bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies on co-digestion of KOH pretreated wheat straw and dairy industry wastewater for enhanced biogas production
Authors: Rani Punam , Pathak Vinayak Vandan , Bansal Megha 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The dairy industry is one of the biggest industries in the world due to tremendous demand for milk and milk products, thereby produces huge amount of waste water as well. This wastewater contains various nutrients, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), in addition to organic and inorganic substances. Among the various methods of treatment of wastewater, anaerobic digestion is considered to be one of the best methods, as it contributes to energy production to resolve the energy crisis. To attain maximum production of biomethane co-digestion of substrates containing rich amount of carbohydrates and essential nutrients is beneficial. Thus, in the present experiment untreated and alkaline pretreated samples of wheat straw were co-digested with dairy wastewater. The results showed that biomethane production from slurry containing dairy wastewater co-digested with KOH pretreated wheat straw inoculated with cow dung has maximum yield (624 ml/g VS). To study the experimental data of biogas production, Gompertz model was applied and resulted that the rate of biogas production (µmmld−1) was found highest with dairy wastewater co-digested with 2% KOH pretreated wheat straw, while rate of biogas production was found lowest with untreated wheat straw.
Inflammation Mediated Alterations in the Iron Homeostasis of Eales’ Disease
Authors: Bharathselvi Muthuvel , Sulochana Konerirajapuram N , Saravanan Ramanujam , Biswas Jyothirmay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Eales’ Disease is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis, characterized by recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, neovascularization and inflammation. The disease distresses the retina of adult males between 15 and 45 years. In the present study proteins involved in iron homeostasis were assessed in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Methods: Forty male subjects, were recruited for the study. Their blood samples were used to measure the ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, hepcidin, ferroportin and heme. Besides ALAS, HO, HIF-2 and other relevant parameters were also measured.Results: In the ED group, significantly increased in the levels of heme, heme oxygenase , ferritin and VEGF were observed in serum and monocytes of ED, besides decrease in the levels of transferrin. Interestingly, the expression levels of hepcidin and HIF were increased whereas the ferroportin was found to be decreased. Conclusions: These results propose an evidence for the involvement of altered iron homeostasis.
The Dual Therapeutic Effect Of Metformin Nuclei Based Drugs Modified With One Of Tulbaghia Violacea Extract Compounds
Authors: Hassan Safaa S , Bedir Elaria A , Hamza Abd El-Rahman M , Ahmed Ahmed M , Ibrahim Nouran M , El-Ghany Mahmoud S Abd , Sayed Nada N , Eimera Bassant M , Salama Mabrouk , Mohamed Eman F. , Mohamed Dalia B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Novel Schiff base was synthesized from condensation reaction of metformin with [4- (Diethylamino) benzaldehyde (NBM). Different metal complexes were prepared using Pd(II), Pt(II), Cu(II) and V(IV) metal ions. All complexes showed the non-electrolytic behavior. So, the expected molecular formulas for complexes are [Pd(NBM)Cl2], [Pt(NBM)Cl2], [Cu(NBM)2Cl2] and [VO(NBM)2]. The cytotoxicity of (NBM) Schiff base and its metal complexes on human cancer cell line, MCF-7, was investigated. V(IV) and Cu (II) complexes showed potential blood-glucose lowering effect higher than the commercial metformin drug. VO(IV) complex has superior antioxidant activity more than the other synthesized compounds and the standard ascorbic acid. Molecular docking investigation proved the presence of interesting interactions between all synthesized compounds with the active site amino acids of EGFR tyrosine kinase (anticancer activity). The molecular docking of metal complexes observed effective inhibition for the specific mTOR protein that is expected to aid the growth of the COVID-19 virus.
Versatile, highly reconfigurable, high bandwidth, radio frequency and microwave photonic Hilbert transformers with soliton crystal Kerr micro-comb sources
Authors: moss david 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate bandwidth-tunable RF photonic Hilbert transformer based on an integrated Kerr micro-comb source. The micro-comb is generated by an integrated micro-ring resonator with a free spectral range of 48.9 GHz, yielding 75 micro-comb lines in the telecom C-band. By programming and shaping the generated comb lines according to calculated tap weights, we demonstrate high-speed Hilbert transform functions with tunable bandwidths ranging from 1.2 GHz to 15.3 GHz, switchable center frequencies from baseband to 9.5 GHz, and arbitrary fractional orders. The experimental results show good agreement with theory and confirm the effectiveness of our approach.
Patient and Physician Reported Perception on Hypercholesterolemia Management in Primary Prevention in Germany: Results From a Nationwide Online Survey
Authors: Beier L , Wolf M , Stein K , Weingärtner Oliver 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Aims: Effective hypercholesterolemia management is essential in primary prevention of cardiovascular events. PROCYON assessed the perception on hypercholesterolemia management in clinical practice in Germany.Methods: The online survey included a patient questionnaire on treatment status and disease knowledge and a physician questionnaire on guideline awareness and patient management together with a conjoint analysis on cardiovascular risk factors.Results: Of 3,798 patients included, 1,632 (43.0%) received lipid-lowering medication. Of these, 790 (48.4%) reported improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, 670 (41.1%) reported no improvement, and 172 (10.5%) had no information. Of the treated patients with (N’=790) and without (N’=670) improvement, 52.4% vs. 47.9% were on their initial drug and dose, 8.9% vs. 9.0% received multiple drug therapy, 34.7% vs. 38.8% reported a dose change, and 16.0% vs. 19.4% had discontinued at least one drug (multiple answers).In total, 109 physicians participated. LDL-C level was attributed the highest relative importance (32.0%), followed by diabetes (24.5%) and systolic blood pressure (15.8%). Lipid-lowering therapy is initiated at an LDL-C level >150 mg/dL by 63 physicians (57.8%). One third (n=35; 32.1%) stated that ≥60% of their primary prevention patients do not receive lipid-lowering medication.Conclusion: PROCYON identified a need for consequent LDL-C target-based treatment implementation.
Rational and Safe Use of the Top Two Botanical Dietary Supplements to
Enhance the Immune System
Authors: Calderón Angela I. , Kim Hyunjin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has sparked great interest in strengthening the immune system, especially by the consumption of widely available natural dietary supplements. Such popularity has suggested the sales of these products to grow significantly in the year 2021, especially for those who are unable or unwilling to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Among the many botanicals, Sambucus nigra L. (Elderberry) and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinacea) have especially shown great popularity. Various in vivo and in vitro tests of S. nigra and E. purpurea containing additives have confirmed the botanicals’ influence on proinflammatory cytokines, viral infections, and flu symptoms, proving their immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Although there have been promising results with S. nigra and E. purpurea containing supplements, thorough monitoring of the sanitary production, demand, and related side effects after consumption are required. Further research and development of the supplements in accordance with the pandemic are also advised
Involvement of the Nervous System in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Polunosika Elīna , Pastare Daina , Jaunozoliņa Līga , Karelis Guntis 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Scleroderma is a rare heterogeneous multisystem autoimmune disease. The disease is characterized by structural abnormalities of the small blood vessels. Scleroderma affects all organs of the body. Skin manifestations are commonly reported, but peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been less frequently reported. Neurological manifestations are broad, and it is challenging for clinicians to confirm a diagnosis of scleroderma.

Case Presentation:
In our case, a 53-year-old white woman had extensive clinical presentations: skin rashes and symptoms from internal organs, CNS, and PNS during the previous 11 years. She had not undergone any specific treatment because diagnosis has not been made in the early stages.

Conclusion:
It is important to make the diagnosis as early as possible and start treatment with immunomodulatory and immunosuppressant medication, as it affects the patient's disease progression, quality of life, and mortality. A detailed medical history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiology findings help us to identify and diagnose scleroderma. But unfortunately, it was late, and the patient died. This case guides us to be more careful and make the diagnosis of scleroderma earlier in the future.
Prevalence of Visual Disorders among Urban Palestinian Preschool Children
Authors: Labadi Liana , Shahin Reem , Eperjesi Frank , Al-Shanti Yousef , Shehadeh Mohammad , Taha Ibrahim 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Childhood blindness is a major public health concern since 40% of visual disorders that can cause blindness among children are preventable. Vision screening programs among preschool children have been implemented in several countries as a tool for early detection and intervention of visual disorders. In Palestine, there is a lack of scientific data on the prevalence of visual disorders among children. In addition, vision-screening programs that are currently implemented are neither validated nor effective.

Objective:
Using validated vision screening protocols, a cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the prevalence of visual disorders among urban Palestinian preschool children between the ages of 3 to 5 years in Nablus city.

Methods:
All children attending eight preschools selected using single-stage cluster sampling technique, underwent a validated vision screening administered by trained eye care professionals. The screening protocol was based on a combination of clinical assessment adopted from the Modified Clinical Technique and the Vision in Preschoolers studies, including assessment of visual acuity, ocular alignment, depth perception, color vision, non-cycloplegic retinoscopy, and ocular health. A pass-fail criterion was used to refer all children who did not attend the vision screening for comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegic retinoscopy and a dilated fundus exam. A chi-squared test was used to determine any association between visual disorders and their independent risk factors.

Results:
A total number of 764 children underwent vision screening. Out of the 290 children who did not attend the vision screening, 127 children responded to the referral call for comprehensive eye examinations. Refractive error was the most prevalent visual disorder with a prevalence of (29.37%), followed by amblyopia (4.10%), color vision deficiency (1.24%), strabismus (1.24%), and ocular health abnormalities (0.70%). There was no age (p=0.35) and gender (p=0.32) variation in children having refractive errors. Anisometropia was the leading cause for amblyopia (1.32%, n=7), followed by significant refractive error (1.13%, n=6) and strabismus (0.37%, n=2).

Conclusion:
Refractive error was the most prevalent visual disorder affecting Palestinian preschoolers in Nablus. Anisometropia and significant refractive errors were found to be the major causes of amblyopia. Effective nationwide preschool vision screening programs should be implemented in Palestine to screen amblyogenic risk factors.
Long-Term Impact of First-Line Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HiV-1 Positive Patients: A Retrospective Study in Karnataka, India
Authors: Khan Aishah , Achappa Basavaprabhu , Kulkarni Vaman , Holla Ramesh , Dsouza Nikhil Victor , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Ramapuram John T. , Madi Deepak 
Published: February 2022

Purpose:
In resource-limited settings like India, the treatment efficacy of ART is monitored through CD4 count and clinical indicators. The objective of this study is to assess outcomes and indicators of treatment failure in patients on long-term first-line ART.

Methods:
We carried out a retrospective study using data from 851 patients collected from ART centers established in two tertiary care hospitals of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. All HIV-1 positive patients initiated on first-line therapy from 2001 to 2009 were monitored.

Results:
Of the 851 patients, 62.6% were males, median age was 37 years and 90% were infected through heterosexual contact. About 21% of the total patients surveyed were reported to have died, 2.5% withdrew treatment, 2.5% were transferred out and 1.5% were lost to follow up. Moreover, 11.2% of the population were reported to have switched to second-line therapy due to poor adherence (p=0.0001). Of those evaluated for failure (n=95), 36.8% were due to both immunological and virological failure, and 34.7% were due to virological failure. Median CD4 count at initiation was 260 cells/mm3, while the median recent CD4 count was 555 cells/mm3. In our study, an association between adherence with outcome was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
To conclude, this study proves that better adherence led to a favorable long-term outcome.
Combination of Albumin-Bilirubin Grade and Platelet Count as a Predictor of Esophageal Varices’ Presence and Grading in Egyptian Patients with HCV Related Cirrhosis
Authors: Moharm Amera Esam AbdElmoneim , El-Kalla Ferial Salah El-Din , Kobtan Abdelrahman Abdelraouf , Elkhalawany Walaa Ahmed 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Screening guidelines recommend that all patients who are newly diagnosed with cirrhosis should be screened for esophageal varices (EV). This study aimed at predicting the presence of esophageal varices among Egyptian hepatitis C cirrhotic patients by a combination of albumin-bilirubin grade and platelet count score (ALBI-Platelet score).

Methods:
This study was performed on 150 cirrhotic patients. Eighty- seven patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) related cirrhosis and esophageal varices formed Group (A), while Group (B) consisted of sixty-three patients with HCV related cirrhosis and no esophageal varices. Full metabolic profile, Complete blood count (CBC), ultrasonography, and endoscopy were done.

Results:
There was a significant difference between studied groups regarding serum bilirubin, serum albumin and platelet count. The cutoff point of platelets count as a predictor for esophageal varices among studied groups was <154.5. The cutoff value for albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score as a predictor for esophageal varices of any size was -1.67 with 52.9% sensitivity, 59.6% specificity, 47% negative predictive value (NPV) and 64% positive predictive value (PPV). The ALBI-Plt score >3 had 42.5%, specificity 63.5%, negative predictive value 40% and positive predictive value 65%. The cutoff value for the ALBI score representing large-sized esophageal varices was -1.27. The ALBI-Plt score >4 for large-sized varices had sensitivity 61.9%, specificity 55%, negative predictive value 59%, positive predictive value 50%.

Conclusion:
ALBI-Platelet score is a non-costly, readily available and reliable new non-invasive predictor of the presence of EV that could easily be used in screening for the presence of esophageal varices and risky large-sized esophageal varices in cases of hepatitis C Virus related hepatic cirrhosis, lessening the need for endoscopic screening.
El desarrollo de la capacidad para leer y escribir como estrategia de enseñanza en el proceso de adquisición del español como segunda lengua
Authors: Delgadillo Rosa Esther 
Published: February 2022

A la luz de las investigaciones sobre la enseñanza-apren-dizaje de la lecto-escritura en el salón de clases, nos per-mitimos proponer una serie de estrategias y técnicas de enseñanza basadas en el enfoque procesal, que pueden favorecer la adquisición del español como segunda lengua. En este enfoque se considera la lectura y la escritura como pro-cesos complementarios. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea, se sugie-re emplear textos descriptivos, narrativos y argumentativos, con una doble finalidad, por un lado, promover la participa-ción activa de nuestros alumnos en la comprensión, inter-pretación y re-escritura de los textos propuestos y, por el otro, despertar su interés en el encuentro y la búsqueda de nuevas experiencias de lectura y escritura.
Leer y escribir son procesos que requieren de habilida-des cognitivas de recepción y producción de mensajes. Ambos procesos demandan del reconocimiento de cada una de las etapas: logográfica, alfabética, ortográfica, hasta llegar al reconocimiento visual de las palabras, fra-ses y oraciones que conforman el discurso escrito. En cada una de estas etapas se involucran, además, proce-sos como los de la percepción, la identificación y la com-prensión de sonidos, la comprensión del significado y la interpretación del mensaje.
Ambas habilidades están íntimamente relacionadas por ser habilidades lingüísticas “que no se adquieren en contextos naturales2 sino que se aprenden con mayor o menor éxito en contextos educativos”.3 Estos contextos educativos permiten al aprendiz ir conformando, prime-ro, un mundo lingüístico diferente al suyo y, después, tener una experiencia comunicativa al usar de manera funcional, el sistema lingüístico de la lengua meta, en este caso, el español.
Estructura interna de las palabras compuestas en coreano
Authors: Hyejeong Jeong 
Published: February 2022

En el estudio de un idioma se suelen dividir los diversos niveles de la lengua en cuestión y cada uno tiene su propia naturaleza y se vincula con los demás niveles y aspectos. En el acto del habla todos estos niveles ocurren simultáneamente y en un análisis ninguno de ellos puede ser excluido. Sin embargo, cuando el propósito es hacer un estudio sistemático, se escoge y aisla un determinado nivel de análisis. En este trabajo nos proponemos mostrar la estructura interna de las palabras coreanas compuestas.
Las palabras compuestas se pueden definir como aquellos vocablos formados por la suma de dos o más raíces. Para formar palabras compuestas en coreano existen dos procedimientos principales: por composición y por derivación. Las palabras compuestas por composición, pueden ser de tres clases: 1) la composición independiente, 2) la composición dependiente y 3) la fusión.
1) En la composición independiente, cada uno de los componentes conserva su significado y sólo formalmente se trata como una palabra compuesta con su significado específico, que es la suma de sus componentes.
2) En cuanto a la composición dependiente, uno de los componentes funciona como elemento principal, y el otro como dependiente.
3) La fusión es el mecanismo en el que la suma de los significados de los componentes da lugar a un significado nuevo, el de la palabra compuesta, distinto de los significados de cada uno de sus componentes.

Por lo tanto, el significado de una palabra compuesta creada por composición varía de acuerdo a las relaciones entre los componentes de la palabra compuesta.

En cuanto al segundo procedimiento para formar palabras compuestas, que es el de por derivación, existen dos clases. La primera es la adaptación del primer componente para esta clase de combinaciones. En esta forma, la raíz que actúa como primer elemento en la composición es un prefijo o una raíz prefijada. En esta forma las raíces prefijadas actúan como elemento principal en la composición. En la segunda clase, se utilizan palabras como componente final de las palabras compuestas; en este caso se llaman raíces sufijadas.
El enfoque adoptado en el presente estudio es el de describir las principales características de los sistemas morfológicos de la palabra compuesta en coreano, especialmente de los nombres cuyos componentes son nombres, verbos y adjetivos, con el objeto de establecer una base sobre la cual poder empezar un estudio comparativo entre el español y el coreano.
Hacia una propuesta de un modelo de examen para el Certificado Internacional del Español
Authors: Pulido Guillermo , Jurado Martha 
Published: February 2022

La globalización —definida en términos de internacionalización del comercio, integración de mercados financieros y mundialización de empresas multinacionales—genera efectos paradójicos. En el plano cultural, crea vertientes de homogeneización y de heterogeneidad. Las primeras enfatizan la acción de empresas transnacionales emisoras de mensajes vinculados al consumo y la cultura del mercado. Las vertientes que enfatizan la heterogeneidad destacan las dinámicas de apropiación y modificación del mensaje y de sus símbolos en los niveles nacionales y subnacionales; lo cual contribuye a reforzar las tendencias identitarias particulares.
Los mecanismos contradictorios producidos por la globalización generan oportunidades para que el español despliegue su gran potencial social, cultural y económico. Requisito indispensable para el desarrollo de ese potencial es el diseño de políticas nacionales y supranacionales destinadas a proyectar internacionalmente al español aprovechando las ventajas de la globalización, sin descuidar el respeto a las diferencias idiosincrásicas.
La armonización de sistemas de acreditación de competencias lingüísticas desarrollado principalmente en Europa representa un ejemplo paradigmático del diseño de políticas y regulaciones regionales y transregionales producto de la integración regional que valora no sólo los aspectos económicos, sino también el enorme patrimonio que las culturas y lenguas representan como parte de la suma total de la reserva de pensamiento y conocimiento humano.
Una iniciativa para extender hacia América ese trabajo cooperativo y multilateral se concretó en 2004 con el acuerdo firmado entre el Instituto Cervantes y la Univer-sidad Nacional Autónoma de México para crear el Certificado Internacional del Español, un sistema para evaluar el dominio de la lengua de los aprendientes del español que, por el esfuerzo y complejidad que implica, esperamos suscite el apoyo de autoridades y especialistas de otros países hispanoamericanos.
En este documento se presentan los antecedentes y avances de este proyecto. En primer término, se caracterizan de manera general, tres sistemas estandarizados de evaluación de la enseñanza de lenguas, con el fin de destacar la importancia de la definición de estándares y la sistematización de reconocimientos oficiales de competencias. Se describe, posteriormente, algunos antecedentes relacionados con el Centro de Enseñanza para Extranjeros. Finalmente se delinean algunos rasgos del nuevo sistema de evaluación y su proceso de construcción.