bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the final chapter of our book, we discuss some steps that researchers, institutional officials, government agencies, and scientific organizations can take to promote ethical conduct in scientific research. These steps include ensuring that leaders of research institutions and organizations act ethically and communicate the importance of ethics; providing institutional and financial support for effective education and mentoring in responsible conduct of research; developing policies related to research ethics and regulatory compliance; and implementing measures to enforce compliance with policies and oversee the conduct of research. We also discuss the importance of international cooperation for promoting research ethics around the world.
Faultlines, Failure, and Fracture: The Dark Side of Team Dynamics
Authors: Winsborough Dave , Akhtar Reece 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The role that personality plays in teams is obvious to those who lead them and work in them, but data accounting for these impacts are mixed in the research base. Field studies show a larger effect for personality variables on measures of cohesion and productivity. This chapter explores this literature and places particular emphasis on dark-side personality traits. The authors describe modern methods of characterizing and assessing dysfunctional personality and posit mechanisms through which individual and team-level personality characteristics will affect the performance, climate, and dynamics of teams. The chapter concludes with succinct advice for practitioners about how to mitigate these effects.
How Bad Leaders Impact Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Griffin Ricky W. , Hanna Andrew A. , Smith Troy A. , Kirkman Bradley L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of bad leadership on organizational effectiveness. The authors first define bad leadership and then differentiate between its two forms, toxic and ineffectual. Looking more closely at toxic leadership, they discuss toxic leaders themselves and situational factors. Turning to ineffectual leadership, the authors describe its various forms, such as managerial incompetence, poor person/job fit, commitment to lost causes, a sense of invulnerability, one-hit wonders, overly generalized strategic decision-making, and entrenched heir apparents. The authors then discuss the macro-effects of bad leadership, focusing primarily on senior leaders but also middle and lower-level managers. The next topic discussed is why leaders may be bad, such as narcissism, hubris, and CEO predecessors. The next section describes how bad leaders are selected in the first place, such as political skills and impression management. The authors focus next on how organizations can avoid selecting, hiring, or promoting bad leaders. The chapter concludes by summarizing directions for future research.
How to Mitigate Destructive Leadership
Authors: Schyns Birgit , Gauglitz Iris K. , Wisse Barbara , Schütz Astrid 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Leaders with Dark Triad traits (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) are notorious for their display of destructive behavior in interacting with their subordinates. It may be argued that organizations have the obligation to protect the organization as a whole as well as the people in it from the damaging effects that these leaders have. The authors posit that the human resource management teams may be best suited to accomplish that goal. In this chapter, the authors outline a theoretical model explaining how practices of the human relations department may affect the relationship between leaders’ Dark Triad traits and destructive leadership. The authors address the function of recruitment and promotion, career development and training, disciplinary actions, performance appraisal and feedback systems, and a complaints system. The chapter aims to provide guidance into what human resources professionals can do to protect their organization’s most valuable asset (its employees) from destructive tendencies by Dark Triad leaders.
Enacting the Worlds of Cinema
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book offers a substantial reconfiguration of the textual roots of modern film narratology. By giving sustained attention to cinema’s material-affective modes of communicating its stories and embedding its audience in atmospheric, kinetic, and multisensorial worlds, this book maintains that film narratives are less representations than they are enactments, brought forth through the interactions of the felt body and the film material. The book defends this enactive and media-anthropological thesis by reworking a series of established film-narratological key concepts including the diegesis, mood/atmosphere, and the distinction between diegetic and nondiegetic sound. In the process, this book draws on a wide range of contemporary theoretical resources such as media-philosophy, philosophy of mind, Deleuzian film philosophy, atmosphere research, affect theory, affective neuroscience, and ecological perception theory. Additional resources include a broad selection of films, including Berlin: Symphony of a Great City (directed by Ruttmann 1927), The Cranes Are Flying (directed by Kalatozov 1957), and Happy as Lazzaro (directed by Rohrwacher 2018).
The Book of Answers
Authors: Stivers Tanya 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
When someone poses a yes-no question to another person, norms of conversation kick in, and a wide yet bounded possibility space of responses emerges. This book relies on a large database of spontaneous naturally occurring recordings of conversations in English to first examine the questions that occasion responses and then to focus on the main response types—non-answer and answer responses. This allows one to identify the dimensions that provide the response possibility space’s shape and boundaries. This book shows that confirming answers are of three main types—interjections, repetitions, and transformations—each of which has subtypes. Over a series of chapters, the book discusses each answer type and examines the contexts in which speakers rely on them. When interactants rely on a given answer, one can see that they adopt a position that is best analyzed not by reference to a single most common answer form, but by reference to where it sits in the larger possibility space—the same possibility space that interactants hear a given response by reference to. Using this approach, the book shows that question recipients are concerned with alignment, autonomy, and affiliation, each conceptualized as a continuum. Interactants rely on the design of their answer turns in ways that at times accept trade-offs between these three types of cooperation. This approach helps the reader see how even something as mundane as simple questions and answers are resources that are used to manage social relationships, bringing people closer or pushing them further apart, moment by moment.
Repetitions
Authors: Stivers Tanya 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRepetitional answers involve repeating part or all of the questioner’s proposition as the answer. The answer must be understandable as asserting the same proposition as the questioner without introducing any substantive modifications. This chapter looks at three main types of repetitional answers found in the data and considers the place they occupy in the answer possibility space. It then discusses what this placement suggests about interactants’ concerns in answering, especially as this relates to their social relationships. The chapter shows that what’s in common across repetitional answers is the autonomy that speakers assert through foregrounding the proposition rather than a confirmation. However, with these answers, speaker autonomy is leveraged not only to claim primary epistemic rights over the proposition, but also to claim agency over the turn as they produce or continue a course of action in progress (e.g., a telling) or to expand an action from confirmation to independent agreement.
Decision Paths and Accountability
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The decision paths followed by Washington officials in authorizing the Third Option are placed under the microscope in Chapter 8. In places like Russia and China, dictators call the shots; in the democracies, the people have a say in their destiny. Debate has the potential to be thorough on Capitol Hill when it comes to the use of military force (the War Power), as well as in the forging of major international accords from trade pacts to arms control accords (the Treaty Power). What about covert action, though (the Spy Power? This chapter addresses the question of whether these operations, which go unmentioned in the Constitution, are so sensitive that normal democratic procedures must be set aside for them, in deference to secrecy, efficiency, and deniability. As well, Chapter 8 examines the ups and downs of accountability for covert action.
Drawing Bright Lines
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Some would argue that to utter in the same breath “ethics” and “covert action” is to speak an oxymoron. Yet the United States often espouses lofty human values at home and abroad; therefore, it is reasonable to ask whether these values are as valid for the nation’s covert operations as for its more open activities. This contrast lies at the heart of Chapter 9, which draws back the curtain on America’s hidden interventionist activities around the globe to appraise their moral legitimacy. What clandestine methods, if any, should be considered beyond the pale of acceptability for the United States, a democratic nation that advocates high ethical principles in its founding documents and ongoing political rhetoric? Chapter 9 also offers a balance sheet of pluses and minuses on the outcomes of this nation’s covert intrusions overseas during the modern era, as gauged by an ethical accounting.
The Third Option Reconsidered
Authors: Johnson Loch K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 presents an overall assessment of the Third Option. The focus for this chapter, and for the book as a whole, reduces to two core questions. First, does the Third Option merit retention as an instrument of American foreign policy? And, second, if so, what safeguards should be in place to ensure its proper conduct? The book ends with a discussion of these safeguards, along with a plea for the more serious consideration of a Fourth Option: America setting a good example in the world, by way of empathetic and altruistic overt foreign policies and a more discriminating use of the Third Option.
The Spiritual Formation of the Family
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Catholic Reform saw in the improvement of catechesis about the sacrament of marriage a key to societal and ecclesial reform. Not only the procreative end of marriage was emphasized but also its aim of mutual companionship. In a family the children learned to pray and follow the commandments of God. It produced future vocations to the priesthood, and populated Heaven through the procreation with holy souls. The resources that the church poured into families were massive. Religious education was offered on a large scale for children and adults. The parents were enabled by countless resources to instill virtues in their children, in particular the virtue of chastity, and help them gain control over their passions.
Eucharist and Confession
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the new practice of frequent communion, which the Council of Trent recommended. It made frequent confession necessary and with it a reorganization of this sacrament. The confessional box was invented to provide privacy, and priests were educated to become competent yet understanding judges of conscience. The priests were also expected to live exemplary lives and were severely punished if they broke the secrecy of the confessional. Widely unacknowledged by historians are the many resources the church presented to overcome scruples and thus mental health problems. The Eucharist was embedded in a variety of practices that reduced fear of Hell and instilled self-confidence in one’s own state of grace and self-transformation.
How to Be an American
Authors: Bivins Jason C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The book’s conclusion shifts from the diagnostic mode to the normative. This entails a summary political proposal that builds on the previous chapters’ reassessment of democratic fundaments. This chapter delineates four intersecting ways of rehabilitating individual politics, community life, national priorities, and international perspectives. Assessing the role of human rights, neoliberalism, and dialogic practice in civil society, the chapter argues that reclaiming politics as a site of genuine possibility and civic responsibility is of crucial importance at this precarious moment. Not only can such reclamation overcome cynicism and promote creative rethinking of basic norms, it might promote religious participation in ways that elude the zero-sum politics of Embattlement.
Edwards, Arminianism, and the Battle for Church of England Orthodoxy
Authors: Griesel Jake 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys Edwards’ anti-Arminian polemical campaign during the first decade and a half of the eighteenth century, in which he persistently championed Reformed orthodoxy as the official orthodoxy of the Church of England against a range of Arminian contemporaries. Particular attention is given to Edwards’ animadversions against Gilbert Burnet’s doctrinal latitudinarianism, John Tillotson’s ‘rational’ Arminianism, and Daniel Whitby’s denial of original sin. Notwithstanding some pushback from Arminians, Edwards’ anti-Arminian works are shown to have been simultaneously fuelled by clerical support, to have received glowing reviews, and to have enjoyed the approval of considerable segments of the clergy. Despite decrying how widespread Arminianism had become in the established Church, Edwards nevertheless repeatedly expressed his awareness that a sizeable portion of the clergy remained who adhered to Reformed orthodoxy. The emerging picture is of an established Church doctrinally divided between an Arminian majority and a large and conspicuous Reformed minority.
Introduction
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In chapter 1, a comparison between the phenomenal success of Rocky (1976) and Muhammad Ali’s ill-fated biopic The Greatest (1977) introduces the social issues reflected by Hollywood movies. I then detail and contrast two general approaches to popular entertainment’s political significance: Horkheimer and Adorno’s influential theory of the “culture industry” and a civic humanist view derived from Hannah Arendt’s The Human Condition. The chapter argues that the former approach’s emphasis on individual autonomy and economics neglects the importance to democratic politics of recognition, solidarity, and normative ideals of conduct. An alternative approach that centers on drama is developed around the ideas of public action, civil religion, and the civil sphere (Jeffrey Alexander’s cultural sociology). Along the way, my aim is to recover an understanding of the American dream as “public happiness” from its classical and Enlightenment backgrounds.
White Men Can’t Jump (1992)
Authors: Wiedenfeld Grant 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces Jeffrey Alexander’s theory of social incorporation to illuminate Hollywood’s subtle racial politics in the era. It is argued that Ron Shelton’s buddy comedy White Men Can’t Jump pursues a middle path of hyphenation, in between the older mode of assimilation and the pure critical distance of multiculturalism. An authentic street basketball court setting in Los Angeles and spirited Black characters, led by Wesley Snipes, recognize minority culture. The white fish-out-of-water hero, played by Woody Harrelson, serves to satirize the sham neutrality of whiteness and liberalism. Moreover, the theme of gender is revealed beneath the class and racial conflicts. Rosie Perez’s Gloria criticizes a self-destructive kind of masculinity at work in gambling, sports, and the instrumental logic they exploit. The allegorical development of working-class solidarity gives weight to the film’s pop, SoCal style.
Two Mayors and “The Midnight Crew”
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The late 19th and 20th century Great Migration of southern Black Americans permanently changed Chicago, with Mayors RJ and RM Daley overseeing its segregated neighborhoods. The dual Daley dynasty spanned more than four decades, including ML King’s 1960s housing marches and activist Fred Hampton’s assassination. With RM Daley’s apparent knowledge, a “midnight crew” led by detective Jon Burge tortured more than one hundred Black suspects during the 1970s–1990s. Burge’s tenure included the 1982 tortured confession of a police killer, Andrew Wilson, which coincided with RM Daley’s first unsuccessful effort to win a nomination for Mayor. The suspicion that Daley was awarene of the torture lasted throughout his career. With Daley’s acquiescence, Burge eluded criminal conviction until 2010. A police code of silence covered up Burge’s torture and his racist criminality, masquerading behind badges of law and legality. The failure to prosecute Burge for torture crimes showed how a naive belief in the rule of law could devastate the hyper-segregated neighborhoods of a quintessential American city.
Politics and Punishment Chicago-Style
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
RM Daley mobilized Chicago police, the Cook County courts, and state prisons in a massively punitive assault on crime. This deflected attention from teardowns of housing projects RM’s father built and from the absence of replacement housing in hyper-segregated neighborhoods. RM shifted attention to “gangs, guns, and drugs,” tightening a criminal justice system aligned with the “politics of punishment” of the Reagan era. Residents of some Latinx neighborhoods, such as the Little Village, perceived the city as supporting their aldermens’ crime prevention efforts, yet there was little evidence that Daley’s disorderly conduct arrests, automatic transfers of juveniles to adult court, new gang loitering ordinances, and dramatic increases in arrests and punishment prevented crime in segregated Black neighborhoods. These repressive interventions increased legal cynicism in residentially segregated Black communities and in many Latinx neighborhoods. Black electoral support for RM Daley also declined. We introduce an “exclusion-containment theory of legal cynicism” to explain this.
Two Mothers/Two Sons
Authors: Hagan John , McCarthy Bill , Herda Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In 1992, 15-year-old Joseph White shot and killed DeLondyn Lawson about a gambling debt at Tilden High School on Chicago’s South Side. RM Daley’s Automatic Transfer Act fast-tracked White for a homicide trial in adult court. The media portrayed White as a violent gang member, although neither White’s nor Lawson’s mothers saw their sons as involved with gangs. The judge thought White should have sought police assistance, but neighborhood legal cynicism about police violence and torture made White fear the police more than a gang fight. He bought a gun to defend himself. The prosecution refused to plea bargain, and the trial painted White as a gangland killer. At the age of 16, White was sentenced to 45 years in an adult maximum security prison, 300 hundred miles away, in the prison where Fred Hampton served time several decades earlier—on a law enforcement pathway to his assassination.
Kobayashi Saga
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter paints a picture of Kobayashi Saga, who stands second only to Ashikawa Yôko in immersion in Hijikata’s dance techniques. After Hijikata’s death, she developed her own style of butô focused on exploring, overcoming, and recognizing the limits of knowledge, memory, perception, and the body. The chapter includes description and analysis of Half-dream: Double Aura (2007) and Short Night (2013).
Interlude
Authors: Baird Bruce 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the importance of the cabaret in the history of butô. The cabaret served as a training ground for dancers and accustomed them to holding the attention of the audience. It also brought them in contact with rural Japan, and marginal members of society, and even perhaps accustomed them to seeing themselves as part of the periphery of Japan. But equally importantly it served as a means for butô choreographers to sustain themselves and raise capital for their main enterprise, avant-garde dance.
Against Strawsonian Epistemology
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A number of philosophers have found inspiration for a distinctive approach to a wide range of epistemological issues in P. F. Strawson’s classic essay “Freedom and Resentment.” These Strawsonian epistemologists, as the author calls them, argue that the epistemology of testimony, self-knowledge, promising, and resolving is fundamentally different in kind from the epistemology of perception or inference. One should not see properly formed belief on these topics as evidence-based, for such an objective perspective, in such cases, results in a kind of alienation. This chapter explores these Strawsonian themes in recent epistemology and argues that the Strawsonian approach should be resisted.
Attitude Psychology and Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this chapter the author articulates a novel account of the psychological underpinnings of character virtues and vices. In her view character virtues and vices are underpinned by clusters of attitudes serving distinctive functions. In the first section the author provides an overview of some key features of moral and intellectual character virtues and vices. In the second section she explains the notion of attitude and describes its principal aspects. The focus is on attitude’s object, content, structure, function, and strength. In the third section the author shows that attitudes possess the key features attributed to character virtues and vices. Attitudes therefore emerge as a likely candidate for the construct that underpins character traits. In the fourth section she provides further indirect evidence for her view. Using the theory that vices are clusters of attitudes, she develops detailed accounts of the nature and manifestations of two intellectual character vices: epistemic arrogance and epistemic servility or obsequiousness. Its ability to throw light onto the complexities of these character traits is a further indication of the power of the theory.
A Paradox of Information Aggregation
Authors: Mercier Hugo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After briefly exposing the great benefits that can be derived from information aggregation, the author makes the case that there is a paradox in how humans deal with it: They are good at aggregating information but bad at thinking about it. People are good at taking communicated information into account, using reliable cues to decide whom to trust and what to believe, and aggregating information from multiple sources. However, people have no abstract understanding of how this process of information aggregation works, and they tend to underestimate how well it works. Even though many institutions have evolved that take advantage of people’s ability to aggregate information, the author argues that these institutions appeared in spite of, rather than thanks to, the understanding of information aggregation.