bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the oocyte quality versus ICSI outcomes in sub fertile Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Abdulwahid Hameedah Hadi , Omran Zahraa Sabbar , Alhasanawy Saleem A. , Hussein Radhwan M. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition, occurs in about 5% to 10% of women and is thought to be caused by a hypothalamic disorder, In some women with PCOS especially obese one has hyper secretion of insulin with insulin resistance, the aim of study: To determine oocyte number and quality and ICSI outcome in infertile patient with PCOS. All patient fit with diagnostic criteria of PCOS where undergoes stimulation by antagonistic protocol and ICSI procedure is done under a control condition. The result of pickup (number and quality of oocyte) and result of ICSI (number of 2 pronclea), was compared with result of oocyte pick up and ICSI of tubal factor. Result and Discussion: In this study characteristic clinical feature of PCOS like acne, hirsuitism, irregular cycle not found in tubal factor group. Also some hormones like LH, Testosterone and prolactin levels in PCOS higher than tubal factors group with normal ovaries As a result of ovarian stimulation and ICSI procedure shows There is good number of oocytes and good quality (M2), with higher fertilization rate in patient with PCOS undergoes ICSI than patient with normal ovaries.
The Art of Death in Ovid'sHeroides
Authors: Alekou Stella 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNotwithstanding the focalization in Ovid's Heroides on love, one may also identify a consistent emphasis on death, as the letters grow to become a literary refuge for women who experience loss as well as physical and social isolation. Death plays a decisive role in the portrayal of the female writers as sympathetic victims. The fictionalization of death acts as a means of persuasion also for the poet, who situates his text against the background of Augustan politics. Writing about the art of death enables Ovid to implicitly defend the artists who had been defeated and violently silenced by power and renders his work an indispensable rhetorical tool for their literary survival.
Auditors’ Reporting to Those Charged with Governance
Authors: Seehausen Jesper 
Published: March 2022

For audits of Public-Interest Entities (PIEs), the PIE Regulation introduced important new requirements regarding auditors’ reporting to those charged with governance – more specifically, auditors’ reporting to the audit committee in an additional report. However, for audits of both PIEs and non-PIEs, there are also requirements regarding auditors’ reporting to those charged with governance in the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). This article starts by answering two important questions: (1) ‘Those charged with governance – who are they?’ and (2) ‘PIEs – which entities are they?’. Next, auditors’ reporting to those charged with governance in non-PIEs and PIEs, respectively, is discussed. The article closes with a discussion on signing of auditors’ reporting to those charged with governance.
Auditing Directive, Public-Interest Entities (PIEs), International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), European Model Companies Act (EMCA), Audit Committee
Profiling Consumers Through Big Data Analytics: Strengths and Weaknesses of Article 22 GDPR
Authors: Niševic Maja 
Published: March 2022

A new form of knowledge production that is flourishing in the Big Data age is profiling. In general, profiling means any form of discovering or constructing knowledge from large sets of data originating from a variety of sources. In a narrow sense, profiling is a way of making individual profiles, i.e. sets of characteristics, features, and attributes through which a person or group can be discerned from another person or group. Profiling is a relatively novel concept in European Union data protection law. It is defined in Article 4 (4) of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). However, Article 22 of the GDPR determines the scope of protection in the case of profiling. This article focuses on an interpretation of Article 22. In addition, this article aims to give an overview of the wording, limitation and potential regulatory gaps, which exist in Article 22 of the GDPR.
Big Data Analytics, algorithms, AI, GDPR, profiling, consent, contract
Deciphering Encryption Rights in India: The Road Ahead
Authors: Kaushik Devansh 
Published: March 2022

Encryption enhances privacy and cybersecurity and contributes to the growth of the digital economy. India is the second largest online market in the world and yet still lacks a comprehensive data protection law and a conductive regulatory approach towards encryption. Recent developments, particularly the 2021 Intermediary Guidelines, indicate the state adopting an approach aiming to restrict use of encryption, providing wide leeway for surveillance and introduce traceability.
The ‘Right to Privacy’ was first formulated in India in 2017, in the landmark Puttaswamy judgment by the Supreme Court. This imposes constitutional limitations on the scope of state intrusion into individual privacy.
This article critically examines three decades of the regulatory approach in India towards encryption and the expectations post the Puttaswamy judgment, the 2021 Intermediary Guidelines and the upcoming Data Protection Law. It examines whether a right to encryption can be said to exist in India and analyses various facets of the global encryption debate in the Indian context.
Nigeria, NDPR, GDPR, Data Protection, Data Processing
Unpicking the Textiles Trade – The Impact of Liberalization on the Global Textiles Sector
Authors: Curran Louise 
Published: March 2022

The global textiles trade has been subject to major restructuring in recent years due to the phase out of quota restrictions under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). The impact of this liberalization on the EU and US markets has been considered elsewhere (Curran, 2008a). However it is only recently that figures have become available to enable a global picture of the impacts of the quota phase out (and subsequent re–imposition of export restraints on China) to be drawn.
This article looks at these global figures and compares them, both to the forecasts made by various researchers prior to liberalization and to the impacts on the EU/US markets analysed previously. It finds that impacts were extensive, both directly in terms of clothing and textiles imports in the liberalized markets and indirectly within the supply chain of the textile sector. Overall,forecasts were correct on several key impacts – such as the increased exports of certain key suppliers, the negative impacts on the exports of certain other suppliers (although forecasts were generally overly pessimistic) and the positive indirect impacts in terms of increased textile demand from increased clothing production. However certain anomalies are identified, reflecting the difficulty in modelling the impact of restrictions on the sector.
The overwhelming winners from the globalization of the clothing and textiles markets were China and India. The article looks in somewhat more detail at these two suppliers to disaggregate the factors contributing to their overall positive trade performance. In the aggregate, India increased their exports in value terms to a greater extent than China (although from a lower base).However, this positive performance needs to be seen in the context of the remaining restrictions on Chinese exports to India’s two key clothing markets – EU and the United States – and the fall in Indian exports in both textiles and clothing in the years immediately prior to liberalization.
In undertaking this exercise, it was necessary to compare the global trade figures which are extracted from the UN’s COMTRADE database, with the EU’s own figures on trade from COMEXT, the Eurostat database, on which previous work was based (Curran, 2008a). It is evident that there are major differences in the figures, in particular in relation to declared exports from Hong Kong and China. Clearly, there are unresolved issues in terms of the declaration of the origin of trade between China and Hong Kong in this sector. Unpicking exactly what is happening in the sector is complicated by these differences in what should be ‘mirror’trade.
A Dissection of the different Solutions Resulting from the Anti–dumping Investigations of the European Community
Authors: Chao Liu 
Published: March 2022

The European Community’s Anti–dumping Regulation clearly stipulates the following possible solutions that could result from an anti–dumping investigation – termination of the investigation without the adoption of anti–dumping measures; imposition and collection of anti–dumping duties; and/or acceptance of undertakings. However in practice, over the years, the European Commission (‘Commission’) has complicated these three possible solutions to quite an extent. In different cases, the Commission can prudently and skillfully select a specific solution on the basis of the clearly stipulated anti–dumping law provisions, while balancing various conflicting interests. As a matter of fact, concerns of economic interests, though untraceable in the legal provisions, are yet hidden in each possible solution. Moreover, each solution entails a positive or negative legal and economic impact of a different degree.
Through this article I attempt to make a legal and economic analysis, on the basis of the anti–dumping law of the European Community (EC) and its actual practice, of all the possible solutions that can result from an anti–dumping investigation. The aim of this study is to serve as a source of guidance and reference for understanding and dealing with the anti–dumping proceedings conducted by the Commission.
Multilateral Disciplines on Rules of Origin: How Far Are We from Squaring the Circle?
Authors: Lacey Simon 
Published: March 2022

A significant quantity of global merchandise trade takes place under one of two sets of preferential rules of origin (ROO), either those of the European Union, the so-called Pan-European Cumulation System (PECS), or those generally preferred by the United States, as manifested in free trade agreements (FTAs) such as NAFTA and the many subsequent FTAs the US has concluded with various trading partners since then. Many years of work conducted by the World Customs Organization and the World Trade Organization have finally culminated in a draft text on non-preferential ROO, with the only thing standing in the way of its adoption being a relatively limited subset of narrowly defined political economy interests in some of the largest trading nations. Some observers have argued that the so-called spaghetti bowl of preferential trade agreements can be 'multilateralized', and that one way to achieve this would be to harmonize preferential ROO at the multilateral level, that is, at the WTO. This paper looks at how easy or difficult it would be to achieve such harmonization, both in purely technical terms as well as a political economy matter. It concludes that the current system of ROO is quickly being overtaken by the realities of increasingly unbundled and globally dispersed production processes and that these rules are even more likely to need a complete rethink as global manufacturing in so many industries undergoes what is probably the most profound economic shakeup in over a hundred years.
WTO Customs Valuation Agreement: Customs Value of Goods Imported as Gifts
Authors: Schloemann Hannes , Pitschas Christian 
Published: March 2022

This paper addresses the issue of how to determine the customs value of goods that are imported as genuine gifts, that is, goods that are neither the subject of an export sale nor sold in the country of importation. The goods used as an example for purposes of the analysis are publications and electronic media (e.g., CD, DVD and Video) of denomination-specific religious content, imported and then passed on free of charge to believers and/or the general public based on religious, non-commercial motives. This paper argues that the customs value of such goods has to be determined based on Article 7 of the Customs Valuation Agreement, which sets forth the fall-back method, since none of the other customs valuation methods under the Customs Valuation Agreement is applicable to the aforementioned goods due to their non-commercial nature. The customs valuation of the goods in question based on the fall-back method involves a modified application of the computed value method, excluding an amount for profit given that these goods are not the subject of commercial sales transactions. This paper is structured as follows: section A briefly explains the link between customs valuation and market access commitments undertaken by WTO Members. Section B provides an overview of the two key principles underlying the Customs Valuation Agreement, namely transaction value and the sequential order of application of customs valuation methods. Sections C and D assess whether the customs value of the goods at issue can be established on the basis of the customs valuation methods set out in Articles 1-6 of the Customs Valuation Agreement. As this assessment leads to the conclusion that none of these methods is applicable in the present case, section D deals with the application of the fall-back method.
Five Ways to Get in Trouble Buying from the United States
Authors: Norton Corey L. 
Published: March 2022

For many companies around the world, the United States is obviously an attractive supplier of various products and technologies. Those sales, however, are usually subject to US export controls that actually restrict the customer's own plans to resell or otherwise use what it purchased, even after an item is outside the United States. Consequently, US exporters are not the only ones that have to keep US export control compliance in mind. The customer outside the United States can also commit violations of US law even though its business activities might occur solely outside US territory. Penalties in this area are extremely steep and can be USD 250,000 or more per violation or even involve criminal charges. Given the possible penalties and that these laws are not particularly intuitive for anyone, nonetheless non-US companies, substantial enforcement cases can arise from violations of US export controls that follow US products around the world. This commentary highlights five of the more common reasons why non-US companies find themselves tangled in a US export control violation and how to avoid a mess in the first place.
TPP and Investor-State Dispute Settlement: An Intertwined Spectrum of Options for Investors?
Authors: Mathison Eduardo , Pendás Mariana 
Published: March 2022

Once ratified, Chapter 9 of the TPP (the Investment Chapter) will provide important protections to investors through the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system. While the Investment Chapter has triggered certain criticism, TPP members have relied for years on the ISDS system as an effective mechanism to solve disputes under pre-existing international investment agreements (IIAs). The new ISDS provisions are not revolutionary but reflect an effort by TPP members to regulate and include public concerns in the Investment Chapter. There is, however, a remarkable absence in the TPP: there is no provision addressing the “coexistence” between TPP and preexisting IIAs. This absence—which very likely will result in investor-State treaty shopping— will offer alternatives to investors to bring arbitration claims under preexisting investment treaties.
Radioscopy of the Non-Preferential Origin in the Tunisian Customs Legislation
Authors: Abdallah Mohamed 
Published: March 2022

Tunisia has undergone a legislative evolution in the non-preferential origin field, with the promulgation in 2008 of its new customs code. This article is intended to draw a radioscopy of Tunisian customs legislation concerning the non-preferential origin in order to present its main aspects. In particular, this article first explains the criteria and conditions for obtaining non-preferential origin and, then, the proofs of origin to be presented at customs clearance. The author tries to demonstrate along the article that the provisions adopted by the Tunisian legislator in determining non-preferential origin is based on international standards and best practices, particularly those of the European Union – Tunisia’s first trading partner. However, Tunisia’s trade policy has so far failed to activate the role that non-preferential origin can play in protecting the economy against the unfair practices and dumping applied by some countries.
Trade in Nanotechnology: Can the WTO Provide an Objective Balance Between the Risks and Benefits?
Authors: Abdollahi Mohsen , Kazemi Azar Shahriar 
Published: March 2022

A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of atoms and molecules at the scale of approximately one-billionth of a metre (one nanometre) or smaller in size. Scientific activity at such a scale has provided enormous potential, especially in the environmental field. Nonetheless, recent studies show that nanoparticles present unique and significant health risks. These unique risks raise the questions whether the nanoscale products traded daily regulation should be subject to the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement)? If so, would the Agreements objectively balance the unique risks and benefit? An examination Agreements and WTO jurisprudence, shows that yes, the Agreements are capable of this goal.
Nanotechnology, WTO, the SPS Agreement, the TBT Agreement, Environmental Risks, Business Benefits, Balance
How to Suspend Trade Defence Remedies Applied in the Eurasian Economic Union: Recent Trends
Authors: - - 
Published: March 2022

Brazil has been known as a challenging country for multinational and national enterprises interested in either importing into Brazil or exporting from it. Even though it represents a highly attractive consumer market, the political, economic, administrative and regulatory environment make Brazil a risky business partner. From Trade Policy to Customs procedures, structural and legal changes are shaping the future for international trade as a whole. This article explores, through data collection and its corresponding analysis, progress made towards implementing trade facilitation and liberalization measures as well as those still in need for further attention.
Receita Federal, Mercosur, Brazil, liberalization, facilitation, AEO, ATA Carnet, Ex-Tariff, Ruling, Consultation.
Effect of and Compliance with Judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Case of Trade Defence Measures
Authors: Natens Bregt , Willems Arnoud , de Knop Sven 
Published: March 2022

When is litigation successful? Using the example of trade defence measures, this article addresses the effect of and compliance with judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Its premise is that if a favourable judgment does not result in an improvement of the legal or economic position of the applicant, there is no incentive to litigate. This reduces accountability for EU institutions, turning the effect of and compliance with judgments into a fundamental question of judicial protection. With that in mind, this article sets out the differences in the effect of annulments and invalidations. It then turns to how this effect translates into compliance obligations, and how the EU institutions have complied with judgments in trade defence cases.
Court of Justice of the European Union, litigation, effect of judgments, annulment, invalidation, implementation, measures taken to comply, Article 266 TFEU, trade defence, anti-dumping, anti-subsidy
The ACWL’s Secondment Programme: Reflections by Three Former Seconded Lawyers
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nhung , Singh Shailja , Kaunda Angela Tamanda 
Published: March 2022

The Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL’s) Secondment Programme for Trade Lawyers provides government lawyers from developing countries and least-developed countries (LDCs) a unique opportunity to gain practical experience and additional theoretical training in WTO law. Since 2005, about fifty government lawyers from ten different LDCs and eighteen different developing countries have participated in the Secondment Programme. This article reviews the criteria for participation in the Programme and the selection process. It also reviews feedback from former participants, and notes that the vast majority of former seconded lawyers continue to work for their governments, and have found the work experience and skills gained from the Secondment Programme have contributed to their government’s capacity to understand and manage WTO issues. They also found that their participation in the Programme enhanced their professional development and career advancement. The article reviews the individual reflections of three former junior counsel from India, Malawi and Viet Nam who joined the Secondment Programme in 2014–2015, and found the experience to be enriching.
ACWL, WTO law, international trade law, disputes, training, junior counsel, ACWL lawyers, Secondment Programme, government officials
Lost in Translation: The Role of African Regional Courts in Regional Integration in Africa
Authors: Osiemo Onsando 
Published: March 2022

African RTAs are flexible legal regimes. These agreements are not designed to commit their members to scrupulous and rigorous adherence; rather they have been designed as flexible regimes of cooperation. If enforcement is not intended (in reference to African RTAs) a scarcity of formal trade agreement disputes should be no surprise. The European Union (EU) and its Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and its predecessors has been hailed as the yardstick for Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). The provisions of the TFEU have served as templates for RTAs across the world. Among the most influential of these provisions are those on Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM), centred on the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).The CJEU has played a major role in the integration process of the EU through its proclamations of principles such as direct effect and the supremacy of community law. All the African RTAs have provided for DSMs and Regional Courts in their treaties that emulate the EU rule-based DSM and its CJEU. This paper appraises the paradox of the leading role played by the CJEU in European integration and yet its clones, amongst them the African Regional Courts, have failed to play a similar role in African regional integration. Taking the TFEU and the EU Court of Justice as benchmarks, the paper examines African RTAs' treaty provisions on DSM and African Regional Courts with their jurisprudence and evaluates their impact in regional integration in Africa. The paper finds that African RTAs' treaty provisions on implementation of integration, particularly those on sanctions for infringements, are weak and the impact of the African Regional Courts in the integration process is minimal.
The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Developments in the Area of Privacy and Data Protection
Authors: Hijmans Hielke 
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the relationship between the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the respect for the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection as guaranteed in European Union (EU) law. On the basis of an explanation of the EU approach on data protection, it argues that TTIP is not the right place to regulate fundamental rights, and, more specifically that the TTIP should not cover the conditions for exchanging personal data across the Atlantic Ocean. The TTIP would not be an appropriate instrument for bridging the transatlantic divide on privacy and data protection. However, a global approach on privacy and data protection may be an attractive perspective, although complicated. The United Nations would be the right forum, instead of a trade agreement.