bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Driven Yarn and Textile Actuators
Authors: Jager Edwin W.H. , Mehraeen Shayan , Melling Daniel , Martinez Jose , Backe Carin , Guo Li , Persson Nils-Krister , Vancaeyzeele Cédric , Nguyen Giao T. M. , Vidal Frédéric , Plesse Cédric 
Published: November 2022

Conjugated polymers such as polypyrrole can be electrochemically oxidised and reduced. These redox reactions are accompanied by a flow of counter ions and solvent from the electrolyte into or out of the polymer matrix in order to maintain charge balance and osmotic pressure, resulting in an electrochemically induced volume change of the conjugated polymer. This volume change can be exploited to fabricate electrochemically driven actuators in various formats from bending bilayer microactuators to macroscopic textile actuators. Yarn and textile actuators are fabricated by coating commercially yarns and fabrics with the conjugated polymers. First a thin layer of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) is applied to make the yarns or fabrics electrically conductive. Thereafter the yarns/fabrics are coated with electromechanically active polypyrrole using electrochemical synthesis. Next the yarn or textile actuators can be actuated by applying the appropriate redox potentials. In order to achieve in-air actuation, the yarns or fabrics will be coated with novel ionogels (gelled semi-solid electrolytes), that function as the ion source/sink to drive the electrochemical reactions. Two of such ionogel coated yarns will be assembled forming the anode/cathode pair of the electrochemical circuit. Using advanced textile manufacturing such yarn actuators can be integrated into fabrics using knitting or weaving. The latest results of our textile actuators both operating in liquid electrolytes as in-air will be presented.
Fig. 1 A textile actuator with 4 inlay-knitted, in-air operating yarn actuators.

Figure 1
Well Array Microelectrode Electrochemical Sensor for High Sensitivity Cytokine Detection
Authors: Ilhamsyah Rizky , Hesketh Peter J. , Xu Jie , Guise Nicholas , Hayden Harley T. , Young Katherine T. , Ledford Keri , Robertson Wesley D. 
Published: November 2022

Introduction

The activity of cytokines in the human body can be associated with certain diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and infectious disease [1]. Recent studies found that it was possible to non-invasively detect certain cytokines such as Il6 through human saliva and sweat [2]. However, detection of cytokine in such bodily fluid poses a challenge due to very low cytokine concentration, ranging from fg/ml to pg/ml. Thus, signal amplification is necessary to achieve high sensitivity in cytokine detection. In this study, we propose a microfabricated electrochemical sensor with array of platinum micro-well as working electrode (Figure 1a and b). The charge transfer current density is compared to commonly used interdigitated electrode configuration (Figure 1c). A COMSOL model was developed to analytically compare charge transfer current for both electrode type. The electrodes were then compared experimentally through square wave voltammetry measurement.

Method

The microelectrode chips consist of platinum electrode and silicon nitride as insulation layer was fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques. The well array electrode consists of 1024 (32x32) array of 50 μm diameter well (counter electrode) and 2 μm ledge width for ring working electrode. The interdigitated electrode has 30 μm width and 1000 μm length with 10 parallel fingers. Square wave voltammetry measurement was carried using 20 mM Potassium Ferricyanide/ Ferrocyanide as redox probe, dissolved in 1x PBS and Ag/AgCl used as a reference electrode. Scanning range was set between 0 to 0.5 V with 5 mV step size, 25 mV pulse amplitude, and scanning 10 Hz frequency.

Results and Conclusions

Based on experimental results the well microelectrode configuration has 187% higher current density compared to its interdigitated electrode counterpart. The low current amplitude issue of well microelectrode is solved by having an array of 1024 well microelectrode (32x32) which amplify the signal from nanoampere to microampere scale.

References

[1] Monastero, R. N., & Pentyala, S. (2017). Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels. International Journal of Inflammation, 2017, 1–11. doi:10.1155/2017/4309485
[2] Dutta, N., Lillehoj, P. B., Estrela, P., & Dutta, G. (2021). Electrochemical Biosensors for Cytokine Profiling: Recent Advancements and Possibilities in the Near Future. Biosensors, 11(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030094

Figure 1
Li6BaLa2Ta2O12 solid State Probe for Molten Alloys
Authors: Lujan Enric Lujan , Nel-lo Marc , Hinojo Antonio , Colominas Sergi , Abella Jordi 
Published: November 2022

Nowadays, most of the energy consumption depends on carbon-based sources such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. If the current trend of CO2 emissions continues, the increment in the global average temperature will exceed 2oC (by 2050). Therefore, there is a need to develop new energy sources to reduce the environmental footprint. In this frame, nuclear fusion appears as a carbon-free alternative that perfectly fits in this sustainable transition. Future fusion reactors are expected to use deuterium and tritium as fuel. On the one hand, deuterium is a stable isotope that can be obtained from water. On the other hand, tritium is a radioactive isotope with a relatively short half-life (12.3 years) and must be generated in the reactor itself. For this purpose, it is suggested that lithium will react with high energy neutrons to produce this hydrogen isotope.

6Li + n → 4He + 3H + 4.8MeV
This nuclear reaction will take place in the tritium breeding modules. Molten Pb-Li alloy, in its eutectic composition, is considered the main breeding candidate. According to reaction (1), lithium will be consumed. Therefore, to maintain the eutectic composition, it is crucial to control both the concentration and the dosage of lithium. As future nuclear reactors will deal with extreme operational conditions, sensors based on solid-state electrolytes are a promising tool to monitor this lithium content.
In the present work, potentiometric sensors to measure Li concentration in molten Sn-Li alloys were constructed. These alloys will be used as a first step before Pb-Li assays. For that, Li6BaLa2Ta2O12 (LBLTO) solid-state electrolyte was synthesized and sintered as a pellet. EIS measurements were performed to evaluate the ionic conductivity of the sintered pellets at temperatures from 30 to 300ºC. These pellets were sealed in alumina tubes using a glass binder for sensor construction. On the one hand, Sn-Li alloys with different lithium contents (from 3at%Li up to 10at%Li) were used in the working electrode. On the other hand, a 3at%Li Sn-Li alloy was considered as the reference electrode. Potentiometric measurements were performed at different temperatures. Correlation curves of the recorded potentials versus the Li activity were in good agreement with the Nernst equation.
Synthesis, Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Sodium Transition Metal Fluorosulfate Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ahuja Vinita , Senthilkumar Baskar , Senguttuvan Premkumar 
Published: November 2022

The development of low-cost and sustainable rechargeable batteries is attractive for storing energy from renewable sources. At present, the expansion of Na-ion batteries (NIBs) serves as an appealing solution from the perspective of both raw material abundance as well as the cost in comparison with the existing Li-ion batteries.1 However, the energy densities of NIBs are lower compared to their Li-ion counterparts due to thermodynamic reasons. To address this issue, researchers have turned their attention towards the development of high energy density cathodes, such as Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3V2(PO4)3-type materials,2 in which the operation of multi-redox couples render high storage capacities. Moving forward, the replacement of PO4
3- by SO4
2- provides higher intercalation voltages (due to inductive effect), thereby further improving the overall energy density of cathode. 3 The inclusion of fluoride into the sulphate based polyanionic frameworks will help to increase the operating voltage through inductive effects.4 This will enhance cationic mobility by reducing electrostatic interactions along conduction channels, thereby, lead to increase in cell capacity.
Herein, we report synthesis, structural and electrochemical properties of two classes of sodium transition metal fluorosulfates, namely Na3MF2(SO4)2 and jarosites NaM3(SO4)2(OH/F)6 (M= V and Mn etc.,). The Na2VF3(SO4)2 framework consists of chains of trans-VO2F4 octahedra linked to each other via vertex sharing of F atoms and bridged by SO4 tetrahedron as adjacent pairs. 5 Jarosite is a natural mineral to be found in acidic and sulfate-rich environments with a general formula of AM3(SO4)2(OH)6, where A = K+, Na+, and NH4
+ and M = Fe3+, Cr3+, V3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and In3+. Jarosite crystals stabilize in a trigonal system with space group R3m. The structure is composed of 2D uneven layers formed by linkage of transition metal octahedra [MO2(OH)4] and sulfate tetrahedra (SO4), that are stacked along the c direction. 6 We unveil the details of growth mechanism of these materials in hydro- and solvo-thermal conditions using X-ray diffraction and microscopy techniques. Further, the mechanism of electrochemical (de)sodiation reactions in these materials will be presented using galvanostatic cycling and in-operando XRD measurements.

References:

Hwang, J. Y.; Myung, S. T.; Sun, Y. K. Sodium-Ion Batteries: Present and Future. Soc. Rev.
2017, 46 (12), 3529–3614.

Lalère, F.; Seznec, V.; Courty, M.; David, R.; Chotard, J. N.;Masquelier, C. Mater. Chem. A. 2015, 3, 16198-16205

Lander, L.; Tarascon, J. M.; Yamada, A. Chem. Rec.
2018, 18, 1394–1408

Senthilkumar, B.; Murugesan, C.; Sharma, L.; Lochab, S.; Barpanda, P. Small methods
2019, 3, 1800253

Wang, Q.; Madsen, A.; Owen, J. R.; Weller, M. T. Commun.
2013, 49 (21), 2121–2123.

Gnanavel, M.;Pralong, V.; Lebedev, I.; Caignaert, V.; Bazin, P.; Raveau, B.Chem. Mater.
2014, 26, 15, 4521–4527
Critical Barriers to Successful Implementation of Mn-Rich Cathodes: A Study of Low SOC Impedance
Authors: Chen Jiajun , Gutierrez Arturo , Saray Mahmoud Tomadoni , Shahbazian-Yassar Reza , Balasubramanian Mahalingam , Wang Yan , Croy Jason R. 
Published: November 2022

The development of sustainable materials for lithium-ion batteries is of paramount significance with the ever-growing demand of energy storage for the transportation sector. Lithium- and manganese-rich oxides are of great interests because of inherently high capacities/energies and the potential economic benefits associated with earth-abundant manganese-based compositions. With several challenges hindering the commercialization of these cathodes, there have been many studies on understanding the mechanisms of voltage fade, hysteresis, and oxygen activity. However, relatively little attention has been given to understanding the impedance of these materials. In particular, the drastic rise in area specific impedance at lower states of charge, and the overall impedance rise on extended cycling due to surface issues, are critical barriers that need to be understood and addressed to accelerate deeper market penetration.
This poster will present a detailed study of the impedance behavior in cobalt-free, lithium- and manganese-rich cathodes. A combined surface-treatment/electrolyte-additive has been used to probe the behavior over long-term cycling in the absence of (i.) surface issues, (ii.) the impedance rise due to electrolyte interactions, and (iii.) capacity loss. The results presented in the poster support the hypothesis that the anomalous rise in impedance at lower states of charge is directly associated with the bulk processes of voltage fade and voltage hysteresis. Furthermore, a preliminary conceptual model is presented for understanding the impedance behavior of these activated materials, which can be described as layered-type, ordered-domain network with facile Li diffusion, where interspersed, disordered, low-voltage sites within this network hinder the Li insertion.
(Digital Presentation) Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles (CNPs) By Microwave-Assisted Polymerization of Sp-Carbon Rich Precursors
Authors: Jayswal Vijay Kumar , Ritcey Anna M. , Morin Jean-François 
Published: November 2022

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials due to their distinct optoelectronic properties for a diverse range of applications. These unique properties arise from the network of hybridized sp2
carbon atoms as it allows delocalization of the electrons over the entire surface of the molecule. These surface groups help CNPs emit strong fluorescence in visible region. The significant fluorescence of CNPs combined with low toxicity, and photostability makes them suitable for various applications in biosensing, bio-imaging, and OLEDs. Despite several advantages and unique properties, the transformation from laboratory to industrial products has been slow for carbon nanoparticles. The synthetic methods reported until now chemically inert nanoparticles, increasing the difficulty to modulate their morphological, optical, and electronic properties. The organic synthesis methods for synthesizing CNPs often involve several synthesis steps, long reaction time, low yield, non-scalable and inefficient purification methods. Most of these synthesis methods involve several catalysts and removal of catalysts is always a challenge. Resulting nanoparticles also need functionalization using another synthesis step to give them properties such as fluorescence and making them soluble. Therefore, a synthesis method with minimum steps, minimum catalysts which could result in soluble and fluorescence nanoparticles is desired.
This work investigates the use of highly reactive sp-carbon rich precursors for polymerization with microwave heating with minimum use of catalysts resulting in fluorescent CNPs. The sp-carbon rich precursors such as TMS-Benzene, butadiyne and acetylene were used as starting material. These alkynes are highly reactive and reacts to other alkynes present in the system in the presence of heat and form polyyne intermediates which are thermodynamically unstable in the form of long chains and decompose to provide us with CNPs. The plan is to use the high reactivity with microwave heating for polymerization without catalysts and further investigate the use of oxidants or minimum catalysts to increase the rate of polymerization and conversion into CNPs. The resulting nanoparticles required minimum purification in centrifuge and were isolated easily as there were no catalysts involved. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized with various techniques to study the morphology, structure, composition, and optical properties of CNPs. The resulting nanoparticles had blue fluorescence under the UV lamp. The single step synthesis of blue fluorescence CNPs was performed with microwave assisted polymerization of sp-carbon rich precursors without any catalysts. Further investigation of this method will provide a single step synthesis method for fluorescent CNPs which would be suitable for application in sensing and OLEDs.
Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of Lead-Free (SAC) Thin-Film Alloys and Mechanical Characterization Using Nanoindentation
Authors: Ojha Manish , Mohamed Yousuf S , Baumgart Helmut , Elmustafa Abdelmageed 
Published: November 2022

Electronic packaging industries are in an ongoing transition to lead free soldering due to the adverse effect on environment and human health [1]. Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) have been recognized as promising alternatives due to its low eutectic temperature, higher wettability and strength, superior resistance to creep and thermal fatigue. Surface roughness has a significant influence on mechanical parameters determined nanoindentation tests. Although research has been conducted to analyze the mechanical properties of bulk SAC material, there have been limited prior studies on SAC thin films and their mechanical properties since fabricating a smooth SAC thin film is a fundamental challenge. SAC thin films with four different Sn–Ag–Cu ternary eutectic composition: 96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu, 95.5Sn-3.8Ag–0.7Cu, 95.5Sn-3.9Ag–0.6Cu & Sn-4.0Ag–0.5Cu will be deposited using RF magnetron sputtering with different deposition rates and annealed at various temperature to fabricate a smooth continuous film. Figures 1 and 2 depict SAC05 deposited using RF magnetron sputtering at Figure 1: SEM image of SAC-05 surface at 10,000X. 20W, 2.4 mTorr pressure, and argon flow flow rate of 20.5 sccm. Surface morphology will be examined using Field emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Crystallinity of the deposited film will be examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties will be studied using nanoindentation [2]. Properties of the thin film will be compared with the bulk material with similar eutectic composition.
References

M. Abtew G. Selvaduray. (2000). Lead-free Solders in Microelectronics. Materials Science & Engineering. a Review Journal., 27(5-6), 95.

Long, X., Wang, S., Feng, Y., Yao, Y., & Keer, L. M. (2017). Annealing Effect on Residual Stress of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Measured by Nanoindentation and Constitutive Experiments. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 696, 90-95.

Figure 1
Electrodeposition of Rhenium Sandwich Structures and the Superconducting Transition Behavior
Authors: Ahammed Kamal , Huang Qiang 
Published: November 2022

Superconductors with enhanced superconducting critical temperatures (Tc) above the boiling point of liquid helium (4.2 K) are of interest for interconnections in superconducting quantum computing systems to avoid ohmic heating[1]. Crystalline Re in bulk is a type-I superconductor with a Tc of about 1.7K[2]. An elevated Tc up to about 6K in electrodeposited amorphous Re has been reported[3]. In addition, various elevation in Tc has also been reported for Re film under shear strain[4] or doped with foreign elements such as Tungsten (W), Osmium (Os), and Carbon (C)[5, 6].
This work aims to test a hypothesis that the Tc of electrodeposited Re films can be tuned using compressive and tensile strains on the Re films generated with thermal expansions difference. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the strains on Re film sandwiched between metals with different coefficients of thermal expansions (CTEs) when the temperature is lowered. For example, Cu has a higher CTE than Re and Cr has a slightly lower CTE than Re. Such sandwich structures are prepared at room temperature using electrochemical deposition. The DC resistance measurements at cryogenic temperatures confirmed that the superconducting transition for the Re films sandwiched between Cu occurs at a lower temperature than the Re film alone. On the other hand, when Cr is used, the sandwiched Re structure shows a slightly enhanced superconducting critical temperature. The effect of thermal annealing i.e., the recrystallization of electrodeposited Re films at an elevated temperature, and electrochemical behavior of Re, Cr, and Cu electrodeposition will be discussed in the talk.

References

Radenbaugh, R., Refrigeration for superconductors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2004. 92(10): p. 1719-1734.

Hulm, J.K., Superconductivity of Pure Metallic Rhenium. Physical Review, 1954. 94(5): p. 1390-1391.

Pappas, D.P., et al., Enhanced superconducting transition temperature in electroplated rhenium. Applied Physics Letters, 2018. 112(18): p. 182601.

Mito, M., et al., Large enhancement of superconducting transition temperature in single-element superconducting rhenium by shear strain. Scientific Reports, 2016. 6(1): p. 36337.

Chu, C.W., W.L. McMillan, and H.L. Luo, Superconductivity of Re-Os, Re-Ru, Ru-Os, and Re-W hcp Alloy Systems and Slightly Doped Re. Physical Review B, 1971. 3(11): p. 3757-3762.

Zhu, Q., et al., Anisotropic lattice expansion and enhancement of superconductivity induced by interstitial carbon doping in Rhenium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021. 878: p. 160290.

Figure 1
Mixed Metal Oxides for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Strategies for Suppressing H2O2 Formation
Authors: Biswal Sekhar Kumar , Ranjan Chinmoy 
Published: November 2022

Widespread implementation of fuel cell technology has been hampered by challenges originating from the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Even the most advanced ORR catalysts present high overpotentials and poor selectivity for the reduction of O2 to H2O. A substantial amount of H2O2 is generated as a product of incomplete reduction.
We developed a series of cost-effective cobalt-doped copper oxide (Cu[Co]Ox) catalysts supported on Au. These catalysts not only show lower overpotentials but also very high selectivity for the complete reduction of O2 to H2O.
Specifically, Cu-rich compositions, such as Cu0.8Co0.2Ox/Au, demonstrated remarkable activity and > 97% selectivity for H2O over a sizeable potential range (1.0 – 0.6 V) relevant to ORR. These catalysts were found to even outperform Pt in both activity, selectivity, and performance stability.
These catalysts have been investigated using in situ Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Our studies indicate that the doped materials have a Co-active site embedded within the CuOx framework. The resulting sites lower the free energy of the potential determining step and enhance yield for the complete reduction to H2O. Specifically, these catalysts preferentially cleave the O-O bonds result in high selectivity for the 4e pathway.

Figure 1
Milligrams to Kilograms - Scaling Production of Cobalt Free Lithium Excess Cathode Materials through Rotary Calcination
Authors: Burke Sven Anders , Whitacre Jay 
Published: November 2022

Both Tesla and the Government of the United States have listed the elimination of cobalt and the resilience of the battery cathode supply chain as critical issues in need of advancement 1,2. This investigation answered this call to action through scaling the production of a high-performance cobalt free lithium excess cathode material using rotary calcination. The cathode in this investigation is of the chemical series Li[NixLi(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O2 (where x = 0.25), and to our knowledge this marks the first time an investigation has demonstrated the scaling of this class of materials. In order to achieve the several orders of magnitude increase in production scale the precursor feedstock for rotary calcination required comparison of sol-gel, Pechini, and solid-state precursors routes. Viability of each precursor synthesis route required comparison of synthesis time, synthesis complexity, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Dynamic Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction of intermediate and final materials, as well as Galvanostatic cycling of final cathode materials. Modification and controlled decomposition of sol-gel processing was ultimately used for the scaled production of precursor powders. Once the precursor feedstocks were fed through the rotary kiln we used X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Galvanostatic Testing, and Scanning Electron Microscopy of resultant materials to optimize rotary calcination conditions to find the pareto optimal conditions that allowed for maximized material quality, and output, with minimized energy and time costs. These materials were also compared to our baseline material, which was made in a box furnace in ambient conditions over the course of 24 hours. Synthesis conditions were also modified to allow for the inclusion rapid water quenching of final scaled material to ensure material quality.
Sources:

F. C. for A. Batteries, National blueprint for lithium batteries 2021–2030, (2021).

E. Musk and R. Denholm, UPDATES TO 2020 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS AND BATTERY DAY EVENT, (2020).