bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive analysis of adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Jain Charu , Sharma Lokendra , Sharma Neha , Agrawal Abhishek , Tak Amit , Kumar Munesh 
Published: March 2022

Introduction:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly toxic, may cause various adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Hence, regular monitoring and reporting of ADRs to ART are essential to ensure the maximum benefit from these medications. The aim/objective of this study is to evaluate the pattern, causality, severity, and preventability of ADRs due to antiretroviral drugs.

Materials and Methods:
A descriptive observational study was carried out on people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), at ART center of SMS Medical College and attached group of hospitals, Jaipur, after due approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. ADRs due to various ART regimens were studied over a period of 12 months. Clinical information of ADRs and other relevant details was collected on predesigned pro forma and causality, severity, and preventability of reported ADRs were duly assessed.

Results:
Five hundred and twenty-four HIV patients taking ART presented with a total of 996 ADRs. Maximum ADRs were implicated by tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz and were related to the central nervous system (35.3%) and gastrointestinal system (19.6%). Other ART caused ADRs of anemia, rashes, renal impairment, hepatobiliary impairment, and rare ADR of Steven–Johnson Syndrome (S-J Syndrome) and gynecomastia. Among encountered ADRs, 73.8% were preventable, whereas 26.2% were not preventable. Causality assessment was found to be possible, probable, and certain in 72.7%, 24.9%, and 2.4% of ADRs, respectively.

Conclusion:
ART is associated with a broad range of ADRs, ranging from mild to life-threatening adverse reactions. The activities of pharmacovigilance, ADR monitoring, and reporting are mandatory to improve the drug safety.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Medical knowledge, Patient care, Practice-based learning and improvement, and Systems-based practice.
Retinal detachment in eyes treated with Aurolab aqueous drainage implant for refractory glaucoma - Incidence and outcomes
Authors: Babu Naresh , Baliga Girish , Puthuran George Varghese , Ramasamy Kim 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To analyze the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in patients who have undergone prior Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) surgery and report outcomes in terms of anatomic, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure (IOP) findings.

Methods:
Case records of all patients who underwent RRD repair after AADI surgery from 2013 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Data collected included patient demographics, ocular examination findings at all visits including IOP and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and clinical findings related to RRD both at baseline and postoperatively.

Results:
Ten eyes of nine patients were included in study. The mean age of patients was 28.2 years (median: 15 years, range: 6–83 years). Mean duration between AADI and RRD was 14 months (median 2.5 months; range 2 days-72 months). All eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicon oil injection. The preoperative LogMAR BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was 2.52 ± 0.15 which improved to 2.29 ± 0.58 at final follow-up; however, only one eye had vision ≥ 20/400 largely due to recurrent RRD and advanced glaucomatous disc damage. Postoperatively retina was attached in 6 eyes (60%) and IOP was ≤ 21 mmHg in 5 out of 6 eyes with anatomic success

Conclusion:
The incidence of RRD following AADI was found to be 0.86% in our study. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicon oil tamponade was the preferred approach in the management of these eyes with IOP being well controlled post PPV. However, visual acuity outcomes were largely unsatisfactory due to recurrent RRD and preexisting advanced glaucoma.
Effects of water drinking on corneal biomechanics: The association with intraocular pressure changes
Authors: Vera Jesús , Redondo Beatríz , Molina Rubén , Jiménez Raimundo 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
We aimed to assess the impact of drinking water (500 and 1000 mL) on corneal biomechanics and determine the level of association between changes in intraocular pressure and variations in the different biomechanical properties of the cornea.

Methods:
A total of 39 healthy young adults ingested either 1000 mL (n = 21) or 500 mL (n = 18) of tap water in 5 min. The CorVis ST system was used to assess corneal biomechanics at baseline and at 15, 30, and 45 min after water ingestion.

Results:
Water drinking induced statistically significant changes in the deformation amplitude (P < 0.001, h² = 0.166), highest concavity time (P = 0.012, h² = 0.093), peak distance (P < 0.001, h² = 0.171), time and velocity of the first applanation (P < 0.001, h² = 0.288 and P = 0.016, h² = 0.087, respectively), and time and velocity of the second applanation (P = 0.030, h² = 0.074 and P = 0.001, h² = 0.132, respectively), being independent of the amount of water ingested (P > 0.05 in all cases). There were significant associations between changes in intraocular pressure and some parameters of corneal biomechanics

Conclusion:
Small variations in whole-body hydration status alter different biomechanical properties of the cornea, with these changes being associated with intraocular pressure levels. These findings indicate that whole-body hydration status can be considered for the diagnosis and management of different ocular conditions.
Semilunar sign of cornea: A multimodal analysis of the posterior corneal opacity in non-infectious anterior scleritis
Authors: Kumar Dhivya Ashok , Agarwal Amar , Chandrasekar Radhika , Chinnappan Raja M 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To analyze the morphological outcomes of the posterior corneal opacity or “semilunar sign” in noninfectious anterior scleritis using multimodal imaging.

Methods:
This was a prospective observational case series. Patients with anterior scleritis from January 2018 to January 2019 were included. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Posterior cornea was visualized using the digital slit lamp photography (Elite, mega digital vision), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (MS39), and specular count analyzer (EM-3000). “Semilunar sign” was defined by the (1) presence of posterior corneal opacity, (2) concave semilunar pattern, (3) absence of blood vessels, and (4) normal anterior cornea. Incidence, clinical characteristics and significance, correlation with Mantoux sensitivity, and role of multimodal valuation were assessed.

Results:
Overall 76 eyes of 72 patients were recruited with anterior scleritis. Fifteen eyes of 11 patients (15.3%) presented with semilunar sign. The scleritis was both nonnecrotizing (n = 8) and necrotizing (n = 7). The semilunar configuration appeared as isolated (n = 9) and continuous lesion (n = 6). The extent was directly related to the scleral disease extent (P = 0.002). The mean thickness measured 212.5 ± 129.3 mm. The mean central endothelial cell density (ECD) was 2540.8 ± 351.7 cells/mm2, which was significantly higher than the involved peripheral cornea (P = 0.05). The mean surface area of the semilunar sign was 7.7 ± 5.2 mm2. There was no significant correlation between the opacity thickness and the best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.895, r = −0.39), ECD (P = 0.52, r = −0.188), and Mantoux (P = 0.696, r =− 0.142)

Conclusion:
Corneal semilunar sign of scleritis affected the peripheral cornea and caused no functional abnormality in early presentation. Multimodal analysis can aid in clinical assessment and severity.
Outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve and transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in neovascular glaucoma
Authors: Shalaby Wesam S , Ganjei Allen Y , Wogu Brian , Myers Jonathan S , Moster Marlene R , Razeghinejad Reza , Lee Daniel , Kolomeyer Natasha N , Eid Tarek E , Katz L Jay , Shukla Aakriti G 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To determine the outcomes of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) and transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) in neovascular glaucoma (NVG).

Methods:
This was a single-center retrospective comparative case series involving chart review of consecutive patients who underwent AGV or CPC for treatment of NVG and had ≥6 months of follow-up. Surgical failure at 6 months, defined as an IOP of >21 or <6 mm Hg with hypotony maculopathy after 1 month, progression to no light perception (NLP) vision, glaucoma reoperation, or removal of AGV were the main outcome measures.

Results:
In total, 121 eyes of 121 patients were included (70 AGV and 51 CPC). Baseline demographics, visual acuity (VA), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were comparable between groups. At 6 months, failure was significantly higher in the CPC group than in the AGV group (43.1% vs. 17.1%, P = 0.020). Both groups had similar IOP and medication number at 6 months, but VA was significantly lower in the CPC group compared to the AGV group (2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 1.9 ± 1.0, P = 0.017). More CPC eyes required reoperation for glaucoma than AGV eyes (11.8% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.041). Multivariate regression analysis identified higher preoperative IOP (P = 0.001) and CPC surgery (P = 0.004) as independent predictors of surgical failure at 6 months. Age, sex, race, NVG etiology, bilaterality of the underlying retinal pathology, perioperative retina treatment, and prior or combined vitrectomy were not significant

Conclusion:
AGV and CPC had comparable IOP and medication reduction in NVG eyes at 6 months. CPC was more frequently associated with failure, reoperation for glaucoma, and worse visual outcomes. High preoperative IOP and CPC surgery independently predicted surgical failure.
Canon CP-TX1 camera – As a screening tool for amblyogenic risk factors
Authors: Raza Syed Aisha , Amitava Abadan Khan , Gupta Yogesh , Afzal Kamran , Kauser Farnaz , Saxena Juhi , Masood Anam , Bose Aparna , Singh Ramprakash 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the Canon CP-TX1 camera as a screening tool for ARFs in a pediatric population and estimate the prevalence of ARFs.

Methods:
In a pediatric outpatient space, largely in the immunization clinic, after obtaining parental consent, we encouraged children to be photographed from a distance of 5 feet in a dim room by using a CP-TX1 camera with the red-eye reduction feature off. Based on the captured red reflex, children were labeled as normal (symmetrical red reflexes in the two eyes, with no visible crescents); all others were considered as abnormal or positive for ARFs. All photographed children were assessed by an optometrist/refractionist for VA by age-appropriate methods. Data were entered into a 2 × 2 contingency table on statpages.org, and diagnostic indices were calculated with 95%CI.

Results:
With a sample of 262 children, we obtained a sensitivity of 0.82, a specificity of 0.98, a positive predictive value of 0.92, a negative predictive value of 0.94, a positive likelihood ratio of 41.06, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.17, and a prevalence of 0.24 for ARFs

Conclusion:
CP-TX1 performed well as a screening tool to identify ARFs in children. Placing such a camera in an immunization clinic offers a chance to identify children with ARFs at a time when amblyopia is eminently reversible.
Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: An epidemiological study from a tertiary care referral center in Western India
Authors: Patel Ravija , Jethva Jignesh , Bhagat Purvi R , Prajapati Vipul , Thakkar Hansa , Prajapati Kamini 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a rare opportunistic fungal infection with a fulminant course and an often fatal outcome. It can occur in immune-compromised patients such as those having uncontrolled diabetes, on long-term corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy, with COVID-19 infection, renal failure, AIDS, malignancy, or organ transplant. The aim of our study was to study the epidemiology of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients and identify its risk factors.

Methods:
Ours was an epidemiological study wherein we gathered the demographic, clinical, histopathological, and radiological data of 458 patients of mucormycosis who presented to us between August 2020 and May 2021. Mucormycosis was defined through clinical and radiological findings or positive culture reports.

Results:
Out of all, 20.74% of patients did not have any past or concurrent history of COVID-19. The most common symptom of mucormycosis was orbital/facial pain (38.64%) and the most common sign was periocular/facial edema (50.74%). Mucormycosis involving the nose and sinuses (94.54%) was most common followed by rhino-orbital (45.41%) and brain involvement (10.04%). The most common risk factor for mucormycosis was diabetes [81.92%], followed by corticosteroid use [79.69%] and supplemental oxygen [48.90%]. Most of the patients received similar treatment with IV amphotericin B [88.64%] and local debridement [80.74%]

Conclusion:
With the third wave of COVID-19 still lurking, a fatal fungal infection should be kept in mind in COVID-19 active as well as recovered patients, especially those who have co-morbid medical conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes and who are treated with large doses of corticosteroids.
Subconjunctival Dirofilariasis presenting as orbital cellulitis
Authors: Shambhu Smitha K , Murthy Praveen R 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Dirofilariasis is an emerging zoonosis in India. Most of the cases from India have been reported from the states of Kerala, coastal Karnataka and Maharashtra, and a few from the North India, Orissa and Assam. Dogs, cats, foxes and other wild animals are definitive hosts for dirofilaria. Human ocular parasitosis is prevalent in geographical areas where environmental factors and poor sanitary conditions favor parasitism between humans and animals. However, in recent years, migrating population have facilitated the spread of certain parasitic diseases from endemic to non-endemic areas. We report a case of subconjunctival dirofilariasis in a 91-year-old man, who presented with features of orbital cellulitis. An intact live worm, measuring 13.5 cm, was extracted from the subconjunctival space, following which there was prompt resolution of symptoms.

Purpose:
Given the increase in the frequency of dirofilariasis in humans in recent years, medical practitioners should bear in mind the possibility of ocular dirofilariasis when a patient presents with an ocular or orbital inflammatory lesion.

Synopsis:
This video illustrates various presentations of ocular dirofilaria and surgical extraction of a live worm from the subconjunctival space.

Highlights:
Lifecycle and human ocular manifestations of dirofilaria ared elucidated. Rare presentation of subconjunctival dirofilariasis as orbital cellulitis and its resolution following removal of the live worm has been demonstrated.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/Nj8unz0S85M
Synthesis, antibacterial, antibiofilm evaluation and molecular docking studies of 3-methyl- 2-propyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3b] [1,2,4,6]thiatriazine-1,1-dioxide
Authors: Hajri Azhar , Zmantar Tarek , Altayb Hisham N , Kouidhi Bochra , Chaieb Kamel 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT. In the current study, a simple method for the synthesis of 3-methyl-2-propyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3b][1,2,4,6]thiatriazine-1,1-dioxide (2) was carried out. In the presence of pyridine, a reaction between amidine (1) and sulfuryl chloride occurs. FTIR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectra, and elemental analysis were utilized in order to verify the structure of a novel synthetic molecule. The antibacterial activities of compound (2) were tested against eight pathogenic bacteria and the minimum inhibitory concentration as well as minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. Moreover, the possible antibiofilm effect of compound (2) was evaluated. Molecular docking was investigated to determine the interaction between compound (2) and eight crystal structures of bacterial and yeast proteins associated with virulence activity and antimicrobial resistance. Our results showed that the new 3-methyl-2-propyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3b][1,2,4,6]thiatriazine-1,1-dioxide (2) compound has a moderate antibacterial activity toward the selected pathogenic bacteria. The obtained MICs varied from 32 to 512 µg/mL being the lowest values attributed to Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 (MIC = 32 µg/mL).We noted also that heterocyclic compound (2) may inhibit bacterial biofilm formation at concentration depend manner with a lowest value obtained against S.mutans ATCC 25175 (BIC50 = 490 µg/mL). Molecular docking showed a promising inhibitory activity of compound (2) on TetM-mediated tetracycline resistance (3J25) and Staphylococcus aureus gyrase (3G7B) with lower binding energy compared to the other target proteins.

KEY WORDS: Synthesis, Thiatriazine-1,1-dioxide, Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 109-117.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.10
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, biological screening and POM analysis of potentially bioactive copper(II) carboxylate complexes
Authors: Sirajuddin Muhammad , Ahmad Changaiz , Khan Hizbuallah , Ullahkhan Imdad , Tariq Muhammad , Ullah Nazif 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT. Here we are reporting the synthesis, characterization of four novel copper(II) complexes with carboxylate ligand and their evaluation for biological applications. The complexes have general formulas C22H18CuN4O12, C32H26CuN6O12, C27H23CuN5O12 and C34H26CuN6O12. The synthesized complexes were characterized by FT-IR and elemental analyses carried out through EDX. The deprotonation of the carboxylate ligand, 4-(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid, was observed in FT-IR spectrum, indicating that complexation happens via the carboxylate moiety's oxygen. In complexes 1 and 3, the value of Δν value is in between 120-180 cm-1 showing the bridging mode of the carboxylate moiety while in complexes 2 and 4, its value is greater than 180 cm-1 indicating the monodentate binding mode. The findings of antimicrobial activity revealed that the complexes have adequate antibacterial and antifungal properties. The anti-promastigote analysis results showed that the complexes 1 and 4 have significant activity as compared to the standard drug. The binding mode of complexes with DNA was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and viscosity measurements and the results showed that complexes interact with DNA through intercalative mode. A new and efficient strategy was applied through POM (Petra, Osiris and Molinspiration) analyses for determining the toxicity assessment, bio-availability and drug score of the synthesized complexes. The results showed that the complexes have good bioavailability and drug scores.

KEY WORDS: Copper(II) carboxylate complex, DNA binding, Anti-promastigote analysis, Cytotoxicity, POM analysis, Docking study
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(1), 57-71.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i1.6
Interreligious Resilience
Authors: Hogue Michael S. , Bell Dean Phillip 
Published: March 2022

This book introduces the theory of interreligious resilience as a means to developing deeper and more effective interreligious engagement and resilience. Hogue and Bell advocate for interreligious resilience as the ability to learn and grow through, rather than be threatened by, encounters with religious difference. They argue that rather than the capacity to endure change and return to a normal status quo, a deeper, more complex resilience is characterized by and ability to learn and grow through disturbances, disruptions an uncertainty.
This book integrates theory and practice by situating the practical tasks of interreligious engagement in theological and social contexts. It is systemic rather than being focused on isolated interreligious issues or the practice of interreligious dialogue, and it is multidimensional, rather than being focused primarily on interpersonal interreligious encounters.
This book is essential reading for all religious leaders and other community leaders working with religious people in an interreligious world.
Prevalence of comorbidities and symptoms stratified by severity of illness amongst adult patients with COVID-19: a systematic review
Authors: Pandey Ritambhara , Rai Devesh , Tahir Muhammad , Wahab Abdul , Bandyopadhyay Dhrubajyoti , Lesho Emil , Laguio-Vila Maryrose , Fentanes Emilio , Tariq Raseen , Naidu Srihari , Aronow Wilbert 
Published: March 2022

IntroductionWe performed a systematic review of comorbidities and symptoms of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to evaluate comorbidities, symptoms, and severity.Material and methodsWe searched databases and extracted comorbidities and symptoms from the included studies. We stratified the similar signs and symptoms in groups and on the basis of severity and compared them with stratified analysis. Individual case reports and case series with < 5 patients were excluded.ResultsA total of 163 studies with 43,187 patients were included. Mean age was 54.6 years. There were significantly fewer women in the study (43.9% vs. 56.1%, p < 0.0001). Prevalent cardiovascular comorbidities were hypertension (31.9%), obesity (27.9%), hyperlipidemia (26.4%), smoking (18.9%), diabetes mellitus (17.2%), atherosclerotic disease (9.2%) and arrhythmia (5.0%). The most frequently reported constitutional symptoms of COVID-19 were fever (73.9%), fatigue (33.4%), malaise (29.9%), myalgia and/or arthralgia (19.2%), generalized weakness (19.0%), and chills (11.3%). For the cardiovascular system, chest pain and/or tightness were most often reported (19.6%), followed by palpitations (5.2%). Hypertension and diabetes were common in severe disease. Obesity and congestive heart failure were not observed in any non-severe cases. Severe cases compared to non-severe cases more frequently had fever (87.8% vs. 58.5%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), shortness of breath (47.4% vs. 20.6%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), cough (66.8% vs. 62.9%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), sputum production (35.4% vs. 26.5%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and rhinorrhea (32.2% vs. 7.3%, <i>p</i> < 0.001).ConclusionsHypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic diseases are common comorbidities across the world, with obesity as the second most common in the US and more common in men.