bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizing the External Loan
Authors: Adams R. J. C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 introduces the key personalities of the First External Loan and the organizational landscape in which it was promoted. The Dáil mission to the US was led by Éamon de Valera, president of the Dáil, along with Harry Boland, Sean Nunan, J. C. Walsh, and James O’Mara, director of the bond drive. At this time, the predominant Irish-American organization was the Friends of Irish Freedom (FOIF), under the leadership of John Devoy and Judge Daniel Cohalan. In line with the pattern discussed in Chapter 5, in order to raise funds in the US the Dáil mission had to make an alliance with the FOIF. The FOIF branch network enabled the Dáil to reach potential subscribers across the country, but its reliance on the FOIF left the Dáil vulnerable to manipulation by Devoy and Cohalan.
The Patent-Competition Interface in Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For the vast majority of developing countries bereft of meaningful innovation capacity, foreign technology transfer is the main vehicle for technological progress. The chief dynamic policy consideration for these countries is hence incentives for technology transfer instead of innovation incentives. There are three main means of voluntary technology transfer: importation of technological goods, foreign direct investment, and technology licensing. Competition law regulation of patent exploitation practices interacts with these three means of technology transfer in different ways and an appropriate approach to the patent-competition interface for these countries needs to take these into account. Distilling all these considerations, the book proposes a development stage-specific approach to the patent-competition interface for developing countries. The approach is then applied to a number of patent exploitation practices, including unilateral refusal to deal, patent tying, excessive pricing for pharmaceuticals, reverse payment settlements, and restrictive licensing practices.
The Spiritual Turn
Authors: Watts Galen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIncreasingly, North Americans and Western Europeans identify as “spiritual but not religious.” But what does “spirituality” actually mean? And what does this recent “spiritual turn” reveal about the nature of twenty-first-century liberal democracies? Secularization theorists argue that “spirituality” lacks institutional support and a shared tradition, thereby evincing religious decline. Meanwhile, critical commentators contend that the spiritual turn embodies all of the ills of post-1960s liberal democracies. This book challenges these popular misconceptions. Combining cultural sociology with intellectual history and political philosophy, and drawing from first-hand interview and fieldwork data, along with discourse analysis of best-selling books, it shows that rather than reflecting religious decline, the spiritual turn marks the rise of an enduring cultural structure in Western modernity—the religion of the heart. Tracing the rise of the religion of the heart to the 1960s, the book illuminates its elective affinities with the romantic liberal social imaginary that crystallized in popular consciousness during this era, and transformed the institutional spheres of Western liberal democracies, eventually giving birth to a new social order—romantic liberal modernity. Then, inspired by the Durkheimian tradition, it presents case studies of three sites where the religion of the heart is institutionalized in a specific discursive form—a Twelve Step group, a neo-Pentecostal church, and a Toastmasters public speaking club. The book concludes that while critics may have reason to disparage both “spirituality” and romantic liberal modernity more generally, the reality is far more complex than their criticisms suggest—and more importantly, far less hopeless.
Conclusion
Authors: Watts Galen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter identifies and discusses the lessons contained in the three case studies about the potential perils of romantic liberal modernity. The first is that romantic liberal modernity—given the bureaucratic, legalistic, and rationalist character of public life—is disenchanting. This explains why so many today embrace the religion of the heart (“spirituality”). The second is that by sacralizing the values of individual freedom, self-expression, and self-realization, twenty-first-century liberal democracies loosen the bonds that tie individuals together, and therefore risk producing anomie. And the third is that the moral logic of the market exacerbates egoism unless it is counterbalanced by a moral logic institutionalized in a competing social sphere. Unfortunately, the popular self-understanding of romantic liberals, which denies their social and institutional debts, prevents them from heeding these lessons. The chapter therefore closes by encouraging romantic liberals to adopt a more Durkheimian self-understanding, which will enable them to see the social character of what they call their “true self”—as well as the social preconditions for realizing their ideals.
Responsible Conduct of Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Responsible Conduct of Research provides an overview of ethical, legal, and social issues in scientific research for science students, trainees, and professional scientists. Written by two leading scholars in the field of research ethics, one with a background in natural science and the other with a background in philosophy and law, the book incorporates insights from these diverse disciplines throughout the text. The book provides in-depth analyses of a wide array of topics, including ethical theory and decision-making, misconduct, questionable research practices, research record-keeping, data sharing, data auditing, reproducibility, authorship, publication, peer review, intellectual property, conflict of interest, mentoring, safe research environment, animal experimentation, research with human subjects, and social responsibility. The book also includes interesting case studies and provocative questions at the end of each chapter that can serve as a basis for further analysis and discussion. The concluding chapter of the book describes some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research. The 4th edition of Responsible Conduct of Research includes updated references and discussions of new and evolving topics, such as digital image manipulation, text recycling (sometimes called self-plagiarism), retractions, publication on pre-print servers, sexual and other forms of harassment, research with human biological samples, revisions to the Common Rule for research with human subjects, dual use research, the COVID-19 pandemic, providing science advice, and interactions with the media.
Dark Leadership and the Fate of Organizations
Authors: Hogan Robert , Sherman Ryne A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the authors’ view of how the relatively recent interest in the dark side of personality has influenced leadership research. Conventional wisdom of leadership researchers has always been that the corporate elite is a race of heroes. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section provides some context and background for the subsequent discussion of leadership and the dark side of personality. The second section describes how the authors arrived at the notion of “the dark side of personality” and its impact on leadership. The third section summarizes the lessons that have been learned about these topics over the years. The chapter concludes with some final observations.
Authoritarianism
Authors: Harms P. D. , Landay Karen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Concerns about why and under what circumstances individuals would relinquish their own freedoms and put their faith in autocratic leaders are re-emerging as an important topic in the field of leadership research. In the present review, the authors cover the history of research on authoritarianism, the developmental origins of authoritarian values, and the implications of authoritarian individuals in the workplace. The authors also discuss the nature and effects of autocratic leaders in terms of their impact on their followers’ performance and well-being, but also key moderators of these effects. The chapter concludes with evaluations of where the study of authoritarians is headed in the future as well as the societal implications of authoritarianism more broadly.
The Collapse of Constitutional Remedies
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book describes and explains the failure of the federal courts of the United States to act and to provide remedies to individuals whose constitutional rights have been violated by illegal state coercion and violence. This remedial vacuum must be understood in light of the original design and historical development of the federal courts. At its conception, the federal judiciary was assumed to be independent thanks to an apolitical appointment process, a limited supply of adequately trained lawyers (which would prevent cherry-picking judges), and the constraining effect of laws and constitutional provision. Each of these checks failed. A first consequence was that the early federal judicial system was highly dependent on Congress. Not until the last quarter of the nineteenth century did a robust federal judiciary start to emerge. And it was only in the first quarter of the twentieth century that the federal courts took something like their present form. The book then charts how pressure from Congress and the White House has continued to shape courts’ behavior—first eliciting a mid-twentieth-century explosion in individual remedies, and then driving a five-decade-long collapse. Judges themselves have not avidly resisted this decline, in part because of ideological reasons and in part out of institutional worries about a ballooning docket. Today, as a result of these trends, the courts are stingy with individual remedies, but aggressively enforce the so-called structural constitution of the separation of powers and federalism. This cocktail has highly regressive effects. It is in clear need of reform.
Shared and Institutional Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Our human lives involve remarkable forms of practical organization: diachronic organization of individual activity, small-scale organization of shared action, and the organization of institutions. A theory of human action should help us understand these multiple forms of human practical organization and their interrelations. This book argues that a key is our capacity for planning agency. Drawing on earlier work on the roles of planning agency in the cross-temporal and small-scale social organization of our agency, this book focuses on the role of our planning agency within our organized institutions. It draws on ideas, inspired by H. L. A. Hart, that our organized institutions are rule-guided, and that to understand this we need a theory of social rules. This book draws on the planning theory of shared intention and the underlying theory of plan rationality to understand social rules. It understands an organized institution as involving authority-according social rules of procedure. It provides a model of organized institutions that makes room for pluralistic divergence. This leads to a model of institutional intention and—drawing on ideas from Harry Frankfurt—institutional intentional agency. The account charts a path between views of, among others, Kirk Ludwig, Philip Pettit, and Scott Shapiro. It sees our capacity for planning agency as a core capacity that underlies not only string quartets and informal social rules but also, thereby, the rule-guided structure of organized institutions and institutional agency. And it supports adjustments in views of mind, intention, and agency that are built into Donald Davidson’s field-shaping work.
Institutional intention without a dense holistic subject
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter completes the theory of institutional intention (without trying to say what further would be needed for institutional moral accountability). Once pressures for a holistic subject play their role in the interpretation of individual participants, our plan-theoretic constructions build on the content-involving attitudes of individuals in a way that can realize functionalist conditions for institutional intention. But, given disagreement and incompleteness, such institutional intentions will not ensure a dense holistic institutional subject. The chapter explains how to assign content to institutional intention without embedding it within a dense holistic subject. The chapter distinguishes two threads of List and Pettit’s discussion of discursive dilemmas: the condition that the group’s “organizational structure” resolve a practical problem by issuing in a group conclusion by way of a premise-driven procedure, and the condition of induced rational completeness. This chapter coheres with the first thread but not the second.
Conclusion
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes a sequence of constructions of shared intention, social rules, rule-guided organized institutions, and institutional intention and intentional agency. The building blocks for these constructions involve the interconnected, rationally guided thinking and acting of individual, human planning agents. This psychology involves functionally specified plan states. In building up these constructions sequentially the theory aims, in each case, to ground functioning in construction. The claim is not that these constructions are unique: this is a strategy of sufficiency. Nevertheless, this sequence of constructions defeasibly supports the core capacity thesis that the human capacity for planning agency plays a core role in support of diachronic, small-scale social, and institutional human practical organization.
Government and Religious Education
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the issues that arise when governments cooperate with religious schools or support parental choice in education. In its early cases, the Court affirmed a logic of accommodation and protected religious schools and parents’ rights in education. However, as this chapter describes, the Court made an abrupt turn in 1970s, and was often skeptical of public support for, and cooperation with, religious schools, even when this cooperation was aimed at assisting vulnerable and needy children. More recently, though, the Court has developed an equality logic and affirmed that religious schools may be - and sometimes must be - treated equally with nonreligious schools. This equal-treatment approach has been illustrated in cases involving scholarship and "voucher" programs, and in some cases involving direct aid to religious schools.
Religion and Public Life
Authors: Witte John , Nichols Joel A. , Garnett Richard W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Supreme Court’s Establishment Clause cases involving religious ceremonies, arguments, expression, and symbols in public life and in the public square. It reviews the cases on legislative prayer and the public employment of legislative chaplains. It next surveys cases involving displays of religious symbols, such as a creche, cross, menorah, or the Ten Commandments, on public property. The chapter shows the role that history and tradition play in evaluating, and protecting, certain practices even if they involve religious symbols. The chapter concludes by providing a crisp assessment of patterns and principles to assist in making sense of religious symbols cases, which have at times seemed conflicting. Finally, the chapter provides a summary and conclusions on the Court’s establishment clause cases and thus ties together the previous two chapters (Chapters 9 and 10 with this one.
The Politicization of Social Investment in the Media and Legislature in North East Asia
Authors: Shim Jaemin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the agenda-setting politics of social investment issues in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan since 1990, based on newspaper articles and bill sponsorship records. The findings reveal that, in all three countries, social investment issues have increasingly gained legislative and media saliency and presented mostly as a problem-driven valence issue, for example, in tackling an aging society and the low-fertility crisis. However, cross-national differences do exist in terms of the primary function that social investment serves as well as the extent to which the legislature mirrors the media. The chapter’s second half examines the effect of partisanship on social investment agenda-setting in the legislature. The results demonstrate that, on the one hand, partisanship is not an important factor in deciding whether a social investment bill is introduced. On the other hand, the effect of partisanship is visibly related to the choice of the type of social investment strategy.
Origins of Executive-Centered Partisanship and the Quest for Responsible Party Government
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the “Third New Deal,” its transformation of the party system, the development of a newly empowered presidential office, and the origins of executive-centered partisanship. We argue that the deep roots of our present discontents can be traced back to these institutional transformations—the desire to overcome, or transcend, populist protest rather than to mediate it through strong, collective institutions. The chapter closes by reflecting on similar concerns raised by political scientists during the transformation; and it reinterprets the foundational 1950s report from the American Political Science Association Committee on Political Parties. Most overlook how this report, and its praise for democratizing the political system, also remained attentive to concerns over presidential power and the institution’s growing dominion over political party organizations. As the advice in the report went unheeded, the inability to create responsible party organizations laid the groundwork for the explosive movement politics we detail in Chapters 4 and 5.
Conclusion
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas , Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter opens with a discussion of the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the US Capitol during the presidential transition from Donald Trump to Joe Biden. The political aftermath and Trump’s sustained popularity inside the Republican Party is further evidence of executive-centered partisanship. The chapter then considers the first few months of Joe Biden’s presidency and questions whether the country has turned a corner in its excessive reliance on president-movement politics. There is evidence to suggest that Biden will resist the pathologies executive-centered partisanship. But, absent significant institutional reform, the American political system remains vulnerable. We conclude the book by offering a set of ideas about what those institutional reforms might entail, while orienting the conversation on reform around the need to rethink the role of the president in the political system and the effort to reestablish party competition based on principle, not personality.
Power and the Space of Appearances
Authors: Parietti Guido 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter inquires into the conditions, both logical and pragmatic, necessary for the concept of power to have an actual referent in the world. The general conditions for power can be reduced to two: a language complex enough to allow the representation of possibilities and a system of law representing the submission of necessary and necessitating violence to a shared normative language. Both are normative in a way that is transcendentally embedded into our condition as agents or actors, rather than grounded on any ulterior value, end, or alleged empirical fact. Thus, a realistic appreciation of the fact that politics is always about power does not lead to the removal of normativity but rather to the recognition that power defines the radical condition of any and all norms. Indeed, the very capacity to entertain ends, and thereby to produce value judgments, appears to be conditional upon the presence of power.
Toward an Emotion Practice Approach
Authors: Cottingham Marci D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops the main claims and concepts within an emotion practice approach. Emotion management theory highlights the effort involved in working over our emotions, while interaction ritual theory focuses on the energy and effervescence that result from successful rituals. Scholars have highlighted the experiential and unconscious aspects of emotion that are overlooked when we focus only on management and the biographical factors that are overlooked when we only see emotion as ritual-produced energy. These limitations can be overcome with a turn to practice theory and conceptualization of emotions as practical, embodied calculations shaped by past practices and predictive of future demands. The shared tradition of pragmatism provides areas of conceptual overlap between symbolic interactionism and poststructural approaches. A practice approach promises to trace what happens before, beneath, and beyond individuals and their felt or managed emotions. Key concepts from practice theory include habitus, emotional capital, and social location.
Nurses
Authors: Cottingham Marci D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the case of nurses—characterized as emotional “jugglers”—to show how an emotion practice approach sheds light on the emotional complexity that is often overlooked when we focus only on masking, faking, or cultivating specific emotions to match professional expectations. In popular imagination, nurses themselves are assumed to be ever-selfless nurturers, but in this chapter we see the emotional ambiguity, complexity, and conservation of emotional resources that make nursing what it is. Nurses use and conserve emotional resources in conjunction with wider hierarchies of social class and race. Nurse diaries reveal the day-to-day embodiment of emotions in aching feet, heads, joints, and recurring exhaustion and rumination. Nurse audio diaries allow us to empirically capture emotions as mindfully embodied—simultaneously embodied and consciously identified—as well as dynamically structured in the variety of emotions they confront on a daily basis.
Transformation through Prayer
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe different approaches to prayer, which early modern Catholics engaged with, proved contentious. This chapter introduces the reader to a number of different prayer practices, which influenced personal self-transformation. Crucial was especially the forming of personal affects and passions through religious imagination and prayer. Under the label of mental prayer, Catholics learned methods of focusing their attention on God, while pious sighs or arrow prayers were more spontaneous prayers imploring divine help. The discussion about prayer was also influenced by the early modern focus on Purgatory and asceticism.
Mary and Joseph
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough practiced since antiquity, Marian piety became a confessional characteristic of Catholicism in the sixteenth century. In the immediate aftermath of the Council of Trent, which recommended the veneration of sacred images, countless new images of Mary were placed prominently in churches. Theologically, with Marian piety the church emphasized love and mercy. This brought more balance to the dialectic of fear and mercy that we have encountered throughout this book. The veneration of St. Joseph, which becomes popular only in early modernity, also espouses such hope and mercy. Moreover, the righteousness and chastity of St. Joseph were recommended for imitation to male populations worldwide.