bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the line defects associated with grain boundary junctions
Authors: Gertsman Valéry Y. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Triple junctions of grain boundaries, being line defects themselves, can contain other line defects – dislocations and disclinations. Geometrical properties of such line defects are considered in this paper. While some extrinsic defects can be brought into or generated in the junction, others are intrinsic to the triple junction, satisfying requirements of equilibrated structure.
Young’s modulus in nanostructured metals
Authors: Zhou Y. , Erb U. , Aust K. T. , Palumbo G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The interface effect on Young’s modulus was investigated in electro-deposited fully-dense Ni –P alloys with a relatively constant phosphorus content (2– 3 wt%), but with different grain sizes ranging from 4 to 29 nm. Essentially the same Young’s modulus was observed for grain sizes ≥ 18 nm. A noticeable decrease in Young’s modulus was found at grain sizes ≤ 17 nm. The reduction in Young’s modulus was found to correlate well with the increase in all interface contributions. These observations agree with various studies on other fully-dense metals for grain sizes between 5 and 80 nm. Previously reported large decreases in the Young’s modulus were likely caused by the significant amount of porosity in the microstructure.
Non-standard questions in English, German, and Japanese
Authors: Endo Yoshio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper discusses the nature of non-standard questions in English, German, and Japanese. I will first introduce some basic properties of non-standard questions and then show that non-standard questions can be classified into the speaker-oriented type and the addressee-oriented type. It is suggested that the addressee-oriented non-standard questions can be further classified into the counter-expectation type and the aggressive question type.
Interpreting high negation in Negative Interrogatives: the role of the Other
Authors: Larrivée Pierre , Mari Alda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper presents an account of the peculiar properties of Negative Interrogatives (NI). In utteringDon’t you speak Italian?, the speakers is biased towards the underlying positive proposition, expects a positive answer, and seeks a confirmation of that expectation from the hearer. What’s more, NI involves uncertainty with respect top, a novel observation that we bring to the fore by comparison with epistemic modals. Using a framework by which speech-acts are derived by the two operators Speaker and Other representing sources of information, the high negative is assigned to the Other projection, the positive proposition being left under the responsibility of the Speaker. Thus, the NI is motivated by evidence contradicting the speaker’s belief, which is expressed by the negation that is attributed to another source and that therefore has full referential force. Because the questions is addressed by the Speaker in spite of evidence that¬p${\neg}p$, NI displays uncertainty as topand gives rise to a confirmation request. With direct mapping from syntax to semantics and pragmatics, the parsimonious account thus explains the morphosyntactic and interpretative properties of Negative Interrogatives.
The prosody of French rhetorical questions
Authors: Beyssade Claire , Delais-Roussarie Elisabeth 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBesides information-seeking questions, there are all kinds of non-standard questions, whose function is not to request information from the addressee, but rather to convey information about the speaker’s epistemic or emotional state. These include rhetorical questions, surprise questions, incredulity questions, etc. This paper focuses on rhetorical questions (RQs), a sub-type of non-canonical questions, and presents the first production experiment which has investigated them in French to date. We compared string-identical rhetorical and information seeking questions (ISQs) in French. Experimental design and preliminary results are presented and discussed. In the final part of the paper, we discuss possible correlations between these findings and the semantic and pragmatic properties that distinguish RQs from ISQs.
The exact solutions of the stochastic fractional-space Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Albosaily Sahar , Mohammed Wael W. , Hamza Amjad E. , El-Morshedy Mahmoud , Ahmad Hijaz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The fundamental objective of this article is to find exact solutions to the stochastic fractional-space Allen–Cahn equation, which is derived in the Itô sense by multiplicative noise. The exact solutions to this equation are required since it appears in many discipline areas including plasma physics, quantum mechanics and mathematical biology. The tanh–coth method is used to generate new hyperbolic and trigonometric stochastic and fractional solutions. The originality of this study is that the results produced here expand and improve on previously obtained results. Furthermore, we use Matlab package to display 3D surfaces of analytical solutions derived in this study to demonstrate the effect of stochastic term on the solutions of the stochastic-fractional-space Allen–Cahn equation.
Measured distribution of cloud chamber tracks from radioactive decay: A new empirical approach to investigating the quantum measurement problem
Authors: Schonfeld Jonathan F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Using publicly available video of a diffusion cloud chamber with a very small radioactive source, I measure the spatial distribution of where tracks start and consider possible implications. This is directly relevant to the quantum measurement problem and its possible resolution, and it appears never to have been done before. The raw data are relatively uncontrolled, leading to caveats that should guide future, more tailored experiments. Aspects of the results may suggest a modification to Born’s rule at very small wave function, with possibly profound implications for the detection of extremely rare events such as proton decay, but other explanations are not ruled out. Speculatively, I introduce two candidate small-wavefunction Born rule modifications: a hard cutoff and an offset model with a stronger underlying physical rationale. Track distributions from decays in cloud chambers represent a previously unappreciated way to probe the foundations of quantum mechanics and a novel case of wave functions with macroscopic signatures.
Effects of face masks on the appearance of emotional expressions and invariant characteristics
Authors: Lau Wee Kiat , Huckauf Anke 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Faces convey a lot of information about a person. However, the usage of face masks occludes important parts of the face. There is already information that face masks alter the processing of variable characteristics such as emotional expressions and the identity of a person. To investigate whether masks influenced the processing of facial information, we compared ratings of full faces and those covered by face masks. 196 participants completed one of two parallel versions of the experiment. The data demonstrated varying effects of face masks on various characteristics. First, we showed that the perceived intensity of emotional expressions was reduced when the face was covered by face masks. This can be regarded as conceptual replication and extension of the impairing effects of face masks on the recognition of emotional expressions. Next, by analyzing valence and arousal ratings, the data illustrated that emotional expressions were regressed toward neutrality for masked faces relative to no-masked faces. This effect was grossly pronounced for happy facial expressions, less for neutral expressions, and absent for sad expressions. The sex of masked faces was also less accurately identified. Finally, masked faces looked older and less attractive. Post hoc correlational analyses revealed correlation coefficient differences between no-masked and masked faces. The differences occurred in some characteristic pairs (e.g., Age and Attractiveness, Age and Trustworthiness) but not in others. This suggested that the ratings for some characteristics could be influenced by the presence of face masks. Similarly, the ratings of some characteristics could also be influenced by other characteristics, irrespective of face masks. We speculate that the amount of information available on a face could drive our perception of others during social communication. Future directions for research were discussed.
Neuromodulation of somatosensory pain thresholds of the neck musculature using a novel transcranial direct current stimulation montage: a randomized double-blind, sham controlled study
Authors: Kold Sebastian , Kragh Anna J. , Graven-Nielsen Christoffer S. , Elnegaard Frederikke S. , Lund Fredrik , Vittrup Ida V. , Cliff Katja L. , Sivarooban Rathiba , Petrini Laura 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of primary motor cortex (M1) and cathodal of the primary sensory cortex (S1) have previously shown to modulate the sensory thresholds when administered with the reference electrode located over the contralateral supraorbital area (SO). Combining the two stimulation paradigms into one with simultaneous stimulation of the two brain areas (M1 + S1 − tDCS) may result in a synergistic effect inducing a prominent neuromodulation, noticeable in the pain thresholds. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the novel M1 + S1 − tDCS montage compared to sham-stimulation in modulating the pain thresholds in healthy adults.

Methods
Thirty-nine (20 males) subjects were randomly assigned to either receiving 20 min. active M1 + S1 − tDCS or sham tDCS in a double-blinded single session study. Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds were assessed before and after the intervention.

Results
There were no significant differences in the pain thresholds within either group, or between the M1 + S1 − tDCS group and the Sham-tDCS group (p>0.05), indicating that the intervention was ineffective in inducing a neuromodulation of the somatosensory system.

Conclusions
Experimental investigations of novel tDCS electrode montages, that are scientifically based on existing studies or computational modelling, are essential to establish better tDCS protocols. Here simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex showed no effect on the pain thresholds of the neck musculature in healthy subjects. This tDCS montage may have been ineffective due to how the electrical field reaches the targeted neurons, or may have been limited by the design of a single tDCS administration. The study adds to the existing literature of the studies investigating effects of new tDCS montages with the aim of establishing novel non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for chronic neck pain rehabilitation.
North Denmark Region Committee on Health Research Ethics (VN-20180085)
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04658485).
Overtourism aus Sicht der einheimischen Bevölkerung: Theoretische Fundierung und empirische Erkenntnisse einer Fallstudie aus dem Allgäu
Authors: Bauer Alfred , Gardini Marco A. , Skock André 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Im Kontext der Overtourism-Diskussion und im Zuge der fortwährenden COVID-19-Pandemie gewinnt die Perspektive der lokalen Bevölkerung im tourismuswissenschaftlichen Forschungsdiskurs immer mehr an Bedeutung. Dementsprechend sind es vorrangig die Einheimischen, die sich mit zunehmenden touristischen Überfüllungseffekten in ihren Heimatorten konfrontiert sehen. Dabei führt die unmittelbare Interaktion zwischen diesen beiden Interessengruppen vor allem in stark frequentierten Destinationen und beliebten Hotspots vielfach zu Konfliktpotenzialen unterschiedlichsten Ausmaßes. Dieser Beitrag soll die Perspektive der Einheimischen in der gegenwärtigen Overtourism-Forschung aufarbeiten und dabei vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Pandemiesituation, Bezug auf die diesbezüglichen Problemstellungen nehmen. Die vorliegende Fallstudie aus dem Allgäu ergänzt empirisch die themenzentrierte Betrachtung, die über die Wahrnehmung von Crowding-Effekten und Overtourism sowie die Einstellung gegenüber lokalen Besucherlenkungsmaßnahmen aus Sicht der Allgäuer Bevölkerung Auskunft geben soll.
Lost in hybridity? About dilemmas endangering meaningful tourism education at German universities of applied sciences
Authors: Rundshagen Volker , Gronau Werner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe contribution at hand sheds light on dramatically mounting tensions that academic tourism education in Germany is facing within the context of applied science universities. Drawing on the concept of organizational hybridity, we distil two dilemmas resulting from respectively incongruent expectation sets. Firstly, aspatial hybridity dilemmaresults from opposing missions of regional development and embeddedness versus internationalization prescriptions and efforts. Secondly, there is anideational hybridity dilemmaresulting from imperatives to serve employment markets versus academic purposes of serving social and scientific ideals. Based on a tourism program case from Northern Germany we highlight how a mélange of diverse, partly obscure and increasingly conflicting missions as well as largely inflated and for the most part incongruent stakeholder expectations threaten to tear the institution apart and to lead tourism education onto pathways where it could lose its bearings. We summarize our three major concerns of academicsdrifting off the course of integrityout of desperation resulting from overwhelming pressures,impoverished learning experiencefor our student constituencies andimpoverishment of researchin an era where we need meaningful research more than ever in tourism and beyond. We thus contribute to the debate about the future of tourism education in academia.
Dexamethasone Versus Prednisone in Children Hospitalized With Asthma Exacerbation
Authors: Hoefgen Erik R. , Huang Bin , Schuler Christine L. , Kercsmar Carolyn M. , Murtagh-Kurowski Eileen , Forton Melissa , Auger Katherine A. 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVES
Dexamethasone is increasingly used for the management of children hospitalized with asthma in place of prednisone, yet data regarding the effectiveness of dexamethasone in children with asthma exacerbation severe enough to require hospitalization are limited. Our objective is to compare the effectiveness of dexamethasone versus prednisone in children hospitalized with an asthma exacerbation on 30-day reutilization.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study at an urban, quaternary children’s hospital of children aged 4 to 17 years, hospitalized from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017, with a primary discharge diagnosis of asthma. A covariate-balanced propensity score was derived to account for physician discretion in steroid selection. A generalized linear model, including inverse probability treatment weighting, was used to detect differences in 30-day return utilization (unplanned readmission or emergency department visit) between children whose first dose of corticosteroid was dexamethasone versus prednisone.

RESULTS
Inclusion criteria were met by 1161 patients, of which 510 (44%) first received dexamethasone versus 651 (56%) who first received prednisone. The total cohort had a mean age of 8.5 years (SD 3.4). The covariate-balanced cohort had no significant differences in demographic characteristics or illness severity between groups. The dexamethasone group had a return utilization of 3.9% (20 of 510) versus 2.2% (14 of 651) for children treated with prednisone. The propensity score-adjusted analysis revealed the steroid treatment was not found to significantly affect the 30-day reutilization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.61; 95%CI 0.80–3.31).

CONCLUSIONS
The initial steroid choice (dexamethasone versus prednisone) was not associated with 30-day reutilization after hospitalization for an asthma exacerbation.
Family Psychosocial Assets, Child Behavioral Regulation, and Obesity
Authors: Rollins Brandi Y. , Francis Lori A. , Riggs Nathaniel R. 
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Little attention has been given to the study of early childhood factors that protect against the development of obesity and severe obesity. We investigated whether exposure to familial psychosocial assets and risks in infancy (1–15 months) and early childhood (24–54 months) and child behavioral regulation in early childhood predict longitudinal change in BMI (2 to 15 years).

METHODS
Participants included 1077 predominantly non-Hispanic, White, English-speaking mother-child dyads from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development dataset. Cumulative familial asset and risk indices were created using measures (eg, maternal parenting sensitivity, poverty) from 2 developmental periods (1–15 months, 24–54 months). A child behavioral regulation index was created on the basis of behavioral tasks and parent reports. Previously published BMI trajectories (nonoverweight [40th percentile], nonoverweight [70th percentile], overweight/obese, severely obese) were used as the outcome.

RESULTS
All indices predicted membership in the overweight/obese trajectory; however, when entered into the same model, only familial assets continued to reduce the odds of membership in this trajectory. Familial assets and child behavioral regulation independently reduced the odds of membership in the severely obese trajectory. Furthermore, child behavioral regulation and familial assets buffered the negative effects of familial risk on BMI trajectory membership.

CONCLUSIONS
Early exposure to familial assets and child behavioral regulation may have long-term protective effects on weight gain over early exposure to some familial risk factors (eg, poverty); thus, these indices may help foster obesity resilience.
Static dissolution experiments under hyperalkaline conditions with dispersed and confined SM539 glass
Authors: Ferrand Karine , Caes Sébastien , Lemmens Karel , Liu Sanheng , Meert Katrien 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the context of the geological disposal of vitrified radioactive waste, cracks are expected at the full scale of the glass blocks. To simulate glass alteration in cracks, static dissolution experiments were conducted with confined SM539 glass powder, at 30 °C in a synthetic young cementitious water. Short and long-term glass dissolution rates were determined and compared with those measured in similar experiments with dispersed glass powder. A long-term rate ~ 10 times lower was found, which might be due to a limited access of the solution to the glass surface area, resulting in a much higher local SA/V and faster increase of local concentrations of leached glass constituents, with possibly a lower local pH. In both types of experiments, the altered glass powder was characterised by XRD and SEM-EDX. Some glass particles showed the presence of an amorphous multi-layer and of fibrous and spherical secondary phases.
Graphical abstract
Lipoprotein (a) levels in newly diagnosed treatment naive type 2 diabetics & it’s correlation with glycemic & lipid parameters
Authors: Saha Avijit 
Published: February 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a high morbidity and mortality mainly due to cardiovascular diseases. Besides traditional risk factors, Lp(a) has recently been emerged as an independent risk factor. This study aimed to evaluate the incidences of elevated Lp(a) levels in newly diagnosed T2DM Pts and to find the pattern of lipid profile abnormalities associated with elevated Lp(a) group of pts & it’s correlation with glycemic & lipid parameters.This present study was conducted in newly diagnosed treatment naïve type 2 diabetic patients. After obtaining informed consent, all participants completed a survey to obtain anthropometric & clinical information. Venous blood samples were drawn for fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c,lipid profile & Lp(a) measurements.A total 70 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic pts & 50 healthy controls were studied. The mean Lp(a)level measured among diabetics was 34.17 ±33.25 mg/dl. The mean concentration of Lp(a) in diabetics was significantly higher than control group(&#60;0.001). Lp(a) was positively correlated with 2hr PP glucose, HbA1c and these correlations were statistically significant. The Lp(a) was negatively correlated with HDLc & this correlation was statistically significant(0.04).Our study demonstrated Type 2 diabetics had statistically significant higher levels of Lp(a). The residual lipid risk is probably contributed by this molecule So, every diabetic should have checked their level at least once in a lifetime to predict CV risk.
Awareness and knowledge regarding cataract and glaucoma in patients visiting outpatient department of a tertiary healthcare center
Authors: Dave Aarti H , Shah Surohi K. , Desai Hemaxi P , Chaturvedi Naina S. , Jariwala Disha R. 
Published: February 2022

To assess the awareness and knowledge regarding cataract and glaucoma in patients visiting OPD of a tertiary healthcare centre. A questionnaire based survey, involving 100 patients visiting OPD was conducted through random sampling. The questionnaire was structured to evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge about cataract and glaucoma and the effect of gender, education status, occupation, family history and diagnosis of the above diseases on awareness was studied. The source of awareness was also questioned. Of the 100 patients enrolled for the survey, responses from the participants were evaluated. A total of 73% and 39% patients were aware about cataract and glaucoma respectively, whereas a total of 67% and 27% were qualified as having knowledge about cataract and glaucoma respectively as per the set questionnaire and criteria. Education, occupation, diagnosis and family history are the variables significantly correlated with the awareness and knowledge of cataract and glaucoma. 85% of the patients having awareness about both cataract and glaucoma were well educated. Out of the patients having cataract awareness, 52.23% were also aware about glaucoma. Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma was low in comparison to cataract. The level of education has an impact on the level of awareness. The study findings stress the need to spread awareness about cataract and glaucoma in the community for its diagnosis and treatment and thus prevent blindness due to cataract and glaucoma.