bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present Moment Awareness
Authors: Herbert Matthew S. , Afari Niloofar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Present moment awareness (PMA) is one of six interrelated processes that facilitate psychological flexibility within acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The process of PMA (1) brings deliberate attention to inner experiences such as thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations in the service of building psychological flexibility, and (2) increases the opportunity to come in contact with valued outer experiences. Thus, PMA can be considered a foundational process upon which other ACT processes rest, making it difficult to clearly distinguish PMA from the other ACT processes and study the unique impact of PMA in ACT interventions. This challenge is further complicated by inadequate measurement tools for PMA or mindfulness. The growing literature on the potential neurophysiological mechanisms of mindfulness in general suggests that this is a worthy area of study within ACT. Future studies should examine the potential benefits of formal mindfulness meditation practice in the context of ACT and capitalize on ecological momentary assessment and other technology to measure and support PMA and other ACT processes in real-world and real-time settings.
Music Theory in Retirement Centers
Authors: Peebles Crystal 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenges of creating music theory programming for older adults living in retirement centers. The first challenge is accessibility. Accessible programming delivers music theory content that engages a musically diverse audience while using a modality open to various physical capabilities. The second challenge is connecting content to an individual’s musical experience. Active learning experiences, like performance, moving to music, composition, discussion, and sharing musical examples, encourage participants to think critically about music using concepts and tools from music theory. This chapter describes three types of music theory programming designed for older adults: stand-alone lectures, class series, and intergenerational collaborations with college students in the context of a service-learning project. Each type of programming upholds the ideals of accessible and active music theory learning.
Face Processing and TMS
Authors: Pitcher David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Faces are rich sources of social information that simultaneously convey someone’s identity, attentional focus, and emotional state. Humans process this wealth of socially relevant information in a network of face-selective regions distributed across the brain. This chapter reviews studies that have used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study the cognitive operations and functional connections of the face network. TMS has been used to disrupt brain areas contributing to the processing of facial identity, facial expression, eye-gaze direction, head direction, trustworthiness, and the auditory-visual integration of speech. TMS has also been combined with neuroimaging to map how transient disruption of a targeted face area impacts connectivity across the face network. I also review chronometric TMS studies that have established when faces are processed across different brain areas down to a millisecond resolution.
Site of service of irrigation and debridement of open finger and hand fractures: a retrospective review of trends and outcomes
Authors: Wadhwa Harsh , Zhuang Thompson , Shapiro Lauren M. , Welch Jessica M. , Richard Marc J. , Kamal Robin N. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Irrigation and debridement (I&D) of open finger and hand fractures can be performed in the emergency department as opposed to the operating room (OR), though reports of postoperative infection rates vary greatly. The authors hypothesized that I&D of open finger and hand fractures in the OR would decrease over time. They also describe rates of postoperative infection, reoperation, readmission, and costs.

Methods:
A large nationwide administrative claims dataset was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent I&D after open finger and hand fractures from 2007 to 2016. The incidence of I&D procedures performed outside the OR was reported and trends over the study period were assessed.

Results:
The proportion of open finger and hand fractures that underwent I&D outside the OR did not change significantly over time. Rates of postoperative surgical site infection, readmission, and reoperation were higher in the OR cohort at 90 days after the index stay. The OR cohort had greater total costs and out-of-pocket costs for the index stay. At 90 days, the OR cohort had greater total cost, but out-of-pocket costs were similar.

Conclusions:
Site of service for treatment of open finger and hand fractures has not significantly changed from 2007 to 2016. Given that total costs are significantly greater among patients undergoing I&D in the OR, prospective trials are needed to assess the safety of treating open finger and hand fractures outside of the OR to optimize management of these injuries.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Cervical Paraspinal Muscle Fatty Infiltration is Directly Related to Extension Reserve in Patients With Cervical Spine Pathology
Authors: Virk Sohrab , Lafage Renaud , Elysee Jonathan , Passias Peter , Kim Han Jo , Qureshi Sheeraz , Lafage Virginie 
Published: June 2022

Study Design/Setting:
Retrospective review of a prospectively collected database.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between paracervical muscle area, density, and fat infiltration and cervical alignment among patients presenting with cervical spine pathology.

Background Context:
The impact of cervical spine alignment on clinical outcomes has been extensively studied, but little is known about the association between spinal alignment and cervical paraspinal musculature.

Methods:
We examined computed tomography scans and radiographs for patients presenting with cervical spine pathology. The posterior paracervical muscle area, density, and fat infiltration was calculated on axial slices at C2, C4, C6, and T1. We measured radiographic parameters including cervical sagittal vertical axis, cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1S), range of motion of the cervical spine. We performed Pearson correlation tests to determine if there were significant relationships between muscle measurements and alignment parameters.

Results:
The study included 51 patients. The paracervical muscle area was higher for males at C2 (P=0.005), C4 (P=0.001), and T1 (P=0.002). There was a positive correlation between age and fat infiltration at C2, C4, C6, and T1 (all P<0.05). The cervical sagittal vertical axis positively correlated with muscle cross-sectional area at C2 (P=0.013) and C4 (P=0.013). Overall cervical range of motion directly correlated with muscle density at C2 (r=0.48, P=0.003), C4 (r=0.41, P=0.01), and C6 (r=0.53. P<0.001) and indirectly correlated with fat infiltration at C2 (r=−0.40, P=0.02), C4 (r=−0.32, P=0.04), and C6 (r=−0.35, P=0.02). Muscle density correlated directly with reserve of extension at C2 (r=0.57, P=0.009), C4 (r=0.48, P=0.037), and C6 (r=0.47, P=0.033). Reserve of extension indirectly correlated with fat infiltration at C2 (r=0.65, P=0.006), C4 (r=0.47, P=0.037), and C6 (r=0.48, P=0.029).

Conclusions:
We have identified specific changes in paracervical muscle that are associated with a patient’s ability to extend their cervical spine.
The Influence of Presenting Physical Function on Postoperative Patient Satisfaction and Clinical Outcomes Following Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression
Authors: Jacob Kevin C. , Patel Madhav R. , Park Grant A. , Gheewala Jessica R. , Vanjani Nisheka N. , Pawlowski Hanna , Prabhu Michael C. , Singh Kern 
Published: June 2022

Study Design:
The study of retrospective cohort.

Objective:
The aim was to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), satisfaction, and minimum clinically important difference (MCID) achievement following minimally invasive lumbar decompression (MIS-LD) in patients stratified by the preoperative patient-reported outcomes measurement information system physical function (PROMIS-PF) score.

Summary of Background Data:
Although prior studies have assessed the predictive utility of preoperative PROMIS-PF scores on patient outcomes in spinal fusion, its utility has not been studied for patients undergoing MIS-LD.

Methods:
Primary, single/multilevel MIS-LD procedures were identified. PROMs were administered at preoperative/6-week/12-week/6-month/1-year/2-year time points and included PROMIS-PF/visual analog scale (VAS) back and leg/Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Satisfaction scores were collected postoperatively. The patients were grouped by preoperative PROMIS-PF score (≤35, >35), with higher scores indicating improved physical function. Demographic/perioperative characteristics were compared using χ2/Student t test. Mean PROMs/postoperative satisfaction was compared utilizing 2-sample t test. Postoperative PROM improvement from preoperative was calculated with paired t tests. MCID achievement rates were compared using simple logistic regression.

Results:
Two hundred and sixteen patients were included, 58 PROMIS-PF≤35 and 158 PROMIS-PF>35. Ethnicity/insurance differed (P≤0.004, all). Hospital length of stay was greater for PROMIS-PF>35 (P=0.042). All preoperative mean PROMs significantly differed except for VAS Back. Several postoperative mean PROMs differed: PROMIS-PF at 6 weeks/12 weeks/6 months/1 year, SF-12 PCS at 6 weeks/12 weeks/1 year, VAS Back at 6 weeks/12 weeks, VAS leg at 6 weeks/12 weeks, and ODI at 6 weeks/12 weeks (P<0.050, all). All PROMs significantly improved from preoperative at all postoperative time points (P<0.003, all). The MCID achievement rates differed only for VAS back for 6 weeks, favoring PROMIS-PF>35 cohort (P=0.001). Postoperative satisfaction was greater in PROMIS-PF>35 cohort for VAS leg at 6 weeks/12 weeks/6 months/2 years, VAS back at 6-weeks/12-weeks, and ODI at all time points (P<0.037, all). Postoperative satisfaction was greater in PROMIS-PF>35 cohort for individual ODI categories: sleep at 6-weeks/12-weeks/1-year/2-years, lifting, walking, standing, and travel at all time points, and sexual at 6-weeks/12-weeks/1-year/2-years (P<0.030, all).

Conclusion:
Poorer preoperative PROMIS-PF scores were associated with worse postoperative clinical outcomes and satisfaction. By stratifying patients with preoperative PROMIS-PF scores, surgeons may better predict postoperative clinical improvement and seek to manage patient expectations.
The national major trauma system within the United Kingdom: inclusive regionalized networks of care
Authors: Cole Elaine 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The United Kingdom has a population of 67 million people and is divided into 4 nations: England, Wales, Scotland, and the North of Ireland. Healthcare is provided free to all within each nation via the National Health Service (NHS), which is funded by taxes and national insurance payments. Each year, there are approximately 22,000 cases of “major trauma” in the UK across the four nations. Prior to 2010, trauma patients in the UK were managed at any acute hospital with an Emergency Department, irrespective of resource availability or clinical experience and expertise. In the late 2000s, national reports identified significant variation or serious failings in the organization of UK trauma care. These reports, together with political drivers for centralized services, led to the formation of the national major trauma system made up of regional trauma networks. England was the first nation to implement the system in 2012 and this re-organization of major trauma care was associated with a 19% increase in the odds of survival for patients who reached hospital alive. This paper will provide an overview of the positive attributes and challenges within 6 key components of the national trauma system: pre-hospital care, facility-based care, trauma networks, the trauma registries, rehabilitation and governance, financing, and quality assurance.
Microcirculatory tissue perfusion during general anaesthesia and noncardiac surgery
Authors: Flick Moritz , Schreiber Tim-Henrik , Montomoli Jonathan , Krause Linda , de Boer Hans D. , Kouz Karim , Scheeren Thomas W.L. , Ince Can , Hilty Matthias P. , Saugel Bernd 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Handheld vital microscopy allows direct observation of red blood cells within the sublingual microcirculation. Automated analysis allows quantifying microcirculatory tissue perfusion variables – including tissue red blood cell perfusion (tRBCp), a functional variable integrating microcirculatory convection and diffusion capacities.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to describe baseline microcirculatory tissue perfusion in patients presenting for elective noncardiac surgery and test that microcirculatory tissue perfusion is preserved during elective general anaesthesia for noncardiac surgery.

DESIGN
Prospective observational study.

SETTING
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

PATIENTS
120 elective noncardiac surgery patients (major abdominal, orthopaedic or trauma and minor urologic surgery) and 40 young healthy volunteers.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We measured sublingual microcirculation using incident dark field imaging with automated analysis at baseline before induction of general anaesthesia, under general anaesthesia before surgical incision and every 30 min during surgery. We used incident the dark field imaging technology with a validated automated analysis software.

RESULTS
A total of 3687 microcirculation video sequences were analysed. Microcirculatory tissue perfusion variables varied substantially between individuals – but ranges were similar between patients and volunteers. Under general anaesthesia before surgical incision, there were no important changes in tRBCp, functional capillary density and capillary haematocrit compared with preinduction baseline. However, total vessel density was higher and red blood cell velocity and the proportion of perfused vessels were lower under general anaesthesia. There were no important changes in any microcirculatory tissue perfusion variables during surgery.

CONCLUSION
In patients presenting for elective noncardiac surgery, baseline microcirculatory tissue perfusion variables vary substantially between individuals – but ranges are similar to those in young healthy volunteers. Microcirculatory tissue perfusion is preserved during general anaesthesia and noncardiac surgery – when macrocirculatory haemodynamics are maintained.
Factors associated with noncompliance to diabetes medication in a rapidly urbanizing region in Ghana: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Berkoh Dorice A. , Owiredu William B. K. A. , Gyasi Samuel F. , Donkoh Emmanuel T. , Ngala Robert A. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Failure to achieve adequate glycemic control can lead to debilitating complications for diabetics. Strict compliance to prescribed diet, lifestyle, and medication can prevent complications.

Methods:
In order to examine factors accompanying noncompliance behavior to diabetes medication in a rapidly urbanizing region of Ghana, a mixed approach was adopted. Study subjects (N: 160, mean age: 58.3) were interviewed at the diabetic clinic of the Brong-Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani. Compliance to diabetes treatment was evaluated with an adapted Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Face-to-face interviews of 20 subjects allowed for more personalized exploration of psychosocial aspects of noncompliance. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using the Nvivo software. Qualitative data was processed and subjected to inductive thematic analysis.

Results:
Majority of study participants reported an optimum (n = 121, 75.6%) level of compliance to diabetes medication, although some also reported poor compliance (n = 39, 24.4%). Qualitative responses received during interviews suggest that poor compliance may be attributable to misconceptions about religious beliefs and practices. Psychosocial factors relating to felt stress, the inevitability of fate, and compliance fatigue were also discovered to undermine compliance. Noncompliance behavior was also explained by socioeconomic status and barriers to health-seeking behavior.

Conclusion:
Reported medication compliance was among the highest in out-patient settings in Ghana. However, contextual determinants of noncompliance have to be addressed. Efforts to improve compliance to diabetic medication could benefit from interventions that address superstition, target psychological aspects of chronic disease management, and remove operational barriers to healthcare delivery such as transportation costs and long waiting times.
Biomechanical Effects of Prophylactic Knee Bracing on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tuang Brian H. H. , Ng Zheng Qin , Li Joshua Z. , Sirisena Dinesh 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
Prophylactic knee braces (PKBs) are widely used by athletes in pivoting and landing sports and have the potential to influence knee movement and alignment, thus modulating anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. This systematic review analyses current evidence on the biomechanical effects that PKBs have in the prevention of ACL injuries.

Data sources:
The review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL for studies published from inception until May 31, 2021. Included studies assessed the effects of PKBs on biomechanical variables associated with ACL injuries in landing or pivoting tasks, comparing between braced and unbraced conditions.

Main results:
A total of 234 articles were identified; from which, 14 controlled, laboratory, biomechanical studies were included in this review. The effects of PKBs on knee biomechanics could be divided into kinematic variables in the coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes; and common kinetic variables, such as ground reaction force (GRF) and ACL load/strain. Also, PKBs were found to have protective effects in coronal and transverse plane kinematics, but results in the sagittal plane were inconclusive. Assessing knee kinetics, PKBs were advantageous in decreasing ACL load/strain but had no significant effect on GRF.

Conclusions:
Prophylactic knee braces may serve to reduce ACL injury risk by modulating knee coronal and transverse plane movements and ACL load/strain during high-risk maneuvres. Precise recommendations are limited by study heterogeneity. More prospective studies are needed to assess ACL injury risk during high-risk sports using specific PKBs.
Correlation of computed tomography quantitative parameters with tumor invasion and Ki-67 expression in early lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Dong Hao , Yin Lekang , Lou Cuncheng , Yang Junjie , Wang Xinbin , Qiu Yonggang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the correlation of computed tomography (CT) quantitative parameters with tumor invasion and Ki-67 expression in early lung adenocarcinoma.
The study involved 141 lesions in 141 patients with early lung adenocarcinoma. According to the degree of tumor invasion, the lesions were assigned into (adenocarcinoma in situ + minimally invasive adenocarcinoma) group and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) group. Artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic software was used to automatically outline the lesions and extract corresponding quantitative parameters on CT images. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the correlation of these parameters with tumor invasion and Ki-67 expression.
The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the short diameter of the lesion and the average CT value were independent predictors of IAC. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified the average CT value as an independent predictor of IAC with the best performance, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.893 (P < .001), and the threshold of –450 HU. Besides, the predicted probability of logistic regression analysis model was detected to have the area under the curve of 0.931 (P < .001). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression level of Ki-67 had the highest correlation with the average CT value of the lesion (r = 0.403, P < .001).
The short diameter of the lesion and the average CT value are independent predictors of IAC, and the average CT value is significantly positively correlated with the expression of tumor Ki-67.
Impact of phase angle and sarcopenia estimated by bioimpedance analysis on clinical prognosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Bae Eunjin , Lee Tae Won , Bae Wooram , Kim Seongmin , Choi Jungyoon , Jang Ha Nee , Chang Se-Ho , Park Dong Jun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been widely used in the evaluation of body composition in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. We conducted this study to evaluate impact of phase angle (PA) and sarcopenia measured by BIA on clinical prognosis in these patients.
This longitudinal retrospective study enrolled patients who underwent hemodialysis between January 2016 and March 2019. The patients were stratified into higher (> 4°) and lower (≤ 4.0°) PA groups. Sarcopenia was defined when the appendicular skeletal muscle mass was < 20 kg in men and < 15 kg in women.
Of the 191 patients, 63.4% were men. The mean age was 64.2 ± 12.4 years. The lower PA group was older, had a higher proportion of women, a lower body mass index, lower albumin, cholesterol, uric acid, and phosphorus levels, and a higher incidence of history of coronary artery disease than the higher PA group. Linear regression analysis revealed that PA was significantly associated with body mass index (B = 0.18, P = .005), serum albumin (B = 0.23, P = .001), and creatinine levels (B = 0.32, P < .001). During a median follow-up of 16.7 months, 14.1% (n = 27) of patients experienced major adverse cardiovascular events and 11.0% (n = 21) died. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the higher PA group had significantly better survival, regardless of sarcopenia. Multivariate Cox analyses revealed that lower PA (0.51 [0.31–0.85], P = .010), higher IDWG (1.06 [1.01–1.12], P = .028) and C-reactive protein level (1.01 [1.01–1.02], P < .001), and a history of coronary artery disease (3.02 [1.04–8.77], P = .042) were significantly related to all-cause mortality after adjusting for other covariates.
PA measured by BIA was an independent factor in the prediction of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients, regardless of sarcopenia. Intervention studies are needed to confirm if the improvement in PA is associated with better clinical outcome.