bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Severan Interlude
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts by detailing the wars that brought Septimius Severus to the height of power, followed by the wars he fought to maintain his rule. Next I present a narrative history of Severus’s wars of expansion against Parthia and in Britain. Even as these were going on, major changes were happening beyond the Empire’s frontiers. In Persia a new power, the Sassanids, under Ardashir, were in the midst of replacing the Parthians as rulers of the Persian Empire. This change would bring a new dynamism to Rome’s most powerful enemy and prove the catalyst for two hundred years of conflict that tested Rome to the fullest. The chapter finishes with the rise of Caracalla, who gave Roman citizenship to every freeman within the Empire. But when he lost the support of the army, he was deposed, leading to a series of weak emperors, just at the time Rome need a forceful ruler at the helm.
New Threats
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At the start of the third century, Rome faced a new and more dangerous constellation of threats. This chapter details the rise of the Sassanids in Persia and explains what made them a qualitatively different and greater danger to Rome. It started with their greater ambition but includes their religious revival, economic strengthening, and the dynasty’s capacity to control the power of its provincial nobles. This is followed by a section on the changing climate. The Roman Climatic Optimum was ending. Colder, harsher weather conditions placed huge stresses on Roman agriculture, which had knock-on effects throughout the Empire’s economy. Moreover, the changing climate unsettled the stability of the great Eurasian land mass, which put huge populations of nomadic tribesman on the move west. This culminated in the fifth century with the Hunnic invasions of the Empire. The chapter also includes a more detailed discussion of the impacts of the various plagues that struck the Empire at this time. It concludes with a discussion of the changes roiling the barbarian tribes beyond the Rhine and the Danube. The small tribes of the Principate period were disappearing, replaced by much larger tribal amalgamations that were richer, better armed, and far more powerful than any Rome had previously confronted.
The Crisis of the Third Century
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the greatest crisis in Roman history to date, when Rome had fifty emperors in fifty years—almost all of them meeting violent deaths. This period marks the end of the old Empire as Rome fought off a massive series of invasions across both the Rhine and the Danube while also dealing with massive Sassanid attacks, which stripped Armenia away from the Empire and pushed deep into Syria. These troubles were compounded by internal convulsions that saw much of Spain, Gaul, and Britain pull free to form an independent Gallic Empire, even as Zenobia of Palmyra seized much of the Eastern Empire. Rome survived because it maintained its economic inner core and because it finally found an emperor—Aurelian, “the Restorer of the World”—who was up to the challenge. Through force of arms the Empire was reunited and its enemies defeated—for the time being. The Empire was weaker than it had been, but it was unified, and it still had a huge amount of latent power and resources—if they could be mobilized and employed properly.
The Late Imperial Army and Strategy
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the changes the Diocletian and Constantine implemented in the Roman military that saw the creation of permanent field armies (comitatenses) and other forces that were permanently stationed along the frontiers (limitanei). In it I examine the wisdom of this organizational change and how it impacted Rome’s execution of strategic policy. The chapter also answers the big question: Was the Roman military less effective than in previous centuries? The short answer is a definitive no. The Empire’s soldiers were still more than a match for their enemies on the field of battle, which they repeatedly proved during this period. What wrecked the Roman army was the incessant civil wars, which saw legions massacring legions on a regular basis. No institution could long endure such bloodlettings without severely harming its quality, which became apparent at the end of the fourth century.
The Gothic Challenge
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the rise of Gothic power and the challenge it presented to Rome. It covers the movement of the Goths toward the west, pushed by the unrelenting drive of the Huns to their east. It then details the Goths’ attempts to enter the Roman Empire on peaceful terms and how this process went catastrophically awry. When military hostilities commenced, the majority of the Eastern Empire’s forces were preoccupied with the Persian threat. The emperor, Valens, was forced to patch up a hasty peace and march to meet a Gothic army rampaging through the northern Balkans. Valens then attacked before the western army could join him, leading his forces to near annihilation at the Battle of Adrianople. The rest of the chapter deals with Rome’s attempts to limit the damage brought about by the loss of the east’s field army.
Effective communication
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents SJT scenarios on effective communication. Communication is fundamental to the role of the doctor. It includes routine verbal communication (e.g. history taking, updating relatives, handovers, and requesting investigations from specialists), written communication (e.g. prescriptions, updating the clinical notes, and discharge summaries), breaking bad news, and ‘challenging’ interactions, such as dealing with an angry relative.
Working effectively as part of a team
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents questions on working effectively as part of a team. Team working is an inevitable part of working within a complex multidisciplinary environment. Thankfully, most interactions with other members of the healthcare team will be positive and constructive. Unfortunately, such happy circumstances don’t make for particularly interesting SJT scenarios. The following chapter is therefore full of colleagues who are angry, rude, dishonest, unprofessional, and even intoxicated.
Martin Joos’sReadings in Linguisticsas the apogee of American structuralism
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs early as 1948 the idea was in the air to compile a collection of papers in American linguistics. This idea came to fruition with the publication of Martin Joos’s Readings in Linguistics in 1957, which is narrowly focussed on the more positivist of the ideas current in the US at the time. Joos’s reader is famous for the super-positivist Introduction and for his comments after most of the chapters. Via elaborating the stages in the publication of this work, the changes made in the successive editions, and the contemporary reviews of the book, we are given a fascinating picture of the development of American structural linguistics over the years and of the interplay among American linguists, both structuralist and non-structuralist. Joos’s reader became a model for ‘how linguistics used to be done’. Modern theorists, formalist and functionalist alike, decry Joos’s positivist comments in the book.
Women and Early Modern Cultures of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Women and Early Modern Cultures of Translation: Beyond the Female Tradition offers a fresh account of early modern translation and the history of women translators. Research on women translators has often focused on early modern England; the example of early modern England has been taken as the norm for the rest of the continent and has shaped research on gender and translation more generally. This book brings a new European perspective to the field by introducing the case of Germany. It draws attention to forty women who can be identified as translators in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Germany and shows how their work does not fit easily into traditional narratives about marginalization and subversiveness. The study uses the example of Germany to argue against reading the work of translating women primarily through the lens of gender and to challenge claims about the existence of a female translation tradition which transcends the boundaries of time and place. Instead, it makes the case for a new, contextualizing approach to the study of women translators in history.
Fields of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers choice of text, questioning whether women and men reveal a propensity to work with different sources. It has been stated that women translated certain texts on account of their sex and traditionally the early modern woman translator was thought to have ‘restricted’ herself to religious material. Revisiting early modern England, the chapter unpacks common assumptions about gender and text one by one: there is little difference in the material translated by men and women; when translators turned to religious texts these should not be misjudged as innocuous or insignificant in this age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation; and ‘choice’ is in itself a problematic concept, often involving agents beyond the individual translator such as tutors, patrons, printers, and booksellers. The case of Germany reinforces the sense that women’s output was largely in line with broader translation trends, at least by the seventeenth century. The main difference between the output of women and men is quantity, as most women could translate only at times in the lives when they were free from the demands of marriage and childbirth. Wherever we are in Europe, then, establishing whether there are any particularly feminine fields of translation is fraught with difficulties, and current evidence from a number of countries suggests in any case that women’s output to a great extent mirrored that of men.
Methods of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the relationship between gender and translation method. The origins of feminist translation are often located in the early modern period: critics claim that early modern women tended to translate ‘faithfully’ and celebrate the trailblazers who seem to adopt ‘freer’, more assertive approaches and thus display their feminine or feminist consciousness. This chapter argues that it is impossible to link translation practices so straightforwardly to the sex of an individual translator. It shows that the theoretical basis for such analyses is shaky and takes little account of insights offered by decades of research in Translation Studies. A reassessment of the English evidence underlines the difficulties of categorizing translation methods and of linking those methods to gender without due consideration of the environment in which the translator is situated. The situation in Germany provides further strong counter-evidence to narratives about feminist translation. By the seventeenth century, men and women alike tended to see their work in terms of the cultural-patriotic movement and implemented a variety of methods to serve this cause. In the end, traditional interpretations of women’s translation practices tell only part of the story, even if they provide a neat legitimization for the modern-day feminist translation project.
Modes of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores whether translators were likely to make choices about publication on account of their sex. Many translations by women in this period were unpublished and it has often been suggested that women resisted publication out of a sense of female modesty, content instead to let their works circulate only within a private, domestic sphere. However, the case of England demonstrates that manuscript translation was not typically feminine or always less significant than print, for in this era the lines separating manuscript/print, male/female, public/private were blurred, and we should rethink our modern notions of publishing as the privileged site for self-expression and the proper measure of achievement and impact. The chapter argues that the choice of mode was linked primarily to the intended function of the text and had little to do with gender. Turning to the German states, the chapter suggests that there, too, women did not avoid print on account of being women. They produced manuscripts in environments where print was not the privileged mode, notably the convent and the court; and those who sent their translations to the press did so for reasons which were often indistinguishable from those of their male contemporaries.
Gates of Horn in Ivory Towers
Authors: Tucker Herbert F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
That the eventual use of art inheres in its immediate uselessness—freedom from the industrial criterion of direct utility—furnished a steady theme in nineteenth-century British literature. Writers on aesthetics (Shelley, Arnold, Swinburne, Darwin) and especially poets (Keats, Browning, Tennyson, Hopkins) agreed that art’s cultural work is not laid out for it in advance but remains to be seen within a reception history that, being always radically unknown to the present, is therefore speculatively precious to the future. Works of art are collaboratively, thus provisionally, constructed by those who take a share in their interpretation and transmission. The stamina of shaped beauty grounds the diversity of its evolving truth, both of which hinge not on generality but on the specificities of aesthetic form and receptive milieu. Recalling the premises of Romanticism and Aestheticism can put a salutary check on the rush to relevance in contemporary humanities study, which will labor to better effect, even in service of those causes that summon it most urgently, as it redoubles attention to the resources of artistic form and to the unsuspected truth that beauty harbors. Even our most candidly ideological interventions will fare better—will disclose more, and do it more cogently—by attending to aesthetic practice than by conscripting art to serve a practical agenda.
Electromagnetic interactions
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Here, the physical meaning of Maxwell’s equations and their covariant formulation are recalled. The chapter introduces classical gauge transformations and the gauge principle. This fundamental principle is illustrated in an environment familiar to undergraduates: non-relativistic quantum mechanics. It then explains that the same principle can be used to derive the interactions between particles and force mediators. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is introduced by Feynman diagram, a graphical representation of the perturbative series in electromagnetic scattering. It discusses the Feynman diagrams and vertices of QED and apples this technique to an electron–positron bound state: the positronium. The chapter concludes by recalling the classical meaning of the fine structure constant α and the modern interpretation based on Landau’s running formula.
Comedy and Vase-Painting
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe first chapter presents the main sources on which the study of the comic body in this book is based, namely the (mainly fragmentary) texts of Old and Middle Comedy as well as the comic vases (earlier called ‘phlyax vases’). It takes up the debates raised over recent decades by these bodies of material and their relation to each other. The links between Attic comedy and comic vase-paintings from southern Italy and Sicily are discussed according to the contexts of production and use of the vases, both Greek or non-Greek, so as to place the investigation of the staging and representation of the body in Greek comedy in the Classical period on a solid scientific basis. The chapter also examines the methodological challenges of a text–image study, which aims to shed light on the history of the comic genre and performances.
Conclusion
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe conclusion presents a synthetic overview of the findings reached in the book. They show how the enquiry has confirmed close links between textual and visual evidence relating to comedy, particularly between Attic comedy and comic vases from South Italy and Sicily. Certain fundamental aspects of the comic body which have been identified and studied from various points of view are highlighted, in particular the ambivalent meaning of its look, which prompts a positive and a negative laughter at the same time; its relatively undefined form, which is given meaning through speech; how the bodily signs that convey social and moral characterization meet the real-world aesthetic and moral criteria; its unreal and poetic vitality.
Faustina
Authors: Niederhuber Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines and discusses the imperial coins and medallions of Faustina the Younger. It reassesses and adjusts the prevailing typology and chronology of the portraits on the numismatic material and has a strong focus on the relation of the portrait types to birth-related reverse types, to assess whether or not K. Fittschen’s theory, that Faustina’s portrait types were created to commemorate the birth of her children, works.
Organization of the mint of Rome and system of production
Authors: Niederhuber Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 gives a close-up view of the mint’s organization and the system of production. It sets out a conceptual model for how the mint is argued to operate, with a strong focus on the workings of the imperial image in the mint. Die design and die-cutting are discussed to demonstrate how complex the functioning of the imperial image in the mint was and by how many factors it was influenced.
Fangs and Kisses
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Especially in some of his shorter works (A Passion in the Desert, The Girl With the Golden Eyes, and others) Balzac explores intense situations of love and sex. Sex is a powerful force when it strikes his men and women. He explores forms of love and sex, including same-sex relations, that the novel of his time largely represses. He is deeply interested in how women can lead their lives, heroic or private. Laurence de Cinq-Cygne in A Murky Business may offer his most compeling version of woman as hero. But he is also attentive to how women’s lives are restricted in marriage, which largely appears a repressive social form.
Writing, Talking, Devouring Presses
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Balzac dramatizes the coming of he newspaper, and with it advertising, the serial novel, the corruption of language. But also the democratization of literature, along with the decline of oral storytelling and the need for a new social semiotics. Lost Illusions, the “tragi-comic epic of the capitalization of spirit” according to Lukács, stands as the key novel about the transformations of literature in the early 19th century. Balzac at times displays nostalgia for an earlier time where oral storytelling stood in the place now occupied by the novel, yet in full awareness that his writing is now wholly subject to the publishing, priting, and journalism.
King Lear
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The consolations of tragedy are dark, but their darkness is what rings true to readers whose lives already share it. In King Lear an enraged old man upends the lives of those around him. It’s a story of loss, forgiveness, and deeper loss. To show how this story can console, Arthur Frank draws upon both the decades he has spent witnessing serious illness and his own experiences of ageing. His reading presents King Lear as a resource for people living lives that are troubled, exemplifying how to find consolation in literature. Shakespeare did not write self-help books, but his plays can help: not by fixing but by making liveable what cannot be fixed. Shakespeare’s Dark Consolations invites readers, including those not already familiar with King Lear, to hear how the play’s words can speak for us when our own words fail, and how its characters can speak to us, becoming our companions. Frank understands tragedy as a form of human relationship: a tragic sharing. Cordelia’s words, ‘We are not the first / Who with the best meaning have incurred the worst’, express the companionship that makes vulnerability liveable. Shakespeare’s Dark Consolations is a companion to those who need the consolation that King Lear can offer.
Vulnerable Reading
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The author tells a story about his life at one of its lowest points. In that moment, a biblical story came to him. This old story reflected his present troubles and brought him solace. That experience becomes the model for vulnerable reading: reading from the perspective of someone who needs help and looks to literature as a resource for confronting what seems overwhelming. The vulnerable reader is complementary to the author’s earlier trope of the wounded storyteller, someone who needs to tell their own story of suffering but finds it difficult to do so. The vulnerable reader, in order to tell her story, needs stories not her own. The author describes how Shakespeare came into his life and why he chose King Lear to exemplify vulnerable reading. Vulnerable reading involves a risk of narcissism. Against this risk, reading seeks to hear characters talking back, saying what was unexpected.
The Shadow Fell Like Light
Authors: Federico Annette 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shadows fall across many pages of Little Dorrit, a novel that summons contemporary fears about the collapse of fundamental human values. In this arrogant and noisy world, all the decent people are damaged and lonely, morally and emotionally isolated, weighed down by secrets and the past. World events challenge the understanding. But as Dickens saw, there are also challenges to the heart and the psyche. In this chapter, Federico reads Little Dorrit through her late-life encounter with psychoanalytic ideas and personal therapy, and finds in Amy Dorrit, the most beautiful of all Dickens’s heroines, a lig
But For You, Dear Stranger
Authors: Federico Annette 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inner lives of strangers and the strangeness of the self are among Dickens’s persistent preoccupations in A Tale of Two Cities. People are opaque and incomprehensible to each other. Yet within everyone there is the potential for an awakening of moral attention, and personal transformation. This brief chapter is about the value of a beautiful idea even when it cannot be realized in a reader’s own life. In Sydney Carton, Federico finds a saint in disguise, a man who cannot bear to do good without entangling it in a no-good life—until the achievement of good is made absolute in the famous ending of the novel, and the enlightened finish of a life that was not wasted.
Deliberation as Words, Arguments, and Themes
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the content of select committee hearings on monetary policy, financial stability, and fiscal policy, focusing on the verbatim transcripts for these hearings and using quantitative text analysis. The focus is on the House of Commons’ Treasury Select Committee and the House of Lords’ Economic Affairs Committee during the 2010–15 Parliament. Patterns of deliberation are identified across the three policy areas and the two parliamentary chambers. Using the metrics of non-partisanship and reciprocity, the findings reveal that deliberative accountability is of highest quality in monetary policy hearings and of lowest quality in fiscal policy hearings, with financial stability hearings falling midway between. Differences in deliberative accountability across parliamentary chambers are also explored.