bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peach, Nectarine, and Other Stone Fruit Breeding by the USDA in the Last Two Decades
Authors: Okie W. R. , Ramming D. W. , Scorza R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stone fruit breeding programs by the USDA have been a major source of improved peach and nectarine cultivars. A nearly complete turnover has occurred in locations, personnel, and cultivars in the 23 years since Havis reviewed these programs (15). It is appropriate to review the changes and note the progress that has been made in the last 2 decades.
Home Gardens in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Bittenbender H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Home gardens are an ancient and widespread agricultural system. Today in the United States and other developed countries (DCs), the home garden remains as a popular hobby. Horticulture departments in the United States work with home gardeners as one of their land grant university responsibilities. What is the status of home gardens in the less developed countries (LDCs) of Africa, Asia, and Latin America? Are home gardens simply hobbies there as well? Can home gardens contribute to the nutritional and household needs of poor families in LDCs? What is the record of past home garden projects in these countries? Is there a state-of-the-art strategy to improve home gardens? Is there a role for the horticultural scientist? These questions are addressed in this review of home gardens in LDCs, their crops and role in meeting nutritional and other needs of poor families. The design and results of past home garden projects and 2 strategies for improving home gardens are evaluated. Recent initiatives by international agencies, e.g., UNICEF and USAID, and the challenge these present to horticultural scientists also are discussed.
Phosphorus and Sulfur Leaching from an Incubated Superphosphateamended Soilless Container Medium
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Barrett James E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 2 pine bark : 1 moss peat: 1 sand (by volume) medium (11% volumetric, 20% gravimetric moisture) amended with 4.2 kg m −3 of dolomitic limestone and 3 kg m−3 of 32P-, 35S-superphosphate (8.7% P, 11.7% S) was incubated (25°C) for either 0, 15, or 30 days. Columns (4 × 15 cm) of the medium for each incubation time received 48 ml of deionized water (pH 5.5) in 3 hr on day 1 and 16 ml in 1 hr on days 2-21. Forty-six and 21% of 32P and 35S, respectively, leached on day 1 when the medium was not incubated. Thirty-one percent and 28% of the 32P and 14% and 13% of the 35S leached on day 1 if the medium had been incubated 15 or 30 days, respectively. Eighty-two percent of the 32P and 66% of the 35S amendment leached from the unincubated medium during the 3 week experimental period. A similar leaching experiment, but with superphosphate in absorbent cotton instead of the soilless medium, indicates superphosphate dissolves readily.
Influence of Calcium Hypochlorite and Genotype on Plant Production by Bedded Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: Hall Melvin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roots of 4 sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes were immersed for 2 min in calcium hypochlorite with 150, 450, 750, or 1500 ppm available chlorine prior to bedding. Control roots were immersed in Botran 75W (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) as a standard fungicide treatment. Calcium hypochlorite did not influence total plant production of any of the genotypes but increased the number of plant primordia remaining on roots of ‘Georgia Red’ and ‘Red Jewel’ at the end of the study. Root deterioration varied with genotype but was not influenced by calcium hypochlorite. Calcium hypochlorite reduced the time interval from bedding to first plant harvest for ‘Georgia Jet’, ‘Red Jewel’, and GA 107.
Influence of Mycorrhizae and Drought Stress on Growth of Poncirus × Citrus Seedlings
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Hummel R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roots of Carrizo citrange seedlings were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus intraradices or provided an inoculum filtrate (non-VAM plants). Plants were exposed to drought stress after transplanting into large containers filled with a phosphorus amended medium (30 mg g-1). Drought stress caused reduction of phosphorus in leaf tissues and dry matter accumulation in VAM plants. However, phosphorus levels, dry weights, and transpiration of VAM seedlings were greater than non-VAM plants. Mychorrhizal infection appears to improve establishment of citrus into transplant situations by improving phosphorus uptake and reducing plant stress.
Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose Concentrations in Midribs of Crisphead Lettuce
Authors: Fouse David C. , Lipton Werner J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concentration of photosynthate in midribs of crisphead lettuce at various times of the day may be involved in the susceptibility of this crop to various postharvest disorders (3). Measuring the soluble solids content (SSC) of the juice expressed from midribs is simple when a hand-refractometer is used, and would be an ideal method for field use. However, lettuce is low in sugar content (5); thus, SSC may be no more of a valid measure of sugar content in lettuce than in cucumbers, which also have a low sugar content (4). Consequently, we adapted (1, 7) procedures for the determination of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, the principal sugars in head lettuce (type not specified, 5) to midribs of crisphead lettuce utilizing HPLC.
Precocious PI 165561 and Precocious PI 165561R Pumpkin Breeding Lines
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Nerson Haim , Burger Yosef 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Gene B of Cucurbita pepo L. conditions precocious yellow-fruit pigmentation and is incompletely dominant to its allele, B+ (3). This gene is found in representatives of several C. pepo cultivar groups, including ornamental gourd, zucchini, straightneck, pumpkin, and acorn. In addition to its primary effect, gene B can have a number of secondary effects, such as yellow spotting of leaves, decreased fruit size, reduced yields, bright orange flesh color, increased carotene content of the flesh, and improved flavor. The extent to which a particular secondary effect is manifested is dependent upon the genetic background.
‘Regal’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M. , Hamilton M. G. , Mullen M. A. , Baumgardner R. A. , Paterson D. R. , Boswell T. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Regal’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was developed jointly by the USDA, the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. This cultivar has high yield and excellent baking flavor in combination with high levels of resistance to a wide array of diseases and insects.
Role of Plant Breeders in Dissemination of Virus Diseases
Authors: Stace-Smith Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are relatively few references dealing with the role of man as a virus vector, and none that is so specific as to examine the role of plant breeders in the dissemination of virus diseases. Therefore, I have relied to a large extent on unpublished observations and what I hope is an unbiased interpretation of some selected papers on plant virus epidemiology. Some statements may appear outrageous initially. The following sentence is provocative: “Plant breeders usually possess only a superficial knowledge of plant viruses and the mechanisms by which they are transmitted.” This statement is not intended to belittle the training or competence of plant breeders. It is simply what I consider to be a statement of fact. Further, I suspect it will continue to be true for the foreseeable future. It would be equally true if the statement were reversed: “Plant virologists usually possess only a superficial knowledge of plant breeding and the mechanisms by which genetic factors are transmitted”.
In Vitro Propagation of a Rubber-producing Desert Shrub
Authors: Upadhyaya Abha , Sankhla Narendra , Davis Tim D. , Weber D. J. , Smith B. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Successful in vitro propagation of white rubber rabbitbrush [Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt, ssp. albicaulis] was achieved using both stem segments and axillary shoot explants. Medium stem segments (2–3 mm diameter) were more successfully cultured than either small (0.8–1 mm diameter) or large (4–5 mm diameter) explants. Axillary shoot explants (10–15 mm long) began to form roots within 1 week after placement in media containing 5–10 μM (1–2 mg/liter) indolebutyric acid (IBA) or 5.3–10.6 μM (1–2 mg/liter) naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA). Root growth was accelerated in the presence of IBA. In the presence of 8.9 μM (2 mg/liter) benzyladenine (BA) and 0.53μM (0.1 mg/liter) NAA, both medium stem segments and axillary shoots rapidly produced numerous side shoots that were rooted easily on media containing IBA. In vitro culture appears to be a feasible means for the mass multiplication of this potentially important rubber-producing shrub.
Origin of Gynoecism in Squash
Authors: Shifriss Oved 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars are monoecious. A phenotypically sensitive gynoecious line, NJ34, was developed through crosses of 3 monoecious inbreds and selection for increasing number of pistillate flowers in plants of several filial generations. NJ34 consists of female and predominantly-female plants under conditions favoring strong male expression. Predominantly-female plants differentiate sporadically 1–3 staminate flowers. The proportion of females is estimated at over 50% with a potential increase of up to 100% under conditions favoring strong female expression. The data show: 1) that NJ34 is later in time of flowering than its monoecious parents, 2) that its females can be converted into monoecism by spraying with an aqueous solution of 250 ppm GA3, and 3) that this line carries gene B for precocious fruit pigmentation.
High Relative Humidity Promotes Blossom-end Rot on Growing Tomato Fruit
Authors: Banuelos G. S. , Offermann G. P. , Seim E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. ‘San Marzano’) was grown in the greenhouse under normal conditions. After pollination of flowers in the first truss, plants were transferred to growth chambers with either 95% or 55% RH, light and dark temperatures of 18° and 15°C, respectively, and a 16:8 hr, (light:dark) cycle. Blossom-end rot symptoms developed at the distal-end on the young green fruit within 15–16 days at 95% RH. Plant tissues from plants grown at high RH had lower Ca concentrations than comparative tissues of the low RH plants and exhibited increased growth compared to the low RH regime plants. The K content was affected indirectly by the high RH in most of the tested tissues.
Method for Quantifying the Cyanogenic Glucoside, Prunasin in Peach Trees
Authors: Reilly Charles C. , Okie W. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A method was developed to determine the concentration of prunasin, a cyanogenic glucoside, in bark and twigs of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. The procedure allowed handling of large numbers of samples with concurrent estimations of reducing sugars and ninhydrin positive materials. Prunasin was extracted with 80% ethanol, concentrated, reacted with β-glucosidase, and the resulting benzaldehyde was detected by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The technique was rapid and did not require specialty glassware or derivitization of prunasin prior to GLC.
Nitrogen Recovery by Seed Geranium as Influenced by Nitrogen Source
Authors: Cox Douglas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum, Bailey ‘Jackpot’) was grown in 10-cm pots in a peat-pine bark-perlite medium and fertilized with solutions of (NH4)2SO4 (AS), NH4NO3 (AN), Ca(NO3)2-4H2O (CN), CO(NH2)2 (UR), or Osmocote 14N–6.2P–11.6K (OS). Shoot and root growth and shoot N were greatest with AN and least with AS. Greatest N loss by leaching occurred with AS and CN; leaching loss was less with AN and OS and least with UR. In all treatments form of N in leachate reflected N source applied. Proportion of N not accounted for by analysis (lost as a gas) was greatest with AS and UR.
Influence of Lighting Systematics on the Interior Performance of Two Croton Cultivars
Authors: Bequette Barry L. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume var. pictum (Lodd.) Mull, Agr. ‘Bravo’ and ‘Normal’ were produced for 8 months under light levels of 950, 650, or 350 μmol s-1m-2 before being held for 4 months indoors under 6, 12, or 24 hr light duration using either cool-white fluorescent (CWF) or incandescent (INC) lamps. After 8 months of growth in production, plant width and leaf length increased whereas leaf number, thickness, and variegation decreased as production light level decreased. The best quality plants with moderate variegation and adequate growth were those produced under 650 μmol s-1m-2. After 4 months indoors, ‘Bravo’ tolerated interior light conditions more successfully than ‘Norma’. Plants previously produced under 350 μmol s-lm-2 retained more leaves and maintained better plant quality than other production light treatments. Leaf retention was best with 12 hr of postproduction light duration. Adequate lighting to maintain the quality of properly acclimatized plants was provided by either CWF or INC lamps.
The Ontogeny of Somatic Embryos from Long-term Callus Cultures of Red Fescue
Authors: Torello W. A. , Rufner R. , Symington A. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Callus cultures initiated from mature caryopses of ‘Dawson’ red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var trichophylla Gaud.) and maintained on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 20 μm of 2,4-D for 18 months retained a high capacity for plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic (E) callus tissue was white and compact and usually developed in sectors between friable and translucent nonembryogenic (NE) callus tissue. Total E callus production was 64% after 12 weeks of culture, 32% after 20 weeks, which then stabilized between 18% and 26% for the next 50 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy of E calli after 6, 12, and 18 month culture periods revealed normal and aberrant somatic embryos at all stages of development. After 18 months of culture, all regenerated plants appeared typical of red fescue with the exception of 8% to 12% regeneration of albino plants. Chemical name used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2, 4-D).
Germination Responses of Filbert Pollen to pH, Temperature, Glucose, Fructose, and Sucrose
Authors: Kim S. K. , Lagerstedt H. B. , Daley L. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Filbert (Corylus avellana L.) pollen germination on sucrose-agar media with B and/or Ca, Mg, and K, was affected adversely by increasing pH. Cultivar differences in germination of pollen were apparent: ‘Tombul’ and ‘Ennis’ germinated well; ‘Hall’s Giant’ intermediate; whereas ‘Barcelona’ and ‘Butler’ showed a poor germination percentage. Germination decreased as temperature increased from 15° to 30°C. Among concentration ranges of the sugars tested at 10% to 25%, sucrose was most effective, glucose permitted good germination at lower concentrations, and fructose inhibited germination.
Quality of ‘Bartlett’ Pears Thinned Chemically and by Hand
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Looney N. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In British Columbia, ‘Bartlett’ pears are thinned with naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) applied by gun application at 10 μg-liter (w/v) or with air-blast sprayers at 44 g a.i.ha-1, between 13 and 21 days after full bloom. Concern has been expressed by packinghouse personnel about the storage quality of these pears. Higher incidences of breakdown have been suggested, and no controlled experiments have been reported to substantiate or refute such claims. Therefore, a study was conducted during 1980-1983 to assess several quality parameters of ‘Bartlett’ pears thinned by hand and with NAAm.
Effects of Tree Density on Mortality of Peaches on a Short Life Site
Authors: Horton B. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach tree short life (PTSL) is a serious problem in the southeastern United States. Time of pruning (1, 2, 6), low temperatures (5), rootstock (9), inadequate liming (7), cultural practice (8), fumigation (8), orchard site (2), and the ring nematode, Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc & Raski (8, 4) have been associated with PTSL. An interaction of bacterial canker and time of pruning has been demonstrated (2) and other interactions have been suspected. Certain factors (e.g., over-cropping and drought) might stress the tree and reduce its vitality, thus increasing its susceptibility to bacterial canker or other diseases and/or freeze injury.
‘AUrora’ Muskmelon
Authors: Norton J. D. , Cosper R. D. , Smith D. A. , Rymal K. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘AUrora’ is a multiple disease resistant muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivar developed by the Dept. of Horticulture, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn Univ., adapted to growing conditions in the Southeastern United States. ‘AUrora’ has resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), powdery mildew, (Spherotheca fuliginea), and gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae). ‘AUrora’ is especially suited for home, local and commercial markets where “jumbo” size fruit is preferred.
‘NuMex R Naky’ Chile Pepper
Authors: Nakayama Roy M. , Matta Frank B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘NuMex R Naky’ has been released as a high yielding, long, wide, smooth-fruited chile (Capsicum annuum L.). ‘NuMex R Naky’ is adapted to southern New Mexico; it sets fruit under high day temperatures and low relative humidity. ‘NuMex R Naky’ fruit have a high concentration of extractable red color and exhibit low pungency. ‘NuMex R Naky’ is recommended for home and commercial production of green and red chile in New Mexico.
Do Net Gas Exchange Rates of Green and Red Peach Leaves Differ?
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Net gas exchange properties of green and red peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) leaves were studied. Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were similar for both leaf types. Young leaves (about 60% fully expanded) had greater dark respiration rates than fully expanded leaves. Chlorophyll content was greater for green leaves than for red leaves, but did not change consistently as leaves aged. Red leaves contained more anthocyanin than green leaves. Anthocyanin content was similar for green leaves of different ages, whereas anthocyanin declined in red leaves as they aged.
Rate of Water Loss from Detached Leaves of Drought Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes of Cowpea
Authors: Walker David W. , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cuticular resistance to water loss was estimated for drought resistant and susceptible cowpea [vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes in a series of field and greenhouse experiments. The procedure consisted of harvesting the youngest, fully-expanded middle trifoliate leaf of a well-watered plant. The detached leaf was weighed immediately and then allowed to dry in an air-conditioned laboratory (about 25°C). Leaves again were weighed 24 and 48 hr after detachment and then oven dried at 70° for 24 hr. Oven dry weight was used to determine leaf water content (LWC) at each sampling time. Specific drought resistant and susceptible genotypes consistently expressed increased or reduced LWC, respectively, 48 hr after detachment. Interestingly, named cultivars generally had even higher LWC values after drying than did the selected resistant genotypes. Intraspecific variability for the trait appears to exist and may be related to drought adaptation in cowpea.
Sensitivity of Potted Citrus Plants to Top Sprays and Soil Applications of Paclobutrazol
Authors: Bausher M. G. , Yelenosky G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Different concentrations and methods of applying paclobutrazol on citrus plants [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] under greenhouse conditions suggest 102 ppm (a.i.) foliar sprays or 20 mg per 2.5 liter pot are threshold concentrations for visible change in growth and development. Most apparent was reduced shoot extension, largely the result of shortened internodes. The leaves were smaller than those on untreated plants but little changed in length/width ratios. Loss of mass (weight) was mostly in the main stem and primary root. The most effective application method was as a soil drench which induced changes in the root as well as the tops of plants. As a stem-sprout inhibitor, paclobutrazol was less effective than “Tre-Hold.” Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol); 1.15% ethyl 1-naphthalene acetate (“Tre-Hold”).
Micropropagation of Ficus carica L.
Authors: Pontikis C. A. , Melas P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many plant species now can be propagated successfully through tissue culture. In vitro work with figs has been restricted to attempts to enlongate single shoot tips to obtain plants free of fig mosaic virus (3). The present work was undertaken to develop a method for rapid propagation of Ficus carica L. ‘Kalamon’ to overcome supply problems for high density fig orchards.
‘A. Mackenzie’ Rose
Authors: Svejda Felicitas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘A. Mackenzie’ is a complex hybrid (Rosa sp.) that combines winter-hardiness with free and recurrent flowering and high levels of resistance to blackspot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.) and mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex. Fr.) Lév.]. It is the 3rd winter-hardy shrub rose derived from this breeding program; prior shrub rose introductions were ‘John Franklin’ (4) and ‘Champlain’ (5). Compared with ‘John Franklin’ and ‘Champlain’, ‘A. Mackenzie’ shows less winter mortality, is more resistant to blackspot, and has more attractively formed flowers, but it has a shorter flowering season and is less productive than ‘Champlain’.
Interspecific Hybridization of Prunus
Authors: Layne Richard E.C. , Sherman Wayne B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interspecific hybridization is a technique commonly used by plant breeders to transfer genes from one species to another. Interspecific hybrids are usually obtained with greater difficulty than intraspecific hybrids because genetic barriers to hybridization usually increase with an increase in genetic unrelatedness (6, 11, 18, 41). Breeders resort to interspecific hybridization only when the characters are absent or inadequately expressed at the intraspecific level. Stone-fruit breeders have made much use of interspecific hybridization in the improvement of Prunus cultivars and rootstocks (3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 28, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 43) particularly in the subgenus Prunophora (plums), because plum species tend to intercross more freely than do members of other subgenera (41, 42). This paper will review the problems that have been encountered in making interspecific Prunus hybrids and the techniques that have been used to overcome them. In addition, techniques are presented that have been employed successfully with other interspecific hybridizations which may have application for Prunus.
Effect of Transplanting Time on Growth and Development of Fraser Fir Seedlings
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old (3-0) Fraser fir seedlings were transplanted into an irrigated transplant bed at 2-week intervals between 1 Aug. and 15 Oct. and once the following spring prior to budbreak. Following one growing season in the transplant bed, seedlings established the previous August and early September had the greatest dry weight, stem diameter, and shoot elongation.