bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical application of intravesical botulinum toxin A injection in patients with overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis
Authors: Jiang Yuan-Hong , Jhang Jia-Fong , Kuo Hann-Chorng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) has been widely used in several urological functional disorders including neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), overactive bladder (OAB), lower urinary tract dysfunction, and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Chronic inflammation is found in a large proportion of patients with OAB and IC/BPS. The chronic inflammation activates sensory afferents which resulting in central sensitization and bladder storage symptoms. Because BoNT-A can inhibit the sensory peptides released from the vesicles in sensory nerve terminals, the inflammation can be reduced and symptom subsided. Previous studies have demonstrated that the quality of life improved after BoNT-A injections, both in neurogenic and non-NDO. Although the use of BoNT-A in treatment of IC/BPS has not been approved by FDA, intravesical BoNT-A injection has been included in the AUA guideline as the fourth line therapy. Generally, intravesical injections of BoNT-A are well tolerated, though transient hematuria and urinary tract infection can occur after the procedure. In order to prevent these adverse events, experimental trials have been conducted to test if BoNT-A can be delivered into the bladder wall without intravesical injection under anesthesia such as using liposomes encapsulated BoNT-A or application of low energy shock wave on the bladder to facilitate BoNT-A penetrating across the urothelium and treat OAB or IC/BPS. This article reviews current clinical and basic researches of BoNT-A on OAB and IC/BPS.
Perceptions of undergraduate pharmacy students towards online assessments used during the COVID-19 pandemic in a public university in Malaysia
Authors: Abubakar Usman , Salehudin A'isyah Humaira' Mohd , Asri Nik Afiqah Athirah Nik Mohd , Rohi Nur Atiqah Mohammad , Ramli Nur Hasyimah , Khairuddin Nur Izzah Mohd , Izham Nur Fariesya Saiful , Nasrullah Siti Hajar , Sa’ad Auwal Adam 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of undergraduate pharmacy students towards online assessments used during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered, validated and pre-tested online questionnaire. The data were collected from December 2020 to January 2021 and analysed using descriptive and inferential tests.
Results: Of the 233 respondents (response rate: 72%), approximately 45% strongly disagree or disagree that online assessment is better than the conventional method of assessment. Only 23.6% were very satisfied or satisfied with online assessment, while 28.8% were very dissatisfied or dissatisfied. About 80% experienced problems with online assessment including failure of portal/online server (63.5%), slow or failure of internet connection (45.5%) and a problem with laptop/gadget (40.8%). Females, final year students, and those who have access to very fast internet speed had significantly better perceptions towards online assessment.
Conclusion: Undergraduate pharmacy students have negative perceptions towards online assessment used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the students experienced difficulties with online assessment and this may affect their performances. The challenges identified should be addressed in order to improve the use of online assessment in the future.
Konstrukti Moderasi Beragama melalui Pembacaan Matius 23:25-32
Authors: Triposa Reni , Yulianto Broto 
Published: March 2022

Moderasi beragama bukan merupakan tugas penganut agama tertentu, namun menjadi konsern seluruh elemen bangsa. Dalam Kekristenan sikap moderasi beragama memiliki makna yang jauh lebih mendalam dari makna secara umum. Sesuai ajaran Alkitab, sikap tersebut bukan merupakan tuntutan atau tugas namun justru sebagai kebutuhan hidup yang melekat bagi umat percaya. Riset ini memuat tujuan mendeskripsikan pemahaman moderasi beragama sesuai dengan kajian Matius 23:25-32. Hal ini penting disampaikan mengingat saat ini terdapat pemahaman yang tidak tepat mengenai moderasi beragama dalam lingkup orang percaya. Metode riset mempergunakan deskriptif kualitatif dengan studi pustaka. Hasil riset menemukan bahwa moderasi beragama yang Tuhan ajarkan mengandung sikap mulia yaitu kesadaran diri sebagai makhluk yang lemah-bergantung sepenuhnya pada Tuhan. Fokus hidup hanya kepada Tuhan, mengasihiNya dengan segenap hati dan mengasihi sesama menjadi tindakan yang menyertai. Moderasi beragama dibutuhkan agar umat Tuhan terhindar dari rasa cinta diri atau narsis, kesombongan dan memandang rendah orang lain sehingga akan memunculkan konflik dan penderitaan orang lain. Kehidupan yang moderat dalam beragama sesuai iman Kristen didasarkan kepada kasih, penguasaan diri, kelemahlembutan, kesabaran, damai dan sukacita yang terlahir sebagai buah Roh Tuhan. Prinsip utama moderasi beragama sesuai iman Kristen adalah bahwa sikap tersebut merupakan sebuah kebutuhan hidup yang melekat pada semua umat percaya karena di dalamnya mengandung relasi mendalam bersama dengan Tuhan dan berunsur buah-buah Roh.
Menggereja dalam Ruang Pluralitas Sosial
Authors: Simanjuntak Roy Martin 
Published: March 2022

Hidup menggereja adalah sebuah aktualisasi iman dalam masyarakat, yang mampu meghadirkan Allah di tengah dunia. Gereja seringkali melupakan perannya di tengah masyarakat karena terfokus kepada masalah-masalah spiritualitas secara interen. Panggilan hidup menggereja dalam bingkai relasi sosial sebenarnya sebuah upaya gereja dalam menciptakan dan membangun dimensi-dimensi sosial di dalam masyarakat dengan tujuan supaya gereja berpartisifasi dalam membangun persatuan, keharmonisan dalam bermasyarakat dan bernegara. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan beberapa hal yang harus dipahami oleh orang percaya di dalam hidup menggereja; pertama hidup menggereja dalam bingkai relasi sosial memiliki dasar teologis. Kedua, hidup menggereja di tengah bangsa Indonesia harus memahami keragaman dalam beragama, kekayaan budaya serta memahami adanya kesenjangan sosial dalam masyarakat. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini studi pustaka dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif.
Menggereja yang Ramah dalam Ruang Virtual: Aktualisasi Iman Kristen Merawat Keragaman
Authors: Arifianto Yonatan Alex , Anjaya Carolina Etnasari 
Published: March 2022

Sikap beragama yang moderat sangat diperlukan demi terjaganya prinsip kebhinekaan di negara ini. Umat percaya sebagai bagian komponen bangsa memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menghidupkan nilai-nilai iman Kristen dalam ruang virtual sebagai wujud tugas menerangi dan menggarami dunia. Penelitian bertujuan menyampaikan pemahaman moderasi beragama bagi umat percaya dan cara praksis menjalankannya dalam kehidupan ruang virtual masa kini. Metode riset adalah pendekatan jenis kualitatif deskriptif melalui studi pustaka. Riset memberikan simpulan terdapat dua cara bermoderasi bagi umat percaya: pertama dalam lingkup internal agama Kristen atau lingkup umat percaya melalui upaya membangun satu suara dan satu warna dalam iman di ruang virtual. Kedua, lingkup eksternal dalam berhubungan dengan penganut agama lain yaitu melalui harmonisasi: menghargai ajaran dan keyakinan agama lain. Cara pertama moderasi di lingkup internal agama Kristen melalui sikap antara lain: satu, merespon semua perbedaan dalam kedewasaan iman tanpa pertentangan, perselisihan dan upaya mempertanyakan. Dua, mengubah energi perselisihan menjadi energi untuk pertobatan Tiga, menjalin dialog bersama dalam kesatuan umat untuk menciptakan satu sikap iman dalam kasih. Empat, membentuk budaya Kristen dalam kehidupan ruang virtual dan membangun komitmen. Cara Kedua bermoderasi dalam lingkup eksternal yaitu membangun hubungan dengan penganut agama lain dengan melalui harmonisasi. Tindakan konkritnya: satu, gereja bersatu komitmen fokus membangun iman jemaat. Dua, membentuk model penginjilan atau misi dalam ruang virtual yang mengedepankan kasih, kepedulian, kelemahlembutan. Tiga, membentuk komunitas masyarakat untuk mengkampanyekan sikap moderasi beragama dan cinta tanah air dengan prinsip kebhinekaan dalam ruang virtual. Empat, umat percaya secara aktif memenuhi ruang virtual dengan mengumandangkan narasi keagamaan yang berdasarkan kebenaran firman Tuhan. Moderasi beragama bagi umat Tuhan sangat dibutuhkan, tidak hanya untuk menjaga keutuhan bangsa namun juga sebagai penjaga keutuhan iman pada Tuhan.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF INDONESIAN OIL PALM SMALLHOLDERS
Authors: Varina Firna 
Published: March 2022

The paper compares technical efficiencies and technological gap ratios for oil palm
smallholders in islands/regions of Indonesia. A stochastic metafrontier model was applied to
estimate the technological gap and compare on-farm technical efficiency. The results provide
empirical evidence of heterogeneity in production technology across smallholders located in
different regions. The results may provide support for specific agricultural policy regionally, in
terms of supported farmer schemes and improvement of managerial capabilities of farmers on
using of resources efficientl
Effect of 3.5 wt% NaCl and Cathodic Charging on the Atomic Strain Distribution of a Plastically Deformed AA 7004
Authors: Agrawal Rahul Kumar , Raja V. S. 
Published: March 2022

The effects of environments in altering the atomic strain distribution in AA 7004 while subjected to slow strain rate testing to environmentally assisted cracking are investigated. Two different temper conditions—one where predominantly G.P. zones are present and the other with predominantly η′/η precipitates were chosen for the present study. Three different test environments—glycerol (Gly), 3.5 wt% NaCl (OCP), and 3.5 wt% NaCl with 100 mV cathodic charging vs. open-circuit potential (CP) were used. Under the above environmental conditions, the alloy aged at 140°C for 24 h, containing predominantly G.P. zones, showed the existence of the tensile nonshear components of the strain. On the other hand, the alloy aged at 140°C for 48 h, containing predominantly η′/η precipitates, showed only one of the two nonshear strain components that were tensile in nature, with a simultaneous reduction in the shear component of strain. The work highlights that the effects of the environment on the deformation behavior of the alloy are evident by way of alterations in strain distribution at the atomic level, which could possibly explain the increase in dynamic recovery for the microstructure containing primarily the G.P. zones, and the decrease in dynamic recovery for microstructures consisting predominantly of η′/η precipitates.
Securities Litigation Event Studies in the Covid Volatility Regime
Authors: Feinstein Steven , Villanueva O. Miguel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEvent studies play a central role in class action securities fraud litigation. Event studies are used to assess market efficiency, price impact, loss causation, and damages, all of which are essential elements of a securities fraud claim. However, a substantial increase in market-wide volatility, such as what happened in 2020 with the Covid-19 pandemic, can render the standard event study methodology unreliable. In these periods, the usual distributional assumptions for t-tests of significance produce too many false positives. In this paper, we examine the extent of the problem and propose a solution that employs the empirical distribution of the t-statistic during the Covid period to adjust the critical test statistic value. We demonstrate this methodology with an application using the 19 constituents of the consumer durables index S5CODU in PreCovid and Covid period samples, and with an evaluation of earnings announcement effects on stock prices. We show the methodology restores correct test size, eliminating excess spurious significance, while preserving substantial test power to correctly identify significant events in the Covid period.
Sensitivity of low-level clouds and precipitation to anthropogenic aerosol emission in southern West Africa: a DACCIWA case study
Authors: Deroubaix Adrien , Menut Laurent , Flamant Cyrille , Knippertz Peter , Fink Andreas H. , Batenburg Anneke , Brito Joel , Denjean Cyrielle , Dione Cheikh , Dupuy Régis , Hahn Valerian , Kalthoff Norbert , Lohou Fabienne , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Siour Guillaume , Tuccella Paolo , Voigt Christiane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract. During the West African summer monsoon, pollutants emitted in urbanized coastal areas modify cloud cover and precipitation patterns. The Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) field campaign provided numerous aircraft-based and ground-based observations, which are used here to evaluate two experiments made with the coupled WRF–CHIMERE model, integrating both the direct and indirect aerosol effect on meteorology. During one well-documented week (1–7 July 2016), the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the diurnal cycle of low-level clouds and precipitation are analyzed in detail using high and moderate intensity of anthropogenic emissions in the experiments. Over the continent and close to major anthropogenic emission sources, the breakup time of low-level clouds is delayed by 1 hour, and the daily precipitation rate decreased by 7.5 % with the enhanced anthropogenic emission experiment (with high aerosol load). Despite the small modifications on daily average of low-level cloud cover (+2.6 %) with high aerosol load compared to moderate, there is an increase by more than 20 % from 14:00 to 22:00 UTC on hourly average. Moreover, modifications of the modeled low-level cloud and precipitation rate occur far from the major anthropogenic emission sources, to the south over the ocean and to the north up to 11∘ N. The present study adds evidence to recent findings that enhanced pollution levels in West Africa may reduce precipitation.
From emission scenarios to spatially resolved projections with a chain of computationally efficient emulators: coupling of MAGICC (v7.5.1) and MESMER (v0.8.3)
Authors: Beusch Lea , Nicholls Zebedee , Gudmundsson Lukas , Hauser Mathias , Meinshausen Malte , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Producing targeted climate information at the local scale, including major sources of climate change projection uncertainty for diverse emissions scenarios, is essential to support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Here, we present the first chain of computationally efficient Earth system model (ESM) emulators that allow for the translation of any greenhouse gas emission pathway into spatially resolved annual mean temperature anomaly field time series, accounting for both forced climate response and natural variability uncertainty at the local scale. By combining the global mean, emissions-driven emulator MAGICC with the spatially resolved emulator MESMER, ESM-specific and constrained probabilistic emulated ensembles can be derived. This emulator chain can hence build on and extend large multi-ESM ensembles such as the ones produced within the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The main extensions are threefold. (i) A more thorough sampling of the forced climate response and the natural variability uncertainty is possible, with millions of emulated realizations being readily created. (ii) The same uncertainty space can be sampled for any emission pathway, which is not the case in CMIP6, where only a limited number of scenarios have been explored and some of the most societally relevant strong mitigation scenarios have been run by only a small number of ESMs. (iii) Other lines of evidence to constrain future projections, including observational constraints, can be introduced, which helps to refine projected ranges beyond the multi-ESM ensembles' estimates. In addition to presenting results from the coupled MAGICC–MESMER emulator chain, we carry out an extensive validation of MESMER, which is trained on and applied to multiple emission pathways for the first time in this study. By coupling MAGICC and MESMER, we pave the way for rapid assessments of any emission pathway's regional climate change consequences and the associated uncertainties.
FromSatsaṅgto Stage: Negotiating Aesthetic Theologies and Aspirational Subjectivities in a North IndianBhajanCompetition
Authors: Virani Vivek 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMalvi nirguṇ bhajans, songs once used primarily for spiritual contemplation, are now being performed onstage in a variety of new contexts. I argue that these contexts are more than commercial opportunities and provide performers the opportunity to engage in new processes of self-authorship that I term “aspirational subjectivities.” These subjectivities amalgamate spiritual frameworks of aspiration derived from mystical poetry, socioreligious frameworks of aspiration inspired by lower-caste activist movements, and socioeconomic frameworks of aspiration spurred by India's neoliberal zeitgeist. This article demonstrates how musicians negotiate spiritual, social, and economic aspirational subjectivities through performance practice to overcome long-internalized stigmas of caste discrimination.
Motivating Traditional Musicians to Learn a Heritage Language in Gaelic Nova Scotia
Authors: Sparling Heather , MacIntyre Peter , Baker Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is urgent that we learn how to motivate learners of threatened heritage languages. Motivational theories, however, are weakened when they consider heritage languages in isolation from the rest of the culture in which they are enmeshed. By drawing on psycholinguist Zoltán Dörnyei's L2 Motivational Self System to analyze interviews with ten traditional musicians from Nova Scotia with varying degrees of Gaelic fluency, we find that musical knowledge inspires and enriches their language learning and vice versa. It is the interviewees’ holistic understanding of Gaelic culture, as well as the culture's links to community and heritage, that motivates them.
Білім беру жҥйесінің қажетті қҧралымыретінде қашықтықтан оқытуды жаңарту
Authors: Данике М.К. 
Published: March 2022

В современных социально-экономических условиях одной из задач системы образования в различных странах является получение широкими слоями населения качественного и доступного образования. И на сегодняшний день это возможно осуществить с применением информационных технологий. Информационные технологии считаются важнейшим фактором, влияющим на качество образования. Современная система образования обладает достаточно фундаментальной базой, позволяющей готовить всесторонне развитую личность, но с наступлением информационной эры и глобализации в образовании необходима ее модернизация с применением новых подходов к организации образовательного процесса. В данной статье рассматривается определение понятия «информационные технологии», их категории, история развития дистанционного обучения как отдельный вид информационных технологий, а также предложены пути по модернизации технологии дистанционного обучения.
Қазіргі әлеуметтік-экономикалық жағдайда әртүрлі елдердегі білім беру жүйесінің міндеттерінің бірі халықтың кең топтарының сапалы және қолжетімді білім алуы болып табылады.Бүгінгі таңда бұлақпараттық технологияларды қолдану арқылы жүзеге асырылады. Ақпараттық технологиялар білім сапасына әсер ететін маңызды фактор болып саналады. Қазіргі заманғы білім беру жүйесі жан-жақты дамыған тұлғаны дайындауға мүмкіндік беретін жеткілікті іргелі негізге ие, бірақ ақпараттық дәуірдің басталуымен және білім берудегі жаһанданумен білім беру процесін ұйымдастырудың жаңа тәсілдерін қолдана отырып, оны жаңарту қажет. Аталғанмақалада "Ақпараттық технологиялар" ұғымының анықтамасы, олардың категориялары, ақпараттық технологиялардың жеке түрі ретінде қашықтықтан оқытудың даму тарихы қарастырылады, сонымен қатар қашықтықтан оқыту технологиясын модернизациялау жолдары ұсынылады.
Perspektif Medis dan Teologis Terhadap Transgender sebagai Acuan bagi Gereja dalam Bersikap
Authors: Kurniawan Andreas , Setiawan Tjutjun , Hermanto Yanto Paulus , Simanjuntak Ferry 
Published: March 2022

Transgender phenomena are often found in people's lives, especially in the field of work such as fashion, beauty salons, the world of entertainment and others. Many of them change their physique and appearance by performing medical procedures, namely surgery. In this study, the researcher formulates how the medical and theological perspectives on transgender are as a reference for the church in acting. The researcher used descriptive qualitative method with a literature review approach. The result of this research is that transgender is a sin from a theological perspective because it is not in accordance with biblical truth, and God is able to restore their souls without changing their physical bodies. Meanwhile, medically for cases where it is not clear what the gender is and requires medical action such as surgery, medically it must first be ascertained that the body and innate organs are not followed by psychological factors. The church must take Jesus as an example in the attitude of hating sin but loving sinners and helping these transgender people with pastoral care.Â ABSTRAKFenomena transgender banyak dijumpai dalam kehidupan masyarakat terutama pada bidang pekerjaan seperti fashion, salon kecantikan, dunia entertainmen dan lain-lain. Banyak dari antara mereka yang mengubah fisik dan penampilan dengan melakukan tindakan medis yaitu tindakan operasi. Dalam penelitian ini Peneliti merumuskan bagaimana perspektif medis dan teologis terhadap transgender sebagai acuan bagi gereja dalam bersikap.Â Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptifÂ dengan pendekatan kajian literatur.Â Hasil dari penelitianÂ iniÂ adalahÂ bahwa transgenderÂ itu dosa dipandang dari perspektif teologis karena tidak sesuai dengan kebenaran alkitab, dan Allah sanggup memulihkan jiwa mereka tanpa merubah fisik mereka. Sedangkan secara medis untuk kasus yang tidak jelas apa jenis kelaminnya dan membutuhkan tindakan medis seperti operasi maka secara medis harus dipastikan terlebih dahulu tubuh dan organ tubuh bawaan, bukan mengikuti faktor kejiwaannya. Gereja harus menjadikanÂ Yesus sebagai teladan dalam bersikap yaituÂ membenci dosa tetapi mengasihi orang berdosa dan menolongÂ kaum transgender ini dengan pendampingan pastoral.Â Kata Kunci: LBGT; Trangender, Iman Kristen, Sikap Gereja, Mengasihi Sesama.