bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of surface dyeing agents of two bookbinding leathers from 19th‐century Qajar, Iran, using LC–MS, μXRF and FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Koochakzaei Alireza , Mallakpour Shadpour 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIdentifying tanning and dyeing agents of historical leathers is one of the less studied subjects. Therefore, this study aims to distinguish the surface dyeing agent of historical leathers along with the tanning agents. It helps to better understand the leather‐making process of past centuries. For this purpose, two Iranian historical bookbinding leathers belonging to the Qajar era were investigated. The tannins were examined by ferric spot test and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy after being extracted from the leather corium layer. ATR‐FTIR and μXRF spectroscopy were also used to study the characteristics of the leathers' surface, in both grain and corium layers. LC–MS was also used to analyze the extracts taken from the surface of the leather samples. The results showed the corium layer of leathers has a significant number of hydrolysable tannins, especially gallotannins, as tanning agents. The characteristics of their FTIR spectra are significantly similar to those of sumac. LC–MS results showed the presence of ellagic acid, as an indicator analyte, on the surface of the leathers. It indicates that tannin‐rich plants, such as oak, have been used for dyeing these leathers. Investigation of the structural properties of the grain and corium layers also revealed the accumulation of copper and iron on the surface of the leathers. Accordingly, copper and iron, which reacted with tannins to give a black color, were the main dyeing factor used in both historical leather samples.
Beached swords from Marano Lagoon (northern Adriatic) reveal ancient land–sea connections and recent coastal evolution
Authors: Vinci Giacomo , Fontana Alessandro , Musina Giorgia , Mancini Lucia , Lubritto Carmine , Liccioli Lucia , Bernardini Federico 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDepositional and erosional processes, subsidence and sea‐level changes have strongly modified the coastal landscape of northern Adriatic lagoons. Such rapid transformations have induced significant consequences on human settlements and, thus, on the archaeological visibility of the area, still largely unexplored. We present here six metal swords fortuitously retrieved by fishermen over the last decades in front of the barrier islands of Marano Lagoon (north‐eastern Italy). Multi‐analytical analyses carried out on the artefacts (X‐ray radiography and computed micro‐tomography, radiocarbon dating and typo‐chronology) combined with the study of the coastal paleo‐environment (mainly based on historical cartography and remote sensing) allowed the items’ main features to be defined, and highlighted both the historical importance of the area and the significant morphological changes that have occurred there over the last millennium. Data presented indicate that Marano Lagoon was a major hub in the northern Adriatic in the Late Middle Ages, during the crucial period of the Crusades, and in Early Modern times, connecting inland Europe with the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the research highlights the onset of coastal erosion that occurred in the last century after a phase of relatively geomorphic stability, possibly deriving from the intensification of human impact and climate change.
Excessive audio–visual stimulation leads to impaired social behaviour with an effect on amygdala: Early life excessive exposure to digital devices in male rats
Authors: Mansouri Monireh , Pouretemad Hamidreza , Bigdeli Mohammadreza , Ardalan Maryam 
Published: October 2022

AbstractToday, the effect of extreme early‐life exposure to digital devices is suggested as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the multitude of factors that influence brain development with subsequent behavioural abnormalities have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we simulated extreme early‐life exposure to digital devices in rats by audio and visual stimulation and investigated its effects on autism‐related behaviours and brain structural alteration. Male rat pups were exposed to excessive audio–visual stimulation (EAVS) from PND (post‐natal day) 12 to PND 35, with and without maternal separation (MS). Autism‐related behaviours including abnormal sociability, stereotype behaviours, anxiety and locomotor dysfunction were tested at PND 42. Brain structural alternation was examined by considering the amygdala, mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) and hippocampal regions while performing 3D quantitative stereological analysis. We found that EAVS led to social behaviour deficit and higher locomotion in rats, which were associated with increases in the number of neurons and volume of the amygdala. We also showed that MS did not exaggerate the effect of extreme sensory stimulation on behaviour and the structure of the brain. This study proposed EAVS in rats as an animal model of early exposure to digital devices for investigating possible neurobiological alternations underlying autistic‐like behaviours with an emphasis on the amygdala area.
Structural and diffusion‐weighted brain imaging predictors of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its symptomology in very young (4‐ to 7‐year‐old) children
Authors: Öztekin Ilke , Garic Dea , Bayat Mohammadreza , Hernandez Melissa L. , Finlayson Mark A. , Graziano Paulo A. , Dick Anthony Steven 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe current study aimed to identify the key neurobiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as it relates to ADHD diagnostic category and symptoms of hyperactive/impulsive behaviour and inattention. To do so, we adapted a predictive modelling approach to identify the key structural and diffusion‐weighted brain imaging measures and their relative standing with respect to teacher ratings of executive function (EF) (measured by the Metacognition Index of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]) and negativity and emotion regulation (ER) (measured by the Emotion Regulation Checklist [ERC]), in a critical young age range (ages 4 to 7, mean age 5.52 years, 82.2% Hispanic/Latino), where initial contact with educators and clinicians typically take place. Teacher ratings of EF and ER were predictive of both ADHD diagnostic category and symptoms of hyperactive/impulsive behaviour and inattention. Among the neural measures evaluated, the current study identified the critical importance of the largely understudied diffusion‐weighted imaging measures for the underlying neurobiology of ADHD and its associated symptomology. Specifically, our analyses implicated the inferior frontal gyrus as a critical predictor of ADHD diagnostic category and its associated symptomology, above and beyond teacher ratings of EF and ER. Collectively, the current set of findings have implications for theories of ADHD, the relative utility of neurobiological measures with respect to teacher ratings of EF and ER, and the developmental trajectory of its underlying neurobiology.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics of Atlantic cod spatial behavior maintained after the implementation of a marine reserve
Authors: Villegas‐Ríos David , Freitas Carla , Moland Even , Olsen Esben M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe effects of marine reserves on the life history and demography of the protected populations are well‐established, typically increasing population density and body size. However, little is known about how marine reserves may alter the behavior of the populations that are the target of protection. In theory, marine reserves can relax selection on spatial behavioral phenotypes that were previously targeted by the fishery and also drive selection in favor of less mobile individuals. In this study, we used acoustic telemetry to monitor the individual spatial behavior of 566 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758) moving within a marine reserve and a control site in southern Norway, starting 1 year before the implementation of the marine reserve and lasting up to 9 years after. Following a before‐after‐control‐impact approach, we investigated changes in (1) survival, (2) selection acting on behavioral traits, and (3) mean behavioral phenotypes, after the implementation of the marine reserve. We focused on three behavioral traits commonly used to describe the mobility of aquatic animals: home range size, depth position, and diel vertical migration range. Survival increased after reserve implementation, but contrary to our expectations, it subsequently decreased to preprotection levels after just 3 years. Further, we found no significance in selection patterns acting on any of the three behavioral traits after reserve implementation. Although some changes related to water column use (the tendency to occupy deeper waters) were observed in the marine reserve after 9 years, they cannot unequivocally be attributed to protection. Our results show that survival and behavioral responses to marine reserves in some cases may be more complex than previously anticipated and highlight the need for appropriately scaled management experiments and more integrated approaches to understand the effects of marine protected areas on harvested aquatic species.
Environment‐triggered demographic changes cascade and compound to propel a dramatic decline of an Antarctic seabird metapopulation
Authors: Emmerson Louise , Southwell Colin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWhile seabirds are well‐known for making a living under some of the harshest conditions on the planet, their capacity to buffer against unfavourable conditions can be stretched in response to ecosystem change. During population increases, overlap between conspecifics can limit population growth through competition for breeding or feeding resources. What is less well understood is the role that intrinsic processes play during periods of population decline or under a changing environment. We interrogate key demographic parameters and their biophysical drivers to understand the role of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers during a recent near halving of a large Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) metapopulation. The loss of 154,000 breeding birds along the 100‐km East Antarctic coastline centred around 63°E over the last decade diverges from a sustained increase over preceding decades and is contrary to recent models that predict a continued increase. The decline was initially triggered by changed environmental conditions: more extensive near‐shore sea ice caused a reduction in breeding success. The evidence suggests this decline was exacerbated by feedback processes driving an inverse density‐dependent decrease in fledgling survival in response to smaller cohort size. It appears that the old adage of safety in numbers may shape the fledgling penguins' chances of survival and, if compromised over multiple years, could exacerbate difficulties during population decline or if feedback processes arise. The likely interplay between demographic parameters meant that conditions were more unfavourable and negative effects more rapid than would be expected if demographic processes acted in isolation or independently. Failure to capture both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers in predictive population models may mean that the real impacts of climate change on species' populations are more severe than projections would lead us to believe. These results improve our understanding of population regulation during periods of rapid decline for long‐lived marine species.
Do currents shape global patterns of hybrid richness in coral reef fishes?
Authors: Ng Isabelle , Bellwood David R. , Siqueira Alexandre C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimOur main aim was to identify the distribution of, and potential mechanisms underpinning, hybrid‐rich zones – regions with a disproportionate number of unique interspecific hybrids. We investigated whether coral reef fish hybrids coincided with factors such as phylogenetic relatedness, biogeographic barriers, species richness, geographic isolation, endemism, and oceanic currents.LocationGlobal.Time periodContemporary.Major taxa studiedCoral reef fishes.MethodsWe conducted a literature review and mapping to assess the taxonomic and global prevalence of hybridisation in coral reef fishes. We then fit Generalised additive models using a full‐subsets and Bayesian framework to assess which variables are associated with hybrid‐rich zones.ResultsWe found 143 unique interspecific coral reef fish hybrids involving 204 species – which accounts for approximately 7% of coral reef fish species, indicating that hybridisation is as common in the sea as it is on land. Characteristic coral reef fish families were not homogeneously represented in our dataset, with particularly colourful groups standing out. Mapping our dataset revealed that coral reef fish hybrids are found worldwide, though some ecoregions (e.g., the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands, South Kuroshio, Hawaii, and Eastern Philippines) are more hybrid‐rich than others. Our analysis revealed that mean surface current velocity, phylogenetic relatedness, and geographic isolation were the best predictors of hybrid richness in a given location.Main conclusionsPhylogenetic distance between coral reef fish species may serve as a pre‐condition for hybridisation to occur, lying between introgression and reproductive incompatibility. We also propose a novel mechanism, with oceanic currents driving long‐distance larval dispersal events, transporting stray species to geographically remote sinks to maintain hybrid‐rich zones.
The hippo kinase MST1 negatively regulates the differentiation of follicular helper T cells
Authors: Dong Lin , Cao Yejin , Yang Hui , Hou Yueru , He Ying , Wang Yufei , Yang Qiuli , Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFollicular helper T (TFH) cells are essential for inducing germinal centre (GC) reactions to mediate humoral adaptive immunity and antiviral effects, but the mechanisms of TFH cell differentiation remain unclear. Here, we found that the hippo kinase MST1 is critical for TFH cell differentiation, GC formation, and antibody production under steady‐state conditions and viral infection. MST1 deficiency intrinsically enhanced TFH cell differentiation and GC reactions in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, mTOR and HIF1α signalling is involved in glucose metabolism and increased glycolysis and decreased OXPHOS, which are critically required for MST1 deficiency‐directed TFH cell differentiation. Moreover, upregulated Foxo3 expression is critically responsible for TFH cell differentiation induced by Mst1−/−. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized relationship between hippo kinase MST1 signalling and mTOR‐HIF1α‐metabolic reprogramming coupled with Foxo3 signalling in reprogramming TFH cell differentiation.
Conversion of MgO nanocrystal surfaces into ceramic interfaces: Exsolution of BaO as photoluminescent interface probes
Authors: Schwab Thomas , Razouq Hasan , Aicher Korbinian , Zickler Gregor A. , Diwald Oliver 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIon exsolution can be instrumental to engineer intergranular regions inside ceramic microstructures. BaO admixtures that were trapped inside nanometer‐sized MgO grains during gas phase synthesis undergo annealing‐induced exsolution to generate photoluminescent surface and interface structures. During their segregation from the bulk into the grain interfaces, the BaO admixtures impact grain coarsening and powder densification, effects that were compared for the first time using an integrated characterization approach. For the characterization of the different stages the materials adopt between powder synthesis and compact annealing, spectroscopy measurements (UV–Vis diffuse reflectance, cathodo‐ and photoluminescence [PL]) were complemented by an in‐depth structure characterization (density measurements, X‐ray diffraction [XRD], and electron microscopy). Depending on the Ba2+ concentration, isolated impurity ions either become part of low‐coordinated surface structures of the MgO grains where they give rise to a characteristic bright PL emission profile around λ = 500 nm, or they aggregate to form nanocrystalline BaO segregates at the inner pore surfaces to produce an emission feature centered at λ = 460 nm. Both types of PL emission sites exhibit O2 gas adsorption‐dependent PL emission properties that are reversible with respect to its pressure. The here‐reported distribution of BaO segregates between the intergranular region and the free pore surfaces inside the MgO‐based compacts underlines that solid‐based exsolution strategies are well suited to stabilize nanometer‐sized segregates of metal oxides that otherwise would coalesce and grow in size beyond the nanoscale.
Theory utilization in applied qualitative nursing research
Authors: Chiu Patrick , Thorne Sally , Schick‐Makaroff Kara , Cummings Greta G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsTo explore the nuances of theory utilization in qualitative methodologies, discuss the different relationships that applied qualitative methodologies have with theory and use the foundational underpinnings of interpretive description to challenge strongly entrenched ideas of theory that have extended into applied qualitative nursing research.DesignMethodology discussion paper.Data sourcesNarrative literature review and personal observations.ConclusionMany qualitative research traditions have viewed the use of an explicit theoretical framework as an integral grounding for qualitative research studies. Much of the discussion of theory in extant qualitative methodological literature focuses on its use in the context of traditional methodologies such as ethnography, phenomenology and grounded theory, with less attention on methodological approaches developed for applied and practice disciplines such as nursing. Uncritical adoption of ideas about theory based on traditional qualitative methodological conventions can result in findings with little utility for application to the practice context.ImpactNursing researchers should think critically about how theory is used in research endeavours geared towards applied practice and ensure that their methodological choices are in alignment with their philosophical and disciplinary epistemological positionings.
Designing division of labor with strategic uncertainty within organizations: Model analysis and a behavioral experiment
Authors: Kamijo Yoshio , Nakama Daisuke 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFor managers who are responsible for designing the division of labor, there are prototypes such as the divisional and functional designs, but insufficient knowledge of what to consider when selecting them. To address this shortfall, we developed a multiple economic game model with a two‐step structure to examine the strategic interdependence between the two prototypes. We analyzed the model from three different perspectives: a traditional analysis, an equilibrium analysis, and a behavioral analysis followed by a laboratory experiment. While the first analysis revealed that the functional design would outperform divisional design when individual decisions are exogenous, the game theoretic equilibrium analysis demonstrated that the two prototype designs have similar equilibria when individuals are rational. However, assuming that individuals made autonomous decisions with accessible information under given organizational structures, behavioral analysis derived predictions that the divisional design was more likely to produce favorable consequences than the functional design. This prediction was confirmed by the economic experiment in the laboratory. These results imply that the strategic uncertainty within organizations differs according to the designs and affects organizational consequences.
Understanding the practice patterns of nephrology nurse practitioners in Australia
Authors: Bonner Ann , Douglas Bettina , Brown Leanne , Harvie Barbara , Lucas Anthony , Tomlins Melinda , Gillespie Kerri 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundNurse practitioners (NP) have an expanded scope of practice beyond that of a registered nurse. In kidney care, nephrology NP can manage patients at various points along the chronic kidney disease (CKD) trajectory.ObjectivesTo profile the characteristics, service patterns, and domains of practice of nephrology NP in Australia.DesignA cross‐sectional online secure survey.ParticipantsNephrology NP (NP students) who were members of the Renal Society of Australasia and working in Australia (n = 73).MeasurementsData collected were demographic and practice characteristics, and domains of practice (using the modified Strong Model of Advanced Practice). The survey also sought qualitative perspectives of the enablers and barriers to sustainability nurse practitioner healthcare delivery services.ResultsNephrology NP (n = 45) primarily worked in adult services, managing those receiving haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or patients with earlier grades of CKD. Providing direct comprehensive care was the dominant domain of advanced practice although administrative activities took up considerable time each week. Support from nurse leaders and medical colleagues was identified as key enablers for sustainability of these services whereas succession planning, and workload were the main barriers.ConclusionsThis study found a highly qualified, experienced but older nephrology nurse practitioner workforce who provide an additional model of health service delivery which can meet the growing CKD burden. Internationally, this level of nurse provides an opportunity for a career pathway to maintain nurses in direct clinical roles and to expand the nephrology nursing workforce.
Opioid prescribing by oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the United States, 2016–2019
Authors: Khouja Tumader , Polk Deborah E. , Suda Katie J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe opioid prescribing trends among oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS).MethodsPrescriptions by OMFS were identified from IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription Dataset, 2016–2019. OMFS‐based, patient‐based and population‐based prescribing rates and changes in high‐risk opioid prescribing were calculated annually. We used linear regression to describe trends.ResultsThere were 13.9 million opioid prescriptions among 12.5 million patients (627 prescriptions/OMFS/year). Hydrocodone and oxycodone decreased by 20.9% and 39.2% (p < 0.05), while tramadol and codeine increased by 24.3% and 6.1% (p < 0.05), respectively. Opioid prescribing rates significantly decreased by 27 prescriptions/OMFS/year, 18.6 patients/OMFS/year and by 0.9 prescriptions/100,000 population/year (p < 0.05 for all). From 2016 to 2019, the proportion of opioids >3 days decreased by 54.2% (p < 0.05) and prescriptions ≥50 MME/day decreased by 66.3% (p < 0.05). Although the number of opioid prescriptions by OMFS decreased in most states, 12% of states experienced increases.ConclusionOpioid prescribing, especially high‐risk prescribing, by OMFS has decreased. However, targeted interventions are warranted in some areas.