bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the economy‐wide returns to innovation for Australia
Authors: Wynn Katherine , Liu Mingji , Cohen Jasmine 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInnovation plays a vital role in driving Australia's economic growth, and the desire to quantify this relationship is ever present. This article quantifies the relationship between domestic gross expenditure on research and development (R&D) and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth to estimate the return on investment (ROI) to innovation for Australia. This article adopts the Jones and Summers (2020) approach to quantify the ROI of gross R&D spending for Australia. This novel yet simple macroeconomic approach complements other existing methodologies. It quantifies only economic benefits, excluding non‐monetary societal and environmental benefits. The baseline results state that $1 of R&D investment creates an average of $20.8 in economy‐wide benefits in today's dollars, and investment in R&D creates an average annual return of 104% for Australia. Importantly, this baseline result can be recalculated with adjustments to account for specific features of innovation activity. Incorporating a 10‐year delay between R&D and payoffs, combined with a correction for building R&D into new capital inputs (known as embodied capital deepening) to account for the additional time and costs associated with R&D expenditure yields lower results of $3.5 of economy‐wide benefits and 10% average annual return for every dollar spent on R&D. Even when corrections are applied to the baseline for conservative estimates, the economy‐wide returns to innovation are comparable to historical private investment returns in Australia.
Cost‐effectiveness of an app‐based treatment for urinary incontinence in comparison with care‐as‐usual in Dutch general practice: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial over 12 months
Authors: Loohuis Anne M. M. , Van Der Worp Henk , Wessels Nienke J. , Dekker Janny H. , Slieker‐Ten Hove Marijke C. Ph. , Berger Marjolein Y. , Vermeulen Karin M. , Blanker Marco H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the cost‐effectiveness of app‐based treatment for female stress, urgency or mixed urinary incontinence (UI) compared with care‐as‐usual in Dutch primary care.DesignA pragmatic, randomised controlled, superiority trial.SettingPrimary care in the Netherlands from 2015 to 2018, follow‐up at 12 months.PopulationWomen with ≥2 UI‐episodes per week, access to mobile apps, wanting treatment.MethodsThe standalone app included conservative management for UI with motivation aids (e.g. reminders). Care‐as‐usual delivered according to the Dutch GP guideline for UI.Main outcome measuresCosts and cost‐effectiveness and ‐utility were assessed from a societal perspective, based on incontinence impact adjusted life years (IIALYs), quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and medical, non‐medical and productivity costs. Information on costs was obtained with the iMCQ and iPCQ questionnaires (medical consumption and productivity cost questionnaires).ResultsIn all, 262 women were andomised equally to app or care‐as‐usual; 89 (68%) and 83 (63%) attended follow‐up, respectively. Costs were lower for app‐based treatment with € −161 (95% confidence interval [CI −180 to −151) per year. Cost‐effectiveness showed small mean differences in effect for IIALY (0.04) and QALY (−0.03) and thus larger incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICER: −€3696) and incremental cost‐utility ratios (ICUR: €6379).ConclusionApp‐based treatment is a cost‐effective alternative to care‐as‐usual for women with UI in Dutch primary care.Tweetable abstractApp‐treatment for female urinary incontinence cost‐effective compared to care‐as‐usual in general practice after 12 months.
Impact ofDNAdamage response defects in cancer cells on response to immunotherapy and radiotherapy
Authors: Czajkowski Daniel , Szmyd Radosław , Gee Harriet E 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex set of downstream pathways triggered in response to DNA damage to maintain genomic stability. Many tumours exhibit mutations which inactivate components of the DDR, making them prone to the accumulation of DNA defects. These can both facilitate the development of tumours and provide potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. The inhibition of the DDR has been shown to induce radiosensitivity in certain cancers, rendering them susceptible to treatment with radiotherapy and improving the therapeutic window. Moreover, DDR defects are a strong predictor of patient response to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). The ability to target the DDR selectively has the potential to expand the tumour neoantigen repertoire, thus increasing tumour immunogenicity and facilitating a CD8+ T and NK cell response against cancer cells. Combinatorial approaches, which seek to integrate DDR inhibition with radiotherapy and immunotherapy, have shown promise in early trials. Further studies are necessary to understand these synergies and establish reliable biomarkers.
The Bean YEN: Understanding bean yield variation on UK farms
Authors: White Charlotte , Wilkinson Thomas , Kindred Daniel , Belcher Steve , Howard Becky , Vickers Roger , Sylvester‐Bradley Roger 
Published: April 2022

AbstractField beans (Vicia faba L.) are the most extensively grown grain legume in the UK but their contribution to farming and food systems could be improved if their yields were enhanced. Average on‐farm bean yields have varied between 3 and 4 t ha−1 for four decades but with much variation between individual crops. A “Bean Yield Enhancement Network” (Bean YEN) was initiated in 2019, supported by industry sponsors, to promote crop monitoring, sampling, and sharing of data between farms, thus learning about key yield‐affecting factors. Bean YEN continues, gathering new data annually; data from crops harvested in 2019 to 2021 are reported here. For each crop entered, data were collated on agronomy, soil, and weather, samples were analysed for height, nutrient content, yield components, and seed quality, and accurate yields were recorded. A localised biophysical yield potential (Ybp) was also estimated based on the best (repeatedly observed) resource capture and conversion coefficients and harvest index for beans, after accounting for costs of nitrogen (N) fixation. Over the three seasons, yields were collated from 26 winter bean and 63 spring bean crops, all well dispersed across the British Isles, with sufficient supporting information to make 87 estimates of Ybp. Average winter bean yields were 5.1 t ha−1 (range 1–8 t ha−1) and spring bean yields were 4.9 t ha−1 (range 1–7 t ha−1), respectively 38 and 43% of Ybp (13.7 & 11.2 t ha−1); yield shortfalls from Ybp averaged 7.2 t ha−1 (range 2.4–12.6 t ha−1). Yields correlated positively with plant height, thousand seed weight, total biomass shoot−1, seeds pod−1, harvest index and total straw biomass (t ha−1) in both winter and spring crops. In spring crops, the number of pods shoot−1 was also positively correlated with yield. Correlations suggested that growers could enhance yields by favouring an ideotype with deep roots, tall, multi‐noded stems, and prolonged canopy survival. This ideotype will be subject to modification and improvement after data are collected through future seasons of Bean YEN. The accumulating Bean YEN dataset is enabling benchmarks to be derived for crop attributes that should guide growers in their quest for sustained yield enhancements.
Rivaroxaban in the treatment of TEK‐related venous malformation
Authors: Oo Hnin P. , Pasricha Sant‐Rayn , Thompson Bryony , Winship Ingrid , Scardamaglia Laura 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLow‐flow vascular malformations are rare congenital anomalies due to errors in vascular development and may be associated with known pathogenic genetic variants. Slow flow through the blood vessels can lead to localized intralesional thromboses, which can cause debilitating pain and impair quality of life. We present a case of venous malformation due to a variant in the TEK gene in a 38‐year‐old woman in whom treatment with low dose rivaroxaban was successful in controlling symptoms of chronic localized intravascular coagulation.
Ultrasound‐guided caudal blockade and sedation for paediatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Opfermann P. , Kraft F. , Obradovic M. , Zadrazil M. , Schmid W. , Marhofer P. 
Published: April 2022

SummaryData on safety and success rates of ultrasound‐guided caudal blockade, performed on sedated children with an uninstrumented airway, are scarce. We performed a retrospective observational study of validated data from April 2014 to December 2020 in a paediatric cohort where the initial plan for anaesthetic management was sedation and caudal epidural without general anaesthesia or airway instrumentation. We examined success rates of this approach and rates of block failure and block‐related complications. In total, 2547 patients ≤ 15 years of chronological age met inclusion criteria. Among the 2547 cases, including 453 (17.8%) former preterm patients, caudal‐plus‐sedation success rate was 95.1%. The primary anaesthesia plan was abandoned for general anaesthesia in 124 cases. Pain‐related block failure in 83 (3.2%) was the most common cause for conversion. Complications included 39 respiratory events and 9 accidental spinal anaesthetics. Higher odds of pain‐related block failure were associated with higher body weight (adjusted OR 1.063, 95%CI 1.035–1.092, p < 0.001) as well as with mid‐abdominal surgery (e.g. umbilical hernia repair) (adjusted OR 15.11, 95%CI 7.69–29.7, p < 0.001), whereas extreme (< 28 weeks) former prematurity, regardless of chronological age, was associated with higher odds (adjusted OR 3.62, 95%CI 1.38–9.5, p = 0.009) for respiratory problems. Ultrasound‐guided caudal epidural, performed under sedation with an uninstrumented airway, is an effective technique in the daily clinical routine. Higher body weight and mid‐abdominal surgical procedures are risk factors for pain‐related block failure. Patients who, regardless of chronological age, had been born as extreme preterm babies are at the highest risk for respiratory events.
Association between partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum, partial priapism, and hard flaccid syndrome: A scoping review
Authors: Ocampo Flórez Ginna Marcela , Carvajal Obando Alejandro , García‐Perdomo Herney Andrés 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo describe the association between partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum, partial priapism, and hard flaccid syndrome.MethodsA scoping review was performed according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Moreover, we performed a search strategy using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases. We included the available information, evaluating the conditions of partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum, partial priapism, and hard flaccid syndrome, and their molecular and physiological mechanisms and clinical presentation.ResultsWe identified 207 articles and chose eight studies published between 2001 and 2021. The total number of patients was 34, and their mean age was 28.2 years. Moreover, in 84% of the studies, the pathophysiology of the events was related to microtrauma or prolonged perineal compression. Additionally, 94.2% of the patients had some degree of erectile dysfunction. In addition, out of all patients, 94% underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, patients with hard flaccid syndrome did not show relevant findings in these studies. Conversely, MRI showed asymmetry in the proximal corpora cavernosa, thrombosed corpus cavernosum segments, and mainly cavernous fibrous septum in patients with partial cavernous thrombosis and partial priapism.ConclusionPartial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum, partial priapism, and hard flaccid syndrome occurred more frequently in young patients, possibly related to microtraumas that generate cavernous fibrosis and trigger alterations in the erection of the distal portion of the penis. Additionally, they cause proximal hardening of the pelvis, perineal pain, painful ejaculations, and cavernous asymmetry. Moreover, the imaging characteristics are similar in patients with partial priapism and partial cavernous thrombosis.
Age determines the risk of familial inflammatory bowel disease—A nationwide study
Authors: Halfvarson Jonas , Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Bresso Francesca , Askling Johan , Sachs Michael C. , Olén Ola 
Published: April 2022

SummaryBackground and AimsTo estimate familial aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we performed a nationwide, case–control study and examined the odds for patients with IBD (vs controls) to have a first‐degree relative (FDR) with IBD, by age of diagnosis, type of family history and IBD subtype. To assess the incidence of future IBD in relatives of incident IBD patients, we performed a cohort study.MethodsIndividuals diagnosed with IBD (N = 50,667) between 2003 and 2017 with at least one FDR were identified from Swedish national registers and compared to general population controls (N = 506,720) with at least one FDR. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).ResultsCompared to controls, IBD cases more often had a mother (3.0% vs 0.9%, OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 3.3–3.7), father (2.9% vs 0.8%, OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 3.3–3.7), full sibling (5.3% vs 1.5%, OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 3.4–3.8) and child (2.4% vs 0.9%, OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 2.4–2.8) with IBD. The strength of association increased with the number of affected FDRs and was modified by subtype of IBD and age of diagnosis. Highest ORs were observed for paediatric IBD among paediatric‐onset Crohn’s disease (OR = 10.6; 95% CI: 8.2–13.5) and paediatric‐onset ulcerative colitis (OR = 8.4; 95% CI: 6.4–10.9) cases. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of IBD was 1.7% in full‐siblings of incident IBD patients vs 0.4% among full‐siblings of reference individuals.ConclusionThe variations in the strength of familial IBD and future risk of IBD in FDRs support differences in genetic predisposition and call for targeted approaches in potential screening programmes.
The push toward institutional control: Structural violence and youth in Hawaiʻi
Authors: King Sanna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConcerns surrounding juvenile delinquency point to neoliberal notions of youth responsibilization with no regard to the violence of structural oppressions and daily hardships, in which deviance could be a form of response. This article discusses the influence of and response to structural violence and oppression that resulted in daily hardships for youth, and for some youth, deviant behaviors that pushed them toward the criminal justice system. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with 64 participants and 532 pieces of youth writings in Hawaiʻi, this study examines how experiences with structural violence and oppression pushed youth in Hawaiʻi toward institutional control. Findings indicate the role racialized and gendered structures developed through colonialism had in the lives of youth in Hawaiʻi and their difficult experiences with family instability and patriarchal control that result in youth engaging in deviant coping mechanisms. Youth exhibited resilience in the face of hardship and methods of control that speak to the lack of choices youth have in places with histories of colonialism.
Barriers to labor after cesarean: A survey of United States midwives
Authors: Thornton Patrick D. , Liese Kylea , Adlam Kirby , Erbe Katherine , McFarlin Barbara L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionDespite calls for increased vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), <14% of candidates have VBAC. Requirements for documentation of scar type, and prohibitions on induction or augmentation of labor are not supported by evidence but may be widespread. The purpose of this study was to document midwives’ perceptions of barriers to labor after cesarean (LAC) and their effects on midwives’ ability to accommodate patient desires for LAC.MethodsMidwives certified by the American Midwifery Certification Board (AMCB) were surveyed in 2019. Multiple option and open‐ended text responses were analyzed using quantitative statistics and thematic content analysis. Select barriers to LAC, ability to accommodate LAC, and supportiveness of collaborators among midwives offering LAC were explored.ResultsResponses from 1398 midwives were analyzed. Eighty‐four percent felt able to accommodate LAC “most of the time,” and 39% reported one or more barriers to LAC. Barriers decreased ability to accommodate LAC by as much as 80%. Analysis of text responses revealed specific themes.ConclusionsThirty‐nine percent of midwives reported their practice was limited by one or more barriers that were inconsistent with professional guidelines. Imposition of barriers was driven primarily by collaborating physicians, and superceded supportive practices of midwives, nurses, and system administrators. Affected midwives were significantly less able to accommodate patient requests for LAC than those not affected. Midwives also reported pride in providing VBAC care, restrictions specific to midwifery scope of practice, and variation in physician support for LAC within practices affecting their ability to provide care.
The current state of genetic risk models for the development of kidney cancer: a review and validation
Authors: Harrison Hannah , Li Nicole , Saunders Catherine L. , Rossi Sabrina H. , Dennis Joe , Griffin Simon J. , Stewart Grant D. , Usher‐Smith Juliet A. 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo review the current state of genetic risk models for predicting the development of kidney cancer, by identifying and comparing the performance of published models.MethodsRisk models were identified from a recent systematic review and the Cancer‐PRS web directory. A narrative synthesis of the models, previous validation studies and related genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) was carried out. The discrimination and calibration of the identified models was then assessed and compared in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort (cases, 452; controls, 487 925).ResultsA total of 39 genetic models predicting the development of kidney cancer were identified and 31 were validated in the UKB. Several of the genetic‐only models (seven of 25) and most of the mixed genetic‐phenotypic models (five of six) had some discriminatory ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.5) in this cohort. In general, models containing a larger number of genetic variants identified in GWAS performed better than models containing a small number of variants associated with known causal pathways. However, the performance of the included models was consistently poorer than genetic risk models for other cancers.ConclusionsAlthough there is potential for genetic models to identify those at highest risk of developing kidney cancer, their performance is poorer than the best genetic risk models for other cancers. This may be due to the comparatively small number of genetic variants associated with kidney cancer identified in GWAS to date. The development of improved genetic risk models for kidney cancer is dependent on the identification of more variants associated with this disease. Whether these will have utility within future kidney cancer screening pathways is yet to determined.
Periods of uncertainty: The experience of at‐risk young adult Arabs during the transition to adulthood in the wake of COVID‐19
Authors: Sulimani‐Aidan Yafit 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe ongoing COVID‐19 global health crisis has both short‐ and long‐term implications for the lives of young adults worldwide, especially young adults from vulnerable communities. The current exploratory study is the first, to our knowledge, that investigates the impact of the pandemic on the lives of at‐risk young adult Arabs, who are part of a national minority group in Israel. Twenty‐eight at‐risk young adults aged 18 to 25 participated in semistructured interviews regarding the experiences, challenges and barriers they faced as emerging adults during the pandemic. Grounded theory analysis and theoretical thematic analysis were used to analyse the interviews. Findings revealed that the pandemic and the policy decisions made in its wake influenced the young adults' lives in primary areas including their financial and occupational status, their social ties and social support networks, their relationships with their biological families and their future plans and goals. The study's findings shed light on the complex reality of at‐risk young adults during the pandemic and emphasize the increasing vulnerability of this cohort. The challenges they face as members of a collectivist society and of a national minority group are discussed. Implications for policy and practice highlight the need to increase these young adults' occupational and financial opportunities and to design holistic services that take into account their personal and sociocultural characteristics.
A recurrent ZP1 variant is responsible for oocyte maturation defect with degenerated oocytes in infertile females
Authors: Loeuillet Corinne , Dhellemmes Magali , Cazin Caroline , Kherraf Zine‐Eddine , Fourati Ben Mustapha Selima , Zouari Raoudha , Thierry‐Mieg Nicolas , Arnoult Christophe , Ray Pierre F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA female factor is present in approximately 70% of couple infertility, often due to ovulatory disorders. In oocyte maturation defect (OMD), affected patients have a primary infertility with normal menstrual cycles but produce no oocyte, degenerated (atretic) or abnormal oocytes blocked at different stages of maturation. Four genes have so far been associated with OMD: PATL2, TUBB8, WEE2, and ZP1. In our initial study, 6 out of 23 OMD subjects were shown to carry the same PATL2 homozygous loss of function variant and one patient had a TUBB8 truncating variant. Here, we included four additional OMD patients and reanalyzed all 27 subjects. In addition to the seven patients with a previously identified defect, five carried the same deleterious homozygous ZP1 variant (c.1097G>A; p.Arg366Gln). All the oocytes from ZP1‐associated patients appeared shriveled and dark indicating that the abnormal ZP1 protein induced oocyte death and degeneration. Overall ZP1‐associated patients had degenerated or absent oocytes contrary to PATL2‐associated subjects who had immature oocytes blocked mainly at the germinal vesicle stage. In this cohort of North African OMD patients, whole exome sequencing permitted to diagnose 44% of the patients studied and to identify a new frequent ZP1 variant.