bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of thoracic vertebrae in healthy White New Zealand rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus): Computed tomographic and morphometric study
Authors: Soroori Sarang , Zehtabvar Omid , Amiri Banafsheh Shateri , Rostami Amir , Vali Yasamin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundComputed tomography currently has a prominent role in diagnosis and evaluation of vertebral column. On the other hand, a thorough knowledge about vertebral column property in normal state is prerequisite an accurate diagnosis of different abnormalities in this region.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to present a complete and exact descriptive and morphometric evaluation of thoracic vertebrae in rabbits with computed tomography. In images which were constructed by CT, several structures and different parts of the thoracic vertebrae have been named.MethodsTen healthy, mature, White New Zealand rabbits were evaluated. The morphologic and morphometric parameters of the thoracic vertebrae were studied. In this study, several parameters of thoracic vertebrae, such as vertebral body height, spinous process height, transverse process length, transverse process width, etc., were measured by computed tomography.ResultsSome parameters, such as spinal canal height, spinal canal width, pedicle length, pedicle width, end plate width, and endplate height, had no significant difference through thoracic vertebrae but other parameters, such as vertebral body height, transverse process length, transverse process width, spinous process angle, transverse process angle, and vertebral body length, had a significant difference.ConclusionsIn this study, a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the thoracic vertebrae was produced for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Finally, we must mention these two important points: (1) Many of the differences observed between rabbits and humans are based on the way the trunks of these two creatures are located on the ground and the differences in the way their bodies move. (2) In studies that are done by modelling humans on animals, it should be noted that the terms used in animal anatomy are different and the names are used using the principles of veterinary anatomy.
A novel survey design for modeling species distribution of beavers in Algonquin Park, Canada
Authors: Thompson Connor A. , Benson John F. , Patterson Brent R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUnderstanding spatial and temporal variation in beaver abundance is a central goal for a wide range of management issues, ranging from species reintroductions to mitigation of environmental and economic impacts. Yet due to high costs associated with surveys, many studies are limited to a single regional estimate, or a complete census of a smaller study area extrapolated to the surrounding landscape. We present a survey design that allows for predicting beaver abundance across the broader landscape through interpolation. In October 2019, we conducted an aerial survey in a 15,000 km2 study area around Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. We counted 145 colonies on 73 plots that averaged 4.5 km2 (+/−3.27 SD). Our regional estimate for beaver abundance of 0.55 (95% CI = +/−0.18) colonies/km2 is comparable to historical surveys conducted in the region in the 1970s. We then predicted beaver abundance in unsampled plots using a Poisson generalized additive model (adjusted R2 = 0.81, deviance explained = 55.9%) that included non‐linear responses to elevation (P < 0.001), shoreline complexity (P = 0.003), and availability of shade‐tolerant hardwoods (P = 0.001). Our species distribution model predicted strong east‐west patterns in beaver abundance across the study region associated with spatial patterns in elevation and forest composition.
Can camera traps be used to differentiate species of North American flying squirrels?
Authors: Diggins Corinne A. , Lipford Aylett , Farwell Travis , Eline Drew V. , Larose Summer H. , Kelly Christine A. , Clucas Barbara 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCamera traps are becoming an increasingly important tool to survey wildlife populations. However, the application of camera trapping for reliable species identification between nondistinctive, morphologically similar sympatric species is untested for most small mammals, including North American flying squirrels (Glaucomys spp.). Camera traps are a successful monitoring technique where flying squirrel species are allopatric, however there are zones of sympatry between Humboldt's flying squirrel (HFS, G. oregonensis) and northern flying squirrel (NFS, G. sabrinus) in the Pacific Northwest and NFS and southern flying squirrels (SFS, G. volans) in eastern North America. We used camera trap data collected during flying squirrel surveys in 2013–2020 at 59 sites in California, North Carolina, and Virginia, USA, to determine if a reliable method could be used to differentiate the species. With a subset of 100 high‐quality, independent capture events per species (50 of dorsal views, 50 of lateral views), we used body measurements and pelage characteristics to differentiate species using random forest classification models. Our models predicted species identification accuracy rates of 90.9% for dorsal views and 68.2% for lateral views. Species misclassification rates between HFS and NFS were 23.5% for dorsal views and 26.5% for lateral views, whereas misclassification rates between NFS and SFS were 16.6% for dorsal views and 5.7% for lateral views. Although misclassification rates were lower than we expected between NFS and SFS, we are cautious about recommending camera trapping as opposed to ultrasonic acoustics for North American flying squirrel species identification, especially in areas of species sympatry due to potential false positive rates and high numbers of unusable images. However, camera trap settings and white‐flash photography should be explored to determine their potential for improving flying squirrel species classification rates and the percentage of usable photos.
A compendium of validated pain genes
Authors: Wistrom Eric , Chase Rebecca , Smith Patrick R. , Campbell Zachary T. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe development of novel pain therapeutics hinges on the identification and rigorous validation of potential targets. Model organisms provide a means to test the involvement of specific genes and regulatory elements in pain. Here we provide a list of genes linked to pain‐associated behaviors. We capitalize on results spanning over three decades to identify a set of 242 genes. They support a remarkable diversity of functions spanning action potential propagation, immune response, GPCR signaling, enzymatic catalysis, nucleic acid regulation, and intercellular signaling. Making use of existing tissue and single‐cell high‐throughput RNA sequencing datasets, we examine their patterns of expression. For each gene class, we discuss archetypal members, with an emphasis on opportunities for additional experimentation. Finally, we discuss how powerful and increasingly ubiquitous forward genetic screening approaches could be used to improve our ability to identify pain genes.This article is categorized under:
Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Social Constructivist International Relations and the Military
Authors: Agius Christine 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCaptured by Alexander Wendt’s now-famous maxim “anarchy is what states make of it,” social constructivism is the idea that the world “out there” is not given, as realists would argue, but rather, “socially constructed.” In doing so, social constructivism places a focus on the importance of “mutual constitution”: international politics is shaped by both structures, such as anarchy, or agents, such as states and other actors. Structures and agents influence each other. Moreover, social constructivism emphasizes social relations in global politics, and sees security and international politics as determined by ideas as well as material factors. The identity of agents such as states matter because identity helps determine national interests. As states interact with other actors in the international system, their ideas and identity can change over time, which can produce a more dynamic understanding of international relations. This chapter will take the reader through the key ideas of social constructivism – also referred to as “constructivism” in this chapter – showing how norms, culture, and ideas about identity shape actors, condition their relations with each other, and can impact the so-called “given” nature of international relations and transform understandings of power relations. Social constructivism can also help make sense of security and military phenomena, such as alliances and threat perceptions, or why states go to war. This chapter will also cover the different branches of constructivist thought and the main critiques of constructivism to highlight its key contributions and the problems it also raises.
The Responsibility of Science for Guaranteeing Human Rights in the Fight Against Human Degradation, Racism and Anti-Semitism
Authors: Fuchs-Kittowski Klaus 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article is an appeal in the form of ten questions or theses, which as a whole outline the responsibility of science. 1) The humanistic mission of science, respecting human rights, against reductionism; 2) Against reification and the degradation of the living; 3) Information creation: An essential category for model and theory development and as a general methodological guiding principle! 4) The need for education and training against racism: The responsibility of science in the fight against anti-Semitism; 5) Deadly science: The demand for the destruction of life unworthy of life was “scientifically” justified; 6) Religious traditions as a cause of anti-Semitism? 7) Causes of anti-humanism, racism, anti-Semitism, and neo-Nazism in the contemporary world of work; A deeper “perception” of life and human beings is also necessary in the economy! 8) People must be able to recognize the meaning and purpose of their existence 9) Peace must be secured! 10) Science can follow its humanistic obligation to serve life, to serve mankind.
The Ambivalences of the Digital—Humans and Technology Between New Dreams/Spaces of Possibility and (Un)Noticeable Losses
Authors: Graßl Hartmut , Bauberger Stefan , Behrens Johann , Bleckmann Paula , Engels Rainer , Göpel Eberhard , Korczak Dieter , Lankau Ralf , Schmiedchen Frank 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEvery new technology is used by us humans almost without hesitation. Usually the military use comes first. Examples from recent history are the use of chemical weapons by Germany in the First World War and of atomic bombs in the Second World War by the US. Now, with the rapid advances in microelectronics over the past few decades, a wave of its application, called digitization, is spreading around the world with barely any control mechanisms. In many areas this has simplified and enriched our lives, but it has also encouraged abuse. The adaptation of legislation to contain the obvious excesses of “digitization” such as hate mail and anonymous threats is lagging behind massively. We hear almost nothing about technology assessment through systematic research; it is demanded at most by a few, usually small groups in civil society, which draw attention to the threats to humankind—future and present—and the Earth's ecosystem. One such group, the Federation of German Scientists (VDW) e.V., in the spirit of the responsibility of science for the peaceful and considered application of the possibilities it creates, asked three of its study groups to jointly organize its 2019 Annual Conference. The study groups “Health in Social Change,” “Education and Digitization,” and “Technology Assessment of Digitization” formulated the following position paper for the 2019 VDW Annual Conference, entitled “Ambivalences of the Digital.”
The Principle of Responsive Adjustment in Corporate Moral Responsibility: The Crash on Mount Erebus
Authors: French Peter A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe tragic crash of Air New Zealand flight TE-901 into Mt. Erebus, Antarctica provides a fascinating case for the exploration of the notion of corporate moral responsibility. A principle of accountability that has Aristotelian roots and is significantly different from the usual strict intentional action principles is examined and defined. That principle maintains that a person can be held morally accountable for previous non-intentional behavior that had harmful effects if the person does not subsequently take corrective measures to adjust their behavior so as not to produce repetitions. This principle is then applied to the Mt. Erebus disaster.
The Application of the Precautionary Principle in the EU
Authors: De Smedt Kristel , Vos Ellen 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe precautionary principle is a guiding principle that allows decision makers to adopt precautionary measures even when scientific uncertainties about environmental and health impacts of new technologies or products remain. It is also a debated principle. Proponents of the precautionary principle argue that it provides a framework for improving the quality and reliability of decisions over technology, science, ecological and human health, and leads to improved regulation. Opponents argue that it is incoherent, lacking orientation and that it hinders innovation. The aim of this Chapter is to increase understanding of the perceived tension between the precautionary principle and innovation by examining how the precautionary principle is applied in EU law and by the EU courts. This Chapter is based on the findings of an EU-funded research project entitled REconciling sCience, Innovation and Precaution through the Engagement of Stakeholders (RECIPES).
Knowledge Production for the SDGs: Developing the Global Indicators
Authors: Bandola-Gill Justyna , Grek Sotiria , Tichenor Marlee 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) entail several innovations, not only in relation to their governing architecture but also in terms of the production of governing knowledge for global challenges. This chapter explores the epistemic practices by International Organisations (IOs) and working groups organised by the United Nations Statistical Commission, aimed at producing, valuing and legitimising (quantified) knowledge for global governance. In particular, this chapter discusses the ways in which indicators are proposed, deliberated and refined, and how conflicts over various indicators within the Sustainable Development Goals’ framework emerge and are solved. In order to do so, this chapter explores the intersection of social and epistemic practices of knowledge production by experts in IOs by tending to the role of the reclassification of indicators in terms of their technical robustness and the generative potential of such processes for shaping and enabling the SDG agenda.
Expert Brokers: SDGs and the Emergence of New Forms of Expertise
Authors: Bandola-Gill Justyna , Grek Sotiria , Tichenor Marlee 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the changing nature and scope of expertise of International Organisations (IOs) in the SDG agenda. The central role of the experts in IOs in the process of governance of the SDGs lies not solely in providing technical guidance but rather in mediation and brokerage between actors and fields. As such, the legitimacy and effectiveness of experts in IOs rely on their ability to mediate connections, create and communicate common meanings of problems and integrate multiple bodies of knowledge. This chapter offers a theorisation of these new forms of expertise and the rise of ‘expert brokers’ in this setting.
Epistemic Infrastructures: SDGs and the Making of Global Public Policy
Authors: Bandola-Gill Justyna , Grek Sotiria , Tichenor Marlee 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this concluding chapter, we propose a theorisation of an epistemic infrastructure in the context of the SDGs. Epistemic infrastructure, we argue, emerges on three conceptual levels. The first order of the epistemic infrastructure entails the materialities of measurement—the building blocks of the infrastructure such as data, indicators, visualisations, reports, etc. The second order involves the interlinkages—networks and connections linking experts, decision-makers, civil societies, activists, etc. The third level of infrastructure is the new governing paradigm, transforming global policy spaces. The key argument put forward in this chapter (and book overall) is that the process of global public policymaking is one ofinfrastructuring—creating and maintaining an epistemic infrastructure around the problems of sustainable development.
Exploring the ground state spectrum of γ-deformed N = 4 SYM
Authors: Levkovich-Maslyuk Fedor , Preti Michelangelo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We study the γ-deformation of the planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills theory which breaks all supersymmetries but is expected to preserve integrability of the model. We focus on the operator Tr (ϕ1ϕ1) built from two scalars, whose integrability description has been questioned before due to contributions from double-trace counterterms. We show that despite these subtle effects, the integrability-based Quantum Spectral Curve (QSC) framework works perfectly for this state and in particular reproduces the known 1-loop prediction. This resolves an earlier controversy concerning this operator and provides further evidence that the γ-deformed model is an integrable CFT at least in the planar limit. We use the QSC to compute the first 5 weak coupling orders of the anomalous dimension analytically, matching known results in the fishnet limit, and also compute it numerically all the way from weak to strong coupling. We also utilize this data to extract a new coefficient of the beta function of the double-trace operator couplings.
Vitamin K1 inhibits ferroptosis and counteracts a detrimental effect of phenprocoumon in experimental acute kidney injury
Authors: Kolbrink Benedikt , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Friedrich Alexander , Messtorff Maja Lucia , Riebeling Theresa , Nische Raphael , Schmitz Jessica , Bräsen Jan Hinrich , Kunzendorf Ulrich , Krautwald Stefan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFerroptosis, a type of iron-dependent programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other types of cell death, is characterized by lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has highlighted vital roles for ferroptosis in multiple diseases, including acute kidney injury. Therefore, ferroptosis has become a major focus for translational research. However, despite its involvement in pathological conditions, there are no pharmacologic inhibitors of ferroptosis in clinical use. In the context of drug repurposing, a strategy for identifying new uses for approved drugs outside the original medical application, we discovered that vitamin K1 is an efficient inhibitor of ferroptosis. Our findings are strengthened by the fact that the vitamin K antagonist phenprocoumon significantly exacerbated ferroptotic cell death in vitro and also massively worsened the course of acute kidney injury in vivo, which is of utmost clinical importance. We therefore assign vitamin K1 a novel role in preventing ferroptotic cell death in acute tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. Since the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of vitamin K1 formulations are well documented, this drug is primed for clinical application, and provides a new strategy for pharmacological control of ferroptosis and diseases associated with this mode of cell death.
Generalized Bezier components and successive component refinement using moving morphable components
Authors: Shannon T. , Robinson T. T. , Murphy A. , Armstrong C. G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper demonstrates developments that introduce generalized Bezier components in the Moving Morphable Components (MMC) optimization framework. Methods of enhancing the parameterization of the components to provide the opportunity for a better optimum, than can be achieved using existing approaches, are also described. The use of control points and Bezier curves for representing structural components provides both additional flexibility in the shape and a parameterization that complies with extrude and swept feature-based templates available in commercial computer-aided design (CAD) packages. Methods of representing these structural components, calculating analytical derivatives, and numerical examples demonstrating their integration in the MMC framework, are presented for a series of author-derived and literature problems. A successive refinement technique demonstrates how the additional flexibility in the structural components enables progressive improvement in the objective function. For the examined problems, increasing the design variables per component (from 5 to 15) resulted in solutions with 6% to 36% reduction in compliance. This improvement was achieved without increasing the number of components in the design space.
Geometrical process design during continuous generating grinding of cutting tools
Authors: Denkena Berend , Bergmann Benjamin , Theuer Mirko , Wolters Philipp 
Published: June 2022

AbstractModern cutting tools like end mills, drilling tools, and reamers underlie high requirements regarding geometrical accuracy, cutting edge quality, and production costs. However, the potential for process optimization is limited due to the process kinematics during grinding. Consequently, a novel tool grinding process for the manufacture of cutting tools has been developed recently at the Institute for Production Engineering and Machine Tools (IFW). This continuous generating grinding process allows the simultaneous production of all flutes and circumferential flank faces of rotational symmetrical cutting tools. The present paper focuses on the geometrical process design and develops a method to determine the necessary basic rack and process parameters in order to create a desired cutting edge geometry by continuous generating grinding. The developed method can define all parameters with an accuracy of up to 5 µm and 0.2° within a simulation in five iteration steps and allows not only the quantitative design of the cutting tool geometry but a qualitative modification of the flute geometry as well. Subsequently performed grinding tests showed that the presented method allows the design of grinding worms for continuous generating grinding of cutting tools and enables the successful implementation of these processes.