bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Channel for Millimeter-Wave Hybrid Massive MIMO Multimedia Systems using Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL)
Authors: Qamar Shamimul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hybrid precoding in millimeter-wave large MIMO systems is a critical component for lowering radio-frequency hardware costs as compared to the traditional fulldigital precoding strategy. Knowledge of channels is required for hybrid precoding. Though, estimation of the channel is problematic for the mm-Wave system because of the usage of a massive array of antenna and hybrid architecture with analog precoding. Due to the extremely directed nature of wireless propagation, wireless channels have spatial sparsity. This spatial sparsity in wireless channel is exploited in this paper to develop a new Sparse Bayesian learning (SBL)-based massive MIMO channel estimate scheme for hybrid millimetre-wave wireless system. The spatially sparse massive MIMO channel is modelled using response matrices for basis arrays matching to quantized directional cosines at the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays, and then a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) channel estimation technique based on expectation maximisation (EM) is developed. Genie (Ideal) channel estimation is also performed in which we presume that actual angle of departures (AoD) and angle of arrivals (AoA) are known to us in multimedia. Finally, the Multimedia simulation results reveal that suggested SBL-based channel estimation approaches outperform the popular OMP-based methodology and conventional approaches like least-squares channel estimation.
Influence of Peach Seedling Rootstocks on Defoliation and Cold Hardiness of Peach Cultivars1
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Jackson H. O. , Stroud F. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bearing trees of ‘Loring’, ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Babygold 5’ peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) on Siberian C seedlings defoliated earlier than those on the other seedling rootstocks. Early cold acclimation of scions in the fall and scion cold hardiness in mid-winter were enhanced more by Siberian C seedlings than by those of the other seedling rootstocks. Bud survival and fruit set of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Bablygold 5’ scions were greater on Siberian C seedlings than on any of the other seedling rootstocks following an outdoor cold stress at -23.4°C in January. The cold hardiness of phloem, cambium, and xylem stem tissues were closely correlated with each other in the fall, but were not correlated with cold hardiness of flower buds on the same shoots. Seedlings of Siberian C appeared to enhance early scion dormancy and they increased scion bud hardiness by as much as 4.7° in the fall, and 1.3° in mid-February, compared with those of other rootstocks tested.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Pickling Cucumbers Grown for Once-over Harvest I. Effect on Yield and Fresh Quality1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Different preplant and sidedress N fertilizer rates from NH4NO3 or urea were applied to pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) grown for once-over harvest to determine the effect of N rate, source and time of application on cucumber yield, sex expression, and fruit quality. Nitrogen preplant rates of 67 or 134 kg/ha resulted in greater yields ($/ha and MT/ha) than no N preplant fertilizer. Preplant rates of 201 or 268 kg N/ha gave lower yields. The preplant source of N, NH4NO3 or urea had no effect on yield. Sidedress N as NH4NO3 or urea generally did not influence yields ($ and MT) when preplant N was used at rates of 67 or 134 kg/ha. The addition of preplant N fertilizer up to 134 kg/ha resulted in a slightly greater number of pistillate flowers per plant. The percentages of off-shape fruit were higher for the highest rate (268 kg/ha) of preplant N. Fruit quality evaluation (shape and color) and length:diameter ratios were generally not influenced by preplant N fertilizer.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Pickling Cucumbers Grown for Once-over Harvest II. Effect on Plant Tissue Mineral Nutrient Concentrations1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown at high plant population (250,000 plants/ha) for once-over harvest. Nitrogen was applied preplant, 0 to 268 kg/ha, and sidedress, 0 to 112 kg/ha, from 2 N sources, NH4NO3 and urea. The effects of N fertilization practices on mineral nutrient composition of the tissue was studied. The concentration of NO3-N in leaf blade and petiole tissue rapidly decreased during the last 2 to 3 weeks before harvest (fruit sizing period). Preplant and sidedress N fertilizer applications led to increased tissue concentration of NO3-N and total N. Petiole tissue concentration less than 0.8% NO3-N or greater than 1.5% at harvest usually reflected reduced yields. Optimum yields generally occurred when blades contained 4 to 5% total N. The source of N fertilizer used had little influence on tissue concentration of NO3-N and total N. Nitrogen fertilization practices had a direct influence on the mineral nutrient composition of the leaf tissue at harvest. Tissue concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were higher in tissue that received preplant fertilizer N rates from 67 to 201 kg/ha compared to plants that received no preplant N, while the Na concn was reduced. Sidedressing N fertilizer had little influence on cation and anion accumulation in the tissue.
Accumulation of Sugars and Plasmalemma Alterations: Factors Related to the Lack of Cold Acclimation in Young Roots1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The possibility that low cellular concentration of sucrose was limiting the expression of hardiness in young roots of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. ‘Lalandii’ Dipp. was investigated. While the sucrose content of young roots increased four-fold following exposure to 4°C, the highest concentration was not higher than that found in non-acclimated mature roots. Attempts to increase hardiness by incubating young roots on sucrose solutions were unsuccessful. However, intracellular sucrose concentrations were not significantly increased by this treatment. Cytochrome oxidase incorporated into a membrane fraction containing plasmalemma vesicles isolated from Pyracantha young roots or from tissue capable of acclimation (Hedera helix L. ‘Thorndale’ callus cultures) was used as a probe for architectural alterations of this membrane following exposure to 4° and 5°. The apparent first order rate constant of the cytochrome oxidase reaction was used to indicate membrane fluidity. Above the Arrhenius discontinuity, membrane fluidity in both species was greatest when plants were grown at 4° or 5°. However, below the Arrhenius discontinuity fluidity remained greater in ivy callus grown at 5°, but not in Pyracantha young roots exposed to 4°. Altered properties of the membrane surface, inferred from the second order rate constant, were observed only in plasmalemma of young roots. Several possibilities to account for the lack of young root hardiness are presented.
Correlations of Chilling Requirements for Germination, Blooming and Leafing within and among Seedling Populations of Almond1
Authors: Kester D. E. , Raddi Paolo , Asay R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Relationships among blooming and leafing dates of parents, offspring, and the chilling requirements of the intervening seed were determined among a group of families of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Parentoffspring heritabilities for blooming and leafing dates were high. Leafing and blooming dates of individuals and families, although significantly correlated, were more or less independent traits. Seed chilling was a function of both seed and pollen parents and was correlated with mean bloom and leafing of parents. The correlation coefficient between chilling of a seed and the blooming date of the corresponding offspring plant was significant and large when calculated for families and significant, but low, when calculated for individuals. The seed-leafing correlation was significant when the early and late leafing progeny were considered separately.
Mineral Element Changes in Pistachio Leaves1
Authors: Uriu K. , Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of several mineral elements in leaflets of Pistacia vera L. cv. Kerman, did not differ significantly with leaflet position. Thus, leaflets may be used instead of whole leaves in leaf sampling. Analyses of leaflets indicated that N, P, and Zn concn were relatively high initially. They then dropped rapidly during leaf expansion, reaching a steady state in early summer. Manganese increased from an initially low level and then remained fairly constant. Potassium, Mg, Cl, and B behaved similarly to Mn, but reached constant levels later in the season. Leaves from bearing branches were lower in N and P, but higher in K than leaves from nonbearing branches. It is recommended, in determining mineral element status, that leaves from nonbearing branches be sampled during the month prior to harvest, as most elements are then at a steady state.
Glucose Metabolism in Petals of Senescing Roses1
Authors: Buxton Jack W. , Stoltz L. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pentose phosphate shunt (PPS) was shown to be active in roses (Rosa hybrida L.). The C6/C1 ratio indicated that possibly as much as 50% of the glucose oxidized in the rose flower is through the PPS. However, the activity of the PPS in relation to the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathyway-tricarboxylic acid cycle (EMP-TCA) pathway did not change significantly throughout the cut life of the rose. There was a drop in the respiratory rate of petals throughout the cut flower life. The inner petals exhibited a consistantly higher respiratory rate than did outer petals regardless of whether the flower was kept in water or preservative.
Fruit Growth and Development, Ripening, and the Role of Ethylene in the ‘Honey Dew’ Muskmelon1
Authors: Pratt Harlan K. , Goeschl John D. , Martin Franklin W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The muskmelon cultivar Honey Dew (Cucumis melo L.) has unique horticultural and physiological characteristics, most notably an unusually long period between attainment of acceptable horticultural maturity and self-ripening in the field. Patterns of flowering, fruit set, fruit growth, solids accumulation, softening, ethylene production, respiration, and variation among individual fruits were studied during several seasons. Internal ethylene concentration may be estimated by the following formula: ppm internal = 3.7 ± 1.2 × rate of production in µl/kg-hr. The act of harvesting had no effect on ethylene production or internal concentration. Full ripening required an internal ethylene concentration of about 3 ppm. Horticultural maturity was attained at 35 to 37 days after anthesis, but self-ripening required about 47 days. Commercial harvests include fruits in this range of ages, so treatment with ethylene is required for uniform ripening and consumer satisfaction.
Effect of Nitrogen and Plastic Mulch on Properties of Troup Loamy Sand and on Yield of ‘Walter’ Tomatoes1
Authors: Jones T. L. , Jones U. S. , Ezell D. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During 1975 and the spring of 1976, N requirements were determined for irrigated ‘Walter’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growing on Troup loamy sand with and without polyethylene mulch. Maximum soil moisture deviation occurred in the unmulched plots in the zone of illuviation to depths of 60 to 75 cm. Moisture ranged from 3 to 15% with the maximum recorded after vines were killed by frost. Highest N concentration (15.8 ppm NO3-N) occurred in mulched plots at a depth of 15 cm; whereas the highest concentration (11.5 ppm NO3-N) in unmulched plots occurred at 45 cm. The highest yield of 29.8 MT/ha was produced with 60 kg/ha N on mulched plots. The highest yield without mulch (25.6 MT/ha) required 138 kg/ha of N.
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Gaseous Fluoride on Yield of Field-grown Bean and Tomato Plants1
Authors: MacLean D. C. , Schneider R. E. , McCune D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field plots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Tendergreen) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Fireball 861 VR) were exposed for 43 and 99 days, respectively, to filtered ambient air or air containing hydrogen fluoride (HF) at a mean concentration of 0.6 µgF m-3. Comparisons between these treatments revealed that chronic exposure of bean to HF did not affect growth or induce foliar injury, whereas the fresh mass of marketable pods was reduced by almost 25%. There was no effect of HF exposure on growth or fruiting in tomato.
Whitefly Host Preference Associated with Selected Biochemical and Phenotypic Characteristics of Poinsettias1
Authors: Bilderback Theodore E. , Mattson Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selected biochemical, physical, and anatomical characteristics of 9 cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd) were measured and compared with adult and nymph whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), distribution. Whiteflies were most numerous on cultivars with less chlorophyll/unit area (µg/cm2) and lighter colored bracts. Neither total sugar content nor plant growth habit was associated with whitefly distribution. Discrimination of parental groups in cultivars can be done on the basis of trichome length, type, or number. Long spike-like trichomes occur on ‘Rochford’, while ‘Eckespoint C-l’ has significantly more trichomes/unit area. Long trichomes with hooked ends, observed on ‘Annette Hegg’ may provide protection to whitefly eggs or nymphs by preventing their physical removal from underleaf surfaces. Significantly more whitefly adults and nymphs were counted on ‘Annette Hegg’ than on ‘Eckespoint C-l’ or ‘Rochford’ cultivars.
Apple Tree Growth, Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, and Specific Leaf Weight as Affected by Continuous and Intermittent Shade1
Authors: Barden John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 80% shade from saran cloth and slats were very similar on young ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. Shoot-length increase was suppressed about 10% by shade but leaf area was unaffected. Dry weight increase for shaded trees was about 50% of that for trees in full sun. Sun leaves required about 43.1 klx for light saturation and shade leaves needed only about 19.4 klx. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of shade leaves was about 70% of that of sun leaves at light saturation. Dark respiration (Rd) rates were also higher in sun than shade-leaves. Specific leaf weight (SLW) of leaves near full expansion at the start of the experiment increased 15% under shade whereas sun-leaf SLW increased 40% during the experiment. For leaves unfolding under the differential light treatments, SLW of shade leaves averaged only 55% of sun leaves.
Effects of Naphthaleneacetic Acid on Shoot Growth of Apple Trees1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Forshey C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treatments were applied to pruned or unpruned dormant, vigorous, upright apple branches (Malus domestica Borkh.) Bud-break was delayed by NAA, but total inhibition of bud development required the presence of actively growing shoots above the treated area. NAA reduced growth where it was applied, but because of compensating growth increases from untreated branch sections, total growth was unchanged. Applied to 1-year-old whips immediately after planting, NAA reduced the quantity of undesirable growth, increased the growth of favorably positioned shoots, and improved the crotch angles of those shoots.
The Relationship of Vegetative Maturity to Rest Development and Spring Bud-break1
Authors: Fuchigami L. H. , Hotze M. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rest period, the transition between summer and winter dormancy, and vegetative maturity were studied in red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) in Oregon. Maximum rest occurred in late October and early November when 180 days were required for growth resumption under favorable growing conditions. The transition between summer dormancy (correlative inhibition of lateral buds) and winter dormancy (onset of rest) occurred in early September, 21 days before maturity, 49 days before natural leaf abscission, and 56 days before maximum rest. Lateral buds of plants defoliated prior to this transition grew within 10 days while buds of plants defoliated after that date did not resume growth until spring. Vegetative maturity was achieved in late September. Plants defoliated after that time overwintered without apparent injury. Spring regrowth was normal in mature plants, but bud-break was delayed as much as 10 days as a result of defoliation the previous autumn. Vegetatively immature plants defoliated before late September died outright or sustained varying degrees of stem dieback. Natural leaf abscission occurred in late October, 49 days after plants were vegetatively mature. The extent of stem dieback was inversely related to stage of maturity, a relationship that provides a useful means of quantitatively expressing when, and to what extent, plants are mature.
Stylar-end Breakdown in ‘Tahiti’ Lime: Aggravating Effects of Field Heat and Fruit Maturity1
Authors: Davenport T. L. , Campbell C. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of elevated temperature, fruit size, and juice content on the incidence of stylar-end breakdown, a postharvest disorder common to ‘Tahiti’ lime fruit (Citrus latifolia Tan.), was investigated. Freshly picked limes were placed in a water bath maintained at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 50° for 3 hours. The incidence of stylar-end breakdown in these fruit increased exponentially from 0% in those fruit incubated at 25° to 85% in fruit heated at 50°. A standard treatment of heating fruit for 3 hours at 42° was employed to determine the relative susceptibility of fruit varying in size and juice content. Limes less than 3.5 cm in diameter did not break down whereas the incidence of the disorder in fruit 3.5 cm to 7.0 cm in diameter, respectively, ranged from 2% to 63%. Fruit with greater than 50% juice content were more susceptible to the disorder than those with less than 50%, but no strict correlation was found. It is suggested that the incidence of stylar-end breakdown associated with heat is mediated by liquid expansion in juice vesicles giving rise to internal pressure sufficient to rupture these vesicles. Controlling postharvest temperature of limes and maintaining strict picking schedules so that fruit are not allowed to attain maximum size significantly reduces the incidence of the disorder.
Influence of Exogenous Daminozide and Gibberellic Acid on Cluster Development and Yield of the ‘Concord’ Grape1
Authors: Funt Richard C. , Tukey Loren D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1968 and 1970 applications of gibberellic acid (GA) at berry shatter to mature vines of Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord treated with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) at first-bloom appeared to reduce cluster compactness by lengthening the rachis, to increase berry size, to reduce the number of shot berries, and to increase further the number of mature berries, cluster weight and yield, as compared to daminozide alone. A single application of GA at 50 ppm at berry shatter was as effective in increasing yield as daminozide at 1000 ppm at first bloom, while GA at 100 ppm was significantly more effective. When GA was combined with daminozide were counteracted. The effect of GA on vegetative development was less pronounced than on yield. Highest yield was from the sequential treatment of daminozide 1000 ppm at first bloom and GA at 100 ppm at berry shatter. In the posttreatment year, yields were significantly higher on vines previously treated with either daminozide at 1000 ppm at first bloom, GA at 100 ppm at berry shatter, or daminozide at 1000 ppm with GA at 50 ppm at first bloom.
Impact of Single Seed Descent in Selecting for Fruit Size, Earliness, and Total Yield in Tomato1
Authors: Peirce L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single seed descent (SSD) produced generally inferior fruit size, earliness and total yield among progenies as compared with pedigree (PED) selection alone and single seed descent following one cycle of pedigree selection (PDSD). The latter two systems were essentially equal in performance, but the PDSD system provided increased efficiency of time and space. Progeny tests in 1976 generally reflected the superiority that had been selected in 1975, regardless of selection system. In each system, acceptable performance was attained in at least one line. The data suggest, however, that chances of recovering high-performance lines are reduced in SSD as compared to PED or PDSD.
Carbon Dioxide, Ethylene, and Color Development in Ripening Mature Green Bell Peppers1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature green bell pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yolo Wonder) exhibited a non-climacteric pattern of ethylene and carbon dioxide production during normal ripening and red color development at 24°C. Exposing detached mature green fruit to 500 ppm propylene in air for 48 hours, did not induce an increase in ethylene or carbon dioxide production. Wounding excised plugs of ovary wall tissue caused an increase in carbon dioxide production within one day, and an increase in ethylene production by the second day.
Effects of Cultural Practices on Acclimatization of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shade-grown Ficus benjamina produced under 40 and 80% shade were larger and had better grade and foliage color than sun-grown plants after 9 months growth, but trunk caliper was less. Increasing Osmocote (14.0 N – 6.2 P – 11.6 K) from 4 to 16 g per 20 cm diam pot – 3 months increased foliage color and grade but had no effect on height or trunk caliper. The best plants after 6 months indoors under 0.8 klx, 12 hours daily were those produced under 40 or 80% shade with 12 or 16 g Osmocote levels although they had higher leaf drop. Chlorophyll content (mg/cm2) of leaf tissue was highest under 40 and 80% shade. Fertilizer had no effect on this in the production area or after 3 or 6 months indoors. After 6 months indoors, chlorophyll content had decreased by nearly 50% in all treatments. Macronutrient tissue levels varied with changes in shade and fertilizer level.
Influence of the Nut's Internal Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Induction of Pigmentation in the Kernels of Pecan1
Authors: Kays S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The O2 and CO2 concentration between the shuck and shell and within the nut of individual pecans (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch cv. Stuart) was monitored over a 4 week period from predehiscence to post-dehiscence. Internal O2 levels increased after dehiscence from initial concentrations of 16-17% to near that of the external environment after 3 weeks. Internal CO2 concentration, conversely, decreased substantially after dehiscence. Treatment of nuts over the same physiological stages of development with 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 21.0 and 100% O2 had little effect on the induction and development of the kernel's normal pigmentation. Both high and low O2 levels did, however, produce some discoloration after 21 days of treatment. Changes in the internal nut O2 partial pressure are apparently not a significant factor in the induction and development of the normal complement of pecan kernel pigments during fruit maturation.