bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insights Into the Formation Mechanism of Intertwining Interfaces in Cold Spray
Authors: Yin Shuo , Lupoi Rocco , Cizek Jan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Experimental investigation supported by numerical modeling was conducted to explore the formation mechanism of intertwining interface in cold spray. The result revealed that low particle impact velocity and the consequent low deposition efficiency were the essential reason for inducing intertwining interface. In addition, intertwining interface was found to generate at very beginning of coating deposition; further particle deposition posed negligible effect on the formation of intertwining interface. Based on the experimental and numerical analysis, for the first time, the formation mechanism of intertwining interface was concluded and proposed in this paper. Low deposition efficiency led to slow coating growing rate. Therefore, at the beginning of the coating deposition, a large number of rebound particles repetitively hit the very thin single-layer or double-layer coating, forming a shot-peening effect. Such effect resulted in periodic shear stress and plastic strain in the first-layer coating. Particles of the first-layer coating were elongated and fractured and mixed with the substrate material to form the intertwining structure.
Numerical Study Using Nano-Particles by Varying the Expansion Ratio and Height of Cold Spray Nozzle to Predict Deposition Efficiency
Authors: Singhal Chirag , Murtaza Qasim 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The coatings of zinc and its alloys are broadly used to prevent the rusting of substrate surfaces such as steel. Cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) is an innovative coating technique in which the deposition of solid powder particles depends upon the kinetic energy of the particles rather than thermal energy. Therefore, application of cold spray is to provide superior rust resistance by depositing more materials, formation of passivation layer, and cathodic protection. In this study, numerical investigations on zinc micro and nano size particles in CGDS were carried out. The height of the injector, the expansion ratio and the diameter of the inlet of the de-Laval nozzle was varied systematically by optimizing the stand-off distance using the two-dimensional axisymmetric models of CGDS, to study their effects on the velocity and the distribution of the particles. Prediction of the deposition efficiency was carried out using the various critical and erosion velocity models.
Characterization of Plasma Sprayed Zirconium Coatings on Uranium Alloy Using Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Hollis Kendall J. , Cummins Dustin R. , Vogel Sven C. , Brown Donald W. , Dombrowski David E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plasma sprayed zirconium (Zr) metal coatings onto uranium-molybdenum (U-Mo) alloy nuclear reactor fuel foils act as a diffusion barrier between the fuel and the aluminum fuel cladding. Neutron diffraction was performed to investigate the crystallographic phase composition, crystal orientations and lattice parameters of the plasma sprayed Zr and the U-Mo substrate. The neutron diffraction results show that the plasma sprayed Zr coating is crystalline, phase pure (alpha-Zr) and has preferred crystalline orientation likely due to directional solidification. Also, there is a slight (~0.01 Å for a direction and ~0.016 Å for c direction) increase in the plasma sprayed Zr lattice parameter indicating oxygen in the lattice and some residual thermo-mechanical strain. There is little or no modification of the underlying U-Mo following plasma spraying. In particular, there is no detectable allotropic transformation of the starting gamma-U (body-centered cubic) to alpha-U (orthorhombic). The unique neutron diffraction capabilities at LANL are well suited for nuclear fuel characterization offering distinct advantages over conventional X-ray diffraction and destructive metallography.
Porous Stainless-Steel Coatings Produced by HVOF and Chemical Leaching
Authors: Nascimento A. R. C. , Devaraj S. , Moreau C. , Savoie S. , Schulz R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chemical leaching is proposed as a method to control porosity in stainless steel HVOF coatings. The leaching behavior is evaluated as a function of the stainless steel 444 and the pore former (Fe3Al) volume fractions and particle size distributions. The resulting porous structures are evaluated by optical microscopy. It was observed that the melting degree of the stainless steel splats was an important factor to retain some mechanical integrity after leaching. A discussion is presented to point out possible routes for the improvement of chemical leaching as a methodology for pore control in thermal spray coatings.
The Effect of Electromechanical Treatment on Structure and Properties of Plasma Sprayed Fe–30Cr-0.6C Coating
Authors: Ivannikov A.Yu. , Kalita V. I. , Komlev D. I. , Radyuk A. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study investigates structure and properties of the plasma sprayed coating from Fe–30Cr-0.6C steel that was then finished using electromechanical treatment (EMT). As a consequence of the coating thus formed, surface microhardness under a 200 gf load increased from 3.4 ± 0.4 GPa to 5.2 ± 0.4 GPa and number of pores in the coating structure reduced from 8.0 ± 1.5% to 2.0 ± 0.5%. The results of the microstructural studies showed fundamental changes of the plasma sprayed coating treated by the EMT with the formation of nanostructured crystalline phases. The obtained results revealed the high potential of the EMT for posttreatment of plasma sprayed coatings.
Variation of Vaporized Coating Material in Free Plasma Jet of Plasma Spray-Physical Vapor Deposition Process
Authors: Liu Mei-Jun , Zhang Meng , Zhang Qiang , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu , Zhang Qiang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the Plasma Spray-Physical Vapor Deposition (PS-PVD) process, the vapor atom of feedstock material is one deposition unit of the columnar structure coating. It is reported that the gas phase may be transformed into cluster when the powder feeding rate increases from small to large or the sedimentation distance increases from a certain distance to another distance. In order to understanding the variation of vaporized coating material in free plasma jet, the gaseous material capacity of plasma jet must be fundamentally understood. In this work, the thermal characteristics of plasma were firstly measured by optical emission spectrometry (OES). The results show that the free plasma jet is in the local thermal equilibrium due to a typical electron number density from 2.1×1015 to 3.1×1015 cm-3. In this condition, the temperature of gaseous zirconia can be equal to the plasma temperature. A model was developed to obtain the vapor pressure of gaseous ZrO2 molecules as a two dimensional map of jet axis and radial position corresponding to different average plasma temperatures. The overall gaseous material capacity of free plasma jet was further established. At a position of plasma jet, clusters may form when the gaseous material exceeds local maximum gaseous material capacity.
Evaluation of Dynamic Wetting in the Flattening Behavior of Thermal Sprayed Particles
Authors: Fukumoto Masahiro , Maeda Natsuki 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the dynamic wetting of the substrate by thermally sprayed particles through direct observation on the freely fallen metallic droplets onto the substrate surface. Compared to normal static wetting, dynamic wetting can be characterized as the wetting phenomenon in which both material movement inside the splat and heat transfer from the splat into the substrate occur simultaneously. As the phenomenon is so complicated, there is a lack of an appropriate evaluation manner. In this study, the wetting behavior of freely fallen metallic droplets was systematically observed onto several kinds of substrate materials. Actually, concrete measurement values on the wetting angle of the droplets with an increasing of the substrate temperature were measured. It was found from the results that even the dynamic contact angle changed transitionally with an increase of the substrate temperature and corresponded well with the changing tendency in the disk splat fraction ratio of the thermally sprayed particle onto the substrate. From the result, it was confirmed that the flattening of thermal sprayed particles is essentially dominated by the dynamic wetting of the substrate by them.
Hydrophobicity of Suspension HVOF Sprayed Rare Earth Oxide Coatings
Authors: Bai Mingwen , Kazi Hafsah , Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Junpeng , Song Bo , Hussain Tanvir 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A known family of rare-earth oxide (REO) ceramics have recently been found to exhibit intrinsic hydrophobicity, even after exposure to high temperatures and abrasive wear. In this study, thin CeO2 coatings were developed for hydrophobic applications using suspension high velocity oxy-fuel (SHVOF) thermal spray. It is an efficient method to produce large superhydrophobic surfaces with a unique hierarchically textured structure on a variety of substrates. The use of suspension also enables the process of fine-grained powders to form nanostructured coatings with significant improvement of mechanical and chemical properties for numerous applications. An aqueous suspension with a solid concentration of 30 wt.% sub-micron CeO2 particles (&lt;200 nm) was used as suspension feedstock. The as-sprayed CeO2 coating on a stainless steel significantly improved the substrate’s surface hydrophobicity from a low contact angle of 57° to nearly 150°. The surface chemistry of SHVOF thermal sprayed CeO2 coatings was also investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was confirmed that the near-super-hydrophobicity was mainly attributed to its unique hierarchically structured surface.
Adhesion of Cold Sprayed Brass Coatings for Lead-Free Bearings
Authors: Theimer S. , Graunitz M. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In state-of-the-art manufacturing of sliding bearings, brass components are soldered to respective parts, which is costly and energy-intensive. Furthermore, up to now most bearings still contain lead, which by EU regulations for new part has to be omitted due to associated health risks. Cold spraying can be employed as additive manufacturing technique and opens the perspective to deposit the requested bearings in desired leadfree layout where needed. Aside cohesion and tribological behaviour, sufficient adhesion of the coating is essential for applications. The present study aims to systematically elucidate the influence of surface roughness on adhesion. The surface roughness was adjusted by varying the grit blasting material, grit size, blast pressure, blast distance and substrate material with the aim to study influences by impact conditions, surface topography on particle deformation and bonding in cold spraying. The results show that the adhesion strength reaches a maximum for a certain roughness. The ideal surface roughness to ensure good adhesion of cold-sprayed coatings apparently depends on specific impact conditions related to the powder material strength but also on the substrate material strength and particle size distribution. By systematic tuning of blasting conditions, coating adhesion can be increased by about a factor of two, thus meeting the requirements for new lead-free bearings.
Pretreatment and Coatability of Additive Manufactured Components Made by Means of Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Tillmann W. , Hagen L. , Schaak C. , Zielke R. , Schaper M. , Aydinöz M. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has already been evolved into a promising manufacturing technique. In order to achieve the performance of conventionally manufactured components, additively manufactured components must meet at least the same mechanical and physical requirements. Due to the layer-wise building process, the properties of additively manufactured components differ from that of bulk materials. Within the scope of this study, selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to manufacture specimens which serve as substrates for a subsequent coating process. An Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy served as AM feedstock. Mechanical posttreatments were applied to the AM samples and rated with respect to the successive thermal spraying process. The produced AM samples were examined in their initial state as well as under post-treated conditions. In this report, the resulting surface roughness was analyzed. Different AM samples were coated by means of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The interface between the thermally sprayed coating and the AM substrate was metallographically investigated. Adhesion tests were conducted to scrutinize the bond strength of the coating to the AM substrate.
Effects of Natural Gas Composition Variation On HVOF Coating
Authors: Steinmetz Andrew D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Natural gas represents the lowest cost, most widely available fuel gas for high velocity oxygen fueled (HVOF) thermal spray. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons and other gases that may fluctuate over time or from one location to another based on the source of the gas and the processing it has undergone before delivery to the end user. The present work seeks to determine the impact that changes in natural gas composition can have on the HVOF process in order to ensure that quality and consistency of the resulting coatings is not negatively impacted. Gas chromatograph data was collected daily from a natural gas supplier in Europe and the Wobbe Index was used to compare the energy content of each reading. Customized blends were used for laboratory spray trials to explore the potential impact that these changes might have on the HVOF process and the resulting coatings. Presently, there is some evidence of coating degradation due to shifts in natural gas composition when all other process parameters are held constant. These observations are the subject of ongoing development work.
Plasma Sprayed Raney Nickel Coatings for Hydrogen Production by Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Liu T. , Reißner R. , Schiller G. , Ansar A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plasma sprayed coatings of Raney nickel alloys developed as electrodes for hydrogen evolution electrodes in alkaline media, exhibit poor resistance to electrochemical erosion. The aim of this work is to develop an understanding of the correlation between plasma spray process parameters and coating quality and with that improve the electrochemical performance of the coatings. Air plasma spraying with TriplexPro gun was performed using NiAlMo powders. Plasma parameters were varied and particle inflight velocity and temperature was measured by Accuraspray. Coatings were developed for conditions in which particles in-flight temperatures were comparable but in-flight velocities differed. Electrochemical tests were performed for evaluating the effect of different velocities on electrode performance. Coating attained with particles having higher velocity exhibited better electrochemical performance and durability. The microstructure and elements map before and after the electrochemical test performed by SEM and EDX show that the coatings with higher velocity particles led to microstructure that enabled better activation of the electrodes and higher surface area for reactions.
The Role of Human Factors in the Future of Thermal Spray Processing
Authors: Crannell Graham , Adams Stephen , Su Jianyu , Patek Maxwell , Beling Peter A. , Bolcavage Ann , McIntyre Roy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many thermal spray operations, such as gun assembly, grit blasting, masking, and inspection are still uniquely distinguished by their heavy reliance on manual labor. The resulting outcomes for yield and quality can therefore depend heavily on the operator’s skill and the influence of the surrounding environment. The emerging field of human factors research provides a scientific approach to understand the impact of physiological and cognitive aspects of operator interactions with equipment, parts, and processes, and can be effectively used to guide customized interventions and training to reduce output variation. Principles from human factors research can also be used to prepare thermal spray operators and specialists for interaction with an increasingly automated and digitized manufacturing environment.
Corrosion and Algal Behaviors of HVOF Sprayed Fe-based Amorphous Coatings for Marine Applications
Authors: Zhang Haijun , Gong Yongfeng , Zhang Botao , Chen Xiuyong , Fang Lijia , Jin Peipeng , Li Hua 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this study, Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings with a composition of Fe53Cr19Zr7Mo2C18Si have been fabricated by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray. Postspray annealing treatment at 750°C was employed to enhance the amorphicity of the as-sprayed coatings. The microstructure, corrosion resistance and algal adhesion behaviors of the as-sprayed and annealed coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical methods. Results show that the as-sprayed coatings exhibited excellent corrosion resistance and decreased algal adhesion, while the annealed coatings exhibited compromised anticorrosion performance but significantly reduced adhesion of algae.
Wear and Corrosion Behavior of Thermally Sprayed FeCrMnBC Coatings for Pump Parts
Authors: Oechsner Matthias , Siebers Marius , Andersohn Georg , Ellermeier Jörg , Bobzin Kirsten , Zhao Lidong , Öte Mehmet , Königstein Tim 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Especially for industrial applications like pumps, mining or off shore industries, where high demands on the abrasive properties of the materials are required, thermal sprayed Fe-based coatings become increasingly important. Novel FeCrMnBC alloys, which have economic and ecological advantages compared to Ni-based or Co-based coatings, are in the focus of this work. In order to produce adequate coatings with a three-cathode plasma torch, different powder fractions (-45+20 μm, -25+10 μm) and varying chemical composition of FeCrMnBC coatings have been investigated and compared with respect to corrosion, abrasion, and erosion properties. In case of wear reduction, selected coatings were additionally subsequent plasma nitrided to study the effect of this treatment on coating morphology and microstructure. The corrosion and tribological behavior were investigated by means of current/density potential curve measurements and ball-on-disc experiments in view of wear morphologies. Erosion-corrosion behavior has been investigated in a pump test rig with 10 wt.-% solid content of corundum in artificial sea water. In general, samples with small powder fractions exhibit accelerated corrosion and decreased erosion behavior, based on their microstructural characteristics. Plasma nitrided coatings show a decrease in corrosion and erosion resistance, which is presumably due to partial formation of chromium carbide in the coatings. Based on the results, the advantages and disadvantages of FeCrMnBC coatings for the application as wear and corrosion protection of complex pump parts are discussed with respect to varied parameters.
Investigations and New Physical Behaviour of Special DC-Plasma Generator Mettech
“Axial III”
Authors: Zimmermann Stephan , Schein Jochen , Mauer Georg , Rauwald Karl-Heinz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The use of plasma generators for thermal surface coating has grown enormously in the field of thermal insulation and wear-resistant coatings, especially with regard to deposition of refractory oxide ceramic layers using powders such as aluminum oxide, alumina / titania, zirconia and chromium oxide. Nonetheless, innovative plasma sources are still being developed to provide more-efficient, tailor-made solutions due to their specific characteristics. A brief overview of the DC-plasma generator Mettech “Axial III” are shown, which generator are allowed to use the central injection (advantage for suspension applications). In this paper first diagnostic results characterized the physical behaviour and special plasma symmetry, which can be described by three partial plasma jets. Thereby computer tomography (CT), high speed camera investigations coupled with time-adjusted current-voltage measurements, particle parameter detections and first resulting coatings are presented and discussed. The complete paper concludes with an outlook for future diagnostic measurements and possible future applications for this DC-plasma torch.
KAJIAN MEDIA TANAM DAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK P DAN K TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN TOMAT (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Sopian Akhmad , Noor Rustam Baraq , Amiruddin Qohhar Nur Rohmat 
Published: October 2022

Low soil fertility rates and not yet intensive crop cultivation have an impact on the declining trend on tomato production in the eastern multiplication. Low productivity of tomatoes due to low quality of seedlings and pest and disease attacks. Efforts to increase tomato production have been carried out, among others, by improving cultivation techniques, namely by improving the physical properties of the soil by adding organic materials and adding nutrients using inorganic fertilizers. The design of this study is; Complete randomized design with factorial analysis 2 x 4 and repetition as much as 3 times. In the first factor, the media mixture consists of 2 levels, namely T0 = Soil, T1 = Mixture of soil, manure, and chaff (2:1:1). The second factor is the combination of fertilizer K and P consists of 4 stages, namely: P0 = without fertilizer, P1 = 5gram KCL and 15grams SP-36, P2 = 10 grams KCL and 15 grams SP-36; P3 = 15 grams KCL and 15 grams SP-36. The number of polybags in the study is 24 with a per polybag size of 30 x 40 cm. The results showed the addition of manure and chaff gave clear results to the growth and production of tomatoes. The application of KCl and SP-36 fertilizers affect the high growth of plants but does not affect the production of tomato plants. Recommendations for the use of organic materials and KCL fertilizers, SP-36 is applied separately
Nutritional supplements for athletes and personalization; a short review
Authors: Karlic Heidrun , Krammer Ulrike , Haslberger Alexander 
Published: October 2022

The main argument for the optimization of nutritional strategies in athletes, besides improved performance, is the preservation of health and the prevention of unwanted training effects. This highlights the importance of personalized nutrition strategies, as well as functional foods and phytonutrients based on individual requirements which can be precisely defined by detailed analyses, including genetics, epigenetics, gut microbiota, gender, and environmental factors. Recently, a miRNA-based “Fitness Score to Assess the Individual Response to Diet, Metabolism and Exercise” was developed by our group. Formulations of sports drinks and sports foods should be carefully considered, as they frequently contain a mixture of multiple ingredients. Macronutrient supplements, such as carbohydrates, proteins, protein components, fatty acids and probiotics are known to provide benefits for athletes with energy deficits, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, and cardiovascular problems. However, micronutrient supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements and ergogenic aids (e.g., caffeine) must be administered in specific doses based on individual need. Considering the novel data on inter-organ communication (e.g., gut-muscle-brain-axis), data from systems biology highlight the importance of holistic aspects, where nutrients and probiotic supplements are gaining importance for improved performance, reduced risks of illness/ injury and enhanced recovery.Keywords: Nutrition, additives, functional foods, exercise, microbiome, epigenetics, personalization