bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintaining Prehospital Intubation Success with COVID-19 Personal Protective Precautions
Authors: Avery Pascale , McAleer Sam , Rawlinson David , Gill Stuart , Lockey David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground:Tracheal intubation is a high-risk intervention for exposure to airborne infective pathogens, including the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the recent pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) was essential to protect staff during intubation but is recognized to make the practical conduct of anesthesia and intubation more difficult. In the early phase of the coronavirus pandemic, some simple alterations were made to the emergency anesthesia standard operating procedure (SOP) of a prehospital critical care service to attempt to maintain high intubation success rates despite the challenges posed by wearing PPE. This retrospective observational cohort study aims to compare first-pass intubation success rates before and after the introduction of PPE and an altered SOP.Methodology:A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2019 through August 30, 2021. The retrospective analysis used prospectively collected data using prehospital electronic patient records. Anonymized data were held in Excel (v16.54) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (v28). Patient inclusion criteria were those of all ages who received a primary tracheal intubation attempt outside the hospital by critical care teams. March 27, 2020 was the date from which the SOP changed to mandatory COVID-19 SOP including Level 3 PPE – this date is used to separate the cohort groups.Results:Data were analyzed from 1,266 patients who received primary intubations by the service. The overall first-pass intubation success rate was 89.7% and the overall intubation success rate was 99.9%. There was no statistically significant difference in first-pass success rate between the two groups: 90.3% in the pre-COVID-19 group (n = 546) and 89.3% in the COVID-19 group (n = 720); Pearson chi-square 0.329; P = .566. In addition, there was no statistical difference in overall intubation success rate between groups: 99.8% in the pre-COVID-19 group and 100.0% in the COVID-19 group; Pearson chi-square 1.32; P = .251.Non-drug-assisted intubations were more than twice as likely to require multiple attempts in both the pre-COVID-19 group (n = 546; OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.19-3.90; P = .01) and in the COVID-19 group (n = 720; OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.1; P = <.001).Conclusion:This study presents simple changes to a prehospital intubation SOP in response to COVID-19 which included mandatory use of PPE, the first intubator always being the most experienced clinician, and routine first use of video laryngoscopy (VL). These changes allowed protection of the clinical team while successfully maintaining the first-pass and overall success rates for prehospital tracheal intubation.
Income disparities in mental health: investigating the role of food insecurity by disability status
Authors: Williams Meredith R , Do D Phuong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjective:To investigate whether food insecurity helps explain the association between income and psychological distress and if its role differs by disability status.Design:Using 2011–2017 National Health Interview Survey cross-sectional data (n 102 543), we conducted linear regression models, fully interacted with disability status, to estimate the association between income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) (<1, 1–<2, 2–<4, ≥4) and psychological distress (Kessler 6 (K6) Scale, range: 0–24). Base models adjusted for socio-demographic factors. We then added food security (secure, low and very low), interacted with disability, and conducted post-estimation adjusted Wald tests.Setting:USA.Participants:Nationally representative sample of non-institutionalised adults 18 years and older.Results:The association between income and psychological distress was stronger for people with disabilities. Compared to those in the highest income category (IPR ≥4), poor individuals (IPR < 1) with and without disabilities scored 2·10 (95 % CI (1·74, 2·46)) and 0·81 (95 % CI (0·69, 0·93)) points higher on the K6 Scale, respectively. Accounting for food insecurity reduced the estimated income disparity in psychological distress significantly more among individuals with disabilities (0·96 points or 46 %) than without disabilities (0·34 points or 42 %), decreasing the difference in the income disparity between those with and without disabilities by 48 % (0·62 points). Further, food insecurity more strongly predicted psychological distress for individuals with disabilities independent of socio-economic disadvantage.Conclusions:Food insecurity plays a more important role in shaping patterns of psychological distress for people with disabilities, explaining more of the association between income and psychological distress among those with than without disabilities. Improving food security may reduce mental health disparities.
Implementation of the Convention against Torture in Taiwan: Filling the Gap in the International Struggle against Torture?
Authors: DOUBEK Pavel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe universal system of protection against torture established by the United Nations (UN) is confronted with daily incidents of torture and other cruelties in all regions of the world. Moreover, despite the ratification of UN treaties, most governments lack a genuine commitment to address these abuses. In contrast, the anti-torture safeguards under the UN Convention against Torture and its Optional Protocol are currently being implemented in Taiwan, even though Taiwan is not part of the UN and cannot participate in the international human rights dialogue. The process of incorporation of UN anti-torture documents by a non-UN member is all but easy. This article shows, however, that commitment to combat torture goes beyond the UN treaty system and might be a welcome contribution towards the current debate on fostering compliance with human rights treaties both in Asia-Pacific and around the globe.
Unser Wunschkind - Hauptsache gesund?
Authors: Spranger Stephanie 
Published: September 2022

Eine Humangenetikerin gibt einfühlsame Einblicke in ihre tägliche Praxis

Eltern, die für ihr Kind das Risiko einer genetisch bedingten Krankheit befürchten, benötigen neben Befunden aus der vorgeburtlichen Diagnostik, wie zum Beispiel aus speziellen Ultraschalluntersuchungen, dem nicht invasiven-pränatalen Bluttest (NIPT) oder Ergebnissen der Fruchtwasseruntersuchung viele weitere Informationen, damit sie die individuell richtige Entscheidung treffen können. Unter Umständen müssen sie eine Fehlgeburt oder eine Behinderung ihres Wunschkindes in Betracht ziehen und kommen in die Situation, über die Beendigung der Schwangerschaft nachdenken und entscheiden zu müssen. Diese Situation kann für Paare emotional sehr belastend sein.
Die Autorin beschreibt in kurzen, persönlichen Geschichten ganz unterschiedliche Beratungsanlässe aus ihrer langjährigen Praxis und leitet die Leserin?/?den Leser anhand von Beispielen, Tipps und erklärenden Abbildungen einfühlsam durch komplexe medizinisch-genetische Sachverhalte:
•Wie entsteht eine Eizelle, eine Samenzelle, ein Kind aus beiden Zellen?
•Wie und mit welcher Wahrscheinlichkeit können genetisch bedingte Erkrankungen entstehen?
•Wie sind genetisch bedingte Erkrankungen zu erkennen und zu diagnostizieren?
•Welche Rolle spielen das Alter von Frau und Mann, Medikamenten- und Drogenkonsum?
Eltern und Paare haben so die Chance, sich während oder noch vor einer Schwangerschaft über ihre Wünsche und individuellen Grenzen klar zu werden.
Measuring Health Literacy in Childhood and Adolescence with the Scale Health Literacy in School-Aged Children – German Version
Authors: Fischer Saskia M. , Dadaczynski Kevin , Sudeck Gorden , Rathmann Katharina , Paakkari Olli , Paakkari Leena , Bilz Ludwig , Germany the HBSC Study Group 
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One economical measure is the 10-item Health Literacy in School-Aged Children (HLSAC) scale, developed and reviewed as part of the WHO Child and Adolescent Health Study (HBSC, Health Behavior in School-Aged Children). In the present study, we tested dimensionality, measurement invariance, and associations with health-related measures of the German version of the scale (HLSAC–German), using data from the 2018 national German HBSC study ( N = 4,347 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years). We also tested HLSAC–German with 11-year-olds, representing an expansion of the original scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses consistently demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale (α = .88). Complete scalar measurement invariance was found for sex and partial scalar measurement invariance for age groups and school type, allowing for the comparison of means. Associations with indicators of health and health behavior further demonstrate the construct validity of the scale. The analyses show that the scale is suitable for the economic measurement of a general factor of health literacy in 11- as well as in 13- and 15-year-olds.
Sedimentary Organics in Glen Torridon, Gale Crater, Mars: Results From the SAM Instrument Suite and Supporting Laboratory Analyses
Authors: Millan M. , Williams A. J. , McAdam A. C. , Eigenbrode J. L. , Steele A. , Freissinet C. , Glavin D. P. , Szopa C. , Buch A. , Summons R. E. , Lewis J. M. T. , Wong G. M. , House C. H. , Sutter B. , McIntosh O. , Bryk A. B. , Franz H. B. , Pozarycki C. , Stern J. C. , Navarro‐Gonzalez R. , Archer D. P. , Fox V. , Bennett K. , Teinturier S. , Malespin C. , Johnson S. S. , Mahaffy P. R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) suite instrument on board NASA's Curiosity rover has characterized the inorganic and organic chemical composition of seven samples from the Glen Torridon (GT) clay‐bearing unit. A variety of organic molecules were detected with SAM using pyrolysis (up to ∼850°C) and wet chemistry experiments coupled with evolved gas analysis (EGA) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. SAM EGA and GCMS analyses revealed a greater diversity and abundance of sulfur‐bearing aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds in the sediments of this Gale crater unit than earlier in the mission. We also report the detection of nitrogen‐containing, oxygen‐containing, and chlorine‐containing molecules, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in GT, although the sources of some of these organics may be related to the presence of chemical reagents in the SAM instrument background. However, sulfur‐bearing organics released at high temperature (≥600°C) are likely derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources and consistent with the presence of recalcitrant organic materials in the sample. The SAM measurements of the GT clay‐bearing unit expand the inventory of organic matter present in Gale crater and is also consistent with the hypothesis that clay minerals played an important role in the preservation of ancient refractory organic matter on Mars. These findings deepen our understanding of the past habitability and biological potential of Gale crater.
Can We Use the Water Budget to Infer Upland Catchment Behavior? The Role of Data Set Error Estimation and Interbasin Groundwater Flow
Authors: Gordon Beatrice L. , Crow Wade T. , Konings Alexandra G. , Dralle David N. , Harpold Adrian A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWater budgets are essential for characterizing water supplies from snow‐dominated upland catchments where data are sparse, groundwater systems are complex, and measurements are prone to error (ε). One solution is imposing water budget closure (CWB) by ignoring difficult‐to‐measure variables, including inter‐basin groundwater fluxes (G) and ε. However, conventional CWB‐based analyses, which derive evapotranspiration (ET) from precipitation (P) and streamflow (Q) (e.g., the Budyko hypothesis), are limited in their ability to take advantage of recent advances in ET products, physically‐based frameworks for improving inferences about G, or tools to statistically characterize ε (Triple Collocation [TC]); all of which offer promise for improved water supply predictions via open water budgets (OWB). We clarify the value of these advances in upland settings by comparing standard land surface model, Ensemble Mean, and TC‐Merged P and ET products in 114 upland catchments. When compared against a long‐term OWB, we find that the CWB assumptions are unsupported in 75%–100% of our 114 catchments, depending on the product. We then show how applying these CWB assumptions in snowy, steep catchments where ε is large can inflate inferences about streamflow response to climate change by up 9 times more than independent (OWB) estimates of ET using TC. Finally, we demonstrate how advances in OWB analysis reveal that high, arid settings with deep permeable substrate are groundwater exporters while most other basins are groundwater importers. Our results highlight the advantages of OWB analyses that harness new products, tools, and frameworks for characterizing inter‐basin groundwater fluxes in critical upland settings.
Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere
Authors: Averbuch G. , Sabatini R. , Arrowsmith S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study uses infrasound detections from a repetitive source to estimate the effect of the atmosphere's temporal variability on infrasound. While a previous paper focused on infrasound propagation through the troposphere to a distance of 54 km, this study uses stratospheric returns detected 256 km from the source. Based on source‐receiver pairs, the empirical Green's function is calculated every 20 s for 52 events; these allow generating a set of synthetic signals where variations are ascribed to variation in the atmosphere. In addition, observations are compared with numerical simulation results based on realistic atmospheric conditions. Results show that variations of stratospheric infrasound signals are observed over timescales ranging from tens of seconds to minutes and have dominant periods ranging from tens to hundreds of seconds. These results motivate using infrasound to probe short temporal changes in the middle atmosphere and study their underlying phenomena.
Crustal‐Scale Fault Systems in the Korean Peninsula Unraveled by Reflection Seismic Data
Authors: Zappalá Samuel , Malehmir Alireza , Hong Tae‐Kyung , Juhlin Christopher , Lee Junhyung , Papadopoulou Myrto , Brodic Bojan , Park Seongjun , Chung Dongchan , Kim Byeongwoo , Lee Jeongin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn approximately 40‐km long high‐resolution reflection seismic profile (P3) was acquired in the metropolitan area of Seoul in South Korea for the purpose of fault system imaging in a highly noisy and challenging urban environment. Two 12t seismic vibrators (mini‐vibs) were used as the seismic source. Data were recorded using a dual element seismic spread; 20 m spaced 421 wireless seismic recorders connected to 10 Hz geophones and 20 micro‐electro‐mechanical‐based landstreamer sensors (2 m sensor spacing) attached to one of the vibrators. The purpose of the dual spread employed was to delineate both near‐surface and deep structures. The processing results show good quality and the processing work was complemented by different analysis to further constraints the geological interpretation. The survey results provide evidence for the 3D geometry of three fault systems, including Chugaryeong, Pocheon, and Wangsukcheon faults. A gently westerly dipping set of reflectivity underlying a dome‐shaped package of reflectivity is interpreted as a fault, and could project to the known surface position of the Pocheon fault. The dome‐shaped reflectivity is interpreted as folded and faulted dyke or sill systems. Downward continuation of the interpreted fault intersects the sub‐vertical Chugaryeong fault in a zone where the current seismicity is observed, suggesting that these two major fault systems may have jointly evolved in the form of splay faults. Reflections from the Wangsukcheon fault are also present in the data and interpreted to dip approximately 60° to the east, in an opposite direction to the two other faults.
Comparison Among All‐Sky Simulations, FY‐3E MWTS‐3 and FY‐4A AGRI Observations of the First Typhoon Malakas in 2022
Authors: Niu Zeyi , Zou Xiaolei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe newly launched early morning satellite Fengyun‐3E (FY‐3E) helps to form a three‐orbit constellation for better observing the first Typhoon Malakas in 2022. Together with MetOp‐B and NOAA‐20, global observations are made available 6 times daily from three temperature sounders of MWTS‐3, AMSU‐A, and ATMS onboard FY‐3E, MetOp‐B, and NOAA‐20, respectively. Having channel frequencies much less than 200 GHz, brightness temperatures (TBs) at different sounding channels are linearly related to temperatures at different altitudes. This allows Malakas's warm cores to be retrieved from MWTS‐3, AMST‐A, and ATMS TB observations. The warm‐core maxima of Malakas at 250 hPa has a single‐peaked diurnal cycle, with its maximum and minimum peaking around midnight and noon, respectively. FY‐3E MWTS‐3 observations allowed the intensity and phase of the diurnal cycle better captured. The diurnal variations of warm core retrieved from all‐sky TB simulations of the ERA5 reanalysis and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis compared well with the three‐orbit constellation retrieval. All‐sky simulations of TB from the NCEP GFS analysis compared more favorably with FY‐4A AGRI TB observations than those from the ERA5 reanalysis.
Effects of Guide Field and Background Density and Temperature on Energy Conversion at Magnetic Reconnection Front
Authors: Shu Yukang , Lu San , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Zheng Jian , Ding Weixing 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMagnetic reconnection is a fundamental energy converting process changing the topology of the magnetic field in space. We investigate how the guide field and the background plasma density and temperature influence the energy converting process during magnetic reconnection using a two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulation code. It is shown that the guide field reduces both the reconnection rate and the energy conversion rate. Although the downstream Poynting flux from the reconnection site is enhanced during guide field magnetic reconnection, it does not participate in energy conversion as the inflow and outflow of Poynting flux from the left and right boundaries of the reconnection front cancel each other out. The major input of the Poynting flux participating in energy conversion comes from the upper and lower boundaries of the reconnection front. An electrostatic perturbating structure arises in cases with a strong guide field. Apart from the reconnection rate and the energy conversion rate, the energy outflow is altered by changing background plasma density and temperature. Our research shows that the energy input at a well‐developed reconnection front in the case of the guide field does not come from the reconnection site, which implies the reconnection front can be an effective energy converter in the magnetosphere independent of the reconnection site once formed from the transient magnetic reconnection. These simulation results show that the guide field and background density and temperature quantitatively alter the energy conversion at the magnetic reconnection front, but the energy conversion pattern remains unchanged.
Legislative
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

As Congress convenes again and enters a new budget cycle, it theoretically follows a two‐tiered approach to funding a program. First, a congressional committee is supposed to authorize spending for a program, and then another committee appropriates the money for it. Authorizing committees are also charged with overseeing and adjusting programs.One authorizing committee, however—the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, newly chaired by George A. Brown (D‐CA)— has lost some of its power to formulate the nation's science policy to the House Appropriations Committee. One of Brown's challenges—cited by observers—is to regain some of his committee's old control on setting the course of science.
Potentially Pluto‐bound
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2022

NASA has given the green light to a proposal to proceed with preliminary design studies for a mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. The project, labeled “New Horizons: Shedding Light on Frontier Worlds,” could launch in 2006 and fly by Pluto before 2020.But first, according to NASA, the project will need to pass a “confirmation review” of mission risks, including regulatory approval for its nuclear power source, and win sufficient funds from Congress. The mission received $30 million in Congressional funding for fiscal year 2002 for final design work and for contracting the launch vehicle, but the White House budget plan currently does not include mission funding for subsequent years.
Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly
Authors: Song Lifu , Geng Feng , Gong Zi-Yi , Chen Xin , Tang Jijun , Gong Chunye , Zhou Libang , Xia Rui , Han Ming-Zhe , Xu Jing-Yi , Li Bing-Zhi , Yuan Ying-Jin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDNA data storage is a rapidly developing technology with great potential due to its high density, long-term durability, and low maintenance cost. The major technical challenges include various errors, such as strand breaks, rearrangements, and indels that frequently arise during DNA synthesis, amplification, sequencing, and preservation. In this study, a de novo strand assembly algorithm (DBGPS) is developed using de Bruijn graph and greedy path search to meet these challenges. DBGPS shows substantial advantages in handling DNA breaks, rearrangements, and indels. The robustness of DBGPS is demonstrated by accelerated aging, multiple independent data retrievals, deep error-prone PCR, and large-scale simulations. Remarkably, 6.8 MB of data is accurately recovered from a severely corrupted sample that has been treated at 70 °C for 70 days. With DBGPS, we are able to achieve a logical density of 1.30 bits/cycle and a physical density of 295 PB/g.
Effects of adding household water filters to Rwanda’s Community-Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Rwamagana district
Authors: Haque Sabrina , Kirby Miles A. , Iyakaremye Laurien , Gebremariam Alemayehu , Tessema Getachew , Thomas Evan , Chang Howard H. , Clasen Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnsafe drinking water remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity. While Rwanda’s Community-Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme (CBEHPP) promotes boiling and safe storage, previous research found these efforts to be ineffective in reducing fecal contamination of drinking water. We conducted a cluster randomized control led trial to determine if adding a household water filter with safe storage to the CBEHPP would improve drinking water quality and reduce child diarrhea. We enrolled 1,199 households with a pregnant person or child under 5 across 60 randomly selected villages in Rwamagana district. CBEHPP implementers distributed and promoted water purifiers to a random half of villages. We conducted two unannounced follow-up visits over 13–16 months after the intervention delivery. The intervention reduced the proportions of households with detectableE. coliin drinking water samples (primary outcome) by 20% (PR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74–0.87,p < 0.001) and with moderate and higher fecal contamination (≥10 CFU/100 mL) by 35% (PR 0.65, 95% CI 0.57–0.74, p < 0.001). The proportion of children under 5 experiencing diarrhea in the last week was reduced by 49% (aPR 0.51, 95%CI 0.35–0.73,p < 0.001). Our findings identify an effective intervention for improving water quality and child health that can be added to the CBEHPP.