bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nontarget screening of production waste samples from Leuckart amphetamine synthesis using liquid chromatography ‐ high‐resolution mass spectrometry as a complementary method to GC‐MS impurity profiling
Authors: Greif Maximilian , Köke Niklas , Pütz Michael , Rößler Thorsten , Knepper Thomas P. , Frömel Tobias 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe established approaches of suspect and nontarget screening (NTS) using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS) are usually applied in the field of environmental and bioanalytical analysis. Herein, these approaches were employed on a forensic‐toxicological application by analyzing different production waste samples from controlled amphetamine synthesis via Leuckart route to evaluate the suitability of this methodology for identification of route‐specific organic substances in such waste samples. For analysis, two complementary LC techniques were used to cover a broad polarity spectrum. After data processing and peak picking using the enviMass software and further manual data restriction, 17 features were tentatively identified as suspects, three of which were subsequently identified with reference substances. All suspects had been previously identified in studies, in which gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was successfully applied for synthesis marker assessment in waste and amphetamine samples. Remaining features with high signal intensity and assigned sum formula were selected for the attempt of structure elucidation. Seven potential synthesis markers were tentatively identified, which were not yet reported, except the sum formula of one compound, and which were partly also detected in real case waste samples afterward. The innovative application of the NTS approach using LC‐HRMS for the analysis of aqueous amphetamine synthesis waste samples showed its suitability as extension to GC‐MS analysis as it was possible to successfully identify seven new potential marker compounds, which are specific either for the conversion of the pre‐precursors α‐phenylacetoacetonitrile and α‐phenylacetoacetamide to benzyl methyl ketone or for the subsequent Leuckart synthesis route after their conversion.
Generation of biofuel from anaerobic digestion of Scenedesmus obliquus grown in energetic‐laden industrial wastewater: Understanding microalgae strains, co‐digestants, and digestate toxicity
Authors: Mai Andrew , Terracciano Amalia , Abraham Juliana , RoyChowdhury Abhishek , Koutsospyros Agamemnon , Su Tsan‐Liang , Braida Washington , Christodoulatos Christos , Smolinski Benjamin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMicroalgae as a substrate for anaerobic digestion (AD) offer promising outcomes over other conventional feedstocks. In this work, the generation of biofuel in the form of biogas via AD using wastewater‐grown microalgae was investigated. In particular, batch screening of different microalga strains and co‐substrates, culminated into the evaluation of biomethane potential (BMP) from AD of Scenedesmus obliquus grown in energetic‐laden wastewater through benchtop‐scale semi‐continuous reactor. Effectiveness of AD was evaluated for biogas yield, volatile solids (VS) removal, and kinetics for various microalga strains as potential substrate candidates. High carbon content co‐digestants were also investigated including return activated sludge and waste office pulped paper. At semi‐continuous scale, the specific BMPs associated with of 15, 20, and 30 days hydraulic residence times (HRT) were determined as 67.0, 86.6, and 86.3 ml CH4/g VS (added) with average methane content of 70%. In addition, toxicological assessments showed that AD effluent was benign towards renew growth of biomass, thus showing the potential for nutrients recover.
Sex‐specific transcriptome of spinal microglia in neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Fiore Nathan T. , Yin Zhuoran , Guneykaya Dilansu , Gauthier Christian D. , Hayes Jessica P. , D'Hary Aaron , Butovsky Oleg , Moalem‐Taylor Gila 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNeuropathic pain is a prevalent and debilitating chronic disease that is characterized by activation in glial cells in various pain‐related regions within the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested a sexually dimorphic role of microglia in the maintenance of neuropathic pain in rodents. Here, we utilized RNA sequencing analysis and in vitro primary cultures of microglia to identify whether there is a common neuropathic microglial signature and characterize the sex differences in microglia in pain‐related regions in nerve injury and chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy mouse models. While mechanical allodynia and behavioral changes were observed in all models, transcriptomic analysis of microglia revealed no common transcriptional changes in spinal and supraspinal regions and in the different neuropathic models. However, there was a substantial change in microglial gene expression within the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord 7 days after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Both sexes upregulated genes associated with inflammation, phagosome, and lysosome activation, though males revealed a prominent global transcriptional shift not observed in female mice. Transcriptomic comparison between male spinal microglia after CCI and data from other nerve injury models and neurodegenerative microglia demonstrated a unique CCI‐induced signature reflecting acute activation of microglia. Further, in vitro studies revealed that only male microglia from nerve‐injured mice developed a reactive phenotype with increased phagocytotic activity. This study demonstrates a lack of a common neuropathic microglial signature and indicates distinct sex differences in spinal microglia, suggesting they contribute to the sex‐specific pain processing following nerve injury.
Heart rate variability and heart rate monitoring of nurses using PPG and ECG signals during working condition: A pilot study
Authors: Li Xinxia , Hu Chenghong , Meng Airong , Guo Yanmei , Chen Yang , Dang Rongqing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe use of wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) technology for estimating heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) in the health care system is gaining attention in recent years. However, the performance of these devices remains questionable in their ability to collect data in real working conditions for long‐term monitoring. The present study aimed to examine the data collected from nurses during working hours by PPG and electrocardiography (ECG) devices. Twenty‐two nurses underwent a 60‐minute work protocol during the normal working conditions while wearing a PPG device and an ECG device. HR, low‐frequency component (LF) and high‐frequency component (HF), LF/HF ratio, and percent LF distribution in total spectral power, and steps were examined. Pearson's correlation analysis and Bland‐Altman method was performed to examine the relationships between the two devices based on HR and HRV indices. The results found strong positive correlations between HR estimates of both devices, and moderate correlations between LF/HF ratio and percent LF indices estimates, respectively. Moreover, the Bland‐Altman analysis showed a small mean bias in general between the captured data of both devices. This pilot study suggested that the PPG device appears to demonstrate good overall reliability in measuring HR, LF/HF ratio, and percent LF. A further large‐scale study is required to investigate the feasibility and practicality for HR and HRV analysis in nurses during real working conditions using PPG devices.
Kidney decontamination during perfusion for transplantation procedure: In vitro and ex vivo viability analysis
Authors: Goenaga‐Mafud Loraine Carolina , Gamez Yordania Matos , Campos Carolina P. , Vollet‐Filho Jose Dirceu , Inada Natalia Mayumi , Kurachi Cristina , Bagnato Vanderlei Salvador 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOrgan transplantations have an increasing medical relevance. It is becoming a regular procedure with an increase in individuals waiting for organs. The increase in the number of discarded organs is mostly due to the donor bacterial and/or viral infection. In this article, we are demonstrating the feasibility of reduction of the bacterial load in kidney model by using ultraviolet‐C as a germicidal agent in circulating liquids. Using Staphylococcus aureus as a bacteria model, we were able to demonstrate that in less than 30 min of liquid circulation and associated to irradiation, the bacterial load of the perfusate Custodiol HTK, histidine‐tryptophan‐ketoglutarate (solution with 5 log CFU mL−1), was fully eliminated. A modeling approach was created to verify the possibility of bacterial load decrease, when an organ (here, a renal experimental model) is present in the circuit, releasing a varied rate of microorganisms over time, while the solution is irradiated. Finally, we use an ex vivo model with swine kidney, circulating in the preservation solution with a Lifeport Kidney Transporter machine, to demonstrate that we can contaminate the organ and then promote the elimination of the microbiological load. The results show the feasibility of the technique.
Comparison of Vancomycin Clearance Between Augmented Renal Clearance and Normal Renal Function in Critically Ill Infants: A Population Pharmacokinetics Study
Authors: Huang Guang‐Ming , Qiu Yue , Liu Tao‐Tao , Lu Jie‐Jiu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAugmented renal clearance presents as super‐renal function with enhanced renal perfusion and glomerular hyperfiltration in many critically ill infants. This study was to compare vancomycin clearance (CL) between critically ill infants with augmented renal clearance and with normal renal function and to optimize the vancomycin dosage. Data were retrospectively obtained from infants treated in intensive care units. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed‐effects model software. A total of 66 critically ill infants were included: 47 infants with augmented renal clearance and 19 infants with normal renal function. The median doses of vancomycin for infants with augmented renal clearance and with normal renal function were 48 and 47 mg/kg/day (P > .05), respectively. The median CL in infants with augmented renal clearance was increased 1.96‐fold compared with infants who had normal renal function (0.98 versus 0.5 L/h, P < .001). Simulations indicated that the recommended dosage of 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 mg/kg/day would be appropriate in critically ill infants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 130–149, 150–169, 170–189, 190–209, and >210 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Doses of 70 and 75 mg/kg/day were recommended for infants with augmented renal clearance and gestational ages of 27–32.9 and 33–39 weeks, respectively. Doses of 70, 75, 80, and 90 mg/kg/day were recommended for infants with augmented renal clearance and weights of 2.0–2.9, 3.0–3.9, 4.0–4.9, and 5.0–6.0 kg, respectively. In conclusion, the typical vancomycin dosage is insufficient for critically ill infants with augmented renal clearance. Premature infants and infants of low weight with augmented renal clearance need individualized dosing regimens to obtain an adequate area under the serum concentration time curve over 24 h/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio.
Size effects of discoidal PLGA nanoconstructs in Pickering emulsion stabilization
Authors: Cook Alexander B. , Schlich Michele , Manghnani Purnima N. , Moore Thomas L. , Decuzzi Paolo , Palange Anna Lisa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSolid particle stabilized emulsions, using unique shape defined particles, are receiving increasing research interest due to ease of formulation and interesting physiochemical characteristics. There is, however, a need to systematically investigate the effect of anisotropic discoidal microparticles, realized with top‐down fabrication approaches, in emulsion stabilization. Here, the effect of poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) discoidal polymeric nanoconstruct (DPN) size on the formation and stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions is studied. Particles with a diameter of 1, 2, and 5 μm are fabricated with a lithographic templating technique, and used to stabilize medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil emulsions. Three phase contact angles decreased from 85° ± 7° to 68° ± 12° moving from 1 to 5 μm DPN stabilized emulsions, showing a particle “hydrophilicity” increase with size. Microscopy imaging showed that the mean droplet diameter and dispersity increased with particle size, and that DPNs were present at the oil–water interface. DPN based emulsions were stable for about 24 h or less in the case of 1 and 2 μm DPNs. Emulsion stability was shorter than 12 h in case of 5 μm DPNs. Finally, calculations of DPN detachment free energies ΔGdw and excess surface coverages Cexcess demonstrated that, despite the significantly high adhesion energy of the discoidal DPN, emulsion stability was mostly affected by gravitational forces for DPN sizes above 2 μm. The use of PLGA and MCT oil in this study is relevant for future use of Pickering emulsions in pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications.
Electronic Structure of InAs and InSb Surfaces: Density Functional Theory and Angle‐Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Shuyang , Schröter Niels B. M. , Strocov Vladimir N. , Schuwalow Sergej , Rajpalk Mohana , Ohtani Keita , Krogstrup Peter , Winkler Georg W. , Gukelberger Jan , Gresch Dominik , Aeppli Gabriel , Lutchyn Roman M. , Marom Noa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe electronic structure of surfaces plays a key role in the properties of quantum devices. However, surfaces are also the most challenging to simulate and engineer. Here, the electronic structure of InAs(001), InAs(111), and InSb(110) surfaces is studied using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Large‐scale first principles simulations are enabled by using DFT calculations with a machine‐learned Hubbard U correction [npj Comput. Mater. 6, 180 (2020)]. To facilitate direct comparison with ARPES results, a “bulk unfolding” scheme is implemented by projecting the calculated band structure of a supercell surface slab model onto the bulk primitive cell. For all three surfaces, a good agreement is found between DFT calculations and ARPES. For InAs(001), the simulations clarify the effect of the surface reconstruction. Different reconstructions are found to produce distinctive surface states, which may be detected by ARPES with low photon energies. For InAs(111) and InSb(110), the simulations help elucidate the effect of oxidation. Owing to larger charge transfer from As to O than from Sb to O, oxidation of InAs(111) leads to significant band bending and produces an electron pocket, whereas oxidation of InSb(110) does not. The combined theoretical and experimental results may inform the design of quantum devices based on InAs and InSb semiconductors, for example, topological qubits utilizing the Majorana zero modes.
A Case Study of Bluetooth Technology as a Supplemental Tool in Contact Tracing
Authors: Admiraal Ryan , Millen Jules , Patel Ankit , Chambers Tim 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe present results from a 7-day trial of a Bluetooth-enabled card by the New Zealand Ministry of Health to investigate its usefulness in contact tracing. A comparison of the card with traditional contact tracing, which relies on self-reports of contacts to case investigators, demonstrated significantly higher levels of internal consistency in detected contact events by Bluetooth-enabled cards with 88% of contact events being detected by both cards involved in an interaction as compared to 64% for self-reports of contacts to case investigators. We found no clear evidence of memory recall worsening in reporting contact events that were further removed in time from the date of a case investigation. Roughly 66% of contact events between trial participants that were indicated by cards went unreported to case investigators, simultaneously highlighting the shortcomings of traditional contact tracing and the value of Bluetooth technology in detecting contact events that may otherwise go unreported. At the same time, cards detected only 65% of self-reported contact events, in part due to increasing non-compliance as the study progressed. This would suggest that Bluetooth technology can only be considered as a supplemental tool in contact tracing and not a viable replacement to traditional contact tracing unless measures are introduced to ensure greater compliance.
Topology and Local Optima in Computer Vision
Authors: Carlsson Erik , Carlsson John 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe present an application of persistent homology to the image correspondence problem, also known as image registration, which is used to produce 3D reconstructions of scenery from two or more cameras. We present a novel filtered complex in the sense of persistent homology, and show that nontrivial homology groups in its persistence diagrams correspond to recognizable anomalies in images pairs, such as repeated patterns, which contribute to non-convexity of the relevant cost function. We present examples with actual image pairs, and prove a basic result that the corresponding homology classes are invariant under certain continuous deformations.
The role of inclusion in climate vulnerability assessment and equitable adaptation goals in small American municipalities
Authors: Lioubimtseva Elena 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEquity and inclusion considerations are important prerequisites of effective climate adaptation planning, especially at a local scale. This study examines how climate adaptation plans of small American cities and counties consider equity in their climate vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning goals and how consideration of equity in existing adaptation plans relates to the inclusion of diverse categories of stakeholders. Data analysis is based on the content of 23 local climate adaptation plans of small urban and rural municipalities across the United States with populations of less than 300 thousand people. Correlations between conceptualization of vulnerability dimensions, inclusion of 9 categories of stakeholders, and consideration of equity in 12 different domains of climate adaptation planning are examined. The study concludes that municipalities that engage more diverse groups of stakeholders and examine the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of their populations appear to be more attentive to social equity and more likely to offer specific climate adaptation measures focusing on vulnerable groups.
Hesitancy Regarding Medical Advice on COVID-19: An Emergency Department Perspective
Authors: Yilmaz Sarper , Çolak Figen Ünal , Hökenek Nihat Müjdat , Ak Rohat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:The rejection of or non-compliance with treatment arises for different reasons by patients who receive treatment recommendations for various diseases. These states are described by various concepts, such as discharge against medical advice (DAMA) and medication nonadherence (MNA). The basis of the study is to determine how these states have arisen during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.Method:The data of this study were collected through standardized interviews with 103 volunteer participants who were diagnosed with COVID-19 at different times and who did not use their prescribed medicine during the pandemic in Turkey. The data obtained in the research were analyzed through the MAXQDA qualitative analysis program.Results:As a result of the analysis of the data, 4 main themes and sub-codes have been reached: (1) prescribed medicine, (2) an information source for the COVID-19 period/treatment, (3) the reason for medication nonadherence, and (4) treatment of choice. When the approach toward treatment of patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and had started treatment by a physician was evaluated, it was revealed that the nonadherence state emerged as a cycle. In the initial period, nonadherence due to the medication itself was observed. The second period is when the patients recognize their disease and collect information from their environment. Although this period begins before the disease, the search for informative sources intensifies, especially once the diagnosis has been received. In the third period, with their diagnosis and the information they had obtained, patients consider the reasons to use the medication and then decide whether or not to use it. In the fourth period, the patients who will not use antivirals consider other medications, such as anti-flu, anticoagulant, supplements, and nutrition.Conclusion:Since a specific treatment protocol has not yet been revealed for COVID-19, a new conceptual framework is required. In the current condition, the state of “hesitation for medical advice” arises for non-hospitalized patients.
Economy, territory, and identity: A Rokkanian analysis of Indigenous self-determination in Canada and Norway
Authors: Selle Per , Wilson Gary N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIndigenous peoples throughout the circumpolar north have made significant progress in terms of securing self-determination through greater political autonomy. Although such change is important, it must be accompanied by greater economic control aimed at reducing state dependencies. Using an analytical framework developed by Norwegian political scientist, Stein Rokkan, this article explores the interplay between economy, territory, and identity among the Inuit in Canada and the Sámi in Norway. It reveals that the economic destinies of both groups have been profoundly influenced by both domestic and international factors that determine the focus and type of economic development they undertake. While the Inuit have pursued a balance of modern and traditional forms of economic development that is grounded in a regionally based model of self-rule, the Sámi have opted for an economic development model that emphasises traditional economic activities and is supported by Norway’s international commitments to the rights of Indigenous peoples.
From “What” to “How”: Experiential Learning in a Graduate Medicine for Ethicists Course
Authors: Keune Jason D. , Salter Erica 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTeaching healthcare ethics at the doctoral level presents a particular challenge. Ethics is often taught to medical students, but rarely is medicine taught to graduate students in health care ethics. In this paper, Medicine for Ethicists [MfE] — a course taught both didactically and experientially — is described. Eight former MfE students were independently interviewed in a semi-structured, open-ended format regarding their experience in the experiential component of the course. Themes included concrete elements about the course, elements related to the broader PhD student learning experience, and themes related to the students’ past and future career experiences. Findings are related to the educational philosophy of John Dewey and David Kolb’s experiential learning theory. Broader implications of this work are explored.