MO028: Kidney biopsy in females with Fabry disease is an important tool to establish the indication for Fabry-specific therapy
Authors: Emanuela Rusu Elena , Zilisteanu Diana , Mihaela Ciobotaru Lucia , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Jurcut Ruxandra , Procop Alexandru , Dulamea Adriana , Obrisca Bogdan , Pandele Gabriel-Robert , Ismail Gener 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Fabry disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disease causing progressive kidney, nervous system and heart disorders. Specific therapy may stop or mitigate disease progression, but is very expensive and results depend significantly on early initiation of treatment. Thus, clear criteria for treatment options are necessary.
Kidney biopsy in FD has important diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutically implications. Some countries already decided to include as a criterion for reimbursement of FD-specific therapy in presence of renal biopsy evidence related to FD. National criteria for starting FD specific therapy according to renal involvement include eGFR &lt;80 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria &gt;300 mg/day.

METHOD
The aim of our retrospective study is to evaluate clinical and histological aspects of renal involvement in untreated female patients diagnosed with FD by genetic test between 2015 and 2021 in our center.
Biological renal manifestations using serum creatinine, albumin creatinine ratio and proteinuria. Also, presence of neurological involvement was assessed by clinical exam, electroneurographic exam and brain magnetic resonance, and heart manifestations were assessed by echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), ECG Holter and cardiac magnetic resonance. Kidney biopsy specimens were analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Specific renal FD lesions, as well as general lesions of progression, were evaluated according to the International Study Group of Fabry Nephropathy Score Sheet.

RESULTS
From a total of 25 female patients, we enrolled 11 female patients in which kidney biopsy was performed. The mean age at diagnosis was 47.7 ± 12 years (range 30–65 years), although mean age of symptoms onset was 36.1 years. The mean eGFR was 72.7 ± 19.8 mL/min/1.72 m2 while mean proteinuria was 0.72 ± 1.3 mg/day. Average Mainz score was 16.6 ± 11.5. Heart involvement was found in five patients (45.5%), and neurological manifestations were present in five patients. Co-morbidities were as follows: arterial hypertension in six patients, diabetes mellitus in one patient and obesity in two patients.
All kidney biopsies showed lysosomal accumulation in the podocytes, in the parietal cells of the Bowman capsule and in the tubules, while vascular inclusions were found in nine cases. Also, we observed segmental glomerular sclerosis in four cases and global glomerular sclerosis in three cases, interstitial fibrosis in six cases, tubular atrophy in five cases, arteriosclerosis in four cases and arteriolar hyalinosis in five cases.
Considering national criteria for initiation of FD therapy, five patients (54.6%) fulfilled the renal criteria, three patients (27.3%) presented criteria for other organs involvement, while three patients (mean age 37.7 years) did not fulfill any criteria. We emphasize that, even in our six patients without renal criteria for FD therapy, kidney biopsy showed FD-specific lesions (lysosomal accumulation) in all cases, associated with segmental glomerular sclerosis in one case, interstitial fibrosis in four cases, tubular atrophy in three cases, arteriosclerosis in one case and arteriolar hyalinosis in three cases. Thus, in our three patients without clinical, biological and imaging criteria for FD therapy, evidence of specific FD lesions in kidney biopsy supported our recommendation to initiate FD treatment.

CONCLUSION
The data from our small cohort of females with Fabry disease underline the importance of kidney biopsy for detection of early kidney involvement and provide additional support to the consideration of early initiation of FD-specific therapy, potentially improving long-term outcome. Thus, proof of specific FD renal lesions as revealed by kidney biopsy could become a distinct criterion for initiation of FD therapy, in the absence of other criteria according to current guidelines. Future studies are necessary in order to specify the role of renal histology in the establishment of the proper timing to start the FD treatment, especially in young patients.