bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carrier‐selective contacts using metal compounds for crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Ibarra Michel Jesus , Dréon Julie , Boccard Mathieu , Bullock James , Macco Bart 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSolar cells rely on the efficient generation of electrons and holes and the subsequent collection of these photoexcited charge carriers at spatially separated electrodes. High wafer quality is now commonplace for crystalline silicon (c‐Si) based solar cells, meaning that the cell's efficiency potential is largely dictated by the effectiveness of its carrier‐selective contacts. The majority of contacts currently employed in industrial production are based on highly doped‐silicon, which can introduce negative side‐effects including Auger recombination or parasitic absorption depending on whether the dopants are diffused into the absorber or whether they are incorporated into silicon layers deposited outside the absorber. Given the terawatt scale of deployment of c‐Si solar cells, the search for alternative contacting schemes that can offer potential benefits in terms of performance, cost, ease of processing or stability is highly relevant. One such category of contacting schemes, with the potential to avoid the above mentioned issues, is that which employs metal compounds as the ‘carrier‐selective’ layer. The last 7 years has seen a surge in interest on this topic and a few promising families of materials have emerged, most prominently the alkali/alkaline‐earth metal compounds and the transition‐metal oxides. The number of successful selective‐contact demonstrations of materials within these families is fast increasing with the best solar cell demonstrations now exceeding 23%. However, in addition to improving their efficiency performance, several challenges remain if such contacts are to be considered for industrial adoption. These are mainly associated with poor stability, lack of compatibility with transparent electrodes and inability to be deposited using standard industrial techniques. This review covers the historical developments, current status and future prospects of metal‐compound based selective contacts in the context of c‐Si photovoltaics.
Review of the mechanisms for the phonon bottleneck effect in III–V semiconductors and their application for efficient hot carrier solar cells
Authors: Zhang Yi , Conibeer Gavin , Liu Shuang , Zhang Jiayu , Guillemoles Jean‐François 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe hot carrier solar cell aims to significantly boost the power conversion efficiency through fully utilizing the carrier thermalization energy loss. To realize such ultraefficient solar cells, it requires that the excess energy of excited “hot” carriers is captured for power generation by reducing the rate of, or even preventing, carrier cooling. It has been known that phonon bottleneck effects (PBE) play the most decisive role in reducing the carrier thermalization rate. However, the mechanisms underlying PBE are complex and vary in different material systems and are influenced by many factors such as illumination intensity and carrier density (extrinsic), electronic band structure, and phonon dispersion (intrinsic) and quantum confinement (intrinsic). III–V semiconductors are the most popular photovoltaic materials for ultraefficient thin film solar cells due to their high crystal quality and adjustable electronic band structure. Such features reduce some of the complexity of the study of PBE and hot carrier dynamics. Therefore, it is appropriate to identify the PBE mechanisms in these III–V semiconductors. This manuscript systematically reviews the mechanisms underlying PBE in III–V semiconductors in both bulk and nanostructures. There is a tendency for an enhanced PBE in low‐dimensional III–V semiconductors due to quantum and other confinement effects. Multiple quantum wells seem the most promising material system for hot carrier solar cells.
[4‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)imidazolium Salts as Organocatalysts for Cycloaddition of Isocyanates and Epoxides to Yield Oxazolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Caballero María P. , Carrascosa Fernando , de la Cruz‐Martínez Felipe , Castro‐Osma José A. , Rodríguez Ana M. , North Michael , Lara‐Sánchez Agustín , Tejeda Juan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNovel salts based on 1,3‐dibutyl‐4‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1H‐imidazolium bromide or iodide have been developed as bifunctional organocatalysts for the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides and isocyanates to form 3,4‐ and 3,5‐disubstituted oxazolidin‐2‐ones. The molecular structure of these compounds was determined spectroscopically and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Imidazolium compounds were screened as catalysts to produce a range of oxazolidinones. The influence of the substituents on the aromatic ring and the counterion of the catalysts on the catalytic activity have been studied, showing that 1,3‐dibutyl‐4‐(5‐fluro‐2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1H‐imidazolium iodide (4 d) was the most active catalyst for this process in the absence of a cocatalyst.
“In‐Situ Grown Nickel‐Cobalt (NiCo) Alloy Nanoparticles Decorated on Petal‐Like Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Spheres for Efficient OER Activity”**
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Mehmood Mazhar , Aslam Muhammad , Haider Muhammad Arslan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHerein, we report in‐situ NiCo alloy nanoparticle formation of extremely small diameter (1–5 nm) on nitrogen (N)‐doped carbon spheres by the CVD method at 750 °C temperature, followed by its use in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. Secondary electron microscope (SEM) imaging shows the open as well as close cup‐shaped spheres and discs, while transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirmed the ultrafine NiCo alloy particles′ formation on nitrogen‐doped multilayer graphitized carbon. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy revealed the ID/IG ratio to be about 1.57 for N‐doped graphitic multilayer carbon, thereby suggesting the defective nature of graphitized carbon material, which may possibly be due to the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into graphitic carbon layers. The formation of extremely small NiCo alloy nanoparticles is attributed to the reducing carbonaceous environment of CVD constituted by ethanol and acetonitrile precursors, while carbon spheres/disks seem to be catalysed by silica substrate originated from an alcogel catalyst. In addition, synthesised hybrid nanocomposites materials were tested for OER electrocatalysis in alkaline conditions and it was found that synthesized NiCo alloy nanoparticles decorated on N‐doped carbon spheres have an overpotential 310 mV at current density of 10 mA/cm2 which is just 5 mV higher than that of benchmark Ir/C (20 wt % Ir) electrocatalyst. The multiphase components of synthesised material like; electrically conductive carbon, nitrogen‐doped sites and well‐separated ultrafine NiCo alloy nanoparticles synergistically contributed towards better OER activity in alkaline conditions.
The Effect of the Nanoparticle Shape on T Cell Activation
Authors: Oh Jiwon , Xia Xingyu , Wong Wai Ki Ricky , Wong Siu Hong Dexter , Yuan Weihao , Wang Haixing , Lai Chun Him Nathanael , Tian Ye , Ho Yi‐Ping , Zhang Honglu , Zhang Yuan , Li Gang , Lin Yuan , Bian Liming 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe mechanism of extracellular ligand nano‐geometry in ex vivo T cell activation for immunotherapy remains elusive. Herein, the authors demonstrate large aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods (AuNRs) conjugated on cell culture substrate enhancing both murine and human T cell activation through the nanoscale anisotropic presentation of stimulatory ligands (anti‐CD3(αCD3) and anti‐CD28(αCD28) antibodies). AuNRs with large AR bearing αCD3 and αCD28 antibodies significantly promote T cell expansion and key cytokine secretion including interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). High membrane tension observed in large AR AuNRs regulates actin filament and focal adhesion assembly and develops maturation‐related morphological features in T cells such as membrane ruffle formation, cell spreading, and large T cell receptor (TCR) cluster formation. Anisotropic stimulatory ligand presentation promotes differentiation of naïve CD8+ T cells toward the effector phenotype inducing CD137 expression upon co‐culture with human cervical carcinoma. The findings suggest the importance of manipulating extracellular ligand nano‐geometry in optimizing T cell behaviors to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
The Quaking RNA‐binding proteins as regulators of cell differentiation
Authors: Neumann Daniel P. , Goodall Gregory J. , Gregory Philip A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe RNA‐binding protein Quaking (QKI) has emerged as a potent regulator of cellular differentiation in developmental and pathological processes. The QKI gene is itself alternatively spliced to produce three major isoforms, QKI‐5, QKI‐6, and QKI‐7, that possess very distinct functions. Here, we highlight roles of the different QKI isoforms in neuronal, vascular, muscle, and monocyte cell differentiation, and during epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. QKI isoforms control cell differentiation through regulating alternative splicing, mRNA stability and translation, with activities in gene transcription now also becoming evident. These diverse functions of the QKI isoforms contribute to their broad influences on RNA metabolism and cellular differentiation.This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Introduction: Religion as Historical Experience
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari , Toivo Raisa Maria 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this introductory chapter Katajala-Peltomaa & Toivo analyse historiographical changes from the history of popular religion to the history of religion as lived. They lay out the framework and discuss the tradition of studying the history of experience and religion as a cultural and time-bound phenomenon. The chapter introduces three analytical levels, namely everyday experience, experience as a process and experience as a social and societal structure arguing for a situational nature of experience. The three levels of experience are approached via the concepts of cultural scripts, communities, embodiment, materiality and agency. Finally, the introduction explains the structure of the rest of the volume.
CEBPβ regulation of endogenous IGF-1 in adult sensory neurons can be mobilized to overcome diabetes-induced deficits in bioenergetics and axonal outgrowth
Authors: Aghanoori Mohamad-Reza , Agarwal Prasoon , Gauvin Evan , Nagalingam Raghu S. , Bonomo Raiza , Yathindranath Vinith , Smith Darrell R. , Hai Yan , Lee Samantha , Jolivalt Corinne G. , Calcutt Nigel A. , Jones Meaghan J. , Czubryt Michael P. , Miller Donald W. , Dolinsky Vernon W. , Mansuy-Aubert Virginie , Fernyhough Paul 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAberrant insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling has been proposed as a contributing factor to the development of neurodegenerative disorders including diabetic neuropathy, and delivery of exogenous IGF-1 has been explored as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-1 in neuroprotection has not been well established. We therefore used in vitro cell culture systems and animal models of diabetic neuropathy to characterize endogenous IGF-1 in sensory neurons and determine the factors regulating IGF-1 expression and/or affecting neuronal health. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and in situ hybridization analyses revealed high expression of endogenous IGF-1 in non-peptidergic neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Brain cortex and DRG had higher IGF-1 gene expression than sciatic nerve. Bidirectional transport of IGF-1 along sensory nerves was observed. Despite no difference in IGF-1 receptor levels, IGF-1 gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in liver and DRG from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, mice on a high-fat/ high-sugar diet and db/db type 2 diabetic mice. Hyperglycemia suppressed IGF-1 gene expression in cultured DRG neurons and this was reversed by exogenous IGF-1 or the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil. Transcription factors, such as NFAT1 and CEBPβ, were also less enriched at the IGF-1 promoter in DRG from diabetic rats vs control rats. CEBPβ overexpression promoted neurite outgrowth and mitochondrial respiration, both of which were blunted by knocking down or blocking IGF-1. Suppression of endogenous IGF-1 in diabetes may contribute to neuropathy and its upregulation at the transcriptional level by CEBPβ can be a promising therapeutic approach.
Effects of TS-142, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist, on sleep in patients with insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study
Authors: Uchiyama Makoto , Kambe Daiji , Imadera Yumiko , Kajiyama Yu , Ogo Hiroki , Uchimura Naohisa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rationale
Novel compound with potent antagonistic activity against orexin receptors may be new treatment option for patients with insomnia.

Objective
The aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of single oral doses of the dual orexin receptor antagonist TS-142 in patients with insomnia.

Methods
This multicenter, double-blind, crossover randomized clinical trial included non-elderly patients with insomnia. Patients were randomized to receive single doses of placebo and TS-142 at doses of 5, 10, and 30 mg in one of four different sequences, with a 7-day washout period between treatments. Primary efficacy endpoints were latency to persistent sleep (LPS) and wake time after sleep onset (WASO) measured by polysomnography.

Results
Twenty-four patients were included (mean age 50.3 ± 10.5 years; mean duration of insomnia 5.71 ± 8.68 years). Least-squares mean differences (95% confidence interval) from placebo in LPS with 5, 10, and 30 mg TS-142 were − 42.38 (− 60.13, − 24.63), − 42.10 (− 60.02, − 24.17), and − 44.68 (− 62.41, − 26.95) minutes, respectively (all p < 0.001). Least-squares mean differences (95% confidence interval) from placebo in WASO with 5, 10, and 30 mg TS-142 were − 27.52 (− 46.90, − 8.14), − 35.44 (− 55.02, − 15.87), and − 54.69 (− 74.16, − 35.23) minutes, respectively (all p < 0.01). Self-reported aspects of sleep initiation and sleep quality, determined using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ), were also improved with TS-142 administration versus placebo. TS-142 was well tolerated; all adverse events were mild or moderate and none were serious.

Conclusion
Single-dose TS-142 was well tolerated and had clinically relevant effects on objective and subjective sleep parameters in patients with insomnia.

Clinical Trial registration
JapicCTI173570 (www.clinicaltrials.jp); NCT04573725 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Differentiation of industrial hemp strains by their cannabinoid and phenolic compounds using LC × LC-HRMS
Authors: Montero Lidia , Meckelmann Sven W. , Kim Hyerin , Ayala-Cabrera Juan F. , Schmitz Oliver J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCannabis is an ancient plant that has been used for therapeutic and recreational purposes. Nowadays, industrial hemp, a variety with low concentration of the psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and high concentration of non-psychoactive cannabinoids, is getting more and more interest in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. However, cannabis not only contains cannabinoids as bioactive components but also other metabolites like terpenes and phenolic compounds, and the content of these interesting secondary metabolites greatly differs with the genetic variety of the plant. Due to the huge complexity of composition of the cannabis matrix, in this work, a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) method has been developed as a very power separation technique coupling a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) and a C18 in the first and second dimensions. Two industrial hemp strains (cookie and gelato) were analyzed to determine the difference in their content of cannabinoids and phenolic compounds. To do this, a new demodulation process was applied for the first time to transform 2D raw data into 1D data which allowed carrying out the chemometric analysis needed to determine the statistical differences between the hemp strains. The cookie strain presented a total of 41 cannabinoid markers, while the gelato strain presented more representative phenolic compounds, in total 24 phenolic compounds were detected as potential markers of this sample. These differences in the chemical composition could determine the industrial destiny of the different hemp strains.
Graphical abstract
Metastability for Glauber Dynamics on the Complete Graph with Coupling Disorder
Authors: Bovier Anton , den Hollander Frank , Marello Saeda 
Published: March 2022

AbstractConsider the complete graph on n vertices. To each vertex assign an Ising spin that can take the values $$-1$$

-
1

or $$+1$$

+
1

. Each spin $$i \in [n]=\{1,2,\dots , n\}$$

i
∈
[
n
]
=
{
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
n
}

interacts with a magnetic field $$h \in [0,\infty )$$

h
∈
[
0
,
∞
)

, while each pair of spins $$i,j \in [n]$$

i
,
j
∈
[
n
]

interact with each other at coupling strength $$n^{-1} J(i)J(j)$$

n

-
1

J

(
i
)

J

(
j
)

, where $$J=(J(i))_{i \in [n]}$$

J
=

(
J

(
i
)

)

i
∈
[
n
]

are i.i.d. non-negative random variables drawn from a probability distribution with finite support. Spins flip according to a Metropolis dynamics at inverse temperature $$\beta \in (0,\infty )$$

β
∈
(
0
,
∞
)

. We show that there are critical thresholds $$\beta _c$$

β
c

and $$h_c(\beta )$$

h
c

(
β
)

such that, in the limit as $$n\rightarrow \infty $$

n
→
∞

, the system exhibits metastable behaviour if and only if $$\beta \in (\beta _c, \infty )$$

β
∈
(

β
c

,
∞
)

and $$h \in [0,h_c(\beta ))$$

h
∈
[
0
,

h
c

(
β
)

)

. Our main result is a sharp asymptotics, up to a multiplicative error $$1+o_n(1)$$

1
+

o
n

(
1
)

, of the average crossover time from any metastable state to the set of states with lower free energy. We use standard techniques of the potential-theoretic approach to metastability. The leading order term in the asymptotics does not depend on the realisation of J, while the correction terms do. The leading order of the correction term is $$\sqrt{n}$$

n

times a centred Gaussian random variable with a complicated variance depending on $$\beta ,h$$

β
,
h

, on the law of J and on the metastable state. The critical thresholds $$\beta _c$$

β
c

and $$h_c(\beta )$$

h
c

(
β
)

depend on the law of J, and so does the number of metastable states. We derive an explicit formula for $$\beta _c$$

β
c

and identify some properties of $$\beta \mapsto h_c(\beta )$$

β
↦

h
c

(
β
)

. Interestingly, the latter is not necessarily monotone, meaning that the metastable crossover may be re-entrant.
Discovery and pharmacological characterization of cetrelimab (JNJ-63723283), an anti–programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody, in human cancer models
Authors: DeAngelis Nikki , Ferrante Catherine , Powers Gordon , Sendecki Jocelyn , Mattson Bethany , Pizutti Darlene , Packman Kathryn , Wang Weirong , Trouba Kevin , Nanjunda Rupesh , Wheeler John , Brittingham Ray , Wu Sheng-Jiun , Luo Jinquan , Lorenzi Matthew V. , Verona Raluca I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Preclinical characterization of cetrelimab (JNJ-63723283), a fully humanized immunoglobulin G4 kappa monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), in human cancer models.

Methods
Cetrelimab was generated by phage panning against human and cynomolgus monkey (cyno) PD-1 extracellular domains (ECDs) and affinity maturation. Binding to primate and rodent PD-1 ECDs, transfected and endogenous cell-surface PD-1, and inhibition of ligand binding were measured. In vitro activity was evaluated using cytomegalovirus recall, mixed lymphocyte reaction, staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation, and Jurkat-PD-1 nuclear factor of activated T cell reporter assays. In vivo activity was assessed using human PD-1 knock-in mice implanted with MC38 tumors and a lung patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model (LG1306) using CD34 cord-blood-humanized NSG mice. Pharmacodynamics, toxicokinetics, and safety were assessed in cynos following single and/or repeat intravenous dosing.

Results
Cetrelimab showed high affinity binding to human (1.72 nM) and cyno (0.90 nM) PD-1 and blocked binding of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1; inhibitory concentration [IC] 111.7 ng/mL) and PD-L2 (IC 138.6 ng/mL). Cetrelimab dose-dependently increased T cell-mediated cytokine production and stimulated cytokine expression. Cetrelimab 10 mg/kg reduced mean MC38 tumor volume in PD-1 knock-in mice at Day 21 (P < 0.0001) versus control. In a PDX lung model, 10 mg/kg cetrelimab (every 5 days for six cycles) increased frequency of peripheral T cells and reduced (P < 0.05) mean tumor volume versus control. Activity was consistent with that of established PD-1 inhibitors. Cetrelimab dosing was well tolerated in cynos and mean drug exposure increase was dose-dependent.

Conclusion
Cetrelimab potently inhibits PD-1 in vitro and in vivo, supporting its clinical evaluation.
Population characteristics of benthopelagic Gymnoscopelus nicholsi (Pisces: Myctophidae) on the continental shelf of South Georgia (Southern Ocean) during austral summer
Authors: Saunders Ryan A. , Hollyman Philip R. , Thorpe Sally E. , Collins Martin A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSouthern Ocean myctophid fish (Family Myctophidae) are an important conduit of energy through foodwebs and between the surface layers and mesopelagic depths. Species that reside in both pelagic and near-bottom environments of continental shelves, such as Gymnoscopelus nicholsi and Gymnoscopelus bolini, may also be important in benthopelagic coupling, although their ecology and role in such processes remain unresolved. Here, we examined inter-annual variation in the depth of occurrence, biomass and population dynamics of benthopelagic G. nicholsi on the South Georgia shelf (100–350 m) using bottom trawl data collected between 1987 and 2019. Gymnoscopelus nicholsi was a regular component of the local benthopelagic community, particularly northwest of South Georgia, but was patchily distributed. It appeared to enter a benthopelagic phase at ~ 3 years, with annual growth and recruitment of year classes between ~ 3 and 5 years. However, transition of cohorts into the benthopelagic zone was not annual. There was clear inter-annual variation in G. nicholsi biomass and depth of occurrence. Shallower depth of occurrence was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with years of warmer summer sea surface temperatures, suggesting that inter-annual variation in local environmental conditions has an important influence on its migration behaviour and ecology. Our data also suggest that Antarctic krill is an important dietary component of the older G. nicholsi cohorts (~ 5 years) in the benthopelagic zone. We note that Gymnoscopelus bolini is rare in bottom trawl catches between 100 and 350 m, although Antarctic krill appears to dominate its diet from the available data. Our study provides important information on understudied myctophid species in a poorly investigated region of the water column that is relevant for Southern Ocean ecosystem studies, particularly in relation to understanding trophic connectivity between the pelagic and near-bottom realms.