bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicality of Things
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNewton's laws of motion are used to plan the course of missions to Mars and the braking efficiency of cars. However, well before we learn physics in school, we all have an understanding of the physical behaviour of objects around us. This chapter shows how we need to understand both: digital devices need to work within the physics of the world, but also be comprehensible. Simple rules of objects that are routinely broken in the digital world: a source of power, but potential confusion. We will use the magic world of fairy-tale to see how some properties, continuity of location in time and space and conservation of form, can in some circumstances be broken; but in others, conservation of number, are far more primitive and shocking when violated. Physical form is also critical for our emotional engagement with objects and may engage many senses, such as touch and sound, as well as visual form.
Hybrid Devices
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMany devices that surround us are hybrid, combining digital functionality and physical form. However, more than thirty years of user interface design sought to abstract physical devices into hardware-neutral events. This chapter shows how we must rethink design taking into account the details of physicality, whilst also learning the lessons that enabled software to flourish despite a wide and changing array of computers: from desktop PCs to mobile phones. Two long-standing design concerns are mapping, the way physical location and form of controls relates to their digital function; and feedback, which enables us to assess the correctness of our understanding of devices as well the impact of actions. One way to unpack the crucial properties of hybrid devices, is, paradoxically, to study them ‘unplugged’: first see how they afford physical manipulation and then understand the way this should connect to internal digital behaviour. Incidentally, this chapter shows how driving backwards is both hard and easy.
Physicality of Space
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses space and time, both so familiar that we hardly notice them and far more complex than we ever imagine. Mathematicians and physicists have tried to make sense of space: the coordinates of GPS appear to label even empty space, and Euclid imagined geometric shapes composed of infinitely thin lines: powerful abstractions, but problematic philosophically and practically. Euclid's space was flat, smooth, and without fracture, but the surface of the earth and WiFi connectedness break this simplifying image, creating problems and design opportunities. Size, speed, and even acceleration are often relative, a fact of physics, but also evident in our day-to-day lives, from snowflakes to circuit boards. Even the ground beneath our feet is not so solid. In following chapters we will see how many of these physical properties of space and time impact on the design of digitally augmented space, and indeed computation itself.
The Built Environment
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relationships between the physical environment and the various digital informational augmentations that have been added to it over the years, increasing our understanding of space and perhaps time. Some of these layers are purely in the digital world: viewing streets or satellite views in Google maps. However, digital layers are also overlaying the physical world: viewing past times through augmented reality or hunting virtual Pokémon in the local park. Digital technology allows us to conquer distance and opens new forms of cultural experience. However, the same technologies that allow the world to be sensed and augmented through the Internet of Things, also open the door to surveillance and cyber-warfare. We are at a point when physical computing may degrade or enrich our humanity, the choice is ours to make.
Representation and Language
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at the nature of information: numinous, without intrinsic physical form itself, and yet only ever possible to transmit, communicate, or record through representation in physical media. Ideas are given legal protection in patents, but paradoxically only protected when recorded in that patent. The notions in our head need to be externalized in order to communicate to others or give rise to action. However, this is not mere transmission of existing notions in our heads but is a crucial part of crystallizing those notions and indeed enabling us to reflect upon our own thinking. Language is at the heart of this transformation of learning from imitation to oral, written and now digital culture, and yet the origins of language are themselves rooted in our physical existence and our innate abilities as meaning seekers to interpret one another and the world. Internalizing these processes of representation and interpretation is perhaps what makes us human.
Theory and Philosophy of Physicality
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThroughout this book many philosophical and theoretical threads have been encountered: from discussions of Heidegger and hammers to the nature of space and time, and the changing role of money. The book has shown how fundamental physics involves information, and how computation is intensely physical with attendant environmental implications. This chapter draws together a few points made throughout the book and summarizes them. The chapter begins with the way digital technology acts as a mirror to the nature of the material world, and by its similarities and differences reveals fresh insights about physicality. It then moves on to consider what it means to be human, embodied in a physical and now a digital environment. Finally it looks forward to the potential design future and the way all of society is being changed, and could be transformed, by a rich understanding of the interplay between our physical and digital existence.
Introduction
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFor Irish Republicans, informers occupy an almost mythical status. For centuries they have been blamed for setbacks in the struggle. James Joyce offered this explanation for the failure of Irish insurrections: ‘Simply because in Ireland, just at the crucial moment, an informer appears.’ Years after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement informers remain deeply hated figures; ‘I would rather be called a paedophile than an informer’, a former IRA member told the author. The ruthless killing of alleged informers became one of the IRA’s trademarks, yet this book, which uses the IRA as a case study to explore how underground groups deal with informers, argues that the IRA’s response to informers was far more complex than usually described, involving a wide range of forms and functions. This response included a variety of social control measures, was influenced and limited by the organisation’s political goals, served a wide range of aims beyond immediate security concerns and had widespread and long-term consequences. For example, the IRA often granted ‘amnesties’ to informers in order to expose them; ‘it’s like a strategy and counter-strategy and counter-counter-strategy, this whole tinker-tailor-soldier-spy world’, a former IRA leader explained. This introductory chapter presents the book’s research questions and demonstrates the gap in our current knowledge of the issues; provides a brief overview of the relevant literatures and explains the choice of the punishment and society perspective; details the sources for the study and the methods used; and provides an outline of the book’s chapters.
The IRA and Informers
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInforming plays a central role in Irish Republican consciousness and history. Informers featured in numerous rebellions—foiling plots, facilitating arrests, assisting prosecutions, setting ambushes—and became a powerful weapon of the British state during the decades of the recent conflict. They were recruited from within the ranks of the IRA, as well as from its support networks and the communities where it was based; some volunteered their services yet most were blackmailed or tempted by British authorities. Informers have long been identified in the literature as a common target for violence and hostility, but this chapter provides a more complex and thicker account of rebel attitudes to informers, identifying three main themes. The first is fear: an instrumental rational response to the threat informers represent, with the specific dread generated by secrecy; as one ex-IRA member told the author, the fear was powerful because ‘you didn’t know who the informer is. A sinister figure out in the dark’. The second theme is a culturally embedded hatred of informers, who have been treated as ‘folk devils’, a situation described by one interviewee as ‘almost like the brand of Satan, the witch thing, it pushes you completely outside the pale’. Yet a third theme is normalisation—a grudging acceptance of informing as a ‘fact of life’ and an ‘occupational hazard’ of underground life, which has to be approached realistically and pragmatically. The complex and dynamic interactions between fear, loathing and normalisation shaped responses to informing during the Northern Ireland conflict and in its aftermath.
Underground Penality and Legitimation Work
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractArmed groups are often considered inherently illegitimate actors, and there is an assumption that their violence is uninhibited, especially when it comes to targeting suspected informers. And yet the IRA used courts-martial and what it deemed ‘due process’ in its pursuit of informers. Why would a ruthless organisation invest resources and incur risks to convey an image of legality and fairness? This chapter argues that considerations of legitimacy shape the punishment of informers by armed groups. Notwithstanding external perceptions—and at times, their own rhetoric—armed groups tend to care about their perceived legitimacy and reputation, and their survival often depends on community support. Alongside instrumental goals, rebel groups’ actions are affected by the need to abide by norms of behaviour, which are developed through their roots in society, political ideology or interaction with other actors. Punishing suspected informers is particularly challenging for the legitimation work of armed groups: as those targeted come from within the organisation or the community, rebels would be vulnerable to critique if the status of informer is deemed to be applied unfairly or punished excessively. There is thus demand for a higher level of ‘procedural’ legitimacy when dealing with suspected informers than when attacking enemy targets. The chapter explores the ‘performance of legality’ in the IRA’s pursuit of informers, and its roots in the imperative to retain legitimacy—both among its community base and within the group itself, where the leadership had to mete out punishment while maintaining unity and keeping the rank-and-file motivated.
Transitional Penality: Informers as Post-Conflict Enemies
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhat happens to attitudes to informers once the conflict is over and underground groups disband and enter politics? The Northern Ireland peace process involved a remarkable transformation of mainstream Republicans, ending the armed struggle and moving ‘from guns to government’, and working peacefully and at times amicably with their erstwhile enemies in Loyalist groups, Unionist parties and state agencies. Yet informers remain outcasts for Republicans, the unforgiven protagonists of the conflict; asked whether, years after the ceasefires, known past informers could go back to living in Republican areas, a former IRA leader told the author: ‘People would have too many axes to grind, and one of these axes would end up in the back of their head, in a dark night in a dark alley.’ This chapter analyses the causes and functions of the post-conflict animosity towards informers. It shows how betrayal from within—and the deception and personal duplicity it entails—generates hostility that can exceed those directed at the external enemy. But it also contends that maintaining informers as folk devils serve useful functions for former rebel movements seeking to sustain unity and maintain continuity in the face of the upheaval of transition. The figure of the informer is valuable in efforts to demand loyalty to the movement, silence unauthorised narratives, providing a fitting target for resentment within the post-conflict landscape, a ‘lightning rod’ for various frustrations, and a focal point for sustaining ethos and values. Informers can become, then, ‘useful enemies’, even after the conflict ends.
Reckoning with Punishment
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSome of the last statements issued by the IRA before it was formally disbanded were dedicated to what may seem a peculiar priority: ‘exonerating’ several individuals the organisation has killed as informers during the conflict, and declaring them to have been wrongly accused. This has been part of a process involving truth-recovery, inquiries and apologies the organisation has carried out in relation to its past pursuit of informers. This chapter explains how accusations relating to their underground penality—where victims came from the group’s own constituency—can become an Achilles hill for rebel groups emerging from conflict, and how they can, in response, deploy mechanisms reminiscent of those states use in the context of transitional justice. The chapter explains how, once the peace process was underway, condemnations of its pursuit of informers—in particular of the ‘disappearance’ of alleged informers, most notably the 1972 killing and abduction of Jean McConville—have surfaced publicly, becoming one of the most problematic aspects of the Republican movement’s conflict legacy, especially as some of the critique came from within its cadres. The chapter then analyses inquiries and apologies that the IRA issued in response to these accusations, and argues that they involved a ‘performance of legality’, aiming to reaffirm the legitimacy of its past penal system, the norms against informing and the organisation’s status. The chapter also identifies several ways in which some of the rigid punitive attitudes towards informers and their families can soften in the post-conflict era, albeit mostly in private, haphazard, ways.
Reconceiving Federalism
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter address definitional disagreement around federalism. It traces the main traditions that have informed federal theory: definitionalism, institutionalism, and behaviouralism—together categorised as empirical-instrumentalist accounts. It explores the history of each and concludes that none arrives at a satisfactory explanation of the essentially constitutional nature of federalism as a discrete order of rule. The chapter then turns to the political theory of federalism, discussing how the federal idea has largely been subsumed within normative theory, with federalism viewed through the lens of normative-instrumentalism. The chapter concludes that both normative-instrumentalist and empirical-instrumentalist approaches fail to locate federalism’s essential purpose firmly within constitutional theory, leaving a gap in our search for the federal contract as an essentially modern constitutional project. The chapter concludes that it is necessary to move beyond approaches founded in either political or moral instrumentalism in order to address federalism through the discipline of constitutional theory as a specific genus of constitutional government.
The Foundations of Federalism
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that the federal foundational act is a specific category of constitutional beginning, and that understanding the nature of this ‘federal moment’ and its path-defining potential is central to a broader appreciation of the discrete nature of federal constitutionalism. It further contends however that the specificity of the federal moment has largely been subsumed within one universalising theoretical account of constitutional foundations—‘monist constitutionalism’—and that the particular implications of the federal constitutional moment for the identity, purpose, and normative authority of the federal constitution therefore remain either underdeveloped or misunderstood. It is the task of this chapter to articulate the legal-normative distinctiveness of the federal moment and to explore the potential implications of this for how we must understand both federal authority and federal subjecthood as discrete areas of enquiry within modern constitutional theory.
Sovereignty and the Monist Constitution
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces how the default monist account of constitutional sovereignty developed within modern constitutional theory. It outlines the emergence of the constitutional theory of sovereignty in the early modern period and explores the link between sovereignty, state, and nation in which the modern concept of constitutional sovereignty has been tied ineluctably to statehood. The chapter explores how one dominant story of constitutionalism emerged to support the consolidation of the modern state, linking the concepts of people and nation to the task of state-building through the constitutional instantiation of the ideology of nationhood. This multi-layered process of homogenisation has proved debilitating to popular sovereignty and to the dynamics of constitutional politics. The chapter argues that the link between the legitimacy and authority of a constitution derives from the subjects of that constitution. This in turn paves the way for a particularly radical rearticulation of the nature of constitutional authority within a federal setting, to be explored in Chapter 5.
Professionalism as a Quest for Dignity
Authors: McCann Leo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis final chapter provides a conclusion to the book, in which I argue that the professionalization drive has had some important beneficial effects in further developing and cementing the value of the paramedic as a trusted and respected role in society. It explores what professionalization has ‘achieved’ for paramedics, arguing that professionalization hasn’t managed to overcome many of ambulance work’s relentless challengesNevertheless, professionalization confers several important social and cultural markers of status and sets the groundwork and direction for the further expansion of clinical knowledge that paramedics can apply in the field. The chapter moves on to speculate about the future of the field of pre-hospital care and of the paramedics working within it. It argues that ambulance roles, even if they still face uphill battles to achieve dignity and formal recognition, will always be invested with considerable levels of informal value, and that the professionalization project has played important roles in sustaining and upgrading that value. Neoliberalism and managerialism create incentives for many occupations to become ‘new professions’ while at the same time potentially threatening all professions with degradation. In a world where working life can be increasingly meaningless and precarious, the paramedic role remains a rare one worthy of respect and admiration. The various features and meanings of ‘professionalism’ remain important resources through which paramedics can seek to defend and expand their dignity and the dignity of their patients.
The Parlance of Play
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines general interaction design fundamentals, exploring the notion of interactivity, defining interaction in games, and discussing what contributes to the quality of a game’s interactions. It delivers a player-centric view of game interaction, looking at how in-game actions support players’ short- and long-term goals. Readers are presented with advice on how to think critically about game interactions, in assessing commercial games or their own work. As additional background, related fields are discussed briefly, alongside jobs in the games industry connected to interaction design. This chapter also introduces a model of game interaction as a cycle of communication between a game and its players, serving as a foundation for discussion throughout the rest of the book.
The Play’s the Thing
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Telling a good story is challenging, but good storytelling in games is especially difficult due to their interactive nature, where player action needs to become part of the narrative. This chapter discusses how game stories can be made more meaningful through players’ interactions with characters, plot, and the world around them. Topics investigated include how players relate to the characters they control, what makes a character fun to interact with, and how to ensure players feel engaged in a game’s narrative. Preserving players’ (often illusory) sense of agency or free will is explored as a key factor in immersion and enjoyment of story elements. Designs to support this, such as branching narratives and player morality systems, are also covered in the chapter.
What Comes Next?
Authors: Stahlke Samantha , Mirza-Babaei Pejman 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As in so many other fields, the future of game design is enticing material for speculation, with a shifting landscape bearing new technology, changing business models, and the application of games outside entertainment. This chapter looks at how these changes might shape the coming years of game development, reflecting on how games have already changed over the past few decades. Technological advances, such as new platforms and improved computing power, are explored as one potential avenue for change. Industry factors, like the rising success of indie developers, marketplace saturation, and changing monetization paradigms are also examined. Lastly, the social and creative power of games is discussed as a potential driving force behind the future of innovation in game design.
Endless Love
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter puts forward the puzzle of endless love: In its self-consciousness, love is endless; yet how can we conceive of our love as endless, when, empirically, we know that it may not be so? The chapter then seeks to answer the puzzle by developing an account of the “inner temporality” of love. The inner temporality of a mental state is derived from the temporality of the object of that mental state. The inner temporality of love is the apprehension of an individual, and an individual is endless. In its self-consciousness, love is endless, because it is the apprehension of an individual. Moreover, what we empirically learn about love—its outer temporality—is consistent with its inner temporality. This is why in the case of love, unlike in the case of grief and anger, we are not stuck with double vision.