bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maize harvester gearbox design modification for improved fatigue life
Authors: Kim Ji-Tae , Lee Ho-Seop , Park Jung-Ho , Woo Jea-Keun , Choi Il-Su , Kim Young-Keun , Cho Seung-Je , Ha Chang-Sub , Park Young-Jun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe gearbox has the advantage of being able to change the torque and rotational speed according to the gear ratio and has high power transmission efficiency by transmitting power through the contact of the gear pair. When evaluating the strength and fatigue life of a gearbox using a design load or an equivalent load, there is a possibility that the results will be very different from the actual ones. Therefore, in this study, the load duration distribution (LDD) constructed based on the actual workload was used to evaluate the strength and fatigue life of the gearbox reliably. As a result of evaluating the strength and fatigue life of the gearbox using LDD, it was confirmed that the existing gearbox did not satisfy the target lifespan in the operating environment. Therefore, the reasons for these results were analyzed, and design modification was performed based on the analyzed results. As a result of design modification, shaft deflection decreased by rearrangement of the bearings, from an overhung type to a straddle type, thereby improving the fatigue life of gears and bearings. Finally, the load distribution acting on the gear tooth surface was improved through micro-geometry modification of the gears.
Ecological niche modeling based on ensemble algorithms to predicting current and future potential distribution of African swine fever virus in China
Authors: Li Yue-peng , Gao Xiang , An Qi , Sun Zhuo , Wang Hong-bin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a tick-borne infectious disease initially described in Shenyang province China in 2018 but is now currently present nationwide. ASF has high infectivity and mortality rates, which often results in transportation and trade bans, and high expenses to prevent and control the, hence causing huge economic losses and a huge negative impact on the Chinese pig farming industry. Ecological niche modeling has long been adopted in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, in particular vector-borne diseases. This study aimed to establish an ecological niche model combined with data from ASF incidence rates in China from August 2018 to December 2021 in order to predict areas for African swine fever virus (ASFV) distribution in China. The model was developed in R software using the biomod2 package and ensemble modeling techniques. Environmental and topographic variables included were mean diurnal range (°C), isothermality, mean temperature of wettest quarter (°C), precipitation seasonality (cv), mean precipitation of warmest quarter(mm), mean precipitation of coldest quarter (mm), normalized difference vegetation index, wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (kJ /day), and elevation/altitude (m). Contribution rates of the variables normalized difference vegetation index, mean temperature of wettest quarter, mean precipitation of coldest quarter, and mean precipitation of warmest quarter were, respectively, 47.61%, 28.85%, 10.85%, and 7.27% (according to CA), which accounted for over 80% of contribution rates related to variables. According to model prediction, most of areas revealed as suitable for ASF distribution are located in the southeast coast or central region of China, wherein environmental conditions are suitable for soft ticks’ survival. In contrast, areas unsuitable for ASFV distribution in China are associated with arid climate and poor vegetation, which are less conducive to soft ticks’ survival, hence to ASFV transmission. In addition, prediction spatial suitability for future ASFV distribution suggests narrower areas for ASFV spread. Thus, the ensemble model designed herein could be used to conceive more efficient prevention and control measure against ASF according to different geographical locations in China.
ZnO/metal/ZnO (metal = Ag, Pt, Au) films for energy-saving in windows application
Authors: Rabizadeh Mina , Ehsani Mohammad Hossein , Shahidi Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the impact of different metals (Ag, Pt and Au) on the ZnO/metal/ZnO samples, being coated on a Glass substrate via RF/DC magnetron sputtering system, is investigated. The structural, optical, and thermal properties of the as-prepared samples were systematically studied for the purpose of storage and production of energy in industry. Our results show that these layers can be used as suitable coatings on building windows for energy storage applications. In the same experimental conditions, the case of Au as the intermediate layer has shown to have better optical and electrical conditions. Then the Pt layer also led to further improvement of the properties of the samples rather than those of the Ag. Moreover, the ZnO/Au/ZnO sample has shown the highest transmittance at the visible region (68.95%) and the highest FOM (5.1 × 10–4 Ω−1). Therefore, it can be considered as relatively the optimum sample in order for the building windows to save energy because of its low U-value (2.16 W/cm2 K) and low emissivity (0.45). Finally, by applying the equivalent voltage of 12 V at the ends of the sample, the surface temperature of sample has risen from 24 to 120 °C.
Electrocatalytic activity of metal encapsulated, doped, and engineered fullerene-based nanostructured materials towards hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Louis Hitler , Ikenyirimba Onyinye J. , Unimuke Tomsmith O. , Mathias Gideon E. , Gber Terkumbur E. , Adeyinka Adedapo S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe utilization of nanostructured materials as efficient catalyst for several processes has increased tremendously, and carbon-based nanostructured materials encompassing fullerene and its derivatives have been observed to possess enhanced catalytic activity when engineered with doping or decorated with metals, thus making them one of the most promising nanocage catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during electro-catalysis. Prompted by these, and the reported electrochemical, electronic and stability advantage, an attempt is put forward herein to inspect the metal encapsulated, doped, and decorated dependent HER activity of C24 engineered nanostructured materials as effective electro-catalyst for HER. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been utilized to evaluate the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity of four proposed bare systems: fullerene (C24), calcium encapsulated fullerene (CaencC24), nickel-doped calcium encapsulated fullerene (NidopCaencC24), and silver decorated nickel-doped calcium encapsulated (AgdecNidopCaencC24) engineered nanostructured materials at the TPSSh/GenECP/6-311+G(d,p)/LanL2DZ level of theory. The obtained results divulged that, a potential decrease in energy gap (Egap) occurred in the bare systems, while a sparing increase was observed upon adsorption of hydrogen onto the surfaces, these surfaces where also observed to maintain the least EH–L gap while the AgdecNidopCaencC24 surface exhibited an increased electrocatalytic activity when compared to others. The results also showed that the electronic properties of the systems evinced a correspondent result with their electrochemical properties, the Ag-decorated surface also exhibited a proficient adsorption energy $$({E}_{ads}^{H})$$

(

E

ads

H

)

and Gibb’s free energy (ΔGH) value. The engineered Ag-decorated and Ni-doped systems were found to possess both good surface stability and excellent electro-catalytic property for HER activities.
Identification and quantification of giant bioaerosol particles over the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Barbosa Cybelli G. G. , Taylor Philip E. , Sá Marta O. , Teixeira Paulo R. , Souza Rodrigo A. F. , Albrecht Rachel I. , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Sebben Bruna , Manzi Antônio O. , Araújo Alessandro C. , Prass Maria , Pöhlker Christopher , Weber Bettina , Andreae Meinrat O. , Godoi Ricardo H. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEukarya dominate the coarse primary biological aerosol (PBA) above the Amazon rainforest canopy, but their vertical profile and seasonality is currently unknown. In this study, the stratification of coarse and giant PBA >5 µm were analyzed from the canopy to 300 m height at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Brazil during the wet and dry seasons. We show that >2/3 of the coarse PBA were canopy debris, fungal spores commonly found on decaying matter were second most abundant (ranging from 15 to 41%), followed by pollens (up to 5%). The atmospheric roughness layer right above the canopy had the greatest giant PBA abundance. Measurements over 5 years showed an increased abundance of PBA during a low-rainfall period. Giant particles, such as pollen, are reduced at 300 m, suggesting their limited dispersal. These results give insights into the giant PBA emissions of this tropical rainforest, and present a major step in understanding the type of emitted particles and their vertical distribution.
Investigating heterogeneous defects in single-crystalline WS2 via tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Chanwoo , Jeong Byeong Geun , Kim Sung Hyuk , Kim Dong Hyeon , Yun Seok Joon , Choi Wooseon , An Sung-Jin , Lee Dongki , Kim Young-Min , Kim Ki Kang , Lee Seung Mi , Jeong Mun Seok 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNanoscale defects in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) alter their intrinsic optical and electronic properties, and such defects require investigation. Atomic-resolution techniques such as transmission electron microscopy detect nanoscale defects accurately but are limited in terms of clarifying precise chemical and optical characteristics. In this study, we investigated nanoscale heterogeneous defects in a single-crystalline hexagonal WS2 monolayer using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). We observed the Raman properties of heterogeneous defects, which are indicated by the shifted A1′(Γ) modes appearing on the W- and S-edge domains, respectively, with defect-induced Raman (D) mode. In the edge region, various Raman features occur with nanoscale defects. In addition, the TERS signals from single-crystalline WS2 indicate the existence of two majority defects in each domain, which imply S- and W-dominated vacancies. Quantum mechanical computations were performed for each majority defect and demonstrated the defect-induced variation in the vibrational phonon modes. TERS imaging promises to be a powerful technique for determining assorted nanoscale heterogeneous defects as well as for investigating the properties of other nanomaterials.
Inhibition of the medial amygdala disrupts escalated aggression in lactating female mice after repeated exposure to male intruders
Authors: Abellán-Álvaro María , Martínez-García Fernando , Lanuza Enrique , Agustín-Pavón Carmen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractVirgin female laboratory mice readily express pup care when co-housed with dams and pups. However, pup-sensitized virgins fail to express intruder-directed aggression on a single session of testing. To study whether repeated testing would affect the onset and dynamics of maternal or intruder-directed aggression, we tested dams and their accompanying virgins from postpartum day 4 to 6. Repeated testing led to escalated aggression towards male intruders in dams, but virgins never developed aggression. In dams, inhibition of the medial amygdala using DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) vectors carrying the hM4Di receptor blocked the expected increase in maternal aggression on the second testing day. Our data support that the onset of maternal aggression is linked to physiological changes occurring during motherhood, and that medial amygdala, a key centre integrating vomeronasal, olfactory and hormonal information, enables the expression of escalated aggression induced by repeated testing. Future studies selectively targeting specific neuronal populations of the medial amygdala are needed to allow a deeper understanding of the control of experience-dependent aggression increase, a phenomenon leading to the high aggression levels found in violent behaviours.
Genic distribution modelling predicts adaptation of the bank vole to climate change
Authors: Escalante Marco A. , Marková Silvia , Searle Jeremy B. , Kotlík Petr 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe most likely pathway for many species to survive future climate change is by pre-existing trait variation providing a fitness advantage under the new climate. Here we evaluate the potential role of haemoglobin (Hb) variation in bank voles under future climate change. We model gene-climate relationships for two functionally distinct Hb types, HbS and HbF, which have a north-south distribution in Britain presenting an unusually tractable system linking genetic variation in physiology to geographical and temporal variation in climate. Projections to future climatic conditions suggest a change in relative climatic suitability that would result in HbS being displaced by HbF in northern Britain. This would facilitate local adaptation to future climate—without Hb displacement, populations in northern Britain would likely be suboptimally adapted because their Hb would not match local climatic conditions. Our study shows how pre-existing physiological differences can influence the adaptive capacity of species to climate change.
Males induce premature demise of the opposite sex by multifaceted strategies
Authors: Booth Lauren N. , Shi Cheng , Tantilert Cindy , Yeo Robin W. , Miklas Jason W. , Hebestreit Katja , Hollenhorst Cecilia N. , Maures Travis J. , Buckley Matthew T. , Murphy Coleen T. , Brunet Anne 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInteractions between the sexes negatively impact health in many species. In Caenorhabditis, males shorten the lifespan of the opposite sex—hermaphrodites or females. Here we use transcriptomic profiling and targeted screens to systematically uncover conserved genes involved in male-induced demise in C. elegans. Some genes (for example, delm-2, acbp-3), when knocked down, are specifically protective against male-induced demise. Others (for example, sri-40), when knocked down, extend lifespan with and without males, suggesting general mechanisms of protection. In contrast, many classical long-lived mutants are impacted more negatively than wild type by the presence of males, highlighting the importance of sexual environment for longevity. Interestingly, genes induced by males are triggered by specific male components (seminal fluid, sperm and pheromone), and manipulating these genes in combination in hermaphrodites induces stronger protection. One of these genes, the conserved ion channel delm-2, acts in the nervous system and intestine to regulate lipid metabolism. Our analysis reveals striking differences in longevity in single sex versus mixed sex environments and uncovers elaborate strategies elicited by sexual interactions that could extend to other species.
Germany’s fourth COVID-19 wave was mainly driven by the unvaccinated
Authors: Maier Benjamin F. , Wiedermann Marc , Burdinski Angelique , Klamser Pascal P. , Jenny Mirjam A. , Betsch Cornelia , Brockmann Dirk 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
While the majority of the German population was fully vaccinated at the time (about 65%), COVID-19 incidence started growing exponentially in October 2021 with about 41% of recorded new symptomatic cases aged twelve or above being symptomatic breakthrough infections, presumably also contributing to the dynamics. So far, it remained elusive how significant this contribution was and whether targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may have stopped the amplification of the crisis.

Methods
We develop and introduce a contribution matrix approach based on the next-generation matrix of a population-structured compartmental infectious disease model to derive contributions of respective inter- and intragroup infection pathways of unvaccinated and vaccinated subpopulations to the effective reproduction number and new infections, considering empirical data of vaccine efficacies against infection and transmission.

Results
Here we show that about 61%–76% of all new infections were caused by unvaccinated individuals and only 24%–39% were caused by the vaccinated. Furthermore, 32%–51% of new infections were likely caused by unvaccinated infecting other unvaccinated. Decreasing the transmissibility of the unvaccinated by, e. g. targeted NPIs, causes a steeper decrease in the effective reproduction number $${{{{{{{\mathcal{R}}}}}}}}$$
R
than decreasing the transmissibility of vaccinated individuals, potentially leading to temporary epidemic control. Reducing contacts between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals serves to decrease $${{{{{{{\mathcal{R}}}}}}}}$$
R
in a similar manner as increasing vaccine uptake.

Conclusions
A minority of the German population—the unvaccinated—is assumed to have caused the majority of new infections in the fall of 2021 in Germany. Our results highlight the importance of combined measures, such as vaccination campaigns and targeted contact reductions to achieve temporary epidemic control.
Molecular characterization of transesterification activity of novel lipase family I.1
Authors: Haryati Titin , Widhiastuty Made Puspasari , Warganegara Fida Madayanti , Akhmaloka Akhmaloka 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLipase’s thermostability and organic solvent tolerance are two crucial properties that enable it to function as a biocatalyst. The present study examined the characteristics of two recombinant thermostable lipases (Lk2, Lk3) based on transesterification activity. Conversion of C12-C18 methyl ester with paranitrophenol was investigated in various organic solvent. Both lipases exhibited activity on difference carbon chain length (C12 - C18, C18:1, C18:2) of substrates. The activity of Lk2 was higher in each of substrate compared with that of Lk3. Experimental findings showed that the best substrates for Lk2 and Lk3 are C18:1 and C18:2 respectively, in agreement with the computational analysis. The activity of both enzymes prefers on nonpolar solvent. On nonpolar solvent the enzymes are able to keep its native folding shown by the value of radius gyration, solvent–enzyme interaction and orientation of triad catalytic residues. Lk3 appeared to be more thermostable, with maximum activity at 55°C. The presence of Fe3+ increased the activity of Lk2 and Lk3. However, the activity of both enzymes were dramatically decreased by the present of Ca2+ despite of the enzymes belong to family I.1 lipase known as calcium dependent enzyme. Molecular analysis on His loop of Lk2 and Lk3 on the present of Ca2+ showed that there were shifting on the orientation of catalytic triad residues. All the data suggest that Lk2 and Lk3 are novel lipase on the family I.1 and both lipase available as a biocatalyst candidate.
The impact of dynamic pressure bumps on the observational properties of protoplanetary disks
Authors: Stadler Jochen , Gárate Matías , Pinilla Paola , Lenz Christian , Dullemond Cornelis P. , Birnstiel Til , Stammler Sebastian M. 
Published: September 2022

Context. Over the last years, large (sub-)millimetre surveys of protoplanetary disks in different star forming regions have well constrained the demographics of disks, such as their millimetre luminosities, spectral indices, and disk radii. Additionally, several high-resolution observations have revealed an abundance of substructures in the disk’s dust continuum. The most prominent are ring like structures, which are likely caused by pressure bumps trapping dust particles. The origins and characteristics of these pressure bumps, nevertheless, need to be further investigated.
Aims. The purpose of this work is to study how dynamic pressure bumps affect observational properties of protoplanetary disks. We further aim to differentiate between the planetary- versus zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps.
Methods. We perform one-dimensional gas and dust evolution simulations, setting up models with varying pressure bump features, including their amplitude and location, growth time, and number of bumps. We subsequently run radiative transfer calculations to obtain synthetic images, from which we obtain the different quantities of observations.
Results. We find that the outermost pressure bump determines the disk’s dust size across different millimetre wavelengths and confirm that the observed dust masses of disks with optically thick inner bumps (<40 au) are underestimated by up to an order of magnitude. Our modelled dust traps need to form early (<0.1 Myr), fast (on viscous timescales), and must be long lived (>Myr) to obtain the observed high millimetre luminosities and low spectral indices of disks. While the planetary bump models can reproduce these observables irrespectively of the opacity prescription, the highest opacities are needed for the dynamic bump model, which mimics zonal flows in disks, to be in line with observations.
Conclusions. Our findings favour the planetary- over the zonal flow-origin of pressure bumps and support the idea that planet formation already occurs in early class 0–1 stages of circumstellar disks. The determination of the disk’s effective size through its outermost pressure bump also delivers a possible answer to why disks in recent low-resolution surveys appear to have the same sizes across different millimetre wavelengths.
Star–planet interaction
Authors: Fischer C. , Saur J. 
Published: September 2022

Context. Electromagnetic star-planet interaction (SPI) describes the phenomenon of a planet coupling to its host star via electromagnetic forces. Alfvén waves can establish such a coupling by forming Alfvén wings. Star-planet interaction allows for phenomena that we do not otherwise know from the Solar System. Wing-wing interaction is such an example, whereby the Alfvén wings of two planets merge and interact in a nonlinear way.
Aims. In this paper, we focus on the effects that SPI has on other planets and the stellar wind. First, we analyze the different wave structures connected to SPI and then we investigate the wing-wing interaction.
Methods. Our study applies a magnetohydrodynamic model to describe a stellar system with multiple possible planets. As an example, we chose TRAPPIST-1 and its two innermost planets. We extended the PLUTO code to simulate collisions between atmospheric neutral particles and plasma ions. Neutral gas clouds imitate the planets and move through the simulation domain. That allows for the simulation of fully time-dependent stellar systems.
Results. We analyzed the wave structures that result from the interaction between stellar wind and TRAPPIST-1 b. The resultant wave structure propagating inward is an Alfvén wing. The outwardly directed part of the interaction consists of an Alfvén wing, slow mode waves, the planetary wake, and a slow shock. We quantified the strength of the respective wave perturbations at the outer planets to be on the order of 10% to 40% of the local background values of thermal, magnetic, and dynamic pressure. Wing-wing interaction occurs due to the relative position of two planets during their conjunction and shows three phases. First there is an initial, nonlinear intensification of the Poynting flux by 20%, an intermediate phase with reduced Poynting flux, followed by a third phase when the Alfvén wing of planet c goes through planet b’s wave structures with another intensification phase of the Poynting flux.