bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Evaluation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index for Use in Long‐Term Care Patients
Authors: Bravo Gina , Dubois Marie‐France , Hébert Réjean , De Wals Philippe , Messier Lise 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:Because of the high prevalence of coexisting medical conditions in frail older adults, clinical investigators often need to adjust for comorbidity when assessing the effect of long‐term care (LTC) on patient outcomes. This study examined the prognostic value of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in predicting 3‐year mortality and functional decline in the LTC setting and compared its prognostic value to that of two data‐derived comorbidity indices.DESIGN:Longitudinal cohort study.SETTING:Eighty‐eight residential care facilities from Quebec, Canada.PARTICIPANTS:Two hundred ninety‐one dependent older adults aged 65 and older.MEASUREMENTS:Subjects' functional abilities were assessed at baseline and 3 years later with the revised version of the Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF). Comorbidity data and the exact date of death for those who had died were collected retrospectively from the subjects' medical files. Subjects were classified as functional decliners if they died or gained 5 points or more on the SMAF between the two assessments.RESULTS:Multivariate Cox and logistic regressions were used to derive two new comorbidity indices, one for predicting mortality and the other for identifying functional decliners. Although the CCI performed well in predicting these two outcomes, its performance was generally inferior to that of the two newly proposed indices.CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that the CCI can be improved upon when used to measure comorbidity in LTC patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:740–745, 2002.
Fast organic electronic circuits based on ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors
Authors: Schön Jan Hendrik , Kloc Christian 
Published: July 2002

Inverter circuits and ring oscillators have been prepared based on the organic semiconductor pentacene. High-purity pentacene single crystals and thin films exhibit ambipolar transport properties, i.e., n- and p-channel transistor activity. This feature is very attractive for complementary logic electronic circuits, since only one organic material has to be used. Switching frequencies up to 11 MHz have been achieved for single crystal circuits. Thin film devices prepared on flexible polyimide substrates revealed delays of 0.1 μs per stage resulting in oscillation frequencies up to 900 kHz.
At the request of the authors and editor, this article is being retracted effective 24 February 2003.
Nonadiabaticity and the competition between alpha and beta bond fission upon 1[n,π*(C=O)] excitation in acetyl- and bromoacetyl chloride
Authors: Person M. D. , Kash P. W. , Butler L. J. 
Published: July 2002

This work investigates how molecular dissociation induced by local 1[n(O),π*(C=O)] electronic excitation at a carbonyl functional group can result in preferential fission of an alpha bond over a weaker bond beta to the functional group and how nonadiabaticity in the dynamics drives the selectivity. The experiment measures the photofragment velocity and angular distributions from the photodissociation of acetyl chloride and bromoacetyl chloride at 248 nm, identifying the branching between bond fission channels and the mechanism for the selectivity. The anisotropic angular distributions measured shows dissociation occurs on a time scale of less than a rotational period, resulting in primary C–X (X=Cl, Br) bond fission, but no significant C–C bond fission. While the selective fission of the C–Cl over the C–C alpha bond can be predicted from the adiabatic correlation diagram for this special class of Norrish type I cleavage, the preferential fission of the C–Cl alpha bond over the C–Br bond beta to the carbonyl group would not be predicted on the adiabatic potential energy surface. In bromoacetyl chloride, fission of the C–Cl and C–Br bonds occurs with a branching of 1.0:1.1 (approximately 1.0:0.5 from the 1nπ* transition) compared with a predicted statistical branching ratio of 1:30. This preferential α-bond fission is attributed to a dissociation mechanism on the coupled [n,π*(C=O)] and [n(X),σ *(C–X)] electronic states, a model consistent with the lack of C–C fission and the measured kinetic energy and angular distributions.
The selectivity results from the relative strengths of the electronic coupling between the initially excited [n,π*(C=O)] bound configuration and the two [n(X),σ *(C–X)] states, the weaker coupling inhibiting the adiabatic crossing over the barrier to C–Br bond fission. The results demonstrate the need to go beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation to gain predictive ability in any reactive system where the electronic configuration changes along the reaction coordinate, particularly at barriers due to configuration crossings. In addition, the Cl product angular distribution determines the orientation of the 1[n(O),π*(C=O)] transition dipole moment and shows it is governed by the C2v symmetry of the localized carbonyl electronic orbitals and not by the asymmetric substitution at the carbonyl group. Spectra of the Br atoms from direct dissociation at 193 nm help separate the contribution from the overlapping nσ *(C–Br) transition at 248 nm.
Accurate ab initio potential energy surfaces of Ar–HF, Ar–H2O, and Ar–NH3
Authors: Tao Fu-Ming , Klemperer William 
Published: July 2002

We present accurate potential energy surfaces for Ar–HF, Ar–H2O, and Ar–NH3 from the supermolecular calculations using Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory up to the complete fourth-order (MP4) and efficient basis sets containing bond functions. Preliminary calculations on Ar–HF are given to show the usefulness of bond functions and the stability of the results with respect to the change of the basis set. Detailed MP4 calculations on Ar–HF with a fixed HF bond length of r=〈r〉v=0 give a global potential minimum with a well depth of 200.0 cm−1 at the position R=3.470 Å, θ=0° (linear Ar–H–F), a secondary minimum with a well depth of 88.1 cm−1 at R=3.430 Å, θ=180° (linear Ar–F–H), and a potential barrier of 128.3 cm−1 that separats the two minima near R=3.555 Å, θ=90° (T shaped). Further calculations on the three main configurations of Ar–HF with varying HF bond length are performed to obtain vibrationally averaged well depths for v=0, 1, 2, and 3.
Our primary wells are about 15 cm−1 higher than those of Hutson’s H6(4,3,2) potential for v=0, 1, 2, and 3, and our minimum distances are about 0.05 Å longer. Extensive MP2 calculations (R=3.1–5.0 Å) and brief MP4 calculations (near the radial minimum) are performed for the intermolecular potentials of Ar–H2O and Ar–NH3 with the monomers held fixed at equilibrium geometry. For Ar–H2O, MP4 calculations give a single global minimum with a well depth of 130.2 cm−1 at R=3.603 Å, θ=75°, φ=0°, along with barriers of 22.6 and 26.6 cm−1 for in-plane rotation at θ=0° and 180° respectively, and a barrier of 52.6 cm−1 for out-of-plane rotation at θ=90°, φ=90°. All these are in good agreement with experiment, especially with Cohen and Saykally’s AW2 potential. The dependence of the Ar–H2O potential on an OH bond length is calculated to study the effect from excitation of the bond stretching vibration and the result agrees well with the red shift observed. For Ar–NH3, MP4 calculations give a single global minimum with a well depth of 130.1 cm−1 at R=3.628 Å, θ=90°, φ=60°, along with barriers of 55.2 and 38.0 cm−1 for end-over-end rotation at θ=0° and 180°, respectively, and a barrier of 26.6 cm−1 for rotation about NH3 symmetry axis at θ=90°, φ=0°. All these are in good agreement with experiment and Schmuttenmaer et al. AA1 potential. The effects on potential from the change of the normal NH3 pyramidal geometry to the planar geometry are calculated and the results indicate that the Σ states with tunneling motion perpendicular to the radial coordinate remain virtually unchanged from free NH3 whereas the Π states with tunneling motion parallel to the radial coordinate have the tunneling motion nearly quenched. Comparisons of the potentials for the systems from Ar–HF, Ar–H2O, to Ar–NH3 are made to reveal the periodic trends of bonding and structure in the van der Waals complexes.
Women and class structure in contemporary Japan1
Authors: Shirahase Sawako 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe main purpose of this study is to examine how to determine the class position of women, especially married women, in Japan. This study examines three different approaches to conceptualizing women's position in the class structure: the conventional approach, the individual approach, and the dominance approach. Since 1975, the overall rate of female labour force participation in Japan has increased, and given this growth, particularly of employees working outside home, I discuss whether the increased entry of women, particularly married women, into the labour market challenges the conventional way of assigning class positions to women by simply deriving them from their husband's class positions. The data set used in this study is derived from the 1995 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey.An examination of class distributions suggests that the pictures of macro‐class structure provided by the conventional approach and the dominance approach show very little difference. Married women who belong to the female‐dominant family still form a very small minority of all married women in the society. Furthermore, the male‐dominant family shows the greatest stability over the life course whereas the female‐dominant family, where the wife experiences with‐drawal from the labour market, is least stable. The increasing number of married women in the labour market, thus, has not yet become a major threat to the conventional way of assigning women to a class position in contemporary Japan. Women, even among those working on a full‐time basis, perceive their position in the stratification system using not only their own work, but also their husband's. In contrast, men's perception is determined by their own education and employment, not by their wives'. This asymmetry in the effect of the husband's class and of the wife's class on class identification is related not only to gender inequality within the labour market but also to the division of labour by gender within the household.
Service expectations, self‐reported educational and resource needs of general practitioners in managing patients with hepatitis C
Authors: GUPTA LEENA , PUECH MCHELE C. , WARD JEANETTE E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHepatitis C infection is prevalent among injecting drug users in Australia. In an inner city area of Sydney, w undertook a survey of local general practitioners (GPs) in December 1996‐February 1997 to ascertain GPs self‐reported educational and resource needs and their approach to the management of asymptomatic patients with hepatitis C. A self‐administered questionnaire was developed to elicit GPs' ratings of the usefulness of 12 educational strategies, services and resources in managing patients with hepatitis C infection. GPs were also asked how they would manage clinically ‘uncomplicated’ patients. Demographic characteristics of respondent GPs were also obtained. Of the 108 GPs who agreed to be forwarded a questionnaire, 81 GPs returned it (75% response rate). GPs most frequently responded that information regarding interpretation of positive tests (69%), information about prevention of transmission (69%) and NHMRC guidelines on diagnosis and management (68%) would be of use in managing patients with hepatitis C infection. Thirty‐one percent of respondents thought that a shared care programme with GPs for patients undergoing interferon treatment or more counselling services (33%), would be ‘very useful’. When asked about their practice in relation to asymptomatic patients who would be unlikely to require referral to a specialist, GPs most frequently reported that they would test for blood‐borne viruses (86%). However, 50 (62%) indicated that they would refer the patient to a specialist. These findings provide important baseline information in a local population prior to commencement of local interventions to modify aspects of service provision. Availability of baseline data about service expectations and resource needs provided from our study has also provided a potential sentinel site to assess the impact of national guidelines for the management of people with hepatitis C.
Scenarios for the digital age: Convergence, personalization, exclusion
Authors: Forgacs David 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe new media system that has emerged worldwide since the early 1990s is characterized by increasing use of digital technologies in every area and convergence between once distinct media. In Italy there have been a number of national variations on this global pattern: relative weakness of state regulation, a move away from the dominance of the system by ‘generalist’ television, a high rate of cellular phone use and a slower than average growth of Internet use. As far as consumption is concerned, the most common categories used to describe the emergent system—personalization of media, increased individual choice and mobility—do manage to capture some important aspects, in Italy as elsewhere, but they obscure others, notably the structural constraints limiting individual choice, the formation of new media microcommunities and, conversely, the exclusion of particular groups of citizens from full participation in the new system.
Italy in the digital age: Cinema as new technology
Authors: Brancato Sergio 
Published: July 2002

SummaryItalian cinema is lagging behind in international standards, both culturally and in production terms. Starting in the mid-1970s, the Italian communication system has begun an irreversible transformation, and yet the ideologies of Italian cinema have remained impervious to the changes and they have consequently severed Italian cinema's links with the dynamic processes taking place in the other western film industries. The result is that today's Italian cinema fails to achieve either a decent production standard or essential synergies with other sectors of the cultural industry. A new political culture of communication is the only possible strategy for making Italian cinema once again a player in the global multimedia system.
Ethanol metabolism in the brain
Authors: ZIMATKIN SERGEY M. , DEITRICH RICHARD A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAcetaldehyde is suspected of being involved in the central mechanism of central nervous system depression and addiction to ethanol, but in contrast to ethanol, it can not penetrate easily from blood into the brain because of metabolic barriers. Therefore, the possibility of ethanol metabolism and acetaldehyde formation inside the brain has been one of the crucial questions in biomedical research of alcoholism. This article reviews the recent progress in this area and summarizes the evidence on the first stage of ethanol oxidation in the brain and the specific enzyme systems involved. The brain alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing systems, including cytochrome P450 II E1 and catalase are considered. Their physicochemical properties, the isoform composition, substrate specificity, the regional and subcellular distribution in CNS structures, their contribution to brain ethanol metabolism, induction under ethanol administration and the role in the neurochemical mechanisms of psychopharmacological and neurotoxic effects of ethanol are discussed. In addition, the nonoxidative pathway of ethanol metabolism with the formation of fatty acid ethyl esters and phosphatidylethanol in the brain is described.
A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study of 37 Patients With Chordoma: A Danish National Series
Authors: Safwat Akmal , Nielsen Ole S. , Jurik Anne G. , Keller Johnny , Weeth Ernst R. , Lund Bjarne , Myhre-Jensen Olaf 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. There are, in general, few published series on chordoma. It is a rare disease and further data are still needed.Patients/methods. The data of 37 patients with chordoma were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment was surgical excision
in 11, radical radiotherapy in 9 and a combination of the two in 16 cases. The male to female ratio was 2.7 : 1. Median age was
59 years (range 1–89 years).Results. The most common symptoms at diagnosis were pain (98%), neurological disturbances (42%) and incontinence
(33%). The tumours were located in the sacro‐coccygeal region in 68%, the spheno‐occipital region in 16% and the
vertebrae in 16% of the patients. Median tumour.size was 7 cm (range 1–30 cm). Local recurrence occurred in 21/36
treated cases and distant metastases developed in eight patients (23%). The median time to recurrence/progression after
primary treatment was 2 years (range 1–10 years). The actuarial 5‐year rates of overall, progression‐free and symptom‐free
survival were 40%, 31% and 20%, respectively. The corresponding 10‐year rates were 26%, 21% and 14%, respectively.
At the time of analysis, seven patients were alive, six without evidence of disease. Four of the six patients without active
disease were symptom free. A univariate analysis showed that age, sex, tumour size, histopathology, surgical safety margin,
treatment modality and radiation dose did not significantly affect overall, progression‐free or symptom‐free survival. Only
turnout site had a prognostic value with turnouts in the spheno‐occipital region carrying the worst prognosis.Discussion. We conclude that effective treatment against chordomas is still lacking and a prospective multi‐institutional
registration study may provide more information on the optimal work‐up and treatment of this rare disease.
Learned inquiry and the Net: the role of peer review, peer commentary and copyright
Authors: Harnad Stevan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTPeer Review and Copyright each have a double role: Formal refereeing protects the author from publishing and the reader from reading papers that are not of sufficient quality. Copyright protects the author from theft of text and theft of authorship. It has been suggested that in the electronic medium we can dispense with peer review, ‘publish’ everything, and let browsing and commentary do the quality control. It has also been suggested that special safeguards and laws may be needed to enforce copyright on the Net. I will argue, based on 20 years editing Behavioral and Brain Sciences, a refereed (paper) journal of peer commentary, 8 years editing Psycoloquy, a refereed electronic journal of peer commentary, and 1 year of implementing CogPrints, an electronic archive of unrefereed preprints and refereed reprints in the cognitive sciences modeled on the Los Alamos Physics Eprint Archive, that (i) peer commentary is a supplement, not a substitute, for peer review, (ii) the authors of refereed papers, who get and seek no royalties from the sale of their texts, only want protection from theft of authorship on the Net, not from theft of text, which is a victimless crime, and hence (iii) the trade model (subscription, site license or pay‐per‐view) should be replaced by author page charges to cover the much reduced cost of implementing peer review, editing and archiving on the Net, in exchange for making the learned serial corpus available free for all forever.
Rethinking the library's role in publishing
Authors: Treloar Andrew 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTPrint has been the most significant scholarly communication technology for over three hundred years. In the last decades of the twentieth century, technological developments have revolutionized our attitutes towards communication as well as our ability to communicate ideas and research results electronically, to a global audience. As a result university libraries have begun to redefine their traditional role as guardians and gatekeepers of our repositories of knowledge, and have entered an arena that was previously the domain of commercial and university presses.This paper surveys five library projects (Highwire Press, Internet Library of Early Journals, Project EDUCATE, Project Muse and the Scholarly Communications Project) which demonstrate different organizational models, funding sources and types of content.
Estimating transcription factor bindability on DNA.
Authors: Tsunoda T , Takagi T 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Precise analysis of the genetic network, gene function and transcription regulation requires accurate prediction of transcription factor (TF) bindability on DNA. For calculating the matching score between an input sequence and a set of known TF binding sites, we use positional weight matrices (PWMs) and Bucher's calculating method (Bucher, J. Mol. Biol., 212, 563-578, 1990). Since estimating TF binding sites requires cut-off values, we propose a robust cut-off value determining algorithm. RESULTS: We generalize the concept of local overrepresentation with statistics, and propose a new algorithm for determining the cut-off value using the background rate estimated on non-promoters. The algorithm iteratively determines parameters separating instances into phenomena-dependent and phenomena-independent subsets. Our system includes the method of re-estimating cut-off values of TFs that mis-recognize other TF preferred regions. Our data source comprised 433 non-redundant vertebrate promoters including viral promoters, from Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) R.50. The method is applied to 205 vertebrate TFs that have frequency matrices in TRANSFAC Ver.3. 4 and the cut-off values of all of them can be determined. AVAILABILITY: The cut-off values and TF binding site predicting tool are available at http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac. jp/service/tooldoc/TFBIND. We also provide the cut-off value estimating programs.
Predicting the oxidation state of cysteines by multiple sequence alignment
Authors: Fiser András , Simon István 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Protein sequences found in databanks usually do not report post translational covalent modifications such as the oxidation state of cystein (Cys) residues. Accurate prediction of whether a functionally or structurally important Cys occurs in the oxidized or thiol form would be helpful for molecular biology experiments and structure prediction.
Results: A new method is presented for predicting the oxidation state of Cys residues based on multiple sequence alignments and on the observation that Cys tends to occur in the same oxidation state within the same protein. The prediction of the redox state of Cys performs above 82%. The oxidation state of Cys correlates with the cellular location of the given protein within the cell, but the correlation is not perfect (up to 70%). We also perform a statistical analysis of the different redox states of Cys found in secondary structures and buried positions, and of the secondary structures linked by disulfide bonds. The results suggest that the natural borderline lies between the different oxidation states of Cys rather than between the half cystines and cysteins.
Availability: A web server implementing the prediction method is available at http://guitar.rockefeller.edu/~andras/cyspred.html
Contact: fisera@rockefeller.edu
Structure prediction meta server
Authors: Bujnicki Janusz M. , Elofsson Arne , Fischer Daniel , Rychlewski Leszek 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The Structure Prediction Meta Server offers a convenient way for biologists to utilize various high quality structure prediction servers available worldwide. The meta server translates the results obtained from remote services into uniform format, which are consequently used to request a jury prediction from a remote consensus server Pcons.
Availability: The structure prediction meta server is freely available at http://BioInfo.PL/meta/, some remote servers have however restrictions for non-academic users, which are respected by the meta server.
Contact: leszek@bioinfo.pl
Supplementary information: Results of several sessions of the CAFASP and LiveBench programs for assessment of performance of fold-recognition servers carried out via the meta server are available at http://BioInfo.PL/services.html.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.