bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Request for comments on research issues
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The past year has witnessed an intensifying discussion about the process of research funding in the United States, with issues including big science, little science, directed research, undirected research, centers of excellence, individual initiative, the relative merits of all these, and their relation to one another. Closely coupled to this debate is a perception that U.S. research capabilities are eroding in spite of substantive increases in the research budget. This discussion has primarily occurred through the media, individual letters, and anecdotes and only rarely through specialized reports such as the Lederman Report.The National Academy of Science'National Research Council Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Research (CSTR) and Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) are jointly undertaking a study of these issues as they affect solar, solar‐terrestrial, and space physics research. As part of the study, the CSTR/CSSP is assembling a data base of grant programs and science projects conducted over the past decade by the main funding sources for these communities, allowing a framework within which to view the many sides of the issues.
Eruption under way at Colima, Mexico
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Volcanic activity beginning in March at Colima, in southwest Mexico (19.51°N, 103.61°W), has turned into a major eruption that is continuing as of May 1. The following report was provided by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Network. All times are local (= UT −6 hours).“Lava extrusion began on March 1, following increases in seismicity, dome deformation, and thermal activity in late February. By mid‐March, the new lobe was large enough to be visible from Colima city (about 30 km from the volcano). Geologists visiting the summit on March 27 reported that the lava dome was 100 m across, 30–40 m high, and still growing. Some lava flowed into a small depression just northeast of the nearly symmetrical dome. At the time of the visit, the dome margin was 3 m from the southwest crater rim and spawned about 3 avalanches/hour. Advance of the lava was shown by blocks falling from the dome front.
Hagelberg and Doney take Ocean Science Student Honors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

The Ocean Sciences Committee has announced the winners of Outstanding Student Paper and Outstanding Student Poster, for presentations given at the AGU held in San Francisco, December 3–7. In the Outstanding Student Paper category, Terri Hagelberg was honored for her examination of new ways of studying paleoclimate time series with high‐order spectral techniques. Scott Doney's results obtained from chlorofluorocarbon measurements made along a zonal hydrographic section extending from Iceland to the equator won the Outstanding Student Poster category.“Nonlinear response of Plio‐Pleistocene ice volume records to orbital forcing: initial results from bispectral analysis” was Hagelberg's paper. A Ph.D. student at Oregon State University, her use of bispectral and cross‐bispectral analysis provided evidence that variations in Pleistocene global ice volume are coupled to oscillations in the calculated record of orbital forcing. A surprising result was that apparent nonlinearity in the climate system may come largely from nonlinear coupling within the radiative forcing (the orbital system driving modulation of eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the equinoxes).
Physics and chemistry of mantle plumes
Authors: DePaolo Donald J. , Stolper Edward M. , Thomas Donald M. 
Published: September 2022

Hot spot volcanic chains are a fundamental feature of the Earth's crust, but their origins are still poorly understood [Okal and Batiza, 1987]. The Hawaiian‐Emperor volcanic chain, which dominates the topography of the central Pacific ocean floor, is the best developed and most intensely studied of the known hot spot tracks. It continues to be one of the world's most important field laboratories for the study of igneous processes, plate movements, mantle convection, structure, geochemical evolution, and the properties of the lithosphere.Despite continued effort, fundamental questions regarding the composition, structure, and evolution of Hawaiian volcanos and their magma sources remain unanswered. This is largely due to the fact that only lavas representing the late stages in the evolution of the volcanos can be sampled at the surface. Most of the internal structure of the volcanos and evidence of their growth history and geochemical evolution are hidden from view. The most deeply eroded volcanos are exposed only to depths of a kilometer or so, whereas the volcanos rise some 5–15 km above the old ocean floor [Moore, 1987].
An Allen receives Vannevar Bush Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

James A. Van Allen, an internationally known pioneer in space science research and education, was recently honored with the National Science Board's Vannevar Bush Award. Van Allen, who served as AGU president from 1982 to 1984, “has pioneered with vision, boldness, and drive the discovery and exploration of new frontiers in space science,” commented Mary Good, NSB chair. “His career as a scientist and mentor reflects hard work, frugality, and devotion to education.”The award acknowledges outstanding contributions in science and technology that are significant to the national welfare. It was named after Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development during World War II, who managed the first successful federal efforts to support large‐scale scientific research. In receiving the award, Van Allen was recognized for his long and productive career in space science, including his discovery of the radiation belt around Earth (the Van Allen belt), his advocacy of the use of satellites for exploring the planets, his role as a government advisor on space science policy, and his effectiveness and dedication as an educator of young scientists.
Who will fund Landsat?
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

A first‐ever joint hearing of the Science, Space, and Technology Committee and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence was held on June 26 to ascertain the true value of the civilian satellite program—Landsat—to the scientific, environmental, and military communities.Landsats collect multispectral images that are used for such purposes as environmental monitoring, oil and gas exploration, and national security. Since the first launch in 1972, Landsat has provided a continuous data record that has proved invaluable in global change research. Currently, Landsats 4 and 5 are in orbit, with Landsat 6 still on schedule for a mid‐1992 launch. No funding has been requested for any follow‐on to Landsat 6, making users of the data uncertain that their future projects will go ahead.
Early data on Earth's wobble reexamined
Authors: Blue Charles 
Published: September 2022

Modern data show that the Earth is wobbling much differently than earlier data indicated, according to a paper published in the September issue of Geophysical Research Letters. The paper examines flaws that exist in two data sets commonly used to determine the amount of the Earth's wobble.N. E. King and D. C. Agnew of the University of California at San Diego compared recent measurements of polar motion (wobble) made by space survey methods with older optical measurements. The new data reveal that the retrograde (clockwise) annual wobble of the Earth is much less than in the older data. The researchers state that this implies systematic errors in the older data.
Current international ionosphere‐thermosphere research
Authors: Cole Keith 
Published: September 2022

Working group 3 of the Solar‐Terrestrial Energy Program (STEP) will be coordinating research on “Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Coupling and Response to Energy and Momentum Inputs” in 1990–1995. The research is on plasma processes leading to ionospheric structure and irregularities, the coupling of the ionosphere‐thermosphere‐magnetosphere system, the special electrodynamics of the equatorial ionosphere‐thermosphere region, wave processes, coupling of the mesosphere to the lower thermosphere, and aeronomic models of the ionosphere.The earliest viewpoint of the ionosphere and thermosphere was that the state of each was determined by local processes, for example, photoionization by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, ion chemistry, and diffusion under gravity. However, it is now understood that the states of the local ionosphere and thermosphere depend, in a complex way, not only on these factors but also on distant and global processes, such as the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere and the input of tidal and gravity wave energy from the lower atmosphere. The most spectacular outcome of solar wind interaction is the polar aurora and its accompanying electrojets. Their effects are not confined to the polar regions; they result in global changes in the ionosphere‐thermosphere system.
Pinatubo pumice contains anhydrite
Authors: Knittel Ulrich , Oles Dietmar , Förster Hansgeorg , Punongbayan Raymundo 
Published: September 2022

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines ranks among the largest of this century, surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of volcano Santa Maria in Guatemala, which produced an estimated 10 km3 of volcanic deposits.Recently (July 16, 1991, p. 305), Eos reported that in terms of SO2 emission, the aerosol cloud produced by Pinatubo's June 15 eruption may be as large or bigger than the 1982 eruption of El Chichon. While this, in part, may be due to the larger volume of erupted material (about 3 km3 for Pinatubo as compared to 0.5–0.6 km3 for El Chichon), it certainly indicates the production of sulfur‐rich lava.
Symposium links geophysical structure and process
Authors: Aki Keiiti 
Published: September 2022

The Jeffreys Symposium at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting in Vienna (August 11–24 presented a wonderful symphony of 19 maestros performing throughout the whole spectrum of Earth and planetary sciences. The symposium was well‐received by the audience and ended with a standing ovation to Lady Jeffreys, who listened to all presentations with keen interest.B. Bolt opened the symposium with “Jeffreys and the Earth,” a paper that succinctly reviewed Jeffreys' overwhelming work, based largely on his mastery of simple representations to produce mathematical models of complicated structures and processes. A model simple enough for the application of principles of mathematical physics, and yet capable of capturing the essence of the subject phenomenon, is essential to successful geophysics.
ODP Leg 136 sets seismograph test site
Authors:   Leg 136 Drilling Party
Published: September 2022

On the evening of March 2, 1991, the research vessel JOIDES Resolution departed from Honolulu harbor for a 17‐day mission that reflects an important new trend in the international Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The primary objective of ODP Leg 136 was to prepare a seafloor site for future experiments needed to develop the Ocean Seismographic Network (OSN). The focus of OSN is much deeper than the strata reached by the drill bit of the Resolution, and this cooperative effort will enable the drilling ship's resources to be shared with a community whose interests extend to the inner core of the Earth.During Leg 136, ODP Hole 843B (proposed Site OSN‐1) was established on the Hawaiian Arch, approximately 225 km south‐southwest of the island of Oahu (Figure 1). The hole was drilled through 242 m of sediment and 70 m into the basaltic basement. It will provide a site for performing borehole seismometer experiments that include noise measurements, recording data from teleseismic events for comparison with an existing high‐quality station on Oahu, and testing new broad‐band sensors and other instrumentation for long‐term deployment. A significant part of this report will be devoted to providing the reader with the background and objectives of the OSN.
From the President
Authors: Cicerone Ralph J. 
Published: September 2022

When I attended my first AGU meeting I was in awe of the depth and breadth of the research that was reported there, and I still feel that way today. I was drawn to AGU by its journals and meetings, its focus on research, and its openness to new member‐participants. I had no intention of becoming an officer of AGU, it just happened in the course of time as I found that AGU is the scientific society that I found most useful and most open to members' needs and ideas.AGU continues to grow, partly because prospective new members sense that they and their science are welcome, and partly because geophysical research, in all of its manifestations, is expanding in volume and in societal importance. In his Handbook message two years ago, Brent Dalrymple summarized how AGU has grown and how large it is projected to be in the future. Will AGU continue to be an active, research‐oriented union of its members, with journals, meetings, and programs that are lively and useful? How can we assure that AGU will be better and not just bigger?
Small expectations from Congress for U.S. science enterprise
Authors: Wakefield Julie , Mockler Susan Bucci 
Published: September 2022

Less money and more cuts are what U.S. science agencies can expect to receive as a result of the Republican “Contract with America,” according to U.S. Rep. Robert S. Walker (R‐Pa.), the new chairman of the recently renamed House Committee on Science.Although the news was not surprising, it was also not what key agency heads wanted to hear from Walker at a January 6 hearing that kicked off discussions of science funding in the 104th Congress.
More evidence indicates link between El Niños and seismicity
Authors: Walker Daniel A. 
Published: September 2022

In 1988, evidence showed a correlation between the five extreme lows in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from 1964 through 1987 and episodic seismic activity along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 20°S to 40°S. This area contains one of the Earth's most rapidly spreading ridge systems (Figure 1), where large amounts of energy are released through submarine volcanism and hydrothermal activity. Now that another El Nin˜o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode may have drawn to a close, it is time to examine additional seismicity and SOI values.Observed coincidences are often the basis for discovery, and reviewing the available data led us to note several. Two distinct phenomena—El Niños and earthquake swarms—seem to occur almost simultaneously in spite of their irregular recurrence rates and durations. Also, we found that what may be the longest lasting of the past six Niños coincides with the longest lasting and most anomalous episode of seismic activity, which occurred from 1964 through 1992 along the EPR from 15°S to 40°S.
Debate over free exchange of data roils geophysical world
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: September 2022

As the information age impinges upon the world, issues surrounding the exchange of data are becoming increasingly contentious. In the geosciences, a leading area of concern is the free and open exchange of meteorological data.In fact, the more than century‐old tradition of the free exchange of international meteorological data may be in jeopardy, some American scientists worry. For starters, they cite the evolution of increasingly anticompetitive measures that violate “free market” concepts. And how this policy issue plays out may prove a bellwether for exchange of other forms of international environmental data, they say.
Alfred O.C. Nier (1911”1994)
Authors: Goldich Samuel S. 
Published: September 2022

Alfred O.C. Nier was a friendly, helpful person who got along remarkably well with people from all walks of life. For the scientific community, his work opened new possibilities for discovery in many fields. His skill in designing and operating mass spectrometers and in interpreting the data brought him worldwide recognition.Nier was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 28, 1911, and lived most of his life in the state. He earned three degrees from the University of Minnesota: a Bachelor of Engineering, 1931; an M.S. in electrical engineering, 1933; and a Ph.D. in physics, 1936. For his doctoral research, Nier measured the relative abundance of the isotopes of Ar, K, Zn, Rb, Cd [Nier, 1936].
Chapman Conference Probes Water Vapor in the Climate System
Authors: Elliott William P. , Gaffen Dian J. 
Published: September 2022

About 125 scientists from 11 countries met in Jekyll Island, Ga., in October to discuss the unique role that water vapor plays in the climate system. Water vapor links the surface and atmospheric branches of the global hydrologic cycle. Its horizontal and vertical fluxes are key to the energy cycle, and its radiative effects are the major factor in the atmospheric greenhouse effect.Theoretical calculations indicate that global climate is highly sensitive to small changes in humidity at all levels in the atmosphere, but observations to test this hypothesis are lacking. Because few high‐quality humidity observations exist, especially in the upper troposphere, researchers are uncertain of the nature and strength of climate feedback mechanisms involving water vapor and its distribution and long‐term changes. Consequently, water vapor is not well treated in global climate models and requires more attention.
NASA seeks comment
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

NASA is seeking public comment on a new science policy guide that will become the agency's major instrument for communication about its conduct of science. Called “Science in Air and Space: NASA's Science Policy Guide,” the document will publish the framework for pursuing the agency's science goals.“One of the most far‐reaching discussions in the guide is how partnership—diverse representations of individuals, groups, and institutions—and contributions by the international scientific community are important to enhance the quality and vitality of NASA's science programs,” said NASA's Chief Scientist, France Cordova.
Legendary Mount Vesuvius is subject of intensive volcanological study
Authors: Spera Frank 
Published: September 2022

The Roman population centers of Pompeii and Herculaneum (circa 15,000 inhabitants) were destroyed when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 A.D. after centuries of repose. Many times since then its eruptions have claimed human lives; basaltic lava flows from an eruption in 1631 killed 3,000. Vesuvius' location, near the heart of the Roman empire—a center of learning in the ancient world—led it to become the site ofsome of the earliest volcanological studies on record.In letters to Tacitus, Pliny the Younger documented the sequence of events of the 79 A.D. plinian eruption. Geophysical studies of volcanoes were pioneered by Italian volcanologists who installed seismographs in an observatory on the flanks of Vesuvius to study volcano seismology and to forecast and monitor eruptions early this century. It is easy to understand why interest in Vesuvius has been so keen: it is accessible, persistently active, and a large population resides nearby. Today, around 1 million people live within the shadow of this potentially explosive and dangerous volcano.
Researchers note smog reduction in some urban areas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Long‐term trends in summertime ground‐level ozone—smog that is formed through a series of chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight—decreased significantly in the United States′ three largest metropolitan areas—New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago between 1980 and 1995—according to a report published in the January 20 issue of AGU's Journal of Geophysical Research.Researchers from Harvard University, who used data from the nearly 900 ozone monitoring sites in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's nationwide network, also found that despite an estimated 60% increase in vehicle miles traveled during the study period, no significant regional increases in ozone were recorded.
NASA selects Earth science information partners
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

NASA recently announced its selection of two dozen proposals to develop working prototypes of innovative uses and applications of the agency's Earth science data and related research.Known as the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs), the awards—which total approximately $50 million over the 3–5 year lifetimes of the projects—are part of NASA's effort to evaluate alternative ways to implement product generation, publication, and user services for the agency's planned Earth Observing System (EOS) science data system.
Navy closes Antarctic unit
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

After 42 years as a key participant in the United States Antarctic Program (USAP), the U.S. Navy held a ceremony on February 20 to commemorate the closing of its Naval Antarctic Support Unit stationed in New Zealand. The Navy originally had announced its decision to “disestablish” the unit in 1993, citing new global priorities with the end of the Cold War.The Navy will continue to provide limited flight support to the USAP through the end of the 1998–1999 austral research season.
Global fishing fleet over capacity
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

World fishing fleet overcapacity is five times greater than previously estimated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and two and a half times greater than is needed to catch fish at a sustainable rate, according to a new study released by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) on August 18.According to the report, this means that nearly two‐thirds of the fishing fleet worldwide could be eliminated and still allow enough fishing boats to catch all the fish that can be sustainably harvested.
Cotton in a warming climate
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

Summertime, and the cotton is…higher. That could be the future theme song for “King Cotton” in the southeastern United States, according to two climate change scenarios analyzed by researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado.While elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere could cause a number of significant concerns, it appears that increased cotton yields in the U.S. southeast could be a plus, if farmers can adapt to climate changes. The study was presented on December 10 at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.