bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confidence modulates the decodability of scene prediction during partially-observable maze exploration in humans
Authors: Katayama Risa , Yoshida Wako , Ishii Shin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPrediction ability often involves some degree of uncertainty—a key determinant of confidence. Here, we sought to assess whether predictions are decodable in partially-observable environments where one’s state is uncertain, and whether this information is sensitive to confidence produced by such uncertainty. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging-based, partially-observable maze navigation tasks in which subjects predicted upcoming scenes and reported their confidence regarding these predictions. Using a multi-voxel pattern analysis, we successfully decoded both scene predictions and subjective confidence from activities in the localized parietal and prefrontal regions. We also assessed confidence in their beliefs about where they were in the maze. Importantly, prediction decodability varied according to subjective scene confidence in the superior parietal lobule and state confidence estimated by the behavioral model in the inferior parietal lobule. These results demonstrate that prediction in uncertain environments depends on the prefrontal-parietal network within which prediction and confidence interact.
Heterozygous variants in GATA2 contribute to DCML deficiency in mice by disrupting tandem protein binding
Authors: Hasegawa Atsushi , Hayasaka Yuki , Morita Masanobu , Takenaka Yuta , Hosaka Yuna , Hirano Ikuo , Yamamoto Masayuki , Shimizu Ritsuko 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAccumulating lines of clinical evidence support the emerging hypothesis that loss-of-function mutations of GATA2 cause inherited hematopoietic diseases, including Emberger syndrome; dendritic cell, monocyte B and NK lymphoid (DCML) deficiency; and MonoMAC syndrome. Here, we show that mice heterozygous for an arginine-to-tryptophan substitution mutation in GATA2 (G2R398W/+), which was found in a patient with DCML deficiency, substantially phenocopy human DCML deficiency. Mice heterozygous for the GATA2-null mutation (G2-/+) do not show such phenotypes. The G2R398W protein possesses a decreased DNA-binding affinity but obstructs the function of coexpressed wild-type GATA2 through specific cis-regulatory regions, which contain two GATA motifs in direct-repeat arrangements. In contrast, G2R398W is innocuous in mice containing single GATA motifs. We conclude that the dominant-negative effect of mutant GATA2 on wild-type GATA2 through specific enhancer/silencer of GATA2 target genes perturbs the GATA2 transcriptional network, leading to the development of the DCML-like phenotype. The present mouse model provides an avenue for the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of GATA2-related hematopoietic diseases.
Dynamic finite-element simulations reveal early origin of complex human birth pattern
Authors: Frémondière Pierre , Thollon Lionel , Marchal François , Fornai Cinzia , Webb Nicole M. , Haeusler Martin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHuman infants are born neurologically immature, potentially owing to conflicting selection pressures between bipedal locomotion and encephalization as suggested by the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis. Australopithecines are ideal for investigating this trade-off, having a bipedally adapted pelvis, yet relatively small brains. Our finite-element birth simulations indicate that rotational birth cannot be inferred from bony morphology alone. Based on a range of pelvic reconstructions and fetal head sizes, our simulations further imply that australopithecines, like humans, gave birth to immature, secondary altricial newborns with head sizes smaller than those predicted for non-human primates of the same body size especially when soft tissue thickness is adequately approximated. We conclude that australopithecines required cooperative breeding to care for their secondary altricial infants. These prerequisites for advanced cognitive development therefore seem to have been corollary to skeletal adaptations for bipedal locomotion that preceded the appearance of the genusHomoand the increase in encephalization.
Structures of distant diphtheria toxin homologs reveal functional determinants of an evolutionarily conserved toxin scaffold
Authors: Sugiman-Marangos Seiji N. , Gill Shivneet K. , Mansfield Michael J. , Orrell Kathleen E. , Doxey Andrew C. , Melnyk Roman A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDiphtheria toxin (DT) is the archetype for bacterial exotoxins implicated in human diseases and has played a central role in defining the field of toxinology since its discovery in 1888. Despite being one of the most extensively characterized bacterial toxins, the origins and evolutionary adaptation of DT to human hosts remain unknown. Here, we determined the first high-resolution structures of DT homologs outside of the Corynebacterium genus. DT homologs from Streptomyces albireticuli (17% identity to DT) and Seinonella peptonophila (20% identity to DT), despite showing no toxicity toward human cells, display significant structural similarities to DT sharing both the overall Y-shaped architecture of DT as well as the individual folds of each domain. Through a systematic investigation of individual domains, we show that the functional determinants of host range extend beyond an inability to bind cellular receptors; major differences in pH-induced pore-formation and cytosolic release further dictate the delivery of toxic catalytic moieties into cells, thus providing multiple mechanisms for a conserved structural fold to adapt to different hosts. Our work provides structural insights into the expanding DT family of toxins, and highlights key transitions required for host adaptation.
Tutorial: a beginner’s guide to interpreting magnetic susceptibility data with the Curie-Weiss law
Authors: Mugiraneza Sam , Hallas Alannah M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMagnetic susceptibility measurements are often the first characterization tool that researchers turn to when beginning to assess the magnetic nature of a newly discovered material. Breakthroughs in instrumentation have made the collection of high quality magnetic susceptibility data more accessible than ever before. However, the analysis of susceptibility data remains a common challenge for newcomers to the field of magnetism. While a comprehensive treatment of the theoretical aspects of magnetism are found in numerous excellent textbooks, there is a gap at the point of practical application. We were inspired by this obstacle to put together this guide to the analysis and interpretation of magnetic susceptibility data, with an emphasis on materials that exhibit Curie-Weiss paramagnetism.
Amplitude stabilization in a synchronized nonlinear nanomechanical oscillator
Authors: Defoort Martial , Hentz Sébastien , Shaw Steven W. , Shoshani Oriel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn contrast to the well-known phenomenon of frequency stabilization in a synchronized noisy nonlinear oscillator, little is known about its amplitude stability. In this paper, we investigate experimentally and theoretically the amplitude evolution and stability of a nonlinear nanomechanical self-sustained oscillator that is synchronized with an external harmonic drive. We show that the phase difference between the tones plays a critical role on the amplitude level, and we demonstrate that in the strongly nonlinear regime, its amplitude fluctuations are reduced considerably. These findings bring to light a new facet of the synchronization phenomenon, extending its range of applications beyond the field of clock-references and suggesting a new means to enhance oscillator amplitude stability.
Terpene emissions from boreal wetlands can initiate stronger atmospheric new particle formation than boreal forests
Authors: Junninen Heikki , Ahonen Lauri , Bianchi Federico , Quéléver Lauriane , Schallhart Simon , Dada Lubna , Manninen Hanna Elina , Leino Katri , Lampilahti Janne , Buenrostro Mazon Stephany , Rantala Pekka , Räty Mari , Kontkanen Jenni , Negri Sara , Aliaga Diego , Garmash Olga , Alekseychik Pavel , Lipp Helina , Tamme Kalju , Levula Janne , Sipilä Mikko , Ehn Mikael , Worsnop Douglas , Zilitinkevich Sergej , Mammarella Ivan , Rinne Janne , Vesala Timo , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAerosols and their interaction with clouds constitute the largest uncertainty in estimating the radiative forcing affecting the climate system. Secondary aerosol formation is responsible for a large fraction of the cloud condensation nuclei in the global atmosphere. Wetlands are important to the budgets of methane and carbon dioxide, but the potential role of wetlands in aerosol formation has not been investigated. Here we use direct atmospheric sampling at the Siikaneva wetland in Finland to investigate the emission of methane and volatile organic compounds, and subsequently formed atmospheric clusters and aerosols. We find that terpenes initiate stronger atmospheric new particle formation than is typically observed over boreal forests and that, in addition to large emissions of methane which cause a warming effect, wetlands also have a cooling effect through emissions of these terpenes. We suggest that new wetlands produced by melting permafrost need to be taken into consideration as sources of secondary aerosol particles when estimating the role of increasing wetland extent in future climate change.
Middle-lower continental crust exhumed at the distal edges of volcanic passive margins
Authors: Geoffroy Laurent , Chauvet François , Ringenbach Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe extent of continents in oceans is an important scientific, economic and political issue. The crustal types seaward of the necking zones of volcanic passive margins are investigated. From a set of high-quality seismic data from Namibia we discuss the nature of this crust, oceanic or continental. Here we show that over ~100 km, this crust shares few of the characteristics of oceanic crust born from accretion at a slow-spreading oceanic ridge. We alternatively suggest that the middle-lower continental crust could be exhumed and made brittle at the most distal end of volcanic passive margins. We consecutively distinguish the mechanical break-up of the continental lithosphere at volcanic passive margins, i.e., the drop in mechanical strength, from a stage of steady-state syn-magmatic extension, most probably subaerial, predating the onset of the purely magmatic oceanic crust. These findings suggest that the extent of continental material in oceans could be more significant than isolated continental blocks and microcontinents.
A comparison of respiratory particle emission rates at rest and while speaking or exercising
Authors: Orton Christopher M. , Symons Henry E. , Moseley Benjamin , Archer Justice , Watson Natalie A. , Philip Keir E. J. , Sheikh Sadiyah , Saccente-Kennedy Brian , Costello Declan , Browne William J. , Calder James D. , Bzdek Bryan R. , Hull James H. , Reid Jonathan P. , Shah Pallav L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic led to the prohibition of group-based exercise and the cancellation of sporting events. Evaluation of respiratory aerosol emissions is necessary to quantify exercise-related transmission risk and inform mitigation strategies.

Methods
Aerosol mass emission rates are calculated from concurrent aerosol and ventilation data, enabling absolute comparison. An aerodynamic particle sizer (0.54–20 μm diameter) samples exhalate from within a cardiopulmonary exercise testing mask, at rest, while speaking and during cycle ergometer-based exercise. Exercise challenge testing is performed to replicate typical gym-based exercise and very vigorous exercise, as determined by a preceding maximally exhaustive exercise test.

Results
We present data from 25 healthy participants (13 males, 12 females; 36.4 years). The size of aerosol particles generated at rest and during exercise is similar (unimodal ~0.57–0.71 µm), whereas vocalization also generated aerosol particles of larger size (i.e. was bimodal ~0.69 and ~1.74 µm). The aerosol mass emission rate during speaking (0.092 ng s−1; minute ventilation (VE) 15.1 L min−1) and vigorous exercise (0.207 ng s−1, p = 0.726; VE 62.6 L min−1) is similar, but lower than during very vigorous exercise (0.682 ng s−1, p < 0.001; VE 113.6 L min−1).

Conclusions
Vocalisation drives greater aerosol mass emission rates, compared to breathing at rest. Aerosol mass emission rates in exercise rise with intensity. Aerosol mass emission rates during vigorous exercise are no different from speaking at a conversational level. Mitigation strategies for airborne pathogens for non-exercise-based social interactions incorporating vocalisation, may be suitable for the majority of exercise settings. However, the use of facemasks when exercising may be less effective, given the smaller size of particles produced.
Hormonyoga – Wellness oder ernst zu nehmende Therapie?
Authors: Gupta Hedwig 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungHormonyoga ist eine moderne, sehr anspruchsvolle und intensive Form der Yogapraxis, die von Dinah Rodrigues entwickelt wurde, um Frauen mit menopausalen oder anderen gynäkologischen Störungen zu behandeln. Zu Yoga in der Therapie von post- und perimenopausalen Beschwerden, zu Menstruationsstörungen und anderen gynäkologischen Leiden gibt es bislang einzelne wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen, die insgesamt eine Wirksamkeit von Yoga in diesem Bereich nahelegen, aber nicht hinreichend belegen können. Zur Frage der hormonellen Veränderung liegen derzeit nur einzelne Fallberichte vor. Auch fehlt eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation eines Mehrgewinns des Hormonyoga zu anderen Formen des Yoga. Dennoch ist Yoga per se im Management gynäkologischer Störungen empfehlenswert, gut umsetzbar und ohne bekannte Nebenwirkungen. Die Form des Hormonyoga nach Rodrigues kann aus vedischer Sicht als Intensivierung und Fokussierung der Yogapraxis angesehen werden, sodass eine verstärkte Wirkung durchaus nachvollziehbar wäre. Weitere Studien hierzu sind unbedingt wünschenswert.
Osteoartikuläre und rheumatologische Manifestationen sexuell übertragbarer Infektionen
Authors: Hornuss Daniel , Giesen Roland , Rieg Siegbert 
Published: April 2022

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSexuell übertragbare Infektionen (STI) können Symptome einer rheumatologischen Erkrankung imitieren oder das Auftreten einer solchen begünstigen. Insbesondere chronisch verlaufende Erkrankungen wie HIV oder Syphilis stellen den Kliniker aufgrund der mannigfaltigen Symptomkomplexe vor große Herausforderungen. Andere sexuell übertragbare Erreger wie Chlamydien oder Gonokokken können ebenfalls autoimmunologische Inflammationsreaktionen oder akute septische Arthritiden hervorrufen. Vor Einleitung einer immunmodulierenden Therapie sollte daher eine Abklärung hinsichtlich sexuell übertragbarer Infektionen in Betracht gezogen werden. Dies gilt insbesondere bei jüngeren, sexuell aktiven Patient*innen oder Patientengruppen mit Risikoverhalten (z. B. MSM, Sex-Arbeiter*innen). Bei Nachweis einer STI sollte stets ein Screening auf mögliche Co-Infektionen mit weiteren STI erfolgen.
Virusassoziierte Arthritiden
Authors: Andreica Ioana 
Published: April 2022

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie virusassoziierte Arthritis macht etwa 1 % aller akuten Arthritiden aus. Obwohl eine Vielzahl der Viren eine Arthritis verursachen können, hat sich das Spektrum der am häufigsten vorkommenden virusassoziierten Arthritiden im Zeitverlauf geändert. Während eine Röteln-assoziierte Arthritis heutzutage und dank Impfmaßnahmen deutlich seltener geworden ist, hat eine Chikungunya-assoziierte Arthritis an Bedeutung gewonnen. Durch die Ausbreitung dieser Erkrankungen hat in diesem Kontext eine Hepatitis-B- oder -C-induzierte Arthritis eine bedeutsame Relevanz. Die Parvovirus-B19-assoziierte Arthritis ist differenzialdiagnostisch, insbesondere bei begleitenden Hautveränderungen, zu berücksichtigen. In der jetzigen Zeit des Klimawandels und Welttourismus haben die durch Arboviren assoziierten Arthritiden viel an Bedeutung gewonnen. In der Pathophysiologie einer solchen Arthritis hat die direkte virale Invasion der Gelenkstrukturen, die Entwicklung von Immunkomplexen und das Auftreten einer Immundysregulation eine wichtige Rolle. Die Arthritis kann unterschiedliche Muster aufweisen, ist in der Regel selbstlimitierend und hinterlässt keine Gelenkschäden. Sie wird häufig von anderen klinischen Merkmalen, die für die Differenzialdiagnose wichtig sind, begleitet. Die Laboruntersuchungen spielen in der Diagnosestellung eine untergeordnete Rolle und sind nur mit zeitlichen Verlaufsmustern relevant. Die Therapie ist bis auf bestimmte Ausnahmen in den meisten Fällen symptomatisch.
Sexualisierte Gewalt und Machtmissbrauch im Kontext von
Psychotherapieinstituten – Erkenntnisse aus einer institutionsbezogenen
Fallstudie
Authors: Caspari Peter , Caspari Cornelia 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Fall des Leiters eines Instituts für analytische Kinder- und
Jugendlichen-Psychotherapie, der in den Jahren 1975–1993 sexualisierte
Gewalt gegen Patient*innen und Ausbildungskandidatinnen verübte,
wurde in einer aktuellen, qualitativen Studie wissenschaftlich untersucht. Die
Ergebnisse verweisen auf persistierende Risikopotenziale im Kontext der
Behandlung von Patient*innen und der Ausbildung von
Psychotherapeut*innen, die nach wie vor umfangreiche präventive
Anstrengungen erforderlich machen. Dabei sind insbesondere
Machtverhältnisse, institutionelle Pragmatiken und emotionale
Verstrickungen in Augenschein zu nehmen.
Validity and Reliability of Two Near-infrared Spectroscopy Devices to
Measure Resting Hemoglobin in Elite Cyclists
Authors: Gandia-Soriano Alexis , Salas-Montoro José-Antonio , Javaloyes Alejandro , Lorente-Casaus Carlos , Zabala Mikel , Priego-Quesada Jose Ignacio , Mateo March Manuel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA new method to monitor internal training load from muscle oxygen saturation
using near-infrared spectroscopy could be of practical application for research
and training purposes. This technology has been validated in different
scientific fields, including sports science, and Humon Hex and Moxy are two
leading brands. However, its relationship with hemoglobin has not been studied.
Forty-eight professional cyclists, 19 men and 29 women, underwent a blood test
to measure hemoglobin in the early morning. Immediately afterwards, hemoglobin
and muscle oxygenation were monitored at rest by Moxy and Humon Hex on their
right quadriceps (where the skinfold was measured). Venous blood hemoglobin was
higher than the measurement for both devices (p<0.001). Both
hemoglobin (p<0.001) and muscle oxygen saturation measurements
(p<0.05) were higher in Humon Hex than for Moxy, and there
was a reasonable reproducibility (ICC=0.35 for hemoglobin and 0.26 for
muscle oxygen saturation). Skinfold had an inverse relationship with hemoglobin
measurement (r=–0.85 p<0.001 for Humon Hex
and r=–0.75 p<0.001 for Moxy). These
findings suggest that resting hemoglobin data provided by these devices are not
coincident with those of blood sample, and skinfold has an inverse relationship
with blood hemoglobin measurement.
Catalyst-Controlled Chemodivergent [3+3] and [3+2] Formal Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides with Diphenylcyclopropenone
Authors: Adrio Javier , Carretero Juan C. , Corpas Javier , Ponce Alberto , Maclean Ian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChemodivergent cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with diphenylcyclopropenone involving either Cu-catalyzed [3+3] or Ag-catalyzed [3+2] processes have been developed. These transformations provide a highly efficient method for the preparation of a variety of aromatic substituted dihydropyridinones and dihydropyrrolones with excellent regio and diasteroselectivities.
Tropismo/inclinação facetária e sua associação com hérnia de disco intervertebral na região lombar da coluna – Uma avaliação radiológica
Authors: Yadav Sanjay , Arya Rajkumar , Dakshinamoorthy Raghul , Jha Abhinav Anand , Jain Shivi , Kumar Ishan 
Published: April 2022

Resumo
Objetivo Avaliar o papel do tropismo facetário (TF) no prolapso discal intervertebral.
Métodos Um total de 98 pacientes com dor lombar foram incluídos no estudo. Exames de ressonância magnética foram realizados e analisados, e os ângulos das facetas direita e esquerda foram medidos na seção axial. Os pacientes sem prolapso discal nos níveis L3-L4, L4-L5 e L5-S1 atuam como controles para aqueles com prolapso nos mesmos níveis. Fez-se também uma análise estatística.
Resultados A incidência de TF no nível L3-L4 foi de 85,2% em pacientes com hérnia discal (n = 27), e de 56,3% no grupo controle, o que foi estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,008). Da mesma forma, a incidência de TF no nível L4-L5 entre casos e controles foi de 71,4% (n = 35) e 52,4%, respectivamente (p = 0,066). No nível L5-S1, a incidência foi de 66% e 51% nos caso e nos controles, respectivamente (p = 0,13).
Conclusão Encontramos associação positiva entre TF e hérnia de disco no nível L3-L4, mas nenhuma associação nos níveis L4-L5 e L5-S1.
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma as Differential Diagnosis of a Vulvar Mass: A Case Report
Authors: Bada Bosch Isabel , Cañizo Agustín del , Campos-Domínguez Minia , Ordoñez Javier , Blanco Verdú María Dolores , Fanjul María , Pérez-Egido Laura , de Agustín Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVulvar masses in children are an unusual finding but their differential diagnosis is extensive. In case of solid masses, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) must always be considered due to the fact that it is the most common tumor in external genitals during childhood. However, RMS has a radiological appearance very similar to juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). We present a 16-month-old girl with a 2 cm solid mass on her left labia majora, with four overlying cutaneous papules. After imaging tests, an excisional biopsy was programmed due to high malignancy suspicion. Histopathology of the mass and one of the papules was diagnostic for JXG. After a 12-month follow-up, the patient shows no signs of relapse or complication. Deep JXG is an uncommon entity in childhood and exceptional in the genital area. Therefore, it must be included in the differential diagnosis of a solid vulvar mass, especially if accompanying yellowish xanthomatous cutaneous lesions are present.