bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Entanglement Effects in Biomolecules
Authors: Sharma Preet 
Published: May 2022

Biomolecules exhibit very complex dynamical properties and are constantly exchanging energy. These systems also behave very much like non-equilibrium systems. For example, there exist systems like proteins and their dynamics, cancer tumor progression, biophotonics and many more. These principles can also be used to understand the information processing in the DNA. There have been various studies which clearly indicate that classical physics is not enough to explain these systems. The two fundamental aspects of physics which can be applied to all systems are Quantum Mechanics and Electrodynamics. Every process or interaction has inbuilt in it these two fundamental properties. In general, the field of biomolecules is studied as a macroscopic phenomenon and the focus is mostly on the results which we detect or measure in laboratory experiments. Quantum physics concepts have been an extremely interesting tool to see the deeper aspects of such complex systems. There has always been an interest in complex systems from the Quantum Mechanics point of view. Early researchers such as Erwin Schrödinger was also said to have an interest in the quantum aspects of life. Quantum Mechanics deals with microscopic systems at the fundamental level and gives an insight into the phenomena from the lens of the dynamics of the process. Since the early days of the formulation of Quantum Mechanics, it has expressed itself as a robust theory which can describe systems such as molecular physics and chemistry, atomic physics and even systems such as proteins. This conjunction of biomolecules and quantum physics has gained immense interest recently. In this research, we make an attempt to describe the dynamics of biomolecules from two aspects, namely: (1) Fermi’s Golden Rule; (2) Quantum Entanglement in Biomolecules. In this study, we will present a new idea based on an extension in Fermi’s Golden Rule and how Quantum Entanglement plays a part in explaining Fermi’s Golden Rule further. Further, we will explain how these concepts can be applied to specific complex systems in biology.
Studying the Logistic Model
Authors: Baxley Jacob , Lambert David , Grigolini Paolo 
Published: May 2022

Several studies have used the logistic equation to model the growth of cancer cell populations 1 as seen in Eq. ( 1 ). This has included correlated multiplicative, [Formula: see text] and additive, [Formula: see text], noise terms. These noise terms can affect the growth rate, [Formula: see text], and death rate, [Formula: see text], of tumor cells and can be induced from factors such as radiotherapy or other cancer treatments. Depending on the intensity of the noise the terms, the fluctuations can induce a phase transition. Noise-induced transitions of nonlinear stochastic systems have applications in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology. [Formula: see text] We study the logistic differential equation with a multiplicative noise term before and at phase transition. Computational methods used to investigate this cancer cell model include a Diffusion Entropy Analysis method and a waiting time distribution method. 2 , 3 , 4 DEA will establish the scaling of a simulated series without altering the data through detrending. We hypothesize the treatment that causes a phase transition in the logistic model will induce tumor extinction and management. Understanding how to better evaluate and study cancer cell growth models will assist in assessing the efficacy of cancer treatments. Future work will include running simulations with a modified DEA method that includes the use of stripes. 2 For better statistics, the code will be adopted to run ensembles of simulated data instead of a single series. Generating and analyzing these large datasets can be computationally expensive. Through multiprocessing and the use of a supercomputer, we believe these computational limitations can be overcome.
A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations
Authors: Kleyko Denis , Rachkovskij Dmitri A. , Osipov Evgeny , Rahimi Abbas 
Published: May 2022

This two-part comprehensive survey is devoted to a computing framework most commonly known under the names Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures (HDC/VSA). Both names refer to a family of computational models that use high-dimensional distributed representations and rely on the algebraic properties of their key operations to incorporate the advantages of structured symbolic representations and distributed vector representations. Notable models in the HDC/VSA family are Tensor Product Representations, Holographic Reduced Representations, Multiply-Add-Permute, Binary Spatter Codes, and Sparse Binary Distributed Representations but there are other models too. HDC/VSA is a highly interdisciplinary field with connections to computer science, electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, mathematics, and cognitive science. This fact makes it challenging to create a thorough overview of the field. However, due to a surge of new researchers joining the field in recent years, the necessity for a comprehensive survey of the field has become extremely important. Therefore, amongst other aspects of the field, this Part I surveys important aspects such as: known computational models of HDC/VSA and transformations of various input data types to high-dimensional distributed representations. Part II of this survey [
84
] is devoted to applications, cognitive computing and architectures, as well as directions for future work. The survey is written to be useful for both newcomers and practitioners.
Lack of ApoA-I in ApoEKO Mice Causes Skin Xanthomas, Worsening of Inflammation, and Increased Coronary Atherosclerosis in the Absence of Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Busnelli Marco , Manzini Stefano , Colombo Alice , Franchi Elsa , Bonacina Fabrizia , Chiara Matteo , Arnaboldi Francesca , Donetti Elena , Ambrogi Federico , Oleari Roberto , Lettieri Antonella , Horner David , Scanziani Eugenio , Norata Giuseppe Danilo , Chiesa Giulia 
Published: May 2022

Background:
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and its major protein component, apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), play a unique role in cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. ApoA-I deficiency in hyperlipidemic, atheroprone mice was shown to drive cholesterol accumulation and inflammatory cell activation/proliferation. The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of apoA-I deficiency on lipid deposition and local/systemic inflammation in normolipidemic conditions.

Methods:
ApoE deficient mice, apoE/apoA-I double deficient (DKO) mice, DKO mice overexpressing human apoA-I, and C57Bl/6J control mice were fed normal laboratory diet until 30 weeks of age. Plasma lipids were quantified, atherosclerosis development at the aortic sinus and coronary arteries was measured, skin ultrastructure was evaluated by electron microscopy. Blood and lymphoid organs were characterized through histological, immunocytofluorimetric, and whole transcriptome analyses.

Results:

DKO were characterized by almost complete HDL deficiency and by plasma total cholesterol levels comparable to control mice. Only DKO showed xanthoma formation and severe inflammation in the skin-draining lymph nodes, whose transcriptome analysis revealed a dramatic impairment in energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation pathways. An increased presence of CD4
+
T effector memory cells was detected in blood, spleen, and skin-draining lymph nodes of DKO. A worsening of atherosclerosis at the aortic sinus and coronary arteries was also observed in DKO versus apoE deficient. Human apoA-I overexpression in the DKO background was able to rescue the skin phenotype and halt atherosclerosis development.

Conclusions:
HDL deficiency, in the absence of hyperlipidemia, is associated with severe alterations of skin morphology, aortic and coronary atherosclerosis, local and systemic inflammation.
Back to the Past—An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Immersive Historical Environments on Empathy and Morality
Authors: Frentzel-Beyme Lea , Krämer Nicole C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Immersive environments are known for fostering empathy via their technological properties that offer users the opportunity to get immersed in a virtual environment and take other perspectives. As empathy and perspective-taking are considered to be the basis of moral development, the present study examines the potential of historical immersive media applications for the individual's moral development according to Kohlberg's stage model (1958). An integrative approach was used to examine the role of technological immersion as well as the recipients’ immersion (presence, transportation) in eliciting empathy and promoting moral development and behavior. Therefore, an online experiment with one factorial between-subject design was conducted in which participants (N = 289) were exposed to historical media that differed only in their extent of technological immersion; participants either read a text, or watched a video, or a 360° video. In line with previous research, results showed that technological immersion positively affects presence, while transportation was not influenced by technological aspects. Furthermore, results revealed positive effects of transportation and presence on empathy which, in turn, was positively related to moral orientation and behavior. The study indicates that immersive historical environments can promote empathy and morality due to their immersive characteristics.
Philology and Microhistory: A Conversation with Carlo Ginzburg
Authors: Dayeh Islam 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this Philological Conversation, Carlo Ginzburg reflects on the place of philology in his work and explores the connections between philology, microhistory, and casuistry. We talk about the people who inspired his early thinking, including his father Leone Ginzburg, his mother Natalia, and his grandfather, moving on to Erich Auerbach, Leo Spitzer, and Sebastiano Timpanaro. We discuss the ethical and political implications of his research and reflect on the power of philology to give voice to the marginalized and suppressed. The conversation, which was edited for readability, took place during the Corona pandemic over three meetings via Zoom on July 13, September 10, and September 17, 2021.
Injury Patterns Following Falls Down Open Manholes
Authors: Emigh Brent , Schellenberg Morgan , Owattanapanich Natthida , Cheng Vincent , Lam Lydia , Inaba Kenji 
Published: May 2022

Little is known of the possible injuries caused by a fall through an open manhole, with the last study published 40 years ago. The purpose of this study was to examine the injuries, surgical interventions, and outcomes in patients suffering from a fall through an open manhole or storm drain. All patients injured by falling through open manholes (ICD codes E883.2, W17.1) from 2007 to 2017 were queried from the National Trauma Data Bank® (NTDB). Transferred patients were excluded. Studied variables included patient demographics, comorbidities, emergency room physiology, toxicology, injury severity and pattern, surgical interventions, and outcomes. A total of 388 patients met study criteria. The number of patients injured from open manholes per year ranged from 20 (0.004%) to 49 (0.005%). Major trauma (ISS ≥16) occurred in 37 patients (10%). Severe injuries (AIS ≥ 3) most frequently occurred in the lower extremities (13%), chest (12%), and head (8%). Major surgery was performed in 18 patients (5%) and five (1%) died. Despite an increase in reporting in recent years, the number of patients who suffer severe injuries following a fall through an open manhole is low. Nonetheless, these injuries are easily preventable and mandate an increased focus on manhole safety.
Palliative Care in the Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Settings: A Narrative Review
Authors: Newsome Kevin , Sauder Matthew , Spardy Jeffrey , Kodadek Lisa , Ang Darwin , Michetti Christopher P. , Bilski Tracy , Elkbuli Adel 
Published: May 2022

Background We aimed to conduct a narrative review of available literature to understand the use of palliative care in the trauma and surgical critical care setting. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies investigating the use of palliative care in the trauma and surgical critical care setting. The search included all studies published through January 9th, 2022. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tools. Outcomes were summarized in tables and synthesized qualitatively. Results A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Key elements of successful palliative care include communication, shared decision-making, family involvement, pain control, establishing a patient’s prognosis, and end-of-life management. Approaches to implementation based upon these key elements include best-case/worst-case scenarios, consultation trigger systems, and integrated institutional palliative care programs. Palliative care may reduce hospital length of stay, improve symptom management, and increase patient satisfaction, but the impact on mortality is unclear. Conclusion The core elements of palliative care have been identified and palliative care has been shown to improve outcomes in trauma and surgical critical care. However, the approaches for implementation still require development. The underutilization of palliative care for trauma patients reveals the need for refining criteria for use of palliative care and improvement in the education of surgical critical care teams to provide primary palliative care services.
A Window Into the Tired Brain: Neurophysiological Dynamics of Visuospatial Working Memory Under Fatigue
Authors: Karthikeyan Rohith , Carrizales Joshua , Johnson Connor , Mehta Ranjana K. 
Published: May 2022

Objective We examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity and its correlates in heart rate and its variability (HR/HRV) during a fatiguing visuospatial working memory task. Background The neural and physiological drivers of fatigue are complex, coupled, and poorly understood. Investigations that combine the fidelity of neural indices and the field-readiness of physiological measures can facilitate measurements of fatigue states in operational settings. Method Sixteen healthy adults, balanced by sex, completed a 60-minute fatiguing visuospatial working memory task. Changes in task performance, subjective measures of effort and fatigue, cerebral hemodynamics, and HR/HRV were analyzed. Peak brain activation, functional and effective connections within relevant brain networks were contrasted against spectral and temporal features of HR/HRV. Results Task performance elicited increased neural activation in regions responsible for maintaining working memory capacity. With the onset of time-on-task effects, resource utilization was seen to increase beyond task-relevant networks. Over time, functional connections in the prefrontal cortex were seen to weaken, with changes in the causal relationships between key regions known to drive working memory. HR/HRV indices were seen to closely follow activity in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusion This investigation provided a window into the neurophysiological underpinnings of working memory under the time-on-task effect. HR/HRV was largely shown to mirror changes in cortical networks responsible for working memory, therefore supporting the possibility of unobtrusive state recognition under ecologically valid conditions. Applications Findings here can inform the development of a fieldable index for cognitive fatigue.
Radiation and lead nanoparticles effects on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Abdelal Nisrin , Abu Saleem Rabie , Alsabbagh Ahmad , Al-Jarrah Maram , Al- Jawarneh Fatima 
Published: May 2022

This study investigates the effects of two different parameters on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-epoxy composites. The two addressed parameters are the composite’s exposure to gamma radiation with different doses, and the incorporation of lead nanoparticles with different weight percentages in the epoxy matrix. Unidirectional carbon fiber-epoxy composites are manufactured using the hand layup vacuum bagging process, and they are characterized by tensile tests and scanning electron microscope. The first part of the study entails fabricating composite laminates with different weight percentages of lead nanoparticles, namely, 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt% and 5wt%. The results show that composites incorporating lead nanoparticles up to 3wt% exhibit monotonically improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus without compromising their ductility. Whereas, degradation of these mechanical properties is observed with increasing lead content beyond 3wt%. For the second part of the study, composite specimens are exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, namely, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kGy. It is observed that the tensile strength, the modulus of toughness and the ductility of the composites improve for radiation exposures up to 25 kGy. However, radiation exposures higher than 25 kGy lead to deterioration in the tensile strength, modulus of toughness and Young’s modulus with negligible effect on the ductility.
Classification of Pharmaceutical Policy Measures During the Portuguese Financial Crisis
Authors: Donato António Augusto , Pita João Rui , Batel-Marques Francisco 
Published: May 2022

Background: A rise in pharmaceutical expenses in Portugal led to the introduction of policy measures aimed at controlling outpatient public costs. This research examines and categorizes the most common pharmaceutical measures implemented during the Troika intervention, as well as comparing this period of time to prior ones. Methods: A hierarchical structure of descriptors was built to classify and group measures over a 20-year period, including whether they might be deemed austerity measures. The nature, relative weight, and frequency of measures, along with the evolution of public drug expenditure, were assessed. Results: Although there were fluctuations, frequency tended to increase. The highest number of policy changes per year was in 2010, a year before the financial assistance. The Troika intervention was characterized by a strong emphasis on pricing and prescription-related initiatives. Generic medicines played a significant role in the effort to reduce public drug expenditure. Conclusions: During the Troika intervention, outpatient public drug expenditure was consistently reduced through a comprehensive “package of measures” aimed at both the demand and supply sides. The effectiveness of some previous independent measures, if any, was temporary.
When Information Is Not Enough: School Choice, Segregation, and the Elusive Notion of Fit
Authors: Kafka Judith 
Published: May 2022

Background: School choice models assume that parents and children have varied educational preferences and that catering to those preferences will result in superior educational experiences for all. Yet, we still know relatively little about how parents identify the best school “fit” for their children and families. This question is particularly important in the context of gentrifying urban districts, where school choice often serves to broaden and intensify school segregation at precisely the moment in which racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic school integration could be a real possibility. Objective: The purpose of this study was to better understand how parents determined the best school fit for their children within a competitive system of public school choice. Setting: The study was conducted in a diverse school district in Brooklyn, New York, in which families were required to rank their preferred middle schools and schools were required to rank interested students. This competitive choice model has the potential to match students and schools by educational fit when top choices align, but can also lead to greater academic stratification and racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic segregation. Participants and Research Design: Twenty-six parents from a range of social, economic, racial, ethnic, linguistic, and geographic locations and identities were interviewed over a 15-month period before, during, and after applying to middle schools for their children. The study’s longitudinal design captured parents’ shifting priorities, perceptions of school options, and notions of fit across time. Findings: Study participants’ school preferences shifted through time and were often constructed collectively. Parents sought out and accessed information about their options but, faced with too many uncertainties, also turned to others for guidance and assurance. Race, ethnicity, and class often informed parents’ perceptions of schools, but not uniformly. Notions of fit varied both within and across groups, and at times parents with similar backgrounds and stated educational priorities arrived at disparate school preferences based largely on perceptions constructed within their social networks. Conclusion/Recommendations: These findings suggest that offering families expanded access to and better quality information about their school options will do little to reduce the segregating effects of choice without also ensuring that schools are organized to address the diverse needs of students and families. Seeking to make all schools inclusive and pedagogically responsive to diverse learners will decrease some of the market efficiencies school choice has promised to deliver, but may offer an even greater social good by advancing the goals of integrated and equitable schooling.
The Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of Smartphone Impact Scale
Authors: Birinci Tansu , Van Der Veer Pınar , Mutlu Caner , Mutlu Ebru Kaya 
Published: May 2022

The Smartphone Impact Scale (SIS) was originally developed in English to determine the cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral impacts of smartphones. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SIS instrument into Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties. Two hundred and sixty-four young and middle-aged adults (186 females) with a mean age of 36.24 years (SD = 14.93; range, 18–65 years) were included. For cross-cultural adaptation, two bi-lingual translators used the back-translation procedure. Within a 5-to-7-day period after the first assessment, the participants completed the Turkish version of SIS (SIS-T) to evaluate test-retest reliability. Cronbach’s alpha (α) was used to assess internal consistency. The correlation between the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-T) and the Nottingham Health Profile was determined to check the validity. The SIS-T had a high-level internal consistency (α = 0.86) and test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.56 to 0.89 for subscales). The SIS-T subscales were correlated with the SAS-T (r = 0.31 to 0.66, p < 0.01), indicating a good concurrent validity. The results show that the SIS-T is semantically and linguistically adequate to determine smartphones' cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral impacts on young and middle-aged adults. Good internal validity and test-retest reliability of the SIS-T were defined to evaluate the impacts of smartphones among Turkish-speaking young and middle-aged adults.