bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application to Machine Learning and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter shows how to employ MemComputing in the field of Machine Learning and Quantum Mechanics. It demonstrates that both the supervised and unsupervised training of neural networks can be improved substantially. It also shows a possible way to use MemComputing to find the ground state of quantum Hamiltonians and the reconstruction of quantum states (quantum tomography).
Approach to equilibrium and the ordered state of DMMs
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter describes how DMMs approach equilibrium, solution of the problem they are attempting to solve. It also demonstrates that DMMs go through a critical branching process that persists until a solution is found. It also argues about the topological order of their state, and demonstrates the reasons behind their robustness against numerical and physical noise. It finally concludes by enumerating the features these machines share with the animal brain.
Strategies of Reading
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On the one hand, genetic criticism involves transferable skills such as aspects of transcription and digital scholarly editing. On the other hand, it also involves more abstract theoretical issues relating to matters of authorship, collaboration, authority, agency, intention, and intertextuality, i.e. the critical stance that colours the critic’s reading of the genesis. This ‘colouring’ is inevitable. What matters is to be aware of one’s own critical stance and to be open about it at the start of a genetic analysis. This chapter discusses strategies of conjuring the hermeneutic potential of archival material and writing processes, involving traces of the creative process (such as notes, drafts, and other manuscripts). The key question here is how to read those traces: not only traces such as deleted words in the drafts but also traces of other books—the intertextual condition. The materiality of these traces is a crucial element in this type of research: if a writer decides to destroy their manuscripts, there is not much to work with. But the research object of genetic criticism is actually the dynamics of the creative process, which emerges from a tension between the concrete objects and the abstract retrospective reconstruction of the process that produced them. This reconstruction implies a form of cognition enactment, not unlike the consciousness enactment that is required from readers to recognize and interpret fictional minds. The chapter ends with a discussion of genetic narratology—the analysis of narratives across versions.
ConclusionUnframed
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The conclusion considers the use of manuscripts in literary studies as a matter of framing. If one does not regard manuscripts as part of the literary work, the manuscripts are just pragmatic and functional, cognition-enhancing tools for the writer. In that case, the manuscripts are outside of the frame. This book, however, is an invitation to look at works of literature as ‘unframed’ pieces of art. If there are extant manuscripts and other preparatory notes of a particular work, it is worth our while to take a look at them. Evidently ‘unframing’ a work of art is also a form of framing. Taking account of the context of its creative process is a choice. It is an approach that sees literature as an artefact that, while it was in the process of being made, left traces of alternative narratives, twists, phrasings; it is a form of critical framing that is interested both in the ‘factum’ (the artefact as finished product) and in the ‘facere’ (the making-of). This involves an enhanced awareness of the sociology of writing; of the ecologies of the creative process; of the concurrence of writing projects and their mutual impact; of the relevance of manuscripts to genetic narratology or narrative analysis across versions; and of the value of manuscript research for the study of intertextuality. It requires genetic editions and a set of reading strategies, to the development of which this book tries to give an impetus.
Catholics and Treason
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This volume takes the narratives generated by the contemporary law of treason as it applied to Roman Catholics, during and after the Reformation of the Church in the sixteenth century, and uses them to explore the Catholic community’s writing of its own history. Prosecutions of Catholics under the existing law and via new legislation produced a great deal of documentation which tells us much about contemporary politics that we could not garner from any other source. The intention here is to locate the narratives of persecution inside the context of the ‘mainstream’ history of the period from which, for the most part, they have been routinely excluded but out of which they partly came. In that respect, this is the history of the post-Reformation Church and State with the politics (of violence) put back. This volume takes as its starting point the magnum opus of Bishop Richard Challoner, his Memoirs of Missionary Priests, and it works backwards from that book into the period that Challoner describes. It reassembles as far as possible the historical jigsaw puzzle on which Challoner laboured but which he could not complete. Catholics and Treason also considers the implications, for our view of the post-Reformation, of the way in which Challoner and others described the Catholic experience of in/tolerance.
Catholic Martyrdom and the Writing of English Reformation History
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up where the previous one left off. It looks first at the methodological and practical problems associated with these sources in more modern times—to put it bluntly, how does one think historically about texts which probably a majority of scholars have dismissed as confessional fantasy and illusion? Having established what those difficulties are—what the relevant texts tell one and what they deliberately do not—we look at whether, and in what sense, we can say that there was a persecution of Catholics in England after the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, and how we can discuss the issue outside some of the more restrictive parameters which have traditionally framed that question. The material here is framed or bookended by, on the one hand, recent scholarship on John Foxe and, on the other, by the revolution in Catholic historical studies associated with the publications of John Bossy.
Martyrdom and the Construction of Martyr Narratives
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After Chapter 2 attempted to explain why martyr narratives might be historically and historiographically more important than many scholars have taken them to be, Chapter 3 looks at the principal and recurring features of those narratives. The way in which contemporaries recognized and inflected those characteristics is often politically significant. Here we can see accounts of executions being compiled and contested, and then packaged and repackaged for a range of audiences. The chapter looks at the intersection between Catholic martyr narratives and the State’s ceremonial, crude as it was, for conducting these executions, and the ideological significance of the constituent parts of the penalty for treason—both in, as the authorities wanted, the re-establishment of order in the face of the alleged threat constituted by (Catholic) sedition and the, in practice, subversion of the messages that the regime and State evidently wanted the public to derive from such occasions. One crucial component of such martyrologies was the incidence of allegedly providence-inflicted misfortunes which afflicted the persecutors, part of an after-the-fact disruption of the messages which such occasions were supposed to send out.
The Appeal to Rome and the Struggle for the Memory of the Martyrs
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As the Archpriest Dispute reached its conclusion, the approaches made by self-styled Catholic loyalists to the late Elizabethan regime intensified and provoked often bitter hostility from other Catholics, particularly Jesuit clergymen and their friends, who accused their co-religionists of cutting and running. Prominent here was the pamphlet by Thomas Worthington entitled A Relation of Sixtene Martyrs, which explicitly located recent executions of Catholics in the context of the appellant agitation against the authority of the archpriest George Blackwell. The loyalist rhetoric to which some Catholics resorted, violently denouncing the Society of Jesus for its alleged political ambitions and for fomenting sedition, was viewed with hostility by some in authority who thought that they were witnessing a backdoor route to toleration for Catholics, a route mapped out with Machiavellian calculation by Bishop Richard Bancroft and his friends, and that this should not be allowed. That hostility to any form of concession led to the continuing harassment of Catholics, particularly of clergymen. Sporadically, the public politics of the accession debate still resembled a dance of death as specific Catholics were targeted in the course of the regime’s attempts to keep control over public speculation about the political implications of the accession. The rebellion of the earl of Essex was construed this way and that, either as the result of a puritan or of a popish conspiracy, as the regime tried to spin the arrival of King James as a seamless continuation of Tudor rule.
Tolerance and Intolerance in England after the Accession of James VI
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The accession of James VI in England saw a Catholic toleration campaign which was at least as aggressive as the better-known puritan one. Catholic lobbying in the end helped to trigger the reimposition, via new legislation, of an augmented version of the previous reign’s penal law against aspects of contemporary Catholicism. In turn, this provoked some Catholics into sometimes aggressive public displays of separatist independence, notably in the Welsh borders in summer 1605, all by way of reaction against what they saw as the king’s reneging on promises that he had made before his accession in England. Ultimately this led into whatever the Gunpowder Plot was. That conspiracy provoked further parliamentary legislation and a series of subsequent confrontations between Catholics and the regime over what appropriate political loyalty and compliance actually were. There were fewer treason prosecutions of Catholics in the early Jacobean period; but the ones that were taken all the way tell us a good deal about the place of Catholicism in the new Jacobean polity. The regime formulated a new oath of allegiance, and it was promulgated in statute. Catholics’ responses to the oath framed most of the proceedings against clergy in the period after 1606. Faced with royal hostility and the seeming evidence of actual sedition by some of their co-religionists, those who had fronted the appeals against the archpriest late in Elizabeth’s reign renewed their lobbying at Rome for the institution of an episcopal hierarchy which would govern English Catholics appropriately.
Plato and the Biopolitical Purge of the City-State
Authors: Ojakangas Mika 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Plato’s mature political philosophy is essentially biopolitical, representing, in particular, what Foucault identifies as biopolitical state racism. A state racist mentality looks at the population as a gardener looks at her garden: without weeding, the garden does not flourish. In Plato’s view, this mentality is lacking in the Greek democratic city-state in which the weeds (the inferior many) repress the flowers (the superior few), but it is not altogether absent from Greek society, as Plato discovers it in a variety of practices from selective animal breeding to the medical art of surgery. From these practices, Plato argues, we learn that only the elimination or the expulsion of the incurable members of the community suffering from physical and/or mental defects or diseases enables the community to become happy and flourishing. For Plato, such a “state purge” (katharmos poleōs) is not a mere political option but the necessity of natural justice.
Sovereign Power and Social Justice
Authors: Gaca Kathy L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOne of Foucault’s biopolitical trajectories emphasizes the rulers’ life-and-death sovereignty over subjects and conquered peoples. This chapter argues that in this rule-of-force trajectory since antiquity, biopolitics is the biopower to inflict ravaging life or death on peoples once they resist collective surrender as men’s combatant and women’s non-combatant subservient multitudes under colonialist conquest. Ravaging, a gendered and genocidal warfare, imposes obedience by slaughtering the men or men and boys of resistant peoples and selecting and redistributing the women and girls kept alive for rape, enslavement, procreation, and childrearing among the aggressors. This practice forcibly assimilates the offspring to the conquerors’ ethnoreligious rule and identity, thus reinforcing martial conquest but violating civil law and justice. Against this practice, Plato and Aristotle argue biopolitically that copulating and educative childrearing are a “first law” leading to social justice or injustice. To outlaw ravaging and sovereign conquest, responsible governance should implement nonviolent copulation, procreation, and nurture.
Otherwise than (Bio)politics
Authors: Nikolopoulou Kalliopi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter considers the limits of the critique of biopolitics insofar as such critique eliminates all concepts of nature from political discourse. It suggests that the current overpoliticization of everything, and the denaturalization of all political relations, are themselves anxieties and not solutions—to use the insight of Michel Foucault and its development in Giorgio Agamben. By way of displacing this denaturalized politics and problematizing the elision of the religious by the juridical, the chapter turns to tragedy. Tragedy treats political questions in their necessary relation to nature, acknowledging the force that the latter exerts on embodied existence. In offering a view of politics alternative to that of the (modern) conventional discourse of political theory, tragedy also enriches the discussion regarding the continuity and/or discontinuity between antiquity and modernity.
Beyond Biopolitics and Juridico-Institutional Politics
Authors: Trott Adriel M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Aristotle’s political theory neither wholly divides the natural from the political nor makes the biological the central focus of political life. The first part defends Aristotle against the view that his politics are chiefly concerned with the biological. The second part makes the case for the unity of the body and soul and their respective activities in Aristotle’s psychology and anthropology and concludes that what seem like bodily concerns in Aristotle’s political theory are concerns for the whole human being. The activity of engaging in logos requires even the nutritive soul and the sensitive and appetitive soul to be active in their functions. The latter are thus not eclipsed in an included excluded structure, as Giorgio Agamben suggests, nor is the Aristotelian concern for these aspects of a unified soul exclusively biological because they ultimately serve the good of the human being as a whole.
Bene vivere politice
Authors: Backman Jussi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter approaches the question of biopolitics in ancient political thought looking not at specific political techniques but at notions of the final aim of the political community. It argues that the “happiness” (eudaimonia, beatitudo) that constitutes the greatest human good in the tradition from Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas is not a “biopolitical” ideal, but rather a metabiopolitical one, consisting in a contemplative activity situated above and beyond the biological and the political. It is only with Thomas Hobbes that civic happiness becomes “biopolitically” identified with simple survival; for modernity, as Hannah Arendt puts it, mere being alive becomes the greatest human good, and happiness is understood as a subjective “quality of life.” In both models, the political realm is a means to an end. Arendt draws our attention to a neglected third alternative to both the classical/metabiopolitical and the modern/biopolitical ideals: “public happiness” consisting in political participation itself.
Hannah Arendt’s Genealogy of Biopolitics
Authors: Suuronen Ville 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter unearths a genealogy of biological life from Hannah Arendt’s works. In contrast to Michel Foucault’s analysis of the Christian pastorate as a prelude to modern biopolitics and Mika Ojakangas’s reading that perceives biopower as an essentially Greek phenomenon, Arendt argues that modern biopolitics has its historical backdrop in Greek philosophy and its reappropriation by Christian theology. While Plato and Aristotle prioritize and contrast the life of the mind and contemplation with all forms of worldly activity, Christianity radicalizes this division into a fully developed theological system that perceives worldly human life as a mere preparation for an after-life. From an Arendtian perspective, biopower is born when this “weird game of materialism and idealism” comes to an end in the modern era and life itself is seen as the highest good that forms the ontological backdrop for the emergence of human superfluity, most clearly produced by twentieth-century totalitarian regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Art is often regarded as the object of a particular domain of modern philosophy: aesthetics or the philosophy of art. This can obscure how ‘aesthetic’ issues, rather than being peripheral to the concerns of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of language and the like, have crucial implications for those concerns. The modern focus of philosophy on epistemology and sceptical doubt is the accompaniment to an ever-increasing growth of reliable scientific knowledge. Cognitive and technological success are therefore accompanied in philosophy by a sense that the ground of that success is elusive. The simultaneous emergence of the modern discipline of aesthetics suggests that sceptical doubt has to do with more than cognitive relations to the world, and is an expression of a wider cultural unease.
The Nature of the Subject
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The chapter looks at how a division develops in the eighteenth century between objectifying relationships to nature, both in the modern natural sciences and in the commodification of nature by capital, and new, non-theological views of nature which see it as a resource for meaning. The friction between these two views leads to the development of the philosophical discipline of aesthetics. Kant seeks to make sense of us as beings who judge cognitively, ethically, and aesthetically. The divisions between these kinds of judgement are not absolute, and this points to new ways of understanding both internal and external nature. The emergence of non-theological theories of the origins of language means that language is seen as a ‘natural’ phenomenon, which makes it possible for the subject to make sense of nature. What connects the subject to the world is thus understood in terms of a non-objectified sense of ‘nature’.
The Value of the Aesthetic
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modern philosophical anxieties about the nature of value are linked to aesthetics via Karl Polanyi’s account of the ‘Great Transformation’ occasioned by the industrial revolution, which changes the very nature of objects. Ideas about the ‘end of philosophy’ emerge in the nineteenth century because metaphysics can actually obscure the nature of modern reality. The idea that received forms of value hide the nature of reality is central to the later Nietzsche’s attacks on metaphysics. The emergence in this period of a new concern with the value of art suggests that something is lacking in modern humankind’s relationship to the world that previously was provided by theology. Marx and others think in terms of capitalism’s ‘reification’ of the natural world and other human beings, and art is seen as a means of countering reification.
The World of Art
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates the importance of art in the work of Martin Heidegger. The core issue is not epistemological scepticism, but the idea that ‘Western metaphysics’ cannot make sense of what really happens in a world determined by modern science. The role of art in Heidegger derives from his rejection of what underlies many accounts of epistemological doubt. Were there no always already existing forms of sense inherent in our inhabiting the world, the question as to whether cognitive forms correspond to reality could not even be asked. These prior forms are what makes art important in relation to philosophy. Art arises in the conflict between making things manifest and the resistance of things to becoming manifest. Truth in art relates to the way meaning is generated in human practices that first make theoretical truths possible at all.
Mature Period
Authors: Rusnock Paul , George Rolf , Roski Stefan , Schnieder Benjamin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains translations of texts in which Bolzano develops and applies his mature theory of grounding. The heart of the chapter are excerpts from Bolzano’s main work Theory of Science, where he gives the most comprehensive account of his conception of grounding and discusses the role of grounding in several philosophical areas ranging from the methodology of science, to the philosophy of causation, to metaphysics. In addition to that, the chapter includes a brief excerpt from a survey of Bolzano’s Theory of Science and his Theory of the Science of Religion, in which Bolzano gives a succinct summary of central ideas of his mature theory. Finally, the chapter includes the complete translation of Bolzano’s essay What Is Philosophy? which defends a ground-theoretical conception of philosophy.
Bolzano, the Parallelogram of Forces, and Scientific Explanation
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper is concerned with Bolzano’s philosophy of physics and discusses his explanatory proof of the parallelogram law for the composition of forces. It is argued that this proof is neither clearly causal nor clearly non-causal. In order to illuminate its explanatory potential, the proof is compared with Bolzano’s explanation of the intermediate value theorem: Bolzano takes the latter to have a unified explanation covering all functions, and in a similar spirit he regards an explanation of the parallelogram law as unifying it with analogous laws regarding various other quantities that are potential causes.
The Legal Complex
Authors: Graver Hans Petter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Norway and Denmark, which both underwent an instant transformation from democracies based on the rule of law to authoritarian regimes during German occupation. It discusses the importance of judges and courts of the two countries to the authoritarian rulers in imposing law and order in general and combating all forms of resistance. It also mentions a legal program in Norway that transformed Norwegian society into a national socialist state. The chapter examines the role of judges and courts when a foreign authoritarian ruler puts the institutions under the extreme stress of occupation. It cites the decree of Adolf Hitler concerning the Exercise of Government authority in Norway, which was set under German civil administration under the leadership of a Reichskommissar.