bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes Toward the Global Allocation of Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines: Cross-sectional Online Survey of Adults Living in China
Authors: Yu Hanzhi , Du Runming , Wang Minmin , Yu Fengyun , Yang Juntao , Jiao Lirui , Wang Zhuoran , Liu Haitao , Wu Peixin , Bärnighausen Till , Xue Lan , Wang Chen , McMahon Shannon , Geldsetzer Pascal , Chen Simiao 
Published: April 2022

Background
COVID-19 vaccines are in short supply worldwide. China was among the first countries to pledge supplies of the COVID-19 vaccine as a global public product, and to date, the country has provided more than 600 million vaccines to more than 200 countries and regions with low COVID-19 vaccination rates. Understanding the public’s attitude in China toward the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines could inform global and national decisions, policies, and debates.

Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of adults living in China regarding the global allocation of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China and how these attitudes vary across provinces and by sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among adults registered with the survey company KuRunData. The survey asked participants 31 questions about their attitudes regarding the global allocation of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China. We disaggregated responses by province and sociodemographic characteristics. All analyses used survey sampling weights.

Results
A total of 10,000 participants completed the questionnaire. Participants generally favored providing COVID-19 vaccines to foreign countries before fulfilling domestic needs (75.6%, 95% CI 74.6%-76.5%). Women (3778/4921, 76.8%; odds ratio 1.18, 95% CI 1.07-1.32; P=.002) and those living in rural areas (3123/4065, 76.8%; odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.27; P=.03) were especially likely to hold this opinion. Most respondents preferred providing financial support through international platforms rather than directly offering support to individual countries (72.1%, 95% CI 71%-73.1%), while for vaccine products they preferred direct provision to relevant countries instead of via a delivery platform such as COVAX (77.3%, 95% CI 76.3%-78.2%).

Conclusions
Among our survey sample, we found that adults are generally supportive of the international distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, which may encourage policy makers to support and implement the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines developed in China worldwide. Conducting similar surveys in other countries could help align policy makers’ actions on COVID-19 vaccine distribution with the preferences of their constituencies.
A Novel Tool for Real-time Estimation of Epidemiological Parameters of Communicable Diseases Using Contact-Tracing Data: Development and Deployment
Authors: Silenou Bernard C , Verset Carolin , Kaburi Basil B , Leuci Olivier , Ghozzi Stéphane , Duboudin Cédric , Krause Gérard 
Published: April 2022

Background
The Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS) contains a management module to support countries in their epidemic response. It consists of the documentation, linkage, and follow-up of cases, contacts, and events. To allow SORMAS users to visualize data, compute essential surveillance indicators, and estimate epidemiological parameters from such network data in real-time, we developed the SORMAS Statistics (SORMAS-Stats) application.

Objective
This study aims to describe the essential visualizations, surveillance indicators, and epidemiological parameters implemented in the SORMAS-Stats application and illustrate the application of SORMAS-Stats in response to the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods
Based on findings from a rapid review and SORMAS user requests, we included the following visualization and estimation of parameters in SORMAS-Stats: transmission network diagram, serial interval (SI), time-varying reproduction number R(t), dispersion parameter k, and additional surveillance indicators presented in graphs and tables. We estimated SI by fitting lognormal, gamma, and Weibull distributions to the observed distribution of the number of days between symptom onset dates of infector-infectee pairs. We estimated k by fitting a negative binomial distribution to the observed number of infectees per infector. Furthermore, we applied the Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach and estimated R(t) using the incidence data and the observed SI computed from the transmission network data.

Results
Using COVID-19 contact-tracing data of confirmed cases reported between July 31 and October 29, 2021, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of France, we constructed a network diagram containing 63,570 nodes. The network comprises 1.75% (1115/63,570) events, 19.59% (12,452/63,570) case persons, and 78.66% (50,003/63,570) exposed persons, including 1238 infector-infectee pairs and 3860 transmission chains with 24.69% (953/3860) having events as the index infector. The distribution with the best fit to the observed SI data was a lognormal distribution with a mean of 4.30 (95% CI 4.09-4.51) days. We estimated a dispersion parameter k of 21.11 (95% CI 7.57-34.66) and an effective reproduction number R of 0.9 (95% CI 0.58-0.60). The weekly estimated R(t) values ranged from 0.80 to 1.61.

Conclusions
We provide an application for real-time estimation of epidemiological parameters, which is essential for informing outbreak response strategies. The estimates are commensurate with findings from previous studies. The SORMAS-Stats application could greatly assist public health authorities in the regions using SORMAS or similar tools by providing extensive visualizations and computation of surveillance indicators.
Minor cases in civil procedure
Authors: Markin A. O. 
Published: April 2022

The author within the work revealed two limits of insignificant cases of civil proceedings: the limit of correctness and the limit of timeliness. When limiting the principles of civil proceedings in simplified proceedings, it is necessary to be guided by these limits. It was found that the limit of timeliness should be understood as the procedural term of consideration of a minor civil case, which should be much shorter than the general term of consideration of civil cases within the ordinary procedural procedure. The limit of correctness should be understood as the grounds for the revocation of a judicial act. For simplified civil proceedings, the limits of correctness will be violated in the event of an illegal and unreasonable decision; time limits - in the case of consideration of the case within a period similar to or exceeding the term of consideration in the ordinary procedural procedure.
The problem of efficiency and accessibility of justice is one of the most important problems of modern procedural law. One way to increase the availability and efficiency of justice is the emergence of expedited proceedings in civil proceedings. The simplified procedure for consideration of cases is applied based on the formal criteria of the insignificance of property claims and the complexity of the disputed legal relationship. Such circumstances do not exclude not only the complexity of the case, its potential practical significance but also the presence of trivial confrontation between the parties, which requires a court hearing. Sometimes this confrontation turns into a restriction of the court by the procedural regime granted to it by law.
Maintaining the model of imperative consolidation of the list of cases that the court is obliged to consider expeditiously and simplified requires adequate verification capabilities. That is, the court should be able to verify all the arguments of the complaining party against imaginary and actual violations and shortcomings. The objection of one of the parties to the adopted judicial act, albeit in a simplified manner, deserves careful attention.
Family law mechanism for protection of legal expectations of family members
Authors: Polishchuk M. 
Published: April 2022

The article considers the concept of "legitimate expectations" and explains the elements of the family law mechanism for protecting the legitimate expectations of family members. The national legal literature on the use of the term "legitimate expectations" is analyzed and various translations and understandings are established. It is justified that it is more appropriate to use the term "legitimate expectations", as legitimate expectations can be interpreted to a limited extent and only to the extent provided by law. It is proposed to consider the guarantee of legitimate expectations as a principle which is part of the rule of law and which, in principle, relates to the principles of legal certainty, equality, fairness and good faith..
In our opinion, a guarantee of legitimate expectations is a principle that is part of the rule of law and, in principle, is connected with the principles of legal definition, equality, justice and fairness.
The EU has repeatedly interpreted the concept of "legitimate expectations." In accordance with paragraphs 21 and 24 of a court decision in the case of Fedorenko against Ukraine, the right of ownership may be "existing property" or funds, including the requirements for which the plaintiff can justify them with at least "intelligent expectations" of the possibility of an effective right to right [7].
The understanding of legitimate expectations in the practice of the ECHR and the application of this concept of courts of Ukraine is investigated. The system of norms in the Family Code of Ukraine, aimed at protecting lawful expectations for the implementation of personal non-property and property rights by family members and other participants in family relations are revealed. It is established that legitimate expectations are not right, and is not interest. Interest is motivated to the emergence of law and lawful expectations, and legitimate expectations will precede the origin of the right and may arise in the course of the exercise of law as expecting a certain legitimate result. Family-legal mechanism for the protection of legitimate expectations of participants in family relations includes both institutional and legal elements. An analysis of the norms of the SC of Ukraine showed sufficient tools to protect and protect most lawful expectations of participants in family relations. At the same time, the priority of the lawful expectations of one participants in family relations (for example, a child), on the rightful expectations of other participants in such relations (for example, parents of the child)
Road traffic accident as a result of violation of rules on usage of mobile communication devices: international and national experience of prevention
Authors: Kiselyova M. S. 
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal acts of such countries as Ukraine, Argentina, Brazil, India, Turkey, Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands on the use of mobile communications while driving. The author draws attention to the fact that in Ukraine, the legal regulation of the rules of use of mobile communications while driving is reflected in the traffic rules and the Code of Administrative Offenses, which do not prohibit their use in the «hands-free».
According to the analysis of the legislation of Argentina, Brazil, India, Turkey, Ireland, it can be stated that these countries have strict rules on the above issue: strictly prohibit drivers from using phones not only manually but also in «hands-free». Despite this. these countries are in the top 100 of road deaths.
The countries with the "safest situation" on the roads include: Great Britain, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands. The legislation of these countries allows drivers to use mobile phones while driving in the «hands‑free» mode, but provides for large fines, penalty points, enshrined rights and responsibilities not only of drivers but also other road users, such as passengers, pedestrians.
It is possible to draw a conclusion based on the results of the analysis of national and international legislation on the regulation of the use of mobile communications while driving. Restraining factors of non-use mobile communications while driving are large fines, penalty points, clear rights and responsibilities for all road users; organize social campaigns, involve in such programs social networks, media insurance companies, car corporations, driving schools, etc.
Protection of human rights through a system of legal clinics: an international legal aspect
Authors: Yurkevich I. 
Published: April 2022

The protection of human rights and the possibility of their realization is one of the most important issues throughout human existence. The legal mechanism for the protection of human rights is the possibility for citizens to take certain actions to protect their rights, interests and freedoms.
Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the content and direction of state formation. The state is accountable to man for his activities. Building Ukraine as a democratic, legal, social state, enshrining in the Constitution of Ukraine the provisions on the highest social value of man, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security requires the formation of new approaches to human rights.
At this stage of professionalization of society in the postmodern period, it is important to form a new legal elite capable of being responsible for the legal support of human activities and determining the legal protection of the entire social community. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the quality of training of law students, as the modern learning process is overloaded with theoretical information and therefore can only partially contribute to practical training. Legal clinics in their activities aim, above all, to lay the student's foundations for the protection of human rights. To instill in them respect for democratic values, the rule of law and the protection of human rights set out in key documents related to Ukraine's integration into Europe. Students learn to provide quality legal assistance to all vulnerable groups whose rights and interests need protection. Both national and international law are used. Legal clinics of foreign countries also have many years of experience in the protection of human rights, which can serve as a good example for us to implement in our activities. That is why the study of this issue, and especially with the study of international experience, will create a guarantee of success for future professionals.
After all, the protection of human rights is the most reliable mechanism at the national level. However, there are many aspects of protection in the international arena. Accordingly, we need to take into account international experience to improve our national system.
The purpose of the scientific article is to reflect the results of a comprehensive analysis of international legal regulation of human rights protection through a system of legal clinics.
The author concludes that due to the rethinking of modern methods of teaching lawyers and the use of legal clinics as a basic experience of various practicing students, the concept of "legal clinical education" is introduced, which aims to provide students with free practical skills. Provide legal assistance to the population. Legal clinical education is a way to provide free legal aid to the masses through education and other forms of practice based on legal clinics in colleges and universities, so that students can acquire legal practice skills.
Conducting an investigative review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity
Authors: Amelina A. S. , Serednya A. I. 
Published: April 2022

The article examines the participation of a specialist in the review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of economic activity.
The authors note that in investigative practice, the investigator must be consulted on special terms and economic categories, management mechanism, the essence of economic processes, evaluation of economic activity, correctness of reporting, study of accounting and movement of inventory, finance, reflection in documents of certain facts, one of the areas of use of special knowledge is the involvement of a specialist.It is established that during the investigation of materials of criminal proceedings an important role is played by a thorough review of documents and study of seized accounting and tax documents in order to systematize them, identify signs of forgery and more. Thus, the achievement of results in the investigation of criminal offenses is possible only with a timely and full investigative review and seizure of documents.
The authors note that during the investigation of criminal offenses committed in the field of economic activity, the review of accounting and tax accounting documents is the most common investigative (investigative) action.
Emphasis is placed on the fact that the participation of a specialist makes it possible to identify and record signs of forgery of documents, making changes to certain parts of it, and so on. In addition, the specialist helps the investigator to navigate complex specific issues during the review of documents. It is noted that a specialist under the guidance of an investigator during a direct inspection of accounting documents, various equipment, technical devices may identify significant violations and material traces of a criminal offense, which may be important in the materials of criminal proceedings.
The authors came to the conclusion that the participation of a specialist in the review of documents in the investigation of criminal offenses in the field of economic activity is very important. Because, firstly, in most cases, the specialist provides advisory assistance to the investigator, which is expressed in oral explanations, advice, certificates on special issues, in particular, to determine the appropriateness and consistency of review of documents, substantiation of assumptions about the relevance of certain documents to criminal offenses; secondly, the specialist can provide methodological assistance, ie providing the investigator with methods for conducting the examination; third, the specialist helps the investigator to identify, consolidate, seize and inspect the documents.
Legal regulation of maritime agency in Ukraine
Authors: Kukshinova О.О. , Kuzminov O. L. 
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes the regulations governing maritime agency in Ukraine namely: Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine, Сommercial Code of Ukraine, The Civil Code of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine «On seaports of Ukraine», «On transit of goods», «On foreign economic activity», as well as the Order of the Ministry Infrastructure of Ukraine «On approval of the Rules for the provision of services in seaports of Ukraine». It is investigated that in almost every one of these regulations, regulation of maritime agents is enshrined only a few provisions mentioning a non-marine agent sufficient to settle such a complex maritime institution farms. Attention is drawn to the fact that in addition to laws and bylaws, agency relations between the parties are governed by their own regulations maritime agency agreements.
It is investigated, that in most countries the legislation contains norms that relating to maritime agency, but they are all fragmentary, disparate in nature and regulate only some aspects of agency activities. In practice, there is usually a relationship between the shipowner and the shipping agent subject to the general provisions of civil or commercial law, devoted to the institution of representation, and fall under the concept of contract authorization.
According to the content of the above highlighted, the main features of the maritime agency: it is a business activity; the subject of this activity is provision of services; services are provided exclusively to business entities; services are provided through mediation; services are provided exclusively in economic activity; mediation is carried out on behalf of, in the interests of under the control and at the expense of the entity represented.
The study allows us to conclude, that the maritime agency as a separate type of activity, requires legal consolidation on levels of a special legislative act. Such a special legislative act may be the Law of Ukraine «On Agency Activities», in which, it is necessary to consolidate the regulatory framework for regulation maritime agency, organizational and legal status of the maritime agent and legal status of maritime agency companies; solution problems related to determining the limits of liability of maritime agents; recognition of the maritime agency agreement as a separate type of civil business agreements; establishing a standard form of maritime contract agency in accordance with national specifics.
Anatomical materials as objects of civil rights
Authors: Buletsa S. 
Published: April 2022

This scientific article is aimed at revealing the topical issue of the place of anatomical materials among the objects of civil rights. With the adoption of the Law "On the use of transplantation of anatomical materials" the issue of anatomical materials as an object of civil rights
Within the framework of this research, a theoretical and applied method of research was carried out using a dialectical method of cognition of legal reality, which provided an opportunity to analyze the essence of the object of civil rights.
To achieve this goal, the author used methods typical of legal science. The use of the system-structural method helped to determine the general structure of the work, which in turn provided an opportunity to reveal the objectives of the study to determine the place of anatomical materials among the objects of civil rights.
Based on the study, the author concludes that the transplantation of anatomical materials is a difficult issue, because it is carried out only with human assistance. It should be borne in mind that the right to life is linked to the right to die; the right to physical integrity extends beyond the living body, it reaches the dead body; the power of man is not only over the living body, but over man - over the corpse.
The existence of intertransverse joints in young warmblood foals
Authors: Spoormakers T. J. P. , Bergmann W. , Veraa S. , van Weeren P. R. , Brommer H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To verify the existence of intertransverse joints (ITJs) in young foals.

ANIMALS
11 warmblood foals.

PROCEDURES
Postmortem examination of the lumbar area in foals < 200 days old using CT, MRI, dissection, and histomorphology. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics.

RESULTS
Age of foals varied between 1 and 200 days (median, 11 days). Ten foals had 6 lumbar (L) vertebrae, and 1 foal had 5. All 11 foals, irrespective of age, had ITJs between the first sacral and last lumbar vertebrae and between the last and second-to-last lumbar vertebrae. In 6 foals (all with 6 L vertebrae), ITJs also existed between the fourth and fifth L vertebra. One foal, also with 6 L vertebrae, additionally had a unilateral (right) ITJ between the transverse processes of the third and fourth L vertebra. Based on CT, width of ITJs was seemingly greater in young (< 1 month old) foals because of the incomplete ossification of the transverse processes. The ITJs were confirmed and further characterized by MRI, dissection, and histomorphology.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
ITJs already exist in very young warmblood foals and are present at birth. During the first months of life, these juvenile ITJs develop similarly to other synovial joints with increasing ossification and concomitant decrease of thickness of the cartilage layer. Knowledge of the presence of these ITJs in young animals is clinically relevant, as they should be recognized as nonpathologic when for instance a young foal is presented for presumed arthropathy and examined with advanced imaging techniques.