bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disciplining Rules? Compliance, the Rules of Interpretation, and the Evaluative Dimension of Articles 31 and 32 of the VCLT
Authors: Peat Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn what way do Articles 31 and 32 of the VCLT constitute ‘rules’ of interpretation? In this article, I explore whether these provisions might be considered to be ‘disciplining rules’, to use Owen Fiss’ terminology. Such rules perform both directive and evaluative roles, guiding the interpreter as well as acting as a benchmark against which to evaluate interpretation. Yet, both the history and the practice of the VCLT provisions suggest that Articles 31 and 32 sit uneasily with the concept of disciplining rules. Instead, I suggest that they might better be thought of as rules in a looser, non-legal sense of the term, adherence to which signals membership to a certain community.
Adjoint pairs and unbounded normal operators
Authors: Schmüdgen Konrad 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn adjoint pair is a pair of densely defined closed linear operators
A,B on a Hilbert space such that $$ \langle Ax,y\rangle = \langle x,By\rangle$$

⟨
A
x
,
y
⟩
=
⟨
x
,
B
y
⟩

for $$x \in \mathcal{D} (A),y \in \mathcal{D} (B) $$

x
∈
D
(
A
)
,
y
∈
D
(
B
)

. We consider adjoint pairs for which 0 is a regular point for both
operators and associate a boundary triplet to such an adjoint pair. Proper
extensions of the operator B are in one-to-one correspondence $$Tc\leftrightarrow \mathcal{C} $$

T
c
↔
C

to closed subspaces $$\mathcal{C} $$
C
of $$ \mathcal{N}(A^{*}) \oplus\mathcal{N}(B^{*})$$

N

(

A

∗

)

⊕
N

(

B

∗

)

. In the case when B is formally
normal and$$\mathcal{D}(A) =\mathcal{D}(B) $$

D
(
A
)
=
D
(
B
)

, the normal operators $$Tc $$

Tc

are characterized.
Next we assume that B has an extension to a normal operator with
bounded inverse. Then the normal operators $$Tc$$

Tc

are described and the
case when $$\mathcal{N}(A^{*}) $$

N
(

A

∗

)

has dimension one is treated.
Lebesgue type decompositions and Radon–Nikodym derivatives for pairs of bounded linear operators
Authors: Hassi Seppo , De Snoo Henk 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFor a pair of bounded linear Hilbert space operators A and B
one considers the Lebesgue type decompositions of B with respect to
A into an almost dominated part and a singular part, analogous to the
Lebesgue decomposition for a pair of measures in which case one speaks of
an absolutely continuous and a singular part. A complete parametrization
of all Lebesgue type decompositions will be given, and the uniqueness of
such decompositions will be characterized. In addition, it will be shown
that the almost dominated part of B in a Lebesgue type decomposition has
an abstract Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to the operator A.
An Epistemological Disjunctivist Account of Memory Knowledge
Authors: Kwok Chung Him , Ryan Shane , Mi Chienkuo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the prospects for a Pritchardean epistemological disjunctivist account of memory knowledge. We begin by providing an overview of Duncan Pritchard's epistemological disjunctivist account of perceptual knowledge, as well as the theoretical advantages of such an account. Drawing on that account, we present and motivate our own Pritchardean epistemological disjunctivist account of memory knowledge. After distinguishing different sorts of memory and the different roles that memory can play in knowledge acquisition, we set out our account and argue that the case for epistemological disjunctivism enjoys parity with the case for epistemological disjunctivism of perceptual knowledge. We also consider objections to our account. The first is from Joe Milburn and Andrew Moon, who argue against a general epistemological disjunctivism of memory on the basis of differences in memory types. The second objection arises from a Radford-like case whereby one's true belief is from memory even though one lacks rational support that is reflectively accessible to one.
Amino acid oxidation methods to determine amino acid requirements: do we require lengthy adaptation periods?
Authors: Szwiega Sylwia , Pencharz Paul B. , Ball Ronald O. , Tomlinson Christopher , Elango Rajavel , Courtney-Martin Glenda 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDetermination of indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements necessitates a range of intakes of the test IAA and monitoring of the physiological response. Short-term methods are the most feasible for studying multiple intake levels in the same individual. Carbon oxidation methods measure the excretion of 13CO2 in breath from a labelled amino acid (AA) in response to varying intakes of the test AA following a period of adaptation. However, the length of adaptation to each AA intake level has been a source of debate and disagreement among researchers. The assertion of the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique is that IAA requirements can be estimated after only a few hours (8 h) of adaptation to each test AA intake, suggesting that adaptation occurs rapidly in response to dietary adjustments. On the contrary, the assertion of most other techniques is that 6–7 d of adaptation is required when determining IAA needs. It has even been argued that a minimum of two weeks is needed to achieve complete adaptation. This review explores evidence regarding AA oxidation methods and whether long periods of adaptation to test IAA levels are necessary when estimating IAA requirements. It was found that the consumption of experimental diets containing lower test IAA intake for greater than 7 d violates the terms of a successful adaptive response. While there is some evidence that short-term 8 h IAAO is not different among different test amino acid intakes up to 7 d, it is unclear whether it impacts assessment of IAA requirements.
Indigenous peoples in Russian Arctic labour market
Authors: Pitukhina Maria , Valery Gurtov 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The article is dealing with indigenous peoples’ sustainability issues in Russian Arctic labour market. There we surveyed 74 indigenous communities and 32 municipal unitary enterprises in the Arctic. Obtained data helped to identify demanded occupations for indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic for the period of 2035. It turned out that 75% of respondents continue working in occupations that are traditional for indigenous peoples (reindeer farmer, coastal fisherman, whale hunter etc.) in the Russian Arctic, 25% continue working in occupations demanded in Arctic labour market mainly in social sphere (doctor, teacher and kindergarten teacher). Both Rosstat data and indigenous peoples’ surveys’ results indicated that indigenous peoples are usually not enrolled in vocational educations programmes. After graduating both schools and boarding schools, indigenous peoples usually do not continue their education. They also have a high disposal rate at tertiary vocational education organisations in case they are enrolled. Unequal access to education as well as labour market is a strong characteristic of indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic.
A five-bar mechanism to assist finger flexion-extension movement: system implementation
Authors: Zapatero-Gutiérrez Araceli , Castillo-Castañeda Eduardo , Laribi Med Amine 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe lack of specialized personnel and assistive technology to assist in rehabilitation therapies is one of the challenges facing the health sector today, and it is projected to increase. For researchers and engineers, it represents an opportunity to innovate and develop devices that improve and optimize rehabilitation services for the benefit of society. Among the different types of injuries, hand injuries occur most frequently. These injuries require a rehabilitation process in order for the hand to regain its functionality. This article presents the fabrication and instrumentation of an end-effector prototype, based on a five-bar configuration, for finger rehabilitation that executes a natural flexion-extension movement. The dimensions were obtained through the gradient method optimization and evaluated through Matlab. Experimental tests were carried out to demonstrate the prototype’s functionality and the effectiveness of a five-bar mechanism acting in a vertical plane, where gravity influences the mechanism’s performance. Position control using fifth-order polynomials with via points was implemented in the joint space. The design of the end-effector was also evaluated by performing a theoretical comparison, calculated as a function of a real flexion-extension trajectory of the fingers and the angle of rotation obtained through an IMU. As a result, controlling the two degrees of freedom of the mechanism at several points of the trajectory assures the end-effector trajectory and therefore the fingers’ range of motion, which helps for full patient recovery.
Forest land-cover trends in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, 1994–2017
Authors: López-García José , Navarro-Cerrillo Rafael María , Manzo-Delgado Lilia de Lourdes 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe hibernation sites of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus, L.) were discovered in central Mexico in 1975 and, following the decree of a protected area in 1986, processes of deforestation and forest degradation were triggered on the socially owned land in question. Further deterioration has occurred since the expansion and designation of the area as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in 2000. An innovative programme of economic incentives was established to compensate the affected properties in the core zone for curtailment of their forest use and to pay for environmental services; however, some of the agrarian communities were in disagreement with this programme. Orthophotographs from 1994 were compared with high-resolution satellite images from 2017 in order to determine forest-cover trends in the areas incentivized by Payment for Environmental Services to avoid deforestation and those areas that were not incentivized. The results show an overall recovery of 2% in forest area between 1994 and 2017, while a 5% increase in the deforested area is notable in the core zone. The findings indicate that, for the establishment of an effective protected area on social property lands, consensus must be achieved across all of the communities in order to avoid subsequent forest loss.
Supplementation of porcine in vitro maturation medium with FGF2, LIF, and IGF1 enhances cytoplasmic maturation in prepubertal gilts oocytes and improves embryo quality
Authors: Serrano Albal María , Silvestri Giuseppe , Kiazim Lucas G. , Vining Lucy M. , Zak Louisa J. , Walling Grant A. , Haigh Alexandra M. , Harvey Simon C. , Harvey Katie E. , Griffin Darren K. 
Published: September 2022

SummaryIn porcine in vitro production (IVP) systems, the use of oocytes derived from prepubertal gilts, whilst being commercially attractive, remains challenging due to their poor developmental competence following in vitro maturation (IVM). Follicular fluid contains important growth factors and plays a key role during oocyte maturation; therefore, it is a common supplementation for porcine IVM medium. However, follicular fluid contains many poorly characterized components, is batch variable, and its use raises biosecurity concerns. In an effort to design a defined IVM system, growth factors such as cytokines have been previously tested. These include leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), the combination of which is termed ‘FLI’. Here, using abattoir-derived oocytes in a well established porcine IVP system, we compared follicular fluid and FLI supplementation during both IVM and embryo culture to test the hypothesis that FLI can substitute for follicular fluid without compromising oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. We demonstrate that in oocytes derived from prepubertal gilts, FLI supplementation enhances oocyte meiotic maturation and has a positive effect on the quality and developmental competence of embryos. Moreover, for the first time, we studied the effects of follicular fluid and FLI combined showing no synergistic effects.
Wildfire Danger Prediction and Understanding With Deep Learning
Authors: Kondylatos Spyros , Prapas Ioannis , Ronco Michele , Papoutsis Ioannis , Camps‐Valls Gustau , Piles María , Fernández‐Torres Miguel‐Ángel , Carvalhais Nuno 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClimate change exacerbates the occurence of extreme droughts and heatwaves, increasing the frequency and intensity of large wildfires across the globe. Forecasting wildfire danger and uncovering the drivers behind fire events become central for understanding relevant climate‐land surface feedback and aiding wildfire management. In this work, we leverage Deep Learning (DL) to predict the next day's wildfire danger in a fire‐prone part of the Eastern Mediterranean and explainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI) to diagnose model attributions. We implement DL models that capture the temporal and spatio‐temporal context, generalize well for extreme wildfires, and demonstrate improved performance over the traditional Fire Weather Index. Leveraging xAI, we identify the substantial contribution of wetness‐related variables and unveil the temporal focus of the models. The variability of the contribution of the input variables across wildfire events hints into different wildfire mechanisms. The presented methodology paves the way to more robust, accurate, and trustworthy data‐driven anticipation of wildfires.
A Process‐Model Perspective on Recent Changes in the Carbon Cycle of North America
Authors: Murray‐Tortarolo Guillermo , Poulter Benjamin , Vargas Rodrigo , Hayes Daniel , Michalak Anna M. , Williams Christopher , Windham‐Myers Lisamarie , Wang Jonathan A. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Butman David , Tian Hanqin , Sitch Stephen , Friedlingstein Pierre , O’Sullivan Mike , Briggs Peter , Arora Vivek , Lombardozzi Danica , Jain Atul K. , Yuan Wenping , Séférian Roland , Nabel Julia , Wiltshire Andy , Arneth Almut , Lienert Sebastian , Zaehle Sönke , Bastrikov Vladislav , Goll Daniel , Vuichard Nicolas , Walker Anthony , Kato Etsushi , Yue Xu , Zhang Zhen , Chaterjee Abhishek , Kurz Werner 
Published: September 2022

AbstractContinental North America has been found to be a carbon (C) sink over recent decades by multiple studies employing a variety of estimation approaches. However, several key questions and uncertainties remain with these assessments. Here we used results from an ensemble of 19 state‐of‐the‐art dynamic global vegetation models from the TRENDYv9 project to improve these estimates and study the drivers of its interannual variability. Our results show that North America has been a C sink with a magnitude of 0.37 ± 0.38 (mean and one standard deviation) PgC year−1 for the period 2000–2019 (0.31 and 0.44 PgC year−1 in each decade); split into 0.18 ± 0.12 PgC year−1 in Canada (0.15 and 0.20), 0.16 ± 0.17 in the United States (0.14 and 0.17), 0.02 ± 0.05 PgC year−1 in Mexico (0.02 and 0.02) and 0.01 ± 0.02 in Central America and the Caribbean (0.01 and 0.01). About 57% of the new C assimilated by terrestrial ecosystems is allocated into vegetation, 30% into soils, and 13% into litter. Losses of C due to fire account for 41% of the interannual variability of the mean net biome productivity for all North America in the model ensemble. Finally, we show that drought years (e.g., 2002) have the potential to shift the region to a small net C source in the simulations (−0.02 ± 0.46 PgC year−1). Our results highlight the importance of identifying the major drivers of the interannual variability of the continental‐scale land C cycle along with the spatial distribution of local sink‐source dynamics.
An Improved Method of Surface Clutter Simulation Based on Orbiting Radar in Tianwen‐1 Mars Exploration
Authors: Hong Tiansheng , Su Yan , Dai Shun , Zhang Zongyu , Du Wei , Liu Chendi , Liu Shuning , Wang Ruigang , Ding Chunyu , Li Chunlai 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMars Orbiter Subsurface Investigation Radar (MOSIR) is carried by China's first Mars probe, Tianwen‐1 orbiter, investigating the Martian subsurface stratification. Surface clutter from topography off‐nadir will overlap with the subsurface echoes, which affects the recognition of Martian subsurface reflections. Surface clutter simulation can effectively distinguish the nadir and off‐nadir radar echoes. In this paper, we choose the facet method to model the Mars surface topography and combine the roughness parameter with the radar backscatter function. We also provide an analytic expression of the echo phase considering the distance variation in the whole facet. The Chinese first Mars landing site is on Utopia Planitia, which is also one of the key investigating regions of MOSIR. Therefore, we also carried on surface clutter simulation of this region and generated simulation radargram with the Chirp Scaling algorithm. Furthermore, we use the contrast method to compensate for ionospheric error introduced by the NeMars Mars ionosphere model. Our surface clutter simulation program will significantly support MOSIR subsurface investigation, and provide a chance to verify the related data processing.
Eocene emergence of highly calcifying coccolithophores despite declining atmospheric CO2
Authors: Claxton L. M. , McClelland H. L. O. , Hermoso M. , Rickaby R. E. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCoccolithophores, a group of unicellular calcifying phytoplankton, have been major contributors to marine carbonate production since the calcite plates that they produce (coccoliths) first appeared in the fossil record over 200 million years ago (Ma). The response of this process to changes in environment on evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood, particularly in warm climates. Here we integrate a dataset consisting of carbon isotope ratios of size-separated coccolith calcite from marine sediments with a cell-scale model to interrogate cellular carbon fluxes and $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

through the Eocene (~55–34 Ma), Earth’s hottest interval of the past 100 million years. We show that the large coccolithophores that rose to dominate the oceans through the Eocene have higher calcification-to-carbon fixation ratios than their predecessors while the opposite is true for smaller coccolithophores. These changes, which occurred in the context of increasing ocean alkalization, may have played a role in an apparent positive carbon cycle feedback to decreasing $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

. Our approach also provides independent support of multiproxy-based evidence for general $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

decline through the Eocene in step with temperature. Together, this challenges the emerging view that a general decline in $$p_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}$$

p

CO

2

reduces calcification on evolutionary timescales.
In-fibre second-harmonic generation with embedded two-dimensional materials
Authors: Ngo Gia Quyet , Najafidehaghani Emad , Gan Ziyang , Khazaee Sara , Siems Malte Per , George Antony , Schartner Erik P. , Nolte Stefan , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike , Pertsch Thomas , Tuniz Alessandro , Schmidt Markus A. , Peschel Ulf , Turchanin Andrey , Eilenberger Falk 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSilica-based optical fibres are a workhorse of nonlinear optics, providing ready access to a range of nonlinear phenomena including solitons and self-phase modulation. However, they have one fundamental limitation: due to the amorphous nature of silica, they do not exhibit second-order nonlinearity, except for negligible contributions from surfaces. Here we demonstrate second-harmonic generation in functionalized optical fibres by using a monolayer of highly nonlinear MoS2 directly grown on the fibre’s core. The MoS2-functionalized fibre exhibits a second-order susceptibility (χ(2)) value of 44 pm V–1 and a second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 0.2 × 10–3 m−2 W−1. This approach is scalable and can be generalized to other transition metal dichalcogenides and a wide range of waveguide systems. Our results demonstrate a new approach towards efficient in-fibre second-harmonic generation sources and may establish a platform for χ(2)-based nonlinear fibre optics, optoelectronics, photonics platforms, integrated optical architectures and active fibre networks.
Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre
Authors: Lebreton Laurent , Royer Sarah-Jeanne , Peytavin Axel , Strietman Wouter Jan , Smeding-Zuurendonk Ingeborg , Egger Matthias 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe subtropical oceanic gyre in the North Pacific Ocean is currently covered with tens of thousands of tonnes of floating plastic debris, dispersed over millions of square kilometres. A large fraction is composed of fishing nets and ropes while the rest is mostly composed of hard plastic objects and fragments, sometimes carrying evidence on their origin. In 2019, an oceanographic mission conducted in the area, retrieved over 6000 hard plastic debris items > 5 cm. The debris was later sorted, counted, weighed, and analysed for evidence of origin and age. Our results, complemented with numerical model simulations and findings from a previous oceanographic mission, revealed that a majority of the floating material stems from fishing activities. While recent assessments for plastic inputs into the ocean point to coastal developing economies and rivers as major contributors into oceanic plastic pollution, here we show that most floating plastics in the North Pacific subtropical gyre can be traced back to five industrialised fishing nations, highlighting the important role the fishing industry plays in the solution to this global issue.
Search graph structure and its implications for multi-graph constrained routing and scheduling problems
Authors: Weiszer Michal , Burke Edmund K. , Chen Jun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMulti-graphs where several edges connect a pair of nodes are an important modelling approach for many real-world optimisation problems. The multi-graph structure is often based on infrastructure and available connections between nodes. In this study, we conduct case studies for a special type of constrained routing and scheduling problems. Using the airport ground movement problem as an example, we analyse how the number of parallel edges and their costs in multi-graph structure influence the quality of obtained solutions found by the routing algorithm. The results show that the number of parallel edges not only affects the computational complexity but also the number of trade-off solutions and the quality of the found solutions. An indicator is further proposed which can estimate when the multi-graph would benefit from a higher number of parallel edges. Furthermore, we show that including edges with dominated costs in the multi-graph can also improve the results in the presence of time window constraints. The findings pave the way to an informed approach to multi-graph creation for similar problems based on multi-graphs.