bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of E-Learning Tool for Humanitarian Public Health Training
Authors: Bahattab Awsan , Zain Omar , Linty Monica , Hubloue Ives , Della Corte Francesco , Ragazzoni Luca 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:The humanitarian health field has grown rapidly in the last decades. However, education and training programs are still limited in number, especially where it is needed most. Additionally, the cost of the training is too expensive for local humanitarian health respondents. If developed appropriately, E-Learning can potentially address these gaps.Objectives:Develop an effective E-Learning tool for humanitarian public health training.Method/Description:The tool was developed using an institutional-based, action research method. Rapid prototyping - a modified analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model - was used to identify the content and instructional design. This iterative process involved consultations and feedback from public health and disaster medicine instructors and students at different levels and training programs. Different methods were used to collect and analyze data, such as literature and courses reviews, observation, interviews, and questionnaires.Results/Outcomes:Four scenario-based E-Simulations - targeting entry-level humanitarian health professionals - were developed and piloted based on identified needs. Formative evaluation clarified training objectives and structure. Trainees were satisfied by the simulated scenario, interactivity, questions, and timely feedback. Poor internet was identified as a potential barrier to delivering the training in the humanitarian context.Conclusion:Clear objectives and quality content are the prerequisites for training effectiveness. Yet, instructional design is a critical element that can enhance training effectiveness. The tool’s offline mode is being adapted to improve access in poor internet connection settings. A summative evaluation will be conducted to measure the training’s effectiveness. Furthermore, successful factors in instructional design will be used to inform the development of advanced training in the field.
Fiji Emergency Medical Assistance Team’s (FEMAT) Response to Tropical Cyclone Yasa, Fiji
Authors: Vatukela Jese R. 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Tropical Cyclone Yasa made landfall on Fiji’s main islands as a Category 5 cyclone on December 17, 2020 causing an immense impact on the health system with damages to health infrastructure amounting to 1.2 million USD.1 FEMAT was activated to assess and assist with disaster response in the greatly impacted Northern and Eastern Divisions of Fiji.Objectives:To describe FEMAT’s response to Tropical Cyclone Yasa.Method/Description:FEMAT’s response to TC Yasa included community assessments, provision of medical supplies and temporary tents for health facilities, and coordinating the distribution of WASH kits. FEMAT’s Health Emergency Response Team (HERT) was mobilized and provided surveillance support and medical care in Evacuation Centers (EC) treating the injured and sick. Health inspectors were deployed with FEMAT to provide food safety surveillance and management of dead animals near and in water sources.Results/Outcomes:Four mobile FEMAT teams were deployed during the TC Yasa response for 17 days over the Christmas and New Year holidays. Teams were composed of physicians, nurses, and health inspectors, and were provided with vehicles stocked with medications, medical supplies, food, and tents. 354 different communities were visited by FEMAT HERT teams, including five islands, 170 villages, 167 settlements, four estates, and eight evacuation centers. 1,172 out-patient medical encounters were recorded. Over 110 sites were treated for potential vectors by spraying and disinfection.Conclusion:FEMAT operationalized a small, mobile medical teams approach to respond to Category 5 tropical cyclone that impacted Fiji in December of 2020.
Tailoring and Implementing an Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Training Package for Pacific Island Countries and Areas (PICs)
Authors: Casey Sean T. , Cook Anthony T. , Chandler Drew R. , Larsen Jan-Erik , Cowie Simon R. , Noste Erin E. 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Pacific Island Countries and Areas (PICs) represent some of the most remote and logistically challenging locations – with thousands of islands covering vast ocean territory. Since 2017, Pacific Ministries of Health have been developing EMTs, and all have worked to train team members to be deployment-ready.1Objectives:To describe an EMT training package specifically tailored to PIC contexts, including curated content, practical exercises, and “talanoa” discussions to improve EMT readiness, with a focus on logistics in remote and austere PIC contexts.Method/Description:WHO leveraged EMT training materials developed globally and regionally to continuously tailor an in-person EMT training package, emphasizing readiness for the deployment of light, mobile clinical teams for disaster-prone small island/large ocean countries. Emphasis was placed on practical learning exercises focusing on skills and competencies needed to manage complex Pacific deployments, and to care for populations on remote, difficult-to-reach islands with limited resources and referral options.Results/Outcomes:The Pacific EMT training program includes a mix of didactic and practical sessions coupled with a full-scale simulation exercise; it was designed with and for Pacific EMTs. The effectiveness of the training package has been evidenced through many successful national EMT deployments in several PICs, as well as through consistently positive participant feedback.Conclusion:Tailoring training materials to specific country contexts is essential. In the Pacific, core EMT training content with an emphasis on practical activities and simulations and “talanoa” discussions reflecting on previous deployments in remote islands has been viewed by participants as critical to preparing them for real-world deployments.
Utilizing a Medical Ship in the COVID-19 Response in Fiji
Authors: Vatukela Jese R. , Waqasese Iferemi 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Fiji consists of 110 populated islands over an area of 2,600,000 square kilometers and is prone to disasters such as tropical cyclones.1 To increase national capacity to respond to disasters and outbreak, the Fijian government, under the commissioning of Ministry of Transport and with technical guidance from the Ministry of Health, designed a medical ship called the MV Veivueti. During Fiji’s COVID-19 surge, MV Veivueti was utilized to provide operative health services during the surge in COVID-19 patients at other health facilities.2Objectives:To describe FEMAT’s COVID-19 response utilizing the medical ship, MV Veivueti, in Fiji’s Pacific island setting.Method/Description:MV Veivueti has been used on multiple disaster responses, however the COVID-19 surge in mid-2021 was the first time the vessel was used during an outbreak to allow for the continuation of surgeries when other health facilities were overwhelmed with COVID-19 patients. The medical ship is staffed with a comprehensive team from Fiji’s EMT - FEMAT - including surgeons, pediatricians, obstetricians, a dentist, nurses, and other medical staff.Results/Outcomes:From May 5 through July 6, 2021, a 12-member medical team staffed the medical ship 24-hours a day, providing primarily operative management of cases that were referred from health facilities. COVID-19 screening and IPC measures were in place and a clear patient flow was designed for patient transferred to health care facilities.Conclusion:The use of the MV Veivueti helped ensure continuity of critical health services during the peak of the Delta VOC outbreak in the Fiji Islands.
International Training on Disaster Medicine - A Peer Education Approach to Disaster Medicine
Authors: Abdulameer Mahmood F. , Abdelnasser Kheloud 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:There is an increasing global recognition that medical education systems world-wide have a major gap in training students for medical response to disasters. The IFMSA developed the International Training on Disaster Medicine (ITDM) project to address this gap.Objectives:To provide medical students with essential competencies in Disaster Medicine through a peer-to-peer approach.Method/Description:Selected number of students go through a Training of Trainers course organized annually over four months, jointly with the Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid, and Global Health in Novara, Italy. Graduates then lead ITDM workshops world-wide. The workshop is based on peer-to-peer education and incorporates interactive exercises, simulating real-life scenarios. In the workshop, medical students are introduced to core concepts and skills in Disaster Medicine, public health in disaster settings, and disaster management frameworks.Results/Outcomes:The ToT course was organized first in 2015 in Italy. It has been held seven times, graduating 120 trainers from 55 countries. While the ITDM workshop was first organized in Malta in 2016, it has been conducted a total of 22 times in 19 different countries, building the capacity of more than 250 medical students world-wide. Furthermore, more than 500 medical students have been influenced by sporadic educational activities organized by ToT graduates.Conclusion:The ITDM project aims to fill the gap in Disaster Medicine education in medical curricula. It has offered a much-needed space for the education and training of medical students, equipping them with basic competencies in responding to disasters to prepare them to act when needed.
Peace, war, law: teaching international law in contexts
Authors: Donaldson Megan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis essay takes up the question of what it is to teach international law ‘in context’, drawing on experiences of teaching undergraduate survey courses in the US and UK, and designing a new LLM module on Histories of International Law. The essay begins with an exploration of teaching as a particular context of its own – one with constraints which might also function as foils for creativity. It then sketches some aspects of what teaching international law ‘in context(s)’ might involve, including the ways in which contexts of different kinds put in question one's theory of law, and vice versa. It turns, finally, to an examination of the promise and limits of interdisciplinarity – particularly recourse to history as a discipline – in illuminating contexts.
How to do things with legal theory
Authors: Kirkby Coel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLegal theory must not merely describe our world; it must also assist us acting in it. In this paper, I argue that teaching legal theory should show law students how to do things with legal theory. My pedagogical approach is contextual and historical. Students learn how to use theory by seeing how past jurists acted in their particular worlds by changing dominant concepts of law. Most introductory legal theory courses are organised by what I will call the usual story of jurisprudence. In this story, great thinkers in rival schools of legal thought attempt to answer perennial questions about the nature of (the concept of) law. In this story, the thick context of our world recedes beyond the horizon of theory. I argue that critical genealogy can let us critique this usual story and its unspoken assumptions of morality, politics and history. Amia Srinivasan's account of ‘worldmaking’ is especially compelling in its emphasis on critical genealogies’ capacity to transform our representational practices (and thus open up new possibilities for action). Critical genealogy also has certain pedagogical ‘uses and advantages’ for teaching legal theory in law schools. Here, context is method. The teacher must defend their political choices of context – choices that are naturalised and so beyond critique in the usual story of jurisprudence. By making these choices explicit, students are invited to both challenge the teacher's choices of context and critique their own common law education. This pedagogical approach also encourages students to experiment in ‘worldmaking’ themselves, and so cultivate a creative capacity to use legal theory to change the world through transforming their representations of it.
Historical futures and future futures in environmental law pedagogy: exploring ‘futures literacy’
Authors: Stokes Elen , Pontin Ben 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we begin reflecting on how ‘futures literacy’ – recently championed by UNESCO as a vital skill that allows people to better understand the role of the future in what they see and do – might be developed in environmental law pedagogy. Law and legal analysis tend to be absent from futures scholarship and we discuss various ways of engaging with environmental law as an important but underexplored site and means of future-making. We consider our shared teaching of an undergraduate module in which students examine historical legislation for what it says about past ideas of the environment's future and the action within the law necessary to safeguard it; and contemporary texts, including science fiction and poetry, imagining a future for the environment on and through which law operates. Futures literacy, we argue, is at its richest when ‘historical futures’ and ‘future futures’ are read together, or alongside one another.
Oceanic Heat Content as a Predictor of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Liu Minghong , McPhaden Michael J. , Ren Hong‐Li , Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Wang Run 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIndian Ocean Dipole (IOD) prediction is a challenging problem, largely relying on the relationship between IOD and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study demonstrates that heat content internal to the Indian Ocean can be an effective predictor providing extra IOD predictability, through constructing statistical prediction models with and without heat content as a predictor. Two recently proposed heat content predictors, equatorial heat content (EQHC) and heat content in the eastern pole of the Dipole (SEHC) are compared in this study. Results show that EQHC is more effective partly because it is relatively independent of ENSO and partly because it does not rely on IOD persistence, as does SEHC. The efficacy of EQHC as an IOD predictor is seasonally dependent, being most effective at 5–8‐month lead times beginning in the preceding late boreal winter and spring.
Smoke‐Driven Changes in Photosynthetically Active Radiation During the U.S. Agricultural Growing Season
Authors: Corwin Kimberley A. , Corr Chelsea A. , Burkhardt Jesse , Fischer Emily V. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWildfire smoke is frequently present over the U.S. during the agricultural growing season and will likely increase with climate change. Studies of smoke impacts have largely focused on air quality and human health; however, understanding smoke's impact on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is essential for predicting how smoke affects plant growth. We compare surface shortwave irradiance and diffuse fraction (DF) on smoke‐impacted and smoke‐free days from 2006 to 2020 using data from multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers at 10 U.S. Department of Agriculture UV‐B Monitoring and Research Program stations and smoke plume locations from operational satellite products. On average, 20% of growing season days are smoke‐impacted, but smoke prevalence increases over time (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). Smoke presence peaks in the mid to late growing season (i.e., July, August), particularly over the northern Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, and Midwest. We find an increase in the distribution of PAR DF on smoke‐impacted days, with larger increases at lower cloud fractions. On clear‐sky days, daily average PAR DF increases by 10 percentage points when smoke is present. Spectral analysis of clear‐sky days shows smoke increases DF (average: +45%) and decreases total irradiance (average: −6%) across all six wavelengths measured from 368 to 870 nm. Optical depth measurements from ground and satellite observations both indicate that spectral DF increases and total spectral irradiance decreases with increasing smoke plume optical depth. Our analysis provides a foundation for understanding smoke's impact on PAR, which carries implications for agricultural crop productivity under a changing climate.
Layering by Double‐Diffusive Convection in the Subsurface Oceans of Europa and Enceladus
Authors: Wong Teresa , Hansen Ulrich , Wiesehöfer Thomas , McKinnon William B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSubsurface oceans rich in salts may be prevalent in the icy worlds of the outer solar system. Surface observations have led to various hypotheses for the transport of materials from the seafloor to the surface by hydrothermal plumes, and raise questions about heat transfer mechanisms. Chemical heterogeneity affects the vigor of convection, the forms of plumes, the generation and destruction of stratified or finger structures in the ocean, and thus the transport of heat and materials from the interior to the surface. Here, we investigate the layering phenomenon in a double‐diffusive convection system, which can occur when both the temperature and concentration influence the density of the fluid. The persistence of layers may depend on the buoyancy ratio, the Rayleigh number, boundary conditions, and initial conditions, which alter the chemical distribution and thus the balance between thermal and chemical buoyancies. Our simulations suggest that the layering could exist for a longer duration if the buoyancy ratio is raised with boundary conditions that maintain a large concentration difference. When the layers are present, heat and material transport are significantly inhibited through the subsurface ocean from the silicate interior to the base of the icy shell.
Surface Energy Fluxes and Temperatures at Jezero Crater, Mars
Authors: Savijärvi H. I. , Martinez G. M. , Harri A.‐M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiurnal ground surface and air temperatures (Tg, Ta) and the five major surface energy budget fluxes are displayed as derived from M2020 mission observations and from column model simulations in two extreme cases (low and high diurnal Tg‐variation) along the Perseverance rover track in the Jezero crater. In both cases the fluxes and Tg are well modeled when using diurnally variable apparent ground thermal inertia I derived via a Fourier series method from the hourly observations. Hence the measurements, the diagnostic method and the model results are consistent with high‐ and low‐I nonhomogeneous terrain in the field‐of‐view (FOV) of the thermal infrared and solar sensors. In contrast less extreme values of I consistent with THEMIS retrievals are necessary for good simulations of observed Ta. We deduce that the measured Tg for the small ∼3 m2 FOV may not always be representative for the larger region around the rover, which controls the near‐surface atmospheric temperature profile.
A Novel Miniaturized Band‐Stop Frequency Selective Surface With Ultra‐Wideband Characteristics
Authors: Ramadoss Shini , Kanagasabai Malathi , Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper presents the design of an Ultra‐wide band‐stop Frequency Selective Surface (FSS), the building block of which makes use of a modified Jerusalem cross loop structure. The proposed FSS unit cell has a coupled configuration with a modified Jerusalem cross loop on the top and a square loop on the rear side to operate over an ultra‐wide bandwidth. The proposed FSS design offers band‐stop characteristics over the entire UWB operating bandwidth extending from 2.95 to 12 GHz with a reference transmission loss of 10 dB. The proposed FSS unit cell has a miniaturized profile of 0.05λ˳ × 0.05λ˳ where the λ˳ corresponds to the free space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency. The rotational symmetry of the proposed FSS makes it polarization‐independent under both TE and TM modes of operation. Also, the proposed FSS exhibits a good angular stability response up to 60°. The prototype FSS is fabricated and the simulated results are validated using experimental measurements. Thus, the proposed FSS is a promising candidate for a multitude of applications such as spatial filtering (Bayatpur & Sarabandi, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1109/LMWC.2009.2038517), antenna gain enhancement (Chatterjee & Parui, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2552543), and electromagnetic shields (Chiu et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2008.2004560) operating over the UWB spectrum.
Learning Groundwater Contaminant Diffusion‐Sorption Processes With a Finite Volume Neural Network
Authors: Praditia Timothy , Karlbauer Matthias , Otte Sebastian , Oladyshkin Sergey , Butz Martin V. , Nowak Wolfgang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractImproved understanding of complex hydrosystem processes is key to advance water resources research. Nevertheless, the conventional way of modeling these processes suffers from a high conceptual uncertainty, due to almost ubiquitous simplifying assumptions used in model parameterizations/closures. Machine learning (ML) models are considered as a potential alternative, but their generalization abilities remain limited. For example, they normally fail to predict accurately across different boundary conditions. Moreover, as a black box, they do not add to our process understanding or to discover improved parameterizations/closures. To tackle this issue, we propose the hybrid modeling framework FINN (finite volume neural network). It merges existing numerical methods for partial differential equations (PDEs) with the learning abilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs). FINN is applied on discrete control volumes and learns components of the investigated system equations, such as numerical stencils, model parameters, and arbitrary closure/constitutive relations. Consequently, FINN yields highly interpretable results. We demonstrate FINN's potential on a diffusion‐sorption problem in clay. Results on numerically generated data show that FINN outperforms other ML models when tested under modified boundary conditions, and that it can successfully differentiate between the usual, known sorption isotherms. Moreover, we also equip FINN with uncertainty quantification methods to lay open the total uncertainty of scientific learning, and then apply it to a laboratory experiment. The results show that FINN performs better than calibrated PDE‐based models as it is able to flexibly learn and model sorption isotherms without being restricted to choose among available parametric models.