bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among medical students in Sudanese universities: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Elmahi Osman Kamal Osman , Musa Reem Abdalla Elsiddig , Shareef Ahd Alaaeldin Hussain , Omer Mohammed Eltahier Abdalla , Elmahi Mugahid Awad Mohamed , Altamih Randa Ahmed Abdalrheem , Mohamed Rayan Ibrahim Hamid , Alsadig Tagwa Faisal Mohamed 
Published: January 2022

Introduction
The benefits of antibiotics are under threat by self-medication, which culminated in economic burdening of developing countries, treatment failures, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and an increased probability of exposure and infection of the general population by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of medical students in Sudan towards the use of antibiotics, the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among medical students in Sudan and to identify risk factors which promote self-medication with antibiotics.

Materials and methods
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and institution-based study, between November 2020 and May 2021. 1,110 medical students were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of self-medication with antibiotics among the study participants.

Results
The median knowledge score was 7 out of a maximum of 10 (IQR: 5–8). A moderately positive attitude was observed among the participants (Median: 7/10; IQR: 6–8). Knowledge and attitude scores were significantly associated with academic year and monthly allowance (p < 0.05). 675 (60.8%) self-medicated with antibiotics within the previous 12 months, mostly from community pharmacies (321/675; 47.5%). Antibiotics were most commonly used to treat respiratory tract infections (38.1%) and cough (30.4%). Chi-square analysis demonstrated that self-medication with antibiotics was significantly associated with gender, year of study and monthly income.

Conclusions
Undergraduate medical students had moderate knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and an alarmingly high prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics. This highlights the urgent need for tighter legislation regarding the sales of antibiotics in community pharmacies by the state and federal health ministries.
Incidence and predictors of chronic kidney disease in type-II diabetes mellitus patients attending at the Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia: A follow-up study
Authors: Ahmed Medina Abdela , Ferede Yohannes Mulu , Takele Wubet Worku 
Published: January 2022

Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the severest form of kidney disease characterized by poor filtration. The magnitude of chronic kidney disease is trending upward in the last few years linked with the rapidly escalating cases of non-communicable chronic diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about when this problem may occur, the incidence as well as predictors of chronic kidney disease among type-II diabetes mellitus patients. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the incidence, time to the occurrence, and predictors of chronic kidney disease in type-II diabetic patients attending the Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia.

Methods
A retrospective follow-up study was conducted involving 415 participants with type-II diabetes mellitus that enrolled in the chronic follow-up from 2012 to 2017. Multivariable shared Frailty Weibull (Gamma) survival model was employed considering the hospitals as a clustering variable. Model fitness was checked by both the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and log-likelihood. Factors having a p-value of ≤0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were considered to enter the multivariable model. Variables that had a p-value of <0.05 with its corresponding 95% confidence level were deemed to be significant predictors of chronic kidney disease.

Results
The overall cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease was 10.8% [95%; CI: 7.7–14.0%] with a median occurrence time of 5 years. The annual incidence rate was 193/10,000 [95%; CI: 144.28–258.78]. Having cardiovascular disease/s [AHR = 3.82; 95%CI: 1.4470–10.1023] and hypercholesterolemia [AHR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.3323–8.2703] were predictors of chronic kidney disease.

Conclusion
One out of every ten diabetic patients experienced chronic kidney disease. The median time to develop chronic kidney disease was five years. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases have escalated the hazard of developing CKD. Thus, health promotion and education of diabetic patients to optimize cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease is recommended to limit the occurrence of this life-threatening disease.
Drooping After Scoping: A Rare Case of Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy After RoutineEsophagogastroduodenoscopy
Authors: Tu Yixi , Shin Christopher , Schroeder Katie 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Peripheral facial nerve palsy is a prevalent type of mononeuropathy that can have a variety of etiologies. Facial nerve damage because of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, however, is exceedingly rare and has only been reported in 1 patient. We report the first case in the United States of a patient who developed left-sided facial nerve palsy after a routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy, with little meaningful recovery of nerve function. We hope to bring awareness to gastroenterologists of this rare complication with potential long-term detrimental effects that can be avoided with the adjustment of equipment and patient position before the procedure.
Crohn's Disease in a Patient With Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: Havlichek Daniel , Guerrero Vinsard Daniela , Pignolo Robert J. , Kane Sunanda 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disease characterized by inflammatory flares of soft tissues, leading to heterotopic ossification and significant cumulative morbidity and early mortality. FOP minor trauma, including intramuscular medication administration, can induce ossification and should be avoided. We present a case of known FOP in a patient who presented with fevers of unknown origin and was found to have biopsy-proven ileal Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease management was complicated by concerns that intramuscular therapies would induce ossification, and oral monotherapy with methotrexate was initiated with excellent results.
Impact of Community Referral on Colonoscopy Quality Metrics in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Petros Vincent , Tsambikos Erin , Madhoun Mohammad , Tierney William M. 
Published: January 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The Veterans Access, Choice, Accountability Act of 2014 expands the number of options veterans have to ensure timely access to high-quality care. There is minimal data currently available analyzing the impact and quality of colonoscopy metrics in veterans receiving procedures within the Department of Veterans' Affairs (VA) vs community settings.

METHODS:
All patients at our academic VA medical center who were referred to a community care colonoscopy (CCC) for positive fecal immunochemical testing, colorectal cancer screening, and adenoma surveillance from 2015 to 2018 were identified and matched for sex, age, and year of procedure to patients referred for a VA-based colonoscopy (VAC). Metrics measured included time to procedure measured in days, adenoma detection rate (ADR), advanced ADR (AADR), adenomas per colonoscopy, sessile serrated polyp detection rate, cecal intubation rate, bowel prep quality, and compliance with guideline recommendations for surveillance. Patient comorbidities were also recorded. Variable associations with adenoma detection and compliance with surveillance guidelines were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS:
In total, 235 veterans (mean age, 64.6 years 95.7% male) underwent a CCC and had an appropriately matched VAC. ADR in the community was 36.9% compared to 62.6% for the VAC group (P < 0.0001). Mean number of adenomas per procedure in the community was 0.77 compared to 1.83 per VAC (P < 0.0001). CCC AADR was 8.9% compared to 18.3% for VAC (P = 0.003). Cecal intubation rate for community colonoscopies was 90.6% compared to 95.3% for VA colonoscopies (P = 0.047). Community care compliance with surveillance guidelines was 74.9% compared to 93.3% for VA (P < 0.0001). This nonconformity was primarily due to recommending a shorter interval follow-up in the CCC group (15.3%) compared to the VAC group (5.5%) (P = 0.0012). Mean time to procedure was 58.4 days (±33.7) for CCC compared to 83.8 days (±38.6) for VAC (P < 0.0001). In multivariate regression CCC was associated with lower ADR (odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.63), and lower compliance with surveillance guidelines (odds ratio 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.45) (P < 0.0001 for both).

DISCUSSION:
Time to colonoscopy was significantly shorter for CCC compared to VAC. However, compared to VA colonoscopies, there was significantly lower ADR, AADR, and surveillance guideline compliance for services rendered by community providers. This impact on quality of care should be further studied to ensure colonoscopy quality standards for veterans are not compromised by the process of care and site of care.
Políticas públicas de combate a fome no Brasil
Authors: Aparecida de Moura Marta , Azevedo Arana Alba Regina , Rodrigues Uliana Maíra 
Published: January 2022

Os dois últimos governos brasileiros foram responsáveis pelo desmonte generalizado das politicas públicas em prol a agricultura familiar, tais ações refletiram diretamente nos índices de Segurança e Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional desde 2016, progressivamente cresceram e agravaram-se em 2020 com a pandemia de COVID-19. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo interpretar o limiar histórico e político entre os anos 2002 a 2020 e o fenômeno da fome neste período. A condução da pesquisa pautou-se pela Revisão de Literatura em sites nacionais e internacionais, com viés quali-quantitativo de caráter descritivo. O estudo evidenciou que houve um aumento dos índices de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional em seus diversos níveis: leve, moderada e grave, destacando as regiões Norte e Nordeste do país como mais vulneráveis a fome e essencialmente as populações que residem em áreas rurais. Estamos diante de uma crise sanitária e alimentar no Brasil e no mundo e temos, portanto, uma oportunidade de refletir seriamente sobre o modo como produzimos, processamos e distribuímos os alimentos.
Palavras-chave: Segurança Alimentar. Pandemia. Programas Alimentares. Produtores Rurais.
Study on qualitative analysis in cosmetic takaout plant by multivariate statistical
Authors: Ait Sidi Mou Abdelaziz , E. Ghanjaoui E. , Daoudi M. , El Gamany B. 
Published: January 2022

This study examines the distributions and behavior of trace elements in five takaout plant samples. Multivariate statistical methods involving principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis are applied. The measurements were performed using 21 elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Er, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sc, Sr, Ti, Y, Yb, Zn) at Âµg g-1 level determined by ICP-OES. The coefficients calculated for samples indicated a poorly negative correlation between the trace elements and Pr. A strong positive correlations among K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Sr, Ti, Er and Cr show a similarity in their change rules. Also, negative correlations between K and Na with Mn, Zn and Ba were showed, which indicates that these elements havenâ€™t a similarity in their behaviors, the increase of one (K and Na) conducting of decrease of others (Mn, Zn and Ba). The correlation matrix shows that Cr has good consistency with the trace elements in the sample. In particular, the correlation coefficient with Mg followed by Sr, Ca, and Fe correlations. These strong correlations between these variables show the similarity of the phenomena at the origin in takaout plant.Â Â Â
Adsorption of Methyl Orange Dye onto Raw Maize Cob and Maize Cob Activated Carbon: Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Ibrahim Abubakar Safiyya , Adamu Ibrahim Muhammad , Bashir Ibrahim Muhammad 
Published: January 2022

This study was aimed to evaluate the adsorption of Methyl orange (MO) onto raw maize cob (RMC) and maize cob activated carbon (MCAC) from aqueous solution using batch adsorption studies. The produced adsorbents were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The influence of contact time, dosage, concentration, temperature, and pH were investigated as well as Isotherm and Thermodynamic studies. Effect of contact time showed that Methyl orange adsorption were found to reach equilibrium within 125 and 110 minutes with optimum percentage removal of about 86.98% and 94.57% for raw maize cob and maize cob activated carbon respectively. The dye removal efficiency was found to increase with increasing initial dye concentration from 10 mg/L to 100 mg/L, and adsorption efficiency was found to be high at lower pH. However, increase in the dosage of the adsorbents lead to the increase in the adsorption process. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using four adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R. The results revealed that MO with raw maize cob and maize cob activated carbon fit well to Freundlich with R2 value 0.977 and Temkin with R2 value 0.990 respectively and mean adsorption energy calculated from D-R shows it is physical adsorption and also values of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy proves that. Values of activation parameters such as free energy changes (âˆ†G), enthalpy change (âˆ†H) and entropy change (âˆ†S) were calculated using Van't Hoff equation. All âˆ†G values were negative indicating that the adsorption was feasible and spontaneous. The result indicated that RMC and MCAC can be used for removal of MO from aqueous solution. The maize cob waste which is discarded as waste material was found to be effective adsorbent for the removal of Methyl orange dye from aqueous solution.Â Â
Development and validation of valganciclovir hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by HPTLC method
Authors: K Karthik , Gnana Babu C Jose , H.G Sowmya 
Published: January 2022

A simple, rapid and accurate High performance thin layer chromatography is described for the Development and validation of HPTLC method for Valganciclovir Hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation is carried out on Merck TLC aluminum sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using Chloroform: Methanol: Ammonia (6.5:3.4:0.1v/v) mobile phase. Quantification was done by Densitometric scanning at 254nm. The linearity was found to be the range of 100-500ng/spot for Valganciclovir hydrochloride with the correlation coefficient of 0.9993. The regression equation was found to be Y=10.168x-94.8. The Rf value of Valganciclovir hydrochloride was found to be 0.74. The LOD and LOQ were found to 9.19 and 27.87 respectively. Average recovery was found to be 99.66% which show that the method was free from interference from excipients present in the formulation. Simultaneously the Percentage relative standard deviation was well within the range of 2%. The above method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. The established method enabled accurate, precise and applied to the analysis of Valganciclovir hydrochloride in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage form.Â Â
Active targeting of rhenium (iv) oxide (ReO2), rhenium trioxide (ReO3) and rhenium (vii) oxide (Re2O7) nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics swell-up to kill cancer cells under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations
Authors: Heidari Alireza , Hotz Margaret , MacDonald Nancy , Peterson Victoria , Caissutti Angela , Besana Elizabeth , Esposito Jennifer , Schmitt Katrina , Chan Ling-Yu , Sherwood Francesca , Henderson Maria , Kimmel Jimmy 
Published: January 2022

In the current research, active targeting of Rhenium (IV) Oxide (ReO2), Rhenium Trioxide (ReO3) and Rhenium (VII) Oxide (Re2O7) nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics swellâ€“up to kill cancer cells under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations is investigated. The calculation of thickness and optical constants of Rhenium (IV) Oxide (ReO2), Rhenium Trioxide (ReO3) and Rhenium (VII) Oxide (Re2O7) active targeting of Rhenium (IV) Oxide (ReO2), Rhenium Trioxide (ReO3) and Rhenium (VII) Oxide (Re2O7) nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics swellâ€“up to kill cancer cells under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using solâ€“gel method over glassy medium through a single reflection spectrum is presented. To obtain an appropriate fit for reflection spectrum, the classic Drudeâ€“Lorentz model for parametric diâ€“electric function is used. The best fitting parameters are determined to simulate the reflection spectrum using Lovenbergâ€“Marquardt optimization method. The simulated reflectivity from the derived optical constants and thickness are in good agreement with experimental results.Â Â Â Active targeting of Rhenium (IV) Oxide (ReO2), Rhenium Trioxide (ReO3) and Rhenium (VII) Oxide (Re2O7) nanoparticles as cancer therapeutics swellâ€“up to kill cancer cells under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations.Â Â
Ultrasonic velocities and refractive indies of binary liquid mixtures of 1, 4-dioxane with 1 â€“ alkanols (C3, C4, C6 , C8 ) at 303.15 K
Authors: Agarwa Seema , Kumar Sharma Dhirendra 
Published: January 2022

Density (Ï), ultrasonic velocities (u) and refractive indices (n) of the binary mixture between cyclic ether with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol for the entire concentration range have been measured at 303.15K, furthermore, deviation in refractive indies from ideal mixture, molar refraction, deviation in molar refraction from ideal values for these mixture has also been evaluated. The deviations from ideality of the acoustical parameters are explained on the basis of molecular interaction between the component molecules in these binary liquid mixtures. The molecular refraction (Rm), excess molecular refraction ( ) and excess molar volume (VE) were calculated from the experimental data. The results are discussed in term of molecular interactions between the components of the binary mixtures.Â Â Â
Detection of interaction between ornidazole and albumin by using thermodynamic parameters
Authors: MaltaÅŸ Ã‡aÄŸÄ±l Esra 
Published: January 2022

The binding of 1-chloro-3-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl) propan-2-ol (Ornidazole) to human serum albumin (HSA) was studied by fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy. Interaction of ornidazole (OR) with HSA was identified by Stern-Volmer and Vanâ€™t Hoff equations. The binding constant, Kb and the thermodynamic parameters, âˆ†H, âˆ†S, and âˆ†G at different temperatures were calculated by several equations. Data shows that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of HSA with ornidazole may occur via static quenching. The thermodynamic parameters showed that van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are the major forces for the interaction of ornidazole with HSA. The spectral changes of synchronous fluorescence suggested that both the microenvironment of OR and the conformation of HSA concerning their concentrations have changed during binding.Â Â Â
Alpha power transformed quasi lindley distribution
Authors: Patrick Udoudo Unyime , Harrison Etuk Ette 
Published: January 2022

In this study, we proposed and studied the alpha power transformed quasi Lindley distribution. The new model has three sub models, namely, Lindley, quasi Lindley and alpha power transformed Lindley distributions. The pdf, hazard rate function, quantile function, mo-ments, RÃ©nyi entropy, stochastic ordering and distributions of order statistics were derived based on the new model. The maximum like-lihood method of estimating the model parameters was considered. A simulation study was conducted to investigate the behavior of the maximum likelihood estimates. It was observed that the average bias and mean squared error decreased as the sample size increased. By analyzing a real data set, we illustrated the usefulness of the proposed distribution.Â Â
A new generalized transmuted weibull distribution: properties and applications
Authors: Emmanuel Nwezza Elebe , U. Uwadi Uchenna , I. Okonkwo Chukwueneye 
Published: January 2022

We introduce a new generalized transmuted-Weibull distribution and studied some of the mathematical characterizations of the new distribution. The quantile function, entropy, moment, moment generating function, and order statistics of the distribution are derived. The unknown parameters of the distribution were estimated through the maximum likelihood approach. The potential and flexibility of the new generalized transmuted-Weibull are illustrated by comparing it with other known distribution using real-life data sets.Â Â
Online brand, opportunities, realities and challenges for SMEs. Fresh recruits, a solution or new kind of orienteering challenge?
Authors: Happonen Ari , Manninen Laura , Santti Ulla , Mariappan Muralindran 
Published: January 2022

The research produced understanding how fresh employerâ€™s private social media brand can be beneficial for a company brand. It was also found that the companies' own brand image was not inline with their set expectations for usage of employer social media brand and skills. For the given challenge, literary review on the means for improving the situation of financially limited SMEs was carried out. Overall research data is based on literature review and interview data with students and company executives. Based on interviews, companies are looking for applicants who have an "individual brand" with visible personality. In the interviews, companies perceived "brand" to be connected to distinguishable individuality and presence of a personality. The study objectivity is to stimulate discussion on SME brand structuring as well as impact of individual brands into the SME brand building efforts with practical action options. Individual brands should be taken into account in recruitment and special attention needs to be put to the following orientation process, social media usage and processes of brand construction, with the new recruits. Whether the company has guidelines for social media actions or not, the public presence of the employee connects their brand with the company online brand, both in good and bad. Clear strategies and objectives for (new) employees how to connect their individual brand to company brand building is needed to be given from companies to their employees. This will also require guidelines for behavior in social media for employees, when communicating trough social media profiles, which could be connected back to the employing organization. Lastly, we studied expectations and beliefs of young recruits and companies into the key factors at the recruitment process, revealing mis alignment between the students and companiesâ€™ views.Â Keywords: Brand; Digitalization; Employment; Individual brand; Organizational brand; Recruitment; Small and medium-sized enterprises; SME; Social media.Â
Thermodynamic constant of time passage
Authors: Dobija MieczysÅ‚aw , Renkas Jurij 
Published: January 2022

The study of time has a long history and is still ongoing. The term formulated by Isaac Newton was coined in the 17th century, so naturally it could not relate to thermodynamics. Since the passage of time and aging are inalienable components of human experience, so Newton's concept of time was and is still alive. W.G. Leibniz and I. Kant mainly questioned the absoluteness of time. This paper introduces the definition of time and justifies the thesis that time is a thermodynamic process, flows uniformly, and the rate of passage of time is determined by a suitable natural constant.Â Â Â