bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-B-18 Can a Smartphone be Used for Daily Field Measurements?
Authors: Biagioli Bruno , de Souza Lucas , De Sousa Illys 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The popularity of smartphones is undeniable in nearly all facets of society, and their use is worldwide spread, the objective of this abstract is to compare two smartphones and some apps to commercial equipment. The study was performed in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil using GPS, light, and sound sensors, from two smartphones. There were 5 apps tested for each smartphone sensor, and specific methodology for each one, for GPS was used a known length running track, for light and decibel meters was used commercials equipment. For GPS, there was no statistical difference (P&lt; 0.05) between the type of mobile phone and the app tested and there was also no statistical difference (P&lt; 0.05) for the use or non-use of the internet during the measurements. For the decibel meter, different noise levels were tested, and there was a difference between the levels, which was expected. At each noise level, there were statistical differences (P&lt; 0.05) between smartphone type, internet use, and the apps tested. In this summary, it will not be possible to show all these results. For the light meter, there was a significant difference between the application and the lux level, regardless of the type of smartphone. At 300 lux the applications were the same as the control. At 600 lux only the "Light meter" (My Mobile Tools developer) app had results equal to the control. At 1000 lux measurements, all applications were different from the control. The internet and lux interaction were the same for the averages of the 300 and 600 lux levels, with 1000 lux the use of the internet favored the readings. The use of cell phones can be a cheap and practical alternative for daily measurements on rural properties, to ensure the sustainability of the systems and labor health.
PSXV-10 Poor Maternal Nutrition Impacts Mrna Expression of Epigenetic Factors in ram Offspring Liver
Authors: Dupre Madelyn A , Tillquist Nicole M , Reiter Amanda S , Kawaida Mia Y , Smith Brandon I , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition (over- and restricted-feeding) alters growth and metabolism in offspring after birth; however, the mechanisms are not well understood. Epigenetics, the heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, is a possible mechanism. We hypothesized that mRNA expression of epigenetic factors in livers of male offspring would be altered as a result of poor maternal diet during gestation. Multiparous Dorset ewes (n = 46) pregnant with twins were fed 100%, 60% or 140% of NRC requirements from d 30 ± 0.02 of gestation until parturition. Male offspring are referred to as CON (n=12), RES (n=21), and OVER (n=13), respectively. Ram lambs were euthanized at d 284±1.82, and liver tissue was immediately snap-frozen. RNA was isolated from liver and gene expression was quantified using real-time (RT)-PCR. Epigenetic factors of interest included DNA methyltransferases (DNMT; DNMT1, DNMT3B), ten eleven translocation enzyme 2 (TET2), lysine acetyltransferases (KAT; KAT1, KAT2B, KAT6A, KAT8), histone deacetylases (HDAC; HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC8, HDAC11, sirtuin1), and histone methyltransferases [ASH1 like histone lysine methyltransferase (ASH1L), euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase (EHMT)1, EHMT2, SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (SETDB2)]. Gene expression of ASH1L and KAT6A were decreased in liver tissue of RES compared with OVER by 42.8% and 59.7%, respectively (P≤0.017). Gene expression of DNMT1 and HDAC3 were decreased in RES compared with CON by 38.3% and 35.0%, respectively (P≤0.045). Gene expression of EHMT1 and HDAC8 were increased in OVER compared with CON by 19.3% and 37.4%, respectively (P≤0.045). There were no differences detected in expression of other genes (P≥0.060). Thus, maternal diet affects hepatic mRNA expression of specific epigenetic factors which may contribute to altered metabolism and liver function. Further investigation is warranted to determine how epigenetic modifications impact offspring growth and metabolism long-term.
PSIII-A-17 Relationships between Diet Quality and Serum Metabolic Indicators in Prenatally Stressed Growing Bos Indicus Heifers
Authors: Tolleson Douglas R , Randel Ron D , Perry George A , Knight Colt W , Long Charles R , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our research group has previously reported on grazing behavior, diet selection, and weight change in prenatally stressed and translocated Brahman heifers grazing native rangeland. Our current objective was to evaluate relationships between diet quality and metabolic indicators. Twelve yearling heifers were transported ~700 km from Overton, TX to Sonora, TX. Six heifers (283±10 kg) were born to dams subjected to transportation stress during mid-gestation (PNS) and 6 (279±17 kg) were born to non-stressed dams (CON). Heifers grazed a series of 24-ha native range pastures and were sampled (BW, BCS score, blood, and feces) at 2-wk intervals from May through September. Fecal samples collected from the ground or the rectum of each animal were stored at -20o C until processed for near infrared reflectance spectroscopy prediction of diet crude protein (CP) and digestible organic matter (DOM). Blood was obtained via coccygeal venipuncture and processed to yield serum. Serum analyses were obtained from the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Relationships between constituents of interest were determined by linear regression. Significance was considered to be P &lt; 0.05. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN; mg/dL) was greater (P = 0.04) in PNS (8.39±0.32) than CON (7.39±0.33). Positive correlations were found between CP and BUN (RSQ = 0.76, SE = 1.25 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.001), albumin (RSQ = 0.57, SE = 0.06 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.01), and average daily gain (RSQ = 0.63, SE = 0.47 kg; P &lt; 0.01). Similar relationships were observed between DOM and glucose (RSQ = 0.64, SE = 3.91 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.01), cholesterol (RSQ = 0.37, SE = 5.47 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.05), and average daily gain (RSQ = 0.47, SE = 0.56 kg; P &lt; 0.01). PNS affected circulating nitrogen concentration. Diet quality was related to weight gain and serum indicators of nutritional status.
PSIII-A-12 Longissimus Thoracis Mitochondrial Capacities and Temperament of Stocker Calves are Related to Meat Quality at Harvest in Brahman but not in Angus Cattle
Authors: Semanchik Pier L , Wesolowski Lauren T , Simons Jessica L , Guy Chloey , Earnhardt Audrey L , Perry George A , Long Charles R , Riley David , Law Dustin , Neuendorff Don A , Machado Tanner , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Brahman cattle reportedly have decreased meat quality compared to Angus but little is known about the cellular mechanisms driving this difference. We hypothesized that live animal skeletal muscle mitochondria would be related to meat quality. Trapezius and longissimus thoracis (LT) samples were collected from 10-mo-old Angus and Brahman steers designated as calm, intermediate, or temperamental (n=12/group/breed) based on pen score and exit velocity at weaning. Samples were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activities as markers of mitochondrial volume density and function. Calm and temperamental LT samples were also analyzed for oxidative phosphorylation (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities via high-resolution respirometry. At approximately 14.5-mo-old, steers were placed in pens and fed ad libitum. After at least 120 d on feed, animals were harvested and 13th rib LT samples were collected, vacuum packaged, aged 14d, frozen, then subjected to Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF). Impacts of temperament and breed on WBSF were determined using mixed linear models with breed, temperament, and breed × temperament as fixed effects. Relationships between mitochondrial variables and WBSF were determined using Pearson’s Correlations. Regardless of temperament, WBSF was greater in Brahman than Angus steers (P&lt; 0.0001). Temperament did not impact WBSF in Angus but temperamental Brahman had greater WBSF than both calm and intermediate Brahman (P≤0.01). CS and CCO activities at 10 mo of age were not correlated with WBSF. However, Brahman LT intrinsic (relative to CS) P with complex I (PCI), maximal P with complexes I and II (PCI+II), maximal E with complexes I and II (ECI+II), and E with complex II only (ECII) were positively correlated with WBSF (P≤0.05) while no LT mitochondrial capacity measures correlated with WBSF in Angus. These data may shed light on differences in skeletal muscle energetics leading to decreased meat quality in temperamental Brahman steers.
PSIII-A-9 Effect of Fertility Level on Nutraceutical Parameters of Sericea Lespedeza (Lespedeza Cuneata)
Authors: Neha Ayesha , Pulsifer Chelsea , Whitley Niki C C , Dykes Gregory , Batchu Phaneendra , Terrill Thomas H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata), is a high-tannin warm-season perennial forage plant with very good bioactivity against internal parasites of small ruminants. Hays of SL produced under normal-fertility (NF) and enhanced-fertility (EF) management were compared to a bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon) hay diet in a 6-week feeding trial with goats. Naturally parasite infected intact Spanish male goats (8-9 months old) housed in individual pens were fed NF (n=15) or EF (n=13) SL or BG hay (n=15; CON) free choice. A commercial goat pellet was provided to all goats at 1.5% of body weight. At the start of the study and weekly thereafter, fecal and blood samples were collected to analyze gastrointestinal nematode fecal egg counts (FEC) and Eimeria spp. (coccidia) fecal oocyst counts (FOC) and percentage packed red blood cell volume (PCV), respectively. Animal weights were recorded at the start and end of the trial. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS for repeated measures with inferences made on log-transformed data for FEC, FOC and PCV, and GLM used for average daily gain (ADG) data. The FEC and FOC for EF and NF SL were different from control after day 0 (P&lt; 0.05). Percentage PCV tended (P &lt; 0.052) to be influenced by treatment, in which EF and NF SL were similar, but both were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than CON (tendency only for NF, P &lt; 0.07). The goats’ ADG was impacted by treatment, as those fed SL grown under enhanced fertility had higher (P &lt; 0.001) weight gain than the NF SL and CON goats, which were similar. Enhanced-fertility SL improved animal performance while maintaining anti-parasitic bioactivity in goats.
PSVIII-B-3 Comparison of Telomere Length in Leukocytes of Control and Prenatally Stressed Brahman Bull and Heifer Calves
Authors: Welsh Thomas H , Kochran Kelli , Earnhardt Audrey L , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Hairgrove Thomas B , Long Charles R , Riley David , Randel Ron D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Telomeres are comprised of G-rich nucleotide sequences (5’-TTAGGG-3’) at the chromosome termini that are responsible for protecting chromosomes; however, attrition of these sequences has been observed due to aging and stress. The purpose of this study was to compare telomere length (TL) in control and prenatally stressed (PNS) calves. Mature Brahman cows inseminated to a single Brahman sire in 2018 were assigned to be either Control (n=35; not transported) or PNS (n=37; 2 h of transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140±5 d of gestation). Jugular blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from 10 Control (5 bulls and 5 heifers) and 10 PNS (5 bulls and 5 heifers) calves at 25±2 d of age. Peripheral leukocytes were isolated and genomic DNA was extracted utilizing silicone membrane spin column kits. The relative quantity of telomere products, which is proportional to the average TL, was determined by multiplex quantitative PCR analysis using the ratio of bovine telomere and β-globulin DNA (T/S ratio). An absolute standard of bovine telomere (1012–107 dilution series) and β-globulin (109-104 dilution series) genes was utilized to produce relative copy number. All samples were processed in triplicate and samples were included if the triplicate Cq difference was less than 0.25 cycles. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. TL differed by sex (P&lt; 0.03; bulls 11,959±211; heifers 12,850±366) and treatment (P&lt; 0.02; Control 12,895±278; PNS 11,913±303). There was not an interaction of sex and treatment (P &gt;0.43) although TL of Control heifers (13,482±396) exceeded the TL of PNS bulls (11,609±348). These observations of fewer copies of telomere sequences suggest an influence of sex on TL within 1 month of age; and, that prenatal transportation stress may increase attrition of telomeres in cattle. Support: USDA NIFA Award No. 2019-67015-29573
PSVIII-B-11 Grain Processing Methods and Fiber Sources in the Brazilian Beef Feedlots
Authors: Bernardes Thiago , Castro Thais , Da Luz Matheus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this survey was to identify grain processing techniques and fiber sources adopted in the beef finishing diets. One hundred and forty-nine feedyards, located in 10 states, were surveyed from March 2020 to February 2021 for their feeding practices. Feedlot owners and nutritionists were interviewed by using a common survey form. The form consisted of 5 questions, including feedlot location, feedlot capacity and the number of animals serviced yearly, breed, grain processing techniques and roughage sources, and roughage: concentrate ratio. Results were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for each feedlot. The number of responses per question, and the mean, minimum value, maximum value, and mode (most frequently occurring value) were calculated. Feedlot capacity ranged from 300 to 40,000 (mode = 3,000) and cattle serviced yearly per feedlot ranged from 400 to 90,000 (mode = 6,000). Nellore breed and crossbreed represented 67 and 33% % of finished animals, respectively. Roughage: concentrate ratio ranged from 40: 60 to 10: 90. Thirty-four percent of feedlots adopted 20: 80 ratio, followed by 25: 75 (17.5%) and 15: 85 (14%) ratios. High-moisture corn, snaplage (grain, cob, husk, and shank), and reconstituted grain corn were used by 21, 12, and 6.7% of feedlots, respectively. Reconstituted grain sorghum was included in 4% of the diets. Thus, 43.7% of feedlots adopted grain silages in the diets. Whole-plant corn silage was the most common roughage source (59.5%), followed by sugarcane bagasse (16%), tropical grass silages (14%), and whole-plant sorghum silage (13%). Nutritionists also cited hay (8%), sugarcane silage (6%), and fresh sugarcane (3%) as roughage sources. Overall, Brazilian feedlots have used ensiling as the most important method to process grains (corn and sorghum), especially because silage machinery industry has made available new equipment. Whole-plant corn silage is the most common fiber source.
PSXIII-18 Effects of Spring and Fall Stockpile Grazing Management System on Performance of Fall-Calving Beef Cows, pre-Weaning Calf Performance, and Forage Characteristics
Authors: Ewing Kylie , Neira Lucas T , Steckler Teresa , Meteer William T , Shike Daniel W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to compare the effects of tall fescue grazing systems utilizing either rotational grazing only or rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpiling on beef cow body condition and reproductive performance, calf pre-weaning performance, and forage characteristics. Over 2 years, multiparous, fall-calving cows (n = 360/year; BW = 600 ± 64 kg; gestation = 113 ± 8.5 d) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (3 reps/treatment/year); 1) rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpile grazing (SP) and 2) rotational grazing only (CON). Treatments were initiated in late April and terminated in late December each year. Pastures were 48.4 ha/replicate. The CON pastures were divided into eight (6.05 ha) paddocks and cows rotated every 5 days. Twenty-five percent of SP pastures (12.1 ha) were stockpiled for initial 112 days with remaining 75% rotationally grazed (6 paddocks; rotated weekly). An additional 50% (24.2 ha) was stockpiled for 95 days starting early August. Strip-grazing was utilized when grazing stockpiled forage. Forage availability into new paddock was greater in SP than CON during grazing rounds 4, 5, and 6 (P ≤ 0.01), coinciding with grazing of stockpiled forage. Grazing days were increased 24 days for SP versus CON (P ≤ 0.01). Hay fed per cow was reduced in SP compared to CON (59 kg vs. 347 kg, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). Cow BW did not differ at trial end (P = 0.13) however, BCS was greater for CON than SP (5.3 vs. 5.1, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). No differences (P ≥ 0.14) were observed in AI or overall pregnancy rate between treatments. There were no differences in calf birth or weaning BW (P = 0.30) between treatments. Overall, utilization of spring and fall stockpiling system had little impact on cow and calf performance but increased grazing days.
PSXIII-21 Formulations of Vitamin K, Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Plant Hydroalcoholic Extracts Prevent Coccidiosis Impact on Growth Performances in Broilers
Authors: Julien Carl 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of formulations of vitamin K, organic acids, essential oils and plant hydroalcoholic extracts as anticoccidial alternatives in broilers. A 34-day cage trial with 10 replicates of 12 birds/cage was conducted. Male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to: 1) non-infected (NI); 2) Eimeria-infected (EI); 3) EI+decoquinate/zoalene shuttle program (DZ); 4) EI+2 kg/t Nutri-Gro® feed additive; 5) 3 L/1000 L Technocok® in drinking water from d14 to d20. The formulations were made by Synergie Eurobec International Ltd and contain 7.0 and 7.5 g/kg vitamin K. Eimeria infection was induced by an oral administration at d14 of 2x105 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species from field isolates. Data were analyzed by a mixed model including treatment and barn section as fixed and random effects, respectively, and by Kruskal-Wallis tests. As expected, the coccidian challenge (EI) reduced growth performances, increased total excreted oocyst counts (6.0 vs 3.0 log10, P &lt; 0.0001) and E. acervulina (0.79 vs 0.21, P=0.0022) and E. tenella (2.04 vs 0.17, P &lt; 0.0001) intestinal lesion scores (ILS) 6 days post infection (dpi, d20), compared to NI, whereas DZ palliated these infection impacts. The two formulation treatments increased d20 body weight (BW), compared to EI (0.980 and 0.939 vs 0.908 kg, P &lt; 0.01), without improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR). The 2 kg/t Nutri-Gro® formulation increased (2.69 vs 2.61 kg, P=0.0486) and the Technocok® showed a trend to improve (2.68 vs 2.61 kg, P=0.1015) d34 BW, compared to EI birds. However, the formulations did not affect the oocyst excretion nor the ILS at 6 dpi (P&gt;0.05). Overall, the additives showed beneficial effects on growth performance in a Eimeria-challenged broilers. These supplements may be involved in a strategy aimed at reducing the use of anticoccidials in broiler production.
PSXIII-19 Snaplage Residue as a Strategy to Finish Beef Cattle Under Different Stocking Rates
Authors: de Lima Ítalo Braz G , Casagrande Daniel R , Bernardes Thiago , Gionbelli Mateus P , Ladeira Marcio M , Shike Daniel W , Cruz Priscila 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different stocking rates of heifers on corn snaplage residue as an exclusive source of fiber on finishing phase performance. Immediately after the corn snaplage harvest, the area was divided into sixteen paddocks, and treatments were randomly assigned. The treatments were two stocking rates (SR): 1) low stocking rate (LSR; 3.5 AU/ha), and 2) high stocking rate (HSR; 7.0 AU/ha). The treatments were obtained by modifying the size of the paddocks. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 48, initial body weight = 275 ± 23 kg) were randomly allotted to 16 paddocks (3 heifers/paddock). Concentrate was fed ad libitum daily at 0600h. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Means were estimated using the LSMEANS statement and compared using the Tukey test. Initial residual mass was similar for all treatments (11,000 kg DM/ha). There was no stocking rate × time effect (P = 0.88) on total mass. There was less total mass for HSR (P &lt; 0.01) than LSR and total mass decreased over time (P &lt; 0.01). There was no difference between HSR and LSR for average residue intake (P = 0.34; 0.434 vs 0.478 kg/day, respectively), concentrate intake (P = 0.84; 7.72 vs 7.78 kg/day, respectively), and daily gain (ADG; P = 0.94; 0.952 vs 0.956 kg/day, respectively), The HSR treatment increased (P &lt; 0.01) gain per area (618 vs 309 kg/ha) compared to LSR. In conclusion, the stocking rate did not affect finishing phase performance of beef heifers but increasing stocking rate did increase gain per area of land.
PSXIII-B-19 The Effect of Maternal Melatonin Supplementation During mid to Late Gestation on Fetal Piglet Hepatic Gene Expression
Authors: Dobbins Thomas W , Dennis Amberly A , Rivera Daniel , Dinh Thu , Lemley Caleb O , Burnett Derris D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Using melatonin as a gestational therapeutic due to its antioxidant and vasodilative properties increases fetal morphometric measurements in ruminant models, however its effects on gestating swine and fetal circadian regulation remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of dietary melatonin supplementation during gestation on fetal hepatic circadian regulatory and metabolic gene expression. Twenty-four pregnant sows were randomly assigned to either melatonin (20mg/d; MEL) or control (CON) and 0500h (AM) or 1700h (PM) harvest timepoint across fall and spring replicates. The fall replicate occurred from gestational day 38±1 to 99±1, while spring was days 41 to 106±1. At harvest small, medium, and large piglets were identified by body weight and their livers were collected. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model by the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cry1 expression tended to increase (P=0.0575) in large fetuses compared to small during the fall, while large fetuses had the greatest expression, medium intermediary, and small least during the spring (P=0.0056). Cry2 was reduced (P&lt; 0.001) in MEL offspring compared to CON in the fall. There was a Treatment × Class interaction (P=0.0104) for Cry2 expression during spring wherein, CON-AM was reduced compared to CON-PM, however no differences between MEL groups. A Treatment × Class interaction (P=0.0511) of Per2 expression was present in the fall, where expression of small control fetuses was reduced compared to remaining controls. Spring Per2 expression increased (P=0.0122) in large fetuses compared to other sizes, Per2 also increased (P=0.0039) in PM compared to AM. Fall IGF1 expression increased (P=0.0366) in large fetuses compared to medium and small, and spring IGF1 expression increased (P=0.0067) in large fetuses compared to small. These findings suggest that maternal melatonin supplementation during gestation modulates expression of hepatic circadian regulatory and metabolic genes which may impact growth and developmental efficiency postnatally in a seasonal manner.