bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Cycle of Operating Pump Protein Studied with Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy**
Authors: Talele Saurabh , King John T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBiological machinery relies on nonequilibrium dynamics to maintain stable directional fluxes through complex reaction cycles. For such reaction cycles, the presence of microscopically irreversible conformational transitions of the protein, and the accompanying entropy production, is of central interest. In this work, we use multidimensional single‐molecule fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy to measure the forward and reverse conformational transitions of bacteriorhodopsin during trans‐membrane H+ pumping. We quantify the flux, affinity, enthalpy and entropy production through portions of the reaction cycle as a function of temperature. We find that affinity of irreversible conformational transitions decreases with increasing temperature, resulting in diminishing flux and entropy production. We show that the temperature dependence of the transition affinity is well fit by the Gibbs‐Helmholtz relation, allowing the ΔHtrans to be experimentally extracted.
Sectioning and Counting of Motor Neurons in the L3 to L6 Region of the Adult Mouse Spinal Cord
Authors: Austin Adele , Beresford Lynn , Price Georgia , Cunningham Tom , Kalmar Bernadett , Yon Marianne 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHistology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. This protocol permits the generation of frozen transverse sections of lumbar spinal cord regions L3 to L6. It enables counting of murine ventral horn lumbar motor neurons in a reproducible manner. Methods include spinal column dissection, hydraulic extrusion, and histological processing. The preparation for cryo‐sectioning includes embedding lumbar spinal cord in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) medium. The correct orientation of the tissue is critical as calculating the amount of tissue to discard saved time overall. Specific details regarding section thickness and mounting are described. These requirements not only allow optimum coverage of specific regions but also ensure that no individual motor neuron was counted twice. The Nissl bodies of the motor neurons were stained using gallocyanin. The sections obtained are all of a comparable area and quality assurance is consistent. The specificity of the staining enables the scientist to identify and reliably quantify lumbar motor neurons. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Euthanasia of mouse and isolation of spinal cordBasic Protocol 2: Hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cordBasic Protocol 3: Identification of the lumbar regionBasic Protocol 4: Embedding cord in OCTBasic Protocol 5: Collection of frozen sections onto slidesBasic Protocol 6: Gallocyanin stainingBasic Protocol 7: Motor neuron counting
Single‐Cell Quantification of Triple‐AAV Vector Genomes Coexpressed in Neurons
Authors: Maturana Carola J. , Verpeut Jessica L. , Engel Esteban A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdeno‐associated viruses (AAVs) are one of the most widely used types of viral vectors for research and gene therapy. AAV vectors are safe, have a low immunogenic profile, and provide efficient and long‐term transgene expression in a variety of tissues and organs targeted by a specific serotype. Despite these unique features, therapeutic applications, as well as basic research studies, of AAVs have been limited by their packaging capacity of less than 5 kb. Multiple strategies have been explored to deliver large genes. One strategy is to split large transgenes into two or three fragments and package them into separate AAV capsids, generating dual or triple AAV vectors. Combining the fragments potentially allows reconstitution of an mRNA transcript containing the complete sequence of transgene in the same cell. The success of AAVs as vectors for the delivery of large or multiple genes depends directly on the efficiency of co‐transduction. Here, we describe a method to measure the efficacy of codelivery, quantifying the number of AAV vectors per cell. We detail how to calculate the average number of incoming AAV genomes in neurons, given the distribution of cell fluorescence across in vitro and in vivo experimental models. To validate the method, we simulated a triple AAV strategy using three fluorescent‐protein‐encoding genes. We provide a general protocol for constructing plasmids and producing and purifying AAV vectors. We also include a protocol for triple AAV vector co‐transduction in primary neuronal cultures and mouse brain. The method can be applied to multiple organs and tissues for the treatment of disorders caused by mutations in multiple or large genes. These protocols will be useful for researchers working to develop and improve new gene delivery technologies. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 24 June 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Construction of AAV plasmids and production of AAVsBasic Protocol 2: AAV transduction of primary superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neuronal culturesBasic Protocol 3: Mouse surgery, AAV injection, and tissue collection and processingBasic Protocol 4: Image analysis and AAV genome quantification
Impact of established restorative practices in an urban high‐school environment
Authors: Watts Brad R. , Robertson Kelly 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrograms based on restorative justice theory—also known as restorative practices—have gained popularity as a way of resolving conflicts in public‐school settings. To estimate the impact of restorative practices on an entire school population, this study uses a propensity score matching analysis approach to compare disciplinary and attendance outcome measures between students attending a school with established services and an equivalent comparison group drawn from another school building within the same school district. Both school buildings in the study are high schools that are part of the same midsized urban school district, located in the midwestern region of the United States. The study finds that students in the school with established restorative services had lower tardy rates, suspension rates, and absenteeism versus a matched comparison group drawn from the other school building in the district, which did not have established restorative services. Estimates of the difference in rates associated with being in a school with established restorative services versus a comparison group are provided.
Exploration of global faba bean germplasm for agronomic and nitrogen fixation traits
Authors: Boots‐Haupt L. , Brasier K. , Saldivar‐Menchaca R. , Estrada S. , Prieto‐Garcia J. , Jiang J. , Riar R. , Hu J. , Zakeri H. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe growing regional and global interests in legume crops for cover cropping and sustainable agriculture has provided new opportunities for growers to incorporate faba bean (Vicia faba L.) into their production systems. Much of faba bean's potential, especially in the western United States, is rooted in its high N fixation potential compared with other cultivated legumes. However, faba bean production is currently hindered by existing markets, regional agronomic extension guides, and availability of regionally adapted cultivars. This experiment began the effort to bridge one of the three gaps by evaluating 63 regionally and globally derived plant materials for agronomic and N fixation traits in four environments in California's Central Valley. The experiment observed significant (P ≤ .05) genotype × environment interactions for all faba bean N and agronomic except % of N derived from the atmosphere, harvest index, and 100‐seed weight. Further, we found opportunities to leverage global germplasm to increase or decrease the 100‐seed weight and days to flowering in locally adapted plant materials. Finally, this experiment identified trait‐trait‐associations that provide both opportunities and challenges to improving screening efficiencies (e.g., link between N yield and 100‐seed weight in Chico2019 [r = 0.57; P ≤ .001] and in Fresno2020 [r = 0.51; P ≤ .001]). This work sets a framework for regional faba bean cultivar development work in the western United States.
Effect of Ozone Treatment Exposure Time on Oxidative Stability of Cream Milk
Authors: Perna Annamaria , Gambacorta Emilio , Simonetti Amalia , Grassi Giulia , Scopa Antonio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMilk cream is a fluid milk product comparatively rich in fat, in the form of an emulsion of fat‐in‐skimmed milk, obtained by physical separation from milk, and widely used in the food industry. This study aims to evaluate the consequences of ozone treatment exposure time on lipid oxidation of milk cream, using peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods. Ozonation process significantly affects PV and TBARS value (P < 0.05), in particular, the lipid oxidation increases with the ozone exposure time. The color characteristics (L*, a*, and b* values) of milk cream samples are also affected by ozone treatment (P < 0.05); the decrease of color parameters can be related to carotenoids degradation due to ozone treatment.Practical applications: Although ozone treatment is an extremely useful method to reduce the microbiological load of foods, the duration of ozone treatment is a key factor to determine the capacity of the ozonation process to balance microbial and chemical quality of foods.
Greener Synthesis of Pyrroloquinazoline Derivatives: Recent Advances
Authors: Moreira Natália M. , dos Santos Jhonathan R. N. , Corrêa Arlene G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractQuinazoline derivatives draw attention from a synthetic and medicinal chemistry point of view, given the wide range of biological activities already described. This class of fusedN‐heterocyclic compounds has also shown its importance and potential pharmacological application. This Review covers the contributions reported in the last ten years for the synthesis of pyrroloquinazoline derivatives, focusing on greener protocols to obtain these adducts, such as multicomponent reactions, photocatalysis, microwaves, electrosynthesis among others.
Liquid crystals purity assay using nonaqueous capillary electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Čokrtová Kateřina , Křížek Tomáš 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA method for purity control of newly synthesized lactic acid–based liquid crystals has been developed. The electrokinetic chromatography proved to be suitable for the separation of these electroneutral substances from their impurities. The separations were performed in an acidic acetonitrile‐based background electrolyte (BGE) with a pseudostationary phase formed by a cationic surfactant. During the optimization step, appropriate concentrations of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, acetic acid, and water were seeked. In the optimized method, separations were carried out in acetonitrile with 1‐mol/L acetic acid, 80‐mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and 6% (v/v) water. Interesting positive effects of a small water content in the BGE on electroosmotic flow and resolution of liquid crystal substances from their impurities were observed and discussed. Samples of five liquid crystal substances, both pure and containing impurities from synthesis, were analyzed. The identification of analytes was based on a comparison of relative migration times related to the migration time of mesityl oxide.For all five samples, impurities were separated from the liquid crystals and the method thus showed its viability. To the best of our knowledge, this method is used for the first time for the purity control of newly synthesized liquid crystals. This method can be used to confirm or complement the results obtained by commonly used high‐performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography methods. Furthermore, the electrokinetic chromatography method requires very small amounts of sample, solvents, and buffer constituents. Overall, its operational costs are significantly lower.
Seismic performance of Eurocode‐compliant ductile steel MRFs
Authors: Tartaglia Roberto , D'Aniello Mario , Landolfo Raffaele 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSteel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are drift‐sensitive structures and their design is largely influenced by code requirements to limit the lateral displacements and to control the second order effects. Current and next generation of Eurocode 8 recommend different rules to verify the lateral rigidity and resistance of steel MRFs that lead to structures that are substantially different in terms of size of members and overall performance. In order to investigate the influence of the design rules on the seismic behaviour of ductile steel MRFs a parametric numerical study was carried out on 48 structures designed according to Eurocodes as well as US codes, the latter analysed as benchmark, varying the number of storeys, moment resisting spans and seismic intensity. The results of non‐linear static and dynamic analyses show that the structures complaint with current Eurocode 8 are the most expensive and characterised by the greater lateral rigidity and resistance, while MRFs designed in accordance with ASCE7 rules have the smaller profiles and the lower overstrength. The frames designed with rules of the latest version of next generation of Eurocode 8 have an intermediate behaviour even if closer to ASCE7‐compliant structures. These results are also confirmed by the probability of collapse that is smaller than the minimum value specified by EN1990 for the considered consequence class of the examined buildings.
A comparative investigation of different exchange‐correlation functionals oriented prediction of structural, electronic, optical, and transport properties of the novel quaternary LiTiCoSn
Authors: Abraham Jisha Annie , Sharma Ramesh , Dar Sajad Ahmed , Chowdhury Suman 
Published: May 2022

SummaryThe ground state structural, mechanical, electronic, vibrational, optical, and thermoelectric properties of the newly synthesized quaternary LiTiCoSn compound is deliberated elaborately with the help of ab‐initio tactics formulated under the framework of density functional theory. The calculated results of equilibrium structural parameters are observed to be in fairly good agreement with the available similar theoretical as well as experimental data. Structural optimization has been done for three diverse crystal structure configurations that is, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. After studying optimization curves, it is found that Type 2 crystal structure is the most stable structure for this compound as it possesses the minimum energy. The structural stability of this compound has been explored using three different exchange correlation functions that is, PBE‐GGA, WC‐GGA, and PBE‐sol GGA for better understanding. It is found from our studies that the inclusion of the electronic exchange‐correlation through the newly developed Trans‐Blaha modified Beck‐Johnson potential (TB‐mBJ) along with PBE‐GGA expands the portrayal of the obtained electronic band plots. Insertion of TB‐mBJ potential vintages an indirect energy gap (Γ–X) of 1.052 eV for the studied compound, which reveals its semiconducting nature. Also, the elastic constants () and the associated elastic moduli confirm its stability in the cubic phase and demonstrate its brittle nature. Furthermore, spectral dependency of dielectric function, refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, energy loss function, and optical conductivity on incident electromagnetic radiations up to 8 eV are also studied. The maximum power factor for the studied LiTiCoSn compound is obtained as 7.35 mWm−1 K−2 at room temperature, which increases to 17.10 mWm−1 K−2 at 700 K and 22.50 mWm−1 K−2 at 1200 K, respectively. So LiTiCoSn can be a novel sort of intriguing thermoelectric material as well as it can be used in optoelectronic and energy harvesting devices.
One‐step hydrothermal method produced all graphene fiber electrode for high‐performance supercapacitor
Authors: Tang Qian , Li Liang , Guo Kunkun , Zhu Rui , Liu Mingkai , Chen Xuli 
Published: May 2022

SummaryWith the popularity of wearable and flexible electronics, developing wearable electrodes and energy storage systems is highly desired. Herein, high‐performance reduced graphene oxide (RGO) fiber electrode is synthesized by an efficient one‐step hydrothermal method. Firstly, graphene oxide (GO) dispersion with an ordered lyotropic nematic liquid crystal structure is prepared to assemble fibers without the aid of any supporting surfactants or polymers. The shaping and reducing processes of GO dispersion into RGO fiber are effectively condensed together through hydrothermal reaction in a capillary. The produced RGO fiber electrode, without any extra active material, exhibits excellent energy storage performance. The specific capacitance reaches 246.01 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Moreover, the energy storage performance is cyclically stable with capacitance retention of 90.80% after 100 000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Furthermore, it also possesses excellent flexibility, with 98.94% of the capacitance maintained after bending 10 000 times. Beyond supercapacitor, the produced all graphene fiber with excellent performance can be well applied to develop various flexible fiber energy systems and wearable electronics.
Transforming growth factor‐beta signaling modulates perineurial glial bridging following peripheral spinal motor nerve injury in zebrafish
Authors: Arena Kimberly A. , Zhu Yunlu , Kucenas Sarah 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSpinal motor nerves are necessary for organismal locomotion and survival. In zebrafish and most vertebrates, these peripheral nervous system structures are composed of bundles of axons that naturally regenerate following injury. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate this process are still only partially understood. Perineurial glia, which form a component of the blood‐nerve barrier, are necessary for the earliest regenerative steps by establishing a glial bridge across the injury site as well as phagocytosing debris. Without perineurial glial bridging, regeneration is impaired. In addition to perineurial glia, Schwann cells, the cells that ensheath and myelinate axons within the nerve, are essential for debris clearance and axon guidance. In the absence of Schwann cells, perineurial glia exhibit perturbed bridging, demonstrating that these two cell types communicate during the injury response. While the presence and importance of perineurial glial bridging is known, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process remain a mystery. Understanding the cellular and molecular interactions that drive perineurial glial bridging is crucial to unlocking the mechanisms underlying successful motor nerve regeneration. Using laser axotomy and in vivo imaging in zebrafish, we show that transforming growth factor‐beta (TGFβ) signaling modulates perineurial glial bridging. Further, we identify connective tissue growth factor‐a (ctgfa) as a downstream effector of TGF‐β signaling that works in a positive feedback loop to mediate perineurial glial bridging. Together, these studies present a new signaling pathway involved in the perineurial glial injury response and further characterize the dynamics of the perineurial glial bridge.
Trajectories of brain entropy across lifetime estimated by resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Niu Yan , Sun Jie , Wang Bin , Yang Yanli , Wen Xin , Xiang Jie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe human brain is a complex system of interconnected brain regions that form functional networks with differing roles in cognition and behavior. However, the trajectories of these functional networks across development are unclear and designing a metric to track the complex trajectory of these characteristics throughout the lifespan is challenging. Here, permutation entropy (PE) was used to examine age‐related variations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy subjects aged 6–85 from global, network, and nodal perspectives. The global PE followed an inverted U‐shaped trajectory that peaked at approximately age 40. The trajectory of the motor and somatosensory functional network was more consistent with a linear model and increased with age; other functional networks showed inverted U‐shaped trajectories that peaked between 25 and 52 years of age. All nodes showed inverted U‐shaped trajectories. Using cluster analysis, the peak ages of nodes were grouped into three clusters (at 24, 38, and 51 years). Overall, we characterized four aging trajectories: networks with a linear increase, early peak age, intermediate peak age, and older peak age. These findings suggest possible complexity in trajectories at critical age points regarding changes in related functional brain networks.
Changes in white matter functional networks during wakefulness and sleep
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Shilei , Liu Jiayi , Zou Guangyuan , Jiang Jun , Jiang Binghu , Cao Wentian , Zou Qihong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBlood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signals in the white matter (WM) have been demonstrated to encode neural activities by showing structure‐specific temporal correlations during resting‐state and task‐specific imaging of fiber pathways with various degrees of correlations in strength and time delay. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown state‐dependent functional connectivity and regional amplitude of signal fluctuations in brain gray matter across wakefulness and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep cycles. However, the functional characteristics of WM during sleep remain unknown. Using simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging data during wakefulness and NREM sleep collected from 66 healthy participants, we constructed 10 stable WM functional networks using clustering analysis. Functional connectivity between these WM functional networks and regional amplitude of WM signal fluctuations across multiple low‐frequency bands were evaluated. In general, decreased WM functional connectivity between superficial and middle layer WM functional networks was observed from wakefulness to sleep. In addition, functional connectivity between the deep and cerebellar networks was higher during light sleep and lower during both wakefulness and deep sleep. The regional fluctuation amplitude was always higher during light sleep and lower during deep sleep. Importantly, slow‐wave activity during deep sleep negatively correlated with functional connectivity between WM functional networks but positively correlated with fluctuation strength in the WM. These observations provide direct physiological evidence that neural activities in the WM are modulated by the sleep–wake cycle. This study provided the initial mapping of functional changes in WM during sleep.