bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological variations in adult life table attributes of Aedes aegypti (L.) from the desert and coastal regions of India
Authors: Sharma Gaurav , De Souvik , Mandal Udita , Bhattacherjee Rashmi , Suman Devi Shankar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ecological variation in biological and adult life‐table attributes of two populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from the desert (Jodhpur) and coastal (Kolkata) regions of India are assessed to understand the reproductive and survival strategies. The results showed that females lived longer than males in both strains. The desert strain was more r‐strategist because of its higher intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0.23), finite rate of increase (λ = 1.25), lower life expectancy of males (7.9 days) and females (14.4 days), mean generation time (T = 19.2 days) and doubling time (DT = 3.0 days). However, there was no difference in net reproductive rate (R0) between the desert and coastal strains. The coastal strain showed a longer female life expectancy (22.0 days) than the desert strain (14.4 days). However, the fecundity (eggs/female/day) was lower in the coastal strain (11.4) than in the desert strain (15.1). Conclusively, the desert (Jodhpur) strain is adapted to a better r‐strategy than the coastal (Kolkata) strain of Ae. aegypti, which might be helpful to flourish in harsh environmental conditions. This study may provide accurate predictions of Ae. aegypti population dynamics for vector management.
Karrikin signaling regulates hypocotyl shade avoidance response by modulating auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Peipei , Jinbo Hu , Cai Weiming 
Published: September 2022

Summary

Shade affects all aspects of plant growth and development, including seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, petiole growth, leaf hyponasty, and flowering time. Here, we found that mutations in the key Arabidopsis karrikins signal perception‐associated KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) gene, encoding an α/β‐fold hydrolase, and the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) gene, encoding an F‐box protein, led to greater hypocotyl elongation under shade avoidance conditions.

We further verified that these phenotypes were caused by perception of the endogenous KAI2‐ligands (KLs), and that this phenotype is independent of strigolactone biosynthetic or signaling pathways. Upon perception of a KL, it is probable that the target protein forms a complex with the KAI2/MAX2 proteins, which are degraded through the action of the 26S proteasome.

We demonstrated that SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2‐1 (SMAX1) is the degradation target for the KAI2/MAX2 complex in the context of shade avoidance. KAI2 and MAX2 require SMAX1 to limit the hypocotyl growth associated with shade avoidance. Treatment with l‐kynurenine, an inhibitor of auxin accumulation, partially restored elongation of kai2 mutant hypocotyls under simulated shade. Furthermore, KAI2 is involved in regulating auxin accumulation and polar auxin transport, which may contribute to the hypocotyl shade response.

In addition, SMAX1 gene overexpression promoted the hypocotyl shade response. RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed that SMAX1‐overexpression affected the expression of many auxin homeostasis genes, especially under simulated shade. Altogether, our data support the conclusion that KL signaling regulates shade avoidance by modulating auxin homeostasis in the hypocotyl.
A chitinase CsChi23 promoter polymorphism underlies cucumber resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
Authors: Bartholomew Ezra S. , Xu Shuo , Zhang Yaqi , Yin Shuai , Feng Zhongxuan , Chen Shuyinq , Sun Lei , Yang Songlin , Wang Ying , Liu Peng , Ren Huazhong , Liu Xingwang 
Published: September 2022

Summary

Fusarium wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc), leads to widespread yield loss and quality decline in cucumber. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Foc resistance remain poorly understood.

We report the mapping and functional characterisation of CsChi23, encoding a cucumber class I chitinase with antifungal properties. We assessed sequence variations at CsChi23 and the associated defence response against Foc. We functionally characterised CsChi23 using transgenic assay and expression analysis. The mechanism regulating CsChi23 expression was assessed by genetic and molecular approaches.

CsChi23 was induced by Foc infection, which led to rapid upregulation in resistant cucumber lines. Overexpressing CsChi23 enhanced fusarium wilt resistance and reduced fungal biomass accumulation, whereas silencing CsChi23 causes loss of resistance. CsHB15, a homeodomain leucine zipper (HD‐Zip) III transcription factor, was found to bind to the CsChi23 promoter region and activate its expression. Furthermore, silencing of CsHB15 reduces CsChi23 expression. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism variation −400 bp upstream of CsChi23 abolished the HD‐Zip III binding site in a susceptible cucumber line.

Collectively, our study indicates that CsChi23 is sufficient to enhance fusarium wilt resistance and reveals a novel function of an HD‐Zip III transcription factor in regulating chitinase expression in cucumber defence against fusarium wilt.
The pale spear‐nosed bat: A neuromolecular and transgenic model for vocal learning
Authors: Vernes Sonja C. , Devanna Paolo , Hörpel Stephen Gareth , Alvarez van Tussenbroek Ine , Firzlaff Uwe , Hagoort Peter , Hiller Michael , Hoeksema Nienke , Hughes Graham M. , Lavrichenko Ksenia , Mengede Janine , Morales Ariadna E. , Wiesmann Maximilian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractVocal learning, the ability to produce modified vocalizations via learning from acoustic signals, is a key trait in the evolution of speech. While extensively studied in songbirds, mammalian models for vocal learning are rare. Bats present a promising study system given their gregarious natures, small size, and the ability of some species to be maintained in captive colonies. We utilize the pale spear‐nosed bat (Phyllostomus discolor) and report advances in establishing this species as a tractable model for understanding vocal learning. We have taken an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to provide an integrated understanding across genomics (Part I), neurobiology (Part II), and transgenics (Part III). In Part I, we generated new, high‐quality genome annotations of coding genes and noncoding microRNAs to facilitate functional and evolutionary studies. In Part II, we traced connections between auditory‐related brain regions and reported neuroimaging to explore the structure of the brain and gene expression patterns to highlight brain regions. In Part III, we created the first successful transgenic bats by manipulating the expression of FoxP2, a speech‐related gene. These interdisciplinary approaches are facilitating a mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of mammalian vocal learning and can also contribute to other areas of investigation that utilize P. discolor or bats as study species.
Contrasting thermal histories for the Indian passive margins during syn‐ and post‐Gondwana break‐up: Insights from apatite fission‐track thermochronology
Authors: Fonseca Ana , Glorie Stijn , He Zhiyuan , Singh Tejpal , De Grave Johan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNew and published apatite fission‐track data provides evidence for differential exhumation between the eastern and western passive margins of southern India. The eastern margin records significant Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting‐triggered exhumation in response to Gondwana break‐up and minor Cenozoic cooling. In contrast, Meso–Cenozoic rifting and posterior tectonic events did not deeply exhume the basement of the western margin. The anomalous thick crust of the Western Dharwar Craton might explain why Mesozoic deformation in this area was subdued. In addition, the Cenozoic eastward tilting of the Indian plate and the onset of Bengal Fan sedimentation ca. 23 Ma allowed the accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences in the eastern coastal basins, probably inducing a flexural response of fault reactivation on the eastern margin. More generally, we demonstrate the influence of lithospheric strength and post‐rifting sedimentation to the exhumation history of passive margins.
Vacuolar H+‐ATPase subunit VAB3 regulates cell growth and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Wenbo , Luo Laifu , Gu Lili , Li Haimin , Zhang Qian , Ye Yajin , Li Laigeng 
Published: September 2022

SUMMARYVacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) has diverse functions related to plant development and growth. It creates the turgor pressure that drives cell growth by generating the energy needed for the active transport of solutes across the tonoplast. V‐ATPase is a large protein complex made up of multiheteromeric subunits, some of which have unknown functions. In this study, a forward genetics‐based strategy was employed to identify the vab3 mutant, which displayed resistance to isoxaben, a cellulose synthase inhibitor that could induce excessive transverse cell expansion. Map‐based cloning and genetic complementary assays demonstrated that V‐ATPase B subunit 3 (VAB3) is associated with the observed insensitivity of the mutant to isoxaben. Analysis of the vab3 mutant revealed defective ionic homeostasis and hypersensitivity to salt stress. Treatment with a V‐ATPase inhibitor exacerbated ionic tolerance and cell elongation defects in the vab3 mutant. Notably, exogenous low‐dose Ca2+ or Na+ could partially restore isoxaben resistance of the vab3 mutant, suggesting a relationship between VAB3‐regulated cell growth and ion homeostasis. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the V‐ATPase subunit VAB3 is required for cell growth and ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Urban Green Space for Sustainable Environmental Health in Relation to Pandemic Crises
Authors: Nor Azhar Ali Saifuddin , Mohd. Hussain Mohd. Ramzi , Tukiman Izawati 
Published: September 2022

Trace the timeline of a pandemic such as Ebola, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2. All these extremely infectious viruses led to a worldwide pandemic starting in 2002. All these three viruses are transmitted to humans by animals from the jungle. The novel human coronavirus COVID-19 is now the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Questions about pandemics are on the rise these days, and it is widely discussed in the media. Recently, awareness about urban green spaces is rising in this era, and numerous researchers claim that appropriate landscape planning and design with the conception of sustainability able to produce a beneficial and responsive environment for healthy urban improvement in relation to pandemic crises. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of urban green spaces for sustainable environmental health. The result shows that the role of urban green spaces improves immune system function, increases social capital and cohesion, reduces mortality, and increases life expectancy, reduces potential negative health impacts, and makes urban beautification healthier. In addition, the finding shows the benefits of urban green spaces in pandemics, for example improving mental health and stress reduction, improving physical health, decreasing the risk of disease transmission, and improving social cohesion.
Role of Algae in Built Environment and Green Cities: A Holistic approach towards Sustainability
Authors: Ahmad Imran , Abdullah Norhayati , Koji Iwamoto , Mohamad Shaza Eva , Al-Dailami Anas , Yuzir Ali 
Published: September 2022

The changing lifestyle, urbanization, and depletion of non-renewable resources to match the ever-increasing energy demand are causing a pessimistic impact on the environment. The cities are responsible for 75% of carbon emissions and about 60-80% of the energy consumption globally, causing a precarious situation because they only constitute 3% of the earth’s land. Urbanization makes the cities vulnerable due to the changing climatic conditions and possibilities of natural deserts disasters, thereby compelling the researchers to go for planning building green and resilient cities. Green cities are imperative in resisting the environmental crisis and assure a sustainable future for the upcoming generations. The pivotal role for the green cities is played by the renewable sources of energy. Therefore, solar and wind energy systems were employed, but eventually these renewable energy systems are associated with cost and pollution issues. This led to the paradigm-shifting towards algae as a third-generation feedstock and it is expected to become a potential source of green energy and environment due to the following advantages: (i) sequestration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), (ii) they can be easily and rapidly cultured and bioengineered, (iii) they can utilize the wastewater as a source of nutrients for its cultivation, (iv) their growth does not depend upon the geography and climate, and (v) algal biomass can be processed into biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas etc) and other useful bioproducts (biofertilizer & biochar). This review paper incorporates the role of microalgal bioreactive façades (algae powered buildings) in the simultaneous mitigation of environment and energy production, contributing to green cities. Since the importance of Urban Green Space (UGS) is imperative for green cities, its functions and role during the critical period of the pandemic are also explained together with the efficient and viable biofoundry approach of converting algal blooms in urban water bodies to energy and useful products.
Strategies to Promote Greenery in Urban Boundary Wall Facades: A Case Study in Residential Areas of Colombo district, Sri Lanka
Authors: Madushanka W.C.M.S. , Samarasekara G.N. , Ellawala K.C. 
Published: September 2022

Understanding the public perceptions towards green infrastructure can be instrumental in identifying effective strategies for greening. This research focuses on the less exploited green boundary walls among the different green infrastructure options. A questionnaire survey was conducted among three hundred twenty-eight residents in residential areas of Colombo district, Sri Lanka, to understand the public perceptions that affect green urban boundary walls. Using Likert scales, participants expressed their perception of benefits and challenges related to greening boundary walls along with socio-economic data. Relaxation effects, improvement of aesthetic appearance, becoming close to nature, and improving air quality were among the highest-rated benefits. Lack of knowledge and time and money requirement was identified as significant challenges. Misconceptions about property damages and nuisance to the owner are demotivators for nearly 38% of the sample as determined by the cluster analysis. Interventions such as providing relevant knowledge on methods of green wall construction and maintenance methods and subsidies can be recommended. Raising awareness through pilot programs and opportunities for experience sharing may motivate people towards greening boundary walls. The study concludes with strategies applicable in motivating residents towards greening their boundary walls.
THRIFTY: a novel high‐throughput method for rapid fibre type identification of isolated skeletal muscle fibres
Authors: Horwath Oscar , Edman Sebastian , Andersson Alva , Larsen Filip J. , Apró William 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFibre type‐specific analyses are required for broader understanding of muscle physiology, but such analyses are difficult to conduct due to the extreme time requirements of dissecting and fibre typing individual fibres. Investigations are often confined to a small number of fibres from few participants with low representativeness of the entire fibre population and the participant population. To increase the feasibility of conducting large‐scale fibre type‐specific studies, a valid and rapid method for high‐throughput fibre typing of individually dissected fibres was developed and named THRIFTY (for high‐THRoughput Immunofluorescence Fibre TYping). Employing THRIFTY, 400 fibre segments were fixed onto microscope slides with a pre‐printed coordinated grid system, probed with antibodies against myosin heavy chain (MyHC)‐I and MyHC‐II and classified using a fluorescence microscope. The validity and speed of THRIFTY was compared to a previously validated protocol (dot blot) on a fibre‐to‐fibre basis. Fibre pool purity was evaluated using ‘gold standard’ SDS‐PAGE and silver staining. A modified THRIFTY‐protocol using fluorescence western blot equipment was also validated. THRIFTY displayed excellent agreement with the dot blot protocol, κ = 0.955 (95% CI: 0.928, 0.982), P < 0.001. Both the original and modified THRIFTY protocols generated type I and type II fibre pools of absolute purity. Using THRIFTY, 400 fibres were typed just under 11 h, which was approximately 3 times faster than dot blot. THRIFTY is a novel and valid method with high versatility for very rapid fibre typing of individual fibres. THRIFTY can therefore facilitate the generation of large fibre pools for more extensive mechanistic studies into skeletal muscle physiology.
imageKey points
Skeletal muscle is composed of different fibre types, each with distinct physiological properties.
To fully understand how skeletal muscle adapts to external cues such as exercise, nutrition and ageing, fibre type‐specific investigations are required.
Such investigations are very difficult to conduct due to the extreme time requirements related to classifying individually isolated muscle fibres.
To bypass this issue, we have developed a rapid and reliable method named THRIFTY which is cheap as well as versatile and which can easily be implemented in most laboratories.
THRIFTY increases the feasibility of conducting larger fibre type‐specific studies and enables time‐sensitive assays where measurements need to be carried out in close connection with tissue sampling.
By using THRIFTY, new insights into fibre type‐specific muscle physiology can be gained which may have broad implications in health and disease.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Turbine Generator Shaft Trains: Evaluation of Bifurcation Sets Applying Numerical Continuation
Authors: Gavalas Ioannis , Chasalevris Athanasios 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The nonlinear dynamics of turbine generator shaft trains for power generation are investigated in this paper. Realistic models of rotors, pedestals, and nonlinear bearings of partial arc and lemon bore configuration are implemented to compose a nonlinear set of differential equations for autonomous (balanced) and nonautonomous (unbalanced—per ISO) cases. The solution branches of the dynamic system are evaluated with the pseudo-arc length continuation programed by the authors, and the respective limit cycles are evaluated by an orthogonal collocation method and investigated on their stability properties and quality of motion for the respective key design parameters for the rotor dynamic design of such systems, namely, bearing profile and respective pad length, preload and offset, pedestal stiffness and elevation (misalignment), and rotor slenderness. Model order reduction is applied to the finite element rotor model and the reduced system is validated in terms of unbalanced response and stability characteristics. The main conclusion of the current investigation is that the system has the potential to develop instabilities at rotating speeds lower than the threshold speed of instability (evaluated by the linear approach) for specific unbalance magnitude and design properties. Unbalance response (with stable and unstable branches) is evaluated in severely reduced time compared to this applying time integration methods, enabling nonlinear rotor dynamic design of such systems as a standard procedure, and revealing the complete potential of motions (not only local).
Large Eddy Simulation on the Cavitation Flow and Noise Characteristics of a NACA0009 Hydrofoil With Different Tip Clearance Sizes
Authors: Wang Xinlong , Zhang Jinsong , Huang Zhenwei , Wang Lucai , Li Wei , Lan Guohui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
All hydraulic machinery has a tip clearance, which not only produces tip-leakage vortexes (TLVs), but also reduces the energy performance of the machinery. In addition, tip clearance leads to cavitation and attendant vibration and noise. Therefore, investigating tip-leakage cavitating flow and noise characteristics is of great practical importance. In this paper, the energy performance and noise characteristics of NACA0009 hydrofoils with different tip clearance sizes are studied. A large eddy simulation model and Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model are employed to simulate tip-leakage cavitating flow. Additionally, a broadband noise source model and the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation are used to calculate the noise source and far-field radiated noise characteristics, respectively. Results show that the numerical simulation of cavitation vortex and velocity field is in good agreement with the experimental data, illuminating the characteristics of energy performance, flow pattern, cavitation flow, broadband noise source, and near-field and far-field radiated noise. Compared with the original NACA0009 hydrofoil, the tip clearance reduces the noise of the Curle dipole on the hydrofoil surface and Proudman noise around the hydrofoil. Moreover, study of the far-field noise shows that the directivity curve of the overall sound pressure level (SPL) is distributed in a butterfly shape, symmetrically. Evidently, the tip clearance size has a large impact on the energy performance of the hydrofoil, the intensity of the TLV, and the cavitation. This paper lays a solid foundation for further research on cavitation flow in large-scale hydraulic machinery.
The Importance of Morphology in Further Unraveling the Bumblebee Flight Paradox
Authors: Shah Munjal , Battaglia Francine , Bayandor Javid 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The size of a bumblebee relative to its wing span would suggest that flight is not possible according to the conventional aerodynamic theories, yet nature shows that not to be true, hence the bumblebee paradox. Bumblebee wings have venations that create corrugations, with their forewing and hindwing connected with a hook-like structure, known as a hamulus. Previous investigations of bumblebee flight modeled wings as smooth surfaces or neglected their accurate morphological representation of corrugation or used a simplified body. To address these shortcomings, this work explores the significance of vein corrugation and body on lift and thrust, and morphological importance of hindwing and forewing in flapping flight. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to analyze an anatomically accurate bee wing and body for hovering and forward speeds. Flow analysis of corrugated and smooth wing models revealed that corrugation significantly enhanced lift by 14%. With increasing speed, the hindwing increased lift from 14% to 38% due to the combined camber created by the forewing and hindwing. A notable feature was that the leading edge vortex did not change in size when the hindwing was removed, therefore forewing pressure remained the same as when coupled with hindwing during downstroke. When the bee body was included in the model, the pressure decreased locally between the wing root to 25% of the wingspan on the dorsal side, causing lift for the corrugated model to increase by 11%. The study demonstrates the importance of accurately modeling wing corrugation and bee body in flapping flight aerodynamics to unravel the true load-lifting capacity of bumblebees.