bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nigella sativa's protective effect in acetaminophen induced liver toxicity in mice
Authors: Abdul Bari Mohammed Abdul Muttalib 
Published: April 2022

Acetaminophen has contributed to acute liver failure disease in more than half of the USA and Britain but as an analgesic and antipyretic it is very effective. For many decades in Europe, Middle East and Africa, Nigella sativa has been used for various medical purposes, it is part of the botanical family Ranunculaceae of

Gently sloping plants, and is called black cumin seed., Nigella sativa conjugated sterols could be used as precursors to many hydrosoluble steroids for hemisynthesis. The aim of the Study is to examine the promising hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa against Acetaminopheninduce hepatotoxicity in mice in this experiment Forty adult male albino mice, incorporated in the experiment and Acetaminophenwas used to induce hepatotoxicity in a dose of 1 gm /kg by the oral route.
A number of biochemical and histopathological tests have been used to evaluate liver damage and Nigella sativa protective effects. The result showed a significant protective effect of Nigella sativa against acetaminophenhepatotoxic effect as Nigella sativa in this study tended to normalize the serum levels of liver enzymes, and the protective effects observed clearly by the histopathological evaluation confirming that it effectively protected mouse livers against severe damage caused by acetaminophen. Conclusion in our study it shows that Nigella sativa have a very significant protective effects against acetaminophen induced liver toxicity which is recommended to be fully investigation on human especially to people on risk of acetaminophen liver toxicity
Studying the Toxicity of Hydroalcoholic Caraway Seeds Extract in Female Rats
Authors: Obeid Hajer Alaa , Mshimesh Bahir Abdul Razzaq , Mohsin Raghad Abdulmahdi 
Published: April 2022

Caraway seeds are widely used as spice for flavoring and seasoning foods, like bread and salads, because of their pungent and anise like flavor and aroma. Carum carvi was utilized in folk medicine for the management of many diseases. It is useful in hypothyroidism,

liver and gall bladder problems, common cold, fever, bronchitis, diarrhea, and eczema. It also relives GIT spasms, fullness feelings and relieves baby's flatulent colic. The extracts of caraway have diverse compounds, including carvone and limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene and α-pinene. One or combination of these compounds may participate in the pharmacologic effects of caraway. Aim of this study was to assess toxicity of caraway extract on female rats. Carium carvi extract submitted to chemical analysis (Phytochemical screening and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis). Acute toxicity study has been performed using 24 female rats divided randomly in 4 groups (n=6 for each group) that received different doses of hydroalcoholic seed extract of caraway 1000, 3000 and ,5000 mg/kg for 14 days. On day 15, the rats were euthanized and whole blood collected to examine complete blood picture. The liver, kidney and the heart have been harvested for histopathologic study and relative organ weight changes. Caraway extract considered relatively safe on blood profile and immune system within the studied doses, as it shown a non-significant change on complete blood counts (CBCs) in a dose-dependent manner (Hb and RBCs increased slightly, while WBCs and PLTs decreased slightly) and without any change in body weight and relative weight percentage of different organs. As conclusion, hydroalcoholic extract of caraway seeds was relatively safe in rats at a dose up to 5000 mg/kg
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cyclosporine Using Single Sampling Strategy
Authors: Al-Tamimi Duaa J. , Alani Mays E. , Ammoo Afaq M. , Ibraheem Jaafar J. 
Published: April 2022

Cyclosporine is mainly used as Immunosuppressant after different kinds of transplantation including bone marrow, lungs, kidneys, liver, heart, and other types of organ transplantations. Immunosuppressants diminish organ rejection and elongate the survival of the transplanted organs. Due to the narrow therapeutic ranges and significantly
high interindividual and intraindividual variability in blood levels of cyclosporine, there is essential and vital need of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of this drug in order to maintain the patient within the required therapeutic concentrations, which consequently lead to optimizing the clinical outcome and decrease the hazard of toxicity or rejection following organ transplantations. The current review article was aimed to present data for using a single or possibly two blood sampling strategy to be used for TDM of cyclosporine in order to assess the optimal blood levels of cyclosporine used in organ transplant recipients. The results showed that steady state blood concentration of cyclosporine obtained after 2 hours (C2) and possibly after 3 hours (C3) of drug administration are the best sampling time points which reflect total drug exposure (area under blood concentration versus time curve=AUC) and consequently reflecting the effect and the adverse effect(s) of cyclosporine. On the other hand, blood samples obtained at other time points particularly steady state trough concentration obtained before the next dose (C0) demonstrated poor correlation with total drug exposure and consequently the clinical outcome of the drug. Moreover, this study also demonstrated that for organs transplantations TDM of cyclosporine and assessing the clinical conditions of the patients should be routinely performed in order to adjust the dose to get optimal effect and to diminish the adverse effects of the drug. This review article focused on the findings which indicated that monitoring steady-state blood levels of cyclosporine after 2 hours (C2) and likely after 3 hours (C3) of drug intake may be used as ideal surrogate index in TDM of cyclosporine and for predicting the clinical outcome of the drug in all and different types of organs transplantations.
Severity and Risk of Death Due to COVID 19
Authors: Shaymaa Hasan Abbas  , Rasha Saadi Abbas  , Lubab Tarek Nafea  
Published: April 2022

A novel SARS-CoV2 virus appeared since December 2019 and triggering the Corona virus disease (2019-nCoV or COVID-19). Usually the symptoms begin as mild, with only fever, cough, and occasional dyspnea. The severe symptoms such as

pneumonitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), may occur 5-8 days into COVID-19 illness in a minority of patients. Method: for this narrative review, more than 25 related scientific articles and reports about COVID- 19 were used from different databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) using keywords such as SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, Mortality, and CO-morbidities. Results The results of this review reported that aged people are more vulnerable to severe pattern of COVID-19 disease than people younger than 50 years; probably because of health issues and comorbidities in that population group. Male more than female affected by COVID-19. On the other hand, children might be less probable to infected or might show mild symptoms if infected. The small percentage of current smokers infected with COVID-19 compared with the actual percentage of smokers (50·5%) in China are unlikely to be related with the incidence, severity, or mortality rate of COVID-19. The poorer clinical outcome in COVID-19 infected patients may have related to the presence and number of co morbidities especially hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The direct SARS-COV2 infection of liver cells might be the cause of liver damage but might be related to other reasons such as systemic inflammation and drug toxicity. The data suggested that liver damage is more predominant in severe cases especially with pre-existing liver diseases. patients with cancer might be more prone to COVID 19 due to their immunocompromised status but whether or not they have high risk of poor prognoses and sever event not fully established.
Phytochemistry and cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata Seed Extracts against MEF cell line
Authors: Saja Nabhan Addai  , Bahir Abdul Razzaq Mshimesh  , Ayad Mohammad Rasheed  
Published: April 2022

Until February 2017, about two hundred and twelve bioactive compounds were confirmed to be present in Annona muricata. Annonaceous acetogenins (AGEs) are the predominant compounds that present in A.muricata followed by phenols, alkaloids and other compounds.

Leaves and seeds were the main parts examined in medical field. This study was conducted to evaluate the most probable active chemical components of Annona muricata seeds extracts. Cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata seed extracts against MEF (mice embryo fibroblast) cell line was evaluated by 3-(4, 5 dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Ethanol and chloroform extracts were added at a final concentration (1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) for 72h exposure to MEF cells. The applications of common identification and characterization techniques which were Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) for analysis of bioactive compounds in the crude plant extracts involved. As conclusion, Annona muricata seed extract have a marked anti-proliferative activity against MEF cell line after 72h exposure period in concentration-dependent manner. The major active constituents of A.muricata seeds extract involve acetogenins, flavonoids, and alkaloids.
Aptamer Validation by Western Blot–an overview
Authors: Lamees Jamal Talib  , Basma Talib Al-Sudani  , Mustafa Ghazi Al-Abbassi  
Published: April 2022

Western blot is the main and basic technique in cellular and molecular biology. The principle of the western blot is the isolation and detection of the target molecule usually from a cellular extract. The whole process of western blot consists of three stages and can be described briefly as separation of

protein. followed by transportation to a solid membrane and finally detection of the target by an antibody. Western blot technique is usually used for the detection of proteins but also can be used to detect other molecules such as aptamers. Aptamers can be defined as a short-stranded DNA or RNA that bind with the target with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers highly resemble antibodies with many advantages. In this review, there is a focus on the aptamers that had validated by western blot technique other than other methods. This method has the advantage of less time required, no antibodies needed, and introducing the possibility of multiplexing detection.
The Testicular Protection Effect of Thiamine Pyrophosphate Against Cisplatin-treated Male Rats
Authors: Maitham Abd Ali Mnati  , Bahir Abdul Razzaq Mshimesh  , Nadia Hamid Mohammed  
Published: April 2022

Infertility is a worldwide problem affecting both genders, it can be defined as the inability of the adult males to make a fertile woman pregnant after one year of regular intercourse. Cisplatin considers one of the most potent antineoplastic drugs that is extensively

used, alone or in combination with other antitumor agents, to manage solid and germ cell cancer. The major drawback in cisplatin treatment is its damaging consequence on various body tissue, including the testis, liver, renal and others. One of its pronounced adverse effects is testicular injury, which may proceed to end with infertility. Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form of thiamine which has an important role in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. It acts as a co-factor and energy source for many cellular enzymes, also it utilizes by pentose-phosphate shut that elevates NADPH and improves antioxidants level. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on sperm parameters and gonadotropic hormones (luteal and follicle-stimulating hormone) of male rats exposed to a single dose of cisplatin.
Twenty-eight albino male rats were randomly grouped into four groups. Control group: received normal saline, Cisplatin group: received normal saline and cisplatin, TPP50 group: received thiamine pyrophosphate (50mg/kg) with cisplatin, and TPP100 group: as third group (TPP50) but thiamine pyrophosphate dose was 100 mg/kg. Semen samples used to measure the sperms viability and morphology, while serum samples were gathered to measure the levels of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH).
This study revealed that rat’s testicular function was notably deteriorated by cisplatin administration, represented by a reduction in sperm parameters (viability and normal morphology), and serum gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH). In this work, thiamine pyrophosphate was act as a protective agent that ameliorates rat’s testicular damage induced by cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner. The suggested mechanism may attribute to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic action
Occurrence of HSV with other microorganisms in female genital infection
Authors: Layla Al-Omar S. , Elham Al-Kaissi N. , Shatha Abdulla F. 
Published: April 2022

Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases. Ulcerations of primary genital herpes may be susceptible to secondary infection with bacteria, fungus or even viruses.This study was directed to investigate the incidence of HSV and other pathogens in female patients presented with vaginal discharge and/or genital discomfort. Special attention was directed toward the possible occurrence of HSV with other pathogens in the same individual.Two vaginal swabs were collected from 80 female patients, and from 20 healthy women which were represented as age match control group. One swab was tested with commercial enhanced enzyme immunoassay for the direct detection of HSV 1 & 2 antigen. The other swab was used for formal bacteriological and mycological culture, and for microscopy.HSV antigen was detected from the genital area in 21 of 80 patients (26.25%), and in 4 of 20 control group (20%). The diagnosis of candida spp. Trichomonus vaginalis , and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was established in 15%, 8.75%, and 2.5% of the patients respectively. Other microorganisms were also diagnosed in some patients.Of the 21 patients proved to be infected with HSV, combined coexistence with other pathogens was proved to be in 11 patients (52.4%), with a highest percentage (28.6%) was found with candida spp.Followed by combined HSV with different species of bacteria (14.3%), also this coexistence was found in 9.5% (2), and 4.8% (1) of patients infected with T.vaginalis and N.gonorrhoeae respectively.One HSV infected patient (4.8%) was found to be infected with both T.vaginalis and Staph. aureus. While this concomitance infection was found in only one (25%) of the 4 normal females proved to be infected with T. vaginalis beside HSV.
From the results of this study we can conclude that herpes genitalis is a common genital tract infection among Iraqi females. Furthermore, genital herpes often occur in association with one or more other pathogens.
Skin Susceptibilty to Antibiotic Contact Allergy or Irriatation?
Authors: Ali Al-Hadithi Amal Hamadah 
Published: April 2022

The clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity in 20 patients, working in an antibiotic industry in contact with antibiotic powder were studied immunologically.
Statistica analysis of the data by using Chi-square shows highly signifcant increase in the level of (IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE) Antibodies than the normal ranges(table1, figures 1, 2 and 3).
It was concluding that increased reactivity to an antibiotic powder most likely reflects an allergic response rather than, increased genuine skin susceptibility.
Synthesis and biological activity study of some novel Tri-Schiff’s basses derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid and Tri-amide containing three 1,3,4-thiadiazole units.
Authors: Ali Hameed Radwan M. 
Published: April 2022

Reaction of meistylene with bromine under UV-light afforded α,α,α',α',α",α"-hexabromo mesitylene [2]. The reaction of compound [2] with morpholine and hydrochloric acid afforded 1,3,5-triformyl benzene [3]. Condensation of compound [3] with three equivalents of 6-aminopenicillanic acid afforded 1,3,5 tri[penicillanic acid]-6-N-trimesilydene [4].The reaction of thiosemicarbazide and 4-n-alkoxy benzoic acid [6]n in POCl3 afforded the corresponding 2-amino-5-(4-n-alkoxyphenyl)-1,3,4- thiadiazole [7]n. condensation of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid [5] with three equivalents of appropriate amino-thiadiazole [7]n afforded the corresponding Tri-amide compounds [8]n. The characterization of the synthesized compounds was elucidated by their melting points and different spectroscopic methods (UV, FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results are in agreement with the suggested structures.The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. The results obtained indicated that some of these compounds are more active thanwith others, Table (7).
Anatomical Study of The Cerebellum in Diurnal Raptor Species (Buzzard)
Authors: Abdullah Shermean 
Published: April 2022

Morphological and histological aspects on the cerebellum of (Buzzard) was Studied to describe the size, design and structural variation that related to birds behavior and function. The results of morphological aspects revealed that the expanded tuber cerebellum was protruded forward to cover the diencephalons and backward to cover the medulla oblongata. The vermis was involved three strongly folded lobes. Ten long and expanded primary folia were found in longitudinal sagittal sections, the folia (IV, V, VI, VII) were expanded and subfoliated. Histological aspects of this organ were studied with the help of rotary microtome and slides stained with heamatoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and periodic acid schift reagent (PAS) methods. The results of microscopic examination indicated that there are three distinct layers in the cortex (gray matter). 1- Thick outer punctuate molecular layer. 2- Single middle large shaped Purkinje cell layer. 3- Thick inner granular layer. The white matter which formed the medulla has a tree like appearance of deep nuclei groups embedded within the white matter in the center of the cerebellum.
Long Term Stability Study of Miconazole Muco–Adhesive Tablets
Authors: Abed Hayder H. , Alsaree Omar J. , Sajet Hayat G. 
Published: April 2022

Stability is the ability of a drug substance or drug product to remain within established specifications to maintain its identity, strength, quality, and purity throughout the retest or expiration dating periods. Physical, chemical data are generated as a function of time and storage conditions. The purpose of thisstudy is design to evaluate of the stability life of Miconazole muco-adhesive tablets in experiential formula.
Tablets used in the Stability study were prepared in three different batches with same preparing percentages. Long-term testing was cover a 180 daysduration for three different batches at the time of study. Prepared tablets were storied under conditions of high relative humidity and temperatures that applies particularly to solid stability tests. The prepared samples were analyzed according USP 27 methods of analysis. Assays were performed by HPLC whilethe dissolution was performed by UV analysis.The assays, dissolutions and disintegration values predicated stable formula under long term stability study conditions. These results had shown non significant changes (p>0.05) for assay and disintegration over 3 years. This formula provided successful distribution of Miconazole in mucoadhesivetablet for mass production. This formula could be achieved for oral disease with high efficiency
Antimicrobial activity of Origanum magorana against bacteria isolated from the patient with pneumonia
Authors: Jasim Thamer Mutlag , Abdullah Baydaa Hameed , Al Mugdadi Suhad Faisel , Camel Mayssam 
Published: April 2022

A total of 150 sputum sample from the patient attendants to medical city and Ibn Al-Balady hospital during the period from February 2009 to May 2009 with signs and symptoms of pneumonia only 57 sputum samples 53. 5 gave bacterial growth positive, the result indicated the most frequent microorganismswere 18 isolate (22.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 16 isolate (20%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 isolate (6.25%) Candida albicans, 5 isolate (6.25%) Acinetobacter spp, 5 isolate (6.25%) Eschereshia coli, 4 isolate (5%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3 isolates (3.75%) proteus spp, 1 isolate (1.25%) Enterobacter, (1.25%) Citrobacter Acinetobacter spp. 5 (6.25%), 3 isolate (3.75%) Streptococcus Pneumonia, Enterobacter 1 (1.25%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4 isolates (5%). Aqueous of cold extract were investigated for their antibacterial activities against bacteria not effect. Hot water extract can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Oil extract of Origanum magorana effect on E.coli and Staphylococcus aurous.
Relationship between Some Trace Elements, Lipid profile and Hypothyroidism
Authors: Rashid Nada Faisal , Abed Baydaa Ahmed , Abas Thaer Arhayl 
Published: April 2022

There are many questions still remain concerning the relationship between the trace elements and thyroid hormones. Therefore, this study was undertakento evaluate the concentration levels of some trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, magnesium), and to reach the possible correlation between these trace elements and thyroid hormones in hypothyroidism.The study was included 50 patients with hypothyroidism and 28 healthy volunteers' serves as control group matched with age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). All participant had not taken vitamin or mineral supplements for at least 2 weeks before sampling, blood sampling were drawn to determine the serumtrace elements levels (Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, and Mg), thyroid hormone (T3, T4, and TSH), and lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL, HDL, and VLDL). The results indicate that the hypothyroidism patients have significant increase in TSH levels (P< 0.01), and significant decrease in T3, T3/T4 levels (P<0.001), although, there were decrease in serum trace elements (Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mg) in hypothyroidism patients compared with controls group, (P< 0.001 for all serum Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and P< 0.01 for Mg). The results indicate that there was no significant correlation between serum Cu, Mn, Mg and T3, T4, and TSH level; but, there was a significant positive correlation between Se-T3 (r=0.286, P<0.04), and Zn-T3 (r=0.3, P<0.01), also there was only a significant negative correlation between serum Se-TSH levels (r=-0.315, P< 0.02) in hypothyroidism patients. There is significant increase in the mean serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients compared with normal controls (P 0.01, P<0.001, <0.05) respectively. Also, there is significant decrease in the mean serum concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the patients with hypothyroidism than control, and our results showed that there is positive correlation between TSH levels and lipid (cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low density lipoproteins), although, there is negative correlation between Mg concentration and lipid (TC, TG, LDL) levels. We conclude that the trace elements Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mg have altered in hypothyroidism patients; there are correlations between some trace elements (Se, and Zn) and thyroid hormones, but there are no obvious correlations between the other trace elements (Cu, Mn, and Mg) status and thyroid hormones. That is means there is an interactions between some trace elements and thyroid hormones levels.