bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competency, epistemology and pedagogy: curriculums holy trinity
Authors: Katz Steven 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn this era of heightened calls for accountability and standards, clear visions of competence are more necessary than ever and, moreover, these planned products of education need explicit articulation. Such articulation falls within the purview of the formal curriculum and it is with this that the present article concerns itself. It draws on a past Ontario, Canada curricular initiative, The Common Curriculum, as the vehicle through which to examine the difficulties inherent in spelling out a conception of competence. Such difficulties, it is argued, stem from the inextricable link between definitions of competence and their associated epistemological and pedagogical implications.
Alcohol Intoxication and Violent Crime: Implications for Public Health Policy
Authors: McClelland Gary Michael , Teplin Linda A. 
Published: July 2002

Despite extensive public health campaigns, the consequences of alcohol intoxication continue to be a serious public health concern. Alcohol intoxication, for example, is a prevalent feature of crime, especially violent crime. Previous studies of alcohol intoxication and violent crime have used samples of police reports, correctional populations (arrestees, jail detainees, or convicted offenders), or community surveys. Studies using police reports and correctional populations are biased because few police‐citizen encounters result in police reports or arrest. Community surveys avoid these biases but rely on the subject's assessment of both the victims' and the suspects' intoxication.We took a different approach and directly observed 2,365 police‐citizen encounters. Observers used the Alcohol Symptom Checklist to determine the level of alcohol intoxication or impairment. We compared the prevalence of suspects' and victims' alcohol intoxication (equivalent to a blood alcohol level [BAL] of .05 or above) by type of encounter and computed odds ratios to assess the association between intoxication and type of encounter. We also controlled for demographic characteristics (race, gender, age, and socio‐economic status) to assess the relationships among perpetration, victimization, and intoxication. Overall, suspects are far more likely than victims to be intoxicated; not surprisingly, suspects in public order/vandalism encounters are the most likely to be intoxicated. Alcohol intoxication appears to contribute substantially to violent victimization. The role of alcohol intoxication is largest among groups that, if not intoxicated, are generally less vulnerable to violence: whites, males, and persons of higher socio‐economic status. We discuss the implications of these findings for services and public health policy.
Central nervous system impairment caused by chronic solvent abuse‐a review of Japanese studies on the clinical and neuroimaging aspects
Authors: YAMANOUCHI NAOTO , OKADA SHIN‐ICHI , KODAMA KAZUHIRO , SATO TOSHIO 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOrganic solvents are some of the most frequently abused substances in Japan. Abuse is especially prevalent among young people. In this article, we review Japanese studies, along with those of other countries, on central nervous system impairment caused by chronic solvent abuse. Neuroimaging studies provided valuable information on this problem. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 prolonged lesions in diffuse white matter which were related to neurological symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Clinical observations indicated that neurological symptoms and their reversibility differed among patients. Histopathological studies similarly revealed variation in severity of brain damage reflected by demyelination and neuronal damage. The basis of these variations are yet to be elucidated along with their causes such as severity of dependence, composition of solvents, individual predispositions and starting age of abuse. Cerebral perfusion analyses revealed some regional decreases in blood flow. These decreases may occur earlier than white matter changes and may relate to psychiatric symptoms such as apathy and lack of initiative.
Conversation Versus Narration In Pre‐School Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Wagner C. R. , Nettelbladt U. , Sahlen B. , Nilholm C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study focuses on two elicitation methods for language sampling in children with language impairment: conversation and narration. It has been noted in other studies on different clinical groups that language elicited in different speaking contexts varies in aspects such as MLU, fluency and syntactic complexity. The purpose of this study was to compare genre effects on different aspects of language production in a group of pre‐school children with language impairment. The results show that there are differences in language production during conversation compared with narration. Intelligibility and fluency were found to be higher in conversation than in narration, whereas MLU in words was higher in narration. The narrative task elicited more phrasal expansions and grammatical morphemes per utterance than the conversation. However, the children used more complex verb forms in conversation than in narration. The results are discussed in relation to recent research.
Limitations In Working Memory: Implications For Language Development
Authors: Adams Anne‐Marie , Gathercole Susan. E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study, the proposal that individual differences in spoken language acquisition may be due to limitations in short‐term memory abilities was investigated within a working memory framework. The relationship between speech production skills and working memory abilities was examined in two groups of 4‐yearold children, matched for non‐verbal ability but who had either relatively good or poor non‐word repetition skills. Children with better non‐word repetition skills produced speech that comprised a wider repertoire of words, on average longer utterances and a greater range of syntactic constructions than did children with relatively poor non‐word repetition skills. The significant association found between these indices of language development and verbal short‐term memory span assessed with non‐spoken recall, suggested that this relationship was not merely due to the common output requirements of the language and memory tasks. Inconsistent associations between language performance and two tasks of visuo‐spatial short‐term memory precluded firm conclusions being drawn regarding the specificity of the relationship to the phonological domain. Cognitive mechanisms that may underlie the association between spoken language development and working memory skills are discussed.
Putative Mechanism for Anticancer and Apoptosis‐Inducing Properties of Plant‐Derived Polyphenolic Compounds
Authors: Hadi S. M. , Asad S. F. , Singh Saurabh , Ahmad Aamir 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral plant‐derived polyphenolic compounds are considered to possess anticancer and apoptosis‐inducing properties in cancer cells. Such compounds are recognized as naturally occurring antioxidants but also exhibit prooxidant properties under appropriate conditions. Evidence in the literature suggests that the antioxidant properties of polyphenolics such as gallotannins, curcumin, and resveratrol may not fully account for their chemopreventive effects. We propose a mechanism for the cytotoxic action of these compounds against cancer cells that involves mobilization of endogenous copper and the consequent prooxidant action.
Erythropoiesis and Molecular Mechanisms for Sexual Determination in Malaria Parasites
Authors: Paul R. E. L. , Doerig C. , Brey P. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMalaria parasites proliferate asexually within the vertebrate host but must undergo sexual reproduction for transmission to mosquitoes and hence infection of new hosts. The developmental pathways controlling gametocytogenesis are not known, but several protein kinases and other putative signal transduction elements possibly involved in this phenomenon have been found in Plasmodium. Recently, another developmental pathway, that of Plasmodium sex determination (male or female), has been shown to be triggered by erythropoiesis in the host. Rapid progress is being made in our understanding of the molecular basis of mammalian erythropoiesis, revealing kinase pathways that are essential to cellular responses triggered by the hormone erythropoietin. Although the molecular mechanisms whereby this hormone modulates the sex ratio of malaria parasites remain to be elucidated, it probably activates, within the parasite, transduction pathways similar to those found in other eukaryotes. Indeed, enzymes belonging to protein kinase families known to be involved in the response of mammalian cells to erythropoietin (such as the mitogen‐activated protein kinases) have been identified in P. falciparum gametocytes. Some of these enzymes differ markedly from their mammalian homologs; therefore, identification of the transduction pathways of the parasite that are responsible for its developmental response to erythropoietin opens the way to the development of transmission‐blocking drugs based on kinase inhibitors.
CENP-E Function at Kinetochores Is Essential for Chromosome Alignment
Authors: Schaar B.T. , Chan G.K.T. , Maddox P. , Salmon E.D. , Yen T.J. 
Published: July 2002

CENP-E is a kinesin-like protein that binds to kinetochores and may provide functions that are critical for normal chromosome motility during mitosis. To directly test the in vivo function of CENP-E, we microinjected affinity-purified antibodies to block the assembly of CENP-E onto kinetochores and then examined the behavior of these chromosomes. Chromosomes lacking CENP-E at their kinetochores consistently exhibited two types of defects that blocked their alignment at the spindle equator. Chromosomes positioned near a pole remained mono-oriented as they were unable to establish bipolar microtubule connections with the opposite pole. Chromosomes within the spindle established bipolar connections that supported oscillations and normal velocities of kinetochore movement between the poles, but these bipolar connections were defective because they failed to align the chromosomes into a metaphase plate.
Overexpression of a mutant that lacked the amino-terminal 803 amino acids of CENP-E was found to saturate limiting binding sites on kinetochores and competitively blocked endogenous CENP-E from assembling onto kinetochores. Chromosomes saturated with the truncated CENP-E mutant were never found to be aligned but accumulated at the poles or were strewn within the spindle as was the case when cells were microinjected with CENP-E antibodies. As the motor domain was contained within the portion of CENP-E that was deleted, the chromosomal defect is likely attributed to the loss of motor function.
The combined data show that CENP-E provides kinetochore functions that are essential for monopolar chromosomes to establish bipolar connections and for chromosomes with connections to both spindle poles to align at the spindle equator. Both of these events rely on activities that are provided by CENP-E's motor domain.
Going beyond the buzzword: what exactly is CRM?
Authors: Fletcher Lloyd Alan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a business strategy for improving profitability by focusing on customer needs and creating an attentive relationship with the customer. It involves a personalized and interactive approach for the entire customer lifecycle. Successful implementation of a CRM approach requires changes in organization structure, culture, and skills, as well as front‐ and back‐office information systems. CRM is a hot topic at the moment, and the marketplace of ‘CRM solutions’ is rife with confusing jargon, grandiose claims, and marketing hyperbole. This article attempts to explain what CRM actually is (and isn't), and provides some suggestions for how you should approach CRM for your business.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hooi Jurenne D. , Kester Arnold D. M. , Stoffers Henri E. J. H. , Overdijk Marjori M. , van Ree Jan W. , Knottnerus J. André 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The current study describes the age- and sex-specific incidence rates and risk factors for asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) among 2,327 subjects and the incidence of intermittent claudication in asymptomatic PAOD subjects. The study population was selected from 18 general practice centers in the Netherlands. PAOD was assessed with the ankle-brachial blood pressure index, and intermittent claudication was assessed with a modified version of the Rose questionnaire. After 7.2 years, the overall incidence rate for asymptomatic PAOD, using the person-years method, was 9.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.3, 18.8) per 1,000 person-years at risk. The rate was 7.8 (95% CI: 4.9, 20.3) for men and 12.4 (95% CI: 7.7, 24.8) for women. For symptomatic PAOD, the incidence rate was 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7, 7.5) overall, 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3, 10.0) for men, and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.0, 10.3) for women. Multivariate analyses showed that increasing age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were the most important risk factors. The overall incidence rate for intermittent claudication among PAOD subjects who were asymptomatic at baseline was 90.5 per 1,000 person-years at risk (95% CI: 36.4, 378.3). The incidence of asymptomatic PAOD was higher than the incidence of symptomatic PAOD, with women developing PAOD more often than men. In the development of preventive strategies, modification of atherosclerotic risk factors, such as smoking, hypertension, and diabetes, should be the main goals.
Representing metabolic pathway information: an object-oriented approach.
Authors: Ellis L B , Speedie S M , McLeish R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD) is a website providing information and dynamic links for microbial metabolic pathways, enzyme reactions, and their substrates and products. The Compound, Organism, Reaction and Enzyme (CORE) object-oriented database management system was developed to contain and serve this information. RESULTS: CORE was developed using Java, an object-oriented programming language, and PSE persistent object classes from Object Design, Inc. CORE dynamically generates descriptive web pages for reactions, compounds and enzymes, and reconstructs ad hoc pathway maps starting from any UM-BBD reaction. AVAILABILITY: CORE code is available from the authors upon request. CORE is accessible through the UM-BBD at: http://www. labmed.umn.edu/umbbd/index.html.
Genome rearrangement with gene families
Authors: Sankoff David 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The theory and practice of genome rearrangement analysis breaks down in the biologically widespread contexts where each gene may be present in a number of copies, not necessarily contiguous. In some of these contexts it is, however, appropriate to ask which members of each gene family in two genomes G and H, lengths lG and lH, are its true exemplars , i.e. which best reflect the original position of the ancestral gene in the common ancestor genome. This entails a search for the two exemplar strings of same length n (= number of gene families, including singletons), having the smallest possible rearrangement distance: the exemplar distance .
Results: A branch and bound algorithm calculates these distances efficiently when based on easily calculated traditional rearrangement distances, such as signed reversals distance or breakpoint distance, which also satisfy a property of monotonicity in the number of genes. Simulations show that in two random genomes, the expected exemplar distance/n is sensitive to the number and size of gene families, but approaches 1 as the number of singleton families increases. When the basic rearrangement distance is just the number of breakpoints, the expected cost of computing the exemplar breakpoints distance (EBD), as measured by total calls to the underlying breakpoint distance routine, is highly dependent on both n and the configuration of gene families. On the other hand, basing exemplar distance on exemplar reversals distance (ERD), the expected computing cost depends on the configuration of gene families but is not sensitive to n.
Availability: Code for EBD and ERD is available from the author or may be accessed at http://www.crm.umontreal.ca/~viart/exemplar˙dis.html
Contact: sankoff@ere.umontreal.ca
DNA binding sites: representation and discovery
Authors: Stormo Gary D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a brief history of the development and application of computer algorithms for the analysis and prediction of DNA binding sites. This problem can be conveniently divided into two subproblems. The first is, given a collection of known binding sites, develop a representation of those sites that can be used to search new sequences and reliably predict where additional binding sites occur. The second is, given a set of sequences known to contain binding sites for a common factor, but not knowing where the sites are, discover the location of the sites in each sequence and a representation for the specificity of the protein.
Contact: stormo@ural.wustl.edu
Support vector machine classification and validation of cancer
tissue samples using microarray expression data
Authors: Furey Terrence S. , Cristianini Nello , Duffy Nigel , Bednarski David W. , Schummer Michèl , Haussler David 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: DNA microarray experiments generating thousands of gene expression measurements, are being used to gather information from tissue and cell samples regarding gene expression differences that will be useful in diagnosing disease. We have developed a new method to analyse this kind of data using support vector machines (SVMs). This analysis consists of both classification of the tissue samples, and an exploration of the data for mis-labeled or questionable tissue results.
Results: We demonstrate the method in detail on samples consisting of ovarian cancer tissues, normal ovarian tissues, and other normal tissues. The dataset consists of expression experiment results for 97802 cDNAs for each tissue. As a result of computational analysis, a tissue sample is discovered and confirmed to be wrongly labeled. Upon correction of this mistake and the removal of an outlier, perfect classification of tissues is achieved, but not with high confidence. We identify and analyse a subset of genes from the ovarian dataset whose expression is highly differentiated between the types of tissues. To show robustness of the SVM method, two previously published datasets from other types of tissues or cells are analysed. The results are comparable to those previously obtained. We show that other machine learning methods also perform comparably to the SVM on many of those datasets.
Availability: The SVM software is available at http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~bgrundy/svm.
Contact: booch@cse.ucsc.edu
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
TAMBIS: Transparent Access to Multiple Bioinformatics
Information Sources
Authors: Stevens Robert , Baker Patricia , Bechhofer Sean , Ng Gary , Jacoby Alex , Paton Norman W. , Goble Carole A. , Brass Andy 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: TAMBIS (Transparent Access to Multiple Bioinformatics Information Sources) is an application that allows biologists to ask rich and complex questions over a range of bioinformatics resources. It is based on a model of the knowledge of the concepts and their relationships in molecular biology and bioinformatics.
Availability: TAMBIS is available as an applet from http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/tambis
Supplementary Information: A full user manual, tutorial and videos can be found at http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/tambis.
Contact: tambis@cs.man.ac.uk
Sister-Scanning: a Monte Carlo procedure for assessing signals
in recombinant sequences
Authors: Gibbs Mark J. , Armstrong John S. , Gibbs Adrian J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: To devise a method that, unlike available methods, directly measures variations in phylogenetic signals in gene sequences that result from recombination, tests the significance of the signal variations and distinguishes misleading signals.
Results: We have developed a method, that we call ‘sister-scanning’, for assessing phylogenetic and compositional signals in the various patterns of identity that occur between four nucleotide sequences. A Monte Carlo randomization is done for all columns (positions) within a window and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(Z\) \end{document}-scores are obtained for four real sequences or three real sequences with an outlier that is also randomized. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated using tobamovirus and luteovirus sequences. Contradictory phylogenetic signals were distinguished in both datasets, as were regions of sequence that contained no clear signal or potentially misleading signals related to compositional similarities. In the tobamovirus dataset, contradictory phylogenetic signals were separated by coding sequences up to a kilobase long that contained no clear signal. Our re-analysis of this dataset using sister-scanning also yielded the first evidence known to us of an inter-species recombination site within a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene together with evidence of an unusual pattern of conservation in the three codon positions.
Availability: A program package, SiScan, for use under MS-DOS can be downloaded from http://life.anu.edu.au/with test data and instructions.
Contact: mgibbs@rsbs.anu.edu.au; johna@rsbs.anu.edu.au; gibbs@rsbs.anu.edu.au
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
How to reconstruct a large genetic network from
n gene perturbations in fewer than
n2 easy steps
Authors: Wagner Andreas 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: The reconstruction of genetic networks is the holy grail of functional genomics. Its core task is to identify the causal structure of a gene network, that is, to distinguish direct from indirect regulatory interactions among gene products. In other words, to reconstruct a genetic network is to identify, for each network gene, which other genes and their activity the gene influences directly. Crucial to this task are perturbations of gene activity. Genomic technology permits large-scale experiments perturbing the activity of many genes and assessing the effect of each perturbation on all other genes in a genome. However, such experiments cannot distinguish between direct and indirect effects of a genetic perturbation.
Results: I present an algorithm to reconstruct direct regulatory interactions in gene networks from the results of gene perturbation experiments. The algorithm is based on a graph representation of genetic networks and applies to networks of arbitrary size and complexity. Algorithmic complexity in both storage and time is low, less than O(n2). In practice, the algorithm can reconstruct networks of several thousand genes in mere CPU seconds on a desktop workstation.
Availability: A perl implementation of the algorithm is given in the Appendix.
Contact: wagnera@unm.edu