bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digital Hustle
Authors: Ticona Julia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the “digital hustle,” a shared set of coping strategies that both high- and low-wage workers use to find and coordinate work. While offering handyman services on Craigslist and maintaining a LinkedIn page may not appear similar at first, this chapter illustrates the hidden convergences behind these disparate practices. The digital hustle empowers workers to piece together patchworks of paid work in the margins of high- and low-wage labor markets, but because the digital hustle is unpaid, it may exacerbate inequalities between workers. The digital hustle isn’t only used to meet economic needs; it also plays an important role in the constitution of identity and provides a source of dignity within often humbling labor market conditions.
Comparative Advantages
Authors: Ticona Julia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns toward the high-wage workers. While low-wage workers are often understood as scrambling over hurdles that interfere with their ability to use digital technologies in the same ways as high-wage workers, this chapter flips the script to understand how high-wage workers are the beneficiaries of “digital privilege” that facilitates their technology use for work. Our understanding of digital technologies and work in the United States has been characterized by a white-collar frame. However, rather than seeing white collar gig workers as particularly skillful, this chapter argues that the institutions of high-wage gig work allow them to exercise these skills, making their smooth hustles look like individual achievements. The chapter illustrates how white-collar work naturalizes and rewards ubiquitous connectivity.
Conclusion
Authors: Ticona Julia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on the political consequences of leaving workers to their own devices as well as on the consequences of thinking about inclusion as an important facet of digital inequality. It explains the implications of the book’s findings for researchers concerned with digital inequalities as well as for people working to solve some of these pressing issues. The consequences of our deepening dependence and expanding ecology of digital technologies in the world of work shouldn’t only be a concern for Uber drivers and factory workers whose jobs are under threat from automation; it should be a concern for all of us. As we stare down the “future of work” for US workers on either side of a polarized labor market, the mistaken belief that digital technologies democratize access to the American dream of economic mobility through work affects us all and has serious consequences for our ability to understand our new ways of working.
What Do We Mean When We Talk about Meaning?
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book explores the word meaning as it is used in such expressions as “the meaning of life,” “the search for meaning,” “ultimate meaning.” In many of the metaphysical contexts where we find the word meaning, it appears to mean “purpose,” “value,” “goal,” “direction,” and even “God.” The book answers the following questions: How did the English word meaning come to carry these various sub-senses, given that its original sense has to do with signifying? When did the notion of a “meaning of life” arise in English and other languages? How does the English word meaning, which is a verbal noun, differ in these usages from the roughly equivalent words in other European languages? How did the word evolve in usage over time? How has it been used in recent decades? The book’s chapters show that the usage is relatively recent, arising in the late eighteenth century in German Romanticism and passing into English in the early nineteenth century; that the English word functions differently from the way its European near-equivalents do, thanks to its ability to suggest “signifying” and hence “interpretation”; that it is seldom defined and hence ambiguous and polyvalent; that it functions today in a wide variety of contexts, including psychotherapy and the continuing conversation between secularism and religion; and that ambiguity and polyvalence are actually the source of its power, since those qualities allow for flexibility in the way the word is understood.
Introduction
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This brief chapter sets the scene for the book, addressing why Julius Caesar and a succession of Roman emperors, from Caligula to Hadrian, aimed to make conquests in Britain. Britain was seen as special, as a result of its location within Ocean, and was a land that even the mythical Hercules and the great Macedonian commander Alexander had not reached in their far-flung travels. Success in Britain helped secure the divinity of several emperors while adding to the poor reputation of others. This chapter also addresses how we know about the Roman invasion of Britain, introducing the classical texts and archaeological discoveries which are drawn upon in later chapters. A brief introduction addresses the geography of Britain.
Emperors and Kings
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Octavian rose to power in Rome after the murder of Julius Caesar and was awarded the title Augustus in 27 bce, after which he ruled the empire for forty years. The peoples of southern Britain were ruled by numerous war-leaders, and some of these friendly kings developed considerable power as a result of alliances they made with Augustus. This enabled Augustus to keep peace in southern Britain, although he considered invading on several occasions. During his reign, two kingdoms developed and subsumed several individual peoples as the result of the influence of their leaders. These kings received gifts from Augustus, which helped them to build their networks of power. Tiberius succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome and followed the same diplomatic policy with regard to Britain. The most prominent friendly king in southern Britain at this time was Cunobelin (Shakespeare’s Cymbeline), who ruled at the oppidum of Camulodunum. When Caligula succeeded Tiberius in 37 ce he decided to invade Germany and Britain, although he failed to follow through with his plans, and he was quickly disgraced and murdered in 41.
Finding the End of Britain
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Vespasian established his rule as emperor in 69 and, with his prior experience of campaigning in Britain, focused Roman attention on completing the conquest. He appointed an ambitious governor and supplied an extra legion to accomplish this task. The first phase of conquest under Vespasian resulted from a second rebellion by the Brigantes against Cartimandua, which presented Rome with the excuse to conquer a substantial area of central Britain. The conquest of Wales was completed by 80 with the final defeat of the Silures and the invasion of Anglesey. The main remaining task was to conquer the far north of Britain, and earlier diplomatic contacts were followed up from the late 70s with military campaigns led by the provincial governor Julius Agricola. Agricola, whose fame is largely the result of the biography written by his son-in-law Tacitus, appears to have come close to completing the conquest, when he won a famous victory over the combined forces of the Caledonians, under their leader Calgacus, at the battle of Mons Graupius (in 84). By this time, the emperor Domitian was ruling in Rome, and the conquest of Britain, the subduing of Ocean, seem finally to have been completed. Agricola was recalled to Rome.
Emperor of the Ocean
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A serious uprising in Britain around the time of the death of Trajan in 117 threatened the security of the province, and Trajan’s successor, Hadrian, decided to restore order on the frontier provinces, including Britain. This significant setback may have resulted in the defeat and disbanding of the Ninth Legion. The restoration of the frontier in Britain required the allocation of additional military forces, and Hadrian instructed the building of a great wall just to the north of the Stanegate. This major building operation disrupted friendly relations with local people along the line of the wall and served as a measure to divide the people of the province from those to the north. Hadrian became the second Roman emperor to visit Britain in 122, when he inspected the building operations under way along the wall, and he may personally have commanded the strengthening of it with the construction of regular forts and a second substantial earthwork, the Vallum. A dedication ceremony on a victory monument at the east end of the wall that bore the emperor’s name commemorated his control of land and sea, drawing attention once again to the close association Roman commanders made between the conquest of Britain and the subduing of Ocean. The building of the wall confirmed the abandonment of Roman ambition to conquer the far north, although a number of forts positioned on the roads running to the north of the wall indicate that Rome continued to exercise control over the neighbouring peoples of northern Britain.
Human-Centered AI
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Researchers, developers, business leaders, policy makers, and others are expanding the technology-centered scope of artificial intelligence (AI) to include human-centered AI (HCAI) ways of thinking. This expansion from an algorithm-focused view to embrace a human-centered perspective can shape the future of technology so as to better serve human needs. Educators, designers, software engineers, product managers, evaluators, and government agency staffers can build on AI-driven technologies to design products and services that make life better for people and enable people to care for each other. Humans have always been tool builders, and now they are supertool builders, whose inventions can improve our health, family life, education, business, the environment, and much more. The remarkable progress in algorithms for machine and deep learning have opened the doors to new opportunities, and some dark possibilities. However, a bright future awaits AI researchers, developers, business leaders, policy makers, and others who build on their working methods by including HCAI strategies of design and testing. This enlarged vision can shape the future of technology so as to better serve human needs. As many technology companies and thought leaders have said, the goal is not to replace people, but to empower them by making design choices that give humans control over technology.
Introduction: What Are the Goals of AI Research?
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Debates rage about the AI goals, with two primary camps. One sees the goal of AI research as long-term curiosity-driven research to understand how computational agents, humans or machines, perceive, decide, and act in the real world. They do their work by building programs that perform well in laboratory studies on specified tasks. The second camp of AI researchers is devoted to creating successful products and services by using many forms of algorithms, especially machine and deep learning. They are devoted to mission-oriented tasks that could be widely deployed.
Reliable Systems Based on Sound Software Engineering Practices
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Reliable HCAI systems are produced by applying sound technical practices to software engineering teams. These technical practices clarify human responsibility, such as audit trails for accurate records of who did what and when, and histories of who contributed to design, coding, testing, and revisions. Other technical practices are improved software engineering workflows that are tuned to the tasks and application domain. Then when prototype systems are ready, verification and validation testing of the programs, and bias testing of the training data can begin. Software engineering practices also include the user experience design processes that lead to explainable user interfaces for HCAI systems.
Tracing Characters
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on reporting, examining Dickens’s apprenticeship to reading and writing shorthand through Gurney’s Brachygraphy, as it is depicted in David Copperfield, in order to reconsider the relationship between parliamentary representation and print culture. Though we have long known about shorthand as an element of Dickens’s career, we have not yet seized its role as a fulcrum for media, politics, literature, and print in the nineteenth century. Writing was one of several “arts of representation” being modernized early in Dickens’s career. The chapter examines Gurney’s manual alongside claims for shorthand as a modern form of writing, excerpts from Dickens’s autobiographical fragment, and Dickens’s fiction. Shorthand was a crucial part of the ecosystem of news publication, but it was profoundly incompatible with print. It was at once a technology for breaching parliamentary privilege and a means of fostering secrecy through cryptography. The chapter untangles the dense political history of Victorian writing.
Snoring for the Million
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at periodical publication as a third form of representation undergoing modernization in the 1830s, with a focus on Dickens’s first serial novel, The Pickwick Papers. First, it examines The Mirror of Parliament as a commercial enterprise from the perspective of its rivals like The Parliamentary Review and Family Magazine. Second, it considers how the Parliamentary Papers (or blue books) sought to re-present the People through new kinds of literature, combining numbers and words, derived from verbatim testimony. Third, it reveals the parliamentary subtexts of The Pickwick Papers, including its references to Henry Brougham, a major figure in the First Reformed Parliament. It does this in part by tracing Dickens’s debt to a previous pictorial series by Robert Seymour (the original Pickwick artist), a satire of Brougham called The Schoolmaster Abroad. Finally, it links the breach of privilege with which Pickwick begins to the breach of promise suit with which it ends. Throughout, it emphasizes the lulling qualities of verbatim reporting and the “hearing” of voices on paper.
Circumlocution
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Dickens’s rumination on national government and global circulation in his later fiction. It reads Little Dorrit (1855–7) in light of Our Mutual Friend (1864–5), examining the former’s dysfunctional Office of Circumlocution alongside the latter’s election of Mr. Veneering as the Member for Pocket-Breaches. Teasing out covert references to Parliament in both novels, it draws on Dickens’s articles in his magazine Household Words. It examines the metaphor of blood circulation, adapted for global networks of shipping in Little Dorrit, and reveals the novel’s subtle interrogation of “free trade” for promoting poisonous commodities like opium. Tracing watery networks and “locks” in the novel, the chapter also looks at circumlocution as a technique for crossing languages. Finally, it links the depiction of debt and insolvency in Little Dorrit to the “ship of state” and the “Book of Insolvent Fates” in Our Mutual Friend.
National Dustmen
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter asks how Our Mutual Friend recycles a key metaphor from Hard Times, where Members of Parliament were “national dustmen” who seemed to “owe no duty to an abstraction called a People.” It does so by following the coal dust across Dickens’s writings. In particular, it looks at Dickens’s response to the blue books about coal mines, along with the employment of a literary man, Richard Horne, as a blue book commissioner and an industrial correspondent for Dickens’s Household Words. It examines the intertextual relationship of Dickens’s novel with Horne’s articles, including “Dust; or Ugliness Redeemed,” “The Black Diamonds of England,” and “A Coal Miner’s Evidence.” Reading Our Mutual Friend as “industrial fiction,” the chapter emphasizes Dickens’s attempt to redeem the decomposing forms of national literature, in the lead-up to the Representation of the People Act of 1867.
Pax Britannica to World War, 1878–1919
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the lives of the Hongkongers who joined the British armed forces during this period, such as the Hong Kong ratings of the Royal Navy and the Hong Kong Submarine Miners. A close look at these experiences shows that at least among the British and Hong Kong Chinese servicemen, a cooperative, if not cordial, relationship existed, although the voice of the Hong Kong Chinese themselves was largely absent due to the scarcity of primary sources. At any rate, the British showed admiration and respect towards their Hong Kong Chinese servicemen. It then turns to the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen during the First World War, particularly the thousands of military labourers who were employed by the British Indian Army to work in Mesopotamia. While the Chinese Labour Corps (consisting mainly of Chinese from Shandong) is well known, the contribution of the Hong Kong labour corps in Mesopotamia has been largely forgotten.
Libel and Lampoon
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Legal pressures fundamentally shaped English satire during the long eighteenth century. Rather than being purely repressive, however, the law often encouraged authors and their booksellers to find creative ways to write and publish satire to circumvent both the authorities and the courts. As part of their strategy, satirists developed verbally evasive forms of satire, producing coyly ironic, densely allegorical, and circumlocutory rhetorical styles markedly unlike the seventeenth century’s most bald-faced manuscript lampoons. Shifty printers and booksellers also complicated the mechanics of detection and prosecution through a host of publication ruses. In effect, the elegant insults, comical periphrases, and booksellers’ tricks that came to typify eighteenth-century satire were a way of writing and publishing born of legal necessity. Early on, these emergent satiric practices stymied the authorities and the courts. But they also eventually led to new legislation and innovative courtroom procedures that targeted satire’s most routine evasions. Especially important were a series of eighteenth-century rulings that increased the legal liabilities of printers and booksellers and that expanded and refined doctrines for the courtroom interpretation of verbal ambiguity, irony, and allegory. By the mid-eighteenth century, satirists and their booksellers faced a range of newfound legal pressures. Rather than disappearing, however, personal and political satire began to migrate to dramatic mimicry and caricature. Such acoustic and visual forms relied less on verbal ambiguity and were therefore not subject to either the provisions of preperformance dramatic licensing or courtroom interpretive procedures that had earlier enabled the prosecution of printed satire.
Irony in the Courts
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies irony in the eighteenth century and how it troubled not only lay but also legal interpretation and especially seventeenth-century revisions to the law of seditious libel. Especially difficult was ‘extrinsic’ irony, which relies not on internal linguistic clues but on readers’ knowledge of extra-textual information. Two trials foregrounded the problem of irony in prosecutions for seditious libel: Joseph Browne’s for The Country Parson’s Honest Advice, in which Chief Justice Sir John Holt established a sociocentric procedure for determining ironic intent; and Daniel Defoe’s for The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. Such a re-evaluation of irony and seditious libel reveals the extent to which Defoe was merely one victim during a troubling era of conservative judicial activism, when a new regulatory regime for policing an increasingly unruly—and verbally evasive—press was coming into being.
Tales of the past
Authors: Roth Carla 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of orality in the formation of historical narratives. Rütiner often recorded several different accounts of significant events and did not change earlier entries even if they conflicted with later ones. His notes serve as a reminder that most people in sixteenth-century St Gallen would not have encountered the past in the form of a well-ordered chronicle, but as a set of slightly haphazard, fragmented, and contradictory tales which changed considerably over time. The chapter studies how St Gallers used objects and places as mnemonic devices and how, over time and over many conversations, complex historical events were boiled down into a series of highly symbolic scenes. Changes in the way past events were retold, the chapter argues, offer us important insights into the storytellers’ present and allow us to observe history in the making.
Unbelief in Interwar Literary Culture
Authors: Hobson Suzanne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Unbelief offers a new account of the relationship between literary and secularist scenes of writing in interwar Britain. Organized secularism has sometimes been seen as a phenomenon that lived and died with the nineteenth century. But associations such as the National Secular Society and the Rationalist Press Association survived into the twentieth and found new purpose in the promotion and publishing of serious literature. This book assembles a group of literary figures whose work was recommended as being of particular interest to the unbelieving readership targeted by these organizations. Some, including Vernon Lee, H. G. Wells, Naomi Mitchison, and K. S. Bhat, were members or friends of the RPA; others, such as Mary Butts, were sceptical but nonetheless registered its importance in their work; a third group, including D. H. Lawrence and George Moore, wrote in ways seen as sympathetic to the Rationalist cause. All of these writers produced fiction that was experimental in form and, though few of them could be described as modernist, they shared with modernist writers a will to innovate. This book explores how secularist ideas were adapted and transformed by these experiments, focusing in particular on the modifications required to accommodate the strong mode of unbelief associated with British secularism to the notional mode of belief usually solicited by fiction. Whereas modernism is often understood as the literature for a secular age, Unbelief looks elsewhere to find a literature that draws more directly on secularism for its aesthetics and its ethics.