bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of National and EC Public Funds for Financing R&D Activities: The Case of a Thermal Spray Shop
Authors: Meneghetti S. , Giolli C. , Giorgetti A. , Scrivani A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The current critical situation of the world economy pushes the companies to make themselves adaptable and to change their usual rigid behaviour in order to survive globalization of the market and the current financial crisis. A large quantity of people entering into the market created a sudden economic earthquake: the needs of goods and their way of production have changed with a subsequent unbalancing of supply and demand. The so called low cost countries (LCC) can offer a significant amount of goods at extremely low prices, with a high capability to “copy” the non-protected technologies. As consequence, it could be noted a movement of production from the rich western countries to the low cost countries, already established in several sectors (textiles, automotive, consumption goods, etc.) and in progress for higher technology sectors. The possible way to face this problem for European and US companies is to invest and increase the technological level of their products by means of effective Research and Development. This is even more valid for the SMEs. The help of the public bodies in funding R&D is crucial in order to make R&D costs acceptable for companies. This paper addresses the study of the financial instruments available for companies in order to obtain financial help for research and innovation: advantages and disadvantages are discussed. An industrial case study is shown, related to a thermal spray shop dealing with gas turbine components, where the efficient and effective use of research allows the set up and the development of the company and also contributes to the surrounding market.
Portable High Pressure Cold Spray Process – Equipment, Coatings and Applications
Authors: Karthikeyan J. , Kay C. M. , Hoell H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cold spray produces superior coatings with many unique properties, which have led to many new applications of sprayed coatings. In a few applications, such as in-situ repair of aircraft body/engine parts, etc., a portable system is required. Though some portable low pressure (5 – 10 bars) systems are available, these systems have many limitations on coating materials and coating qualities. Recently a ‘Portable high pressure cold spray system’, called Kinetiks 2000, has been developed. Kinetiks 2000 system can operate at 400 °C max nitrogen temperature and 20 bars max gas pressure. A touch panel on the console is used to input and control the process parameters. A hand held gun with a filament heater and a gun body, mounted directly onto the heater, is used for manual spray. This system operates with two different powder hoppers. Coatings of many materials, including aluminum, copper, titanium, zinc, etc have been produced. Microstructural investigations of sprayed coatings have shown that good, strong, dense coatings with clean interfaces and strong bonding to various substrates can be produced. Experiments are continuing to quantify the process characteristics and record the properties of sprayed coatings.
Influence of Substrate Surface Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings
Authors: Hao S. , Li C.-J. , Yang G.-J. , Xing Y.-Z. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermally sprayed ceramic coatings have a layered structure with a limited interface bonding. Substrate surface temperature prior to droplets impact during deposition significantly influences the microstructure and properties of the coatings. Through the controlling of substrate surface temperature, the lamellar interface bonding of the deposits could be possibly improved. Al2O3 coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying at the surface temperatures of 100, 275, 375, 480, 530 and 660°C. The fractured cross-section morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to analyse the phase contents. Micro-hardness, Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity of the deposits were measured. It was observed that the interface area with columnar grain growth across splat-splat interfaces was increased with increasing deposition temperature. Consequently, micro-hardness, Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity were increased with the increase of deposition temperature. The improvement of properties suggest that the lamellar interface bonding in the deposits was improved as the substrate surface temperature is increased.
APS-Al2O3 Coatings Versus Arc-Sprayed and Plasma-Anodised Al Layers
Authors: Lampke T. , Meyer D. , Pokhmurska H. , Wielage B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermally sprayed alumina coatings are widely used in a range of industrial applications to improve wear and erosion resistance, corrosion protection and thermal insulation of metallic surfaces. These properties are required for many components for production processes in the paper and printing industry. By means of efficient and adjustable coating processes, long-term use of the refined surfaces is obtained. It can be seen that cost-efficient arc-sprayed Al coatings post-treated by plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO) form Al2O3-layers with outstanding hardness, bonding strength, abrasion and corrosion resistance as well as extended service time. These coatings are designed to partially replace hard chromium.
Microstructure and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of WC-Co Coatings Obtained by Warm Spraying
Authors: Kuroda S. , Raman G. , Watanabe M. , Komatsu M. , Sato K. , Kitamura J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
WC-Co cermet coatings were fabricated by using Warm Spraying, which is a modification of HVOF spraying to lower the temperature of the propellant gas below the melting point of Co. By changing the processing parameters, specimens were prepared for hardness, abrasion wear and particle erosion tests. Their microstructures were examined by SEM and XRD. The microstructure clearly showed the effects of suppression of the dissolution of WC into the Co phase, which is the major cause of embrittlement of the conventional HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings. By combinations of adequate feedstock powder and processing parameters, it was possible to take advantage of fine WC grain size to prepare coatings with higher hardness (HV &gt; 1400), smoother surface (Ra &lt; 2 μm), and moderately improved wear performances compared with conventional HVOF coatings.
Wire Arc Sprayed Iron-Based Anti-Corrosion Coatings for Waste Incineration Plants
Authors: Wilden J. , Drescher V. , Djahanbakhsh M. , Durham R. , Schütze M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The heat produced by incinerator plants can be used to produce electricity and district heating. Metallic components, e. g. heat exchangers, are exposed to a highly corrosive atmosphere. Gases with particularly high chlorine contents lead to the very quick wear of the base material and define the service time and are the main reason for high maintenance costs. Spraying a corrosion-protective coating on conventional steel gives the possibility to improve the performance of the surface significantly. Due to its easy handling and low operating costs, wire arc spraying has become one of the most established processes. The thermal spray Ni- and Co-based coating alloys are state of the art. The substitution of these materials by Fe-based alloys will lead to a noticeable economic benefit. The latest research activities proved that the addition of silicon raises the corrosion resistance in comparison to FeCr- and NiCr-based alloys. In order to verify the potential of these materials, flux-cored wires with different compositions were manufactured and were applied by means of arc spraying. Subsequently, corrosion investigations were conducted on the specimens in an atmosphere containing chlorine.
Effect of M-CrAlY Coating for Corrosion Resistance in Specific High Temperature Atmosphere
Authors: Niwa A. , Hamashima K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the glass manufacturing, stainless-steel parts are used in characteristic corrosive reduction atmosphere at high temperature. The reactive products, that are induced by volatilization from the stainless steel surface, cause defects of the glass in this usage. Some thermal spraying coating of thermal-resistant alloys is tested in this study for the protection to the volatilization. It is clarified that, the Ni-Cr-Al-Y film, containing plate-like metal oxide dispersions, shows an outstanding effect as followings; 1) The diffusion rate of Fe from a stainless substrate in this coating film is decreased by the dispersions, and Fe is not detected at surface layer of the coating after a long-term exposure test at high temperature. 2) The reaction between Sn and this coating is not active relatively can, and the further inactivation can be possible by pre-existing heat-treatment in oxidant atmosphere. 3) Both effect (decreasing of Fe diffusion rate and inactivation with Sn) are induced by plate-like Al2O3 particles. These particles are generated by oxidation of Al-content in the coating material.
Improved Hardfacing for Drill Bits and Drilling Tools
Authors: Sue J.A. , Sreshta H. , Qiu B.H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
New flame spray hardfacing, DSH (DuraShell Steel Hardfacing, US patent pending), is developed to improve thermal conductivity, abrasion wear and erosion resistance for subterranean drilling application. The hardfacing materials consist of spherical cast WC/W2C and Ni-Si-B alloy powders. The hardfacing compositions are tailored for flame spray and laser cladding processes. Typically, the hardfacing comprises hard spherical cast WC/W2C particles uniformly distributed in a tough Ni-alloy matrix. The hardness of WC/W2C exceeds 2100 Hv.3 and Ni alloy matrix varies from about 400 to 700 Hv.3. High stress and low stress abrasion resistances of these hardfacings were characterized and compared to the conventional cast WC/W2C and Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe hard coating. The increase in thermal, wear, and erosion resistances of DSH hardfacing improve the durability of PDC steel body bits and drilling tools and their cost effective performance. Several case studies of DSH hardfacings on drill bits are described.
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of a Kerosene Driven HVOF-Process
Authors: Bobzin K. , Bagcivan N. , Schäfer M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Within the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process (HVOF-Process) various fuels can be used to provide the needed thermal and kinetic energy such as ethene, propane, methane or kerosene. Modelling the combustion in a HVOF-System poses a challenge concerning chemical kinetics of the kerosene reaction process. In this work a reduced reaction mechanism and a model describing chemical reactions as well as governing fluid dynamics are presented to simulate kerosene driven HVOF-Process. The kerosene combustion process within a HVOF-System usually takes place above temperatures of 2000 K, where some species dissociate. Therefore, accruing species have to be included in the reaction mechanism. The combustion process is described with a reduced reaction mechanism. The reaction rate is described by a finite rate model in form of Arrhenius. The gas flow is considered as a first phase and the kerosene droplets injected into the combustion chamber become a second phase. Afterwards simulation results are presented and discussed.
Flattening and Cooling of Millimeter- and Micrometer-Sized Alumina Drops
Authors: Goutier S. , Vardelle M. , Labbe J.C. , Fauchais P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An experimental set-up has been developed, at the SPCTS Laboratory, to produce fully melted, millimeter-sized, ceramic or metallic drops with impact velocities up to 10 m/s. Such impact velocities allow reaching impact Weber numbers, close to those of the plasma spray process (We = 2300). A fast camera (4000 image/s) combined to a fast pyrometer (4000 Hz), allows following the drop flattening. For studding the flattening at the micrometer scale, a DC plasma torch is used to melt micrometer sized alumina particles (around 45 μm). The experimental set-up is composed of a fast (50 ns) two-color pyrometer and two fast CCD cameras (one orthogonal and other tangential to the substrate). The flattening of millimeter and micrometer sized particles is compared. First are studied impacts of alumina drops (millimeter sized) with impact velocities up to 10 m/s. Then are considered micrometer sized alumina particles (about 45 μm in diameter) sprayed with a DC plasma torch. A correlation has been found between both flattening scales and, in spite of the lower impact velocity at the millimeter scale, ejections are also found at the micrometer scales. This work shows that to compare phenomena at the two different scales it is mandatory to have Weber numbers as close as possible in both cases.
Effect of Annealing on Microstructure of Cold Sprayed C-BNp/NiCrAl Composite Coating
Authors: Luo X.-T. , Li C.-J. , Yang G.-J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
C-BNp/NiCrAl composite coating was deposited by cold spraying using a mechanically alloyed composite powder. To modify coating microstructure, especially the bonding at the interfaces between c-BN particles and NiCrAl alloy matrix, and bonding at the sprayed particle/particle interface, annealing treatment at series of temperatures in Ar atmosphere was carried out. The results show that a zigzag interface layer is formed at the interface between c-BN particle and NiCrAl matrix after annealing at 825°C for 300 min through reaction of c-BN with NiCrAl. It is also observed that the thickness of the interface reaction layer increases with the increasing annealing temperature. Moreover, the interface between spray particles and the plastic deformation ability of the cermet coating can be improved through post-spray annealing. Vickers microhardness test shows that the hardness decreases with increasing annealing temperature due to the reduction of work hardening effect and grain growth of NiCrAl alloy matrix resulting from recovery and recrystallization during annealing treatment.
PIV Measurements of Metallic Powders Produced by Liquid Metal Atomization Using de Laval Nozzle
Authors: Khatim O. , Planche M.P. , Dembinsky L. , Coddet C. , Bailly Y. , Guermeur F. , Girardot L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Liquid metal atomization using de Laval nozzle is an established technique for producing fine (&lt; 100 μm) metal powders for a lot of industrial applications. This process offers a variety of advantages as spherical morphology or low consumption of inert gas for example. Despite its widespread uses, however, the relationships among gas dynamics melt nozzle and de Laval nozzle diameters, processing parameters, and particle size remain defined. As a result, efforts to reduce powder costs by improving particle size control and energy efficiency remain hindered. Then, the optimization of this process is a great challenge. This experimental study examines the atomizing spray behavior depending on the process parameters. Experiments were conducted on copper (at 99.9%). Particle Image Velocimetry technique was implemented in the atomization chamber and measurements were performed to characterize in velocity the atomized droplets. The PIV system was placed in such a way that the atomization zone, comprised between 50 and 110 mm downstream the de Laval nozzle exit, can be monitored by the camera. The evolutions of the particle velocity and particle sizes were finally analyzed versus the working conditions.
Relations between in Flight Particle Characteristics and Coating Properties by HVOF-Spraying
Authors: Tillmann W. , Vogli E. , Hussong B. , Kuhnt S. , Rudak N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal spraying technology still suffers from a lack of reproducibility due to uncontrollable factors during the process. Current methods of process control by means of observing process parameters like gas- and powder flow are insufficient to guarantee a constant quality of coatings, while a direct analysis of the deposited layer is time- consuming and can only be conducted after the process. Furthermore, recently developed mathematical models which correlate process parameters to coating properties are not applicable for all materials. As the particles’ behavior during the process affects the coating properties, a direct process control by the observation of the particles seems expedient. This method is applicable on running processes and thus avoids defective production. In this study, HVOF spraying experiments were conducted. The in-flight particles’ behavior was investigated using an optical diagnostic system, while coating properties were analysed by metallographical methods.
Consolidation of Al2O3/Al Nanocomposite Powder by Cold Spray
Authors: Poirier D. , Legoux J.-G. , Drew R. A. L. , Gauvin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While the improvement in mechanical properties of nanocomposites makes them attractive materials for structural applications, their processing still present significant challenges. In this paper, cold spray was used to consolidate Al2O3/Al nanocomposite powders obtained from mechanical milling. The microstructure and nanohardness of the feedstock powders as well as of the resulting coatings were analysed. The results show that the large increase in hardness of the Al powder after mechanical milling is preserved after cold spraying. Good quality coating with low porosity is obtained from milled Al. However, the addition of Al2O3 to the Al powder during milling decreases the powder nanohardness. This lower hardness is attributed to non-optimised milling parameters for proper Al2O3 embedding and dispersion in Al and results in a lower coating hardness compared with the milled Al coating. The coating produced from the milled Al2O3/Al mixture also shows lower particle cohesion and higher amount of porosity. The overall results are promising and it is believed that an optimization of Al milling with Al2O3 will allow production of sound coatings with improved hardness.
Adhesion of YSZ Nanostructured Coating on Haynes 230 Substrate
Authors: Vert R. , Meillot E. , Vardelle A. , Mariaux G. , Dublanche-Tixier C. , Chicot D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gas-cooled fast reactor is a 4th generation nuclear reactor currently under development. Its design concept requires protective coatings able to operate at 850°C and protect the underlying structure in case of extreme cases, where the functional temperature can increase up to 1250°C and there is depressurization from 70 bars to atmospheric pressure. The parts to be covered are made in 1-mm thick materials resistant to heat and erosion with high mechanical properties at high temperatures, such as the Haynes 230 nickel-based alloy. In this study, the potential of the suspension plasma spraying technique for forming the first layers of a ceramic coating on smooth 1-mm thick Haynes substrate was explored. In order to meet these specifications, the coating material selected was partially stabilized zirconia of standard composition (8 mol.% Y2O3-ZrO2).
Microstructure of Thermal Sprayed Silicon Coatings using Various Particle Sizes and Spray Conditions
Authors: Jackson D.D. , Sereda M. , Gansert R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Silicon based coatings are showing great promise for power applications in the semiconductor, target, and solar industries. In order for thermal plasma spraying of silicon to continue to have an industrial impact in these industries, careful investigations into the deposition properties must be undertaken. We used a Thermach gun and powder feeder, to deposit silicon onto 100 mm x 50 mm x 1.6 mm steel samples. Coating cross-sectioning and image analysis was performed in order to evaluate the coating’s microstructure and porosity. Mechanical property measurements consisted of hardness testing on the coating cross sections. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were conducted. These results combined for an analysis into the deposition properties of silicon coatings using various particle sizings, plasma power, and spray distances. Correlations between these input parameters and their effect on the microstructure are critical to semiconductor depositions of silicon.
Plasma Sprayed and Electrospark Deposited Zirconium Metal Diffusion Barrier Coatings
Authors: Hollis K.J. , Pena M.I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zirconium metal coatings applied by plasma spraying and electrospark deposition (ESD) have been investigated for use as diffusion barrier coatings on low enrichment uranium fuel for research nuclear reactors. The coatings have been applied to both stainless steel as a surrogate and to simulated nuclear fuel uranium-molybdenum alloy substrates. Deposition parameter development accompanied by coating characterization has been performed. The structure of the plasma sprayed coating was shown to vary with transferred arc current during deposition. The structure of ESD coatings was shown to vary with the capacitance of the deposition equipment.
Study on Microstructure and Electrochemical Performance of Ni/YSZ Anode Deposited by APS
Authors: Li C.-X. , Li R.-T. , Yang G.-J , Li C.-J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is one of the most promising methods for manufacturing the components employed in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its fast deposition rate and cost-effective characteristics. The anode activity can be improved through increasing the triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) at the electrolyte/anode interface. The active TPBs length, and consequently the performance of the cell, can be enhanced by varying the compositions and microstructure of the APS anode. In this paper, agglomerated powders of NiO and YSZ are prepared by a spray-drying method for preparation of SOFCs anode. The anode was deposited using NiO/YSZ composite powder by APS at different plasma arc power. The influences of plasma arc power on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of Ni/YSZ anode are investigated for the optimization of SOFCs anode.
Relationships Between Process Parameters, Microstructure and Adhesion Strength of HVOF Sprayed IN718 Coatings
Authors: Lyphout C. , Nylén P. , Östergren L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fundamental understanding of relationships between process parameters, particle in-flight characteristics and adhesion strength of HVOF sprayed coatings is important to achieve the high coating adhesion that is needed in aeronautic repair applications. In this study statistical Design of Experiments (DoE) was utilized to identify the most important process parameters that influence adhesion strength of IN718 coatings sprayed on IN718 substrates. Special attention was given to the parameters combustion ratio, total gas mass flow, spray distance and external cooling, since these parameters were assumed to have a significant influence on particle temperature and velocity. Relationships between these parameters and coating microstructure were evaluated to fundamentally understand the relationships between process parameters and adhesion strength.