bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinning Peaches with Bloom and Postbloom Applications of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bloom or postbloom sprays of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) thinned peaches. Applications at full bloom did not produce consistent thinning in ‘Cardinal’. Postbloom sprays applied approximately at endosperm cytokinesis produced consistent thinning of 3 cultivars.
Degree of thinning was related to time of Ethrel application. Most thinning was obtained when Ethrel was applied near the end of Stage I or during Stage II. Ethrel sprays within a month after full bloom caused significant fruit size reduction that persisted 2 months or more after treatment. Ethrel sprays within 50 days of harvest accelerated maturity of several cultivars.
Influence of High Soil Temperatures on Five Woody-plant Species1
Authors: Wong Toynette L. , Harris Richard W. , Fissell Robert E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young plants of 5 woody-plant species (Fouquieria splendens, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prunus persica, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Rosa sp.) were grown in soil in clear, polyvinyl tubes. Roots were exposed to 30°–60°C soil temperatures for 4- or 6-hr once or on 2 or 4 successive days. Five stages of plant response occurred. A given response did not vary more than 5°C for the 5 species. These plant responses to high soil temperatues could account for the loss of roots in metal nursery containers exposed to the sun.
The Response of Grapefruit to Different Storage Temperatures1
Authors: Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Lattar F. S. , Waks J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To determine the optimal temperature for prolonged storage of ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit, fruits were stored at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 17°C for periods of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks, followed by 2 weeks at 17°. Optimal results were obtained with storage at 12°. At this temperature storage of fruit could be extended for 16 to 20 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of shelf-life. At temperatures above 12°C the amount of decay increased, while below 10°, the fruit was pitted and attacked by mold decays and also by stem end decay after prolonged storage.
Mold decay fungi were Penicillium italicum Wehmer and to a lesser extent P. digitatum (Pers.) Sac. Fungi isolated from stem-end decay in fruit stored at 12–17° were Diplodia natalensis P. Evans, and Phomopsis citri Fawc, Alternaria citri Pierce and Fusarium sp. at 4–10°.
Phloem Regeneration Across Girdles of Grape Vines1
Authors: Sidlowski Julian J. , Phillips W. S. , Kuykendall J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Callus bridges are formed across girdle wounds on ‘Cardinal’ grape vines within 16 days following girdling. Anatomical studies show that phloem connections are re-established across such wounds within a few days following bridging by callus pads. Callus development was always faster and more extensive from the upper than the lower edge of girdle wounds.
Endogenous Auxin and Gibberelliu-like Activity in Highbush Blueberry Flowers and Fruit1
Authors: Mainland Charles M. , Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Coville’ and ‘Jersey’ blueberry (Vaccinium) flowers and fruit from screened bushes treated with 500 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA) at bloom and from bushes subject to insect pollination were sampled and measured at weekly intervals. Extracts of these organs were partially purified by chromatographic separation on paper, then bioassayed for auxin and gibberellin-like (GA-like) activity. Endogenous levels of both auxin and GA-like substances were higher in ‘Jersey’ than in ‘Coville’ flowers. Auxin concentration in unpollinated flowers was 4 times greater in ‘Jersey’ than in ‘Coville’. A large increase in extractable auxin followed GA treatment in both cultivars. The increase in extractable auxin coincided with the more rapid initial growth rate characteristic of GA-treated fruits. Auxin level coincided with fruit growth rate much better than did level of GA-like substances. By 6 weeks after GA treatment, GA-like substances in the fruits decreased to a level no higher than that in pollinated fruits.
Propagating Apples in Peru by an Improved Mound Layering Method1
Authors: Medina Cesar , Duarte Odilo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It was found possible to produce grafted apple plants (Malus sylvestris Mill.) on quince rootstock (Cydonia oblonga L.) in 1 year, by introducing an improvement to the classic mound layering method, this improvement was based on the grafting of the mound layered shoots while still attached to the mother plant using single or double grafting.
Spring is the normal season for starting the process, but satisfactory results were also obtained when starting in the fall. This study emphasizes the potential of this improved method in relation to the number of plants that can be obtained per area and the time that can be saved.
Influence of Genetic Background on Sex Conversion by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid in Monoecious Cucumbers1,2
Authors: George William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six monoecious cultivars, ‘Marketer’, ‘Wisconsin SMR18’, ‘Marketmore’, ‘Ashley’, ‘Spot Free’, and ‘Tokyo’, listed in decreasing order of their potential female tendency, were treated with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel). Ethrel applied as a single spray at concentrations between 125 and 500 ppm increased significantly the number of pistillate leaf axils in ‘Marketer’, ‘Wisconsin SMR18’, ‘Ashley’, and ‘Spot Free’, listed in decreasing order of cultivar response. The sex expression of ‘Marketmore’ and ‘Tokyo’ was not changed significantly by ethrel. With the exception of ‘Wisconsin SMR18’, the treated cultivars exhibited a significant delay in the onset of flowering. It is suggested that the differential response of monoecious cultivars to sex conversion by ethrel is affected by the genetic system which controls female tendency in these cultivars.
Embryo Sac Development in Relation to Virus Infection of Four Red Raspberry Cultivars1,2
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Turner N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a factorial experiment each of 4 red raspberry cultivars was treated with each of 4 viruses. Embryo sacs were examined in treated and control flowers collected at anthesis and 4 days later. A numerical index was devised to quantify stages of embryo sac development, and thus facilitate statistical analysis. Effects on embryo sac development of cultivar differences, viruses, and year difference were observed. The virus effects on embryo sac development as such were not considered severe enough to account for failure of fruit-set or yield reduction. Embryo sacs of the ‘Sumner’ cultivar were retarded in development compared to the other cultivars.
The Effect of Shading Rhododendron Stock Plants On Flowering and Rooting1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Partial shading, as a means of preventing or decreasing flower development, was used to study the influence of flowering on leaf rootability. Reduced light intensity decreased the size of flowers and sugar levels in leaves. The rooting-potential of leaves from plants grown under 25 percent shade was reduced compared to full sunlight controls; but was increased in the ones from under 95 percent shade. Exogenous hormone application improved rooting of leaves from full sunlight and 25 percent shade treatments, but reduced rooting in those from 95 percent shade. It was suggested that the reduction or prevention of flowering improves rooting-potential because of less active competition for materials necessary in rooting.
Disc Electrophoresis of Proteins of Senescing and Fresh Leaves and Petals of Certain Ornamental Plants1
Authors: Parups E. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The acrylamide gel electrophoretic band patterns of proteins from young or fresh and old, senescing leaves or petals of roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, and snapdragons showed generally that with aging the initial and prominent, distinct bands near the origin became less distinct and were located at a distance thus indicating the presence of a more heterogeneous admixture of apparently smaller molecular weight protein units. There was also less protein in the senescing tissues. Kinetin treatment tended to maintain the electrophoretic pattern of leaf proteins similar and comparable to proteins from fresh leaves.
Effect of Heterosis and Alleles at the d and sp Loci on the Response of the Tomato to Population Pressure1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of lines of ‘Fireball’ and ‘Gardener’ differing at the sp and d loci as well as inter-and intracultivar F1 crosses and F1 crosses with ‘Heinz 1370’ were investigated in regards to total and early yield at populations ranging from 2,178 to 52,272 plants per acre with sequential harvests in row spacings. Heterosis for total yield was found in ‘Fireball’ x ‘Gardener’ only at the lowest population level but was not found in crosses of ‘Fireball’ or ‘Gardener’ x ‘Heinz 1370’. Heterosis was found in ‘Fireball’ x ‘Gardener’ crosses for early yield but this response appeared to diminish as population increased. Heterosis for early yield was observed with the dwarf locus in heterozygous condition (d+ d)within and between ‘Gardener’ and ‘Fireball’. Indeterminate plants (sp+–) gave higher total yields than the determinate (spsp); determinate plants gave higher early yields than indeterminate although this effect decreased as population increased.
Some Mechanical Properties of Developing ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruits as Influenced by N-Dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid1
Authors: Tukey Loren D. , Camba Juan J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatment with a 1000 ppm solution of N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (DMAS) at 30 days after full bloom to bearing apple trees caused a significant increase in resistance of ‘Delicious’ both to bruising and to rupture injury. The onset of increased resistance to bruising by DMAS occurred before that of increased resistance to rupture. Such effects were not found on ‘Golden Delicious’.
Chemical Induction of Suberization in Cut Potato Seed Pieces1
Authors: Dainello Frank J. , Fontenot James F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Only one of 12 chemical compounds was effective in stimulating suberization and wound periderm activity in cut potato seed pieces. Polyram applied as a 7% dust had a consistently favorable effect on suberization. However, it did not stimulate wound periderm activity as efficiently as it did suberization in cut seed pieces from any of the clones.
Induction of Multilocular Ovary in Tomato By Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Sawhney V. K. , Greyson R. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to pre-floral tomato plants stimulated a significant increase in the number of ‘carpels’ and locules per ovary. In ‘Vantage’ the number of locules was doubled by this treatment whereas in ‘Viceroy’ a 30% increase was obtained. The styles of treated flowers were thicker and contained more vascular bundles than did those of untreated flowers. Ovary size of treated flowers at anthesis was also increased by this treatment. The significance of chemical manipulation of locule number in tomato ovaries and the possible mode of action of GA3 in this system is discussed.
Effects of Exogenous Gibberellin on the Development of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Ace’1,2
Authors: Kays Sandra , Carlson William , Blakely N. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted ‘Ace’ lily bulbs were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) as a soil drench using varying concentrations, numbers of applications and at different stages of development. There was no consistent effect on the forcing days to flower, plant height or the number of leaves, however, specific treatments with 1000 ppm significantly reduced the number of floral buds initiated. It appears that the most sensitive stage of application is that period just prior to flower initiation and that the GA3 must be applied at this time in order to reduce the number of floral buds initiated. A preliminary experiment indicated that GA4+7 was more effective than GA3. GA4+7 influenced plant height and leaf length as well as the number of floral buds but had no effect on the forcing days to flower.
Volatiles from ‘McIntosh’ Apple Fruits as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrition1
Authors: Forsyth F. R. , Webster D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The volatile substances, carbon dioxide, ethylene, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ethyl propionate, ethyl-n-butyrate and caproaldehyde produced by the fruit from 4-year-old ‘McIntosh’ apple trees on EM 26 rootstocks in sand culture supplied with 3 levels of P and 2 levels of K in factorial combination were studied by infrared gas analysis and gas chromatography. Increased P supply increased the rate of ethylene production from apples stored for both 111 and 158 days, reduced the output of most of the other volatiles, and increased the levels of scald and core-browning. Increased K supply had little effect other than to decrease the C2H4 production in the 111-day (January) analysis.
The Incorporation of Herbicides into Organic Mulches for Weed Control in Ornamental Plantings1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. , Dunham Charles W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) and α, α, α,- trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) caused no injury to transplanted petunias (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) or marigolds (Tagetes patula L.) when incorporated in a mulch. Satisfactory broadleaf and grass weed control as denoted by indicator crops was achieved with both of these herbicides. Dichlobenil, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, caused severe injury to both petunia and marigold transplants when applied in the herbicide-mulch combination. Control of broadleaf and grass indicator weeds with dichlobenil was excellent at all rates. Dimethyl tetrachloro terephthalate (DCPA) resulted in no visible injury to the marigold or petunia transplants when used in the herbicide-mulch combination, but control of grass and broadleaf indicator weeds was poor. When diphenamid and dichlobenil at the same rates were incorporated on peat moss, licorice root, pine bark or sugar cane mulches, no differences were observed among the mulches in regard to their ability to control weed growth.
On established nursery stock, 2-chloro-4, 6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) plus DCPA, simazine plus diphenamid, and 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (diuron), applied directly to the soil surface performed better than the herbicide-mulch combination at the lower rates. At higher rates, both the direct spray on the soil surface and the herbicide-mulch combination performed satisfactorily.
Effect of Shade Treatments on ‘McIntosh’ Apple Shape1
Authors: Webster D. H. , Crowe A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shade treatments increased the length to diameter ratios and decreased stem-cavity depth of ‘McIntosh’ apples. Full-shade was more effective than partial-shade, and shading all year and early in the growing season affected apple shape more than shading after July 15.
Differential Sensitivity to Waterlogging and Cyanogenesis by Peach, Apricot, and Plum Roots1
Authors: Rowe R. N. , Catlin P. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Individual plants varied considerably, but peach and apricot were more sensitive to waterlogging than was plum. No differences were established between peach and apricot. All 3 species became more sensitive as temperature was increased between 17 and 27°C. More than half of the plum seedlings survived at 17°C whereas all plants of the other 2 species died. A scion of a more tolerant species did not overcome the sensitivity of the roots.
Both cyanogenic glycoside content and the proportion of it that was hydrolyzed during waterlogging were higher in peach than in plum roots. Exposure of detached root systems of all 3 species to anaerobic conditions caused HCN to be released. The rate of cyanogenesis increased with both temperature and time. Peach and apricot roots were alike in HCN evolution whereas plum roots were lower, with release of HCN being barely detectable at 22°C. Cyanogenesis was significant in peach and apricot at as low as 17°C.
A close association exists among differential sensitivity, glycoside hydrolysis, and cyanogenesis in the absence of O2. However, the latter may be secondary, though contributory, to cellular disorganization as a cause of sensitivity.
Monoploid Peaches, Prunus persica Batch: Description and Meiotic Analysis1
Authors: Hesse Claron O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two monoploid peaches are described. Analysis of one showed that the chromosomes were distributed at random in the first meiotic division, and that some irregularities occurred because chromosomes are occasionally excluded from the spindle, divide precociously, or show other irregular behavior. Only one bivalent was observed in 236 division figures. The second division was normal. Due to varying orientation of the second division spindles a significant percentage of diad sporads formed, which yielded normal, haploid isogenic gametes. Some pollen germinated and fruit was set following pollination of diploid plants with pollen from the monoploid.
Effect of Soil Incorporation on Selectivity, Movement, and Persistence of Herbicides in Cabbage Plantings1
Authors: Menges R. M. , Hubbard J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performances of several herbicides incorporated to a depth of 2.5 and 7.6 cm in sandy loam and sandy clay loam were studied in cabbage plantings in 3 field experiments. Herbicidal activity of O, O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S ester with N -(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) and a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) was outstanding. These herbicides controlled Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.] without reducing yields of cabbage (Brassica oleracea, var. capitata L.) ‘Improved Globe YR’. Dimethyl tetra-chloroterephthalate (DCPA) and 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC) were less effective. Trifluralin performed more efficiently when depth of incorporation was 7.6 cm compared to 2.5 cm. CDEC performed better when incorporated at a depth of 2.5 cm. Performance of bensulide and DCPA was unaffected by depth of incorporation.
Bioassays indicated that regardless of rainfall, bensulide, DCPA, and trifluralin remained within the original soil zones of incorporation. Trifluralin persisted longer in the soil as depth of incorporation was increased. Under high temperatures, infrequent rainfall, and furrow irrigation, the half-life of trifluralin treatments was 1 to 2 weeks; there was no measurable biological activity in treatments incorporated to 2.5 cm after 3 to 6 months, or after 9 months when treatments were incorporated 7.6 cm. The half-life of DCPA was 1 month with no activity after 6 months regardless of incorporation depth. Bensulide was most persistent, with no activity 12 months after the 2.2 kg/ha rate, and 24 months after the 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha rate of application, regardless of incorporation depth.
Attempts to Increase the Red Coloration of Apples with Chemicals1
Authors: Smock R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven compounds with some common groupings increased the anthocyanin production of apples in the laboratory. None of these compounds were better than 3 (3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea (diuron). Color responses from diuron were increased by modification of the pH to 3 to 4. While orchard sprays with diuron gave increases in red color in 6 of 8 field trials with ‘McIntosh’, the increases probably were not large enough to be of commercial interest. There were no secondary effects from the diurbn sprays on respiration, firmness or storage disorders.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Nutrient Status in Seedling Lettuce1
Authors: Berry Wade L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce seedlings were grown in a modified Hoagland’s solution, with 9 treatments ranging from 0.06 to 16.0 mM/liter of H2PO4. In the low P solutions the deficiency symptoms shown by lettuce seedlings consisted of leaves showing a darker green and reduced growth. Tissue levels of soluble PO4–P in these deficient seedlings dropped to a low of 379 ppm PO4–P and a high of 13770 ppm PO4–P for plants well supplied with P. The critical level for the evaluation of the P nutrient status of seedling lettuce plants in the conductive, lamina, and root tissue were respectively: 780, 600, 580 ppm soluble PO4–P on a dry wt basis.
The Combining Ability of Two Degenerative Sweet Com Mutants1
Authors: Lachman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two degenerative sweet corn mutants, C30, a mutant of P39, ‘Pee Wee’ a mutant of C30 and P39 were crossed with each other and with 4 unrelated inbreds to ascertain their relative abilities to promote heterosis in hybrids. In these tests C30 often exceeded P39 in the promotion of hybrid vigor but ‘Pee Wee’ was relatively inefficient in stimulating heterotic effects.
Interaction of Ethylene, Auxin, and Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide in Apple Fruit Ripening Control.1
Authors: Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied 3 times, at monthly intervals beginning 2 weeks after full bloom, to ‘McIntosh’ apple trees (Malus sylvestris L.). In the month preceding normal harvest, control and SADH treated trees were sprayed on 3 different dates with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) as an ethylene source and/or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4,5-TP), a synthetic auxin. Fruit samples harvested one and two weeks after each treatment revealed that without SADH: 2,4,5-TP moderately advanced ripening as evidenced by enhanced ethylene production, softening, and respiration, but prevented fruit abscission; ethephon greatly advanced ripening, red color development and abscission; and 2,4,5-TP + ethephon resulted in a striking increase in coloration accompanied by the highest rates of respiration, ethylene production and softening, but no abscission. With previous SADH treatment the effect of the other materials was reduced or, as in the fruit coloring response to ethephon, delayed. SADH exerted a pronounced effect on endogenous ethylene formation. It is suggested that SADH specifically inhibits autocatalytic ethylene formation, possibly by maintaining membrane integrity.
Effects of Telone and Nemagon on Essential Nutritive Components and the Respiratory Rates of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Roots and Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Seeds1,2
Authors: Salunkhe D. K. , Wu M. , Wu M. T. , Singh B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil fumigations with Telone (1,3-dichloropropene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons) at the rates of 10, 20, and 30 gal/A and Nemagon (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) at the rates of 1, 2, and 3 gal/A, one week before planting carrot and sweet corn seeds brought about significant increases in the content of total carotenes, β-carotene, and total sugars in carrots and the total carotenoids in sweet corn seeds and decreases in respiratory rates of the carrot roots.
Interspecific Hybrids of Zinnia peruviana and Z. elegans through Embryo Culture1
Authors: Shahin Soad S. , Campbell W. F. , Pollard L. H. , Hamson A. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two species of Zinnia (Z. elegans Jacq. 2n = 24 and 4n = 48; and Z. peruviana (L.) L. 2n = 24) were utilized in a series of crosses in an attempt to develop new types of Zinnia. Embryos were apparently normal and increased in size during the early stages of development, however, during the second week after pollination there was a breakdown of the endosperm cells followed shortly by degeneration of the embryos. By using IAA and embryo culture techniques, mature F1 plants were produced. The F1 hybrids, which resembled Z. elegans more than Z. peruviana, were more vigorous than either parent. They were sterile.