bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le Beatus de Saint-Sever. Contexte historique et iconographique
Authors: Klein Peter K. 
Published: December 2022

The Beatus of Saint Sever : the historical and iconographical context.
The Beatus of Saint-Sever (Paris, BnF, lat. 8878) is certainly the most impressive and the most fascinating of all the manuscripts commenting on the Apocalypse of Beatus of Liébana. Written and illustrated in the Gascon monastery of Saint Sever, during the abbacy of Gregory Montaner (1028 -1072), this famous manuscript is unique in a number of different ways. It is one of the rare Beatus which are not Spanish, and the only one of French origin. It stands out above all as much for its innovations and the singularity of its iconography, as for its precocious realism and the extraordinary quality of its style. These facts are well known, but the historical reasons for such distinctiveness are rarely questioned. First of all, the origin of such a text (the circulation of which was almost exclusively limited to Spain) within the Gascon monastery of Saint Sever can certainly be explained by the narrow relations forged between the Kingdom of Navarre and the prince of Gascony, and without doubt above all by the use of the Gascon liturgy, which, at this period, greatly resembled the Spanish liturgy. This aspect is the main point, because, from the middle of the Xth century, the manuscripts of the Beatus appear to have been intended above all for liturgical readings at the time of Easter. Moreover, in the production of the Codex of Saint Sever, the scribes and the painters have used two different models : on the one hand, a manuscript of the first edition of 776, with a correct text but a more modest illustration, while on the other a Beatus in the posthumous version of the Xth century, with a corrupt text but more ample illustration and much richer. A comparison of the two models and the intention of combining them in the pictures of the codex of Saint Sever seem to have stimulated the creativity of the painters and led to a considerable transformation in the iconography and the traditional production on the page of the Beatus. This combination of factors leads one to suppose that abbot Montaner, a powerful and ambitious personality, wanted to surpass the Spanish manuscripts of the Beatus through iconographie and artistic richness, in the image of the contemporary construction of the new abbey of Saint Sever, which in importance was only surpassed by that of Saint Sernin at Toulouse.
Le Saint des Saints : le Trésor de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse
Authors: Cassagnes-Brouquet Sophie , Bastard-Fournié Michelle 
Published: December 2022

Sophie Brouquet et Michelle Fournié, Le Saint des Saints : le Trésor de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse
« Thoulouze la sainte », telle la nommait à la fin du XVe siècle un pèlerin de Valenciennes. Cette réputation était essentiellement due au Trésor de l’abbatiale Saint-Sernin dont les reliques étaient gérées par la puissante Confrérie des Corps-Saints. Du XIe au XVe siècle, le stock des reliques ne cessa d’augmenter : aux corps des saints évêques, vinrent s’ajouter ceux de martyrs et même ceux de six des douze apôtres, dont saint Jacques le Majeur. De somptueux reliquaires furent commandés, confectionnés, réparés et renouvelés par les meilleurs artistes : les inventaires et les registres de comptes permettent de connaître la fréquence et le coût de ces travaux. La dimension « civique » du culte des reliques se lit particulièrement dans les cérémonies d’invention, d’ostension et de translation où le rôle des édiles urbains ne le cédait en rien à celui du clergé. Les capitouls avaient en effet une conception mystique du gouvernement urbain et se pensaient eux-mêmes comme un collège apostolique.
La relique, le reliquaire et le récit hagiographique : des relations ambiguës (diocèses de Mende et de Toulouse) ?
Authors: Peloux Fernand 
Published: December 2022

Relics, reliquaries and hagiographie stories : ambiguous narratives (dioceses of Mende and of Toulouse) ? The relationship between relics and hagiography appears quite clear. A systematic examination of this relationship in Languedoc shows however that it is not perhaps useless to question this evidence. The several tales of the translation or discovery of relics of southern French saints that it is proposed to study initially raise important problems, of how to date them, of publication and of circulation. It should be noted that relics have been the object of devotion without any hagiographie stories and have been found to strengthen the promotion of their cults. The case of the successors of St. Semin is in this regard is characteristic, even if one of these, Exupery, is seen to be endowed with a story that emerges from the Gregorian crisis at Toulouse, after the monks of Moissac occupied for a while the abbey of St. Semin. The latter, towards 1100, compiled the biggest written list of relics ever produced in a southern French monastery. This comprised more than 150 different saints, and it was intended to compare this with the 150 saints found indeed in the biggest book of saints ever produced in France in the XIth century, and also with the cult of saints as it appeared in the later liturgical manuscripts of this abbey.
What comes out of this study is that a relic is not always accompanied by a hagiographic tale, and is not always the object of a cult. What therefore is its function in the heart of the monastic space ? The relic can extend beyond the hagiographic description, by integrating a reliquary of which the iconography allows the extension of the hagiographie legend, as is the case of an exceptional Toulousan reliquary of the XIIIth century, in which the Life of St. Exupery of Toulouse is rewritten and augmented with images. This illustrates perhaps how the relic has superior power over a hagiographic story. It alone structures the urban space of episcopal cities. Its location in the city brings a condition of different identities, and, in return, the production of new hagiographic stories at the end of the Middle Ages, in cathedrals deprived of prestigious relics of holy bishops which are preserved in other urban sanctuaries (Rodez, Toulouse, Albi). Thus, the absence of a relic can be as favourable to the creation of a hagiographic text as its possession.
«L’aide de Dieu et de saint Vincent». Piété et dévotion aux reliques chez les Montfort
Authors: Bastard-Fournié Michelle , Macé Laurent 
Published: December 2022

“Help of God and of St. Vincent’’. Piety and devotion to relics by the Montforts.
Simon de Montfort is well known to historians as a brave warrior and leader of the Crusade against the Albigensians. But the spirituality of this knight of Christ, who was aware of conducting a holy war, merits attention as much as his deeds involving arms. Devotion to relics is most assuredly integral to the enterprise of conquest and domination, but also witnesses to an ardent piety, fashioned by the family environment of Simon de Montfort, and shared by all those close to him. This piety is underpinned by the idea of martyrdom, in the image of the saint venerated above all by Simon and his followers, St. Vincent of Saragossa, whose relics attracted numerous pilgrims at Castres, the centre of the southern lordship of Montfort. Despite the hostility which generally surrounds the leader of the crusade in the south of France, his memory is honoured in many southern French towns, Albi, Cadouin, Carcassonne, Castres...
La chair dans les recueils d'exempla méridionaux (XIIIe-XIVe siècles)
Authors: Berlioz Jacques , Guerreau Alain 
Published: December 2022

Flesh in the collections of southern French exempla (XIIIth-XIVth centuries).
In order to determine the place of flesh in examples of medieval accounts in the south of France, three collections have been selected. These are the Latin manuscript 3555 in the Bibliothèque nationale of France, the collection called that of Brother Sachet, and the Scala coeli of Jean Gobi the Younger. Firstly, by increasing its size, this body of work has been analysed thanks to the methods of statistical analysis, to determine the meaning of caro in pastoral literature. Besides the food aspect, caro for the preachers is caught between the strongly contrasting concupiscentia and mortificatio. This binary morality is hardly surprising. Caro simply refers back to the great fundamental contrast within the system of medieval representation between caro and spiritus. It is subsequently studied where the accounts we have retained as exempla intended to control sexuality, and how the notion of “flesh” (caro and its derivatives), in the sense of sexual control, is offered. The matter is, as a general rule, present throughout the work. A thematic perception of this type of extract found throughout ms BnF lat. 3555 is proposed : punishment of lustful people, damnation of the soul, condemnation of adultery, opposition to lust. In Jean Gobi, mulier, the woman of quality is opposed to femina, the bad and sinful woman. There remain three concluding remarks. The extracts concerning the “flesh” and sexu ality constitute a significant proportion of the accounts, i.e. 10% for the first, 16% for Sachet, and 6% for the Scala coeli. Although they draw on common foundations of anecdotes condemning lust (or promoting chastity), the southern French authors like to propose models rooted in southern France, even if sexual control is not the only matter to benefit from this particular treatment. Finally, the clergy are not often directly condemned. The audience envisaged seems to be clearly that of lay people through the exempla, sometimes focussing on the clergy. The Gregorian Reform does not appear, at the end of the XIIIth century and the beginning of the XIVth century, to have had much impact.
Le sexe des anges ? L ’Église, les fiançailles et le mariage des enfants. Le point de vue de quelques canonistes méridionaux (XIIIe-XIVe s.)
Authors: Leveleux-Texeira Corinne 
Published: December 2022

The sex of angels ? The Church, betrothals, and marriage of children. The point of view of several southern French canons (XIIIth-XIVth centuries.)
The elaboration of the model of Christian marriage constituted one of the major achievements of medieval canon law, and is the one which has left the most profound imprint on social practices and norms in later periods.
In order to understand this, the choice has been made to address this development from the position of one extreme case. In fact, it is often in the description of excesses of the flesh, where, on the contrary, it is in the evocation of the absence of this that the canonical discourse on marriage is most transparent in itself, revealing the contradictions which go through it. The report on the sexuality of children and the young, and the manner in which this sexuality was perceived by law, offers, in this perspective, an interesting point of observation.
More precisely, the study analyses the statements of southern French jurists in the XIIIth-XIVth centuries on the sexuality of prepubertal children. Their propositions are organised according to a double approach, normative and realist. From the normative point of view, the authors assign limited roles a priori to the child and the prepubertal young, on the verge of sexual activity, weakly asserting the consequences of law. Similarly, the principal of reality encourages them to reverse the presumptions erected through the rule of law, and to describe the sexuality of the young no longer in terms of limits but of power and capacity, from the moment that they are medically perceived.
La légitimation des bâtards de Raymond-Roger de Comminges et Jeanne d’Espagne (1447). Eglise, royauté et réhabilitation des enfants issus d’une union incestueuse au XVe siècle
Authors: Chevalier Romain 
Published: December 2022

The legitimation of the bastard children of Raymond-Roger de Comminges and Jeanne d’Espagne (1447). Church, royalty and the rehabilitation of the children of an incestuous union in the XVth century
This study sets out to provide a detailed analysis of the letters of legitimisation granted by the royal chancellery of Charles VII to the five children of the union of Raymond-Roger de Comminges and Jeanne d’Espagne (1447). This marriage was a voidable act due to transgression of the interdictions on consanguinity set out in canon law. This case permits one to address the possibility of rehabilitation of the children carrying the double stigma of incest and illegitimacy. In the event, Raymond-Roger de Comminges chose to address the royal jurisdiction, even when retrospective régularisation of the marriage would have been possible by obtaining a matrimonial dispensation from the apostolic Penitentiary.
The common competence of the two administrations -royal and pontifical- in this matter seems to constitute a point of crystallisation of the debates on the limits of the temporal and spiritual spheres. The letters of legitimisation usually set out legal reasoning based upon a principle, informed by secular values, of compensation for the blemish of illegitimacy. An argument of circumstances adapted to the case of Raymond-Roger de Comminges brings to bear the notion of incest. It strives to put into practice a principle of mitigating the fault through the incorporation of language and of elements of interpretation which derive from canon law.
Viols et homicides. Les moines de Fontfroide en accusation au XIVe siècle
Authors: Caucanas Sylvie 
Published: December 2022

Rapes and homicides. Accusations against the monks of Fontfroide in the XIVth century.
In the first quarter of the XIVth century, a long legal process took place before the seneschal of Carcassonne, between the monastery of Fontfroide and the consuls of the Bourg of Narbonne. The latter raised 56 counts of indictment against the Abbot and the monastery of Fontfroide, of which 11 make reference to crimes of the flesh (adultery, rape, rape followed by murder, homosexual practices). Even if one is inclined to admit that they are genuine, the 11 moral crimes imputed to the monks of Fontfroide are only a pretext invoked by the consuls of the Bourg in order to bring into moral disrepute the opposing party, and to eliminate a rival of stature in the possession of vacant lots, and in matters of rights of expropriation and inheritance. The violence of the allegations is not what most shocks the accusers. What they want to see condemned are the denial of justice, the partiality of the monastery, and the impunity of the guilty.
It nonetheless remains that, on reading the proceedings, one perceives that the religious community of Fontfroide was very far removed from the principles which inspired the foundation of the Cistercian order. It no longer lived in a desert, but in a world full of populations who quarrelled over the possession and use of land, both tilled and untilled. With the considerable increase in its possessions, there was a lack of people to cultivate the land. It had to use more and more paid employees to compensate for the reduced number of lay brothers. It is therefore not surprising that, in the granges, far from the moral and spiritual authority of the Abbot, religious life came to take second place, as a result of material preoccupations and carnal temptations.
Supérieurs bénédictins et conduites guerrières dans le sud-ouest de la Gaule Xe-XIIIe siècles)
Authors: Fray Sébastien 
Published: December 2022

Benedictine superiors and warlike conduct in the south west of Gaul (Xth-XIIIth centuries)
The current enquiry reveals that in Gascony, as in the south of the Massif Central and in Languedoc, from the Xth to the XIIIth century, Benedictine abbots and priors took part in the seigneurial wars, assembled hosts, led troops on expedition, besieged castles... Such behaviour has not been stigmatised, as one could have expected. On the contrary, their revelation is generally linked to their historic context and particular documentation, which do not merit pausing to examine them. However, these behaviours are no longer general. Certain Benedictine monasteries have chosen other ways to defend their seigneurial interests, delegating to the faithful the exercise of bellicose power, according to a more conventional model.
La violence, les villes et l’Église : quelques cas méridionaux (XIe -XIIIe s.)
Authors: Balossino Simone 
Published: December 2022

Violence, towns and the Church : some southern French cases (XIIth - XIIth centuries)
The spreading of the consulates and the claiming of liberties by the urban societies of the south of France is part of a more general movement of rejection of traditional powers, well known from the end of the XIth century. Inside cities, the use of violence in political conflicts is characteristic, visible in time and with different modalities in a large number of cities. But, with a violence characteristic of the communal world, which reveals the existence of internal divisions and which feeds on economic or social disparities, come to be added other types of violence, exacerbated in the south of France by the crusade, by the hardening of the pontifical theocracy, by the affirmation of princely and royal powers, by the explosion of politico-religious dissent and by the setting up of the Inquisition.
It is proposed here to observe several cases of violence involving towns in Languedoc and Provence from the point of view of the urban elites, and not through the prism of the inquisitor, heretics or crusaders, as has already been done. This approach allows the observation of a milieu whose interests, strategies, and points of view lead one to confront the geopolitical movements beyond urban frontiers, whether local or regional. It allows one equally to reconstitute the totality of the complexity of the episodes of conflict, often interpreted in an excessively linear manner, such as the antagonisms setting the citizens of a town against the prelates, or, more generally, the clergy. It would in effect be to diminish consideration of the world of southern French towns as a homogeneous whole, opposed, from the XIIIth century, to the ecclesiastical or central powers. The urban elites, on the contrary, experience strong internal tensions which explode at the same time as a more general competition bursts out between universal powers.
Sur les violences de la croisade. Réflexions à propos de la prise de Béziers
Authors: Biget Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2022

Concerning the violence of the crusade. Reflections on the taking of Béziers.
The crusade against the Albigensians begins with the burning of Béziers and the massacre of a large part of its inhabitants. This violence was celebrated by the clergy at the time as a victory for Christianity, and as the effect of Christ’s vengeance against the infidel. It is part of an advanced spirit of crusade which evolves and is maintained through the XIIth century, and is transferred against the heretics, enemies within, as a consequence of repeated failures of expeditions to the Holy Land and of the moral and religious reform movement, brought in particularly by the Cistercians. The massacre of Béziers is embedded in the logic of the time, and does not belong to the accidents of history.
A discriminação na sociedade da informação: reflexões sobre o pensamento de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Do Amaral Rodrigo Macario Vieira 
Published: December 2022

Publicado em 1755, em um período pré-revolução francesa, o “Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens”, foi escrito por Rousseau como resposta ao questionamento feito pela Academia de Dijon em 1753, que lançou um concurso para que pensadores refletissem e apresentassem qual é a origem da desigualdade entre os homens e se ela é autorizada pela lei natural. Em seu texto, Rousseau parte da premissa de que existem dois tipos de desigualdades na espécie humana: (i) natural ou física, presente no estado de natureza, que não passa de simples diferenças de idade, saúde, força, gênero, dentre outras; e (ii) moral ou política, que decorre dos diferentes privilégios que alguns usufruem em detrimento dos demais, onde alguns são mais ricos, mais honrados, mais poderosos que outros. Para Rousseau, o ser humano (denominado na obra como “homem”) deixou de viver em um estado de equilíbrio na natureza e passou a viver dentro do estado social que é caracterizado pela abundância e pela ausência, para que alguém seja considerado belo, alguém precisa ser considerado feio, a honra existe em contraposição à vergonha, a riqueza e a pobreza, e assim sucessivamente. Desse modo, o desequilíbrio fomenta na sociedade sentimentos de inveja, vaidade, avareza e, consequentemente, cria um estado violento, com alta criminalidade e insegurança. O principal ponto de virada entre o estado de natureza e a sociedade civil, para Rousseau, foi a criação da propriedade privada, que estruturou a sociedade da época. O presente artigo pretende analisar a obra de Rousseau acrescentando-lhe um novo elemento inexistente na época em que o texto foi escrito, a Internet. Assim como a propriedade privada, partimos da premissa que a Internet é um dos elementos estruturais da revolução tecnológica que originou uma nova forma de organização da sociedade, calcada na informação, denominada de Sociedade da Informação. Para tanto, este artigo foi dividido em cinco partes: (i) capitulo preliminar, onde estão estabelecidas as premissas do estudo e a relação entre a sociedade civil descrita por Rousseau e a Sociedade da Informação; (ii) no capitulo 1 é feita uma análise mais aprofundada da obra do Rousseau, apresentando as principais ideias do autor, (iii) o capitulo 2 é um capitulo de transição, em que é feita uma breve análise evolutiva da sociedade até chegarmos na Sociedade da Informação; (iv) no capitulo 3 apresentamos a Sociedade da Informação e os efeitos das desigualdades existentes na sociedade; e (v) por fim, apresentamos as considerações finais.
Elderly Aged People’s Diet Peculiarities and Genetic Characteristics of Antioxidant Protection
Authors: Воронина Л.П. , Михаленко Е.П. , Кильчевский А.В. , Андреева И.Н. 
Published: December 2022

Во многих научных центрах мира проводится активный поиск генов, влияющих на продолжительность жизни человека, но к настоящему времени полученные результаты неоднозначны. Поэтому важной целью является исследование полиморфизма генов – кандидатов старения. Цель данной работы состояла в характеристике особенностей питания во взаимосвязи с показателями антиоксидантной защиты и генетических характеристик обмена веществ у лиц старших возрастных групп.
An active search of genes which influence life span is being held in the world scientific centers but by now the received results are ambiguous. That’s why the study of polymorphism of aging and longevity genes candidates is a very important issue. The aim of present work was to describe diet peculiarities in connection with elderly aged people’s state factors, antioxidant protection and metabolism genetic characteristics.