bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large scale instance segmentation of outdoor environment based on improved YOLACT
Authors: Zhao Zichen , Tong Xiliang , Sun Ying , Bai Dongxu , Liu Xin , Zhao Guojun , Fan Hanwen , Li Jun , Zou Cejing , Chen Baojia 
Published: October 2022

SummaryInstance segmentation is a challenging task that requires both instance‐level and pixel‐level prediction and it has a wide range of applications in autonomous driving, video analysis, scene understandingand so on. The currently dominant instance segmentation methods have excellent accuracy, but they are slow, and the processing speed will be even less satisfactory if the input is a large‐scale image. In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of instance segmentation of large‐scale images, this article modifies the backbone network based on YOLACT network, adds a multi‐information fusion module and provides an improved BiFPN method to achieve multi‐scale feature fusion, while adding two branches to the first level detector RetinaNet to achieve instance segmentation. The network model is tested on Cityscapes dataset and the results of the experiments show that the improved instance segmentation network in this article improves the accuracy while ensuring the speed of segmentation. The optimized network model size was reduced by 17% compared to YOLACT, and the mAP, mAP50, and mAP75 were improved by 18.3%, 32.1%, and 24.6%, respectively.
Using Split Luminescent Biosensors for SARS‐CoV‐2 Antibody Detection in Serum, Plasma, and Blood Samples
Authors: Elledge Susanna K. , Eigl Ian , Phelps Maira , McClinton Khayla , Zhou Xin X. , Leung Kevin K. , Tato Cristina M. , Wells James A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAntibody detection assays are essential for evaluating immunity of individuals against a given virus, and this has been particularly relevant during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Current serology assays either require a laboratory setting and take >1 hr (i.e., enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) or are rapid but only qualitative in nature and cannot accurately track antibody levels over time (i.e., lateral flow assay [LFA]). Therefore, there is a need for development of a rapid and simple but also quantitative assay that can evaluate antibody levels in patients accurately over time. We have developed an assay that uses a split nanoluciferase fused to the spike or nucleocapsid proteins of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus to enable luminescent‐based detection of spike‐ or nucleocapsid‐binding antibodies in serum, plasma, and whole blood samples. The resulting approach is simple, rapid, and quantitative and is highly amenable to low‐/medium‐throughput scale using plate‐based assays, high‐throughput scale using robotics, and point‐of‐care applications. In this article, we describe how to perform the assay in a laboratory setting using a plate reader or liquid‐handling robotics and in a point‐of‐care setting using a handheld, battery‐powered luminometer. Together, these assays allow antibody detection to be easily performed in multiple settings by simplifying and reducing assay time in a laboratory or clinical environment and by allowing for antibody detection in point‐of‐care, nonlaboratory settings. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol: SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody detection using the split‐luciferase assay on a medium‐throughput scale with a laboratory luminometerAlternate Protocol 1: High‐throughput‐based protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody detection using a robotic platformAlternate Protocol 2: Point‐of‐care‐based protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody detection using a handheld luminometerSupport Protocol: Determining positive/negative cutoffs for test samples and standardizing the assay between days
Using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Reiser Leonore , Subramaniam Shabari , Zhang Peifen , Berardini Tanya 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene function, orthologs, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as clones and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, genome organization, images of mutant plants, protein sub‐cellular localizations, publications, and the research community. The various data types are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of web‐based search and display tools. This article primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes and genomes. Additionally, we describe how members of the community can share data via JBrowse and the Generic Online Annotation Submission Tool (GOAT) in order to make their published research more accessible and visible. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: TAIR homepage, sitemap, and navigationBasic Protocol 2: Finding comprehensive information about Arabidopsis genesBasic Protocol 3: Using the Arabidopsis genome browser: JBrowseBasic Protocol 4: Using the Gene Ontology annotations for gene discovery and gene function analysisBasic Protocol 5: Using gene lists to download bulk datasetsBasic Protocol 6: Using TAIR's analysis tools to find short sequences and motifsBasic Protocol 7: Using the TAIR generic online annotation tool (GOAT) to submit functional annotations for Arabidopsis (or any other species) genesBasic Protocol 8: Using PhyloGenes to visualize gene families and predict functionsBasic Protocol 9: Using TAIR to browse Arabidopsis literatureBasic Protocol 10: Using the synteny viewer to find and display syntenic regions from Arabidopsis and other plant species
Changes in demography and geographic distribution in the weeping pinyon pine (Pinus pinceana) during the Pleistocene
Authors: Figueroa‐Corona Laura , Moreno‐Letelier Alejandra , Ortega‐Del Vecchyo Diego , Peláez Pablo , Gernandt David S. , Eguiarte Luis E. , Wegrzyn Jill , Piñero Daniel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractClimate changes, together with geographical barriers imposed by the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Chihuahuan Desert, have shaped the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of different species in northern Mexico. Pinus pinceana Gordon & Glend. tolerates extremely arid conditions. Northern Mexico became more arid during the Quaternary, modifying ecological communities. Here, we try to identify the processes underlying the demographic history of P. pinceana and characterize its genetic diversity using 3100 SNPs from genotyping by sequencing 90 adult individuals from 10 natural populations covering the species' entire geographic distribution. We inferred its population history and contrasted possible demographic scenarios of divergence that modeled the genetic diversity present in this restricted pinyon pine; in support, the past distribution was reconstructed using climate from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 22 kya). We inferred that P. pinceana diverged into two lineages ~2.49 Ma (95% CI 3.28–1.62), colonizing two regions: the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) and the Chihuahuan Desert (ChD). Our results of population genomic analyses reveal the presence of heterozygous SNPs in all populations. In addition, low migration rates across regions are probably related to glacial–interglacial cycles, followed by the gradual aridification of the Chihuahuan Desert during the Holocene.
Assisted migration is plausible for a boreal tree species under climate change: A quantitative and population genetics study of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) in western Canada
Authors: Ding Chen , Brouard Jean S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA novel method was tested for improving tree breeding strategies that integrate quantitative and population genetics based on range‐wide reciprocal transplant experiments. Five reciprocal common garden tests ofPopulus tremuloideswere investigated including 6450 trees across western Canada focusing on adaptation traits and growth. Both genetic parameters and home‐site transplant models were evaluated. We found a genetic trade‐off between growth and early spring leaf flush and late fall senescence. Coefficients of phenotypic variation (CVp) of cell lysis (CL), a measure of freezing injury, shrank from 0.28 to 0.10 during acclimation in the fall, and theCVpslope versus the freezing temperature was significantly different from zero (R2 = 0.33,p = .02). There was more between‐population genetic variation in fall phenology than in spring leaf phenology. We suggest thatP. tremuloidesdemonstrated a discrepancy between the ecological optimum and the physiological optimum minimum winter temperature. The sub‐optimal growing condition ofP. tremuloidesis potentially caused by the warmer ecological optimum than the physiological optimum. Assisted migration and breeding of fast growers to reforest cooler plantation sites can improve productivity. Transferring the study populations to less than 4°C of extreme minimum temperature appears safe for reforestation aligning with the historical recolonization direction of the species. This is equivalent to a 5–10° latitudinal northward movement. Fall frost hardiness is an effective criterion for family selection in the range tested in this study.
Local chronicles reveal the effect of anthropogenic and climatic impacts on local extinctions of Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) in mainland China
Authors: Gao Haiyang , Dou Hongliang , Wei Shichao , Sun Song , Zhang Yulin , Hua Yan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic and climatic factors affect the survival of animal species. Chinese pangolin is a critically endangered species, and identifying which variables lead to local extinction events is essential for conservation management. Local chronicles in China serve as long‐term monitoring data, providing a perspective to disentangle the roles of human impacts and climate changes in local extinctions. Therefore, we established generalized additive models to identify factors leading to local extinction with historical data from 1700–2000 AD in mainland China. Then we decreased the time scale and constructed extinction risk models using MaxEnt in a 30‐year transect (1970–2000 AD) to further assess extinction probability of extant Chinese pangolin populations. Lastly, we used principal component analysis to assess variation of related anthropogenic and climatic variables. Our results showed that the extinction probability increased with global warming and human population growth. An extinction risk assessment indicated that the population and distribution range of Chinese pangolins had been persistently shrinking in response to highly intensive human activities (main cause) and climate change. PCA results indicated that variability of climatic variables is greater than anthropogenic variables. Overall, the factors causing local extinctions are intensive human interference and drastic climatic fluctuations which induced by the effect of global warming. Approximately 28.10% of extant Chinese pangolins populations are confronted with a notable extinction risk (0.37 ≤ extinction probability≤0.93), specifically those in Southeast China, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan and Fujian Provinces. To rescue this critically endangered species, we suggest strengthening field investigations, identifying the exact distribution range and population density of Chinese pangolins and further optimizing the network of nature reserves to improve conservation coverage on the landscape scale and alleviate human interference. Conservation practices that concentrate on the viability assessment of scattered populations could help to improve restoration strategies of the Chinese pangolin.
Predicting the distributions of Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) under climate change in China
Authors: Deng Xinqi , Xu Danping , Liao Wenkai , Wang Rulin , Zhuo Zhihang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe wasp Scleroderma guani is an important parasitic natural enemy of a variety of stem borers such as longicorn beetles. Studying and clarifying the suitable area of this wasp plays an important role in controlling stem borers. Based on information about the actual distribution of S. guani and on a set of environmental variables, MaxEnt niche model and ArcGIS were exploited to predict the potential distribution of this insect in China. This work simulated the geographical distribution of potential climatic suitability of S. guani in China at present and in different periods in the future. Combining the relative percent contribution score of environmental factors and the Jackknife test, the dominant environmental variables and their appropriate values restricting the potential geographical distribution of S. guani were screened. The results showed that the prediction of the MaxEnt model was highly in line with the actual distribution under current climate conditions, and the simulation accuracy was very high. The distribution of S. guani is mainly affected by bio18 (Precipitation of Warmest Quarter), bio11 (Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter), bio13 (Precipitation of Wettest Month), and bio3 (Isothermality). The suitable habitat of S. guani in China is mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain, North China Plain, middle‐lower Yangtze Plain, and Sichuan Basin, with total suitable area of 547.05 × 104 km2, accounting for 56.85% of China’s territory. Furthermore, under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios in the 2050s and 2090s, the areas of high, medium, and low suitability showed different degrees of change compared to nowadays, exhibiting expansion trend in the future. This work provides theoretical support for related research on pest control and ecological protection.
Rainfall interception by common mistletoe (Viscum album L. ssp. album): An additional water loss from infected forests
Authors: Klamerus‐Iwan Anna , Van Stan John T. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMistletoes have a global distribution and are the largest group of parasitic plants living within the canopies of woody plants. In European forests, Viscum album L. ssp. album (common mistletoe) is a common sight and, despite being considered a pest, can play beneficial roles in the ecosystem. However, mistletoe infections are becoming more severe and widespread throughout Europe, including recent reports of large‐scale host tree mortality events. These mortality events are hypothesized to be a result of increased water stresses from severe mistletoe infections in tandem with drought. In this study, we estimate an additional water loss from mistletoe‐infected forests that has not yet been described: interception, or the storage and evaporation of rainfall. Results from rainfall simulations on mistletoes sampled from Gostynin Forest District (central Poland) indicate mistletoes can store 0.16–1.32 mm of rainwater. Inputting this additional water storage capacity from mistletoes into a rainfall interception model suggests that, depending on the severity of the infection, mistletoes could reduce annual rainwater supply beneath the canopy by 2–11%. In forests experiencing water stress from mistletoe infection and climate change, the rainfall interception by mistletoes represents an additional water loss of a magnitude worthy of future investigation.
Multi‐scale analysis for environmental dispersion in wetland flow under the effect of wind
Authors: Mondal Buddhadeb , Barman Krishnendu , Mazumder Bijoy S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe present study emphasizes a multi‐scale analysis of an environmental dispersionin a fully developed shallow wetland flow under the wind effect, based on the momentum and mass transfer equations. From the classical momentum equation, the depth‐dominated velocity profile is derived for the wetland flow. The environmental dispersion is examined using Mei's multi‐scale analysis on moment equations of concentration in wetlands with wind‐induced effect. Further, the maximum velocity, thickness of separation layer with recirculation and its position are obtained. The increase of depth‐averaged velocity was observed for the larger contribution of conveyance capacity in wetland flows for the enhancement of wind direction. Also, the analytical result showed that the higher magnitude of environmental dispersion led to intensive dispersion process for the depth‐dominated wetland flow. Moreover, for the hierarchical composition of contaminant constituents, the duration and length of influenced region are associated with a certain standard water quality level in wetland.
Symbiotic ant traits produce differential host‐plant carbon and water dynamics in a multi‐species mutualism
Authors: Milligan Patrick D. , Martin Timothy A. , Pringle Elizabeth G. , Prior Kirsten M. , Palmer Todd M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCooperative interactions may frequently be reinforced by “partner fidelity feedback,” in which high‐ or low‐quality partners drive positive feedbacks with high or low benefits for the host, respectively. Benefits of plant–animal mutualisms for plants have been quantified almost universally in terms of growth or reproduction, but these are only two of many sinks to which a host‐plant allocates its resources. By investigating how partners to host‐plants impact two fundamental plant resources, carbon and water, we can better characterize plant–partner fidelity and understand how plant–partner mutualisms may be modulated by resource dynamics. In Laikipia, Kenya, four ant species compete for Acacia drepanolobium host‐plants. These ants differ in multiple traits, from nectar consumption to host‐plant protection. Using a 5‐year ant removal experiment, we compared carbon fixation, leaf water status, and stem non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations for adult ant–plants with and without ant partners. Removal treatments showed that the ants differentially mediate tree carbon and/or water resources. All three ant species known to be aggressive against herbivores were linked to benefits for host‐plant resources, but only the two species that defend but do not prune the host, Crematogaster mimosae and Tetraponera penzigi, increased tree carbon fixation. Of these two species, only the nectivore C. mimosae increased tree simple sugars. Crematogaster nigriceps, which defends the tree but also castrates flowers and prunes meristems, was linked only to lower tree water stress approximated by pre‐dawn leaf water potential. In contrast to those defensive ants, Crematogaster sjostedti, a poor defender that displaces other ants, was linked to lower tree carbon fixation. Comparing the effects of the four ant species across control trees suggests that differential ant occupancy drives substantial differences in carbon and water supply among host trees. Our results highlight that ant partners can positively or negatively impact carbon and/or water relations for their host‐plant, and we discuss the likelihood that carbon‐ and water‐related partner fidelity feedback loops occur across ant–plant mutualisms.
Unravelling the Mechanism of Nickel Mediated Cross‐Electrophile‐ Electrophile Coupling Between Katritzky Salts and Acid Chlorides
Authors: Pilli Ramadevi , Chindan Bincy , Rasappan Ramesh 
Published: October 2022

AbstractModern nickel‐mediated cross‐electrophile coupling reactions devoid of organometallic nucleophiles have garnered a great deal of interest due to their ability to enhance functional group compatibility. Despite the recent advances in the field, various mechanistic pathways, such as radical chain and sequential oxidative addition, in addition to finding the active nickel species and reductant, render the reaction complex. Although the reduction of Ni(II) complexes by heterogeneous Mn could produce either Ni(I) or Ni(0) species, the latter is more generally proposed as an active species. Likewise, Ni(I) mediated reduction of pyridinium salts is commonly invoked to generate the transient alkyl radicals. In stark contrast, we present a comprehensive mechanistic examination and experimental evidence for the intermediacy of Ni(I) species, a synergistic reduction of pyridinium salts by Ni(I) and Mn. Using a combination of kinetic analysis, control experiments, and spectroscopic methods, the rate‐limiting reductive alkylation and resting state Ni(II) species have been identified.
‘That's what makes me better’: Investigating children and adolescents' experiences of pain communication with healthcare professionals in paediatric rheumatology
Authors: Lee Rebecca Rachael , Mountain Danielle , Connelly Mark , Palermo Tonya M. , Peters Sarah , Cordingley Lis , McDonagh Janet E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundPain communication should be an integral part of clinical consultations, particularly in paediatric rheumatology where children and adolescents frequently present with chronic musculoskeletal pain. To date, literature exploring the nature of and extent to which pain communication occurs has focused on healthcare professionals as respondents, yielding inconsistent and incomplete findings. The aim of this study was to explore children and adolescents' experiences of pain communication in the context of paediatric rheumatology consultations.MethodsData were collected using semi‐structured telephone interviews with children and adolescents recruited from three tertiary paediatric rheumatology centres in the United Kingdom. A framework analysis approach was used to explore the similarities and divergences in participant accounts.ResultsTwenty‐six children and adolescents (aged 6–18 years, median = 14, 58% female) participated. Diagnoses included: juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Chronic Idiopathic Pain Syndromes, Ehlers Danlos Syndrome/Hypermobility. Four themes were identified: (1) Co‐ordination of pain communication; (2) Barriers to pain communication; (3) Facilitators of pain communication; (4) Dissatisfaction with pain communication. These themes particularly encompassed the process of communication, disclosure of effective and ineffective approaches and the impact of communication. Participants expected questions about pain, felt cared about and found talking about pain natural. Challenges included augmenting the feeling of being different to peers and concerns about management plans changing as a result of pain conversations.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents recalled a range of effective and ineffective pain communication approaches. Our study informs recommendations which highlight how healthcare professionals can improve their communication about pain with children and adolescents in the future.SignificanceOur findings demonstrate that children and adolescents attending paediatric rheumatology expect to be and value being asked about their pain during consultations with healthcare professionals. Children and adolescents remember many of the processes involved, experiences of and the outcomes of pain communication. The current study reveals insights which can improve healthcare professional pain communication with children and adolescents. Our study introduces key recommendations for healthcare professionals to have more effective pain conversations in future.