bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the current provision of service for gastrostomy insertion in England?
Authors: Parr Heather , Williams Elizabeth A , White Sean , Thompson Nick , McAlindon Mark E , Hopper Andrew D , McKinlay Alistair , Sanders David Surendran 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundSignificant morbidity and mortality can be associated with gastrostomy insertion, likely influenced by patient selection, indication and aftercare. We aimed to establish what current variation in practice exists and how this has improved by comparison to our previously published British Society of Gastroenterology survey of 2010.MethodsWe approached all National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England (n=198). Email and web-based questionnaires were circulated. These data were correlated with the National Endoscopy Database (NED).ResultsThe response rate was 69% (n=136/198). Estimated Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) placements in the UK are currently 6500 vs 17 000 in 2010 (p<0.01). There is a dedicated PEG consultant involved in 59% of the centres versus 30% in 2010 (p<0.001). Multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT) discussion occurs in 66% versus 40% in 2010 (p<0.05). Formal aftercare provision occurs in 83% versus 64% in 2010 (p<0.001). 74/107 respondents (69%) reported feeling pressurised to authorise a gastrostomy.ConclusionThis national survey, validated by the results from NED, demonstrates a reduction of over 60% for PEG insertion rates compared with previous estimates. There has also been an increase in consultant involvement, MDT discussion and aftercare provision. However, two-third of responders described ‘pressure’ to insert a gastrostomy. Perhaps further efforts are needed to include and educate other specialty teams, patients and next of kin.
Vulnerability of larch forests to forest fires along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Siberia
Authors: Ivanov A.V. , Neumann M. , Darman G.F. , Danilov A.V. , Susloparova E.S. , Solovyov I.D. , Kravchenko O.M. , Smuskina I.N. , Bryanin S. 
Published: October 2022

The predicted increase in frequency and intensity of boreal forest fires is considered a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions and linked with the degradation of permafrost covering more than half of Russia. Here we analyzed the stand structure and growth of East Siberian larch forests in response to fire severity. We measured 23 sites in the southern part of eastern Siberia along a latitudinal transect with a length of more than 1500 km. Live tree volume differed significantly across geographical regions ( p < 0.05), decreasing from south to north (76–250 m3·ha−1), with higher values in forests burnt with low severity. Similarly, volume of coarse woody debris decreased from south to north. The volume of dead standing trees, on the other hand, increased from south to north. The distribution of trees by diameter class in some areas showed clear evidence of fires, with small trees being absent to rare in forests burnt at high severity. The impact of severe fires on stand volume was negligible at the southern sites, potentially associated with rapid regeneration of birch. Birch is an important component of larch forests near the southern boundary of the permafrost, which may contribute to larch forests in the southern part of the study transect being less vulnerable to wildfires compared to northern larch forests.
An innovative design of INVELOX wind turbine: a numerical study on the effects of implementing long flange and Venturi holes
Authors: Maftouni Negin , Barghi Yasaman 
Published: October 2022

There is a global interest in renewable energy resources such as wind energy. INVELOX (increased velocity) is an innovative ducted wind turbine system. Some research has been performed to improve the efficiency of this machine by various geometrical modifications. Two ideas are presented and numerically analyzed in the present research to study their effects on the wind velocity when approaching the wind turbine, and consequently, on the wind turbine efficiency. In one of them, a relatively long flange is added to the original design, and in the other one, a pair of holes is considered in the venture to try to increase the mass flow rate of wind when reaching the turbine. Three various sizes of holes are studied here. The results reveal that using the long flange leads to an increment in the maximum wind velocity (about 15.45%) and more than 176% increase in the harvested power. In addition, the pair of holes in the Venturi with a diameter of 35 cm results in a slight improvement in the harvested power. For the first time, the turbine has been modeled inside the Venturi. A comparison between the results for the INVELOX, including the turbine, and that of the turbine in the free stream indicates that implementing INVELOX leads to 3.14 times more power generation.
Rare top-quark decays $$t \rightarrow cg(g)$$ in the aligned two-Higgs-doublet model
Authors: Cai Fang-Min , Funatsu Shuichiro , Li Xin-Qiang , Yang Ya-Dong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe update the Standard Model (SM) predictions for the branching ratios of the rare top-quark decays $$t \rightarrow cg(g)$$

t
→
c
g
(
g
)

, and evaluate the maximum rates that can be reached in the aligned as well as in the four conventional two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDMs) with $$\mathcal {Z}_2$$

Z
2

symmetries. Taking into account the relevant constraints on the model parameters resulting from a global fit obtained at the $$95.5\%$$

95.5
%

confidence level, we find that the branching ratios of $$t \rightarrow cg$$

t
→
c
g

and $$t \rightarrow cgg$$

t
→
c
g
g

decays can reach up to $$3.36\times 10^{-9}$$

3.36
×

10

-
9

and $$2.95\times 10^{-9}$$

2.95
×

10

-
9

respectively, being therefore of the same order, in the aligned 2HDM (A2HDM). This is obviously different from the SM case, where the predicted branching ratio of the three-body decay $$t \rightarrow cgg$$

t
→
c
g
g

is about two orders of magnitude larger than that of the two-body decay $$t \rightarrow cg$$

t
→
c
g

. On the other hand, compared with the SM predictions, no significant enhancements are observed in the four conventional 2HDMs with $$\mathcal {Z}_2$$

Z
2

symmetries for the branching ratios of these two decays. Nevertheless, the predicted branching ratios of $$t \rightarrow cg$$

t
→
c
g

and $$t \rightarrow cgg$$

t
→
c
g
g

decays in the A2HDM are still out of the expected sensitivities of the future high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider and the Future Circular Collider in hadron-hadron mode.
Master equations governing the coupling between spin-currents and gravity
Authors: de Camargo A. , Sobreiro R. F. , Vasquez Otoya V. J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this work we consider the Einstein–Hilbert action in the first order order formalism coupled to Dirac spinors. From the little group symmetry, we derive the corresponding Bargmann–Wigner current which is conserved but not gauge invariant. Therefore, we construct a gauge invariant version of the Bargmann–Wigner current which is not conserved but potentially observable. Because it is not conserved we split this current into fermionic and gravitational sectors and derive their broken continuity equations for each sector. These equations compose the master equations governing the interaction of spin-currents with gravity. Furthermore, we derive the corresponding master equations in the weak field approximation.
OptORAMa: Optimal Oblivious RAM
Authors: Asharov Gilad , Komargodski Ilan , Lin Wei-Kai , Nayak Kartik , Peserico Enoch , Shi Elaine 
Published: October 2022

Oblivious RAM (ORAM), first introduced in the ground-breaking work of Goldreich and Ostrovsky (STOC ’87 and J. ACM ’96) is a technique for provably obfuscating programs’ access patterns, such that the access patterns leak no information about the programs’ secret inputs. To compile a general program to an oblivious counterpart, it is well-known that Ω (log
N
) amortized blowup in memory accesses is necessary, where
N
is the size of the logical memory. This was shown in Goldreich and Ostrovksy’s original ORAM work for statistical security and in a somewhat restricted model (the so-called
balls-and-bins
model), and recently by Larsen and Nielsen (CRYPTO ’18) for computational security.

A long-standing open question is whether there exists an
optimal
ORAM construction that matches the aforementioned logarithmic lower bounds (without making large memory word assumptions, and assuming a constant number of CPU registers). In this article, we resolve this problem and present the first secure ORAM with
O
(log
N
) amortized blowup, assuming one-way functions. Our result is inspired by and non-trivially improves on the recent beautiful work of Patel et al. (FOCS ’18) who gave a construction with
O
(log
N
⋅ log log
N
) amortized blowup, assuming one-way functions.

One of our building blocks of independent interest is a linear-time deterministic oblivious algorithm for tight compaction: Given an array of
n
elements where some elements are marked, we permute the elements in the array so that all marked elements end up in the front of the array. Our
O
(
n
) algorithm improves the previously best-known deterministic or randomized algorithms whose running time is
O
(
n
⋅ log
n
) or
O
(
n
⋅ log log
n
), respectively.
A Large-Scale Prospective Concordance Study of Plasma- and Tissue-Based Next-Generation Targeted Sequencing for Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (LC-SCRUM-Liquid)
Authors: Sugimoto Akira , Matsumoto Shingo , Udagawa Hibiki , Itotani Ryo , Usui Yuko , Umemura Shigeki , Nishino Kazumi , Nakachi Ichiro , Kuyama Shoichi , Daga Haruko , Hara Satoshi , Miyamoto Shingo , Kato Terufumi , Sakakibara-Konishi Jun , Tabata Eriko , Nakagawa Taku , Kawaguchi Tomoya , Sakai Tetsuya , Shibata Yuji , Izumi Hiroki , Nosaki Kaname , Zenke Yoshitaka , Yoh Kiyotaka , Goto Koichi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPurpose:We evaluated plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and tissue-based sequencing concordance for comprehensive oncogenic driver detection in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a large-scale prospective screening cohort (LC-SCRUM-Liquid).Experimental Design:Blood samples were prospectively collected within 4 weeks of corresponding tumor tissue sampling from patients with advanced NSCLC to investigate plasma cfDNA sequencing concordance for alterations in 8 oncogenes (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, HER2, MET, ALK, RET, and ROS1) compared with tissue-based next-generation targeted sequencing.Results:Paired blood and tissue samples were obtained in 1,062/1,112 enrolled patients with NSCLC. Oncogenic alteration was detected by plasma cfDNA sequencing and tissue assay in 455 (42.8%) and 537 (50.5%) patients, respectively. The positive percent agreement of plasma cfDNA sequencing compared with tissue DNA and RNA assays were 77% (EGFR, 78%; KRAS, 75%; BRAF, 85%; HER2, 72%) and 47% (ALK, 46%; RET, 57%; ROS1, 18%; MET, 66%), respectively. Oncogenic drivers were positive for plasma cfDNA and negative for tissue due to unsuccessful genomic analysis from poor-quality tissue samples (70%), and were negative for plasma cfDNA and positive for tissue due to low sensitivity of cfDNA analysis (61%). In patients with positive oncogenic drivers by plasma cfDNA sequencing but negative by tissue assay, the response rate of genotype-matched therapy was 85% and median progression-free survival was 12.7 months.Conclusions:Plasma cfDNA sequencing in patients with advanced NSCLC showed relatively high sensitivity for detecting gene mutations but low sensitivity for gene fusions and MET exon 14 skipping. This may be an alternative only when tissue assay is unavailable due to insufficient DNA and RNA.See related commentary by Jacobsen Skanderup et al., p. 1381
Explaining the High Political Trust in the Philippines: The Role of Citizens’ Subjective Health and Political Values
Authors: Pernia Ronald A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
What accounts for the uptick of political trust in the Philippines? This study theorizes that individual subjective health combined with the extent of democratic (and nondemocratic political attitude) explains political trust in the Philippines. It hypothesizes that healthier authoritarian citizens are more likely to express favorable views towards political institutions because these individuals possess conservative values who put, among others, a premium on maintenance of order and stability. Such political values are activated upon the arrival of strongmen. Using data from the 2019 World Values Survey, estimates strongly support such an argument. The novel operationalization of this study nuances the view of citizen attitudes on political trust in developing democracies. Overall, the main results not only add credence to the cultural origins of political trust, but it also illuminates on why Philippine political institutions remain trusted despite the botched pandemic response and Filipinos’ enduring support for leaders like Duterte.
The Future of Supercells in the United States
Authors: Ashley Walker S. , Haberlie Alex M. , Gensini Vittorio A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A supercell is a distinct type of intense, long-lived thunderstorm that is defined by its quasi-steady, rotating updraft. Supercells are responsible for most damaging hail and deadly tornadoes, causing billions of dollars in losses and hundreds of casualties annually. This research uses high-resolution, convection-permitting climate simulations across 15-yr epochs that span the twenty-first century to assess how supercells may change across the United States. Specifically, the study explores how late-twentieth-century supercell populations compare with their late-twenty-first-century counterparts for two—intermediate and pessimistic—anthropogenic climate change trajectories. An algorithm identifies, segments, and tracks supercells in the simulation output using updraft helicity, which measures the magnitude of corkscrew flow through a storm’s updraft and is a common proxy for supercells. Results reveal that supercells will be more frequent and intense in future climates, with robust spatiotemporal shifts in their populations. Supercells are projected to become more numerous in regions of the eastern United States, while decreasing in frequency in portions of the Great Plains. Supercell risk is expected to escalate outside of the traditional severe storm season, with supercells and their perils likely to increase in late winter and early spring months under both emissions scenarios. Conversely, the latter part of the severe storm season may be curtailed, with supercells expected to decrease midsummer through early fall. These results suggest the potential for more significant tornadoes, hail, and extreme rainfall that, when combined with an increasingly vulnerable society, may produce disastrous consequences.
The Tropical Diurnal Cycle under Varying States of the Monsoonal Background Wind
Authors: Natoli Michael B. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The impact of the environmental background wind on the diurnal cycle near tropical islands is examined in observations and an idealized model. Luzon Island in the northern Philippines is used as an observational test case. Composite diurnal cycles of CMORPH precipitation are constructed based on an index derived from the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of ERA5 zonal wind profiles. A strong precipitation diurnal cycle and pronounced offshore propagation in the leeward direction tends to occur on days with a weak, offshore prevailing wind. Strong background winds, particularly in the onshore direction, are associated with a suppressed diurnal cycle. Idealized high-resolution 2D Cloud Model 1 (CM1) simulations test the dependence of the diurnal cycle on environmental wind speed and direction by nudging the model base state toward composite profiles derived from the reanalysis zonal wind index. These simulations can qualitatively replicate the observed development, strength, and offshore propagation of diurnally generated convection under varying wind regimes. Under strong background winds, the land–sea contrast is reduced, which leads to a substantial reduction in the strength of the sea-breeze circulation and precipitation diurnal cycle. Weak offshore prevailing winds favor a strong diurnal cycle and offshore leeward propagation, with the direction of propagation highly sensitive to the background wind in the lower free troposphere. Offshore propagation speed appears consistent with density current theory rather than a direct coupling to a single gravity wave mode, though gravity waves may contribute to a destabilization of the offshore environment.
Evaluating Common Characteristics of Antarctic Tropopause Polar Vortices
Authors: Gordon Andrea E. , Cavallo Steven M. , Novak Amanda K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tropopause polar vortices (TPVs) are coherent circulations that occur over polar regions and can be identified by a local minimum in potential temperature and local maximum in potential vorticity. Numerous studies have focused on TPVs in the Arctic region; however, no previous studies have focused on the Antarctic. Given the role of TPVs in the Northern Hemisphere with surface cyclones and other extreme weather, and the role that surface cyclones can play on moisture transport and sea ice breakup, it is important to understand whether similar associations exist in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, characteristics of TPVs in the Antarctic are evaluated for the first time under the hypothesis that their characteristics do not significantly differ from those of the Northern Hemisphere. To improve understanding of Antarctic TPV characteristics, this study examines TPVs of the Southern Hemisphere and compares them to their Northern Hemisphere counterparts from 1979 to 2018 using ERA-Interim data. Common characteristics of TPVs including frequency, locations, lifetimes, strength, and seasonality are evaluated. Results indicate that topography correlates to the geographic distribution of TPVs and the locations of local maxima TPV occurrence, as observed in the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, TPVs in the Southern Hemisphere exhibit seasonal variations for amplitude, lifetime, and minimum potential temperature. Southern Hemisphere TPVs share many similar characteristics to those observed in the Northern Hemisphere, including longer summer lifetimes. The association of Southern Hemisphere TPVs and surface cyclone frequency is explored, and it appears that TPVs have a precursory role to surface cyclones, as seen in the Northern Hemisphere.
The Ensemble Tangent Linear Model Applied to Nonorographic Gravity Wave Drag
Authors: Allen Douglas R. , Hodyss Daniel , Hoppel Karl W. , Nedoluha Gerald E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
An essential component of four-dimensional variational data assimilation is the tangent linear model (TLM), which is a linearized version of the full nonlinear forecast model. A relatively new approach to calculating the TLM is a regression model called the ensemble tangent linear model (ETLM). Here we validate the ETLM for linearizing a nonorographic gravity wave drag (NGWD) subgrid-scale model. The regression is applied to an ensemble created by perturbing the atmospheric state and calculating one time step of the NGWD model. The ETLM is validated using independent perturbations based on archived analysis increments. We examine how the skill of the NGWD ETLM depends on the choice of ensemble perturbation, ensemble size, amount of ensemble inflation/deflation, and the size of the localization stencil. After examining the nearly perfect results using a large ETLM ensemble (100 000 members), optimal tuning is then performed for 150–500 members. For smaller ETLM ensembles, spurious noise due to sampling error could be reduced either by downscaling the perturbations or by localizing the ETLM. The impact of localization decreases as the ETLM ensemble size increases. We then validate the ETLM using one year of archived DA analysis increments. The skill varies over time with percentage errors relative to persistence forecasts (where 100% is no skill, 0% is a perfect forecast) generally ranging from ∼50% to 90% (∼40% to 80%) for ETLMs with 150 (500) members. The ETLM is also shown to propagate small increments (1% of the size of analysis increments) with fractional errors of ∼10%.
Penetrating buttock trauma is morbid but rarely fatal - A South African experience
Authors: Kong Victor , Ko Jonathan , Thirayan Varun , Leow Priscilla , Lim Jia , Bruce John , Laing Grant , Clarke Damian 
Published: October 2022

Background Penetrating injuries to the buttock are relatively rare but are associated with significant morbidity. This study aimed to review our experience in managing penetrating trauma to the buttocks to contextualize the injury, document the most common associated injuries, and generate an algorithm to assist with the management of these patients. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at a major trauma center in South Africa over 8 years (January 2012 to January 2020). All patients presenting with a penetrating buttock injury were included. Results Our study included 40 patients. Gunshot wounds accounted for 93% (37/40), stab wounds accounted for 5% (2/40), and 1 case was gored by a cow. The majority (98%) underwent further investigation in the form of imaging or endoscopy. Forty percent (16/40) required surgical intervention. Of these 16 cases, 14 required a laparotomy, and 2 required gluteal exploration. Fifty-six percent (9/16) required a stoma. Five percent (2/40) experienced one or more complications, both of whom had stomas. The median length of stay for all patients was 3 days, whereas for the patients with stomas was 7 days. There were no ICU admissions or mortality in this study. Only 3 of the 9 stomas were reversed, and the median time to reversal was 16 months. Conclusion Penetrating trauma to the buttock may result in injuries to surrounding vital structures, which must be actively excluded. Rectal injury was the most common injury, and most required a defunctioning colostomy as part of the management resulting in significant morbidity.
Effect of Preeclampsia and Gestational diabetes mellitus on Neonatal Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Tertiary Care Center Study
Authors: Samanth Rakshitha , Shenoy Vijendra , Sreedharan Suja , Ravi Rohit , Kudlu Kshithi , Bajpai Sanchit , Dhawan Saksham 
Published: October 2022

Purpose: To determine whether preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for cochlear damage and sensorineural hearing impairment in infants. Materials and Methods: Longitudinal study was conducted in 2 tertiary referral centers. 1068 neonates were included, who were born to preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and healthy mothers. The hearing evaluation was done using DPOAE on day 2 and for those who failed the initial DPOAE on day 2, underwent repeat DPOAE on day 15, ABR was done on day 30 if repeat DPOAE was Refer. The results were compared between the groups and analyzed. Results: On initial DPOAE, bilateral ear absent DPOAE rates were 19.5%, 15.8%, and 3.5% among preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), control groups respectively. The difference was statistically significant ( P < .001). Also it was noted that absent DPOAE was significantly high at low and mid frequencies (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz) in bilateral ear. However the difference in repeat DPOAE among the groups were not significant (Right ear P = .17, Left ear P = .31). Infants who failed repeat DPOAE test underwent ABR test in which 3 of GDM group, 2 infants of preeclampsia group and 1 infant of control group had absent ABR test. Conclusion: This study reveals that GDM and preeclampsia showed remarkable association of hearing loss at lower and mid frequencies which was transient. The prevalence of absent DPOAE was corresponding to the severity of the maternal conditions under the study.