bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Role of the Land Surface on Convection Using High‐Resolution Model Forecasts Over the Southeastern United States
Authors: Henderson David S. , Otkin Jason A. , Mecikalski John R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe influence of the Unified Noah and Noah‐MP land surface models (LSMs) on the evolution of cumulus clouds reaching convective initiation (CI) is assessed using infrared brightness temperatures (BT) from GOES‐16. Cloud properties from individual cloud objects are examined using output from high‐resolution (500 m horizontal grid spacing) model simulations. Cloud objects are tracked over time and related to observed clouds reaching CI to examine differences in cloud extent, longevity, and growth rate. The results demonstrate that differences in assumed surface properties can lead to large discrepancies in the net surface radiative budget, particularly in the sensible and latent heating components where differences exceed 40 W m−2. These differences lead to changes in the local mesoscale circulation patterns that are more pronounced near the edges of forested and grassland boundaries where lower‐level convergence is stronger. Higher sensible heating from the Noah‐MP LSM produced growth of CI clouds earlier and with increased longevity, which was closer to the timing and growth observed from GOES‐16. The increased cloud growth in the Noah‐MP experiment results from stronger and deeper updrafts, which lofts more cloud water into the upper levels of the troposphere. The weaker updrafts from the Noah LSM experiment results in shallower convection after CI is detected due to slower growth rates. The differences in cloud properties and growth are directly related to the land surfaces they develop above and point to the importance of accurately representing land properties and radiative characteristics when simulating convection in numerical weather prediction models.
Investigation of the Reaction of Schumann Resonances to Short Transient Geophysical Events Under the Influence of Atmospheric Electromagnetic Noise
Authors: Poklad Yu. V. , Ryakhovsky I. A. , Gavrilov B. G. , Ermak V. M. , Kozakova E. N. , Achkasov N. S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe interference of electromagnetic signals from lightning discharges in the frequency range below 100 Hz is the source of a global electromagnetic phenomenon in the Earth's atmosphere known as the Schumann resonance (SR). Changes in the parameters of SR signals caused by geophysical disturbances make it possible to study the state and dynamics of the lower ionosphere. When calculating the SR parameters, there are problems associated with the impact of electromagnetic interference of natural and anthropogenic origin. The main natural sources of interference are signals associated with the radiation of nearby lightning discharges, as well as the influence of the Alfvén ionospheric resonator. The paper presents a new method for calculating the SR parameters, which makes it possible to find the spectra distorted by interference, mention above, and exclude them from further processing. The developed technique significantly increased the temporal resolution of the obtained data on the frequency and amplitude of the SR. Due to this, it became possible to study the influence of fast heliogeophysical disturbances (such as solar X‐ray flares) on the lower ionosphere and, as a consequence, on the parameters of the SR. An analysis of the experimental data made it possible to establish a linear dependence of the SR frequency on the logarithm of the X‐ray flux in the range up to 0.2 nm during a class X solar flare.
Unraveling the Deep‐Sea Sedimentary Record of Ice Sheet History
Authors: Cowan Ellen A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIce rafted debris (IRD) is a proxy used to interpret the deep‐sea sedimentary record of ice sheet history. McKay et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021PA004404) focused on methods used to reconstruct past iceberg presence around Antarctica using IRD from deep‐sea sediment cores and address the efficacy of the following three common methodologies of IRD quantification: counting clasts >2 mm in x‐radiographs; the sieved weight percent of the medium‐to‐coarse sand fraction (250 μm–2 mm); and volumetric estimates of the >125 μm sand fraction using laser particle size analysis. A high correlation occurred between IRD percentage determined by sieve analysis and visual clast counts using radiograph analysis. Although each method has pros and cons that are considered by the authors, the separation of coarse sand (>250 μm–2 mm) from fine‐grained sediment by sieving provided the cleanest signal. In addition, IRD grains can be used for paleoenvironment or provenance analyses providing more complete marine ice sheet paleorecords. This thorough analysis highlights a topic that has been previously overlooked and has become increasingly important in understanding the response of marine ice sheets to a warming atmosphere and ocean.
Quantifying the Cryptic Topography of the High Plains
Authors: Bogolub Kyren R. , Jones Craig H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe origin of the presently high topography of the High Plains of the western United States has been a topic of considerable debate. We remove the directly quantifiable effects of thrust loading and post‐Early Cretaceous sedimentation to identify topography supported by subsurface means. We term this amount of unexplained topography cryptic topography. To determine the amount of topography that can be attributed to sedimentation, thrust loading, and the flexural response of the lithosphere, we estimate the thickness and density of the sedimentary rocks that overly the Dakota Formation from well logs. We then calculate the flexure that results from the emplacement of these rocks as well as the thrust load of the Rocky Mountains. We then subtract these effects from the present day Dakota horizon. The results of removing these effects indicate that between ∼1 and 1.5 km of topography at the western edge of the High Plains is cryptic and demands some change in the deeper crust or mantle since the deposition of the Dakota Formation.
Influence of zinc levels and Nrf2 expression in the clinical and pathological changes in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Nie Ping , Lou Yan , Bai Xue , Zhu Yuexin , Guo Qiaoyan , Luo Ping , Zhang Weiguang , Li Bing 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective
We investigated the correlation between zinc levels and Nrf2 expression and potential effects on the clinicopathology of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods
We selected 30 patients with DN, diagnosed via renal biopsy at our hospital from March 2018 to November 2019, and enrolled 30 healthy individuals from a medical examination center as the control group. Patients with DN were divided into normal-zinc and low-zinc groups. We detected the levels of zinc, copper, and Nrf2 mRNA in their serum, and collected the clinical and pathological data of DN patients.

Results
Serum zinc level and Nrf2 mRNA expression were significantly decreased in patients with DN compared to those of healthy people (P < 0.05). Of the 30 patients, 16 had low zinc (53.3%) and 14 had normal zinc levels (46.7%). There was no significant difference in the blood Nrf2 mRNA expression between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, the expression of Nrf2 in the kidney tissue of the low-zinc group was significantly lower compared to the normal-zinc group (P < 0.05). Diastolic blood pressure and copper levels were significantly higher in the low-zinc group (P < 0.05). In contrast, body mass index, red blood cell count, Hb level, and the ratio of zinc to copper were significantly lower in the low-zinc group (P < 0.05). The pathological classifications of the low-zinc group were more severe (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Patients with DN were more likely to have zinc deficiency and lower expression of Nrf2. Additionally, DN patients with zinc deficiency were prone to have more severe clinical and pathological manifestations.
DNA methylation changes associated with cannabis use and verbal learning performance in adolescents: an exploratory whole genome methylation study
Authors: Wiedmann Melina , Kuitunen-Paul Sören , Basedow Lukas Andreas , Wolff Max , DiDonato Nataliya , Franzen Julia , Wagner Wolfgang , Roessner Veit , Golub Yulia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe association between extent of chronic cannabis use (CCU-extent) and cognitive impairment among adolescents has been the subject of controversial debate. Linking DNA methylation to CCU-extent could help to understand cannabis associated changes in cognitive performance. We analyzed cognitive task performances, CpG methylation in peripheral whole-blood samples and self-reported past-year CCU-extent ofn = 18 adolescents (n = 9 psychiatric outpatients with chronic cannabis use (CCU),n = 9 without) who were matched for age, gender and psychiatric disorders. Patients with CCU were at least 24 h abstinent when cognitive tasks were performed. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out to identify group differences in whole genome DNA methylation. Mediation analyses were performed between CCU-extent associated CpG sites and CCU-extent associated variables of cognitive tasks. PCA results indicated large differences in whole genome DNA methylation levels between the groups that did not reach statistical significance. Six CpG sites revealed reduced methylation associated with CCU-extent. Furthermore, CCU-extent was associated with lower scores in verbal learning. All six CpG sites mediated the effects between CCU-extent and verbal learning free recall. Our results indicate that CCU is associated with certain patterns in the methylome. Furthermore, CCU-extent associated impairments in memory function are mediated via differential methylation of the six CCU-associated CpG sits. Six identified CpG are located in genes previously described in the context of neurodegeneration, hippocampus-dependent learning and neurogenesis. However, these results have to be carefully interpreted due to a small sample size. Replication studies are warranted.
ErbB2/Her2-dependent downregulation of a cell death-promoting protein BLNK in breast cancer cells is required for 3D breast tumor growth
Authors: Liu Xiaoyang , Chipurupalli Sandhya , Jiang Peijia , Tavasoli Mahtab , Yoo Byong Hoon , McPhee Michael , Mazinani Sina , Francia Giulio , Kerbel Robert S. , Rosen Kirill V. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA significant proportion of breast cancers are driven by ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein that they overexpress. These malignancies are typically treated with various ErbB2-targeted drugs, but many such cancers develop resistance to these agents and become incurable. Conceivably, treatment of ErbB2-positive cancers could be facilitated by use of agents blocking oncogenic signaling mechanisms downstream of ErbB2. However, current understanding of these mechanisms is limited. The ability of solid tumor cells to resist anoikis, cell death triggered by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM), is thought to be critical for 3D tumor growth. In an effort to understand the mechanisms of ErbB2-driven breast cancer cell anoikis resistance we found that detachment of non-malignant breast epithelial cells from the ECM upregulates a cell death-promoting tumor suppressor adapter protein BLNK and that ErbB2 blocks this upregulation by reducing tumor cell levels of transcription factor IRF6. We further observed that trastuzumab, a therapeutic anti-ErbB2 antibody, upregulates BLNK in human trastuzumab-sensitive but not trastuzumab-resistant ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, we established that BLNK promotes anoikis by activating p38 MAP kinase and that ErbB2-dependent BLNK downregulation blocks breast cancer cell anoikis. In search for pharmacological approaches allowing to upregulate BLNK in tumor cells we found that clinically approved proteasome inhibitor bortezomib upregulates IRF6 and BLNK in human breast cancer cells and inhibits their 3D growth in a BLNK-dependent manner. In addition, we found that BLNK upregulation in human ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells blocks their ability to form tumors in mice. Furthermore, we used publicly available data on mRNA levels in multiple breast cancers to demonstrate that increased BLNK mRNA levels correlate with increased relapse-free survival in a cohort of approximately 400 patients with ErbB2-positive breast cancer. In summary, we discovered a novel mechanism of ErbB2-driven 3D breast tumor growth mediated by ErbB2-dependent BLNK downregulation.
Structural and dynamic mechanisms of GABAA receptor modulators with opposing activities
Authors: Zhu Shaotong , Sridhar Akshay , Teng Jinfeng , Howard Rebecca J. , Lindahl Erik , Hibbs Ryan E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstractγ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels abundant in the central nervous system and are prolific drug targets for treating anxiety, sleep disorders and epilepsy. Diverse small molecules exert a spectrum of effects on γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors by acting at the classical benzodiazepine site. They can potentiate the response to GABA, attenuate channel activity, or counteract modulation by other ligands. Structural mechanisms underlying the actions of these drugs are not fully understood. Here we present two high-resolution structures of GABAA receptors in complex with zolpidem, a positive allosteric modulator and heavily prescribed hypnotic, and DMCM, a negative allosteric modulator with convulsant and anxiogenic properties. These two drugs share the extracellular benzodiazepine site at the α/γ subunit interface and two transmembrane sites at β/α interfaces. Structural analyses reveal a basis for the subtype selectivity of zolpidem that underlies its clinical success. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into how DMCM switches from a negative to a positive modulator as a function of binding site occupancy. Together, these findings expand our understanding of how GABAA receptor allosteric modulators acting through a common site can have diverging activities.
NiPS3 ultrathin nanosheets as versatile platform advancing highly active photocatalytic H2 production
Authors: Ran Jingrun , Zhang Hongping , Fu Sijia , Jaroniec Mietek , Shan Jieqiong , Xia Bingquan , Qu Yang , Qu Jiangtao , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Cairney Julie M. , Jing Liqiang , Qiao Shi-Zhang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHigh-performance and low-cost photocatalysts play the key role in achieving the large-scale solar hydrogen production. In this work, we report a liquid-exfoliation approach to prepare NiPS3 ultrathin nanosheets as a versatile platform to greatly improve the light-induced hydrogen production on various photocatalysts, including TiO2, CdS, In2ZnS4 and C3N4. The superb visible-light-induced hydrogen production rate (13,600 μmol h−1 g−1) is achieved on NiPS3/CdS hetero-junction with the highest improvement factor (~1,667%) compared with that of pure CdS. This significantly better performance is attributed to the strongly correlated NiPS3/CdS interface assuring efficient electron-hole dissociation/transport, as well as abundant atomic-level edge P/S sites and activated basal S sites on NiPS3 ultrathin nanosheets advancing hydrogen evolution. These findings are revealed by the state-of-art characterizations and theoretical computations. Our work for the first time demonstrates the great potential of metal phosphorous chalcogenide as a general platform to tremendously raise the performance of different photocatalysts.
A single-cell atlas of the multicellular ecosystem of primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Yiming , Yang Aiqing , Quan Cheng , Pan Yingwei , Zhang Haoyun , Li Yuanfeng , Gao Chengming , Lu Hao , Wang Xueting , Cao Pengbo , Chen Hongxia , Lu Shichun , Zhou Gangqiao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a paradigm of the relation between tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor development. Here, we generate a single-cell atlas of the multicellular ecosystem of HCC from four tissue sites. We show the enrichment of central memory T cells (TCM) in the early tertiary lymphoid structures (E-TLSs) in HCC and assess the relationships between chronic HBV/HCV infection and T cell infiltration and exhaustion. We find theMMP9+macrophages to be terminally differentiated tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and PPARγ to be the pivotal transcription factor driving their differentiation. We also characterize the heterogeneous subpopulations of malignant hepatocytes and their multifaceted functions in shaping the immune microenvironment of HCC. Finally, we identify seven microenvironment-based subtypes that can predict prognosis of HCC patients. Collectively, this large-scale atlas deepens our understanding of the HCC microenvironment, which might facilitate the development of new immune therapy strategies for this malignancy.
Superconductivity from energy fluctuations in dilute quantum critical polar metals
Authors: Volkov Pavel A. , Chandra Premala , Coleman Piers 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSuperconductivity in low carrier density metals challenges the conventional electron-phonon theory due to the absence of retardation required to overcome Coulomb repulsion. Here we demonstrate that pairing mediated by energy fluctuations, ubiquitously present close to continuous phase transitions, occurs in dilute quantum critical polar metals and results in a dome-like dependence of the superconducting Tc on carrier density, characteristic of non-BCS superconductors. In quantum critical polar metals, the Coulomb repulsion is heavily screened, while the critical transverse optical phonons decouple from the electron charge. In the resulting vacuum, long-range attractive interactions emerge from the energy fluctuations of the critical phonons, resembling the gravitational interactions of a chargeless dark matter universe. Our estimates show that this mechanism may explain the critical temperatures observed in doped SrTiO3. We provide predictions for the enhancement of superconductivity near polar quantum criticality in two- and three-dimensional materials that can be used to test our theory.
Insights into the activity of nickel boride/nickel heterostructures for efficient methanol electrooxidation
Authors: Qi Yanbin , Zhang Yue , Yang Li , Zhao Yuhan , Zhu Yihua , Jiang Hongliang , Li Chunzhong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDesigning efficient catalysts and understanding the underlying mechanisms for anodic nucleophile electrooxidation are central to the advancement of electrochemically-driven technologies. Here, a heterostructure of nickel boride/nickel catalyst is developed to enable methanol electrooxidation into formate with a Faradaic efficiency of nearly 100%. Operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy are applied to understand the influence of methanol concentration in the methanol oxidation reaction. High concentrations of methanol inhibit the phase transition of the electrocatalyst to high-valent electro-oxidation products, and electrophilic oxygen species (O* or OH*) formed on the electrocatalyst are considered to be the catalytically active species. Additional mechanistic investigation with density functional theory calculations reveals that the potential-determining step, the formation of *CH2O, occurs most favorably on the nickel boride/nickel heterostructure rather than on nickel boride and nickel. These results are highly instructive for the study of other nucleophile-based approaches to electrooxidation reactions and organic electrosynthesis.
Metagenome sequencing and 768 microbial genomes from cold seep in South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Huan , Wang Minxiao , Wang Hao , Chen Hao , Cao Lei , Zhong Zhaoshan , Lian Chao , Zhou Li , Li Chaolun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCold seep microbial communities are fascinating ecosystems on Earth which provide unique models for understanding the living strategies in deep-sea distinct environments. In this study, 23 metagenomes were generated from samples collected in the Site-F cold seep field in South China Sea, including the sea water closely above the invertebrate communities, the cold seep fluids, the fluids under the invertebrate communities and the sediment column around the seep vent. By binning tools, we retrieved a total of 768 metagenome assembled genome (MAGs) that were estimated to be >60% complete. Of the MAGs, 61 were estimated to be >90% complete, while an additional 105 were >80% complete. Phylogenomic analysis revealed 597 bacterial and 171 archaeal MAGs, of which nearly all were distantly related to known cultivated isolates. In the 768 MAGs, the abundant Bacteria in phylum level included Proteobacteria, Desulfobacterota, Bacteroidota, Patescibacteria and Chloroflexota, while the abundant Archaea included Asgardarchaeota, Thermoplasmatota, and Thermoproteota. These results provide a dataset available for further interrogation of deep-sea microbial ecology.
Characterization, stability, and feasibility of long-term use of light-absorbing components of aqueous spinach extract-based photogalvanic electrolyte
Authors: Koli Pooran 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the present work, the photogalvanic cells have been studied with respect to the photo-stability and the long-term use of the electrolyte based on crude aqueous spinach extract sensitizer for solar energy harvesting. Further, the nature of chemical components present in the old and photo-decayed electrolyte and their current generation capacity has also not been investigated so far otherwise it is of much significance for durable use of the same electrolyte in cells. In earlier studies, the steady-state photo-generation of current for about two hours from crude spinach extract-based cell has been shown during illumination. But, the data for only two hours of the steady-state current generation is not sufficient to show the feasibility of working with photogalvanic cells. Therefore, to fill this research gap of lack of characterization of sensitizers’ molecules of crude spinach extract and lack of study on long-term use of this electrolyte (crude spinach extract-surfactant-reductant-alkali-water), the present extensive study has been done. The observed spectrum of crude spinach extract resembles that of chlorophyll–protein complex showing it is the main chemical component in extract absorbing light. A strong acid adversely affects the extract’s photogalvanics and high pH is friendly to the physiological and photogalvanic activity of the extract. The spectra of illuminated and very old crude spinach extract-NaOH-Sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS)-Fructose photogalvanic electrolyte solution show negligible absorbance (540–700 nm) and zero absorbance (at 700 nm) suggesting the absence of chlorophyll due to its photo-degradation. When this photo-degraded electrolyte is again illuminated, the power output obtained is nearly equal to that for the first time illuminated fresh electrolyte. The observed current at zero time and after 2641 h from the same electrolyte used in long term is 50 mA cm−2 and 40 mA cm−2, respectively. It means that the fresh crude spinach extract, as well as the photo-degraded extract at high pH, are almost equally capable of power generation.
On representation formulas for optimal control: A Lagrangian perspective
Authors: Kim Yeoneung , Yang Insoon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper studies the representation formulas for finite‐horizon optimal control problems with or without state constraints, unifying two different viewpoints: the Lagrangian and dynamic programming frameworks. In a recent work by Lee and Tomlin [1], the generalised Lax formula is obtained via dynamic programming for optimal control problems with state constraints and non‐linear systems. We revisit the formula from the Lagrangian perspective to provide a unified framework for understanding and implementing the non‐trivial representation of the value function. Our simple derivation makes direct use of the Lagrangian formula from the theory of Hamilton–Jacobi equations. We also discuss a rigorous way to construct an optimal control using a δ‐net, as well as a numerical scheme for controller synthesis via convex optimisation.