bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of the membership in the World Trade Organization, Structural Economic Vulnerability and Trade Costs
Authors: GNANGNON SENA KIMM 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper assesses the effects of the duration of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and structural economic vulnerability on trade costs in developing countries. The analysis is performed on an unbalanced panel dataset of 121 countries over the period 1996–2019, and utilizes primarily the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator. It has established several findings. While the duration of WTO membership reduces trade costs, structural economic vulnerability leads to higher trade costs. However, these effects are heterogenous across countries as they depend on countries' level of real per capita income. Additionally, the magnitude of the trade costs reduction effect of the duration of WTO membership is particularly high in highly vulnerable. Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) experience yet a higher reduction in trade costs as their membership duration increases, but concurrently higher trade costs when they become highly vulnerable. Meanwhile, vulnerable longstanding LLDC WTO members experience a higher decline in trade costs than their less vulnerable counterparts. On another note, longstanding WTO members that receive higher amounts of development aid (including Aid for Trade) enjoy a significant trade costs reduction than their less vulnerable counterparts. Finally, the duration of WTO membership induces a higher reduction in trade costs in countries that improve their market share in the world trade market.JEL Classification: E22; F24; F35.
Missing the target: Are local climate targets aligned with national net zero ambitions?
Authors: Sudmant Andrew , Howarth Candice , Lane Matt 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Climate emergency declarations made by local governments often include targets to reach net zero emissions, but it is unclear how these targets contribute to national commitments to reduce emissions or whether these targets are achievable. At the national level, the UK has set the ambitious target to reduce emissions by 78% by 2035, however, the UK is currently not on track to reach its 4th and 5th Carbon budgets, let alone the 6th Carbon budget. Using a bottom-up emission reduction pathway based on local authority (LA) emissions reduction targets we find that the UK would achieve its 6th Carbon Budget and its 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution if local emissions targets are achieved. More importantly, the targets set by local authorities could be missed by 39% in 2030 and 18% in 2037 and the UK as a whole would still be able to meet its climate targets. We discuss these results in the context of the current division of responsibilities between the national and local governments, the potential for, and consequences of, a gap emerging between the emissions of different local authorities, the capacity of local governments to meet net zero targets and the absence of regional government in the UK. We conclude that polycentric modes of climate governance, as are emerging from Climate Commissions developed in Leeds, Belfast, Edinburgh and 16 other local authorities across the UK, may play a key role helping to fill capacity gaps at the local and regional levels.
Self-Emergence of Robust Micro Cavity-Solitons
Authors: Pasquazi Alessia , Rowley Maxwell , Hanzard Pierre-Henry , Cutrona Antonio , Bao Hualong , Gongora Juan Sebastian Totero , Peccianti Marco , Chu Sai , Little Brent , Moss David , Oppo Gian-Luca , Morandotti Roberto 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In many disciplines, states that emerge in open systems far from equilibrium are determined by a few global parameters1,2. These states can often mimic thermodynamic equilibrium, and a classic example of this is the oscillation threshold of a laser3, which resembles a phase transition in condensed matter. However, many relevant classes of states cannot form spontaneously in dissipative systems, and this is the case for cavity-solitons2 that generally need to be induced by external perturbations, as in the case of optical memories4,5. In the last decade, these highly localised states have enabled significant advancements in microresonator-based optical frequency combs6,7. However, the very advantages that make cavity-solitons attractive for memories – their inability to form spontaneously from noise – have created fundamental challenges. To be reliable sources, microcombs require the essential features of starting laser oscillation naturally, spontaneously and reliably, and of operating in a desired specific state that is intrinsically robust. Largely because of the intrinsic nature of cavity-solitons, these goals have remained elusive8–20. Here, we show that slow nonlinearities of a free-running microresonator-filtered fibre laser21 can transform temporal cavity-solitons into the dominant attractor of the system. This phenomenon leads to reliable self-starting oscillation of (single and multiple) micro cavity-solitons that, in addition, are naturally robust to perturbations, recovering spontaneously even after a complete disruption. These emerge repeatably and controllably into a large region of the global system parameter space, where specific states can be achieved, and which we show are highly stable over long timeframes. These features are all critically needed for the practical implementation of microcombs outside the laboratory.
Advances and Challenges in the Investigation of Metastasis in Diffuse
Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Chen Yingying , Yang Mingzhen , Xia Leiming , Jiang Lingling , Liu Lixia , Ruan Min , Zhou Zhicheng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), an aggressive cancer of the B cells, is the most common pathological type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), and the typical heterogeneity of the disease is due to metastasis, which indicates a poor prognosis. Currently, the key mechanism of metastasis remains largely unknown, and research is focusing on the same in DLBCL. Recent studies have focused on the role of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the extracellular matrix (ECM), chemokines, cancer stem cells, and non-coding RNAs in DLBCL. Here, we have summarised the advances and challenges in the investigation of metastasis in DLBCL and attempted to reveal the potential targets that can improve patient survival.
Ten Years of Progress in the Synthesis of 2-Pyridone Derivatives via Three
/ Four Component Reaction
Authors: Asmaa Kebaili , Fatima Belhadj , Zahira Kibou , Noureddine Choukchou-Braham 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
2-pyridones represents ubiquitous scaffolds often present in both natural products and
pharmaceutical compounds. Due to their wide applications in medicinal chemistry, it is not surprising
that the synthesis of 2-pyridone derivatives has attracted organic chemists for many years. This mini
review focuses on the recent development in the multi-component synthesis of 2-pyridones for the
period 2011 to 2021, particularly those that involve the three/four component reactions of activated
methylene, aldehyde or ketone withdifferent intermediate materials under different conditions.
Obstetricians' Knowledge and Practices about Prediction, Prevention,
Diagnosis, and Management of Preeclampsia
Authors: Hamadeh Rola , Hamadeh Nizar , Kobeissy Firas , Karouni Ali , Akoum Hikmat 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
Preeclampsia (P.E) and Eclampsia are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
that complicate 2-8 % of pregnancies globally. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy constitute one
of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. The incidence of Preeclampsia
in Lebanon was estimated at 2.84%. This study aimed primarily to evaluate the knowledge and practices
of Lebanese obstetricians and secondary to identify the factors associated with these scales.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and December 2020 in obstetricians’
clinics of different healthcare institutions.Data was collected using a questionnaire based on
the recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines
and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) preeclampsia 2020 guidelines.
In private clinics, the investigator visited the medical doctor. Each doctor agreed to participate
in the research, signed the consent form, and filled out the distributed questionnaire without any intervention
from the investigators. In the hospitals, the questionnaires were distributed to the Obstetrics
and Gynecology Department.

Results:
In this study, 95 doctors were recruited. The practice score of more than half of the 95 doctors
(54.7%) is low. The mean of their knowledge score (14.5) is higher than the mean of their practice
score (8.5). Almost all doctors have a high knowledge score (96.8%), but more than half of
them have poor practice scores (54.7%). A linear regression showed that the knowledge score decreased
for doctors who live in Bekaa. A second linear regression showed that the practice score decreased
for doctors who live in Bekaa (p=0.001). However, training on preeclampsia (p<0.001) increased
the practice score.
A third linear regression showed that the total score decreased for doctors living in Bekaa (p<0.001).
However, having a board certificate (p=0.03) and training in preeclampsia (p=0.008) increased the
total score.

Conclusion:
Different continuous medical education activities should be available widely and mandatory
for all working doctors to improve their knowledge and practice towards preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia can be fatal and every single maternal life should count.
Effects of β-blocker Administration on Cardiac Function: A Coronary
Computed Tomography Angiography Study
Authors: Kokubo Reiji , Hirano Masaharu , Tajima Yu , Yunaiyama Daisuke , Saito Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2022

Background:
β-blockers are widely used for lowering heart rate (HR) during coronary computed
tomography angiography (CCTA); however, they should be used with caution for patients with
heart failure as they may have a negative inotropic effect.

Objective:
To clarify the effects of β-blockers (oral and intravenous injection) on cardiac function using
CCTA.

Methods:
A total of 244 patients (men: women = 166: 78; mean age, 64.4 years old) suspected of having
ischemic cardiac disease and had undergone echocardiography within 3 months before and after
CCTA were included in the study. Systematic errors in ejection fraction (EF) were corrected by calculating
ΔEF from the EF difference between echocardiography and CCTA in patients not using β-
blockers. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for factors affecting ΔEF. In addition,
HR between, before, and during CCTA were compared by Wilcoxon’s test.

Results:
Temporary oral or intravenous administration of β-blockers at the CCTA had no significant
effects on EF (p = 0.70), whereas HR was significantly decreased (p < 0.001). However, regular administration
of β-blockers increases the EF on CCTA.

Conclusion:
The administration of β-blockers immediately before CCTA affects HR but not EF. Premedication
with β-blockers can be safely used for patients who undergo CCTA, and CCTA is useful
for EF evaluation, independent of the use of β-blockers.
Electrochemical Determination of Vanillin in Cookies at Mediated
AuNPs/GR Nanocomposites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Si Xiaojing , Han Mei , Li Wei , Bai Chen , Xu Xin , Xu Jieming 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Currently, carbon nanomaterials and carbon nanomaterials-based electrodes have illustrated significant electrocatalytic abilities.

Methods:
An electrochemical sensor was developed for vanillin using graphene (GR) decorated
with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with two steps.
AuNPs/GR/GCE, as the electrochemical sensor for determination of vanillin, included dropping
GR onto the electrode and then electrodepositing AuNPs on GR/GCE. The structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposites (AuNPs/GR) on the electrode were confirmed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).

Results:
Electrochemical studies revealed that modification of the electrode surface with
AuNPs/GR nanocomposites significantly increases the oxidation peak currents of vanillin. The
peak currents in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of vanillin increased linearly with their concentration in the range of 5-120 µM. The limit of detection was found to be 1.7 µM for vanillin.
Also, the effect of some interfering compounds, such as NaCl, KCl, glucose, alanine, phenylalanine, glycine, and others, on the determination of vanillin was evaluated, and none of them had a
significant effect on the assay recovery

Conclusions:
A new electrochemical biosensor was fabricated with AuNPs/GR nanocomposites.
The sensor was successfully used to detect vanillin in cookie samples.
Critical Clinical Evaluation of COVID-19 Patients with Tuberculosis in the
Indian Sub-Continent
Authors: Selvaraj Hemalatha , Damadarosamy Kumudha , Kiruthiga Natarajan , Rani K.Reeta Vijaya , Duraisamy Kanagaraj , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Deruiter Jack , Ren Jun , Thangavel Sivakumar , Parise Rachel 
Published: May 2022

Background:
COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) are infectious diseases that predominantly
affect the respiratory system with common symptoms, such as cough, fever, and shortness
of breath, making them dual burdens.

Methods:
This review will discuss the characteristics of the coexistence of TB and new infectious
illnesses to provide a framework for addressing the current epidemic. Currently, there are no clear
and significant data on COVID-19 infection in TB patients, they may not respond appropriately to
drug therapy and may have worse treatment outcomes, especially if their TB treatment is interrupted.
Due to emergence, measurements should be taken to minimize TB and COVID-19 transmission
in communal settings and health care institutions were created. For both TB and COVID-19, accurate
diagnostic testing and well-designed, and established therapeutic strategies are required for effective
treatment.

Results:
Several health care organizations and networks have specimen transit methods that can be
utilized to diagnose and monitor the etiology and progression of COVID 19 and perform contact tracing
in developed and underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, patients and health care programs could
benefit from increased use of digital health technology, which could improve communication, counseling,
treatment, and information management, along with other capabilities to improve health care.

Conclusions:
Patients with COVID-19 pulmonary/respiratory problems may seek treatment from
respiratory physicians, pulmonologists, TB experts, and even primary health care workers. To have
prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, TB patients should take the appropriate
health care measures recommended by health care professionals/government officials and maintain
their TB therapy as indicated.
Regression of Breast Cancer Metastases Following Treatment with
Irradiated SV-BR-1-GM, a GM-CSF Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cell
Line: Intellectual Property and Immune Markers of Response
Authors: Wiseman Charles L. , Kharazi Alexander , Sunkari Vivekananda G. , Galeas Jacqueline L. , Dozio Vito , Hashwah Hind , Macúchová Eva , Williams William V. , Lacher Markus D. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
SV-BR-1-GM, derived from a patient with grade 2 (moderately differentiated) breast cancer, is a GM-CSF-secreting breast cancer cell line with properties of antigen-presenting cells. SV-BR-1-GM and next-generation versions are covered by several pending and granted patents.

Methods:
We report findings from an open-label phase I, single-arm pilot study with irradiated SV-BR-1-GM cells in 3 breast and 1 ovarian cancer subjects. Inoculations were preceded by low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide and followed by interferon-alpha2b injections into the SV-BR-1-GM inoculation sites. We assessed both cellular and humoral immune responses, and measured expression levels of SV-BR-1-GM HLA alleles.

Results:
Treatment was generally safe and well tolerated. Immune responses were elicited universally. Overall survival was more than 33 months for three of the four patients. As previously reported, one patient had prompt regression of metastases in lung, breast, and soft tissue. Following cessation of treatment, the patient relapsed widely, including in the brain. Upon retreatment, rapid tumor response was again seen, including complete regression of brain metastases. Consistent with a role of Class II HLA in contributing to SV-BR-1-GM’s mechanism of action, this patient allele-matched SV-BR-1-GM at the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB3 loci. We are in the process of developing next-generation SV-BR-1-GM, expressing patient-specific HLAs. Patent applications were filed in various jurisdictions. Thus far, one is granted, in Japan.

Conclusion:
A whole-cell immunotherapy regimen with SV-BR-1-GM cells induced regression of met-astatic breast cancer. We develop intellectual property based on SV-BR-1-GM’s predicted mechanism of action to develop additional whole-cell immunotherapies for cancer patients.

Clinical Trail Registration:
This clinical trial was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00095862.
Fully Automated Methods for [18F]FDG and [18F]-NaF Productions Using
Explora FDG4: Validation and Reliability of Multi-subsequent Preparations
for Clinical Applications
Authors: Al-Momani Ehab , Awad Eman , Ali Hatim , Lamb James 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The worldwide usage of [18F]-sodium fluoride in clinical applications increase the interest of the facility of its production. The development of a new automated method for multi-preparations of [18F]-NaF and [18F]FDG on an Explora FDG4 module is described. Explora FDG4 is one of the most widely used synthesizers for FDG production in daily routine use and specifically designed to run up to four different productions with single module. Therefore, slight modifications were carried out in order to increase the potential of the synthesizer to perform more radiopharmaceuticals.

Methods:
A fully automated method for multi-preparations of [18F]-NaF and [18F]FDG using Ex-plora FDG4 was developed. Slight modifications to the Explora’s hardware and software configu-ration were applied. A new elution vial for NaF preparation was installed and connected to the free position to MVP1. Quality control was carried out using the standard analytical methods applied for GMP production.

Results:
This modification successfully provides preparation of [18F]-NaF without affecting the daily FDG production using one set preparation. [18F]-NaF was obtained in a high radiochemical yield (>90%, n=100) in 10 min total preparation time. The quality control results for both obtained products, FDG (RCP >95%) and NaF (RCP >98%), showed that the radiopharmaceuticals were in compliance with USP and Ph.Eur. specifications and compatible with clinical applications.

Conclusion:
A rapid and simple method for multi preparations of [18F]-NaF and [18F]FDG using a single Explora module was designed. Yet, the chemistry module has the potential to generate more radiopharmaceuticals to decrease the cost of preparation of [18F]-NaF compared to the cassette-based synthesizers, reducing radiation exposure resulting from manual preparations and increasing the reproducibility of [18F]-NaF preparation.
Microwave-Accelerated Facile Synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives
via one-pot Strategy Executed by Agro-Waste Extract as a
Greener Solvent Media
Authors: Kamanna Kantharaju , Badiger Krishnappa B. , Khatavi Santosh Y. 
Published: May 2022

background:
A variety of methods have been reported for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-
d]pyrimidines in the literature with some limitations, and generally used expensive catalysts, harmful
solvent and prolonged reaction time. This paper describes an efficient and rapid multicomponent
synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine through condensation of aromatic aldehyde,
malononitrile and barbituric acid catalysed by agro-waste solvent catalyst under microwave irradiation.
The present method provides several added advantages such as being environmentally
friendly, simple work-up, inexpensive, and shorter reaction time affording excellent yields. The
synthesized compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses such as FT-IR, 1H-
&13C-NMR and mass spectrometry.

Objective:
Develop an eco-friendly method for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.

Methods:
We have selected Water Extract of Lemon Fruit Shell ash extract solvent as a greener
homogenous organo catalysts, and reaction is accelerated by microwave irradiation for the inexpensive
synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.

Results:
The pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives are prepared using an agro-waste-based catalyst,
which avoids the use of the external base, additives and solvent in multi-component reactions.
Further, the rate of the reaction is accelerated by custom-made microwave irradiation. The use of
microwave irradiation showed many advantages over conventional methods such as reaction required
less time, more yield and fewer by-products. Further, the custom-made microwave oven has
the advantage of no spillage of any organic reagent or solvent to the microwave oven walls, because
the reaction vessel is connected to a reflux condenser and direct exposure is avoided.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, we have developed a simple, efficient, agro-waste-based catalytic approach
for the synthesis pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives employing WELFSA as an efficient
agro-waste-based catalyst under microwave conditions. The method is found to added advantages
of less hazardous, eco-friendly, metal-free, chemical-free, short reaction time, simple workup and
isolated product in good to excellent yields.
Ethnopharmacology, Botanical Description and Phytochemistry of Premna
barbata: An Unexplored Medicinal Plant Species from Lamiaceae Family
Authors: Joshi Bhuwan C. , Juyal Vijay , Sah Archana N. , Mukhija Minky 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer; (Lamiaceae) is a deciduous shrub or tree
known as Aganyo in folk language. The plant is widely used in treating various diseases traditionally,
such as arthritic pain, dropsy, diarrhoea, fever, and herpes complex disease. However, comprehensive
data on this medicinally important plant is not available in the literature. Therefore, this review aims to
provide a detailed overview of the botanical description, ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, and
pharmacological investigations of Premna barbata to provide a scientific consensus for future research
investigations and to link its traditionally claimed use to scientifically proven results.

Methods:
Information regarding the plant was gathered from electronic databases such as Science
Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, ACS, Springer, SciFinder, Taylor and
Francis, Google Scholar, Scopus and Journal websites. The scientific name of the plant was validated
using The Plant List and The International Plant Names Index.

Results:
An exhaustive study of the accessible sources of Premna barbata confirmed its origin, distribution,
and ethnomedicinal use. It has been used in the form of powders, juice, paste, and decoctions
against various ailments. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents.
Only antibacterial potential of the plant has been reported yet.

Conclusion:
By performing the literature search, Premna barbata showcased its importance in folkloric
medicine as well as in ayurvedic medicine. Moreover, the collected information from various
trustworthy sources shows that the plant holds many hidden potentials and can, therefore, be studied
extensively for its quality control, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity.
Furthermore, in-depth studies are required to discover key features which can help in future research
work. An effort is required to investigate this plant species, which is found distributed in most unexplored
regions as well as it needs to be preserved as it’s on the verge of extinction.