bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical profiles and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma with viral hepatitis at a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu
Authors: Hassan Mohammed A , Bashir Ahmed M , Akuku Isaiah G , Evelia Janet , Aweis Ahmed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the clinical profiles of HCC patients with or without viral hepatitis. Additionally, to evaluate the risk factors for HCC with viral hepatitis.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 52 HCC patients diagnosed by imaging in Mogadishu were enrolled. Serum liver blood samples were taken, and sociodemographic and risk data recorded. In addition, we used logistic regression to evaluate relevant sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for HCC with viral hepatitis.ResultsOf all patients, 86.5% were men, a median age of 64.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 51.5 to 72.0). 50% of the patients were cases of HBV or HCV, 44.2% was HBV and 15.4% were HCV. Diabetes, fatty liver disease and underweight was present in 23.1%, 30.8%, and 32.7%, respectively. The median of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was 176.0 U/L (IQR 106.0–302.2 U/L; normal 1-60 U/L) and alpha-fetoprotein was 1337.5 ng/ml (IQR 566–2625; normal 0-8.78 ng/ml). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (121.5; IQR 64.5–198.0; normal range 0-31U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (173.5; IQR 125.2–232.5; normal 30-155 U/L) and direct bilirubin 0.5 (0.2–0.9; normal 0.01-0.4mg/dl) were also elevated. AST (median greatest dimension 164.5 U/L versus 70.0 U/L; p<0.001) and ALT (55.0 versus 30.0; p=0.048), and the distribution of international normalized ratio (INR) was higher (69.2% versus 34.6%; p=0.025) in viral hepatitis-positive patients than the non-viral group. Adjusted analysis showed INR was associated with viral hepatitis-HCC.ConclusionMost HCC patients were old and presented with HBV infection. Age, AST, ALT and INR biomarkers appeared to be influencing factors of viral hepatitis with HCC. The coexistence of viral hepatitis and metabolic factors enhanced the HCC development. In the primary care setting, evaluating the clinical profile could support risk stratification for HCC patients, including viral hepatitis-positive patients, timely detection, and decision-making in patient management.
Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost Among Black People in the US from 1999 to 2020
Authors: Caraballo César , Massey Daisy S. , Ndumele Chima D. , Haywood Trent , Kaleem Shayaan , King Terris , Liu Yuntian , Lu Yuan , Nunez-Smith Marcella , Taylor Herman A. , Watson Karol E. , Herrin Jeph , Yancy Clyde W. , Faust Jeremy S. , Krumholz Harlan M. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTImportanceAmid efforts in the United States to promote health equity, there is a need to assess progress in reducing excess deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) among Black people compared with White people.ObjectiveTo evaluate trends in excess mortality and YPLL among Black people compared with White people.DesignSerial cross-sectional.SettingNational data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999-2020ParticipantsNon-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black peopleExposuresRace as documented in the death certificates.Main outcomes and measuresExcess age-adjusted all-cause and disease-specific mortality rate (per 100,000 individuals) and YPLL among Black people compared with White people.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2020, the total number of excess deaths was 658,356 and 1,154,108 among Black females and males, representing 34,938,070 and 47,005,048 excess YPLL among Black females and males. The excess deaths and YPLL were largest among infants and non-elderly adults. Heart disease had the most excess deaths. From 1999, the age-adjusted excess mortality rate declined at an annual average of -9.0 (95% CI: -10.0, -8.0; P<0.001) until 2015 among Black women and at an annual average of -16.3 (95% CI: -20.9, -11.6; P<0.001) until 2012 among Black men, followed by no significant change until 2019 in either group. From 2019 to 2020, excess deaths increased from 90.4 to 192 per 100,000 Black women and from 209.8 to 395 per 100,000 Black men, reaching rates approximating those of 1999. The trends in rates of excess YPLL followed a similar pattern.Conclusions and relevanceOver a recent 22-year period, Black people in the US lost more than 80 million years of life when compared with White people. After a period of progress, improvements stalled, and most gains were eliminated in 2020.KEY POINTSQuestionHow many excess deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) for Black people, compared with White people, occurred in the United States from 1999 through 2020?FindingsBased on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data, excess deaths and YPLL persisted throughout the period, with initial progress followed by little improvement, and then worsening in 2020 to about 1999 levels. Black people had 1.8 million excess deaths and over 80 million YPLL over the study period.MeaningAfter initial progress, excess mortality and YPLL among Black people stagnated and then worsened, indicating a need for new approaches.
Evaluation and Clinical Validation of Monkeypox Virus Real-Time PCR Assays
Authors: Mills Margaret G. , Juergens Kate B. , Gov Jolene , McCormick Carter , Sampoleo Reigran , Kachikis Alisa , Amory John K. , Fang Ferric C. , Pérez-Osorio Ailyn C. , Lieberman Nicole A. P. , Greninger Alexander L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn spring of 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox spread worldwide. Here, we describe performance characteristics of monkeypox virus (MPXV)-specific and pan-orthopoxvirus qPCR assays for clinical use.METHODSWe validated probe-based qPCR assays targeting MPXV-specific loci F3L and G2R (genes MPXVgp052/OPG065 and MPXVgp002 and gp190/OPG002, respectively) and a pan-orthopoxvirus assay targeting the E9L locus (MPXVgp057/OPG071). Clinical samples and synthetic controls were extracted using the Roche MP96 or Promega Maxwell 48 instrument. qPCR was performed on the AB7500 thermocycler. Synthetic control DNA and high concentration clinical samples were quantified by droplet PCR. Cross-reactivity was evaluated for camelpox and cowpox genomic DNA, vaccinia culture supernatant, and HSV- and VZV-positive clinical specimens. We also determined analytical performance of the F3L assay using dry swabs, Aptima vaginal and rectal swabs, nasopharyngeal, rectal, and oral swabs, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, whole blood, breastmilk, urine, saliva, and semen.RESULTSThe MPXV-F3L assay is reproducible at a limit of detection (LoD) of 65.6 copies/mL of viral DNA in VTM/UTM, or 3.3 copies/PCR reaction. No cross-reactivity with herpesviruses or other poxviruses was observed. MPXV-F3L detects MPXV DNA in alternative specimen types, with an LoD ranging between 260-1000 copies/mL, or 5.7-10 copies/PCR reaction. In clinical swab VTM specimens, MPXV-F3L and MPXV-G2R assays outperformed OPXV-E9L by an average of 2.4 and 2.8 Cts, respectively. MPXV-G2R outperformed MPXV-F3L by 0.4 Cts, consistent with presence of two copies of G2R present in labile inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of MPXV genome.CONCLUSIONSMPXV is readily detected by qPCR using three clinically validated assays.
A Delphi Process for Reaching Nationwide Consensus on Antimicrobial Intravenous-to-oral Switch Criteria and Development of an Antimicrobial Intravenous-to-oral Switch Decision Aid
Authors: Harvey Eleanor J , Hand Kieran , Weston Dale , Ashiru-Oredope Diane 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionAntimicrobial stewardship (AMS) strategies, such as intravenous-to-oral switch (IVOS), promote optimal antimicrobial use, contributing to safer and more effective patient care and tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR).AimThis study aimed to achieve nationwide multidisciplinary expert consensus on antimicrobial IVOS criteria for timely switch in hospitalised adult patients and to design an IVOS decision aid to operationalise agreed IVOS criteria in the hospital setting.MethodA 4-step Delphi process was chosen to achieve expert consensus on IVOS criteria and decision aid; it included Step One) Pilot/1stround questionnaire, Step Two) Virtual meeting, Step Three) 2ndround questionnaire and Step 4) Workshop. This study follows the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument checklist.ResultsStep One questionnaire of 42 IVOS criteria had 24 respondents, 15 of whom participated in Step Two, where 37 criteria were accepted for the next step. Step Three had 242 respondents (England n=195, Northern Ireland n=18, Scotland n=18, Wales n=11); 27 criteria were accepted. Step Four had 48 survey respondents and 33 workshop participants; where consensus was achieved for 24 criteria and comments received on a proposed IVOS decision aid. Research recommendations include the use of evidence-based standardised IVOS criteria.Discussion and ConclusionThis study achieved nationwide expert consensus on antimicrobial IVOS criteria for timely switch in the hospitalised adult population. For criteria operationalisation, an IVOS decision aid was developed. Further research is required to provide clinical validation of the consensus IVOS criteria and to expand this work into the paediatric and international settings.
Dynamic spatial coding in parietal cortex mediates tactile-motor transformation
Authors: Klautke Janina , Foster Celia , Medendorp W. Pieter , Heed Tobias 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMovements towards touch on the body require integrating tactile location and body posture information. Tactile processing and movement planning both rely on posterior parietal cortex (PPC) but their interplay is not understood. Here, human participants received tactile stimuli on their crossed and uncrossed feet, dissociating stimulus location relative to anatomy versus external space. Participants pointed to the touch or the equivalent location on the other foot, which dissociates sensory and motor locations. Multi-voxel pattern analysis of concurrently recorded fMRI signals revealed that tactile location was coded anatomically in anterior PPC but spatially in posterior PPC during sensory processing. After movement instructions were specified, PPC exclusively represented the movement goal in space, in regions associated with visuo-motor planning and with regional overlap for sensory, rule-related, and movement coding. Thus, PPC flexibly updates its spatial codes to accommodate rule-based transformation of sensory input to generate movement to environment and own body alike.
Degenerative changes are associated with severity of anterior cruciate ligament injury within the skeletally immature joint
Authors: Howe Danielle , Thompson Jacob D. , Teeter Stephanie D. , Easson Margaret , Barlow Olivia , Griffith Emily H. , Schnabel Lauren V. , Spang Jeffrey T. , Fisher Matthew B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a major problem in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Some of these injuries extend only partially through the tissue cross-section; yet, there is limited data to inform clinical treatment of such partial tears. In particular, it is unknown how injury severity impacts long-term degenerative changes in the joint. Here, we leverage a skeletally immature preclinical porcine model to evaluate joint biomechanics and degeneration after partial (isolated anteromedial (AM) or posterolateral (PL) bundle) or complete ACL injury. Six months after injury, joint laxity increases were minimal after PL bundle injury, minor after AM bundle injury, and major after ACL injury. Joint degeneration (evaluated in the cartilage and meniscus) was minimal after PL bundle injury, moderate after AM bundle injury, and substantial after ACL injury. With subjects grouped by clinical Lachman grade (indicating the extent of joint destabilization), degeneration was associated with increasing grade, irrespective of injury type. These findings point to the importance of considering joint laxity as a factor when treating young patients, particularly those with partial ACL injuries.
Highly branched and complementary distributions of layer 5 and layer 6 auditory corticofugal axons in mouse
Authors: Issa Lina K. , Chandra Sekaran Nathiya Vaithiyalingam , Llano Daniel A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe auditory cortex (AC) exerts a powerful, yet heterogeneous, effect on its subcortical targets. Auditory corticofugal projections emanate from distinct bands in layers 5 (L5) and 6 (L6), which have complementary anatomical and physiological properties. While several studies have suggested that corticofugal projections from L5 branch widely, others have suggested that there are multiple, mostly independent sets of L5 corticofugal projections. Even less is known about L6; no studies have examined whether the various L6 corticofugal projections are independent. Therefore, we examined branching patterns of L5 and L6 auditory corticofugal neurons, using the corticocollicular system as an index projection, using both traditional and novel approaches. We first confirmed that dual retrograde injections into the mouse inferior colliculus and auditory thalamus co-labeled subpopulations of L5 and L6 AC neurons. We then used an intersectional approach to selectively re-label L5 or L6 corticocollicular somata and found that both layers sent extensive branches to striatum, amygdala, superior colliculus, thalamus and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. L5 corticocollicular axons also sent an unpaired projection to the superior olivary complex. Using a novel approach to separately label L5 and L6 axons in the same mouse, we found that L5/6 terminal distributions partially spatially overlapped and that a subset of giant terminals was only found in L5-derived axons. Overall, the high degree of branching and complementarity in the distributions of L5 vs. L6 axons suggest that corticofugal projections should be considered as two widespread systems of projections, rather than a collection of individual projections.
Can the brain strategically go on automatic pilot? An fMRI study investigating the effect of if-then planning on behavioral flexibility
Authors: van Timmeren Tim , Dzinalija Nadza , O’Doherty John P. , de Wit Sanne 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTPeople often have good intentions but fail to adhere to them. Implementation intentions, a form of strategic planning, can help people to close this intention-behavior gap. Their effectiveness has been proposed to depend on the mental formation of a stimulus-response association between a trigger and target behavior, thereby creating an ‘instant habit’. If implementation intentions do indeed lead to reliance on habitual control, then this may come at the cost of reduced behavioral flexibility. Furthermore, we would expect a shift from recruitment of corticostriatal brain regions implicated in goal-directed control towards habit regions. To test these ideas, we performed a functional MRI study in which participants received instrumental training supported by either implementation or goal intentions, followed by an outcome-revaluation to test reliance on habitual versus goal-directed control. We found that implementation intentions led to increased efficiency during training, as reflected in higher accuracy, faster reaction times, and decreased engagement of the anterior caudate. However, implementation intentions did not reduce behavioral flexibility when goals changed during the test phase, nor did it affect the underlying corticostriatal pathways. Additionally, this study showed that ‘slips of action’ towards devalued outcomes are associated with reduced activity in brain regions implicated in goal-directed control. In conclusion, our behavioral and neuroimaging findings suggest that strategic if-then planning does not lead to a shift from goal-directed towards habitual control.
A new method for quantifying APT and NOE(-3.5) using chemical exchange saturation transfer with double saturation powers (DSP-CEST)
Authors: Zhao Yu , Sun Casey , Zu Zhongliang 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACTPurposeQuantifications of amide proton transfer (APT) and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE(−3.5)) mediated transfer with high specificity are challenging since their signals measured in a Z-spectrum are overlapped with confounding signals from direct water saturation (DS), semi-solid magnetization transfer (MT) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of fast-exchange pools. In this study, based on two canonical CEST acquisitions with double saturation powers (DSP), a new data-postprocessing method is proposed to specifically quantify the effects of APT and NOE.MethodsFor CEST imaging with relatively low saturation powers, both the fast-exchange CEST effect and the semi-solid MT effect increase linearly withwhereas the slow-exchange APT/NOE(−3.5) effect has no such a dependence on, which is exploited to isolate the APT and NOE effects from the confounding signals in this study. After a mathematical derivation for the establishment of the proposed method, numerical simulations based on Bloch equations are then performed to demonstrate its specificity to detections of the APT and NOE effects. Finally, anin vivovalidation of the proposed method is conducted using an animal tumor model at a 4.7-T MRI scanner.ResultsThe simulations show that DSP-CEST can quantify the effects of APT and NOE and substantially eliminate the confounding signals. The in vivo experiments demonstrate that the prosed DSP-CEST method is feasible for the imaging of tumors.ConclusionThe data-postprocessing method proposed in this study can quantify the APT and NOE effects with considerably increased specificities and a reduced cost of imaging time.
Determinants of regulatory compliance in health and social care services: a systematic review using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Authors: Dunbar Paul , Keyes Laura , Browne John P 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe delivery of high quality care is a fundamental goal for health systems worldwide. One policy tool to ensure quality is the regulation of minimum standards by an independent public authority. This systematic review seeks to identify determinants of compliance with such regulation in health and social care services.MethodsSystematic searches were carried out on five electronic databases and grey literature sources. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies were eligible for inclusion. Titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers independently. Determinants were identified from the included studies, extracted and allocated to constructs in the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The quality of included studies was appraised by two independent reviewers. The results were synthesised in a narrative review using the constructs of the CFIR as grouping themes.ResultsThe search yielded 7,500 articles for screening, of which 157 were included. Most studies were quantitative designs in nursing home settings and were conducted in the United States. We found the following structural characteristics and compliance to be positively associated: smaller facilities (as measured by bed capacity); higher nurse-staffing levels; and lower staff turnover. A facility’s geographic location and compliance was also associated. We make no findings in respect of process determinants as qualitative studies were sparse, limiting investigation of the processes underlying regulatory compliance.ConclusionThe literature in this field has focused to date on the structural attributes of compliant providers, perhaps because these are easier to measure, and has neglected more complex processes around the implementation of regulatory standards. A number of gaps, particularly in terms of qualitative work focused on the mechanisms involved in implementing regulations, are evident in the literature and further research in this area is needed to provide a clearer picture.
The dark side of channel loyalty programmes – managing tier demotion and deceitful behaviours
Authors: Cox David 
Published: November 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the increased impact that academic research can gain when collaborating and sharing knowledge with corporate stakeholders and marketing practitioners, through the lens of managing tier demotion and deceitful behaviors in a channel marketing program. In particular, this paper highlights that true impact (defined as being meaningful change) can only be achieved when the research findings are operationalized and deployed as a business solution.

Design/methodology/approach
The approach taken in this paper is to challenge the traditional paradigm where field research is led by academics and places the corporate stakeholder at the centre of the research, where they have a leading role. This involves identifying, selecting, collaborating and engaging with key corporate stakeholders early in the research project, thus gaining their input and support so that the research recommendations secure the necessary funding to be successfully deployed.

Findings
The authors highlight two research projects focused on tier demotion and disengagement and deceitful behaviour driven from incentivise and gamifying learning. A new tier demotion process involving a highly customised customer care charter has been deployed and resulted in a re-engagement rate of 81% from those channel partners who were demoted (a rise from 40%). Deceitful behaviour detection tools were also deployed, resulting in 4,300 possible deceptive cases being investigated and resolved in Year 1, reducing to 451 in Year 6.

Research limitations/implications
The change in research approach where field research places the corporate stakeholder at the centre of the research will add to the complexity of the research project, impact on timelines and introduce more stakeholders into the research team, which may have wider implications to the original research goal.

Practical implications
This transition will require academics to know more about their corporate partner, the corporate landscape, adding to the complexity of the research project and cede some control over the project.

Originality/value
Whilst academic research contributes to a body of theoretical concepts, equally important is bringing to life the research findings to show actual impact and meaningful change within the research setting. The present research approach has since been applied to multiple channel loyalty programmes across numerous industries increasing revenue and driving the success of the respective programmes. One key learning would be to engage more corporate stakeholders as part of the research project from the outset. The author neglected the legal and trust and compliance team and they had a significant impact on what findings were eventually implemented.