bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren
Authors: Aung Eindra , Han Kay Thwe , Gordon Catherine A. , Hlaing Nyein Nyein , Aye Moe Moe , Htun Myo Win , Wai Khin Thet , Myat Su Mon , Thwe Thida Lay , Tun Aung , Wangdi Kinley , Li Yuesheng , Williams Gail M. , Clements Archie C. A. , Vaz Nery Susana , McManus Donald P. , Gray Darren J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Achieving the elimination of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections requires a sufficient understanding of the current epidemiological status of STH endemicity. We aimed to examine the status of STH in Myanmar – a country with the eighth highest STH prevalence in the world, 10 years after instigation of the national deworming programme.

Methods
In August 2016 we screened for STH infections using Kato Katz (KK) microscopy and real-time PCR (qPCR) in schoolchildren from the Bago Region township of Phyu, a STH sentinel site in Myanmar. Ten schools were randomly selected, and one stool sample each from a total of 264 students was examined. Prevalence and intensity of infection were calculated for each STH.

Results
High prevalence of STH was identified in the study area with 78.8% of the schoolchildren infected with at least one STH by qPCR, and 33.3% by KK. The most prevalent STH was Trichuris trichiura, diagnosed by both KK (26.1%) and qPCR (67.1%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (15.5% KK; 54.9% qPCR). No hookworm infections were identified by KK; however, the qPCR analysis showed a high prevalence of Ancylostoma sp. infection (29.6%) with few Necator americanus (1.1%) infections.

Conclusions
Despite bi-annual deworming of schoolchildren in the fourth-grade and below, STH prevalence remains stubbornly high. These results informed the expansion of the Myanmar National STH control programme to include all school-aged children by the Ministry of Health and Sports in 2017, however further expansion to the whole community should be considered along with improving sanitation and hygiene measures. This would be augmented by rigorous monitoring and evaluation, including national prevalence surveys.
Antiviral activity of molnupiravir against COVID-19: a schematic review of evidences
Authors: Singla Shivali , Goyal Sachin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe study was aimed at encapsulating the evidence of in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of molnupiravir and its active form against highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen responsible for COVID-19, and finding out the efficacy and safety of molnupiravir in clinical trials.Main bodyInformation on publications was explored on several databases, gray literature was reviewed, and the outcomes were discussed narratively. Molnupiravir's antiviral efficacy and associated mechanism of action have been verified in vitro against both non-COVID and multiple coronaviruses. Molnupiravir has been tried in preclinical investigations in numerous animal models against non-coronaviruses. Clinical studies in several countries are now being conducted to evaluate its antiviral efficacy in persons infected with COVID-19. The medication displays antiviral effect via generation of copying mistakes during viral RNA replication.ConclusionsMolnupiravir is the first oral antiviral medicine to show considerable and convincing antiviral activity in vitro and in animal models. Molnupiravir stops the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in animals that have been infected and in cells grown in a lab. In a clinical research, early molnupiravir treatment reduced hospitalization and death risk in unvaccinated individuals with COVID-19. In the battle against SARS-CoV-2, it could be a potent weapon. However, its role in COVID-19 in moderate to severe cases is still up in the air, and more research is needed.
Case report of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae lung parenchyma infection in an immunocompetent 64-year-old male with a Zenker diverticulum
Authors: Nawaz Haroon , Choudhry Ayesha A. , Morse William 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSaccharomyces cerevisiae
is a yeast microorganism known to inhabit the gut micro-biome. It is commonly used in the fermentation process of beer, wine, bread making, and is naturally found in soil, plants, and fruit. Saccharomyces boulardii (subtype of Saccharomyces) and cerevisiae are closely related and are commonly used as a probiotic and in treatment for diarrhea. In rare circumstances, Saccharomyces has been shown to cause infection in the immunocompromised and intensive care unit (ICU) patients, with antibiotic use, and central venous catheter use. This prompts us to present one of the only documented case reports of a lung parenchyma infection with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 64-year-old immunocompetent male with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular (AV) nodal ablation, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF (post-status automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator)), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD), and a Zenker diverticulum.
Evaluation of depression and general health assessment among systemic lupus erythematosus patients in relation to disease activity and damage
Authors: Shaaban Ahmed , Tayel Manal , Hassan Eman , Salah Medhat , Ibrahim Mohamed , Said Walaa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune illness defined by involvement of several systems and a variety of clinical symptoms among them the neuropsychiatric manifestations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the presence of depression and to assess overall health in individuals with SLE, as well as their relation to SLE disease activity and damage. Sixty adult SLE patients were enrolled, along with sixty age and sex-matched controls. For the presence of major depression, all patients were examined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) for mental distress. Antinuclear antibody, anti-ds DNA, complements 3 and 4, and anti-ribosomal P antibody were performed for SLE patients. The SLEDAI-2 K and SLEDDI were assessed.

Results
The 60 patients were 52 (86.7%) females and 8 (13.3%) men, with a mean age of 32.5 ± 11.5 years and disease duration of 3.57 ± 3.55 years. Patients with depression accounted for 43 (71.6%) of the total, whereas controls accounted for just 14 (23.3%). Patients with substantial depression had significantly higher SLEDAI-2 K, SLEDDI, and illness duration than those without major depression (p = 0.047, p = 0.043, and p = 0.033, respectively). The patients’ mean GHQ-12 score was 17 ± 5.96, whereas the control group's was 10.0 ± 67.30, with a p value of 0.002. SLEDAI-2 K, SLEDDI, and depression score had a substantial positive association (p = 0.001, p = 0.042), while BDI-II and GHQ-12 had a significant positive correlation (p 0.001).

Conclusions
Depression and psychological distress were both common in SLE patients. Depression severity was linked to illness duration, activity, and damage.
Hydroxychloroquine non-availability during COVID-19 pandemic and its relation to anxiety level and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus patients: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Abu-Zaid Mohammed Hassan , Aly Hany M. , Moshrif Abdelhafeez , Abdeldaim Doaa E. , El-Ghobashy Nehal 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
During COVID-19 disease era, there is an accelerated demand for hydroxychloroquine since it was suggested by some centers as potential therapy for COVID-19 which has led to diminished supplies for patients with rheumatic disease and which carried unexpected risk for disease flare particularly in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of the work is to detect the effect of HCQ shortage in patients with RA and SLE on anxiety and disease activity.

Results
A total of 320 patients were divided into two groups: group 1—216RA patients with mean age 45.5 ± 9.59 years, disease duration 43.4 ± 25.6 months with female predominance (62.5%). Group 2—104 SLE patients with mean33.4 ± 7.9 age years, disease duration 52.1 ± 34.6 months with female predominance (85.6%). HCQ shortage occurred in 174 RA patients (80.5%) and 76 lupus patients (73.1%). Despite HCQ shortage, there were no significant change in disease activity of RA (using CDAI) and SLE (using SELENA) p = 0.063 and 0.064 respectively before and after HCQ shortage. Anxiety level was higher in patients who were exposed to HCQ shortage in both groups (SLE p 0.0058 and RA p 0.0044) when we compared them to those without HCQ shortage.

Conclusion
In most patients with RA and SLE, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a HCQ scarcity, with no effect on disease activity. Anxiety was found to be associated with HCQ shortage in both diseases.
Artificial Intelligence–Powered Spatial Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Complementary Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Park Sehhoon , Ock Chan-Young , Kim Hyojin , Pereira Sergio , Park Seonwook , Ma Minuk , Choi Sangjoon , Kim Seokhwi , Shin Seunghwan , Aum Brian Jaehong , Paeng Kyunghyun , Yoo Donggeun , Cha Hongui , Park Sunyoung , Suh Koung Jin , Jung Hyun Ae , Kim Se Hyun , Kim Yu Jung , Sun Jong-Mu , Chung Jin-Haeng , Ahn Jin Seok , Ahn Myung-Ju , Lee Jong Seok , Park Keunchil , Song Sang Yong , Bang Yung-Jue , Choi Yoon-La , Mok Tony S. , Lee Se-Hoon 
Published: March 2022

PURPOSE Biomarkers on the basis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are potentially valuable in predicting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, clinical application remains challenging because of methodologic limitations and laborious process involved in spatial analysis of TIL distribution in whole-slide images (WSI). METHODS We have developed an artificial intelligence (AI)–powered WSI analyzer of TIL in the tumor microenvironment that can define three immune phenotypes (IPs): inflamed, immune-excluded, and immune-desert. These IPs were correlated with tumor response to ICI and survival in two independent cohorts of patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RESULTS Inflamed IP correlated with enrichment in local immune cytolytic activity, higher response rate, and prolonged progression-free survival compared with patients with immune-excluded or immune-desert phenotypes. At the WSI level, there was significant positive correlation between tumor proportion score (TPS) as determined by the AI model and control TPS analyzed by pathologists ( P < .001). Overall, 44.0% of tumors were inflamed, 37.1% were immune-excluded, and 18.9% were immune-desert. Incidence of inflamed IP in patients with programmed death ligand-1 TPS at < 1%, 1%-49%, and ≥ 50% was 31.7%, 42.5%, and 56.8%, respectively. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were, respectively, 4.1 months and 24.8 months with inflamed IP, 2.2 months and 14.0 months with immune-excluded IP, and 2.4 months and 10.6 months with immune-desert IP. CONCLUSION The AI-powered spatial analysis of TIL correlated with tumor response and progression-free survival of ICI in advanced NSCLC. This is potentially a supplementary biomarker to TPS as determined by a pathologist.
A Protective Role for Glucagon-like Peptide-2 in Heat-stable Enterotoxin b (STb)-Induced L-Cell Toxicity
Authors: Butt Shahnawaz , Gagnon Jeffrey , Saleh Mazen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-derived purified heat-stable enterotoxin b (STb) is responsible for secretory diarrhea in livestock and humans. STb disrupts intestinal fluid homeostasis, epithelial barrier function, and promotes cell death. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic hormone secreted by enteroendocrine L cells. GLP-2 enhances crypt cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, and inhibits enterocyte apoptosis. Whether STb can affect GLP-2 producing L cells remains to be elucidated. First, secreted-His-labeled STb from transformed E coli was collected and purified. When incubated with L-cell models (GLUTag, NCI-H716, and secretin tumor cell line [STC-1]), fluorescent immunocytochemistry revealed STb was internalized and was differentially localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Cell viability experiments with neutral red and resazurin revealed that STb was toxic in all but the GLUTag cells. STb stimulated 2-hour GLP-2 secretion in all cell models. Interestingly, GLUTag cells produced the highest amount of GLP-2 when treated with STb, demonstrating an inverse relationship in GLP-2 secretion and cell toxicity. To demonstrate a protective role for GLP-2, GLUTag-conditioned media (rich in GLP-2) blocked STb toxicity in STC-1 cells. Confirming a protective role of GLP-2, teduglutide was able to improve cell viability in cells treated with H2O2. In conclusion, STb interacts with the L cell, stimulates secretion, and may induce toxicity if GLP-2 is not produced at high levels. GLP-2 or receptor agonists have the ability to improve cell viability in response to toxins. These results suggest that GLP-2 secretion can play a protective role during STb intoxication. This work supports future investigation into the use of GLP-2 therapies in enterotoxigenic-related diseases.
The Concise Synthesis of a tert-Butoxycarbonyl Derivative of (3R,4S)-4-Amino-3-hydroxy-7-(N-nitrosohydroxyamino)-2,2-dimethylheptanoate, a Component of JBIR-141
Authors: Yasoshima Kotaro , Yoshida Masahito , Doi Takayuki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The synthesis of (3R,4S)-γ-amino-β-hydroxy-α,α-dimethylheptanoate possessing a scarce N-nitrosohydroxylamine moiety at the ω-position has been demonstrated. Reduction of γ-amino-β-hydroxy-α,α-dimethylheptanoate derivatives with LiAlH(Ot-Bu)3/ether provided (3R,4S)-diastereomer up to 84% dr, whereas that with L-Selectride exclusively afforded (3S,4S)-diastereomer. The N-nitrosohydroxylamine moiety was introduced from N-Cbz-benzyloxyamine via selective removal of the Cbz group, nitrosation, and hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group.
Efficacy of Articaine vs Lignocaine for infiltration anaesthesia during primary molar extractions
Authors: Chen Song , Xiang Jie , Ji Yan 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate if articaine has better efficacy as compared to lignocaine when used for infiltration anaesthesia for primary molar extractions.
Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, BioMed Central, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched up to August 2020. Randomized controlled trials on paediatric patients comparing the infiltration of articaine with lignocaine for extraction of primary molar were included. Pain of extraction and successful palatal/lingual anaesthesia with single buccal infiltration was evaluated.
Results: Six studies were included. We found no difference in pain scores when comparing singular buccal infiltrations of articaine and lignocaine for primary molar extractions. A meta-analysis of extraction pain scores from three studies indicated no statistically significant difference between buccal infiltration of articaine vs combined buccal and palatal/lingual infiltration of lignocaine. Comparing buccal with palatal/lingual infiltration of both articaine and lignocaine with data from three studies, articaine was found to significantly reduce pain scores.
Conclusion: Our review encompassing a limited number of studies suggests that single buccal infiltration of articaine may have a role in primary molar extractions. Articaine may have a better anaesthetic effect compared to lignocaine but the difference may not be clinically relevant.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5343
How to cite this:Chen S, Xiang J, Ji Y. Efficacy of Articaine vs Lignocaine for infiltration anaesthesia during primary molar extractions. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.4.5343
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competency-based Training Needs Assessment for Research Managers and Administrators in Africa and the United Kingdom to Strengthen Equitable Partnerships
Authors: Nembaware Victoria , Glasser Simon , Priest Anne , Davies Ailsa , Skelton Michelle , Bodzo Paidamoyo , Lelong Olivia , Naidu Alecia , Masimirembwa Colleen , Mutambiranwa Alice , Hay Annette , Wonkam Ambroise , Dandara Collet 
Published: March 2022

Background: The need for competent research managers and administrators (RMAs) has increased due to the complexity in managing research projects between disparate and international partners. To facilitate the creation of robust training and professional development programmes it is essential to first understand the status quo. A collaborative project, Sustainable Management and Administration for Research: Training across the project Lifecycle (SMARTLife), made up of RMAs from South Africa, Zimbabwe and the United Kingdom (UK) developed a set of competencies to conduct an RMA competency-based training needs assessment scoping tool. Method: Nine areas were identified: Equitable partnership; Finance Management; Project Management; Monitoring and Evaluation; Reporting and Communications; Equity, Diversity & Inclusion; Training and Capacity Development; Impact a& Sustainability; and Ethical, Social, Legal a& Social Implications. Tasks for each competency area were identified to develop an scoping tool that had 168 data collection points. The tool was advertised through press releases, mailing lists and social media. Results: 108 responses were obtained: with 49% from 15 Africa countries/the remainder from the UK. The UK (71%) had more permanent RMA staff members compared to Africa (39%). There were more respondents in Africa with the title of Research Manager/Coordinator(p=0.0132) compared to the UK where most of the RMAs were employed as Finance/Contract officers. 60% of respondents from the UK had more than three years experience while only 35% from Africa had experience. While most RMAs had formal higher education qualifications, their training was not in research management and administration, which requires a diverse range of skills. Confidence in specific tasks varied between the UK and Africa whereas collaborative partnerships challenges and enablers were similar. Conclusion This work highlights differences in RMA training and experience RMA between Africa and UK, this work could inform much needed competency-based training for RMAs and partnership strategies that aid mutual-learning.
He Ture Kia Tika/Let the Law Be Right: informing evidence-based policy through kaupapa Māori and co-production of lived experience
Authors: Thom Katey , Black Stella , Burnside David , Hastings Jessica 
Published: March 2022

Background:Ninety-one per cent of Aotearoa New Zealand prisoners have been diagnosed with either a mental health or substance use disorder within their lifetime. Challenges exist in how to meet their needs. Diverse pūrākau (stories) of success in whānau ora (wellbeing) and stopping offending are missing from academic and public discourse that should direct law and policy changes.
Aims and objectives:We describe a kaupapa Māori co-production project called He Ture Kia Tika/Let the Law be Right. We highlight how kaumātua (Māori indigenous elders), academics, and practitioners merged their voices with people with lived experiences of mental health, addiction, and incarceration to create justice policy and solutions.
Methods:We focus on the theory and application of our co-production, directed by kaupapa Māori methodology. We describe the work of a co-design group that actively guides the project, from inception towards completion, using rangahau kawa (research protocols) as culturally clear guidelines and ethically safe practices. We then detail our processes involved in the collection of co-created pūrākau (storytelling) with 40 whānau (family) participants, and describe our continued collaboration to ensure law and policy recommendations are centred on lived experiences.
Findings:Kaupapa Māori informed co-production ensured rangahau kawa (research protocol and guidelines) were created that gave clear direction for an engagement at all levels of the project. We see this as bringing to life co-production, moving beyond theory to the practicalities of ‘being’ and ‘doing’ with each other in safe, ethical ways for all.
Discussions and conclusions:A strong association exists between unmet mental health needs and reoffending. Tackling cultural, health, social and justice issues requires a multi-layered approach from a range of rangatira (leaders including kaumātua/elders) and tohunga, or experts, of their lived experiences to inform future policy and law reform.
Der Artificial Intelligence Act – eine Praxisanalyse am Beispiel von Gesichtserkennungssoftware
Authors: Wudel Alexandra , Schulz Michael 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Einsatz Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) eröffnet ein Spannungsfeld zwischen Innovationspotentialen und Regulierungsdrang. Auf harmonisierte Richtlinien zur Regulierung dieser Technologie kann derzeit jedoch nicht zurückgegriffen werden. Gleichzeitig kommt es zu Diskriminierungsfällen, durch die der Bedarf an entsprechenden Gesetzen deutlich wird. Ein politischer Meilenstein in der Entwicklung eines Regelwerks kommt aus der Europäischen Union. Seit dem 21.04.2021 liegt der Artificial Intelligence Act der Europäischen Kommission vor. Der Gesetzesvorschlag versucht einen Spagat, um Innovationen weiter zu fördern und gleichzeitig ethische Dimensionen wie Nicht-Diskriminierung zu regulieren. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Statusanalyse von KI-Systemen in der Strafverfolgung in Europa im Vergleich zu den USA vor. Dieser soll herausstellen inwieweit derzeit ein Unterschied im Einsatz von KI aufgrund der geografischen Lage existiert und welche Chancen ebenso wie Herausforderungen ein globales Regelwerk für den ethischen Einsatz von KI aus europäischer Perspektive birgt. Da die Anwendung von Gesichtserkennungssoftware im Bereich der Strafverfolgung weit verbreitet ist, kann durch diese Untersuchung dringend notwendiger Handlungsbedarf der Gesetzgebung erkannt werden.