bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candidate Concentrate Formulations for Control of Flies on Horses, 1991
Authors: Webb J. D. , Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve thoroughbred mares (18 to 22-yrold) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (3 mares per group) and a control (untreated) group. Experimental preparations were applied to one side of the horses in a 0.5 m2 area using a manual mist sprayer until wet to the skin. Fifty stable flies (2 to 4-d-old) and 25 house flies (2 to 4-d-old) were placed in separate tea strainers (12.7 cm diam) and fed 10% sugar water on a cotton pad 24 h prior to exposure. One strainer containing stable flies and another containing house flies were positioned on the treated areas of each animal and held in place with elastic straps for 15 min at —Id, 0, 1, 3, and 6 h, and daily through 14 d. After exposure, flies were anesthetized with COa and 25 individuals of each species were transferred to clean paper cages (473 ml) with screen tops for mortality studies. House flies were provided with 10% sugar water and stable flies with citrated porcine blood. Mortality was determined at 24-h postexposure. The remaining 25 stable flies were tested for blood meal acquisition by squashing them on a paper towel. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 1-28°C and 83-100%, respectively. The only precipitation was 5.1 cm on d 9 of the test. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using Fisher's protected least significant difference test. Difference among means were considered significant at P &lt; 0.05.
Laboratory Spray Table Screening of Dipel and Ovicidal Rates of Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Elzen Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten treatments were evaluated for toxicity to TB in the laboratory. Treatments were applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. 'STV 213') terminals in water pics with a laboratory spray table using one TX6 nozzle calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph and 30 psi. Treatments to 15 terminals were replicated 3 times/treatment. TB tested were collected from a control failure in a cotton field near Glen Allan, Miss., and were reared in the laboratory for 15 generations. One third instar was placed on each terminal 2 h after spray treatment and held under ventilated paper cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. The percentage of mortality was assessed 72 and 96 h after treatment.
The Susceptibility of Two House Fly Strains to Malathion, 1991
Authors: Kumar R. , Bomar C. , Copeland C. L. , Inayatullah M. , Nally S. J. , Kaltenbach J. E. , Lloyd J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Musca domestica was obtained from the Midwest Livestock Insect Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS,in Lincoln, NE, and the Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University. The Nebraska colony was established from house flies collected from cattle feedlots during the summer of 1989. These feedlots were frequently sprayed with a variety of insecticides for fly control. The house flies from Texas A & M University were from an insecticide-susceptible colony. Both strains were reared through several generations at our laboratory prior to the present study. Serial dilutions of analytical standard (94.8%) malathion were prepared in reagent grade acetone. Acetone solutions were applied topically using an ISCO® Model M Microapplicator equipped with a 250 μl Hamilton® microsyringe and a 30 gauge needle. One μl of insecticide solution was placed on the pronotum of each 3 d old adult female fly, which was selected at random. Control flies were treated with acetone only. After treatment, a maximum of 20 treated flies was placed in a 4 oz paper cup covered with cheese cloth. Cotton soaked in 10% sucrose solution was placed on the top of the cheese cloth. Flies were held at room temperature, 25°C, and observed 24 h later for mortality. Flies incapable of walking were considered dead. Data were analyzed by probit analysis using POLO-PC (LeOra Software, Berkeley, CA).
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied on 10 and 31 Jul on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage.
Control of Spider Mites in Cotton, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 1 Aug to ‘Stoneville 453’ cotton in Phillips County, AR, using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 2 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of spider mites on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Ovasyn Mixtures Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 12 Jun with plots consisting of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12, 23, 30 Aug and on 5, 20 Sep. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. In addition, the number of harvestable and larval damaged bolls/3.3 m section of row was recorded on 17 Oct. High numbers of soybean looper larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were estimated to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower 1/3 of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower 1/3 and middle 1/3 of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 17 and 24 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 1.5 cm rainfall on 29 Aug, 2.8 cm rainfall on 30 Aug, 2.0 cm rainfall on 1-3 Sep, and 4.7 cm rainfall on 5 Sep. Additional moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation “as needed” during the season but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Evaluation of Insecticide Mixtures Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B. , White C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 9 Jun into plots consisting of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. at the Macon Ridge Branch, NE Research Station at Winnsboro, LA. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. Insecticide treatments were applied on 7, 12, 17, 20, and 26 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatment efficacy was determined by examining 25 squares/plot for evidence of damage. In addition, the number of larval damaged bolls/3.3 m section of row was recorded on 9 Oct. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 12 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 1.2 cm rainfall on 9 Aug, 0.6 cm rainfall on 11 Aug, a trace of rainfall on 12 and 24 Aug, 11.5 cm rainfall on 26 Aug and 1.3 cm rainfall on 27 Aug. Supplemental irrigation was provided by an overhead system sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Control, 1992
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven insecticides were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy against the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 6 May. Experimental plots were 4 rows on 102 cm centers x 30.5 m, arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/ row). Treatments were applied on 13, 20, and 27 Jul; and 3, 10, and 17 Aug. Square damage was monitored 3 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed for the entire test area after the last observation on 20 Aug. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 21 Oct.
Grasshopper Control on Jojoba with Capture 2 Ec, 1992:
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Peralta Manuel , Moody Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four rates of Capture 2 EC were applied in jojoba located near Tacna, AZ, on 6 May. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each plot was a 50 ft length of 1 row. Plants were six ft wide and about 5 ft tall. Rows were 14 ft apart. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 6.75 gal/acre at 15 psi with a boom which had 4 sets of T-Jet 23 disc cones and D2 orifice discs. Water was buffered with 0.25% Buffer PS (Helena Co.). The lower 2 rates of Capture has 4 oz/acre of 4440 surfactant (Western Farm Service) while the higher 2 had 3.32 oz/acre of the 4440 surfactant added. Grasshopper development at time of application ranged from a few individuals which had recently become adults to a few late 2nd instars, with most being 3rd or 4th instars. Grasshoppers were counted the morning after treatment (7 May) from 3 consecutive plants per plot. Dead grasshoppers were counted in all plots. Live grasshoppers were counted in the Capture plots but were not always counted in the check plots due to sheer numbers and mobility.
Thrips Control with Temik in Seedling Peanuts, Experiment 1, 1992
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Brown A. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Jackson County, FL, planted 5 May. Plot size was 2 rows X 20 ft, with a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granule treatments in-furrow were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels. Banded treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each plot on 19 May, 2 Jun, 2 Jul, and 9 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 randomly selected terminal buds. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Thrips Control with Temik in Seedling Peanuts, Experiment 2, 1992:
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Brown A. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Jackson County, FL, planted 12 May. Plot size was 2 rows X 20 ft, with a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granule treatments in-furrow were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels. Banded treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each plot on 26 May, 9 Jun, 9 Jul, and 16 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 randomly selected terminal buds. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents under a 7 to 15 X dissecting microscope.
Selected Insecticide Evaluations for Control of Fall Armyworm in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Harrison-Bryan W. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were evaluated against FAW in Virginia-type peanut in Greensville County, VA. Peanuts were planted 15 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Test treatments were applied on 24 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal/acre at 50 psi through 3, D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 1 and 4 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium, and large-sized FAW larvae per 3 row ft, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th, and 5th-6th instar groupings, respectively. A standard or rigid beat cloth was used in each plot to determine number of worms per 3 row ft. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Peanuts, 1992:
Authors: Wolf S. P. , DeLamar Z. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Agricultural Substation at Headland, AL. Nine treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied in water on 15 Sep using a CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-2 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 10 gal/acre. Threecornered alfalfa hopper populations were sampled by using a standard canvas sweep net and taking two 10 sweep samples/plot. Sampling took place 18 h before treatment and at 2 and 7 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1991:
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An organophosphate and a pyrethroid were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 28 May on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 6 rows X 35 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a hand-held backpack sprayer in the inner 2 sorghum rows through TX-3 hollow case nozzles at 36 psi with a spray volume of 6.4 gal/acre. Applications began when 25-30% of the panicles were flowering; treatments were applied on 24, 27, and 30 July. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from one of the 2 inner rows. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by counting midges on 10 individual sorghum panicles enclosed with clear plastic bags. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and midge counts. Visual estimates of midge damage were made by rating damage to 10 panicles/plot, on a 1-9 scale where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand-harvested from selected 8.75 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and REGWMRT.
Control of Soybean Loopers and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Perry Charles E. , McNeill Robert D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of soybean loopers, velvetbean caterpillars and southern green stink bugs was evaluated at the Southeast Georgia Experiment Station, Midville, GA. Eleven insecticides were foliar-applied on 10 Sep in Test I on ‘Colquitt’ soybeans that were planted in mid-May, and an additional eleven insecticides were applied on 14 Sep in Test II in the same field. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 15 m long with 2 m alleys on each end and 2 border rows on each side. The 22 insecticides plus 2 untreated checks were arranged in 2 separate randomized complete block designs (Test I and Test II) with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 2 m boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 176 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on either 3 or 4, 7 and 14 d after treatment (DAT), by taking a 25 sweep sample (0.4 diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage during this test.
Soybean Looper Control with Dipel Es, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of Dipel ES at selected rates was compared to a recommended rate of Larvin and an untreated control for soybean looper control at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 5 rows (1.02 m centers) by 9.0 m of soybeans in the R5 growth stage planted 18 Jun. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through 2 TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied on 1 Sep and treatments were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT using 2 samples of 20 sweeps with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. The plots received 3.0 cm rainfall on 2 Sep and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Loopers and Threecornered Alfalfa Hoppers on Soy-Beans, 1992:
Authors: Wolf S. P. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Plant Breeding Unit of the E. V. Smith Agricultural Experiment Station near Tallassee, AL. Twelve treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft. long. Replicates were separated by a 25 ft alley. Insecticides were applied in water on 4 Sep using a CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 2, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 10 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3 ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Two samples were taken from each plot 18 h before treatment and at 4 and 7 DAT.
Insect Control on Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on dark fire-cured tobacco with various insecticides applied as foliar, transplant water (TPW), and soil treatments. Tobacco was transplanted into plots, 4 (1 row) x 40 ft, on 22 May. Twelve treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5 ft alleys. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 21 May. TPW treatments of Orthene and NTN 33893 were applied to the base of the newly transplanted plants with a measuring cup that delivered 8 fl oz/plant (314 gal/ acre). Foliar applications were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-IO nozzles/row. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot every 1 to 2 wk from 25 Jun to 10 Aug. Tobacco flea beetles on 10 plants/ plot and flea beetle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot were counted at 2-4 wk after transplanting. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K = 100). Aphid counts were transformed to Logio (x + 1) before analysis.
Aphid Control in Headed Spring Wheat, Angus, Mn, 1992:
Authors: Noetzel David , Holen Carlyle , Holder Bobby 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The highest aphid populations in more than a decade stimulated this trial on headed spring wheat. Plots 7.6m x 7.6m were established in a commercial wheat field. Four treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Pretreatment aphid counts averaged 39.0/head, with a 5.5:1 BCOA:EGA ratio. The wheat berries were slightly over 3/4 filled (Feekes stage 11.1) on this date. Treatments were applied in 86 liter water/ha on 11 Jul. Posttreatment counts of aphids were taken on 20 heads per plot on 18 Jul. Yields were obtained by combining a 1.5m x 7.6m strip through the best portion of each plot. Yield, moisture, test weight and protein were taken. Yields were adjusted on the basis of a standard moisture.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Black Cutworm in Bentgrass, 1992:
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Purdue University Agronomy Research Center, W. Lafayette, IN. All treatments were applied to a 4 ft2 area, replicated five times in RCB design. Dispersible form were applied through a sprinkling can in one gal of water. Granular form were applied using a homemade sale shaker and watered in with one gal of water. Galvanized steel circular barriers (60 inch circumference) were buried 1 inch into the soil and projected 2 inches above the soil in the center of each plot. Five fourth-instar black cutworms were infested within each barrier 2 d prior to treatment, 23 Jun. Netting material was clipped to the top of each barrier to prevent bird predation. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp, 32°C; soil temp at 1 inch, 20°C; thatch depth (natural), 0.25-0.38 inches; soil texture, silt loam; soil moisture 43%; wind speed 0-3 mph. Efficacy was evaluated 6 DAT by applying 1 T of Joy dishwashing liquid/gal of water in each arena and recording the number of cutworms that emerged from the turf.
Control of Cutworms in a Golf Green with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1992:
Authors: Potter D. A. , Spicer P. G. , Kreuger B. , Terry L. , Redmond C. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted on a creeping bentgrass golf green at the Campbell House Golf Club, Lexington, KY. The green had been topdressed with sand over native soil. Plots (10 X 10 ft) were established in a RCB design with 5 replicates. The target population consisted of mixed instars of both black and bronzed cutworms. Treatments were applied as surface sprays (5 gal/1000 ft2) using pump-type, backpack sprayers equipped with a fan-type nozzle. Plots were treated on 13 Aug. Dursban plots were treated at 11 AM with the spray allowed to dry on the turf surface. Nematode plots were treated 2 h later, followed immediately by irrigation with 0.25 inch of water to all plots. Temperature at the time of the nematode treatment was 74°F, with 76% relative humidity and 4 mph winds. Cutworms were sampled 7 DAT. A frame (6.6 x 6.6 ft) made from PVC pipe was first placed in the center of each plot. Four gallons of an irritant drench (1 oz of Joy liquid detergent/ gal water) were applied to the area defined by the frame using a sprinkling can, and the number of cutworms that surfaced within 10 min was recorded.