bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with BrainCheck
Authors: Sun Kevin H , Huang Bin , Ghomi Reza Hosseini 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundNearly 14 million people in the United States and upwards of 152 million people globally in the coming decades are suffering from dementia. Early detection of dementia provides access to timely interventions and knowledge to improve patient health and quality of life before symptoms become severe. However, current rates of undetected dementia are reported as high as 61.7%. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early symptomatic clinical stage of dementia, thus, identification of this level of cognitive impairment is important for early detection. Current clinical practices, cognitive screening assessments (MoCA, etc.), and neuropsychological testing needed for the diagnosis of MCI shows itself to be time‐consuming and resource‐limited. An accurate and reliable computerized cognitive tool that could be more rapid and maximize accessibility to both patients and providers is needed to address the expected uptick in dementia, especially in the current era of practicing amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic.BrainCheck is a computerized cognitive testing tool and has been validated previously for its diagnostic accuracy for dementia‐related cognitive decline. In this study, our objective was to evaluate BrainCheck’s ability to distinguish between Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Normal Cognitive (NC) for the potential use of early dementia detection.MethodNinety‐nine participants associated with the University of Washington’s Memory and Brain Wellness Center were clinically evaluated with a form of Dementia (n=42), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)(n=22), or had Normal Cognition (NC)(n=35). Individual BrainCheck assessments and the Braincheck Overall Scores were compared statistically among their diagnostic groups. Also, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between participant BrainCheck Overall Scores and their MoCA scores.ResultWe found significant differences between the NC, MCI and Dementia groups based on the participants’ BrainCheck battery performances, where participants with more severe cognitive impairment performed worse across the individual assessments and on BrainCheck Overall Scores. Braincheck Overall Scores also achieved >88% sensitivity/specificity for separating NC from Dementia, and >77% sensitivity/specificity in separating the MCI group from NC/Dementia groups. Furthermore, Braincheck Overall Scores highly correlated with MoCA scores (ρ=0.69, p<0.001).ConclusionBrainCheck distinguished between diagnoses of Dementia, MCI, and NC, providing a potentially reliable tool for early detection of cognitive impairment.
Optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of primary neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Makhnovich Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Bogolepova Anna Nicolaevna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, the priority is the early diagnosis of dementia, which is due to an increase in the life expectancy of the population. In connection with the improvement of criteria of Alzheimer's disease on the basis of which a diagnosis is made only when severe cognitive deficit, prevented the diagnosis of documentah stages, although a neurodegenerative process is started before the onset of clinical symptoms, which should be treated with medications. Recently, the world community has been focused on identifying new predictors of cognitive deficits, as such, scientists ' hopes are focused on optical coherence tomography.Method90 patients were examined and divided into 3 groups: the first group included patients with Alzheimer's disease (NINCDS ADRDA), the second group included patients with vascular dementia(NINDS‐AIREN), and the third group ‐ patients with open‐angle glaucoma. The groups were comparable by gender, age, and baseline socioeconomic status. All patients underwent a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological examination, as well as optical coherence tomography.ResultAccording to the results of OCT in the area of the optic disc, no statistically significant differences in the width of the neuroretinal margin were found in the groups. The results of OCT in the macular region revealed a decrease in the retinal thickness and inner plexiform layer in the upper and lower quadrants and bilateral region, as well as reducing the thickness of the nerve fibers of the ganglion layer in a lower quadrant and bilateral region in groups of AD and glaucoma, compared with SoD group (p <0.05). In the foveal region, there was a decrease in the thickness of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, and the inner plexiform layer of the retina in patients with SoD compared to patients with AD and glaucoma (p <0.05).Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that in AD, degenerative retinal changes are observed in the perifoveal region, and in SoD, the process is more pronounced in the foveal (central) region of the retina.Conclusiona comprehensive ophthalmological examination can become one of the key and affordable methods of early diagnosis of AD.
Agreement of amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers in a clinical cohort
Authors: Guillén Núria , Contador José , Tort‐Merino Adrià , Balasa Mircea , Martínez Neus Falgàs , Olives Jaume , Castellví Magdalena , Juncà‐Parella Jordi , Borrego‐Écija Sergi , Bosch Beatriz , Fernández‐Villullas Guadalupe , Ramos‐Campoy Oscar , Antonell Anna , Perissinotti Andrés , Augé Josep Maria , Sanchez‐Valle Raquel , Lladó Albert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe amyloid deposition (A) in the 2018 ATN classification of Alzheimer disease can be assessed by CSF Aβ 1‐42 or amyloid PET. Although the agreement between them is high, it is not exact.MethodWe selected patients from the Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive disorders Unit at Hospital Clínic of Barcelona with available amyloid PET and lumbar puncture, with a maximum difference of time of one and a half year between them. We used F18 Florbetapir (n=27), F18 Florbetaben (n=7), F18 Flutemetamol (n=16) or 11C‐PIB (n=2) as tracers for amyloid PET. CSF Aβ 1‐42, total tau (tTau) and phosphorylated tau (pTau) were measured using INNOTEST® Fujirebio until June 2019 and using LUMIPULSE® Fujirebio after June 2019. We analyzed the agreement between amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers.ResultWe included 52 patients. They had been diagnosed of Alzheimer disease (n=32), frontotemporal dementia (n=11), Lewy body disease (n=2) and psychiatric disorders (n=7) (Table 1).There was a perfect agreement between CSF biomarkers and amyloid PET when CSF biomarkers were all normal or all altered (Figure 1): All patients with CSF A+T+N+ (n=19) had a positive amyloid PET and all patients with CSF A‐T‐N‐ (n=7) had a negative amyloid PET. Agreement decreased with other CSF results. Only 11/19 patients with CSF A+T‐N‐ had a positive amyloid PET. 31/32 (97%) patients with positive amyloid PET had low Aβ 1‐42 levels (A+) but only 11/20 (55%) patients with negative amyloid PET had normal Aβ 1‐42 levels (A‐).ConclusionCSF biomarkers and amyloid PET showed a perfect agreement when CSF biomarkers were all normal or all altered. For other CSF ATN results, agreement with amyloid PET was much lower.
Longitudinal differences in instrumental activities of daily living (AIDLs) in participants with subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) according to neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) severity
Authors: Mallo Sabela C. , Lojo‐Seoane Cristina , Campos‐Magdaleno Maria , Vieites Ana Nieto , Facal David , Ismail Zahinoor , Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo , Pereiro Arturo X 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeverity of the neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) is expected to have a negative impact on IADL, adding to the effect that cognitive decline can have and could lead to further impairment of functionality. Our objective was to analyze differences in IADL between two longitudinal evaluations in SCC participants with null, intermediate, or high levels of NPS at baseline considering the influence of the cognitive status.MethodThe sample consisted of 242 older adults with SCCs from the CompAS (Compostela Aging Study) and followed up 18‐24 months. Participants were classified according to absence (score ≤ 33th; MBI‐C total score=0), intermediate (score between 33th and 66th; MBI‐C total score ≥0 and ≤5; M=2.18, SD=1.10), and high level of NPS (score ≥ 66th; MBI‐C total score >5; M=10.83, SD=5.32) measured at the baseline by the Mild Behavioral Impairment‐Checklist (MBI‐C). Functionality was assessed by the short version of the Amsterdam‐IADL (A‐IADL‐Q‐SV). A repeated measures mixed‐ANOVA was performed to test intergroup (two groups: null‐NPS=92; Intermediate‐NPS=70; High‐NPS=80) and intra‐subject (two measurements: A‐IADL‐Q‐SV scores at baseline and at follow‐up) differences. In order to test the between‐group differences subtracting the effect of the cognitive objective decline, CAMCOG‐R total score was subsequently introduced as covariate.ResultsMixed‐ANOVA of repeated measures showed significant differences between groups in all the pairwise comparisons (Null‐NPS<Intermediate‐NPS<High‐NPS), indicating lower A‐IADL‐Q‐SV scores associated to the groups with higher MBI‐C scores, F(2,239)=22.41, p<.001, ηp2
=.158, observed power=1.0 (Figure 1). Measurement main effect and Group*Measurement interaction were not significant. Inclusion of CAMCOG‐R total score as covariate did not alter the results but size effect for the Group differences slightly decreased, F(2,238)=18.28, p<.001, ηp2
=.133, observed power=1.0.ConclusionsFunctionality decline was significantly associated to the severity level of NPS. The consideration of cognitive status as covariate only slightly reduced the size effect observed in between‐group differences, which suggests a certain independence of the NPS in the deterioration of functionality. Longitudinal differences in IADL were not observed in the 18‐24 months follow‐up interval.
CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 ratio predicts longitudinal hypometabolism and cognitive decline in amyloid‐negative elderly adults
Authors: Guo Tengfei , Landau Susan M. , Jagust William J. ,   the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTauopathy can be measured with PET imaging and CSF phosphorylated tau (p‐Tau), and recent studies have suggested that CSF p‐Tau may be superior to tau PET for detecting early tau increase. We recently found the use of a CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 ratio improved the associations with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers over CSF p‐Tau. However, the significance of elevated CSF p‐Tau in the absence of abnormal Aβ is unclear, as is how it relates to neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and other factors.MethodWe analyzed 201 non‐demented ADNI participants who were Aβ‐ on both CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 and PET, and who had concurrent Aβ PET, CSF (Aβ40, Aβ42 and p‐Tau181), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and vascular risk factors measured within one year. Of these, 81 individuals had 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and adjusted hippocampal volume (aHCV). We also examined available longitudinal CSF, aHCV, FDG PET and Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite (PACC) measurements in 20‐40% of participants.ResultIn Aβ‐ individuals, older age, male sex, greater WMH burden and hypertension (Fig. 1) were related to elevated CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40, which was associated with temporoparietal (metaROI) hypometabolism and hippocampal atrophy (Fig. 2). Longitudinally, lower CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, higher WMH, and hypertension predicted faster CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 increase over around 5 years (Fig. 1), and higher CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 predicted faster FDG SUVR decrease (Fig. 2) over around 3 years. Furthermore, baseline CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 was associated with subsequent PACC decline over around 5 years, and this was partially mediated by glucose metabolism and fully mediated by hippocampal atrophy (Fig. 3).ConclusionOur results suggest that both cerebrovascular disease and subthreshold levels of Aβ, as well as age, are related to CSF p‐Tau/Aβ40 accumulation. Crucially, evidence of this CSF tau pathology shares features with AD including an AD‐like pattern of hypometabolism and hippocampal atrophy. Thus, this phenotype of Aβ‐ CSF tau elevation is similar to AD, which implies that it may represent an Aβ‐independent pathway to AD, a clinical syndrome that mimics AD, or very early interaction between Aβ and vascular disease that underlies neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
Physical activity interventions and their effects on cognitive function in people with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Cardona Maria Isabel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs Western societies are rapidly ageing; cases of dementia have also significantly increased. Dementia has a remarkable impact not just on individuals but also on their families, communities, and society [1]. Thus, physical activity (PA) appears in the literature as an alternative non‐pharmacological approach to effectively address dementia effects [2].Methodsin order to identify and summarize PA interventions and their effects on cognitive function in persons with dementia (PwD), a systematic review was conducted in different electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, APA PsycNET, and Web of Science. Selected studies were randomized controlled trials written in English, published between 2000 and 2020, implemented among PwD, who received a PA intervention, and their cognitive functioning was measured at baseline and follow‐up.ResultsTwenty‐three Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Moreover, it complements evidence from other reviews by including eight studies that were not considered before. Overall, studies continue to present methodological limitations. However, six studies implemented in the last five years, have shown more solid methodological designs, including larger sample sizes and more comprehensive measurement tools. These studies did not report improvement in the cognitive function of PwD.ConclusionRetrieved data acquired through this review showed that it remains unclear whether PA improves cognitive function on PwD, our findings suggest an increase in studies methodological aspects. Moreover, new evidence reported that probably multimodal PA interventions, light to moderate intensities, and long‐term programs are more likely to benefit cognition of PwD. However, future studies should continue addressing methodological barriers and exploring optimal dose‐responses to assure conclusive results regarding PA effectiveness on PwD cognitive functioning. 1. Nations, U., World Population Ageing. United Nations, P.D. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Editor. 2019: New York. 2. Livingston, G., et al., Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet, 2017. 390(10113): p. 2673‐2734.
Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer biomarkers to the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Faraut Elise , Formaglio Maïté , Gabelle Audrey , Grangeon Lou , Magnin Eloi , Martinaud Olivier , Boutoleau‐Bretonnière Claire , Cognat Emmanuel , Quillard‐Muraine Muriel , Maltête David , Wallon David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe definite diagnosis of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) requires a neuropathological examination revealing the presence of the pathogenic prion protein. As a reliable in vivo diagnosis is required for clinical care, without pathological confirmation, diagnostic criteria for CJD have been proposed including neuroimaging, electrophysiology and 14.3.3 protein positivity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but their accuracy remains suboptimal. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid was found to be extremely elevated in CJD and the phosphorylated‐Tau to Tau ratio (P‐Tau/Tau) was reported to be decreased for some CJD patients.MethodWe first aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the P‐Tau/Tau ratio to distinguish CJD from other neurodegenerative disorders in a cohort of patients with a rapidly progressive cognitive disorder and high CSF Tau level above 1000 pg/ml. Then, retrospectively gathering 49 CJD patients from 7 French University Hospital, the Alzheimer CSF biomarkers and the P‐Tau/Tau ratio sensitivity were compared to current CJD diagnosis criteria. A P‐Tau/Tau ratio value below 0.075 was considered as indicative of CJD.ResultThe diagnoses in the first cohort of 24 patients were: CJD (n = 11), Alzheimer disease (n = 11), Frontotemporal dementia (n = 1) and a Gayet‐Wernicke’s encephalopathy (GWE) (n = 1). Using the threshold of 0.075, the ratio P‐Tau/Tau correctly categorized all CJD patients and only one patient, with GWE, was wrongly classified (fig. 1). The area under the curve of the P‐Tau/Tau ratio was 95% (IC 95% 0.85‐1.0). In the 49 CJD series, the ratio was abnormal in 100% of the patients, while the clinical criteria were met in 81.6% and 91.7% for neuroimaging, 50% for helectroencephalogram and 55.1% for protein 14‐3‐3.ConclusionAlzheimer CSF biomarkers with Tau level and P‐Tau/Tau ratio may increase diagnosis accuracy for positive and differential diagnosis of CJD with a complementary value to current validated diagnosis criteria. They could be particularly helpful in clinical practice for patients with rapid cognitive decline and Tau > 1000 pg/ml or in atypical cases with unmet diagnosis criteria.
Multidomain interventions for the prevention of dementia and cognitive decline: A Cochrane systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hafdi Melanie , Hoevenaar‐Blom Marieke P , Richard Edo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundWith no effective pharmacological therapies, risk factor modification may be a suitable intervention for dementia prevention. To date, no single‐domain intervention has convincingly shown to reduce the risk of developing dementia. Targeting more than one risk factor might have additive or even synergistic effects. In this Cochrane systematic review, we investigated the effect of multidomain intervention studies on the prevention of dementia and cognitive declineMethodWe searched ALOIS (the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's register), MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, LILACS, and ClinicalTrials.gov from origin to April 2020. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting at least two dementia risk factors simultaneously, with >400 participants and >12 months of follow‐up. Data were pooled using random‐effect models. This abstract is based on a pre‐peer review version of a Cochrane Review (protocol DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013572).ResultThe search identified 13.039 studies. Nine RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria and could be included in the review and meta‐analysis; two studies reported incident dementia as outcome, all nine studies reported a measure for cognitive decline. Overall pooled risk ratio (RR) for dementia was 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76‐1.18, I2<10%) and standardised mean difference (SMD) for cognitive decline measured with a neurological test battery (NTB) 0.03 (95% CI 0.01‐0.06, I2<10%). SMD in mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) score was 0.00 (95% CI ‐0.03‐0.04). Subgroup analyses suggested modest favourable outcomes on cognitive decline (NTB) for participants with worse baseline cognitive status (SMD 0.06 (0.01‐ 0.11) for low baseline MMSE vs. SMD 0.01 (‐0.01‐0.04) for high baseline MMSE), though this difference was not significant (p=0.12). There was no difference between groups with respect to adverse events (mortality, cardiovascular disease and stroke). The overall quality of evidence was moderate to high.ConclusionMultidomain interventions did not improve the overall risk of dementia. There was a modest effect on cognitive decline measured with a NTB, though this effect was not convincingly supported by other cognitive assessment scores. Future research in populations at increased risk could have important implications for dementia prevention strategies.
The association of serum immunoglobulins with cognition and dementia: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Khan Samer R. , Yaqub Amber , Wolters Frank J. , Ikram M. Kamran , Dalm Virgil A.S.H. , Chaker Layal , Ikram M. Arfan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic neuro‐inflammation has emerged in recent years as important pathological process underlying dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Most studies so far have investigated the innate immune system, but the role of the adaptive immune system remains largely unknown. We investigated the association of serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) as markers of the adaptive immune system with cognitive function and risk of dementia.MethodThis study was embedded in the Rotterdam Study, an ongoing prospective population based cohort study, and included participants with baseline measurements (between 1997 and 2009) of serum immunoglobulins and informed consent for follow‐up. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression analyses to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between serum immunoglobulins and risk of dementia until 2016 (longitudinal). We performed linear regression analyses to quantify the cross‐sectional association between serum immunoglobulins and cognition summarized into global cognition as well as separate cognitive test scores. Effect estimates are adjusted for age, sex, lifestyle and cardiovascular factors.ResultWe have included 8,768 participants with a mean age of 64 years and of whom 57% are female. Due to non‐proportional hazards, the follow‐up time was divided into two strata (≤10 and >10 years). We found that IgM was associated with a lower risk of dementia after ten years in women (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.58‐0.86). When restricting analyses to participants with immunoglobulin levels within the reference range and excluding users of immunomodulating medication, we found that IgM was associated with a lower risk of dementia after 10 years in the entire population (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62‐0.97). We furthermore found that higher IgG levels were associated with lower scores of global cognition, Stroop I, and Stroop II (betas ranging from ‐0.01 to ‐0.02; p‐value <0.002 for all).ConclusionHigher IgM levels are associated with a decreased risk of dementia in women and in all participants with reference range immunoglobulin levels. Higher IgG levels are associated with worse cognitive test outcomes. Our results suggest a protective effect of the adaptive immune system on dementia onset, but possibly a reversed effect on cognitive function.
Effects of the lifestyle of the elderly before and after COVID‐19 on subjective health, depression and quality of life: The application of multiple group analysis
Authors: Yang Min Ah , Park Ji‐Hyuk 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study is to identify differences in effectiveness between the two periods before and after COVID‐19 by using a multiple group analysis to determine the effect of the lifestyle(physical activity, activity participation, and nutrition) of the middle and older people on subjective health, depression and quality of life.MethodAmong those aged 55 and older, the study measured lifestyle, subjective health, depression, and quality of life for a total of 327 people. We used SPSS 25 for general characteristics of subjects, descriptive statistical analysis of variables, and AMOS 20 for validation of variables, affirmative factor analysis, and effectiveness analysis on paths.ResultMultiple group analysis shows that the path of health→depression was significant at 99% confidence before COVID‐19 and between activity participation→quality of life at 90% confidence.ConclusionComparison of final research models from two periods before and after COVID‐19 shows that social isolation resulting from COVID‐19 negatively affects depression and quality of life. These results suggest that health care is essential for middle‐aged and elderly people, and that measures should be taken to address the restrictions on participation in activities caused by social isolation.