bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-Amp: Test amplification in a dynamically typed language
Authors: Abdi Mehrdad , Rocha Henrique , Demeyer Serge , Bergel Alexandre 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSome test amplification tools extend a manually created test suite with additional test cases to increase the code coverage. The technique is effective, in the sense that it suggests strong and understandable test cases, generally adopted by software engineers. Unfortunately, the current state-of-the-art for test amplification heavily relies on program analysis techniques which benefit a lot from explicit type declarations present in statically typed languages. In dynamically typed languages, such type declarations are not available and as a consequence test amplification has yet to find its way to programming languages like Smalltalk, Python, Ruby and Javascript. We propose to exploit profiling information —readily obtainable by executing the associated test suite— to infer the necessary type information creating special test inputs with corresponding assertions. We evaluated this approach on 52 selected test classes from 13 mature projects in the Pharo ecosystem containing approximately 400 test methods. We show the improvement in killing new mutants and mutation coverage at least in 28 out of 52 test classes (≈ 53%). Moreover, these generated tests are understandable by humans: 8 out of 11 pull-requests submitted were merged into the main code base (≈ 72%). These results are comparable to the state-of-the-art, hence we conclude that test amplification is feasible for dynamically typed languages.
Pathogenesis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI): role of neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Kalra Sunishtha , Malik Rohit , Singh Govind , Bhatia Saurabh , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Mohan Syam , Albratty Mohammed , Albarrati Ali , Tambuwala Murtaza M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important global health concern that represents a leading cause of death and disability. It occurs due to direct impact or hit on the head caused by factors such as motor vehicles, crushes, and assaults. During the past decade, an abundance of new evidence highlighted the importance of inflammation in the secondary damage response that contributes to neurodegenerative and neurological deficits after TBI. It results in disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and initiates the release of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes at the injury site. A growing number of researchers have discovered various signalling pathways associated with the initiation and progression of inflammation. Targeting different signalling pathways (NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, GSK-3, Nrf2, RhoGTPase, TGF-β1, and NLRP3) helps in the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of TBI. Several synthetic and herbal drugs with both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential showed effective results. This review summarizes different signalling pathways, associated pathologies, inflammatory mediators, pharmacological potential, current status, and challenges with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Operators Arising as Second Variation of Optimal Control Problems and Their Spectral Asymptotics
Authors: Baranzini Stefano 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe compute the asymptotic for the eigenvalues of a particular class of compact operators deeply linked with the second variation of optimal control problems. We characterize this family in terms of a set of finite dimensional data and we apply this results to a particular class of singular extremal to get a nice description of the spectrum of the second variation.
Cinnamomeoventrolide – Double Bond Regioisomerism in Frog Semiochemicals
Authors: Kuhn Johanna , Schulz Stefan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFrogs of the families Mantellinae and Hyperoliidae possess male specific femoral or gular glands that are used during courtship. These glands release volatile compounds, e. g. the macrocyclic lactone gephyromantolide A (2,6,10-trimethyl-6-undecen-11-olide) in the case of Gephyromantis boulengeri (Mantellinae). During the analysis of the volatiles of Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris (Hyperoliidae) we detected an unknown compound A, which we called cinnamomeoventrolide, whose mass spectrum showed high similarity with the spectrum of gephyromantolide A. Nevertheless, slight spectral differences led to the proposal of a regioisomer of gephyromantolide A as a structure for A, 2,6,10-trimethyl-5-undecen-11-olide. A versatile synthesis of this compound was developed to allow access to all four stereoisomers from a single chiral starting material, the so-called (S)-Roche ester, using ring-closing metathesis as a key step. With these stereoisomers, the absolute configuration of the natural product was established to have the (2R,10S)-configuration by GC on a chiral phase. The configuration of natural gephyromantolide A is the opposite. Both frogs seem to use a similar biosynthetic pathway to access the target compounds, differing in the stereochemistry of the reduction steps, and requiring an additional isomerization in case of G. boulengeri. This unique regioisomeric differentiation of double bonds in semiochemicals has so far only been observed in insects. The compounds are likely to play a role in species-recognition of the frogs.
Motivations for Esports Betting and Skin Gambling and Their Association with Gambling Frequency, Problems, and Harm
Authors: Greer Nancy , Hing Nerilee , Rockloff Matthew , Browne Matthew , King Daniel L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to examine gambling motivations for esports betting and skin gambling and their association with gambling frequency, problems, and harm. Data were collected via a cross-sectional online survey with 736 participants aged 18 + who engaged in esports cash betting (n = 567), esports skin betting (n = 180), or skin gambling on games of chance (n = 325). Respondents were asked to rate their motivations for the three activities across seven domains: social, financial, positive feelings or enhancement, internal regulation, skill building, competition/challenge, and skin acquisition. The results highlight both similarities and differences in gambling motivations across products. Financial gain and enhancement (i.e., excitement) were the main motivations endorsed for all activities, whereas skin acquisition was an additional motivation for esports skin betting and skin gambling. Across all three products, gambling to escape or improve mood was associated with higher levels of problem gambling and harm. Financial gain motivation was associated with problem gambling only for esports skin betting and skin gambling on games of chance. These findings underscore the importance of considering motivational influences on engagement with emerging gambling activities, especially since some motivations may be a contributing factor in harmful gambling outcomes.
BDDC Preconditioners for Divergence Free Virtual Element Discretizations of the Stokes Equations
Authors: Bevilacqua Tommaso , Scacchi Simone 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe virtual element method (VEM) is a new family of numerical methods for the approximation of partial differential equations, where the geometry of the polytopal mesh elements can be very general. The aim of this article is to extend the balancing domain decomposition by constraints preconditioner to the solution of the saddle-point linear system arising from a VEM discretization of the two-dimensional Stokes equations. Under suitable hypotesis on the choice of the primal unknowns, the preconditioned linear system results symmetric and positive definite, thus the preconditioned conjugate gradient method can be used for its solution. We provide a theoretical convergence analysis estimating the condition number of the preconditioned linear system. Several numerical experiments validate the theoretical estimates, showing the scalability and quasi-optimality of the method proposed. Moreover, the solver exhibits a robust behavior with respect to the shape of the polygonal mesh elements. We also show that a faster convergence could be achieved with an easy to implement coarse space, slightly larger than the minimal one covered by the theory.
Exploring proximity-based recommendation criteria as a tool for information exchange and interactions between locals and tourists
Authors: Ceccarini Chiara , Nisi Valentina , Prandi Catia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSharing economy and contemporary tourism are two emerging concepts that urge to be investigated together with new ubiquitous and immersive technologies, in the tourism and hospitality sector. In this rich scenario, we designed and implemented ShareCities, a platform to foster remote direct information exchange and meaningful interactions among tourists and locals. Exploiting ShareCities we here present an extended analysis on the opportunity to use people-to-people recommendation criteria based on proximity. We hence defined three criteria which drove our analysis: i) profile similarity, ii) geographical proximity, and iii) random exploration. Through an online questionnaire, we collect answers from 126 young-adult students, obtaining a general positive interest in the three criteria but also concerns in terms of privacy, trust, and feeling of disorientation.
What Can Industrial Policy Do? Evidence from Singapore
Authors: Cheang Bryan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article explores the limits of central industrial planning through a case study of Singapore. While previous Austrian scholars have argued that successful industrial planning is impossible, and that its successes (if any) are limited to the resolution of technical problems, the positive economic record of Singapore under the auspices of its developmental state capitalism poses a strong challenge to these market-oriented perspectives.In response, I present a modest position. I concede that Singapore’s industrial policy has to some extent contributed to genuine economic development but insist that its state-heavy approach has nonetheless hampered the market’s entrepreneurial discovery by stifling local entrepreneurial talent and crowding out local small-medium enterprises. The top-down model has also limited the economy’s adaptive potential. I draw from productivity, entrepreneurship, and innovation data to make my case and conclude that Singapore’s experience with its developmental state model comes with a significant cost, notwithstanding its impressive achievements.
Walk the talk: ESG mutual fund voting on shareholder proposals
Authors: Dikolli Shane S. , Frank Mary Margaret , Guo Zhe Michael , Lynch Luann J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe document that U.S. mutual funds with investment objectives designated as “Sustainable Investment Overall” by Morningstar (ESG funds) are more likely than other mutual funds to vote in support of environmental and social (ES) shareholder proposals and governance (G) shareholder proposals. We also find that the higher support for ES proposals by ESG funds relative to other funds is more pronounced in index funds than in active funds, consistent with trading constraints influencing voting behavior. While these results provide evidence that ESG funds “walk the talk” with their voting behavior on average, we find that fund families play a significant role in that walk. Additionally, in an analysis of fund families that are signatories of the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), we find that ESG funds of PRI families are significantly more likely to support ES proposals and G proposals than non-ESG funds of PRI families. We determine that this significant difference stems from non-ESG funds of PRI families providing less support than non-ESG funds from non-PRI families. Taken together, these results provide evidence that ESG funds available to U.S. investors provide more support for shareholder proposals aligned with their designated investment objective, but the type and family of the fund influence that support.
High-Resolution Spectral and Anisotropy Characteristics of Solar Protons During the GLE N∘73 on 28 October 2021 Derived with Neutron-Monitor Data Analysis
Authors: Mishev Alexander L. , Kocharov Leon G. , Koldobskiy Sergey A. , Larsen Nicholas , Riihonen Esa , Vainio Rami , Usoskin Ilya G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October 2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically neutron monitors. A moderate count-rate increase over the background was observed by high-altitude polar stations on the South Pole and Dome C stations at the Antarctic plateau. Most of the neutron monitors registered only marginal count-rate increases. Using detrended records and employing a method verified by direct space-borne measurements, we derive the rigidity spectra and angular distributions of the incoming solar protons in the vicinity of Earth. For the analysis, we employed a newly computed and parameterized neutron-monitor yield function. The rigidity spectra and anisotropy of solar protons were obtained in their time evolution throughout the event. A comparison with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron (SOHO/ENRE) experiment data is also performed. We briefly discuss the results derived from our analysis.
Enduring senses
Authors: Forbes Graeme A. , Wildman Nathan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe meanings of words seem to change over time. But while there is a growing body of literature in linguistics and philosophy about meaning change, there has been little discussion about the metaphysical underpinnings of meaning change. The central aim of this paper is to push this discussion forward by surveying the terrain and advocating for a particular metaphysical picture. In so doing, we hope to clarify various aspects of the nature of meaning change, as well as prompt future philosophical investigation into this topic. More specifically, this paper has two parts. The first, broadly exploratory, part surveys various metaphysical accounts of meaning change. The goal here is to lay out the terrain, thereby highlighting some key choice points. Then, in the second part, after critiquing Prosser’s (Philosophy Phenomenol Res 100(3):657–676, 2020) exdurantism about ‘mental files’, we sketch and defend the enduring senses view of meaning change.
Methoxyisoflavan derivative from Trigonella stellata inhibited quorum sensing and virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Naga Nourhan G. , Zaki Ahmed A. , El-Badan Dalia E. , Rateb Heba S. , Ghanem Khaled M. , Shaaban Mona I. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe number of deaths caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa has risen in the recent decade. The development of quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) is a promising approach for controlling Pseudomonas infection. Therefore, this study mainly aimed to investigate how a plant-source material inhibits QSI to produce an antipathogenic effect for fighting microbial infections. The QSI effect of Trigonella stellata was assessed by using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 reporter strain. Trigonella stellata exhibited high QSI activity, and an ethanolic extract of T. stellata was prepared for phytochemical isolation of the most active QSI compound. Nine pure compounds were isolated and identified as kaempferitrin (1), soyasaponin I (2), β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (3), dihydromelilotoside (4), astrasikokioside I (5), methyl dihydromelilotoside (6), (3R, 4S)-4, 2′, 4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranosylisoflavan (7), (3S, 4R)-4, 2′, 4′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyisoflavan (8, TMF), and (+)-d-pinitol (9). These compounds were screened against C. violaceum ATCC 12472, and TMF exhibited a potent QSI. The effect of TMF at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was assessed against P. aeruginosa virulence factors, including biofilm, pyocyanin formation protease and hemolysin activity. TMF induced significant elimination of QS-associated virulence behavior. In addition, TMF at sub-MICs significantly reduced the relative expression of lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR compared with that in untreated cells. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to predict structural basis of the QSI activity of TMF. The study demonstrated the importance of T. stellata as a signal modulator and inhibitor of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis.
Kardiale Notfälle bei Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sievers Burkhard , Späth Martin R. 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Inzidenz und die Prävalenz des Diabetes mellitus nehmen in Deutschland und weltweit zu. Jährlich gibt es 500.000 neue Fälle. In Deutschland sind mehr als 7 Mio. Menschen an Diabetes mellitus erkrankt. Er ist einer der Hauptrisikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Notfälle. Aufgrund der autonomen Neuropathie und Polyneuropathie und dem damit verbundenen veränderten Schmerzempfinden und der Empfindlichkeit suchen Patientinnen und Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus häufig zu spät ihre Ärztin, ihren Arzt oder die Notaufnahme von Krankenhäusern auf. Dies hat wesentliche prognostische Auswirkungen. Der folgende Artikel bietet eine Übersicht über kardiale Notfälle bei Diabetes mellitus, deren Inzidenzen, spezielle Symptomatik, Therapieoptionen und Prognose. Dabei fokussiert sich der Beitrag auf die häufigsten kardialen Notfallerkrankungen, den akuten Herzinfarkt, die Herzinsuffizienz, Herzklappenerkrankungen, hypertensive Entgleisungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen. Zudem gibt es weniger lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen, die bei Diabetes gehäuft auftreten und aufgrund ihrer Symptomatik akute kardiale Notfälle imitieren können, wie beispielsweise Mikrozirkulationsstörungen oder die endotheliale Dysfunktion. Diese werden aufgrund ihrer differenzialdiagnostischen Bedeutung ebenfalls angesprochen.
The clinical application of SNP-based next-generation sequencing (SNP-NGS) for evaluation of chimerism and microchimerism after HLA-mismatched stem cell microtransplantation
Authors: Li Weiyang , Xu Yi , Feng Yufeng , Zhou Haixia , Ma Xiao , Wu Depei , Chen Suning , Sun Aining 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGenetic diagnostic methods for evaluation of chimerism after HSCT, such as STR-PCR and XY-FISH, have limited sensitivity. When donor chimerism is in the micro range (< 1%), deviations in the accuracy of assessment are the most significant disadvantage of these common methods. We developed a highly sensitive method that applies SNPs based on NGS in order to explore the value of donor cell microchimerism in microtransplantation (MST). This improved SNP-NGS approach has higher sensitivity (0.01–0.05%) and only requires a small amount of DNA (8–200 ng). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 48 patients with AML who received HLA-mismatched stem cell MST at our center to assess the impact of microchimerism on clinical prognosis. Patients whose duration of microchimerism was > 10.5 months (median) had a relapse rate of 26.1%, and had better 5-year LFS and OS (73.4% and 82.6%). In contrast, patients whose duration of microchimerism was < 10.5 months had a higher relapse rate (69.6%), and their 5-year LFS and OS were 30.4% and 43.5%. In conclusion, duration of donor chimerism is highly valuable for assessment of survival and prognosis in patients with AML who have received HLA-mismatched stem cell MST, especially the intermediate-risk group.
A Scoping Review of the Effects of Classroom Acoustic Conditions on Primary School Children’s Physical Health
Authors: Mealings Kiri 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe aim of this scoping review was to synthesize research assessing the effect of classroom acoustic conditions on children’s physical health and identify areas for future research. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol. A comprehensive search of four online databases (ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted using the search termclassroom AND (acoustic* OR noise OR reverb*) AND health.Peer-reviewed journal articles were included if they were written in English, included children in the primary school age range (i.e. 5–12 years), and included a measure of children’s physical health. Eight papers out of the 407 papers returned in the search met the criteria to be included in the review. The results were analysed according to the effect of traffic noise, aircraft noise, and internal classroom noise on children’s physical health. The results were somewhat mixed, but overall they suggest that noise may have a negative effect on children’s physical health by inducing a stress response that results in asthma, fatigue, and headaches. Future research avenues are proposed to better understand the relationship between classroom acoustic conditions and children’s physical health.
Secondary plant metabolites as potent drug candidates against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens
Authors: Keita Kadiatou , Darkoh Charles , Okafor Florence 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a major public health threat of the twenty-first century and represents an important risk to the global economy. Healthcare-associated infections mainly caused by drug-resistant bacteria are wreaking havoc in patient care worldwide. The spread of such pathogens limits the utility of available drugs and complicates the treatment of bacterial diseases. As a result, there is an urgent need for new drugs with mechanisms of action capable of curbing resistance. Plants synthesize and utilize various metabolic compounds to deter pathogens and predators. Utilizing these plant-based metabolites is a promising option in identifying novel bioactive compounds that could be harnessed to develop new potent antimicrobial drugs to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens. The purpose of this review is to highlight medicinal plants as important sources of novel antimicrobial agents that could be developed to help combat antimicrobial resistance.
Hydrochars produced by hydrothermal carbonisation of seaweed, coconut shell and oak: effect of processing temperature on physicochemical adsorbent characteristics
Authors: Danso-Boateng Eric , Ross Andrew B. , Mariner Ted , Hammerton James , Fitzsimmons Melissa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe present study addresses the production of hydrochars from brown seaweed (Fucus serratus) (FS-HCs), coconut shell (CS-HCs), and oak (Oak-HCs) as potential adsorbents using hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC). The effect of HTC processing temperature on the physicochemical adsorbent characteristics of the hydrochars is investigated at different temperatures (200, 220, 250 °C) using a hydrothermal batch reactor. Increasing HTC temperature causes the formation of many spheres in CS-HCs and Oak-HCs, increasing their porosity, except FS-HCs. The surface area of the hydrochars increases with increasing HTC temperature; 10.93–12.78 m2/g for FS-HCs, 2.18–21.94 m2/g for CS-HCs, except for Oak-HCs which decreases from 4.89 to 3.09 m2/g. Increasing HTC temperature decreases volatile matter content in the hydrochars, increases fixed carbon content, and decreases H/C ratio (except for FS-HCs) and O/C ratio of the hydrochars. For all the hydrochars, increasing the HTC temperature results in a slight decrease in zeta potential magnitude, with negatively charged surfaces, making them potential adsorbents for cationic pollutants. The study confirms that the HTC process improves key chemical and physical characteristics of the hydrochars compared to the original biomass, and that the physicochemical adsorbent characteristics are enhanced as the processing temperature increases.