bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine-Tuning and Order of our Universe
Authors: Loke Andrew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractVarious properties of the universe have been suggested as indicative of the work of ‘a designer’. I focus on two such properties: ‘fine-tuning’ and ‘the existence of orderly patterns of events which can be described by advanced mathematics’. While various forms of design inference have been suggested, for example, analogical, Bayesian, likelihoodist, and abductive, sceptics such as Roger Penrose objected that there could be alternative explanations which we still do not know of, while appealing to God can be used to solve any problem, so it is not helpful. This concern can be addressed by devising an original deductive argument which demonstrates that the following are the only possible categories of hypotheses—(i) Chance, (ii) Regularity, (iii) Combinations of Regularity and Chance, (iv) Uncaused, and (v) Design, and excluding all the alternative categories such that the conclusion of design follows logically (rather than being appealed to solve a problem). In response to the worry that previously unconsidered hypotheses could be lumped together in catch-all baskets, I show that there is an essential feature of each category (except design) which renders it unlikely as an explanation for the fine-tuning and order, beginning with (i)–(iii) and engaging with the multiverse hypothesis and Smolin’s evolutionary hypothesis.
Arguments for a First Cause
Authors: Loke Andrew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCosmological models which postulate an infinite past, such as eternal inflation model, Ekyroptic universe, and Penrose’s conformal cyclic cosmology, face various difficulties related to the Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (Aron Wall), and arguments against an infinite regress of causes and events: (1) The argument from the impossibility of concrete actual infinities. (2) The argument from the impossibility of traversing an actual infinite. (3) The argument from the viciousness of dependence regress. (4) The argument from the Grim Reaper paradox. Any one of these arguments would be sufficient. Bounce cosmologies which postulate entropy reversal (Sean Carroll) neglect the problem of causal dependence at the interface. I show that Linford’s suggestion that the universes to either side of the interface might be interpreted as the simultaneous causes of each other entails a vicious circularity. Likewise, a closed causal loop (Gott and Li) is viciously circular. Given that an infinite causal regress and a closed loop is not the case, there is a First Cause.
Rates of Care Poverty
Authors: Kröger Teppo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter makes an inventory of earlier research on the prevalence of unmet care needs and summarises these findings under the term of care poverty rates. Care poverty rate is defined as the ratio of people, in a given group of people with care needs, whose care needs are not met. In the chapter care poverty rates are reported separately for different care poverty domains and measurement approaches. Findings are compared between different countries but also between the three care poverty domains and the two measurement approaches. Some countries (like Spain) show consistent results, while in other nations (like the United States) findings display large variations. The chapter also summarises findings on which care needs are most probable to be left unmet. In this respect, moving is found to be the most challenging personal care task and cleaning/housekeeping the most problematic practical care task. In general, the scarcity of research proves to pose the most substantial barrier to drawing conclusions about national levels of care poverty.
Social Inequalities and Care Poverty
Authors: Kröger Teppo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the connections between care poverty and key dimensions of social inequalities (income, educational, gender, regional, ethnic, and racial inequalities). The findings are partly surprising and contradictory. A low income level is a risk factor for personal care poverty in some but not in all countries, while it is more systematically associated with practical care poverty and socio-emotional care poverty. A low level of education does not typically predict care poverty. Neither does gender, though at the same time the clear majority of older people in care poverty are women. Some studies identify an ethnic or racial gradient in care poverty, minorities being more likely to have unmet needs. However, several studies fail to show statistical significance for this difference. Concerning regional inequalities, there are major differences in care poverty rates across different areas, at least in geographically large countries, and in some cases also between rural and urban areas. The chapter ends by arguing that care poverty should be seen as a dimension of inequality in its own right. When some people receive adequate care while others do not, a new type of inequality emerges.
APFS
Authors: Nordvik Rune 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Apple File System (APFS) has been the standard FS for Apple devices since 2017. At that time, no digital forensic tools supported it, leaving tool dependent digital or mobile forensic investigators without the ability to investigate this file system properly. The APFS was first enabled on iOS, the operating system of iPhone, and later that same year on MacOS. APFS replaced the HFS+ FS. This chapter will document the important metadata structures of APFS, which is based on state of the art research, and we are focusing on the investigative meaning of the structures.
Property Lists
Authors: Hummert Christian , Humphries Georgina Louise 
Published: May 2022

AbstractProperty List files (*.plist) are a widely used data storage format used by Apple software. Most of the system properties are stored in plists, but also, many apps store their configuration in plist-files. The data held within Property is regularly of high evidential value for forensic analysts, so understanding the format is essential for the forensic investigation of Apple mobile devices and computers. Not all of today’s digital forensics tools recover plists properly. Especially for carved or damaged plists, the support is insufficient. So the forensic examiner must understand the principles of this file format. This chapter gives an overview of the plist structure to give the examiner the knowledge to get the most information out of the evidence possible.
Findings from Traffic Accident Analysis
Authors: Winkle Thomas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith regard to safe product development in the dilemma between Artificial Intelligence, ethics and legal risk, Thomas Winkle provides a meta-analysis for safety assessment using accident data to demonstrate potential safety benefits and risks. Thomas Winkle also refers to the disasters of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents. They mark changes in acceptance about the use of nuclear energy. Comparisons are made between the global mortality rates of females and males on traffic mortality in relation to the life expectancy of various countries around the world, from Sierra Leone with the lowest life expectancy to Japan with the highest. The probability of dying from a traffic accident is highest in Venezuela and Sierra Leone. Another overview addresses the global mortality rate with exemplary causes of death in contrast to the ISO 26262 requirements of the Automotive Safety Integrity Level "ASIL D" and a hardware failure rate of less than 1 * 10-81/h. Furthermore, he uses traffic accident data examples of safety-enhancing automated vehicle systems with a low degree of automation that are already available on the market. For testing methods to develop and validate safe automated vehicles with reasonable expenditure, the author recommends combining worldwide traffic accident-, weather-, vehicle operation data and traffic simulations. Based on these findings, a realistic evaluation of internationally prospective, and statistically relevant real-world traffic scenarios as well as error processes and stochastic models can be analyzed (in combination with virtual tests in laboratories and driving simulators) to control critical driving situations.
Stand der Forschung
Authors: Behnert Christiane 
Published: May 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Darstellung des Forschungsstands in diesem Kapitel erfolgt aus zwei Perspektiven – einer inhaltlichen und einer methodischen Perspektive auf die Kriterien, die informationssuchende Personen bei der Relevanzbewertung von Suchergebnissen anwenden. Der erste Teil dieses Kapitels widmet sich den Kriterien aus inhaltlicher Sicht. Dazu wird einleitend auf das Problem einer fehlenden definitorischen Abgrenzung der in der Literatur verwendeten Begriffe „Kriterien“, „Faktoren“ und „Merkmale“ eingegangen und aufgezeigt, welche Konsequenzen sich diesbezüglich für die Auswahl und Betrachtung der für die Erläuterungen der Relevanzkriterien herangezogenen Studien in den nachfolgenden Abschnitten 2.1.1, 2.1.2 und 2.1.3 ergeben.
Muonic vs electronic dark forces: a complete EFT treatment for atomic spectroscopy
Authors: Frugiuele Claudia , Peset Clara 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Precision atomic spectroscopy provides a solid model independent bound on the existence of new dark forces among the atomic constituents. We focus on the keV-GeV region investigating the sensitivity to such dark sectors of the recent measurements on muonic atoms at PSI. To this end we develop for the first time, the effective field theory that describes the leading effect of a new (pseudo-)vector or a (pseudo-)scalar particle of any mass at atomic energies. We identify in the Lamb Shift measurement in muonic deuterium (μD) and the 2s Hyperfine Splitting (HFS) in muonic hydrogen (μH) the most promising measurements to probe respectively spin-independent and spin-dependent new forces. Furthermore, we evaluate the expression of the vector force HFS finding that a future measurement of the 2s HFS in regular hydrogen could provide the strongest atomic bound for such a force for masses above 100 MeV.
Anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors via uric acid and insulin
Authors: La Grotta Rosalba , de Candia Paola , Olivieri Fabiola , Matacchione Giulia , Giuliani Angelica , Rippo Maria Rita , Tagliabue Elena , Mancino Monica , Rispoli Francesca , Ferroni Sabina , Berra Cesare Celeste , Ceriello Antonio , Prattichizzo Francesco 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (i) reduce cardiovascular and renal events in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the underlying mechanisms are debated. Low-grade inflammation (LGI) is a key driver of vascular complications, suggested to be attenuated by SGLT-2i in animal models. Based on a specific working hypothesis, here we investigated the net effect of SGLT-2i on LGI in patients with T2D and the possible underlying mechanism. We enrolled patients with T2D treated either with a stable therapy with SGLT-2i or with other glucose-lowering drugs (GLD) (n = 43 per group after matching for a range of pro-inflammatory variables), and tested hs-CRP and interleukin (IL)-6 as primary variables of interest. Patients treated with SGLT-2i had lower circulating levels of IL-6, a prototypical marker of LGI, but also of uric acid and fasting insulin, compared with patients treated with other GLD. Then, to explore whether uric acid and insulin might mediate the effect of SGLT-2i on IL-6, we tested physiologically pertinent doses of these two molecules (i.e. 0.5 mM uric acid and 1 nM insulin) in two in vitro models of LGI, i.e. monocytes (THP-1) treated with LPS and endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to hyperglycaemia. Results from in vitro models supported a pro-inflammatory role for uric acid and its combination with insulin in monocytes and for uric acid alone in hyperglycaemia-stimulated endothelial cells. On the contrary, we observed no drug-intrinsic, anti-inflammatory effect for dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin in the same models. Overall, these results suggest that SGLT-2i possess a tangible activity against LGI, an effect possibly mediated by their ability to lower uric acid and insulin concentrations and that juxtaposes other proposed mechanisms in explaining the observed benefit of this class on cardiovascular and renal endpoints.
Fish body geometry reduces the upstream velocity profile in subcritical flowing waters
Authors: Bensing Katharina , Tuhtan Jeffrey A. , Toming Gert , Khan Ali Hassan , Lehmann Boris 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFish body geometry is highly variable across species, affecting the fluid-body interactions fish rely on for habitat choice, feeding, predator avoidance and spawning. We hypothesize that fish body geometry may substantially influence the velocity experienced by fish swimming. To test this hypothesis, we built nine full-scale physical prototypes of common freshwater fish species. The prototypes were placed in a large laboratory flume and upstream time-averaged velocity profiles were measured with increasing distance from the anterior-most location of each body. The measurements revealed that the body geometry can have a significant influence on the velocity profile, reducing the flow field at a distance of one body length upstream of the fish. Furthermore, it was found that the upstream velocity profiles from the nine fish species investigated in this study can be normalized to a single fit curve based on the freestream velocity and fish body length under subcritical flow conditions. These findings are significant, because they show that conventional point velocity measurements overlook the reducing effect of the fish body on the upstream flow field, creating a systematically biased representation of the velocity experienced by fish in subcritical flowing waters. This bias is illustrated by velocity field maps created with and without the presence of the physical models for three different fish species. Finally, we provide an example of how point velocity measurements can be recalculated to provide upstream velocity field maps closer to “the fish’s perspective”.
Endovascular Therapy for Intracranial Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Caton M. Travis , Mark Ian T. , Narsinh Kazim H. , Baker Amanda , Cooke Daniel L. , Hetts Steven W. , Dowd Christopher F. , Halbach Van V. , Higashida Randall T. , Ko Nerissa U. , Chung Sharon A. , Amans Matthew R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis that may cause ischemic stroke. Rarely, GCA can present with aggressive intracranial stenoses, which are refractory to medical therapy. Endovascular treatment (EVT) is a possible rescue strategy to prevent ischemic complications in intracranial GCA but the safety and efficacy of EVT in this setting are not well-described.

Methods
A systematic literature review was performed to identify case reports and series with individual patient-level data describing EVT for intracranial GCA. The clinical course, therapeutic considerations, and technique of seven endovascular treatments in a single patient from the authors’ experience are presented.

Results
The literature review identified 9 reports of 19 treatments, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stenting, in 14 patients (mean age 69.6 ± 6.3 years). Out of 12 patients 8 (66.7%) with sufficient data had > 1 pre-existing cardiovascular risk factor. All patients had infarction on MRI while on glucocorticoids and 7/14 (50%) progressed despite adjuvant immunosuppressive agents. Treatment was PTA alone in 15/19 (78.9%) cases and PTA + stent in 4/19 (21.1%). Repeat treatments were performed in 4/14 (28.6%) of patients (PTA-only). Non-flow limiting dissection was reported in 2/19 (10.5%) of treatments.
The indications, technical details, and results of PTA are discussed in a single illustrative case. We report the novel use of intra-arterial calcium channel blocker infusion (verapamil) as adjuvant to PTA and as monotherapy, resulting in immediate improvement in cerebral blood flow.

Conclusion
Endovascular treatment, including PTA with or without stenting or calcium channel blocker infusion, may be effective therapies in medically refractory GCA with intracranial stenosis.
The use of radiosensitizing agents in the therapy of glioblastoma multiforme—a comprehensive review
Authors: Pepper Niklas Benedikt , Stummer Walter , Eich Hans Theodor 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in human adults. Despite several improvements in resective as well as adjuvant therapy over the last decades, its overall prognosis remains poor. As a means of improving patient outcome, the possibility of enhancing radiation response by using radiosensitizing agents has been tested in an array of studies.

Methods
A comprehensive review of clinical trials involving radiation therapy in combination with radiosensitizing agents on patients diagnosed with glioblastoma was performed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s PubMed database.

Results
A total of 96 papers addressing this matter were published between 1976 and 2021, of which 63 matched the subject of this paper. All papers were reviewed, and their findings discussed in the context of their underlining mechanisms of radiosensitization.

Conclusion
In the history of glioblastoma treatment, several approaches of optimizing radiation-effectiveness using radiosensitizers have been made. Even though several different strategies and agents have been explored, clear evidence of improved patient outcome is still missing. Tissue-selectiveness and penetration of the blood–brain barrier seem to be major roadblocks; nevertheless, modern strategies try to circumvent these obstacles, using novel sensitizers based on preclinical data or alternative ways of delivery.
Approach à la Piola for the equilibrium problem of bodies with second gradient energies. Part II: Variational derivation of second gradient equations and their transport
Authors: Fedele Roberto 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAfter the wide premise of Part I, where the equations for Cauchy’s continuum were retrieved through the energy minimization and some differential geometric perspectives were specified, the present paper as Part II outlines the variational derivation of the equilibrium equations for second gradient materials and their transformation from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian form. Volume, face and edge contributions to the inner virtual work were provided through integration by parts and by repeated applications of the divergence theorem extended to curved surfaces with border. To sustain double forces over the faces and line forces along the edges, the role of the third rank hyperstress tensor was highlighted. Special attention was devoted to the edge work, and to the evaluation of the variables discontinuous across the edge belonging to the contiguous boundary faces. The detailed expression of the contact pressures was provided, including multiple products of normal vector components, their gradient and a combination of them: in particular, the dependence on the local mean curvature was shown. The transport of the governing equations from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian configuration was developed according to two diverse strategies, exploiting novel differential geometric formulae and revealing a coupling of terms transversely to the involved domains.
Perturbative Symmetry Approach for Differential–Difference Equations
Authors: Mikhailov Alexander V. , Novikov Vladimir S. , Wang Jing Ping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe propose a new method to tackle the integrability problem for evolutionary differential–difference equations of arbitrary order. It enables us to produce necessary integrability conditions, to determine whether a given equation is integrable or not, and to advance in classification of integrable equations. We define and develop symbolic representation for the difference polynomial ring, difference operators and formal series. In order to formulate necessary integrability conditions, we introduce a novel quasi-local extension of the difference ring. We apply the developed formalism to solve the classification problem of integrable equations for anti-symmetric quasi-linear equations of order $$(-3,3)$$

(
-
3
,
3
)

and produce a list of 17 equations satisfying the necessary integrability conditions. For every equation from the list we present an infinite family of integrable higher order relatives. Some of the equations obtained are new.
Greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions after abandonment of agriculture
Authors: El-Hawwary Alaa , Brenzinger Kristof , Lee Hyo Jung , Veraart Annelies J. , Morriën Elly , Schloter Michael , van der Putten Wim H. , Bodelier Paul L. E. , Ho Adrian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe GHG (CO2, CH4, N2O) emission potential along a chronosequence of former agricultural soils abandoned for 9 to 32 years were compared to an actively managed (on-going) agricultural soil (reference). The soils were incubated in mesocosms with and without manure amendment, and microbial functional groups involved in nitrous oxide emission were quantitatively assessed. Carbon dioxide emission significantly increased after agriculture abandonment (< 24 years) consistent with higher decomposition rate, but total emission decreased in the long term (> 29 years). With the cessation of agriculture, the abandoned sites generally became a net methane sink. Notably, total nitrous oxide emission showed a significant monotonic decrease over years of abandonment in response to manure amendment, possibly reflecting an altered capacity for (de)nitrification as indicated in the response of the (de)nitrifier abundance. Overall, our findings suggest that the GHG legacy of agriculture diminishes over time (> 29 years), with lowered GHG emissions and global warming potential (GWP) after abandonment of agriculture.
Voice quality after transoral CO2 laser microsurgery (TOLMS): systematic review of literature
Authors: Colizza Andrea , Ralli Massimo , D’Elia Chiara , Greco Antonio , de Vincentiis Marco 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Transoral laser microsurgery (TOLMS) with carbon dioxide is a safe approach for laryngeal carcinoma. In literature there are three main methods for evaluating speech outcomes: acoustic and aerodynamics analysis, perceptual evaluation and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature about the voice quality outcomes of TOLMS according to type of cordectomy.

Methods
A systematic literature review was performed and all the results until December 2021 were extrapolated. We evaluated the acoustic and aerodynamics parameters (fundamental frequency, harmonics to noise ratio, jitter, shimmer and maximum phonation time), perceptual data (GRBAS scale) and patient-related outcomes (VHI scale).

Results
24 studies met the inclusion criteria for a total number of 1207 patients enrolled. The number for each type of cordectomy are: 287 type I (23.78%), 311 type II (25.78%), 328 type III (27.14%), 129 type 4 (10.69%) and 152 type V (12.60%). Patients are grouped according to the type of cordectomy in: limited cordectomy (type I and II) and extended cordectomy (types III–IV–V). The difference between two groups is statistically significative in terms of acoustic analysis, perceptual data and patient-related outcomes (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Patients who underwent type I or II cordectomy have significantly better quality of voice in terms of VHI, perceptual voice quality evaluations and acoustic parameters compared to type III, IV and V cordectomies. The effect of TOLMS on the voice should depend from the extent of the resection and in particular from the scar of the vocal muscle.