bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR volumetry in detection of brain atrophic changes in MS patients and its implication on disease prognosis: retrospective study
Authors: El Garhy Nermeen Mahmoud , El Toukhy Marwan M. , Fatouh Mona Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It may lead to disability and cognitive impairment. Our study aimed at evaluation of the role of MR volumetry technique in detection of brain atrophic changes in patients with multiple sclerosis and its impact on disease prognosis.

Results
This study was carried out on thirty healthy control with mean age 26.23 years and thirty patients with remitting relapsing multiple sclerosis, with a mean age of 28.18 years. Patients with multiple sclerosis were distributed across six subgroups based on the z-score cut-off of − 1.96 for regional and whole brain atrophy. We found that 2 patients (6.6%) showed no thalamic or brain atrophy, 28 patients (93.3%) showed whole brain atrophy only and 10 patients (33.3%) showed both, thalamic and BP atrophy. No patients showed only thalamic atrohy, 4 patients showed whole brain atrophy with other structure atrophy rather than thalamus (13.3%), 10 patients with whole brain and more than one structure atrophy (33.3%). Relation between subgroups and degree of increase in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as well as presence of cognitive decline were assessed. No significant relation were found between RRMS patients subgroups with whole brain atrophy, subgroup with isolated thalamic atrophy or subgroup with multiple structure atrophy and increase of EDSS or cognitive decline.

Conclusion
We found that MRI volumetry is a very useful technique in the assessment of the atrophic changes that occur as a consequence of multiple sclerosis affecting the whole brain, deep grey matter as well as corpus callosum. Although our study did not prove significant relation between presence of brain atrophic changes and disability or cognitive impairment, presence of atrophy warrants careful clinical evaluation of those patients to detect any possible further progression of disability or cognitive decline.
Proposed New Dynamic Prognostic Index for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: International Metabolic Prognostic Index
Authors: Mikhaeel N. George , Heymans Martijn W. , Eertink Jakoba J. , de Vet Henrica C.W. , Boellaard Ronald , Dührsen Ulrich , Ceriani Luca , Schmitz Christine , Wiegers Sanne E. , Hüttmann Andreas , Lugtenburg Pieternella J. , Zucca Emanuele , Zwezerijnen Gerben J.C. , Hoekstra Otto S. , Zijlstra Josée M. , Barrington Sally F. 
Published: March 2022

PURPOSE Baseline metabolic tumor volume (MTV) is a promising biomarker in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our aims were to determine the best statistical relationship between MTV and survival and to compare MTV with the International Prognostic Index (IPI) and its individual components to derive the best prognostic model. METHODS PET scans and clinical data were included from five published studies in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Transformations of MTV were compared with the primary end points of 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) to derive the best relationship for further analyses. MTV was compared with IPI categories and individual components to derive the best model. Patients were grouped into three groups for survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier analysis; 10% at highest risk, 30% intermediate risk, and 60% lowest risk, corresponding with expected clinical outcome. Validation of the best model was performed using four studies as a test set and the fifth study for validation and repeated five times. RESULTS The best relationship for MTV and survival was a linear spline model with one knot located at the median MTV value of 307.9 cm3. MTV was a better predictor than IPI for PFS and OS. The best model combined MTV with age as continuous variables and individual stage as I-IV. The MTV-age-stage model performed better than IPI and was also better at defining a high-risk group (3-year PFS 46.3% v 58.0% and 3-year OS 51.5% v 66.4% for the new model and IPI, respectively). A regression formula was derived to estimate individual patient survival probabilities. CONCLUSION A new prognostic index is proposed using MTV, age, and stage, which outperforms IPI and enables individualized estimates of patient outcome.
The 64Zn-based production route to 64Cu β
± emitter using accelerator-driven 14 MeV fusion neutrons
Authors: Capogni Marco , Capone Mauro , Colangeli Andrea , Dellepiane Gaia , Fazio Aldo , Frisoni Manuela , Pillon Mario , Pietropaolo Antonino 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The development of personalized medicine is important to avoid unnecessary and expensive treatments. The theranostic approach is an established tool for specific molecular targeting, both for diagnostics and therapy. Radionuclides used for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals are typically produced in nuclear fission reactors or bio-medical cyclotrons. Here, an alternative route for producing an emerging theranostic radionuclide, namely 64Cu, is investigated by using 14 MeV fusion neutrons produced by the Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG) at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre. Samples of zinc (natural and 64Zn-enriched) were irradiated and characterized, in turn being measured at high-level metrological conditions, at the Radioactivity Laboratory of ENEA-INMRI located in Casaccia Research Centre. The results achieved in the experiments are presented and compared to those obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and previously published experimental data.
Fetal Exposure to Cannabis and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes: The Healthy Start Study
Authors: Moore Brianna F , Sauder Katherine A , Shapiro Allison L B , Crume Tessa , Kinney Gregory L , Dabelea Dana 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of fetal exposure to cannabis on adiposity and glucose-insulin traits in early life.Research Design and MethodsWe leveraged a subsample of 103 mother-child pairs from Healthy Start, an ethnically diverse Colorado-based cohort. Twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis (including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) were measured in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. Fetal exposure to cannabis was dichotomized as exposed (any cannabinoid &gt; limit of detection [LOD]) and not exposed (all cannabinoids &lt; LOD). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured via air displacement plethysmography at follow-up (mean age: 4.7 years). Glucose and insulin were obtained after an overnight fast. Generalized linear models estimated the associations between fetal exposure to cannabis with adiposity measures (fat mass [kg], fat-free mass [kg], adiposity [fat mass percentage], body mass index [BMI], and BMI z-scores) and metabolic measures (glucose [mg/dL], insulin [uIU/mL], and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]).ResultsApproximately 15% of the women had detectable levels of any cannabinoid, indicating fetal exposure to cannabis. Exposed offspring had higher fat mass (1.0 kg; 95% CI, 0.3-1.7), fat-free mass (1.2 kg; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0), adiposity (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.1-5.2), and fasting glucose (5.6 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.8-10.3) compared with nonexposed offspring. No associations were found with fasting insulin (in the fully adjusted model), HOMA-IR, BMI, or BMI z-scores.ConclusionsWe provide novel evidence to suggest an association between fetal exposure to cannabis with increased adiposity and fasting glucose in childhood, a finding that should be validated in other cohorts.
Altered Lipid Metabolism in Obese Women With Gestational Diabetes and Associations With Offspring Adiposity
Authors: Furse Samuel , Koulman Albert , Ozanne Susan E , Poston Lucilla , White Sara L , Meek Claire L 
Published: March 2022

AbstractContextGestational diabetes (GDM) affects 20 million women/year worldwide and is associated with childhood obesity. Infants of affected mothers have increased adiposity from birth, which leads to obesity in later life. However, it remains unknown whether the effect of GDM upon neonatal body composition is due to hyperglycemia alone or is mediated by other pathways.ObjectiveTo investigate plasma lipid profiles in obese women according to GDM diagnosis, infant birthweight percentiles, and adiposity.DesignProspective cohort from UPBEAT trial (ISRCTN 89971375).SettingHospital and community.Patients867 obese pregnant women recruited in early pregnancy, assessed at 28 weeks for GDM. Offspring anthropometry was assessed at birth.Outcome (Prespecified)Neonatal birth percentile and abdominal circumference.MethodsLipidomic profiling in the fasting plasma oral glucose tolerance test sample using direct infusion mass spectrometry. Analysis included logistic/linear regression, unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, ethnicity, UPBEAT trial arm, and fetal sex. The limit of significance was P = 0.05 for offspring anthropometry and P = 0.002 for lipidomic data.ResultsGDM in obese women was associated with elevated plasma concentrations of specific diglycerides [DG(32:0)] and triglycerides [TG(48:0), (50:1), (50:2)] containing fatty acids (16:0), (16:1), (18:0), and (18:1), consistent with increased de novo lipogenesis. In the whole cohort, these species were associated with birthweight percentile and neonatal abdominal circumference. Effects upon infant abdominal circumference remained significant after adjustment for maternal glycemia.ConclusionsIncreased de novo lipogenesis-related species in pregnant women with obesity and GDM are associated with measures of offspring adiposity and may be a target for improving lifelong health.
The mechanical forces that shape our senses
Authors: Phuong Le Anh , Kim Jin , Koehler Karl R. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTDeveloping organs are shaped, in part, by physical interaction with their environment in the embryo. In recent years, technical advances in live-cell imaging and material science have greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanical forces driving organ formation. Here, we provide a broad overview of the types of forces generated during embryonic development and then focus on a subset of organs underlying our senses: the eyes, inner ears, nose and skin. The epithelia in these organs emerge from a common origin: the ectoderm germ layer; yet, they arrive at unique and complex forms over developmental time. We discuss exciting recent animal studies that show a crucial role for mechanical forces in, for example, the thickening of sensory placodes, the coiling of the cochlea and the lengthening of hair. Finally, we discuss how microfabricated organoid systems can now provide unprecedented insights into the physical principles of human development.
Does Context Outweigh Individual Characteristics in Driving Voting Behavior? Evidence from Relocations within the United States
Authors: Cantoni Enrico , Pons Vincent 
Published: March 2022

We measure the overall influence of contextual versus individual factors (e.g., voting rules and media as opposed to race and education) on voter behavior, and explore underlying mechanisms. Using a US-wide voter-level panel, 2008–2018, we examine voters who relocate across state and county lines, tracking changes in registration, turnout, and party affiliation to estimate location and individual fixed effects in a value-added model. Location explains 37 percent of the cross-state variation in turnout (to 63 percent for individual characteristics) and an only slightly smaller share of variation in party affiliation. Place effects are larger for young and White voters. (JEL D12, D72, I20, J15, L82, R23)
ESCOLA PÚBLICA DE EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: desafios para a ampliação das redes da Baixada Fluminense
Authors: Costa Rejane Peres Neto , Nascimento Anelise Monteiro do 
Published: March 2022

Neste artigo discutimos como, em alguns municípios, vem se efetivando a ampliação da Educação Infantil mediante a universalização da Pré-escola, após a Lei 12.796/2013. O estudo qualitativo foi realizado na Baixada Fluminense, região metropolitana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados questionários semiestruturados aplicados aos responsáveis pela Educação Infantil nos municípios investigados e visitas às secretaria que realizaram a ampliação de vagas. Tais questionários foram aplicados nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2019, com o objetivo de identificar os enredos e os desafios que representam para as políticas locais a obrigatoriedade e universalização da pré-escola. Os principais resultados apontam para o pouco investimento na ampliação das redes públicas de Educação Infantil e para o aumento significativo da rede privada na região. As novas vagas para as turmas de pré-escola ocorreram principalmente em instituições que atendem o Ensino Fundamental. Também é problematizado os impactos da universalização da pré-escola para outras políticas para a Educação Infantil: como o atendimento à creche e a ampliação do horário integral. Passados oito anos, em 2021, as redes ainda precisam triplicar ou até quadriplicar seu atendimento, se a meta for a inclusão das crianças na escola pública como lhes é de direito. Esta pesquisa indaga às Secretarias de Educação sobre suas ações e questiona sobre elementos que as redes, por vezes, desconsideram em seus planejamentos.
Children’s general anaesthesia – parental preferences and information needs
Authors: Prasad Suneeta , Timms Laura , Uppal Sharon , Rodd Helen , Marshman Zoe 
Published: March 2022

Introduction The aim of this mixed methods study was to provide insight into the information needs of parents whose child received dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Methods The parents of 102 out of 113 children attending their dental general anaesthesia (DGA) appointment completed an interviewer-led questionnaire. Forty of these parents were followed up by telephone at least one week after their child’s DGA. Results The research revealed new insights into unmet information needs from the parents’ perspective (eg needing more information relating to food, ward waiting times, clothing, parking and regular medications) as well as identifying a need for more child centred resources. Parental preferences on the format of information delivery (eg via a mobile phone app, website or email) and timing of information delivery (eg giving pre and postoperative instructions at the assessment appointment) were also identified. Conclusions Seeking the views of parents highlighted the gap between clinicians’ perceptions of families’ DGA information needs and their actual need. The findings from this study will have implications for improving DGA information resources for both parents and children.
Macrobending loss in wrapped fiber optic for load detections
Authors: Widiyatmoko Bambang , Rofianingrum Mefina Y. , Hanto Dwi , Ahmad Prakosa Jalu , Mulyanto Imam , Khamimatul Ula Rini , Bayuwati Dwi , Setiono Andi 
Published: March 2022

Macrobending-based fiber optic sensors are constructed to measure load. Two sensor models are investigated to find a better linearity response; i.e., narrow helix-shaped and wide helix-shaped sensors. The sensing mechanism of those sensors is due to a macrobending loss of the traveling light inside the optical fibers. This work employs a distributed feedback laser diode and a Ge-based photodetector as the light source and the light loss detector, respectively. The results indicated that the linear response to a static-load exposure apparently can be improved by spacing the coiled fiber on the silicon rubber at a specific diameter. Several investigations reveal the optimum diameter and fiber spacing to design an accurate fiber optic based sensor for load measurement. A sensitivity of

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are obtained on a diameter of 25 mm and 38 mm cylindrical rubber with fiber spacing of 15 mm. Furthermore, an assessment under a dynamic object can exhibit uniform responses presenting minor deviations.
Antimicrobial resistance including Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) among E. coli isolated from kenyan children at hospital discharge
Authors: Tornberg-Belanger Stephanie N. , Rwigi Doreen , Mugo Michael , Kitheka Lynnete , Onamu Nancy , Ounga Derrick , Diakhate Mame M. , Atlas Hannah E. , Wald Anna , McClelland R. Scott , Soge Olusegun O. , Tickell Kirkby D. , Kariuki Samuel , Singa Benson O. , Walson Judd L. , Pavlinac Patricia B. 
Published: March 2022

Background
Children who have been discharged from hospital in sub-Saharan Africa remain at substantial risk of mortality in the post-discharge period. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may be an important factor. We sought to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with AMR in commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) from Kenyan children at the time of discharge.

Methodology/Principle findings
Fecal samples were collected from 406 children aged 1–59 months in western Kenya at the time of discharge from hospital and cultured for E. coli. Susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoxitin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, combined amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol was determined by disc diffusion according to guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Poisson regression was used to determine associations between participant characteristics and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli. Non-susceptibility to ampicillin (95%), gentamicin (44%), ceftriaxone (46%), and the presence of ESBL (44%) was high. Receipt of antibiotics during the hospitalization was associated with the presence of ESBL (aPR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.29–3.83) as was being hospitalized within the prior year (aPR = 1.32 [1.07–1.69]). Open defecation (aPR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.39–2.94), having a toilet shared with other households (aPR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.17–1.89), and being female (aPR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.15–1.76) were associated with carriage of ESBL E. coli

Conclusions/Significance
AMR is common among isolates of E. coli from children at hospital discharge in Kenya, including nearly half having detectable ESBL.
High-altitude is associated with better short-term survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU
Authors: Simbaña-Rivera Katherine , Jaramillo Pablo R. Morocho , Silva Javier V. Velastegui , Gómez-Barreno Lenin , Campoverde Ana B. Ventimilla , Novillo Cevallos Juan F. , Guanoquiza Washington E. Almache , Guevara Silvio L. Cedeño , Castro Luis G. Imba , Puerta Nelson A. Moran , Guayta Valladares Alex W. , Lister Alex , Ortiz-Prado Esteban 
Published: March 2022

Background
Multiple studies have attempted to elucidate the relationship between chronic hypoxia and SARS-CoV-2 infection. It seems that high-altitude is associated with lower COVID-19 related mortality and incidence rates; nevertheless, all the data came from observational studies, being this the first one looking into prospectively collected clinical data from severely ill patients residing at two significantly different altitudes.

Methods
A prospective cohort, a two-center study among COVID-19 confirmed adult patients admitted to a low (sea level) and high-altitude (2,850 m) ICU unit in Ecuador was conducted. Two hundred and thirty confirmed patients were enrolled from March 15th to July 15th, 2020.

Results
From 230 patients, 149 were men (64.8%) and 81 women (35.2%). The median age of all the patients was 60 years, and at least 105 (45.7%) of patients had at least one underlying comorbidity, including hypertension (33.5%), diabetes (16.5%), and chronic kidney failure (5.7%). The APACHE II scale (Score that estimates ICU mortality) at 72 hours was especially higher in the low altitude group with a median of 18 points (IQR: 9.5–24.0), compared to 9 points (IQR: 5.0–22.0) obtained in the high-altitude group. There is evidence of a difference in survival in favor of the high-altitude group (p = 0.006), the median survival being 39 days, compared to 21 days in the low altitude group.

Conclusion
There has been a substantial improvement in survival amongst people admitted to the high-altitude ICU. Residing at high-altitudes was associated with improved survival, especially among patients with no comorbidities. COVID-19 patients admitted to the high-altitude ICU unit have improved severity-of-disease classification system scores at 72 hours.
Antibody seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 within the Canton of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina—One year later
Authors: Prguda-Mujic Jasminka , Hasanic Osman , Besic Larisa , Asic Adna , Halilovic Sabina , Cesic Aida Kulo , Ljevakovic Neira , Muminovic Fildesa , Huseinovic Sukrija , Ler Daria , Salihefendic Lana , Konjhodzic Rijad , Primorac Dragan , Marjanovic Damir 
Published: March 2022

Background
Serostudies are important resources when following pandemics and predicting their further spread, as well as determining the length of protection against reinfection and vaccine development. The aim of this study was to update data on the prevalence of seropositive individuals in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) from September 2020 to May 2021.

Methods
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.

Results
Compared to the period April–July 2020, when anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 3.77% of samples, one year later (May 2021) the estimated percentage within the same population of the urban Canton Sarajevo was 29.9% (5,406/18,066). Of all anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig-positive individuals, 53.27% were men, and 69.00% were of 50 years of age or younger. Also, the current update found the individuals 50 years of age or younger to be more frequently anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig positive compared to older individuals. On the other hand, higher median anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig levels were found in individuals > 50 years old than in younger individuals, as well as in men compared to women. Seropositivity gradually increased from September 2020 to May 2021, with the lowest frequency of positive cases (3.5%) observed in September 2020, and the highest frequency (77.7%) in January 2021.

Conclusion
Our results provided important seroprevalence data that could help in planning restrictive local public health measures to protect the population of Sarajevo Canton, especially considering that at the time of the study the vaccines were virtually inaccessible to the general population not belonging to any of the high-priority groups for vaccination.