bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning As Seed Image Identification Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Authors: Laksmana Indra , Hendra  , Jamaluddin  , Trinovita Zuhara J , Riza Nurtam M , Amrizal  , Syelly Rosda 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plants can be identified using several variables, such as seeds’ shapes, colors, and sizes. However, several types of plants have close similarities to seed shapes. Therefore, additional characteristics are necessary to support the identification process. This study applied machine learning with the PCA method to identify plant species from seed shapes. The PCA simplifies the observed variables by reducing data dimensions and storing 75% of the information. The procedure did not eliminate too much important information while reducing data size and processing time. We collected 100 images of plant seeds similar to one another, such as sapodilla seeds, soursop, cucumber, star fruit, grape, melon, apple, lime, watermelon, and chili. A measurement system was designed using the K-Fold Cross Validation, and 10 tables of experimental results discovered a good level of accuracy of 83%. The Omission error occurred in the seeds of soursop, starfruit, grape, apple, lime, and watermelon while the most commission errors occurred in apple seeds (8 times).
Semi-Automatic Boom Sprayer Development for Corn Crop Protection
Authors: Putri Renny Eka , Aprilio Jimmy , Santosa  , Geraldo JP , Ade S 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A semi-automatic boom sprayer was developed to make it easier for farmers to spray pesticides on corn plants. The study was conducted with two treatments at the corn age of 15 days and 30 days. A test was carried out by comparing the performance of the semi-automatic boom sprayer and the performance of the generally used knapsack sprayer. This research also involved evaluation in the laboratory, evaluation in the field, and economic analysis. From the results of technical tests on corn plants aged 15 days and 30 days, it can be concluded that the capacity of the semi-automatic boom sprayer was 0.318 ha/hour with an operator speed of 0.316 m/s. The tank capacity of the semi-automatic boom sprayer was larger than that of the knapsack sprayer. The spraying efficiency of the semi-automatic boom sprayer was greater than that of the knapsack sprayer, namely 86.033% vs. 85.269%, respectively.
Modification Of Gelamai Payakumbuh Through the Addition Of Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata Duch) And Improved Packaging
Authors: Ermiati Ermiati , Gusmalini Gusmalini 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study entitled “Modification of Gelamai Payakumbuh through the Addition Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and Improved Packaging” was conducted in order to empower local roots based on the traditional foods of the Payakumbuh area and also incorporating it with proper packaging techniques using various types of packaging materials to extend product shelf life. The research objective is to diversify the product of processed pumpkin gelamai, a specialty food from the city of Payakumbuh. This involves determining the proper formulation in the manufacturing of gelamai with the addition of yellow pumpkin, as well as extending the shelf life of processed gelamai through treatment and packaging modifications. Research was carried out for six months at the Payakumbuh Erina Gelamai Company and the Laboratory of Food Microbiology at the State Food Chemistry and Agriculture Polytechnic of Payakumbuh. The design used in this laboratory study was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in a factorial with two factors, where each treatment was repeated three times. The first factor was modification by the addition of pumpkin waluh at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. While the second factor was the treatment of the packaging type by using polypropylene plastic, aluminum foil, dried banana leaves, dried corn leaves, and glassine paper. The results showed that the diversification of product in the manufacturing of processed pumpkin gelamai can enhance flavor, fat content, and extend shelf life. The addition of pumpkin in the production of gelamai can suppress the formation of free fatty acids and the oxidation process during the storage. The best treatment was found to be modification by the addition of 30% pumpkin with the use of aluminum foil packaging, which can extend shelf life for 20 days at room temperature.
The Adaptability of Trichoderma spp. in the Practicum Land of Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh and the Barrier Mechanism on Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae
Authors: Maulina Fri , Muflihayati  
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Trichoderma is a multifunctional fungus that is widely known and used as a biological control agent and a decomposer because of its ability to compete with pathogenic fungi and because it possesses cellulolytic enzymes that can decompose organic matters. This study was conducted to determine the presence and species of Trichoderma on the practicum land of Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh. The descriptive method was used to report the Trichoderma exploration conducted in two land locations, namely rice field and dry field. The exploration was not performed on a piece of land with healthy plants, but on one that has been used for >5 years. The results show that Trichoderma was found in both locations with the same percentage of presence of 20%. The species found was macroscopically and microscopically identified as Trichoderma harzianum. This antagonist agent demonstrated the ability to suppress Xantomonas campestris pv. oryzae by covering colonies of Xantomonas campestris pv. oryzae.
A Quality and Economic Analysis of Non-fermented Chocolate Seeds, Young Surian Leaves, and Ginger on Chocolate Drink Formulas
Authors: Novita Rilma , Kasim Anwar , Nurdin Hazli , Utama Rozi Satria , Putri Nela Eska 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study aims to obtain beverages that meet the quality requirements of chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties from a combination of non-fermented cocoa beans, young surian leaves, and ginger as natural ingredients widely available in Indonesia and to analyze the product’s financial feasibility. Sensory properties were analyzed using the hedonic scale method to find the best formula. The ANOVA test has shown that the beverage formulas have no significantly different aroma and flavor (the sig. (P) > 0.01) but have significantly different colors and appearance (the sig. (P) < 0.01). The chocolate drink has a quality of chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties; thus it potentially becomes a beverage rich in antioxidants. The financial feasibility analysis results agree with the BEP, NPV, Net B/C, and PBP and express that the beverage business is potentially conducted.
Green Campaign of Food Waste Handling: Communicating the Food Sustainability
Authors: Susilo Daniel , del Rosario Julian M. S. , Navarro Maria Elizabeth T. , Smith Juan Carlos M. , Primadini Intan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSeveral cities in Southeast Asia are dealing with a variety of issues related to food waste management. The rapid growth of fast food retail in Jakarta, Manila, and Bangkok has resulted in a high level of food waste. This food waste, if not properly processed, will be harmful not only to individual health but also to the environment. Food waste management, which is primarily the responsibility of retail companies, requires the use of effective strategies and tactics. Some of the tactics that can be used include increasing consumer awareness, changing the behaviours of corporate agents, and adjusting stores and items. Another strategic approach is to lobby the government to enforce food waste management regulations. The purpose of this study is to determine which communication channels are effective in communicating the dangers and environmental awareness of the impact of food waste, based on public perception in the Southeast Asian community. How do Southeast Asians handle food waste, manage food waste, and become aware of the dangers of food waste? This study employs a quantitative approach, with questionnaires distributed at random via Google Form to 400 respondents, including 198 Indonesians, 105 Filipinos, 73 Thais, and 24 Singaporeans. According to the study’s findings, the majority of respondents were aware of the food waste problem and took measures to address it effectively. The remaining respondents were already aware of the dangers posed by food waste, but chose to disregard the gravity of the situation. Some respondents, however, are completely unaware of their food waste. Another finding is that Singaporeans have the highest level of awareness in Southeast Asia, with more than 65 percent of Singaporeans aware of the environmental dangers posed by food waste.
The Effects of the Application of Trichoderma Asperellum and Biochar on Growth and Productivity of Rice Cultivated by the SRI Method and on Soil Quality
Authors: Elita Nelson , Agustamar  , Susila Eka 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Continuous use of chemical fertilizers to increase productivity often causes disruption to essential soil nutrients and environmental degradation and adversely affects soil rhizosphere microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the joint application of Trichoderma asperellum and biochar for increasing rice productivity using the SRI method and for improving the quality of paddy fields. This study consisted of eight treatments: T0BC (standard application of NPK without Trichoderma asperellum and biochar), T1BG (Trichoderma asperellum + NPK), T2BC (husk biochar + NPK), T3BC (coconut shell biochar + NPK), T4BC (mangrove biochar mangove + NPK), T5BG (Trichoderma asperellum + husk biochar + NPK), T6BC (Trichoderma asperellum + coconut shell biochar + NPK), and T7BC (Trichoderma asperellum + mangrove biochar + NPK). A randomized block research design was applied with three replications. Observations were conducted on plant height, number of tillers, leaf area index, number of panicles, number of pithy grains, number of empty grains, yield per pot, yield per hectare, and soil nutrient. The results showed that the application of a combination of Trichoderma asperellum and positive biochar increased the observed growth and yields 55.31% higher than the full dose of inorganic fertilizer. Combined application also increased pH, total N, available P, and Kdd, thereby increasing the nutrient content of paddy fields. Collectively, Trichoderma asperellum and biochar increased soil fertility and nutrient absorption, and encouraging the growth of Trichoderma asperellum increased the population in the rhizosphere.
Extraction of oil and characteristics from avocado seeds and flesh
Authors: Djonny Maxie , Sarungallo Rosalia Sira , Melawaty Lydia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this study the extraction of fat and avocado seeds. The method used to obtain the fat of meat and avocado seeds is by cold extraction with blender for 2 minutes and heat extraction with reflux for 2 hours. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) how much fat can be obtained from the flesh and avocado seeds. (2) how characteristics meat and avocado seed that is by determination of the number of saponification, acid number, melting point and organoleptic. The result of fat analysis on the flesh obtained fat of 3.5%, saponification number 64,515 mg KOH / g, acid number 3.08 mg KOH / g, melting point 28-35 °C with greenish-yellow fat color and avocado scent. In the avocado seeds obtained fat by 1.5%, the saponification number 119.493 mg KOH / g, acid number 3.30 mg KOH/g, melting point 26-407 °C with brownish yellow color and the smell of avocado seeds.
Fermentation Process Effect to Enhance Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Phenolic Compounds and Its Possible Application to Galactomannan Polysaccharides: A Review
Authors: Sinaga Dandi Parningotan , Tampubolon Devi Kresi Adelina , Kembaren Roga Florida , Martgrita Merry Meryam 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenols are some groups of compounds that have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Many bioactive compounds are contained in plants. The increase in antioxidant and antibacterial activity in plants have been widely studied through fermentation methods with the help of microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria. Research had proven that antioxidant and antibacterial activity increased after fermentation. This literature review aims to study the potential of increasing antioxidant and antibacterial activity in galactomannan through fermentation method. One of the plants that contains galactomannan and has been known to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity is sugar palm fruit obtained from sugar palm tree (Arenga pinatta). Sugar palm trees grow in large numbers in Toba Regency and the fruits produced are only used as food. The potential of increasing antioxidant and antibacterial activity in galactomannan has not been much studied. This report reviews the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of various types of plant polysaccharides and the effect of fermentation on increasing the antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Based on the analysis of some literature, it can be concluded that the activity of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds contained in galactomannan are possible to be increased through fermentation process. The recommended fermentation methods are submerged fermentation, solid state fermentation, and liquid fermentation, and the recommended microorganisms areRhizopus oryzaeand lactic acid bacteria.
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Test of Arabika Roasted Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica L.) from Agam Regency
Authors: Fadri Rince Alfia , Roza Irwan , Tazar Nurzarrah , Fajri Prima Yaumil 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Coffee allegedly has antioxidant activities to reduce free radical activities. In Agam Regency, coffee is a beverage consumed almost every day. This study aimed to screen phytochemical substances and investigate the antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of arabica coffee beans with the 2.2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH). Arabica coffee bean extract was made by percolating using ethanol solvents. The obtained extracts were thickened using a rotary evaporator. and measured of its antioxidant activities by using the 2.2-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH) at a maximum wavelength of 517 nm. Positif control used vitamin C. Phytochemical screening results showed that ethanol extracts of arabica coffee beans contained a group of compounds of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. The results of the study showed that antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of arabica coffee beans had a very strong category with C50 of 12.481 ppm and vitamin C with IC50 of 0.279 ppm.oid, saponin, flavonoid, and steroids.
Morphological Characterization of Gunung Omeh Citrus (Citrus nobilis Lour) in Guguak District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency
Authors: Sagita Chan Sari Rukmana Okta , Achmad Benny Satria , Ferdinant  
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Gunung Omeh citrus (Citrus nobilis Lour.) is one of the priority commodities in the agricultural sector of West Sumatra. It has been cultivated in several locations in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, one of which is Guguak District. Using various cultivation techniques the fruits produced are highly diverse phenotypically. The purpose of this study was to figure out the phenotypic diversity of Gn. Omeh citrus derived from Guguak District based on morphological characters. This study was conducted from April to October 2021. The research used a survey method and descriptive analysis. Ten samples of citrus plants were taken using a purposive sampling technique at each location in Guguak District. The morphological characters observed included those of the stem, leaf, and fruit. Data analysis was carried out by an analysis of genetic diversity. Results of the observation of quantitative characters showed that there were variations across the 5 locations observed. Meanwhile, the observation of qualitative characters showed a broad range of leaf and bud colors across 5 locations. Phenotypic diversity was due to genetic diversity, which in turn was caused by cultivation techniques and planting location altitudes.
Application of gelatin from chicken leg skin as a stabilizer in ice cream
Authors: Sari Devi Kumala , Nuraini Henny , Suryati Tuti 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Gelatin is the result of the partial hydrolysis of collagen proteins. Food and non-food industries use gelatin a lot. Gelatin, especially in the food industry, is used as a foaming agent, a stabilizer, a gelling agent, an adhesive, a thickener, and an emulsifier. Chicken leg skin gelatin can be applied to food and non-food products and meet the halal requirement. Applications of gelatin to food products include one in the production of ice cream as a stabilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the application of gelatin from chicken leg skin to ice cream. This study used a randomized block design (RBD). In this study there were 3 treatments with 3 repeats: without any gelatin addition, with an addition of chicken leg skin gelatin, and with an addition of commercial gelatin. Analysis of data on the quality of ice cream was performed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple comparison test. Data of the sensory properties of ice cream were tested non-parametrically (with the Kruskal-Wallis test). The results show that the quality of the ice cream added with gelatin from chicken leg skin was no different from the ice cream added with commercial gelatin. Chicken leg skin gelatin application to the ice cream manufacture produced good-quality ice cream whose sensory properties were acceptable to the panelists.
The Long Composting Period Effect of Leaf Shallots on the Compost Quality
Authors: Juwanda Muhammad , Sakhidin  , Saparso  , Kharisun  
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Compost is a solid organic material that biologically changes into a final product that can be used as fertilizer. Utilizing shallot leaf waste as raw material for composting is the latest technology and has never been applied by shallot farmers. This study aimed to determine the best quality of shallot leaf compost with the long treatment of the composting process. This process was supported through Trichoderma, sp activator with 106 cfu/mL density. The treatment design was arranged as follows: K0 = no composting (leaves were simply dried in the sun), K1 = composting for 1 day, K2 = composting for 2 days, K3 = composting for 3 days, K4 = composting for 4 days, K5 = composting for 5 days, K6 = composting for 6 days, K7 = composting for 7 days, K8 = composting for 14 days, K9 = composting for 21 days, and K10 = composting for 28 days. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the shallot leaf waste with the composting process was dried by the sunlight (natural composting) and had a C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the C-organic and N-total of this composting process were better than that of composting using a solution containing Trichoderma sp. activator.
Modelling the Sediment Load in the Bird Feather-Type Watersheds along the Main Rivers of Banyuwangi Regency
Authors: Erwanto Zulis , Anwar Nadjadji 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA sediment transportation process may lead to a river overflow. This was the case with 4 major rivers in Banyuwangi Regency, namely Baru, Setail, Bomo, and Tambong rivers. The watersheds in Banyuwangi are shaped alike to bird feathers, belonging to the dendritic drainage type with an elongated drainage form, relatively small discharge, and flooding that occurs for a relatively long time. The use of downstream areas by residents for sand mining indicates a high amount of sediment in the watersheds. The purpose of this study was to model the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds along the main rivers of Banyuwangi Regency. Data from water level, flow velocity, and discharge measurements were correlated with the results of suspended load and bedload analyses to create rating curves. Equations for the modeling of the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds were generated by regression methods. The results of the modeling of the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds in Banyuwangi Regency using the equations above were obtained by the suspended load model qs (tons/day) = 27.0 - 39.0.h (m) – 122.V (m/s) + 71.1.q (m3/s), with R-Sq = 59.4%, and by the bedload model qb (tons/day) = - 0.0758 + 0.0853.h (m) + 0.0585.V (m/s) + 0.165.q (m3/s), with R-Sq = 73.6%. Sediment load modeling can be used as a projection of sediment transport in studies on type C excavations along the major rivers in Banyuwangi Regency.
The Implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) on an Automatic Plant Watering and Fertilizing System Based on Solar Electricity
Authors: Hendra  , Trinovita Z. J. , Riza Nurtam M. , Laksmana Indra , Jamaluddin  , Amrizal  , Putera Perdana , Nurazizi  , Putri Ihsani Amaliah , Soecipto  
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This research aimed to design a plant fertilizing and watering system that can be controlled and observed through a smartphone and use the solar electric energy source. The results of this study can ease the work of farmers in terms of energy and cost because they allow the fertilizing and watering processes to run automatically. The system is assembled using the following components: 100WP solar module, 30A solar charge controller, deep-cycle battery, Arduino Uno, ESP8266WiFi, DHT11 sensor, soil moisture sensor, and 12V DC electric solenoid valve. This system works in the following way: if the soil moisture sensor reads that the soil is dry and if the air temperature sensor reads that the air is cool, then the microcontroller will order electric faucets to drain water containing fertilizer to the ground until the soil becomes wet. This system is supported by connection to the Internet so it can be controlled and observed from an Android-based smartphone. The calculation conducted in an economic analysis of the system yielded cost principal of Rp47.6/l and BEP for production of 11,389 l/year.
The effect of substrate consumption on the increasing of biofloculans productivity and activity of cultivation by Alcaligenes latus
Authors: Sumarno L , Rudiyono  , Nurlaila  , Siska E 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The efficient technology cultivation is developed as a respond to the emergence of clean technology trend issue to produce biogically degraded product. This research aims to review the effect of sweet potato hydrolysis concentration on biofloculan cultivation productivity and its effect on flocculation activity. Cultivation starts from cell refreshment to propagation and inoculation into cultivation medium which has been sterilized. Enzymatically, the sweet potato starch hydrolyzate supernatant usage (S) as a cultivation medium is expected can substitute glucose (G) synthetic medium and able to increase bioflocculant activity and bioabsorbent formation, while the Nitrogen substrate usage from CSL (C) and yeast extract (Y) into the medium. Cultivation of Alcaligenes latus can stimulate the formation of acid biopolymers which have large molecular weights. Furthermore, made a notation like SC-10 which is a medium of glucose supernatant factor with Corn steep liquor (CSL) with an initial sugar concentration level of 10 g/l. Control process including the analysis of reduced sugar (RS) and nitrogen, viscosity, pH, measurement of dry cell weight (DC), and flocculation activity (AF) is conducted during cultivation. The research results indicates the usage of sweet potato supernatan hydrolysate is to subsitute the synthetic mediums due to its ability to increase biofloculan activity. The best medium for biofloculan cultivation is SC-10 with kinetic parameter μ, 0,0834 hours-1; Xmax,12,54 g/l; m, 0,641 and n, 0,0105 g product/g biomass/hours; α, 0,409 and β, 0,0006 g biomass/g substrate/ hours; Yp/s, 68%; Yx/s, 97%. There is no significant viscosity changes during cultivation so that it can not be used as a production index. Flocculation Activity resulting from the cultivation of SC-10 medium is the strongest process in forming flok-flok while SC-30 medium is the least.