bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetospheric Ion Bombardment of Europa’s Surface
Authors: Nordheim T. A. , Regoli L. H. , Harris C. D. K. , Paranicas C. , Hand K. P. , Jia X. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Jupiter’s moon Europa is exposed to constant bombardment by magnetospheric charged particles, which are expected to be a major source of physical and chemical surface modification. Here we have investigated the flux of magnetospheric ions at Europa’s surface by carrying out single particle tracing within realistic electromagnetic fields from multifluid magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the moon’s interaction with Jupiter’s magnetosphere. We find that magnetic field line draping and pileup leads to shielding and drastically reduced flux at low latitudes across Europa’s trailing (upstream) hemisphere. Furthermore, we find that magnetic induction within Europa’s subsurface ocean leads to additional shielding when the moon is located at high magnetic latitudes in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. Overall, we find that the high-latitude and polar regions on Europa receive the largest flux of magnetospheric ions. Both spacecraft and ground-based observations have previously identified a non–water ice surface species concentrated at Europa’s trailing (upstream) hemisphere, possibly hydrated sulfuric acid formed from radiolysis of water ice with implanted S ions. Our results demonstrate that the S ion flux across Europa’s equatorial trailing (upstream) hemisphere is strongly reduced, possibly indicating that the formation of the observed non–water ice species is controlled primarily by energy input from magnetospheric electrons, rather than the flux of S ions. We find that that O and S ions at >1 MeV energies have nearly uniform access to the surface, while energetic protons in this energy range are constrained to a “bull’s-eye” centered on the trailing (upstream) hemisphere.
An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for multi-commodity two-echelon vehicle routing problem with satellite synchronization
Authors: Jia Shengyang , Deng Lei , Zhao Quanwu , Chen Yunkai 
Published: January 2022

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In considering route optimization from multiple distribution centers called depots via some intermediate facilities called satellites to final customers with multiple commodities request, we introduce the Multi-Commodity Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem with Satellite Synchronization (MC-2E-VRPSS). The MC-2E-VRPSS involves the transportation from multiple depots to satellites on the first echelon and the deliveries from satellites to final customers on the second echelon. The MC-2E-VRPSS integrates satellite synchronization constraints and time window constraints for satellites on the two-echelon network and aims to determine cost-minimizing routes for the two echelons. The satellite synchronization constraints which trucks from the multiple depots to some satellites need to be coordinated guarantee the efficiency of the second echelon network. In this study, we develop a mixed-integer programming model for the MC-2E-VRPSS. For validating the model formulation, we conduct the computational experiments on a set of small-scale instances using GUROBI and an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) heuristic which we develop for the problem. Furthermore, the computation experiments for evaluating the applicability of the ALNS heuristic compared with large neighborhood search (LNS) on a set of large-scale instances are also conducted, which proved the effectiveness of the ALNS.</p><p style='text-indent:20px;'> </p><p style='text-indent:20px;'>Addendum: The Acknowledgement “This study was supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation Program of the Ministry of Education (Project No.19YJA630122), and the "National Key R&amp;D Program of China"(Grant No.2020YFB1712900)” is added. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.</p>
Existence, uniqueness and strict comparison theorems for BSDEs driven by RCLL martingales
Authors: Nie Tianyang , Rutkowski Marek 
Published: January 2022

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The existence, uniqueness, and strict comparison for solutions to a BSDE driven by a multi-dimensional RCLL martingale are developed. The goal is to develop a general multi-asset framework encompassing a wide spectrum of non-linear financial models with jumps, including as particular cases, the setups studied by Peng and Xu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>] and Dumitrescu et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>] who dealt with BSDEs driven by a one-dimensional Brownian motion and a purely discontinuous martingale with a single jump.	</p>
La representación de la vida cotidiana de las mujeres de las clases bajas en los libros de adab: aproximación a partir de un ejemplar de época nazarí (s. VIII/XIV)
Authors: López-Bernal Desirée 
Published: January 2022

El objetivo del presente trabajo es rastrear en los libros de adab imágenes literarias de la vida cotidiana de las mujeres árabes-musulmanas de las clases bajas en entornos urbanos, puestas en relación con los conocimientos que poseemos al respecto a partir de fuentes de otra naturaleza. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo tomando como fuente principal un ejemplar del periodo nazarí, los Ḥadāʾiq al-azāhir de Ibn ʿĀṣim. No obstante, con el fin de ofrecer un panorama más amplio, la investigación se apoya necesariamente en otras obras del género del periodo premoderno, compuestas en distintas épocas y lugares. En conjunto, aportamos una serie de textos y referencias no utilizados hasta ahora en estudios sobre el tema. Tras su análisis, se obtiene que las representaciones literarias que ofrecen sus anécdotas confirman la información en las diversas parcelas que comprende el tema objeto de estudio obtenida hasta el momento de fuentes históricas o tratados de derecho o ḥisba. Al mismo tiempo, estas obras literarias presentan un elevado interés en tanto que la mayoría de personajes femeninos que aparecen en sus anécdotas pertenecen a las clases populares y en ellas se representan sus comportamientos en la vida cotidiana. En la prosa de adab, apenas se transmite una separación entre espacios masculinos y femeninos en las ciudades. Los relatos muestran a aquellas mujeres realizando diversas actividades fuera del ámbito doméstico y nos acercan a las relaciones que establecieron con los hombres desde dentro y fuera de sus viviendas.
Effects of Safety Zone Implementation on Perceptions of Safety and Well-being When Caring for COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Skinner Claudia , Ablir Lilian , Bloom Todd , Fujimoto Stacie , Rozenfeld Yelena , Leung Peggy 
Published: January 2022

Background
In March 2020, the caseload of patients positive for COVID-19 in hospitals began increasing rapidly, creating fear and anxiety among health care workers and concern about supplies of personal protective equipment.

Objectives
To determine if implementing safety zones improves the perceptions of safety, well-being, workflow, and teamwork among hospital staff caring for patients during a pandemic.

Methods
A safety zone process was implemented to designate levels of contamination risk and appropriate activities for certain areas. Zones were designated as hot (highest risk), warm (moderate risk), or cold (lowest risk). Caregivers working in the safety zones were invited to complete a survey regarding their perceptions of safety, caregiver well-being, workflow, and teamwork. Each question was asked twice to obtain caregiver opinions for the periods before and after implementation of the zones.

Results
Significant improvements were seen in perceptions of caregiver safety (P &lt; .001) and collaboration within a multidisciplinary staff (P &lt; .001). Significant reductions in perceived staff fatigue (P = .03), perceived cross contamination (P &lt; .001), anxiety (P &lt; .001), and fear of exposure (P &lt; .001) were also seen. Teamwork (P = .23) and workflow (P = .69) were not significantly affected.

Conclusions
Safety zone implementation improved caregivers’ perceptions of their safety, their well-being, and collaboration within the multidisciplinary staff but did not improve their perceptions of teamwork or workflow.
Memory Gaps in America: Mutational and Immunoinformatic Analysis of Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Interest
Authors: Shakran Dina A , Mikbel Deena M , Vilela Mario F , Benoit Lora A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The perpetuation of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has permitted the continued evolution of mutations, many of which appear to promote infectivity, transmission, and immune evasion. Critically, several derivative lineages defined as variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) have emerged in the last year that possess a constellation of highly adaptive mutations that have resulted in unprecedented propagation. To better understand the significance of these mutations, we analyzed their molecular and immunological consequences against the immunogenetic profile of the United States population using immunoinformatics to analyze in silico data. Our findings indicate that several evolving mutations in the VOCs and VOIs appear to confer immune evasion properties leading to antigenic drift, specifically for Ab-mediated and Th cell–mediated immune recognition, whereas mutations leading to evasion from innate immune mechanisms are less common in the more successful VOC strains compared with the VOIs. Importantly, several of these mutations raise concerns for the effectiveness of anamnestic responses achieved through natural infection and vaccination as well as for the utility of Ab-based therapeutic interventions. The emergence of such adaptations underscores the need for vaccine enhancements as well as the continued need to for preventative hygiene measures to help minimize transmission.
Novel Mouse Model of Murine Cytomegalovirus–Induced Adaptive NK Cells
Authors: Jensen Isaac J , Martin Matthew D , Tripathy Sandeep K , Badovinac Vladimir P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
NK cells are important mediators of viral control with the capacity to form adaptive immune features following infection. However, studies of infection-induced adaptive NK cells require adoptive cell transfer to lower the precursor frequency of “Ag-specific” NK cells, potentially limiting the diversity of the NK cell response. In seeking an unmanipulated model to probe the adaptive NK cells, we interrogated a wide range of Collaborative Cross (CC) inbred mice, inbred mouse strains that exhibit broad genetic diversity across strains. Our assessment identified and validated a putative “ideal” CC strain, CC006, which does not require manipulation to generate and maintain adaptive NK cells. Critically, CC006 mice, in contrast to C57BL/6 mice, are capable of developing enhanced NK cell–mediated protective responses to murine CMV infection following m157-mediated vaccination. This work both furthers our understanding of adaptive NK cells and demonstrates the utility of CC mice in the development and interrogation of immunologic models.
Systematic Determination of TCR–Antigen and Peptide–MHC Binding Kinetics among Field Variants of a Theileria parva Polymorphic CTL Epitope
Authors: Svitek Nicholas , Saya Rosemary , Zhang Houshuang , Nene Vishvanath , Steinaa Lucilla 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
CTLs are known to contribute to immunity toward Theileria parva, the causative agent of East Coast fever. The Tp967–75 CTL epitope from the Muguga strain of T. parva is polymorphic in other parasite strains. Identifying the amino acids important for MHC class I binding, as well as TCR recognition of epitopes, can allow the strategic selection of Ags to induce cellular immunity toward T. parva. In this study, we characterized the amino acids important for MHC class I binding and TCR recognition in the Tp967–75 epitope using alanine scanning and a series of variant peptide sequences to probe these interactions. In a peptide–MHC class I binding assay, we found that the amino acids at positions 1, 2, and 3 were critical for binding to its restricting MHC class I molecule BoLA-1*023:01. With IFN-γ ELISPOT and peptide–MHC class I Tet staining assays on two parasite-specific bovine CTL lines, we showed that amino acids at positions 5–8 in the epitope were required for TCR recognition. Only two of eight naturally occurring polymorphic Tp9 epitopes were recognized by both CTLs. Finally, using a TCR avidity assay, we found that a higher TCR avidity was associated with a stronger functional response toward one of two variants recognized by the CTL. These data add to the growing knowledge on the cross-reactivity of epitope-specific CTLs and specificities that may be required in the selection of Ags in the design of a wide-spectrum vaccine for East Coast fever.
Experimental study on the analysis of nanocellulose treated water in Yola metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Okoro Linus N. , Agboola Bolade O. , Yakubu Precious O. 
Published: January 2022

In this study, cellulose from sugarcane bagasse and wood pulp were converted to nanocellulose and utilized to treat water from different sources within Yola Metropolis to study the efficacy of both methods. From the analysed water parameters, both nanocellulose materials were effective in treating contaminated water. They showed the capability of reducing the concentrations of the various tested parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate, Chloride, and Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Interestingly, analysis of the heavy metal concentrations before and after water treatment with the nanocellulose, showed very significant reduction of the heavy metals. This is encouraging as we explore more efficient methods of water treatment, in order to tackle rising cases of lead and other heavy metal poisoning in Nigeria due to illegal mining activities and deregulated industrial activities.
Dans cette recherche, la cellulose de la bagasse de canne à sucre et de la pulpe de bois a été converties en nanocellulose et utilisées pour l’épuration d’eau de différentes sources au sein de Yola Metropolis afin d’étudier l’efficacité des deux méthodes. D’après les paramètres d’eau analysés avec les deux types de nanocelluloses étaient efficaces dans le traitement de l’eau contaminée. Ils ont considérablement réduit les concentrations des différents contaminants testés tels que le TDS, le nitrate, le chlorure et le NTU. En effet, l’analyse de la concentration en métaux lourds avant et après le traitement de l’eau avec la nanocellulose a montré une réduction très significative des métaux lourds. C’est une bonne chose car nous explorons des méthodes plus efficaces de traitement de l’eau, pour lutter contre l’augmentation des cas d’empoisonnement au plomb et à d’autres métaux lourds au Nigeria en raison d’activités minières illégales et d’activités industrielles non réglementées.
Swertiamarin exerts anticancer effects on human cervical cancer cells via induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell migration and targeting of MEK-ERK pathway
Authors: Wang Xinxiang , Wang Tao 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To investigate the anticancer effects of swertiamarin against taxol- resistant human cervical cancer cells.Method: Cell viability was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while colony survival was evaluated by clonogenic assay. Apoptotic cell death was assessed by AO/ETBR staining and western blotting techniques. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2,7, dicholoro dihydrofluoresceindiacetate (H2DCFDA) staining.Cell migration and invasion were monitored with Transwell chamber assay. Western blotting assay was used to determine the expression levels of proteins of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.Results: Swertiamarin induced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation of HeLa cervical cancer cells (p < 0.05). It also suppressed the colony formation potential of HeLa cells, and induced various structural modifications in HeLa cells. Swertiamarin exposure resulted in the formation of earlyapoptotic, late-apoptotic and necrotic cells, and significant modulation of apoptosis-allied proteins. It was observed that the migration and invasion of HeLa cells were potentially suppressed in dose-reliant fashion by swertiamarin. Western blotting results showed that the expressions of p-MEK and p-ERK were markedly reduced, while those of MEK and ERK were unaffected (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Swertiamarin exerts in vitro anticancer activity against cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Thus, it is promising for use in cervical cancer chemotherapy. However, there is need for confirmation of these findings through further in vivo and in vitro investigations.
Keywords: Swertiamarin, Gentianaceae, Triterpene Sapogenin, Cervical cance
Antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract in type 2 diabetic rats, and its mechanism of action
Authors: Anwer Tarique , Safhi Mohammed M. , Makeen Hafiz A. , Alshahrani Saeed , Siddiqui Rahimullah , Sivakumar SM , Shaheen Emad S. , Alam Mohammad Firoz 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To explore the antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in type 2 diabetic rats, and the underlying mechanisms.Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg/kg was given to high fat diet (HFD)- fed rats to induce type 2 diabetes. M. oleifera leaf extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were given to 3 groups of type 2 diabetic rats. The area under curve (AUC) of glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) were calculated using appropriate formulas, whereas levels of glucose,insulin, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα) were assayed using ELISA kits.Results: The leaf extract of M. oleifera significantly reduced the levels of glucose, insulin and cytokines in treated type 2 diabetic groups (p < 0.05). DC group had significantly increased AUC for glucose, whereas the extract-treated groups showed significant decrease in glucose AUC. There was significant decrease in insulin sensitivity parameters, as indicated by increase in HOMA-R and decrease in PPARγ levels in the DC group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with the M. oleifera extract reversed this trend via marked decrease in HOMA-R level and significant rise in PPARγ level. In contrast, the extract had no effect on DPP-IV concentration in diabetic treated groups (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results indicate that M. oleifera leaf extract mitigates hyperglycemia in type 2 DM by modulating hyperinsulinemia, PPARγ and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the extract is a potential source of drug for the management of type 2 DM.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
Protective effect of leaf extract of Ficus carica L. against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic toxicity in mice and HepG2 cell line
Authors: Hira Syeda , Gulfraz Muhammad , Naqvi S.M. Saqlan , Qureshi Rehmat Ullah , Gul Hina 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To determine the in vivo and in vitro hepatoprotective effects of Ficus carica.Methods: The methanol leaf extract of Ficus carica L was further fractionated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. For in vivo study, male albino mice were divided into twelve groups. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the mice using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The extract of F. carica and its fractions were administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was used as standardhepatoprotective drug. The protective effects of the extract and fractions were determined via assay of biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes in the liver. The histopathology of the liver was also studied. Moreover, the in vitro hepatoprotective effect of the extract and fractions against CCl4-induced damage was determined in HepG2 cell line.Results: There were significant increases in the serum levels of liver biomarkers in CCl4-treated group, whereas treatments with plant extract and fractions significantly reduced the levels of these parameters (p < 0.05). In addition, results from histopathology revealed evidence of protective effect of Ficus carica through reversal of CCl4-induced decreases in the activities of liver antioxidant enzymes.Conclusion: These results indicate that methanol leaf extract of Ficus carica L. and its fractions exert significant and dose-dependent hepatoprotective effects in vivo and in vitro.
Keywords: Ficus carica, Hepatoprotection, Carbon tetrachloride, Liver biomarkers
Effect of Hedyotis diffusa Willd extract on gouty arthritis in rats
Authors: Wang LanFang , OuYang Fang , Ma Yan , Sun Rui , Tan ShiWei , Xiao Liu , Yang QuanWei , Yang QuanWei 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Hedyotis diffusa Willd extract (HDWE) on gouty arthritis in rats.Method: Monosodium urate (MSU) crystal was injected into the ankle joint of rats to establish a rat model of gouty arthritis. HDWE (4.8, 9.6 and 19.2 g/kg) was administered to the rats treated with MSU crystals. The walking behavior of the rats was observed daily, and the gait score was calculated to evaluate the Oswestry disability index of rats. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in lavage fluid of articularcavities were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The synovial tissues of joint of control, model and 19.2 g/kg HDWE group rats were obtained and NLRP3 inflammasome was analysed by Western blot.Results: The results showed that HDWE ameliorated the symptoms of gouty arthritis and gait score in rats significantly (p < 0.05). Further pharmacological experiments showed that all doses of HDWE decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α (p < 0.05), and inhibited NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 protein expressions of the lavage fluid of articular cavities in MSU crystal-treated rats (p < 0.01).Conclusion: The results indicate that HDWE exhibits a significant effect in ameliorating gouty arthritis via inhibition NLRP3 inflammasome, and thus is a potential new drug choice for the treatment of gouty arthritis.
Keywords: Hedyotis diffusa, Caspase, Gouty arthritis, Inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3 inflammasom
Protective effect of Wuling mycelia, alone and in combination with valproic acid, on pentylenetetrazolinduced epilepsy in rats
Authors: Wei Liming , Cao Boqun , Jia Chen , Zhang Rui , Liu Yuting , Qiao Yujun 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To determine the inhibitory effects of Wuling mycelia, alone and in combination with valproic acid (VPA) on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizure in rats, and their protective effects on cognitive impairment.Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (sham), model, Wuling mycelia, VPA and combination groups. Rats in Wuling mycelia group were given oral Wuling mycelia alone at a dose of 594 mg/kg, while those in VPA group were given oral VPA alone at a dose of 189 mg/kg. In the combination group, rats received oral VPA at a dose of 189 mg/kg co-administered with Wuling mycelia at a dose of 594 mg/kg. One hour after the treatments, the control group was injected with physiological saline intraperitoneally, while the other four groups were injected with PTZ solution once a day for 28 days. Subsequently, seizure intensity, cognitive impairment, neuronal loss and hippocampal expressions of IL-1β, NF-ĸB/p65 and TLR4 were determine in all groups.Results: Combined use of Wuling mycelium and VPA significantly reduced the frequency and the grade of seizures (p <0.01), and also decreased the degree of cognitive impairment (p <0.05). There were marked increases in neuronal damage and hippocampal expression levels of NF-ĸB/p65, TLR4 and IL1β (inflammatory cytokines) in the model group (p < 0.05). However, these changes were reversed in the combination treatment group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Wuling mycelia is a potentially effective adjunct drug for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. The underlying mechanism might involve downregulations of NF-ĸB/p65, TLR4 and IL-1β.
Keywords: Wuling mycelia, Refractory epilepsy, Seizure, Traditional Chinese medicine, Hippocampal area, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway, IL-1β, NF-ĸB/p65, TLR4