bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wildfire exacerbates high-latitude soil carbon losses from climate warming
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem A , Riley William J , Randerson James T , Shirley Ian A , Bouskill Nicholas J , Grant Robert F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Arctic and boreal permafrost soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition has been slower than carbon inputs from plant growth since the last glaciation. Anthropogenic climate warming has threatened this historical trend by accelerating SOC decomposition and altering wildfire regimes. We accurately modeled observed plant biomass and carbon emissions from wildfires in Alaskan ecosystems under current climate conditions. In projections to 2300 under the RCP8.5 climate scenario, we found that warming and increased atmospheric CO2 will result in plant biomass gains and higher litterfall. However, increased carbon losses from (a) wildfire combustion and (b) rapid SOC decomposition driven by increased deciduous litter production, root exudation, and active layer depth will lead to about 4.4 PgC of soil carbon losses from Alaska by 2300 and most (88%) of these loses will be from the top 1 m of soil. These SOC losses offset plant carbon gains, causing the ecosystem to transition to a net carbon source after 2200. Simulations excluding wildfire increases yielded about a factor of four lower SOC losses by 2300. Our results show that projected wildfire and its direct and indirect effects on plant and soil carbon may accelerate high-latitude soil carbon losses, resulting in a positive feedback to climate change.
On some aspects of the response to stochastic and deterministic forcings
Authors: Santos Gutiérrez Manuel , Lucarini Valerio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The perturbation theory of operator semigroups is used to derive response formulas for a variety of combinations of acting forcings and reference background dynamics. In the case of background stochastic dynamics, we decompose the response formulas using the Koopman operator generator eigenfunctions and the corresponding eigenvalues, thus providing a functional basis towards identifying relaxation timescales and modes and towards relating forced and natural fluctuations in physically relevant systems. To leading order, linear response gives the correction to expectation values due to extra deterministic forcings acting on either stochastic or chaotic dynamical systems. When considering the impact of weak noise, the response is linear in the intensity of the (extra) noise for background stochastic dynamics, while the second order response given the leading order correction when the reference dynamics is chaotic. In this latter case we clarify that previously published diverging results can be brought to common ground when a suitable interpretation—Stratonovich vs Itô—of the noise is given. Finally, the response of two-point correlations to perturbations is studied through the resolvent formalism via a perturbative approach. Our results allow, among other things, to estimate how the correlations of a chaotic dynamical system changes as a results of adding stochastic forcing.
The effect of vanadium addition in Ni1-xVxFe2O4 nano photocatalysts on remazol golden yellow degradation under visible light irradiation
Authors: Situmeang Rudy , Romiyati Romiyati , Yuwono Suripto Dwi , Manurung Posman , Firdaus Iqbal , Sembiring Simon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising solution for the degradation of dyes since this substance harms the environment. In addition, this process is environmentally friendly, especially while using low energy through visible light irradiation. In this study, Ni1-xVxFe2O4 nano-photocatalyst has been prepared using the sol-gel method. After freeze-drying and calcination processes, the sample was characterised using the techniques of x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV–vis DR spectroscopy, TEM, and Particle Size Analyser (PSA). The XRD results indicated that a majority of the crystalline phase in this material prepared is NiFe2O4 spinel. Then, the grain size of this spinel is in the range of 20–32 nm. UV–vis DR spectroscopy analysis indicated that the bandgap energy of spinel Ni1-xVxFe2O4 (where x = 0.1–0.5) is 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 eV, respectively. FTIR analysis explained that catalyst functions as the photocatalyst, and maintains the structure after the reaction. Furthermore, results of dye photodegradation indicated that Ni1-x
V
x
Fe2O4 nanocatalysts are all active and able to degrade remazol golden yellow (RGY) by more than 30% conversion under the visible light irradiation. In two stages of experiments to degrade RGY, Ni0.5V0.5Fe2O4 nanocatalyst has the best activity with more than 65% conversion. However, based on the linearity correlation in determining the order reaction, it is clear that the rate is a pseudo-first-order reaction and the best rate constant for reaction below 80 min, k = 0.0029 min−1 for Ni0.7V0.3Fe2O4 photocatalyst.
Biological reduction of graphene oxide using Citrus sinensis L. extract and its nano-structural photocatalytic - antibacterial performances
Authors: Prema Thanapackiam S , Selvarajan P , Dhinakar K Gnanaprakasam , Veeraputhiran V 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) plays a major role for the potential material fabrication attributable to its excellent electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. A facile cost-effective green reduction has been approached in this work for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The extract of Citrus sinensis L. fruit was employed as bio-reductant to obtain rGO. Initially, the graphene oxide, used in this work, was synthesised through the oxidation of graphite using modified Hummer’s method. Surface and structural properties of synthesised rGO were characterised by XRD, UV–visible, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, and AFM studies. From XRD results, the size of GO and rGO nanoparticles was found to be 3.7 nm and 2.4 nm respectively, the interspatial distance of rGO layers obtained was 0.34 nm, and it can act as an efficient photocatalyst. From the UV–visible spectral studies, the band gaps of rGO and GO were found as 5.22 eV and 4.70 eV, respectively. The functional group representations from FTIR spectra confirm the strong reduction of GO using Citrus sinensis L. extract. The SEM and AFM images provided clear even flake appearance of rGO particles. Photoluminescence studies explored good photoemissive nature of synthesised GO and rGO. The photocatalytic activity of rGO was tested against the Sunlight exposed methylene blue (MB) dye and found superior results of 98% degradation up to 100 ppm MB dye. While concerning its antibacterial response, it can strongly act against Staphylococcus aureus bacterium than the standard drug gentamicin.
Magneto-hydrodynamic simulation study of direct current multi-contact circuit breaker for equalizing breaking arc
Authors: JIA Bowen , WU Jianwen , LI Shu , WU Hao , PENG Xiangjun , DAI Jian , CHEN Ruang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This work is based on a direct current (DC) natural current commutation topology, which uses load-carrying branch contacts carrying rated current and multiple sets of series arcing branch contacts in parallel to achieve circuit breaking. The proposed topology can meet the new requirements of higher voltage DC switches in aviation, aerospace, energy and other fields. First, a magneto-hydrodynamic arc model is built using COMSOL Multiphysics, and the different arc breaking characteristics of the arcing branch contacts in different gas environments are simulated. Then, a voltage uniformity coefficient is used to measure the voltage sharing effect in the process of dynamic interruption. In order to solve the dispersion of arcing contact action, a structural control method is adopted to improve the voltage uniformity coefficient. The uniform voltage distribution can improve the breaking capacity and electrical life of the series connection structure.
Relationship between advanced pharmacy practice experience grading schemes and pharmacy residency match rates
Authors: Shtaynberg Jane , Skrabal Maryann , Kanmaz Tina , Leiana Oswald C , Prisco Jennifer , Jarrett Jennie B , Clarke Cheryl , Ruehter Valerie , Gilliam Eric , Clauson Angela , Shan Guogen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To determine the relationship of advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) grading schemes and other pharmacy program variables (ie, program age and funding) with pharmacy residency match rates.

Summary
A 12-question survey was disseminated to experiential administrators of pharmacy programs in October 2018. Respondents identified their program’s APPE grading scheme (pass/fail, letter grades, or other) and associated pros and cons. Responding programs were categorized by age and funding status. Survey responses were correlated with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists residency match rates for 2016 through 2018. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models as well as by attributes via thematic analysis. Most pharmacy programs (62%) reported using letter grades for APPEs compared to pass/fail (30%) or other (8%) schemes. Pharmacy programs using pass/fail grading were more likely to have students match to postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) (P &lt; 0.001) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) (P = 0.0074) residencies. Older pharmacy programs for each grading scheme were more likely to have higher match rates; however, for PGY1 match rates, older programs utilizing letter grades correlated to lower match rates than those utilizing pass/fail grading (P &lt; 0.0001). Likewise, both public and private pharmacy programs using pass/fail grading had higher PGY1 match rates than those using letter grades (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0014).

Conclusion
Pass/fail grading in APPEs does not hinder PGY1 or PGY2 residency placement compared to other grading schemes both overall and in combination with certain pharmacy program variables. Grading scheme strengths and weaknesses should be considered when deciding on optimal assessment strategies for APPEs and when evaluating candidates for residencies.
Clinicopathological characteristics and disease chronicity in native kidney biopsies in Flanders
Authors: Deleersnijder Dries , Laurens Wim , De Meester Johan , Cleenders Evert , Dendooven Amélie , Lerut Evelyne , De Vriese An S , Dejagere Tom , Helbert Mark , Hellemans Rachel , Koshy Priyanka , Maes Bart , Pipeleers Lissa , Van Craenenbroeck Amaryllis H , Van Laecke Steven , Vande Walle Johan , Couttenye Marie M , Meeus Gert , Sprangers Ben ,   the FCGG collaborative group, De Vriese An , De Rycke Anja , Bogaert Anne-Marie , Woestenburg Annemie , Denys Bart , Maes Bart , Peeters Domien , Vanbelleghem Hilde , Donck Jan , Scharpé Johan , De Clippeleir Nele , Colson Ann , Meyvis Karen , Vandepitte Kurt , Reyns Liza-Maria , Peeters Jacques , Decupere Marc , Helbert Mark , Zeegers Miranda , Neirynck Nathalie , Bernaert Pascale , Dejagere Tom , Lemahieu Wim , Sprangers Ben , Pipeleers Lissa , Hellemans Rachel , Van Laecke Steven , Knops Noël , Levtchenko Elena , Walle Johan Vande , Karamaria Sevasti , Van Hoeck Koen , Trouet Dominique , Mauel Reiner , Dendooven Amélie , Hoorens Anne , Van Dorpe Jo , Praet Marleen , Geers Caroline , Lerut Evelyne , Koshy Priyanka , Roskams Tania , Aydin Selda , Siozopoulou Vasiliki , Schelfhout Anne-Marie , De Raeve Hendrik , Steenkiste Edwin , Dedeurwaerdere Francesca , Dalle Ignace , Cokelaere Kristof , Deloose Stijn , De Paepe Pascale , Van Eyken Peter 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
The Flemish Collaborative Glomerulonephritis Group (FCGG) registry provides complete population data on kidney disease epidemiology in the region of Flanders (Belgium), as it captures all native kidney biopsies performed in its population of 6.5 million inhabitants.

Methods
From 2017 until 2019, 2054 adult kidney biopsies were included from 26 nephrology centers (one biopsy per patient). Data on nephrotic and nephritic syndrome were available in 1992 and 2026 biopsies, respectively. In a subgroup of 898 biopsies containing ≥10 glomeruli from 2018 to 2019, disease chronicity was graded using the Mayo Clinic Chronicity Score (MCCS). The association between clinical variables and MCCS was determined using simple and multiple linear regression models.

Results
Nephrotic syndrome (present in 378 patients, 19.0%) was most frequently caused by minimal change disease in younger patients (18–44 years), membranous nephropathy in older patients (45–74 years) and amyloidosis in the elderly (&gt;75 years). Nephritic syndrome (present in 421 patients, 20.8%) was most frequently caused by immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in younger patients (18–64 years) and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) in older patients (&gt;64 years). AAV and IgAN were the most frequent underlying diagnoses in biopsies in which crescents were identified. In multivariable analysis, acute and chronic kidney disease and diagnoses of diabetic kidney disease, nephrosclerosis and hyperoxaluria/hypercalcemic nephropathy were associated with the highest MCCS increases.

Conclusions
The FCGG registry validates data from previous Western European registries and provides a snapshot of disease chronicity in the whole biopsied Flemish population.
Full myocardial recovery following COVID-19 fulminant myocarditis after biventricular mechanical support with BiPella: a case report
Authors: Ajello Silvia , Calvo Francesco , Basso Cristina , Nardelli Pasquale , Scandroglio Anna Mara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Fulminant myocarditis is a rare yet dreadful condition, which requires evaluation for mechanical support. The concomitant use of an Impella pump in the left and of one in the right ventricle—the so-called ‘BiPella approach’—might allow recovery of the failing heart in selected cases. We report a peculiar case, in which mechanical circulatory support was used as the sole strategy to promote myocardial recovery, without the administration of any immunosuppressants in coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 fulminant myocarditis.

Case summary
A previously healthy 49-year-black man presented to the emergency department with dyspnoea and severe metabolic acidosis. His nasopharyngeal swab resulted positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Echocardiography documented severe biventricular dysfunction which required support with two Impella pumps—the so-called ‘BiPella approach’. Myocarditis was suspected on clinical basis. Endomyocardial biopsy showed SARS-CoV-2 localization within the endothelial cells. No antiviral or immunosuppressive therapy was administered. After 10 days of support, the patient was weaned from both right- and left-ventricular supports as complete recovery of cardiac function and end-organ damage was observed. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit after 15 days and discharged home 1 month after presentation. The patient had no further episodes of heart failure at 6 months follow up.

Discussion
Prolonged mechanical unloading with two Impella pumps in fulminant COVID-19 myocarditis is a viable and reliable strategy, as it provides the benefits of mechanical circulatory support plus additional disease-modifying effects, reducing wall stress and inflammatory response.
Aortic and bronchial perforation caused by a vascular clip 3 years after its placement
Authors: Omori Akiharu , Inuzuka Ryo , Matsui Hikoro , Hirata Yasutaka 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vascular clips are currently acknowledged as a safe and efficient tool for vessel ligation in every surgical field. Here, we describe a case of massive haemoptysis due to perforation of both the aorta and bronchus, caused by a titanium clip that was placed between them 3 years ago. The present case highlights the rare but life-threatening complications that clips can cause in the mediastinum, especially when placed between a fixed structure and a large blood vessel or respiratory tract.
An analysis of conifer experiments in Britain to identify productive alternatives to Sitka spruce
Authors: Stokes Victoria J , Jinks Richards , Kerr Gary 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAs the climate changes there is a need to reduce the reliance on Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr.) in upland British forestry and increase species diversity to lower the risk of damage or loss of production due to biotic or abiotic events. An analysis of relevant species trials was carried out to assess the productivity of potential alternative conifer species on upland site types in Britain. Data from 87 forest experiments planted between 1929 and 1995 were analysed to compare long-term performance of 52 species with that of Sitka spruce under the same conditions and site type. Sites were broadly categorized using soil and climatic factors, which were used as primary factors in models predicting General Yield Class (GYC, the maximum mean annual increment in m3 ha−1 year−1) of the potential alternative species and of Sitka spruce. No species had significantly higher GYC estimates than Sitka spruce, but grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), noble fir (Abies procera (Rehder)), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Lutz’s spruce (Picea x lutzii (Little)), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster (Aiton)), Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata (Donn ex D.Don)) all had GYC estimates which were not significantly lower than that of Sitka spruce under certain soil and climate conditions. A further 26 species, particularly Abies species, had GYC within 3 m3 ha−1 year−1 of Sitka spruce but were present on too few sites for inclusion in statistical models. The results of the analysis provide objective evidence for the planting of a wider range of species where Sitka spruce may currently be first choice. In the absence of any major pest or disease affecting Sitka spruce, it is still a good choice for many upland sites, however, a wider range of options with equivalent productivity exist, allowing forest managers to diversify and reduce the risk of damage or loss of production due to biotic or abiotic events.
Britain's Trade Liberalization in the 1840s: A Defensive Neoclassical Realist Explanation
Authors: Brawley Mark R 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the 1840s, Britain engaged in a series of trade liberalizations, with important consequences for itself and the international system. Many have tried to explain the central piece, Repeal of the Corn Laws, using liberal arguments from international political economy. Few find these arguments persuasive. Applying defensive neoclassical realism, I demonstrate how fluctuations in external threats to Britain—in particular posed by France—drove reassessments of trade policy. British leaders judged both the Corn Laws and the Navigation Acts in terms of their contributions to security. Reassessments were also shaped by new information, such as the potato blight in Ireland. While defensive neoclassical realism highlights when a state may seek change to attain greater security, liberalism indicates how strongly constituents may defend existing policies. I use both to explain why tariffs remained popular, but Cabinets overrode protectionism's domestic supporters in this decade.
Free and Informed Elections? Disinformation and Democratic Elections Under Article 3 of Protocol 1 of the ECHR
Authors: Shattock Ethan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article examines European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) jurisprudence concerning free elections and identifies relevant approaches that can be applied to electoral disinformation. The relationship between disinformation and freedom of expression has attracted considerable academic scrutiny in recent years. However, surprisingly little attention has been given to the right to free elections. This article addresses this gap by identifying key ECtHR approaches to free elections under Article 3 of Protocol 1 of the ECHR and evaluating the Court’s interpretive reasoning in the disinformation context. Focus is given to cases where the Court has addressed falsified information in the electoral process. Considering the special relationship between freedom of expression and free elections in Strasbourg jurisprudence, focus is also given to the Court’s contemplation of acceptable limitations to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR in response to deceptive political expression. Mapping the Court’s reasoning in key decisions, this article identifies informed democratic engagement as a crucial requirement that permeates the Court’s approach to elections. Considering the importance of democracy in the Court’s reasoning, this article argues that the Court should be more proactive in elucidating key standards for Contracting Parties to make democracies more resilient to electoral disinformation.
Matching into Orthopedic Surgery in the U.S. Navy: A Review of Applicant Selection Criteria
Authors: O’Mary Kevin , Tompane Trevor , Perry Nic , Smith Jennifer , Janney Cory 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The U.S. Navy offers an attractive opportunity for residency training in orthopedic surgery. The factors that Navy orthopedic residency program leadership finds important in applicant selection for training have not been reported. Additionally, data regarding the academic competitiveness of recently matched applicants have not been previously published. This study presents the results of two surveys administered to all navy orthopedic program directors and department chairmen, as well as data for United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Steps 1 and 2, medical school class percentile, leadership responsibilities, research endeavors, and letters of recommendation of both matched and unmatched applicants.

Materials and Methods
Two anonymous surveys were administered to all program directors and department chairmen at Navy orthopedic residency training programs with questions designed to gauge perceived importance of various application factors when selecting for the match. The results were compiled, and mean levels of importance were reported. Deidentified data were collected on all applicants to Navy orthopedic residency programs from 2015 to 2019. Data points specific to USMLE Step 1 and 2 board scores, medical school class percentile, research, leadership, and letters of recommendation were analyzed using single and multiple logistic regression analyses, and odds ratios for each variable were calculated.

Results
Navy leadership unanimously expressed that clerkship performance at the individual program director’s institution was most important, followed by Steps 1 and 2 licensing examination scores. Single logistic regression analyses showed that Step 1 score and clinical, leadership, and recommendation scores were statistically significant. When controlled for Step 1 score, only academic performance and leadership scores maintained statistical significance.

Conclusions
Applicants to Navy orthopedic surgery residency programs should strive to be competitive in all aspects of their application, with specific emphasis placed on outstanding performance during orthopedic clerkships, demonstration of leadership characteristics, and academic excellence. With transition to a pass/fail grading system for Step 1, there will be more emphasis on other measures of academic success, such as Step 2 scores and clinical clerkship grades.