bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estrella
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focusses on the second volume of the ‘Jesus’ trilogy, The Schooldays of Jesus. It shows how Coetzee identifies and elaborates on themes and issues arising from the way Wittgenstein’s conception of counting discloses the strengths and the limitations of the distinctive world view of Western European modernity, which identifies the real with that which can be quantified. The discussion pivots around Coetzee’s invocation of Kleist’s ‘On the Marionette Theatre’, which proves to relate this volume of the trilogy to a wide range of philosophical and literary matters—theatricality, self-consciousness, absorption, melodrama, and original sinfulness.
Estrella
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focusses on the third volume of the ‘Jesus’ trilogy, The Death of Jesus. It argues that the central character David’s conception of reading is internally related in Wittgensteinian ways to his conception of counting, and that his relation to Don Quixote amounts to Coetzee’s way of envisioning how a religious impulse might manifest itself in a world from which the institutions and practices of religion have vanished. In so doing, the novel addresses the significance of death in religion, literature, and philosophy; and its characterization of David’s mode of reading presents us with a model of how Coetzee invites us to read his own work—an invitation this book has attempted to accept.
Recognition and Recollection
Authors: Brandom Robert B. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hegel anticipates the challenge to the very idea of objective reality as providing norms for thought that Rorty thought required us to enact a second phase of the Enlightenment. Unlike Rorty, Hegel presents a detailed, constructive, anti-authoritarian, nonfetishistic, social pragmatist account of the representational dimension of conceptual content. At its heart is an account of the social dimension of discursive normativity in terms of reciprocal recognition, and an account of the historical dimension of discursive normativity in terms of a distinctive new conception of reason: the recollective rationality that turns a past into a tradition. His idealism thereby offers a concrete pragmatist alternative to Rorty’s global semantic and epistemological anti-representationalism.
Interventions in Central Europe II: 1618–1645
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the interventions that took place in central Europe during the Thirty Years War (1618–48). The geopolitical goals of these interventions are identified, along with their public and private justifications and legitimations. Whether or not they were successful in terms of the interveners’ goals and the consequences for the subjects will also be assessed. The chapter takes a look at the crucial moments of intervention including the Palatine intervention in Bohemia (1619); the counter-interventions in support of the Emperor (1619); the Danish (1625), Swedish (1630), Transylvanian (1619 and 1644), and French (1635) interventions in support of the anti-Habsburg rebels.
How To Be a Poet
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
None of the major poetic figures of the 1580s and 1590s—Shakespeare, Marlowe, Sidney, Spenser, the young Donne—was a professional poet. Moreover, for Donne, Marlowe, and (for ten very productive years) Spenser, nothing was printed. Manuscript circulation, like poetry, was an extension of the personal and social life. But Shakespeare published his poetry, Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, in small, elegant, carefully edited volumes. One would say that for Shakespeare, writing narrative poems was a logical extension of writing plays, except that the poems look so little like the plays. Clearly Shakespeare turned to poetry because plague had closed the theaters throughout much of 1592–4; but this does not account for the character of the two poems he published, or for the way he went about it.
The Politics of Minority Government
Authors: Field Bonnie N. , Martin Shane 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Approximately one-third of parliamentary democracies are governed by a minority government. Minority governments are governments in which the party or parties that hold cabinet posts in the executive do not simultaneously hold a majority of seats in the legislature. This chapter introduces the volume, setting out more closely what a minority government is and is not. It then examines the rate of minority governments more precisely, and how this varies over time and from country to country. It offers an important innovation in how cabinet composition and cabinet change is counted by scholars, suggesting the need to take account of cases where gaining legislators or losing legislators owing to, for example, party switching, can flip a government from majority to minority status, or vice versa, with implications for how the rate of minority government is calculated. We set out the context and motivation for this comparative volume on minority governments, and the questions we are seeking to answer—in particular why they form, how they operate, and how well they perform. Finally, we explain why we selected the thirteen countries for an in-depth study of minority government.
Minority Governments in Romania
Authors: Anghel Veronica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What explains Romanian parties’ preference to form minority cabinets? Does the minority status of cabinets affect stability or performance? First, this chapter presents empirical evidence in favor of the important role of the country’s semi-presidential regime structure in minority cabinet formation. Second, the chapter finds that individual political goals and informal institutions—such as corruption and clientelism—play a fundamental role in making and breaking parliamentary alliances. These latter phenomena often shape legislative majorities, making individuals highly dependent on state resources and loosely bonded to a specific party. Third, this chapter comes in support of more recent scholarship that minority cabinets are neither situational nor do they necessarily perform poorly. However, even in this high volatility environment, minority cabinet duration and performance may improve when parties sign a substantive agreement that signals long-term commitment to shared governance, or when they have the support of the main ethno-regional parties.
Minority Governments in Canada
Authors: Godbout Jean-François , Cochrane Christopher 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMinority governments frequently occur in Canada. Ten of the last twenty-four elections held between 1945 and 2020 have produced hung parliaments. What makes the Canadian case interesting, however, is that all of the governments during this period have been controlled by a single party, even when there was no clear majority winner in the House of Commons. This lack of formal coalition agreement between the parties implies that minority governments have to rely on temporary or ad hoc voting alliances to remain in power. Our analysis confirms that this bargaining approach reduces both the lifespan and the legislative productivity of single-party minority governments. However, we find that these differences are relatively small, and comparable in scope to what we observe in other parliamentary systems as well. Our goal in this chapter is to understand how minority governments form and govern in Canada, but also to explain why Canadian parties are so reluctant to enter formal coalition agreements. We argue that the answer to this puzzle lies in Canada’s federal structure and plurality electoral rule, which tends to promote the regional fragmentation of the party system and increase the number of potential supporters for the government.
Minority Governments in Poland
Authors: Zubek Radoslaw 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies minority government formation, governance, and performance in Poland over more than twenty years since 1997. During this period, five out of fifteen Polish governments had a minority status, and such governments remained in office for more than one fifth of the time. Three key points are made about the Polish experience with minority governments. First, most of the minority cabinets started life in the wake of major political crises when majority coalitions broke down and governments slipped into minority status. Many of such minority cabinets had a weak position in policy terms, leaving them vulnerable to alternative legislative majorities in parliament. Second, a complex interplay of electoral, office, and policy motivations discouraged the formation of stable support arrangements, and minority cabinets typically governed by building ad hoc legislative coalitions. Third, Polish minority cabinets have had a mixed record in legislative performance, with supported minority cabinets and unsupported cabinets formed by disciplined core parties demonstrating high effectiveness.
Reclaiming Regulatory Autonomy from the Investment Treaty Regime in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops the imperatives theory as a theoretical and analytical framework based on theories on constituent power, constitutionalism, and the role of the state in general international law. It reviews and interprets the basic rights of citizens and corresponding duties of various African states under their constitutions, international environmental treaties, and international human rights treaties. Based on this analysis, the chapter emphasises the central role of African governments in protecting the public interest, which must limit their competence in investment treaty-making. It argues that the competence of African states studied to conclude investment treaties are limited and must be guided by their duties to regulate in the public interest as guaranteed under their constitutions and recognised in general international law for at least two reasons. First, African states derive their powers from the people through their constitutions to be exercised in the name of and for the good of the people and within constitutional limits. Second, investment treaties presuppose the existence of norms necessary for them to come into existence and have legal effect. These norms include national constitutions and general international law. The chapter develops the constitutional-general law imperatives test for determining the limits to the capacity of states to conclude investment treaties.
The European Union as a Community of Super Wicked Problems and Its Ambition–Authority Deficit
Authors: Chalmers Damian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The European Union has an ambition–authority deficit. Its ambition is to deal with problems that are too difficult for member states in a way that requires them to grant considerable authority to foreigners. Its limited legitimacy restricts how it does this and wider acceptance of its solutions. This deficit’s unmanageability threatens the Union with collapse. The Union has therefore developed four strategies—legislative compacts, administrative coordination, resourced co-option, and discounting—to temper this mission’s demands. However, only one, legislative compacts, both plausibly manages this deficit and allows the Union to realize its mission. The challenge is therefore to generalize this strategy but address its central limitations, most centrally its legal formalism and collective action problems, in a way that does not harm its operational effectiveness. This will involve granting member states some autonomy, but paradoxically it protects the Union from its current slow-motion collapse rather than threatening that collapse.
Overcoming Crisis in the European Union
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In an ever more heterogeneous and contested European Union, differentiated integration has facilitated substantially the deepening and widening of European integration. It has been particularly effective in kick-starting the integration of new policies and the admission of new member states. Differentiation proves less suitable, however, to address the main current challenges to the EU: the repair and reform of crisis-ridden highly integrated policies. Theoretically, the chapter argues that the supply conditions of differentiated integration are most favourable in a context of no or shallow prior integration of regulatory or distributive policies, in which a large group of states agrees on further integration and externalities between them and the outsiders are low. By contrast, demand for differentiation is most difficult to realize when constitutional and redistributive issues are at stake in deeply and uniformly integrated policies and differentiation threatens to shrink the size of the insider group and create significant externalities between them and the outsiders. To illustrate the difficulties, the chapter applies key theoretical and empirical insights from past differentiation to areas of EU crisis: the Eurozone, Schengen, Brexit, and the rule of law.
Misfire
Authors: Miller-Melamed Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Shot through the neck, choking on his own blood with his beloved wife dying beside him, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Habsburg Empire, managed a few words before losing consciousness: “It’s nothing,” he repeatedly said of his fatal wound. It was June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. One month later, what most Europeans also took for “nothing” became “something” when the Archduke’s uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph, declared war on Serbia for allegedly harboring the criminal elements and tolerating the propaganda that prompted the assassination. The First World War—the seminal catastrophe of the twentieth century—had begun not with the bang of Gavrilo Princip’s gun, but with the whimper of European statesmen unable to resolve the diplomatic crisis that ensued. The history of the Sarajevo assassination and the origins of World War I rest on a rude irony: the vast disproportionality between a single deadly act and an act of war that would leave ten million dead. Consequently, the Archduke’s murder has assumed mythic proportions—the “first shots of the First World War” fired by a “fanatic Serb nationalist” backed by the “secret” Black Hand “terrorist” society in the “primitive, violence-ridden Balkans.” This book brings Sarajevo back to earth. By narrating the assassination in a broad historical context bereft of its usual embellishments and distortions, Misfire reminds readers that the real causes for the world war lie in “civilized” Europe rather than an amateurishly organized, if eternally fascinating, political murder.
The House Where My Soul Lives
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nikki Giovanni called Margaret Walker “the most famous person nobody knows.” This biography aims to correct that imbalance. Walker’s inner life was marked by bouts of poor health and a difficult marriage that stand in sharp contrast to her public persona, which revealed only lively intellectual engagement and deep commitment to the radical political forces at work during her lifetime (communism in the 1930s, and Black nationalism in the 1960s, both of which merged into her brand of humanism). This biography also reveals her connection to an even longer history as she took up the cause of educational reform, a mission that had motivated her parents in their lifetime. She is perhaps best known for her novel Jubilee from 1966, a historical narrative based on her maternal grandmother’s memories. Scholars often view the novel as a Black writer’s response to America's problematic fascination with Gone with the Wind (1936). The novel has enjoyed tremendous popularity, despite some scandal after Walker accused Alex Haley of plagiarism. Throughout her life Walker had an astonishing series of relationships with other writers, artists, and activists—Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ruby Dee, Myrlie Evers, and Sonia Sanchez among them. She was the only member of her generation to insist upon living in the South and she had a full and sometimes chaotic home life. The resulting career slumps contrasted with her driven-ness as an unacknowledged intellectual and cultural force in the twentieth century. In these respects her biography is a portrait of the shifts between exceptional and everyday life—a tension that rippled across Walker’s eighty-three and informed her unique view of the world.
In This Place Where I Was Born
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with the birth of Margaret Walker on July 7, 1915, in the west end area of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama. Her father, Sigismund Constantine Walker Sr., was a well-educated minister who pastored churches before pursuing a better-paying job as a college teacher. Her mother, Marion Dozier Walker, was a well-bred young woman headed toward a successful career in music when she fell in love with the persuasive young minister just out of seminary. Walker came to know the world through her father, toward whom she felt the stronger connection. Indeed, it was Sigismund Walker who fed his daughter's belief about the perfect family. However, a contributing factor to Walker's identity as a woman was the woman-centered household in which she grew up, one where Marion’s dominating presence went unmediated. The experience would figure prominently in her developing ideas about womanhood that would mature in the novel Jubilee and become the subject of later essays. While her future social status as a Black woman was being cultivated at home and at school, she became aware of tensions having to do with class and gender distinctions uniquely tied to place and the particular dynamics within her own family.
The Fire Burning Within
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the arrival of Margaret Walker's family in New Orleans. New Orleans University had two preparatory programs, the Model Grade School and Gilbert Academy. Early in January 1927, Margaret moved from the Model Grade School directly to Gilbert Academy’s freshman class. During the four years she spent at Gilbert Academy, her favorite classes were literature and English composition. Despite, or perhaps because of her precociousness, Margaret’s willfulness and outspokenness continued to draw the ire of her mother. Margaret’s father continued to disapprove of whipping his children, but Marion had come to understand it as a necessary evil, the only way she could hopefully redirect the energy of a difficult child. The Bible was where Walker could turn inward, finding stories and explanations that helped to diffuse her anger and calm her restlessness. The chapter then looks at Walker’s emotional and physiological struggles as she entered puberty. Her initial efforts at writing corresponded with, or perhaps more accurately, were driven by, the desperate need to capture and express those experiences that alternately frightened and captivated her.
As Low Down as the Blues Will Let You Be
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how, despite what Margaret Walker thought about herself in 1939 after she returned to Chicago, the literary world had opened its doors to her. “For My People” continued to attract major attention. She was no longer a struggling young poet, but one with a growing reputation, which no one could question after Poetry published two more of her poems, “The Struggle Staggers Us,” and “We Have Been Believers.” Their successful placement affirmed her poetic talent, making the fiction she thought she needed to write much less important. Despite her interest in women’s writing, Walker was not prepared at this point to identify more closely with women artists and writers, preferring to admire them from afar. After the three poems had appeared in Poetry, she began to feel a stronger connection with, if not comparison to, some of the more popular women poets. The chapter then looks at the infighting in the Writers’ Project, which brought on by the growing resistance to WPA reformism and Democratic control in Congress, as well as Walker’s visit to New Orleans.
All My Roots Are Gathered in One Place
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how the promise of employment at Jackson State College in Mississippi shook Margaret Walker out of her disheveled state, since it required her to plan a major transition for herself and her family in a short period of time. Her parents seemed to be satisfied that she would be gainfully employed, and with her promise to send them money from her paycheck regularly, they readily agreed to keep all three children, with the help of a housekeeper, and a schedule of visits to New Orleans. She was fortunate to have all of her classes on Tuesday and Thursday, which allowed her to dedicate Wednesdays and Fridays to her writing. Having a job, the ability to control her own money, the privacy and peace that a room brought, and seeing her children as often as she could gave her a new sense of independence, which her parents had expected and in fact reared her to have. If 1949 was the year that Margaret Walker chose an unlikely place to rebuild her life, no one could have predicted what she could and would do with that choice, as she transformed herself from a writer to the voice of an age. While planning Jubilee, she found the courage to do everything else she wanted and needed to do to bring her real and ideal worlds together.
A Woman of Ideas
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that had it not been for the telltale signs of an aging body, at fifty-three, Margaret Walker would have seen herself as beginning her life rather than counting down the days before she would be “over the hill” as a Southern woman. She was comfortable, and with book royalties steadily coming in, her family had more financial stability than they had ever known. Translation requests for Jubilee were mounting, and Yale had agreed to reissue For My People, which had gone out of print. Walker was fortunate to be both a poet and a novelist at a time when the interest in Black history and culture was never higher. She became one of the most popular speakers, because she could alternate between the writers and traditional historical figures and speak cogently about contemporary affairs. Meanwhile, Walker’s interest shifted from occasional journal entries about the racial turmoil in the nation during the early 1960s to full engagement. Feeling a deep kinship with the new generation, she began to express her ideas more openly, many of which she later compiled and published as essays.
The Institute
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts how, while Margaret Walker continued to be bombarded with offers to leave Jackson State for a predominantly white institution (PWI), she had come to the conclusion that the Institute was a critical component of her intellectual legacy. She had the support she needed and a community it served. And it was also true that her popularity was greater than ever, for in addition to Jubilee, “For My People” had reestablished itself as the “rallying cry of the civil rights movement.” The fact is that she had too many ideas that could ensure that legacy off the page, ideas that she needed to become reality to conquer any fear she might have had of becoming invisible. As a New Deal Democrat who viewed the world through the prisms of racism and fascism, Walker had a broad-based understanding of global and US politics. But by and large it was her mastery of the double-conscious identities required of the modern race woman that made her who she was, an outwardly conservative appearance that easily disguised her grounding in a much longer, Black radical tradition.