bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The human intelligence evolved from proximal cis‐regulatory saltations
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Shi Jianhui , Li Lei M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe divergence rate between the alignable genomes of humans and chimpanzees is as little as 1.23%. Their phenotypical difference was hypothesized to be accounted for by gene regulation. We construct the cis‐regulatory element frequency (CREF) matrix to represent the proximal regulatory sequences for each species. Each CREF matrix is further decomposed into dual eigen‐modules. By comparing the CREF modules of four existing hominid species, we examine their quantitative and qualitative changes along evolution. We identified two saltations: one between the 4th and 5th, the other between the 9th and 10th eigen‐levels. The cognition and intelligence unique to humans are thus found from the saltations at the molecular level. They include long‐term memory, cochlea/inner ear morphogenesis that enables the development of human language/music, social behavior that allows us to live together peacefully and to work collaboratively, and visual/observational/associative learning. Moreover, we found exploratory behavior crucial for humans’ creativity, the GABA‐B receptor activation that protects our neurons, and serotonin biosynthesis/signaling that regulates our happiness. We observed a remarkable increase in the number of motifs present on Alu elements on the 4th/9th motif‐eigenvectors. The cognition and intelligence unique to humans can, by and large, be identified using only the CREF profiles without any a priori. Although gradual evolution might be the only mode in the mutations of protein sequences, the evolution of gene regulation has both gradual and saltational modes, which could be explained by the framework of CREF eigen‐modules.
Organic room temperature phosphorescence co‐crystal with reversible acid/base stimulus response
Authors: Zhang Chenchen , Jiang Xingjia , Wang Can , Liu Zhaoyang , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing 
Published: January 2025

AbstractStimulus‐responsive organic room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have received significant attention in bioimaging, sensing, and data storage because of their controllable dynamic variability and rapid response. Organic co‐crystals, with tailor‐designed optical properties through manipulation of their aggregate structures, have proven to be very effective in elucidating the structure‐property relationship of organic RTP materials at the molecular level. Therefore, enhancing RTP through rigid frameworks that promote intersystem crossing is a valid approach. Notably, the realization of organic RTP co‐crystal performance by altering the components or adjusting the crystal lattices is highly appealing; however, this has not been fully addressed. In this study, an organic RTP co‐crystal, 4,4′‐bipyridine (44BD), was employed as the host, and 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene (DITF) and 4‐bromo‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzoic acid (TFBA) were employed as guests. The 44BD‐DITF co‐crystal exhibited an orange RTP, whereas 44BD‐TFBA displayed a bright yellow RTP. Crystal analysis and theoretical calculations revealed that dense molecular packing and abundant intermolecular interactions within these co‐crystals are crucial for the emergence of RTP. Notably, both co‐crystals show a reversible acid/base stimulus response, that is, exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl) fumes results in quenching of their RTP, which can be subsequently restored by triethylamine (TEA) fumigation. This study presents an effective approach towards reversible RTP switching in organic co‐crystals, thus offering opportunities for the development of acid/base stimulus‐responsive materials for next‐generation applications.
Shaking Table Tests of Underground Substation Considering Soil–Structure–Equipment Interaction
Authors: Zhihao Wang , Jing Lv , Guanglin Pai , Wei Zhang , Longfei Jiao , Peng Liu , Bo Wen , Yongkang Kang , Fan Zhang , Peng Xu 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTTo investigate the seismic dynamic response characteristics of underground substations, considering the interaction among soil, structure, and equipment, a model soil field shaking table test with a similarity ratio of 1:25 was conducted. Detailed analysis was conducted on the acceleration amplification factors, Fourier amplitude spectra, and displacements of soil, structure, and equipment during the experimental process. The experimental study revealed the following findings: It was concluded that the seismic excitation had a significant impact on the acceleration response of equipment near the edges of the structure, demonstrating an amplification effect. Both the acceleration amplification factors of the station structure and the site generally decreased with increasing input seismic intensity. As the seismic intensity increased, this decreasing trend gradually weakened. Additionally, the peak values of acceleration Fourier spectra often decrease with increasing burial depth. The examination of the postearthquake model system revealed the presence of surface cracks in the soil, which exhibited varying degrees of severity. These cracks were observed both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of excitation, with a significant concentration of soil fissures occurring directly above the structural elements.
New insights into axion freeze-in
Authors: Jain Mudit , Maggi Angelo , Ai Wen-Yuan , Marsh David J. E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Freeze-in via the axion-photon coupling, gϕγ, can produce axions in the early Universe. At low reheating temperatures close to the minimum allowed value Treh ≈ TBBN ≈ 10 MeV, the abundance peaks for axion masses mϕ ≈ Treh. Such heavy axions are unstable and subsequently decay, leading to strong constraints on gϕγ from astrophysics and cosmology. In this work, we revisit the computation of the freeze-in abundance and clarify important issues. We begin with a complete computation of the collision terms for the Primakoff process, electron-positron annihilation, and photon-to-axion (inverse-)decay, while approximately taking into account plasma screening and threshold effects. We then solve the Boltzmann equation for the full axion distribution function. We confirm previous results about the importance of both processes to the effective “relic abundance” (defined as density prior to decay), and provide useful fitting formulae to estimate the freeze-in abundance from the equilibrium interaction rate. For the distribution function, we find an out-of-equilibrium population of axions and introduce an effective temperature for them. We follow the evolution right up until decay, and find that the average axion kinetic energy is larger than a thermal relic by between 20% and 80%, which may have implications for limits on decaying axions from X-ray spectra. We extend our study to a two-axion system with quartic cross-coupling, and find that for typical/expected couplings, freeze-in of a second axion flavour by annihilations leads to a negligibly small contribution to the relic density.
The Ghent Hybrid model in NuWro: a new neutrino single-pion production model in the GeV regime
Authors: Yan Qiyu , Niewczas Kajetan , Nikolakopoulos Alexis , González-Jiménez Raúl , Jachowicz Natalie , Lu Xianguo , Sobczyk Jan , Zheng Yangheng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Neutrino-induced single-pion production constitutes an essential interaction channel in modern neutrino oscillation experiments, with its products building up a significant fraction of the observable hadronic final states. Frameworks of oscillation analyses strongly rely on Monte Carlo neutrino event generators, which provide theoretical predictions of neutrino interactions on nuclear targets. Thus, it is crucial to integrate state-of-the-art single-pion production models with Monte Carlo simulations to prepare for the upcoming systematics-dominated landscape of neutrino measurements. In this work, we present the implementation of the Ghent Hybrid model for neutrino-induced single-pion production in the NuWro Monte Carlo event generator. The interaction dynamics includes coherently-added contributions from nucleon resonances and a non-resonant background, merged into the pythia branching predictions in the deep-inelastic regime, as instrumented by NuWro. This neutrino-nucleon interaction model is fully incorporated into the nuclear framework of the generator, allowing it to account for the influence of both initial- and final-state nuclear medium effects. We compare the predictions of this integrated implementation with recent pion production data from accelerator-based neutrino experiments. The results of the novel model show improved agreement of the generator predictions with the data and point to the significance of the refined treatment of the description of pion-production processes beyond the ∆ region.
Superconformal anomalies for string defects in six-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (1, 0) SCFTs
Authors: Apruzzi Fabio , Mekareeya Noppadol , Robinson Brandon , Tomasiello Alessandro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study the anomalies of two-dimensional BPS defects in six-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (1, 0) superconformal field theories. Using a holographic description of these defects furnished by probe D4-branes in AdS7 solutions of ten-dimensional type IIA supergravity, we compute the two independent defect Weyl anomalies from the on-shell action for a spherical defect and defect sphere entanglement entropy. We find agreement between the holographic prediction for the defect A-type anomaly coming from the defect sphere free energy and the leading large N contribution to the defect ’t Hooft anomaly found using anomaly inflow. We also find agreement between the holographic computation of the expectation value of a surface operator wrapping a torus and the supersymmetric localization computation for a circular Wilson loop in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 super Yang-Mills theory on "Image missing". Lastly, we holographically compute the defect gravitational anomaly from the Wess-Zumino action of the probe D4-brane, which provides a subleading large N correction to the defect A-type anomaly.
Leptogenesis in realistic flipped SU(5)
Authors: King Stephen F. , Leontaris George K. , Marsili Luca , Zhou Ye-Ling 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study thermal leptogenesis in realistic supersymmetric flipped SU(5) × U(1) unification. As up-type quarks and neutrinos are arranged in the same multiplets, they exhibit strong correlations, and it is commonly believed that the masses of right-handed (RH) neutrinos are too hierarchical to fit the low-energy neutrino data. This pattern generally predicts a lightest RH neutrino too light to yield successful leptogenesis, with any lepton-antilepton asymmetry generated from heavier neutrinos being washed out unless special flavour structures are assumed. We propose a different scenario in which the lightest two RH neutrinos N1 and N2 have nearby masses of order 109 GeV, with thermal leptogenesis arising non-resonantly from both N1 and N2. We show that this pattern is consistent with all data on fermion masses and mixing and predicts the lightest physical left-handed neutrino mass to be smaller than about 10−7 eV. The Dirac phase, which does not take the maximal CP-violating value, plays an important role in leptogenesis.
Eating disorders among people with and without type 1 diabetes: incidence and treatment in a nationwide population-based cohort
Authors: Hirvelä Leon , Haukka Jari , Keski-Rahkonen Anna , Sipilä Pyry N. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Eating disorders are over-represented in type 1 diabetes and are associated with an increased risk of complications, but it is unclear whether type 1 diabetes affects the treatment of eating disorders. We assessed incidence and treatment of eating disorders in a nationwide sample of individuals with type 1 diabetes and diabetes-free control individuals.

Methods
Our study comprised 11,055 individuals aged <30 who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1998–2010, and 11,055 diabetes-free control individuals matched for age, sex and hospital district. We ascertained incidence of eating disorders from hospital records using Poisson regression. Eating disorder treatment was assessed by new prescriptions for psychotropic medications and hospital treatment for eating disorders.

Results
During a mean follow-up of 13.1 years, there were 175 incident cases of eating disorders among individuals with type 1 diabetes and 75 among the control individuals (adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.35; 95% CI 1.80, 3.09). The prescription of psychotropic medications was similar among eating disorder patients with and without type 1 diabetes. However, those with type 1 diabetes received outpatient hospital treatment for their eating disorder less often than those without diabetes (mean 3.32 vs 5.33 outpatient care visits per year [adjusted difference 1.24; 95% CI 0.39, 2.08]).

Conclusions/interpretation
People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to be diagnosed with eating disorders than their diabetes-free peers. However, they receive less outpatient hospital treatment for their eating disorders despite their greater risk for major adverse health outcomes. These findings emphasise the need for targeted eating disorder treatment for people with type 1 diabetes.

Graphical Abstract
Topology optimization of thermoelastic structures with single and functionally graded materials exploring energy and stress-based formulations
Authors: Silva Rui F. , Coelho Pedro G. , Conde Fábio M. , Almeida Cláudia J. , Custódio Ana L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Topology optimization problem formulations have lately included stresses, besides compliance, to ensure mechanical strength feasibility, which is of utmost importance in structural engineering practice. A mechanically induced stress field has often been considered in optimal structural design. However, one realizes that thermal stresses can also greatly influence efficient designs, especially when addressing highly constrained structures. Moreover, stress mitigation has been achieved by enlarging the design domain to multi-material solutions. This motivates to pursue stress-based topology optimization of thermoelastic structures and the extension of the multi-material setting to Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), with greater potential in stress mitigation. Two optimization problems are investigated: (1) elastic strain energy minimization and (2) maximum von Mises stress minimization. In the former, the single-material problem is revisited, but in the frame of a multi-objective formulation, weighting mechanical and thermal strain energy terms, as they can be decoupled. Insights into thermal stresses allow to propose a well-posed stress-based formulation for the topology optimization thermoelastic problem. In the latter, stress mitigation is sought on account of optimizing the spatial mixture (composition) of two solids amidst prescribed or predicted voids. It is assumed that the RAMP interpolation scheme has the physical meaning of rendering the thermoelastic properties for the continuous variation of composition. Linear thermoelasticity and plane stress benchmarks are used. In the multi-objective energy-based problem, the trade-offs between the conflicting design objectives, in the Pareto sense, are highlighted. Regarding the stress-based problem, lower stress peaks are obtained in FGM solutions, as stresses are more evenly distributed.
Treatment Advances in Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia
Authors: Hartley Iris R. , Roszko Kelly L. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by hypersecretion of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by typically benign phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMTs). FGF23 excess causes chronic hypophosphatemia through renal phosphate losses and decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D. TIO presents with symptoms of chronic hypophosphatemia including fatigue, bone pain, weakness, and fractures. Definitive treatment is surgical resection of the PMT with wide margins. Other therapeutic options are necessary when the tumor is unable to be localized, not amenable to complete resection, or when the patient is not a good surgical candidate. Alternative ablative approaches such as radiotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and cryoablation, have been used with variable success and limited follow up. Medical management is warranted both prior to definitive therapy and in non-operable cases to improve symptoms and allow for bone remineralization. Oral phosphate and calcitriol were the mainstay of medical therapy, however, the development of burosumab, a monoclonal blocking antibody to FGF23, has introduced an approved therapy that improves hypophosphatemia and symptoms in patients with TIO. In select cases, cinacalcet can be an effective adjuvant to phosphate and calcitriol. Continued monitoring for tumor growth is necessary while on medical therapy. Infigratinib, a selective FGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor targeting a causative tumoral fusion protein, can reverse the biochemical findings of TIO and possibly reduce tumor mass; however, its use is constrained by serious side effects. Overall, innovations in medical and interventional treatments have broadened therapeutic options for patients with PMTs, particularly in cases where a curative surgical resection is not possible.
Cerebellar hemorrhage in neonates: pattern analysis by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Choi Gayoung , Choi Young Hun , Lee Seul Bi , Cho Yeon Jin , Lee Seunghyun , Cheon Jung-Eun , Shin Seung Han , Je Bo-Kyung 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Cerebellar hemorrhage in neonates is increasingly being identified but is still underdiagnosed. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the optimal imaging modality for cerebellar hemorrhage evaluation, ultrasonography (US) is commonly used for screening. Characterizing the patterns and distribution of cerebellar hemorrhage lesions can help facilitate its detection by aiding to focus on prevailing type of cerebellar hemorrhage.

Objective
This study aimed to analyze the patterns of cerebellar hemorrhage in neonates, comparing US findings with MRI.

Materials and methods
This was a retrospective study of 765 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)-admitted neonates who underwent brain MRI due to various clinical and radiological requirements. Two pediatric radiologists reviewed brain MRI and US in consensus, and cerebellar hemorrhage patterns were classified based on MRI findings: type 1, punctate cerebellar hemorrhage without cerebellar volume loss; type 2, focal cerebellar hemorrhage with cerebellar volume loss; type 3, ovoid/crescent cerebellar hemorrhage in the periphery of the cerebellar hemisphere; type 4, isolated vermian cerebellar hemorrhage; type 5, cerebellar hemorrhage involving almost the entire cerebellar hemisphere. The distribution and US detection rates of cerebellar hemorrhage were compared according to the cerebellar hemorrhage type.

Results
A total of 56 (33 male, 23 female) cases (7.32%) among 765 MRIs showed cerebellar hemorrhage (median gestational age, 27 + 1 weeks [IQR 5 + 2]; median birth weight, 955 g [IQR 882.5]). The most common pattern was type 1 (60.7%). Type 3 cerebellar hemorrhage was more commonly observed in the inferior and peripheral cerebellum compared to types 1 and 2 cerebellar hemorrhage (P=0.002). In retrospective review of images, type 3 was the most commonly missed type of cerebellar hemorrhage (initial US detection rate, 33.3%; retrospective US detection rate, 75%).

Conclusion
This study underscores the importance of understanding cerebellar hemorrhage patterns and suggests that careful inspection of inferior and periphery of the cerebellum is important to avoid missed diagnosis of cerebellar hemorrhage.

Graphical Abstract
Implications of the HF/H2O2 effect on the electrochemical etching formation of macroporous silicon at various etching times
Authors: Helaly Amirah A. , Farag M. A. , Youssef G. M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study presents the development of macroporous silicon (MPS) structures via electrochemical anodization of unpolished p-type silicon in hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based solutions containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ethanol (C2H5OH). The process was conducted without external illumination and under the effect of various etching durations. MPS networks are materials that are ideally suited for tubular structures at the micrometer scale. The incorporation of H2O2 into its formation enhances the oxidation rate and facilitates the production of more well-defined pore structures. The resulting MPS layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. SEM images revealed the formation of various structures, including deep pores, tree-like features, cracks, islands, and spongy networks. The pore sizes ranged from 0.43 to 2 microns, with pore depths reaching around 6.4 microns into the bulk silicon. Optical studies showed that the addition of H2O2 significantly altered the photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity highlighting changes in the material’s recombination efficiency.
Evolution of competitive ability and the response to nutrient availability: a resurrection study with the calcareous grassland herb, Leontodon hispidus
Authors: Karitter Pascal , Corvers Emma , Karrenbauer Marie , March-Salas Martí , Stojanova Bojana , Ensslin Andreas , Rauschkolb Robert , Godefroid Sandrine , Scheepens J. F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Rapid environmental changes across Europe include warmer and increasingly variable temperatures, changes in soil nutrient availability, and pollinator decline. These abiotic and biotic changes can affect natural plant populations and force them to optimize resource use against competitors. To date, the evolution of competitive ability in the context of changes in nutrient availability remains understudied. In this study, we investigated whether the common calcareous grassland herb Leontodon hispidus recently evolved its competitive ability and response to nutrient availability. We compared ancestors sampled in 1995 and descendants sampled in 2018 and applied a competition treatment in combination with weekly nutrient treatments (no fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, and both). We found evidence for evolution of increased competitive ability, with descendants producing more vegetative biomass than ancestors when grown under competition. Furthermore, supplementing nutrients (especially N) reduced differences in competitive ability between ancestors and descendants, suggesting that nutrients are a limiting factor in interspecific competition, which could be linked to the decreasing nitrogen emissions into the atmosphere since the 1990s. Our study demonstrates rapid contemporary evolution of competitive ability, but also the complexity of the underlying processes of contemporary evolution, and sheds light on the importance of understudied potential selection agents such as nutrient availability.