bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geological and Mining Constraints on Historical Mine Production: The Case of Early Medieval Lead-Silver Mining at Melle, France
Authors: Bettenay Leigh 
Published: August 2022

Early Medieval silver production for the Melle Pb-Ag deposit in western France has been estimated up to 15 tonnes per year over hundreds of years (Téreygeol, 2013) which would place it amongst the top silver mines of all times prior to the New World discoveries. However, this deposit has geological and mining characteristics economically unsuitable for substantial production, because it is thin, sub-horizontal and comprised of discontinuous pods. Furthermore, it is a Mississippi Valley type (MVT) base metal deposit, which are typically not major silver producers. There is no geological evidence for primary or secondary enrichment to generate silver-rich ore. Inaddition, the fact that Melle remained unmined in all later historical periods is enigmatic compared to the almost ubiquitous reworking of significant ore deposits elsewhere.In this paper, I discuss the geological characteristics, mining parameters, documented historical mining rates and workforce considerations, all of which can be used to constrain production estimates for Melle. The largest uncertainty for production estimates is the workforce size, which reflects scarce information about Carolingian Melle and its surroundings. A model employing realistic mining parameters and a workforce appropriate for a small mining village (100 miners/fire-setters, within a workforce of 250-300, from a settlement of at least 400-500) yields 52 tonnes of lead metal and 150 kg of silver per year. Doubling the workforce would double this estimate. Conversely, it could be half or less if mining was a seasonal activity between agricultural priorities such as harvesting and seeding.The previously claimed production rates require improbable mining assumptions together with at least 500 dedicated full-time miners and a population in the thousands. Furthermore, it would yield per capita silver productivity more than four times higher than in well-documented Early Modern operations that were leading silver deposits of their time. This seems unlikely. However, even at the much lower production levels, favoured here, Melle still might have been a major factor in the Carolingian economy, with its lead production perhaps as important as its silver.
„Gute Gebrauchte sind rar“
Authors: Dänzer Dieter 
Published: August 2022

FRANKFURT a.M. Zulieferengpässe führen seit zwei Jahren dazu, dass neue Maschinen oft zeitverzögert ausgeliefert werden. Die Folge: Weniger in Zahlung genommene Gebrauchtmaschinen sind auf dem Markt und gute Gebrauchte entsprechend heiß begehrt. Ihre Preise sind im Jahresvergleich um bis zu 30 Prozent gestiegen, sagt Dr. Nicolas Lohr, der Geschäftsführer der Online-Gebrauchtmaschinen-Plattform E-Farm.
Effect of ionic liquid modified carbon nanotubes on the properties of nitrile butadiene rubber and nitrile butadiene latex nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Rui , Sun Yiwen , Hou Yanbing , Tian Yong , Zhang Yandan , Liu Fusheng , Han Jingjie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were widely used in nano‐polymer materials due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. However, the dispersion of MWCNT in the rubber matrix was usually poor due to their large aspect ratio and tendency to agglomerate. The main innovation of this technology was that the non‐covalent modification did not destroy the surface structure and original properties of MWCNT, which was a breakthrough compared to the previous covalent modification. The obtained IL‐MWCNT was still distributed in the water a month after sonication. The microstructural development of the filled network and the uniform dispersion of MWCNT in the presence of IL were analyzed by TEM. The apparent physical (cation–π/π–π) interactions between MWCNT and IL were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The high‐performance composites of IL‐MWCNT and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) or nitrile butadiene rubber latex (NBRL) were prepared by the liquid latex blending method. The mechanical properties of the composites were improved due to the uniform distribution of IL‐MWCNT in the matrix. As found in this work, the addition of 3 phr of IL increased the mechanical properties of the composites significantly. The continued addition of IL affects the dispersion of MWCNT in the composites due to the plasticizing and diluting effects of IL, which results in a decrease in the mechanical properties. This study provides a simple, environmentally friendly method for the development of IL‐MWCNT composites.
Influence of the structure of sub‐micrometer core‐shell rubber particles and matrix composition on the mechanical properties, morphological structure and deformation mechanism of rubber‐modified polyphenylene oxide/polystyrene blends
Authors: Song Lixin , Zhang Qian , Hao Yongsheng , Cong Fei , Chi Weihan , Li Yongchao , Liu Zhe , Shi Ying 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA series of polybutadiene‐graft‐polystyrene (PB‐g‐PS) graft copolymers with different core–shell ratios (PB/PS) are synthesized using emulsion polymerization. Subsequently, the PB‐g‐PS graft copolymers are blended with polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and polystyrene (PS) to prepare PPO/PS/PB‐g‐PS blends with varying compositions. The effects of the core–shell ratio of PB‐g‐PS graft copolymer and matrix composition on the mechanical properties, micromorphology, and deformation mechanism of the blends are investigated. The results show that the synthesized PB‐g‐PS graft copolymer has extremely high toughening efficiency. The blends with high toughness and excellent processability can be prepared by introducing it and PS into PPO at the same time, and then obtain better end‐use properties and broaden the applications. With the increase of the core‐shell ratio of PB‐g‐PS graft copolymer, the rubber particles gradually gather in the matrix. With an increase of PPO content in the matrix, the rubber particles gradually become uniformly dispersed, the impact strength and yield strength of the blends gradually increase, the coarseness of the impact fracture surface of the blends gradually increase, and massive elongated cavities appear. The blends undergo a brittle ductile transition, and its deformation mechanism change from the initial cracking to shear yielding.
Designing Layered Na3Ni2SbO6 Cathodes with Hierarchical and Hollow Nanostructure for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Xin , Huang Qun , Feng Yiming , Zhou Liangjun , Wei Weifeng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHoneycomb‐ordered Na3M2XO6 (M=Ni, Co, Cu; X=Sb, Bi, etc.) layered oxide cathodes have drawn significant attention by virtue of prominent voltage platform and high energy density in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, they usually suffer from inferior rate performance and cycling stability due to sluggish Na+ migration kinetics and low electronic conductivity. Designing layered cathodes with hierarchical nanostructure shows great potential in SIBs owing to enhanced charge transfer and reaction kinetics. Herein, layered Na3Ni2SbO6 nanofibers with hierarchical and porous‐structure were prepared through simple electrospinning and subsequent annealing procedure. This unique structure holds the merits of large active surface areas for easy access to the electrolyte, well‐guided paths for electrons/ions transfer, excellent buffering ability for deformation stress, and potential to maintain structural integrity over repetitious sodiation/desodiation process. Thus, compared with the Na3Ni2SbO6 synthesized by conventional sol‐gel approach, the Na3Ni2SbO6 nanofibers exhibit superior rate performance and capacity capability.
Thermal Stability of Graphite Electrode as Cathode for Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xue Kaiming , Tan Tian , Yu Denis Y. W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe increasing number of accidents relating to battery fire and explosion is raising people's attention towards safety of batteries. Abnormal battery operation can generate much heat and cause thermal runaway due to the exothermic reactions of the electrodes and electrolyte. Recently, dual‐ion battery (DIB) has gained many interests because of its low cost and high working voltage compared with traditional lithium‐ion battery (LIB). However, investigation on thermal stability of DIB is rare. In this paper, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the thermal stability of DIB using graphite as cathode with different states of charge (SOC) and with different amount of fluoroethylene carbonate as co‐solvent in the electrolyte. Then, the thermal stability of graphite cathode for DIB was compared with those of LiCoO2 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 at their fully charged states. Specifically, charged DIB using graphite as cathode in 3 m LiPF6 EMC showed superior thermal stability with no exothermic peaks in DSC tests, in contrast to traditional lithium‐containing cathodes for LIB, which gave out significant amount of heat at evaluated temperature. In addition, the thermal stability of graphite depended on the type of intercalation species in it. While PF6− intercalated graphite [Cn(PF6)] showed an endothermic peak at about 320 °C, Li+ intercalated graphite [Cn(Li)] showed an exothermic peak at about 300 °C. Moreover, the type of electrolyte also affected heat generation from the charged electrodes and should be properly designed to improve thermal stability in the future.
The recruitment and retention of teachers of colour in Wales. An ongoing conundrum?
Authors: Davis Susan , Haughton Chantelle , Chapman Sammy , Okeke Rom , Yafele Aylwin , Yu Kin , Smith Martin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere are a disproportionate number of teachers of colour (ToC) in Wales in comparison to pupils of colour. Teachers are less ethnically diverse than the pupils they are teaching with only 1.3% of teachers categorising themselves as being from a non‐White background. This paper sets out findings from research investigating recruitment into Initial Teacher Education (ITE) and the career progression of ToC in Wales. Through a qualitative case study approach, employing participant voice, it gives participants a platform to articulate their experiences. Sixty‐eight semi‐structured interviews took place and participants were a mixture of 14+ learners and serving teachers/leaders, all from diverse backgrounds. As a multi‐ethnic research team ourselves, we were aware of issues that participants faced within the Welsh school system, either as pupils or teachers, and were committed to carrying out the research, employing an empathetic lens. This was especially relevant as participants were relaying incidents of racism and racial trauma suffered, as well as sharing their achievements. This provided us with rich data, detailing lived experience and gave an insight into the unique experiences of teachers of colour, within a predominantly White school system in Wales and as a result, suggests what needs to change.
Stable pollination service in a generalist high Arctic community despite the warming climate
Authors: Cirtwill Alyssa R. , Kaartinen Riikka , Rasmussen Claus , Redr Deanne , Wirta Helena , Olesen Jens M. , Tiusanen Mikko , Ballantyne Gavin , Cunnold Helen , Stone Graham N. , Schmidt Niels Martin , Roslin Tomas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInsects provide key pollination services in most terrestrial biomes, but this service depends on a multistep interaction between insect and plant. An insect needs to visit a flower, receive pollen from the anthers, move to another conspecific flower, and finally deposit the pollen on a receptive stigma. Each of these steps may be affected by climate change, and focusing on only one of them (e.g., flower visitation) may miss important signals of change in service provision. In this study, we combine data on visitation, pollen transport, and single‐visit pollen deposition to estimate functional outcomes in the high Arctic plant‐pollinator network of Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, a model system for global warming–associated impacts in pollination services. Over two decades of rapid climate warming, we sampled the network repeatedly: in 1996, 1997, 2010, 2011, and 2016. Although the flowering plant and insect communities and their interactions varied substantially between years, as expected based on highly variable Arctic weather, there was no detectable directional change in either the structure of flower‐visitor networks or estimated pollen deposition. For flower‐visitor networks compiled over a single week, species phenologies caused major within‐year variation in network structure despite consistency across years. Weekly networks for the middle of the flowering season emerged as especially important because most pollination service can be expected to be provided by these large, highly nested networks. Our findings suggest that pollination ecosystem service in the high Arctic is remarkably resilient. This resilience may reflect the plasticity of Arctic biota as an adaptation to extreme and unpredictable weather. However, most pollination service was contributed by relatively few fly taxa (Diptera: Spilogona sanctipauli and Drymeia segnis [Muscidae] and species of Rhamphomyia [Empididae]). If these key pollinators are negatively affected by climate change, network structure and the pollination service that depends on it would be seriously compromised.
Rapid evaluation and optimization of carbon dioxide‐enhanced oil recovery using reduced‐physics proxy models
Authors: Al‐Mudhafar Watheq J. , Rao Dandina N. , Srinivasan Sanjay , Vo Thanh Hung , Al Lawe Erfan M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in oil reservoirs is a promising enhanced oil recovery method to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. The CO2 injection simulation and optimization require a large computation time, especially in real large‐scale oil reservoirs. This paper integrates experimental design and machine learning to construct a reduced‐physics surrogate model alternative to the complex reservoir simulator. This surrogate model was used to evaluate and optimize the CO2‐assisted gravity drainage (CO2‐GAGD) process, applied to a clastic reservoir in the Rumaila oil field. In the GAGD process optimization, five operational decision parameters controlling the production and injection activities were manipulated to attain optimal future oil production. Hundreds of simulation runs were created by Latin Hypercube Sampling to build a proxy‐based optimization. The optimal scenario increased the cumulative oil production by 416 MMSTB at the end of 10‐year prediction period. Finally, four machine learning (ML) algorithms were built as proxy surrogates alternative to the complex compositional reservoir simulations: Quadratic Equation (QM), FUzzy logic‐GEnetic algorithm (FUzzy‐GEnetic), Multivariate Additive Regression Splines (MARS), and Generalized Boosted Modeling (GBM). To show how robust using the ML approaches for the fast CO2‐GAGD process optimization, the random subsampling cross‐validation was adopted to conclude the optimum proxy metamodel that provides the lowest mismatch between the proxy‐ and simulator‐based cumulative oil production. The GBM algorithm achieved the highest adjusted‐R2 (0.9973) and lowest root mean square prediction error to produce the most accurate metamodel. The resulting accurate GBM proxy metamodel can be used for fast optimization of the CO2‐GAGD process. Specifically, GBM‐metamodel should lead to achieving higher optimal reservoir flow responses, especially with running a large number of simulation runs. Consequently, this proposed trained GBM‐ML proxy metamodel could be used for gas injection optimization and uncertainty assessment with far‐less computational effort than with the conventional approaches, which use a complex flow simulator.
Quality of life and sexual function in patients aged 35 years or younger undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecologic conditions: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zimmermann Julia S. M. , Sima Romina‐Marina , Radosa Marc P. , Radosa Christoph G. , Ples Liana , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Solomayer Erich‐Franz , Radosa Julia C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate how hysterectomy performed for benign gynecologic pathologies affects the quality of life and sexual function of patients aged 35 years or younger, and if outcomes differ according to the surgical technique.MethodsSeventy‐three patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy (SLH), or vaginal hysterectomy (VH) for benign uterine disorders between April 2014 and June 2020 at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany, were enrolled in this prospective observational cohort study. Quality of life and sexual function were assessed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively using standardized validated questionnaires: the European Quality of Life Five‐Dimension Scale (EQ‐5D) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).ResultsThirty‐three (45%) patients underwent TLH, 25 (34%) underwent SLH, and 15 (21%) patients underwent VH. The median preoperative EQ‐5D score, FSFI score, and EQ‐5D visual analog scale were 0.9 (range 0.62–1), 19.25 (range 2.4–27.4), and 50 (range 0–100); postoperative scores were 1 (range 0.61–1), 24.15 (range 3.9–29.3), and 90 (range 30–100), respectively (P ≤ 0.001). Postoperative scores were significantly higher than preoperative scores, with no significant difference according to the surgical technique.ConclusionHysterectomy for benign indication in women aged 35 years or less significantly improved the patients' quality of life and sexual function with no differences regarding the surgical technique.Clinical trial registrationThe study was registered in the German trial registry (no. DRKS00005622).
The Raman spectra of freshly cleaved pyrrhotites: The effect of atmospheric weathering and laser‐induced oxidation
Authors: Urashima Shu‐hei , Narahara Keisuke , Yui Hiroharu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPyrrhotite is a common iron sulfide mineral described as a non‐stoichiometric formula Fe1‐xS (0 < x < 0.125), permitting a lot of superstructures based on the hexagonal NiAs crystal subcell. Due to its abundance as well as its characteristic magnetic properties, many aspects of the research have been carried out both in geochemistry and material sciences. However, surprisingly, Raman spectra reported as “pyrrhotite” are remarkably different literature‐by‐literature. The reason for the differences is probably due to its reactive surface allowing the accelerated surface oxidation by laser‐induced heating in air and atmospheric weathering by long‐time exposure. However, to consider its crystal and/or surface structure, standard Raman spectra from fresh surfaces, that is, free from oxidation, are inevitable for the assignments of geological samples and for studying the chemical reaction that occurred on the surfaces. Here, we measured the Raman spectra of freshly cleaved surfaces of pyrrhotites sampled from different mines with changing the measurement conditions. As a result, only a very weak and broadened peak at around 130 cm−1was observed from the fresh surfaces. It is suggested that the Raman measurements in air rapidly proceed the surface oxidation. In addition, the atmospheric weathering is also found to give new intense Raman bands, which have been sometimes assigned to the original peaks of pyrrhotite crystal. The Raman spectra of pyrrhotites both in lower‐wavenumber and in anti‐Stokes region were also measured for the first time, confirming the spectroscopic features of pyrrhotite above.
Investigating Gen Z attitudes to charitable giving and donation behaviour: Social media, peers and authenticity
Authors: Konstantinou Iro , Jones Kate 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEven though there are studies which look at the motivations and trends of charitable giving and donations among Millennials, there is little empirical evidence which discusses how Gen Z perceive charitable donations and philanthropic work. As this generation moves into full employment, it is worth considering what influences they perceive as important for them to invest money, time and effort in when it comes to charitable giving, especially at the aftermath of COVID‐19 which has shaped perceptions of community, charity and donation behaviour. Our paper draws from focus groups with participants in the age range of 21–24, all based in the southeast of the UK. We explore the influences of peers, social media and personal interests in how Gen Z chooses which charitable causes to support during and after COVID‐19, a formative time in young people's lives. Our study shows that Gen Z are a generation who want to feel personally connected to the charities and causes they support. Social media and its influences are also a major driver in what Gen Z perceive to be pivotal in their expressions of charitable giving. Peer influences are important since recommendations by friends are likely to be authentic and genuine, something which is essential for Gen Z who do not want to be perceived as jumping on the bandwagon when they support causes but want to see long‐lasting impact. Our findings show that Gen Z prefer to be approached online rather than in person and feel empowered in their choices. We conclude by recommendations to marketers and those who are looking to engage Gen Z in their charitable endeavours and make them espouse their goals, especially in a (post) COVID‐19 world in a UK context.
Key enzymes involved in anammox‐based processes for wastewater treatment: An applied overview
Authors: Venturin Bruno , Rodrigues Heloisa Campeão , Bonassa Gabriela , Hollas Camila Ester , Bolsan Alice Chiapetti , Antes Fabiane Goldschmidt , De Prá Marina Celant , Fongaro Gislaine , Treichel Helen , Kunz Airton 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process has attracted significant attention as an economic, robustness, and sustainable method for the treatment of nitrogen (N)‐rich wastewater. Anammox bacteria (AnAOB) coexist with other microorganisms, and particularly with ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and/or heterotrophic bacteria (HB), in symbiosis in favor of the substrate requirement (ammonium and nitrite) of the AnAOB being supplied by these other organisms. The dynamics of these microbial communities have a significant effect on the N‐removal performance, but the corresponding metabolic pathways are still not fully understood. These processes involve many common metabolites that may act as key factors to control the symbiotic interactions between these organisms, to maximize N‐removal efficiency from wastewater. Therefore, this work overviews the current state of knowledge about the metabolism of these microorganisms including key enzymes and intermediate metabolites and summarizes already reported experiences based on the employment of certain metabolites for the improvement of N‐removal using anammox‐based processes.Practitioner Points

Approaches knowledge about the biochemistry and metabolic pathways involved in anammox‐based processes.
Some molecular tools can be used to determine enzymatic activity, serving as an optimization in nitrogen removal processes.
Enzymatic evaluation allied to the physical–chemical and biomolecular analysis of the nitrogen removal processes expands the application in different effluents.