bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of One and Two Carbon Homologation and Homologation-
Functional Group Interconversion Reactions in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Sebastian Sharol , Gupta Manoj Kumar 
Published: November 2022

Abstracts:
The extension of carbon chains, known as homologation, is one of the most fundamental
operations of organic synthesis. One and two-carbon homologation reactions are of immense importance
because they can be used for synthesizing members of a homologous series by iterative operations.
Homologation reactions produce higher analogues of the same functional group, whereas homologation-
functional group interconversion (FGI) generates higher analogues with a change in functionality.
This general synthesis strategy may be counted for a number of reasons, such as higher accessibility
to the successive homologs, a chance for the introduction of additional functionality, or
solely to create a regular series of homologs. The advantages of homologation reactions could be
measured by the efficiency, technical simplicity, and regio- and/or stereo-selectivity of the overall operations
in a synthetic plan. Homologation reactions constitute powerful and versatile tools for preparative
chemistry which uses different concepts underpinning the use of homologating reagents in addition
to their applications in organic synthesis. A compilation and comparison of diverse methods
available for homologation cum functional group interconversion will empower synthetic chemists to
undertake studies that require a series of analogues. In this review, we have categorized and summarized
such methods and synthetic applications of one and two-carbon homologation-functionalization
of various functional groups in organic synthesis.
Synthesis of New Bi-Triazoles with Plasmocide Action Against Plasmodium
falciparum
Authors: Addla Dinesh , Diniz Cristiane , de Santana Quelli Larissa Oliveira , do Nascimento Martinez Leandro , Almeida Marcinete Latorre , da Silva Minelly Azevedo , da Silva Paula do Nascimento Welington , de Jesus Gouveia Aurileya , Fialho Saara Neri , dos Santos Ferreira Amália , de Azevedo dos Santos Ana Paula , Kaiser Carlos Roland , Garcia Teles Carolina Bioni , Ferreira Sabrina Baptista 
Published: November 2022

Background:
A series of bi-triazoles conjugates 1,2,3 and 1,2,4 was synthesized with an
aim to study the evaluation of the antimalarial profile of families of triazole derivatives. The study
used the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (Chloroquine-Resistant), to determine the inhibitory
concentration of 50% of the parasites (IC50) and HepG2 cells to describe the cytotoxic concentration
for 50% of the cells (CC50). Among the study classes, bi-triazoles stood out with IC50 values
between 8.9 to 0.45 μM; highlighted the compound 14d (IC50 of 0.45 ± 0.02 μM) with the most
promising result. Regarding the cytotoxic concentration, all compounds that presented IC50 values
≤ 100 μM were evaluated. Three compounds stood out as the highest selectivity index (SI) values,
14b (SI ˃111.1), 13d (SI ˃111.1) and 14d (SI ˃1.111). Such results expose the importance of working
with classes of molecules that allow rapid synthesis and dispositions for structural changes.
Highlighting the evolution of the IC50 values of the compounds, when adding the second triazole
block. Thus, the results found in this study, have the possibility of choosing new molecules for the
treatment of malaria.

Objective:
This work was to synthesize a series of bi-triazole conjugates 1,2,3 and 1,2,4-triazole
moiety and evaluate their activities against Plasmodium falciparum.

Methods:
The bi-triazole was synthesized in a 3-step route in moderated yields, and their structures
were confirmed by NMR spectral data analyses. For the in vitro antiplasmodial assays, the SYBR
Green fluorimetric technique and the W2 strain were used, where an IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration)
value was obtained for each compound. The compounds were also evaluated for their stagespecificity
and speed of action (W2 strain). Safety tests were performed to determine the hemolytic
and cytotoxic action of the evaluated compounds. In these tests, the cell lines HepG2 and VERO
were used, and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT technique. This allowed the CC50 values
to be obtained (Cytotoxic Concentration). Subsequently, the Selectivity Index (SI) was calculated
for each compound.

Results:
The newly synthesized bi-triazole compounds could serve as potent leads for the development
of novel antimalarial compounds. In general, the bi-triazoles with trifluoromethyl group
present at 1,2,4-triazole moiety proved to be more potent regarding antiplasmodial activity.

Conclusion:
The synthesized bi-triazole compounds could serve as potent leads for the development
of novel antimalarial agents.
Irisin-pretreated BMMSCs Secrete Exosomes to Alleviate Cardiomyocytes
Pyroptosis and Oxidative Stress to Hypoxia/reoxygenation Injury
Authors: Deng Jingyu , Zhang Taoyuan , Li Man , Cao Guangying , Wei Hanwen , Zhang Zheng , Hu Taohong 
Published: November 2022

Background:
The cardiomyocytes pyroptosis and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
cells have been well considered as novel therapies to attenuate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,
however, the relationship has not yet been determined.

Objective:
We aim to evaluate whether pre-treatment bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect
against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by repressing cardiomyocytes pyroptosis, as well as
to further elucidate the potential mechanisms.

Methods:
Cardiomyocytes were treated with hypoxia, followed by reoxygenation to mimic myocardial
ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pre-treatment bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells or their exosomes
were co-cultured with cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay
was used to determine cell viability. Reactive oxygen species production was determined by dihydroethidium
stain. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect IL-1β and IL-18.

Results:
We observed that Irisin pre-treatment bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells protected
cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injuries. The underlying molecular mechanism
was further identified. Irisin-BMMSCs were found to secrete exosomes, which repressed cardiomyocytes
pyroptosis and oxidative stress response by suppressing NLRP3 under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions.

Conclusion:
Based on our findings, we revealed a promising target that exosomes derived from bone
marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with Irisin treatment to elevate the therapeutic benefits for hypoxia/
reoxygenation injury.
Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation of Febuxostat Tablet for Obtaining
Biphasic Drug Release Profile
Authors: Chavda Dipika , Joshi Deepika , Thakkar Vaishali , Gandhi Tejal 
Published: November 2022

Aim and Objective:
The primary aim of the present investigation was to adopt the concept of quality by design
(QbD) for developing Febuxostat matrix tablets containing a novel combination of polyethylene oxide (PEO), pre-gelatinized starch (PGS) and lactose for obtaining biphasic drug release.

Experimental work:
Febuxostat-containing matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression using 32 full factorial designs. The tablets were prepared with varying amounts of PEO WSR 301 to PGS and lactose to obtain the desired release pattern. The chosen responses were cumulative % drug released at 1, 6 and 12 hours. The evaluation of tablets was done for pre and post-compressional parameters. Compared with the marketed tablet, the optimized formulations were selected based on in vitro drug release. Dose dumping was checked in the dissolution medium containing up to 40% alcohol.

Result and discussion:
The results of the dissolution study indicated that the batch containing a 1:1 ratio of PEO WSR 301 and PGS (15 mg each) and 20 mg of Lactose showed fast initial drug release to imitate the pharmacological action followed by sustained drug release effect. The use of Lactose facilitated immediate drug release, while PEO WSR 301 and PGS exhibited the opposite effect on cumulative drug release. The results of the 32 Factorial design revealed that the concentration of Lactose is a critical parameter. Dose dumping was not observed in the alcoholic dissolution medium. Kinetic equations were fitted to the dissolution data after 1 hour of the dissolution study.

Conclusion:
The type (soluble or swellable) and the concentration of excipients (low or high) dictate the tablets' drug release. The study's outcome revealed that the most critical material attribute is the amount of lactose. The novel combination of PEO, PGS and lactose can bypass existing patents and give more industrial applicability.
Ángeles Eraña, <i>De un mundo que hila personas (o de la inexistencia de la paradoja</i> individuo/sociedad<i>)</i>
Authors: Gómez Aguilar Ivan Eliab 
Published: November 2022

Reseá crítica sobre el libro de Ángeles Eraña, De un mundo que hila personas (o de la inexistencia de la paradoja individuo/sociedad), UNAM-Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas/UAM-Cuajimalpa-División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Ciudad de México, 2021, 175 pp.
Por un Gaos riguroso. Comentario a <i>El sentido de la filosofía. Estudios sobre José Gaos</i> de Antonio Zirión Quijano
Authors: Cisneros Arciga Josué Alexis 
Published: November 2022

En El sentido de la filosofía, Antonio Zirión se propone analizar, entre otras cosas, el papel y la función que cumple la fenomenología en la obra y el pensamiento de José Gaos. En mi comentario abordo, en primer lugar, el contraste entre los conceptos de fenomenología y método fenomenológico de Husserl y Gaos. En segundo lugar, recupero la discusión acerca de los límites entre fenomenología y metafísica al interior del pensamiento de Gaos, lo que desemboca en un concepto más amplio de fenomenología, vinculado a la idea de una filosofía científica. En tercer lugar, propongo otro acercamiento posible a los motivos fenomenológicos en Gaos.
Prognosis after first-ever myocardial infarction in type 1 diabetes is strongly affected by chronic kidney disease
Authors: Smidtslund Patrik , Sigfrids Fanny Jansson , Ylinen Anni , Elonen Nina , Harjutsalo Valma , Groop Per-Henrik , Thorn Lena M , Group FinnDiane Study 
Published: November 2022

<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Objective:</strong></em><em> To study the prognosis after a first-ever myocardial infarction (MI) in type 1 diabetes, as well as how different MI- and diabetes-related factors affect the prognosis and risk of secondary cardiovascular events. </em></p>
<p><em><strong>Research Design and Methods:</strong></em><em> Observational follow-up study of 4,217 individuals from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study with no prior MI or coronary revascularization. We verified 253 (6.0%) MIs from medical records or death certificates. Mortality from cardiovascular or diabetes-related cause was our main endpoint, while hospitalization due to heart failure, coronary revascularization, and recurrent MI were secondary endpoints, while accounting for death as a competing risk.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>Results:</strong></em><em> Of the individuals, 187 (73.9%) died during the median post-MI follow-up of </em>3.07 (IQR 0.02–8.45) years. Independent risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetes-related mortality were eGFR categories G3 (hazard ratio, HR 3.27 [confidence interval 1.76–6.08]), G4 (3.62 [1.69–7.73]), and G5 (4.03 [2.24–7.26]), prior coronary heart disease diagnosis (1.50 [1.03–2.20]), and older age at MI (1.03 [1.00–1.05]). Factors associated with lower mortality were acute revascularization (HR 0.35 [0.18–0.72]), and subacute revascularization (0.39 [0.26–0.59]). In Fine-Gray competing-risk analyses, kidney failure was associated with a higher risk of recurrent MI (subdistribution hazard ratio 3.27 [2.01–5.34]), heart failure (3.76 [2.46–5.76]), and coronary revascularization (3.04 [1.89–4.90]).</p>
<p><em><strong>Conclusions:</strong></em><em> Individuals with type 1 diabetes have a high cardiovascular and diabetes-related mortality after their first-ever MI. Particularly poor kidney function is associated with high mortality and excessive risk of secondary cardiovascular events. </em></p>
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penyaluran Kredit Investasi pada Bank Persero di Indonesia
Authors: Rukmana Mardianti , Sentosa Sri Ulfa , Adry Melti Roza 
Published: November 2022

This research purpose are to the analyse the minimum reserves, inflation, third parties fund and interest rates on investment loans in terms of lending of investment loans in State Banks in Indonesia. Methods that being used are Ordinary Least Square (OLS), the estimation results show that minimum reserves has a significant on the lending of investment loans in State Banks in Indonesia, inflation has a not significant on the lending of investment loans in State Banks in Indonesia, third parties fund has a significant on the lending of investment loans in State Banks in Indonesia, and interest rates on investment loans has a significant on the lending of investment loans in State Banks in Indonesia.
Analisis Kausalitas Penerimaan Pajak, Pengeluaran Pemerintah, dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia
Authors: Sanjaya Ibrahim Wira , Anis Ali 
Published: November 2022

This study aims to analyze the causality between tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth in Indonesia . This type of study is descriptive and associative. This study uses time series data from 1980 until 2019. This study uses the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method, Johansen Cointegration Test, and Granger Causality Test with tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth as independent variables. The results of this study indicate that: (1) There is causality between the tax revenue variable and the government expenditure variable; (2) there is a one-way causality from the economic growth variable to the government expenditure variable; (3) there is a one-way causality from the economic growth variable to the tax revenue variable.
Regulatory authorities of the president of Ukraine: concept and legal nature
Authors: Pogorelova Z. 
Published: November 2022

The article is devoted to consideration of the concept and legal nature of the normative powers of the President of Ukraine through the prism of consideration of the history of the formation of the institution of the president in the world, the dependence of the key characteristics of these powers on the role and status of the president in the state, correlation between traditional spheres of responsibility (foreign policy and supreme representation of the state in international relations, national security and defense) and features determined by the form of government and separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches of government, the place of the president in the system of this distribution and the assignment of the appropriate amount of tasks and functions to manage the state.
The types of powers available to the President of Ukraine are outlined, among which domestic political, rule-making, legislative, representative, foreign policy, establishment, control, ceremonial and other powers are distinguished. The significance and place among them of rule-making powers is substantiated. The legal nature and interrelationship of rule-making powers with the constitutional and legal status of the President of Ukraine, and their use as a means of exercising state power, exclusively for the purpose of the President of Ukraine's performance of his functions, tasks and powers, are investigated.
The legal content of rule-making powers is revealed as powers to establish, change and cancel mandatory rules of conduct in the form of issuing normative acts of the President of Ukraine.
The conclusion is substantiated that the essence, meaning of rule-making powers, their role in the implementation of tasks and other powers of the President of Ukraine necessitate their implementation in a special legal form, namely in the form of rule-making activity, which creates opportunities for the formation of scientific foundations for the improvement of legal regulation of rule-making activity and its further effective implementation.
Development of the Аustrian competitive process in the 18-19th centuries
Authors: Poliakov R. 
Published: November 2022

By the 18th century, the first codified acts of general territorial effect a aimed at regulating the competition process appeared in Austria, in particular, the Allgemeine Konkursordnung (Competition Statute of 1781) and the Allgemeine Gerichts-und Konkursordnung (Judicial Statute of 1781).
It is argued that in the 18th century, the Austrian legislator considered it necessary to observe the principle of the unitary nature of the competition process, which was reflected in § 6 of the Competition Statute of 1781 and § 74 of the Judicial Statute of 1781, according to those norms all cases in which the debtor acted as a party, after the opening of the competition in relation to the debtor were referred to the court, which is considering the case of competition.
It has been established that the Judicial Statute of 1796, which was adopted for Western Galicia, introduced the necessity of non-payment of the debtor in order to open proceedings at the initiative of creditors, in particular, the opening of the competition was allowed only in case of a critical situation.
It was revealed that the procedure of amicable liquidation, which was provided by the Austrian competitive legislation of the 19th century, is a prototype of the modern institution of a pre-trial sanitation, namely: both institutions take place before the beginning of the competitive process; there is a common goal - to restore the debtor's solvency and repay the existing debt before the start of the competitive process; certain classical means and measures of the competitive process are used; in both cases, the legislator requires the presence of such a circumstance as the profitability of the pre-trial procedure for creditors; the final result is a special type of agreement approved by the court; in order to achieve the set goal, the legislator assumes the limitation of the creditors' will.
It is substantiated that in the 19th century in the Austrian Empire, the modern institution of the cross-border bankruptcy was born, in particular, the provisions of the Competition Statute of 1868 introduced the classical foundations of the international cooperation in the bankruptcy (insolvency) procedure based on the principle of reciprocity between national judicial institutions and foreign institutions by providing the latter with judicial assistance in the debtor’s property disposal and vice versa.
Law and custom: the issue of correlation and interaction
Authors: Bedriy M. 
Published: November 2022

The article is devoted to the scientific problem of the relationship and interaction of law and custom, which are important regulators of social relations. The main approaches to understanding the concept of law are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the pluralism of law understanding and the diversity of phenomena, as outlined by the term law. The identification of law with the will of the state is called into question. The concept of custom and its types are analyzed. Legal customs constitute the content of customary law as a phenomenon of social reality. The network of legally relevant customs is closely interwoven with a complex of customs without legal relevance, since each such custom can acquire the mentioned relevance, as well as lose it depending on changing historical conditions.
Legal custom is characterized as a link connecting the phenomena of law and custom. The impossibility of an unambiguous definition of the concept of legal custom due to the absence of a unified concept of law in jurisprudence is explained. At the same time, the definition of legal custom in the most general sense is proposed as a general rule of conduct established in practice and corresponding to law (or a set of such rules), which has actual legal validity and public recognition. The correlation between legal custom and other customs of society (religious, ethical, household, etc.) is researched. Legal customs are customs that regulate the most important social relations.
The influence of custom on law is clarified. Customs and customary law formed an important basis for the first codifications. In the future, legal customs were the first to fill the regulatory niche of new legal relations that the legislation did not have time to regulate. Adopting a new law or other normative legal act, the public authorities of even modern states usually try to establish such regulation of legal relations that would correspond to the existing practice at that time, except for cases when it is harmful or inappropriate. The impact of law on custom is analyzed, because the state is able to influence the evolution of established patterns of behavior in society through the use of other legal means. Changes in legislation that do not correspond to the customs of society may be ineffective or even lead to social resistance. Innovations of the legislator, which do not correspond to customs, can gain success and general recognition, provided that they are in harmony with the needs of society.
The Charter of Kotor – a source of medieval urban law on the territory of Montenegro
Authors: Havrylenko O. 
Published: November 2022

The article is dedicated to highlighting the sources of codification and analysis of the content of the Charter of Kotor – a town located on the shore of the Kotor Bay of the Adriatic Sea. It is emphasized that the oldest norms contained in the Kotor Statute date back to 1301, although it should be borne in mind that before the publication of its codified text, printed in Venice in 1616, the compilers did not include some previous decisions, and therefore it is assumed that this the monument of law goes back to even more ancient times. It was emphasized that the sources of codification were, first of all, norms originating from the city self-government bodies, as well as the practice of judicial bodies. In addition, the norms of customary law and the norms of the law of the Republic of Venice obviously had a significant impact on the codification. The canon law of the Catholic Church had a certain influence on the Statute of Kotor. The entire text is divided into four parts, which, in turn, consist of sections.
Attention was drawn to the fact that the text of the Charter contained a number of norms that determined the legal status of certain population groups. The local aristocracy (nobility, nobility) was a closed state that constituted the ruling elite; its representatives held all the highest administrative positions.
It is noted that the Kotor Charter has clearly defined the system of authorities and city management. A prominent place among the norms of law included in the Charter was occupied by norms of an administrative nature. They regulated the most diverse spheres of life of the population. A certain part of the document consists of norms regulating fiscal relations.
It was emphasized that lively trade was carried out through Kotor. Obviously, taking into account the need to regulate relations of an obligatory nature in the first place, a significant number of norms regulating civil-law relations were included in the Charter. The statute also provides an opportunity to create an idea about crimes and punishments for them, about the some features of Kotor’s procedural law.