bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver Fibrosis‐4 index indicates atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Fandler‐Höfler Simon , Kneihsl Markus , Stauber Rudolf E. , Bisping Egbert , Mangge Harald , Wünsch Gerit , Haidegger Melanie , Fabisch Linda , Hatab Isra , Fickert Peter , Werring David , Enzinger Christian , Gattringer Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and particularly liver fibrosis are related to cardiovascular disease and may indicate an increased risk for atrial fibrillation (AF), but this association has not yet been systematically investigated in a cohort of ischemic stroke patients.MethodsWe analyzed data from a prospective single‐center study enrolling all consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted to our stroke unit over a 1‐year period. All patients received a thorough etiological workup. For evaluation of liver fibrosis, we determined the Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index, a well‐established noninvasive liver fibrosis test. Laboratory results were analyzed from a uniform blood sample taken at stroke unit admission.ResultsOf 414 included patients (mean age 70.2 years, 57.7% male), FIB‐4 indicated advanced liver fibrosis in 92 (22.2%). AF as the underlying stroke mechanism was present in 28.0% (large vessel disease: 25.6%, small vessel disease: 11.4%, cryptogenic: 29.2%). Patients with FIB‐4 ≥ 2.67 had higher rates of AF (53.3% vs. 20.8%, p < 0.001), and this association remained significant after correction for established AF risk factors (odds ratio 2.53, 95% confidence interval 1.44–4.46, p = 0.001). FIB‐4 was further associated with worse functional outcome 3 months (p < 0.001) and higher mortality 4 years post‐stroke (p < 0.02), but these relationships were no longer present after correction for age and initial stroke severity. Moreover, FIB‐4 was not associated with long‐term recurrent vascular events.ConclusionsLiver fibrosis assessed by the FIB‐4 index is independently associated with AF in acute ischemic stroke patients. Further studies should evaluate whether adding the FIB‐4 index to AF risk scores increases their precision.
Dental caries experience and its relationship to demographic factors in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children in Fars—Iran in 2018
Authors: Mirahmadizadeh Alireza , Zahmatkesh Soraya , Mahizadeh Hojjat , Mokhtari Ali Mohammad , Vali Mohebat , Abedinzade Arefe 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeAmong oral conditions, tooth decay is the most common chronic childhood disease. Children's dental caries are influenced by several factors, among which diet is one of the most highlighted ones. The present study was conducted to examine the decayed, missing and filled teeth in primary dentition (dmft) and caries‐free (CF) indexes as well as the impact of nutrition and demographic factors on oral health of 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children in Fars Province.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted on children aged 2–6 years old to evaluate dmft and CF indices according to the latest WHO standards as well as their demographic characteristics in 2018. A questionnaire was used for data collection.ResultsA total of 2220 children were recruited. The mean dmft was 1.37 ± 2.69. The components of the dmft score included decay (1.23 ± 2.6), missing (0.03 ± 0.11) and filling (0.11 ± 0.7) in primary dentition, and the prevalence of caries‐free children was 66.5%. The results showed that dmft had a significant positive relationship with breastfeeding termination time, maternal education level and maternal age. Birth weight, consumption of iron, vitamin A and D supplements, age at onset of complementary feeding and maternal occupation had no significant relationship with dmft.ConclusionsThe tooth decay index of 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children in Fars Province is very different from WHO global standards. Therefore, educating mothers about the duration of breastfeeding is important to achieve standard values for the dental caries index.
Nanoscale composition fluctuations and crystallization process: Case study in Li2O–SiO2‐based glasses
Authors: Komatsu Takayuki , Honma Tsuyoshi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNanoscale composition fluctuations in Li2O–SiO2‐based glasses were analyzed and discussed from the data on the structure and crystallization process reported so far to enter deeply into the medium‐range ordered structure of multicomponent oxide glasses. Li2O is proposed to have a strong tendency for dynamical heterogeneous structure, that is, the formation of fragile Li2O‐rich regions with small SiO2 contents, resulting in the initial crystallization of metastable Li2SiO3 prior to the formation of stable Li2Si2O5 in Li2O–2SiO2‐based glasses. Li2O–Ga2O3/Nb2O5–SiO2 glasses are proposed to have nanoscale composition fluctuations of Li2O–Ga2O3/Nb2O5‐rich regions, resulting in the initial formation of LiGa5O8 and LiNbO3 nanocrystals. In Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses, the distribution width of composition fluctuations is proposed to be narrow, resulting in the initial crystallization of metastable β‐quartz solid solutions Li2O·Al2O3·nSiO2 (n = 6–8). Additive P2O5 and NiO leading to an enhanced nucleation are proposed to be present in fragile Li2O‐rich regions.
Treating equivalent cases differently: A comparative analysis of substance use disorder and type 2 diabetes in Norwegian treatment guidelines
Authors: Moe Fredrik D. , Berg Henrik 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSubstance use disorder (SUD) is often understood as a chronic illness. Aims: This paper investigates whether SUD is treated as a chronic illness.MethodTo this aim, we have used World Health Organizations (WHO's) definition of chronic illness to conduct a comparative analysis of SUD and type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is another chronic illness.ResultsWhen analysing Norwegian treatment guidelines, we found that only the T2D guideline reflects the WHO's conceptualization of chronic illnesses. We argue that this discrepancy implies that SUD is understood as a moral and legal problem, while T2D is conceptualized as a somatic illness. We discuss how social, political and historical conditions of the possibility for understanding SUD are interwoven with normative presumptions about the clinician, patient, treatment guidelines and drug policies in a way that may impede the development of continuing care.ConclusionThe paper concludes that the delivery of treatment services is inequitable as SUD is not treated as a chronic illness.
Management of post‐surgical faecal incontinence due to anorectal malformations by pelvic floor rehabilitation
Authors: Sharifi‐Rad Lida , Ladi‐Seyedian Seyedeh‐Sanam , Ashjaei Bahar 
Published: April 2022

AimMany patients with anorectal malformations (ARM) experience a long‐lasting problem with faecal incontinence (FI). We assessed the effectiveness of a pelvic floor rehabilitation program including transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation (TFES) in combination with pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercises on post‐surgical FI in children with ARM.MethodsData of 40 children at the age of 4 years or older who had undergone surgical correction for ARM and suffered from persistent FI referring for pelvic floor rehabilitation were analysed respectively. Patients underwent TFES and PFM exercises for 20 sessions. TFES was applied for 20‐min during each session, two times a week. A paediatric FI score questionnaire and a bowel habit diary were completed both before and after the treatment for all children. We completed a FI quality of life questionnaire before the therapy and again after treatment for all patients.ResultsTwenty‐two out of 40 (55%) patients responded completely to the treatment (100% reduction in FI episodes) after the completion of treatment sessions, sustained in 19/40 (47.5%) patients after 6 months. Mean ± SD of FI score was 4.9 ± 3.6 at baseline that significantly reduced to 2.4 ± 1.3 and 2.4 ± 1.8 after completion of treatment sessions and 6 months later, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results show that TFES and PFM exercises have a considerable beneficial impact on post‐surgical FI in children with ARM.
Kamzori: Aging, Care, and Alienation in the Post‐pastoral Himalaya
Authors: Simpson Nikita 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs the Gaddi community of Himalayan India transition from agro–pastoralism to waged labor, configurations of kinship and care have shifted. Such shifts have introduced relational tensions, especially between elderly women, who have labored in the house and fields, expecting care in old age, and younger generations, who experience their own pressures of class aspiration. This article examines how the myriad tensions of the post‐pastoral economy are experienced in the bodies of elderly women. It presents insights onkamzori, bodily weakness that is experienced by women who feel that their contribution of labor and care is unreciprocated by their kin or wider milieu. It recuperates alienation as a concept that captures distressed social relations. Alienation might be used by anthropologists studying aging, care, and debility to envisage the body in scalar relation to people, things and places, and illness or distress as disruption of such relations.[weakness, aging, care, gender, alienation]
Microbiological analysis of oral biofilms in patients admitted to intensive care unit: Pilot study
Authors: De Medeiros Raphael Florentino Souza Barbalho , da Silva Régia Carla Medeiros , Marinho Liliane Cristina Nogueira , Silva Davi Neto de Araújo , Tavares Isabelle Lisiany de Lima , de Lima Camila Alfrida Cabral Nascimento Rocha Antunes , de Melo Maria Celeste Nunes , Sales Roberta Correia , de Medeiros Domingos Sávio Barbalho , Bezerra Beatriz , da Silveira Ericka Janine Dantas , de Aquino Martins Ana Rafaela Luz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in oral biofilms of intubated and non‐intubated patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU).MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study, with 30 biofilm sites sampled. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were identified by conventional biochemical assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disk‐diffusion.ResultsOf 30 sites, 50% contained P. aeruginosa and 3.33% S. aureus. P. aeruginosa was detected in similar amounts in all 3 sample sites, with 5 colonized sites (50%). S. aureus colonized a single supragingival site (3.33%). There was resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents of P. aeruginosa in 7 sites (100%) and S. aureus in 1 (100%).ConclusionsThis study revealed an important relationship between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus colonization at supragingival, subgingival and lingual sites and intubation, thus revealing antimicrobial resistant bacteria colonization of medical interest, which may contribute to the therapy choice directed to these microorganisms.
Mechanical ventilation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A pilot project in Ukraine
Authors: Tsarenko Anatolii , Trofimov Igor , Shatillo Andriy , Kostiukova Dariia , Kobylinskyi Sergii , Melnyk Svitlana , Riiatchenko Svitlana , Berdykova Yuliia , Morozova Mariana , Marichuk Mykola , Bondarenko Stanislav , Gutarev Andriy , Toussaint Michel ,   the Ukraine HMV Consortium
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundHome mechanical ventilation (HMV) prolongs survival in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) until ±35 years of age. This study evaluates the implementation of a HMV pilot project in children with DMD in Ukraine.MethodsChildren with DMD were invited to Kirovograd Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital, Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine, for 5 days’ training with non‐invasive ventilation. Donated equipment comprised second‐hand Covidien PB560 ventilators from Belgium. Due to the absence of carbon dioxide pressure and pulse oximetry monitoring, indications for HMV included sleep‐related symptoms, restrictive lung function test, loss of ambulation for more than 1 year, or age greater than 17 years. Master class lectures on HMV were conducted for Ukrainian doctors in conjunction with patient training.ResultsTwelve Ukrainian physicians took part in face‐to‐face master classes and 50 Ukrainian physicians participated in online master classes. Simultaneously, eight Duchenne inpatients, mean age 15.4 (SD: 1.8) years and body mass index 25.8 (SD: 4.0), were included in the study. All patients chose nasal masks and volume‐pressure‐assisted control mode. After 6 weeks, one patient stopped HMV, two others used HMV partially during sleep, and 5/8 used nocturnal HMV increasingly with few complaints. Follow up via phone call was organized after hospitalization.ConclusionsImplementation of HMV is feasible in DMD inpatients in Ukraine. In the short term, the Ukrainian parliament should recognize official centers for HMV, and define the funding policy of equipment for HMV, and its maintenance. Local distributors should deliver equipment for HMV and devices for monitoring carbon dioxide pressure and pulse oximetry in specialized centers for HMV.
COVID‐19 test‐kit trade and trade policy: Implications for developing countries
Authors: Vo Long Hai , Le Thai‐Ha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAt the centre of the multi‐dimensional impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the shortage of medical supplies in countries with weaker healthcare systems significantly reduced the effectiveness of national and international public health interventions. Using a database of test‐kit trade flows and barriers, we estimate the price responsiveness of test‐kit demand in a global sample of countries. These estimates allow us to investigate the degree to which import tariffs by leading producers could result in a disruption in global supply chains, price increases, and welfare loss. Simulation experiments indicate that the combination of rising demand for test kits and import dependence magnifies the impact of trade barriers on consumer welfare and this impact is more profound for developing countries.
Air-to-Liquid Heat Exchanger Fabricated Using Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Boxleitner Jake , Mulholland Tom , Nellis Gregory 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This work describes the use of deposition-based additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to fabricate air-cooled, two-fluid heat exchangers. The project focused on a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning application and used an industry-standard copper/aluminum heat exchanger manufactured with conventional technology as the basis for assessing performance. The manufacturing constraints associated with using deposition-based AM technology for this application include the need for a continuous tool path within each build layer that allows uninterrupted extrusion and therefore defect-free water channel walls that correspond to a reliably leak-tight heat exchanger. A geometry that respects these constraints was developed, simulated, optimized and finally manufactured and tested. The material used was a composite of polymer filled with conductive flakes in order to provide high conductivity in the direction that heat must flow in this heat exchanger, across the wall separating the fluids. The measured performance for several test coupons matched the predicted performance and the test coupons exhibited performance that approach and in some cases exceeds conventional technology
Survival of off-host Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae) adult females and larvae underwater
Authors: Sullivan C.F. , Parker B.L. , Skinner M. 
Published: April 2022

The winter tick ( Dermacentor albipictus (Packard, 1869); Acari: Ixodidae) significantly affects the health and productivity of North American moose ( Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758); Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Survival of off-host stages of Ixodid ticks depends on microclimate driven in part by extrinsic factors resulting from weather, such as temperature, humidity, drought, and floods. The impact of some of these abiotic factors is unclear for D. albipictus. The effect of water submergence on biological parameters of engorged, adult, females, and unfed larvae was assessed in the laboratory. Survival of adult females after submergence for 3 days was 88% with significant effects on their ability to oviposit. After 5 weeks, 63% of larvae (1-month-old) survived submergence in water, whereas survival of larvae (3-month-old) was reduced to 23% after 7 days. The off-host stages of D. albipictus have variable tolerance to periods of submergence that may influence the number of larvae available on the landscape for recruitment to moose in autumn.
Anisotropy of the gravitational-wave standard sirens and its cosmological applications
Authors: Chen Lin , Xu Lixin , Liu Jinyi , Qiao Ling , Du Minghui 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe analyze the anisotropic factors present in the gravitational wave signal, such as the peculiar velocity of the observer and the inhomogeneous distribution of matter in the universe. We model the gravitational wave source as a standard siren, extract the anisotropic part of its luminosity distance $$d_L$$

d
L

, and obtain the Hubble parameter H(z) by direct calculation instead of integration. Finally, we derive the equation of state $$w_\mathrm{DE}(z)$$

w
DE

(
z
)

for the dark energy by both model-dependent and model-independent methods, and further investigate the cosmological significance of the simulated H(z) measurements. The advantage of this approach is that it makes full use of the anisotropic part of the $$d_L$$

d
L

data, which directly gives the value of H(z) at certain redshifts. This approach is sensitive to the local features of H(z) and does not depend on the cosmological model.
Applying cognitive principles to model-finding output: the positive value of negative information
Authors: Dyer Tristan , Nelson Tim , Fisler Kathi , Krishnamurthi Shriram 
Published: April 2022

Model-finders, such as SAT/SMT-solvers and Alloy, are used widely both directly and embedded in domain-specific tools. They support both conventional verification and, unlike other verification tools, property-free exploration. To do this effectively, they must produce output that helps users with these tasks. Unfortunately, the output of model-finders has seen relatively little rigorous human-factors study.
Conventionally, these tools tend to show one satisfying instance at a time. Drawing inspiration from the cognitive science literature, we investigate two aspects of model-finder output: how many instances to show at once, and whether all instances must actually satisfy the input constraints. Using both controlled studies and open-ended talk-alouds, we show that there is benefit to showing negative instances in certain settings; the impact of multiple instances is less clear. Our work is a first step in a theoretically grounded approach to understanding how users engage cognitively with model-finder output, and how those tools might better support users in doing so.
Fish fauna of moderate altitude from first order stream in upper Rio Machado, Rondônia, Brazil
Authors: Loeb Marina Vianna , Ohara Willian Massaharu 
Published: April 2022

This study represents an inventory of fish collected in a first order tributary of the Igarapé Piracolina at Chapada dos Parecis, upper Rio Machado drainage, Rio Madeira basin, Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil. The sampled stream is located in moderate altitudes (570-590) m above sea level and it is the type locality of five recently described species. Through fieldwork carried out in four fieldtrips between 2014 and 2015, 966 specimens were captured belonging to 18 species, distributed in nine families and four orders. Most of these species have a restricted distribution in the upper Rio Machado. Characidae was the most representative family both in number of species and specimens. One species is recognized as new and endemic to the region, and belong to the genus Pyrrhulina (Lebiasinidae), while five other species (Ancistrus verecundus, Bryconops piracolina, Hyphessobrycon lucenorum, Moenkhausia cambacica, and M. parecis) are also possibly endemic to the upper Rio Machado basin. In this scenario, our results provide relevant data for the establishment of guiding policies, management decisions and bases for conservation actions in moderate altitude areas of the Amazon basin.
The Potential and the Challenges of Digital Evidence in International Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Hellwig Kristina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Technological achievements such as mobile phones, computers and the World Wide Web have become an integral part of our lives, and societies and are indispensable to many. These new technologies, and information derived from them, have a great potential to support the fact-finding process in the fields of international criminal law and human rights. Therefore, digital information such as satellite imagery, communication data, and user generated content, for example, videos and photography are becoming essential tools for international criminal investigation. This article examines the characteristics of digital and technology derived evidence and the implications these characteristics have on their use in international criminal procedure. It will illustrate the value and the challenges regarding the inclusion of digital evi dence in international criminal procedure.
Terrorism and Pillar Two Protection Assistance: The Yazidis on Mount Sinjar
Authors: Hornung Josie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The last decade has seen an overall increase in mass atrocity crimes being committed by non-state actors, including terrorist groups. A key strength of R2P Pillar Two Protection Assistance lies in its potential for addressing imminent threats of mass atrocity posed by such groups. This article discusses the scope and legitimacy of R2P Pillar Two, its application to non-state actors, and the conditions that enabled limited protection assistance action to be effectively rendered in response to the impending genocide of 40,000 Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar in northern Iraq in 2014.
Caring for the Patient
Authors: Field Richard J. 
Published: April 2022

Is there a simple secret to truly great patient care? Medical science is able to alleviate more diseases and mitigate more suffering than ever before, but physicians are left feeling less respected, more criticized, more judged, and more burned out. Too many patients say we just do not care about them, regardless of the expertise we trained so hard to give to them. Generational truths and personal experiences from a rural, community-based surgical practice in Mississippi suggest that the art and the science of medicine are inseparable and interdependent. It is indeed possible for a highly trained, teaching surgeon to sit with his patients every Sunday in church, take care of the local football team, and speak at funerals of those he fought to save. This level of emotional agility is a requisite character trait in a rural setting, and one that can serve all surgeons well, no matter where they practice. Genuine compassion and a hand on the shoulder, supported by a foundation of scientific knowledge and clinical judgment, will almost guarantee a strong, trusting bond between doctor and patient. The secret of great patient care is simply caring for the patient