bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consciousness Is Motor
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We remember William James for his colorful descriptions of subjective experience, perhaps above all. But in Consciousness Is Motor, Alexander Klein shows that James sculpted his phenomenal descriptions around an armature of empirical details. Klein reconstructs James’s models of consciousness and volition, uncovering results from animal experimentation and clinical observation on which those models were built. James’s early work on consciousness engaged the 1870s automatism controversy. The controversy was triggered, Klein argues, by experiments demonstrating that living, decapitated frogs are capable of goal-directed action. One side regarded goal-directedness as evidence of spinal consciousness; the other espoused epiphenomenalism, reasoning that consciousness must play no role in producing even purposive action since the latter is possible for brainless creatures. James intervened, Klein shows, by arguing that consciousness has a likely evolutionary function—behavior regulation—and so cannot be a mere epiphenomenon. It accomplishes this function by affording a capacity for evaluation, on Klein’s reading. As evidence, James appealed not just to introspection, but also to experimental facts, such as that hemisphere-less vertebrates have a diminished capacity for evaluating different available means to pursue goals. James’s “ideo-motor” model of action demonstrated precisely how an evaluating consciousness could help regulate behavior. Klein excavates key clinical observations James designed the ideo-motor model to accommodate. James’s models of consciousness and action would later feed into his distinctive philosophical outlook, Klein concludes, soon to be known as pragmatism.
Action
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a reading of James’s account of will (volition) and of his related, causal theory of action. It begins by identifying a deep connection between his accounts of consciousness and will. Consciousness typically involves what James calls “absent sensation,” one variety of which is the “anticipatory image,” the key causal trigger in volitional action. The chapter shows that James recognized a hierarchy of actions. All “ideo-motor actions” stem from anticipatory images, but some are more volitional in the sense of involving intentions and, in some cases, deliberation about intentions. The chapter argues that what most fundamentally distinguished James from T. H. Huxley’s sensorimotor approach was that the latter conceived of volitional action in terms of a complex cerebral reflex connecting stimulus with response. On James’s model, not all actions can be traced back to prior stimuli without remainder, because two causal factors in such actions include endogenously generated anticipatory images and subjective interests; neither of these are simply “picked up” from prior stimuli. The chapter concludes by reflecting on implications of the role these subjective factors play in action (on James’s view) for the evolution of consciousness itself.
Postscript
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This postscript connects James’s pragmatic maxim—which accounts for an idea’s meaning in terms of the “conduct it is fitted to produce”—with his physiological and psychological work on volition, action, and consciousness. The pragmatic maxim provides a future-directed, causal account according to which the meaning of an idea is the intended target of an action sequence. The postscript briefly considers how James’s view can account for misrepresentation, a problem with which more traditional causal theories have struggled. If the reading in this postscript is correct, then James’s pragmatist philosophy is naturalistic in the sense of being built on a model of mind and action that is itself fundamentally structured by empirical evidence from physiological experiment and clinical observation.
The Forgetting of Gender and the New Histories of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter responds to a cluster of interlocking questions regarding feminist history of early modern philosophy: (1) Which early modern women deserve places in our histories of philosophy? (2) Can gender be “epistemically significant”? (3) Are Descartes’s conceptions of mind and reason gender neutral? The answer to (1) is contained in what the author elsewhere refers to as “feminist Geistesgeschichte”: a narrative that, counterfactually, would have been the dominant narrative had there not been systematic misogyny at work. In response to (2), the chapter urges caution: choice of subject matter might be determined by one’s “standpoint,” but it is dangerous to maintain that philosophical strategies and doctrines are similarly a function of gender. Finally, in response to (3)—whether, as Genevieve Lloyd maintains, Cartesian reason is “masculine”—the chapter argues that the answer varies according to which Cartesian is in question. Poullain, for example, is explicit that reason is gender neutral.
Justifying the Inclusion of Women in Our Histories of Philosophy
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The standard approaches to the historiography of philosophy fail to do justice to the work of Marie de Gournay. Those who place figures in their historical context will locate her outside of philosophy, as a participant in the querelle des femmes, whereas those who view her through a contemporary lens will read her as a forbearer of contemporary feminism. Both readings misrepresent her contribution: Gournay was part of a skeptical tradition that ran from the Pyrrhoneans to her mentor, Montaigne. In brief, Gournay counters the traditional misogynist arguments for male superiority with an “equipollent” argument—an equally powerful argument that supports the opposite conclusion: that men and women are equal. Thus, she does not dogmatically assert the equality thesis, only that it is as well supported as the thesis of male superiority. This novel deployment of an ancient technique merits a place for Gournay in our histories of philosophy.
Margaret Cavendish, Stoic Antecedent Causes, and Early Modern Occasional Causes
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter provides an analysis of occasional causation in the natural philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. Cavendish rejects “the transmission model,” which underlies the mechanist’s explanation of change, and opts for an account of occasional cause, which involves coordinated changes in quantity of motion. Does Cavendish, in rejecting the mechanist’s account, thereby reject the view that the parts of nature are causally efficacious with respect to one another? While Malebranchean occasional causes are not thus efficacious, it is argued that Cavendish’s occasional causes are, as her Stoic-inspired example of the hand’s tossing a ball shows. The hand’s motion, while not a “perfect cause” of the motion of the ball, nonetheless “activates” or “triggers” the ball’s disposition to move by means of the motion it causes on the ball’s surface.
Mary Astell on the Causation of Sensation
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In Letters Concerning the Love of God, Mary Astell suggests that there is a “sensible congruity” between features of external bodies and the powers of the soul employed in sensation. On this view, specific bodies are fitly disposed to “draw forth” specific sensations in fitly disposed souls. Some scholars have argued that this appeal to “sensible congruity” constitutes a departure from orthodox Cartesianism. This chapter argues in detail that Astell’s remarks are in broad agreement with Descartes’s account of sensation. The final section considers whether she abandoned her Cartesianism in later works.
Cartesianism and the Gendered Mind
Authors: O'Neill Eileen 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cartesianism egalitarianism is the view that cognition is uniform across the sexes—that “the mind has no sex” (P-oullain). But certain Cartesians, notoriously Malebranche, nonetheless maintained that cognition is gendered. While Malebranche agreed that the mind has no sex, he held that mind–body union varies across the sexes. How the mind is embodied, that is, influences how we think: women excel at matters of taste and discrimination while men are superior at abstract thinking. How, then, can Cartesians maintain their egalitarianism? As the chapter shows, Madame de Lambert, drawing on Pascal, provides an answer. Pascal recognized two distinct cognitive faculties: the mathematical mind and the heart (le coeur). The truths accessed by the heart are intuited, not grasped by reason or deduction. Nonetheless, these truths (which women surpass men in grasping) are as relevant to the search after truth as those arrived at through the mathematical mind.
Unexceptional Moral Knowledge
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter argues that, if there are moral truths, there is no special reason why we should not know about them. More specifically, we can have recognitional capacities for the properties and relations expressed by moral predicates, by the same standard of safety as we have recognitional capacities for the properties and relations expressed by non-moral predicates, such as those for social kinds. It is explained why the capacity to gain knowledge by applying those recognitional capacities in particular cases is prior to knowledge of general moral principles. The account is extended to moral knowledge by perception and by testimony, including from moral experts.
Gibbard on Meaning and Normativity
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter is a critique of Allan Gibbard’s expressivism in his book Meaning and Normativity. It shows how his approach is in effect a probabilistic version of the Vienna Circle’s verificationist theory of meaning, and why as a result it cannot make proper sense of synonymy between distinct words (such as ‘dog’ and ‘chien’). It also shows how Gibbard’s expressivist attempt to build into the language analytic connections between thought and action imposes unwarranted constraints on linguistic competence, in order to explain matters that can easily be explained without such implausible assumptions. An Afterword explains how Gibbard’s reply to the original critique fails to meet the points raised.
Acting on Knowledge-How
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter integrates Chapter 5’s account of the relation between knowledge and action with the intellectualism about knowledge-how the author has defended in joint work with Jason Stanley. The result is a unified model of the genesis of action in practical reasoning. This model is derived as the non-defective case of the traditional model of means-end practical reasoning based on beliefs and desires (or credences and utilities), when belief attains to knowledge and intention to action. To complete the picture, desire is understood as a kind of belief, which when non-defective constitutes knowledge of the good. The standard decision-theoretic account of action as made rational by subjective probabilities and utilities is criticized as corresponding to an irrationally self-regarding narrative supposed to rationalize the action, and replaced by an account on which non-defective action is made rational by the subject’s knowledge of more objective probabilities and utilities.
Transmission Failures
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
According to a natural view of instrumental normativity, if you ought to do φ, and doing ψ is a necessary means for you to do φ, then you ought to do ψ. In “Instrumental Normativity: In Defense of the Transmission Principle,” Benjamin Kiesewetter defends this principle against certain actualist-inspired counterexamples. In this chapter White argues that Kiesewetter’s defense of the transmission principle fails. Kiesewetter’s arguments rely on two further principles: (1) Joint Satisfiability, according to which if A ought to φ and A ought to ψ, then it is possible for A to [φ and ψ], and (2) Reason Transmission, according to which if A has a reason to φ and ψ-ing is an incompatible alternative to φ-ing, then A has an equally strong reason not to ψ. White argues that we should not accept them in the unqualified forms needed to establish his conclusion.
Europe
Authors: Proctor Tammy M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
For those involved in American relief, and reconstruction work, 1924 witnessed an end to their efforts. By the time American relief groups closed up shop, several things had complicated operations in Europe, however. First, increasingly tense relationships with their European partner organizations engendered bitter feuds over questions of credit for the work. Interagency squabbling also led to bruised egos, making cooperative projects difficult. Second, the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in 1923–1924 and the renegotiation of war debt soured Americans on their interactions with their former allies. Third, American fundraising had begun to dry up by 1923, and increasingly emergency relief organizations had to decide whether to come home. Finally, in the United States itself, a surge in nativist sentiment, the passage of restrictive immigration laws, and an intensification of racial violence made American claims for moral supremacy appear hollow to many European observers.
Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain considers how British and foreign youngsters affected the waging of war, not only as stalwart camp followers, boy soldiers, patriotic civilians and bereaved victims, but also as evocative images of innocence, inability, and dependence. Though victimhood might jump most readily to mind when thinking about how war affected young people, it is only a small part of the picture. The Seven Years War and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars influenced how children played, learned, worked, and perceived the world around them, regardless of whether they were in the heart of the battle or far from the action. Young people resisted adult conceptions of war that marginalized them and considered them useless. Viewed from a juvenile perspective, war was sometimes safer than peace, and better refuge might be found with enemy soldiers than British civilians. Though many histories of eighteenth-century childhood consider the impact of the Enlightenment, they pay little attention to war. Despite recent interest in the degree to which war penetrated civilian life and vice versa, children remain largely invisible. In using wartime accounts of children as a prism, this book addresses neglected aspects of the history of childhood and military history from the 1750s to the 1830s. The same sentiments that set childhood apart as a distinct stage of innocence were used to marginalize youngsters’ war contributions or leveraged by the state to further military goals. The overall thrust of this monograph is that, in an era that purported to have a new appreciation of childhood, more young people were drawn into war.
Conclusion
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A scene from Henry Fielding’s Amelia encapsulates the book’s main themes. Fielding depicts a private soldier manhandling a small civilian boy, rousing the ire of his sergeant and the boy’s parents and reinforcing the notion that children need to be protected from war. The very young commanding officer’s support for the soldier reflects contemporary perceptions that juveniles made poor military leaders. On the other hand, the sergeant’s compassion for the boy illustrates the argument of several chapters that children were valuable tools in highlighting warrior sensibility. Children were not only passive objects, however; Childhood and War in Eighteenth-Century Britain has highlighted how their actions and choices affected campaign dynamics. It is also important to recognize their roles in encouraging veterans to tell their stories and sharing their own memories of their wartime childhoods later in life. Historians have not recognized the significance of the child’s gaze in this way, but many contemporary soldiers shared James Anton’s delight in recounting his adventures to starry-eyed youngsters who would “think him a great man.” Children’s admiration for warriors and their desire to preserve their memory has been largely hidden from history. Bringing it to light not only broadens our understanding of childhood, it also deepens our knowledge of the eighteenth-century wars.
Chronology, Dialect, and Style in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This book analyses linguistic features typical of early Greek hexameter poetry and assesses how chronology, dialect, and/or style influences their distribution across the different authors and texts (Homer, Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymns). An introduction establishes the methodologies employed throughout the book. In Part 1, the book focusses primarily on thematic genitives, digamma (alongside resonant lengthening), thematic datives, and tmesis. Subsequently, each chapter discusses factors specific to each linguistic feature which could be determining how they are used across the texts, and it also investigates how likely chronology, dialect, or style are to be involved. In Part 2, the discussion turns to why different kinds of poetry might have different prehistories in the tradition, and how these different prehistories might have affected the language used to compose the texts. This is achieved through a study of the differences firstly between Homeric speech and narrative, and then in turn different sub-genres of hexameter poetry. The book concludes by arguing that all of chronology, dialect, and style are relevant factors in understanding why different texts/authors use the shared language differently, so much so that meaningful glottochronology is impossible to establish. It also argues that style is a much more important factor than has been recognized previously.
Introduction
Authors: McConnell Tom 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The introduction surveys the history of scholarship on the relationship between the artificial language of earl Greek hexameter poetry and the chronology of the texts, with special reference to that of Richard Janko. Statistical tests are carried out on his data in order to establish which linguistic features warrant further investigation. Having established the necessity to focus on the digamma, thematic genitives and thematic datives, the various methodologies (including statistical) are summarized and discussed. The introduction ends with a discussion of important complications in quantitative study, primarily revolving around the texts and their history.
The Working Body’s Decline
Authors: Metcalf James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Mary Leapor’s ‘Colinetta’ (1748), which braids together pastoral, georgic, and elegy to represent the disturbing slide of the beleaguered body of working georgic, labouring against nature’s decline, into the dying body of elegiac pastoral—a haunting inversion of the idyllic lives of shepherds traditionally understood as pastoral’s principal subject. Leapor’s ‘Colinetta’ dwells in a sombre relation to this genre and uses the churchyard to depict the end of a body whose labours—of both georgic work and pastoral song—can no longer be performed. Chapter 2 also reads into the tradition of topographical poetry, which is pushed to engage with new territories of feeling in Ann Yearsley’s ‘Clifton Hill’ (1785). Topographical poetry is typically organized by confident possession of a landscape experienced through an oscillation of fixed prospects seen from an eminence and more dynamic involvements from within the scene—an experience unpicked by Yearsley, whose physical movement is halting and whose imaginative and poetic ventures are always under threat. The difficulty Yearsley feels in occupying Clifton Hill as a working woman is cathected in the poem’s churchyard scene, where lofty heights collapse in trembling depths and the prospect view is agonized by its vertiginous drop into the grave.
Invited Commentary: Why use methods that require proportional hazards?
Authors: Stensrud Mats J , Hernàn Miguel A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We recently questioned the utility of testing for proportional hazards in survival analysis. Here we expand on why the proportional hazards assumption is both implausible and unnecessary in most medical studies, particularly in randomized trials. We conclude that using survival analysis methods that do not rely on proportional hazards is typically the preferred course of action.
Plasma pTau181 and amyloid markers predict conversion to dementia in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder
Authors: Delva Aline , Pelletier Amélie , Somerville Emma , Montplaisir Jacques , Gagnon Jean-François , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Kam-Thong Tony , Kustermann Thomas , Machado Venissa , Gan-Or Ziv , Postuma Ronald B 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology have been intensively investigated as markers for AD-related neurodegeneration. Comorbid AD pathology is common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Accordingly, we hypothesized that plasma biomarkers associated with AD pathology might be useful to predict DLB in a cohort of idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), an incipient synucleinopathy. The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma amyloid-β and pTau181 biomarkers can predict DLB.
This longitudinal single-center (Canada) cohort study included 158 polysomnography-confirmed iRBD individuals between September 2004 and October 2022, each providing blood plasma samples, who were then offered prospective follow-up. Plasma Aβ40, Aβ42 and pTau181 levels were measured using NeuroToolKit, a prototype assays panel of neurodegeneration (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd). The primary outcome was the association between plasma biomarkers at baseline and eventual development of DLB. Correlations between plasma markers and baseline cognitive tests were assessed.
A total of 142 iRBD participants (109 men [77%], mean ± SD age, 67.6 ± 8.0 years) were included in the final analysis. On prospective follow-up (2.9 ± 2.1 years after sampling), 32 individuals phenoconverted to a defined neurodegenerative syndrome (18 DLB, 13 PD, 1 MSA). The combined phenoconvertor group had lower baseline plasma Aβ42/40 ratio compared to non-phenoconvertors (mean ± SD, 0.103 ± 0.010 vs. 0.114 ± 0.012, p &lt; 0.001), and higher pTau181 levels (0.993 ± 0.354 vs. 0.784 ± 0.266pg/ml, p = 0.008). When divided by phenoconversion subtype, significant differences were seen selectively in DLB-convertors (Aβ42/40 = 0.101 ± 0.010, difference -0.011, 95% CI [-0.016; -0.005], p &lt; 0.001; pTau181 = 1.144 ± 0.326 pg/ml, difference 0.282 pg/ml, 95% CI [0.146; 0.418], p &lt; 0.001). Cross-sectional analysis showed that plasma pTau181 (but not Aβ42/40) correlated with cognitive tests across various domains.
Our results indicate that plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and pTau181 can predict conversion to DLB in iRBD.
Increased prevalence of dysphagia in patients with severe atopic dermatitis candidates to biological therapy: implications for diagnosis and management of T2-related disorders
Authors: Napolitano Maddalena , Pesce Marcella , Potestio Luca , Patruno Cataldo , Cecere Daniele , Ricchiuti Mario , Cefaliello Antonio , Sarnelli Giovanni 
Published: January 2025

Several atopic comorbidities may be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD), such as food allergies, asthma, allergic, rhinitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
EoE is being increasingly recognized as one of the main causes of dysphagia in adolescents and adults. The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of upper esophageal symptoms in a population of patients with moderate-to-severe AD, candidates to systemic therapy, to consider the possibility of an intervention of screening among these patients.