bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel food-based negative oral contrast agent compared with two conventional oral contrast agents in abdominal CT: a three-arm parallel blinded randomised controlled single-centre trial
Authors: Leander Peter , Stathis Georgios , Casal-Dujat Lucia , Boman Karolina , Adnerhill Ingvar , Marsal Jan , Böök Olof , Fork Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
A negative oral contrast agent (OCA) has been long sought for, to better delineate the bowel and visualise surrounding structures. Lumentin® 44 (L44) is a new OCA formulated to fill the entire small bowel. The aim of this study was to compare L44 with positive and neutral conventional OCA in abdominal computed tomography (CT).

Methods
Forty-five oncologic patients were randomised to receive either L44 or one of the two comparators (MoviPrep® or diluted Omnipaque®). Abdominal CT examinations with intravenous contrast agent were acquired according to standard protocols. The studies were read independently by two senior radiologists.

Results
The mean intraluminal Hounsfield units (HU)-values of regions-of-interest (ROIs) for each subsegment of small bowel and treatment group were -404.0 HU for L44, 166.1 HU for Omnipaque®, and 16.7 HU for MoviPrep® (L44 versus Omnipaque, p < 0.001: L44 versus MoviPrep p < 0.001; Omnipaque versus MoviPrep, p = 0.003). Adverse events, only mild, using L44 were numerically fewer than for using conventional oral contrast agents. Visualisation of abdominal structures beyond the small bowel was similar to the comparators.

Conclusions
L44 is a negative OCA with luminal radiodensity at approximately -400 HU creating a unique small bowel appearance on CT scans. The high bowel wall-to-lumen contrast may enable improved visualisation in a range of pathologic conditions. L44 showed a good safety profile and was well accepted by patients studied.

Trial registration
EudraCT (2017-002368-42) and in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03326518).
Prospective Asian plants with corroborated antiviral potentials: Position standing in recent years
Authors: Ashrafi Sania , Rahman Mamunur , Ahmed Pollob , Alam Safaet , Hossain Md. Abid 
Published: April 2022

AbstractViral diseases are extremely widespread infections caused by viruses. Amongst numerous other illnesses, viral infections have challenged human existence severely. Over the history of mankind, new viruses have emerged and presented us with new tests. The range of viral infections varies from familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu, and warts to severe ailments such as AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19. The world has been racing to find an effective cure for the newly evolving viruses. Toxic effects, non-selectivity, drug resistance, and high price are the most common complications of conventional treatment procedures. Nature is a marvelous source of phytoconstituents with incredible varieties of biological activities. By tradition, medicinal plants have been utilized for the treatment of countless infectious diseases worldwide, some of which contain a broad spectrum of activities. Modern drug discovery and development techniques offer highly efficient separation techniques, inauguration of vector-based schemes where the original infectious virus is cloned to the non-infectious one for antiviral screening targets. The objective of the review was to gather available data on 20 both cultivated and native plants of Asia giving antiviral activities and provide comprehensive information on the phytochemical analysis of the plants and potential antiviral compounds isolated from these plants.
Encapsulation of probiotics: past, present and future
Authors: Rajam R. , Subramanian Parthasarathi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Probiotics are live microbial supplements known for its health benefits. Consumption of probiotics reported to improve several health benefits including intestinal flora composition, resistance against pathogens. In the recent years, there is an increasing trend of probiotic-based food products in the market.

Main body
Probiotics cells are targeted to reach the large intestine, and the probiotics must survive through the acidic conditions of the gastric environment. It is recommended to formulate the probiotic bacteria in the range of 108–109 cfu/g for consumption and maintain the therapeutic efficacy of 106–107 cfu/g in the large intestine. During the gastrointestinal transit, the probiotics will drastically lose its viability in the gastric environment (pH 2). Maintaining cell viability until it reaches the large intestine remains challenging task. Encapsulating the probiotics cells with suitable wall material helps to sustain the survival of probiotics during industrial processing and in gastrointestinal transit. In the encapsulation process, cells are completely enclosed in the wall material, through different techniques including spray drying, freeze drying, extrusion, spray freeze drying, emulsification, etc. However, spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques are successfully used for the commercial formulation; thus, we limited to review those encapsulation techniques.

Short conclusions
The survival rate of spray-dried probiotics during simulated digestion mainly depends on the inlet air temperature, wall material and exposure in the GI condition. And fermentation, pH and freeze-drying time are the important process parameters for maintaining the viability of bacterial cells in the gastric condition. Improving the viability of probiotic cells during industrial processing and extending the cell viability during storage and digestion will be the main concern for successful commercialization.

Graphical abstract
Inversion of induced polarization-affected towed-transient electromagnetic data in a lateritic regolith geology: A case study from western Tanzania
Authors: Maurya Pradip Kumar , Grombacher Denys , Lind Johan , Lane John W. , Auken Esben 
Published: April 2022

For several decades, induced polarization (IP) effects on transient electromagnetic (TEM) responses have been observed. These effects can manifest as late-time negative transients or as rapidly decaying curves and are usually associated with highly polarizable bodies. If neglected, IP effects can lead to erroneous resistivity models. Recent work allows IP effects to be incorporated into the inversion of TEM data on a more routine basis. In a recent field survey in western Tanzania, strongly IP-affected TEM signals are observed using a towed-transient electromagnetic (tTEM) system. The survey have been carried out to locate drinking water resources in a weathered regolith setting. In these settings, an inversion of tTEM data using a resistivity-only forward model (i.e., IP neglected) cannot fit the data and severely limits the value of the TEM data for hydrogeologic interpretation. To account for IP effects, we have applied a modified version of the Cole-Cole model called the maximum phase angle (MPA) model to invert IP-affected tTEM data. The MPA model incorporates four inversion model parameters: resistivity ([Formula: see text]), MPA ([Formula: see text]), relaxation time ([Formula: see text]), and frequency exponent ([Formula: see text]). The MPA model fits the data well and improves the reliability of the resistivity model. In much of the surveyed region, the inverted models using MPA display a three-layer system consisting of an upper resistive laterite layer of varying thickness and an intermediate polarizable conductive unit overlying more resistive weathered basement rocks. The conductive polarizable layer is interpreted as a chemically weathered saprolite separating the surficial and deeper aquifers. Overall, tTEM inversion results provide a local understanding of groundwater systems, especially in such regions with very limited subsurface knowledge.
Automatic geologic fault identification from seismic data using 2.5D channel attention U-net
Authors: Lin Lei , Zhong Zhi , Cai Zhongxian , Sun Alexander Y. , Li ChengLong 
Published: April 2022

Fault identification plays a vital role in geologic structure interpretation, reservoir characterization, and reservoir evaluation. The traditional process for fault identification is label intensive. Deep learning-based automatic fault detection from seismic data has attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, using a 2D neural network (i.e., a single seismic data slice) leads to the loss of correlation among seismic slices, and using a 3D neural network (i.e., a 3D seismic data cube) increases the workload of fault labeling and the difficulty of training. To overcome the drawbacks of 2D and 3D neural networks, we have introduced a channel attention mechanism in the original U-net architecture. The new model, which is referred to as the 2.5D channel attention U-net (2.5D CAU-net), takes four adjacent seismic slices as inputs instead of the entire 3D seismic data cube. The efficacy of 2.5D CAU-net for fault detection is demonstrated using publicly available synthetic seismic data sets and real seismic field data sets. We explored the influence of cropping the original seismic data into various sizes on fault identification. Experimental results find that the 2.5D CAU-net can effectively use the correlation information among adjacent seismic slices to improve fault detection performance. For different seismic data cropping strategies, results indicate that the more extensive size cropping method allows the network to obtain more contextual information and more complete fault features, improving the efficacy of fault picking. However, the cropping approach with a larger size leads to a smaller number of labeled examples. When the amount of training data is not large enough, the larger size cropping approach tends to lead to model overfitting, which will decrease the performance of the fault recognition, especially in a 3D neural network. Overall, 2.5D CAU-net can improve the efficiency of fault recognition with less annotation effort and computational resources.
Constant Activation of STAT3 Contributes to the Development of Adenomyosis in Females
Authors: Hiraoka Takehiro , Hirota Yasushi , Aikawa Shizu , Iida Rei , Ishizawa Chihiro , Kaku Tetsuaki , Hirata Tomoyuki , Fukui Yamato , Akaeda Shun , Matsuo Mitsunori , Shimizu-Hirota Ryoko , Takeda Norihiko , Osuga Yutaka 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAdenomyosis is a benign uterine disease that causes dysmenorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, and infertility; however, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Since signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is crucial for endometrial regeneration, we hypothesized that STAT3 participates in adenomyosis pathophysiology. To investigate the influence of STAT3 on adenomyosis development, this study was performed using a novel mouse model of adenomyosis and human specimens of eutopic endometria and adenomyosis lesions. We established a novel mouse model of adenomyosis by puncturing entire mouse uterine layers with a thin needle. Mouse eutopic and ectopic endometria showed a positive immunoreactivity for phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), the active form of STAT3. Decreased numbers of adenomyotic lesions and reduced expression of Cxcl1, Icam1, and Spp1, which are associated with immune cell chemotaxis and tissue regeneration, were observed in uterine Stat3-deficient mice compared with the controls. In humans, pSTAT3 was intensely expressed at both the eutopic endometrium and the adenomyotic lesions regardless of the menstrual cycle phases. Conversely, it was limitedly expressed in the eutopic endometrium during the menstrual and proliferative phases in women without adenomyosis. Our findings indicate that continuous STAT3 activation promotes adenomyosis development. STAT3 inhibition can be a promising treatment strategy in patients with adenomyosis.
South Korean Millennials’ Military Service and Neoliberal Calculations
Authors: Kim Seung-kyung , Finch John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mandatory military service has been an inescapable fact of life for young men in South Korea from the time of the Korean War. It continues to this day, despite the country’s neoliberal transformation that began following the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the extension of the neoliberal values of market competition, individual freedom, and meritocracy into all facets of contemporary South Korean life; and despite the contradiction between an ideology of freedom and rational choices and an institution that obligates men to serve in the military or face imprisonment. Based on interviews with forty-five South Korean college students who had recently completed their military service, this study examines how the neoliberal ethos instilled in Korean millennials as they grew up in the twenty-first century guides their decisions and strategies regarding military service.
Initial Clinical Outcome With Bilateral, Dual-Target Deep Brain Stimulation Trial in Parkinson Disease Using Summit RC + S
Authors: Mitchell Kyle T. , Schmidt Stephen L. , Cooney Jeffrey W. , Grill Warren M. , Peters Jennifer , Rahimpour Shervin , Lee Hui-Jie , Jung Sin-Ho , Mantri Sneha , Scott Burton , Lad Shivanand P. , Turner Dennis A. 
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND:
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy in advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Although both subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus (GP) DBS show equivalent efficacy in PD, combined stimulation may demonstrate synergism.

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the clinical benefit of stimulating a combination of STN and GP DBS leads and to demonstrate biomarker discovery for adaptive DBS therapy in an observational study.

METHODS:
We performed a pilot trial (n = 3) of implanting bilateral STN and GP DBS leads, connected to a bidirectional implantable pulse generator (Medtronic Summit RC + S; NCT03815656, IDE No. G180280). Initial 1-year outcome in 3 patients included Unified PD Rating Scale on and off medications, medication dosage, Hauser diary, and recorded beta frequency spectral power.

RESULTS:
Combined DBS improved PD symptom control, allowing >80% levodopa medication reduction. There was a greater decrease in off-medication motor Unified PD Rating Scale with multiple electrodes activated (mean difference from off stimulation off medications −18.2, range −25.5 to −12.5) than either STN (−12.8, range −20.5 to 0) or GP alone (−9, range −11.5 to −4.5). Combined DBS resulted in a greater reduction of beta oscillations in STN in 5/6 hemispheres than either site alone. Adverse events occurred in 2 patients, including a small cortical hemorrhage and seizure at 24 hours postoperatively, which resolved spontaneously, and extension wire scarring requiring revision at 2 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION:
Patients with PD preferred combined DBS stimulation in this preliminary cohort. Future studies will address efficacy of adaptive DBS as we further define biomarkers and control policy.
Effects of heat acclimation on cardiac function in the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus: can laboratory-based indices predict survival in the field?
Authors: Moyen Nicole E. , Somero George N. , Denny Mark W. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Thermal performance curves are commonly used to investigate the effects of heat acclimation on thermal tolerance and physiological performance. However, recent work indicates that the metrics of these curves heavily depend on experimental design and may be poor predictors of animal survival during heat events in the field. In intertidal mussels, cardiac thermal performance (CTP) tests have been widely used as indicators of animals' acclimation or acclimatization state, providing two indices of thermal responses: critical temperature (Tcrit; the temperature above which heart rate abruptly declines) and flatline temperature (Tflat; the temperature where heart rate ceases). Despite the wide use of CTP tests, it remains largely unknown how Tcrit and Tflat change within a single individual after heat acclimation, and whether changes in these indices can predict altered survival in the field. Here, we addressed these issues by evaluating changes in CTP indices in the same individuals before and after heat acclimation. For control mussels, merely reaching Tcrit was not lethal, whereas remaining at Tcrit for ≥10 min was lethal. Heat acclimation significantly increased Tcrit only in mussels with an initially low Tcrit (&lt;35°C), but improved their survival time above Tcrit by 20 min on average. Tflat increased by ∼1.6°C with heat acclimation, but it is unlikely that increased Tflat improves survival in the field. In summary, Tcrit and Tflat per se may fall short of providing quantitative indices of thermal tolerance in mussels; instead, a combination of Tcrit and tolerance time at temperatures ≥Tcrit better defines changes in thermal tolerance with heat acclimation.
Target-Oriented Distributionally Robust Optimization and Its Applications to Surgery Allocation
Authors: Chow Vincent Tsz Fai , Cui Zheng , Long Daniel Zhuoyu 
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we propose a decision criterion that characterizes an enveloping bound on monetary risk measures and is computationally friendly. We start by extending the classical value at risk (VaR) measure. Whereas VaR evaluates the threshold loss value such that the loss from the risk position exceeding that threshold is at a given probability level, it fails to indicate a performance guarantee at other probability levels. We define the probabilistic enveloping measure (PEM) to establish the bound information for the tail probability of the loss at all levels. Using a set of normative properties, we then generalize the PEM to the risk enveloping measure (REM) such that the bound on the general monetary risk measures at all levels of risk aversion are captured. The coherent version of the REM (CREM) is also investigated. We demonstrate its applicability by showing how the coherent REM can be incorporated in distributionally robust optimization. Specifically, we apply the CREM criterion in surgery block allocation problems and provide a formulation that can be efficiently solved. Based on this application, we report favorable computational results from optimizing over the CREM criterion. Summary of Contribution: Our paper studies a fundamental problem in operations research: what criteria to optimize when uncertainties are involved. Extending from the classical chance constraint model, we propose a new decision criterion by an axiomatization approach. We then investigate the computing issue in the corresponding distributionally robust optimization problem. In particular, we provide solution methods for continuous and discrete optimization. After that, we apply it to a practical operations problem, surgery allocation decisions in healthcare management. The computational studies demonstrate the appealing performance of our proposed approach on this surgery allocation problem.
On the Reliability of the BDM Mechanism
Authors: Mamadehussene Samir , Sguera Francesco 
Published: April 2022

The Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism is frequently used in experimental research to measure willingness-to-pay (WTP). The mechanism is very appealing given its incentive compatibility property. However, a growing body of experimental evidence finds that WTP is sensitive to the underlying price distribution of the BDM mechanism. The literature suggests that these findings can be rationalized only if subjects have context-dependent preferences. Under context-dependent preferences, the use of the BDM mechanism momentarily changes subjects’ preferences; subjects do not have incentives to report their intrinsic valuation, which is what the BDM attempts to measure, but instead they report the amount they are willing to pay after their preferences have momentarily changed. This lack of incentive compatibility would raise serious concerns about the validity of the BDM as an elicitation procedure; indeed, virtually all studies that use the BDM mechanism choose that elicitation procedure precisely for its incentive compatibility property. In this paper, we propose that an assumption of context dependence is not necessary to rationalize the aforementioned experimental findings. We provide an alternative plausible theory and experimental evidence to support it. Our theory relies on the premise that subjects need to exert effort to learn their preferences. We find that the price distribution of the BDM mechanism influences the subject’s incentives to exert effort. The results presented here are particularly appealing to the experimental research: our theory is consistent with the experimental findings that WTP is sensitive to the price distribution of the BDM mechanism while preserving the incentive compatibility property. This paper was accepted by Duncan Simester, marketing. Funding: F. Sguera acknowledges the support from the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology [Project UIDB/00407/2020 (CUBE)]. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4409 .
Use of specialist paramedic dispatch in emergency ambulance control
Authors: Fell Simon , Corrie Ian 
Published: April 2022

Optimising patient care through the delivery of specialist resource allocation at the point of injury improves patient outcomes. As identified by the NHS, high-quality call handling and dispatch of the right response, first time, is critical to these outcomes ( NHS, 2015 ). Aim: This article presents an objective literature review and critical analysis of the evidence base concerning clinical dispatch. This study aims to highlight key differences between the triage and dispatch processes of specialist resources, to establish if the evidence supports the use of one model to manage these resources, and to ascertain best practice. Method: A structured literature review was undertaken and thematic analysis was used to explore the findings of the literature, leading to the establishment of recommendations for best practice in this area. Results: The literature discourages dispatching specialist teams based solely on computer-aided dispatch software codes, and recognises that specialist paramedic dispatchers have a better understanding of the clinical and ethical challenges of appropriately dispatching specialist, finite resources. Conclusion: The literature supports the use of clinicians in dispatching specialist resources to best meet the needs of those patients who are critically ill or injured.