bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining Struggles
Authors: Howlett Charles F. , Hostetter David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the activist legacy of opposition to war and for positive peace in the United States since World War I. The modernization of ideas and methods for building peace that developed in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are assessed. The changing conceptions of pacifism, nonviolence, and conscientious objection, as well as the evolving role of communications technologies as reflected in culture, are examined. The dynamic tension between advocacy for transformative change and efforts for incremental reform in relation to ending war and building peace are analyzed, with attention to the role of gender, race, class, age, and heritage. The influence of peace activism, in its many forms, on policy, its role in restraining militarism and its relationship to broader social change movements are evaluated.
EVALUATION OF PATIENT-SPECIFIC IMRT QUALITY ASSURANCE AND POINT DOSE MEASUREMENT FOR COMPLEX HEAD AND NECK AND BRAIN CANCER USING GAFCHROMIC EBT3 FILM
Authors: Gedam Varsha R , Pradhan Anirudh 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPatient-specific intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality assurance (QA) is essential for complex radiotherapy treatment as it involves complex intensity modulation and high-dose gradient regions. IMRT QA was performed by point dose verification and two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution measurement using gamma method. Calibrated External Beam Therapy 3 (EBT3) film was used for point dose and pre-treatment verification of 10 IMRT plans, five complex Head and Neck (HN) and five brain cases. The gamma passing rate (GPR) was evaluated for 3%/3 mm gamma criteria and compared with 2D array. Isocentre dose was measured for all 10 IMRT plans on EBT3 film. Percentage deviation of point dose measurement from TPS calculated was found 0.4% for brain cases and 2.9% for HN cases. The GPR for 3%/3 mm criteria was obtained higher than 95% for brain and HN cases. Results suggest that film dosimetry is also a reliable verification system for patient-specific IMRT QA as the 2D array.
Perspectives on the narrowing and clustering of research trajectories: an epistemic threat to medical progress?
Authors: Khurana Mark P , Madsen Emil Bargmann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence suggests that a certain degree of clustering and narrowing of research trajectories is occurring, both on the individual and disease levels. Mechanisms of this process include biases in funding, a lack of coordination among funders, the significant funding role of for-profit actors, and lobbying by special interest groups. The implication is that fewer individuals might control the direction of research and certain diseases could garner a disproportionate amount of attention and resources, which could be an epistemic threat to medical progress. In this perspective article, we highlight the scale of the issue, mechanisms underlying this process, and their effects on medical progress. The article also explores potential solutions to counteract an excessive narrowing and clustering, highlighting the importance of individual researchers, patients, research organizations, and funders in ensuring that a sufficiently-diverse set of medical research trajectories are being pursued.
Phenotypic divergence in sleep and circadian cycles linked by affective state and environmental risk related to psychosis
Authors: Purple Ross J , Cosgrave Jan , Alexander Iona , Middleton Benita , Foster Russell G , Porcheret Kate , Wulff Katharina 
Published: December 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesEnvironmental cues influence circadian rhythm timing and neurochemicals involved in the regulation of affective behavior. How this interplay makes them a probable nonspecific risk factor for psychosis is unclear. We aimed to identify the relationship between environmental risk for psychosis and circadian timing phenotypes sampled from the general population.MethodsUsing an online survey, we devised a cumulative risk exposure score for each of the 1898 survey respondents based on 23 empirically verified transdiagnostic risks for psychosis, three dimensions of affect severity, psychotic-like experiences, and help-seeking behavior. Quantitative phenotyping of sleep and circadian rhythms was undertaken using at-home polysomnography, melatonin and cortisol profiles, and 3-week rest–activity behavior in individuals with a high-risk exposure load (top 15% of survey respondents, n = 22) and low-risk exposure load (bottom 15% of respondents, n = 22).ResultsPsychiatric symptoms were present in 100% of the high-load participants and 14% of the low-load participants. Compared to those with a low-load, high-load participants showed a later melatonin phase which was reflected by a greater degree of dispersion in circadian timing. Phase relationships between later circadian melatonin phase and later actigraphic sleep onsets were maintained and these were strongly correlated with self-reported sleep mid-points. No differences were identified from polysomnography during sleep between groups.ConclusionDistinguishing circadian timing from other sleep phenotypes will allow adaptation for dosage of time-directed intervention, useful in stabilizing circadian timekeeping physiology and potentially reducing the multisystemic disruption in mental health disorders.
From Female Migrant Sex Workers to Migrant Workers: When the Danish Labor Market Encounters the Policy Field of Anti-Trafficking
Authors: Spanger Marlene 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article explores how the policy field of anti-trafficking has been further complicated by a shift of focus from female migrant sex workers to migrant workers in Denmark. As a discursive terrain established through various discourses produced by articulations, practices, and interests, Danish anti-trafficking is an excellent example of how highly regulated and different state institutions together with trade unions establish regimes of prostitution, migration, crime, and labor market. Together, these regimes create the complex policy field of anti-trafficking. The article demonstrates how a trade union, as a part of the labor market regime, is a new player. Despite this new player in the anti-trafficking policy field, the article argues that the figure of “the migrant worker” becomes invisible as logics and categories of “labor exploitation” and “labor rights” collide with the ideas of rescuing poor migrant women selling sex.
Metabolic evaluation of first-time uncomplicated renal stone formers: A prospective study
Authors: Ranjan Satish Kumar , Mittal Ankur , Mirza Anissa Atif , Kumar Sunil , Panwar Vikas Kumar , Navriya Shivcharan , Mandal Arup Kumar , Mammen Kim Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Nephrolithiasis is a global health problem. The recurrence rate after the first stone clearance is approximately 50% at 5 years. Metabolic abnormalities are an important factor responsible for stone recurrence. Our prevalidated study aimed to evaluate metabolic abnormalities associated with first-time uncomplicated renal stone formers (FTURSF).

Materials and methods
In this prospective, exploratory, time-bound, descriptive study, 30 first-time renal stone formers were evaluated for metabolic abnormalities. High-risk stone formers were excluded from the study. Data were collected in a predefined proforma, transferred to an Excel sheet, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20 and Epi Info 7. Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, paired t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analyses.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 35.57 ± 11.07 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.72. The most common abnormality was a 24-hour urine volume of <2.5 L in 73.33% of the participants. One or more metabolic abnormalities were detected in 76.67% of the participants. Other common metabolic abnormalities detected were hypocitraturia (60%), hypercalciuria (16.67%), hyperoxaluria (13.33%), and hyperuricosuria (3.33%). Parathyroid adenoma was detected in one participant (3.33%).

Conclusions
Our study documented significant metabolic abnormalities in FTURSF. Therefore, a simplified metabolic evaluation protocol should be adopted while evaluating FTURSF. Detection of an underlying metabolic abnormality would enable the early institution of preventive measures to reduce stone recurrence and related complications.
Causes and Management of Pruritus Ani
Authors: Sacks Olivia A. , Beresneva Olga 
Published: December 2022

CASE SUMMARY:
A 48-year-old healthy man presented to the office reporting a long-standing history of anal pruritus. He had tried various over-the-counter creams without much success. Besides an anal fissure in the past, which responded to nitroglycerin ointment, his medical history was unremarkable. On physical examination, he was found to have grade I hemorrhoids and mild fecal smearing on perianal skin. Recent colonoscopy and laboratory work ordered by the primary care provider were normal. He was counseled on common inciting agents and local irritants and was advised on hygiene, diet modification, and stool-bulking agents. The colorectal surgeon recommended that the patient keep a journal about his symptoms, foods, and household chemicals used. He was seen twice more over the course of 6 months to pinpoint the cause of his pruritus. A short-course trial of topical steroid, barrier cream, and topical tacrolimus was not helpful. A biopsy of perianal skin was performed and was unrevealing. Eventually, given the persistence of symptoms, it was decided that he would undergo methylene blue injection to address his pruritus (Fig. 1). The procedure consisted of several intradermal and subcutaneous injections of 10 mL of 1% methylene blue combined with 7.5 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with adrenaline (1/100,000) and 7.5 mL 0.5% lidocaine. After the methylene blue injection, the severity of his symptoms improved, but pruritus still persisted. A methylene blue injection of the same concentration was repeated in 3 months with complete resolution of symptoms.
Localized Instantaneous Dose Rates from Inhaled Particles of 239Pu
Authors: Hetrick Lucas , Klumpp John , Poudel Deepesh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this work, the authors present instantaneous local dose rates from particles of plutonium-239 oxide (239PuO) embedded in various regions of the respiratory tract. For comparison, a small number of simulations were performed in a representative region of the respiratory tract with other chemical compounds including pure metallic 239Pu, 239PuO2, 239PuO3, 239Pu2O3, and 239Pu(NO3)4. A small number of simulations were also performed with 238PuO, weapons grade Pu, and Pu from a typical radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) source for the same reason. The self-shielding effect is minor for very small particles but gradually becomes more significant as the particle size increases. For particles that are 0.1 μm and larger (excluding Pu nitrate), the calculated dose rate within several microns of the particle may be sufficient to damage lung cells, but the implications of damage to such a small volume of tissue are unclear. However, it is reasonable to assume that clinical effects will be observed if a large enough volume of tissue is damaged, as might happen when large numbers of particles are inhaled. The instantaneous dose rate around a particle may be predictive of deterministic effects, scar tissue formation, and biokinetics.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Cardiac Arrest in Adult Patients Admitted to Pediatric Services: A Descriptive Analysis of the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Data*
Authors: O’Halloran Amanda J. , Grossestreuer Anne V. , Balaji Lakshman , Ross Catherine E. , Holmberg Mathias J. , Donnino Michael W. , Kleinman Monica E. ,   for the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Differences between adult and pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) are well-described. Although most adults are cared for on adult services, pediatric services often admit adults, particularly those with chronic conditions. The objective of this study is to describe IHCA in adults admitted to pediatric services.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort analysis from the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation registry of a subpopulation of adults with IHCA while admitted to pediatric services. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate adjusted survival outcomes and compare outcomes between age groups (18–21, 22–25, and ≥26 yr old).

SETTING:
Hospitals contributing to the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation registry.

PATIENTS:
Adult-aged patients (≥ 18 yr) with an index pulseless IHCA while admitted to a pediatric service from 2000 to 2018.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
A total of 491 adult IHCAs were recorded on pediatric services at 17 sites, during the 19 years of review, and these events represented 0.1% of all adult IHCAs. In total, 221 cases met inclusion criteria with 139 events excluded due to an initial rhythm of bradycardia with poor perfusion. Median patient age was 22 years (interquartile range, 19–28 yr). Ninety-eight percent of patients had at least one pre-existing condition. Return of spontaneous circulation occurred in 63% of events and 30% of the patients survived to discharge. All age groups had similar rates of survival to discharge (range 26–37%; p = 0.37), and survival did not change over the study period (range 26–37%; p = 0.23 for adjusted survival to discharge).

CONCLUSIONS:
In this cohort of adults with IHCA while admitted to a pediatric service, we failed to find an association between survival outcomes and age. Additional research is needed to better understand resuscitation in this population.
Effects of a microprocessor-controlled ankle-foot unit on energy expenditure, quality of life, and postural stability in persons with transtibial amputation: An unblinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over study
Authors: Colas-Ribas Christophe , Martinet Noel , Audat Gaelle , Bruneau Antoine , Paysant Jean , Abraham Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Background:Microprocessor-controlled prostheses are designed to improve mobility and quality of life through better balance and energy restoration in persons with transtibial amputation. Quasi-active microprocessor-controlled ankles (MPA) adapt to variable terrain by ankle angle adjustment.Objectives:To compare energy expenditure, balance, quality of life, and satisfaction of Proprio-foot®(a quasi-active MPA model) with standard prescribed ankle prosthesis (prescribed ankle-foot units [PA]) (standard energy storage and return prosthesis).Study design:Multicenter, unblinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over study.Methods:Energy expenditure (primary outcome) was assessed by oxygen uptake (VO2) measured at the maximum level reached with the 2 prostheses during treadmill walking at progressively increasing incline and speed. Balance was assessed by stabilometry in different static positions. Quality of life and satisfaction were assessed by “Short Form 36” questionnaire (0-100) and byEvaluation de la Satisfaction envers une Aide Technique(0–5) questionnaires after wearing each of the 2 prostheses for 34 days.Results:Forty-five patients tested the 2 prostheses. No statistical difference in VO2was observed. Significant improvement of balance was observed both during standing on an incline or decline with MPA and PA (p< 0.01). Short Form 36 questionnaire physical scores and Short Form 36 questionnaire mental scores were 68.5 ± 19.5 vs. 62.1 ± 19.6 (p< 0.01) and 72.0 ± 20.8 vs. 66.2 ± 20.9 (p< 0.01) in MPA and PA, respectively.Evaluation de la Satisfaction envers une Aide Techniquescore on the device was not statistically significant between the 2 groups (MPA 4.4 ± 0.5 vs. PA 4.3 ± 0.5,p= 0.360).Conclusion:Proprio-foot®improved balance, quality of life, and patient satisfaction despite no reduction or increase in energy expenditure in comparison with standard energy storage and return prosthesis.
Lithium-Induced Dysgeusia and Hyposmia: A Case Report and a Literature Review
Authors: Nombora Odete , Samico Ana , Venâncio Ângela 
Published: December 2022

Background
Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric disorder where long-term treatment is crucial to maintain stabilization. Although largely well tolerated, lithium has a wide spectrum of adverse effects in different organs and seems to also cause taste and smell disorders, which remain rare and not largely described. We aim to present a rare case of hyposmia and dysgeusia secondary to lithium treatment in a bipolar patient and also conduct a review on these rare lithium adverse effects.

Case Presentation
The case is a 43-year-old woman with type I bipolar disorder who became stabilized and fully functional with lithium therapy. After 4 months of treatment, she began to notice progressive hyposmia and dysgeusia. After multiple diagnostic and screening tests, lithium was implicated as the cause of the symptoms, which led to a switch to valproic acid. After 3 months, she was not compensated with valproic acid treatment, returned to lithium therapy despite its adverse effects, and became stabilized again.

Conclusions
There are few data on lithium therapy taste and smell adverse effects. Most studies on this topic are likely to be case reports. Lithium therapy may cause dysgeusia and hyposmia, although mechanisms are not fully understood. These adverse effects can interfere negatively in patient's treatment adherence. Therefore, physicians who prescribe lithium should be aware of them. Further structured studies are needed to better understand these lithium rare adverse effects and the appropriate way to assess and monitoring them.
Pharmacological Strategies for Stroke Intervention: Assessment of Pathophysiological Relevance and Clinical Trials
Authors: Verma Geetesh , Sarmah Deepaneeta , Datta Aishika , Goswami Avirag , Rana Nikita , Kaur Harpreet , Borah Anupom , Shah Sudhir , Bhattacharya Pallab 
Published: December 2022

Objectives
The present review describes stroke pathophysiology in brief and discusses the spectrum of available treatments with different promising interventions that are in clinical settings or are in clinical trials.

Methods
Relevant articles were searched using Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. Keywords for the search included ischemic stroke, mechanisms, stroke interventions, clinical trials, and stem cell therapy.

Results and Conclusion
Stroke accounts to a high burden of mortality and morbidity around the globe. Time is an important factor in treating stroke. Treatment options are limited; however, agents with considerable efficacy and tolerability are being continuously explored. With the advances in stroke interventions, new therapies are being formulated with a hope that these may aid the ongoing protective and reparative processes. Such therapies may have an extended therapeutic time window in hours, days, weeks, or longer and may have the advantage to be accessible by a majority of the patients.
Optogenetic clustering and membrane translocation of the BcLOV4 photoreceptor
Authors: Pal Ayush Aditya , Benman William , Mumford Thomas R. , Chow Brian Y. , Bugaj Lukasz J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractOptogenetic clustering is a versatile method to control protein activity in living cells, tissues, and organisms. Here we show that the BcLOV4 photoreceptor both clusters and translocates to the plasma membrane in response to blue light, representing a new class of light-dependent behavior. We demonstrate that dual translocation and clustering can be harnessed for novel single-component optogenetic tools, including for activation of the entire family of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1-4) tyrosine kinases. We further find that clustering and membrane translocation are causally linked. Stronger clustering increased the magnitude of translocation and downstream signaling, increased sensitivity to light by ~3-4-fold, and decreased the expression levels needed for strong signal activation. Thus light-induced clustering of BcLOV4 provides a strategy to generate a new class of optogenetic tools and to enhance existing ones.
Framing the barriers to construction industry transformation
Authors: Watts Greg , McDermott Peter , Kolo Shaba 
Published: December 2022

Purpose“Transforming construction” is a wide-ranging strategic term, under which sit numerous initiatives. It is the latest, in a long line of strategies and reports introduced to with the intention of industry improvement. Arguably, many of these fail to achieve their aim. The barriers preventing the adoption of transforming construction initiatives are therefore limiting the potential benefits of the strategy. The aim of this research is to formally identify and understand how these barriers are framed and how these frames can be changed so that the barriers can be overcome, and the wider strategy benefits realised.Design/methodology/approachA literature review is undertaken to identify “transforming construction” initiatives. A total of 15 semi-structured interviews are then undertaken with construction professionals and analysed via narrative analysis to identify and understand perceived barriers to these initiatives. Framing is utilised as a theoretical lens to categorise these barriers and understand how “shifts” in the frames held can be achieved and the barriers overcome.FindingsBarriers to transforming construction initiatives are identified as wicked problems. This allows a new perspective on such initiatives to be gained. The results also reveal how construction professionals frame such barriers, viewing themselves as bystanders with initiatives and practices “bigger” than themselves and their roles. How these frames can be “shifted” from bystander to active participant is identified. Such a shift can serve as a blueprint for industry professionals so that the initiatives identified can be successfully implemented thereby increasing the success of the transforming construction strategy.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a gap in current research around the perceptions held by construction professionals of the initiatives that sit under the transforming construction strategy. Addressing this gap allows the diagnosis of barriers that have previously served to prevent initiatives gaining traction. The findings contribute to both the existing literature and current industry practice by highlighting how the barriers are framed, and how such frames can be “shifted” to support the realisation of long promised strategy benefits.