bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How interactions between ADHD and schools affect educational achievement: a family‐based genetically sensitive study
Authors: Cheesman Rosa , Eilertsen Espen M. , Ayorech Ziada , Borgen Nicolai T. , Andreassen Ole A. , Larsson Henrik , Zachrisson Henrik , Torvik Fartein A. , Ystrom Eivind 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundChildren with ADHD tend to achieve less than their peers in school. It is unknown whether schools moderate this association. Nonrandom selection of children into schools related to variations in their ADHD risk poses a methodological problem.MethodsWe linked data on ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity and parent–child ADHD polygenic scores (PGS) from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to achievement in standardised tests and school identifiers. We estimated interactions of schools with individual differences between students in inattention, hyperactivity, and ADHD‐PGS using multilevel models with random slopes for ADHD effects on achievement over schools. In our PGS analyses, we adjust for parental selection of schools by adjusting for parental ADHD‐PGS (a within‐family PGS design). We then tested whether five school sociodemographic measures explained any interactions.ResultsAnalysis of up to 23,598 students attending 2,579 schools revealed interactions between school and ADHD effects on achievement. The variability between schools in the effects of inattention, hyperactivity and within‐family ADHD‐PGS on achievement was 0.08, 0.07 and 0.05 SDs, respectively. For example, the average effect of inattention on achievement was β = −0.23 (SE = 0.009), but in 2.5% of schools with the weakest effects, the value was −0.07 or less. ADHD has a weaker effect on achievement in higher‐performing schools. Schools make more of a difference to the achievements of students with higher levels of ADHD, explaining over four times as much variance in achievement for those with high versus average inattention symptoms. School sociodemographic measures could not explain the ADHD‐by‐school interactions.ConclusionsAlthough ADHD symptoms and genetic risk tend to hinder achievement, schools where their effects are weaker do exist. Differences between schools in support for children with ADHD should be evened out.
Comparative genomic analysis illustrates evolutionary dynamics of multisubunit tethering complexes across green algal diversity
Authors: Phanprasert Yasinee , Maciszewski Kacper , Gentekaki Eleni , Dacks Joel B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe chlorophyte algae are a dominant group of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Although many are photoautotrophs, there are also mixotrophs, heterotrophs, and even parasites. The physical characteristics of green algae are also highly diverse, varying greatly in size, shape, and habitat. Given this morphological and trophic diversity, we postulated that diversity may also exist in the protein components controlling intracellular movement of material by vesicular transport. One such set is the multisubunit tethering complexes (MTCs)—components regulating cargo delivery. As they span endomembrane organelles and are well‐conserved across eukaryotes, MTCs should be a good proxy for assessing the evolutionary dynamics across the diversity of Chlorophyta. Our results reveal that while green algae carry a generally conserved and unduplicated complement of MTCs, some intriguing variation exists. Notably, we identified incomplete sets of TRAPPII, exocyst, and HOPS/CORVET components in all Mamiellophyceae, and what is more, not a single subunit of Dsl1 was found in Cymbomonas tetramitiformis. As the absence of Dsl1 has been correlated with having unusual peroxisomes, we searched for peroxisome biogenesis machinery, finding very few components in Cymbomonas, suggestive of peroxisome degeneration. Overall, we demonstrate conservation of MTCs across green algae, but with notable taxon‐specific losses suggestive of unusual endomembrane systems.
Development of invasive pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum) eggs in a large Barents Sea river
Authors: Erkinaro Jaakko , Orell Panu , Pohjola Jan‐Peter , Kytökorpi Mikko , Pulkkinen Henni , Kuusela Jorma 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe spawning and egg development of invasive pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were investigated in the large River Teno in the Barents Sea area where they spawned for the first time on a large scale in 2021. The spawning period started in early August and egg development was rapid. All eggs were eyed by mid‐September and the first juveniles hatched in late September. In early October most eggs had hatched. Degree‐days in water temperature suggested that egg deposition had mostly taken place in early August. Early egg development is discussed in relation to possible consequences for survival.
Abscisic acid‐dependent PMT1 expression regulates salt tolerance by alleviating abscisic acid‐mediated reactive oxygen species production in Arabidopsis
Authors: He Qi Yu , Jin Jian Feng , Lou He Qiang , Dang Feng Feng , Xu Ji Ming , Zheng Shao Jian , Yang Jian Li 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhosphocholine (PCho) is an intermediate metabolite of nonplastid plant membranes that is essential for salt tolerance. However, how PCho metabolism modulates response to salt stress remains unknown. Here, we characterize the role of phosphoethanolamine N‐methyltransferase 1 (PMT1) in salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana using a T‐DNA insertional mutant, gene‐editing alleles, and complemented lines. The pmt1 mutants showed a severe inhibition of root elongation when exposed to salt stress, but exogenous ChoCl or lecithin rescued this defect. pmt1 also displayed altered glycerolipid metabolism under salt stress, suggesting that glycerolipids contribute to salt tolerance. Moreover, pmt1 mutants exhibited altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and distribution, reduced cell division activity, and disturbed auxin distribution in the primary root compared with wild‐type seedlings. We show that PMT1 expression is induced by salt stress and relies on the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, as this induction was abolished in the aba2‐1 and pyl112458 mutants. However, ABA aggravated the salt sensitivity of the pmt1 mutants by perturbing ROS distribution in the root tip. Taken together, we propose that PMT1 is an important phosphoethanolamine N‐methyltransferase participating in root development of primary root elongation under salt stress conditions by balancing ROS production and distribution through ABA signaling.
Plant invasion reconstructs soil microbial assembly and functionality in coastal salt marshes
Authors: Zhang Guangliang , Bai Junhong , Tebbe Christoph C. , Huang Laibin , Jia Jia , Wang Wei , Wang Xin , Yu Lu , Zhao Qingqing 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMicrobiologically driven ecosystem processes can be profoundly altered by alien plant invasions. There is limited understanding of the ecological mechanisms orchestrating different microbial constituents and their roles in emerging functional properties under plant invasions. Here, we investigated soil microbial communities and functions using high‐throughput amplicon sequencing and GeoChip technology, respectively, along a chronological gradient of smooth cordgrass invasion in salt marshes located in the Yellow River Estuary, China. We found a positive correlation between microbial diversity and the duration age of invasion, and both bacterial and fungal communities showed consistent changes with invasion. Soil microbial metabolic potential, as indicated by the abundance of microbial functional genes involved in biogeochemical cycling, decreased in response to invasion. As a consequence, declining soil microbial metabolisms as a result of plant invasion facilitated carbon accumulation in invaded salt marshes. Bacteria and fungi exhibited distinct contributions to assembly processes along the invasion gradient: bacterial communities were mainly driven by selection and dispersal limitation, while fungi were dramatically shaped by stochastic processes. Soil microbial‐mediated functions were taxon‐specific, as indicated by community–function relationships. This study demonstrates the distinct contributions of microbial constituents to microbial community assembly and functions and sheds light on the implications of plant invasion on microbiologically driven ecosystem processes in coastal wetlands.
Building a theoretical model for virtual interprofessional education
Authors: Azim Arden , Kocaqi Etri , Wojkowski Sarah , Uzelli‐Yilmaz Derya , Foohey Sarah , Sibbald Matt 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundVirtual interprofessional education (IPE) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional in‐person IPE. However, theoretical frameworks to support virtual interprofessional learning are not well established. Two theoretical frameworks emerged as relevant to virtual IPE: (1) the Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative (CIHC) interprofessional learning framework and (2) Dornan's Experience‐Based Learning Model (ExBL) of workplace learning. In this study, we sought to explore virtual IPE using both frameworks to develop new theoretical understandings and identify assumptions, gaps and barriers.MethodsThis was a qualitative study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with medical and nursing student participants (n = 14) and facilitators (n = 3) from virtual IPE workshops. Transcripts were analysed using directed content analysis methodology, informed by the CIHC and ExBL frameworks. Themes were explored using mind‐mapping transitional coding. Data collection and analysis were continued iteratively until themes with adequate conceptual depth, relevance and plausibility were identified.ResultsThree themes were identified: (1) a shift in the balance of personal and professional, (2) blunted sociologic fidelity and (3) uncertainty and threats to interpersonal connections. Professional distinctions and hierarchies are blurred virtually. This contributed to an increased sense of psychological safety among most learners and lowered the threshold for participation. Separation from workplace sociologic complexity facilitated communication and role clarification objectives. However, loss of immersion may limit deeper engagement. Interprofessional objectives that rely on deeper sociological fidelity, such as conflict resolution, may be threatened. Informal interactions between learners are hindered, which may threaten organic development of interprofessional relationships.ConclusionsRole clarification and communication objectives are preserved in virtual IPE. Educators should pay close attention to psychological safety and sociologic fidelity—both to leverage advantages and guard against threats to connection and transferability. Virtual IPE may be well suited as a primer to in‐person activities or as scaffolding towards interprofessional workplace practice.
Chemosensory loss in COVID‐19
Authors: Xu Winnie , Sunavala‐Dossabhoy Gulshan , Spielman Andrew I. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 virus quickly spread globally, infecting over half a billion individuals, and killing over 6 million*. One of the more unusual symptoms was patients' complaints of sudden loss of smell and/or taste, a symptom that has become more apparent as the virus mutated into different variants. Anosmia and ageusia, the loss of smell and taste, respectively, seem to be transient for some individuals, but for others persists even after recovery from the infection. Causes for COVID‐19‐associated chemosensory loss have undergone several hypotheses. These include non‐functional or destroyed olfactory neurons and gustatory receptors or of their supporting cells, disruption of the signaling protein Neuropilin‐1, and disruption in the interaction with semaphorins, key molecules in the gustatory and olfactory axon guidance. The current paper will review these hypotheses and chart out potential therapeutic avenues.
The ethics of partiality
Authors: Lange Benjamin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPartiality is the special concern that we display for ourselves and other people with whom we stand in some special personal relationship. It is a central theme in moral philosophy, both ancient and modern. Questions about the justification of partiality arise in the context of enquiry into several moral topics, including the good life and the role in it of our personal commitments; the demands of impartial morality, equality, and other moral ideals; and commonsense ideas about supererogation. This paper provides an overview of the debate on the ethics of partiality through the lens of the domains of permissible and required partiality. After outlining the conceptual space, I first discuss agent‐centred moral options that concern permissions not to do what would be impartially optimal. I then focus on required partiality, which concerns associative duties that go beyond our general duties to others and require us to give special priority to people who are close to us. I discuss some notable features of associative duties and the two main objections that have been raised against them: the Voluntarist and the Distributive objections. I then turn to the justification of partiality, focusing on underivative approaches and reasons‐based frameworks. I discuss the reductionism and non‐reductionism debate: the question whether partiality is derivative or fundamental. I survey arguments for ‘the big three’, according to which partiality is justified by appeal to the special value of either projects, personal relationships, or individuals. I conclude by discussing four newly emerging areas in the debate: normative transitions of various personal relationships, relationships with AI, epistemic partiality, and negative partiality, which concerns the negative analogue of our positive personal relationships.
The impact of macroprudential policies on the transmission of shocks across financially integrated countries
Authors: Intungane Doriane 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe study the implications of macroprudential policies across countries on the transmission of shocks when international investment activities are allowed. In a two‐country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in which international investors are borrowing constrained and pledge international assets, we introduce a time‐varying loan‐to‐value (LTV) ratio that adjusts to the variation of three different financial vulnerability indicators. We examine the effect of these policies on negative productivity and borrowing capacity shocks. Although time‐varying LTV ratios reduce the international propagation of the productivity shock, their response to the shock depends on the financial vulnerability indicator with which the LTV ratio changes. With a productivity shock, the adjustment of the LTV ratio to the deviation of credit or asset price helps to reverse the negative impact of the shock. With a financial shock, LTV ratios varying with a deviation of credit‐to‐GDP ratio or aggregate credit can mitigate the impact of a negative financial shock. Adjustment of the LTV ratios reduces the fluctuation of international investors' balance sheets, investment, and productivity. We find that countries improve their welfare when time‐varying LTV ratios are in place. The magnitude of the welfare gain differs with both the financial vulnerability indicator and the shock.
Season‐ and facial site‐specific skin changes due to long‐term mask wearing during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nakamura Tomomi , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Haneoka Mai , Nakamura Shun , Takahashi Yoshito 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAs people have regularly worn facial masks due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, mask‐wear‐related adverse effects on the skin have been recognized. The aim of this study was to explore skin changes, their seasonal variations in the general population caused by commonly used masks and a possible mechanism underlying negative effects of mask‐wearing.Materials and methodsEighteen Japanese females participated in the study during summer and winter in Japan. Skin characteristics were measured in the non‐mask‐wearing preauricular area and the mask‐wearing cheek and perioral areas.ResultsTrans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) on the cheek area tended to be increased in winter, which was positively correlated with skin scaliness on the same area. Ceramide (CER) content and composition in the mask‐covered stratum corneum (SC) were slightly changed between summer and winter, and CER [NP]/[NS] ratio was negatively correlated with the TEWL on the perioral skin in winter. Skin hydration and sebum secretion were higher on the cheek compared to the perioral area in summer. Skin redness was particularly high on the cheek in winter.ConclusionMask‐wear‐related skin changes were season‐ and facial site‐specific, and alterations in SC CER may play a role in barrier‐related skin problems caused by mask use.
Understanding urban wealth perception using a hybrid dataset and ranking‐scoring framework
Authors: Liu Wuping , Guo Wei , Wu Ruijie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractResearch on urban perception using street view images has developed rapidly. Global urban perception datasets commonly used in local urban perception research may be inaccurate because of the differences in the characteristics across cities. Building a new local urban perception dataset requires a practical and efficient solution to construct high‐availability datasets and a corresponding urban perception framework. In this study, we developed a simple and effective ranking‐scoring framework containing two stages. First, we constructed a hybrid dataset in a 1:1 ratio, based on the global and local datasets. Next, we built a ranking‐scoring network that uses deep learning models to obtain the features of images and a learning‐to‐rank approach to determine perceptual scores. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we examined the perception of urban wealth in Wuhan, China. Our framework showed high accuracy when the hybrid dataset was used. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences between the spatial distribution of the perception results of the hybrid model and the global model in the study area. In addition, we analyzed driving factors for wealth perception, such as visual elements and road types. The results verified that the hybrid dataset is more suitable for local urban perception. Our framework could assist researchers in conducting fast and accurate urban perception of local cities, using a hybrid dataset and ranking‐scoring, thus enabling urban planners to provide more consideration to users' perceptions during the planning process without dwelling upon additional burdens.
Necessitation and the Changing Past
Authors: Schipper Arthur 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA central tenet of truthmaker theory is that necessitation is necessary for truthmaking (nec). This paper defendsnecin a novel, piecemeal way, namely by responding to a potential counterexample involving a changing past. If Carter won a race att1but is later disqualified att2, then Carter no longer won att1. A wholly past event seems to have changed in the future. The event makes ‘Carter won the race att1’ (race) true betweent1‐2but fails to make it true att2. So, we have a potential counterexample to necessitation: a truthmaker ofracefails in another context to make the same truthbearerracetrue. I argue that the best solution to this challenge is not that there are different truthbearers att1‐2andt2(the semantic response), or thatracewas never true because of the future disqualification or will always be true despite the future disqualification. The best solution is to accept that the past can change: past events can change based on what happens in the future (e.g., via their effects). This paper's novel defence of necessitation will illustrate the importance of utilising explicitly ontological and commonsensical tools in accounting for truth.
MRI of the live fish brain at 3 Tesla: Feasibility, technique and interspecies anatomic variations
Authors: Clark Jennifer R. , Camus Alvin C. , Comolli Jessica , Divers Stephen J. , Gendron Karine P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAdvances in aquatic animal medicine and continued growth of the fish hobbyist and aquaculture communities have led to a developing interest in antemortem diagnostic imaging of aquatic species. The aims of this prospective, pilot study were to determine whether advanced neuroimaging can be safely achieved in live fish using clinically available equipment, to optimize imaging parameters, and to develop a comparative MRI atlas of a few fish species of economic or research value. Two each of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) of at least 30 cm in length were individually anesthetized for 3 Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. All fish achieved an adequate anesthetic level for prolonged immobilization during imaging. Diagnostic quality images were obtained for all subjects; however, the spatial resolution was maximized with larger fish. Imaging protocols were optimized for standard neuroimaging sequences. Additionally, inversion times for fluid‐attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences were adapted to the naturally high protein content of fish pericerebral fluid. Following imaging, the fish successfully recovered from anesthesia, were humanely euthanized, and were immediately processed to assess brain histopathology. Necropsy confirmed the sex and health status of each fish. A limited comparative MRI atlas was created of the brains of these species for clinical reference. Findings from the current study supported the use of 3T MRI as an adjunct diagnostic test for fish with suspected neurologic disease and provided a limited anatomic atlas of the teleost brain for use as a reference.
Bayesian Inference With Gaussian Process Surrogates to Characterize Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Skin From Suction Tests
Authors: Song Gyohyeon , An Jaehee , Tepole Adrian Buganza , Lee Taeksang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One of the intrinsic features of skin and other biological tissues is the high variation in the mechanical properties across individuals and different demographics. Mechanical characterization of skin is still a challenge because the need for subject-specific in vivo parameters prevents us from utilizing traditional methods, e.g., uniaxial tensile test. Suction devices have been suggested as the best candidate to acquire mechanical properties of skin noninvasively, but capturing anisotropic properties using a circular probe opening—which is the conventional suction device—is not possible. On the other hand, noncircular probe openings can drive different deformations with respect to fiber orientation and therefore could be used to characterize the anisotropic mechanics of skin noninvasively. We propose the use of elliptical probe openings and a methodology to solve the inverse problem of finding mechanical properties from suction measurements. The proposed probe is tested virtually by solving the forward problem of skin deformation by a finite element (FE) model. The forward problem is a function of the material parameters. In order to solve the inverse problem of determining skin properties from suction data, we use a Bayesian framework. The FE model is an expensive forward function, and is thus substituted with a Gaussian process metamodel to enable the Bayesian inference problem.