bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube-tungsten nanowire hierarchical structure for augmented field emission performance
Authors: Pulagara Narasimha Vinod , Lahiri Indranil 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An increasing number of emitting sites and higher aspect ratios are constantly being added to field emission systems to further improve their properties. Such an ever-growing demand has thrown light on the development of hierarchical field emitters. Tungsten (W) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been commonly reported as potential field emitter materials. The present work focused on constructing a hierarchical field emitter structure of CNTs/W nanowires. The structural characterization has been studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction to confirm the hierarchical structure formation. The carbon nanotube-tungsten nanowire hierarchical structural emitters have demonstrated high current density (31.5 mA cm−2), exceptionally low turn-on field (0.068 V μm−1), and emission stability for more than 152 h. This excellent performance could be related to the formation of a strong as well as the electrically favourable interface between tungsten nanowires and CNTs.
Tiny changes in tomographic system matrices can cause large changes in reconstruction quality
Authors: Khellaf F , Clackdoyle R , Rit S , Desbat L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of tiny changes in region-of-interest (ROI) tomography system matrices on the variance of the reconstructed ROI. In small-scale and medium-scale examples, the variance in the reconstructed ROI was estimated for different system matrices. The results revealed a striking and counterintuitive phenomenon: a tiny change in the system matrix can dramatically affect the variance of the ROI estimate. In one of our examples, a decrease of 0.1% in one element out of hundreds of thousands of the system matrix resulted in a systematic reduction of the variance inside the ROI, and by a factor of 5 to 10 for some pixels. Our results agree with a recently proven theorem about the ability of additional measurements to reduce the variance in ROI tomography.
Improved 3D tumour definition and quantification of uptake in simulated lung tumours using deep learning
Authors: Dal Toso Laura , Chalampalakis Zacharias , Buvat Irène , Comtat Claude , Cook Gary , Goh Vicky , Schnabel Julia A , Marsden Paul K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective. In clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, quantification of radiotracer uptake in tumours is often performed using semi-quantitative measurements such as the standardised uptake value (SUV). For small objects, the accuracy of SUV estimates is limited by the noise properties of PET images and the partial volume effect. There is need for methods that provide more accurate and reproducible quantification of radiotracer uptake. Approach. In this work, we present a deep learning approach with the aim of improving quantification of lung tumour radiotracer uptake and tumour shape definition. A set of simulated tumours, assigned with ‘ground truth’ radiotracer distributions, are used to generate realistic PET raw data which are then reconstructed into PET images. In this work, the ground truth images are generated by placing simulated tumours characterised by different sizes and activity distributions in the left lung of an anthropomorphic phantom. These images are then used as input to an analytical simulator to simulate realistic raw PET data. The PET images reconstructed from the simulated raw data and the corresponding ground truth images are used to train a 3D convolutional neural network. Results. When tested on an unseen set of reconstructed PET phantom images, the network yields improved estimates of the corresponding ground truth. The same network is then applied to reconstructed PET data generated with different point spread functions. Overall the network is able to recover better defined tumour shapes and improved estimates of tumour maximum and median activities. Significance. Our results suggest that the proposed approach, trained on data simulated with one scanner geometry, has the potential to restore PET data acquired with different scanners.
Variability analysis of the epitaxial layer TFET due to gate work function variation, random dopant fluctuation, and oxide thickness fluctuation using the statistical impedance field method
Authors: Debnath Radhe Gobinda , Baishya Srimanta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a comparative study on process variability considering work function variation (WFV), random dopant fluctuation (RDF), and oxide thickness fluctuation (OTF) in epitaxial layer tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) with SiGe source (SiGe-ETLTFET) is statistically analyzed using impedance field method (IFM) in Santaurus TCAD tool. Effect of different grain sizes of the gate metal and other device parameter scaling on the variability source are investigated by evaluating the standard deviation of threshold voltage (V
th), on current (I
ON), and off current (I
OFF). At smaller AverageGrainSize, the dispersions in electrical parameters are close to normal, whereas for large AverageGrainSize dispersion increases and deviates from the normal distribution. Compared to RDF and WFV, OTF is not a significant cause of variability in SiGe-ETLTFET. It is found that RDF is the most sensitive variability source while device scaling is concerned. Moreover, L
ov scaling causes the most acute fluctuation of electrical parameters for all considered variability sources. The slope of the Pelgrom plot, A
VT, of SiGe-ETLTFET considering all variability sources, is smaller than the already reported values for the FinFET and MOSFET.
Active flutter control of a bridge-flap system considering aerodynamic interferences in practical considerations
Authors: Li Ke , Zhao Lin , Hui Yi , Yang Qingshan , Chen Zengshun , Qian Guowei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Designing bridges with spans larger than 2000 m is challenging. One critical problem is that the flutter stability of such bridges is extremely weak. In past studies, actively controlled flaps were found to improve the flutter stability performance. However, in those studies, the deck was always assumed to be an ideal streamlined plate to simplify the aerodynamic interference effect in the deck-flap system. This simplification limits the application of this technique on real projects. To improve the applicability, we adopt a typical bluff body deck to investigate the effect of the active flaps under different wind attack angles. The novelty of this work is the analysis of the aerodynamic interference and resulting control impact considering the application scenario. The tests are conducted through the computational fluid dynamic method. To give intuitive explanations of the aerodynamic interference, the distributed aerodynamic characteristics method is innovatively introduced to quantify the contribution of flap on the flutter stability during the control process. Our results show that the leading flap has a dominant contribution to the flutter stability by inducing the beneficial aerodynamic damping on the deck’s leading surfaces. Its optimal phase should be about π/2 lagging from the deck’s torsional motion. In comparison, the effect of the trailing flap is unstable under different wind attack angles. To guarantee a robust control effect, it is suggested that it remains stationary.
Segregation dynamics driven by network leaders
Authors: Wang Wenxuan , Feng Yuhao , Chen Siru , Xu Wenzhe , Zhuo Xinjian , Li Hui-Jia , Perc Matjaž 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Network segregation—a critical problem in real-life networks—can reveal the emergence of conflicts or signal an impending collapse of the whole system. However, the strong heterogeneity of such networks and the various definitions for key nodes continue to pose challenges that limit our ability to foresee segregation and to determine the main drivers behind it. In this paper, we show that a multi-agent leader–follower consensus system can be utilized to define a new index, named leadership, to identify key leaders in real-life networks. And then, this paper explores the emergence of network segregation that is driven by these leaders based on the removal or the rewiring of the relations between different nodes in agreement with their contribution distance. We finally show that the observed leaders-driven segregation dynamics reveals the dynamics of heterogeneous attributes that critically influence network structure and its segregation. Thus, this paper provides a theoretical method to study complex social interactions and their roles in network segregation, which ultimately leads to a closed-form explanation for the emergence of imbalanced network structure from an evolutionary perspective.
Effect of divertor plasma-facing materials and drift on the power decay width in the scrape-off layer and divertor on EAST
Authors: Zhang Chen , Sang Chaofeng , Wang Liang , Zhang Yanjie , Li Nami , Wang Dezhen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The narrow power decay width λ

q
may lead to high heat flux density to the divertor target, which is one of the most severe challenges for future fusion devices. EAST has upgraded its lower graphite (C) divertor to a tungsten (W) one, and it is important to reveal the dependence of λ

q
on the divertor condition. In the present work, SOLPS-ITER is applied to estimate the effect of various conditions [C/W plasma facing material (PFM), with/without drift] on λ

q
of EAST in attached divertor regime. The simulation results confirm that the power decay width of the upstream λ

q,SOL, divertor λ

q,OT, and private-flux region (PFR) S
OT all depend on the PFMs and drifts. However, the effect of PFM on λ

q,SOL is slight, while it has a significant influence on λ

q,OT and S
OT. In the upstream, positive correlation between λ

q,SOL and

υ

S
O
L

*

is obtained, and the simulation is in qualitative agreement with the two-point model. Both λ

q,SOL and λ

q,OT in without drift case are larger than that of with drift case. The regression of simulation results is obtained, showing a strong positive correlation between SOL collisionality

υ

S
O
L

*

, power radiation friction in divertor region f
rad,OD and λ

q,OT. Thus, the C PFM with intrinsic impurity has the largest λ

q,OT. In the PFR, S
OT with drift is smaller than that of without drift. Moreover, the combination of more D atoms accumulation and stronger E
p × B drift lead to larger S
OT in W PFM case than that of C PFM case.
Modal analysis of arbitrary-oriented ridge waveguides in x-cut lithium niobate thin film
Authors: Liu Wei-chong , Li Ye , Chen Bao-Qin , Li Zhi-Yuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We theoretically and numerically investigate the mode properties of ridge waveguides made on lithium niobate (LN) subwavelength thin film by taking into complete account the anisotropic feature of LN crystal. We analyze the effective refractive index of the quasi-transverse-electrical (q-TE) and quasi-transverse-magnetic (q-TM) modes and their difference in arbitrary-oriented waveguides on x-cut lithium niobate on insulator. Waveguide simulations based on full-vectorial finite element method are performed. The geometrical parameters and directions of the optical axis of the LN material for the ridge waveguides are varied to investigate the single-mode condition, optical power distribution and mode hybridization effect in the straight waveguides. The different trends in optical power distribution in LNOI waveguide between q-TE and q-TM at different crystal optical axis angles will be explained in detail.
Redox-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for chemo- photodynamic combination cancer therapy
Authors: Zhu Liuying , Zhang Weiwei , Song Ping , Li Wanzhen , Chen Xiaolu , Ge Fei , Gui Lin , Yang Kai , Tao Yugui , Guocheng Du 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy remains the primary cancer treatment, but it shows low enrichment and non-specificity. Hence, we have designed a multifunctional nanocarrier based on glutathione (GSH)-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Firstly, disulfide bonds were linked on the surface of mesoporous silica. Then, doxorubicin (DOX) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) were co-loaded into the pores. Finally, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) coated the nanoparticles to obtain the DOX/Ce6@MSN-SS-CMCS (DOX/Ce6@MSC) nanocarrier. The synthesized DOX/Ce6@MSC showed good monodispersity, dimensional stability, and consistent spectral characteristics. DOX/Ce6@MSC could effectively enter cancer cells and successfully deliver drugs. Under 660 nm laser irradiation, DOX/Ce6@MSC exhibited an effective photodynamic therapy effect that resists MCF-7 cells by triggering reactive oxygen species production. Thereby, it could efficiently inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death. Anticancer analysis of tumor-bearing mice demonstrates that the DOX/Ce6@MSC combination treatment induced cell apoptosis effectively and showed an excellent antitumor effect in vivo. Therefore, DOX/Ce6@MSC nano-drug delivery system could be an effective strategy in cancer treatment.
scGraph: a graph neural network-based approach to automatically identify cell types
Authors: Yin Qijin , Liu Qiao , Fu Zhuoran , Zeng Wanwen , Zhang Boheng , Zhang Xuegong , Jiang Rui , Lv Hairong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMotivationSingle-cell technologies play a crucial role in revolutionizing biological research over the past decade, which strengthens our understanding in cell differentiation, development and regulation from a single-cell level perspective. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is one of the most common single cell technologies, which enables probing transcriptional states in thousands of cells in one experiment. Identification of cell types from scRNA-seq measurements is a fundamental and crucial question to answer. Most previous studies directly take gene expression as input while ignoring the comprehensive gene–gene interactions.ResultsWe propose scGraph, an automatic cell identification algorithm leveraging gene interaction relationships to enhance the performance of the cell-type identification. scGraph is based on a graph neural network to aggregate the information of interacting genes. In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that scGraph is accurate and outperforms eight comparison methods in the task of cell-type identification. Moreover, scGraph automatically learns the gene interaction relationships from biological data and the pathway enrichment analysis shows consistent findings with previous analysis, providing insights on the analysis of regulatory mechanism.Availability and implementationscGraph is freely available at https://github.com/QijinYin/scGraph and https://figshare.com/articles/software/scGraph/17157743.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Interventions targeting postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials and narrative discussion
Authors: Duff Ann-Marie , Lambe Gerard , Donlon Noel E , Donohoe Claire L , Brady Anne-Marie , Reynolds John V 
Published: April 2022

Summary
Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) represent the most common complications after esophageal cancer surgery. The lack of a uniform reporting nomenclature and a severity classification has hampered consistency of research in this area, including the study of interventions targeting prevention and treatment of PPCs. This systematic review focused on RCTs of clinical interventions used to minimize the impact of PPCs. Searches were conducted up to 08/02/2021 on MEDLINE (OVID), CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and the COCHRANE library for RCTs and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A total of 339 citations, with a pooled dataset of 1,369 patients and 14 RCTs, were included. Heterogeneity of study design and outcomes prevented meta-analysis. PPCs are multi-faceted and not fully understood with respect to etiology. The review highlights the paucity of high-quality evidence for best practice in the management of PPCs. Further research in the area of intraoperative interventions and early postoperative ERAS standards is required. A consistent uniform for definition of pneumonia after esophagectomy and the development of a severity scale appears warranted to inform further RCTs and guidelines.
An unexpected guest: a green microalga associated with the arsenic-tolerant shrub Acacia farnesiana
Authors: Alcántara-Martínez Nemi , Figueroa-Martínez Francisco , Rivera-Cabrera Fernando , Volke-Sepúlveda Tania 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The best-known plant endophytes include mainly fungi and bacteria, but there are also a few records of microalgae growing endophytically in vascular land plants, some of which belong to the genus Coccomyxa. In this study, we isolated a single-celled photosynthetic microorganism from the arsenic-tolerant shrub Acacia farnesiana, thus we hypothesized that it is an endophytic arsenic-tolerant microalga. The microorganism was identified as belonging to the genus Coccomyxa, and the observation of algal cells within the root tissues strongly suggests its endophytic nature. The alga's tolerance to arsenate (AsV) and its influence on the fitness of A. farnesiana in the presence of AsV were evaluated. Coccomyxa sp. can tolerate up to 2000 µM of AsV for periods shorter than 10 days, however, AsV-tolerance decreased significantly in longer exposure periods. The association with the microalga increased the pigment content in aboveground tissues of A. farnesiana seedlings exposed to AsV for 50 days, without changes in plant growth or arsenic accumulation. This work describes the association, probably endophytic, between an angiosperm and a microalga, confirming the ability of the genus Coccomyxa to form associations with land plants and broadening the known variety of plant endophytes.
Three-year follow-up of a multi-component community-driven health promotion intervention in Denmark
Authors: Pedersen Amalie Krogh , Toft Ulla , Bloch Paul 
Published: April 2022

Summary
The article presents a follow-up study of a multi-component community-driven health promotion intervention in Denmark. The study examines the perceptions and actions of professional stakeholders 3 years after completion of a 19 months intervention period addressing healthy living, well-being and social engagement among families with young children living in three rural communities on the Danish island of Bornholm. The intervention was implemented within the framework of Project Health and Local Community, also referred to as Project SoL. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with diverse professional stakeholders of the project. They represented local government, public institutions, private enterprises, civil society organizations and local mass media. The interviews addressed the extent to which the project had sustained its influence on professional stakeholders’ perceptions and actions following project completion. Efforts were made to understand if persisting influences were value-based and/or manifested as concrete community-driven actions. The study showed that the project had succeeded in sustaining a positive long-term post-intervention influence among informants regarding the values and principles of the project. Despite their sustained motivation and preparedness to continue implementing coordinated community-driven actions this was severely hampered by lack of coordination after project completion. Instead, some of the stakeholders continued developing and implementing actions based on the values and principles of the project within the framework of their own professional networks. The article discusses the structural factors that are required to sustain complex community-driven interventions and the need to reconsider the nature of external support to community development from being project-based to integrated, strategic and long term.
Cavopulmonary support with a modified cannulation technique in a failing Fontan patient
Authors: Michel Sebastian G , Menon Ares K , Haas Nikolaus A , Hörer Jürgen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Failing Fontan patients present a unique challenge for mechanical circulatory support. We report on a 17-year-old patient with Fontan failure and preserved ventricular function who underwent mechanical cavopulmonary support using a novel cannulation technique.
Changes in haemodynamics during single lung transplantation under venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Oishi Hisashi , Matsuda Yasushi , Ejima Yutaka , Toyama Hiroaki , Hirama Takashi , Watanabe Tatsuaki , Watanabe Yui , Niikawa Hiromichi , Noda Masafumi , Okada Yoshinori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use on the haemodynamics during single lung transplantation (SLT) and postoperative course.

METHODS
Forty-seven patients who underwent SLT for end-stage lung diseases in our lung transplant centre between January 2010 and December 2019 were included in this study. The recipients were divided into 3 groups according to the type of intraoperative ECMO. No type of ECMO was intra-operatively used in the patients of the no use of ECMO (NO ECMO) group. The patients in the venoarterial (VA) and VV ECMO groups were put on VA and VV ECMO during the surgery, respectively. The data were compared among the 3 groups.

RESULTS
There were 13 SLT cases in the NO ECMO group, 23 SLT cases in the VA ECMO group and 11 SLT cases in the VV ECMO group. Re-exploration for bleeding was performed in 3 (13.0%) recipients in the VA ECMO group. No recipients required re-exploration in the other groups. In the NO ECMO group, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was significantly elevated during the main pulmonary artery clamp on the SLT side and it was decreased in the VA ECMO group because of the bypass flow. Interestingly, systolic PAP was significantly decreased in the VV ECMO group as well.

CONCLUSIONS
VV ECMO decreases the PAP during SLT, which could be a choice for extracorporeal life support during lung transplant surgery for patients, even those with pulmonary hypertension.
Attachment Style and Burn Pain
Authors: Nyland Jennifer E , Escolas Hollie D , Archuleta Debra , Aden James K , Escolas Sandra M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pain management is a challenge when treating patients with burn injuries. Understanding the behavioral and interpersonal aspects of the experience of burn pain may aid in its management. Attachment style—which influences how an individual relates to other people—is one aspect that may affect the experience of burn pain. Past research has shown a relationship between an individual’s attachment style and certain types of pain and disorders. The study builds upon that past work to investigate specifically how attachment style affects the experience of acute burn pain. Participants were at least 18 years old and admitted to an American Burn Association verified burn center with burns encompassing 30% or less TBSA. Participants completed demographic questionnaires and a standardized measure of adult attachment style. Data regarding use of analgesics, daily pain scores, and burn-related information were collected through medical chart review. Participants who reported a secure attachment style required less pain medication and reported less pain compared with participants who reported an insecure attachment style. There was no difference in burn-related variables between participants with secure and insecure attachment styles, suggesting that these differences were not due to burn-related factors. Attachment, therefore, may play a role in an individual’s perception of acute burn pain, which impacts analgesic requirements needed to manage the pain. These results have potential implications for the use of psychosocial interventions to reduce the experience of pain and the amount of pain medication needed to manage acute burn pain.