bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
147 Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed Diets Supplemented with Dl-Methionine and Dl-2 Hydroxy-4-Methylthio-Butyrate Acid at a Ratio of 65:100
Authors: Maria Mendoza S , Htoo John K K , Caroline González-Vega J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine if pigs fed diets containing eighter DL-2 hydroxy-4-methylthio-butyrate calcium salt (HMTBCa) or DL-methionine (DLM) at 65% of the HMTBCa amount have equal growth performance. A total of 1,296 nursery pigs (initial BW = 5.02 ± 0.2 kg, PIC 1050 x PIC 359) were evaluated for 49 d and allotted in groups of 27 pigs per pen. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and fed in 4 phases (5.54, 5.27, 5.18, and 4.80 g standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys/Kcal NE for phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Pens were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (16 pens/treatment). For each phase, a basal diet without supplementation of Met sources was formulated to achieve 70% of the optimal SID Met +Cys:Lys [Met-deficient], diet 2 consisted in the Met-deficient diet plus supplementation of HMTBCa to achieve 100% of the SID Met +Cys:Lys based on 84 % active substance of the product [HMTBCa], and diet 3 was the Met-deficient diet plus supplementation of DLM at 65% of the amount of HMTBCa used in diet 2 [65DLM]. Feed analyses confirmed that the amount of DLM to HMTBCa achieved was 66%. Pig performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. Results are shown in Table 1. For the overall period (d 0 to 49), pigs fed the Met-deficient diet had decreased final BW, ADG, and G:F compared with pigs fed HMTBCa and 65DLM diets. Pigs fed HMTBCa and 65DLM diets did not differ in final BW, ADG, and G:F. No differences in ADFI and mortality were observed among treatments. Replacing 100 parts of HMTBCa with 65 parts of DLM on a product basis can be an alternative approach to determine the bioavailability of HMTBA compared with DLM.
153 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Maternal Line Sows and Litter Performance
Authors: Ribas Juliana , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Brun Nevton , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing feeding levels for maternal line sows during early gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 969 PIC L02 (199.6 kg ± 1.88) parity 1 to 6 sows were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 4 treatments within parity category in a randomized complete block design with body weight blocks. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 100, 125, 150, or 175% of the NRC (2012) maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) requirement calculated as MEm, kcal/d = 100×(body weight, kg)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-wheat-based diet with 3,056 kcal of ME/kg and 0.60% standardized ileal digestible lysine was used. Treatments were applied from d 5 to 30 of gestation, after which they were fed according to body condition until moved to the farrowing room. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Average caliper score at weaning was 12.2 across treatments and average feed allowances were 1.8, 2.3, 2.7, and 3.2 kg/d for the 100, 125, 150, and 175 treatments, respectively. Increasing feed allowances increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) weight change (3.0, 6.5, 8.5 and 10.5 kg, respectively) and caliper score change (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5 units, respectively) from weaning to d 30 of gestation. There was no evidence for treatment effects on farrowing rate, caliper score at farrowing, total born, stillborn rate, average piglet birth weight, or piglet throughput. In summary, increasing feed allowances to meet 100 to 175% of the MEm requirements during early gestation on maternal line sows resulted in increased weight and caliper change without impact in performance. Body weight seems to be more sensitive to changes in feeding levels than caliper scores up to d 30 of gestation.
156 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance in 35 to 80 Kg DNA Finishing Pigs
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 35-80-kg DNA finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 608 pigs (600 × 241, DNA; initially 36.3±0.91kg) were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement from 35-55-kg. In Exp. 2, 700 pigs (DNA 600×241; initial BW of 53.2±0.86kg) were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement form 50-80-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7-10 pigs/pen in a randomized complete block design with 12 replications per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and SID Lys increased by increasing soybean meal and feed-grade amino acids while maintaining minimum ratios for other amino acids. Increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG in both studies. From 50-80-kg, ADFI decreased, then increased (quadratic, P = 0.004) with increasing SID Lys. Feed efficiency improved, while Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05, 35-55-kg; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05, 50-80-kg) with increasing SID Lys. At current ingredient and pig prices, there were no statistical differences in income over feed cost (IOFC) from 35-55 kg. From 50-80-kg, increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) IOFC. Linear models resulted in the best fit for ADG, G:F and IOFC from 35-55-kg, with optimum performance at 1.20% SID Lys or greater. A quadratic polynomial model predicted a requirement of 0.97% SID Lys for optimum G:F from 50-80-kg. Meanwhile, a broken-line linear model predicted optimal IOFC at 0.76% SID Lys from 50-80-kg. In summary, these results suggest that the optimal SID Lys level for 35-55-kg DNA finishing pigs is at least 1.20%. The optimal SID Lys level for 50-80-kg DNA finishing pigs depends on the response criteria, with growth performance optimized at or above 0.97% SID Lys and IOFC maximized at 0.76% SID Lys.
157 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance in 75 to 130 Kg DNA Finishing Pigs
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 70-130-kg DNA finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 616 pigs (600×241, DNA; initially 76.4±1.25 kg) were used from 70-100-kg and in Exp. 2, 679 pigs (600×241, DNA; initially 103.8±1.32 kg) were used from 100-130 kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments with 8-10 pigs/pen in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and SID Lys increased by increasing soybean meal and feed-grade amino acids while maintaining minimum ratios for other amino acids. From 70-100 kg, ADG, G:F, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain all increased, (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with increasing SID Lys. From 100-130 kg, ADG, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with increasing SID Lys, while G:F increased (quadratic, P = 0.032). At current ingredient and pig prices, there were no statistical differences in income over feed cost (IOFC) from 70-100 kg. From 100-130 kg, increasing SID Lys increased (quadratic, P = 0.001) IOFC. A broken-line linear (BLL) model predicted optimal ADG at 0.83% SID Lys, while a quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted a requirement of 0.90% for G:F from 75-100 kg. A QP model predicted maximum IOFC at 0.78% SID Lys from 75-100 kg. From 100-130 kg, BLL models predicted optimal ADG and G:F at 0.64 and 0.59% SID Lys, respectively. A QP model predicted maximum IOFC at 0.64% SID Lys. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Lys level for 75-100 kg DNA finishing pigs for growth performance is between 0.83 and 0.90% SID Lys, and 0.78% SID Lys for maximum IOFC. The optimal SID Lys level in 100-130 kg DNA finishing pigs depends upon the response criteria, with growth performance and IOFC maximized between 0.59 and 0.64% SID Lys.
161 The Impact of Sex, Birth Weight, and Nutrient Density on the Growth Restriction and Compensatory Gain of Finishing Hogs After a Three- or Six-Week Period of Nutrient Restriction
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Greiner Laura L , Humphrey Dalton C , Krahn Gregory , Spencer Joel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to investigate the effect of pig phenotype on growth restriction and compensatory ability after receiving a nutrient-deficient (97% corn) diet for 3 or 6 weeks. Sixteen hundred and sixty mixed-sex pigs (DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) were tagged with radio frequency identification tags (LeeO, Prairie Systems, Spencer, IA) at birth with litter information and body weight (BW) measured at birth, weaning, and the end of the nursery phase. At a starting BW of 73.5 ± 2.2 kg, pigs were blocked by BW to 140 pens and assigned to a 2:3:1 factorial. The seven treatments were comprised of a combination of 2 restriction lengths (3 weeks vs. 6 weeks) and 3 lysine inclusion levels at re-alimentation (Lys:ME of 100%, 110%, or 120% of the genetic margin over feed curve), and a control that remained nutrient unrestricted. Individual BW was measured on trial d 0, 21, 41, and market to calculate individual average daily gain (ADG) for each phase. Percent change in ADG between each phase was calculated using the previous ADG of each pig. Observational analysis was conducted in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) with pig as the observational unit. When fed the restrictive diet, gilts had a greater reduction in ADG (P &lt; 0.01) than barrows (64 vs. 59 % decrease in ADG from previous period). Furthermore, pigs with lower birth weight, thus lighter starting trial weight, had a greater decrease (P &lt; 0.01) in growth in response to nutrient restriction. Validating the biological requirements of finishing pigs, animals with a greater lysine requirement, gilts, and lighter weight pigs had a more severe reduction in growth than those with a decreased lysine requirement.
175 Evaluation of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy to Determine Swine Herd Reproductive Status Using the Accuracy of Ultrasound and Hormonal Assays as Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Vinas Raquel Fernandez , Arend Lidia S , Silva Gustavo , Lower Aaron , Connor Joseph F , Furugen Cesar de Andrade Andre F , Kaustubh Bhalerao , Knox Robert V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Management of fertility determines production efficiency. Important fertility measures include detection of estrus (DE), early pregnancy confirmation (EPC), and day of farrowing (DF) with few tools available to diagnose or predict. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) uses an array of frequencies to determine tissue resistance in relation to change. Our objective was to determine if EIS can predict reproductive events. The study was conducted for DE using weaned sows (n = 135) scanned on D 1-7; EPC used inseminated sows (n = 135) scanned on D 18-20; DF used pregnant sows on D 113 to farrowing. The EIS device used a four-electrode transducer with an internal processor and was connected to a mobile device for operation, reading, and data storage. The device obtained impedance (Ω) and phase data for analysis from 42 frequencies between 1,000 and 29,000 Hz. The device was disinfected and inserted into the vagina with scans requiring ~20 s. Data were uploaded to a server and stored on a website for labeling and analysis. Accuracy was based on DE, EPC on D 30, and DF. Data were analyzed in RStudio using GLM with logistic regression to generate log-likelihood estimates for r2 and associated P values. Predictive models for DE, EPC, and DF included EIS, day of measure, and parity. For DE, prediction was greatest 1 d before and on estrus (r2 = 0.98), moderate 3 to 4 d before estrus (r2 = 0.59), and not predictive ≥4 d before estrus. For EPC, the measures for EIS were not predictive due to limited numbers of non-pregnant sows (3%). For DF, prediction for 1 d before was (r2 = 0.98), for 2 d (r2 = 0.89), and for 3 d (r2 = 0.51). Our preliminary results suggest impedance of the sow vagina can be used to predict events, but more data for failures and days will be needed to improve prediction.
188 Prospects of Swine Production in the Context of Climate Change
Authors: Rauw Wendy M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pig production systems provide multiple benefits to humans. However, the global increase in meat consumption has profound consequences for our earth, including the use of finite natural resources (land, water, and energy), pollution of watercourses, loss of biodiversity, and contribution to climate change. Pig production practices contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas production associated with manure management and feed production. Novel feed resources that provide a wide range of ecosystem services in mixed cropping, crop rotation, circular agriculture, or circular economy can improve sustainability of pig production practices. Vice versa, global warming has profound consequences for pig production through the negative consequences of heat stress on production efficiency, growth rates, and increased health care costs. Research suggests that pigs that are better adapted to heat stress are better able to maintain growth when intake becomes restricted. These appear to be animals with lower growth rates during thermoneutral conditions. During heat stress, pigs become more feed efficient; however, reduced growth rates result in decreased slaughter weights or increased days on farm, thus reducing production efficiency. Furthermore, heat stress is found to alter the growth trajectory (maturation rate and mature body weight), tissue accretion rates, and carcass composition, and negatively impacts animal health and welfare. The impact of heat stress can be mediated through control strategies of the thermal environment using precision livestock techniques. In addition, because response to heat stress shows variation, these results emphasize the necessity to review breed choice and genetic selection objectives for improved heat tolerance to climate change. Pigs of interest as selection candidates may be those that are able to maintain high growth rates under heat stress, and these may not be the genetics with highest growth potential under environmentally neutral or favorable conditions.
201 Impact of Steam-Flaked Rye Fed in Combination with Steam-Flaked Corn on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Steers
Authors: Wagner Samantha K , Erickson Galen E , Troyer Braden , McPhillips Levi J , Brattain Rebecca S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusions of steam-flaked hybrid rye (SFR) replacing steam-flaked corn (SFC) in finishing diets on cattle performance and carcass quality. Rye was grown as one hybrid and processed at a single feedyard in eastern Nebraska (14.5 kg/bu for SFR, 2.55 ± 0.94 mm average particle size). Crossbred yearling steers (n = 400, initial BW = 400 ± 24 kg) were used in a randomized block design (blocked by BW and source), stratified, and assigned randomly to pen (n = 40), and pen assigned randomly to treatment. Four treatments were evaluated, a control with no SFR (0%), and 3 inclusions of SFR where the rye replaced 25%, 50%, or 100% of the SFC in the diet (0%, 15.4%, 30.8%, and 60% SFR respectively). A linear decrease in carcass weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) was observed as SFR inclusion increased in the diet (P ≤ 0.01). Intake decreased by 1.2 kg/d as SFR increased from 0 to 100% of the grain inclusion. A 14.5% reduction in ADG and 6.2% decrease in G:F was observed as SFR replaced SFC, which lead to decreases in calculated NEm and NEg dietary energy values based on performance. Longissimus muscle area (P ≤ 0.01), 12th rib fat (P ≤ 0.03), and marbling score (P ≤ 0.01) decreased linearly with increasing rye inclusion. Calculated yield grade did not differ among treatments (P = 0.16). These data suggest no evidence of an associative effect for blending SFR with SFC. Based on dietary energy calculated using performance, SFR has approximately 92% the energy value of steam-flaked corn. Feeding flaked rye grain decreased intake, gain and feed efficiency suggesting SFR contains less energy than steam-flaked corn.
195 Interaction of Urea with Frequency and Amount of Distillers Grains Supplementation for Growing Steers on a High Forage Diet
Authors: Linder Haley , Sebade Josh , Drewnoski Mary E , MacDonald Jim C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two studies determined the interactions of urea inclusion to a dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; 29.4% CP, 5.48% ether extract) supplement fed at 2 amounts and 2 frequencies to steers consuming ad libitum Smooth Bromegrass hay (6.8% CP). In Exp. 1, 120 (247 kg; SD = 20) steers were fed individually for 84 d with treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial. Supplement was fed every day (D) or 3x/week (ALT), amount of supplement fed was 6.36 kg/week (LO) or 12.73 kg/week (HI) and contained either no urea (-U) or 1.3% urea (+U). In Exp. 2, 8 ruminally cannulated steers (310 kg; SD = 25) were used in an 8 x 6 row-column design with 8 steers and 6, 14-d periods. Treatment design was the same as Exp. 1, except that supplement was fed at a rate of 0.4% (LO) or 0.8% of BW (HI) and supplement was fed either daily (D) or every other day (ALT). In Exp. 1, ADG was 0.30 kg/d greater, and hay DMI was reduced by 0.39 kg/d for HI vs. LO (P &lt; 0.01). Hay DMI was reduced by 0.54 kg/d for ALT vs. D (P &lt; 0.01). In Exp. 2, hay DMI was also reduced HI vs. LO (P &lt; 0.01). Rumen pH was decreased on the day of feeding for steers on ALT (P &lt; 0.01) and was reduced for steers fed HI vs. LO. A reduction in in situ NDF disappearance was observed on the day ALT received supplement between HI and LO (P &lt; 0.01). However, there was no difference between NDF digestibility between D and ALT (P &gt; 0.05). Urea had no effect on digestion or ADG, suggesting RDP was not deficient. Dried distillers grains can be supplemented infrequently without reducing animal performance.
197 Effects of Sorghum Grain as a Replacement for Corn on Lamb Growth Performance, Economics, and Total Tract Digestibility
Authors: Scotten Skyler S , Buessing Zachary T , Zumbaugh Charles A , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of substituting grain sorghum in place of corn in growing lamb diets on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and economics. A total of 72 Rambouillet wethers (33.9 ± 3.10 kg) were utilized in a completely randomized design and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Each pen contained 3 wethers , with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control (basal diet with 0% inclusion of sorghum); 2) Sorg10(basal diet with 10% of corn substituted for sorghum); 3) Sorg20(basal diet with 20% of corn substituted for sorghum); and 4) Sorg30(basal diet with 30% of corn substituted for sorghum). Feed additions were recorded, and lamb and feeder weights were recorded weekly to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (G:F). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. There was no evidence that sorghum inclusion level affected ADG (P = 0.88), ADFI (P = 0.19), or G:F (P = 0.92). Due to the high price of sorghum, lambs fedSorg30 had greater (P &lt; 0.05) total feed cost per lamb, but there was no evidence of differences in cost/kg of gain (P = 0.63) or value of gain (P = 0.88). At the conclusion of the growth experiment, 24 of the initial 72 lambs (46.1 ± 3.9 kg) were fed an additional 14 d to evaluate total-tract digestibility of the 4 diets. Organic matter digestibility linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with sorghum inclusion. In conclusion, there was no evidence that feedings up to 30% sorghum in place of corn substantially affected lamb growth. Future research is necessary to investigate the efficiency of these diets.
196 Interaction of Corn Processing Method and Sweet Bran Inclusion in Finishing Diets
Authors: Sjostrand Rebecca , Troyer Braden , McPhillips Levi J , Youngers Maggie , Stock Rick , MacDonald Jim C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of corn processing method and wet corn gluten feed [Sweet Bran (SB); Cargill] concentration on feedlot performance and nutrient digestion. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial, consisting of two corn processing methods [steam-flaked corn (SFC) or a high-moisture corn (HMC) dry-rolled corn (DRC) blend] and 3 inclusions of SB (0, 20, or 40% of diet dry matter). In Exp. 1, yearling steers (n = 480; initial body weight = 363 ± 15.1 kg) were utilized in a randomized block design. A linear interaction was observed for average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and hot carcass weight (HCW; P &lt; 0.01). At 0% SB, cattle fed SFC had greater ADG and HCW than cattle fed HMC/DRC. As SB increased, ADG and HCW increased at a greater rate for HMC/DRC cattle than SFC cattle resulting in similar ADG and HCW at 40% SB. At 0% SB, cattle fed SFC were 12.4% more efficient than cattle fed HMC/DRC, but as SB increased the improvement declined to 5.3%. In Exp. 2, 6 fistulated steers were utilized in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Cattle fed SFC had greater starch digestibility (P &lt; 0.01); HMC/DRC cattle tended to have greater neutral detergent fiber digestibility (P = 0.08). As SB increased, cattle fed SFC and HMC/DRC had greater dry matter intakes (DMI) in both studies (P &gt; 0.01), and as a result, greater digestible energy (DE) intakes (P &gt; 0.01). Increased DE intake improved ADG and G:F when feeding SB in Exp. 1 as explained by greater DMI and increased DE observed in Exp. 2. Feeding up to 40% SB in SFC diets doesn't affect feedlot performance and feeding SB in HMC/DRC based finishing diets linearly improves performance at inclusions up to 40%.
193 Impact of Corn Silage Moisture And/Or Kernel Processing at Harvest on Finishing Steer Growth Performance, Efficiency of Dietary Net Energy Utilization and Carcass Traits
Authors: Hamilton Thomas G , Rusche Warren C , Walker Julie , Smith Zachary K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Steers (n = 192; initial shrunk BW = 446 ± 28.3 kgs) were used in a 112-d finishing experiment Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial (24 pens total; 8 steers/pen) to evaluate corn silage moisture [1/2 to 2/3 milk line (ML) and black line (BL)] and kernel processing at harvest on finishing steer growth performance and carcass traits. Steers were blocked by batch fraction (n = 6) and pen as the experimental unit. The model included the effects of harvest time, processing, and their interaction. Block was included as a random factor. No harvest time x KP interaction was detected (P ≥ 0.28) for any growth performance related parameters. No Harvest time × KP interaction was detected (P ≥ 0.26) for any parameters related to the efficiency of dietary NE utilization. Comparative NEm for harvest time indicates that delayed harvest enhanced corn silage NEm by 6% and KP decreased apparent NEm value of corn silage by 9% compared with current feeding standards. No harvest time × KP interaction (P ≥ 0.08) was detected for any carcass traits except the distribution of USDA Prime carcasses (P = 0.04). Steers from ML/KP- had the fewer (P = 0.05) USDA Prime carcasses compared with ML/KP+, BL/KP-, and BL/KP+. Harvest time (P ≥ 0.07) and KP (P ≥ 0.07) had no appreciable influence on any carcass trait parameters. These data indicate that corn silage harvest can be delayed without detriment to growth performance and kernel processing does not enhance the apparent feeding value of corn silage when corn silage is fed as the sole roughage component of a feedlot finishing diet (i.e., 20% inclusion DM basis).