bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rotations of Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis and Esfenvalerate for Control of Lepidopterous Pests in Spring Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted in a Dubbs sandy loam soil in Craighead County near Bay, AR on 26 Spr. Plots were a single row, 20 ft long. Rows were spaced 6.6 ft apart with between plant spacing at 12 inches. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Applications were made with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart, directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were treated 1, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Jun, and 5 Jul. Treatments were evaluated on 20 Jun and 10 Jul by sampling 10 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of small, medium, and large larvae, and damage lower, middle, and head leaves (including 3 wrapper leaves) per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (&lt;10% of lower and middle leaf area affected), 3 = moderate damage (&gt;10% of lower and middle leaf area affected), 4 = heavy damage (unmarketable head with &lt;10% of all leaf area affected), and 5 = severe damage (unmarketable head with &gt;10% of all leaf area affected). All data including log transformations of insect count data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Leafminers on Cantaloupe, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupes were direct seeded into “Yuma Beds” on 18 Mar. Plants were thinned at 12 inch intervals on 5 Apr. Plots consisted of six 60-ft long beds spaced 80 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed, arranged in a completely randomized block design with 5 replicates. Applications were made on 23 Apr, 6, 20, 25 May, and 3 Jun. Foliar insecticide treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (4 nozzles/bed spaced 12 inches apart) operated at 60 psi, delivering 25 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 6 oz/acre. Plots were sampled on 15, 22, 30 May, and 6 Jun. Samples consisted of 20 leaves collected from the center two rows of each replicate. Leaves Were taken to the laboratory, and the numbers of live and parasitized leafminer larvae present were recorded for each plot. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan’s Q-test (Proc GLM).
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Endosulfan, Bifenthrin, and Other Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 26 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 22 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm X 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point and SPWF immatures were sampled on the oldest leaf using a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk cutter 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Treatment applications were made on 23 Apr and 1 May. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adult re-infestation. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 and 168 hours after the first application and at 24 hours after the second application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled on one 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk/plarit and numbers were recorded by instar on the oldest or second oldest leaf at 72 and 168 hours after the first application and 48 hours after the second application.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Comparing an Abbott Bacillus Thumngiensis Product to Permethrin in a Full Season Program, 1992: Cabbage was transplanted on 16 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 18 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at .01% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul, 6, 14, 26 Aug, 11, 18 Sep. Evaluations were made on 3, 12 Aug, 9 and 28 Sep by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of Lepidoptera using replicate totals for the entire season.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Spring Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 7 Apr near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 38 inch centers, were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer using 3 nozzles/row delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 11, 18, 26, and 28 May; 2, 11, 16, and 23 Jun. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 21 May and 2 Jul.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Cantaloupe, 1991
Authors: Chu C. C , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, California, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seed was planted 20 Aug at the rate of three seeds/hill with hills spaced 30 inches within a row. Missing hills were replanted on 9 Sep. Each plot consisted of two rows spaced 40 inches wide. Rows were 20 ft long. Plots were partially isolated by 7-ft wide corridors of fallow ground between plots and 7-ft fallow alleys separating experimental blocks. Treatments were (1) cantaloupe seeds treated with NTN 33893 at 0.10 lb Al/lb of seed, (2) NTN 33893 treated seeds followed, after plant emergency, by a foliar spray of 1% liquid detergent, (3) a foliar spray of NTN 33893 at 0.13 lb Al/acre, (4) a foliar spray of Monitor at 0.5 lb Al/acre and (5) untreated plots. Foliar sprays of each material were made in 27 gal of water/acre on 10 Sep with a high clearance sprayer with a modified spray boom having two nozzles at the top of plants and four nozzles at the bottom of plants per row. Bottom nozzles were oriented at 30° angles to improve underleaf coverage. Five leaves numbered 2 or 3 from the apical bud were sampled from each hill in each plot on days 6 and 13 after foliar sprays. Large third and fourth instar nymphs were counted on each side of one 1.55-inch2 leaf disk/leaf and recorded separately for each surface. The effect of the treatments and SPW infestations on plant stand establishment were determined by counting the number of seed hill replants from the two 20 ft rows in each plot.
Insecticidal and Microbial Control of ECB in Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca in corn planted 29 May. Four-row plots, 9.1 m (30 ft) long with 1.2 m (4 ft) alleys, and separated by two rows of corn, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A Hagie highboy sprayer with two flat fan (8003VS) nozzles/row, delivering 53.6 1/ha (35 gal/acre) at 2.5 kg/cm2 (36 psi) was used to treat the ear zone of each row. A weekly spray schedule was initiated near 10% silk. Due to mechanical problems and weather, a 9 day spray interval resulted. Treatments were applied 11, 20 and 29 Aug. Plots were artificially infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae/ear on 12 Aug. Treatments were evaluated 8 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment) and recording total ECB larvae, larval size, location, and feeding damage.
Early Season ECB Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, NH. The experimental design consisted of 18 treatments arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications per treatment. ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn was hand-planted on 18 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. The first application of each insecticide treatment was administered on 10 Jul when the corn plants were in the late whorl or pretassel growth stage (when approximately one-half of the plants have tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). All treatments received a second application on 16 Jul and selected treatments received a third and final application on 23 Jul. The insecticide treatments were applied using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. On 10 Jul, just prior to the first insecticide application, an evaluation was made of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury. The percentage of plants with ECB injured tassels was determined on 5 Aug. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (17 Aug and 19 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury to both stalks and ears.
Microbial Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1992
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Gault J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted at South Deerfield, Mass. on Apr 26 in blocks of 4 rows by 7.6 m with 76 cm between-row and 15 cm in-row spacing. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Pheromone traps (two Heliothis Scentry traps, with Trecé lures for Iowa or NV strains) indicated that first-generation ECB flight began by 28 May, peaked the week of 11 Jun, and ended by the week of 12 Jul. Insecticide treatments were initiated at pretassel, continuing at 5-6 day intervals until silk dried. Applications were made on 26 Jun, 2, 7, and 12 Jul. Materials were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle over the row and two drop nozzles (T-Jet D2-25 core) delivering 80 gal/acre at 120 psi. For the first application, only the over-the-row nozzles were used. All products used were formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki as the active ingredient, and all were applied with a sticker (Bond) at 2 oz/acre. On 21 Jul, 50 ears per plot were examined for external injury to husk and internal injury from ECB.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Onions, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were tested for control of thrips on onions grown in a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research & Extension Center in Lane, OK. Onions were direct seeded into beds spaced 6 ft apart on 12 Sep, 1991 and thinned to 3 inch intervals on 4 Mar, 1992. Plots measuring 4 rows by 12 ft (0.0066 acre) and 10 ft buffers within rows were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. A bed planted to wheat and rye bordered each side of all plots to minimize drift. Populations were assessed by counting all thrips larvae and adults on 5 plants/plot on 5, 8 and 12 Jun. A single insecticide application was made on 5 Jun after pretreatment counts with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row that delivered 45 gal/acre at 40 psi. Adult thrips collected 4 Jun from untreated plots were determined to be 86% Frankliniella fusca and 14% Frankliniella occidentalis. Data were transformed [log (x + 1)] and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1988) and means were separated using Ryan’s Q test.
Soil Systemic Value in Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Verndale, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this potato growing area of Minnesota CPB populations have generally been modest to low, commercial production irrigated but scattered, and insecticide resistance negligible, if present at all. The intent of the trial was to evaluate a traditional treatment using soil systemics with and without foliars, and their contribution to yield. The field was planted on 9 May using cut A-size Russet Burbank certified seed. Plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width and 9.1 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Soils at this site were sandy loam and were irrigated season long. Soil systemics were applied just as the potato plants were emerging and were hilled in immediately. Foliars were applied on 25 Jun, 12, 18 and 27 Jul using 2 liters total material on .0134 ha.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1992
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiments were randomized complete block designs with six replicates each. Experiments CPB-A and B were planted May 18 and 19 respectively, at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1991. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows where planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) 2.3 to 3.5 L/ha). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha.
Mite Control, 1992
Authors: Forsythe H.Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 15-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and 330 gal/acre. Spray dates were as indicated in table (petal fall was ca. 5 Jun). The standard pesticide program consisted of Nova 40 W (2.5 oz/100 gal) on 5 dates, Penncozeb 75 DF (1.0 lb) on 1 date, Sevin 80 S (.62 lb) on 4 dates, Ambush 25 W (3.2. oz) on 3 dates, and Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb) on 7 dates. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. A randomized complete block design of single-tree replications was used, with 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars for each treatment. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Generally, the entire season was unusually cool, with sufficient rainfall in Jun, Jul, and Aug.
Biological Sprays to Control Colorado Potato Beetle, Painter, VA, 1992
Authors: Speese J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 18 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 36 inches between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone (D4-45) nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 12, 18, and 28 May; 9, 16, and 23 Jun. Peak egg hatch (&gt;50% masses hatched) occurred on 12 May. On 16 Jun, Cygon 400 (0.5 pt product/acre) was added to each treatment for potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)] control. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot, % defoliation ratings on 15 and 22 Jun, and yield data on 2 Jul.
Apple, All-Season European Red Mite Acaricide Test, 1992
Authors: Hamilton George C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 23 year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 4 times/variety in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 14 May, petal fall (PF); 19 Jun, 3rd cover (3C); 3 Jul, 4th cover (4C); 17 Jul, 5th cover (5C); and 31 Jul, 6th cover (6C).
Potato Leafhopper Control in Ohio, 1992
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston to evaluate the efficacy of 5 insecticides for control of PLH on 2nd and 3rd cuttings of a 3 year old alfalfa stand. Plots were 13.7 X 15.2 m (45 x 50 ft) with 5 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. However, the location of 3rd cutting treatments remained the same as that selected for the 2nd cutting. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun to the 2nd cutting and on 11 Aug to the 3rd cutting with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 4.6 m (15 ft) and flat spray tip nozzles (Teejet 800VS) mounted at 38.1 cm (15 inch) intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 280.6 liters/ha (30 gal/ acre) at 30 psi at a tractor speed of 5.6 km/hr (3.5 mi/hr). The 2nd cutting treatment was applied when alfalfa stem length was 43.5 cm (17.1 inches) to evaluate control efficacy in a situation where harvest was delayed but stand was susceptible to very heavy PLH feeding activity. The 3rd cutting treatment was applied when stem length was 27 cm (10.6 inches) following harvest of the 2nd cutting. PLH adult abundance was estimated by talcing 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot within 1 day prior to treatments and 2, 7, and 14 DAT. PLH nymph abundance was estimated 7 and 14 DAT when the stage was present in abundance in the untreated plots. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatments and at 7 and 14 DAT.
Efficacy of Selected Pyrethroids Against All Armyworm and Bollworm in Southern North Carouna, 1990
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 9 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Gibson, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15 G used at planting for thrips. A randomized complete block design with 5 replicates and 6-row (38 inch centers) x 50 ft plots with 10 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal water at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 19 and 26 Jul and 15 Aug. One hundred squares and bolls per treatment (25/plot) from the middle 2 rows were inspected 6 d after the 2nd application and 100 bolls (25/plot) inspected 14 d after the 3rd treatment. Yields were harvested from the middle 2 rows of each plot with a 1-row John Deere mechanical harvester.
Apple, Evaluation of Fall Application of Oil for European Red Mite, 1991
Authors: Berkett L. P. , Schmitt D. , Bower K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each treatment was randomly applied to 5 tagged twigs on each of 10 mature ‘Empire’ trees. These twigs had been previously examined for presence of ERM eggs at the node between 1989/1990 growth. Applications of Ortho Volck oil were applied to drip to each twig using a backpack sprayer. Fall treatments were applied 1 Nov 1990. Spring application was applied 14 Apr 1991. All twigs were removed from the orchard on 17 Apr and brought to the laboratory where they were cut into 5 cm pieces including the node. Cut twig pieces were placed in incubation chambers for egg hatch. Chambers consisted of 9.5 liter plastic freezer containers fitted with an elevated plexiglass platform on which each twig was affixed upright on a nail. Water was placed in the bottom of the container for humidity.
Apple, Effect of Insecticides on Secondary Pests, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Felland Carl M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with test insecticides. Trees were 8 years old and planted 20 x 30 ft apart. NTN-33893 and Carzol/Cygon were applied dilute to run-off with a pressure hand gun at approximately 4.1 gal per tree. The airblast treatment of NTN was applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. The NTN 5% RTU treatment was applied with a paint brush to the trunk in a 10-12 inch band 12 inch above the ground. Application dates are listed in the table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of captan 50 W, Dithane M-45, Nova 40 WP and Topsin M 85DF. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM control was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of both 1st generation and 2nd generation adult emergence. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (‘F’ Block) at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by three trees (9 trees/unit), each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 11 May (pink), 29 May (petal fall), 9 Jun (IC), 22 Jun (2C), 2 Jul (3C), 15 Jul (4C), 27 Jul (5C), 7 Aug (6C), 20 Aug (7C), and 1 Sep (8C). Streptomycin, Dithane, Captan, Benlate, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season data were taken on 26 Jun by picking 50 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 11 Sep by picking 100 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 400 fruit per treatment.