bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding factors associated with attending secondary school in Tanzania using household survey data
Authors: Pezzulo Carla , Alegana Victor A. , Christensen Andrew , Bakari Omar , Tatem Andrew J. 
Published: February 2022

Background
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 aims to ensure inclusive and equitable access for all by 2030, leaving no one behind. One indicator selected to measure progress towards achievement is the participation rate of youth in education (SDG 4.3.1). Here we aim to understand drivers of school attendance using one country in East Africa as an example.

Methods
Nationally representative household survey data (2015–16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey) were used to explore individual, household and contextual factors associated with secondary school attendance in Tanzania. These included, age, head of household’s levels of education, gender, household wealth index and total number of children under five. Contextual factors such as average pupil to qualified teacher ratio and geographic access to school were also tested at cluster level. A two-level random intercept logistic regression model was used in exploring association of these factors with attendance in a multi-level framework.

Results
Age of household head, educational attainments of either of the head of the household or parent, child characteristics such as gender, were important predictors of secondary school attendance. Being in a richer household and with fewer siblings of lower age (under the age of 5) were associated with increased odds of attendance (OR = 0.91, CI 95%: 0.86; 0.96). Contextual factors were less likely to be associated with secondary school attendance.

Conclusions
Individual and household level factors are likely to impact secondary school attendance rates more compared to contextual factors, suggesting an increased focus of interventions at these levels is needed. Future studies should explore the impact of interventions targeting these levels. Policies should ideally promote gender equality in accessing secondary school as well as support those families where the dependency ratio is high. Strategies to reduce poverty will also increase the likelihood of attending school.
Etiology of severe invasive infections in young infants in rural settings in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mduma Estomih , Halidou Tinto , Kaboré Berenger , Walongo Thomas , Lompo Palpouguini , Museveni Justine , Gidabayda Joshua , Gratz Jean , Guga Godfrey , Kimathi Caroline , Liu Jie , Mdoe Paschal , Moshiro Robert , Petzold Max , Singlovic Jan , Guillerm Martine , Gomes Melba F. , Houpt Eric R. , Halleux Christine M. 
Published: February 2022

Background
Serious invasive infections in newborns are a major cause of death. Lack of data on etiological causes hampers progress towards reduction of mortality. This study aimed to identify pathogens responsible for such infections in young infants in sub-Saharan Africa and to describe their antibiotics resistance profile.

Methods
Between September 2016 and April 2018 we implemented an observational study in two rural sites in Burkina Faso and Tanzania enrolling young infants aged 0–59 days old with serious invasive infection. Blood samples underwent blood culture and molecular biology.

Results
In total 634 infants with clinical diagnosis of serious invasive infection were enrolled and 4.2% of the infants had a positive blood culture. The most frequent pathogens identified by blood culture were Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Escherichia coli. Gram-negative isolates were only partially susceptible to first line WHO recommended treatment for neonatal sepsis at community level. A total of 18.6% of the infants were PCR positive for at least one pathogen and Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common bacteria detected. Among infants enrolled, 60/634 (9.5%) died. Positive blood culture but not positive PCR was associated with risk of death. For most deaths, no pathogen was identified either by blood culture or molecular testing, and hence a causal agent remained unclear. Mortality was associated with low body temperature, tachycardia, respiratory symptoms, convulsions, history of difficult feeding, movement only when stimulated or reduced level of consciousness, diarrhea and/or vomiting.

Conclusion
While Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Escherichia coli were pathogens most frequently identified in infants with clinical suspicion of serious invasive infections, most cases remain without definite diagnosis, making more accurate diagnostic tools urgently needed. Antibiotics resistance to first line antibiotics is an increasing challenge even in rural Africa.
Progression of age-related macular degeneration in eyes with abnormal fundus autofluorescence in a Japanese population: JFAM study report 3
Authors: Oshima Yuji , Shinojima Ari , Sawa Miki , Mori Ryusaburo , Sekiryu Tetsuju , Kato Aki , Hara Chikako , Saito Masaaki , Sugano Yukinori , Hirano Yoshio , Asato Hitomi , Nakamura Mayumi , Kimura Erika , Yuzawa Mitsuko , Ishibashi Tatsuro , Ogura Yuichiro , Iida Tomohiro , Gomi Fumi , Yasukawa Tsutomu 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
To evaluate the progression of early age-related macular degeneration to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), and identify the abnormal fundus autofluorescence (FAF) patterns and markers of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral nAMD.

Methods
Sixty-six patients with unilateral nAMD who developed abnormal FAF in the fellow eyes were enrolled in this multicenter, prospective, observational study, and followed-up for 5 years. FAF images on Heidelberg Retina Angiogram Digital Angiography System (HRA) or HRA2 were classified into eight patterns based on the International Fundus Autofluorescence Classification Group system. The patients in which the fellow eyes progressed to advanced nAMD, including those who did not develop nAMD, were assessed based on the following factors: baseline FAF patterns, age, sex, visual acuity, drusen, retinal pigmentation, baseline retinal sensitivity, family history, smoking, supplement intake, hypertension, body mass index, and hematological parameters.

Results
Of the 66 patients, 20 dropped out of the study. Of the remaining 46 patients, 14 (30.42%, male: 9, female: 5) progressed to nAMD during the 5-year follow-up. The most common (50% eyes) FAF pattern in the fellow eyes was the patchy pattern. According to the univariate analysis, CNV development was significantly associated with age, supplement intake, and low-density lipoprotein levels (p<0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that patients who showed non-compliance with the supplement intake were more likely to develop nAMD (p<0.05). No significant association was found between the patchy pattern and CNV development (p = 0.86).

Conclusion
The fellow eyes (with abnormal FAF) of patients with unilateral nAMD may progress from early to advanced nAMD. However, no FAF pattern was found that predicted progression in nAMD.
Dandy Style: 250 Years of British Men’s Fashion, Shaun Cole and Miles Lambert (2021)
Authors: Strübel Jessica 
Published: February 2022

Review of: Dandy Style: 250 Years of British Men’s Fashion, Shaun Cole and Miles Lambert (2021)
New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 168 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-30025-413-6, h/bk, $35.00
Diseño óptimo de un resorte helicoidal usando un algoritmo genético continuo
Authors: Rodriguez Cabal Miguel , Betancur Gomez Juan Diego , Grisales Noreña Luis Fernando 
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: En este artículo de investigación se propone un algoritmo genético continuo (CGA) para realizar el diseño óptimo de un resorte helicoidal de bobina cerrada.
Metodología: La metodología de solución emplea como función objetivo la minimización del volumen total de un resorte helicoidal, considerando como variables principales el diámetro del alambre, el diámetro promedio y el número de bobinas activas. Como conjunto de restricciones se implementan los requerimientos físicos y técnicos para el diseño seguro y adecuado del elemento mencionado. Como método de solución se emplea un CGA, y como métodos de comparación son usados diferentes algoritmos de optimización que han sido implementados en la literatura especializada para dar solución al problema abordado.
Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el CGA obtiene el mínimo valor de volumen, siendo menor en un 1,5% en comparación con la mejor técnica reportada, con un tiempo de procesamiento menor a 1 s, lo cual demuestra que la metodología propuesta obtiene los mejores resultados en términos de calidad de la solución y tiempo de procesamiento.
Conclusiones: Los resultados de simulación muestran que el CGA obtiene la mejor solución en comparación con las demás técnicas, a un bajo costo computacional y entregando una solución que cumple con los requerimientos físicos y técnicos del diseño.
Error inconsistency does not generally inhibit saccadic adaptation: Support for linear models of multi‐gainfield adaptation
Authors: Eggert Thomas , Kaltenbach Katharina , Straube Andreas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examined saccade adaptation induced by intrasaccadic target steps (ITS). By manipulating the ITS, we investigated potential effects of the consistency of the feedback error on saccade adaptation, which would provide evidence against the linearity of standard models of visuomotor adaptation. Previous studies addressing saccade adaptation arrived at different interpretations, but in these experiments only a single saccade amplitude was trained rather than a variety of saccade amplitudes in random order (mixed training). We extend previous studies by testing for effects of error consistency under additional control conditions described by the factors training protocol (single‐amplitude/mixed), ITS direction (onward/backward), and adaptation phase (training/washout). Adaptation dynamics were assessed using a model of “multi‐gainfield adaptation” developed by tailoring an existing linear model for visuomotor adaptation of movements with multiple target positions to gain adaptation of saccades with multiple amplitudes. The total adaptive change did not depend on the consistency of the ITS in either mixed or single‐amplitude training. The initial adaptation speed was lower with inconsistent ITS. However, the effect on adaptation speed occurred only during amplitude reduction and not during enlargement or washout. These results corroborate the linearity of saccade adaptation in that the mean error is the main factor determining the total adaptive change, independent of error consistency. The multi‐gainfield adaptation model was confirmed in that the retention rate and error sensitivity did not depend on the training protocol. The absence of effects of error consistency on saccade adaptation is relevant in the context of adaptive deficits in movement disorders.
Diagnostic accuracy of genetic markers for identification of the Lr46/Yr29 “slow rusting” locus in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Bobrowska Roksana , Noweiska Aleksandra , Spychała Julia , Tomkowiak Agnieszka , Nawracała Jerzy , Kwiatek Michał T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wheat leaf rust, caused by fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina Erikss, annually contributes to production losses as high as 40% in susceptible varieties and remains as one of the most damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. Currently, one of the major challenges of wheat geneticists and breeders is to accumulate major genes for durability of rust resistance called “slow rusting” genes using marker-assisted selection (MAS). Until now, eight genes (Lr34/Yr18, Lr46/Yr29, Lr67/Yr46, Lr68, Lr74, Lr75, Lr77, and Lr78) conferring resistance against multiple fungal pathogens have been identified in wheat gene pool and the molecular markers were developed for them. In MAS practice, it is a common problem that cultivars exhibiting desirable marker genotypes may not necessarily have the targeted genes or alleles and vice versa, which is known as “false positives.” The aim of this study was to compare the available four markers: Xwmc44, Xgwm259, Xbarc80, and csLV46G22 markers (not published yet), for the identification of the Lr46/Yr29 loci in 73 genotypes of wheat, which were reported as sources of various “slow rusting” genes, including 60 with confirmed Lr46/Yr29 gene, reported in the literature. This research revealed that csLV46G22 together with Xwmc44 is most suitable for the identification of resistance allele of the Lr46/Yr29 gene; however, there is a need to clone the Lr46/Yr29 loci to identify and verify the allelic variation of the gene and the function.
Didelphys uterus: a successful induction of labor in a case of intrauterine fetal death near term
Authors: Paola Algeri , Patrizia D’Oria , Valentina Toto , Paola Fenili , Santina Ermito , Silvia Bonalumi , Denise Rinaldo , Massimo Ciammella 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Müllerian anomalies are associated with infertility and worse pregnancy outcomes.

Case presentation
A 34-years-old primigravida patient affected by didelphys uterus and type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted at 36.4 weeks with intrauterine fetal death. Labor was induced with oral Mifepristone and vaginal Dinoprostone. She had an uneventful vaginal delivery.

Conclusions
Pre-gestational evaluation should be recommended in each woman, in order to optimize clinical conditions in case of a chronic disease; moreover, if the patient is infertile Müllerian malformations should be excluded. In a didelphys uterus, the combination of Mifepristone and Dinoprostone could be a safe option for labor induction.
The distance between illocution and perlocution: A tale of different pragmemes to call for social distancing in two cities
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Ahrens Kathleen , Huang Chu-Ren 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOn the basis of Mey’s Pragmatic Act Theory, this paper investigates the cross-cultural and cross-language variations in the pragmemes to call for social distancing in public health campaigns to combat COVID-19. We compare the officially released posters calling for social distancing in English and Chinese in two neighboring cities with distinctive socio-cultural contexts – Guangzhou and Hong Kong. Our main findings are: (1) Guangzhou takes one pragmeme to suit a short illocution-perlocution distance in calling for social distancing – “admonition,” and Hong Kong takes two pragmemes to meet a larger illocution-perlocution distance – “recommendation” and “reminder”; (2) Cross-cultural differences between the two cities are manifested in the individuated pragmatic acts of the pragmemes in both propositional contents and metapragmatic co-construction of personal references, polarity, modality, and mood; and (3) In both cities, cross-language differences can be observed in the propositional and metapragmatic dimensions of pragmatic acts, with the English posters bearing a weaker sense of addressee obligation than the Chinese. Adding the new angle of illocution-perlocution distance, our rethinking of the illocution versus perlocution dichotomy in pragmemes leads to an elaboration of the classical perlocution formula proposed by Austin in 1962.
High-Temperature Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of the New Sodium Rare-Earth Oxide Borates Na2RE2(BO3)2O (RE = Dy, Ho)
Authors: Heymann Gunter , Beyer Konstantin , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The new monoclinic oxide borates Na2RE2(BO3)2O (RE = Dy, Ho) were synthesized using standard solid-state reactions in the temperature range 900 - 950 ◦C. They are isotypic to the known phases Na2RE2(BO3)2O (RE = Y, La, Nd, Sm-Gd, Er). The single crystal X-ray structure determination of Na2Dy2(BO3)2O revealed: P21/c, a = 1063.9(1), b = 626.2(1), c = 1025.3(1) pm, β = 117.76(1)◦, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0221, wR2 = 0.0402 (all data). The corresponding lattice parameters of Na2Ho2(BO3)2O determined from powder data are a = 1061.2(5), b = 623.7(2), c = 1022.5(3) pm, and β = 117.7(1)◦. The structure consists of infinite sheets of REO8-polyhedra in the bc-plane, which are seperated by sodium atoms. The BO3-groups are isolated forming layers in the bc-plane. The results of IR-spectroscopic investigations, temperature-resolved in-situ powder-diffraction measurements, and DTA/TG measurements on Na2Dy2(BO3)2O are also presented.
Formation and Structure of a Bis(cyclopentadienyl)(formamidinato)zirconium Cation Complex
Authors: Cornelißen Carsten , Erker Gerhard , Kehr Gerald , Fröhlich Roland 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Deprotonation of N,N’-dicyclohexylformamidine with methyl lithium yields dicyclohexylformamidinyl lithium (8a).The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 8ashows an unsymmetically formamidinato-bridged THF-stabilized dimer in the crystal. Treatment of diphenylformamidinyl lithium (8b) with Cp2ZrCl2 gives the (K2 N, N’ -dicyclohexylformamidinato Cp2ZrCH3 (7a). Treatment of (K2 N, N’ -diphenylformamidinato)Cp2ZrCH3 (7b) with [Bu3NH+][BPh4−] gave the salt [(K2 N, N’ -diphenylformamidinato)Cp2Zr+][BPh4 −] (9B). Its X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed a symmetrical bonding of the formamidinato ligand to the zirconium metal center.
Syntheses, Structures and Vibrational Spectroscopy Studies of Copper(I) Perchlorate : Benzonitrile Adducts (1 : n) of n = 2, 3, 4, 5 Stoichiometry
Authors: Bowmaker Graham A. , Gill Dip Singh , Skelton Brian W. , Somers Neil , White Allan H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Syntheses and room-temperature single crystal X-ray structure determinations are recorded for an array of complexes formed between copper(I) perchlorate and benzonitrile of CuClO4 : PhCN (1:n) stoichiometry. Copper(I) perchlorate crystallized from neat benzonitrile solution yields a 1:5 CuClO4 : PhCN adduct, shown by the X-ray study to be of the form [Cu(NCPh)4](ClO4). PhCN, and, on recrystallization from dichloromethane, the 1:4 adduct, shown to be [Cu(NCPh)4](ClO4), the copper(I) atom in both the n = 4,5 adducts being in a quasi-tetrahedral four-coordinate environment, < Cu−N > 1.99 Å . Heating of either of the above materials under vacuum to 70 - 80◦ or 85 - 90 ◦C (Care!) yields 1:3 and 1:2 adducts respectively which may be crystallized from dichloromethane. The 1:3 adduct is shown to be of the form [(PhCN)3Cu(OClO3)], the CuN3 array quasi-trigonal planar (Σ N-Cu-N 358.0 ◦; Cu-N 1.906(4)-1.958(4), <> 1.93 Å ), with a long unidentate perchlorate oxygen approach (Cu. . .O 2.404(4) Å). The 1:2 adduct comprises a pair of quasi-linear [(PhCN)Cu(NCPh)] moieties (Cu-N 1.884(6), 1.866(5) Å ; N-Cu-N 158.6(3)◦] linked about an inversion centre by a pair of oxygen atoms from centrosymmetrically related perchlorate groups, so that a weakly bound fourmembered Cu(μ-O)2Cu central ring is obtained (Cu. . .O 2.445(4), 2.502(6) Å ). The structural data provide a basis for a comprehensive vibrational spectroscopic study across the whole array. These spectra show features that can be attributed to the structural changes that are observed with the change in the number of benzonitrile molecules in the compounds. The vibrational spectra of the acetonitrile complex [Cu(NCMe)4](ClO4) have also been recorded and used to assist in the assignment of the spectra of the various stoichiometries of the benzonitrile compounds.
Novel Five- and Six-Membered Diazasilacycloalkanes: Synthesis, Structure and Properties
Authors: Knopf Claudia , Wagler Jörg , Brendler Erica , Borrmann Horst , Roewer Gerhard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The reactions of N,N’-dimethylethylenediamine 1and N,N’-diphenylethylenediamine 2with equimolar amounts of 1,2-dichlorotetramethyldisilane 3give six-membered heterocycles. Fivemembered rings are formed in the reaction of the diamines 1and 2with 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorodimethyldisilane 4as well as with hexachlorodisilane 5. Whilst the conversions of the disilanes 3and 4with the diamine 2gave no products of a disproportionation reaction, the treatment of the disilane 4with the diamine 1and of the disilane 5with both diamines resulted in cyclic aminosubstituted monosilanes which originate from the disproportionation of 4and 5beside the expected five-membered cyclic disilanes. All compounds have been characterized by multi-nuclear NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. In case of the N-phenylsubstituted compounds 6, 7and 9the crystal structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Bis-[N,N’-diphenyl-2-methyl-1,3-diaza-2-silacyclopentane] 6crystallizes in the chiral orthorhombic space group P212121 (Z = 4). Both silaimidazolidine rings in 6show half chair conformation. All nitrogen atoms of this molecule are almost planarized (sum of angles: 356.3◦ at N1, 359.5◦ at N2, 356.7◦ at N3 and 357.5◦ at N4). Bis-[N,N’-diphenyl-2-chloro-1,3-diaza- 2-silacyclopentane] 7, resulting from the reaction of disilane 5with diamine 2, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn (Z = 4). Its nitrogen atoms are almost planar (sum of angles: 357.9◦ at N1, 356.7◦ at N2). N,N’-diphenyl-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-1,4-diaza-2,3-disilacyclohexane 9crystallizes in the chiral monoclinic space group P21 (Z = 2) and shows a twisted conformation. One nitrogen atom has a trigonal planar environment (sum of angles: 359.9◦ at N1), while the angle sum of the second one indicates a trigonal pyramidal conformation (sum of angles at N2: 350.6◦).
Povo Laklãnõ/Xokleng no/do Vale do Itajaí: cosmologia e memórias e/m re-existências
Authors: Carneiro da Fontoura Georgia , Blanck de Oliveira Lilian 
Published: February 2022

A trajetória do Povo Laklãnõ/Xokleng (SC/BR), desde o século XVIII, consiste em contínuos e sistemáticos processos de subalternizações, genocídios e estigmações a definir fronteiras simbólicas e físicas, territórios e territorialidades, que se estendem até os dias atuais, enquanto sombras na construção da memória coletiva regional. Este estudo busca, a partir de “Rodas de Fogo” - Pē Bam Nõdē, socializar dimensões simbólicas e identitárias identificadas nas memórias coletivas do povo Laklãnõ/Xokleng, que atuam para/na construção de seus territórios e territorialidades, reverberam e articulam processos de resistência e/m luta por seus direitos. Histórias invisibilizadas da narrativa oficial que possibilitam luzes para/na construção de outros olhares e leituras – outros tempos, espaços, lugares regionais.