bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postbloom Miticide Evaluation of Microthiol Sulfur in Florida, 1990
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 4 times on 1/2 acre plots (i.e. 7 trees × 8 rows) in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied in 250 gal/acre using an FMC 9100 CP airblast sprayer driven at 1.5 mph. Water pH was 7.5. Ten leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the canopy of each of 2 trees in the center of each plot at various time intervals before and after spraying. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the individual leaves for living motile spider mites. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Ten fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each of 3 trees in the center of each plot at various time intervals before and after spraying. Live motile citrus rust mites were counted in a 1 cm2 area on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 13- and 5-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi. Prebloom treatments were applied at 250-100 gal/acre and postbloom at 450-150 gal, for test 1 (13-yr-old trees) and test 2 (5- yr-old trees), respectively. Spray dates were 15 May (pink [P]), 7 Jun (petal fall [PF]), and 15 Jun (first cover [1C]); other dates are as indicated in table. The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 8 dates, Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 4-5 dates (Tests 2 and 1, respectively), Pydrin 2.4 EC (4 oz) on 2 dates, Sevin 80 S (1.25 lb) on 3-6 dates, and Ambush 25 W (3 oz) on 1 date. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars in test 1 and 2 'Red Delicious,' 1 'Cortland,' and 1 'McIntosh' in test 2. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. There was adequate and normal rainfall during May, Jun and Jul, and slightly less in Aug. The summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm (ICW), Diamondback Month (DBM) and Cabbage Looper (CL) on Cabbage and Broccoli at South Deerfield, MA., 1989
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Ferro D. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage and broccoli were transplanted on 7 Jul in separate blocks. Plots consisted of two 15 ft rows 3 ft apart with a 6-ft fallow area between plots. Within-row plant spacing was 1.5 ft. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made with a hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer delivering ca. 70 gal/acre at 40 psi., directed over the top and around the sides of the plants. All materials used were formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. MVP was applied with Bond spreader-sticker at 1 pt formulated material per acre. Two treatments/material consisted of sprays at weekly intervals (22, 31 Aug and 8, 13, 21 Sep) or sprays applied when larval density exceeded the action threshold of 0.5 larval units/plant (1 larval unit = 1 large CL = 1.5 small CL or large ICW = 10 DBM or small ICW) based on weekly samples. A small ICW or CL was defined as &lt;3/8 inch in length. All threshold treatments received applications on 22 Aug and 21 Sep, and the MVP treatment in broccoli received an additional spray on 8 Sep. Larval units/plant doubled or tripled from 10 Sep-16 Sep, due mainly to growth of ICW larvae, causing the threshold to be greatly exceeded prior to treatment. A period of rain delayed treatment until 21 Sep. Counts presented are pooled data from weekly and threshold treatments, following the first spray on 22 Aug. Larval density was measured by direct counts on 10 randomly selected half-plants per plot. Cabbage head quality was assessed at maturity on 27 Sep by examining 10 heads/plot. Two marketable grades were 1) no feeding damage to head or 4 inner wrapper leaves 2) not more than one 1-inch hole on head or four 1-inch holes on 4 wrappers. More severe feeding damage or presence of frass or insect parts on head or 4 wrappers rendered the head unmarketable.
Control of Cutworm on Head Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Marutani Mari , Muniappan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of K-K Cross cabbage were transplanted on 2 Apr in a soil classified as clayey, gibbsitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents in Yigo, Guam. Plots consisted of five 1.2 m rows with the length of 4.6 m. There were 12 plants/ row. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with back-pack sprayers on 7 May. Number oflarvae/6 plants was recorded on 7 May (before spray) and 10 May.
Cabbage Maggot Control in Direct-Seeded Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted and treated 22 Jun at our research farm near Geneva, New York, in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 6/ft) and treatments were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder. Germination counts were made 17 Jul. The crop was then thinned to ca. 1 plant every 15 inches. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36 inch row width. All applications were made in the furrow with a gravity system mounted on the cone seeder which delivered 50 gal/acre. Injury ratings were made 29 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of DBM, 1990
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Anciso Juan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field study was conducted in a commercial cabbage field near Alamo, Tex. to evaluate various Bacillus thuringiensis formulations for control of DBM on cabbage. Experimental plots measuring 2 rows (one 40 inch bed) by 20 ft were established on 26 Jan. Plots were sprayed using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a total volume of 50 gal of spray/ acre (2 10 × hollow cone nozzles/bed; 50 psi). Treatments were applied on 26 Jan and 2, 8, 15 and 22 Feb. On the last 2 spray dates, a surfactant (Leaf Act 80; 8 oz/100 gal) was added to all treatments. Larval populations were monitored in each plot by counting the total number of larvae on 3 plants on 1, 7 and 14 Feb, and by counting the total number of larvae on 5 plants on 20 and 26 Feb. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications.
Leafminer Control in Celery, 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oils and botanicals were applied 13 Nov afternoon, other treatments were applied the following morning. Celery was transplanted in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers on 1 Sep. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 34.5 gal/acre at 30 psi with a T-Jet 8004 nozzle tip. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. Plots were sampled by taking 15 celery stalks and foliage/plot that had roughly a 45° orientation, placing them in plastic bags, and holding for 2 d to allow active miners to emerge. Plots were sampled on 18 Nov and 22 Nov. The 18 Nov sample consisted of 5 stalks and attached foliage from each of 3 consecutive plants. The 22 Nov sample consisted of 1 stalk and foliage from 15 consecutive plants.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 36-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 40 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 Rome Beauty,' 3 Golden Delicious) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 300 gal/acre at the delayed dormant stage and 100 gal/acre for the remainder of the season. Dates of application were 22 Mar (delayed dormant [DD]), 5 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PF]), 31 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 28 Jun (third cover [3C]), 16 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 27 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 13 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 28 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 6 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Benlate, Captan, Dithane Z-78, Folpet, Manzate 200, NAA, Nova, Polyram, Rubigan, Solubor, Topsin-M, and Zineb. Control of SA was evaluated by counting infested leaves on each of 10 terminals and aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal around the periphery of each tree. The effect of treatments on WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Control of STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed in a 5 min search around the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Impact of treatments on SP was determined by counting adults and larvae observed in 3 min counts around the periphery of test trees. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples/treatment (100/replication) plus all fallen apples sampled on 26 Sep. Fruit picked from Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish on a scale of 0 - 5 ; 5 being worst.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1989
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Lummus P. F. , Chambers Cliff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established in the portion of a celery field near Mission, Tex. which had not been harvested because of high spider mite densities and associated damage. Each plot consisted of 2 beds (4 rows) on 40 inch centers by 15 ft. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. All acaricides were applied on 12 Dec and 20 Dec, 1988, using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 69.5 gal/acre (2 flat-fan nozzles/bed; 40 psi). Acaricide treatments were evaluated by counting the number of motile adult mites on the underside of 5 randomly selected trifoliates/plot. A visual rating technique was also used with a 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest) rating, based on the relative abundance of spider mites, assigned to each of 15 randomly selected trifoliates/plot.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 7 May near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 48 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 18, 20, 24, 27, and 31 Jul. At harvest maturity (3 Aug), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “Freshmarket” (clean ears, no damage evident). All worms found were identified, counted, and recorded.
Leafminer Control in Fall Head Lettuce, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticide and 3 oil treatments in addition to a water only check were applied to lettuce nearing head formation located on a Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm near Poston, Ariz. Treatments were made on 22 Oct with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 31.1 gal/acre at 30 psi with a T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Lettuce was double rowed on 40 inch center beds. Plots were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Samples were taken on 25 Oct. Samples consisted of 10 random wrapper leaves/plot. Samples were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for 7 d to allow leafminer immatures to emerge from the leaves. Leafminer numbers were then counted.
Ear Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn Ty T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Screening trials on sweetcorn were conducted at two locations. 'Quicksilver' sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, Ohio. At the second location, Celeryville, Ohio, a section from a commercial growers field ('Alpine,' planted 2 Jul) was marked off. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 8 inches between plants at Wooster and 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants at Celeryville. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, and two untreated guard rows between plots and 5 ft at either end of each plot. Treatments in Wooster were applied during the silking period, on 8 Aug, 2, 5, and 11 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Treatments in Celeryville were applied 10, 14, 17, and 20 Sep with a high-boy boom sprayer with drop hollow cone nozzles delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi to the ear zone. Plots in Wooster were evaluated 16 Sep by examining 50 ears per plot for any larval pests infesting the ears. Plots in Celeryville were evaluated 23 Sep by examining 30 ears per plot in the same manner.
Timing of Late-Season Permethrin Applications for Corn Earworm Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Rinkleff J. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in corn planted 10 Jul. One-row plots, 25 ft long with 3-ft alleys, and separated by one skip-row, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A backpack CO2 sprayer with two hollow-cone (TX-10) nozzles/row, delivering 25 gal/acre at 33 psi, was used to treat the ear zone of each row. Spray dates for all treatments were as follows; 3-day 6, 9, 12 & 16 Sep; 5-day 6, 11 & 16 Sep; 7-day 6 & 13 Sep; and the late 3-day 9, 12 & 16 Sep. On 5 Sep, the corn was at 45% silk with a very heavy pretreatment infestation of 6.05 eggs/ear. All plots were evaluated 23 Sep by husking the ears and recording total CEW larvae, larval instar, and location of feeding damage. All available ears in a treatment were examined. Because of a poor stand, the number of ears evaluated ranged from 11 to 26 with an average of 20 ears/plot.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Horseradish, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Eastman C. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Horseradish secondary roots were planted on 18 Apr into plots 4 rows wide by 16 ft long, 8 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Natural populations of DBM were augmented with mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all sprays except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Spray solutions were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 g acre at 50 psi on 23 Sep. One destructive sample of 5 plants/plot (previously infested with laboratory-reared DBM) was made 26 Sep. Treated foliage from these plots was used in a laboratory bioassay (see paper 1 L).
Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Volker K. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions were direct seeded in double row beds in early May. Standard fertility, irrigation, and weed control practices were followed. Plot size was 0.005 acre and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made 12 July with an R&D CO2 pressurized sprayer with a hand-held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were made on 15, 19, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug by recording all thrips adults and nymphs found on 5 plants in the center of each of the plots.
Spider Mite Control with Soap on Caged Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Merchant Michael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of the experiment was to evaluate Safer insecticidal soap alone and in combination with malathion for control of spider mites on caged tomatoes. Transplants were set out 12 Apr at the Texas A&M University Research & Extension Center, Dallas, TX. Twenty-four treatment plots consisting of single, caged tomato plants (cage dimensions: height = 4.5 ft, diameter = 2 ft) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were set in raised beds on 6 ft centers (5 ft plant spacing). Sprays were applied to the point of run-off with a Birchmeier backpack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle (7.5 X). A transportable plastic spray shield was used to reduce drift between plots at the time of the spray treatment. Because of low mite numbers, plants were artificially infested on 5 Jul by placing 1-2 spider miteinfested tomato leaves on each plant. Insecticide applications were made on 27 Jul, 1, 7, and 11 Aug. The 'early' soap treatment received an additional application on 18 Jul, and the Kelthane treatment was applied 1, 7, and 11 Aug. Mite densities were estimated from leaf disks (area = 1.77 cm2) excised with a cork borer from the distal portion of 10 terminal leaflets. Leaflets were randomly selected from the upper V6 of the plant. Mites were identified according to life stage and counted under a Wild stereomicroscope. Visual damage ratings were based on inspection (by five observers) of the upper % of the plant canopy.
Insect Growth Regulators and Thiodan for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 23 Apr, 9, 17, 24, 31 May, 14-15, and 20 Jun. CME 13411 was not sprayed on 31 May and 20 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first spray (4 nozzles/row), 75 gal/ acre the second spray (6 nozzles/row) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles/row). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 21 May and 27 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. The number of large leafmines (0.5 inch in length) were counted during a one minute visual search of each plot on 25 May. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 13 and 26 Jun and the fruit counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags. As the fruit ripened, each was rated 1 to 4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. The percent of unmarketable fruit was calculated with fruit rated 3 or 4 considered as unmarketable. Percentage data were transformed to arsine flf the square root of the proportion prior to analyses but are presented in tables in the original scale.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Flessel John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 3-yr-old stand of WL 316' alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used for this study. Treatments were applied 18 Jul using a tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 32 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples 1, 3, 8, 14, and 21 DAT were taken with 20 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 2-4 inches tall at treatment and 12 inches at the completion of the study. The weather was warmer than normal and we were in a severe drought. The first precipitation fell 72 h after application. Precipitation fell on 6 days during the study and totaled 0.67 inches. The drought conditions caused the alfalfa to be stunted (only 12 inches tall versus the expected 18-20 inches at 21 DAT) and pea aphids were virtually nonexistent. Cygon was the standard at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plots, 68 × 68 ft, were in a 4-yr-old stand of'Cimarron' alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 10 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 3, 9, 11, 14, and 18 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Conservation of Stand, 1991
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Herbek J. H. , Murdock L. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides applied using 3 treatment regimes were evaluated for conservation of plant stand. Plots were 6 × 15 ft consisting of five 10.5 inch rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design and planted on 7 Sep 91 using standard agricultural practices. Each treatment consisted of some combination of the following application types using either Disyston 8 E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre or Furadan 4 F at 1.0 lb (AI)/ acre per application: Check = no application; pre = preplant, broadcast soil surface treatment using a COa powered plot sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre, followed by light incorporation with a cultipacker. All preplant treatments were applied 1 d before planting; Fall = foliar applied on 12 Oct 91 (35 days post plant) using ° COj powered sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre finished spray. Stand counts were derived by counting plants in 27V4 inches of row (2 ft2 in 10.5 inch rows) at 2 randomly-selected locations per plot, converting to plants per ft2, and averaging these values to obtain number of plants per ft2 for each plot. The fall count was taken on 10 Oct 89 and the final count at harvest on 29 Jun 90. The percent change (% change) in stand was computed as follows (Fall stand - Spring stand)/Fall stand.