bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Needs and Sufficiency
Authors: Meyer Lukas H. , Pölzler Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses a theory of intergenerational justice that is referred to as needs-based sufficientarianism. According to needs-based sufficientarianism, the present generation ought to enable future generations to meet their basic needs—for example, their needs for drinkable water, food, and healthcare. The authors’ aim is to explain and defend this theory in a programmatic way. First, they introduce what they regard as the most plausible variant of needs-based sufficientarianism. Then, they argue that this variant is superior to several alternative ways of thinking about intergenerational justice. In particular, they defend basic needs as the currency of intergenerational justice and sufficiency as its principle. Their arguments for these claims do not purport to be fully comprehensive nor fully conclusive. Yet, the authors hope that they suffice to show that needs-based sufficientarianism is a major contender, with significant pro tanto advantages over other views.
A Deontological Approach to Future Consequences
Authors: Gardner Molly 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter defends a deontological approach to both the non-identity problem and what is referred to as the “inconsequentiality problem.” Both problems arise in cases where, although the actions of presently living people appear to have harmful consequences for future people, it is difficult to explain why there are moral reasons against such actions. The deontological response to both problems appeals to a distinction between causal and non-causal consequences. By acknowledging the moral importance of such a distinction, deontologists can vindicate the judgment that, collectively and individually, present people have harm-based reasons against bringing about bad consequences for future people.
Moral Bioenhancement and Future Generations
Authors: Savulescu Julian , Bowman-Smart Hilary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Moral bioenhancement is a biological modification or intervention which makes moral behavior more likely. There are a number of ways this could potentially be achieved, including pharmaceuticals, non-invasive brain stimulation, or genetic engineering. Moral bioenhancement can be distinguished from other kinds of enhancement because it primarily benefits others, rather than just the individual who has been enhanced. With the challenges that will face future generations, such as climate change and the rise of artificial intelligence, it is even more important to address the possibilities of moral bioenhancement. In this chapter, the authors examine rationales for moral bioenhancement, the possibilities of these technologies, and some common critiques and concerns. The authors defend the view that moral bioenhancement may be a useful tool—one tool among many—to help future generations respond to these aforementioned challenges. The authors suggest that an application of the non-identity problem to genetic selection may help resolve some of the concerns surrounding moral bioenhancement.
The Bible in Orthodox Christianity
Authors: Pentiuc Eugen J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article synthesizes the salient themes of the current handbook. The four sections of the article deal with matters that have an important impact on Orthodox biblical hermeneutics. The first theme, the all-encompassing, life-like “Tradition” is treated in its relationship with Scripture, whose centrality within the former has always been celebrated. The second theme, biblical “text,” is described in its fluidity and pluriformity. The Orthodox church has never codified the Septuagint or any other textual witnesses as its authoritative text. The third theme, “canon,” underlines the open-endedness of the Orthodox biblical canon with its special section of anaginoskōmena “readable [books].” The fourth theme, “Orthodox hermeneutics,” deals with the ongoing process of recontextualization of Tradition by which Orthodox biblical scholars seek to strike a balance between Tradition, especially patristic exegesis, and modern biblical approaches.
Reception History
Authors: Mihoc Justin A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The postmodern paradigm produced a plethora of new exegetical methods that stirred the interest of biblical scholars. One in particular has been favorably received by Orthodox scholarship in recent years, namely the so-called Wirkungsgeschichte or reception history. It represents a relatively fresh critical approach for studying the ways in which the canonical text has been read and the impact it had throughout history, across a multitude of cultures and literary or artistic media. Thus, reception theory bridges the diachronic and synchronic methodologies and offers a way in which the scholar can show the relevance of the different modes of impact and significance that the text has, as well as making the text actual and relevant for the contemporary world.
Tradition
Authors: Bunta Silviu N. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes that the crucial problem with Orthodox conceptualizations of “Scripture” and “Tradition” is the conceptual-dogmatist approach itself. In the wake of the neopatristic synthesis, when approaching such “doctrines” Orthodox scholarship has generally privileged concepts and definitions and has ignored the language and self-descriptions of the Scriptures themselves. This approach has generated hidden yet fundamental tensions between the Scriptures and Tradition which have kept a large part of the Scriptures (that is, the Old Testament) in subservience to Tradition, and Tradition has been defined in ways that associate it exclusively with the Church. This chapter proposes a reading of the Scriptures on their own terms. A close analysis of several scriptural texts suggests that Scriptures describe themselves as Tradition, and Tradition is nothing else but living a certain life.
Past and Current Trends in New Testament Textual Criticism
Authors: Crisp Simon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Greek text of the New Testament has been extensively studied over a long period, from the church fathers to the great editions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with rich traditions of scholarship and a multitude of approaches. In more recent times, the increased availability of digital images of New Testament manuscripts and computer tools to analyze them has revolutionized the field and has also led to an ongoing project for a comprehensive critical edition using a powerful new methodology. A new understanding of the goal of New Testament textual criticism with an emphasis on the whole process of textual transmission, together with a renewed appreciation for the Byzantine text of the New Testament, resonate with traditional Orthodox respect for the text accepted by the Church.
The Special Status of the Anagignoskomena in Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy
Authors: Chirilă Ioan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a general perspective on how the Anagignoskomena has been received in the Eastern Orthodox space. These additions, which accompany the canonical books of the Septuagint, have been accepted by the Church and used especially for their formative dimension. Even if some of the Church Fathers included parts of this category on the lists of canonical books, they were not viewed as Holy Scriptures. This research describes how the countries with an Orthodox majority accepted the Anagignoskomena and defined the line of understanding regarding their status in the Scripture. The following environments have been mostly considered: the Slavic, the Greek, and the Romanian. Scholars have analyzed the main translations/editions of the Holy Scripture in the languages of the environments and have indicated the positions of current biblical scholars toward this category. The use of fragments from the Anagignoskomena in worship is a peculiarity of Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Place of the Hebrew Old Testament Text in the Eastern Church
Authors: Konstantinou Miltiadis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As is well known, the Eastern Church since its birth has used as Old Testament text basically that of the Septuagint (LXX). This fact however must not lead to the conclusion that she has accepted Septuagint as the sole authority for the text of the Orthodox Old Testament. The reasons that led the Church to the adoption of the Septuagint text were not theological but practical. Even the Jews used the Greek language in their worship until the tenth century. The key question in this case, then, is not whether the Church used the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible in its Scripture interpretation, but how the Church incorporated the Synagogue Bible into its own Christian Bible. The Church during its first millennium, did not tie itself to a specific textual tradition of the Old Testament, nor did it ever reject the original Hebrew text. In the Orthodox Church the matter of Old Testament text was raised again, not as an internal problem, but as a reflection of the related discussions that were going on in the West. The views which were formulated in that period, even the synodical resolutions, were fueled by the confrontation of Catholicism with Protestantism. Therefore, to the extent that nothing today compels the Orthodox Church to favor a text of a particular form, there is a need for a completely new and sober handling of the problem with purely scientific criteria, but also with a sense of responsibility.
Theology, Philosophy, and Confessionalization
Authors: Despotis Athanasios 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes three representative stations in the history of Eastern Orthodox approaches to the Bible after the Fall of Constantinople up to the late seventeenth century. It focuses on reflections about the Bible and its hermeneutics that occur in Eastern Orthodox “confessions” or decrees of this era. It aims to reconstruct the theoretical principles and historical contexts lying behind these texts by considering both source material and secondary literature. The analysis proves that eastern theologians manage to form their Orthodox identity in interaction with western theological and philosophical traditions in the era of confessionalization. Eastern Orthodox theologians developed diverse profiles after the fall of Constantinople both by favoring the interpretation of the Greek fathers and considering developments in Western scholarship.
The Bible in Orthodox Christian–Jewish Dialogue
Authors: Azar Michael G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Since their first official meeting in 1972, Orthodox Christians and Jews have regularly realized, often to the surprise of the dialogue participants themselves, a wealth of commonalities regarding Scripture and hermeneutics. Both traditions value the practicing community’s salient role in interpretation. Both, likewise, remain resistant to a stark division between Scripture and tradition, whether to disparage the latter or to extoll it as an additional vehicle of revelation. After surveying the history of these dialogues and major points of agreement, this chapter considers aspects of the Bible and its interpretation, so far lacking or underemphasized, that would serve future dialogues well, including the role of the Septuagint in both Orthodoxy and Judaism, the Hebraic nature of the New Testament, the impact of the Bible on later traditions (Wirkungsgeschichte), and a more careful consideration of the ways that traditional interpretations have negatively affected contemporary Orthodox Christian–Jewish relations in the Holy Land.
Biblical Interpretation in Ethiopian Patristic Literature
Authors: Alehegne Mersha 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ethiopia has its own methods of commentary that help to extol the truths and values of the Scriptures. It started by commenting Gǝʾǝz texts in Gǝʾǝz, the vernacular of the country until around the twelfth century. This system of commentary is called tǝrgwame. After Gǝʾǝz ceased to be the vernacular of the nation and replaced by Amharic, the church with the support of the palace established the Gǝʾǝz-Amharic commentary tradition called andǝmta. This chapter presents the history of these commentary traditions focusing on the beginning and development of both the tǝrgwame and andǝmta tradition. Then a concise discussion of the method of the state of the art commentary tradition, the andǝmta will be given. Finally, a summarizing presentation on the history of research on the tradition is delivered.
Biblical Exegesis in the Syriac Churches
Authors: Brock Sebastian P. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Syriac biblical texts available to Syriac authors and readers, drawing attention to certain basic assumptions. Then the exegetical approaches of each of three main literary genres, commentaries, homilies, and poetry and liturgy, are set out. In the section on liturgy and poetry, particular attention is paid to the following topics: Ephrem’s understanding of the role of symbols, certain titles of biblical origin given to Christ and to Mary, the prevalence of bridal imagery, the use of typology as a basis for the structure of liturgical services, the Psalter, and the Gospel Parables.
Bible and Archaeology
Authors: Roddy Nicolae 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A review of more than a century of data reveals a dearth of Orthodox Christian involvement in the archaeology of the Holy Land compared per capita to their Catholic and Protestant counterparts. Bequeathing the question for why this may be so will be left to philosophers, theologians, and neuroscientists. This chapter provides a concise overview of the history and methods of so-called biblical archaeology, with special interest in Orthodox participation. This relative lack of participation should not be interpreted as disinterest on the part of Orthodox scholars, nor does it discount seventeen centuries of eastern Christian identification and maintenance of pilgrimage sites in Palestine, or Roman-period projects around the Mediterranean basin and Anatolia. The information is based on data gleaned from this (Orthodox) writer’s twenty years of active experience in archaeology in association with other professionals who excavate, publish reports, and share their discoveries at professional conferences throughout the world.
Reading Scripture with the Church Fathers
Authors: Torrance Alexis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens by emphasizing that for the Orthodox, reading Scripture without the church fathers on at least some level would be unthinkable. The issue of looking at specific patristic exegesis of one or another text is distinguished from coming to terms with an overarching approach to the doctrine of Scripture as such in the church fathers. It is the latter that the chapter attempts to delineate, taking in turn the understanding of Origen (via the Cappadocian Philokalia), that of St. Maximus the Confessor, and that of St. Gregory Palamas. Each provides important and often unexpected insights that help shape a vision for reading Scripture that is centered on Christ, that insists on the import of the text for ethical or spiritual life, and that is attuned to the complexities and polyvalence of the text without losing sight of its crucial historical dimension.
Modern Orthodox Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Wallace James Buchanan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the reception of academic study of Scripture in the modern eastern Orthodox Church, focusing especially on the New Testament. After a historical overview of the reception of historical-critical interpretation, the chapter assesses several major attempts to formulate Orthodox hermeneutics in light of the neopatristic synthesis proposed by Florovsky, before turning to reactions against this trend. Critical study of Scripture, liberated from undue constraints of tradition, stands to make numerous contributions to Orthodox thought and practice, allowing us, for example, to hear the distinctive witness of each biblical text and combat anti-Semitism. Those interpreters who draw judiciously on Orthodox traditions in their biblical scholarship can contribute to academic interpretation by alerting readers to themes and/or perspectives that modern scholars often overlook. Orthodox biblical scholarship must remain a dialogue with scholars of various confessions and experts from related fields.
Pastoral Use of the Bible in the Orthodox Church
Authors: Pappas Harry 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how Orthodox pastors in the last half century use Scripture in their ministry, beginning with their own personal devotions and then extending outward. Particular attention is given not only to actual practice but also to suggestions for broader and deeper renewal that includes the significant growth of resources both Orthodox and ecumenical. Central to their work is the use of Scripture in a rich tradition of worship, with the key task of preaching. Further, this chapter demonstrates the use of Scripture for group study, teaching the Orthodox faith, spiritual direction, missionary activity, philanthropy, a diverse public witness that includes rapid adoption of social media, and finally ecumenical and interfaith cooperation.
From Suspicion to Appreciation
Authors: Olariu Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Septuagint translation of Daniel circulated in antiquity in two Greek versions, known as the Old Greek and Theodotion. Intriguingly, while the latter text displaced the former in its transmission history, the personality of Theodotion and the version associated with his name are shrouded in mystery. Furthermore, the ancient patristic sources perpetuate this mystery by both offering contradictory comments with regard to the provenance, time, and religious appurtenance of Theodotion and documenting a change of perception within the Christian church regarding his version, namely, from suspicion to a positive appreciation of its merits, leading to its acceptance. Consequently, the goal of this chapter is twofold: It discusses all patristic references that directly or indirectly refer to the person of Theodotion in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons, Origen, Eusebius of Caesarea, Epiphanius of Salamis, and Jerome of Stridon; and it attempts to explain the change toward the positive reception of Theodotion’s version within the Christian church that ultimately led to the complete supplanting of the Old Greek of Daniel in the vast majority of the Septuagint manuscripts.
Orthodox Christianity, Patristic Exegesis, and Historical Criticism of the Bible
Authors: Fotopoulos John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The adoption of historical criticism by Orthodox Christian biblical scholars has been gradual and has not been without adversity. Rather, an emphasis on the use of patristic exegesis as normative for biblical interpretation has been stressed many times by the Orthodox Church and influential Orthodox theologians. Although the patristic exegesis of Scripture remains of vital importance in Orthodox Christianity, the use of historical criticism is a necessary and important tool in avoiding circular, repetitious, biblical interpretation that can lack creativity, insight, and relevance for contemporary Orthodox Christians.
The Use of the Bible in Byzantine Liturgical Texts and Services
Authors: Alexopoulos Stefanos 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between the Bible and Liturgy in the Orthodox Church. It argues that the Bible occupies a place of paramount importance in Byzantine liturgy, and that the Bible is everywhere, permeating all aspects of the life of the church, especially its liturgical life. It demonstrates this by looking at how the Bible is presented and interpreted through the use the lectionary, the psalter, the liturgical year, liturgical prayers, the liturgical hermeneutic of Scripture, iconography, and the ritual place of the Gospel book. It concludes that at the heart of the Scriptures is the proclamation of salvation in Christ; at the heart of liturgy is the celebration of the salvation in Christ.
Bible, Theology, and Science
Authors: Wilkinson David A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets the future of the science and theology dialogue in the context of its history and the contemporary situation of the Covid 19 pandemic of 2020. Out of this global crisis, a number of themes in science and biblical theology have surfaced that resonate with other times in history and point the way forward for a fruitful engagement for scientists and theologians. These include how theology engages with science, the doctrine of creation and new creation, and the biblical understanding of the vocation of scientists.
How Orthodox Women Read and Teach the Bible
Authors: Purpura Ashley M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Even though women are traditionally restricted from holding clerical offices most associated with preaching, many Orthodox women, much like laymen, read and teach the Bible in nonliturgical contexts, ranging from homes to universities. Based on Paul’s proscription that women ought not to speak in the assembly (1 Corinthians 14:34) and traditional androcentricism that marks much of Orthodoxy’s liturgical leadership, one might assume women have little authority to read and teach the Bible. Orthodox sacred texts, hymns, saints, and icons however, present women as authoritative readers, teachers, and interpreters of sacred scriptures. Although it remains to be seen how such a presentation might be in tension with the lived realities and liturgical opportunities for practicing Orthodox laywomen, or challenge broader assumptions about gender roles and religious participation overall, it does demonstrate that Orthodox tradition includes a celebration of women authoritatively teaching and giving voice to the Bible in the liturgical context.
Scriptural Interpretation in the Late Antique Coptic Tradition
Authors: Farag Mary K. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights key features of scriptural interpretation produced in Coptic during the period of late antiquity. What was worn on bodies, viewed on buildings, read in books, or heard in speeches almost always assumed the scriptures as a point of reference. Case studies capture both various uses of scripture in these contexts (a measure of the monastic life of servitude, revelatory of spiritual sights, and as the language of the spiritual realm) and methods of interpretation (producing derivative works and allegorical hermeneutics). One oft-used metaphor to describe the process of scriptural interpretation was that of weaving a textile garment. If there was any single purpose of reading, interpreting, and living by the measure of the scriptures, it was to receive the divine light that allows one to see and participate in the spiritual realm.
Syriac Versions of the Bible
Authors: Kiraz George A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Syriac tradition provides no less than six separate versions of the bible books between the second century and the seventh which are mostly well attested in manuscripts throughout late antiquity and even through the second millennium. While the Peshitta—which represents the official version of all the Syriac-using Churches up to the preset—is well known and is usually consulted by international Bible translation projects (such as the most recent NRSVue), the other versions are less known to the general reader. This chapter gives a general overview of these versions and their importance with references for further reading.