bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Head Dominic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The emphasis on textual paradox throughout this book requires interpretive effort in a mediated route to interaction with nature, a brand of ecomimesis that makes textual difficulty both the catalyst of transformation and a source of hope, as evidenced in the work of the writers considered throughout this book. The precise vehicle of transformation is often that familiar literary trope, the moment of revelation or epiphany. Taken at face value, such moments constitute a strategy aimed at the perceived alienation of modern citizens from nature, in which the marvellous otherness of the nonhuman is easily laid bare. But the contemporary nature epiphany emphasizes the difficulty of the transformative experience and serves to heighten awareness of the complexity in the human relationship with the nonhuman. To illustrate these effects, Nature Prose concludes with a discussion of apparently transformative moments in the growing literature about the wild and ‘rewilding’, a mode which often posits a radical transformation of both environment and consciousness: some of these texts represent perhaps the most significant test of the claim that culture can be embraced as a conduit, not a barrier to productive understanding of nonhuman nature.
The Dulcis Iesu memoria Tradition and the Devotion to the Name of Jesus
Authors: Renevey Denis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The twelfth-century hymn Dulcis Iesu memoria, which was attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux in the late medieval period and beyond, underwent several adaptations and appropriations in different devotional contexts. The sheer number of invocations to the name ‘Jesus’ that it contains made it an appealing text to boost the devotion. Furthermore, vernacular versions of the hymn in Anglo-Norman and Middle English played a significant role in shaping the devotion. Concurrently to this literary phenomenon, the promulgation of the veneration of the Name at the 1274 Second Lyon Council led to further attention being paid to the Name of Jesus. The Franciscan Guibert of Tournai, a significant agent at the council, wrote a series of sermons in the form of meditations, the Sermones de nomine Iesu (De laude melliflui nominis domini nostri), as a means of encouraging the veneration of the Name within Franciscan houses. Other thirteenth-century texts, in Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English, notably by John of Howden—who worked on Li rossignos—demonstrate the emerging liveliness of the devotion.
Rollean Afterlives
Authors: Renevey Denis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The way in which the material devoted to the Name of Jesus by Rolle is appropriated and reconfigured in devotional compilations attests to the liveliness of the devotion. The Chastizing of God’s Children, Disce Mori, and Pore Caitif contribute to the circulation of material on the Name to a larger public. They also give an added emphasis to the therapeutic virtues of the Name expressed through a well-chosen medical vocabulary. Some fifteenth-century manuscripts represent Rolle as the English equivalent of Henry Suso, with the monogram of Jesus on his chest. It seems that fifteenth-century devotional practitioners, such as Richard Methley, strongly associated the devotion to the Name of Jesus with Rolle.
Relativism about Obligation?
Authors: Owens David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter opens by considering and rejecting the universalist idea that the authority of the various rules around (for example) the relationship between guest and host that prevail in different societies can all be based on some pre-conventional duty to express respect for other people. My Moderate Relativism denies that our obligation to behave conventionally can be derived from any pre-conventional principle requiring conformity to prevailing social practices of a certain type. Moderate Relativism does not collapse into any form of universalism and must be distinguished from certain more familiar forms of social relativism, making room for conflict between conventional obligations. The chapter concludes by demonstrating that both Modest Conventionalism and Moderate Relativism allow for both reasonable social criticism and incremental social change whilst recommending a cautious attitude to radical transformation.
The Dark Bible
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Dark Bible explores early modern England’s interactions with difficult aspects of the Bible. For the early modern reader, although the Bible was understood to be perfect, sufficient, and transcendent (indeed, the Protestant Reformation required it), it was not always experienced as such. While traditional interpretive precepts, such as the claim that all dark passages could be read in the light of clear ones, were frequently recited by early modern commentators, their actual encounters with the darkness of the Bible suggest that writers, commentators, and translators were often deeply uncomfortable with the disjunction between how (as they thought) the Bible should be, and how it was. The Dark Bible investigates writers’ and translators’ attempts to explain, accommodate, circumvent, and repair problematic texts across a range of genres and contexts. In doing so, it charts English use of biblical scholarship in vernacular culture and investigates how vernacular writing in various genres could give voice to questioning and confused biblical interactions. This book demonstrates that early modern writers and critics engaged extensively with the Bible’s difficulties, attempting to work around and rectify problematic texts, and otherwise reconcile the darkness of the Bible with theories of the Bible’s perfection and clarity.
Ambiguity
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the difficulties arising from the fact that words can mean more than one thing at a time, and indeed many scriptural verses can support diametrically opposed readings. The fact that language is capable of ‘double-speak’, and of speaking entirely against itself, elicited enormous contention between Catholic and Protestant controversialists, as the polarized world of polemic was particularly sensitive to verses that seemed capable of being read both for and against each side. The capacity for verses to carry multivalent meanings became particularly explosive in the equivocation controversies of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and this chapter explores this linguistic and cultural moment, with attention to the poetry of Robert Southwell, who introduced the concept of equivocation to England in his 1595 treason trial. It also explores the linguistic features of the Hebrew Bible that make it particularly prone to double meanings, placing particular emphasis on Donne’s attempts to accommodate the Hebrew Bible’s ‘doubleness’—its tendency toward linguistic forms which allow manifold, at times irreconcilable, meanings.
Idiom
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A perennial question of translators was whether it was more faithful to render the text as closely as possible to the original wording, or to render its meaning as accurately as possible in natural vernacular. But how could translators render the meaning of words that seemed inseparable from foreign linguistic contexts? In the preface to the King James Bible, translator Miles Smith states ‘we desire that the Scripture may speake like it selfe, as in the language of Canaan, that it may bee vnderstood euen of the very vulgar.’ This desire is, on the face of it, something of a contradiction in terms when applied to highly idiomatic verses. How can the Bible at once speak ‘like itself’, as if it were in the language of Canaan, and still be understood in simple English? This chapter explores the approaches of England’s major vernacular translations, contrasting translators’ claims in prefaces with their actual practice in translating idiom, paying attention to the ways that ‘natural English’ emerges in difficult verses. It considers methods of circumventing idioms, such as marginal annotation and foreign loan-words.
Figures
Authors: Knight Alison 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The difficulties presented by figurative meaning in the Bible are extensive and pervasive. Early modern Protestant writers generally defined the literal sense as the principal meaning intended by the author, allowing significant space for figurative language within that meaning. But enfolding metaphor, simile, metonymy, and other figurative linguistic forms within the literal sense brought its own range of problems. This chapter explores Protestant–Catholic debate regarding how to tell if a biblical verse was intended to be read as figurative or as literal, before examining approaches to biblical enigma: figurative language in which the intention of the biblical author seemed entirely opaque. Focusing on approaches to the enigmatical figurative use of manna in the Bible by a range of writers including Richard Crashaw and George Herbert, this chapter explores what early modern writers and readers did with scriptural metaphors that seem to mean almost anything.
Legal History and Comparative Law
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Legal history and comparative law overlap in important respects. This is more apparent with the use of some methods for comparison, such as legal transplant, natural law, or nation building. From the perspective of this book, any of the commonly accepted methods of comparative law that American lawyers have used with foreign law to understand another legal system or to formulate, evaluate, or implement new legal rules or institutions qualifies as comparative law. Chapter 1 divides the historiography of American law into four periods. The first part covers 1771 to 1900, describing early studies about establishing an American system of legal rules, especially the debate between proponents of codification and historical jurisprudence. The second period, from 1900 to 1950, includes James Carter, Roscoe Pound, and Max Radin as examples of the dominance of intellectual legal history. For 1950 to 2000, Perry Miller represents the last attempt at that genre. More significant are Willard Hurst and Lawrence Friedman, avatars for a social legal history of American law. Finally, the twenty-first century initiated a partial return of intellectual legal history, illustrated by eclecticism and an emphasis on culture and thick description.
Between Globalization and Nationalism: A History of the Future after 1990
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 presents the 1990s as a decade of opportunities for comparative law, reacting to accelerated globalization following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Law firms and law schools became global. Scholars offered various views about the end of the Cold War ranging from characterizing it as the end of history and triumph for Western liberal democracy to maintaining that the West’s power was at its peak compared to other civilizations, which would continue to present challenges to the Western view of law. The tenacity of cultures, with their embedded notions of law, as well as nationalism, meant that world security required acceptance of global multiculturality. In the United States, many more jurists—including government officials and lawyers—engaged in comparative activities often unaware of the difficulties of achieving successful legal transplants. Rule of law was a common theme. Most U.S. comparatists now rejected the idea of legal convergence and universalism and argued instead for an emphasis on exploring differences among legal traditions and national legal systems. Besides traditional research on foreign legal rules and institutions, there was new interest in legal cultures and contextual interdisciplinary treatment of legal topics. Geographically, there were more studies about Asian and Latin American law. The renamed American Society of Comparative Law expanded its institutional membership to around 100, welcomed younger comparatists, and continued to improve the academic value of its meetings. New subfields emerged, such as comparative constitutional law. After 2005, earlier optimism faded as authoritarian rule replaced democracy and nationalism rose again.
“An Excellent & Healthfull Situation”
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that white colonial residents in the Caribbean and the Southern lowcountry thought of their environments in highly localized and nuanced ways, and that these differences played a role in determining patterns of settlement. Colonists noted local environmental conditions when considering the placement of towns, plantations, and hospitals as they tried to locate places of residence in healthy spots. This awareness of healthy and unhealthy places extended across racial lines. Crucially, the chapter demonstrates that rather than considering Black bodies to be healthier than white bodies in dangerous environmental conditions, white people perceived the suffering of Black people in hazardous environments. Thus, the placement of Black bodies in these conditions, including plantation labor, was a form of environmental racism.
Atlantic Bodies
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 demonstrates that far from relying on a sense of racial difference in susceptibilities to disease, eighteenth-century physicians and laypeople alike understood bodies as products of their environments, constantly subject to change. In other words, for colonists, health was environmental, not racial. Just as Britons understood that their own bodies needed to adjust to the unfamiliar environment on plantations, so too did planters believe that Africans would need to adapt to the climate in the Americas because it was significantly different from that in Africa. This need for African bodily adjustment reveals the deep contradictions between planters’ private beliefs about bodies and the public claims they made in hearings over the slave trade.
The Place of Black Americans
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 shows some of the ways the climatic rhetoric operated in the United States. A variety of people, both Black and white, drew upon the theory of Black people’s bodily suitability for hot places to promote different causes. They made cases for and against emigration out of the country; they argued about the westward expansion of slavery; and they theorized about bodily differences between Black and white people. Black activists both used and condemned the racialized language of climate as they fought against a tide of racism that questioned their place in the country. Ultimately, the chapter shows how pervasive the idea about race, labor, and climate had become by the nineteenth century.
Two Faces of Trust
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What is “trustworthiness”? This introductory chapter sets out the conceptual and theoretical framework and provides a road map for the rest of the book. This book distinguishes between trust as a quality of the individual and trustworthiness as a feature of dyadic relationships. The study focuses on “trustworthiness,” defined as an informal social contract where principals authorize agents to act on their behalf in the expectation that the agent will fulfill their responsibilities with competency, integrity, and impartiality despite conditions of risk and uncertainty. This conceptualization emphasizes that trustworthiness is not about you or me—it is about us. The chapter goes on to provide a summary of the remainder of the book.
Comparing Trends in Trust Worldwide
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares absolute levels of trust in public opinion across a wide range of societies worldwide to establish the cross-national patterns, especially contrasts in a range of open and closed societies, as well as establishing the dynamics of trends over successive decades. Section I considers debates about whether any long-term decline in trust has occurred. To update previous analysis of the evidence, Section II compares global patterns of trends in trust, using data from the pooled European Values Surveys/World Values Surveys/ (EVS/WVS), 1981–2021. Section III describes the individual-level social and demographic characteristics most closely associated with the dimensions of trust. The conclusion in Section IV summarizes the key findings from this chapter and considers their implications for theories seeking to explain trust and trustworthiness. This lays the foundation for subsequent chapters, seeking to understand some of the key drivers influencing judgments of relative trustworthiness.
Base Labor
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over the course of the war, residents living near US defense sites sought to do on the ground what heads of state and their foreign ministers were themselves attempting in the high political realm: to engage US power and resources productively and make the most of wartime cooperation, while contending with the vast asymmetries of power that structured the whole affair. The defense of labor rights for workers building and operating US bases proved an early and enduring arena of such struggle. New provisions of labor law that were formulated with the rise of social welfare and the expansion of mass politics in Cuba and Brazil obstructed US goals of rapid and economical defense construction. As the US government cut corners to decrease costs and speed up construction, ongoing domestic political contests surrounding labor and “the social question” intersected unexpectedly with the demands of international politics.
Discrimination in the Canal Zone
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Panama, US agencies recruited workers from the British West Indies and from surrounding Spanish American republics for defense construction projects on the isthmus. When they arrived in the Canal Zone, those workers were slotted into a long-standing system of segregation in which non-US citizens were placed on a separate payroll and given access to separate housing, cafeterias, hospitals, and clubhouses. The gulf between the rhetoric of Pan-American fraternity and the system of segregation was vast. Protests against discrimination in the Canal Zone were complicated by the racial politics of mestizo nationalism prevalent during this period. Actors on every side of the issue—those eager to preserve the racial hierarchy in the Canal Zone, those who wanted merely to ascend it, and those who fought to upend it entirely—all employed the language of the Good Neighbor policy and touted the stakes of hemispheric unity to advance their respective agendas.
Cooperation at the War’s End
Authors: Herman Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the fate of US bases when the war concluded and, more broadly, the efforts of diverse actors to shape what “cooperation with the Colossus” would look like in the postwar world. As people across the region asserted their own visions for postwar inter-American relations, everywhere from Bretton Woods to basing protests, the prospect of hemispheric cooperation continued to hold promise. The question was what kind, and at what cost. Even as an air of disillusionment settled over the inter-American system, as Washington directed its attention and resources toward Europe and Asia, the political economy of security cooperation lived on as the war’s greatest legacy in the region. From anti-communist authoritarians to leftist and centrist democrats, Latin Americans in or seeking power became proficient in the language of US security interests and skilled at translating their needs into the dialect.
Bright Prospects, Bold Opposition
Authors: Kalman Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns to Roosevelt’s introduction of his and his attorney general’s plan “to reorganize” the judiciary by expanding the court to up to fifteen to assist the elderly, overworked justices who had not retired by reaching the age of seventy and six months. It explores the publicity war that made the court bill synonymous with “court packing,” suggested it reflected dictatorial ambitions, undercut the rule of law, and undermined judicial independence. It addresses the unexpected opposition of Democratic progressives in the Senate like Burton Wheeler to the bill, as well as the development of the GOP’s “strategy of silence.” Republicans understood that if FDR was able to brand his opponents the creatures of a reactionary financial and media elite, they would lose, and that they should let Democrats fight it out between themselves. Yet despite clamor over presidential disingenuousness from this bipartisan coalition of congressional Democrats and Republicans operating covertly, pressure groups, and the media, it looked as if Roosevelt would get all he sought.
Fact Checking
Authors: Borel Brooke 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter, authored by veteran science journalist Brooke Borel, seeks to demystify the process of fact checking—a key editorial step for ensuring that stories are both fair and accurate. It also argues that the benefits of understanding how fact checking works goes well beyond any individual story: While some outlets have dedicated staff or freelance fact checkers, others require journalists to fact-check their own work, and Borel discusses why, in either case, staying organized with sourcing and documentation is essential. It can improve a journalist’s own reporting skills, and editors who know how fact checking works can flag potential problems earlier in the process. And fact checking itself can prove to be a lucrative side gig for many freelance journalists.
Audio Storytelling
Authors: Gordon Elana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
From skillful interviews to carefully selected equipment, veteran journalist Elana Gordon, a producer and reporter at The World, a national radio program from PRX and WGBH, uses this chapter to walk readers through how to become an expert audio storyteller. They are taught that a powerful narrative radio story has elements of surprise, compelling characters, and a good news hook, she writes. Yet a story can work well even without a straightforward plot. Beautiful writing and production, a powerful question, and an unusual tempo and buildup can make all the difference. The field is extremely accessible if a person is willing to learn some basic recording techniques. Audio is also a highly collaborative medium. Like science itself, podcasts and radio projects often involve a team of producers, reporters, hosts, and editors, who together make a story even better. Within this rich ecosystem is an opportunity for someone to find a voice. So, Gordon recommends, start experimenting.
Multimedia Storytelling
Authors: DelViscio Jeffery 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Scientific American senior multimedia editor Jeffery DelViscio charts the rise of multimedia journalism and offers insider tips to reporters who may be looking to build or sharpen their multimedia skills. The chapter includes advice on how to tell multimedia stories on a tight budget, how to decide when multimedia makes sense for a story, how to tailor multimedia storytelling to specific target audiences, and where to look for hidden audio and video gems when working with scientists. The chapter makes a compelling case that mastering multimedia skills is one of the best ways for journalists to prepare themselves for the future of storytelling.