bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No-tillage Snap Bean Growth in Wheat Stubble of Varied Height
Authors: Mascianica Martin P. , Wilson Henry P. , Walden Ronald F. , Hines Thomas E. , Bellinder Robin R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bush-type snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were seeded by a no-tillage method into standing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble of 8, 15, 23, 30, and 38 cm in height to evaluate the effects of stubble height on pod mechanical harvest efficiency, plant morphology, and shoot component yield. Basal internode elongation, stem plus leaf yields, pod yields, efficiency of mechanical pod harvest (MH), and height of basal pod set were related in a positive linear or curvilinear fashion to wheat stubble height. Quantity of pods missed during MH was related negatively to height of basal pod set. Harvest efficiency was maximized with 15-30-cm stubble heights, and these notillage systems yielded MH pod levels that equaled or exceeded those of a conventional tillage (plow, disk 2 times) system. Superior MH efficiency was attributed to increased basal internode length and mechanical support of the shoots by the wheat stubble.
Effects of Water Stress and Degree of Ripeness on Rate of Senescence of Harvested Bell Pepper Fruit
Authors: Lurie Susan , Shapiro B. , Ben-Yehoshua S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The physiological changes occurring in green and red bell pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Maor’) before and after harvest were investigated. Red pepper at harvest was less firm and had lower water potential, lower insoluble pectins, and higher water-soluble pectins than green bell pepper. However, the changes occurring in both types of peppers after harvest were similar. Postharvest weight loss was accompanied by a decrease in firmness, decrease in water potential, decrease in insoluble pectin, and an increase in soluble pectin in the cell wall. The production of CO2 showed that there was a slight decrease and a significant but small increase of ethylene after harvest. If weight loss was retarded by holding pepper in a water-saturated atmosphere, then all of these physiological changes were prevented or markedly slowed. It appears that water stress hastens and possibly triggers the onset of senescence in harvested bell pepper fruit.
Application of Flavonoid Glycosides and Phenolic Acids to Suppress Firmness Loss in Apples
Authors: Lidster P.D. , Dick A.J. , DeMarco A. , McRae K.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vacuum infusion or dipping fruit in solutions of an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) extract containing chlorogenic acid, catechins, and quercetin glycosides (isolated from ‘Spartan’ apples) suppressed fruit softening of ‘Spartan’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples held at 20°C. Quercetin or rutin [0.01% or 0.05% (w/v)], applied by postharvest vacuum infusion or dipping, reduced softening of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples held at 20° and 0°. Structurally related compounds (catechin, coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid) showed some potential for retarding fruit softening but the effects were inconsistent. Additions of 0.25% (w/v) thickener plus 0.1% surfactant to the dipping solution containing the above compounds further reduced fruit firmness loss in storage. When quercetin or rutin were vacuum-infused either before or after CA storage, fruit were firmer than control fruit over a 25-day period at 20°.
Relative Phosphorus Dependency of Citrus Rootstocks Is Reflected in Leaf Nitrogen Metabolism
Authors: Rabe Etienne , Lovatt Carol J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relative P dependency obtained for 3 citrus rootstock cultivars was rough lemon [Citrus limon (L)] > Carrizo citrange [Poncirus trifoliate × C. sinensis (L.)] > trifoliate orange [P. trifoliate (L.)]. After only 12 weeks of P deprivation, the youngest, fully expanded leaves of rough lemon (about 21 days old) had amounts of total N, nitrate, and NH3 that exceeded the levels in +P leaves of the same age by 8.4 mg total N, 2.6 mg nitrate, and 0.6 mg NH3 per gram of dry weight. It took 7 months for similar levels of these compounds to accumulate in the youngest, fully expanded leaves of Carrizo citrange (a less P-dependent rootstock) when grown under low P conditions. After 12 weeks of P deficiency, the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into arginine plus urea was 13-, 7.4-, and 4.7-fold greater in P-deficient leaves than P-sufficient leaves for rough lemon, Carrizo citrange, and trifoliate orange, respectively. Concomitantly, arginine accumulated in — P leaves to a concentration 4.2-, 2.1-, and 1.4-fold greater than in +P leaves, respectively, for the same 3 rootstocks. The data clearly demonstrate that relative P dependency of citrus rootstocks influences their N metabolism and support the hypothesis that a more P-dependent rootstock will accumulate total N, nitrate, and NH3 sooner or to a greater extent, exhibit a greater rate of de novo arginine biosynthesis, and accumulate a higher level of arginine than a less P-dependent rootstock. Thus, calculation of the N:P ratio during leaf nutrient analysis may be useful in evaluating the nutritional status of citrus trees. Whenever N:P ratios were >20, de novo arginine biosynthesis and arginine accumulation increased significantly, indicative of ammonia detoxification. The N:P ratio of P-sufficient plants was always <15 when arginine metabolism was normal.
14C-Gibberellic Acid Uptake, Translocation, Persistence, and Metabolism in Grapefruit
Authors: Ferguson L. , Wheaton T.A. , Davies F.S. , Ismail M.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-gibberellic acid (14C-GA3) was studied in 3-year-old container-grown ‘Marsh’ grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.). A total of 1.65 × 105 disintegrations per min (dpm) in 200 μl of solution was applied evenly over the entire fruit surface, or, on both surfaces of 3 to 5 subtending leaves of a fruit. Absorption of 14C-GA3 by leaves and peel began within 1 hr of application and continued for 8 hr. Translocation of labeled material from leaves to peel and the reverse began 4 to 8 hr after application and continued for 4 weeks. No labeled material was recovered from juice or seeds. Labeled material persisted in albedo, flavedo, and leaves for 8 weeks with the highest accumulations in the peel. Separation of 14C-GA3 metabolites from the 95% EtOH extract by reversed-phase HPLC produced 2 14C-labeled peaks. Analysis of these 2 peaks by β-D-glucosidase hydrolysis, n-butanol partitioning, and cochromatography with 14C-GA3 standards suggested that the major component was 14C-GA3 and the other a polar metabolite.
An Evaluation of the DRIS Approach for Identifying Mineral Limitations on Yield in ‘Napolean’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Davee Douglas E. , Righetti Timothy L. , Fallahi Esmaeil , Robbins Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ratio-based Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to evaluate the mineral status of ‘Royal Ann’ sweet cherry trees. Standard ratios were developed from experimental research plots and then applied to evaluate the nutritional status of a large number of trees in a commercial orchard. DRIS indices for each element were calculated from a formula, which included DRIS standard ratios, their standard deviations, and the observed ratios from the sample being calculated. Nutritional Imbalance Indices (NII) were compared as the sum of DRIS indices irrespective of sign. By selecting a sufficiency range that produced the best agreement with DRIS evaluations, independent sufficiency ranges were derived from the commercial orchard data. Trees with high NII were consistently low-yielding, and, in mulching treatments where unfavorable NIIs were improved, yields were increased. The NII was more strongly correlated with relative yield increases than any other mineral parameter. The data imply that it is possible to develop useful DRIS standards and DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges from survey data, even though conventional statistical approaches do not reveal strong relationships between mineral concentration and yield.
Proportions of Individual Anthocyanins in Fruits of Cranberry Cultivars
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Hargrave Donna L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variation in the proportions of individual anthocyanins in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) fruit of different coloration was investigated. Light-, medium-, and dark-red subsamples of ‘Franklin’, ‘McFarlin’, and ‘Searles’ cranberries were analyzed to determine the soluble solids : acidity ratio (SS:A), total anthocyanin, and individual anthocyanins. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the pattern of individual anthocyanins among clones studied over three seasons were not significant. Proportions of individual anthocyanins in fruit subsamples of different coloration within cultivar samples also were similar, indicating constant biosynthetic rates for each anthocyanin during color development. Linear relationships between HPLC peak areas for individual anthocyanins and subsample total anthocyanin or SS:A values were observed.
Factors Affecting Drip Loss from Thawing Thornless Blackberries
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Burgher Anita M. , Jones Susan B. , Phillips John G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits from thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars were compared to determine causes of variation in drip losses during thawing after frozen storage. Drip was similar in composition to juice obtained by pressing. Drip losses for different cultivars ranged between 1% and 30% in 1984; increased losses in 1983 were attributed to poor fruit condition (e.g., deterioration during postharvest holding). Drip losses were greater in riper samples but did not depend on fruit size. Drip losses were correlated with low insoluble pectin. Microscopic examination revealed an inverse relationship between the tendency to drip and the epidermal cell layer thickness.
Promotion of Floral Longevity by the Ovary in Carnation Flowers
Authors: Sacalis John N. , Lee Jong Suk 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers held in sucrose have a substantially longer vase life than flowers held in water. Excision of the gynoecium does not affect the longevity of flowers in water; however, gynoecia excision did reduce flower longevity when stems were supplied sucrose. Maintenance of cut flower life by the gynoecium was apparently due to the presence of the ovary and not the styles. Excision of gynoecia from buds of intact carnation flowers left to age on the plant also reduced longevity. Gynoecium removal did not result in a significant reduction of total sucrose or glucose in petal content of flowers held in a sucrose solution for 5 days, but absence of the gynoecium did result in a slightly but significantly lower fructose content in petals. It is suggested that the reduction in longevity resulting from gynoecium excision is not due to the failure of petals to take up sugars.
Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Muskmelon
Authors: McCreight James D. , Pitrat Michel , Thomas Claude E. , Kishaba Albert N. , Bohn G. Weston 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven previously undescribed genes in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) for resistance to powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr.) Poll., races 1 and 2] are reported. Progeny 92417 has a recessive gene for resistance to race 1, which is nonallelic to Pm-1. Breeding line WMR 29 has a gene for resistance to race 1 that is allelic to the recessive gene in 92417, but it is not known whether the two genes are identical alleles. Plant introduction 414723, 92417, and WMR 29 differentiated isolates of S. fuliginea race 2 at Montfavet, France, and Riverside, Calif. Comparative responses of F1, F2, and BC progenies from crosses involving 92417, PI 414723, and WMR 29 revealed six new genes for resistance to race 2. Genetic relationships among these seven genes are not fully known. Allelic and linkage relationships of these seven genes with the five previously known genes for powdery mildew resistance are also unknown.
Genotypic Differences in the Effect of Temperature on CO2 Assimilation and Water Use Efficiency in Blueberry
Authors: Moon J.W. , Hancock J.F. , Draper A.D. , Flore J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To determine if the net CO2 assimilation and water use efficiency (WUE) of highbush blueberry under high temperature can be improved genetically, gas exchange determinations were made for a selection of Vaccinium darrowi Camp (Florida 4B), a highbush cultivar (Bluecrop) (V. corymbosum L.), their F1 hybrid (US75), and two crosses of the F1 hybrid to another improved genotype (US239 and US245). All genotypes responded parabolically to increasing temperature at vapor pressure deficits <1 kPa. Maximum CO2 assimilation of US75 (15 µmol·s–1·m–2) was 30% to 40% higher than either parent. Carbon dioxide assimilation of US75 and Florida 4B was optimum at 30°C and that of ‘Bluecrop’ at 20°. The optimum for US239 was similar to ‘Bluecrop’, and that of US245 to Florida 4B. Florida 4B had higher WUEs than ‘Bluecrop’ at both 20° (5.64 µmol CO2/mmol H2O to 4.01) and 30° (3.73 to 2.53). US239 and US245 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher WUEs at 30° than did ‘Bluecrop’. Residual conductance to CO2 (gr) decreased in ‘Bluecrop’ when temperature was raised from 20° to 30°, but increased in all other genotypes. Due to the favorable gas exchange properties of US75 and US245 at 30°, we suggest that the high temperature tolerance of V. darrowi may be heritable and that US245 may be used to improve the heat tolerance of highbush blueberry.
Glucosinolates in Crucifer Vegetables: Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflower, Collards, Kale, Mustard Greens, and Kohlrabi
Authors: Carlson Diana G. , Daxenbichler M.E. , VanEtten C.H. , Kwolek W.F. , Williams P.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Correlation coefficients based on relative concentrations of 13 glucosinolates in the edible parts of 30 cultivars were determined. Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. gemmifera group), cauliflower (B. oleracea L. botrytis group), and either marrow-stem or smooth-leafed kale (B. oleracea L. acephala group) had similar glucosinolate patterns based on significant correlations (P < 0.01). The glucosinolates of ‘Morris Heading’ collards [(B. oleracea L. acephala group (var. sabellica)] were highly correlated with those of curly kale [B. oleracea L. acephala group (var. selensia)]. Mustard greens [B. juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. var. rugosa Bailey] and the corresponding seeds were the most highly correlated of the 17 cultivars for which the edible parts and seeds were compared. Seed analyses indicated relationships among the cultivars somewhat similar to those seen for the edible portions.
Growth and Cropping of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees Following Soil Application of Paclobutrazol
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol was applied to soil around 5-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees at rates of 0, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.4 g a.i./tree in Dec. 1982. Trunk and shoot growth suppression in 1983 were related to application rate, but there was no treatment effect in 1984 or 1985. Yield and fruit size were not influenced in 1983 by treatment, but treated trees produced less fruit than control trees in 1985. Rate of defoliation was negatively related to concentration in 1984, and bloom development was positively related to concentration in 1985 following a single treatment in 1982. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Osmotic Potential and pH of Fluid Drilling Gels as Influenced by Moisture Loss and Incorporation of Growth Regulators
Authors: Amador Adolfo Minero , Stewart Katrine A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A seaweed extract (Cytex) was incorporated at 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (v/v) into four carrier gels used for fluid drilling. The gels were: magnesium silicate (Laponite), starch acrylate polymer (Liquagel), potassium copolymer (Viterra Agrigel), and a starch (Water lock B-100). When moisture was not lost, the pH values were significantly different among diluted gels (1 gel : 1 water, v/v) and ranged from 6.8 to 9.2. Incorporation of the seaweed extract significantly decreased the pH of the gels. Osmotic potential values of all the gels were close to 0 MPa, with potassium copolymer having a significantly lower osmotic potential (−0.03 MPa) than that of starch acrylate polymer (−0.007 MPa). Incorporation of the seaweed extract signficantly decreased the osmotic potential of the gels between −0.12 and −0.16 MPa. When gels were dehydrated to simulate water stress conditions (0% to 50% water evaporation), pH values were decreased further (ranging from 4.6 to 6.8). Osmotic potential decreased in all the gels to a range between −0.22 and −0.36 MPa with increasing moisture loss.
Evaluation of Irrigation Scheduling Methods for Sweet Corn
Authors: Braunworth William S. , Mack Harry J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Accurate irrigation scheduling for sweet corn can reduce irrigation costs and ensure meeting of yield goals. Three scheduling methods, evaluated in a 2-year study, included: a) irrigation when 46% and 57% of available water was depleted in 1984 and 1985, respectively, as measured by a neutron meter; b) irrigation when 50% of available water was depleted as estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization modified Penman equation; and c) irrigation at three growth stages. Irrigation water applied for the neutron meter, modified Penman, and growth stage method was 367, 279, and 269 mm, respectively, in 1984 while in 1985 these methods resulted in application of 500, 368, and 366 mm of irrigation water. Yields of total unhusked ears in 1984 for the growth stage and modified Penman methods were significantly lower than the yields of the neutron meter method but were not significantly different from one another. In 1985, there were no significant differences in total unhusked or husked processable ear yields among the three scheduling methods. Quality factors, which included ear length, kernel moisture content, and ear weight did not vary significantly with irrigation scheduling methods. Since total unhusked, husked processable yields, and quality differences were minor, irrigation scheduling by any of these methods would appear to be satisfactory.
Low Pollen Production as a Cause of Fruit Malformation in Strawberry
Authors: Gilbert Cynthia , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The differential tendency to form misshapen fruit and anther quality and pollen production were determined in ‘Benton’, ‘Totem’, ‘Olympus’, and ‘Tyee’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in field trials in 1983 and 1984. All flowers had a full set of anthers; however, the proportion of anthers that appeared unhealthy (dull yellow, brown, or black) varied. Usually the proportion of unhealthy anthers was higher in primary than in secondary or tertiary flowers of an inflorescence. Primary flowers often contained only unhealthy anthers. This condition was found in 90% of the primaries of ‘Benton’ in 1983 and in all those of ‘Tyee’ in both years. ‘Tyee’ released ≤6000 pollen grains per flower. When 75% or more of the flowers at a ranking had at least some healthy anthers, pollen production averaged ≥240,000 grains per flower. ‘Tyee’ had the highest incidence of misshapen fruit (18–19%) in both years. Comparable values were ‘Benton’, 14–17%; ‘Olympus’, 10–11%; and ‘Totem’, 7%. From 42% to 70% of the primary fruit of both ‘Tyee’ and ‘Benton’ were malformed each season. Low pollen production in ‘Tyee’ and ‘Benton’, a result of anther failure, likely contributed to the high incidence of malformation in primary fruit.
Factors Affecting Hedgerow Peach Orchard Establishment
Authors: Allison M.L. , Overcash J.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A hedgerow peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] orchard was established in 1980 at Pontotoc, Miss. to evaluate effects of cultural treatments on precocity of trees spaced 1.8 × 4.3 m (1292 trees/ha). Treatments were a trellis-trained, six-scaffold horizontal palmette tree or a central-leader tree both at two initial tree heights—0.6 m or 1.8 m—using Ca(NO3)2 or Sta-Green Super Nursery Mix at two rates. Two cultivars (Harbelle and Canadian Harmony) on ‘Lovell’ rootstock were used. Training systems did not affect growth or yield. Tall stock of ‘Canadian Harmony’ produced more fruit in 1981 than was produced on short stock. Central-leader tall stock of ‘Canadian Harmony’ with the high rate of Ca(NO3)2 produced the highest yield at 6.9 t·ha-1 in the 2nd year (1981). Calcium nitrate maintained soil pH at 6.6, but Sta-Green decreased it to 6.0. Calcium nitrate increased leaf Ν and Ca. Sta-Green increased leaf P, K, B, and Mn.
Growth Retardant Use with Potted Anemone and Ranunculus
Authors: Albrecht Mary Lewnes 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ranunculus asiaticus L. ‘Tecolote Giant White’ and Anemone coronaria L. ‘The Bride’ tubers were forced as spring pot crops in 1983 and 1984. Daminozide, ancymidol, and flurprimidol were used as preplant tuber dips or as foliar sprays. Foliar sprays were applied when the flower buds had grown to plant canopy height. A. coronaria ‘The Bride’ was not responsive to growth retardant treatment. Foliar application of ancymidol at 0.5 mg a.i./plant and daminozide as a 0.5% foliar spray were effective with R. asiaticus ‘Tecolote Giant White’ in reducing peduncle height without delaying time to anthesis. Daminozide as a 0.5% solution tuber dip provided an inadequate reduction in peduncle length at anthesis for either species. When ancymidol was used as a 1-min preplant tuber dip in the range of 10–25 mg a.i./liter of solution, excessive stunting and delay of anthesis resulted. Flurprimidol in the range of 3.0–10.0 mg a.i./liter as a preplant tuber dip and in the range of 0.1–10.0 mg a.i./plant as a foliar spray was effective in reducing peduncle length at anthesis. However, plants were considered unmarketable because of a slight delay in reaching full bloom and extreme growth reduction. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (anycmidol); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); and α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol).
The Response of Rose Plants to Different Night Temperature Regimes
Authors: Zieslin N. , Khayat E. , Mor Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four rose cultivars (‘Mercedes’, ‘Sonia’, ‘Visa’, and ‘Golden Times’) were grown under four night temperature regimes: 1) constant 18°C; 2) constant 14°; 3) 18° until midnight followed by 14° until 1 hr before sunrise; and 4) 18° alternated every 2 hr by 14°. A minimal temperature of 18° was maintained from 1 hr before sunrise in all treatments. Low temperature regimes resulted in an increase in the time period required for flower development and the number of flowers produced was lowest under the constant low temperature regime. The number of flowers produced under the two partial heating regimes was similar to the constant high temperature in 3 of the cultivars examined. Alternating the temperature every 2 hr stimulated the flower production of ‘Golden Times’. Under this regime, 28% more flowers were produced in comparison to a constant temperature of 18°.