bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judging a declaration: Condorcet, rights and the general will in 1789
Authors: McCrudden Illert Kathleen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article argues that a study of unpublished notes for a treatise on the Déclaration des droits, written by the marquis de Condorcet in 1789, offers an insight into a problem that has defined scholarship on the philosophe for decades: the tension between the competing ‘democratic’ and ‘elitist’ discourses in Condorcet’s political thought. In this manuscript we see a novel integration of the discourse of ‘general’ or ‘common’ will into Condorcet’s rights-thinking. Due to his fear that the debates in the National Assembly over the proposed Declaration of Rights during the summer of 1789 were undermining the ‘self-evident’ nature of Natural Rights and more specific rights that derived from them, the article suggests that Condorcet was here experimenting with the legitimating languages of ‘volonté générale’ and ‘sens commun’. Although these notes remained unpublished, hints of Condorcet’s shift in thinking can nevertheless be seen in his published work of the same period.
Potential of Stem Cell-Based Therapy to Restore Function in Aging Systems: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Hare Joshua M , Beerman Isabel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
While there is extensive interest in geroscience approaches to health and disease, few basic science discoveries have made their way into clinical trials. Herein, we comment on cell-based therapies, in which supplementing robust stem cell capacity to aged systems theoretically could lead to sustained improvement. This exciting approach has undergone translational development, and we highlight studies targeting a single system and others aimed at treating overall aging frailty by restoring the aged stem cell niches that underly diminished endogenous regenerative capacity.
Use of Critical Race Theory to Inform the Recruitment of Black/African American Alzheimer’s Disease Caregivers into Community-Based Research
Authors: Parker Lauren J , Gaugler Joseph E , Gitlin Laura N 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNearly 30 years after the 1993 National Institute of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act, which required the inclusion of women and racial/ethnic minority groups into government-funded clinical trials, minority groups remain underrepresented in research, and disparities in health outcomes and longevity remain. These problematic trends are particularly evident when considering Black and community-based research in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD). Deeply rooted historical race-based mistreatment in research and in the health care system at large along with ineffective recruitment approaches persists as barriers to the low participation of Black participants in dementia care studies. In this article, we explore Critical Race Theory, its tenets, and applicability to inform national strategies to encourage participation of Black participants in ADRD research. We describe how Critical Race Theory constructs (e.g., race consciousness, storytelling, and praxis) can be used to inform recruitment strategies of Black caregivers for people living with dementia into community-based research. We provide a case example that draws upon our NIH-funded Adult Day Service Plus randomized trial and its engagement of Black caregivers into a community-based biomarker research arm of the main trial. Although the contribution of this article is primarily theoretical, in the spirit of Critical Race Theory it is also a call for action to transform dementia care research by offering a conceptual tool to assure inclusivity of Black participants, who are disproportionately affected by dementia when compared to other racial groups.
Source properties of the 2019ML6.3 Hualien, Taiwan, earthquake, determined by the local strong motion networks
Authors: Lin Yen-Yu , Wen Yi-Ying , Yen Yin-Tung 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARYThe 2019 ML 6.3 Hualien earthquake struck the northern Longitudinal Valley (LV) and generated not only large strong motions (intensity of 7, as defined by the Central Weather Bureau, Taiwan) locally but also widespread strong shaking in metropolises in northern Taiwan. In this study, we analyse strong motion records from local seismic networks to understand the source properties of the 2019 event. We first obtain the centroid location of the 2019 event using the source-scanning algorithm (SSA) technique by applying the unfiltered records. The determined centroid location is 121.55°E, 24.10°N, with a depth of 22.5 km. This location is 5.5 km north–northwest of and 3.8 km deeper than the Central Weather Bureau hypocentre, suggesting that the 2019 event occurred on the high-angle west-dipping plane of the focal solution. The centroid time delay is 3.35 s. Then, we obtain strong motion generation areas (SMGAs) of the 2019 event using the empirical Green's function method by considering the broad-band waveforms (0.4–10 Hz). Unlike other moderate-sized earthquakes in Taiwan, which have one SMGA, we determine that there were two SMGAs in the 2019 event. SMGA1 initiated at the CWB hypocentre with a size of 4.00 km2, and SMGA2 initiated at the centroid location determined by the SSA approach with a size of 3.63 km2. Such small areas cause high stress drops of 13.7 and 27.4 MPa for SMGA1 and SMGA2, respectively. We infer that the localized high stress drop of SMGAs is one of the important factors responsible for high peak-ground accelerations (PGAs) in Taiwan in addition to a strong directivity effect coupled with the radiation pattern reported by the previous study. Furthermore, previous moderate-sized earthquakes on an active structure called the Xiulin segment revealed similar source properties with a high stress drop and generated large PGA locally as well as in the metropolises of northern Taiwan. Considering the stored moment deficit, the probability of a future large earthquake in the northern LV region remains high. It is essential to consider seismic hazard assessment and mitigation for this not-well-known but high-seismic-potential region.
Benchmarking anthropomorphic hands through grasping simulations
Authors: Llop-Harillo Immaculada , Iserte José L , Pérez-González Antonio 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In recent decades, the design of anthropomorphic hands has been developed greatly improving both cosmesis and functionality. Experimentation, simulation, and combined approaches have been used in the literature to assess the effect of design alternatives (DAs) on the final performance of artificial hands. However, establishing standard benchmarks for grasping and manipulation is a need recognized among the robotics community. Experimental approaches are costly, time consuming, and inconvenient in early design stages. Alternatively, computer simulation with the adaptation of metrics based on experimental benchmarks for anthropomorphic hands could be useful to evaluate and rank DAs. The aim of this study is to compare the anthropomorphism of the grasps performed with 28 DAs of the IMMA hand, developed by the authors, using either (i) the brute-force approach and grasp quality metrics proposed in previous works or (ii) a new simulation benchmark approach. The new methodology involves the generation of efficient grasp hypotheses and the definition of a new metric to assess stability and human likeness for the most frequently used grasp types in activities of daily living, pulp pinch and cylindrical grip, adapting the experimental Anthropomorphic Hand Assessment Protocol to the simulation environment. This new simulation benchmark, in contrast to the other approach, resulted in anthropomorphic and more realistic grasps for the expected use of the objects. Despite the inherent limitations of a simulation analysis, the benchmark proposed provides interesting results for selecting optimal DAs in order to perform stable and anthropomorphic grasps.
Apelles’ Aphrodite Anadyomene: the itinerary of a sacred gift
Authors: Cirucci Gabriella 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recent scholarly efforts to identify the antecedents of modern concepts, practices and institutions of cultural heritage in Greco-Roman antiquity appropriately meet the research need to place ancient collecting in dialogue with the current discourse of museum and heritage studies. Our knowledge of Greek and Roman ways of dealing with the artefacts kept in sacred spaces, however, invites us to be cautious when approaching ancient sanctuaries as predecessors of modern institutions such as public art galleries and museums. Through the specific case of the ‘Aphrodite Anadyomene’ painted by Apelles, this paper proposes some reflections on several aspects of collecting in ancient sacred spaces that remain controversial: the impact of celebrated masterpieces of art on Greek and Roman sanctuaries; ancient art tourism; Greco-Roman views on cultural property and its displacement; and ancient attitudes to conservation.
The Procedural Right to a Remedy When the State has Left the Building? A Reflection on Armed Groups, Courts and Domestic Law
Authors: Fortin Katharine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article analyses the procedural right to a remedy under human rights law when applied to armed groups controlling territory and exercising governance. Using the Al Hassan case before the International Criminal Court as a reference point and drawing on literature on rebel governance from other disciplines, the article conducts a critical review of the application of the right to a remedy to armed groups. Finding that the right to a procedural remedy applied to armed groups can be useful and realistic, the articles evaluates how the main tools of the right to a remedy (1) domestic law and (2) domestic courts, can and should be treated, when dealing with territory controlled by armed groups. Adopting a high-altitude perspective that identifies and discusses the dynamics within the discourse that resist recognition of armed groups’ law and courts under human rights law, the article highlights key tensions within the system of international law and reflects on what the legal framework, taken as a system, can expect and require from armed groups.
Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on first-visit patients with oesophageal cancer in the first infection wave in Saitama prefecture near Tokyo: a single-centre retrospective study
Authors: Miyawaki Yutaka , Sato Hiroshi , Lee Seigi , Fujita Shohei , Oya Shuichiro , Sugita Hirofumi , Hirano Yasumitsu , Okamoto Kojun , Koyama Isamu , Sakuramoto Shinichi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Although the novel coronavirus disease 2019 did not lead to a serious medical collapse in Japan, its impact on treatment of oesophageal cancer has rarely been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the pandemic on consultation status and initial treatment in patients with primary oesophageal cancer.

Methods
A retrospective study was conducted among 546 patients with oesophageal cancer who visited our hospital from April 2018 to March 2021. Pre-pandemic and pandemic data were compared with the clinical features, oncological factors and initial treatment as outcome measures.

Results
Diagnoses of oesophageal cancer decreased during the early phase of the pandemic from April to June (P = 0.048); however, there was no significant difference between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods throughout the year. The proportion of patients diagnosed with distant metastases significantly increased during the pandemic (P = 0.026), while the proportion of those who underwent initial radical treatment decreased (P = 0.044). The rate of definitive chemoradiotherapy decreased by 58.6% relative to pre-pandemic levels (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Patients may have refrained from consultation during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The resultant delay in diagnosis may have led to an increase in the number of patients who were not indicated for radical treatment, as well as a decrease in the number of those who underwent definitive chemoradiotherapy. Our findings highlight the need to maintain the health care system and raise awareness on the importance of consultation.
Impact of Civilian Patient Care on Major Amputation Case Volume in the Military Health System
Authors: Rask Dawn M G , Tansey Kimberly A , Osborn Patrick M 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Sustaining critical wartime skills (CWS) during interwar periods is a recurrent and ongoing challenge for military surgeons. Amputation surgery for major extremity trauma is exceptionally common in wartime, so maintenance of surgical skills is necessary. This study was designed to examine the volume and distribution of amputation surgery performed in the military health system (MHS).

Study Design
All major amputations performed in military treatment facilities (MTF) for calendar years 2017–2019 were identified by current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. The date of surgery, operating surgeon National Provider Identifier, CPT code(s), amputation etiology (traumatic versus nontraumatic), and beneficiary status (military or civilian) were recorded for each surgical case.

Results
One thousand one hundred and eighty-four major amputations at 16 of the 49 military’s inpatient facilities were identified, with two MTFs accounting for 46% (548/1,184) of the total. Six MTFs performed 120 major amputations for the treatment of acute traumatic injuries. Seventy-three percent (87/120) of traumatic amputations were performed at MTF1, with the majority of patients (86%; 75/87) being civilians emergently transported there after injury. Orthopedic and vascular surgeons performed 78% of major amputations, but only 9.7% (152/1,570) of all military surgeons performed any major amputation, with only 3% (52) involved in amputations for trauma. Nearly all (87%; 26/30) of the orthopedic surgeons at MTF1 performed major amputations, including those for trauma.

Conclusion
This study highlights the importance of civilian patient care to increase major amputation surgical case volume and complexity to sustain critical wartime skills. The preservation and strategic expansion of effective military–civilian partnerships is essential for sustaining the knowledge and skills for optimal combat casualty care.
Optical turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer at the Ali Observatory, Tibet
Authors: Qian Xuan , Yao Yongqiang , Zou Lei , Wang Hongshuai , Li Jiawei 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we make use of the ultrasonic anemometers placed on a 30-m high tower at the Ali Observatory, and we obtain a preliminary set of data covering 2017 April 29 to August 18. We sample quantities at heights of 6, 12 and 18 m above the ground. This is the first analysis from the site-testing campaign to report the detailed optical turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) at Ali. The behaviour of optical turbulence parameters (Cn2 and seeing ε) in the ASL have been investigated. The Cn2 decreases with height exponentially, with the power series mainly between 10−15 and 10−13 throughout the day, and, especially, as low as 10−17 at night. Meanwhile, the h−1.1 dependency of Cn2 varying with height in the ASL is obtained, and this is especially close to h−1.3 after midday, which is similar to the h−4/3 dependency and the dependency of h−1.27 above Dome C. We also present statistics of the contribution of the ASL to the total seeing in the whole atmosphere at Ali: the median seeing above 6 m is about 0.86 arcsec; at night, the seeing values are almost below 1.0 arcsec; the seeing below 1.2 arcsec takes an account of nearly 98 per cent of the time. On the whole, the initial calculated and observed results, with the high altitude and unique longitudinal location, show that the Ali Observatory could prove to be a promising site for large optical telescopes.
The evolution of brightest cluster galaxies in the nearby Universe II: The star-formation activity and the stellar mass from spectral energy distribution
Authors: Orellana-González G , Cerulo P , Covone G , Cheng C , Leiton R , Demarco R , Gendron-Marsolais M-L 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the star-formation activity in a sample of ∼ 56 000 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) at 0.05 &lt; z &lt; 0.42 using optical and infra-red data from SDSS and WISE. We estimate stellar masses and star-formation rates (SFR) through SED fitting and study the evolution of the SFR with redshift as well as the effects of BCG stellar mass, cluster halo mass, and cooling time on star formation. Our BCGs have SFR = 1.4 × 10−3 − 275.2 [$\rm M_{\odot }$ yr−1] and sSFR = 5 × 10−15 − 6 × 10−10 [yr−1]. We find that star-forming BCGs are more abundant at higher redshifts and have higher SFR than at lower redshifts. The fraction of star-forming BCGs (fSF) varies from 30 per cent to 80 per cent at 0.05 &lt; z &lt; 0.42. Despite the large values of fSF, we show that only 13 per cent of the BCGs lie on the star-forming main sequence for field galaxies at the same redshifts. We also find that fSF depends only weakly on $M_{\rm 200}$, while it sharply decreases with $M_{*}$. We finally find that the SFR in BCGs decreases with increasing $t_{\rm cool}$, suggesting that star formation is related to the cooling of the intracluster medium. However, we also find a weak correlation of $M_{*}$ and $M_{\rm 200}$ with $t_{\rm cool}$ suggesting that AGNs are heating the intracluster gas around the BCGs. We compare our estimates of SFR with the predictions from empirical models for the evolution of the SFR with redshift, finding that the transition from a merger dominated to a cooling-dominated star formation may happen at z &lt; 0.6.
Avacopan, a selective C5a receptor antagonist, for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
Authors: Harigai Masayoshi , Takada Hideto 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Avacopan, an orally administered C5a receptor antagonist, has been approved for the treatment of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in Japan and the USA. In ADVOCATE Phase III clinical trial, patients with active MPA or GPA received either 30 mg avacopan twice daily or prednisone on a tapering schedule in combination with rituximab or cyclophosphamide (followed by azathioprine). The trial met its two primary endpoints: avacopan showed non-inferiority to prednisone for achieving remission at Week 26 (avacopan, 72.3%; prednisone, 70.1%; p &lt; .001 for non-inferiority and p = .24 for superiority) and superiority for maintaining remission at Week 52 (65.7% for avacopan, 54.9% prednisone, p &lt; .001 for non-inferiority and p = .007 for superiority). Of several key secondary endpoints tested, the glucocorticoid toxicity index (GTI)-cumulative worsening score and GTI-aggregate improvement score were significantly lower in the avacopan group than in the prednisone group at both Weeks 26 and 52. Serious adverse events related and unrelated to the worsening vasculitis were reported at 10.2% and 37.3% in the avacopan group and at 14.0% and 39.0% in the prednisone group, respectively. Avacopan has set the stage for the semi-glucocorticoid-free or glucocorticoid-free treatment of MPA and GPA.
Rapid factor depletion highlights intricacies of nucleoplasmic RNA degradation
Authors: Gockert Maria , Schmid Manfred , Jakobsen Lis , Jens Marvin , Andersen Jens S , Jensen Torben Heick 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTurnover of nucleoplasmic transcripts by the mammalian multi-subunit RNA exosome is mediated by two adaptors: the Nuclear EXosome Targeting (NEXT) complex and the Poly(A) tail eXosome Targeting (PAXT) connection. Functional analyses of NEXT and PAXT have largely utilized long-term factor depletion strategies, facilitating the appearance of indirect phenotypes. Here, we rapidly deplete NEXT, PAXT and core exosome components, uncovering the direct consequences of their acute losses. Generally, proteome changes are sparse and largely dominated by co-depletion of other exosome and adaptor subunits, reflecting possible subcomplex compositions. While parallel high-resolution 3′ end sequencing of newly synthesized RNA confirms previously established factor specificities, it concomitantly demonstrates an inflation of long-term depletion datasets by secondary effects. Most strikingly, a general intron degradation phenotype, observed in long-term NEXT depletion samples, is undetectable upon short-term depletion, which instead emphasizes NEXT targeting of snoRNA-hosting introns. Further analysis of these introns uncovers an unusual mode of core exosome-independent RNA decay. Our study highlights the accumulation of RNAs as an indirect result of long-term decay factor depletion, which we speculate is, at least partly, due to the exhaustion of alternative RNA decay pathways.
The consequences of differential origin licensing dynamics in distinct chromatin environments
Authors: Mei Liu , Kedziora Katarzyna M , Song Eun-Ah , Purvis Jeremy E , Cook Jeanette Gowen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEukaryotic chromosomes contain regions of varying accessibility, yet DNA replication factors must access all regions. The first replication step is loading MCM complexes to license replication origins during the G1 cell cycle phase. It is not yet known how mammalian MCM complexes are adequately distributed to both accessible euchromatin regions and less accessible heterochromatin regions. To address this question, we combined time-lapse live-cell imaging with immunofluorescence imaging of single human cells to quantify the relative rates of MCM loading in euchromatin and heterochromatin throughout G1. We report here that MCM loading in euchromatin is faster than that in heterochromatin in early G1, but surprisingly, heterochromatin loading accelerates relative to euchromatin loading in middle and late G1. This differential acceleration allows both chromatin types to begin S phase with similar concentrations of loaded MCM. The different loading dynamics require ORCA-dependent differences in origin recognition complex distribution. A consequence of heterochromatin licensing dynamics is that cells experiencing a truncated G1 phase from premature cyclin E expression enter S phase with underlicensed heterochromatin, and DNA damage accumulates preferentially in heterochromatin in the subsequent S/G2 phase. Thus, G1 length is critical for sufficient MCM loading, particularly in heterochromatin, to ensure complete genome duplication and to maintain genome stability.