bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Authors: Gutiérrez-Loza Lucía , Nilsson Erik , Wallin Marcus B. , Sahlée Erik , Rutgersson Anna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Reducing uncertainties in the air–sea CO2 flux calculations is one of the major challenges when addressing the oceanic contribution in the global carbon balance. In traditional models, the air–sea CO2 flux is estimated using expressions of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed. However, other mechanisms affecting the variability in the flux at local and regional scales are still poorly understood. The uncertainties associated with the flux estimates become particularly large in heterogeneous environments such as coastal and marginal seas. Here, we investigated the air–sea CO2 exchange at a coastal site in the central Baltic Sea using 9 years of eddy covariance measurements. Based on these observations we were able to capture the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 flux and other parameters relevant for the gas exchange. Our results show that a wind-based model with a similar pattern to those developed for larger basins and open-sea conditions can, on average, be a good approximation for k, the gas transfer velocity. However, in order to reduce the uncertainty associated with these averages and produce reliable short-term k estimates, additional physical processes must be considered. Using a normalized gas transfer velocity, we identified conditions associated with enhanced exchange (large k values). During high and intermediate wind speeds (above 6–8 m s−1), conditions on both sides of the air–water interface were found to be relevant for the gas exchange. Our findings further suggest that at such relatively high wind speeds, sea spray is an efficient mechanisms for air–sea CO2 exchange. During low wind speeds (<6 m s−1), water-side convection was found to be a relevant control mechanism. The effect of both sea spray and water-side convection on the gas exchange showed a clear seasonality with positive fluxes (winter conditions) being the most affected.
Location, biophysical and agronomic parameters for croplands in northern Ghana
Authors: Gómez-Dans Jose Luis , Lewis Philip Edward , Yin Feng , Asare Kofi , Lamptey Patrick , Aidoo Kenneth Kobina Yedu , MacCarthy Dilys Sefakor , Ma Hongyuan , Wu Qingling , Addi Martin , Aboagye-Ntow Stephen , Doe Caroline Edinam , Alhassan Rahaman , Kankam-Boadu Isaac , Huang Jianxi , Li Xuecao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Smallholder agriculture is the bedrock of the food production system in
sub-Saharan Africa. Yields in Africa are significantly below potentially
attainable yields for a number of reasons, and they are particularly vulnerable
to climate change impacts. Monitoring of these highly heterogeneous landscapes
is needed to respond to farmer needs, develop an appropriate policy and ensure food security, and Earth observation (EO) must be part of these efforts, but there is a lack of ground data for developing and testing EO methods in western Africa, and in this paper, we present data on (i) crop locations, (ii) biophysical
parameters and (iii) crop yield, and biomass was collected in 2020 and 2021 in Ghana and is reported in this paper. In 2020, crop type was surveyed in more
than 1800 fields in three different agroecological zones across Ghana (the Guinea Savannah, Transition and Deciduous zones). In 2021, a smaller number of fields were surveyed in the Guinea Savannah zone, and additionally, repeated
measurements of leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll concentration were
made on a set of 56 maize fields. Yield and biomass were also sampled at
harvesting. LAI in the sampled fields ranged from 0.1 to 5.24 m2 m−2,
whereas leaf chlorophyll concentration varied between 6.1 and 60.3 µg cm−2.
Yield varied between 190 and 4580 kg ha−1, with an important within-field
variability (average per-field standard deviation 381 kg ha−1). The data are used in this paper to (i) evaluate the Digital Earth Africa 2019 cropland masks, where 61 % of sampled 2020/21 cropland is flagged as cropland by the data set, (ii) develop and test an LAI retrieval method from Earth observation Planet surface reflectance data (validation correlation coefficient R=0.49, root mean square error (RMSE) 0.44 m2 m−2), (iii) create a maize classification data set for Ghana for 2021 (overall accuracy within the region tested: 0.84), and (iv) explore the relationship between maximum LAI and crop yield using a linear model
(correlation coefficient R=0.66 and R=0.53 for in situ and Planet-derived LAI, respectively). The data set, made available here within the
context of the Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEOGLAM) initiative, is an important contribution to
understanding crop evolution and distribution in smallholder farming systems and will be useful for researchers developing/validating methods to monitor
these systems using Earth observation data. The data described in this paper are available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632083
(Gomez-Dans et al., 2022).
OpenMRG: Open data from Microwave links, Radar, and Gauges for rainfall quantification in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Andersson Jafet C. M. , Olsson Jonas , van de Beek Remco (C. Z.) , Hansryd Jonas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract. Accurate rainfall monitoring is critical for sustainable societies and yet challenging in many ways. Opportunistic monitoring using commercial microwave links (CMLs) in telecommunication networks is emerging as a powerful complement to conventional gauges and weather radar. However, CML data are often inaccessible or incomplete, which limits research and application. Here, we aim to reduce this barrier by openly sharing data at 10 s resolution with true coordinates from a pilot study involving 364 bi-directional CMLs in Gothenburg, Sweden. To enable further comparative analyses, we also share high-resolution data from 11 precipitation gauges and the Swedish operational weather radar composite in the area. This article presents an overview of the data, including the collection approach, descriptive statistics, and a case study of a high-intensity event. The results show that the data collection was very successful, providing near-complete time series for the CMLs (99.99 %), gauges (100 %), and radar (99.6 %) in the study period (June–August 2015). The bandwidth consumed during CML data collection was small, and hence, the telecommunication traffic was not significantly affected by the collection. The gauge records indicate that total rainfall was approximately 260 mm in the study period, with rainfall occurring in 6 % of each 15 min interval. One of the most intense events was observed on 28 July 2015, during which the Torslanda gauge recorded a peak of 1.1 mm min−1. The variability in the CML data generally followed the gauge dynamics very well. Here we illustrate this for 28 July, where a nearby CML recorded a drop in received signal level of about 27 dB at the time of the peak. The radar data showed a good distribution of reflectivities for mostly stratiform precipitation but also contained some values above 40 dBZ, which is commonly seen as an approximate threshold for convective precipitation. Clutter was also found and was mostly prevalent around low reflectivities of −15 dBZ. The data are accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7107689 (Andersson et al., 2022). We believe this Open sharing of high-resolution data from Microwave links, Radar, and Gauges (OpenMRG) will facilitate research on microwave-based environmental monitoring using CMLs and support the development of multi-sensor merging algorithms.
Skillful decadal prediction of German Bight storm activity
Authors: Krieger Daniel , Brune Sebastian , Pieper Patrick , Weisse Ralf , Baehr Johanna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract. We evaluate the prediction skill of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) decadal hindcast system for German Bight storm activity (GBSA) on a multiannual to decadal scale. We define GBSA every year via the most extreme 3-hourly geostrophic wind speeds, which are derived from mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) data. Our 64-member ensemble of annually initialized hindcast simulations spans the time period 1960–2018. For this period, we compare deterministically and probabilistically predicted winter MSLP anomalies and annual GBSA with a lead time of up to 10 years against observations. The model produces poor deterministic predictions of GBSA and winter MSLP anomalies for individual years but fair predictions for longer averaging periods. A similar but smaller skill difference between short and long averaging periods also emerges for probabilistic predictions of high storm activity. At long averaging periods (longer than 5 years), the model is more skillful than persistence- and climatology-based predictions. For short aggregation periods (4 years and less), probabilistic predictions are more skillful than persistence but insignificantly differ from climatological predictions. We therefore conclude that, for the German Bight, probabilistic decadal predictions (based on a large ensemble) of high storm activity are skillful for averaging periods longer than 5 years. Notably, a differentiation between low, moderate, and high storm activity is necessary to expose this skill.
AN INSIGHT INTO THE DIFFERENCES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISPARATE MOTIVATIONS BETWEEN HACKERS AND CRACKERS
Authors: Hussain Syed Muzaffar 
Published: December 2022

This paper considers two different classes of computer hackers, with a special emphasis on disparate motivations of hacking. Hackers’ psychology widely discussed in the media is almost entirely unexplored by psychologists. In this study, hackers’ and crackers’ motivation is investigated, using the study of values scale. One hundred and fourteen participants completed our online research instrument. The study of values and demographic data were questioned. Participants were categorized as hackers and crackers through their responses on two items questioned in the demographic datasheet. Results indicated that hackers were found higher on the motivations of seeking knowledge, aesthetic sense, social interactions, and mysticism while crackers were found more motivated due to their economical and political interests. Findings suggested that hackers hack for the thrill of learning and gathering information to gain intelligence. Hackers hack to make society a better place to live. Compared to hackers, crackers are incapable of normal social interactions, and their hacking is based on the motivations of getting money and power.
The differences between the attempts to pronounce the characters in the two authoritative texts, the Taintiriya Pratishakhya and the Panini Grammar
Authors: Meena Rishikesh 
Published: December 2022

When a sound is stuck in a pattern of characters, it is audible. In addition to space, action and effort, air and power are also necessary for sound to manifest itself in the form of characters. 'Manah kayagnimahanti sa prerayati marutam' is said in the Panini teachings.
The air coming into the mouth from the throat is blocked in a separate place in the mouth called the 'place' of the pronunciation.
Attenuating effect of Chlorella Vulgaris against acrylamide intoxication on thyroid gland
Authors: Alabbadi Raghad A. , Ayaz Najla O. , Elhalwagy Manal E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Oral administration of Acrylamide in our food produces adverse health effects through different vital systems. This study examined the effect of simultaneous oral supplementation of unicellular algae Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on thyroid gland disruption induced by intoxication with Acrylamide (ACR). Healthy male rats (n=60) distributed in six groups: -ve control, +ve control (CV 300 mg/kg), low dose Acrylamide (LACR, 5 mg/kg), high dose Acrylamide (HACR, 50 mg/kg), pre-administration of Chlorella Vulgaris with Acrylamide CV+ LACR (5mg/kg), and with Acrylamide CV+HACR (50 mg/kg). All groups received treatments orally for 30 days. ACR treated groups (LACR, HACR) demonstrated a significant elevation in oxidative stress biomarkers Malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), Nitric Oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines C-reactive protein (CRP), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). In relation to antioxidant biomarkers Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GSH recorded significant reduction while GPx indicated significant elevation as compared to control and +ve control group at (p<0.05). Thyroid gland biomarkers showed reduction in Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH) in ACR groups whereas Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) presented a significant elevation.
PROBLEMATIKA PADA PERBANKAN SYARI’AH (Kontrak Pembiayaan Murabahah)
Authors: Kamal Jaidil 
Published: December 2022

Salah satu produk bank syariah yang berdasarkan prinsip jual beli dan banyak dimanfaatkan di bank syariah ialah murabahah. Dalam praktiknya, terdapat persolaan murabahah yang menuai beberapa kritik, skema mark-up terhadap praktek di perbankan syariah. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan persoalan praktik transaksi Murabahah di lembaga keuangan syariah. Dimulai dengan kegelisahan akademik persoalan murabahah dari perbedaan pandangan tokoh. Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi rumusannya adalah Bagaimanakah Kontrak Pembiayaan Murabahah pada Bank Syari’ah dengan metode penelitian kualitatif yang identik dengan metode riset yang sifatnya deskriptif, menggunakan analisis, mengacu pada data, memanfaatkan teori yang ada sebagai bahan pendukung, serta menghasilkan suatu teori. Penelitian kualitatif ini merujuk pada data yang bersifat normatif yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan data-data kepustakaan, maka jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Dan hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Bai’ al-Murâbahah termasuk jual-beli yang dibolehkan, yaitu jual-beli barang dengan harga yang pasti (harga pokok plus margin keuntungan) yang harus dibayar oleh pembeli (nasabah) pada saat jatuh tempo yang telah ditentukan. Atau dengan kata lain, akad bai’ al- Murâbahah hukumnya sah (diperbolehkan), sedangkan yang menjadi perdebatan di kalangan para ulama (fuqaha) adalah operasionalisasi akad bai’ al-Murâbahah menjadi sebuah produk dalam praktik perbankan.
PELARANGAN TRANSGENDER MENURUT BUYA HAMKA (Dalam Kitab Tafsir Al Azhar)
Authors: Netti Misra 
Published: December 2022

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang pelarangan transgender menurut Buya Hamka dalam kitab tafsir al-Azhar, Transgender merupakan suatu gejala ketidakpuasan seseorang karena merasa tidak adanya kecocokan antara bentuk fisik dan kelamin dengan kejiwaan ataupun adanya ketidakpuasan dengan alat kelamin yang dimilikinya). Transgender (Perpindahan gender dari laki-laki ke perempuan yang memiliki jenis kelamin normal/sempuna). Tujuan penelitan ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang dalil pelarangan transgender baik dalam al-Qur’an mapun dalam hadis Nabi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan (library research), dengan sumber utama adalah kitab Tafsir al-Azhar karya Buya Hamka. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini dapat diambil kesimpualan yaitu: Buya Hamka menjelaskam dalam kitab tafsir al-Azhar, ia menyatakan transgender suatu perbuatan yang dilarang yaitu merujuk kepada dua dalil : pertama dalil menunjukkan kepada seseuatu yang merubah ciptaaan Allah dasarnya terdapat pada an-Nisa’ ayat 119, ar-Rum: 30 dan Bukhari tentang larangan merubah ciptaan Allah. Kedua dalil yang menunjukkan larangan menyerupai lawan jenis terdapat pada al-Baqarah ayat 216 dan at-Thurmudzi, Celaan (menyerupai lawan jenis) dalam hal ucapan dan cara jalan dikhususkan bagi orang yang bersengaja melakukannya. Melihat terhadap dampak dari perbuatan transgender tersebut maka tergolong kepada suatu yang dilarang. Kerusakan tidak boleh dihilangkan dengan cara melakukan kerusakan lain yang sebanding keadaannya. seorang transgender, dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat menyerupai lawan jenis saja, sudah banyak terdapat permasalahan mulai dari dicemoohan, dikucilkan, dan diskriminasi dalam kehidupan Apalagi transgender tersebut sampai melakukan operasi merubah jenis kelamin, resikonya lebih besar.
عرف وعادت اور احوال میں تبدیلی کے باعث معاشی مسائل کے حکم میں تغیر کا عصری جائزہ
Authors: shahbaz Muhammad asim 
Published: December 2022

One of the distinguishing feature of islam is that it has indowed the Ummah with comprehensive teachings that are sufficient for the day of resurrection .The main reason for this is that the sources and principals of Islamic teachings are so strong that they are capable of solwing new and emerging problems.The scholars of this Ummah have achieved success in every age by turning to the sources of Shariah in the light of these principles and rules for the solution of the problems facing the Ummah. One of these rules is URF-O-ADAT (Custom). In the scholars and jurists this is a recognized code. That seems to affect in many issues of Shariah. That is why the scholars of every age have resorted to this rule in the solution of problems after the Quran , Hadith,Consenses and Conjecture.
In this article aims to examine in the light of famous book of Hanfi school of thought “Al-Hidaya” whether change in the custom does bring about change in related economic issues of pure Shariah? Does this principle of custom apply in “Al-Hidaya” and does a change of customs causes a change in some of the economical commandments of Sharia? Is there any evidence for it in “Al-Hidaya”.If we read“Al-Hidaya”In light of these guestions we see many time applications of this principle. In this article from these applications here is only 12 issues have been illustrated as model that those economical issues were based on customs also changed with the change in customs.
Unsur-Unsur Dakwah Nabi Muhammad pada Keluarganya Bani Hasyim
Authors: Prilatmoko Purwo 
Published: December 2022

Nabi Muhammad adalah contoh ideal dalam bidang dakwah. Tulisan ini hendak menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan unsur-unsur dakwah Nabi Muhammad dalam peristiwa dakwah pada keluarganya bani Hasyim. Tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif pustaka historis. Dalam tulisan ini ditemukan bahwa, unsur-unsur dakwah Nabi Muhammad pada keluarganya bani Hasyim adalah unsur-unsur yang dipilih secara tepat sesuai konteks peristiwa waktu itu. Nabi Muhammad adalah da’i yang tepat untuk bani Hasyim karena memiliki hubungan kedekatan dan dikenal berakhlak baik serta memiliki sumber daya ekonomi. Bani Hasyim adalah mad’u yang tepat karena kaum yang religius serta disegani masyarakat Arab. Nabi tepat memilih mengundang bani Hasyim dalam acara makan-makan sebagai wasilah atau sarana dakwahnya. Nabi memilih secara tepat materi (maddah) dan metode (thariqah) dakwah yang singkat dan mudah dicerna kaumnya. Semua unsur-unsur dakwah tersebut dapat bekerja secara efektif, menghasilkan efek dakwah (atsar) yang merupakan feedback dari dakwah yang dilakukan nabi. Atsar atau efek dari dakwah tersebut berupa sikap dan tindakan bani Hasyim yang melindungi Nabi Muhammad dari ancaman dan serangan orang-orang kafir. Meskipun sebagian besar Bani Hasyim tetap pada keyakinannya dan tidak memeluk Islam. Perlindungan Bani Hasyim pada Nabi Muhammad tersebut sangat penting untuk menunjang kesuksesan dakwah Nabi Muhammad di masa-masa sesudahnya, hingga ajaran Islam dapat tersebar dan diterima sampai sekarang.
Article Review: Biochemical Aspect of Survivin Hormone
Authors: Aziz Noori Mohammed , Mohamed Wisam Sbhan Khalf 
Published: December 2022

A cancer gene called survivin is muted in cells which have undergone differentiation, but it is highly qualitative sample in the overwhelming proportion of malignancies. Over subsequent decades, there has been a lot of curiosity in it. Inhibiting apoptotic, encouraging mitotic, and increasing vascular formation while producing cytotoxic drugs are several crucial characteristics that define it is a good target. These processes, that together promote carcinogenic behaviour, cover the whole spectrum of carcinogenesis, encompassing growth, migratory, or infiltration. Survivin identification independently or coupled in blood and/or urine has become a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. Furthermore, a number of researches showed that abnormal survivin transcription is linked to a poor prognosis or radiation/drug resistance. Early findings from approaches that target survivin in the treatment of breast carcinoma are encouraging. In order to clarify how this intriguing chemical performs such contradictory function, researchers outline its involvement in the detection, prognosis, as well as therapy of melanoma in this review.
The IAP enzyme group, which includes the survival protein (SVN), stimulates cell growth or prevents apoptosis. As a biomarker for autoimmune conditions, hyper plasia, or malignancies, accumulation of Survivin is linked to these conditions. Increasingly acknowledged like a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), SVN has emerged as a crucial focus for the detection or management of malignancy.
Visão Baseada em Recursos: uma análise de cooperativas envolvendo os agricultores familiares
Authors: Negreti-Campos Amanda Dos Santos , Evedove Antônio César Dall , Lourenzani Ana Elisa Bressan Smith 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: To analyze how the group action, involving the family farmers in cooperatives, contributes to using intern resources of rural companies, sob Resource-Based View (RBV) theory.Methodology: Was held a systematic analysis of articles with case studies of family farmers in Brazilian cooperatives between 2010 and 2020 using descriptive statistics.Originality: The analysis of cooperatives' contribution to using and exchanging resources among farmers insert them and remain competitive in the market.Main results: The collective way, through cooperatives, contributed in some cases with the use and exchange of resources, allowing the family farmers to insert and remain in the competitive market. The results demonstrated reputation resources based on traditions and environmental sustainability production allow competitive advantage. Organizational resources, especially about the farmers' capabilities, created an inter-relationship among productive units and markets, enabling strategies to explore the intern resources and become competitive. Methodological- theoretical contributions: The discussions concern family agriculture, cooperatives, and intern resources sob RBV perspective to contribute scientifically to demonstrating interdisciplinary of the present research, in front of the lack of studies that gather those themes.Management contributions: The managers of cooperatives and public police managers will recognize the resources that contribute to the competitiveness of family farmers and their difficulties, such as investment in physical and technological infrastructures, as well as financial support.