bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene Evolution by Tomato Plants Under Stress of Ammonium Toxicity
Authors: Corey K. A. , Barker A. V. , Craker L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) plants grown in soil with N supplied from (NH4)2SO4 solutions showed a morphological disorder characterized by leaf epinasty. The development of this disorder was accompanied by an increase in the rate of ethylene evolution from whole plants. Ethylene evolution from plants supplied with 0.04 m NH4-N increased to a peak of 112 nl·g−1·hr−1 at ≈2 weeks following the start of fertilization compared to 11 nl·g−1·hr−1 from plants supplied with 0.04 m NO3-N. Fertilization with KC1 in molar equivalency to the supply of NH4-N prevented epinasty and the burst in ethylene evolution. Ethylene evolution from plants of the yellow-green-5 and neglecta-1 mutants did not increase in response to NH4-N fertilization. Potassium concentrations in shoots of ‘Heinz 1350% yellow-green- 5, and neglecta-1 were 2.10, 2.53, and 3.22% (dry weight), respectively, if plants were supplied with NH4-N and no additional K, suggesting that tolerance to NH4 toxicity may be explained in part by differences in K accumulation.
In Vitro Propagation of Euphorbia fulgens
Authors: Zhang Baolin , Stoltz L. P. , Snyder J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nodal sections of actively growing apical shoots from greenhouse-grown plants of Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klotsch initiated new shoots after 4 weeks on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 9.1 μm zeatin. When cultures from the initiation stage were transferred for proliferation to the same medium, up to 14 shoots 5 mm long or longer were obtained per culture 4 weeks later. Through subcultures, 40 transplantable shoots per explant could be produced within 12 weeks. Shoots were rooted in vitro in the greenhouse with satisfactory survival rates. Chemical names used: (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin).
Irradiance and Spectral Distribution Control System for Controlled Environment Chambers
Authors: Krones Michael J. , Sager John C. , Johnson Arthur T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a closed-loop control system for controlling the irradiance and spectral quality generated by fluorescent lamps in a controlled environment chamber. The 400 to 800 nm irradiance and the ratio of the red waveband (600 to 700 nm) to the far-red waveband (700 to 800 nm) were independently controlled and varied as functions of time. A suggested application is to investigate the possibility of synergistic effects of changing irradiance levels and changing spectral distributions on photoperiodism and photomorphogenesis.
Genetic and Physiological Studies of Zinnia elegans, Z. angustifolia, and Their lnterspecific Hybrids
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Boyle Thomas H. , Terry-Lewandowski Veronica M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zinnia is a relatively small genus of the tribe Heliantheae (Asteraceae) comprising 17 species endemic to North and South America (19). Two cultivated species, Z. elegans Jacq. (2n = 24 or 48) and Z. angustifolia HBK (2n = 22), are classified within the subgenus Zinnia, a taxon of annual and perennial herbs with base chromosome numbers of n = 11 and n = 12. The subgenus Zinnia is subdivided further into sections, with Z. elegans in the section Zinnia and Z. angustifolia in the section Mendezia.
Increased Yield in Slicing Cucumbers with Vertical Training of Plants and Reduced Plant Spacing
Authors: Hanna H. Y. , Adams A. J. , Story R. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “Increased Yield in Slicing Cucumbers with Vertical Training of Plants and Reduced Plant Spacing”, by H.Y. Hanna, A.J. Adams, and R.N. Story (HortScience 22:32–34, April 1987), in Table 1, the significance of G8M in 1983 should be at the 5% level by F test. The correct table in printed below.
The Origin, Inheritance, and Instability of Butternut Squash (Curcurbita moschata Duchesne)
Authors: Mutschler Martha A. , Pearson Oscar H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the most popular types of winter squash is the butternut squash, a member of the species Curcurbita moschata Duchesne. Butternut squash has a buff-colored exterior and deep orange-colored flesh. Although winter squash of this species were cultivated before colonial times, the typical butternut fruit shape is a recent innovation. Crookneck (CR) types were widely used in the temperate United States until the origin in the early 1930s of the shortnecked butternut (BN) fruit type from a crookneck cultivar. The unstable nature of the butternut trait was soon noted, but could not be explained. The purpose of this paper is to summarize published and unpublished information concerning the origin, characteristics, and genetic behavior of the buttemut/crookneck fruit trait.
Effects of K, Ca, and Mg Levels and N Sources on Growth and Leaf Element Content of ‘Cheyenne’ Blackberry
Authors: Spiers J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In sand culture studies, oxidized N (NO3-N) sources increased Ca and Mg and decreased Fe and Mn leaf concentrations in ‘Cheyenne’ blackberry (Rubus spp. L.). Leaf concentrations of K increased, and P, Mg, and Ca decreased with increased K fertilization. High Ca fertilization increased Ca in the leaves but did not affect leaf concentration of other elements measured. Increasing Mg fertilization decreased N and increased Mg leaf concentrations. After two growing seasons, high Mg and Ca fertilization increased, whereas high K decreased plant growth. Significant interactions indicated synergistic and/or antagonistic influences of K and Mg fertilization treatments on the Ca elemental leaf concentrations.
Synergistic Defoliation in Rutabaga with Mixtures of Ethephon and Ammonium Peroxydisulfate
Authors: Poapst P. A. , Anderson M. G. , McRae K. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The addition of 1.0% (wt/vol) ammonium peroxydisulfate to 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.50% (wt/vol) ethephon sprays, applied before harvest to rutabaga (Brassica napus, Group Napobrassica Mill. cv. Laurentian) nearing commercial size, defoliated a greater percentage of leaves than would be anticipated from the effects of the individual components. Defoliation expressed on the logit scale was a linear function of the square root of the ethephon concentration, if ethephon was applied with or without ammonium peroxydisulfate. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Stomatal Density of Snapdragon as a Possible Determinant of Transpiration
Authors: Rutland Rufus Burr , Chang Hsiao-Lan Liang , Pallas James E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ten heat-resistant cultivars of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) were grown under summer greenhouse conditions. Transpiration was measured in relation to leaf area and stomatal density. Stomatal density did not correlate with daily transpiration. Total leaf area and the total number of stomata per plant did correlate with daily transpiration. One cultivar (Oklahoma) had high stomatal density, but wilted less and had lower stomatal specific transpiration than other cultivars. Superior growth and inflorescence of that cultivar was not explained on the basis of stomatal characteristics. The abaxial surface had higher stomatal density than the adaxial surface of a leaf. Stomatal densities were consistently lowest on leaves near the apex of stems and highest on leaves near the base.
Comparative Effects of Ancymidol, Propiconazol, Triadimefon, and Mobay RSW0411 on Lily Height
Authors: Wulster G. J. , Gianfagna T. J. , Clarke B. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were treated with ancymidol (A-Rest), propiconazol (Banner), triadimefon (Bayleton), or Mobay RSW0411 as a soil drench or as a preplant bulb soak. At high rates the fungicides triadimefon and propiconazol reduced Easter lily plant height. Neither propoiconazol nor triadimefon were as effective as Mobay RSW0411 or ancymidol in reducing plant height; however, results suggest that chemical treatments for disease and height control may be achieved with the same treatment. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazol); 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone (triadimefon); β-(cyclohexylmethylene)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (Mobay RSW0411).
Root-zone Temperature Monitored at Urban Sites
Authors: Graves William R. , Dana Michael N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root-zone temperature (RZT) of 15 landscape planting sites in a metropolitan area was monitored from 13 June to 5 Sept. 1985. RZT was highest at urban sites associated with city surface materials, such as asphalt and concrete. The RZT was significantly lower at suburban and woodland sites. Temperature was uniform throughout the root zone at sites along urban streets; it decreased with increasing depth at all other sites. High temperature extremes may contribute to the decline of landscape plants at urban sites.
Effects of High Temperature on Lateral Shoot Growth of Salvia and Impatiens After Pruning
Authors: Higuchi Haruzo , Amaki Wakanori , Minami Meguri , Suzuki Shigetoshi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seventeen-week-old plants of Salvia splendens Sello ex Nees and Impatiens sultanii Hook. f. were treated with high temperature for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. One week after the high temperature treatment, the plants were cut back to a height of 7 cm from the pot rim and grown in the greenhouse. The high-temperature treatment retarded the primary shoot growth of Salvia and Impatiens; however, after cutting back, lateral shoot growth was markedly stimulated in salvia and slightly increased in impatiens. Maximum growth of lateral shoots was attained at 850°C × hr of high temperature for salvia and at 400° × hr for impatiens, when expressed as the integrated temperature above 30° minus the temperature in the greenhouse.
Methods for Sterilizing Instruments Contaminated with Bacillus sp. from Plant Tissue Cultures
Authors: Singha Suman , Bissonnette Gary K. , Double Mark L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bacterial contamination can be a serious problem in plant tissue cultures (4, 6). Contaminants occur because bacteria may survive the explant surface-sterilization procedure (5) or are endogenous in the plant tissue (4). In certain instances, the bacteria may remain latent in the explant(s) and fail to exhibit visual symptoms for prolonged periods (5). Furthermore, Monette (7) recently reported on the inability to detect an Aerococcus sp. and Bacillus fastidiosus contamination in kiwifruit shoot-tip cultures initiated on agar-solidified medium. It is, therefore, imperative that bacterial contaminants are not spread through improperly sterilized instruments.
Mycorrhizal Status of Jojoba Seedlings
Authors: Khaliel A. S. , Elkhider K. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schnied] was introduced into the Barah semiarid area (lat. 14°N, long. 30°30′E) in Sudan. Jojoba is of great economic importance because of its liquid wax content. Bloss (1) reported that jojoba was assumed to be nonmycorrhizal. However, in a later investigation, he concluded that jojoba is mycorrhizal under natural conditions, but added that jojoba plants produced from seeds in the greenhouse for field plantings were not usually mycorrhizal. Because jojoba has been found to be mycorrhizal and growth response to mycorrhizae has been reported in woody plants (2), further investigation of the mycorrhizal status of jojoba in the seedling state, especially in the Sudan, is needed.
Aroids Propagation by Tissue Culture: I. Shoot Tip Culture and Propagation of Xanthosoma violaceum
Authors: Quynh Nguyen Thi , Uyen Nguyen Van 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Araceae, which comprises 115 genera and more than 2000 species, is widely distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world (2). Vietnam is represented by 26 genera and about 60 species (3). Despite the promise of taro and other aroids as a future food source, the Araceae remain an under-exploited plant family. Several workers have shown that in vitro selection of salt-tolerant plants in general (1), and aroids in particular (7), is possible. This report describes a method for shoot tip micropropagation of Xanthosoma violaceum (blue taro).
Light Treatments to Improve Efficiency of in Vitro Propagation Systems
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant growth and development depend on light for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis (22, 31, 45). Plant tissue cultures also require light, but to a lesser degree, to regulate mainly morphogenetic processes (34, 43, 50). The effect of light on photosynthesis of in vitro cultures is of less importance than that of in vivo plants (16). Light influences micropropagation success through its three parameters of duration (photoperiod or day length), illuminance (intensity or photon flux), and spectral quality (wavelength). This influence can be exerted directly on the in vitro cultures or indirectly as an after-effect to the subsequent culture.
Storage Injury of Pome Fruit Caused by Stress Levels of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Temperature, and Ethylene
Authors: Little C. R. , Peggie I. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Modification of the storage atmosphere to improve storage life of pome fruit began with storage in the presence of increased CO2 levels, was introduced by Kidd and West in 1927 (14), and was first used commercially for apples in England in 1929 (48). Controlled ventilation techniques were used in Australia to maintain CO2 at ≈5% and O2 ≈16% by monitoring air ventilation rates into sealed environments containing ‘Jonathan’ apples in 1940 (50) and apples and pears in 1947 (13). The same methods also were reported in the United States in 1941 (47) and in England in 1961 (10).
Quiescence in Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Somatic Embryos Induced by Dehydration
Authors: Gray D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Orthodox seeds enter an arrested growth phase during their final stages of development that follows closely after seed coat hardening, reduction of water content, and maturation of embryonic and storage tissues. This resting phase may last for a number of years, depending on species and environmental conditions (2), and is the major factor accounting for the efficient storage and handling qualities of seed. A similar resting phase induced in synthetic seed will be essential for propagation of many annual crop plants, especially those grown at high density over large areas (e.g., com, soybean, wheat, etc.) where planting efficiencies must be optimum. Additionally, a resting phase will be needed if synthetic seed is to be used for germplasm preservation.
Effect of Irrigation on the Growth and Yield of Okra
Authors: Singh B. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of different amounts of irrigation on vegetative growth and fruit yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) was determined in field experiments. Irrigation increased vegetative growth and fruit yield in okra in comparison to an unirrigated control. Similar increases in vegetative growth were produced at all irrigation amounts, ranging from 40% to 100% of pan evaporation (Epan), but fruit yield differed with the amount of irrigation. Irrigation equal to 60% Epan produced maximum fruit yield, and significant decreases in yield were noted with an increase or decrease in the amount of irrigation.
Storability of Summer Squash as Affected by Gene B and Genetic Background
Authors: Sherman Mark , Paris Harry S. , Allen Judith J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three pairs of near-isogenic lines of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) with and without gene B were compared for storability. The test included ‘Bareqet’ (B+/B+) and ‘Goldy’ (B/B+) of the zucchini type, ‘Caserta’ (B +/B +) and ‘Precocious Caserta’ (B/B) of the vegetable marrow type, and ‘Benning’s Green Tint’ (B +/B +) and the ‘Benning’s Yellow Tint’ (B/B) of the scallop type. Fruit were hand-harvested between 3 and 5 days past anthesis and stored for up to 22 days at 5°C and 85% to 95% RH. Weight loss was higher in the cultivar with gene B for two of the three types (vegetable marrow and scallop). Shrivel, chilling injury, and overall appearance ratings were worse for the cultivar with gene B for all three types. Weight loss was highest in the vegetable marrow type, intermediate in the zucchini type, and lowest in the scallop type. Shrivel, chilling injury, and appearance, 7 days after harvest, were most severe in the vegetable marrow type.
Effects of Simulated Insect Injury on Net Photosynthesis of Potted Grapevines
Authors: Boucher T. J. , Pfeiffer D. G. , Barden J. A. , Williams J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves on potted vines were injured artificially by removing leaf disks with a paper punch. The leaves showed decreased net photosynthesis (Pn) for the remaining leaf area as leaf area loss (LAL) increased. This reduced Pn in the remaining leaf area at low levels of injury was more pronounced after 12 days than after either 1 or 5 days. The effects of LAL and lowered Pn were additive by 20% LAL for all days tested.
Light Acclimatization Effects on Japanese Maple for Interior Use
Authors: Friendship-Keller R. A. , Tsujita M. J. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Acer palmatum thunb. (Japanese maple) plants were acclimatized under three light levels. The effects of acclimatization were observed in terms of: a) planar area, b) net photosynthesis rate, c) chlorophyll concentration, and d) leaf anatomy. Planar area was determined using two methods of nondestructive photographic planimetry. Plant size and photosynthetic area were not significantly different among the three light treatments. Plants grown under low light levels had higher net photosynthesis rates than those grown under high light. The leaves from the highest light level, which were significantly thicker, contained less chlorophyll a and b per gram of dry weight than did the leaves from lower light levels. The palisade cells were longest at the highest light level and shortest at the lowest light level.
Variation in Resistance of Geranium to Pythium ultimum in the Presence or Absence of Silver Thiosulphate
Authors: Hausbeck Mary K. , Stephens Christene T. , Heins Royal D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Selected seed-propagated hybrid geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) cultivars were evaluated for resistance to crown and root rot caused by Pythium ultimum Trow in the presence or absence of foliarly applied STS, a petal-shattering preventative that has been demonstrated to increase plant death due to P. ultimum. Plants were evaluated for resistance to plant death, plant stunting, and flower delay by comparing plant growth in P. ultimum-infested medium with plant growth in a noninfested medium. Although immunity to P. ultimum was not identified in the 42 cultivars screened, resistance appeared to be present and may provide a valuable source of germplasm for further screening and subsequent hybridization for resistance.
Segregation of Seven Traits in Pepper
Authors: Shifriss Chen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), independent assortment was found between the genes within the following three pairs: male sterility (ms) and erect fruit position (up), ms and anthocyaninless (al), and up and al. The genetic system controlling pointed vs. inverted apex was hypothesized to segregate independently of al, ms, and up. The genes controlling premature fruit pigmentation segregate independently of al and up. Close linkage exists between round leaf (rl) and al+. Partial linkage is suggested between Ms1 and pointed (pt) and the genes controlling premature cream color, but independent segregation was found with the genes controlling deep green color. The expected brown phenotype was not realized in homozygous cl (brown fruit color) in the presence of cream and similar pigment genes; their fruit contained an insufficient amount of chlorophyll. Morphological and physiological traits may serve as marker traits in improving the production of hybrid seeds, particularly when recessive traits are bred into seed parent lines.
‘Triumph’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Henny R. J. , Conover C. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dieffenbachia species and cultivars are important tropical ornamental foliage plants due to their attractive foliar variegation, ease of production, and adaptability to interior environments. About 20 cultivars have been produced commercially in Florida. Previously, most new cultivars were obtained from private plant collections or as mutations of established cultivars. Because dieffenbachia occur naturally in a variety of sizes, growth habits, and variegation patterns, they were included as part of the foliage plant breeding program at the Central Florida Research and Education Center–Apopka. The hybrid Dieffenbachia cultivar Triumph was developed and selected as part of that program.
The Auxin Conjugates
Authors: Caruso John L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phytohormones occur in bound and free forms. The bound form is designated by some as conjugated if the hormone is covalently linked to a small molecule and as bound if it is attached to a macromolecule or cell particle (39). However, the terms bound and conjugated will be used interchangeably here, as they are in many other treatises. There is more information published on the relationship between free and conjugated 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) than is available on similar relationships of other hormones. Free IAA is the active form of the hormone. This activity was seen, for example, when IAA conjugates were applied to the first internode section of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The promotion of curvature was traceable to the amount of free IAA released from the conjugates (4). Excellent reviews of conjugated auxins are available (3, 9). It is the purpose of this communication to acquaint the reader with some of the broader aspects of conjugated auxin and then to focus on the use of auxin conjugates in tissue culture.
Cultivar Testing: Public Point of View
Authors: Price Hugh C. , Zandstra Bernard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the most important decisions a grower makes when formulating plans for planting is what cultivar to select. The experienced grower has observed the evolution of cultivars and is intensely aware of the vast improvements that have been made through plant breeding. Much of the increase in crop productivity can be attributed to the disease resistance, environmental adaptability, and increased yield potential incorporated into cultivars by public and private plant breeders.
Producing Temperate–zone Fruits at Low Latitudes: An Overview
Authors: Dennis F. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Production of temperate-zone fruits in the tropics and subtropics may seem fanciful to the uninitiated, but it is a practice that has existed in localized regions for generations. Seedling peaches are grown in Venezuela (7), northern Thailand (11), and southern Mexico (5). No one knows precisely when these species were introduced, but local selection has produced cultivars adapted to areas with little or no chilling temperatures. Rest either does not occur (5) or is sufficiently shallow to be broken by stress induced by defoliation or drought.