bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rare presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome with GQ1b positivity
Authors: George Minu , Baby Neena , Koshy Pradeep Mathew , Ullatil Rajendran , Radhakrishnan Sureshkumar 
Published: July 2022

Rationale:
To report a case of cervicobrachial variant of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy presenting with papilledema and GQ1b positivity.

Patient concern:
A 35-year-old female, 68 days postpartum, presented with headache, vomiting, and gait difficulty in swallowing with bilateral upper limb weakness and difficulty in walking, 13 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination.

Diagnosis:
Guillain-Barre syndrome with GQ1b positivity.

Intervention:
Five cycles of plasmapheresis were given.

Outcome:
The patient’s clinical condition improved. Palatal weakness improved and she could walk without support. There were mild sensory symptoms involving upper limbs which gradually improved.

Lessons:
AIDP should be considered in case of weakness following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Albumino-cytological dissociation and anti-GQ1b positivity are needed to confirmed the diagnosis.
Prevalence and factors associated with belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in Indonesia
Authors: Effendi Diyan Ermawan , Laksono Agung Dwi , Pranata Setia , Nantabah Zainul Khaqiqi 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
To investigate the prevalence of belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and its associated factors.

Methods:
Due to mobility restriction, this study was conducted cross-sectionally via online platforms. The included factors were age, gender, religious identity, marital status, education level, occupation, and living with health workers. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between belief in COVID-19 vaccine with the predictors.

Results:
A total of 5 397 responses were taken into analysis. The prevalence of belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy was 62.3%. Whereas factors associated with belief in COVID-19 vaccines were being in the age of 45-54 (aOR 1.767; 95% CI 1.219-2.562), 55-64 (aOR 1.703; 95% CI 1.219-2.562), and >64 (aOR 2.136; 95% CI 1.128-4.047), completing education until the secondary level (aOR 1.354; 95% CI 1.111-1.650), working as health practitioners (aOR 2,353; 95% CI 1.655-3.344), and living with health workers (aOR 1.278, 95% CI 1.079-1.514). All religious identities including Muslim (aOR 2.447; 95% CI 1.183-5.062), Protestant (aOR 3.615; 95% CI 1.703-7.677), Catholic (aOR 4.486; 95% CI 2.015-9.987), and Hindu (aOR 3.286; 95% CI 1.410-7.655) showed significant association with belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:
A high prevalence of belief in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy was evident. Since vaccine compliance is determined by an individual’s risk-benefit perception, this study emphasizes the need of raising awareness of the benefits of COVID-19 immunization.
Development of blended learning model integrated nursing leadership training using web-based in Indonesia
Authors: Nuryani Siluh Nyoman Alit , Arnyana Ida Bagus Putu , Parwati Ni Nyoman , Dantes Gede Rasben , Juanamasta I. Gede 
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:
Nurse managers are the frontline leaders in the ward that directly impact the quality of care services. Many nurse managers in Indonesia were inadequately prepared to fulfill this role, especially during this crisis. The objective was to develop blended learning an Integrated Nursing Leadership Training (INLeT) using web based and test the effectiveness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This research is a research development using modified Borg and Gall by researcher, namely, Planning, Redesign, Intervention, Modify, and Evaluation. The INLET model was validated by nine experts in health and media technology design. Data were tested using quasi-experiment research in Sanglah General Hospital and Wangaya Public Hospital in Bali.

RESULTS:
The results of analysis of the content validity of all items valued V index 0.96 (high category) from design experts and V Index 0.92 (high category from health experts. The experiment group obtained N Gain scored 0.5603 at medium level, and the control group result of N Gain Score was 0.2845 in the low-level category. Using t-test, both the experiment and control group showed significant improvement of score test with P = 0.000 (P < 0.005). Bivariate analysis using independent t-test result P = 0.000 (P < 0.005) means significant difference score test compared between experiment and control group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Using the web, this blended learning INLeT Model is effectively applied for nurse manager professional development; therefore, this study can prepare nurse managers into a leadership role by integrating moodle web-based into nursing training.
Executive tasks and cognitive flexibility and their relationship to academic achievement among university students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Almutairi Jawzaa H. , Ahmed Abeer T. 
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:
The current study measured the executive tasks and cognitive flexibility and their relationship to the academic achievement of female students of the College of Education at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This research is a descriptive quantitative design. The study sample included 200 female students using purposive sampling. The study applied a test of executive tasks, cognitive flexibility, and a scale of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for adults prepared by the researchers. Data were analyzed using several tests, namely descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation at the level of <0.05.

RESULTS:
The results showed a statistically significant relationship between the scores of students with attention deficit and hyperactivity on the executive tasks scale and its dimensions (planning, organization, purposeful action, self-monitoring, and total score), cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, which necessitates the need to design empirical research to reduce the severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among undergraduate students because it will have a positive impact on their academic achievement.

CONCLUSION:
The researchers highlight the necessity for conducting empirical research to improve the executive tasks of students as it will have a positive impact on their lives.
Evaluation of the doctoral program in medical education of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on the CIPP model
Authors: Derakhshanfard Samira , Jokar Fariba , Ehsanpour Soheyla , Hadadgar Arash 
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND:
Continuous evaluation is necessary to achieve appropriate quality in educational programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the doctoral program of medical education at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on the CIPP model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This descriptive and educational evaluation study was conducted in 2020 at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The study population consisted of all heads of department, faculty members, students, and PhD graduates of medical education from 2010 to 2020 who were enrolled in the study by census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of CIPP evaluation model which was used when validity and reliability of them were confirmed. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed in two levels of descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics one-sample t-test.

RESULTS:
Based on the CIPP model, the mean evaluation scores from the perspective of the heads of department, faculty members, and graduates were 4.1 ± 0.1, 3.64 ± 0.42, and 3.33 ± 0.66, respectively, which were significantly higher than the average (P ≤ 0.05). However, the mean evaluation score was not significantly higher than the average from the viewpoint of the students (3.24 ± 1.17).

CONCLUSION:
Based on the results of the study, the status of the doctoral course in medical education at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was assessed as appropriate by the subjects of the study including the heads of department, faculty members, and graduates. It was not, however, acceptable according to the students. Based on the results, it is suggested that evaluation be done continuously and measures are taken to correct the weaknesses and enhance the strengths.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on General Surgical Practice – An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Suresh Sumedha , Gupta Bhavna , Kumar Ajit , Mohanta Jharana , Perween Ruby , Singh Abhishek Kumar 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
The study aimed to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical practice in a tertiary care setup in India and the future implications of the pandemic.

Methodology:
This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. The case series consisted of a snapshot search of all operating theatre activity at AIIMS, Rishikesh between the 1st of March 2020, and 31st August 2020.

Observations:
A total of 790 patients were operated on in the first 6 months of the covid era while 5308 patients had undergone surgery in the 6 months preceding the onset of covid-19. In the precovid era, 73.71% of the cases were performed under General Anaesthesia while 62.6% of the cases were performed under general anaesthesia in the covid era. 18.83% of the cases in precovid era were performed under spinal anaesthesia and 3.5% under combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in the precovid era.

Conclusion:
This study has shown the extent to which general surgical practice was affected during the covid pandemic. With the lessons learnt during this period, we can implement a more robust plan in the eventuality of another pandemic and be more thoroughly prepared the next time around.
Comparison of pramipexole and citalopram in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ziaei Ehsan , Emami Ardestani Parisa , Chitsaz Ahmad 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is little evidence to guide depression treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to compare citalopram and pramipexole in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with PD.

Materials and Methods:
In the present 8-week randomized trial, we compared the efficacy of pramipexole versus citalopram in the treatment of depression in PD patients. For this purpose, 44 PD patients with depression randomly received open-label oral citalopram tablets or pramipexole and their depression, quality of life, and daytime sleepiness scores were evaluated at baseline and after the 8-week trial period.

Results:
The median age of the patients was 64 years, and about 85% of them were male in both groups. The Beck Depression Inventory score, Parkinson's disease summary index (PDSI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both citalopram and pramipexole groups throughout this period and without significant difference (P > 0.05) between these two groups, except for PDSI score which showed significant improvement in pramipexole group compared with citalopram group (P < 0.0001, r = 0.319). There were neither serious adverse effects nor treatment discontinuation due to the adverse effects.

Conclusion:
The results indicated that both citalopram and pramipexole were effective in the alleviation of depression and improving the quality of life in PD patients; however, pramipexole was seemed to be slightly more beneficial on quality of life in these patients. Therefore, pramipexole seems to be an effective treatment for depression in addition to its benefits for motor symptoms of PD patients.
Effects of melatonin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis under nonsurgical periodontal therapy
Authors: Bazyar Hadi , Zare Javid Ahmad , Zakerkish Mehrnoosh , Yousefimanesh Hojat Allah , Haghighi-Zadeh Mohammad Hosein 
Published: July 2022

Background:
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of melatonin supplementation along with nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic periodontitis (CP).

Materials and Methods:
The present study was a double-blind clinical trial. Fifty diabetic patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to control (n = 25) and intervention groups (n = 25). Two tablets of 250 mg melatonin (6 mg net melatonin) or placebo were received by the intervention or control groups once a day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), anthropometric indices including weight, waist and hip circumference (WC and HC), and body mass index (BMI) were measured in patients at the beginning and end of the intervention.

Results:
Forty-four patients (22 patients in each group) completed the study. In the intervention group, a significant reduction was observed in HbA1c (P = 0.004), weight, BMI, WC, HC (all P < 0.001), DBP (P = 0.017), and SBP (P = 0.006). The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was significantly increased in the intervention group after the intervention (P = 0.007). Moreover, after the adjustment of confounding factors, the mean changes of HbA1c (mean difference: −1.30, confidence interval [CI]: −2.41–−0.19, P = 0.02), weight (mean difference: −3.90, CI: −5.30–2.50, P < 0.001), WC (mean difference: −1.37, CI: −2.19–−0.55, P = 0.002), BMI (mean difference: −1.41, CI: −1.92–−0.89, P < 0.001), HC (mean difference: −3.55, CI: −4.74–−2.35, P < 0.001), and SBP (mean difference: −1.24, CI: −2.41–−0.06, P = 0.03) improved significantly in the intervention group by comparison with the control group. No side effects were reported during the study.

Conclusion:
The adjunct therapy of NSPT and melatonin may be useful in controlling the glycemic index, lipid profile, BP, and weight in T2DM with CP.
On the issue of the concept of "subjects of financial legal support of forensic activities in the Russian Federation"
Authors: Ручкина Г.Ф. , Павликов С.Г. 
Published: July 2022

АНАЛИЗ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА, КОТОРОЕ В ОТНОШЕНИИ ИССЛЕДУЕМОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ НОСИТ ФРАГМЕНТАРНЫЙ ХАРАКТЕР, НЕ РЕГУЛИРУЕТ В ПОЛНОМ ОБЪЕМЕ ВЕСЬ КОМПЛЕКС ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ЭКСПЕРТНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ, А ТАКЖЕ ИНЫХ ЭКСПЕРТНЫХ СТРУКТУР, ТАКОГО СТАТУСА НЕ ИМЕЮЩИХ, ПОЗВОЛИЛ АВТОРАМ СТАТЬИ ВЫДЕЛИТЬ ТРИ НАИБОЛЕЕ КРУПНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМА ФИНАНСОВО-ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СУДЕБНОЙ ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ И СООТВЕТСТВУЮЩИХ СУБЪЕКТОВ. ОСНОВНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ ФИНАНСОВОГО ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СУДЕБНОЙ ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ АВТОРЫ СВЯЗЫВАЮТ С ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЕЙ СТАТУСА РЯДА СТРУКТУР, ОБЛАДАЮЩИХ КОЛОССАЛЬНЫМ ОПЫТОМ В ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИИ ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ. В ЭТОМ ПЛАНЕ ОБОСНОВАННЫМ ПРЕДСТАВЛЯЕТСЯ ДОПОЛНИТЬ СТ. 11 ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ЗАКОНА ОТ 31.05.2001 № 73-ФЗ «О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СУДЕБНО-ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ» УКАЗАНИЕМ НА ТО, ЧТО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМИ СУДЕБНО-ЭКСПЕРТНЫМИ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯМИ ЯВЛЯЮТСЯ ТАКЖЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ, ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ КОТОРЫХ УСТАНОВЛЕН РАСПОРЯЖЕНИЕМ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА РФ.
ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION, WHICH IS FRAGMENTAL IN RELATION TO THE SUBJECT OF THE STUDY, DOES NOT FULLY REGULATE THE ENTIRE COMPLEX OF PUBLIC RELATIONS RELATED TO THE FINANCING OF STATE EXPERT INSTITUTIONS AND OTHEREXPERT STRUCTURES, THAT DO NOT HAVE SUCH STATUS, ALLOWED THE AUTHORSARTICLES TO SELECT THE THREE MOST LARGEST MECHANISMS OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF JUDICIAL EXPERT ACTIVITIES AND RELATED SUBJECTS. MAIN DIRECTION OF OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL LEGAL SUPPORT OF JUDICIAL EXPERT ACTIVITYTHE AUTHORS ASSOCIATE WITH THE STATUS TRANSFORMATION A NUMBER OF STRUCTURES THAT HAVE ENORMOUS EXPERIENCE IN EXPERT ACTIVITIES. IN THIS PLAN, IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPLEMENT ART. elevenOF THE FEDERAL LAW DATED 31.05.2001 No. 73-FZ “ON THE STATEOF FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION INDICATION THAT THE STATE FORENSIC INSTITUTIONS ARE ALSO SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS AND EDUCATIONALORGANIZATIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION, THE LIST OF WHICH IS ESTABLISHEDORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
Legal basis for the activities of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy of the Algerian People's Democratic Republic, composition and procedure for its functioning
Authors: Соловьёв А.А. 
Published: July 2022

ПРОДОЛЖАЯ СЕРИЮ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ, ПОСВЯЩЕННЫХ ВЫСШЕМУ СОВЕТУ МАГИСТРАТУРЫ АЛЖИРСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ ДЕМОКРАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ, АВТОР РАССМАТРИВАЕТ ПРАВОВЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ЕГО ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ. В СТАТЬЕ АНАЛИЗИРУЮТСЯ НОРМАТИВНЫЕ ПРАВОВЫЕ АКТЫ, РЕГЛАМЕНТИРУЮЩИЕ ПРАВОВОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ СОВЕТА КАК ОРГАНА, НАДЕЛЕННОГО ОСОБЫМ КОНСТИТУЦИОННЫМ СТАТУСОМ. АВТОР ТАКЖЕ ДАЕТ КРАТКУЮ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКУ СОСТАВУ СОВЕТА И РАССМАТРИВАЕТ ПОРЯДОК ЕГО ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ.
CONTINUED THE SERIES OF PUBLICATIONS DEVOTED TO THE HIGH COUNCIL OF MASTER STUDIES OF THE PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC ALGERIA, THE AUTHOR CONSIDERS THE LEGAL BASES OF ITS ACTIVITIES. THE ARTICLE ANALYZES THE NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS THAT REGULATE THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE COUNCIL AS A BODY ENDOWED WITH A SPECIAL CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS. THE AUTHOR ALSO GIVES A BRIEF CHARACTERISTIC OF THE COUNCIL'S COMPOSITION AND CONSIDERS THE ORDER OF ITS FUNCTIONING.
Tres grandes enigmas de los sesgos cognitivos
Authors: HERNANDEZ CHAVEZ PAOLA , García-Campos Jonatan , Sarabia-López Saúl 
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo ofrecemos un panorama al estudio de los sesgos. El creciente interés en ellos durante las últimas décadas radica en que estudiarlos implica hablar de cómo los seres humanos razonamos y emitimos juicios, e igualmente sobre los mecanismos y procesos que subyacen a tales capacidades, esto incluye entender cuándo y por qué frecuentemente nos equivocamos, como lo indica buena parte de la literatura en psicología cognitiva del razonamiento.

Dada la existencia de los sesgos, han surgido posturas pesimistas que sostienen que los sesgos muestran que los humanos son irracionales. Frente a estas, la literatura reciente ofrece visiones mas optimistas, y aduce que los sesgos pueden “desaparecer” si se tienen en consideración diferentes aspectos de tipo evolutivo. Otra postura es aquella que sostienen que la supervivencia humana no yace en la inteligencia individual sino en la colectiva. Es decir, que podemos dejar de confiar exclusivamente en el contenido de nuestra mente y en su lugar resolver los problemas colectivamente, gracias a la división de las tareas cognitivas.

Para organizar la exposición dividimos el trabajo en tres enigmas de los sesgos cognitivos. El primero consiste en una discusión sobre el origen de los sesgos. El segundo concierne a su clasificación e inventarios. El tercer enigma versa sobre la unidad de análisis de la cognición humana, a saber, inteligencia individual versus inteligencia colectiva. Con estos enigmas queremos poner de manifiesto el abanico de discusiones que giran alrededor de los sesgos, sus problemas, así como la creciente fascinación por entenderlos. Estudiar los sesgos abona a la comprensión de cómo razonamos o pensamos, y esto nos ayuda a mejorar nuestro pensamiento crítico.
PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMIROBIAL SCREENING AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS OF STEM-BARK AND ROOT EXTRACTS OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS (BOUNDARY TREE)
Authors: Orakwue F. C. , Okafor V. N. , Obumselu F. O. , Okoli J. O. , Nnamdi K. C. 
Published: July 2022

Increasing awareness of multi-drug resistant strains of microorganisms and the hazards associated with the use of synthetic / orthodox drugs has increased investigations on plant extracts as possible alternative drugs. Extracts of Newbouldia laevis stem-bark and root were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial screening as well as heavy metal concentration content. The aim was to investigate the potentiality of using the extracts as alternative to synthetic / orthodox drugs and conduct ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the extracts. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities of the aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The test organisms were laboratory isolates of Salmolella tyhpi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Aspergellus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albican. Metal concentration of the extracts was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of the following phytochemicals in the stem-back and root extracts: alkaloid (1.00%, 4.00%), flavonoids (7.00%, 0.60%), saponins (10.00%, 11.00%), cardiac glycosides (2.24%, 3.06%), steroids (2.50%,4.87%), terpenoids (1.80%, 1.26%), and tannins (6.00%,10.00%) respectively. The survey of heavy metal concentration was Zn (12.10 mg/kg), Mn (3.45 mg/kg), Cr (4.55) and Zn (10.80 mg/kg), Mn (2.88 mg/kg) and Cr (4.99 mg/kg) in stem bark and root extracts respectively. Cd, Cu and Pb were not detected in both extracts. This showed that the levels of concentrations of the metals determined were generally below the maximum permissible limits established by International regulatory bodies. All the extracts inhibited growth of the test organisms. The aqueous and ethanol extracts proved more potent than the positive control (tetracycline). The results of ecological risk assessment showed PERI, Cdeg, mCdeg and PLI values of 0.8097, 0.1423, 0.0474 and 0.1222 respectively for the stem bark extract and 0.7015, 0.1332, 0.0444 and 0.1139 respectively for the root extract. Human health risk assessment of the heavy metals gave a total hazard index of 0.0764 and 0.0667 for stem bark and root extracts respectively. These ecological and human health risk assessment results indicated no risk in taking the extracts as alternative medicine. This study therefore has justified ethno-medical use of the plant for the treatment of diseases caused by these pathogens
Analisis Struktur Kepemilikan Perusahaan, Corporate Social Responsibility, Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak
Authors: Sarirati Putri , Wahyuningsih Nur 
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh struktur kepemilikan perusahaan (INS), corporate social responbility (CSR) dan kualitas audit (KUA) terhadap agresivitas pajak (ETR) (Studi Empiris pada perusahaan manufaktur subsektor makanan dan minuman yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia 2017-2019). Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series tahunan yang dianalisis dengan analisis jalur (regresi linier berganda). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Kepemilikan Institusional tidak berpengaruh terhadap ETR perusahaan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa thitung lebih kecil dari ttabel (-1,154 2,03693) serta nilai signifikasi sebesar 0,130 lebih besar dari 0,05 atau 0,1300,05 . Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepemilikan institusional tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap agresivitas pajak. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) tidak berpengaruh terhadap agresivitas pajak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa thitung lebih kecil dari ttabel (4,99 2,03693) serta nilai signifikasi sebesat 0,621 lebih besar dari 0,05 atau 0,621 0,05. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa CSR tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap agresivitas pajak. Kualitas Audit mempunyai berpengaruh terhadap agresivitas pajak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa thitung lebih kecil dari ttabel (2,7762,03693) serta nilai signifikasi sebesat 0,009 kurang dari 0,05 atau 0,009 0,05. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas audit berpengaruh signifikan terhadap agresivitas pajak.