bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Hessian Fly with Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seed treatments of dimethoate, Orthene 75 S, and NTN 33893 240 FS were compared to standard in-furrow treatments of Di-Syston 15 G and Thimet 15 G for HF efficacy. The test was planted 26 Oct in Barnwell County, SC, on a Dothan sandy loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Di-Syston and Thimet were placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators mounted centered on the drill. Orthene 75 S seed treatments were applied by thoroughly mixing the appropriate amt of dry insecticide with 5 lb of seed in a plastic bag. Dimethoate (Clean Crop 2.67 EC) seed treatments were diluted with the appropriate amt of water, to a total vol of 30 ml and thoroughly mixed with 5 lb of seed in a plastic bag. The NTN 33893 treated seed were provided by Mobay and were from a different seed lot of the same variety. All other treatments were from the same bag of seed. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made at 11 and 19 d after planting by taking stand counts from two random 1 m row samples per plot. HF efficacy was evaluated by uprooting 10 randomly selected plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and examining them in the laboratory for larvae and puparia. The middle 6 rows were harvested with an Almaco plot combine for yield and test wt. All yields were corrected to 13.5% moisture.
Apple, Secondary Insecticide Testing, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a hand sprayer (32 kg/cm2) at pink (2 May), petal fall (15 May), and as cover sprays on 28 May, 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 12 Jul, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug. In the Penncap M/Danitol and Guthion 35 W/Danitol programs, Danitol was applied alone at pink (2 May), petal fall (15 May), third cover spray (25 Jun), and sixth cover spray (8 Aug), and the organophosphates were applied alone in the other sprays. Treatments were replicated 3 times (two 6-tree plots, 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Rhode Island Greening', 'Monroe', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Red Rome', and one 8-tree plot containing two adjacent 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Delicious' trees). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest (12-17 Sep), 100 'McIntosh' and 100 'Cortland' apples were scored from each replication. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from the 'McIntosh' apple trees in each replication on 7 Jun, 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug, and 22 Aug. Mites were removed from leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. On 19 Jun, aphids were counted on the 2 distal leaves on each of 10-60 growing terminals/tree on a single 'McIntosh' tree in each plot and given a logarithmic rating based on the number of aphids per leaf (0 aphids = 0, 1-10 aphids = 1, 11-100 aphids = 2). WALH were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves ("Rhode Island Greening' trees in Rep I and II, and 'McIntosh' trees in Rep HI) on 23 Aug. PLH were counted on the 5 distal leaves of 10-60 growing terminals in each plot on 19 Jun. STLM tissue mines were counted on the 6 distal leaves of 20 randomly selected terminals from 'McIntosh' trees on 26 Aug. Fruit finish was evaluated at harvest by rating a sample of 100 randomly selected 'Golden Delicious' apples using a russet rating: 0 = No russet,1 = 0-33% russet, 2 = 34-66% russet, 3 = 67-100% russet.
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Study, Wenatchee 1991
Authors: Burts Everet. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven-yr-old 'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' pear trees were sprayed with an air carrier sprayer to compare effectiveness of petal fall and second-generation timing of Agri-Mek for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of 2 replicates of 12 by 6 tree rectangles. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Guthion 35% WP 3 lb/acre on 17 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 25-beatingtray sample per replication. PP nymphs were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market pears on 50 mature fruit per cultivar per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Study, Orondo, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five-yr-old 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with an air carrier sprayer to compare effectiveness of petal fall and second-generation timing of Agri-Mek for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of half-acre unreplicated rectangles. The earlier treatment was applied 10 May, the later one 5 Jun. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Guthion 35% WP 2.5 lb/acre on 11 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb/acre plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult samples consisted of 2 25-beating-tray samples per plot on each date. PP nymphs were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per plot. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet and other pest damage were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' pears on 100 mature fruit per plot. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 4 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Soft Pesticide Test, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' pears were sprayed with handgun or airblast equipment to compare seasonal programs of soft pesticides for control of insect and mite pests of pear and survival of beneficial arthropods. Plots consisted of 3 30-tree replicates in 3-row blocks. An untreated check was also included in the randomized block design. PP adults, PP predators, and parasite, Trechnites insidiosus, densities were monitored by limb-taps. PP nymphs were counted on 50-leaf samples per replication. Samples for first generation nymphs were collected from fruiting spurs, those for second and subsequent generations were collected from growing shoots. The proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle were picked from each of 10 shoots. Leaves were processed with a leaf brushing machine and PP nymphs and mites were counted on 20% of the resulting slides under 10 x magnification. Pest damage to fruit was determined by examining 50 fruit per replication at harvest. Fruit firmness, size, and soluble solids content were compared on 2 10-fruit samples per replication. Treatment histories for the 3 programs are presented in the table.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Ti. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a one third acre block of 6-yr-old 'Redchief trees on M26, which measured 10.5 ft in height and 9 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 10 × 15 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied to runoff on 14 Jun with a WW Grinder, Inc. handgun sprayer (model no. PS325-3) operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately two-third gallon of spray (ca. 192 GPA). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Ambush, Asana, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dodine, Guthion, Lannate, Nova, Oil, Penncap-M, Rubigan, Sevin, Solubor, and Topsin-M. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Flea Beetle Adult Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 26 Jun to 20- by 20-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Cherryfield, Maine; plants were 3 to 5 inches tall. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with a minimum of 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. On sample dates indicated in the table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the adults were counted and then released over the same plot. Weather conditions were warm and dry during the test.
Grape Scale Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Lewis B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen grape scale-infested vines were located in a ‘Concord’ vineyard in early Apr. The vineyard was trained to a 4-cane, single-trunk, kniffin system. Individual vines were sprayed with an 11.4 liter (3 gal) hand pump sprayer at 2813 g/cm2 (40 psi) and delivered 946 ml/vine (1259 liters/ha or 133 gal/acre). Sprays were applied at bud swell on 4 or 5 Apr. Percentage of live adult scale/5 cm2 of cane was determined on 2 Apr (pre-treatment) and on 16 Apr and 9 May. Scale crawlers began emerging by 9 May at the 30% bloom stage. On 9, 16, and 30 May, 12.5 mm-wide Scotch double-stick tape was fastened on to the trunk immediately below the top two canes and at three sites beyond grape scale colonies on each of the two top canes. Scale crawlers were counted as the number of crawlers/cm-length of tape. The grower applied parathion 8 E at 779 ml/ha (2/3 pt/acre) on 16 May (50% bloom) to the whole vineyard for grape scale control.
Trials of Non-Conventional Insecticides for Grape Berry Moth Control, 1990
Authors: Martinson Timothy E. , Dennehy Timothy J. , Dunst Richard M. , Crowe Harold J. , Taft Theodore N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A mature Concord’ vineyard of 15 acres size with a known history of GBM infestation, located in Fredonia, NY, was used for the evaluations. The vineyard rows were 9 ft apart and the vines set at 8 ft apart within the row. Seven different non-conventional insecticides were tested along with 3 conventional insecticides. Each treatment consisted of 45 vines (3 rows X 15 vines) and was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as dilute (100 gal/acre) foliar sprays with a hooded boom over-the-row sprayer operated at 400 psi. Two to 6 sprays were made (per treatment) between 15 Jun (Bloom) and 16 Aug 1990. Injury assessments were made on 5-6 Sep 1990, on the number of berries injured by GBM larvae per 100 clusters in each replication (10 clusters from 10 vines per replication). Sevin 50 WP (two sprays) applied at 4 lb product and Penncap-m (two sprays) applied at 4 pt product were the standards. Cover sprays, consisting of a tank mix of triademefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz AI/A and maneb (Dithane M-22) at 1.5 lb AI/A, were applied to all plots on 15 Jun and 7 Jul to suppress powdery mildew, black rot, and downy mildew. Injury assessment was made on 5-6 Sep based on the number of berries injured by GBM larvae per 100 clusters in each replication (10 clusters from 10 vines per replication).
Evaluation of Danitol 2.4 Ec During Summer Temperatures for Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , McDaniel C. W. , Rush Rober. , Solorzano Jos. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Danitol 2.4 EC and Lannate L as an insecticide comparison were applied to grapes on 29 Jul. Treatments were made with a ground sprayer applying 114 gal/acre. Plots were 500 ft long by 8 rows wide. Plots were sampled 1, 4, 11, and 21 DAT. Samples consisted of examining leaves 6- 15 from a vine terminal and counting VGLH nymphs. Six samples/plot were obtained, 3 from each of the center 2 plot rows, all from the north side of row. The entire field was treated with Lannate L on Aug 15. Daily high temperatures during the study ranged from 100-115°F.
Evaluation of Furadan 4 F Applied Via Drip Irrigation for Variegated Grape Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. , Rush Rober. , Solorzano Jos. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Furadan 4 F were applied via drip irrigation equipment on 29 Jul to 2-yr-old grapes. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. A single row of grapes (480 ft long) served as a plot. Each plot was sampled 1, 4, 11, and 21 DAT. Samples consisted of examining 10 consecutive leaves from a vine on north side of row and counting leafhopper nymphs. The 10 consecutive leaves were 6-15 from the terminal end of the vine on the first 3 sample dates and leaves 1-10 on 19 Aug. Six samples were obtained per row the first 3 sample dates and 4 the last sample date.
Control of Citrus Thrips on Valencia Oranges, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticide treatments were applied the evening of 5 Jul to 4 ft tall trees at the Dos Rios Nursery located south of Yuma, AZ. Treatments were applied with a backpack C02 sprayer calibrated to apply 12.0 gal/acre at 20 psi with 2 T-Jet 8001 nozzle tips. Plots were 20 ft long × 4 ft wide and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were approximately 1.5 ft apart in a single row within the plot. Samples were taken at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post treatment. Twelve terminals per plot were sampled during morning hours the first sample date and 10 terminals/plot thereafter. Sampling consisted of beating a tender terminal over a wire grid mesh screened, internally colored silver can approximately 8 inches deep that contained a white organdy cloth to assist in differentiating and counting nymphs and adult thrips. Only 2 replicates were sampled at 28 DAT. Thrips populations were moderately heavy when treated and daily high temperatures averaged 101.5°F the 6 d after treatment. Populations declined following 6 consecutive d of 107°F highs or more which began Jul 12.
Control of Fall Webworm on Walnut, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two separate experiments were conducted on walnut trees, 10-20 ft tall, growing in—n orchard located at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Payne Co. Treatments were applied 28 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/ min at 150 psi and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. At the time of treatment, temperature and wind velocity were 81°F and 0-5 Iripil respectively. Measurable precipitation during the test period occurred on 4 Jul (.44 inch). Three rates of the insect growth regulator RH-5992 were evaluated in Test 1. A spreader sticker, Latron B-1956, was added to the IGR treatments at 6 ml/gal of finished spray. Two formulations of chlorpyrifos, Pageant DF, at several rates were evaluated in Test 2. Both tests utilized Orthene 9.4 EC as a standard treatment. The number of FW larvae/nest was determined by removing and dismantling one nest from each treatment in all replicates and assessing the number of live larvae. Test 1 was replicated 5 times and Test 2 contained 4 replications. Both tests were evaluated at 5 and 10 DAT.
Evaluation of Alternate Row Applications of A Short-Residue Insecticide for Control of the Overwintering Generation of Codling Moth, 1991
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Grant J. A. , Hendricks L. C. , Olson W. H. , Sibbett G. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted in 5 commercial walnut orchards throughout California. In each orchard, there were 5 treatments. Each treatment was applied to an area of 2 or more acres. Timing of the treatments was based on walnut tree phenology; that is, applications were made at 1/2-inch nut size and at various time periods after V2-inch nut size. All materials were applied with an air-blast sprayer delivering from 100 to 150 gal finished spray/acre, depending on the site. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from around 6 trees in the center of each treatment weekly from 28 May through 11 Jul, depending on the site. Walnut aphid populations were monitored by counting all aphids on 10 leaflets/tree from 6 trees in the center of each treatment from 21 May through 7 Jul, depending on the site.
Pesticide Evaluations for Selected Insect Pest of Beans, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. , Hessney M. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each treatment consisted of double-row plantings 20 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment was separated by two border rows of beans. A hand-pushed ’V belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each row. A 2-4 inch wide band of meat and bone meal was placed over one treatment row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition with the exception of one Captan check treatment. Orthene was applied to the seeds 17 Jun and planting occurred on 29 Jun. Sprays were applied 3 Sep using a back pack C02 sprayer with 4 nozzles per row. Applications were made using 30 gal of water per acre. SM evaluations were made 18 Jul. Emerged seedlings in both rows were counted and an avg % damage from SM was calculated using no. of damaged plants. PLH counts were made from 50 trifoliate leaves in each replication picked at random. MBB counts were made by pulling 25 consecutive plants from one row in each doublerow plot, and recording all stages except eggs. Data were taken for PLH and MBB on 9 Sep.
Control of Afhids on Broccoli, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli was direct seeded in double-row beds on 15 Jan at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot measured 2 beds by 75 ft long, with an 8 inch spacing between rows and a 40 inch spacing between beds. A single bed was left untreated between each plot. Plants were thinned within rows at 6 inch intervals on 9 Feb. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular insecticides treatments at planting were applied by placing the granules just below the seed line with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on the planter. Plots were subsequently irrigated on 16 Jan. Layby applications of granular treatments were made on 14 Mar by placing the material into the soil just below the roots through shanks mounted to the Gandy granular applicator. Plots were subsequently irrigated on 14 Mar. Aphid populations were assessed on 24 Mar and 8 Apr by randomly removing 10 plants from each replicate and placing them in Berlese funnels. All alate and apterous aphids extracted from the foliage were counted. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Ryan’s Q test.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage with Starch-Encapsulated Microbial Formulations, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , McGuire M. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Green house transplants were planted 30 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each formulation contained the same amount of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was added to all treatments. Sprays were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 28 Jun, 18, 26 Jul, and 1 Aug. Heavy rainfall the week of 8 Jul prevented a scheduled application. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot in the first sampling, 4 plants/plot in the second sampling) were taken 1 Jul and 4-8 Aug. Laboratory bioassays (see Paper 2L) were done with treated foliage from these plots to determine residual efficacy against DBM. Quality ratings (Greene et al. 1969. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800) of mature cabbage heads (5 plants per plot) were determined 9 Aug.
Lepidopterous Larva Control on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted 3 May, 1991, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 5 ft centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 ×) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications were made 13, 21, 28 Jun, 5, 12, 18, 25 Jul, 5, and 15 Aug. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made on 1, 17, 23 Jul, and 14 Aug. Cabbage was harvested and rated for quality on 21 Aug.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Express’ cabbage was transplanted into black plastic mulch on 30 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 30 ft long and one row wide with 6 ft spacing between rows and 10 ft unplanted buffers within rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Thirty plants per plot were spaced twelve inches apart. A trickle irrigation system was used beneath the black plastic and recommended rates of fertilizer and herbicide were applied. All insecticide treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 24 Jun at 27.8 gal/acre and on 4 Jul at 45.5 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 25 Jun, 5, 12, and 19 Jul. Five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, DBM, and other lepidopterous pests on 24 and 28 Jun, 2, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 25 Jul. Ten heads per plot were graded on 30 Jul for lepidopterous damage using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated one or two were considered marketable based on U.S.D.A. standards.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods in Celery, 1990
Authors: Carson W. G. , Robinson L. J. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots wee four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 26 Sep, 2, 12, 16, 23, 30 Oct, and 6, 13 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 oriftce discs, #23 or #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam°) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species was recorded in the same manner as for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.