bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing and Assessing a Resident Diversity Council to Address the Need for a Diverse Clinical Workforce
Authors: Gathers Cody , Mateo Camila M. , Sox Colin 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceMinoritized racial and ethnic groups remain underrepresented in medicine (UIM) compared with the general population. Although many residency programs want to train a diverse group of individuals, methods for implementation are not fully established.ObjectiveTo describe the implementation and restructuring of the Boston Combined Residency Program (BCRP) Diversity Council and evaluate the association between restructuring the BCRP Diversity Council and the number of UIM interns.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on a large academic pediatric residency program at Boston Children’s Hospital and Boston Medical Center. Interns who matched in the BCRP from March 17, 2011, to March 18, 2021, were included. Interns who matched in an affiliated medicine-pediatrics residency were excluded because they are not universally exposed to the same recruitment efforts as individuals in the other BCRP tracks.ExposureBecause the BCRP Diversity Council was restructured in 2016, 2011-2016 was defined as the prerestructuring era and 2017-2021 as the postrestructuring era.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of interns who self-identified as UIM.ResultsA total of 516 BCRP interns from 2011 to 2021 were included. A total of 62 individuals (12.0%) identified as racial and ethnic identities UIM (ie, American Indian/Alaska Native, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander). During the 6-year prerestructuring Diversity Council era, 27 of the 275 BCRP interns (9.8%) were UIM; 35 of 241 BCRP interns (14.5%) were UIM during the 5-year restructured Diversity Council era (χ2﻿ P = .10).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, the number of UIM interns was higher after the BCRP Diversity Council was restructured, although the difference was not statistically significant. As the magnitude of the Diversity Council’s influence is multidimensional, perhaps studying additional aspects would have better captured its impact. The BCRP Diversity Council has expanded innovative recruitment initiatives, supported efforts to improve the resident experience, and collaborated with the residency and institutional leadership to promote an inclusive and antiracist learning environment.
Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Exome Sequencing and Chromosomal Microarray in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Srivastava Siddharth , Lewis Sara A. , Cohen Julie S. , Zhang Bo , Aravamuthan Bhooma R. , Chopra Maya , Sahin Mustafa , Kruer Michael C. , Poduri Annapurna 
Published: October 2022

ImportanceThere are many known acquired risk factors for cerebral palsy (CP), but in some cases, CP is evident without risk factors (cryptogenic CP). Early CP cohort studies report a wide range of diagnostic yields for sequence variants assessed by exome sequencing (ES) and copy number variants (CNVs) assessed by chromosomal microarray (CMA).ObjectiveTo synthesize the emerging CP genetics literature and address the question of what percentage of individuals with CP have a genetic disorder via ES and CMA.Data SourcesSearched articles were indexed by PubMed with relevant queries pertaining to CP and ES/CMA (query date, March 15, 2022).Study SelectionInclusion criteria were as follows: primary research study, case series with 10 or more nonrelated individuals, CP diagnosis, and ES and/or CMA data used for genetic evaluation. Nonblinded review was performed.Data Extraction and SynthesisPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used for assessing data quality and validity. Data were extracted by a single observer.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA separate meta-analysis was performed for each modality (ES, CMA). The primary outcome was proportion/molecular diagnostic yield (number of patients with a discovered genetic disorder divided by the total number of patients in the cohort), evaluated via meta-analysis of single proportions using random-effects logistic regression. A subgroup meta-analysis was conducted, using risk factor classification as a subgroup. A forest plot was used to display diagnostic yields of individual studies.ResultsIn the meta-analysis of ES yield in CP, the overall diagnostic yield of ES among the cohorts (15 study cohorts comprising 2419 individuals from 11 articles) was 23% (95% CI, 15%-34%). The diagnostic yield across cryptogenic CP cohorts was 35% (95% CI, 27%-45%), compared with 7% (95% CI, 4%-12%) across cohorts with known risk factors (noncryptogenic CP). In the meta-analysis of CMA yield in CP, the diagnostic yield of CMA among the cohorts (5 study cohorts comprising 294 individuals from 5 articles) was 5% (95% CI, 2%-12%).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that for individuals with cryptogenic CP, ES followed by CMA to identify molecular disorders may be warranted.
The sediment at the end of the tunnel: Geophysical research to locate the Pleistocene entrance of Gruta da Companheira (Algarve, Southern Portugal)
Authors: Barbieri Alvise , Regala Federico T. , Cascalheira João , Bicho Nuno 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUntil recently, evidence of Neanderthal cave use in the Algarve (Southern Portugal) came only from the site of Ibn Ammar. Over the last couple of years, archaeological excavations inside another cave, Gruta da Companheira, yielded Mousterian stone tools associated with possible human fossils. The discovery of this assemblage is groundbreaking because it may contribute to enlighten the Neanderthal/cave relationship and explain the dearth of similar sites in the Algarve. Gruta da Companheira, however, is a complex karst system, which was partly destroyed during its accidental discovery. As result, the original entrance of the cave remains unknown, and it is unclear how sediments, archaeological materials and Neanderthals accessed the site. To tackle these issues, we combined geomorphological observations with speleological, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground‐Penetrating Radar (GPR) prospections. Our data indicate that Gruta da Companheira was probably accessed from the hilltop through a sub‐vertical entrance. Additionally, our results suggest the existence of yet unexplored shallower cavities connected with the already known passages of Gruta da Companheira. These results will guide the opening of new excavation areas at the site. The limestone bedrock hosting Gruta da Companheira has been extensively dissolved by karst processes. Therefore, it is necessary to focus future research on the cave infillings to clarify whether Neanderthals exploited the cave's inner chambers or alternatively limited their occupations to the hilltop and geogenic processes reworked their materials into the endokarst system shortly after their stays. The deep karstification and partial collapse of the hill hosting Gruta da Companheira are common in limestone outcrops that occur throughout the Western Algarve. Poor visibility and poor accessibility of this karst area, densely covered with shrubby vegetation, are factors that need to be considered when addressing the scarcity of Middle Palaeolithic cave sites in this region.
Stimulus‐Responsive Amino Acids Behind In Situ Assembled Bioactive Peptide Materials
Authors: Song Yanqiu , Zhang Zeyu , Cao Yawei , Yu Zhilin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn situ self‐assembly of peptides into well‐defined nanostructures represents one of versatile strategies for creation of bioactive materials within living cells with great potential in disease diagnosis and treatment. The intimate relationship between amino acid sequences and the assembling propensity of peptides has been thoroughly elucidated over the past few decades. This has inspired development of various controllable self‐assembling peptide systems based on stimuli‐responsive naturally occurring or non‐canonical amino acids, including redox‐, pH‐, photo‐, enzyme‐responsive amino acids. This review attempts to summarize the recent progress achieved in manipulating in situ self‐assembly of peptides by controllable reactions occurring to amino acids. We will highlight the systems containing non‐canonical amino acids developed in our laboratory during the past few years, primarily including acid/enzyme‐responsive 4‐aminoproline, redox‐responsive (seleno)methionine, and enzyme‐responsive 2‐nitroimidazolyl alanine. Utilization of the stimuli‐responsive assembling systems in creation of bioactive materials will be specifically introduced to emphasize their advantages for addressing the concerns lying in disease theranostics. Eventually, we will provide the perspectives for the further development of stimulus‐responsive amino acids and thereby demonstrating their great potential in development of next‐generation biomaterials.
Decoupled Water Electrolysis Driven by 1 cm2 Single Perovskite Solar Cell Yielding a Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Efficiency of 14.4 %
Authors: Lv Fei , Qin Zhixiao , Wu Jiazhe , Pan Lixia , Liu Longjie , Chen Yubin , Zhao Yixin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSolar water splitting by photovoltaic (PV) electrolysis is a promising route for sustainable hydrogen production. However, multiple PV cells connected in series are generally required to fulfil the practical electrolytic voltages, which inevitably increases the system complexity and resistance. Decoupled water electrolysis for separate hydrogen and oxygen evolution needs smaller voltage to drive each half‐reaction, which provides a feasibility to achieve the single PV cell driven water electrolysis. Herein, by introducing sodium nickelhexacyanoferrate (NaNiHCF) as the redox mediator, decoupled acid water electrolyzer and amphoteric water electrolyzer were respectively constructed. The required voltages for the hydrogen or oxygen evolution steps matched with the output voltages of the perovskite solar cell (PSC). Impressively, by combining one 1 cm2 FAPbI3‐based PSC (efficiency: 18.77 %) with the decoupled amphoteric water electrolyzer, a solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) efficiency of 14.4 % was achieved, which outperformed previously reported PSC‐driven water electrolysis cells.
Limitation of switching frequency to improve characteristics and suppression of input current distortion for critical mode PFC
Authors: Yamada Ryuji , Araumi Ryunosuke , Wada Keiji 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn critical mode power factor correction (PFC), the switching frequency is varied to achieve a sinusoidal input current waveform. Under certain conditions, a higher frequency increases the loss and noise. Meanwhile, the limitation of the switching frequency leads to an increase in input current distortion. This paper proposes a method to prevent an increase in distortion by compensating the pulse width at a limited frequency. Using this control method, critical mode PFC with a limited maximum switching frequency was evaluated. As a result, the total harmonic distortion of the input current was lower than that before the frequency limitation. Furthermore, the improvement in efficiency and the reduction in conducted EMI were confirmed.
Self‐Healable and Stretchable PAAc/XG/Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 Hybrid Hydrogel Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Li Jinmeng , Xu Tian , Ma Zheng , Li Wang , Qian Yongxin , Tao Yang , Wei Yinchao , Jiang Qinghui , Luo Yubo , Yang Junyou 
Published: October 2022

Thermoelectric power generators have attracted increasing interest in recent years owing to their great potential in wearable electronics power supply. It is noted that thermoelectric power generators are easy to damage in the dynamic service process, resulting in the formation of microcracks and performance degradation. Herein, we prepare a new hybrid hydrogel thermoelectric material PAAc/XG/Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 by an in situ polymerization method, which shows a high stretchable and self‐healable performance, as well as a good thermoelectric performance. For the sample with Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 content of 1.5 wt% (i.e., PAAc/XG/Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 (1.5 wt%)), which has a room temperature Seebeck coefficient of −0.45 mV K−1, and exhibits an open‐circuit voltage of −17.91 mV and output power of 38.1 nW at a temperature difference of 40 K. After being completely cut off, the hybrid thermoelectric hydrogel automatically recovers its electrical characteristics within a response time of 2.0 s, and the healed hydrogel remains more than 99% of its initial power output. Such stretchable and self‐healable hybrid hydrogel thermoelectric materials show promising potential for application in dynamic service conditions, such as wearable electronics.
Flexible support of a pile embedded in unsaturated soil under Rayleigh waves
Authors: Yang Zijian , Wu Wenbing , Liu Hao , Zhang Yunpeng , Liang Rongzhu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnder the action of Rayleigh waves, pile head is easy to rotate with a concrete pile cap, and pure fixed‐head condition is rarely achieved, which is a common phenomenon for it usually occurs on the precast piles with insufficient anchorage. In addition, the propagation characteristics of Rayleigh wave have been changed significantly due to the existence of capillary pressure and the coupling between phases in unsaturated soil, which significantly affects the pile‐soil interaction. In order to study the above problems, a coupled vibration model of unsaturated soil–pile system subjected to Rayleigh waves is established on the basis that the pile cap is equivalent to a rigid mass block. Meanwhile, the soil constitution is simplified to linear‐elastic and small deformations are assumed to occur during the vibration phase of soil–pile system. Then, the horizontal dynamic response of a homogeneous free‐field unsaturated soil caused by propagating Rayleigh waves is obtained by using operator decomposition theory and variable separation method. The dynamic equilibrium equation of a pile is established by using the dynamic Winkler model and the Timoshenko beam theory, and the analytical solutions of the horizontal displacement, rotation angle, bending moment and shear force of pile body are derived according to the boundary conditions of flexible constraint of pile top. Based on the present solutions, the rationality of the proposed model is verified by comparing with the previous research results. Through parametric study, the influence of rotational stiffness and yield bending moment of pile top on the horizontal dynamic characteristics of Rayleigh waves induced pile is investigated in detailed. The analysis results can be utilized for the seismic design of pile foundation under Rayleigh waves.
Responses to defoliation and fertiliser, corm development and chemical control of onion grass (Romulea rosea) in the Mediterranean environment of southern Australia
Authors: Nie Zhongnan , Zollinger Reto , Behrendt Ralph 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundOnion grass (Romulea rosea) is a common weed that infests native and improved pastures in the Mediterranean environments of southern Australia. It is a very challenging weed to control due to its distinctive growth and survival mechanisms involving corms.MethodsThree glasshouse experiments were conducted in Australia to investigate the response of onion grass to defoliation and fertiliser application, the development and growth of onion grass corms and the chemical control of the weed in winter and spring.ResultsDefoliating consistently to 1 cm above ground reduced corm weight by 84% compared with the control. Medium or high fertiliser application did not increase herbage mass of onion grass compared with the nonfertilised treatment. The corm weight of onion grass declined from Weeks 1 to 8 after emergence, remained at 53–60 mg dry matter (DM) corm−1 from Weeks 8 to 19 and then declined on average to 37 mg DM corm−1 up to Week 26 after emergence. New corms started to develop at Week 6 after emergence. A small proportion of the onion grass plants (7.5%) developed multiple new corms (3–6 corms) from a single old corm. The most effective herbicide control was a winter application of metsulfuron methyl or imazamox as an alternative product to protect clover.ConclusionsThis study has identified the growth and development patterns of onion grass corms, how the plant responded to defoliation and fertiliser application and effective chemical control of this weed. These findings have significant practical implications for the improvement of onion grass‐infested pastures.
Adverse reactions associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and bevacizumab: A pharmacovigilance analysis
Authors: Gu Tianqi , Jiang Aimin , Zhou Chaozheng , Lin Anqi , Cheng Quan , Liu Zaoqu , Zhang Jian , Luo Peng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with the anti‐angiogenesis drug bevacizumab is one of the future directions of immunotherapy. However, the potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by combination therapy remain unclear. Current research on ADRs of combination therapy in cancer patients is extremely limited. Our study aims to help determine the safety of combination therapy. We downloaded the ADR reports on combination therapy, from the first quarter of 2012 to the fourth quarter of 2021, from the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database and conducted a large‐scale retrospective study. The ADR signals were monitored by reporting odds ratio (ROR) and analyzing the risk of different ADRs in patients with Pan‐cancer. A total of 2094 cases were selected, after excluding duplicate data and the use of chemotherapy drugs. We evaluated the risk of ADR in Pan‐cancer patients. Combination therapy was an independent risk factor for adverse drug reactions associated with interstitial lung disease (OR: 8.62; 95% CI: 6.14‐12.10, P < .0001), hypertension (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.11‐1.65, P < .01) and gastrointestinal bleeding (OR: 3.16; 95% CI: 2.21‐4.51, P < .0001). A subgroup analysis revealed that the risk of endocrine system‐related ADRs was elevated in patients receiving different combination therapies or with certain tumor types. We retrospectively studied the ADR of combination therapy in Pan‐cancer patients and analyzed the distribution characteristics of ADR from the perspectives of treatment strategy and cancer types to provide recommendations for the individualized management of patients receiving combination therapy.
The oil price plummeted in 2014–2015: Is there an effect on Chinese firms' labour investment?
Authors: Liu Xinheng , Li Shuxian , Fu Chengbo , Gong Xu , Fan Chen 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUsing the exogenous event of oil price sharp decline in 2014–2015, this paper employs the difference‐in‐difference method to establish a causal link between the oil price decline and the Chinese firms' labour investment. Data of listed companies in China from 2012 to 2016 are used to explore this relationship. We show that the employment for firms in industries with significant negative oil price risk exposure increases 16.4% after the oil price plummeted, that is, the oil price decline significantly promotes the firms' labour force. Additionally, the positive effect of oil price decline on the firms' labour force is more pronounced in firms with higher risk‐taking, financing constraints, and industry competition. Lastly, we also document that the effect of oil price decline is through sales growth channels to increase labour demand. However, firms tend to overinvest in labour after the oil price plummeted. Based on these findings we suggest that oil price fluctuation should be an important factor for the Chinese government and enterprises when they make an economic decision related to the labour force.
The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on abortion access and pre‐abortion mental health in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Zhifang , Wang Xiaoyun , Wang Wei , Zhang Jingjing , Shan Liyun , Li Yanli 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the barriers to abortion in Shanghai during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and to compare pre‐abortion mental health status before and during the crisis.MethodsIn this case–control study, two groups of women seeking abortion (age ≥18 years, pregnancy duration <98 days) were recruited from March to September, 2021 (n = 1070) and from February to April 2022 (n = 625). The evaluation included COVID‐19‐related abortion stress questions, the Symptom Checklist‐90 Revised questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Family Environment Scale Chinese version. The researchers conducted interviews and collected questionnaires.ResultsThe median pregnancy duration at abortion among women during the pandemic was 65 days, compared with 51 days in the pre‐pandemic group (P < 0.001). Anxiety and depression symptoms increased during the crisis (P < 0.001). Sleep disturbances were more common. Higher PSQI scores were related to increased anxiety and depression symptoms. A more negative family climate was described during the pandemic.ConclusionDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, abortion access was delayed and pre‐abortion mental disorders increased. More attention should be paid to the mental health of women seeking abortions, and innovations should be promoted to ensure abortion services without delay.
Centella asiaticaextract‐SiO2 nanocomposite: More than a drug‐delivery system for skin protection from oxidative damage
Authors: Ebau Federico , Scano Alessandra , Manca Maria Letizia , Manconi Maria , Cabras Valentina , Pilloni Martina , Ennas Guido 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAn innovative nanotechnology‐based approach was used for the preparation of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) extract‐SiO2 nanocomposites, specifically tailored for skin protection from oxidative damage. Different amounts of C. asiatica glycolic extract (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt %) and fumed silica were used to prepare the nanocomposites by means of ball milling method. The influence of both composition of the starting mixture and milling time on the final products was evaluated by different techniques such as X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen sorption analysis. Results confirmed the integrity of the natural extract after the milling process, and its successful loading in the silica matrix. No cytotoxicity was observed for the obtained nanocomposites, which showed high in‐vitro ability to scavenge 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and to protect human keratinocytes from damages induced with hydrogen peroxide.
Early distribution of18 F‐labeled AAV9 vectors in the cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular or intracisternal magna infusion in non‐human primates
Authors: Kumagai Shinichi , Nakajima Takeshi , Shimazaki Kuniko , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Harada Norihiro , Ohba Hiroyuki , Onuki Yoshiyuki , Takino Naomi , Ito Mika , Sato Makoto , Nakamura Sachie , Osaka Hitoshi , Yamagata Takanori , Kawai Kensuke , Muramatsu Shin‐ichi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe delivery of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has emerged as a valuable method for widespread transduction in the central nervous system. Although infusion into the cerebral ventricles is a common protocol in preclinical studies of small animals, the cisterna magna has been recognized as an alternative target for clinical studies because it can be reached in a less invasive manner using an intrathecal catheter via the subarachnoid space from a lumbar puncture.MethodsWe evaluated the early distribution of fluorine‐18‐labeled AAV9 vectors infused into the lateral ventricle or cisterna magna of four non‐human primates using positron emission tomography. The expression of the green fluorescent protein was immunohistochemically determined.ResultsIn both approaches, the labeled vectors diffused into the broad arachnoid space around the brain stem and cervical spinal cord within 30 min. Both infusion routes efficiently transduced neurons in the cervical spinal cord.ConclusionsFor gene therapy that primarily targets the cervical spinal cord and brainstem, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cisterna magna infusion would be a feasible and effective administration method.