bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Item Complexity: A Neglected Psychometric Feature of Test Items?
Authors: Bolt Daniel M. , Liao Xiangyi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite its frequent consideration in test development, item complexity receives little attention in the psychometric modeling of item response data. In this address, I consider how variability in item complexity can be expected to emerge in the form of item characteristic curve (ICC) asymmetry, and how such effects may significantly influence applications of item response theory, especially those that assume interval-level properties of the latent proficiency metric and groups that vary substantially in mean proficiency. One application is the score gain deceleration phenomenon often observed in vertical scaling contexts, especially in subject areas like math or second language acquisition. It is demonstrated how the application of symmetric IRT models in the presence of complexity-induced positive ICC asymmetry can be a likely cause. A second application concerns the positive correlation between DIF and difficulty commonly seen in verbal proficiency (and other subject area) tests where problem-solving complexity is minimal and proficiency-related guessing effects are likely pronounced. Here we suggest negative ICC asymmetry as a probable cause and apply sensitivity analyses to demonstrate the ease with which such correlations disappear when allowing for negative ICC asymmetry. Unfortunately, the presence of systematic forms of ICC asymmetry is easily missed due to the considerable flexibility afforded by latent trait metrics in IRT. Speculation is provided regarding other applications for which attending to ICC asymmetry may prove useful.
Subtype classification of malignant lymphoma using immunohistochemical staining pattern
Authors: Hashimoto Noriaki , Ko Kaho , Yokota Tatsuya , Kohno Kei , Nakaguro Masato , Nakamura Shigeo , Takeuchi Ichiro , Hontani Hidekata 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
For the image classification problem, the construction of appropriate training data is important for improving the generalization ability of the classifier in particular when the size of the training data is small. We propose a method that quantitatively evaluates the typicality of a hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E)-stained tissue slide from a set of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains and applies the typicality to instance selection for the construction of classifiers that predict the subtype of malignant lymphoma to improve the generalization ability.

Methods
We define the typicality of the H&E-stained tissue slides by the ratio of the probability density of the IHC staining patterns on low-dimensional embedded space. Employing a multiple-instance-learning-based convolutional neural network for the construction of the subtype classifier without the annotations indicating cancerous regions in whole slide images, we select the training data by referring to the evaluated typicality to improve the generalization ability. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the instance selection based on the proposed typicality in a three-class subtype classification of 262 malignant lymphoma cases.

Results
In the experiment, we confirmed that the subtypes of typical instances could be predicted more accurately than those of atypical instances. Furthermore, it was confirmed that instance selection for the training data based on the proposed typicality improved the generalization ability of the classifier, wherein the classification accuracy was improved from 0.664 to 0.683 compared with the baseline method when the training data was constructed focusing on typical instances.

Conclusion
The experimental results showed that the typicality of the H&E-stained tissue slides computed from IHC staining patterns is useful as a criterion for instance selection to enhance the generalization ability, and this typicality could be employed for instance selection under some practical limitations.
On the Phosphorus Evaporation from Liquid Silicon by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hoseinpur Arman , Sergeev Dmitry , Müller Michael , Safarian Jafar 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSilicon refining for solar applications is intensively on demand, and removal of phosphorus from Si is one of the most challenging steps. Evaporation of P from liquid Si in a vacuum refining process is the most efficient method for P removal from Si, and this research deals with the insight mechanisms of P evaporation from liquid Si. In this research, the gaseous species evaporating from the dilute liquid solutions of phosphorus in silicon were studied experimentally, and it was shown that phosphorus evaporates in the form of P, P2, P4, P3, SiP, Si2P, Si3P, and SiP2at elevated temperatures. Except P and P2, the other molecules were detected experimentally for the first time, and Si3P was detected as a new compound in the gas phase. Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry technique was applied to characterize the evaporation of phosphorus from liquid Si samples containing 100, 1250, and 3000 ppmw phosphorus. The evaporation of phosphorus from liquid Si was studied by isothermal and polythermal experiments, up to 1840 °C. The vapor pressures of various P-containing molecules (P, P2, P4, SiP, Si2P) at 1442 °C were measured as a function of phosphorus fraction in liquid silicon. Results indicated that a major part of the phosphorus evaporates in the form of silicon phosphides and P4, especially when the sample temperature exceeds 1750 °C. When initial phosphorus was 100 ppmw, about 71 pct of phosphorus evaporation was by means of silicon phosphides and P4. The mechanisms of phosphorus evaporation from liquid Si are proposed, which depend on the melt composition and temperature. It occurs through phosphorus species evaporation independently or via the decomposition of transient silicon phosphides at the surface or through the direct evaporation of silicon phosphides at the melt surface.
Assessing the role of robotic proctectomy in obese patients: a contemporary NSQIP analysis
Authors: Glencer Alexa C. , Lin Joseph A. , Trang Karen , Greenberg Anya , Kirkwood Kimberly S. , Adam Mohamed Abdelgadir , Sarin Ankit 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRobotic proctectomy has become increasingly popular for both benign and malignant indications. The purpose of this study was to determine if the robotic approach has a distinct advantage over laparoscopy in obese patients, which has been suggested by previous subgroup analyses. We performed a retrospective review of 2016–2018 National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data to compare outcomes between patients who underwent robotic versus laparoscopic proctectomy, stratified by Body Mass Index (BMI) subgroups. We also compared outcomes of converted minimally invasive proctectomy to planned open operations. Four thousand four hundred eighteen (69.3%) patients underwent laparoscopic proctectomy, and 1956 (30.7%) patients underwent robotic proctectomy. Robotic proctectomy was associated with a significantly lower conversion rate compared to laparoscopic proctectomy (5.1% vs 12.3%; p = 0.002), and this relationship was maintained on an adjusted model. Obese (BMI > 30) patients were more likely to require conversion in both laparoscopic and robotic groups with the greatest difference in the conversion rate in the obese subgroup. Patients who underwent conversion had higher composite morbidity compared to patients who underwent planned open operations (50.8% vs 41.3%; p < 0.001). And among patients with rectal cancer, robotic proctectomy was associated with a greater incidence of positive radial tumor margins compared to laparoscopic proctectomy (8.0% vs 6.4%; p = 0.039), driven primarily by the obese subgroup. Our study demonstrates that robotic proctectomy is associated with a 7% lower conversion rate compared to laparoscopy and that obese patients are more likely to require conversion than non-obese patients. Among obese patients with rectal cancer, we identified an increased risk of positive radial margins with robotic compared to laparoscopic proctectomy.
Facilitating innovation in FinTech: a review and research agenda
Authors: Alaassar Ahmad , Mention Anne-Laure , Aas Tor Helge 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to carry out content analyses on the existing literature to investigate the knowledge state of innovation facilitators adopted to promote financial innovation. In total, 56 papers were analysed using the NVivo software package. Three categories of innovation facilitators emerged from the literature capturing the perspective of regulators, incumbents and new entrants. Each identified instrument is defined and its processes and implications described. Many initiatives were led by regulators, revealing a regulatory strategy change from risk-based to opportunity-based regulation, with regulatory sandboxes being the most commonly adopted instrument. Incumbent-led innovation facilitators were also identified and typically took the form of corporate incubation models, co-working spaces, venture funds and innovation platforms to support financial institutions with partnerships, acquisitions or self-development. Lastly, the literature review revealed innovator-led instruments to support start-ups with raising capital. Based on our results, we discuss several important observations and propose avenues for future research capturing each of the identified perspectives. This paper contributes to incubation research and the financial innovation and FinTech literature streams.
Rethinking the Approach to Preclinical Models of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: François Marie , Zeltser Lori M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The goal of this review is to describe how emerging technological developments in pre-clinical animal research can be harnessed to accelerate research in anorexia nervosa (AN).

Recent Findings
The activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm, the best characterized animal model of AN, combines restricted feeding, excessive exercise, and weight loss. A growing body of evidence supports the idea that pathophysiological weight loss in this model is due to cognitive inflexibility, a clinical feature of AN. Targeted manipulations that recapitulate brain changes reported in AN — hyperdopaminergia or hyperactivity of cortical inputs to the nucleus accumbens — exacerbate weight loss in the ABA paradigm, providing the first evidence of causality.

Summary
The power of preclinical research lies in the ability to assess the consequences of targeted manipulations of neuronal circuits that have been implicated in clinical research. Additional paradigms are needed to capture other features of AN that are not seen in ABA.
Bim Deletion Reduces Functional Deficits Following Ischemic Stroke in Association with Modulation of Apoptosis and Inflammation
Authors: Glab Jason A. , Puthalakath Hamsa , Zhang Shenpeng R. , Vinh Antony , Drummond Grant R. , Sobey Christopher G. , De Silva T. Michael , Kim Hyun Ah 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCellular apoptosis is a key pathological mechanism contributing to neuronal death following ischemic stroke. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bim, is an important regulator of apoptosis. In this study we investigated the effect of Bim expression on post-stroke functional outcomes, brain injury and inflammatory mechanisms. Wild type (WT) and Bim-deficient mice underwent 1-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 23 h of reperfusion. At 24-h post-stroke, we assessed functional deficit, infarct volume, immune cell death, as well as the number of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and circulating immune cells. Bim deficiency did not affect infarct volume (P > 0.05), but resulted in less motor impairment (~ threefold greater latency to fall in hanging grip strength test, P < 0.05) and a lower median clinical score than WT mice (P < 0.05). Additionally following MCAO, Bim-deficient mice exhibited fewer myeloid cells (particularly neutrophils) in the ischemic brain hemisphere and less apoptosis of CD3+ T cells in the spleen and thymus compared with WT (all P < 0.05). After MCAO, Bim-deficient mice also tended to have more M2-polarised macrophages in the brain than WT mice. In sham-operated mice, we found that Bim deficiency resulted in greater numbers of circulating total CD45+ leukocytes, Ly6Clo+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells, although MCAO did not affect the number of circulating cells at 24 h in either genotype. Our findings suggest that Bim deficiency modulates post-stroke outcomes, including reductions in motor impairment, brain inflammation and systemic post-stroke leukocyte apoptosis. Bim could therefore serve as a potential therapeutic target for stroke.
Was it Good for You? Gender Differences in Motives and Emotional Outcomes Following Casual Sex
Authors: McKeen Billie E. , Anderson Ryan C. , Mitchell David A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCasual sex, also referred to as a hookup, has been associated with a range of negative emotional outcomes for women, including regret, anxiety, depression and social stigma. However, it has been argued that it is the nature of the sexual motivation, not gender that influences the emotional outcome. This study was designed to ascertain what motivates people to have casual sex, what emotional outcomes follow casual sex and whether there are gender differences among these variables. Seven hundred and one participants (47% men and 52.8% women) completed a 44-item online survey. Gender differences were found for both sexual motivations and emotional outcomes of casual sex, with women generally having more negative emotional outcomes than men. Additionally, a principal components analysis uncovered four reliable principal motivations underlying engagement in casual sex, and three principal emotional outcomes of casual sex. Predictors of negative emotional outcomes included being motivated to regulate negative emotions and to achieve positive emotions. No predictors (apart from being a man) were found for a positive emotional outcome. While the stigma surrounding female sexual agency is diminishing, results generally support the presence of a sexual double-standard which encourages male promiscuity but dissuades female sexual autonomy.
Military carrier choice during the Covid-19 pandemic in Hungary
Authors: Pákozdi Márta , Bárdos György 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCovid-19 pandemic has changed availability of reasonable jobs. To avoid joblessness, many young adults selected military service in Hungary. The aim of this research was to study their motivation, their individual needs and the way they think about the military forces. In this study, half-structured, focus group interviews with standard questions have been qualitatively analyzed by applying the Grounded Theory (GT) method. Three levels of coding were applied: open (basic), axial and selective coding. This process resulted in fewer codes representing larger categories leading to a final concentrated overview of the interviews. Three selective codes (Enrollment, Pathfinding, Fulfillment), and many sub-codes were identified. We could establish that the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic for the military career-choice really can be detected in many individuals. The military force offers for them safe, predictable existence and career image, in which, in addition to continuous learning and development, teamwork and camaraderie provides major motivations.
Developing and validating the Japanese version of the situational Awe cale (SAS-J)
Authors: Sawada Kazuki , Nomura Michio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe experience of awe, an emotional response to vast stimuli overwhelming ones’ current mental structure, has often been measured using a questionnaire method. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Situational Awe Scale (SAS), which is a useful tool for measuring awe experiences from the perspective of the discriminability between positive- and threat-awe. The present study investigated the factor structure and validity of the Japanese version of the SAS (SAS-J) using awe-inducing video clips, through three online surveys (N = 1034; mean age = 38.74, SD = 10.95, range = 18–75). Results revealed that the SAS-J consisted of the same four factors as the original SAS (i.e., connection, oppression, chills, and diminished self) and had the convergent, criterion, and discriminative validity in measuring both positive- and threat-awe experiences. Additionally, results showed that the SAS-J could distinguish between positive- and threat-awe experiences. These results suggested that the SAS-J could measure both positive- and threat-awe experiences with validity. This study would make a methodological contribution to awe research.
The public transport navigation system
Authors: Burch Michael , Staudt Yves , Frommer Sina , Uttenweiler Janis , Grupp Peter , Hähnle Steffen , Scheytt Josia , Kloos Uwe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPublic transport maps are typically designed in a way to support route finding tasks for passengers, while they also provide an overview about stations, metro lines, and city-specific attractions. Most of those maps are designed as a static representation, maybe placed in a metro station or printed in a travel guide. In this paper, we describe a dynamic, interactive public transport map visualization enhanced by additional views for the dynamic passenger data on different levels of temporal granularity. Moreover, we also allow extra statistical information in form of density plots, calendar-based visualizations, and line graphs. All this information is linked to the contextual metro map to give a viewer insights into the relations between time points and typical routes taken by the passengers. We also integrated a graph-based view on user-selected routes, a way to interactively compare those routes, an attribute- and property-driven automatic computation of specific routes for one map as well as for all available maps in our repertoire, and finally, also the most important sights in each city are included as extra information to include in a user-selected route. We illustrate the usefulness of our interactive visualization and map navigation system by applying it to the railway system of Hamburg in Germany while also taking into account the extra passenger data. As another indication for the usefulness of the interactively enhanced metro maps we conducted a controlled user experiment with 20 participants.
Graphical abstract
Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of the phosphorites at Um El-Huwtat mine, Quseir, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: El-Anwar Esmat A. Abou , El Rahim Said H. Abd 
Published: February 2022

AbstractX-Ray diffraction results for the study mine are mainly represented by two phases (phosphatic and non-phosphatic). First phase is represented by apatite (fluorapatite) which is the dominant. The second phase includes carbonate minerals; calcite, dolomite, evaporated mineral (gypsum), sulphide mineral (pyrite), in addition to quartz as a silicate mineral. These results are confirmed by the petrographic study. The detailed microscopic examinations indicate that the phosphorites at the study mine is essentially composed of phosphatic lithoclasts (mainly collophane), phosphatic bioclasts (bone fragments, spines and teeth of vertebrates such as shark fish as well as coprolites), opaques, and quartz embedded in a microcrystalline phosphatic matrix (contains some of dahllite) associated with a microcrystalline quartz according to their decreasing order of abundance. The paragenetic sequence of the studied phosphorites is as follows: fluorapatite, collophane then followed by dahllite. The redox-sensitive trace elements, its ratios, authigenic uranium as well as Fe/Ti can be signifying the redox conditions. Also, they revealed that the study rocks are deposited under the oxic to anoxic environment coupled with hydrothermal solution. The trace and rare earth elements are generally associated with phosphatic rocks. Thus, the phosphatic rocks of Um El-Huwtat mine, Quseir can be considered as sources of trace and rare earth elements. Also, pyrite can be considered as another possible source for REEs. The studied phosphatic rocks characterized by light REE (LREE = 69 ppm) enrichment than heavy REE (HREE = 25 ppm). All the recoded values of the heavy metals for the study mine are higher than those in Tunisia (400.3 ppm), Morocco (571.75 ppm) and Jordan (187 ppm). The post-depositional conditions are responsible for the enrichment of U and Th and/or intensive chemical weathering in Quseir area. Enrichment Factor (EF) indicated that the enrichment or deletion of the elements may be a function of that association and the origins of the various phosphate fractions. The studied phosphatic rocks are suitable for industrialized fertilizers according to the world guides.
Robotic-assisted surgery for esophageal submucosal tumors: a single-center case series
Authors: Froiio Caterina , Berlth Felix , Capovilla Giovanni , Tagkalos Evangelos , Hadzijusufovic Edin , Mann Carolina , Lang Hauke , Grimminger Peter Philipp 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEsophageal submucosal tumors (SMTs) are rare heterogenous clinical entities. The surgical resection can be performed in different surgical approaches. However, the robotic surgical strategy is poorly documented in the treatment of SMTs. We present our series of operated esophageal SMTs approached via robotic-assisted surgery. Six patients with symptomatic esophageal submucosal tumors underwent robotic surgery within a 3-year period. The performed procedures were robotic-assisted enucleation, robotic esophagectomy (RAMIE) and reverse hybrid robotic esophagectomy. Patients’ clinical data, intra/postoperative outcomes, and histopathological features were retrieved from the institution’s prospective database. Five of six patients were scheduled for upfront surgery: four underwent robotic enucleation (three leiomyoma and one suspected GIST) and one underwent reverse hybrid robotic esophagectomy (suspected GIST). One patient, diagnosed with GIST, was treated with neoadjuvant Imatinib therapy, before undergoing a RAMIE. No major intra-operative complications were recorded. Median length of stay was 7 days (6–50), with a longer post-operative course in patients who underwent esophagectomy. Clavien–Dindo > 3a complications occurred in two patients, aspiration pneumonia and delayed gastric emptying. The final histopathological and immuno-histochemical diagnosis were leiomyoma, well-differentiated GIST, low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and Schwannoma. Robotic-assisted surgery seems to be a promising option for surgical treatment strategies of benign or borderline esophageal submucosal tumors.