bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commissioning of a replacement subatmospheric cold box for Jefferson Lab’s Central Helium Liquefier
Authors: Mastracci B , Yang S , Creel J , Dixon K , Norton R , Thompson S , Wieliczko J , Wijeratne T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Jefferson Lab’s Cryogenics Department has designed, fabricated, installed, and commissioned a new subatmospheric cold box to replace one of the two existing units within our Central Helium Liquefier (CHL). The replacement cold box, dubbed SC1R, pumps saturated helium vapor at 0.0385 atm from Jefferson Lab’s continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF) cryomodules to maintain an operating temperature of nominally 2.1 K. This is accomplished using a five-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor (cold compressor) system and a brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger operating between 2.1 K and 4.5 K. In this paper we will describe our experience commissioning the SC1R cold box. We will discuss pump-down of the system to 2.1 K and steady-state operation at the cold compressor design flow rates of 170, 200, and 250 g/s. Performance of the heat exchanger and cold compressors has been mapped across a range of flow rates and optimized for CEBAF operations. This commissioning data will be used to monitor future performance and adapt to changing load requirements.
Large-scale 20K helium refrigeration system for the European Spallation Source
Authors: Arnold P , Zhang J , Kolev N , Ressel M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In 2016 Linde was awarded the contract to deliver the largest of its kind 20K helium refrigeration system to the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden called Target Moderator Cryoplant (TMCP). A linear proton accelerator provides a high energetic pulsed beam to a rotating tungsten spallation target, generating fast neutrons. The TMCP helium cryogenic system will cool the liquid hydrogen circulating through the cryogenic moderator(s) which surround the spallation target. Thereby the neutrons are decelerated to form a useful radiation for the neutron instruments. The scope of delivery seems usual: cold box, two parallel compressors, oil removal and gas management systems and a jumper spool for performance testing. The requirements and the TMCP are unique: the refrigeration system is capable of a large range of cryogenic loads – guaranteed is from 4.9kW to above 30.3kW– with focus on maintaining efficiency over this range. The paper and presentation will cover the process design, the control strategies and the main results of the performance testing.
The design of an extended length helium pulsating heat pipe experiment
Authors: Kossel L , Pfotenhauer J , Miller F 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pulsating heat pipes, also known as PHPs, are passive two-phase heat transfer devices capable of moving heat at cryogenic temperatures with high effective thermal conductivities around two orders of magnitude higher than copper. A recent Helium Pulsating Heat Pipe experiment demonstrated a surprising phenomenon, where Helium PHPs of different lengths (300 mm and 1000 mm) displayed the same thermal conductance at equal heat loads. The purpose of this research is to experimentally characterize this apparent length-independence and determine the size limits for Helium PHPs. An experimental approach is developed where three additional Helium PHP experiments will be conducted with the same operating parameters as the original experiment except with extended adiabatic lengths – 1.25 m, 1.5 m, and 1.75 m. All PHPs considered in this study are in the vertical orientation and are bottom-heated. This will give five complete sets of data from which the influence of length on helium pulsating heat pipes’ performance may be analysed. This paper serves as a work-in-progress report describing the experimental design and fabrication of these Helium PHP experiments.
Design, construction, and commissioning of a deployable liquid hydrogen production and fueling system for unmanned aerial systems
Authors: Richardson I , Raymond J , Boettner D , Saelid G , Gitter Y , Harfst L , Dimmer S , Kurtz J , Coleman J , Mei A , Gardner H , Leachman J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Liquid hydrogen has historically been limited in proximity to baseload liquefiers and research laboratories. This accessibility barrier is a primary limitation to the development of advanced aircraft and is exacerbated by recent trends in unmanned aerial systems to convert to electric propulsion systems. This article describes the design, construction, and commissioning of a self-contained, automated, and deployable liquid hydrogen production and fueling system. Housed within a mil-spec shipping container, the system utilizes a water purifier, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, cryogenic refrigerator, and custom liquid hydrogen dewar. The system requires only water, electricity, and periodic helium purge gas input for continuous operation. Overall system performance specifications are provided. The system demonstrates the capability of field deployable hydrogen liquefiers and fueling systems.
Design, fabrication, and installation of the cryogenic distribution system for FRIB target and fragment pre-separator superconducting magnets
Authors: Hasan N , Wright M , Ganni V , Casagrande F , Jones S , Nguyen C , Fila A , Joseph N 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The target and fragment pre-separator segment of the continuous wave heavy ion beam linear accelerator at FRIB consists of fourteen superconducting magnets. The cryogenic distribution system for these superconducting magnets include six cryogenic process pipes (two each for 4.5 K helium, cool-down and thermal shield) housed in an approx. 175 m long vacuum jacketed transfer line, along with associated distribution boxes, cool-down heat exchanger, utility piping (such as magnet lead flow return, purge gas etc.) and a liquid helium storage vessel for magnet quench management. Due to the physical constraints in the routing of the beam-line at this segment, designs for these magnets and the associated cryogenic distribution system are complex in nature. It poses challenges in several aspects of the design process such as, routing of the transfer line, design of piping supports and anchors, thermal shielding, mechanical flexibility etc. Design of most of the elements of the cryogenic distribution system are carried out from the ground up, and in-house at FRIB. This paper presents an overview of the process design, analysis, fabrication and installation the target and fragment pre-separator cryogenic distribution system at FRIB.
Status of LBNF/DUNE near site liquid argon proximity and external cryogenics systems development.
Authors: Creus Prats J , Montanari D , Adamowski M , Cline G , Matichard F , Delaney M , Lawrence A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) near site located at Fermilab will host the neutrino beam complex. It includes a high voltage liquid argon time projection chamber located 60-meter underground used as beamline instrumentation. The LAr cryogenic system provided by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) regulates thermohydraulic conditions of the membrane cryostat hosting the detector with 285 Ton purified LAr. The purification system uses molecular sieve and copper oxide pellets to manage the argon contamination below 100 ppt (parts per trillion) oxygen equivalent. The detector and its cryogenics are capable to move a stroke of 30 meters on/off beam. The cryogenic system modes of operation include the cryostat pressure test, purge in open loop, detector cooldown, cryostat fill, closed loop purification, liquid empty, and purification system activation/regeneration process. The system design status and schedule, and technical details such as operating modes and interfaces are reported in this paper.
Conceptual design of DALS test facility cryogenic system
Authors: Sun Z , Huang L , Shi X , Wang XL 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Dalian advanced light source (DALS) is a new project proposed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) aiming to produce high-quality electron beam with repetition rate up to 100 kHz and the project is subject to central government approval. The cryomodules and superconducting cavities need to be tested before assembled in the real accelerator so the test facility is necessary. The Accelerator module test facility (AMTF) project has been funded by Dalian local government and is currently under construction as the pre-research project for DALS, it consists of four testbenches, one Horizontal testbench (HTB) for cryomodule test, one Vertical testbench (VTB) for cavity test, one Cryogenic testbench (CTB) for cryogenic test and one Injector testbench (ITB) for beam test. A Test facility cryoplant (TFCP) with capacity of 370 W@2 K will be used for cooling testbenches. This paper presents the design and current progress of the TFCP system, which includes the refrigerators, helium compressors, process vacuum pump system (PVPS), gas storage system, recovery and purification system.
Fabrication and installation of the Mu2e cryogenic distribution system
Authors: White M , Lamm M , Hocker A , Arnold D , Tatkowski G , Kilmer J , Poloubotko V , Tope T , Huang Y , Elementi L , Badgley K , Voirin E , Young I , Brandt J , Feher S , Hess C , Markley D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The muon-to-electron conversion (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will be used to search for the charged lepton flavor-violating conversion of muons to electrons in the field of an atomic nucleus. The Mu2e experiment is currently in the construction stage. The scope of this paper is the cryogenic distribution system and superconducting power leads for four superconducting solenoid magnets: Production Solenoid (PS), an Upstream and Downstream Transport Solenoids (TSu and TSd) and Detector Solenoid (DS). The design of the cryogenic distribution system and the fabrication of several sub-systems was reported previously. This paper reports on additional fabrication and installation progress that has been performed over the past two years. Lessons learned during fabrication and testing of the cryogenic distribution system components are described. In particular, the challenges and solutions implemented for aluminum welding are reported.
A description of the process used to qualify the welding procedure and welders for welding the aluminium stabilized NbTi superconducting power leads is provided. Additionally, the progress made with regards to installing the power leads into the cryogenic Feedboxes is covered.
Introduction of the liquid nitrogen transfer line for TPS beamline endstation
Authors: Liao W R , Li H C , Chuang P S , Tsai H H , Hsiao F Z , Chiou W S , Chang S H , Liu D G 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
At Taiwan Photon Source (TPS), the main liquid-nitrogen (LN2) transfer line of length 600 m for beamline endstations was installed in 2015. It formerly supplied LN2 to maximum 24 beamline endstations. Beamline endstation 13A, of which the aim is advanced and general studies of biological structures and structural kinetics in solution or condensed forms under environmental simulations, from atomic to micrometre scale and time resolution from microsecond to minute, was installed during 2018 and 2019. We designed and self-manufactured one LN2 transfer line according to the requirement of beamline endstation 13A, to supply LN2 into the double-crystal monochromator (DCM), to solve the problem of thermal deformation of the crystal. Otherwise the keep-full device was designed to replace the phase separator of the chiller. In this paper we present the pipeline design, performance testing, keep-full device, pressure reducer, noise reduction and heat-load measurement.
Experiment and optimization of a large scale xenon/krypton cryogenic distillation system
Authors: Zhou W , Yonglin J , Xiangyi C , Xiangdong J , Jianglai L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A highly efficient cryogenic distillation system has been designed, developed and assessed to remove radioactive krypton-85 (85Kr) from xenon (Xe), which is commonly used as a valuable medium for dark matter detectors. By using the self-designed distillation system, the concentration of krypton (Kr) in a commercial xenon product can be reduced from 10−9 to 10−12 mol/mol with 99% xenon collection efficiency at maximum flow rate of 5 kg/h. Over 1000 kg of xenon has been purified and employed as the detection medium in project Panda X, the first dark matter detector developed in China. In this present paper, detailed process simulation was conducted to refine the working parameters and to define the optimum operating conditions for the cryogenic distillation system. The predicted results were compared with those of experimental data obtained from the distillation system. The influence of comprehensive factors was investigated. Simultaneously, a dynamic model for the cryogenic distillation system was established to provide an in depth analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the system.
Conceptual design of S3FEL cryogenic system
Authors: Hu L B , Wang X L , Yang L , Lai B H , Dong X B , Cui G L , Sun Z 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A new project called Shenzhen SRF Soft Free Electron Laser (S3FEL) is under proposal phase at Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen (IASF), in China. The purpose is to produce high intensity coherent X-ray with laser properties. The S3FEL accelerator is based on the TESLA technologies and will deliver electrons with the energies of up to 2.5GeV. The electrons will be accelerated by 1.3 GHz superconducting cavities cooled down to the 2 K level. The 2 K cryostat will be protected against heat radiation and conduction by means of one thermal shields at 40- 80 K level and one thermal intercept at 4.5 – 8 K level. The S3FEL accelerator consists of twenty-six 1.3 GHz and two 3.9 GHz cryomodules, both operated in CW modes. Four independent cryoplants will be used for the S3FEL project. A 500 W@2 K helium refrigerator will be used for the test facility including two vertical test benches (VTB) for cavities, one magnet test bench for the superconducting magnet (MTB) and three horizontal test benches (HTBs) for cryomodules. A 1 kW@2 K helium refrigerator will be used for the prototype machine for R&D purpose of the superconducting accelerator. Two cryogenic plants with 4 kW@2 K refrigeration capacity will be used for supporting the S3FEL accelerator cryogenic cooling requirement. Ideally, one should have enough capacity to supply the cooling for the whole LINAC and the other is acting as a complete set of back up to keep the high availability. In addition, the second plant could compensate the cavity performance degradation due to the long term running or the unexpected cavity performance during the manufacture process. This paper describes the conceptual design of the S3FEL cryogenic system. The performance of the cryogenic system and the project schedule are also described.
Functional analysis and design of the cryogenic system for the HL-LHC IT String test bench at CERN
Authors: Rolando G , Sisti M , Duran Lucas O , Wanninger A , Mouleyre J , Perin A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is a project aiming to upgrade the LHC collider to maintain scientific progress and exploit its full capacity. In the HL-LHC configuration, the Inner Triplet (IT) magnets of the present LHC will be replaced by a new set of higher performance magnets. The collective behaviour of the new magnets and the related systems will be studied and validated in a dedicated cryogenic test facility, the IT String, currently under construction. This paper presents the results of the functional analysis performed to design the cryogenic system for the IT String. The required operation modes are identified and detailed together with the operational parameters and constraints used to define the cryogenic system. The layout of the cryogenic distribution system that fulfils the requirements of the IT String is presented and the characteristics of the main components are described.
SNS Carbon Bed Research Project Design, Commissioning, and Initial Results
Authors: DeGraff B , Barnhart D , Gold S , Howell M , Kim S , Kraft D , McMahan C , Moore L , Neustadt T , Vandygriff D J , Vandygriff D M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has three operating cryogenic facilities: Central Helium Liquefier (CHL), Cryogenic Test Facility (CTF) and Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS). All three systems use vessels filled with activated carbon as the final major component to remove oil vapor from the compressed helium circuit prior to insertion into the system’s cryogenic cold box. However, different versions of carbon are used in different systems. A skid was designed which contains two separate carbon containing vessels for the purpose of comparing the relative efficacy of different versions of carbon filtration media. The design, fabrication, installation, commissioning, and initial results of this dual-bed test skid will be presented. Future testing plans utilizing different filter media will also be discussed.
Maintenance of the 1st NBI vacuum system for the KSTAR tokamak
Authors: Ju Lee Young , Taek Park Hyun , Su Kim Jong , Gu Kwak Jong 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
First neutral beam injection system for the KSTAR tokamak has been operated after the installation and commissioning on 2010. To provide 120 keV and more than 6 MW deuterium neutral beam, it requires large vacuum pumping system with the pumping speeds 1.0E6 l/s range. For this purpose, R&D works with a prototype cryosorption panel had performed from Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and GM cooler based 2 stage cryosorption pump was accepted for the 1st NBI system. During 10 years of annual operation, the pumping speeds decreased continuously due to the damage in cryopanels and all of the cryopanels were repaired for the 2021 KSTAR campaign. Details of the 1st KSTAR NBI vacuum pumping system will be introduced and long operation results including the behavior after the repair, will be reported in this paper.
Static and dynamic characteristics of externally pressurized gas bearing for high-speed hydrogen turbo-expander
Authors: Yan H , Ke C L , Peng N , Li K R , Zhang X H , Zheng L W , Liang Y W , Xiong L Y , Dong B , Li J , Liu I Q 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The high-speed hydrogen turbo-expander, serves as a key component of the large-scale hydrogen liquefaction system, receives a lot of attention. Being an essential part of the turbo-expander, gas bearings are widely used for its pollution-free and low viscosity advantages. However, studies on characteristics of hydrogen bearing, especially on the static and dynamic characteristics of externally pressurized hydrogen journal bearing, have not been conducted by many. Here, the finite difference method (FDM) was employed to solve the Reynolds equation thus obtaining the pressure distribution and the static load capacity. The partial derivative method (PDM) was used to calculate the dynamic stiffness coefficients and damping coefficients of hydrogen bearing. The critical mass was used to analyze the linear instability of the hydrogen bearing-rotor system. Relationship between various design parameters, including eccentricities, orifice diameter, clearance, supply pressure and rotor speeds, and static and dynamic behaviours of hydrogen bearing has been established. The results indicate that load capacity increase and volume flow rate decrease is viable through parameter optimization. The stability of the hydrogen bearing-rotor system is evaluated quantitatively.
Design of an in-situ measurement system for ortho and para liquid hydrogen fractions at ESS
Authors: Tatsumoto H , Lyngh D , Lee Y , Hartl M , Sina H , Arnold P , Beßler Y , Kobayashi H , Sakamoto Y , Hasegawa T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Cryogenic Moderator System (CMS) is equipped with a catalyst to convert hydrogen from the ortho state to the para state, to keep desirably high parahydrogen fractions in the cold moderators, which is required to deliver a high brightness cold neutron beams to the scientific instruments using neutron scattering. An in-situ measurement system for the ortho and para fractions of liquid hydrogen (OPMS) where a Raman spectroscopy will be used is being developed. The required measurement precision is 0.1% to detect an undesirable shift towards a high orthohydrogen fraction caused by neutron scattering driven para-to-ortho back conversion. The dedicated OPMS sampling line has been designed and is placed in a bypass line from and to the CMS to minimize the hydrogen inventory and to make it physically isolated from the CMS if a sapphire window failure happens. Accident analysis for a hydrogen leak due to the sapphire window failure was carried out using an inhouse-developed simulation code, and the required safety relief size has been determined.
Cryogenic performances of a heat exchanger prototype suitable for the superconducting HL-LHC recombination dipole D2
Authors: Rousset B , Bancel F , Besson N , Bon-Mardion M , Claudet S , Goy T , Millet F , Nivelon P , Perin A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the framework of the future High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN, most superconducting magnets in the Long Straight Sections will be replaced. Among them, the new D2 recombination dipole will be a He II conduction-cooled magnet with a larger aperture than the LHC dipoles. To provide the required cooling (up to 70 W) to the D2 and to comply with its cryostat integration constraints, a compact heat exchanger was designed by the CEA Département des Systèmes Basses Températures (DSBT) based on a CERN preliminary analysis and a CEA review of the possible cooling schemes. This heat exchanger provides the required heat transfer between the He II pressurized bath and the He II saturated bath to cool the D2 magnet in different operating conditions at 1.8 K and 2 K. The detailed design of the heat exchanger was defined and one prototype was manufactured by industry under the CEA supervision. The heat exchanger prototype is composed of roughly one hundred oxygen-free high purity copper tubes, electron beam welded to the stainless steel He II bath enclosure. The present paper describes the successful cryogenic performance tests of the prototype of the D2 heat exchanger measured in the CEA 400W@1.8K test facility in Grenoble.
Advanced exergy analysis of reverse Brayton cryocooler for 10 kW cooling capacity at 65 K
Authors: Kumar Dhillon Aman , Ghosh Parthasarathi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A reverse Brayton cryocooler is gaining attention as an intermediate and large-scale cooling device for many cryogenic applications such as liquefaction of natural gas, hydrogen, cooling of high-temperature superconducting devices. The present work is an inclusive analysis of reverse Brayton cryocooler by splitting the exergy destruction approach, known as advanced exergy analysis. The study aims to find the scope of improvement in the component by categorizing the exergy destruction as avoidable and unavoidable. Therefore, it is a more potent tool, compared to split exergy methods, to identify the scopes for enhancement of the thermodynamic performance of the equipment. In this work, a thermodynamic model based on the split exergy approach (conventional exergy analysis) is developed using Aspen HYSYS®. The conventional exergy analysis quantifies the exergy destruction in each component of the cryocooler. The advanced exergy analysis quantified the avoidable exergy destruction as 61 % of total exergy destruction in the system. The results of the analysis suggest ways to improve the performance of components of the reverses Brayton cryocooler from thermodynamic and design aspects. The recommendation and approach adopted in the present work, although it has been applied for reverse Brayton refrigerator, can be very useful for the research and design engineer working in the field of energy systems in general.