bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Study Investigating Faecal Microbiota After Two Dietary Interventions in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Berntson Lillemor , Öman Anders , Engstrand Lars , Dicksved Johan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThere is evidence for an impact of the gut microbiota on the immune system, which has consequences for inflammatory diseases. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) have been demonstrated as effective anti-inflammatory treatments for children with Crohn’s disease. We have previously shown an anti-inflammatory effect from these nutritional treatments in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The aim of this study was to investigate if improved clinical symptoms after EEN or SCD treatment in children with JIA could be linked to changes in faecal microbiota. We included sixteen patients with JIA (age 7–17 years), six for treatment with EEN and ten with SCD. EEN was given for 3–5 weeks and SCD for 4–5 weeks, with clinical and laboratory status assessed before and after treatment. Faecal samples were analysed for microbiota diversity and composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Analyses of the faecal microbiota showed an effect on the overall composition with both interventions; the most striking result was a decreased relative abundance of the genus Faecalibacterium from EEN and of Bifidobacterium from SCD. The α-diversity decreased significantly from SCD (P = 0.04), but not from EEN (P = 0.22). Despite the study cohorts being small, both EEN and SCD were shown to impact the faecal microbiota. Future larger studies with a focus on metagenomics or metabolomics could possibly reveal a link and clarify the clinical effects of those nutritional regimens.
The formation of three-grain junctions during solidification. Part II: theory
Authors: Fowler A. C. , Holness Marian B. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe provide a simple geometric theory of crystal growth which predicts the shape and final dihedral angle of three-grain junctions of an augite crystal with two plagioclase grains. The predicted dihedral angle $$\Delta $$
Δ
depends on the initial impingement angle $$\psi $$
ψ
formed by the plagioclase grains, and also on the relative growth rates of the augite and the plagioclase, and shows reasonable agreement with data obtained from natural samples. We show that the two augite-plagioclase grain boundaries will normally curve towards each other, which is consistent with the first two types of junction described in the companion paper. However, the third type, the eagle’s beak, is formed by the meeting of grain boundaries which curve in the same direction. Although it is possible to account for this type of junction by invoking the localised dissolution of one of the plagioclase grains, this is unlikely to occur. A more plausible explanation involves the late impingement of the two plagioclase grains, consistent with the observation that eagles’ beaks are common in gabbros and strongly orthocumulate troctolites, in which the plagioclase framework has not been established by the time augite is growing in substantial quantities. An observed flattening of the curve of $$\Delta $$
Δ
values at high values of $$\psi $$
ψ
can be explained by taking into account the importance of interfacial energy in late-stage crystallisation.
First-line pembrolizumab + chemotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal cancer from KEYNOTE-590
Authors: Kojima Takashi , Hara Hiroki , Tsuji Akihito , Yasui Hisateru , Muro Kei , Satoh Taroh , Ogata Takashi , Ishihara Ryu , Goto Masahiro , Baba Hideo , Nishina Tomohiro , Han Shirong , Sakata Tomoko , Yatsuzuka Naoyoshi , Doi Toshihiko , Kato Ken 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The phase 3 KEYNOTE-590 (NCT03189719) study showed first-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy significantly prolonged overall survival and progression-free survival versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus or advanced/metastatic Siewert type I adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. We describe a subgroup analysis of Japanese patients from KEYNOTE-590.

Methods
Eligible patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks or placebo plus chemotherapy (cisplatin 80 mg/m2 and 5-fluorouracil 800 mg/m2/day). Efficacy was evaluated in all Japanese patients and those with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and programmed death ligand 1 combined positive score ≥ 10. Dual primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival per RECIST v1.1 by investigator. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate per RECIST v1.1 by investigator and safety and tolerability.

Results
At data cutoff (July 2, 2020), 141 Japanese patients were randomly assigned (pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, 74; placebo plus chemotherapy, 67). In all Japanese patients, median overall survival was 17.6 months with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus 11.7 months with chemotherapy (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–1.09), median progression-free survival was 6.3 versus 6.0 months (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.40–0.84), and objective response rate was 56.8% versus 38.8%. Grade 3–5 treatment-related adverse events were 74.3% and 61.2%.

Conclusion
First-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy demonstrated improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival compared with placebo plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal cancer; safety was comparable between treatment groups.

Clinical trial registry
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03189719.
Structural diversity in transition metal-doped titanium oxo-alkoxy complexes: Potential sol-gel intermediates for doped titania nanoparticles and complex titanates
Authors: Svensson Fredric G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSince the discovery of its photocatalytic properties, titanium dioxide has remained one of the most popular and widely used metal oxide photocatalysts. Its major drawback, however, lies in the narrow region (UV) of sunlight necessary to produce reactive oxygen species. This have been countered by sensitizing with organic dyes to red-shift the absorption spectrum but also with doping of other metals and non-metals. Volume doping or surface modification have demonstrated improved photocatalytic efficiency, mainly via red-shifted absorption by introduction of intermediate energy states between the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) and increased number of surface hydroxyl groups (which can form reactive hydroxyl radicals) from charge compensation, and in some cases by improved surface-adsorption of organic molecules. Doped titania and complex titanates have traditionally been produced via, for instance, co-precipitation of mixed metal salts or via solid-state synthesis. While these methods usually are simple, they offer limited control over size, shape, and phase composition. An alternative is the use of single-source precursors (SSPs), i.e., molecules already containing the desired metal ratio in a homogenous distribution. The last one or two decades have seen an increased number of reported transition metal-doped titanium oxo-alkoxides (TOA), particularly for the first-row transition metals as potential single-source precursors (SSP) for doped titania and complex titanates. This review aims at providing an overview of TM-doped TOAs, focusing on first and second row TM elements, with special emphasis on their synthesis, photochemical properties, and their applications as SSPs.
Inequities in Community Exposure to Deadly Gun Violence by Race/Ethnicity, Poverty, and Neighborhood Disadvantage among Youth in Large US Cities
Authors: Kravitz-Wirtz Nicole , Bruns Angela , Aubel Amanda J. , Zhang Xiaoya , Buggs Shani A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Understanding the burden of gun violence among youth is a public health imperative. While most estimates are based on direct and witnessed victimization, living nearby gun violence incidents may be consequential too. Yet detailed information about these broader experiences of violence is lacking. We use data on a population-based cohort of youth merged with incident-level data on deadly gun violence to assess the prevalence and intensity of community exposure to gun homicides across cross-classified categories of exposure distance and recency, overall and by race/ethnicity, household poverty, and neighborhood disadvantage. In total, 2–18% of youth resided within 600 m of a gun homicide occurring in the past 14–365 days. These percentages were 3–25% for incidents within 800 m and 5–37% for those within a 1300-m radius. Black and Latinx youth were 3–7 times more likely, depending on the exposure radius, to experience a past-year gun homicide than white youth and on average experienced incidents more recently and closer to home. Household poverty contributed to exposure inequities, but disproportionate residence in disadvantaged neighborhoods was especially consequential: for all racial/ethnic groups, the difference in the probability of exposure between youth in low vs high poverty households was approximately 5–10 percentage points, while the difference between youth residing in low vs high disadvantage neighborhoods was approximately 50 percentage points. Given well-documented consequences of gun violence exposure on health, these more comprehensive estimates underscore the importance of supportive strategies not only for individual victims but entire communities in the aftermath of gun violence.
Evaluation of redundant configurations in assembly lines with fractional tasks
Authors: Renna Paolo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAssembly lines with fractional tasks increase the throughput with a better workload balancing among the stations. The possibility to share tasks between two consecutive stations can also support the design of assembly lines with redundancies of the tasks. The redundancy of the tasks allows reacting to short failures or variations in processing time. This paper proposes a framework to support the design and control of redundancy assembly lines. The first problem concerns a modified mixed-integer linear programming model used for the fractional allocation assembly line problem to design redundancy assembly lines. Then, this research proposes control policies to manage the allocation of the tasks shared between two consecutive stations. Finally, the simulation evaluates the performance of the proposed methods to handle short failures and uncertain processing times. The numerical results show the potential improvements of the proposed methods with a limited number of redundancies. The main improvements concern the reduction of throughput time and work in process.
Silica Nanoparticle–Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Albino Rats via Testicular Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Azouz Rehab A. , Korany Reda M. S. , Noshy Peter A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract Amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are being utilized in different fields such as medicine, cosmetics, and foods. However, the causes and mechanisms underlying SiNP testicular damage remain largely unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate this issue. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (n = 10), 500 ppm SiNP–treated group (n = 10), and 1000 ppm SiNP–treated group (n = 10). SiNPs were given orally in drinking water for 30 days. Micronucleus assay was performed on blood RBCs. The concentrations of testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured. Moreover, the histopathological alterations and the expression of apoptotic (caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers (iNOS) in testes and epididymis were analyzed and compared between the three groups. The results showed an increased level of micronucleus frequencies in the 1000 ppm–treated group, as well as increased levels of MDA and decreased activity of CAT and GSH content in testicular tissues in the 1000 ppm–treated group, suggesting DNA damage and oxidative stress mechanisms. Also, there were significant testicular histopathological alterations in this group. Furthermore, 1000-ppm SiNPs could enhance testicular apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by increasing the expression of apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress genes including caspase 3 and iNOS in the examined tissue. The lower concentration of SiNPs did not produce any significant biochemical, histopathological, or immunohistochemical alterations whereas 1000-ppm SiNPs resulted in significant testicular changes by exacerbating apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress–mediated testicular damage.
Abdominal Wall Skin Loss Defects Reconstruction Using Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap
Authors: Lin Junhao , Wang Zhifeng , Zhang Hong , Pei Yantao , Zhu Lei , Xu Qingjia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIt was extremely difficult to deal with the complex full-thickness abdominal wall defect post serious trauma. The pedicled anterolateral thigh flap had been reported to be applied in reconstructing full-thickness abdominal wall defect in lower abdomen and groin. However, less cases in upper abdominal wall defect reconstructed by anterolateral thigh flap were reported due to some limitations. The aim of this study was to introduce our experiences in applying anterolateral thigh flap in upper abdominal wall defect reconstructing. In this study, seven patients with a large area of upper full-thickness defect in abdominal wall complicated with multiple organ damage were retrospectively identified due to acute trauma. Immediate organ-repair surgeries were performed. Meanwhile, the patients underwent complete debridement in the zone of abdominal wall defect, together with anti-infective treatment. Then, the appropriate timing was chosen to perform pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for reconstructing large area of full-thickness defect involving the upper abdomen. Postoperative follow-up data demonstrated that all the flaps survived, with no hernia complications or other discomforts. The outcome of the patients was also good. Thus, we conclude that pedicled anterolateral thigh flap was feasible to repair full-thickness defect in upper abdominal wall as long as well designed.
Intestinal serotonergic system is modulated by Toll-like receptor 9
Authors: Layunta Elena , Latorre Eva , Grasa Laura , Arruebo María Pilar , Buey Berta , Alcalde Ana I. , Mesonero José E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntestinal serotonergic system is a key modulator of intestinal homeostasis; however, its regulation is still unclear. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), an innate immune receptor, detects different external agents in the intestine, preserving intestinal integrity. Since little is known about TLR9 role in the intestine, our aim was to address the potential regulation between TLR9 and intestinal serotonergic system. Caco-2/TC7 cell line and intestinal tract of Tlr9−/− mice were used in this study. Serotonin uptake studies were performed, and molecular expression of different serotonergic components was analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR. Our results show that TLR9 activation inhibits serotonin transporter activity and expression, involving p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK intracellular pathways, and reciprocally, serotonin increases TLR9 expression. Supporting this interaction, serotonin transporter, serotonin receptors and serotonin producer enzymes were found altered in intestinal tract of Tlr9−/− mice. We conclude that TLR9 could contribute to intestinal homeostasis by modulation of intestinal serotonergic system.
A review of scientific research on biodynamic agriculture
Authors: Santoni Margherita , Ferretti Lorenzo , Migliorini Paola , Vazzana Concetta , Pacini Gaio Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract Biodynamic agriculture (BD agriculture) was presented as an alternative form of agriculture by the philosopher Rudolf Steiner and is nowadays considered one of the forms of organic agriculture. The objective of the present manuscript is to critically review international scientific literature on biodynamic agriculture as published in highly ranked journals and to assess its performance. This review was based on a structured literature survey of peer-reviewed journals indexed on the Web of Science™ (WoS) Core Collection database carried out from 1985 until 2018. We found 147 publications of studies in journals with an impact factor. Of these, 93 focused on biodynamic agricultural practices, 26 on the sustainability of the biodynamic method, and 28 on the food quality of biodynamic products. The results of the literature review showed that the BD method enhances soil quality and biodiversity. Instead, further efforts are needed to implement knowledge on the socio-economic sustainability and food quality aspects of BD products. One particularly promising topic of research consists in the assessment of microbial activity and the potential that microbiomes have in BD farms to enhance soil fertility and human health following the One Health approach. Moreover, it is critical that such subjects be investigated using a systemic approach. We conclude that BD agriculture could provide benefits for the environment and that further efforts should be made with research and innovation activities to provide additional information to farmers, policy makers, and stakeholders regarding this type of organic agriculture.
Should Swedish sea level planners worry more about mean sea level rise or sea level extremes?
Authors: Hieronymus Magnus , Kalén Ola 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCurrent coastal spatial planning in Sweden uses simple methods to account for how flood risks increase owing to sea level rise. Those methods, however, fail to account for several important aspects of sea level rise, such as: projection uncertainty, emission scenario uncertainty and time dependence. Here, enhanced methods that account for these uncertainties are applied at several locations along the coast. The relative importance of mean sea level rise and extreme events for flood risk is explored for different timeframes. A general conclusion for all locations is that, extreme events dominate the flood risk for planning periods lasting a few decades. For longer planning periods, lasting toward the end of the century, the flood risk is instead dominated by the risk of high sea level rise. It is argued that these findings are important for assessments of future flood risk, and that they should be reflected in coastal spatial planning.
Children’s right to play sports in a safe and healthy environment
Authors: Aine Antti , Muhonen Jatta , Toivonen Virve 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAccording to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), every child has a right to practise sports in a healthy, safe environment (art. 19). However, research indicates that child athletes experience various forms of violence in sports. Violence is particularly harmful to children, as the effects may be significant and long lasting. In addition, children often have difficulty identifying and reacting to violence. In this article, we first aim to shed light on the prevalence and implications of violence towards child athletes in sports. By child athletes, we mean athletes under the age of 18 (CRC art. 1). Thereafter, we discuss the following questions: (1) How does the CRC protect children in sports? (2) Can children’s rights be effectively protected through sports self-regulation of sports bodies and legal remedies? (3) Who is responsible for safeguarding children’s rights in sports? To answer these questions, we employ a multidisciplinary perspective that combines jurisprudence and sport psychology. In summary, we conclude that the CRC unequivocally prohibits all violence against children in all sectors of society, including sports. The responsibility for enforcing this prohibition lies with both member states and sports bodies. It is always the responsibility of adults. The full realisation of children’s rights requires action on multiple fronts, including legislation, information, education and resources.
The Case Against Smooth Null Infinity III: Early-Time Asymptotics for Higher $$\ell $$-Modes of Linear Waves on a Schwarzschild Background
Authors: Kehrberger Leonhard M. A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we derive the early-time asymptotics for fixed-frequency solutions $$\phi _\ell $$

ϕ
ℓ

to the wave equation $$\Box _g \phi _\ell =0$$

□
g

ϕ
ℓ

=
0

on a fixed Schwarzschild background ($$M>0$$

M
>
0

) arising from the no incoming radiation condition on $${\mathscr {I}}^-$$

I

-

and polynomially decaying data, $$r\phi _\ell \sim t^{-1}$$

r

ϕ
ℓ

∼

t

-
1

as $$t\rightarrow -\infty $$

t
→
-
∞

, on either a timelike boundary of constant area radius $$r>2M$$

r
>
2
M

(I) or an ingoing null hypersurface (II). In case (I), we show that the asymptotic expansion of $$\partial _v(r\phi _\ell )$$

∂
v

(
r

ϕ
ℓ

)

along outgoing null hypersurfaces near spacelike infinity $$i^0$$

i
0

contains logarithmic terms at order $$r^{-3-\ell }\log r$$

r

-
3
-
ℓ

log
r

. In contrast, in case (II), we obtain that the asymptotic expansion of $$\partial _v(r\phi _\ell )$$

∂
v

(
r

ϕ
ℓ

)

near spacelike infinity $$i^0$$

i
0

contains logarithmic terms already at order $$r^{-3}\log r$$

r

-
3

log
r

(unless $$\ell =1$$

ℓ
=
1

). These results suggest an alternative approach to the study of late-time asymptotics near future timelike infinity $$i^+$$

i
+

that does not assume conformally smooth or compactly supported Cauchy data: In case (I), our results indicate a logarithmically modified Price’s law for each $$\ell $$
ℓ
-mode. On the other hand, the data of case (II) lead to much stronger deviations from Price’s law. In particular, we conjecture that compactly supported scattering data on $${\mathscr {H}}^-$$

H

-

and $${\mathscr {I}}^-$$

I

-

lead to solutions that exhibit the same late-time asymptotics on $${\mathscr {I}}^+$$

I

+

for each $$\ell $$
ℓ
: $$r\phi _\ell |_{{\mathscr {I}}^+}\sim u^{-2}$$

r

ϕ
ℓ

|

I

+

∼

u

-
2

as $$u\rightarrow \infty $$

u
→
∞

.