bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID Shut-In Choices Across Unconventional Reservoirs: Evidence From the Bakken and the Marcellus
Authors: Kleit Andrew , Taleghani Arash Dahi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic had unprecedented impacts on oil and gas markets. Vanishing energy demand in this sector led to significant drop of oil and gas prices over a short period of time. Some operators choose to curtail their production at particular wells, while others did not. In this paper, we look at two examples one from an unconventional gas play and the other from an unconventional oil play in the United States. Through public productions data, we tried to decipher the decision process of operators in these areas and compare the differences in shut-in choices.
Numerical Simulation Study on Boiler Combustion Characteristics With Different Volume Fraction of Ventilation Air Methane
Authors: Chen Xi , Liu Xiang , Deng Cunbao , Fan Chaonan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The combustion process of ventilation air methane (VAM) with air in a tangential coal-fired boiler was investigated by the component transport model. The influence of VAM with different volume fractions of methane (CH4) on the combustion characteristics of the boiler was analyzed. The results indicated that the maximum average temperature in the main combustion area increases to 102 K, with the increasing volume fraction of CH4 in the VAM. Under the same conditions, the distribution of oxygen (O2) volume fraction showed a trend of decay in the main combustion zone, while carbon monoxide (CO) started to increase. Meanwhile, the NO emission at the overfire air decreased from 974.8 mg/m3 to 436.3 mg/m3, with a reduction rate of 55.24%. When the VAM with the CH4 volume fraction of 0.75% was fed into the boiler for combustion in different ways, the furnace temperature would rise and the NO emission would decrease. The concentration of CH4 in the VAM should not be less than 0.01%. The analysis results demonstrated that adding the VAM into the boiler combustion cannot only save resources and protect the environment but also help to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides.
Development and Analysis of an Integrated Mild/Partial Gasification Combined Cycle
Authors: Wang Ting , Long Henry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Around 50% of the world’s electrical power supply comes from the Rankine cycle, and the majority of existing Rankine cycle plants are driven by coal. Given how unattractive coal is as an energy resource in spite of its high energy content, it becomes necessary to find a way to utilize coal in a cleaner and more efficient manner. Designed as a potential retrofit option for existing Rankine cycle plants, the integrated mild/partial gasification combined (IMPGC) cycle is an attractive concept in cycle design that can greatly increase the efficiency of coal-based power plants, particularly for retrofitting an old Rankine cycle plant. Compared with the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IMPGC uses mild gasification to purposefully leave most of the volatile matters within the feedstock intact (hence, yielding more chemical energy) compared with full gasification and uses partial gasification to leave some of the remaining char un-gasified compared with complete gasification. The larger hydrocarbons leftover from the mild gasification process grant the resulting syngas a higher volumetric heating value, leading to a more efficient overall cycle performance. This is made possible due to the invention of a warm-gas cleanup process invented by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI), called the high-temperature desulfurization process (HTDP), which was recently commercialized. The leftover char can then be burned in a conventional boiler to boost the steam output of the bottom cycle, further increasing the efficiency of the plant up to 47.9% (based on lower heating value, or LHV). This paper will first analyze the individual concepts used to create the baseline IMPGC model, including the mild and partial gasification processes themselves, the warm-gas cleanup system, and the integration of the boiler with the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). This baseline will then be compared with four other common types of power plants, including subcritical and ultra-supercritical (USC) Rankine cycles, IGCC, and natural gas. The results show that IMPGC consistently outperforms all other forms of coal-based power. IMPGC is more efficient than the standard subcritical Rankine cycle by nine percentage points, more than a USC Rankine cycle by nearly four points, and more than IGCC by seven points.
Gastrointestinal Hormones, Morphological Characteristics, and Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Salhi Iyed , Ben Aabderrahman Abderraouf , Triki Raoua , Clark Cain C.T. , Gaed Sabri , Hackney Anthony C. , Saeidi Ayoub , Laher Ismail , Kurtz Jennifer A. , VanDusseldorp Trisha A. , Zouhal Hassane 
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To determine the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1), ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, morphological characteristics, and physical performances in elite soccer players. Methods: Q2 Twenty-two elite male soccer players (age = 23.1 [2.7] y, height = 177.0 [0.1] cm, weight = 70.2 [2.9] kg, body mass index = 22.1 [1.8] kg/m2) completed 3-day food records each week during the 5-week training period. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast before and after preseason training to assess gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY). Continuous analysis of the training load was used during the training period. Preintervention and postintervention tests assessed jumping (countermovement jump), sprinting (10, 20, and 30 m), and endurance fitness (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 [YYIRT1]) levels. Results: Preseason training decreased body mass index (P = .001; effect size [ES] = 0.183) and body fat percentage (P = .001; ES = 0.516). There were increases in countermovement jump (P = .032; ES = 0.215), 20- (P = .016; ES = 0.195) and 30-m sprints (P = .001; ES = 0.188), and YYIRT1 performance (P = .001; ES = 0.9). Levels of cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin did not change during preseason training, although changes in leptin (P = .001; ES = 0.41) and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels (P = .039; ES = 0.606) were recorded. Leptinemia correlated with anthropometric parameters (body mass index, r = .77, P = .001; percentage of body fat,r = .67, P = .006) and the total distance covered during the YYIRT1 (r = −.54; P = .03). Conclusion: Changes in morphological parameters and physical performance in elite-level male soccer players are related to variations in selected gastrointestinal hormones.
Synthesis of Selenium-Containing Chitosan Derivatives and Their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Egorov A. R. , Artemjev A. A. , Kozyrev V. A. , Sikaona D. N. , Rubanik V. V. , Rubanik V. V. , Kritchenkov I. S. , Yagafarov N. Z. , Khubiev O. M. , Tereshina T. A. , Kultyshkina E. K. , Medjbour B. , Khrustalev V. N. , Kritchenkov A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The interaction of chitosan with 3-(chloromethyl)-[1,2,4]selendiazole[4,5-a]pyridin-4 bromide results in water-soluble, selenium-containing, cationic chitosan derivatives. Derivatives of chitosan with degrees of substitution of 0.15, 0.45, and 0.65 were obtained. These derivatives are characterized by a pronounced in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the antibacterial activity of the derivatives increases with an increase in their degree of substitution. The antibacterial activity of the highly substituted derivative is comparable to that of the conventional antibiotics ampicillin and gentamicin.
Muscles of the Male Genitalia in the Butterfly Subfamily Aphnaeinae (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Authors: Korzeev A. I. , Stekolnikov A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The morphology of the skeleton and musculature of the male genitalia of the subfamily Aphnaeinae (Lycaenidae), distributed mainly in the Afrotropical Region, were studied and compared with those in other ancient taxa of the family Lycaenidae. The position of Aphnaeinae in the system of the family Lycaenidae is discussed based on the analysis of new comparative morphological data and with reference to the literature data. The male genital musculature was studied for the first time in Phasis thero (Linnaeus, 1764), Chrysoritis pyroeis (Trimen, 1864), and Aloeides pierus (Cramer, [1779]), representing distantly related genera of Aphnaeinae. The composition and topography of their muscles, unlike those of the previously studied Middle Asian species Cigaritis epargiros (Eversmann, 1854), were found to correspond to the ground plan of the nymphaloid group of families (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) and to show archaic features as compared with those in such early branches of Lycaenidae as the subfamilies Curetinae and Riodininae. Symplesiomorphic similarity of the musculature features of Aphnaeinae and Lipteninae (Liptenini) was established. The subfamilies Aphnaeinae, Poritiinae s. str., Lipteninae, and Miletinae share such a common feature as the lower wall of the saccus elongated into a narrow caudal plate (“saccus directed caudal”). However, it remains unknown whether this character is a synapomorphy of these subfamilies or a result of parallel evolution, i.e., a homoplasy.
A New Species of the Genus Bibio Geoffroy, 1764, B. kurentzovi sp. n., Close to B. consanguineus Loew, 1869 (Diptera, Bibionidae)
Authors: Krivosheina N. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Diagnostic characters of Bibio consanguineus Loew, recorded for the first time from the North Caucasus, are precised. A new species, Bibio kurentzovisp. n. is described from Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. Both species have darkened brownish wings but differ in the structure of the spurs on the fore tibia, in the wing venation, and in the morphology of the male genitalia.
Modern contraceptive use among young women aged 15–24 years in selected municipalities of Western Nepal: results from a cross-sectional survey in 2019
Authors: Angdembe Mirak Raj , Sigdel Anil , Paudel Mahesh , Adhikari Nilaramba , Bajracharya Kamal Tara , How Thomas Christopher 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveTo estimate the modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) and its predictors among young women aged 15–24 years.DesignCross-sectional analysis of Adolescent Youth Project baseline survey.Setting29 municipalities within Lumbini Province and Sudurpaschim Province in Western Nepal.Participants683 young women aged 15–24 years who were living in the catchment area of the selected 30 private OK network health facilities at the study sites from November to December 2019 and who provided informed consent or assent.Outcome measuremCPR among young women aged 15–24 years.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 19 years, 61.7% never had sex and 63.9% were unmarried. The mCPR was 11.9% (95% CI 9.5 to 14.8). Of those who reported using a modern method of contraception, injectables (37.9%) were the most common, followed by male condom (35.9%) and implants (8.8%). Majority (86.4%) of the respondents reported currently not using any method of contraception. In the binary logistic regression analysis, the odds of contraceptive use were higher among women aged 20–24 years (adjusted OR (AOR)=5.50, 95% CI 2.94 to 10.29) and those of Janajati caste/ethnicity (AOR=2.08, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.71), while the odds were lower among women who faced high level of barriers (individual, family/societal, service provider and health facility barriers) to contraceptive use (AOR=0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.98).ConclusionsThe mCPR among young women aged 15–24 years was low but similar to the national level. Sexual and reproductive health programmes aiming to improve the mCPR in this population of young women should consider the reported level of sexual activity. Reaching young women to improve their knowledge and self-efficacy for contraception is critical to ensure they can access contraception when needed. The focus should be on reaching not just young women but also key influencers and service providers and making health facilities adolescent-friendly to reduce barriers to contraceptive uptake and to realise self-efficacy.
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Africa: a scoping review
Authors: Thibodeau Juliette , Werner Kalin , Wallis Lee A , Stassen Willem 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is well studied in high-income countries, and research has encouraged the implementation of policy to increase survival rates. On the other hand, comprehensive research on OHCA in Africa is sparse, despite the higher incidence of risk factors. In this vein, structural barriers to OHCA care in Africa must be fully recognised and understood before similar improvements in outcome may be made. The aim of this study was to describe and summarise the body of literature related to OHCA in Africa.Methods and analysisUsing an a priori developed search strategy, electronic searches were performed in Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to identify articles published in English between 2000 and 2020 relevant to OHCA in Africa. Titles, abstract and full text were reviewed by two reviewers, with discrepancies handled by an independent reviewer. A summary of the main themes contained in the literature was developed using descriptive analysis on eligible articles.ResultsA total of 1200 articles were identified. In the screening process, 785 articles were excluded based on title, and a further 127 were excluded following abstract review. During full-text review to determine eligibility, 80 articles were excluded and one was added following references review. A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. During analysis, the following three themes were found: epidemiology and underlying causes for OHCA, first aid training and bystander action, and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) resuscitation and training.ConclusionsIn order to begin addressing OHCA in Africa, representative research with standardised reporting that complies to data standards is required to understand the full, context-specific picture. Policies and research may then target underlying conditions, improvements in bystander and EMS training, and system improvements that are contextually relevant and ultimately result in better outcomes for OHCA victims.
Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial for the effectiveness of a functional partial body weight support treadmill training (FPBWSTT) on motor and functional skills of children with ataxia
Authors: Lepoura Alexandra , Lampropoulou Sofia , Galanos Antonis , Papadopoulou Marianna , Sakellari Vasiliki 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionA great heterogeneity characterises the paediatric population with ataxia, which has been studied poorly. The lack of postural control and coordination, in addition with features of the ‘ataxic’ gait are linked with functional limitations. Studies on physiotherapy interventions for children with ataxia are highly needed for identifying optimal training strategies for improving motor and functional related skills.Methods and analysisA stratified randomised control clinical trial of a 4-week functional partial body weight support treadmill training, (5 days/week 45 min/day) and 2-month follow-up period will be applied in children with ataxia, aged 8–18 years old with Gross Motor Function Classification System II–IV. Participants will be allocated to experimental group (intervention and usual care) or control group (usual care), using stratified randomisation process into two strata (progressive and non-progressive ataxia). Participants will be assessed at baseline, by the end of the 4-week period and by the end of a 2-month period as a follow-up measurement. Motor and functional skills will be assessed using the Gross Motor Function Measure-D and E, the Pediatric Balance Scale, the 10-meter walk test, the 6-minute walk test, the Scale for Assessment and Rating Ataxia, the timed up and go test and children’s spatiotemporal gait features will be assessed through GaitSens software recording over a 2 min low treadmill gait speed, while three-dimensional gait analysis will be performed for kinetic and kinematic analysis of the lower limbs in all three levels of movement. Two-way mixed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with factors ‘intervention’ (between group) and ‘time’ (within group) will be used for the analysis of all parameters. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) will be used in case of imbalance of baseline measurements. Statistical significance will be set at p<0.05 using the statistical package SPSS V.21.00.Ethics and disseminationUniversity of West Attica (study’s protocol: 14η/26-04-2021) and ‘ATTIKON’ General University Hospital of Athens (study’s protocol: Γ ΠΑΙΔ, ΕΒΔ 149/20-3-2020). Trial results of the main trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and/or international conference.Trail registration numberISRCTN54463720.
Phase I, multicenter, open-label study of intravenous VCN-01 oncolytic adenovirus with or without nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Garcia-Carbonero Rocio , Bazan-Peregrino Miriam , Gil-Martín Marta , Álvarez Rafael , Macarulla Teresa , Riesco-Martinez Maria C , Verdaguer Helena , Guillén-Ponce Carmen , Farrera-Sal Martí , Moreno Rafael , Mato-Berciano Ana , Maliandi Maria Victoria , Torres-Manjon Silvia , Costa Marcel , del Pozo Natalia , Martínez de Villarreal Jaime , Real Francisco X , Vidal Noemí , Capella Gabriel , Alemany Ramon , Blasi Emma , Blasco Carmen , Cascalló Manel , Salazar Ramon 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundVCN-01 is an oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5 based) designed to replicate in cancer cells with dysfunctional RB1 pathway, express hyaluronidase to enhance virus intratumoral spread and facilitate chemotherapy and immune cells extravasation into the tumor. This phase I clinical trial was aimed to find the maximum tolerated dose/recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of the intravenous delivery of the replication-competent VCN-01 adenovirus in patients with advanced cancer.MethodsPart I: patients with advanced refractory solid tumors received one single dose of VCN-01. Parts II and III: patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma received VCN-01 (only in cycle 1) and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (VCN-concurrent on day 1 in Part II, and 7 days before chemotherapy in Part III). Patients were required to have anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibody (NAbs) titers lower than 1/350 dilution. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed.Results26% of the patients initially screened were excluded based on high NAbs levels. Sixteen and 12 patients were enrolled in Part I and II, respectively: RP2D were 1×1013viral particles (vp)/patient (Part I), and 3.3×1012vp/patient (Part II). Fourteen patients were included in Part III: there were no DLTs and the RP2D was 1×1013vp/patient. Observed DLTs were grade 4 aspartate aminotransferase increase in one patient (Part I, 1×1013 vp), grade 4 febrile neutropenia in one patient and grade 5 thrombocytopenia plus enterocolitis in another patient (Part II, 1×1013 vp). In patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma overall response rate were 50% (Part II) and 50% (Part III). VCN-01 viral genomes were detected in tumor tissue in five out of six biopsies (day 8). A second viral plasmatic peak and increased hyaluronidase serum levels suggested replication after intravenous injection in all patients. Increased levels of immune biomarkers (interferon-γ, soluble lymphocyte activation gene-3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10) were found after VCN-01 administration.ConclusionsTreatment with VCN-01 is feasible and has an acceptable safety. Encouraging biological and clinical activity was observed when administered in combination with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Trial registration numberNCT02045602.
Building Bridges and Widening Gaps
Authors: Bütikofer Aline , Løken Katrine V. , Willén Alexander 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
By exploiting the opening of the Öresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden, we examine the impact of access to larger labor markets on wages and employment. We show that the bridge generated a substantial increase in the cross-country commuting behavior of Swedes and a 13.5% increase in the average wage of workers in the region. We further show that the wage gains are unevenly distributed: the effect is largest for high-educated men and smallest for low-educated women. Thus, the wage gains come at the cost of increased income inequality and a widening of the gender wage gap, both within and across households.
Mahechadendron puntecascarillo (Vochysiaceae), a new genus and forest tree species from Colombia
Authors: ARIZA-CORTÉS WILLIAM , CORTÉS-B. ROCIO , FERNÁNDEZ-ALONSO JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: March 2022

The new genus and species Mahechadendron puntecascarillo are described based on specimens first collected in the ‘60s but only recently found with flowers and fruits. It grows in the moist forests of the Middle Magdalena River in Colombia. The highly durable wood of this forest tree species is still used intensively for construction. Morphological and rbcL sequence data place this genus in the Vochysiaceae, most likely closely related to Callisthene. Mahechadendron shows inflorescences in compound dichasia, compact, only developed laterally, traits not previously recorded in this family. Mahechadendron puntecascarillo exhibits the tiniest flowers known in the Vochysiaceae, with the fourth sepal basally sacciform, and copious villous-lanose indumentum in the internal portions of the fourth sepal, petal, filament, and ovary; the flowers also have the single petal non-clawed, a feature not very common in Vochysiaceae. In addition, the capsular fruit has a thick and persistent central column, and the exocarp is fused to the endocarp even at maturity, with seeds unilaterally winged. Moreover, this species bears mirror-image flowers, indicating enantiostyly, a sexual polymorphism already known in some Vochysiaceae. The conservation status suggested for the new species is Endangered (EN). A key to the genera of Vochysiaceae is provided.
What Is a Cloud? Toward a More Precise Definition
Authors: Spänkuch Dietrich , Hellmuth Olaf , Görsdorf Ulrich 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There are a couple of reasons to stimulate a discussion about the definition of clouds. One reason is that the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) define clouds differently, and that in two aspects. AMS defines clouds as visible objects, and WMO as perceivable objects. Furthermore, AMS includes all minute particles independent of their nature and composition whereas WMO considers only such minute particles that consist of water, ice, or a mixture of both. Additionally, the so-called invisible or subvisible clouds are perceivable objects in the definition of WMO but not of AMS. Clouds can be observed by humans and be detected by active and passive sensors from ground and space. The detection limits of instruments span more than two orders of magnitude in visible optical thickness ranging from about 0.001 from satellite lidar (in case of horizontal and vertical averaging or 0.07 for single lidar shots) to about 0.3 to 0.45 for multispectral satellite imaging spectrometers. Human observers see clouds when their optical thickness is larger than about 0.03 at day and 0.05 at night. This paper gives a brief overview of cloud detection from ground and space and of the occurrence, characteristics, and impacts of subvisible clouds. Pros and cons of these definitions are discussed, followed by a proposal for a more precise definition. This definition is, like those of AMS and WMO, a one-parametric definition and does not cover all aspects of clouds.