bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children undergoing early liver re‐transplantation for primary non‐function have improved survival
Authors: Rogers Michael E. , Delman Aaron , Campbell Kathleen , Miethke Alexander , Tiao Greg , Mullapudi Bhargava , Bondoc Alex 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrimary non‐function (PNF) in the early post‐LT period in children leads to prolonged hospitalization, high graft loss, and significant mortality. However, there is a paucity of data available on the natural history of children relisted for LT due to PNF, including those who recover graft function and survive with their original allograft.MethodsWe interrogated the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database for pediatric LT recipients who were relisted with a primary diagnosis of PNF from 2000 to 2020. Patients >21‐year‐old and multiple organ transplants were excluded. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were employed to identify risk factors for early re‐transplantation (within 30 days of relisting) and mortality after adjusting for baseline clinical characteristics.ResultsOne hundred and eight patients were relisted for LT for PNF during the study period. Twenty‐five patients survived beyond 30 days from relisting with their original LT, 76 underwent early re‐transplantation, and 7 did not survive. Having a high‐risk EBV mismatch (OR 2.03, 95% CI 0.66–6.27) and an elevated donor serum creatinine (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 0.54–8.84) were associated with increased odds of a patient requiring early re‐transplantation. Donor characteristics including age, final total bilirubin, final AST/ALT, and final serum sodium, as well as vasopressor use prior to procurement, were not associated with increased odds of early re‐transplantation (p > 0.05). Operative characteristics including allograft type and cold‐ischemia time were also not associated with early re‐transplantation (p > 0.05). Patients undergoing early re‐transplantation showed a trend toward improved 1‐year graft survival (69% vs 55%, p = 0.24). On multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, early re‐transplantation was associated with reduced risk of overall patient mortality compared to those who survived with their original LT (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12–0.67).ConclusionEarly re‐transplantation for PNF is associated with improved patient survival compared with patients who survive with their original LT.
Latitudinal gradients in biotic interactions: Are cacti pollination systems more specialized in the tropics?
Authors: Gorostiague P. , Ollerton J. , Ortega‐Baes P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Biotic interactions are said to be more specialized in the tropics, and this was also proposed for the pollination systems of columnar cacti from North America. However, this has not yet been tested for a wider set of cactus species. Here, we use the available information about pollination in the Cactaceae to explore the geographic patterns of this mutualistic interaction, and test if there is a latitudinal gradient in its degree of specialization.

We performed a bibliographic search of all publications on the pollination of cacti species and summarized the information to build a database. We used generalized linear models to evaluate if the degree of specialization in cacti pollination systems is affected by latitude, using two different measures: the number of pollinator guilds (functional specialization) and the number of pollinator species (ecological specialization).

Our database contained information about the pollination of 148 species. The most frequent pollinator guilds were bees, birds, moths and bats. There was no apparent effect of latitude on the number of guilds that pollinate a cactus species. However, latitude had a small but significant effect on the number of pollinator species that service a given cactus species.

Bees are found as pollinators of most cactus species, along a wide latitudinal gradient. Bat and bird pollination is more common in the tropics than in the extra‐tropics. The available information suggests that cacti pollination systems are slightly more ecologically specialized in the tropics, but it does not support any trend with regard to functional specialization.
Novel alleles linked to brown rust resistance in sugarcane
Authors: Chaves Solana , Ostengo Santiago , Bertani Romina Priscila , Peña Malavera Andrea Natalia , Cuenya María Inés , Filippone María Paula , Castagnaro Atilio Pedro , Balzarini Mónica Graciela , Racedo Josefina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSugarcane brown rust, caused byPuccinia melanocephala, is a severe foliar disease that occurs in almost all countries where sugarcane is grown. The main control strategy is the use of resistant cultivars. The aim of this work was to identify molecular markers linked to genomic regions associated with a novel brown rust resistance source in sugarcane. An F1progeny of 300 clones was obtained from a cross between TUC 00–36 and RA 87–3, highly susceptible and highly resistant to brown rust, respectively. A total of 60 F1clones with extreme phenotype, either highly susceptible or highly resistant to brown rust, were selected. This “pooled tail” population was tested for reactions to brown rust under natural infection in the field during two crop seasons and under artificial infection in the greenhouse. Whole‐genome profiling was performed by DArT‐seq technology. Phenotypic data under both conditions and 23,299 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from genotyping were analysed to identify markers linked to the resistance trait. Single mapping analyses and subsequent multiple regression showed that 34 SNP markers were significantly linked to resistance alleles. These SNPs jointly explained 69% and 66% of the total phenotypic variation (R2) observed for field and controlled conditions, respectively. The mapping of the 34 SNP sequences revealed that 19 markers aligned to the sugarcane genome, whereas 12 markers aligned to the sorghum genome, all grouped on chromosome 5 with some functional annotations related to vegetal defence response. These marker loci could contribute to the development of molecular tools for molecular marker‐assisted breeding.
The efficiency and effectiveness of different sea urchin removal methods for kelp forest restoration
Authors: Miller Kelsey I. , Shears Nick T. 
Published: June 2022

Sea urchin overgrazing has caused widespread phase shifts from kelp forests to “urchin barrens” on many temperate reefs, reducing habitat complexity, productivity, and biodiversity. Sea urchin removal is increasingly used for kelp restoration; however, few studies have quantified the efficiency and effectiveness of different removal methods, resulting in limited understanding of their practicality. In this study, the efficiency (removal rate) and effectiveness (proportion removed) of four removal methods were evaluated in northeastern New Zealand. We compared culling or collecting sea urchins by either SCUBA or freediving in 128 small‐scale plots (25 m2). We also evaluated the efficiency and effectiveness of culling in four large (1.6–2 ha) barren areas, scales relevant for restoration. On average, culling sea urchins was 1.9–4.4 times faster than collecting, and SCUBA was 1.5–3.3 times faster than freediving. Removal rates increased with sea urchin density, especially for culling on SCUBA, while freediving removal rates increased with experience. Effectiveness was lower in large‐scale removals (86–93% of sea urchins ≥40 mm removed) compared to small‐scale removals (98–99%), but sufficient for restoration objectives. Estimated time per area (using SCUBA culling) was similar across large‐scale removals (49–57 hours/ha), despite an almost 2‐fold variation in initial sea urchin densities (approximately 4–8 urchins/m2), suggesting area may better predict total removal time than simply number of sea urchins across low‐density ranges. While sea urchin removal provides a rapid, feasible, and effective approach to restoring kelp in urchin barrens, restoration plans need to also address the causes of sea urchin overpopulation to ensure long‐term benefits.
Household income mobility in India, 1993–2011
Authors: Azam Mehtabul 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUsing a nationally representative longitudinal survey and both absolute and relative measures of mobility, we examine the differences in income mobility across social groups in rural India over 1993–2004 and 2004–2011. We find significant differentials in income mobility that mirror the historical Indian caste system hierarchy. Conditional on having similar rankings in base‐period income distribution, the Forward Hindu Caste households have the highest (lowest) probability of upward (downward) income mobility, followed by the Other Backward Caste, Scheduled Caste, and Scheduled Tribe households. Moreover, these differentials in mobility are only partially explained by differences in household characteristics. We find similar but smaller differentials in mobility across social groups in Urban India. We also find that urban population witnessed a higher (lower) upward (downward) mobility during 2004–2011 compared with rural population. Furthermore, we find similar differentials in mobility using consumption as a measure of well‐being.
Planform architecture, meander evolution and grain‐size variability of a deltaic channel belt in the Rhine‐Meuse delta, The Netherlands
Authors: Winkels Timotheus G. , Stouthamer Esther , Cohen Kim M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the unconstrained, low gradient setting of major delta plains, individual meander belts tend to function for relatively short periods of time due to repeated channel avulsion. Their short lifetime makes ‘deltaic’ channel belts suitable to study the products of steady meander evolution as the deposits and internal architectural elements preserved are often without complications of repeated bend cutoffs. This study investigated how sedimentary characteristics as preserved from subsequent stages of activity differ within the Stuivenberg channel belt. The Stuivenberg channel belt is a long‐studied example in the Holocene Rhine‐Meuse delta, The Netherlands, for which the meander evolution, i.e. geometry and dimensions through initiation, main activity and abandonment stages and durations of activity involved, was reconstructed. Mapping of the channel belt started from established coring based and LiDAR‐aided methods. Explorative approaches were used to assess active channel width at the onset of abandonment, and to reconstruct meander positions during earlier stages. The migration history of five consecutive meanders is revealed from convex and concave ridge‐and‐swale scrolls. Analysis identifies them to be the product of translation, expansion and rotation trajectories during a period of 800 years. Grain‐size composition throughout the sand body is interpreted given these positional contexts, with special attention to local coarsening of upper point bar facies in deltaic meander belts. The findings emphasize: (i) the need to separate abandonment stage from main activity stage when analysing three‐dimensional channel belt architectures; and (ii) the influence of meander evolution on lithological characteristics of initial stage versus mature stage parts of deltaic channel belt sands.
A scoping review of peer mentoring in medicine
Authors: Farid Huma , Bain Paul , Huang Grace 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundWhile studies have demonstrated the benefits of mentoring between junior and senior faculty, the dearth of senior mentors remains a challenge. Peer mentoring arose out of scarcity by creating communities among faculty at similar stages. Although demonstrative studies abound, no synthesis of the literature exists to characterise programme structure, content and impact on faculty.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of peer mentoring programmes for faculty in academic medicine. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and ERIC for studies of peer mentoring programmes. Two authors independently reviewed the articles and extracted data.FindingsWe reviewed the titles and abstracts of 1513 studies, 75 full‐text articles, and selected 19 studies for our review. About half of peer mentoring programmes were department‐sponsored. The overall size varied from 3 to 104 participants; most were organised into small groups and met monthly. Fifty‐eight percent included a didactic curriculum. Several studies showed an increase in publications, grant funding, retention rates and promotion, in addition to increased personal satisfaction. Qualitative data demonstrated themes of collaboration and mutual support.DiscussionProgramme outcomes were invariably positive with respect to participant satisfaction, and additionally, some studies showed an increase in publications, grant funding, retention rates and promotion. Camaraderie emerged as a strong theme in the programmes.ConclusionsThis scoping review of peer mentoring programmes can guide institutions in their efforts to create similar initiatives.
Current state of antimicrobial stewardship in organ transplantation in Singapore
Authors: Chung Shimin Jasmine , Liew Yixin , Lee Winnie Hui Ling , Kwa Andrea Lay Hoon , Tan Thuan Tong , Tan Ban Hock 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) are well established in the public hospitals in Singapore, but they are not mandatory for transplant programs. Given the positive impact of ASPs in non‐organ transplant patients (improved use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics, reduced length of stay, and lower healthcare costs), stewardship principles are likely to benefit transplant recipients.MethodsWe reviewed the progress made in ASPs in the Asia Pacific region as well as the progress of our ASP over the last decade since it was established. We also described how stewardship strategies have evolved for the purposes of our transplant program.ResultsCurrently, pressing stewardship issues for our transplant program include high antibiotic consumption, as well as the burden, morbidity, and mortality associated with drug‐resistant bacterial infections. Transplanting the model of stewardship onto a transplant program ignores the intricacies of transplant patients; the bespoke form of stewardship, “handshake stewardship”, is more appropriate.ConclusionTo advance the cause of ASP in the transplant unit in Singapore, stakeholder buy‐in is key; empowering transplant physicians to be stewardship‐focused would be more sustainable in the long run. In addition, expanding our diagnostic armamentarium, optimizing existing therapeutics and multi‐disciplinary team involvement (including stakeholders from microbiology, and infection prevention teams) are vital.
image
Trade in health products and population health: A long‐run relation
Authors: Bhattacharjee Ayona , Chanda Rupa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe effect of trade on different economic outcomes has been extensively studied but the literature on the specific effects of trade on health outcomes has remained relatively scanty. Our paper fills in the gap by examining the long‐run association between import expenditures on health products and longevity in a cross‐country panel setting of 32 developed and 24 developing countries, covering 1990–2018. It accounts for both time‐series properties and cross‐country heterogeneity, while remaining robust to omitted variables and endogeneity problems, by applying panel cointegration techniques. The results reveal that per capita medical import expenditure on pharmaceuticals, aggregate medical products and medicines have contributed around 0.34, 0.35 and 0.30 percentage points, respectively to the annual increase in life expectancy for an average country in our sample. The findings suggest that higher per capita import expenditure on health products can increase longevity significantly in the long‐run. The results remain robust to cross‐sectional dependence, sub‐samples of developed and developing countries and alternate measures of health outcomes such as adult mortality rates. These findings set the context for treating health product imports as critical for long‐term improvements in population health and outlines the need for greater coordination between health and trade policymakers for improving population health.
COVID‐19, trade collapse and GVC linkages: European experience
Authors: Kejžar Katja Zajc , Velić Alan , Damijan Jože P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper highlights the role of supply chain linkages for the transmission of COVID‐19‐induced shocks based on the monthly trade of the European Union Member States during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using the framework of the gravity model, we find an overall decline of over 20% in trade among EU countries following the COVID‐19 outbreak. Both supply and demand shocks are shown to contribute to this trade decline associated with COVID‐19 in the origin and destination country proxied by either infection rate or policy stringency index. While import demand shocks have an immediate effect on trade decline, the trade becomes increasingly sensitive to the COVID‐19 situation in the origin country over time. Moreover, the results confirm that forward global value chain (GVC) linkages act as a channel for the transmission of (demand) shocks in supply chain trade. Indeed, an increase in the incidence of COVID‐19 cases in the destination country leads to a larger decrease in domestic exports of intermediate goods in those destination countries with which a country has stronger forward linkages, that is in partners positioned further downstream. We also find the ‘China effect’, with the transmission of the COVID‐19 shock from the partner country amplified when the share of supply chain trade with China is higher. On the other hand, we fail to find robust evidence for the transmission of COVID‐19‐induced shocks via backward linkages.
Granular variant of a histiocytic tumor on the toe of a cat: Case report and literature review
Authors: Cruz Otero José D. , Jager Mason , Armien Anibal G. , Miller Andrew , Stokol Tracy 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA 16‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthaired cat was examined for lameness and a mass on the fourth digit of the right hindlimb. Cytologic examination of an aspirate of the mass revealed large discrete cells admixed with low numbers of well‐granulated mast cells. The discrete cells contained single to many variably sized light pink to purple granules in their cytoplasm and had pleomorphic nuclei, with intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Karyomegalic, binucleated and multinucleated cells were seen. Histologic examination of formalin‐fixed sections of the excised mass showed a mildly infiltrative, unencapsulated, multinodular dermal mass that extended into the subcutis and consisted of similar discrete cells. On immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells expressed ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and CD18. The tumor cells did not express CD3, CD20, CD117, pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), melanoma antigen (Melan‐A), multiple myeloma oncogene‐1 (MUM1), melanoma‐associated antigen (PNL‐2), and S‐100. Low numbers of tumor cells expressed CD204 and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5). Granules were variably positive for Periodic‐acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue. On transmission electron microscopy, the cells contained filopodia, abundant endoplasmic reticulum, and moderate numbers of low‐density membrane‐bound granules. This case documents a previously undescribed granular variant of a histiocytic tumor in a cat.
Conditions for obtaining positronium Bose–Einstein condensation in a micron-sized cavity
Authors: Asaro Marcus X. , Herrera Steven , Fuentes-Garcia Melina , Cecchini Gabriel G. , Membreno Erick E. , Greaves Rod G. , Mills Allen P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The quest for making a triplet positronium (Ps) Bose–Einstein condensate confined in a micron-sized cavity in a material such as porous silica faces at least three interrelated problems: (1) About $$10^7$$

10
7

spin polarized Ps atoms must be injected into a small cavity within a porous solid material without vaporizing it. (2) It is known that Ps atoms confined in 30–100 nm diameter cavities in porous silica do not remain in the gas phase, but become stuck to the cavity walls at room temperature (Cooper et al., Phys. Rev. B 97:205302, 2018). (3) Cooling a gas of Ps atoms to cryogenic temperatures by energy exchange with the walls would be a very slow process (Saito and Hyodo, in: Surko, Gianturco (eds) New Directions in Antimatter Chemistry and Physics, Springer Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2001) because of the relatively low collision rate with the walls and the large mismatch between the masses of the Ps and the wall atoms. A possible solution of these difficulties is presented, based on cooling the implanted positrons in an isotopically pure diamond single crystal target, subsequent saturating of the wall Ps coverage so that a substantial portion of the Ps will be in the gaseous state, and thermalizing the gas-phase Ps via collisions with the low effective mass wall Ps. A design process for the target material is outlined as well, including preliminary results in porous cavity fabrication using focused ion beam milling.

Graphical abstract
Formally Verified Next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance Games in ACAS X
Authors: Cleaveland Rachel , Mitsch Stefan , Platzer André 
Published: June 2022

The design of aircraft collision avoidance algorithms is a subtle but important challenge that merits the need for provable safety guarantees. Obtaining such guarantees is nontrivial given the unpredictability of the interplay of the intruder aircraft decisions, the ownship pilot reactions, and the subtlety of the continuous motion dynamics of aircraft. Existing collision avoidance systems, such as TCAS and the Next-Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACAS X, have been analyzed assuming severe restrictions on the intruder’s flight maneuvers, limiting their safety guarantees in real-world scenarios where the intruder may change its course.
This work takes a conceptually significant and practically relevant departure from existing ACAS X models by generalizing them to hybrid games with first-class representations of the ownship and intruder decisions coming from two independent players, enabling significantly advanced predictive power. By proving the existence of winning strategies for the resulting Adversarial ACAS X in differential game logic, collision-freedom is established for the rich encounters of ownship and intruder aircraft with independent decisions along differential equations for flight paths with evolving vertical/horizontal velocities. We present three classes of models of increasing complexity: single-advisory infinite-time models, bounded time models, and infinite time, multi-advisory models. Within each class of models, we identify symbolic conditions and prove that there then always is a possible ownship maneuver that will prevent a collision between the two aircraft.
How (and How Not) to Defend Lesser-Evil Options
Authors: Gordon-Solmon Kerah 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Many philosophers believe in lesser-evil justifications for doing harm: if the only way to stop a trolley from killing five is to divert it away onto one, then we may divert. But recently, Helen Frowe has argued that we do not only have the option to pursue the lesser evil: in most cases, we are so obligated. After critically assessing Frowe’s argument, I develop three mutually compatible accounts of lesser-evil options, which permit, but do not obligate us to minimize harm. These are the Parity Account, the Prerogative Account, and the Permissible Moral Mistakes Account. Considerations of parity and prerogatives have arisen in this debate before, but in inchoate form. The Permissible Moral Mistakes Account introduces something new.