bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the contraceptive behaviour on spacing methods among the married women of reproductive age group in a rural area of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal – a qualitative study
Authors: Goswami Pramit , Samsuzzaman Md , Barman Medhatithi 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
One of the goals of the National Population Policy 2000 was to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of national economy. Spacing methods are reversible methods of contraception. Vision FP2020 will build on policy of increasing focus on spacing services through voluntary adoption of family planning. With this background, the study was conducted to explore the spacing contraception behaviour among married women of reproductive age group.

Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2018 at a rural block of West Bengal. Four subcentres from a list of total 38 subcentres in the Bhatar block were selected by Simple random sampling (SRS). A list of currently married women of reproductive age group fulfilling the inclusion criteria was prepared and 10 women of each SC were chosen randomly. In-depth interviews were conducted among selected women and a focused group discussion was conducted involving the auxiliary nurse midwife (ANMs) to elicit reasons and barriers for contraceptive use from service providers’ perspective.

Results:
The reasons for their current contraceptive choice were change in behaviour and, according to gender of the first baby, poor information, education, communication (IEC), personal preference, motivation by family members and health workers, religion and caste factors, fear and side effect for other methods, easy availability etc.,

Conclusion:
The findings reinforce the need for targeted spacing contraception promotion that includes delivery of localized contraceptive services, increase of knowledge on safety and utility of spacing methods among eligible clients, their family members and local health workers.
The changeable dynamics between glycaemic control and neuropathy risk across the lifespan of Saudi diabetic patients; A survey in diabetes healthcare facility
Authors: Alfaez Saad M. , Alsalmi Thekra I. , Alfeer Raghad N. , Alghamdi Elaf K. , Alzahrani Mohammed Ali , Al Bogami Safar A. , Mubarak Ali S. , Alshehri Khalid M. , Alfadhly Abulaziz F. , AlMalki Basim M. , Alosaimi Jawhara A. , Alzahrani Fahad M. , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah , Osman Mugtaba 
Published: May 2022

Background and Aims:
Peripheral neuropathy is a common diabetic complication. It is linked to poor glycaemic control and longer duration of diabetes. We explored the association between HbA1c and neuropathy risk considering the duration of diabetes in a sample of Saudi diabetic patients.

Method:
We conducted a monofilament test on 343 diabetic patients referred to our specialist diabetology centre in Saudi Arabia. We utilized a multiple generalized logistic regression model with a binary outcome related to neuropathy complications.

Results:
We found that over four out of every five patients have peripheral neuropathy. The interaction between HbA1c and duration was significant (estimate = −0.02802, P = 0.00534), a positive association between neuropathy and both HbA1c (increased risk by 46.2%, P = 0.03222) and DM duration (increased risk by 19.6%, P = 0.04497).

Conclusions:
The shorter the duration of diabetes, the more positive the relationship between HbA1c and peripheral neuropathy. In patients living for over 40 years with diabetes, HbA1c was higher among those who did not have peripheral neuropathy. It could be argued that this is an artefact of survival as poorer glycaemic control will likely result in higher mortality in earlier years of the diabetes career.
Comparison of bioceramic and epoxy resin sealers in terms of marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth with different obturation techniques in premolar teeth
Authors: Najafzadeh Reza , Fazlyab Mahta , Esnaashari Ehsan 
Published: May 2022

Introduction and Objective
The proper performance of a sealer in root canal treatment depends on its physical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two bioceramic and epoxy resin sealers in terms of marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in different obturation methods of human premolar teeth.

Materials and Methods
A total of 82 premolar teeth extracted due to caries and gum disease were used in the present in vitro experimental study. Two types of sealers, epoxy resin (AH-Plus, Dentsply, Germany) and bioceramic (Endosequence BC sealer, Brasseler, Savannah, GA, USA), were used in this research. Lateral compaction and single-cone techniques were used for filling the teeth. Marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth were measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), respectively. Statistical analysis of data was performed by repeated-measures ANOVA. The significance level was considered as P < 0.05.

Results
The marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in all three coronal, middle, and apical regions were better in bioceramic sealer (P < 0.001). The marginal adaptation and tubular penetration depth in all regions were not affected by the filling method and the interaction between the sealer type and the obturation technique.

Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, the use of bioceramic sealer caused better depth of tubular penetration and marginal adaptation compared to epoxy resin. Further studies and the use of different filling techniques are necessary to achieve a three-dimensional sealing in curved root canals.
Male involvement in family planning in a rural area of India
Authors: Parija Pragyan P. , Pal Anjali , Panigrahi Sunil K. , Thakur Pushpawati , Pal Rahul 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Family planning is one of the essential health care services to promote and ensure reproductive health. Nearly 40.2 percent of men think it as a woman’s responsibility as per the National Family Health Survey 4. Not much attention has been given to the male partners in the usage of contraceptives. So, this study was conducted to assess the male participation in family planning among married males in a rural area of Chhattisgarh.

Methodology:
A sample of 365 married males were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire at a primary health care center.

Results:
Only 48 (13.1%) participants were using condoms or male sterilization as a method of contraception at the time of the study. Good involvement of males in family planning was found to be (10.9%) in our study. Those who were above the poverty line and educated (graduation and above) had good involvement in family planning. The chief reason cited for not opting for male sterilization by participants was fear of physical weakness followed by family opposition.

Conclusion:
The socio-cultural barrier in itself demotivates men from getting involved in the family planning program. This study recommends increasing health literacy regarding family planning among men by including it in the school curriculum and through awareness activities and counseling that influences them positively and motivates them to accept contraceptive services and shared decision making. Sterilization facilities should be made accessible to them to further encourage them.
Prevalence of high-risk pregnancy among pregnant women enrolled under Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan in government health facilities of district Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Prajapati Ajay K. , Kumar Vineet , Soni Kanchan , Singh Naresh Pal , Jain Pankaj Kumar , Ruchi  
Published: May 2022

Background:
According to the Sample Registration System report, India has reduced the maternal mortality rate from 130 per 100,000 live births in 2014–2016 to 113 per 100,000 live births in 2016–2018. The main purpose of antenatal care is to identify “high-risk” cases as early as possible from a large group of antenatal mothers and provide them skilled and appropriate care.

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of high-risk pregnancy (HRP) in pregnant females availing services under pradhan mantri surakshit matritva abhiyan (PMSMA) and to assess awareness of pregnant mothers about services provided under PMSMA in district Etawah of Uttar Pradesh.

Material and Methods:
Community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 female beneficiaries who were registered under the PMSMA scheme and delivered their baby at any government health facility during one year of study period.

Results:
It was observed that from all the antenatal women visiting the community health center for HRP day under the PMSMA scheme, 162 (40.5%) were categorized as HRPs and 238 (59.6%) of them were nonhigh-risk pregnancies. A statistically significant association was observed (P-value = 0.005 at 95% CI) between the difference in the proportion of HRPs and the educational status of the pregnant mothers. Out of 400 beneficiaries, 167 (41.75%) were aware of the PMSMA scheme.

Conclusion:
Regular antenatal care (ANC) check-ups, early identification of HRP, health education, and timely screening are needed to reduce maternal mortality.
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities predicting mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia patients
Authors: Kaeley Nidhi , Mahala Prakash , Walia Rohit 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Cardiovascular involvement is a significant cause of death in COVID pneumonia. Early electrocardiographic changes may predict cardiovascular involvement and predict mortality in COVID pneumonia patients

Methods:
A total of 250 consecutive patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the emergency were studied for electrocardiographic abnormalities and their relation to mortality

Results:
Most patients required supplemental oxygen to maintain optimal saturation. A total of 72% showed ECG abnormalities, and the overall cohort had a mortality of 50%. New-onset atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block or right bundle branch pattern, and ventricular premature complexes were associated with high mortality. Sinus tachycardia and atrial fibrillation were the most common arrhythmia and were significantly associated with mortality

Conclusions:
New-onset atrial fibrillation, intraventricular conduction defects, and sinus tachycardia are associated with increased mortality in COVID pneumonia patients.
Vitamin-D deficiency in adults of Mumbai city
Authors: Hinduja Anupa R. A. , Chandy David , Patkar Deepak , Wankhedkar Harshad 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Vitamin-D deficiency is a pandemic that is being linked to various noncommunicable diseases. The present study is an attempt to study the demographic profile and the prevalence of comorbidities in association with the vitamin-D status of the Mumbai-based study population. The authors also attempt to understand the change in prevalence over the last decade

Methodology:
Fasting blood samples were collected from consenting asymptomatic adults visiting the hospital and were analyzed for the prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency and diabetes mellitus, and participants were clinically examined for the presence of hypertension (as defined by AHA guidelines) and obesity (as defined by body mass index of more than equal to 30)

Results:
It was found that 57% of participants were deficient, 25% had insufficient, and 18% had adequate vitamin-D levels. There were a greater number of younger (P = 0.003) and upper-middle-class participants in the deficient group (P = 0.043816). Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus and the distribution of genders was comparable in the deficient and sufficient vitamin-D groups. However, diabetic vitamin-D-sufficient participants had better control of blood sugar compared to diabetic vitamin-D-deficient participants

Conclusion:
Although the prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency has slightly reduced compared to the previous decade, it is still highly prevalent. Diabetic vitamin-D-sufficient participants had better glycemic control compared to diabetic vitamin-D-deficient participants. Thus, it is highly recommended for primary care physicians to screen everyone for vitamin-D deficiency.
Pattern and practice of self medication among adults in an urban community of West Bengal
Authors: Gupta Shibaji , Chakraborty Arup 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Self-medication is the obtainment and consumption of drugs without a physician’s advice, in any stage of disease management. Indiscriminate practice of self-medication, which is common in developing countries like India, often leads to dangerous unwarranted adverse effects, ultimately increasing cost burden due to health care. The aim of this study was to assess self-medication practice and its reasons among study participants.

Methods:
Eligible residents of the urban field practice area of a Kolkata-based medical college were interviewed using a predesigned and pretested data collection schedule.

Results:
Among 170 participants, 98 (57.7%) were found to have practiced self-medication; 39.8% of them were aged between 28 and 37 years, the majority being females (57.1%). Lack of felt need to visit a registered medical practitioner was the most common reason (34.7%) cited behind practicing self-medication. All (100.0%) self-medicating participants checked expiry date before use; pain suppressing medications were the most commonly used (46.9%). Pharmacies were the commonest source of knowledge for medicinal use (64.3%). The less educated tended to self-medicate more than those with a higher level of education (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The study found the majority of its respondents to be practicing self-medication. Stringent implementation of law and increasing community awareness regarding the ill effects of self-medication is therefore necessary.
Underweight is an important predictor for functional impairment among the older adults in Urban West Bengal, India
Authors: Ahamed Farhad , Rehman Tanveer , Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Kaur Amandeep , Debnath Abantika , Ghosh Tandra 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
To estimate the prevalence, pattern, and factors associated with functional impairment among elders.

Materials and Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among older adults (aged ≥60 years) residing in the urban blocks of West Bengal. An interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire, which included Katz index and half-arm span to measure functional impairment and body mass index (BMI), respectively

Results:
The mean (SD) age (in years) of 457 participants was 69.0 (7.3) years and 52% were males, 72% were graduates, 52% were obese, and 55% had hypertension. The prevalence of functional impairment was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.21–10.24). The most common aid or appliance used was spectacles (93%) followed by a denture (20%). The functional impairment was more common among the oldest-old (≥85 years) (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 8.26, 95% CI: 2.50–27.28), middle-old (75–84 years) age group (aPR 3.85, 95% CI: 1.44–10.31), underweight (BMI < 18.50 kg/m2) (aPR 3.60, 95% CI: 1.44–9.00), and among the individuals using walking sticks (aPR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.60–7.51)

Conclusion:
The burden of functional impairment is low among older adults in the urban area of West Bengal. Policies need to be framed at the household level to reduce the extent of disability among the oldest-old and elders who are underweight and use walking aids.
A Simple Infection Prevention ‘Bundle’ Including Preoperative Bath With Hair-Wash to Reduce Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Following Elective Caesarean and Gynaecological Surgery in India
Authors: Bagga Rashmi , Suri Vanita , Thami Minakshi , Nehra Ritu , Dhaliwal Navneet , Biswal Manisha , Singhal Sangeeta , Soni Anita , Joshi Liza 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Surgical site infections (SSIs) may be reduced by following SSI prevention measures. We assessed the SSI rate following caesarean section (CS) and gynaecologic surgery after implementing a simple SSI prevention bundle including preoperative bath and hair wash

Methods:
The study was carried out in two hospitals in North India (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research [PGIMER] and Civil Hospital CH) from August 2018 to July 2019. The SSI rate during intervention period (9 months) was compared with baseline rate (3 months). Womens’ knowledge about SSI was assessed preoperatively and after counselling, postoperatively

Results:
The baseline SSI rate after CS (n = 165) was 11.1% at PGIMER and 8.5% at CH. After gynae surgery (n = 172), it was 13% at PGIMER and 11.5% at CH. During intervention, (CS = 585, gynae surgery = 503), SSI rate was reduced significantly at PGIMER (CS: 11.1% to 3.7%, P = 0.048; gynae surgery: 13% to 7.1%, P = 0.027), but not at CH (CS: 8.5% to 8.2%, P = 0.903; gynae surgery: 11.5% to 11.4%, P = 0.984). Three measures were followed more often at PGIMER than at CH: before CS, bath with hair-wash: 99.3% vs 78.5%, P = 0.00, hair-clipper vs razor: 100% vs 5.1%, P = 0.00 and antibiotic prophylaxis ≤120 min: 100% vs 92.4%, P = 0.00; and before gynae surgery, bath with hair-wash: 93.2% vs 71%, P = 0.00, hair-clipper vs razor: 93.6% vs 1.9%, P = 0.00 and antibiotic prophylaxis ≤120 min: 100% vs 80.8%, P = 0.00. Postoperatively, womens’ knowledge about SSI prevention improved significantly at the two sites

Conclusion:
The reduction in SSI at PGIMER was attributed to better compliance to SSI prevention measures listed above. Counselling women about simple SSI prevention method like preoperative bath with scalp hair wash increased their knowledge about these significantly.
Prevalence, patterns, and determinants of body image dissatisfaction among female undergraduate students of University of Delhi
Authors: Kapoor Abhilasha , Upadhyay Madhu Kumari , Saini Narinder Kumar 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Body image is an essential aspect of young girls’ self-definition and individual identity and is influenced by multitude of factors including cultural, social, cognitive, affective, and biological. In recent times, excessive concern about the body image has been reported and the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction (BID) has increased among adolescent and young girls

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BID, its pattern and the factors associated with it among female undergraduate students and also to assess the level of concern about their body image

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 female undergraduate students using a contour drawing rating scale and a body shape questionnaire to assess BID and its pattern, and the level of concern about body image, respectively. Binary logistic regression was applied to identify the factors determining body image perception

Results:
The prevalence of body mage dissatisfaction was 76.7% with overweight and obesity, and media influences being significantly associated with it. Nutritional status, mother’s educational status, and media influences were the determinants. Body shape concerns were found among 30.6% of the participants out of which 7.3% reported marked to moderate concerns

Conclusions:
Our findings highlighted a higher prevalence of perceived dissatisfaction with the body image and also that it is not simply the outcome of sociocultural pressure to conform to a certain body type but is the result of a complex interaction between individual differences in actual body mass and preference for a thin body ideal.
Awareness regarding foot self-care practices among diabetic patients in Northeast part of India. Can primary care physician make a difference? A hospital based cross-sectional study
Authors: Shaki Omna , Gupta Gayatri Karad , Rai Sanjay K. , Gupta Tej Pratap , Kumar R. Vijay , Upreti Vimal , Bajpai Mukul 
Published: May 2022

Background:
About 10% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the time of diagnosis have more than one risk factor for developing foot ulceration, and it increases to 15% in a lifetime. The risk of development of Diabetic foot ulcers/gangrene can be prevented by the patient’s self-foot care practice at home. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of awareness of self-foot care practice among diabetic patients in a rural setting. The study also aimed to identify the factors preventing dry or wet diabetic gangrene development and subsequent amputation.

Methods:
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 1687 people with diabetes mellitus (DM) who attended orthopedic and diabetic OPD in a tertiary care hospital in Kamrup, Assam, India. An appropriate self-explanatory questionnaire about knowledge of self-foot care practice was given to all study participants. Foot examination was performed by authors participated in the study on all patients. The observations and results were categorized according to the International Diabetes Federation foot risk categories.

Results:
Of 1687 patients included in this study, 298 (17.7%) had foot ulcers of various grades, 164 (9.76%) had peripheral vascular disease, and 484 (28.7%), had peripheral neuropathy of different grades. After multivariate analysis, patients on insulin and combination therapy and peripheral neuropathy were significantly associated with the presence of foot ulcers. The mean knowledge score was as low as 9.7 ± 4.8 out of a total score of 23. Low awareness and knowledge were associated with low mean scores due to a lack of formal education (8.3 ± 6.1). Among the 1687 patients, only 381 (22.5%) are aware and have some knowledge about self-foot care, and 686 (40.6%) had their feet examined by a doctor only once since their initial diagnosis. The incidence of development of diabetic-related complications was significantly low in those who know about foot self-care as well as those whose feet had been inspected by a physician at least once.

Conclusion:
The incidence of development of diabetic-related complications was significantly low in those who know about foot self-care as well as those whose feet had been examined by a physician of family doctors at least once. There is a need to educate all patients of diabetes about self-foot care. It is prudent to establish an integrated foot care services within primary care centers and in the diabetic clinic to identify feet at risk, institute early preventive measures, and provide continuous foot care education through images videos on WhatsApp to patients and primary health care givers.