bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locomotor adaptations: paradigms, principles and perspectives
Authors: Severini Giacomo , Zych Magdalena 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The term ‘locomotor adaptations’ (LMA) indicates the alteration in motor commands that is automatically or volitionally generated in response to a perturbation continuously altering the task demands of locomotion. LMAs have been widely studied, using a variety of experimental paradigms and analysis techniques. The perturbation can be expected or unexpected and constituted by a change in the movement environment, by forces actively pushing the person’s body segments, by a modification in the sensory feedback associated with the task or by explicit task instructions. The study of LMAs has been key in widening our understanding of the principles regulating bipedal locomotion, from the overall strategies driving the short-term adjustments of motor commands, down to the different neural circuits involved in the different aspects of locomotion. In this paper we will provide an in-depth review of the research field of LMAs. We will start with an analysis of the principles driving the evolution of bipedal locomotion in humans. Then we will review the different experimental paradigms that have been used to trigger LMAs. We will analyze the evidence on the neurophysiological correlates of adaptation and the behavioral reasons behind it. We will then discuss the characteristics of LMA such as transfer, generalization, and savings. This will be followed by a critical analysis of how different studies point to different task-goal related drivers of adaptation. Finally, we will conclude with a perspective on the research field of LMAs and on its ramifications in neuroscience and rehabilitation.
Exciton dynamics in 2D organic semiconductors
Authors: Sharma Ankur , Hasan Md Mehedi , Lu Yuerui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials have been studied extensively for their interesting excitonic and optoelectronic properties arising from strong many-body interactions and quantum confinement at 2D limit. Most of these materials have been inorganic, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, etc. Organic semiconductor materials, on the other hand been investigated for their excellent electrical conductivity and low dielectric coefficients for similar applications in the thin film or bulk material phase. The lack of crystallinity in the thin film and bulk phases has led to ambiguity over the excitonic and electronic/optical band gap characteristics. The recent emergence of 2D organic materials has opened a new domain of high crystallinity and controlled morphology, allowing for the study of low-lying excitonic states and optoelectronic properties. They have been demonstrated to have different excitonic properties compared with the Wannier–Mott excitons in inorganic 2D materials. Here we present our recent experimental observations and analysis of 2D organic semiconductor materials. We discuss the role of high-crystalline and morphology-controlled growth of single-crystalline materials and their optoelectronic properties. The report explains the Frenkel (FR) and charge-transfer (CT) excitons and subsequent light emission and absorption properties in organic materials. The true nature of low-lying excitonic states, which arises from the interaction between CT and FR excitons, is experimentally studied and discussed to reveal the electronic band structure. We then discuss the pure FR behaviour we observed in J–type aggregated organic materials leading to coherent superradiant excitonic emissions. The supertransport of excitons within the organic materials, facilitated by their pure FR nature, and the delocalization of excitons over a large number of molecules are also demonstrated. Finally, we discuss the applications and our vision for these organic 2D materials in fast organic light-emitting diodes, high-speed excitonic circuits, quantum computing devices, and other optoelectronic devices.
Distinguishing Gastrointestinal Leiomyomas From Muscularis Propria in Biopsy Specimens by Differential Expression of S100 Immunohistochemical Stain
Authors: Dong Zachary , Barraza Gonzalo , Affolter Kajsa E , Witt Benjamin L , Jedrzkiewicz Jolanta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Interpreting small biopsy specimens or fine-needle aspirations of gastrointestinal tract (GI) smooth muscle lesions may be challenging when the differential diagnosis includes leiomyoma vs muscularis propria (MP). We evaluated the utility of S100 staining in distinguishing GI leiomyomas from MP.

Methods
A search was conducted in our laboratory information system for cases of leiomyomas arising within the GI tract (2004-2021). Site-matched controls containing MP were selected (2018-2020). Five high-power fields (hpf) were counted on S100 immunohistochemical stains by two pathologists in the resections and by three different blinded pathologists in the biopsy specimens and analyzed.

Results
The median S100 count was 2.5/5 hpf in leiomyoma resection cases (n = 38), which was significantly lower than the median count of 548/5 hpf in MP (n = 19) with a P value of &lt;.0001. The median S100 count in biopsy specimens (n = 16) was 1.2/5 hpf and within the expected range of 1 to 104/5 hpf (minimum-maximum value) established by the leiomyoma resections. S100 counts in the normal MP were significantly higher than those observed in leiomyomas (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
S100 staining can aid in distinguishing a leiomyoma from MP in the GI tract, which is especially helpful when evaluating cases with limited sampling.
A UPLC- MS/MS Method to Quantify β-Sitosterol and Ferulic Acid of Pygeum Africanum Extract in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Preparation
Authors: Samir Hanan , Mahgoub Sebaey , Badr Jihan M , El-Gendy Alaa , Hadad Ghada M , Ibrahim Elsayed A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study uses a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry method to determine β-Sitosterol and Ferulic acid in Pygeum africanum extract. Chromatographic separation of the two analytes was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC H-Class system coupled with Xevo TQD mass spectrometer and HSS T3 C18 column (2.1 X 50 mm, 1.8 μm). Mobile phase A consisted of an aqueous solution of 0.1% formic acid (v/v), and mobile phase B was 0.1% formic acid (v/v) in methanol pumped through a gradient elution mode. Mass spectrometer parameters were optimized using an electrospray ionization source in the positive and negative ionization modes. The quantification of the two analytes was performed using multiple reaction monitoring transitions. The method was fully validated per (FDA) guidelines regarding linearity, accuracy, precision, carryover and selectivity. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine the two investigated compounds in commercially available pharmaceutical products.
Incidentally Diagnosed Asymptomatic Crohn’s Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Grinman Ana , Ungar Bella , Lahat Adi , Kopylov Uri , Eliakim Rami , Ben-Horin Shomron 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundCrohn’s disease (CD) is occasionally diagnosed in asymptomatic patients who have undergone colonoscopy or imaging for other reasons. The clinical outcome and optimal management of these patients remain poorly defined.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of asymptomatic patients with incidental diagnosis of CD from the electronic patient registry of the IBD Unit of Sheba Medical Center in Israel. The primary outcome was defined as the occurrence of a clinical flare.ResultsOf the 2700 CD patients in Sheba IBD registry, 60 asymptomatic patients with incidental diagnosis of CD were identified (31/60 males, median age 50.5, 25%–75% interquartile range [IQR] 43.5–57.25 years, median follow-up 4.5 years, 25–75% IQR 2.5–6.75, range 1–15 years). Most of the patients did not receive any treatment after diagnosis (53/60—88.33%). Of these, 5 patients (9.43%) experienced a flare during follow-up (median 4.5 years, IQR 2.5–6.75, range 1–15 years). Patients with subsequent flare had numerically higher CRP at diagnosis than patients who did not flare (2.2, IQR 2.0–3.0 vs 1.04, IQR 1.0–2.2, P = .09). When comparing the group of patients who received treatment immediately after diagnosis (n = 7) with the group who did not receive treatment (n = 53), there was no difference with respect to the survival time without a flare (P = .3). For other secondary outcomes, 3/40 progressed from B1 phenotype to B2, and 3/53 (6%) patients underwent surgery during the follow-up.ConclusionsThe majority of patients with an incidental diagnosis of asymptomatic CD can probably be followed-up without immediate treatment. Although most remain asymptomatic and without complications during follow-up, close monitoring for disease progression is prudent.
Cognitive Improvement Following Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training Intervention for Older Adults With MCI
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth B , Delgadillo Mia , Lazzeroni Laura C , Louras Peter N , Myers Jonathan , Yesavage Jerome , Fairchild J Kaci 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) presents a critical period for intervention. Although exercise and cognitive training (CT) interventions have reported independent success in improving cognition, some meta-analyses have suggested that combined interventions provide maximal benefits. Much previous research has studied land-based as opposed to water-based exercise, which places potential barriers on older adults. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of combined exercise (water- or land-based) and CT treatment on cognition for older adults with MCI.

Methods
Participants were 67 adults ages 54–86 years classified with MCI who engaged in 6 months of land or aquatic-based exercise with subsequent CT over 4 weeks. Primary outcome variables were performance measures of several cognitive domains across 3-time points (baseline, following exercise intervention, and following CT intervention). Linear mixed effects modeling examined exercise group differences across time periods in an intention-to-treat analysis.

Results
Both aquatic- and land-based exercise with CT interventions resulted in significant improvement in learning and memory outcomes, though improvement in executive functioning, processing speed, language, and visuospatial abilities was limited to water-based and CT treatment groups. Differences in linear growth patterns between groups were nonsignificant.

Conclusion
Results suggest that for older adults with MCI to obtain global cognitive benefits (ie, learning and memory, executive functioning, processing speed, language, and visuospatial abilities) using combined exercise and CT interventions, they must be able to fully engage in exercise, and aquatic-based activities should be further considered.
3-D pre-stack diffraction separation by extending the PWD method with parametrized local slope
Authors: Li Chuangjian , Peng Suping , Cui Xiaoqin , Du Wenfeng 
Published: September 2022

SUMMARY
Diffractions comprise the seismic response of subsurface geological discontinuities and thus can provide detailed geological information during 3-D seismic exploration. The separation of weak diffractions from specular reflections is challenging, especially when the diffractions and reflections have similar kinematical characteristics in the 3-D pre-stack case. Conventional separation methods often estimate the local slope based on optimization or the Hilbert transform, which directly depends on the distribution behaviour of seismic events and may lead to the aliasing effects of the hyperbolic reflected and diffracted slopes in the shot domain. In this study, a different method is employed: local slopes are parametrized and constrained to the normal moveout velocity and ray parameter, which can distinguish reflections and diffractions in the shot domain and enhance the stability and accuracy of local slopes. Interestingly, when the receiver line and the geological edge are coplanar, the corresponding edge diffractions and reflections exhibit extremely similar behaviour, rendering them indistinguishable. Considering this phenomenon, a 3-D pre-stack diffraction separation strategy is proposed based on the estimation of the local slopes in two orthogonal directions. Thus, the accurate local slope can be used for plane-wave destruction when separating diffractions in the 3-D pre-stack domain. Synthetic and field data applications demonstrate that the proposed separation strategy is effective and can obtain high-quality diffraction wavefields for detecting the subsurface discontinuous structure.
Early appropriate diagnostics and treatment of MDR Gram-negative infections
Authors: Bassetti Matteo , Kanj Souha S , Kiratisin Pattarachai , Rodrigues Camilla , Van Duin David , Villegas María Virginia , Yu Yunsong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The term difficult-to-treat resistance has been recently coined to identify Gram-negative bacteria exhibiting resistance to all fluoroquinolones and all β-lactam categories, including carbapenems. Such bacteria are posing serious challenges to clinicians trying to identify the best therapeutic option for any given patient. Delayed appropriate therapy has been associated with worse outcomes including increase in length of stay, increase in total in-hospital costs and ∼20% increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality. In addition, time to appropriate antibiotic therapy has been shown to be an independent predictor of 30 day mortality in patients with resistant organisms. Improving and anticipating aetiological diagnosis through optimizing not only the identification of phenotypic resistance to antibiotic classes/agents, but also the identification of specific resistance mechanisms, would have a major impact on reducing the frequency and duration of inappropriate early antibiotic therapy. In light of these considerations, the present paper reviews the increasing need for rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections and efficient laboratory workflows to confirm diagnoses and facilitate prompt de-escalation to targeted therapy, in line with antimicrobial stewardship principles. Rapid diagnostic tests currently available and future perspectives for their use are discussed. Early appropriate diagnostics and treatment of MDR Gram-negative infections require a multidisciplinary approach that includes multiple different diagnostic methods and further consensus of algorithms, protocols and guidelines to select the optimal antibiotic therapy.
Using ensembles and distillation to optimize the deployment of deep learning models for the classification of electronic cancer pathology reports
Authors: De Angeli Kevin , Gao Shang , Blanchard Andrew , Durbin Eric B , Wu Xiao-Cheng , Stroup Antoinette , Doherty Jennifer , Schwartz Stephen M , Wiggins Charles , Coyle Linda , Penberthy Lynne , Tourassi Georgia , Yoon Hong-Jun 
Published: September 2022

Lay Summary
One of the goals of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program is to estimate incidence, prevalence, and mortality of all cancers. To that end, cancer registries across the country maintain a massive database of cancer pathology reports which contain rich information to understand cancer trends. However, these reports are stored in the form of unstructured text, and human annotators are required to read and extract relevant information. In this article, we show that existing deep learning models for automating information extraction from cancer pathology reports can be significantly improved by using ensemble model distillation. We found that by training multiple predictive models and transferring their knowledge to a single, low-resource model, we can reduce the number of highly confident wrong predictions. Our results show that our implemented methods could save 1000s of manual annotation hours.
Can PEth be Detected with a Cutoff of 20 ng/mL after Single Alcohol Consumption?
Authors: Stöth Frederike , Kotzerke Ephraim , Thierauf-Emberger Annette , Weinmann Wolfgang , Schuldis Dominik 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) can be determined in capillary blood collected as dried blood spots (DBS) and is a promising direct alcohol biomarker for the determination of drinking habits. Its use for abstinence monitoring needs to be evaluated. Studies with patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal have shown that the elimination of PEth can take up to 2 months. For the determination of PEth 16:0/18:1, a cutoff of 20 ng/mL has been agreed upon in the major US laboratories. However, it is not yet clear what minimum blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) have to be achieved by a single drinking episode to result in PEth concentrations above this cutoff after previous long-term abstinence. To determine whether low drinking amounts can result in a positive PEth concentration above 20 ng/mL, we recruited 12 participants (‘social’ drinkers). After 4 weeks of abstinence, alcohol was consumed at two separate drinking events with target BACs of 0.5 and 0.3 g/kg, resulting in maximum BACs in the ranges of 0.30–0.63 g/kg and 0.10–0.28 g/kg, respectively. Capillary blood was collected at different time points of the drinking experiment, and PEth was extracted from DBS and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Despite drinking doses up to 0.58 g ethanol per kg body weight and reaching BACs of up to 0.63 g/kg, PEth 16:0/18:1 and PEth 16:0/18:2 could not be detected at or above the 20 ng/mL cutoff in any participant at any time after the drinking events. We conclude that after long-term abstinence the cutoff of 20 ng/mL for single alcohol consumption leading to BACs up to 0.63 g/kg is not exceeded.
Addressing constrained engineering problems and feature selection with a time-based leadership salp-based algorithm with competitive learning
Authors: Qaraad Mohammed , Amjad Souad , Hussein Nazar K , Elhosseini Mostafa A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Like most metaheuristic algorithms, salp swarm algorithm (SSA) suffers from slow convergence and stagnation in the local optima. The study develops a novel Time-Based Leadership Salp-Based Competitive Learning (TBLSBCL) to address the SSA’s flaws. The TBLSBCL presents a novel search technique to address population diversity, an imbalance between exploitation and exploration, and the SSA algorithm’s premature convergence. Hybridization consists of two stages: First, a time-varying dynamic structure represents the SSA hierarchy of leaders and followers. This approach increases the number of leaders while decreasing the number of salp’s followers linearly. Utilizing the effective exploitation of the SSA, the position of the population’s leader is updated. Second, the competitive learning strategy is used to update the status of the followers by teaching them from the leaders. The goal of adjusting the salp swarm optimizer algorithm is to help the basic approach avoid premature convergence and quickly steer the search to the most promising likely search space. The proposed TBLSBCL method is tested using the CEC 2017 benchmark, feature selection problems for 19 datasets (including three high-dimensional datasets). The TBLSBCL was then evaluated using a benchmark set of seven well-known constrained design challenges in diverse engineering fields defined in the benchmark set of real-world problems presented at the CEC 2020 conference (CEC 2020). In each experiment, TBLSBCL is compared with seven other state-of-the-art metaheuristics and other advanced algorithms that include seven variants of the salp swarm. Friedman and Wilcoxon rank-sum statistical tests are also used to examine the results. According to the experimental data and statistical tests, the TBLSBCL algorithm is very competitive and often superior to the algorithms employed in the studies. The implementation code of the proposed algorithm is available at: https://github.com/MohammedQaraad/TBLSBCL-Optimizer.
Patterns of Palliation: A Review of Casualties That Received Pain Management Before Reaching Role 2 in Afghanistan
Authors: Hudson Ian L , Staudt Amanda M , Burgess Matthew , Hinojosa-Laborde Carmen , Schauer Steven G , Newberry Ryan K , Ryan Kathy L , VanFosson Christopher A 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Battlefield pain management changed markedly during the first 20 years of the Global War on Terror. Morphine, long the mainstay of combat analgesia, diminished in favor of fentanyl and ketamine for military pain control, but the options are not hemodynamically or psychologically equivalent. Understanding patterns of prehospital analgesia may reveal further opportunities for combat casualty care improvement.

Materials and Methods
Using Department of Defense Trauma Registry data for the Afghanistan conflict from 2005 to 2018, we examined 2,402 records of prehospital analgesia administration to assess temporal trends in medication choice and proportions receiving analgesia, including subanalysis of a cohort screened for an indication with minimal contraindication for analgesia. We further employed frequency matching to explore the presence of disparities in analgesia by casualty affiliation.

Results
Proportions of documented analgesia increased throughout the study period, from 0% in 2005 to 70.6% in 2018. Afghan casualties had the highest proportion of documented analgesia (53.0%), versus U.S. military (31.9%), civilian/other (23.3%), and non-U.S. military (19.3%). Fentanyl surpassed morphine in the frequency of administration in 2012. The median age of those receiving ketamine was higher (30 years) than those receiving fentanyl (26 years) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (23 years). Among the frequency-matched subanalysis, the odds ratio for ketamine administration with Afghan casualties was 1.84 (95% CI, 1.30-2.61).

Conclusions
We observed heterogeneity of prehospital patient care across patient affiliation groups, suggesting possible opportunities for improvement toward an overall best practice system. General increase in documented prehospital pain management likely reflects efforts toward complete documentation, as well as improved options for analgesia. Current combat casualty care documentation does not include any standardized pain scale.
AlH lines in the blue spectrum of Proxima Centauri
Authors: Pavlenko Yakiv V , Tennyson Jonathan , Yurchenko Sergei N , Schmidt Mirek R , Jones Hugh R A , Lyubchik Yuri , Suárez Mascareño A 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
The recently computed ExoMol line lists for isotopologues of AlH are used to analyse the blue spectrum (4000–4500 Å) of Proxima Cen (M5.5 V). Comparison of the observed and computed spectra enables the identification of a large number of 27AlH lines of the A 1Π –X 1Σ+ band system: The spectral range covering 1-0, 0-0, and 1-1 bands are dominated by clearly resolved AlH lines. We reveal the diffuse nature of transitions close to the dissociation limit which appears in the form of increasingly wider (up to 5 Å) and shallower (up to the continuum confusion limit) AlH line profiles. The predicted wavelengths of AlH diffuse lines are systematically displaced. The effect of broadening by predissociation states on the line profiles is included by increasing the radiative damping rate by up to 5 orders of magnitude. We determine empirical values of damping rates for a number of the clean 0-0 Q-branch transitions by comparing the observed and synthetic stellar spectra. We find excellent agreement between our damping rates and lifetimes available in the literature. A comparison of 27Al1H ExoMol and REALH spectra shows that the observed spectrum is better described by the ExoMol line list. A search for 26Al1H lines in the Proxima Cen spectrum does not reveal any notable features; giving an upper limit of 27Al1H /26Al1H &gt;100.