bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving effective contraception uptake through provision of bridging contraception within community pharmacies: findings from the Bridge-it Study process evaluation
Authors: Patterson Susan , McDaid Lisa , Saunders Kristina , Battison Claire , Glasier Anna , Radley Andrew , Stephenson Judith M , Johnstone Anne , Morelli Alessandra , Sally Deirdre , Stewart Nicola , Cameron Sharon Tracey 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo present process evaluation results from the Bridge-it Study, a pragmatic cluster randomised cross-over trial to improve effective contraception uptake through provision of the progestogen only pill (POP) plus sexual and reproductive health (SRH) clinic rapid-access to women presenting to community pharmacies for emergency contraception (EC).Research design and methodsA multimethod process evaluation was conducted to assess intervention implementation, mechanisms of change and contextual factors. Data were gathered from screening logs (n=599), observations of pharmacist training, analysis of data from 4-month follow-up questionnaires (n=406), monitoring of contemporaneous events and qualitative interviews with 22 pharmacists, 5 SRH clinical staff and 36 study participants in three participating UK sites in Lothian, Tayside and London.ResultsThe intervention was largely delivered as intended and was acceptable. Pharmacists’, SRH clinical staff and participants’ accounts highlighted that providing a supply of POP with EC from the pharmacy as routine practice may have positive impacts on contraceptive practices in the short term, and potentially longer term. Key mechanisms of change included ease of access, increased awareness of contraception and services, and greater motivation and perceptions of self-efficacy. Few participants took up the offer to attend an SRH service (rapid-access component), and existing barriers within the SRH context were apparent (eg, lack of staff). Participant accounts highlight persistent barriers to accessing and using routine effective contraception remain.ConclusionsImplementation appeared to be acceptable and feasible, highlighting the potential for provision of POP within EC consultations as routine practice in community pharmacies. However, lack of engagement with the rapid access component of the intervention and existing barriers within the SRH context suggest that signposting to SRH services may be sufficient. Wider implementation should consider ways to address key implementation challenges to increase effectiveness and sustainability, and to overcome persistent barriers to accessing and using effective contraception.Trial registration numberISRCTN70616901.
Efficacy of virtual reality techniques in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: protocol for a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Zheng Jianqiao , Du Li , Deng Xiaoqian , Zhang Lu , Wang Jia , Chen Guo 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionCardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the most critical procedure in the rescue of patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD). The success rate of CPR remains far below expectations, which made CPR education identified as the top priority for SCD. CPR training using the virtual reality (VR) technique is a feasible training method, with a wider population and lower cost, but its efficacy remains controversial. Thus, we will perform a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the efficacy of the VR technique on CPR quality.Methods and analysisWe will search PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Ovid Medline, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese BioMedical Literature, Wanfang and VIP databases from inception to November 2021, to identify randomised controlled trials and the first period in randomised cross-over trials assessing the efficacy of VR techniques versus non-VR techniques for adult participants accepting adult CPR training. No language restrictions will be considered. Data synthesis will be performed using RevMan V.5.4 and Stata/MP V.16.0. Outcome measures will be present as relative risk with 95% CIs for dichotomous data and mean difference with 95% CIs for continuous data. The primary outcome will be the CPR quality defined as chest compression rate and depth. Secondary outcomes will be the overall performance of CPR. Heterogeneity will be assessed by the χ2 test and I2 statistic. Data will be synthesised by either fixed-effects or random-effects models according to the I2 value. Trial sequential analysis and modified Jadad Scale will be used to control the risks of random errors and evaluate the evidence quality. Egger’s regression test and funnel plots will be used to assess the publication bias.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was not required for this systematic review protocol. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021281059.
Risk factors for hospitalisation in Welsh infants with a congenital anomaly
Authors: Ho Peter S Y , Quigley Maria A , Tucker David F , Kurinczuk Jennifer J 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo investigate risk factor associated with hospitalisation of infants with a congenital anomaly in Wales, UK.DesignA population-based cohort study.SettingData from the Welsh Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service linked to the Patient Episode Database for Wales and livebirths and deaths from the Office for National Statistics.PatientsAll livebirths between 1999 and 2015 with a diagnosis of a congenital anomaly, which was defined as a structural, metabolic, endocrine or genetic defect, as well as rare diseases of hereditary origin.Main outcome measuresAdjusted OR (aOR) associated with 1 or 2+ hospital admissions in infancy versus no admissions were estimated for sociodemographic, maternal and infant factors using multinomial logistic regression for the subgroups of all, isolated, multiple and cardiovascular anomalies.Results25 523 infants affected by congenital anomalies experienced a total of 50 705 admissions in infancy. Risk factors for ≥2 admissions were younger maternal age ≤24 years (aOR: 1.17; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.30), maternal smoking (aOR: 1.20; 1.10 to 1.31), preterm birth (aOR: 2.52; 2.25 to 2.83) and moderately severe congenital heart defects (aOR: 6.25; 4.47 to 8.74). Girls had an overall decreased risk of 2+ admissions (aOR: 0.84; 0.78 to 0.91). Preterm birth was a significant risk factor for admissions in all anomaly subgroups but the effect of the other characteristics varied according to anomaly subgroup.ConclusionsOver two-thirds of infants with an anomaly are admitted to hospital during infancy. Our findings identified sociodemographic and clinical characteristics contributing to an increased risk of hospitalisation of infants with congenital anomalies.
Comparing estimates of road traffic deaths and non-fatal road traffic injuries in Cambodia
Authors: Gutierrez Hialy , Mitra Sudeshna , Neki Kazuyuki , Mbugua Leah Watetu , Balasubramaniyan Ramshankar , Winer Mercer , Roberts Jaeda , Vos Theo , Hamilton Erin , Naghavi Mohsen , Harrison James E , Job R F Soames , Bhalla Kavi 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionTimely, accurate and detailed information about traffic injuries are essential for managing national road safety programmes. However, there is considerable under-reporting in official statistics of many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) and large discrepancies between estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and WHO’s Global Health Estimates (GHE). We compared all sources of epidemiological information on traffic injuries in Cambodia to guide efforts to improve traffic injury statistics.MethodsWe estimated the incidence of traffic deaths and injuries and household ownership of motor vehicles in Cambodia from nationally representative surveys and censuses. We compared findings with GDB and GHE estimates.ResultsWe identified seven sources for estimating traffic deaths and three for non-fatal injuries that are not included as data sources in GBD and GHE models. These sources and models suggest a fairly consistent estimate of approximately 3100 deaths annually, about 50% higher than official statistics, likely because most hospital deaths are not recorded. Surveys strongly suggest that the vehicle fleet is dominated by motorcycles, which is not consistent with GBD estimates that suggest similar numbers of motorcyclist and vehicle occupant deaths. Estimates of non-fatal injuries from health surveys were about 7.5 times official statistics and 1.5 times GBD estimates.ConclusionIncluding local epidemiological data sources from LMICs can help reduce uncertainty in estimates from global statistical models and build trust in estimates among local stakeholders. Such analysis should be used as a benchmark to assess and strengthen the completeness of reporting of the national surveillance system.
Cross-sectional study of the effects of self-efficacy on fatigue and pain interference in black women with systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of depression, age and education
Authors: Drenkard Cristina , Easley Kirk , Bao Gaobin , Dunlop-Thomas Charmayne , Lim S Sam , Brady Teresa 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveWhile fatigue and pain are pervasive symptoms in SLE, self-efficacy can mitigate their intensity and impact on patients’ daily activity. We examined the relationships of these domains and their interactions with demographics and depression in black women with SLE.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected among 699 black women with SLE. We used validated, self-reported measures of fatigue, pain interference, symptom self-efficacy, treatment self-efficacy and depression. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between each outcome (fatigue and pain interference) and each predictor (symptom self-efficacy and treatment self-efficacy), and the interaction of demographics and depression.ResultsWe found inverse associations between fatigue and each of symptom self-efficacy (slope −0.556, p<0.001) and treatment self-efficacy (slope −0.282, p<0.001), as well as between pain interference and each of symptom self-efficacy (slope −0.394, p<0.001) and treatment self-efficacy (slope −0.152, p<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, symptom self-efficacy remained significantly associated with each outcome (adjusted slope −0.241 (p<0.001) and −0.103 (p=0.008) for fatigue and pain, respectively). The amount of decrease in fatigue and pain interference differed by depression severity (p<0.05 for the interaction of symptom self-efficacy and depression). The difference in fatigue by depression widened as symptom self-efficacy increased; the adjusted fatigue scores for moderate/severe depression compared with no depression were 6.8 and 8.7 points higher at mean and high symptom self-efficacy, respectively (p<0.001). Age and education significantly changed the relationship between outcomes and self-efficacy.ConclusionsSymptom self-efficacy and treatment self-efficacy were inversely related to fatigue and pain interference in black women with SLE. Depression disproportionately increased the intensity of these outcomes. While older women with low symptom self-efficacy reported disproportionately higher pain interference, those with higher education and mean or high levels of symptom self-efficacy reported lower pain interference. These findings may help predict who might benefit most from self-efficacy-enhancing interventions.
How serious are we about protecting workers health? The case of diesel engine exhaust
Authors: Vermeulen Roel , Portengen Lützen 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesRegulators frequently deviate from health-based recommendations when setting occupational exposure limits, but the impact on workers’ health is rarely made explicit. We present a quantitative evaluation of the expected impact of recently proposed regulatory limits for occupational diesel engine exhaust (DEE) exposure on the excess burden of lung cancer (LC) in Europe.MethodsWe used a lifetable approach, basing our analyses on the DEE exposure distribution in a large general population study, as well as the 5% prevalence used in earlier DEE burden calculations. We evaluated the effects of intervention on DEE exposures according to a health based limit (1 ug/m3of elemental carbon (EC)) and both Dutch (10 ug/m3) and European (50 ug/m3) proposed regulatory limit values. Results were expressed as individual excess lifetime risks (ELR), total excess number of cases and population attributable fraction of LC.ResultsThe ELR for the EU working population was estimated to be 341/10 000 workers based on our empirical exposure distribution and 46/10 000 workers based on the 5% prevalence. Implementing the proposed health based DEE limit would reduce the ELR by approximately 93%, while the proposed regulatory limits of 10 and 50 ug/m3EC would reduce the ELR by 51% and 21%, respectively.DiscussionAlthough the proposed regulatory limits are expected to reduce the number of DEE related LC deaths, the residual ELRs are still significantly higher than the targets used for deriving health-based risk limits. The number of additional cases of LC in Europe due to DEE exposure, therefore, remains significant.
Impaired proteostasis in obese skeletal muscle relates to altered immunoproteasome activity
Authors: Fletcher Emma , Wiggs Michael , Greathouse K. Leigh , Morgan Grant , Gordon Paul M. 
Published: February 2022

Obesity-associated inflammation and/or oxidative stress can damage intramuscular proteins and jeopardize muscle integrity. The immunoproteasome (iProt) is vital to remove oxidatively modified proteins, but this function may be compromised with obesity. We sought to elucidate whether diet-induced obesity alters intramuscular iProt content and activity in mice to identify a possible mechanism for impaired muscle proteostasis in the obese state. Total proteasome content and activity and estimates of muscle oxidative damage, inflammation, muscle mass and strength were also assessed. Twenty-three male, 5-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFS; 45% kcal fat, 17% sucrose, n = 12) or low-fat, low-sucrose (LFS; 10% kcal fat, 0% sucrose, n = 11) diet for 12 weeks. Strength was assessed via a weightlifting test. Despite no change in pro-inflammatory cytokines (P > 0.05), oxidative protein damage was elevated within the gastrocnemius (P = 0.036) and tibialis anterior (P = 0.033) muscles of HFS-fed mice. Intramuscular protein damage coincided with reduced iProt and total proteasome activity (P < 0.05), and reductions in relative muscle mass (P < 0.001). Therefore, proteasome dysregulation occurs in obese muscle and may be a critical link in muscle oxidative stress. Novelty: Our results show for the first time that immunoproteasome and total proteasome function is significantly reduced within obese muscle. Visceral fat mass is a significant predictor of diminished proteasome activity in skeletal muscle. Proteasome function is inversely correlated with an intramuscular accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins.
Drag relationships for full-grown Scots pine trees
Authors: Borisevich Sergey A. , Kamluk Andrei N. , Rebko Dmitry V. 
Published: February 2022

The wind force acting on full-grown pine trees as they free fall was calculated based on comparison of the results of the field experiment and numerical simulation using Borisevich and Vikhrenko’s 2018 model. A number of improvements were proposed to increase the accuracy of the method. Field experiments of the free fall of five pine trees previously cut were carried out. Then, computer simulations of their motion assuming the linear dependence of drag force on air velocity were performed. Comparisons of the data of the field experiments and computer simulations showed that the linear dependence with a constant scaling parameter gives a good approximation of the drag force at a wide range of air velocity values. Error analysis was carried out to assess the quality of the numerical model. At all times during the movement, the deviations in the center mass positions observed in the field experiment and obtained in the numerical experiment do not exceed the diameter of the tree stem. The scaling parameter for five full-grown Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in stands ranged between 25.5 and 90.0 kg/s.
Effect of precision planting and seeding rates on canola plant density and seed yield in southern Alberta
Authors: Dhillon Gurbir Singh , Baarda Lewis , Gretzinger Mike , Coles Ken 
Published: February 2022

Precision planters are recently being adopted for seeding canola to improve crop establishment and seed yield. This study determined the effect of seeding canola using precision planters (30.5 and 50.8 cm seeding row width) and conventional air drill seeders at different rates (20, 40, 60, 80, and 160 seeds m−2) on plant density and seed yield. The study was conducted for 4 yr (2016 to 2019) at three locations in southern Alberta. Plant density increased with higher seeding rates following the negative exponential function distribution. The yield-density relationship was non-linear asymptotic in nature and weak-to-moderate in strength at most site-years. The parameters of yield-density relationship did not show statistically significant differences among the air drill and precision planters. When averaged among seeding rates, canola yield was higher for the narrow row precision planter at 5 site-years and for the air drill at 2 site-years out of a total of 12 site-years. Under irrigated and high-precipitation conditions, seed yield in narrow-row precision planted canola was higher than air drill seeded canola. There was an average increase of 463 kg ha−1 (10%) in the seed yield in narrow-row precision planted canola compared with the air drill seeded canola among irrigated systems; however, under water-limited conditions, seed yield in air drill seeded canola was comparable or higher than the precision planted canola. Wide-row planter led to poor crop establishment and seed yield under both irrigated and dryland conditions, attributed to higher in-row plant density due to wider row spacing.
On Modularity in Reactive Control Architectures, with an Application to Formal Verification
Authors: Biggar Oliver , Zamani Mohammad , Shames Iman 
Published: February 2022

Modularity is a central principle throughout the design process for cyber-physical systems. Modularity reduces complexity and increases reuse of behavior. In this article we pose and answer the following question: how can we identify independent “modules” within the structure of reactive control architectures? To this end, we propose a graph-structured control architecture we call a
decision structure
and show how it generalizes some reactive control architectures that are popular in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, specifically Teleo-Reactive programs (TRs), Decision Trees (DTs), Behavior Trees (BTs), and Generalised Behavior Trees (
k
-BTs). Inspired by the definition of a module in graph theory [
16
] we define modules in decision structures and show how each decision structure possesses a canonical decomposition into its modules, which can be found in polynomial time. We establish intuitive connections between our proposed modularity and modularity in structured programming. In BTs,
k
-BTs, and DTs the modules we propose are in a one-to-one correspondence with their subtrees. We show we can naturally characterize each of the BTs,
k
-BTs, DTs, and TRs by properties of their module decomposition. This allows us to recognize which decision structures are equivalent to each of these architectures in quadratic time. Following McCabe [
26
], we define a complexity measure called
essential complexity
on decision structures, which measures the degree to which they can be decomposed into simpler modules. We characterize the
k
-BTs as the decision structures of unit-essential complexity. Our proposed concept of modules extends to formal verification, under any verification scheme capable of verifying a decision structure. Namely, we prove that a modification to a module within a decision structure has no greater flow-on effects than a modification to an individual action within that structure. This enables verification on modules to be done locally and hierarchically, where structures can be verified and then repeatedly locally modified, with modules replaced by modules while preserving correctness. To illustrate the findings, we present an example of a solar-powered drone completing a reconnaissance-based mission using a decision structure. We use a Linear Temporal Logic-based verification scheme to verify the correctness of this structure and then show how one can repeatedly modify modules while preserving its correctness, and this can be verified by considering only those modules that have been modified.
Predictors of Neonatal Mortality in Ethiopia: A Comprehensive Review of Follow-Up Studies
Authors: Girma Derara , Dejene Hiwot , Adugna Leta 
Published: February 2022

Background. Neonatal mortality remains a prominent public health problem in developing countries. Particularly, Ethiopia has a higher neonatal mortality rate than the average sub-Saharan African countries. Hereafter, this review article was aimed at synthesizing existing predictors of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. Methods. A systematic search and review of peer-reviewed articles were conducted on the predictors of neonatal mortality in Ethiopia. A search of key terms across different databases including Web of Science, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Hinari, and Google Scholar was conducted, supplemented by reference screening. The SANRA tool was used to critically appraise studies included in the review. Results. After removing duplicates and applying the eligibility criteria, 14 of the 64 initially identified articles were included in the final review. These were original articles published between 2011 and 2021. The identified predictors were narrated and presented under different domains. Accordingly, sociodemographic predictors such as residence, distance from the health facility, and maternal age; service delivery-related predictors such as no ANC follow-up, not taking iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy, and no PNC visit; neonate-related predictors such as low birth weight, extreme prematurity/preterm, and low APGAR score; pregnancy and childbirth-related predictors such as

birth

interval
<
18

months

, twin pregnancy, and

time

of

rupture

of

membrane
>
12

hours

; and maternal-related predictors such as maternal HIV infection, maternal childbirth-related complications, and maternal near-miss were stated to increase a likelihood of newborn death in Ethiopia. Conclusion. Public health interventions directed at decreasing neonatal mortality should address the rural residents, mothers not having ANC follow-up, low birth weight, twin pregnancy, and maternal HIV infection. The wealth of data gathered during primary research should not only lead to identification of predictors, but should also provide guidance for health system intervention strategies in a country aiming to reduce neonatal mortality.