bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy model-based design for testing and qualification of additive manufacturing components
Authors: Borgue Olivia , Panarotto Massimo , Isaksson Ola 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The uncertainties and variation of additive manufacturing (AM) material properties and their impact on product quality trouble designers. The lack of experience in AM technologies renders the experts’ assessment of AM components and the establishment of safety margins difficult. Consequently, unexpected qualification difficulties resulting in expensive and lengthy redesign processes might arise. To reduce the risk of qualification failure, engineers might perform copious time-consuming and expensive specimen testing in early phases, or establish overconservative design margins, overriding the weight reduction benefits of AM technologies. In this article, a model-based design method is proposed for the conceptual design of AM space components with affordable test phases. The method utilizes fuzzy logics to systematically account for experts’ assessment of AM properties variation, and to provide an early estimation of a product qualification likelihood related to design parameters of interest, without the need for copious testing. The estimation of qualification likelihood can also point out which are the unique AM material uncertainties that require further specific testing, to enable the design of a product with a better performance and more affordable test phases. The method is demonstrated with the design for AM gridded of ion thrusters for satellite applications.
Healthcare-associated infections on the intensive care unit in 21 Brazilian hospitals during the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: An ecological study
Authors: Porto Ana Paula M. , Borges Igor C. , Buss Lewis , Machado Anna , Bassetti Bil R. , Cocentino Brunno , Bicalho Camila S. , Carrilho Claudia M.D.M. , Rodrigues Cristhieni , Neto Eudes A.S. , Girão Evelyne S. , Piastrelli Filipe , Sapienza Giovanna , Varkulja Glaucia , Kolbe Karin , Passos Luciana , Esteves Patricia , Gitirana Pollyana , Feijó Regia D.F. , Coutinho Rosane L. , Guimarães Thais , Ferraz Tiago L.L. , Levin Anna S. , Costa Silvia F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjective:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis and may have affected healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention strategies. We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HAI incidence in Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs).Methods:In this ecological study, we compared adult patients admitted to the ICU from April through June 2020 (pandemic period) with the same period in 2019 (prepandemic period) in 21 Brazilian hospitals. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test in a pairwise analysis to compare the following differences between the pandemic and the prepandemic periods: microbiologically confirmed central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence density (cases per 1,000 central line and ventilator days, respectively), the proportion of organisms that caused HAI, and antibiotic consumption (DDD).Results:We detected a significant increase in median CLABSI incidence during the pandemic: 1.60 (IQR, 0.44–4.20) vs 2.81 (IQR, 1.35–6.89) (P = .002). We did not detect a significant difference in VAP incidence between the 2 periods. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the proportion of CLABSI caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Candida spp during the pandemic, although only the latter retained statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. We did not detect a significant change in ceftriaxone, piperacillin–tazobactam, meropenem, or vancomycin consumption between the studied periods.Conclusions:There was an increase in CLABSI incidence in Brazilian ICUs during the first months of COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we detected an increase in the proportion of CLABSI caused by E. faecalis and Candida spp during this period. CLABSI prevention strategies must be reinforced in ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Trade openness, job sectors, and social policy preferences: evidence from China
Authors: Zheng Li , Zhu Ling 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHow does trade openness affect individuals’ social policy preferences in emerging markets? Drawing upon the theories of economic openness, risk, and social policy preference, we examine how trade openness and job sectors jointly shape preferences on social protection in China, the largest emerging market. Using the World Value Survey (WVS) Wave VI and archival macroeconomic indicators in 2012, we find that trade openness is associated with higher demands for government responsibility in social protection. We also find, compared with public-sector employees, private-sector employees exhibit lower levels of support to the role of government in social protection. The public–private divide in policy preferences, nevertheless, diminishes in regions with high levels of trade openness. This research provides new evidence to the risk-model of social policy preferences in the Chinese context. It also highlights the importance of considering the significant differences between public and private-sector employees in their social policy preferences.
CONJUGACY CLASSES OF MAXIMAL CYCLIC SUBGROUPS AND NILPOTENCE CLASS OF -GROUPS
Authors: BIANCHI MARIAGRAZIA , CAMINA RACHEL D. , LEWIS MARK L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLet
$\eta (G)$
be the number of conjugacy classes of maximal cyclic subgroups of G. We prove that if G is a p-group of order
$p^n$
and nilpotence class l, then
$\eta (G)$
is bounded below by a linear function in
$n/l$
.
FACTORING VARIANTS OF CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS WITH MINIMAL POLYNOMIALS OF
Authors: WOLFRAM D. A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe solve the problem of factoring polynomials
$V_n(x) \pm 1$
and
$W_n(x) \pm 1$
, where
$V_n(x)$
and
$W_n(x)$
are Chebyshev polynomials of the third and fourth kinds, in terms of the minimal polynomials of
$\cos ({2\pi }{/d})$
. The method of proof is based on earlier work, D. A. Wolfram, [‘Factoring variants of Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds with minimal polynomials of
$\cos ({2 \pi }/{d})$
’, Amer. Math. Monthly129 (2022), 172–176] for factoring variants of Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kinds. We extend this to show that, in general, similar variants of Chebyshev polynomials of the fifth and sixth kinds,
$X_n(x) \pm 1$
and
$Y_n(x) \pm 1$
, do not have factors that are minimal polynomials of
$\cos ({2\pi }/{d})$
.
Late Cenozoic faulting deformation of the Fanshi Basin (northern Shanxi rift, China), inferred from palaeostress analysis of mesoscale fault-slip data
Authors: Assie Konan Roger , Wang Yu , Tranos Markos D. , Ma Huimin , Kouamelan Kouamelan Serge , Brantson Eric Thompson , Zhou Liyun , Ketchaya Yanick Blaise 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Fanshi Basin is one of the NE–SW-striking depocentres formed along the northern segment of the fault-bounded Shanxi rift. In order to understand the crustal driving stresses that led to the basin formation and development, a palaeostress analysis of a large quantity of fault-slip data collected mainly at the boundaries of the basin was accomplished. The stress inversion of these data revealed three stress regimes. The oldest SR1 was a Neogene stress regime giving rise to a strike-slip deformation with NE–SW contraction and NW–SE extension. SR1 activated the large faults trending NNE–NE, i.e. (sub)parallel to the main strike of the Shanxi rift, as right-lateral strike-slip faults. It was subjected to the Shanxi rift before the activation of the Fanshi Basin boundary fault, i.e. the Fanshi (or Wutai) fault, as a normal fault. The next is a short-lived NE–SW extensional stress regime SR2 in early Pleistocene time, which shows the inception of the basin’s extension. A strong NW–SE to NNW–SSE extensional stress regime SR3 has governed the northern segment of the Shanxi rift since late Pleistocene time and is the present-day extension. It gave rise to the current half-graben geometry of the Fanshi Basin by activating the Fanshi (or Wutai) fault as a normal fault in the southern part of the graben. Because of the dominance of the NW–SE to NNW–SSE extension, which is perpendicular to the NE–SW extension, mutual permutations between σ3and σ2due to inherited fault patterns might have occurred while the crustal stresses in the Fanshi Basin changed from the SR1 to SR3 stress regimes.
Childhood adversity and recurrence of psychotic experiences during adolescence: the role of mediation in an analysis of a population-based longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Dhondt N. , Staines L. , Healy C. , Cannon M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundPsychotic experiences (PEs) are relatively common in childhood and adolescence and are associated with increased risk of functional issues and psychiatric illness in young adulthood, and PEs that recur are associated with increased risk of poorer psychiatric and functional outcomes. Childhood adversity is a well-established risk factor for PEs. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the relationship between childhood adversity and recurring PEs in adolescence and (2) candidate mediators of that relationship.MethodsWe used data from Cohort ‘98 of the Growing Up in Ireland study (n = 6039) at three time points (ages 9, 13 and 17) to investigate the relationship between childhood adversity (parent-reported at age 9), recurring PEs (measured using a subset of the Adolescent Psychotic-like Symptoms Screener at ages 13 and 17). The mediating roles of parent–child relationship, internalising and externalising difficulties, self-concept, physical activity, dietary quality, perceived neighbourhood safety and friendship quantity were investigated using the KHB path decomposition method.ResultsChildhood adversity was associated with an increased risk of recurring PEs with a population attributable fraction of 23%. Internalising difficulties and self-concept explained 13% of the relationship between childhood adversity and PEs suggesting a partial mediation. A significant direct effect remained between childhood adversity and recurring PEs.ConclusionsThe established relationship between childhood adversity and PEs may be mainly driven by the relationship between childhood adversity and recurring PEs. Internalising difficulties and self-concept together mediate part of the relationship between childhood adversity and recurring PEs.
The effect of hand hygiene frequency on reducing acute respiratory infections in the community: a meta-analysis
Authors: Mo Yin , Pham Thi Mui , Lim Cherry , Horby Peter , Stewardson Andrew J. , Harbarth Stephan , Scott Geoffrey M. , Cooper Ben S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHand hygiene is a simple, low-cost intervention that may lead to substantial population-level effects in suppressing acute respiratory infection epidemics. However, quantification of the efficacy of hand hygiene on respiratory infection in the community is lacking. We searched PubMed for randomised controlled trials on the effect of hand hygiene for reducing acute respiratory infections in the community published before 11 March 2021. We performed a meta-regression analysis using a Bayesian mixed-effects model. A total of 105 publications were identified, out of which six studies reported hand hygiene frequencies. Four studies were performed in household settings and two were in schools. The average number of handwashing events per day ranged from one to eight in the control arms, and four to 17 in the intervention arms. We estimated that a single hand hygiene event is associated with a 3% (80% credible interval (−1% to 7%)) decrease in the daily probability of an acute respiratory infection. Three of these six studies were potentially at high risk of bias because the primary outcome depended on self-reporting of upper respiratory tract symptoms. Well-designed trials with an emphasis on monitoring hand hygiene adherence are needed to confirm these findings.
Inflation-linked bonds in incomplete markets with sunspots
Authors: Kang Minwook 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of the introduction of inflation-linked bonds, which incur transaction costs when traded, on the monetary economy with sunspots. This paper shows that there always exists a certain range of positive transaction costs, where both monetary and bond markets are active. This implies that on top of governments, profit-seeking financial entrepreneurs also have the incentive to issue these bonds. This paper also displays how financial innovation on the indexed bond can be Kaldor improving, even if not necessarily Pareto improving. This finding indicates that together with lump-sum tax policies, the government can attain consensus among consumers on bond issuance.
Do family physicians perceive electronic cigarette use as a harm reduction strategy for smokers? A survey from Istanbul
Authors: Tanriover Ozlem , Hidiroglu Seyhan , Ay Pinar , Cook Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background:
E-cigarettes (ECs) are gaining popularity in Turkey among smokers. With the rapid increase of EC consumption, it is important to ascertain how family physicians (FPs) perceive ECs as they play a key role in providing smoking cessation services.

Aim:
Our main objectives were to determine FPs’ level of awareness and harm reduction perceptions of ECs and to delineate the factors associated with their counseling practices.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical components. Data were collected through questionnaires. Questions mainly focused on demographic characteristics, knowledge and own use of ECs, general attitudes towards ECs, and daily practices while performing counseling on tobacco use. In order to control confounding factors, logistic regression analysis was performed.

Findings:
Among a total of 271 FPs, 49.1% (n = 133) were males and the median age (IQR) was 41 years (32–46). Almost one-fifth of the FPs (n = 52) reported that they did not provide counseling services to their smoking patients. Only 26.6% (n = 72) of the FPs stated that they felt confident enough to advise patients on smoking cessation. Of the FPs, 6.6% have stated that they have recommended ECs to their patients for smoking cessation with the strategy of harm reduction. Factors associated with providers’ recommendation of ECs to their patients as a harm reduction strategy included ‘believing that ECs help smokers to quit, ECs could be vaped in closed areas, and ECs were healthier than combustible tobacco products’.

Conclusion:
In our study, FPs stated lack of confidence to advice patients on smoking cessation. Furthermore, they recommended ECs to their smoking patients as a harm reduction strategy. FPs’ confidence should be increased with the trainings based on recent evidence on ECs.
Effect of Climatic Precession on Dansgaard‐Oeschger‐Like Oscillations
Authors: Kuniyoshi Yuta , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Sherriff‐Tadano Sam , Chan Wing‐Le , Saito Fuyuki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUsing the climate model MIROC4m, we simulate self‐sustained oscillations of millennial‐scale periodicity in the climate and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under glacial conditions. We show two cases of extreme climatic precession and examine the mechanism of these oscillations. When the climatic precession corresponds to strong (weak) boreal seasonality, the period of the oscillation is about 1,500 (3,000) years. During the stadial, hot (cool) summer conditions in the Northern Hemisphere contribute to thin (thick) sea ice, which covers the deep convection sites, triggering early (late) abrupt climate change. During the interstadial, as sea ice is thin (thick), cold deep‐water forms and cools the subsurface quickly (slowly), which influences the stratification of the North Atlantic Ocean. We show that the oscillations are explained by the internal feedbacks of the atmosphere‐sea ice‐ocean system, especially subsurface ocean temperature change and salt advection feedback with a positive feedback between the subpolar gyre and deep convection.
Sulfides in Mercury's Mantle: Implications for Mercury's Interior as Interpreted From Moment of Inertia
Authors: Lark L. H. , Parman S. , Huber C. , Parmentier E. M. , Head J. W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe partitioning of sulfur between Mercury's core and mantle reflects its formation conditions and early evolution. If Mercury's core and mantle equilibrated under reducing conditions, and if Mercury is not depleted in sulfur relative to chondrites, Mercury's mantle should contain large quantities (7–11 wt.%) of sulfur in the form of Ca or Mg‐rich sulfides. Using petrologic constraints, we estimate the quantity of these sulfides and the implications of a sulfide‐rich mantle for Mercury's radial density structure. We find that based on recent measurements of Mercury's outer shell moment of inertia (MoI), a sulfide‐rich, iron‐poor mantle mineralogy is consistent with a low value of Mercury's polar MoI (0.333 MR2). Alternatively, a higher value for Mercury's MoI (0.343 MR2) would require a sulfide‐poor mantle, indicating bulk sulfur depletion or more oxidizing conditions than implied by surface composition.
Influence of Irrigation on Diurnal Mesoscale Circulations: Results From GRAINEX
Authors: Phillips C. E. , Nair U. S. , Mahmood R. , Rappin E. , Pielke R. A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn order to understand the impact of irrigation on weather and climate, the 2018 Great Plains Irrigation Experiment collected comprehensive observations straddling irrigated and non‐irrigated regions in southeast Nebraska. Using these observations, we examine how irrigation affects diurnal terrain‐generated slope circulations, specifically the slope wind. We find that irrigation applied to upslope regions of gently sloping terrain reduces terrain‐induced baroclinicity and the associated pressure gradient force by up to two‐thirds. This leads to the reduction in the afternoon and evening upslope wind and is supported through comparisons to the High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh operational model, which does not explicitly account for irrigation. Additionally, the presence of irrigation decreases daytime sensible heat flux (Bowen ratio reduced 40% compared to non‐irrigated regions), weakening turbulent transport of momentum. Modifications to the terrain‐forced circulation by irrigation has the potential to affect moisture transport and thus cloud and precipitation formation over the Great Plains.
Non‐Darcy Flow Through a Natural Streambed in a Disconnected Stream
Authors: Ma Zhitong , Wang Wenke , Zhao Ming , Hou Xinyue , Wang Zhan , Zheng Haochang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSeepage flux from disconnected streams can be a main source of groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions. The seepage into the streambed will respond to a change in stream stage; however, the relationship between seepage flux and stream stage is uncertain due to a lack of in situ observations. This study investigated the change in seepage flow regime with stream stage in a natural streambed through field measurements along a 50.1 km long disconnected stream. Seepage fluxes were quantified using a seepage meter method involving the measurement and simulation of the variable stream stages in a seasonal stream. Flow regimes in the streambed were then evaluated using a developed model. Two seepage flow regimes were observed, the Darcy flow regime and the non‐Darcy flow regime, with the change of the stream stage in the streambed. Our analysis of the mechanisms of seepage flow indicates that drainable porosity and particle size of streambed media are the key factors controlling non‐Darcy seepage flow behavior. We demonstrated that the Reynolds number based on the particle diameter d30 instead of d50 can provide a more accurate criterion for non‐Darcy flow in natural heterogeneous streambeds. Model evaluation showed that predicted streambed seepage regimes and fluxes were consistent with field observations. Together, these results provide new insights into the seepage mechanisms, which have significant implications for the establishment of a better seepage model and the joint development of regional surface water and groundwater.
Precipitation‐Moisture Coupling Over Tropical Oceans: Sequential Roles of Shallow, Deep, and Mesoscale Convective Systems
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Leung L. Ruby , Feng Zhe , Yang Qiu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrecipitation over tropical oceans rapidly increases when the environmental column saturation fraction (CSF) increases past a critical value of ∼0.7. Past studies suggested that increased stratiform rainfall greatly contributes to the rapid rainfall enhancement. In this study, the sequential roles of non‐deep convection, deep convection, and mesoscale convective system (MCS) in precipitation‐moisture interactions are examined using 19 years of satellite observations. When CSF is below ∼0.5, non‐deep convection dominates total rainfall, and predominantly contributes to moistening of the environment. Between the CSF range of 0.5–0.7, transition to deep convective rainfall begins. Meanwhile, MCS contribution to total rain rapidly increases, and the environment is further moistened. MCS becomes the major rainfall type above the critical CSF value (∼0.7), with the rapid increase of total rain mostly explained by the rapid increase in MCS rain area. Rainfall reduction at high CSF values is jointly contributed by MCS and non‐deep convection.
Indigenous microbiota protects development of medication-related osteonecrosis induced by periapical disease in mice
Authors: Du Wen , Yang Mengyu , Kim Terresa , Kim Sol , Williams Drake W. , Esmaeili Maryam , Hong Christine , Shin Ki-Hyuk , Kang Mo K. , Park No-Hee , Kim Reuben H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBacterial infection is a common finding in patients, who develop medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) by the long-term and/or high-dose use of anti-resorptive agents such as bisphosphonate (BPs). However, pathological role of bacteria in MRONJ development at the early stage remains controversial. Here, we demonstrated that commensal microbiota protects against MRONJ development in the pulp-exposed periapical periodontitis mouse model. C57/BL6 female mice were treated with intragastric broad-spectrum antibiotics for 1 week. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) through intravenous injection and antibiotics in drinking water were administered for throughout the experiment. Pulp was exposed on the left maxillary first molar, then the mice were left for 5 weeks after which bilateral maxillary first molar was extracted and mice were left for additional 3 weeks to heal. All mice were harvested, and cecum, maxilla, and femurs were collected. ONJ development was assessed using μCT and histologic analyses. When antibiotic was treated in mice, these mice had no weight changes, but developed significantly enlarged ceca compared to the control group (CTL mice). Periapical bone resorption prior to the tooth extraction was similarly prevented when treated with antibiotics, which was confirmed by decreased osteoclasts and inflammation. ZOL treatment with pulp exposure significantly increased bone necrosis as determined by empty lacunae and necrotic bone amount. Furthermore, antibiotics treatment could further exacerbate bone necrosis, with increased osteoclast number. Our findings suggest that the commensal microbiome may play protective role, rather than pathological role, in the early stages of MRONJ development.