bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agency Costs and Strategic Speculation in the U.S. Stock Market
Authors: Pasquariello Paolo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the notion that agency-driven information asymmetry may affect a firm’s stock liquidity. I postulate that less uncertainty about managerial agency problems may enhance liquidity provision by lowering dealers’ perceived adverse selection risk from trading with better-informed speculators. Consistent with my conjecture, I find that the staggered adoption of antitakeover provisions across U.S. states in the 1980s and 1990s — a plausibly exogenous shock unambiguously reducing the threat of (and speculators’ information advantage about) value-enhancing intervention — robustly improves the stock liquidity of affected firms relative to peer firms, especially at prior high fundamental or agency uncertainty and with poor governance. (JEL D22, G14, G34)
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
A participatory approach to tracking system transformation in clusters and innovation ecosystems—Evolving practice in Sweden’s Vinnväxt programme
Authors: Wise Emily , Eklund Moa , Smith Madeline , Wilson James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For decades, cluster initiatives and funding programmes have been used as instruments of industrial and innovation policy—addressing system failures by strengthening linkages among actors, fostering innovation, and developing more effective innovation systems. More recently, a growing segment of these initiatives are also focused on driving system-level transformation and contributing to broader societal benefits. This segment is characterized by larger-scale and longer-term strategic efforts involving a variety of stakeholders across different parts of society, aimed at contributing to addressing societal challenges. These characteristics are shared with the emerging frame of transformative innovation policy, which highlights the importance of embedded practices of learning and reflexivity to enable continuous monitoring of progress and inform and adapt the direction of systemic change processes—requiring new approaches to governance and evaluation. Despite deep experience with implementing cluster programmes and other systemic innovation policy instruments, practitioners still struggle with monitoring and evaluation. Current approaches focus on evidencing strengthened innovation (and economic effects) on the level of firms and research actors, and fail to capture contributions on the level of the broader system. This article presents an evolving approach for tracking system transformation in clusters and collaborative innovation initiatives. Through an interactive, co-development process with initiatives in the Swedish Vinnväxt programme, this research proposes a definition and set of system effect categories for cluster initiatives. It tests a participatory approach for tracking their contribution to system-level change over time, providing an initial case on which to build and apply in other transformative innovation programmes.
Work-Life Balance of Nursing Faculty: A Scoping Review
Authors: Moyer Susan M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

AIM
This scoping review examined the work-life balance (WLB) of nursing faculty.

BACKGROUND
The nursing faculty shortage has resulted in increasing workloads that make it challenging for faculty to achieve WLB. Understanding WLB may be important for strengthening the nursing faculty workforce.

METHOD
This study used Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review methodology to examine articles published between January 2000 and December 2020 that reported on the WLB of nursing faculty. All articles were eligible for inclusion, including those that used quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method research approaches, as well as editorials and other summary articles.

RESULTS
Thirty-three articles were included in the review. Three major categories emerged: perceptions of WLB, characteristics associated with WLB, and strategies to achieve WLB among nursing faculty.

CONCLUSION
Research on the WLB of nursing faculty is limited. Further research on strategies that improve WLB may play an integral role in the recruitment and retention of nursing faculty.
Phakic intraocular lens explantation: series of 175 surgeries
Authors: Marques João Heitor , Baptista Pedro Manuel , Abreu Ana Carolina , Monteiro Sílvia , Pinto Maria do Céu 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the indications for pIOL explantation, pIOL survival time, and visual outcomes and access endothelial cell loss (ECL) after explantation.

Setting:
Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Portugal.

Design:
Retrospective longitudinal study.

Methods:
A chart review was performed for all consecutive patients who underwent pIOL explantation from January 2010 to December 2019 in a single center.

Results:
This study included 175 eyes of 112 patients (77% women). The mean pIOL survival was 12.9 ± 4.8 (3.7 to 28.6) years, and the mean follow-up period after explantation was 4.1 ± 3.0 (0.3 to 9.9) years. The most frequent causes for explantation were cataract formation (44.0%, n = 77) and ECL (50.3%, n = 88). During the follow-up period after explantation, the mean ECL rate was 2.27 ± 9.32%/year in the cataract group and −2.14 ± 10.24%/year in the ECL group, reflecting a positive change in cell density in the latter. 8 eyes (4.6%) required a corneal transplant during the follow-up. The mean corrected distance visual acuity was 0.17 ± 0.24 logMAR at the last visit.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated that pIOL explantation, after a mean survival time of 13 years, was a safe procedure. The main causes for explantation were cataract formation and ECL. Most patients showed a sustained improvement in visual acuity and endothelial cell density after pIOL explantation, and yet its timing should be ideal to avoid irreversible complications.
Clinical features, management, and outcomes of expulsive choroidal hemorrhage during cataract surgery: 13-year experience of a tertiary eye center
Authors: Shekhar Madhu , Menon Ramya P. , Rajendran Janani , Kannan Naresh Babu , Das Mano Ranjan , Rajendrababu Sharmila , Balakrishnan Logesh , Mishra Chitaranjan 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To study the risk factors, clinical features, management, and outcomes of intraoperative expulsive choroidal hemorrhage (ECH) during cataract surgery.

Setting:
Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Design:
Retrospective hospital-based study.

Methods:
Of the 1 167 250 patients who underwent cataract surgery between 2008 and 2020, patients diagnosed with intraoperative ECH were included. Demography, ocular and systemic risk factors, visual acuity, type of ocular anesthesia, intraoperative and postoperative records, management, and surgical outcomes were analyzed.

Results:
52 eyes (0.004%) of 1 167 250 patients had ECH. Of the 52 cases, 43 cases (incidence rate 0.006%) were reported in the years 2008 to 2015 and 9 cases (incidence rate 0.002%) in the years 2016 to 2020. The change in the ocular anesthesia from peribulbar and retrobulbar anesthesia (2008 to 2015) to sub-Tenon anesthesia (2016 to 2020) was associated with a reduced rate of ECH (P = .002). 28 eyes (53.8%) experienced limited ECH and 24 eyes (46.2%) full-blown ECH. The visual outcome was better in eyes with limited ECH compared with full-blown suprachoroidal hemorrhage in all follow-up visits. The median vision (interquartile range) before the cataract surgery and at postoperative day 1 were 1.30 (0.78 to 2.60) and 2.45 (1 to 2.75), respectively. The median final vision (interquartile range) after the secondary surgical intervention was 2.2 (0.60 to 2.60).

Conclusions:
This series included 52 eyes with ECH, recognized associations of ECH with different types of anesthesia and with different cataract surgical procedures, and described management of ECH. Postoperative visual outcome was poor.
The Situated Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills Model of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Persons Living With HIV in Haiti: A Qualitative Study Incorporating Culture and Context
Authors: Puttkammer Nancy , Emmanuel Demes Joseph Adrien , Dervis Witson , Chéry Jean Marcxime , Elusdort Josette , Haight Elizabeth , Balan Jean Gabriel , Simoni Jane M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To inform a clinic-based adherence-promotion intervention, this qualitative study applied the Situated Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills Model of Care Initiation and Maintenance to elucidate cultural and contextual factors affecting antiretroviral therapy adherence in Haiti. From the 23 focus group discussions with patients (n = 58) and health care workers (n = 57), culturally specific themes emerged relating to Information (e.g., conflicts with allopathic medicine and heuristics about how treatment failure occurs), Motivation (e.g., protecting family members, health and physical appearance, material advantages, and relationships with health workers), and Behavioral Skills (e.g., managing food intake and side effects, navigating health services utilization, accessing medication, and advocating for care needs). Recommendations include: provide therapeutic education on HIV drug resistance; promote the concept of “undetectable = untransmittable”; develop treatment buddy relationships; invest in training and enforcement of patient privacy, transparency, and fairness in access to services and resources; and provide patient-centered behavioral skills counseling.
Risk Factor and Treatment of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia After Hysterectomy for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Kim Ju-Hyun , Kim Jooyoung , Kim Kidong , No Jae Hong , Kim Yong Beom , Suh Dong Hoon 
Published: March 2022

Objectives
The aim of the study were to identify the risk factors for recurrent vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN)1+ and to evaluate the efficacy of laser vaporization in patients who underwent hysterectomy for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Methods
Medical records of 374 women who underwent hysterectomy for the treatment of CIN were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrence was defined as VaIN1+ diagnosis by colposcopy-directed biopsy.

Results
Among 374 patients, 36 (9.6%) had VaIN1+ during a median follow-up of 32 (0–193) months: 13 (3.5%) had VaIN1, 6 (1.6%) VaIN2, 15 (4.0%) VaIN3, and 2 (0.5%) invasive cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that age of greater than 50 years was the only independent risk factor for VaIN1+ recurrence (odds ratio, 3.359; 95% CI, 1.60–7.07; p = .001). Among the 34 patients with VaIN, 21 (61.8%) were treated with laser vaporization and 11 (32.3%) were observed without treatment. Time to second recurrence was longer in the VaIN treated by laser vaporization group than that in the observation group (mean time to subsequent recurrence, 128.7 [95% CI, 101.4–156.0] vs. 41.8 [15.7–67.9] months; p = .003). Moreover, laser vaporization (hazard ratio, 0.125; 95% CI, 0.03–0.59; p = .009) was the only independent good prognostic factor for the second VaIN1+ recurrence.

Conclusions
Patients older than 50 years who underwent hysterectomy for the treatment of CIN might be highly at risk of VaIN1+. Laser vaporization is the only independent prognostic factor that might prevent the second VaIN1+ recurrence.
An Artificial Intelligence Computer-vision Algorithm to Triage Otoscopic Images From Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children
Authors: Habib Al-Rahim , Crossland Graeme , Patel Hemi , Wong Eugene , Kong Kelvin , Gunasekera Hasantha , Richards Brent , Caffery Liam , Perry Chris , Sacks Raymond , Kumar Ashnil , Singh Narinder 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
To develop an artificial intelligence image classification algorithm to triage otoscopic images from rural and remote Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

Study Design:
Retrospective observational study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Rural and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who underwent tele-otology ear health screening in the Northern Territory, Australia between 2010 and 2018.

Intervention(s):
Otoscopic images were labeled by otolaryngologists to classify the ground truth. Deep and transfer learning methods were used to develop an image classification algorithm.

Main Outcome Measures:
Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, area under the curve (AUC) of the resultant algorithm compared with the ground truth.

Results:
Six thousand five hundred twenty seven images were used (5927 images for training and 600 for testing). The algorithm achieved an accuracy of 99.3% for acute otitis media, 96.3% for chronic otitis media, 77.8% for otitis media with effusion (OME), and 98.2% to classify wax/obstructed canal. To differentiate between multiple diagnoses, the algorithm achieved 74.4 to 92.8% accuracy and an AUC of 0.963 to 0.997. The most common incorrect classification pattern was OME misclassified as normal tympanic membranes.

Conclusions:
The paucity of access to tertiary otolaryngology care for rural and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities may contribute to an under-identification of ear disease. Computer vision image classification algorithms can accurately classify ear disease from otoscopic images of Indigenous Australian children. In the future, a validated algorithm may integrate with existing telemedicine initiatives to support effective triage and facilitate early treatment and referral.
Cochlear Implant Electrode Misplacement: A Case Series and Contemporary Review
Authors: Shin Timothy J. , Totten Douglas J. , Tucker Brady J. , Nelson Rick F. 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
To determine root causes leading to misplaced cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays and discuss their management using a case series and contemporary literature review.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review and contemporary literature review.

Setting:
Single tertiary-referral center.

Patients:
Adult and pediatric patients who were diagnosed with a misplaced CI electrode array, excluding tip-foldover. Literature review was performed via a MEDLINE database PubMed query. All articles that described at least one case of extracochlear electrode array misplacement were included; partial insertions and extrusions were excluded.

Main Outcome Measure:
Extracochlear misplacement.

Results:
A total of 61 cases were reviewed, including 4 new cases and 57 cases from 29 previously published articles. We discuss management of CI arrays in the carotid canal, the vestibule, and the modiolus. The rate of CI misplacement is estimated to be 0.49%. The most frequent location of misplacement CI was the vestibular system (50.8%) followed by the internal carotid canal (11.5%). Normal cochlear anatomy was noted on preoperative computer tomography (CT) in 59.0% of patients; abnormalities were noted in 27.9%. The most common technical issue was misidentification or poor visualization of the round window.

Conclusion:
CI electrode misplacement is rare but can cause postoperative complications and may result in permanently diminished CI performance and hearing outcomes, even after revision surgery. Failure to identify the round window is the most common reason for CI misplacement, despite most patients having normal cochlear anatomy. Surgical strategies to localize the round window and basal turn are imperative for proper electrode placement.

Level of Evidence:
4.
A Novel Eustachian Tube Test: Preliminary Research of Sonotubometry With Nasopharynx Under Pressure
Authors: Li Jingyu , Ruan Kaian , Tan Songhua , Xie Lihong , Liu Lei , Liu Xinmiao , Tang Anzhou 
Published: March 2022

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to develop a novel Eustachian tube (ET) test consisting of sonotubometry with nasopharynx under pressure to measure opening of the ET. We assessed the advantages of this novel approach compared with those of sonotubometry only or tubomanometry only and explored the possibility of quantifying ET patency.

Study Design:
This was a prospective clinical study at a tertiary referral center.

Methods:
Sonotubometry, tubomanometry, and sonotubometry with nasopharynx under pressure were performed on a total of 106 ears. The ET-opening detection rates of the different test methods were compared with McNemar's test or Fisher's exact test. The correlation between the ET-opening latency index (R value) and nasopharyngeal pressure, as well as the correlation between the sound pressure of the external ear canal and the nasopharyngeal pressure, was assessed via Spearman's correlation coefficients.

Results:
ET openings were detected most frequently during sonotubometry with nasopharynx under pressure, with opening rates of 93.40, 98.10, and 98.10% at 30, 40, and 50 mbar, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of sonotubometry (80.20%) and tubomanometry (74.50, 86.80, and 90.60% at 30, 40, and 50 mbar, respectively). Both R values and sound pressures were significantly different at pressures of 30, 40, and 50 mbar; the R value decreased with the increase of nasopharyngeal pressure (r = −0.298, p
= 0.000), while the sound pressure increased with nasopharyngeal pressure (r = 0.251, p
= 0.000).

Conclusions:
Sonotubometry with nasopharynx under pressure represents a novel hybrid ET test that our findings suggest is superior to sonotubometry only and tubomanometry only in detecting ET openings in healthy ears. Sound pressure resulting from sonotubometry with nasopharynx under pressure may be useful for quantifying the degree of openness of the ET. However, further validation in both healthy subjects and patients with ET dysfunction is required before this novel ET test may be recommended for clinical use.
A Multi-site Case Study of Care Coordination Between Primary Care and Specialty Care
Authors: Charns Martin P. , Benzer Justin K. , McIntosh Nathalie M. , Mohr David C. , Singer Sara J. , Gurewich Deborah 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Care coordination is critical for patients with multiple chronic conditions, but fragmentation of care persists. Providers’ perspectives of facilitators and barriers to coordination are needed to improve care.

Objectives:
We sought to understand providers’ perspectives on care coordination for patients having multiple chronic diseases served by multiple providers.

Research Design:
Based upon our earlier survey of patients with multiple chronic conditions, we selected 8 medical centers having high and low coordination. We interviewed providers to identify facilitators and barriers to coordination and compare them between patient-rated high sites and low sites and between primary care (PC)-mental health (MH) and PC-medical/surgical specialty care.

Subjects:
Physicians, nurses and other clinicians in PC, cardiology, and MH (N=102) in 8 Veterans Affairs medical centers.

Results:
We identified warm handoffs, professional relationships, and physical proximity as facilitators, and service agreements, reporting relationships and staffing as barriers. PC-MH coordination was reported as better than PC-medical/surgical specialty coordination. Facilitators were more prevalent and barriers less prevalent in sites rated high by patients than sites rated low, and between PC-MH than between PC-specialty care.

Discussion:
We noted that professional relationships were highly related to coordination and both affected other facilitators and barriers and were affected by them. We suggested actions to improve relationships directly, and to address other facilitators and barriers that affect relationships and coordination. Among these is the use of the Primary Care Mental Health Integration model.
C-Reactive Protein in Bipolar Disorder and Unipolar Depression
Authors: Zhang Ximei , Li Xianyun , Tong Jinghui , Li Na , Zhang Fangfang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the pathological mechanism and differential diagnoses of bipolar disorder (BD) and unipolar depression (UD). We tested serum CRP levels of 176 BD and 86 UD patients, and 82 healthy controls (HCs), at acute and remission phases. In the acute phase, CRP levels were higher in BD than in UD patients and HC, and lower in UD patients than in HC. The CRP levels of BD patients in a manic episode were higher than those of HC; in a depressive or mixed episode, they were comparable to those of HC. The CRP levels of BD and UD patients during an acute depressive episode yielded an area under the curve of 0.676. CRP may be a state marker of acute manic episodes in BD and acute depressive episodes in UD, and a biomarker for distinguishing BD and UD.
Investigating Structure-Function Connectivity in a Patient With Locked-In Syndrome by 7 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tan Xufei , Sun Yuan , Gao Jian 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Functional neuroimaging studies have been conducted to investigate cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions in locked-in syndrome (LIS). This study, we used a multimodal neuroimaging approach to investigate functional and structural connectivity in a LIS patient.

Case Report:
A 39-year-old patient who was in a total locked-in state was admitted in our department. The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score, event-related potential, and ultra–high-field 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to investigate this patient. White matter connectometry and seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis were used to compare the patient with an age-matched, sex-matched healthy control. Diffusion MRI findings indicated that fibers in the brainstem significantly decreased, especially in the cross region of pons, whereas the fibers above the brainstem in the deep brain increased particularly in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), the left parietal lobe, and parts of the corpus callosum. Meanwhile, using the PCC as the seed region, the functional connectivity between PCC and left parietal and occipital lobes, right occipital and temporal lobes increased, respectively, especially in the area of left inferior parietal gyrus and the postcentral gyrus, which were in accordance with the most increased fiber density areas observed in diffusion MRI.

Conclusions:
These results provide tentative evidences to reveal the important role of PCC and corpus callosum in the LIS patient. These findings may be informative to the study of patients with LIS.