bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Chitosan Derivatives as Adjuvant for Nanoparticles Based
Vaccines
Authors: Maanvizhi Saba , Narayanan Ravi Ram 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Adjuvants have been used as one of the key components in modern-day vaccines to enhance the immune response or as a drug delivery carrier. Generally, vaccines are administered to protect the host against harmful disease-causing infectious pathogens. The area of vaccine delivery is reaching new heights day by day with the evolution of the strategies and tools used for vaccine development. Currently, the vaccine has created a great impact by saving the lives of enormous human beings.

Methods:
A narrative review of all the relevant papers were conducted across the databases of PubMed and ScienceDirect.

Results:
Based on the various studies performed in various animal models, the Chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) was reported to be a safe and effective adjuvant candidate for a wide range of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines that require a balanced and potent stimulation of both the cellular and humoral responses, due to its natural origin and good biocompatibility, as well as its lack of lethal toxicity to humans and animals.

Conclusion:
There was a tremendous shift in the paradigm of vaccine drug delivery from the use of conventional to novel adjuvants. For the development of a promising vaccine delivery system, adjuvant plays an irreplaceable role but the adjuvants had not been utilized to their full potential because of the limited number of approved adjuvants. Hence the search for novel adjuvants is highly increased. In the list of versatile adjuvants, chitosan derivatives occupy an important place because of their huge benefits. The chitosan derivatives are obtained by the chemical modification of chitosan. The studies performed on various animal models validate the potential use of chitosan as an adjuvant for vaccine delivery.
Dietary Xylitol Supplement Ameliorated AD-related Neuronal Injury by
Regulating Glucose Metabolism Relevant Amino Acids in Mice
Authors: Jin Mengjia , Ji Xintong , Zhu Xiaozheng , Shou Yikai , Ge Zhiwei , Wang Huanhuan 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common irreversible degenerative
diseases of the central nervous system. Recent studies have found that patients with AD generally
experience abnormal glucose metabolism. Xylitol is a functional sugar alcohol, which has been reported
to regulate glucose metabolism.

Objective:
The present study was designed to determine whether xylitol can alleviate cognitive impairment
in AD mice.

Methods:
In the current research, 5% xylitol was supplemented in the diet to treat APP/PS1 transgenic
AD mice for 2 months. Cognitive ability was measured by the Morris water maze, and anxiety-like
behaviors were examined by open-field experiment. Hippocampal cellular apoptosis and mitochondria
pathway related apoptotic proteins were tested by TUNEL staining and immunoblotting, respectively. By
LC-MS, plasma levels of glucose metabolism intermediates and related amino acids were evaluated.

Results:
Results showed that xylitol could significantly ameliorate anxiety-like activity in AD mice by
partially regulating expression levels of mitochondrial pathway-related apoptotic proteins. Xylitolregulated
glucose metabolism may play an important role in the process.

Conclusion:
The current study suggests that xylitol may be a potential candidate for improving neuropsychiatric
behavior in AD by regulating the levels of TCA cycle intermediates and related amino acids
in glucose metabolism.
Targeting T Cell Metabolism as a Novel Approach for Treatment of MS:
With a Focus on PFKFB3 Inhibitors
Authors: Vakili Mahsa Eshkevar , Shah Mohammadi Fateme Nezhad , Ataollahi Mohammad Reza , Shams Keivan , Eklund Kari K. , Daryabor Gholamreza , Kalantar Kurosh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the organ-specific autoimmune diseases in which immune cells invade the neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) due to loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Consequently, inflammation and demyelination take place in the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of MS is not completely understood. However, it seems that T cells, especially Th17 cells, have an important role in the disease development. In recent years, studies on manipulation of metabolic pathways with therapeutic targets have received increasing attention and have had promising results in some diseases such as cancers. Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway and plays an important role in the differentiation of T CD4+ cell toward its subsets, especially the Th17 cells. This suggests that manipulation of glycolysis, by for example using appropriate safe inhibitors of this pathway, can represent a means to affect the differentiation of T CD4+, thus reducing inflammation and disease activity in MS patients. Hence, in this study we aimed to discuss evidence showing that using inhibitors of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3(PFKFB3), as the main regulator of glycolysis, may exert beneficial effects on MS patients.
Roasting Process in a Pellet Shaft Furnace
Authors: Liang Ruquan , Zhang Aiying 
Published: September 2022

Background:
The pellet shaft furnace is widely used to roast pellets, which is essential
for the blast furnace burden structure; however, the study on the roasting process in the pellet shaft
furnace is very critical for obtaining high-quality pellets.

Objective:
A theoretical model of the pellet roasting process in the pellet furnace (8 m2) has been
developed on the basis of reaction engineering. The present study aims at investigating the roasting
process in the pellet shaft furnace by taking into account gas flow and heat transfer so that a reasonable
structural design for the shaft furnace can be obtained.

Methods:
A numerical model for an 8m2 pellet shaft furnace has been developed on the basis of reaction
engineering by taking into account gas flow, heat exchange between pellets and gas, and oxidation
reaction of pellets.

Results:
The results show that four reaction zones (preheating, roasting, soaking, and cooling) exist
obviously in the pellet shaft furnace. About 80% coolant gas flows through the gas coolant passage
in the roasting zone, and the non-uniformity of coolant gas in the cooling zone exists under normal
operative conditions. Furthermore, effects of some operation conditions on the distributions of process
variables in the furnace are also examined. The numerical results are in agreement with industrial
experiment results.

Conclusion:
The results reveals that the non-uniform flow of gas occurs in the cooling zone. The
non-uniform flow of gas greatly affects the cooling effect. The present results can provide a theoretical
basis for the prediction of the furnace process, the optimization of operation and the rational
design of furnace shape. At the same time, the present work is helpful in realizing the automatic
control and computer management of furnace production. In the future, the movement of pellets
should be observed by means of a visualized model experiment to verify that the descending movement
of pellets is approximately a potential flow in the furnace and piston flow except for the cooling
zone. In addition, the experimental study of a single pellet under a widely varying range of conditions
should be carried out to investigate the controlling step of oxidation reaction for pellets in
the furnace.
Mental Health Needs in COVID and Post-COVID Era-How Far
Can Telepsychiatry Address the Challenges?
Authors: Bhaumik Udayan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract:
The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 has resulted in extensive social regulations and
affected many aspects of life. It has led to significant stress and adversely impacted mental
health across the globe. The virus has been found to directly increase neuropsychiatric sequelae
in those affected. Various psychosocial factors have also increased the incidence and prevalence
of mental health problems worldwide. There was a need for a ramp-up of psychiatric
services to support individuals in such a situation. Even after the pandemic, there is a need for
improving access to mental health services for the mentally ill as well as those affected by the
regulations brought about to tackle the pandemic. Telepsychiatric services are in place
throughout the world in different forms and are the answer to bridging the mental health gap
during and in the aftermath of the pandemic. Hence, it is important to continue developing and
enhancing tele psychiatric services in different countries for supporting and treating individuals
affected by the pandemic.
Proyecto integrador, como generador de competencias y resultados de aprendizaje
Authors: Rodriguez Parra Patricia , Vargas Guzman Fabio Eduardo 
Published: September 2022

Introduction: The integrative project (IP) has been positioned in Higher Education Institutions as the high-quality pedagogical tool that allows to establish on the one hand the process of formative research, applied in both disciplinary and transversal subjects; this directly impacts the community of students, teachers and companies, which leads to constant dialogues that enrich the construction and apprehension of knowledge. Materials and/or Methods: as qualitative descriptive research, the work with the business administration and systems engineering programs was carried out through participating teachers from a pedagogical network of professional support interested in sharing significant experiences, so different programs were taken into account, the purpose is to establish the methodology to carry out the application of IP and the subsequent learning result with a left-wing thinking to bone product right to the micro curriculum integrated into a project, which for this case is derived from the program in question. Results: an analysis of concepts and the location in the operability within the project was established, development matrices for the implementation, monitoring and control some of them consistent with those that the Higher Education Institutions of Colombia have been generating, however, the corresponding variables applicable to each program. Conclusions: Interdisciplinary work is of vital recognition the need to take into account the transversal and disciplinary subjects as an articulator of learning requires two-way communication processes this allows integral formation.
Definition and Classification of Postoperative Complications After Cardiac Surgery: Pilot Delphi Study
Authors: Lapp Linda , Bouamrane Matt-Mouley , Roper Marc , Kavanagh Kimberley , Schraag Stefan 
Published: September 2022

BackgroundPostoperative complications following cardiac surgery are common and represent a serious burden to health services and society. However, there is a lack of consensus among experts on what events should be considered as a “complication” and how to assess their severity.ObjectiveThis study aimed to consult domain experts to pilot the development of a definition and classification system for complications following cardiac surgery with the goal to allow the progression of standardized clinical processes and systems in cardiac surgery.MethodsWe conducted a Delphi study, which is a well-established method to reach expert consensus on complex topics. We sent 2 rounds of surveys to domain experts, including cardiac surgeons and anesthetists, to define and classify postoperative complications following cardiac surgery. The responses to open-ended questions were analyzed using a thematic analysis framework.ResultsIn total, 71 and 37 experts’ opinions were included in the analysis in Round 1 and Round 2 of the study, respectively. Cardiac anesthetists and cardiac critical care specialists took part in the study. Cardiac surgeons did not participate. Experts agreed that a classification for postoperative complications for cardiac surgery is useful, and consensus was reached for the generic definition of a postoperative complication in cardiac surgery. Consensus was also reached on classification of complications according to the following 4 levels: “Mild,” “Moderate,” “Severe,” and “Death.” Consensus was also reached on definitions for “Mild” and “Severe” categories of complications.ConclusionsDomain experts agreed on the definition and classification of complications in cardiac surgery for “Mild” and “Severe” complications. The standardization of complication identification, recording, and reporting in cardiac surgery should help the development of quality benchmarks, clinical audit, care quality assessment, resource planning, risk management, communication, and research.
Challenges of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management From the Perspective of Patients: Conventional Content Analysis
Authors: Nikpour Soghra , Mehrdad Neda , Sanjari Mahnaz , Aalaa Maryam , Heshmat Ramin , Khabaz Mafinejad Mahboobeh , Larijani Bagher , Nomali Mahin , Najafi Ghezeljeh Tahereh 
Published: September 2022

Background
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) face significant challenges in the treatment process, which can have a negative impact on disease management. Proper management of the disease can reduce symptoms and complications, improve glycemic indices, and reduce mortality and readmission.

Objective
Given the influential role of patients in prevention and self-care, this study was conducted to explore the challenges of diabetes management from the perspective of patients.

Methods
Two rounds of focus group discussions with T2DM patients were conducted. The principal investigator of the study and a research assistant compiled a list of volunteer patients with names and contact information and selected participants based on their medical information. Participants were chosen via a purposive sampling technique. The questions were designed to encourage patients to share their views on how the treatment team communicates and participates in treatment, how they are trained, and the health care system. The discussion continued until data saturation. During 2 rounds of focus group discussions, the voices of the participants were recorded by 2 voice recorders, and one of the team members was a transcriber. After discussion, participant views were transcribed, and common issues were identified, sorted, and reported as categories and subcategories.

Results
According to the conventional content analysis, 88 primary codes were extracted from the detailed and in-depth description of the participants. The codes were summarized after repeated readings and classified based on their similarities and semantic relevance. Through analysis and comparison, 4 categories and 7 subcategories were identified: communication challenges (poor medical staff communication, lack of psychological support), challenges to participation in treatment (lack of patient participation), educational challenges (training program bugs, inadequate training), and challenges of the health care system (inefficiency of the care system, caregiver inefficiency).

Conclusions
This study showed that the treatment team members should pay more attention to the challenges of care and treatment from the perspective of patients with T2DM. Therefore, recommendations for future policies to overcome these obstacles include establishing a multidisciplinary health care team; using trained health care workers to provide organized treatment and care services; holding individual counseling sessions with patients in need of counseling; and providing counseling services, involving patients in the treatment and self-care process, and designing a comprehensive diabetes education program with an emphasis on education. Necessary information should be provided to the patients, and effective communicate should address patient concerns.
Evaluating real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness using a test-negative case–control design
Authors: Reynolds Matthew W , Secora Alex , Joules Alice , Albert Lisa , Brinkley Emma , Kwon Tom , Mack Christina , Toovey Stephen , Dreyer Nancy A 
Published: September 2022

Aim:
It is important to assess if clinical trial efficacy translates into real-world effectiveness for COVID-19 vaccines.
Materials & methods:
We conducted a modified test-negative design (TND) to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of three COVID-19 vaccines. We defined cases in two ways: self-reported COVID-19-positive tests, and self-reported positive tests with ≥1 moderate/severe COVID-19 symptom.
Results:
Any vaccination was associated with a 95% reduction in subsequently reporting a positive COVID-19 test, and a 71% reduction in reporting a positive test and ≥1 moderate/severe symptom.
Conclusion:
We observed high effectiveness across all three marketed vaccines, both for self-reported positive COVID-19 tests and moderate/severe COVID-19 symptoms. This innovative TND approach can be implemented in future COVID-19 vaccine and treatment real-world effectiveness studies.
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier:
NCT04368065
.
Regulation of Medical Waste Management Based on Green Legislation in the Era of Omnibus Law
Authors: Nurmardiansyah Eko , Wahyati Y. Endang 
Published: September 2022

Abstracts: Medical waste management must be based on laws and regulations related to environmental protection and management, of course, as well as laws and regulations in the health sector because medical waste is leftover from the business and / or activities of health service facilities. The management of medical waste as part of the protection and management of the environment must certainly be in accordance with the direction of legal policies set by the state or government to achieve the goals and objectives of environmental protection and management, so that it can be understood, implemented, and enforced the principles or principles and legal norms in it comprehensively in accordance with the politics of environmental law. The implementation of national development must be pro-environment or protect the environment in accordance with the principles of sustainable development that ensure the survival and maintenance of the carrying capacity of the environment for the lives of the next generations. Keywords: · Medical Waste · Green Constitution · Green Legislation · Principle. Abstrak: Pengelolaan limbah medis wajib mendasarkan pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan PPLH dan tentunya juga peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang kesehatan karena limbah medis merupakan sisa dari usaha dan/atau kegiatan dari Fasyankes. Pengelolaan limbah medis sebagai bagian dari PPLH tentu harus sesuai dengan arah kebijakan hukum yang ditetapkan oleh negara atau pemerintah untuk mencapai tujuan dan sasaran dari PPLH, agar dapat dipahami, dilaksanakan, dan ditegakkannya prinsip-prinsip atau asas-asas dan norma hukum yang ada di dalamnya secara komprehensif sesuai dengan politik hukum lingkungan. Penyelenggaraan pembangunan nasional haruslah bersifat prolingkungan atau melindungi lingkungan hidup sesuai dengan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) yang menjamin kelangsungan hidup dan terpeliharanya daya dukung lingkungan untuk kehidupan generasi-generasi selanjutnya.Kata Kunci: · Limbah Medis · Konstitusi Hijau · Peraturan Perundang-undangan Berbasis Lingkungan · Asas.
Effect of moving from being extensively managed out in pasture into training on the incidence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Icelandic horses
Authors: Luthersson Nanna , Ýr Þorgrímsdóttir Úndína , Harris Patricia A. , Parkins Tim , Bennet Euan D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To investigate equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) in Icelandic horses moving from pasture into training.

ANIMALS
81 horses (median age, 3 years; interquartile range, 1 year) from 10 farms representing 4 different Icelandic regions.

PROCEDURES
Initial gastroscopy was undertaken within 2 weeks of moving from pasture into a training establishment. A total of 71 horses underwent endoscopic examination again 8 weeks later. Various management and behavioral factors were assessed through face-to-face questionnaires with the owners or trainers. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors contributing to any change in ESGD and EGGD severity score during the 8-week training period.

RESULTS
Incidence of EGGD and ESGD in this feral population was similar to that found in domesticated horses. ESGD incidence (severity score, ≥ 2; score range, 0 to 4) reduced from an initial 71.6% (58/81) to 25.4% (18/71). On multivariable analysis, sex (ie, being a stallion or a female vs gelding) increased the likelihood of ulcer grade reduction. Being fed preserved forage 3 or more times a day also improved the likelihood of ESGD reduction (odds ratio, 17.95; 95% CI, 1.67 to 193.40; P = .017). Overall, the farm explained 35% of the variance, confirming the importance of management factors. Incidence of EGGD (severity score, ≥ 1; score range, 0 to 2) reduced from 47% (38/81) to 40.8% (29/71) during the same period. No measured variables were associated significantly with EGGD incidence or reduction.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Pasture provision (without supplementary feed or forage) does not result automatically in a low incidence of gastric ulcers. Regular provision of preserved forage is a key factor in reducing ESGD incidence.
Procedural Specifics of Consumer Dispute Resolutions in Slovakia
Authors: Gešková Katarína 
Published: September 2022

Summary
The substantive provisions protecting the consumer in contractual relations belong to the reality of European and Slovak national law, which no one dares to doubt anymore. These norms are of such importance that they have fundamentally influenced the nature of civil law in general. In order for civil procedure to fulfil its basic function in this area, that is, to protect and enforce substantive law and to be a means of protecting subjective rights and legally protected interests, it must ‘keep up’ with the development of substantive law. Procedural law ensures the fullfilment of consumer rights as well. This article crearly describes the procedural specifics of consumer dispute resolutions in Slovakia. It brings the overview of the system of procedural protection as o whole but also focuses deeper on specifics of consumer disputes in standard civil procedure before general courts. The article also briefly describes the system of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and system of consumer procedural protection in administrative and criminal proceedings.
Asymmetric Position of Consumer and Burden of Proof in Hungarian Civil Procedure
Authors: Nagy Adrienn 
Published: September 2022

Summary
Author of this contribution analyses the rules of the Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure and relevant case law in aim to find out if there is a special rule on taking evidence in consumer disputes. He concludes that there is no such special rule but some general rules of Code of Civil Procedure and provisions of Civil Code containing special rules on the burden of proof in some consumer cases help consumers to assert their rights in court proceedings..
Consumer Dispute Resolution in Austria
Authors: Frössel Andreas 
Published: September 2022

Summary
The author of this contribution deals with specifics of consumer disputes in Austrian civil procedure law. He analyses special provisions that address consumers in dispute resolution and general procedural rules that do not specifically apply to consumers but have their major impact on consumers. He gives an overview on the caselaw of the Austrian Supreme Court in which the Court has introduced several ways to protect the interests of consumers.