bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Relationships Among Clinical Measures of Foot Posture in Individuals with and Without Pronated Foot
Authors: Kirmizi Muge , Cakiroglu Mehmet Alphan , Sengul Yesim Salik , Elvan Ata , Simsek Ibrahim Engin , Angin Salih 
Published: March 2022

Background
Many indirect clinical techniques have been developed to assess foot posture; however, there is relatively little research investigating the relationships among these techniques. We investigated the relationships among the most commonly used clinical measures of foot posture—Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), navicular drop (NDP), navicular drift (NDT), and static and dynamic arch indices (SAI and DAI)—in individuals with normal foot posture and those with pronated foot.

Methods
Sixty-three individuals with FPI-6 scores of 0 to 12 were included. A digital caliper was used to measure NDP and NDT; SAI and DAI were measured by electronic pedobarography. Assessments were applied on the dominant foot. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationships among measures. Participants were classified into two groups, pronated foot (n = 33) and normal foot posture (n = 30), based on FPI-6 scores, providing a multisegmental and multiplanar assessment. The independent-samples t test was used to compare groups regarding NDP, NDT, SAI, and DAI.

Results
We found a high correlation between NDP and FPI-6 (r = 0.754) and between NDP and NDT (r = 0.778) (all P < .001). A moderate correlation was found between NDT and FPI-6 (r = 0.599) and between DAI and SAI (r = 0.519) (all P < .001). A negligible correlation was found between NDP and DAI (r = 0.268; P = .033). Furthermore, NDP, NDT, and DAI values were higher in individuals with pronated foot compared with those with normal posture (P < .001 for NDP and NDT; P = .022 for DAI), whereas SAI values were not (P = .837).

Conclusions
These results suggest that there are moderate-to-strong relationships among FPI-6, NDP, and NDT and between SAI and DAI. The NDP, NDT, and DAI are suitable for the classification of foot posture based on FPI-6 scores. This study can guide clinicians and researchers to associate the foot posture measures with each other.
Administrators’ Conflict Management Styles and the Schools’ Climate among the Secondary Schools of Davao Occidental
Authors: Villanueva Junelyn C. , Moleño Roleen B. 
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted to determine the relationship between the school administrators’ conflict management styles and the schools’ climate. Descriptive-correlational method was employed to describe the conflict management styles of the schools’ administrators and the school climate. Simple-random sampling design was used on determining the respondents.
Results of the study showed that the poor communication, differences in personality and different values were always observed as sources of conflict in the secondary schools and the often observed was competition. It was also found that the top conflict management style of the school heads was on dominating style. Based on data acquired in the school climate, school working environment and students’ involvements were excellent and teachers’ work satisfaction was above average.
All conflict management styles significantly affect the school climate of the secondary schools in Davao Occidental. This implies that school heads have effectively applied all conflict management styles because it significantly resulted in an excellent and positive school climate in terms of school working environment, teachers’ job satisfaction and students’ engagement.
Thus, school heads should mostly apply the dominating style of managing conflict for effective school leadership.
Anti-Type I Diabetic Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Aegle marmelos on Streptozotocin Induced Rat Model
Authors: Haimed Yousef Ahmed Saleh , Sharma Pankaj Kumar , Jha Deepak Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Aegle marmelos, generally acknowledged as Bael, is being ancient in Ayurveda for the therapy of a number of disorders. All the components on it tree along with stem, bark, root, leaves, fruit and seeds at all stages of maturity have medicinal virtues and have been recorded in Ethno-medicine.
Aims: The present investigation study the Anti-Type I diabetic activity of the methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos on STZ induced rat model.
Study Design: In-vivo study in rat model
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Karnataka college of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India, between Jan 2021 to Dec 2021.
Methodology: Extracted Aegle marmelos was to be evaluated the toxicity as per the OECD guidelines and biochemical, hematological and gross pathological analysis has been assessed. Type I Diabetes has been induced in Wistar rats through STZ 65mg/kg/b.w. I.P. During the experiment, Rat’s BW and FBS level were monitored. At the end of study, animals among all groups namely Group I: Normal control, Group II: STZ 65mg/kg, Group III: STZ + Insulin 4Ukg/b.w., Group IV: Aegle marmelos 250mg/kg and Group V: Aegle marmelos 500mg/kg were sacrificed and biochemical parameters like Lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, Serum insulin, pancreatic insulin, and histology of pancreas had been observed. Aegle marmelos was also screened for pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed by ELISA test. Furthermore, Antioxidant Enzyme like SOD, CAT, LPO and GSH were performed.
Results: The observed extract Aegle marmelos was shown safe in the toxicity data; B.W, Lipid Profile, RFT, LFT, hematological parameters were shown in the limit range and the vital organ tissue histology were not shown any anatomical and structural abnormalities. The findings of the other parameters have been shown significant impact in vivo to manage the diabetic markers like weight gain, blood glucose, lipid profile, C-Peptide, HbA1c, secretion of insulin, and pancreatic insulin. Diabetic pancreas of rats confirmed fall of beta cell density and disruption of normal architecture. But treated group were found to restore the mass of beta cells. Mediator of inflammatory cytokines like increased in STZ group and was inhibited by test chemicals. Elevated oxidative enzymes also have been seen to control upon the treatment with Aegle marmelos.
Conclusion: All this findings and phytoconstituents present within the extract should be the possible chemical substances concerned in the prevention of diabetes.
Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Pakistani Dental Professionals Regarding Silver Diamine Fluoride
Authors: Samejo Imran , Kumar Bharat , Ali Shahid , Hussain Imdad , Sunny . , Sahito Muhammad Amin 
Published: March 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude regarding Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) among Pakistani Dental Professionals worked at various institutes of Karachi.
Methodology: This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted among the house surgeons, general dental practitioners and specialists worked at various institutes of Karachi. Questionnaire was distributed among 375 participants through social media. Questionnaire was kept on google forum and link was sent to all participants through social media including Facebook, WhatsApp by non-probability consecutive sampling. Questionnaire was composed of two portions. Questions in first portion were related to demographic data and in second portion of Questionnaire had 13 closed ended questions regarding Knowledge and Approach towards Silver Diamine Fluoride. Statistical package for social sciences SPSS-25 was used for data entry and analysis with descriptive statistic, which used frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.
Results: Out of the total 375 participants, 160(43%) were male and 215 (57%) female. Mean age of participants was 33 + 11.8 years. 191(51%) heard about SDF and only 108(29%) attended lectures/discussions about SDF. 189(50.40%) responded that SDF is used in enamel lesion. 251(67%) participants responded that SDF is used in both anterior and posterior teeth. Only 160(42.66%) of participants responded that SDF is used for both dentitions. 122(32.53%) were agreed that SDF is an alternative to removing dental lesion by a dental drill, while only 118 (31.47%) agreed that many patients would not accept treatment of dental caries with SDF due to the permanent black staining of the carious lesion. 240 (64%) of participants were disagree about the SDF require the use of local anesthesia and more than half of participants responded that the silver is an antimicrobial ingredient in SDF. 237(63.2%) of participants responded that SDF is indicated in Children with High caries rate and most of them responded that black staining of tooth is main disadvantage and barrier to the use of SDF. Majority of participants did not know about reapplication interval for use of SDF.
Conclusion: SDF is an appropriate alternative for restoring dental cavities in children. As it doesn’t require local anesthesia, it is the safest way to limit the progression of lesion in patient with high caries index. But there are some barriers related to the use of SDF in their regular dental practice is that, SDF causes permanent staining of tooth and also practitioners had little knowledge about their application protocols and recall or reapplication intervals.
Living/Controlled Radical Polymerization: Nitroxide‐mediated Polymerization
Authors: Lefay Catherine , Morris Jason C. , Lin Anna , Guillaneuf Yohann , Gigmes Didier 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article summarizes the main achievements in the field of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) in recent years. Particular attention is paid to the development of the most efficient nitroxides in NMP and also to the potential of this technique for obtaining materials with advanced properties and on the radical nitroxide‐mediated photopolymerization (NMP2).
Multi‐Segmented Macromolecules of Linear and Grafted Topologies
Authors: Tsitsilianis Constantinos 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this article, synthetic strategies based on controlled/living polymerization methods that lead to well‐defined multi‐segmented (more than two building blocks) linear A/B triblock, pentablock, and multiblock copolymers, along with more complex topologies with increasing number of building blocks, differing in chemical nature (e.g. ABC, ABCD) and topology (linear and grafted architectures) are demonstrated and highlighted. The recent years, novel synthetic strategies, including “click” coupling reactions and iterative procedures, have endowed the synthetic capabilities toward developing novel macromolecular architectures with precisely controllable molecular characteristics. Attention has also been given to segmented topologies in which one or more blocks are constituted of random copolymers, targeting precise tuning of the properties of the relevant segments. This chemical diversity, integrated into a single segmented macromolecule, endows the multi‐segmented polymers with multi‐functionality and stimuli responsiveness, leading thus to polymeric materials with promising advanced applications in the context of nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
Polymer Networks*
Authors: Gu Yuwei , Zhao Julia , Johnson Jeremiah A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPolymer networks, which are materials composed of many smaller components – referred to as “junctions” and “strands” – connected together via covalent or noncovalent/supramolecular interactions, are arguably the most versatile, widely studied, broadly used, and important classes of materials known. From the first commercial polymers through the plastics revolution of the twentieth century to today, there are almost no aspects of modern life that are not impacted by polymer networks. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges that must be addressed to enable a complete understanding of these materials and facilitate their development for emerging applications ranging from sustainability and energy harvesting/storage to tissue engineering and additive manufacturing. Here, we provide a unifying overview of the fundamentals of polymer network synthesis, structure, and properties, tying together recent trends in the field that are not always associated with classical polymer networks, such as the advent of crystalline “framework” materials. We also highlight the recent advances in using molecular design and control of topology to showcase how a deep understanding of structure–property relationships can lead to advanced networks with exceptional properties.
Novel Polymer Systems for Gene Therapy
Authors: Diaz‐Dussan Diana , Peng Yi‐Yang , Narain Ravin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gene therapy is a novel molecularly directed gene‐editing technique that can be used in treating gene‐related diseases, and its clinical relevance relies on the design of effective therapeutic vectors that are able to deliver and release the nucleic acids to the targeted sites. The use of nanoscale vectors for gene delivery presents various advantages such as improved bioavailability, extended nucleotide half‐life, and reduced off‐target toxicity. Several types of colloidal systems have been developed, including biocompatible polymer carriers, such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and branched polymers. A first requisite is biocompatibility; reducing cell cytotoxicity and effective clearance from the organism is one of the major challenges, and particle size is also a key factor in the internalization process. Common cationic gene carriers are summarized here, but their associated cytotoxicity or low efficacy restricted their use at the clinical level. Numerous modifications for enhancing the vectors are introduced, which mainly involved the incorporation of biocompatible units and degradability. Furthermore, several methods in preparing nonviral carrier via controlled radical polymerization and their related postmodification techniques are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the new generation of therapeutic nanoparticles, which combined selective targeting moieties, and imaging agents, offers a theranostic approach for enhanced gene therapy.
High‐Throughput/High‐Output Experimentation in Polymer Research
Authors: Lechuga‐Islas Víctor D. , Guerrero‐Sanchez Carlos , Guerrero‐Santos Ramiro , Vitz Jürgen , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHigh‐throughput and high‐output experimental techniques represent suitable approaches to facilitate and speed up the preparation, optimization, and investigation of polymeric materials and polymerization processes. High‐throughput and high‐output screenings (HT/HO) are now recognized as highly efficient and cost‐effective techniques providing clear opportunities for the elucidation of structure–property relationships in polymer libraries. A wide range of important parameters can be investigated with systematic variations of properties, such as molar mass, dispersity, composition, microstructure, and other application‐specific properties. Moreover, the implementation of effective offline and online characterization techniques in HT/HO workflows has enabled the development of practical and productive methodologies. In recent years, HT/HO approaches have been actively pursued especially by the continuous development of reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques. The synergy of such techniques, and the further development of computational and data management methods, could facilitate the fast access to complex and well‐defined polymeric materials in highly effective procedures. This contribution outlines the framework of the current status of high‐throughput and high‐output screenings for the synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials. Emphasis is placed on the advantages, current limitations, and the possible extensions and perspectives discussed in the current literature.
Polymerizations in Aqueous Dispersed Media
Authors: Sanders Connor A. , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Heterogeneous polymerizations in aqueous media remain an active area of research with an emphasis on control over polymer architecture and molecular weight. Previously established methods to perform reversible deactivation radical polymerizations have been expanded and will be covered in this article. Recent strategies employ novel catalysts, functional surfactants, and multistep processes to yield stable, and in some cases, high solids content, latexes through a variety of nonconventional chemistries. Moreover, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly has been developed to yield high‐order morphologies in aqueous dispersions in mild conditions. Photoinduced polymerization techniques have seen increasing interest owing to the “green” benefits of using light as a stimulus for polymerization. The goals in this field remain to provide control over polymerizations in aqueous dispersed media while reducing both monetary and environmental costs. This article will cover recent developments in producing water‐based polymer dispersions with control over nanoparticle morphology and functionality and macromolecular structure.
Polymer Crystallization
Authors: Cavallo Dario , Müller Alejandro J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article presents a brief summary of the basic concepts of polymer crystallization. This is a topic of great academic and practical interest. Polymer crystallization determines the properties of all semicrystalline polymeric materials, which constitute approximately 75% of all plastics commercially produced. Hence, understanding the nucleation, crystallization, and morphology of polymers is fundamental to tailoring their properties for specific applications. This brief review first introduces the way polymer chains crystallize and how they self‐assemble from solution and from the melt, highlighting their morphological complexity. Then, we discuss primary nucleation, flow‐induced nucleation, self‐nucleation, and crystal growth, with particular emphasis on kinetics and the existing theories to model nucleation, growth, and overall crystallization.
Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly: From Macromolecular Engineering Toward Applications
Authors: Coumes Fanny , Stoffelbach François , Rieger Jutta 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) is nowadays a well‐established technology that is gaining more and more attention from academics and in the industry. It relies on the extension of a solvophilic reactive chain in heterogeneous polymerization conditions. An amphiphilic block copolymer is generated and concomitantly to the growth of the solvophobic block, self‐assembly occurs. PISA was initially developed to achieve radical emulsion polymerizations in the absence of low molecular weight surfactants in order to produce surfactant‐free latexes. Shortly after, it became clear that this technology had also great potential to synthesize well‐defined amphiphilic block copolymers. Finally, researchers became more and more interested in the formed particles themselves (mainly spheres, but also worm and vesicles) and tried to functionalize them for a large variety of applications. In this article, we will start with reviewing the different PISA polymerization techniques, and highlight the possibility to use PISA as a tool to synthesize well‐defined, functional, and complex macromolecular architectures. We will then discuss the main parameters that control the particle morphology, before presenting applications of PISA‐derived particles and dispersions. The article cites more than 400 references, and presents for each polymerization technique a great number of the existing systems in tabular format.
Macromolecular Modeling
Authors: Simmons David S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPolymer molecular modeling is particularly challenging due to the role of multibody effects and the large range of time and length scales involved. Mean‐field descriptions of many polymer phenomena are well established; however, they typically do not provide for quantitative prediction and often miss or do not address important qualitative features of polymer behavior. Given the massive chemical space available, improvements in modeling and prediction are crucial to polymer design. To overcome these challenges, modelers increasingly employ hybrid approaches in which multiple complementary theoretical frameworks are applied to the same molecular model. This article provides a tutorial introduction to this area. We discuss a conceptual taxonomy for classifying and understanding modeling approaches, survey key theoretical frameworks and molecular models, and discuss factors based on which one might choose among them. Particular attention is given to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as a versatile baseline capability, with a focus on the aspects of particular challenge and importance in treating polymers. Finally, we review examples of hybrid approaches that combine these methods to treat polymer phenomena that are challenging to treat via any single method alone, including both combination of multiple physics‐based theoretical frameworks and combination of physics‐based modeling with data‐based and optimization methods.
Shape Memory‐Induced Self‐Healable Polymers
Authors: Wang Siyang , Davydovich Dmitriy , Urban Marek W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the recent advances in self‐healable polymers that take advantage of shape memory effects (SMEs) in the presence of H‐bonding and van der Waals (vdW) forces. Two general mechanisms that involve interfacial energy and SME‐driven self‐healing responsible for macroscopic wound closure are explored. Interfacial energy‐driven self‐healing involves the formation of a mobile layer at the newly formed interfaces due to the presence of dangling ends or chain slippage, whereas SME recovery is an entropically driven process quantified by viscoelastic length transitions (VLTs) detected in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The presence of highly polar H‐bonding or/and nonpolar vdW interactions plays a significant role in self‐healing. Nonpolar vdW inter‐ or intrachain interactions contribute to SME‐driven recovery by activating entropic energy stored during damage. Owing to their relatively low activation energies, H‐bonding and interchain vdW forces may independently or collectively facilitate self‐healing, and understanding the molecular contributions of these typically interchain nonpolar and polar interactions provides an opportunity for designing polymers in which the perturbation of these ubiquitous interactions will be energetically unfavorable, thus facilitating autonomous self‐healing.
Fluoropolymers for Automotive and Aerospace Industries
Authors: Bouharras Fatima Ezzahra , Raihane Mustapha , Lopez Gérald , Ameduri Bruno 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The usefulness of fluoropolymers (PFs) in various items for vehicles, shuttles, and space‐crafts is presented, considering their synthesis, properties, applications, and recycling. The advantages of FPs are first supplied, including outstanding properties (chemical, oxidative, and thermal resistances, and excellent weatherability and durability to avoid obsolescence), as well as their synthesis usually achieved by conventional radical copolymerization of fluoromonomers. They can be composites and shape memory polymers or specific copolymers produced on demand. Applications of specific FPs are discussed in various areas: (i) high‐performance thermoplastic elastomers (composed of central soft blocks and external hard sequences as triblock copolymers) involved as cross‐linked O‐rings or shafts, (ii) flame retardant coatings and liners for planes; (iii) for energy related‐materials (e.g. fuel cell membranes for the next generation of clean energy‐vehicles, reliable components for safer Lithium ion batteries for hybrid vehicles, electroactive devices, etc.).