bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylene and Temperature Effects on Softening and White Core Inclusions of Kiwifruit Stored in Air or Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Arpaia M. L. , Mitchell F. G. , Kader A. A. , Mayer G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of C2H4 concentration, duration and timing of exposure to C2H4, and temperature on storage performance of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Hayward’) kept in air or a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 5% CO2 were investigated. The presence of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 μl·liter−1 C2H4 in CA accelerated softening and induced white core inclusions (WCI) which increased with storage time and C2H4 concentration. There was no difference between a 2-week or a 4-week exposure to 0.5 μl·liter−1 C2H4 at the beginning of CA storage in the extent of softening or WCI incidence and severity, but prolonged exposures accelerated deterioration. The softening rate of kiwifruit kept in air or CA increased with temperature. The incidence and severity of WCI were much greater in fruit kept in CA + 0.5 μl·liter−1 C2H4 at 0° or 2.5°C than in fruit stored at 5° or 10°.
Effect of Light Intensity and Carbohydrate Reserves on Flowering in Olive
Authors: Stutte G. W. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to alter the carbohydrate status of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves during the presumed flower induction period. Bearing and nonbearing ‘Oblonga’ olive trees were exposed to either 850 μmol s-1n-2 PAR for 14 hr daily in a 1000 ppm CO2-enriched atmosphere, 150 μmol s-1m-2 PAR for 14 hr daily in 340 ppm CO2, or maintained in a lathhouse at ambient winter conditions of about 350 μmol s-1m-2 PAR and daily temperature fluctuations from 5° to 20°C. The trees exposed to 850 μmol s-1m-2 had 3 to 5 times the starch concentrations of either the 150 μmol s-1m-2 PAR or lathhouse treatments. There were few and inconsistent differences in sucrose, fructose or mannitol concentrations between treatments. The high levels of starch in the 850 μmol s-1m-2 PAR treatment had no effect on the flowering pattern of bearing or nonbearing trees. Gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower induction of olive.
Effect of a Hydrophilic Polymer Seed Coating on the Field Performance of Sweet Corn and Cowpea
Authors: Baxter Lawford , Waters Luther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four levels (1.1, 2.3, 4.6, and 9.1 g/kg seed) of the hydrophilic polymer Waterlock B100 were used as seed coatings to enhance stand establishment and plant growth of sweet corn (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) during the spring and summer of 1983 on 2 soil types in Minnesota. The level with the best overall response in 1983 was used in 1984 to observe the response of 4 sweet corn hybrids. The 2.3 and 4.6 g treatment were most beneficial in enhancing stand establishment in sweet corn. At all levels, however, Waterlock B100 had a deleterious effect on cowpea germination and seedling development. One sweet corn hybrid showed a significant positive response to the coating during 1984. This reponse was attributed to a uniform pericarp which allowed an even seed coating.
Harvest Maturity and Acceptability of Flora-Dade Tomatoes
Authors: Kavanagh E. E. , McGlasson W. B. , McBride R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Composition and sensory acceptability of fresh market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ‘Flora-Dade’) were investigated to determine the influence of harvest maturity on quality after fruit had ripened to a tableripe stage. Tomatoes were harvested from commercial plots at ‘immature green’, ‘mature green’, ‘breaker’, ‘light pink’, and ‘light red’. The differentiation between tomatoes harvested ‘mature green’ and ‘immature green’ was aided by application of 40 μl/liter of ethylene in a ripening room at 20°C. Tomatoes harvested at ‘breaker’ were more acceptable when ripe than all other maturities at harvest. Tomatoes harvested at ‘immature green’, ‘mature green’, ‘light pink’, and ‘light red’ were of similar sensory acceptability. The tomatoes harvested at ‘light pink’ and ‘light red’ when ripe were similar or lower in total soluble solids and generally lower in locular content compared to other harvest maturities. There was a high correlation between sensory scores for color and measured external and internal color.
Prediction of Bulk Density of Pine Bark and/or Sand Potting Media from Laboratory Analyses of Individual Components
Authors: Pokorny F. A. , Gibson P. G. , Dunavent M. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An equation for predicting bulk density (BD) of pine bark and sand potting media was devised using BD data from laboratory analysis of individual components. BD values calculated from the predictive equation and actual values obtained from potting medium samples were compared. Actual and predicted BD increased linearly with each incremental increase in percentage sand in the medium. Actual and predicted BD values were not significantly different. The devised equation is applicable to media other than bark and sand.
Morphological Differences in Neoregelia Trichomes and Uptake of Foliar-applied Copper
Authors: Fisher B. D. , Emino E. R. , Gogue G. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four bromeliad species in the genus Neoregelia were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological characteristics and density of trichomes that may influence absorptive capacities. Neoregelia trichomes were classically peltate, generally elliptic, exhibiting a web-like cap characteristic of the Bromelioideae. Minor variations were evident between species in morphology, density, and distribution. Copper from copper sulfate applied to leaf surfaces was absorbed and translocated as determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, but uptake was not related to trichome density as determined by SEM nondispersice technique.
Relationship between Rhizome Temperatures and Shoot Temperatures for Floral Initiation and Cut Flower Production of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’
Authors: Healy W. E. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When Alstroemeria ‘Regina’ shoots were grown in a continuous 13°C air temperature, and the underground structures (rhizomes and roots) were placed in a 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, or 25° water bath, plants produced 22%, 33%, 13%, 14%, or 5% generative shoots, respectively (Expt. 1). When the underground structures were grown at 13°, there were no differences in percentages of generative shoots, regardless if shoots were in a 13° or 21° air temperature, and regardless if shoots were under short or long photoperiods. When soil temperature was 21° and air temperature was 13°, 12% generative shoots were produced only with a night interruption photoperiod (Expt. 2). Data from these 2 experiments led us to conclude that floral induction was controlled primarily by temperatures to which the underground structures were subjected, regardless of the air temperature or photoperiod. Storage root and rhizome dry weights were promoted by 13° air, 13° soil temperatures and night interruptions with incandescent light. Treatments which had a high percentage of generative shoots also had high root and rhizome dry weights.
An Evaluation of Germination Media for Turfgrass Salinity Studies
Authors: Dudeck A.E. , Peacock C.H. , Sheehan T.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A technique using salinized agar as a germination medium in sealed, plastic petri dishes is described. Agar concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% solidified with up to 35,000 mg·liter−1 of total salts derived from a formula for full-strength seawater. Water loss from petri dishes sealed with a plastic film after 28 days averaged 1.7% and was negligible. Saline-agar media held more moisture initially and lost less water than standard, double germination blotters after 7 days. Germination of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Derby’) on unsalinized agar was not different from germination on unsalinized blotters. Total germination of ‘Derby’ perennial ryegrass averaged 94% and was unaffected by salt concentrations up to 5000 mg·liter−1 but germination rate (days to 50% germination) was progressively delayed from 3.98 ± 0.09 days for the controls having no salinity to 5.15 ± 0.33 days at 5000 mg∙liter−1 of salinity.
Influence of Raised Beds and Plant Spacing on Growth and Yield of Strawberry
Authors: Goulart Barbara L. , Funt Richard C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ‘Redchief’, plants were grown in single plant-width rows on raised and flat beds at spacings of 13 cm, 50 cm, and 50 cm with runners set at 13 cm. Raised beds had more negative soil water potentials and more variable soil temperatures than flat beds. Plants on raised beds had deeper root distribution, poor runner-plant establishment, higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) penetration at one half canopy height in May, and earlier yield than those on flat beds. On raised beds, earliness of yield was enhanced by close spacing, and plants at the 13-cm spacing had more crowns per unit area than wide spacings. Total yield per unit area was not influenced by any treatment.
Influence of pH and Medium Composition on Rooting of Hardy Deciduous Azalea Microcutting
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sphagnum peat (peat) media (adjusted to pH 4.0, 4.6, 5.5, 6.6, and 7.4 with ground dolomitic limestone) and unadulterated peat (pH 3.6) were tested for their effectiveness on rooting of hardy deciduous azalea (Rhododendron sp.) microcuttings in high-humidity chambers. Rooting of more than 90% occurred in media with pH 4.0, 4.6, and 5.5; however, a) shoot height and quality rating and b) root length and quality rating were superior at pH 4.0. Clonal differences in rooting percentages were found for 3 clones of azalea microcuttings rooted in 5 soilless mixtures. A mixture including equal parts (v/v) of peat and either sphagnum, vermiculite, or perlite, or a combination of 2 peat : 1 vermiculite : 1 perlite (by volume) increased rooting percentages over peat alone for all 3 azalea clones examined.
Carrot Response to Sludge Application and Bed Type
Authors: Harrison Helen C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 2-year carrot (Daucus carota L.) nutrition experiment involving 3 sludge treatments, 3 bed types, and 3 advanced hybrid carrot selections was conducted on a silt loam in Arlington, Wis., to determine the influence of these variables on growth and elemental concentration levels in edible, mature carrot roots. Sludge treatments included a 90 MT/ha/year application of municipal or industrial sludge plus a control with no sludge application. When significant differences occurred, highest yields and elemental concentration levels in edible roots occurred with hybrids grown in municipal sludge-amended soils. Root Cd levels in 1982 were the only exception, being greatest in plants grown on industrial sludge-amended soils. Lowest yields and highest heavy metal concentrations in the edible root were found in carrots grown on overcover beds (15-cm raised bed of unamended topsoil over prepared level or flat bed) as compared to those grown on 15-cm raised beds or level beds. Hybrid carrot selection (B6373 × B6345) × B6274 (B) accumulated less heavy metals in its edible root tissue than did B4367 × B6274 (A) or (B34602 × B3316) × F524 (C).
Visual Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey
Authors: Harbaugh Brent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Visual symptoms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and B deficiencies were induced in Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey ‘Candidum’. Characteristic symptoms were photographed and described and a key summarizing these symptoms follows:
a. Chlorosis or necrosis not expressed;
b. Petioles brittle and/or leaves orbicular.........................................................................................................................B
bb. Plants grow slowly, but have no other symptoms......................................................................................................P
bbb. Rust colored spots on underside of leaf near petiole, spots may become “windows” (only the cuticle and epidermal layer remain)................................................................................................................................................. Ca
aa. Chlorosis and/or necrosis expressed;
b. Chlorosis primary symptom.
c. Interveinal and veinal chlorosis
d. Chlorosis evident as leaves unfurl............................................................................................................... Mn
dd. Chlorosis not evident as leaves unfurl, older leaf blades and veins may turn bright yellow as they abscise................................................................................................................................................................... N
cc. Interveinal chlorosis...................................................................................................................................................Fe
bb. Both chlorosis and necrosis expressed.
c. Interveinal chlorosis developing into necrotic spots, leaves turn bright yellow (except basal veins remain green) as they abscise............................................................................................................................................. Mg
cc. Necrotic specks (@ 1 mm) near veins, general chlorosis............................................................................... Mn
bbb. Necrosis primary symptom.
c. Necrotic lesions (2–5 cm) on leaf apex and distal m argin.................................................................................K
cc. Marginal necrosis.
d. Necrosis spreads toward the center of the leaf, margins dry but the leaf blade around petiole remains intact.......................................................................................................................................................................K
dd. Interveinal rust colored, blotchy areas.........................................................................................................Ca
Response Surface Analysis of Flowering in Chrysanthemum ‘Bright Golden Anne’
Authors: Karlsson M.G. , Heins R.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Bright Golden Anne’ plants were grown under 15 combinations of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature, and night temperature in a central composite design. Time to flower was a function of both irradiance and the interaction between day and night temperature. The surface response to temperature was bowl shaped with delayed development as temperatures were either increased or decreased from the optimum combinations. High temperature delay was compensated for in part by increased PPF. Shoot length increased linearly as day temperature increased; final shoot length first decreased, then increased with increasing night temperature. The response surface appeared as a rising valley with the longest shoot lengths at high day temperatures. Total flower area per plant increased as PPF increased or as night temperature decreased. For any PPF and night temperature, maximum flower area occurred near 20°C. At a constant PPF, the response surface appeared as a rising ridge with maximum flower area at low night temperature.
Interplot Interference in Field Plots with Leaf Rust of Maize
Authors: Randle W.M. , Davis D.W. , Groth J.V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Interplot interference, or the influence of one host genotype on another when grown in adjacent plots, can be a problem with the evaluation of partial resistance to airborne pathogens. Moreover, interplot interference may affect selection in the plant breeding nursery. To estimate the degree of interference in a typical sweet corn (Zea mays L.) breeding nursery, the partial resistance of 3 hybrids grown in several field plot treatments was examined. Treatments consisted of differing spatial arrangements of the 3 hybrids. In a 2-year study, mean rust level differed significantly for 5 field plot treatments. As the potential for leaf rust increased, the ability to distinguish between hybrid disease reaction diminished. In addition, the variability in disease reaction was reduced as rust potential increased for hybrid and field plot treatment, indicating that when high levels of leaf rust existed, disease gradients tended to flatten.
Accelerating Highbush Blueberry Selection Evaluation by Early Propagation
Authors: Draper A.D. , Chandler C.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted on the feasibility of shortening the evaluation period of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) selections by propagating by softwood cuttings taken from each of the single-plant selections at the time of fruit evaluation row the following spring. Softwood cuttings were taken from a single plant of 5 early, 5 midseason, and 5 late ripening selections in June, July, and August. July cuttings (60%) rooted better than June (37%) and August (31%) cuttings. Early selections (34%) rooted about the same as midseason (32%) and late (35%) selections. The earlier the cuttings were potted, the larger the root system they developed before frost when grown in an unheated greenhouse. None of the rooted cuttings potted 30 Sept, developed root systems large enough to survive field planting. Supplemental heat and light after potting increased root growth of plants potted 25 Aug. but not those potted 10 Sept. Eighty percent of the plants transplanted to the field survived.
Response of Container-grown Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants to Irrigation Water Quality and Soil Type
Authors: Haby V.A. , Patten K.D. , Cawthon D.L. , Krejsa B.B. , Neuendorff E.W. , Davis J.V. , Peters S.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of rabbiteye blueberry plants (Vaccinium ashei Reade) to rates and modifications of deep well water (pH 8.7) containing 0.695 dS·m-1 electrical conductivity (EC), a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 29.7, and a bicarbonate concentration of 7.89 meq·liter-1 was compared to plants irrigated with rain and surface waters applied to 3 soils in a glasshouse-container study. Fresh weight increase and root fresh and dry weight were greater on plants irrigated with rainwater or pond water compared to plants irrigated with different rates of deep well water, or deep well water modified by the addition of gypsum or acidified with H2S04. Fresh weight increase, root fresh and dry weight, leaf fresh weight, and top:root ratios were higher on a loamy sand soil than on sandy loam or clay loam soils. Plant weight gain was positively correated with the percentage of sand, and negatively correlated with the percentage of clay and saturation-extract SAR. An increase in soil pH resulted from irrigation with deep well water which, along with its modifications, resulted in increased leaf Na and decreased leaf Ca and Mn, compared to rain or surface-water irrigations, which slightly lowered soil pH.
The Influence of Summer Pruning and Fruit Cropping on the Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, and Nutrient Composition of Apple Trees
Authors: Taylor B.H. , Ferree D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Traditionally, the size control achieved in summer-pruned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees has been attributed to the removal of shoot leaf area before it could replace the storage carbohydrate depleted during its initial growth. Therefore, tissues of young Top Red ‘Delicious’/M 9 trees grown in pots, and mature, field-grown ‘Jonathan’/M 26 trees were summer-pruned and subsequently analyzed for carbohydrate and nutrient element content. Increasing the severity of summer pruning (the length of shoot removed) did not affect the concentration of water-soluble reducing sugars (SRS) or insoluble hydrolyzable carbohydrates (IHC) in the basal shoot section of the Top Red ‘Delicious’/M 9 trees 11 weeks after pruning. Summer pruning 1) increased leaf SRS, N, K, B and stem IHC and 2) decreased leaf Ca and Mg in shoot regrowth. Levels of Fe, Ca, Zn, Al, and Na in the leaves of regrowth were not affected by summer pruning. There was no significant effect of pruning on SRS or IHC levels in the roots. A separation of the carbohydrates by gas chromatography revealed increasing glucose and fructose concentrations in the roots as pruning severity increased, but sorbitol, sucrose, and phloridzin concentrations in roots were not significantly affected. Neither previous season’s summer pruning nor fruit cropping of ‘Jonathan’/M 26 trees affected SRS or IHC of spur shoots in March or June, except that presence of fruit reduced IHC of spur leaves in June. SRS levels in roots in June were reduced by the previous year’s cropping, but not influenced by summer pruning. Root IHC was not influenced by either pruning or cropping treatments. Spur leaf N, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al were reduced on defruited trees, with K, Ca, Mn, and Al generally being increased by summer pruning. Pruning and cropping treatments generally did not affect levels of P, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, or Na in spur leaves in June; but summer pruning increased K concentration in harvested fruit.
Strawberry Vegetative and Fruit Growth Response to Paclobutrazol
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Garth Jeannie K.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Petiole and scape elongation, leaf expansion, and runner formation were reduced by soil application of paclobutrazol (PP333). Runner number was reduced 90–100% by paclobutrazol dosages of 0.2–0.4 mg a.i. per 15-cm pot, accompanied by smaller reductions in leaf expansion (14–29%), petiole elongation (31–59%), and scape elongation (24–47%). Subsequent foliar applied gibberellic acid (GA3) at 50 ppm alleviated the effects of paclobutrazol. Lateral crown formation was promoted in several experiments. Fruit weight was not affected at 0.6 mg a.i. paclobutrazol per pot, but scape elongation was reduced by 51%. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Quantitative Measurements of Mefluidide Protection of Chilled Corn Plants
Authors: Tseng Menq-Jiau , Zhang Cheng-lie , Li Paul H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of mefluidide-treated corn (Zea mays L.) plants showed significant protection from chilling injury compared with untreated, chilled controls. On a per-plant basis, leaves sprayed with 5, 10, 15, or 20 ppm mefluidide had 6%, 14%, 9%, or 12% damage, respectively, of the total leaf area after a 6-day exposure to 4°C, whereas controls had more than 60% damage. Treated plants had more leaf area, were taller, had greater fresh and dry weights, and flowered 6 days earlier than controls. Plant growth was stunted with a 20-ppm spray, although plants were protected from chilling injury. During a 6-day chilling period, a consistent level of about 10% electrolyte leakage was observed among treated plants, whereas from control tissue, electrolyte leakage increased from 10% to 40%. These results suggest that mefluidide may modulate the permeability of the plasma membrane in the chilling environments. Chemical name used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide).
Mineral Elements and Organic Acids in Branch and Root Xylem Sap of Healthy and Blight-affected Sweet Orange Trees
Authors: Wutscher H.K. , McDonald R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sap extracted by nitrogen gas pressure from branches and lateral roots of healthy and citrus blight-affected ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, trees on rough lemon (C. Union Burm. f.) rootstock in 2 commercial groves was analyzed for N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, CI, Si, and organic acids. The branch and root wood (from which the sap was extracted), leaves, and feeder roots were also analyzed. Sap extracted from branches of blight-affected ‘Hamlin’ trees in the spring had higher Zn, Cu, CI, and Si concentrations than sap of healthy trees. Nitrogen was increased twofold and Fe slightly increased with blight in the root sap. Branch sap collected from ‘Valencia’ trees in the fall showed no differences. Branch sap contained more organic acids than root sap and there was no difference between blighted and healthy trees. Citric and malic were the principal acids.