bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Current Guidelines for Fluoride Varnish Application for Young Children in Medical Settings in the United States
Authors: Goff Sarah L. , Gahlon Grace , Geissler Kimberley H. , Dick Andrew W. , Kranz Ashley M. 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundThe United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends that medical providers apply fluoride varnish (FV) to the teeth of all children under 6 years of age, but fewer than 10% of eligible children receive FV as recommended. Prior studies suggest that variation in clinical guidelines is associated with low uptake of other evidence-based health-related interventions, but consistency of national guidelines for the delivery of FV in medical settings is unknown.MethodsEligible guidelines for application of FV in medical settings for children under 6 years of age were published in the past 10 years by national pediatric or dental professional organizations or by national public health entities. Guidelines were identified using the search terms fluoride varnish + [application; guidelines, or recommendations; children or pediatric; American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP); American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry] and a search of Guideline Central. Details of the guidelines were extracted and compared.ResultsTen guidelines met inclusion criteria. Guidelines differed in terms of periodicity recommendations and whether FV was indicated for children with a dental home or level of risk of dental caries.ConclusionNumerous recommendations about FV delivery in medical settings are available to pediatric medical providers. Further study is warranted to determine whether the variation across current guidelines detected in this study may contribute to low FV application rates in medical settings.
What “Family Affair?” Domestic Violence Awareness in China
Authors: Su Zhaohui , McDonnell Dean , Cheshmehzangi Ali , Ahmad Junaid , Chen Hengcai , Šegalo Sabina , Cai Yuyang 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionDomestic violence is toxic to society. With approximately one in three women on average falling victim to domestic violence, systematic solutions are needed. To further complicate the issue, mounting research shows that COVID-19 has further exacerbated domestic violence across the world. Situations could be even more pronounced in countries like China, where though domestic violence is prevalent, there is a dearth of research, such as intervention studies, to address the issue. This study investigates key barriers to domestic violence research development in China, with a close focus on salient cultural influences.MethodsA review of the literature on domestic violence in China in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus was conducted to answer the research question. The search was focused on three themes, domestic violence, China, research, and cultural influences.ResultsThe study findings show that categorizing domestic violence as a “family affair” is a key barrier to domestic violence research development in China—an incremental hindrance that prevents the public and policymakers from understanding the full scale and scope of domestic violence in China. In addition to abusers, witnesses, and victims, even law enforcement in China often dismisses domestic violence crimes as “family affairs” that resides outside the reach and realm of the law. The results indicated that mistreating domestic violence crimes as “family affairs” is a vital manifestation of the deep-rooted cultural influences in China, ranging from traditional Confucian beliefs in social harmony to the assumed social norms of not interfering with other people's businesses.ConclusionDomestic violence corrupts public health and social stability. Our study found that dismissing domestic violence cases as “family affairs” is an incremental reason why China's domestic violence research is scarce and awareness is low. In light of the government's voiced support for women's rights, we call for the Chinese government to develop effective interventions to timely and effectively address the domestic violence epidemic in China.
Implications of ICNIRP 2020 Exposure Guidelines on the RF EMF Compliance Boundary of Base Stations
Authors: Colombi Davide , Xu Bo , Anguiano Sanjurjo David , Joshi Paramananda , Ghasemifard Fatemeh , Di Paola Carla , Törnevik Christer 
Published: March 2022

In March 2020, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) released its new guidelines (ICNIRP 2020) on the limitation of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure in the frequency range 100 kHz–300 GHz. These have taken several years to develop and include the review of the latest scientific literature. Most countries worldwide currently apply the RF-EMF exposure limits provided in the ICNIRP 1998 guidelines and are expected to align their regulations according to the recently revised limits. In this paper, the implications of the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines on the RF-EMF compliance of base stations (BSs) for mobile communications are analyzed in detail. The study covers different types of BS products, from low-power small cells to macro cell equipment, operating within different frequency bands and of relevance for 2G to 5G mobile technologies. A direct comparison of the BS RF-EMF exclusion zones (or compliance boundaries), when the ICNIRP 2020 and the ICNIRP 1998 limits are applied, is provided. Since existing and future mobile equipment infrastructure is likely to be required to comply with the ICNIRP 2020 guidelines, the paper provides useful information to mobile equipment manufacturers, mobile operators, standardization bodies and regulators.
Association Between Dietary Fluoride and Calcium Intake of School-Age Children With Symptoms of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis in Halaba, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Tefera Nahom , Mulualem Demmelash , Baye Kaleab , Tessema Masresha , Woldeyohannes Meseret , Yehualashet Asrat , Whiting Susan J. 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundIn the Ethiopian Rift Valley, ways to reduce the fluoride (F) burden from drinking water have been unsuccessful. Calcium (Ca) intake may mitigate fluorosis by binding with F ions and preventing absorption. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Ca intake and proportion of fluorosis symptoms in school-age children in an area where F levels are known to be higher than WHO limit of 1.5 mg F/L water.MethodsA cross-sectional survey in the Halaba zone involved 135 eligible children aged 6–13 year who were recruited to have dental fluorosis assessed by a dentist and skeletal fluorosis assessed by a physiotherapist. Dietary Ca intake was determined by 24-h recall. Food items and samples from ground wells, taps and spring water were collected for F concentration. Associations were measured using bivariate logistic regression, adjusted for known confounders.ResultsWater F averaged 5.09 mg/L. Total F intake was high, 10.57 mg/day, and Ca intake was low, 520 mg/day. Prevalence of dental fluorosis (from very mild to severe symptoms) was 73.1% for younger children (6–8 years) and 68.3 % for older children (9–13 years). The prevalence of children having symptoms of skeletal fluorosis ranged between 55.1 and 72.4%, with no apparent age difference. Dietary F intake of children was significantly positively associated with presence of dental fluorosis. Dietary Ca intake of children was significantly negatively associated with dental fluorosis. Higher than average dietary F intake significantly increased the odds of developing skeletal fluorosis symptoms when measured as inability to stretch and fold arms to touch back of head. Higher than average Ca intake was significantly associated with decreased odds of developing skeletal fluorosis measured as inability to bend body to touch the toes or floor.ConclusionsHigh dietary F, as expected, was associated with fluorosis in children. In the presence of higher Ca intake (&gt;520 mg/day) some fluorosis symptoms were mitigated. There is a need to improve Ca intakes as all were below recommended levels, and this nutritional strategy may also reduce burden of excess F.
Shallow Deep Learning using Space-filling Curves for Malware Classification
Authors: Long David , O'Shaughnessy Stephen 
Published: March 2022

The incidents of malware attacks are continually increasing at a rapid rate, thanks to the lucrative potential in schemes such as ransomware, credential stealing Trojans and cryptominers. Their explosive growth is compounded by the ease with which variants can be created from original strains. As a result, anti-virus organisations are struggling to keep up, with some reporting upwards of 14 million samples processed per month. These sheer volumes have caused a shift towards machine learning and artificial intelligence in an effort to alleviate the manual burden of analysis and classification. This research presents a novel framework for the classification of malware into distinct family classes through computer vision and deep learning. In the proposed framework, malware binaries are represented in an abstract form as images mapped through mathematical constructs known as space-filling curves. Convolutional neural networks were constructed and applied to the malware images to build predictive models for classification. The models were optimised using an auto-tuning function for the hyper parameters, which included Bayesian Optimisation, Random search and HyperBand, providing an exhaustive search on the hyper parameters. On a training dataset of 13k malware samples from 23 distinct families, the models yielded an average score of 95% for precision, recall and f1-score. The final deep learning model was validated for robustness against a dataset of more recent variants, comprising 12,816 samples from 16 malware families, returning classification scores of 95%, 86% and 90% for precision, recall and f1-score. The final model was demonstrated to outperform a similar benchmark model considerably. The results show the potential of the deep learning framework as a viable solution to the classification of malware, without the need for manually intensive feature generation or invasive processing techniques.
Critical Systems Protection (CSP): The US Secret Service’s Tactical Cyber Capability for Securing Protectees
Authors: Hyman Austin , Nussbaum Brian , Bencivenga Mario , Rizzo Zachary 
Published: March 2022

This paper examines a largely unknown cybersecurity function within the United States Secret Service (USSS), that is separate and apart from its traditional cybersecurity mission in financial crime investigations. This program - Critical Systems Protection (CSP) – is instead focused on the Secret Service’s protective mission and analyzes and secures the cyber environments of facilities and locations visited by the agency’s protectees. Exploiting publicly available documents about CSP, this paper will document this unique organization that combines some of the highest profile issues in cybersecurity – operational and tactical level cybersecurity efforts, and the security of cyber-physical systems. Drawing on open-source information and government documents, this paper sketches out the CSP mission, its partnerships with other agencies and organizations, and some of the tools and other capabilities it has developed.
Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Interaksi Sosial Siswa
Authors: Gultom Fisiska , Mujiono Mujiono 
Published: March 2022

Untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kecerdasan emosional dan interaksi sosial siswa maka dilakukan penelitian ini, dengan tujuan melakukan kategorisasi tingkat kecerdasan emosional siswa dan melakukan kategorisasi tingkat interaksi sosial siswa di dalam kelas dan sekolah. Mengetahui hubungan kecerdasan emosional dengan interaksi sosial siswa. Penelitian dilakukan di SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan. Pengambilan sampel siswa dilakukan dengan teknik bertingkat (strafied), masing-masing 24 orang tiap kelas dengan jenjang kelas VII, VIII, dan IX. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 24 orang dari siswa kelas VII. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket kecerdasan emosional dengan 30 item, dan angket baku; dan interaksi sosial diukur dengan sosiometri analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan kategorisasi dengan baik, sedang, kurang, dan rendah/buruk; dan dilakukan analisa hubungan dengan hubungan Product Moment. Hasil penelitian diperoleh : (1) Tingkat Kecerdasan Emosional siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan berdistribusi pada kategori tinggi (16,67 %) dan baik (83,33 %); (2) Interaksi Sosial siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan Tahun Pembelajaran 2012/2013 tergolong dalam kategori tinggi (45,83 %) dan baik (54,17 %); (3) Kecerdasan Emosional siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan berhubungan signifikan dengan interaksi sosialnya, pada taraf kepercayaan 95 % (rxy = 1,0 > r0,05 = 0,404); dan (4) Tinggi dan rendahnya kecerdasan emosional siswa sebesar 99 % (r2 = 0,99) akan mempengaruhi interaksi sosial siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan.
Pengaruh Bimbingan Belajar dari Orangtua dalam Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Pada Siswa
Authors: Fildianti Fildianti 
Published: March 2022

Seeing the importance of how to educate parents in the family environment, the authors conducted a study with the aim to find out if there is a relationship in the way parents educate in the family environment with children's learning achievement in school. In this study, the authors determined a sample of 35 private junior high school students YWKA Medan who live with parents and both parents are still alive, through random sampling techniques. To collect data, closed questionnaires are used, to obtain data on how parents educate and documentary studies to obtain student learning achievement. Respondents' answers are given a value by giving a value weight for option a given a value of 4, for option b is given a value of 3, and for option c is given a value of 2, and for option d is given a value of 1. To find a correlation between the way parents educate and learning achievement is used pearson product moment formula as follows:

Where: x is the value of the questionnaire, and y is the student's learning achievement. To test a hypothesis with a significant level of 5% or by using a belief level of 95% used a table r (correlation table) with a sample number of 35 people. Thus the result of the calculation obtained the value r = -0.08 and the value of r in the correlation table is 0.334. This means that there is a very low correlation. Thus it can be proven that the hypothesis in this study is rejected. So the author can conclude that the way parents educate is good can not improve students' learning achievement.
Kemampuan Membedakan Bahasa Indonesia Baku dan Tidak Baku Oleh Siswa
Authors: Ginting Darman 
Published: March 2022

This research aims to describe the level of ability of students of State Junior High School 3 Mardingding in the ability to distinguish raw and non-standard Indonesian in Indonesian. The population of this study was 110 Mardingding State Junior High School students, and the study sample numbered 24 people who were taken randomly or randomly. This study uses descriptive methods. Data collection tool in the form of tests distinguishes the standard and not standard Indonesian as many as 70 questions. The data obtained is analyzed using percentage analysis techniques with the formula:

The results of the analysis showed that the level of student mastery of the standard Indonesian of 61.65% and the student's mastery of non-standard language by 63.69%. While the average ability of students to distinguish raw and non-standard Indonesian is 70.04%.
Kemampuan Bernalar Secara Analogi dalam Wacana Oleh Siswa
Authors: Nababan Deminar 
Published: March 2022

This study examines the ability to reason analogously in the discourse of students of Parulian-3 Medan Private Vocational School. The population of this study is all students of Parulian-3 Medan Private Vocational School as many as 182 people. A study sample of 28 people who were randomly taken in class I. The instruments used as many as 10 brief discourses, each short discourse has one conclusion. If one conclusion then the weight is 10, so the total value is 100. The formula used to analyze the data is the percentage of univariate statistics. The method in this study is descriptive method. The results of the study obtained the highest score of 90 and the lowest score of 70, the average score of 82.21, mode of 79 and the median of 79. To find the ability to reason analogously students of Private Vocational School Parulian-3 Medan used the formula to look for averages. From the formula obtained the results of the ability to reason analogously students of Private Vocational School Parulian-3 Medan is 82,21is ongood criteria.
The Correlation Between Mastery of Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension Students
Authors: Tamboy Amos Sider 
Published: March 2022

This research deals with the student’s mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension. It is aimed at finding out whether there is a high correlation between the mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension. In this research the population was taken students of SMP Swasta Tenera PTPN IV Kab. Langkat. The total number of the samples was 20 students. After the data had been collected, the writer analyzed the data by using the formula of Pearson Product Moment. After calculating the correlation of mastery vocabulary and reading comprehension test, it was obtained that the correlation coefficient was 0,57. It means that there is a high correlation between mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension. It implies that the higher the student’s mastery on vocabulary, the better they can comprehend the reading texts.
The Application of Group Work in Classroom Interactions of Teaching Reading Comprehension of Students
Authors: Fadillah Debby 
Published: March 2022

This study deals with the application of Group Work in teaching English. The underlying objective of the study is to see whether teaching reading by using Group Work has significant difference from the students who do not apply it. In carrying out this study, the writer took 40 students of the first year of SMP Negeri 6 Binjai from two classes as the sample of her study. They were divided into two groups. The first group is experimental group was taught by using group work in reading comprehension, while the second group is controlled group, the reading text was taught without group work. The instrument used were teacher made test based on the materials that had been taught. These test used were administrated to find out the reliability, the computation showed that the reliability of the test was 1,5. After the treatment, a post-test was applied. The results of the study shows that teaching reading comprehension by using group work is more significant than of without group work.
The Correlation Between Structure and Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Students
Authors: Siahaan Naetty , Sihotang Tambun , Silalahi Sondang Mariana 
Published: March 2022

This study was intended to find out the correlation between structure and reading comprehension achievement of the third year students of SMP Swasta Budi Insani Medan. There were 30 students out of 115 randomly selected as the sample. The data was collected by giving multiple choce test that consisting 50 items for structure test and 30 items for reading comprehension test. The data were analyzed by applying Pearson’s Product Moment Formula. The finding shows that r was 0,738. It means that, there is the possitive effect between structure and reading comprehension. This implies the more students know about the knowledge of structure, the better understanding the students will be added the reading compreheension. These proved to be greater than the critical value of r at the level of 0,05 which is 0,361. Based on the data which have been found in this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between the students structure and reading comprehension achievement.
The Student’s Errors on The Use Of Adjectives with The Suffix–Ly
Authors: Yardas Husnaini 
Published: March 2022

This study deals with student’s errors on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly and regarding adjectives and adverbs identical in form mainly in–ly form and in without–ly form. This survey only investigates them in the written exercises. They cover descriptive adjectives, manner adverbs, intensifying adverbs, and sentence adverbs. The objective of this study is to find out the types and the causes of errors made by student’s on the use adjective and adverbs with the suffix–ly. The sample of this study is 30 student of the third year students of SMA Negeri 13 Medan. This study uses a descriptive quantitative design. The instrument for collecting data consists of a teacher made test in the multiple choice form. The percentage of the student’s errors is dominantly occured in descriptive adjectives from 900 item occurrences, there were 423 errors which categorized into 5 sub categories on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. Firstly, the use of descriptive adjective was 151 (35,70 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 67 (15,84 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 84 (19,86 %) errors. Secondly, the use of manner adverbs was 159 (35,22 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 89 (21,04 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 60 (14,18 %) errors. The other one is the use of intensifying adverbs with the suffix–ly was 64 (15,13 %) errors, another one is the use of time adverbs with the suffix–ly was 37 (8,75 %) errors, and the last one is the use sentence adverbs with the suffix–ly was 22 (5,2 %) errors. It is concluded that the errors are due to neglect of rules regarding the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. In short, the errors were dominantly caused by intralingual transfer on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly. It recomended that further in depth studies on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly had be done for the betterment of the teaching-learning process.
Hallazgos ecocardiográficos en trabajadores de salud recuperados de infección leve por Sars- CoV-2 de un hospital IV covid del Perú
Authors: Baltodano-Arellano Roberto , Cupe-Chacalcaje Kelly , Rojas Paol , Meneses Giovanni , Urdanivia-Ruiz Dante , Rafael-Horna Eliana , Falcón-Quispe Luis , Cachicatari-Beltran Angela , Hurtado-Belizario Karla Sue América , Levano-Pachas Gerald 
Published: March 2022

Objetivos: Determinar hallazgos estructurales o funcionales ecocardiográficos en pacientes recuperados de infección SARS-CoV-2.
Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal, que incluyó pacientes trabajadores de un hospital nacional COVID, estudiados entre 3 a 6 meses luego del diagnostico de infección SARS-CoV-2. La exploración ecocardiográfica se desarrolló de forma sistemática e incluyó las modalidades convencionales.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 65 casos con infección-CoV-2, la edad promedio fue 37.7 años, la obesidad resultó la comorbilidad mas frecuente (13.8%) y la presentación clínica leve fue la de mayor prevalencia (84.6%). Las medias del diámetro diastólico y la fracción de eyección ventrículo izquierdo fueron 42mm y 57% respectivamente. Así mismo la media del diámetro basal del ventrículo derecho fue de 31mm, de la fracción de acortamiento 44% y en todos los casos se reportó probabilidad de hipertensión pulmonar como baja. No se encontró efusión pericárdica en ninguno de los casos.
Conclusiones
Los pacientes recuperados de infección SARS-CoV-2, no presentan alteraciones estructurales ni funcionales en la exploración ecocardiográfica convencional.