tagetes erecta L. (marigold), Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon), Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, (tomato), and Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (chrysanthemum). Protection from ozone injury was directly related to EDU dose up to about 500 ppm. The spray and drench treatments gave about the same protection from ozone. EDU had no measurable effect on plant growth. Genera showing relatively high sensitivity to ozone and good protection with EDU included Ageratum, Amaranthus, Browallia, Capsicum, Celosiay Dahlia, Lobelia, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Perilla, Salvia, and Zinnia. The EDU treatments used did not protect adequately Hedera Lactuca, Rosa, or Zea mays (sweet corn). Species of several genera showed little or no foliar injury even at the highest ozone dose (0.60 ppm/3 hr), including Brassaia, Catharanthus, Chlorophytum, Coffeay Cyclamen, Dizygotheca, Philodendron, Saintpaulia, and Torenia. ‘Fred Shoesmith’ chrysanthemum was insensitive to ozone.
Inheritance of Foliar α-Tomatine Content in Tomatoes1
Authors: Juvik J. A. , Stevens M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of progeny populations from crosses between tomato accessions (Lycopersicon spp.) with high and low alkaloid levels indicated that variation in α-tomatine content is controlled by the segregation of 2 co-dominant alleles at a single locus.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Water in Deuterated Citrus Leaf Tissue1
Authors: Rouse R. E. , Wiltbank W. J. , Brey W. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) H resonance signals of water in deuterated disks from acclimated and nonacclimated satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marcovitch) leaves appear to be a measure of bound water. The D resonance signal was lost when initial freezing occurred along with a partial loss in H resonance, which was attributed to D2O and bound H2O forming ice. Acclimated tissues retained a larger percentage of unfrozen H2O at initial freezing and at several subfreezing temperatures, suggesting that changes in H2O binding occur during cold acclimation. Further, NMR line widths of nonacclimated leaf tissue increased abruptly during freezing and only gradually in acclimated leaf tissue, suggesting increased binding structure of H2O molecules of the bound fraction and cellular constituents in acclimated tissue. Portion of total H2O replaced with D2O was 69% in both, suggesting this portion was free water.
Potassium Nutrition during Tomato Plant Development1
Authors: Widders Irvin E. , Lorenz Oscar A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
K concentrations in xylem exudate and K concentrations and contents in stem, petiole, leaf lamina, and fruit tissues were determined at 10-day intervals during the development of field-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Four determinate-type processing tomato cultivars were compared. Xylem exudate K+ concentrations of 9 to 12 meq/liter were measured prior to anthesis but declined to 7 to 8 meq/liter with the onset of fruiting. Vegetative growth rates were highest at 70 days after planting. Maximum rates of K accumulation in the plants occurred at 90 days, which coincided with the period of maximum K accumulation in the fruit. The rate of K accumulation in the plant relative to the shoot dry weight was correlated with the relative growth rate. About 70% of the K accumulated in the plant at harvest was taken up during fruiting. K redistribution from vegetative tissues contributed a maximum of only 12% of the total accumulated K by the fruit. K content in leaf lamina, petiole, and stem tissue decreased by about 20 to 40%, 20 to 30%, and 15%, respectively, during fruiting, depending on the cultivar.
Plum Root Growth in a Variable-strength Field Soil1
Authors: Grimes D. W. , Wiley P. L. , Carlton A. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root growth is restricted in compact soil zones irrespective of whether the zones result from cultural equipment or are genetic in origin. Because yield may be reduced and production costs increased, proper diagnosis is important. To that end, penetrometer soil strength measurements were used in the field to characterize root-limiting soil-impedance characteristics for ‘Eldorado’ plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.). A penetrometer soil strength of 16 bars, measured at a volumetric water content of 16.9% (field capacity), was sufficient to lower root density to about 50% of that observed for low-strength soil. Tree growth (trunk circumference) was highly correlated with the averageprofile root density and the amount of silt present at a mid-profile depth. Low values of these parameters most probably were related to a water stress condition that reduced tree growth.
Cytogenetical and Fertility Studies of Selected Nontuberous Solanum Species and their Hybrid Derivatives1
Authors: Attavian B. N. , Jelenkovic G. , Pollack B. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reciprocal crosses among the nontuberous Solanum species S. gilo Raddi, S. integrifolium Poir, and S. nodiflorum Jacq. were performed under controlled conditions. Meiotic chromosome pairing of the hybrids was regular, and no reductions in chiasma frequency at diakinesis were observed. Normal disjunction in first and second meiotic divisions of fertile hybrids indicates that there is no conspicuous genomic differentiation at the chromosomal level. The gametic chromosome number was found to be n = 12 for all species and interspecific hybrids. BC1 and F2 populations consisting of fully fertile, partially fertile, and completely sterile seedlings were obtained. The fertile hybrid derivatives in these progenies may be of practical value in genetic improvement of the cultivated eggplant. Data for 3 phenotypic traits in selected F2 and BC1 populations indicate normal allelic segregation, and also indicated homology among the genomes of these species. Only in 2 cases were small deviations from expected ratios observed.
The Effect of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Freeze Treatment on the Morphology of Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat. ‘Astrid’1
Authors: Fayyaz Mohammad M. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Beck G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
More rhizomes were initiated by plants of ‘Astrid’ chrysanthemum grown in short day and cool air temperature than in long day and warm air. Rhizome development was greatest, shoot growth was enhanced, and root length and dry weight increased with warm compared to cool soil temperature. Rhizomes grown at a cool soil temperature either in long or short days had the least cellular injury after exposure to –8°C.
Effectiveness of Selected Herbicides and Discing on Volunteer Horseradish Control1
Authors: Burke Michael C. , Herbert J. Hopen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Methods were compared for controlling volunteer horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn, Mey. & Scherb.) resulting from commercial horseradish production. The most effective treatment was glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] (4.5 kg/ha) applied in mid-September 6 to 8 weeks after discing. 2,4,5-T [2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxy acetic acid] was also effective, while dicamba [3,6,dichloro-o-anisic acid] and a dicamba plus glyphosate mixture provided less control. Horseradish roots can sprout from 90-cm deep and still be susceptible to a mid-September glyphosate application.
Flower Initiation and Development in Leucospermum cv. Red Sunset1
Authors: Jacobs Gerard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Leucospermum cv. Red Sunset, a natural hybrid between L. cordifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) Fourcade and L. lineare R. Br., are in the induced state for flower initiation between April 25 and June 20 in South Africa. A gradual loss of the induced state occurs after June and by Oct. 22, plants have returned to the noninduced vegetative state. Heavy shading during summer prevented flower initiation. Defoliation reduced flower dry weight and style number. Shade and late removal of primary inflorescences adversely affected quality of secondary inflorescences.
Transplant Quality, Yield, and Heavy-Metal Accumulation of Tomato, Muskmelon, and Cabbage Grown in Media Containing Sewage Sludge Compost1
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Reynolds C. W. , Schales F. D. , Chaney R. L. , Douglass L. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transplant quality, as measured by height and dry weight, of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was lower for plants grown in media containing sewage sludge compost with a high heavy-metal concentration (HM) than for plants grown in peat-vermiculite (P-V) or low-metal (LM) sewage sludge compost media. Compost source had no significant effect on transplant quality of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings. Marketable yield of cabbage, tomato, or muskmelon was similar regardless of the media used to grow the transplants. The concentration of Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Cd were significantly higher in transplants grown in HM media than in those grown in LM media. With the exception of Cd, metal levels in transplants grown in LM media were similar to those grown in P-V. Transplant media had little influence on the heavy-metal concentrations found in either foliar samples or the edible portions of the crops studied. Heavy-metal concentrations in foliar samples of all 3 crops were lower than those found in transplants. The lowest concentrations were found in tomato and muskmelon fruit, and in cabbage heads. The Cd concentrations in edible portions were very low regardless of the source of compost in the transplant media, indicating that sewage sludge composts, particularly those low in heavy metals, can be used safely in the growing media of vegetable transplants.
Differential Sensitivity of Seventeen Poinsettia Cultivars to Sulfur Dioxide in Relationship to Bract Color1,2
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Semeniuk Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparative SO2 sensitivity was determined for red, pink, marble, and white cultivars of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, belonging to 4 groups of sports: ‘Paul Mikkelsen’, ‘Annette Hegg’, ‘Eckespoint C-l’, and ‘Oakleaf’. Based on injury to the bracts, sports of the ‘Eckspoint C-l’ group were the most insensitive, whereas sports from the ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Paul Mikkelsen’ groups were the most sensitive. However, based on the number of leaves showing SO2 injury, sports from the ‘Oakleaf’ group were the most insensitive and those of the ‘Paul Mikkelsen’ group were the most sensitive. True leaves were generally much more sensitive to SO2 exposure than were corresponding bracts. There was no consistent relationship between bract color and extent of SO2 injury.
Stomatal and Nonstomatal Inhibition of Photosynthesis in Water-stressed Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Korcak R. F. , Miklos Faust 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress on stomatal and nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis of apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in solution culture was investigated. Water stress was applied gradually by modifying the nutrient solution water potential daily to a minimum of -8.0 bar. Nutrient solution of less than or equal to water potentials -6 bar decreased net and gross photosynthesis rates. Stomatal and nonstomatal factors were responsible for photosynthetic inhibition. Nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis appears to be due to decreased capacity for CO2 fixation and not increased photorespiration. The ratio of gross to net photosynthesis was not affected. A higher level of water stress was required to affect mesophyll resistance than stomatal resistance and/or there was a lag time for mesophyll resistance to respond to stress.
Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Evapotranspiration of Air Layers from Blight-affected and Healthy Grapefruit Trees with Two Nutrient Regimes1,2
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Air layers from 6 blight-affected and 6 healthy grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf., trees were grown in a greenhouse with low N, low S, and lime and high N, high S, and no lime regimes, one air layer from each tree in each treatment. Shoot fresh weight of air layers from healthy trees was 25%, and root fresh weight was 38% greater than that of air layers from blighted trees, after 8 months of treatment (shoot/root ratios of 1.59 and 1.90). Shoot weight was the same with both nutrient treatments; root weight was 40% smaller with high N, high S, and no lime than with low N, low S, and lime (shoot/root ratios of 2.12 and 1.37). Air layers from blighted trees had higher concentrations of N, P, and water-soluble phenolics, and lower Ca and Na in the wood; more S, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mo in the bark; more N and K, and less Mg, Na, and Cl in the roots, and more P and less B and Cl in the leaves than air layers from healthy trees. Low N, low S, and lime induced higher K and Mo in the wood, higher K in the bark, and lower Na and Cl in the roots of air layers from blighted trees; high N, high S, and no lime increased Mg and Zn in the roots, Fe in the wood, and Zn in the leaves of air layers from blighted trees above the levels of healthy air layers. There were curvilinear relationships between evapotranspiration and root weight and the shoot/root ratio; air layers from blighted trees transpired more water than those from healthy trees on a per unit shoot and root weight basis.
Growth of Asparagus Transplants as Influenced by Nitrogen Form and Lime1
Authors: Precheur Robert J. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transplants of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) were grown in sand culture under varying ratios of NO3 and NH4. Maximum growth occurred in a nutrient solution with a N ratio of 75% NO3 – N and 25% NH4 – N. Growth was significantly reduced when the N composition was either 100 or 75% NH4 – N. CaCO3 reduced ammonium toxicity but also reduced seedling growth.
Conductivity Tests to Screen Fall-applied Growth Regulators to Induce Cold Hardiness in Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chemical growth regulators were applied in early fall to 1-year-old ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) to evaluate cold hardiness and cold injury during late fall to late winter. Evaluations were made by the conductivity test and expressed as the percentage of electrolytes. Of the 18 chemicals tested, CGA-15281 (500 ppm) showed the most promise for increasing cold hardiness, especially in November. During freeze tests in November or February of 1976, AMO-1618 (1000 ppm), GA3 and GA3 + fluoridamid (500 and 6000 ppm, respectively), and Thidiazuron (100 ppm) induced significantly greater cold hardiness than the controls. When tested separately or in combination with other chemicals, ancymidol, CGA-15281, DEPEG, PP 528, and NIA-10637 produced slightly more cold hardiness relative to the controls in more than 50% of the tests. Daminozide, ethephon, GA3, glyphosine, and UBI-P293 were the least effective chemicals for inducing cold hardiness.
Reaction of Peach and Nectarine Cultivars and Selections to Infection by Botryosphaeria dothidea1
Authors: Okie W. R. , Reilly C. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Commercial and exotic cultivars and selections of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were evaluated for reaction to gummosis caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces & de Not. (B. ribis Gross & Dugg.). Commercial germplasm was susceptible. Mature trees of several exotic lines showed very little natural infection. ‘Eagle Beak’, Plant Introduction (PI) 43289 from China, was the most resistant to gummosis. Artificially inoculated twigs of this line gummed only slightly, although the fungus could still be isolated from some wounds after 16 months.
Physical Properties of Container Media Composed of a Gasifier Residue in Combination with Sphagnum Peat, Bark, or Sand1
Authors: Regulski Francis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The physical and water-release characteristics of a gasifier residue in combination with bark, Canadian sphagnum peat, and sand were determined. Both gasifier residue and peat had characteristics more favorable for plant growth than bark or sand alone. The combination of gasifier residue and peat produced characteristics superior to gasifier residue or peat alone. Gasifier residue and combinations of gasifier residue and peat had almost twice the available water of a standard nursery medium. The addition of sand or bark decreased the performance of gasifier residue in a number of physical parameters. Unsieved gasifier residue had a particle size distribution suitable for container plant production.
Water Relations and Net Photosynthesis in Hybrid Geranium1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Vines H. M. , Zeng-Ping Tu , Black C. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationships of net photosynthesis (Pn) to soil water potential, leaf diffusive resistance, leaf water potential, and relative water content were studied with hybrid geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey cv Sprinter Scarlet) grown under conditions of greenhouse pot culture. Net photosynthesis went through 4 stages according to the effects of water stress on the plants. As water stress increased, Pn went from a steady-state maxiumum rate to slow decline, to rapid decline, to total inhibition. During rapid Pn decline, soil water potential rapidly decreased from −4 bars to −14 bars, and leaf diffusive resistance increased from 4 s cm−1 to 80s cm−1. Leaf water potential was −7 bars, and relative leaf water content was 81–87%. Leaf water potential appeared to be the best indicator of imminent Pn decline. After rewatering water-stressed plants, 3 days were required to elevate Pn to a steady-state maximum which was only 90% of initial steady-state Pn.
Genotypic Variation for Rate of Respiration in Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Hewitt J. D. , Stevens M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Measurement of respiration rate and ethylene production at the climacteric of fruits of 4 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars and breeding lines—LA 1563 (1563), ‘VF145B-7879’ (‘7879’), ‘UC 134’ (‘134’), and R982 (982)—showed that fruits of ‘7879’ have lower rates of respiration and ethylene evolution than those of the other 3 genotypes. Analysis of progeny from a cross between 1563 and ‘7879’ suggested that a small number of genes with mostly additive effects control the difference in respiration rate between these 2 lines. A joint scaling test indicated that an additive-dominance model was adequate for analysis of the genetic variation. The number of effective factors was estimated to be 1.28 and the calculated narrow sense heritability was 0.49.