bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual AGN in the Horizon-AGN simulation and their link to galaxy and massive black hole mergers, with an excursus on multiple AGN
Authors: Volonteri Marta , Pfister Hugo , Beckmann Ricarda , Dotti Massimo , Dubois Yohan , Massonneau Warren , Musoke Gibwa , Tremmel Michael 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The occurrence of dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) on scales of a few tens of kpc can be used to study merger-induced accretion on massive black holes (MBHs) and to derive clues on MBH mergers, using dual AGN as a parent population of precursors. We investigate the properties of dual AGN in the cosmological simulation Horizon-AGN. We create catalogs of dual AGN selected with distance and luminosity criteria, plus sub-catalogs where further mass cuts are applied. We divide the sample into dual AGN hosted in different galaxies, on the way to a merger, and into those hosted in one galaxy, after the galaxy merger has happened. We find that the relation between MBH and galaxy mass is similar to that of general AGN population and we compare the properties of dual AGN also with a control sample, discussing differences and similarities in masses and Eddington ratios. The typical mass ratio of galaxy mergers associated to dual AGN is 0.2, with mass loss in the smaller galaxy decreasing the mass ratio as the merger progresses. Between 30 and 80 per cent of dual AGN with separations between 4 and 30 kpc can be matched to an ensuing MBH merger. The dual AGN fraction increases with redshift and with separation threshold, although above 50 kpc the increase of multiple AGN limits that of duals. Multiple AGN are generally associated with massive haloes, and mass loss of satellites shapes the galaxy–halo relation.
AliSim: A Fast and Versatile Phylogenetic Sequence Simulator for the Genomic Era
Authors: Ly-Trong Nhan , Naser-Khdour Suha , Lanfear Robert , Minh Bui Quang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSequence simulators play an important role in phylogenetics. Simulated data has many applications, such as evaluating the performance of different methods, hypothesis testing with parametric bootstraps, and, more recently, generating data for training machine-learning applications. Many sequence simulation programmes exist, but the most feature-rich programmes tend to be rather slow, and the fastest programmes tend to be feature-poor. Here, we introduce AliSim, a new tool that can efficiently simulate biologically realistic alignments under a large range of complex evolutionary models. To achieve high performance across a wide range of simulation conditions, AliSim implements an adaptive approach that combines the commonly used rate matrix and probability matrix approaches. AliSim takes 1.4 h and 1.3 GB RAM to simulate alignments with one million sequences or sites, whereas popular software Seq-Gen, Dawg, and INDELible require 2–5 h and 50–500 GB of RAM. We provide AliSim as an extension of the IQ-TREE software version 2.2, freely available at www.iqtree.org, and a comprehensive user tutorial at http://www.iqtree.org/doc/AliSim.
Measuring Nicotine Dependence Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cigarillo Users
Authors: Flocke Susan A , Ishler Karen , Albert Elizabeth , Cavallo David , Lim Rock , Trapl Erika 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Current measures of nicotine dependence (ND) were developed and validated for cigarette smokers only, limiting their utility for other combustible tobacco users. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of a pool of new and adapted items to measure ND among cigarillo and multiple tobacco product users.

Aims and Methods
Items were drawn from the PROMIS Nicotine Dependence Item Bank which were adapted to be product neutral and new items were developed from a qualitative study of 60 adolescent and young adult cigarillo smokers. A total of 42 ND items were included in a web-based survey. Eligible participants were 14–28 year olds who smoked a minimum of 2 cigarillos per week. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analysis, analysis of differential item functioning, and reliability. Ordinary least square regression was used to test the association of ND score with deciles of nicotine consumption.

Results
Among the 1089 participants, the median number of cigarillos smoked per week was 20; 54% of participants also smoked cigarettes. All PROMIS items and 8 of 10 new items met the item response theory fit criteria. Two PROMIS items had nonignorable differential item functioning. The pool of 40 items had good score reliability for a range of 2 SDs. Twenty-, eight-, and four-item short forms showed similarly good measurement properties; each was positively associated with decile of nicotine consumption, p &lt; .001; R2 = 0.33.

Conclusions
This adapted bank of ND items is psychometrically sound and includes items that are product neutral, making it suitable for assessing ND among cigarillo and polytobacco users.

Implications
This study rigorously evaluates adapted items to measure ND among cigarillo and polytobacco users and reports the reliability initial evidence of validity of short form scores.
Climate and Environmental Justice Policies in the First Year of the Biden Administration
Authors: Cha J Mijin , Farrell Caroline , Stevis Dimitris 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When President Biden took office in January 2021, it was widely expected that he would reverse Trump-era policies and take steps to address climate change, racial justice, and rising inequality. Then-candidate Biden made strong commitments to addressing the climate crisis, including stating that “the Green New Deal is a crucial framework for meeting the climate challenges we face.” But with the parties evenly split in the Senate, this meant legislating ambitious climate policy would be difficult. This article analyzes the Biden Administration’s climate and environmental justice initiatives in its first year. The Biden administration successfully advanced some environmental policy through legislation but relied primarily on ambitious executive orders and with a particular focus on integrating equity and justice considerations into climate and environmental policy, while encountering challenges from Republican state officials.
Innovation and Strategic Network Formation
Authors: Dasaratha Krishna 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study a model of innovation with a large number of firms that create new technologies by combining several discrete ideas. These ideas are created via private investment and spread between firms. Firms face a choice between secrecy, which protects existing intellectual property, and openness, which facilitates learning from others. Their decisions determine interaction rates between firms, and these interaction rates enter our model as link probabilities in a learning network. Higher interaction rates impose both positive and negative externalities, as there is more learning but also more competition. We show that the equilibrium learning network is at a critical threshold between sparse and dense networks. At equilibrium, the positive externality from interaction dominates: the innovation rate and welfare would be dramatically higher if the network were denser. So there are large returns to increasing interaction rates above the critical threshold. Nevertheless, several natural types of interventions fail to move the equilibrium away from criticality. One effective policy solution is to introduce informational intermediaries, such as public innovators who do not have incentives to be secretive. These intermediaries can facilitate a high-innovation equilibrium by transmitting ideas from one private firm to another.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Clinical and Simulation General Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Brennan Brittany A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Clinical education and simulation can influence nursing students’ self-efficacy, but there is a lack of reliable and valid instruments to measure self-efficacy in these areas. The aim of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Clinical and Simulation General Self-Efficacy Scale (CSGSES) in a sample of 125 nursing students. The scale content validity index was .94. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor model with 16 items. Concurrent validity showed a positive association; Cronbach’s alpha was .875; test-retest reliability was significant. The revised CSGSES shows evidence of validity and reliability to measure nursing student self-efficacy concerning clinical and simulation.
The Safety Profile of Hepatectomy Following Preoperative Systemic Therapy with Lenvatinib Plus Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Versus Hepatectomy Alone in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Shen Ying-Hao , Huang Cheng , Zhu Xiao-Dong , Xu Ming-Hao , Chen Zhao-Shuo , Tan Chang-Jun , Zhou Jian , Fan Jia , Sun Hui-Chuan 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
To determine the safety of hepatectomy after combined lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 preoperative systemic therapy (PST) in patients with marginally resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Background:
PST followed by hepatectomy (PSTH) is an emerging treatment for HCC. However, the impact of PST with lenvatinib plus anti-PD-1 antibodies on surgical safety is unknown.

Methods:
Medical records from consecutive patients with marginally resectable advanced HCC who underwent hepatectomy after PST with lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibodies between January 2018 and August 2021 were retrieved from a prospectively designed database. Propensity score matching (1:2) was performed with a further 2318 HCC patients who underwent upfront hepatectomy (UH) without initial antitumor treatment during the same period.

Results:
In total, 49 and 98 matched patients were included in the PSTH and UH groups, respectively. Compared to the UH group, individuals in the PSTH group experienced more intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusions, and longer postoperative hospital stays. Moreover, posthepatectomy liver failure was more common in the PSTH group, who also had worse albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scores on postoperative days 1–7. A significantly greater amount of drainage was also required in the PSTH group. However, the 30-day morbidity and 90-day mortality were similar among the two groups. Additionally, the duration of surgery, use of hepatic inflow occlusion during surgery, and the levels of postoperative inflammation-based markers were not statistically different between the two groups.

Conclusions:
Despite more intraoperative and postoperative adverse events, PSTH had comparable 30-day morbidity and 90-day mortality as UH. Thus, PSTH appears to be a viable treatment option for marginally resectable HCC patients with careful preoperative evaluation.
Moisturization of the Surgical Field during Cancer Resection Reduces Perioperative Complications in Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Ishii Megumi , Tashima Hiroki , Tomita Koichi , Kurita Tomoyuki , Kubo Tateki 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Intraoperative tissue desiccation is a risk factor for infection and wound necrosis. We hypothesized that maintaining a moist environment in the surgical field would reduce perioperative complications in free flap reconstruction for head and neck cancer surgery.

Methods:
A total of 331 patients who underwent free flap reconstruction after head and neck cancer surgery from January 2013 to December 2017 at Osaka International Cancer Institute were included in the study. We classified patients into two groups: those in whom saline was sprayed only during reconstruction (control group: 162 patients) and those in whom saline was sprayed in the surgical field intermittently during cancer resection and reconstruction (moisturized group: 169 patients). We compared perioperative complications, including intraoperative arterial anastomotic thrombosis, between the two groups. Other candidate risk factors for intraoperative arterial thrombosis that were assessed included a history of preoperative irradiation, history of neck surgery, advanced age, and flap type.

Results:
Rates of abscess formation and intraoperative arterial thrombosis were significantly lower in the moisturized group than in the control group (6.5% versus 12.7%, P < 0.05 and 3.0% versus 11.1%, P < 0.01, respectively). Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that, in addition to no moisturization during cancer resection, advanced age and jejunal flap use were significant risk factors for intraoperative arterial thrombosis.

Conclusions:
Moisturization of the surgical field during cancer resection reduced the rate of perioperative complications in free flap reconstruction. Although simple, preventing desiccation of the surgical field by spraying saline solution intermittently had significant benefits on postoperative complications.
Maddalena Opioid Switching Score in patients with cancer pain
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano , Lo Cascio Alessio , Adile Claudio , Ferrera Patrizia , Casuccio Alessandra 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of opioid switching (OS) for cancer pain has not been properly assessed. The aim of this study was to assess an integrated score (Maddalena Opioid Switching Score) as a simple and repeatable tool to evaluate the outcomes of OS, facilitating the interpretation and comparison of studies, and information exchange among researchers. The integrated score took into account pain intensity, intensity of opioid-related symptoms, and cognitive function by using an author's formula. Physical and psychological symptoms were evaluated by the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and Patient Global Impression (PGI) by the minimal clinically important difference. One hundred six patients were analyzed. Ninety-five patients were switched successfully, and 11 patients underwent a further OS and/or an alternative procedure. The Maddalena Opioid Switching Score significantly decreased after OS and was highly correlated to PGI of improvement (P < 0.0005). In patients with unsuccessful OS, no significant changes in the Maddalena Opioid Switching Score and PGI were observed. A significant reduction in Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale items intensity was observed after OS. The Maddalena Opioid Switching Score resulted to be a sensitive instrument for measuring the clinical improvement produced by OS.
Air versus Saline: The Effect of Tissue Expander Fill on Outcomes of Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Yesantharao Pooja S. , Rizk Nada , Martin Shanique A. , Tevlin Ruth , Lee Gordon K. , Nazerali Rahim S. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Traditionally, saline is used for intraoperative/postoperative expansion in two-stage alloplastic breast reconstruction. Recently, intraoperative expansion with air has been proposed, to reduce pressure on the mastectomy skin flap in the immediate postoperative setting. The authors examined whether the intraoperative tissue expansion medium (i.e., air versus saline) affected postmastectomy complications in two-stage prepectoral reconstruction.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study of 87 patients (144 breasts) undergoing prepectoral breast reconstruction at the authors’ institution. Patient data were abstracted from medical records. Stepwise, multivariable-adjusted logistic regression using robust variances was used to identify predictors of postmastectomy complications. Statistical and power analyses were completed.

Results:
Of the 87 study patients, 29 (33.3 percent) received intraoperative saline fill and 58 (66.7 percent) received air fill. Demographic/clinical data were well-matched between cohorts. Median follow-up was 165 days, and average patient age was 46.7 years. Initial tissue expander fill volumes were similar between study cohorts (p = 0.2). The crude association between air versus saline fill on overall complication rates suggested that air-filled tissue expanders may be protective (OR = 0.4; p = 0.03), and the suggested protective effect was maintained with borderline significance even after potential confounders (i.e., American Society of Anesthesiologists class III or higher, body mass index, diabetes, mastectomy specimen weight, smoking status) were added to the model (OR = 0.4; p = 0.05). In addition, fewer complications requiring salvage reoperation were observed with air-filled tissue expanders (adjusted OR = 0.3; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
The medium used for immediate intraoperative tissue expansion impacted postmastectomy outcomes in patients undergoing two-stage prepectoral breast reconstruction. The results demonstrated that air-filled tissue expanders were associated with fewer postoperative complications/salvage reoperations relative to saline-filled tissue expanders.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Aquatic Therapy Intervention, Including the 4-Walls Drill, for Persons With Hoehn and Yahr Stage IV Parkinson's Disease: A Retrospective Data Analysis
Authors: Thorson Carolyn L. , Hogan Baylor Elizabeth , Brown Patricia Saccomanno 
Published: May 2022

Background and Purpose:
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience a decline in functional mobility secondary to the associated motor symptoms of festinating gait, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of the 4-walls drill for individuals with Hoehn and Yahr stage IV (H&Y IV) PD and evaluate the effect of an aquatic therapy (AT) intervention on land-based gait speed.

Methods:
A retrospective data analysis was performed after 4 individuals completed an AT program incorporating the 4-walls drill. Primary outcome of gait speed was measured via land-based 4-m walk test (4MWT). Secondary outcome measures in the aquatic environment included 60-second sit-to-stand (STS) test, forward walking speed, and number of steps for backward and sideways walking. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine significance, with significance set at .05.

Results:
No adverse events were reported. Analysis of pre- and posttreatment scores revealed no significant difference in the 4MWT (P = .068), 60-second STS test (P = 1.0), and forward (P = .144), backward (P = .93), and sideways (P = .144) walking.

Conclusion:
The 4-walls drill is a safe and feasible intervention for persons with H&Y IV PD. The results did not show a statistically significant improvement in land-based gait speed or aquatic outcome measures. One subject continued to receive AT for an additional 5 visits and demonstrated continued improvement across all aquatic outcome measures. Future research with a larger sample size and longer intervention duration is needed.
Direct and Indirect Effects of a Project ECHO Longitudinal Clinical Tele-Mentoring Program on Viral Suppression for Persons With HIV: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Wood Brian R. , Bauer Karin , Lechtenberg Richard , Buskin Susan E. , Bush Lea , Capizzi Jeff , Crutsinger-Perry Beth , Erly Steven J. , Menza Timothy W. , Reuer Jennifer R. , Golden Matthew R. , Hughes James P. 
Published: May 2022

Background:Project Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) aims to connect community providers to academic specialists, deliver longitudinal clinical mentorship and case consultations, plus encourage dissemination of knowledge and resources. The impact on outcomes for persons with HIV (PWH) is uncertain.Setting:PWH in Washington and Oregon outside of the Seattle and Portland metro areas, January 2011 to March 2018.Methods:Using viral load (VL) surveillance data, we assessed difference in the percentage of PWH who were virally suppressed among PWH whose providers participated versus did not participate in Project ECHO. Analyses included multiple mixed-effects regression models, adjusting for time and for patient, provider, and clinic characteristics.Results:Based on 65,623 VL results, Project ECHO participation was associated with an increase in the percentage of patients with VL suppression (13.7 percentage points greater;P< 0.0001), although the effect varied by estimated provider PWH patient volume. The difference was 14.7 percentage points (P< 0.0001) among patients of providers who order <20 VL's/quarter and 2.3 and −0.6 percentage points among patients of providers who order 20–40 or >40 VL's/quarter, respectively (P> 0.5). The magnitude of difference in VL suppression was associated with the number of sessions attended. Among patients of lower-volume providers who did not participate, VL suppression was 6.2 percentage points higher if providers worked in a clinic where another provider did participate (P< 0.0001).Conclusion:Project ECHO is associated with improvement in VL suppression for PWH whose providers participate or work in the same clinic system as a provider who participates, primarily because of benefits for patients of lower-volume providers.
Flower sharing and pollinator health: a behavioural perspective
Authors: Nicholls E. , Rands S. A. , Botías C. , Hempel de Ibarra N. 
Published: May 2022

Disease is an integral part of any organisms' life, and bees have evolved immune responses and a suite of hygienic behaviours to keep them at bay in the nest. It is now evident that flowers are another transmission hub for pathogens and parasites, raising questions about adaptations that help pollinating insects stay healthy while visiting hundreds of plants over their lifetime. Drawing on recent advances in our understanding of how bees of varying size, dietary specialization and sociality differ in their foraging ranges, navigational strategies and floral resource preferences, we explore the behavioural mechanisms and strategies that may enable foraging bees to reduce disease exposure and transmission risks at flowers by partitioning overlapping resources in space and in time. By taking a novel behavioural perspective, we highlight the missing links between disease biology and the ecology of plant–pollinator relationships, critical for improving the understanding of disease transmission risks and the better design and management of habitat for pollinator conservation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes’.
Consuming sunflower pollen reduced pathogen infection but did not alter measures of immunity in bumblebees
Authors: Fowler Alison E. , Sadd Ben M. , Bassingthwaite Toby , Irwin Rebecca E. , Adler Lynn S. 
Published: May 2022

Certain diets can benefit bee health by reducing pathogens, but the mechanism(s) driving these medicinal effects are largely unexplored. Recent research found that sunflower (Helianthus annuus) pollen reduces the gut pathogenCrithidia bombiin the common eastern bumblebee (Bombus impatiens). Here, we tested the effects of sunflower pollen and infection on two bee immune metrics to determine whether sunflower pollen diet drives changes in host immunity that can explain this medicinal effect. Bees were infected withC. bombior not and given either sunflower or wildflower pollen. Subsequently, bees received a benign immune challenge or were left naive to test the induced and constitutive immune responses, respectively. We measured haemolymph phenoloxidase activity, involved in the melanization cascade, and antibacterial activity. Sunflower pollen reducedC. bombiinfection, but we found no significant pollen diet effect on either immune measure. Phenoloxidase activity was also not affected byC. bombiinfection status; however, uninfected bees were more likely to have measurable constitutive antibacterial activity, while infected bees had higher induced antibacterial activity. Overall, we found that sunflower pollen does not significantly affect the immune responses we measured, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying its medicinal effect do not involve these bee immune parameters.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes’.