bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acaricide Screening for Control of Lone Star Tick, 1983
Authors: Hunt L. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Engorged females of Amblyomma americanum (L.), the lone star tick, that detached normally from cattle no more than 24 h earlier were used in dipping tests. Ticks wer washed, blotted dry, and sorted into groups of 8; each group was placed into an individual dipping cage. The cages were lowered into 50 ml of test material, while stirring slowly with a small magnetic bar, and the cages were agitated continually for 30 sec. The ticks were then removed from the cages and placed on blotters for air drying. Each tick was weighed, placed into a preweighed shell vial, and maintained at 26.5°C and &gt;80% RH for oviposition. After oviposition, the spent females were removed and individual egg masses were weighed and returned to the incubator until percentage hatch could be estimated. The groups of eight engorged females that served as controls for each set of treatments received the same exposure as the treated ticks, but without the active ingredient. The candidate compounds were usually tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable contentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. If solubility was a problem, some compounds were formulated as 10 of 20% AI or diluted 1:1 vol/vol in N-methyl 1-2-pyrrolidone before the Triton X-100 and xylene were added. All formulations were mixed with water immediately before treatment. Candidate compounds were routinely tested at 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001% AI. Effectiveness was determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each group with that of its control group.
Evaluation of Demon 40WP as A Mound Drench for Control of Imported Fire Ants, 1983
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Kissam J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of Demon 40WP (cypermethrin) as a mound drench for control of imported fire ants (IFA) was investigated in a cattle pasture in Allendale, S.C. Three blocks based on area of the pasture were set up; three circular areas (70-ft diam. were delineated within each block with the location of IFA mounds in each area being mapped. Five mounds were present in each circular area. Demon 40WP (0.1%), a standard Dursban 2E (0.5%) and a control drench of water were applied to mounds in a randomly chosen area within each block. Mounds were uncapped with a shovel and the treatment was poured down the center of the mound. One gal of material was applied to mounds 12 in. or less in diameter and 2 gal to those greater than 12 in. Control was assessed based on IFA activity with active mounds being those that exhibited ants coming to the surface when the mound was slightly prodded with a thin metal wire. Treatments were applied on 12 May.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, Peach Twig Borer, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peach orchards ca. 2 miles apart were selected for these tests. They had been unsprayed for several years. Orchard #1 contained several peach varieties including Early Red Haven and Elberta. Orchard #2 contained predominantly J. H. Hale with some Elberta mixed in. Five single-tree replicates per treatment were used in a randomized block design. A single prebloom treatment was applied 31 Mar. All treatments were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal/acre) with handguns at 400 to 500 lb/in2. Efficacy evaluations for green peach aphid and peach twig borer were made 9 May and 21 Jun. Total number of aphid colonies and wilted terminals were counted per tree. Mite counts were made by collecting 25 leaves per tree in the field. Samples were returned to the laboratory, brushed and counted under a binocular microscope.
Insecticide Control of Cat-Facing Insects and Plum Curculio on Early and Late Ripening Peaches, 1979
Authors: Gentry C. Ralph 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in orchards at the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Res. Stn., Byron, Ga. Both a Maygold cultivar (ripening date 25 May) and a Dixiland cultivar (ripening date 10 Jul.) were selected for the test. The 4 year-old orchards were square, 0.8-ha blocks, which were planted in 6.1 by 6.1 m spacings, having 14 trees by 14 rows. The orchard was quartered into four plots (7 by 7 trees) and treatments were assigned to each plot randomly. Premeasured portions of the insecticides were added to 50 gal of water in an air-blast sprayer. Each tree (49 per plot) received ca. 1 gal of solution. Application dates for both orchards were as follows: 19 Mar., 2 Apr., 12 Apr., 24 Apr., 8 May, and additionally in the Dixiland orchard on 29 May, 12 Jun., and 26 Jun. The test plots also received a complete fungicide program utilizing both Benlate and Captan. Sampling for PC and CFI were taken from the nine center trees (3 by 3) in the 49 tree (7 by 7) treatment plots. Ten fruit per tree were removed periodically and examined for PC feeding and egg laying scars and CFI scars. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, one-way classification.
Peach, Insecticide Trials, 1980
Authors: Gentry C. Ralph 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in peach orchards at the Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Res. Stn., Byron, Ga. The 5-year-old orchard was square, an 0.8-ha block, planted in 6.1 by 6.1m spacings, 14 trees by 14 rows. The orchards were quartered into four plots (7 by 7 trees) and treatments were assigned to each plot randomly. Pre-measured portions of the insecticides were added to 50 gal of water in an air-blast sprayer. Each tree (49 per plot) received ca. 1 gal of solution. Application dates were as follows: 19 Mar., 2 Apr., 12 Apr., 24 Apr., 8 May, 29 May, 12 June, and 26 Jun. The test plots also received a complete fungicide program utilizing both Benlate and Captan. Sampling for OFM, PC, and CFI were taken from the nine center trees (3 by 3) in the 49 tree (7 by 7) treatment plots. Ten fruit per tree were removed periodically and examined for PC feeding and egg laying scars and also, CFI scars. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, one-way classification.
Peach, Effects of Chemical Thinners on Pests, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two potential thinning agents (ammonium nitrate and a surfactant X45) were applied to a peach block at Steeles Tavern using an airblast sprayer at 176 gal/acre. Each plot included three, eight-tree rows. Each row included two trees each of the cultivars Loring, Madison, Red Haven, and Sun High. Data were collected from the middle row of each plot. Damage by PC, TPB, and EU are combined under cat-facing. Cat-facing was evaluated on 20 Jun. by examining 50 fruit per tree. Mites were sampled using a leaf-brushing machine and 20-leaf samples. Treatments were applied on 21 Apr. (bloom). Guthion was applied to the block at shuck split and on 1 Jun., 14 Jun., and 27 Jun.
Late Season Insecticide Evaluations on Grapes, 1983
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Muza Andrew J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an established Concorn grape vineyard in North East, Pa. Plots consisted of three vines in a row replicated three times in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Sprays were applied on 10 Aug. and 2 Sept. using a 6-gal True-Test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in ca. 200 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at a rate of 2 oz per 100 gal in all treatments. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot. Grape berry moth and redbanded leafroller injury was evaluated on 30 Sept. by examining 50 clusters at random per plot.
Control of Flea Beetle on Grape, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to young grape vines to control a ilea beetle on the Yuma Mesa. It appears likely that this beetle moved in from the adjacent desert area where it was abundant and causing severe injury to Oenothera clavaeformis Torr. & Frem. Plots consisted of 20 ft of row and each treatment was replicated four times. Applications were made on 4 Apr. with a CO2 oackpack sprayer dispensing 40 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2 Counts were taken 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days following spray treatments.
Evaluation of Larvicides for Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1983
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten insecticides were screened for efficacy against the larval stage of the grape berry moth. A 17-year-old experimental vineyard of French Hybrid grapes at Wooster, Ohio was used for the evaluation. Rows were 2.7 m on center with 2.7 m between vines within a row. Each treatment was applied to three adjacent vines; there were four replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 and equipped with a Tee Jet D3 disc and a No. 13 core. Insecticidal applications were made on 15 July and 19 July at the rate of 250 liters of finished spray per ha. Ten clusters of grapes were taken at random on 3 Oct. from each replicate, and the numbers of stung berries were recorded.
Filbert Aphid Control on Filberts, Benton County, Oreg., 1983
Authors: Fisher Glenn , Calkin Jim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design with five single-tree replications. Tree age was 8 years and spacing was 20 by 20 ft. The predominant variety was barcelona interplanted with Daviana pollinizers. To minimize drift, trees in alternate rows were used for treatment. No adjuvants were used. Treatments were applied via an Amerind McKissick sprayer by handgun using 2 gal of water per tree (ca. 218 gal/acre) on 13 Apr. The total numbers of aphids on five randomly selected three-leaf terminal shoots per tree were recorded.
Tests with San 547A and San 548A for Mite Control, 1983
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were randomized and replicated four times on single-tree plots in a 20-year-old grapefruit orchard (30 by 25 ft spacing). Treatments were made Sept. 9 using a PTO-driven Meyers Sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply a spray volume of 125 gal/acre. Twelve fruits were selected at random in each treated tree, and utilizing a 10X handlens all CRM were counted in two, 1 cm2 lens fields per fruit. TCM were monitored by randomly collecting 12 leaves per treated tree, processing them through a mite brushing machine and counting all TCM motiles under a binocular microscope.
Citrus Red Mite Control, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several numbered chemicals were evaluated at varying dosages for citrus red mite control of lemons in the Yuma Valley during Mar. and Apr. Single-tree plots were replicated four times for each of the treatments. The infestation on the new leaves (bright green) was moderate during Mar. and Apr. Approximately 200 gal/acre was applied on 23 Mar. with a John Bean Sprayer at 350 lb/in2. Each tree was throroughly sprayed (TO with ca. 3 gal per tree using a hand-gun. Field checks were made with the aid of a 20X magnifying lens recording all motile forms.
Citrus Thrips Control on Lemons, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Various experimental materials were evaluated in these trials including synthetic pyrethroids at different rates. All treatments were applied 27 Apr. to one-tree plots replicated four times. Approximately 3 gal per tree was applied with a hand-gun connected to a John Bean Sprayer (3 x 60 = 180 gal/acre) and 350 lb/in2. This amount of spray was a thorough coverage (TO. The thrips population was moderate but uniform throughout the test area. Thrips counts were made at 2, 6, 10, 16, and 21 days following treatments with the “black box” technique.
Bayberry Whitefly Control on Lemons, 1981
Authors: Walker G.P. , Carman G. E. , Pappas J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in Corona, Calif., and were three rows of trees; evaluations came from the middle row. Tree spacing was 20 by 20 ft. Experimental design was completely randomized. Treatments were evaluated by counting the percent of terminals infested with adults. All young terminals from each of eight trees per plot were examined. The average number of terminals per tree was 15, 20, 21, and 14 on 1, 8, 15, and 22 June, respectively.
Bayberry Whitefly Control on Lemons, 1982
Authors: Walker G.P. , Carman G.E. , Pappas J. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in Irvin, Calif., and were three rows of trees; evaluations came from the middle row. Tree spacing was 14 by 22 ft. Experimental design was completely randomized. Each treatment was evaluated by counting the number of adult whiteflies (from on five terminals from each of eight trees per plot.) This test was split into two parts: (1) evaluation of several compounds for whitefly control (Table 1 and 2); evaluation of Pounce at different rates and with different additives (Table 2).
Mandarin, Citrus Red Mite Control (CRM) 1981
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Owari satsuma’ trees at Port Sulphur, LA. A randomized block design was used with four replicates per treatment and five trees per replicate. Treatments were applied with a FMC Speed Sprayer in June. Samples of 20 leaves per treatment were selected at random from the five tree plots at 1 and 5 weeks following spraying and counts of mites per leaf were obtained. Phosphoric acid (30%) was added to several treatments to reduce the pH of the spray solution and to determine whether it enhanced the effectiveness of the treatment to control citrus red mites.
Orange, Citrus Red Mite Control (CRM), 1981
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on mature ‘Washington Navel’ orange trees at Port Sulphur, La. A randomized block design was used with 4 blocks and 3 treatments of 16 trees per treatment. Temik was applied in March with a Gandy spreader as a 1.5 m band to each side of the treated rows and incorporated with a Howard Rotovator. Evaluation began in April by counting the number of mites present on 50 leaves selected at random on the trees in the treated area.
Texas Citrus Mite Control (TCM), 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated four times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Materials were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 10 gal per tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 16 May. Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were collected around the outer canopy of each sample tree. The number of living motile spider mites on each leaf was counted using a stereomicroscope in the laboratory. The count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. Water pH was 7.5.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated five times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 40 lb/in2 (ca. 7 gal per tree), using a truck-mounted sprayer on May 26. Water pH was 6.9. Twenty fruit were examined after spraying. A 1-cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1983
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature Stuart pecan trees, approximately 60 ft. tall, in south Bossier City, Bossier Parish, La. A randomized block design composed of three blocks, with one tree per treatment, per block, was used. Nine treatments were evaluated. Insecticides were applied 17 Aug. with an FMC 957 speed sprayer, calibrated to deliver approximately 30 gal of finished material per tree. At the time of application the mean number of aphids per leaf exceeded the threshold of 10 aphids per leaf. Four hours after treatments were made 0.15 in. of rain fell, this was followed by another .1 in. of rain 24 h later. Sampling was conducted on 19 Aug. and consisted of counting the aphids on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Lima Beans, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lima beans were planted in four-row plots, 35 ft long, on 29 Jun. 1983. Each two-row treatment plot was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Spray treatments were applied on 24 and 30 Aug. and 6 Sept. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center two rows was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on Sept. 13 by harvesting 100 pods per treatment per replication and recording the percent pods with corn earworm injury.
Insect Control in Snap Beans, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , May A. , Pax R. , Otto M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Beans were planted 7 July in 5 ft rows at the M.S.U. Horticultural Experimental Station in Sodus, Mich. (Berrien Co.). Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications (= blocks) per treatment. Each plot was three rows wide (15 ft) and 15 ft long. Treatments were applied on 11, 18, 25, 31 Aug. and 6 Sept., with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre. Efficacy was determined by examining two leaves from the center of each plot for both leafhoppers and aphids. A 5 ft section from the center row of each plot was harvested and bean weight and percentage of insect-damaged beans were recorded.
High Diagnostic Yield of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Brush Cytology for Indeterminate Strictures
Authors: Nur Abdulsemed M , Salim Misbah , Boerner Scott , Li Suqing , Law Cindy C Y , Edwards Leanne , Ryan Kaitlin , James Paul D 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) brush cytology is used frequently for sampling indeterminate biliary strictures. Studies have demonstrated that the diagnostic yield of brush cytology for malignant strictures is estimated to be 6%–70%. With improved diagnostic tools, sampling techniques and specimen processing, the yield of ERCP brush cytology may be higher. This study aimed to assess the yield of brush cytology and determine factors associated with a positive diagnosis.

Methods
This was a cohort study of patients who underwent ERCP brush cytology from October 2017 to May 2020. Patient demographics, clinical, procedural and pathological data were collected using chart review. Sampling data were captured up to 3 months post-index ERCP to capture repeat brushings, biopsies or surgical resections. Outcomes included the diagnostic yield, true/false positive values and true/false negative values of malignancy detection using ERCP brush cytology.

Results
A total of 126 patients underwent a brush cytology, 58% were male and 79% had a stricture in the extrahepatic region. Ninety-three patients were diagnosed with a malignancy, of which 78 had positive brush cytology results and 15 had a negative brush cytology result. The diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 84%, 83%, 97%, 99%, 68% and 87% respectively.

Conclusion
ERCP brush cytology performed using updated sampling technique is associated with high diagnostic yield. This allows for earlier malignancy diagnosis, timely treatment and decreased need for further investigation.
Retrospective Assessment of a National Reflex Cryptococcal Antigen Screening Program in South Africa Through Interlaboratory Comparison of Lateral Flow Assay Results
Authors: Blasich Nozuko P , Coetzee Lindi M , Sriruttan Charlotte , DeSanto Daniel , Greene Gregory S , Glencross Deborah K , Govender Nelesh P 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective
Reflex cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening of blood specimens with a CD4 count of &lt;100 cells/µL was performed at 45 South African CD4 laboratories using a lateral flow assay (LFA). Our objective was to evaluate the reliability of routine LFA results through comparative interlaboratory testing.

Methods
All CrAg-positive and a selected number of CrAg-negative samples from the CD4 laboratories were retested at paired microbiology laboratories using the same LFA. Samples with discordant results were tested at a reference laboratory, using the LFA (with CrAg titers).

Results
During interlaboratory testing, 12,502 samples were retested, with 93 (0.7%) discordant results and a between-laboratory agreement of 99.3% (Cohen’s kappa, 0.98). The proportion of retested samples with discordant results ranged from 0.17% to 5.31% per laboratory pair (median 0.28%), with 3 reporting &gt;3% of results as discordant.

Conclusion
Routine CrAg screening results were reliable, with &lt;1% of samples having discordant results, mainly due to interpretation and transcription errors.
Millisecond pulsar kicks cause difficulties in explaining the Galactic Centre gamma-ray excess
Authors: Boodram Oliver , Heinke Craig O 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The unexplained excess gamma-ray emission from the Milky Way’s Galactic Centre has puzzled astronomers for nearly a decade. Two theories strive to explain the origin of this excess: self-annihilating dark matter particles or an unresolved population of radio millisecond pulsars. We examine the plausibility of a pulsar origin for the GeV excess using N-body simulations. We simulated millisecond pulsars in a realistic dynamical environment: (i) pulsars were born from the known stellar mass components of our Galaxy; (ii) pulsars were given natal velocity kicks as empirically observed from two different studies (or, for comparison, without kicks); (iii) pulsars were evolved in a Galactic gravitational potential consistent with observations. Multiple populations of pulsars (with different velocity kicks) were simulated over 1 Gyr. With final spatial distributions of pulsars, we constructed synthetic gamma-ray surface brightness profiles. From comparisons with published Fermi-LAT surface brightness profiles, our pulsar simulations cannot reproduce the concentrated emission in the central degrees of the Bulge, though models without natal velocity kicks approach the data. We considered additive combinations of our (primordial MSP) simulations with models where pulsars are deposited from destroyed globular clusters in the Bulge, and a simple model for pulsars produced in the nuclear star cluster. We can reasonably reproduce the measured central gamma-ray surface brightness distribution of Horiuchi and collaborators using several combinations of these models, but we cannot reproduce the measured distribution of Di Mauro with any combination of models. Our fits provide constraints on potential pathways to explain the gamma-ray excess using MSPs.