bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Responses of Four Bean Cultivars to Chronic Doses of Ozone
Authors: Heck W.W. , Dunning J.A. , Reinert R.A. , Prior S.A. , Rangappa M. , Benepal P.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), with different sensitivities to ozone (O3), were exposed to chronic doses of O3 for 7 hr/day in early and late-season studies. Plants were pot-cultured in open-top field chambers. Greater than ambient O3 doses were applied by supplementing the O3 present in nonfiltered air with additional O3 at a constant rate for 7 hr/day. Cultivar sensitivity, as determined using an acute exposure screening protocol, was maintained in both studies. Regression of yield against O3 concentrations showed that ‘BBL-254’ and ‘BBL-290’ were more sensitive to O3 than were ‘BBL-274’ and ‘Dwarf Horticultural’. Results suggest that the acute screen used can predict the relative yield response of cultivars grown under field conditions when very sensitive and very resistant cultivars are compared. The results support the contention that bean germplasm has traits for resistance to O3 at current levels of O3, but that resistance is lost with increasing O3 concentration. Predicted relative yield suppression at a 7 hr/day seasonal mean of 0.04 to 0.06 ppm (the common ambient range in eastern United States) was 2% to 4% for the two resistant cultivars and 10% to 26% for the two sensitive cultivars.
Effects of Petiole Calcium Status, Petiole Location, and Plant Age on the Incidence and Progression of Soft Rot in Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Fritz Vincent A. , Honma Shigemi , Widders Irvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sand nutrient cultures (containing different Ca2+ compositions) were used to modify the petiole Ca2+ concentrations in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris Group pekinensis). Petiole sections (6.5 cm2) from inner and outer leaves, 30 and 60 days after transplanting, were inoculated with Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora to evaluate resistance to soft rot incidence and disease progression. Xylem exudates collected from the plants in the sand nutrient culture were analyzed for Ca2+ concentration. Elevated petiole Ca2+ concentrations were not correlated with the development of soft rot in inoculated petiole sections. Plant age and petiole position (inner and outer) did not consistently affect soft rot development. There was a trend of reduced soft rot in inoculated petiole (inner) sections of ‘Hakuran’ plants as the xylem exudate Ca2+ levels increased.
Response of Fresh-market Tomatoes to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Plastic Mulch in a Short Growing Season
Authors: Wien H.C. , Minotti P.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on a gravelly loam soil of low N status to determine the amounts and timing of N fertilizer needed for high early and total yields of fresh-market tomatoes grown with or without clear plastic mulch. In both years, the mulch slightly increased early flower number, hastened flower production, and increased early yield. Hastening of maturity of plants on mulch resulted in a 22% increase in ripe fruit in the short (118-day) season of 1984 and a decrease in percent green fruit at final harvest. A N rate of 84 kg·ha−1 increased total yields compared to 0 N, whereas 168 kg·ha−1 of N decreased early yield in 1984 but not 1985. Applying one-half of the N at planting and sidedressing the remaining half was just as effective in increasing yields as applying all the N at planting, even with mulched plants. Low tissue NO3-N concentration (< 0.2%) 3 weeks after transplanting reflected insufficient N application for optimum yield but also resulted from limited soil moisture when applied N was adequate. The mulch has increased P consistently and, to a lesser extent, the K concentration in young tomato plants, whereas the effects of mulch on mineral concentration of other elements have varied with year, soil type, and climatic factors.
Salt Tolerance of Azalea Cultivars
Authors: Milbocker D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conventional leafburn evaluations were compared with a new root cell plasmolysis technique to test azalea cultivars (Rhododendron sp.) for salt tolerance. Plasmolysis was a more rapid indicator of salt tolerance than leafburn evaluation, and the technique was an acceptable method of evaluating azalea salt tolerance. Results of this research indicated that the salt-tolerant group contained those species and cultivars considered sun-tolerant, which are characterized by large leaves, coarse stems, and rapid growth. Kurume azaleas were among those determined to be salt-sensitive.
Internal Ethylene Levels and Maturity of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Destined for Prompt Consumption
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Unrath C.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Internal ethylene levels, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, and starch–iodine reaction in ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were measured weekly for 6 to 8 weeks during fruit maturation for 3 years. Internal ethylene level did not consistently correlate with minimum maturity as judged by agricultural inspection or optimum maturity as judged by a taste panel in either cultivar. Internal ethylene levels ranged from 0 to 26 μl·liter−1 in ‘Delicious’ and 0 to 41 μl·liter−1 in ‘Golden Delicious’ on taste panel harvest dates. Decreases in fruit firmness and increases in starch conversion and soluble solids content were observed prior to any increase in internal ethylene in both ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. Thus, internal ethylene concentration is not a reliable index of maturity for harvest determination for immediate sale on the fresh market. The combination of fruit firmness decrease, soluble solids increase, and conversion of starch seem to be more closely tied to perception of maturity by both the agricultural inspectors and taste panel.
Flooding Duration and Seasonal Effects on Growth and Development of Young Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants
Authors: Crane Jonathan H. , Davies Frederick S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of 3-year-old ‘Woodard’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants to 0, 5,15, 25, and 35 days of flooding during spring and summer of 1984 and 1985 was studied under field conditions. Soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (Eh) of flooded plots were significantly lower than those of unflooded plots within 2 days of flooding. After plots were released from flooding, soil Eh recovered to control levels within 10 days but ODR did not. Almost 100% of the plants survived flooding treatments in 1984, whereas plant survival decreased to 83% after 25 days of spring and 67% after 5 days of summer flooding in 1985. Stem elongation and leaf expansion were inhibited after about 15 days of spring and 7 days of summer flooding. The number of flower buds formed during the fall was reduced by about 30% and 70% after as little as 5 days of summer flooding in 1984 and 1985, respectively. Fruit set decreased by 13% and 29% after 25 days of spring flooding in 1984 and 1985, respectively. Yields were not consistently affected by spring flooding, but decreased significantly after 35 days in 1984 and 25 days in 1985.
Response of Blueberry Species to Excessive Manganese
Authors: Korcak R.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) to added Mn was studied in soil, solution, and sand cultures. Weekly additions of up to 0.8 mg Mn to Berryland sand soil (4.3 kg/pot) for 7 months produced the most growth in highbush blueberries, and additions of 6.4 mg Mn/week resulted in growth reductions but no visual toxicity symptoms. Solution culture- (800 ml/bottle) grown ‘Blueray’ highbush blueberries tolerated Mn additions up to 96 μg·ml−1 without significant growth reductions. Under similar conditions, a lowbush clone grew best at high added Mn and had higher foliar Mn concentrations than did ‘Blueray’, the rabbiteye cultivar ‘Tifblue’, or a selection of Vaccinium elliotti Chapman. Lowering solution Ca, Mg, and NO3 levels sharply increased foliar or stem Mn concentrations of all species. Growth of three genetically diverse hybrid blueberry progenies were not signficiantly affected by relatively high levels of applied Mn or Al when grown in sand culture. Increasing Al had a greater effect on increasing root Mn concentrations than did an increase in Mn levels. There were no visual Mn toxicity symptoms expressed in any of the three media from excessive Mn levels.
Effects of Root Pruning at Four Levels of Severity on Growth and Yield of ‘Melrose’/M.26 Apple Trees
Authors: Schupp James R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vigorous 15-year-old ‘Melrose’/M.26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees were mechanically root-pruned annually for 4 years at full bloom on two sides of the trunk at a distance of 60 or 80 cm and to a depth of 25 or 50 cm at each distance. Compared to unpruned controls, trees that were root-pruned had reduced trunk cross-sectional area, shoot length, leaf size, pre-harvest fruit drop, fruit size, and pruning time. Although fruit yield was unaffected, yield efficiency, fruit color, and soluble solids were increased by root pruning. Canopy light penetration was increased, as was spur quality. Generally, pruning 60 cm from the trunk had a greater effect than pruning at 80 cm, while pruning depth had no influence.
Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Aero-hydroponics on the Formation and Growth of Adventitious Roots
Authors: Soffer Hillel , Burger David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of Ficus benjamina L. and Chrysanthemum × morifolium(Dendranthema grandiflora tzvelev.) were rooted in aero-hydroponics to study the effect of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range of 8 mg·liter. (ambient saturation) to 0 mg·liter−1. The results of this study indicate that dissolved oxygen is essential to root formation and root growth. Woody (Ficus) and herbaceous (Chrysanthemum) cuttings responded similarly. Lowering the dissolved oxygen concentration increased the time required to form adventitious roots, reduced rooting percentages, reduced numbers of roots formed per cutting, and reduced average root lengths. Comparisons between stirred and unstirred water suggested the development of an area of depleted oxygen concentration (boundary layer) at the stem-water interface on cuttings immersed in unstirred water. Cuttings in water stirred constantly rooted sooner and formed more roots than did those in unstirred water. Maximum rooting occurred in misted (high dissolved oxygen concentrations) sections of cuttings suspended in the aero-hydroponics chambers. Chemical name used: potassium salt of lH-indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA).
Carbohydrate Relationships of Citrus jambhiri Inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum
Authors: Dixon R.K. , Garrett H.E. , Cox G.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root exudation patterns and carbohydrate composition of roots and leaves of Citrus jambhiri Lush, were examined during the period of initial colonization by Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. and Trappe. Exudation of reducing sugars and amino acids from seedling roots decreased as soil and root P increased. Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) seedlings to nonmycorrhizal seedlings of similar size and P nutrition revealed root exudation in VAM plants decreased following fungal colonization. Root reducing sugars increased and root starch content decreased in VAM seedlings during the infection process. Following establishment of symbiosis, leaves of VAM seedlings had greater levels of total soluble sugar, sucrose, reducing sugars, and starch relative to nonmycorrhizal controls. Colonization of C. jambhiri roots by VAM fungi apparently alters the balance of carbohydrates within leaves and roots.
Effect of Pruning System on Yield Components of Two Summer-bearing Raspberry Cultivars
Authors: Nehrbas Stanley R. , Pritts Marvin P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of annual pruning, alternate-year mowing, and primocane suppression on yield and its components for ‘Titan’ and ‘Royalty’ summer-bearing raspberries (Rubus idaeus and R. neglectus) were measured for 2 consecutive years. Cumulative yield was highest for primocane suppression and lowest for alternate-year mowing. Path analysis revealed that cane number per plant and number of fruitful laterals per cane were the most important yield components for both cultivars. Alternate-year mowing plots had higher cane numbers per plant than other treatments, but fewer fruitful laterals in the bottom and middle thirds of the canes. Annual primocane suppression increased numbers of fruitful laterals in the bottom and middle thirds of canes, resulting in increased yield compared to other treatments. Productivity was related to the amount of photosynthetically active radiation entering the canopy.
Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Ontario-grown Celery
Authors: Smith Richard B. , Reyes Andres A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Total weight loss of < 10% over a 10-week period was achieved by storing celery in atmospheres containing 1% O2 combined with 2% or 4% CO2 at 0°C. Significant increases in marketable celery resulted when C2H4 was scrubbed from some atmospheres. A combination of 1% or 2% O2 and 2% or 4% CO2 prevented black stem development during the storage period. Improved visual color, appearance, flavor, and increased marketable celery justifies the use of 4% CO2 in celery storages.
Relationship of Endogenous Gibberellin and Cytokinin Levels in Shoot Tips to Apical Form in Four Strains of ‘McIntosh’ Apple
Authors: Looney N.E. , Taylor J.S. , Pharis R.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips collected in June from ‘Summerland Red McIntosh’ (nonspur), ‘Macspur’, ‘Morspur’, and ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were examined for polar and less-polar gibberellins (GAs) and for cytokinin-like bioactivity. The latter three strains are increasingly compact and spurry, with ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ exhibiting a distinctive columnar growth habit. ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ shoot tips exhibited significantly lower levels of polar GAs, but the levels of less-polar GAs were similar in all four strains. Conversely, ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ displayed higher levels of cytokinin-like substances than the other three strains. These results are discussed in relation to the physiology of the spur-type growth habit of ‘McIntosh Wijcik’ apple and its progeny.
Supercooling in ‘Darrow’ Blackberry Buds
Authors: Warmund Michele R. , George Milon F. , Cumbie Billy G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments, viability tests, and anatomical studies were conducted to investigate the biophysics of freezing in ‘Darrow’ blackberry (Rubus spp.) buds at selected stages of development from Nov. 1985 through Sept. 1986. As many as four low-temperature exotherms (LTEs) associated with the crystallization of supercooled water were detected in DTA experiments on buds collected 16 Nov. 1985. Anatomical observations revealed seven to nine floral initials present at that date. On 16 Jan. 1986, buds were morphologically similar to those examined in November, with four to 10 LTEs per bud. By 2 Mar., the size of the floral initials increased and distinct floral parts were evident. One to 10 LTEs were observed per bud at this date. Five to seven floral initials were observed in buds collected on 23 Sept. 1986, but floral parts were not evident. DTA experiments conducted in September revealed one or no LTE per bud. The median LTEs for November, January, March, and September buds were −20.5°, −28.0°, −22.0°, and −16.5°C, respectively. T50 values calculated from viability tests were within 4.5° of the median LTEs at all test dates. These results indicate that injury to the entire floral region is associated with a single freezing event when ‘Darrow’ blackberry buds are at an early stage of development. However, as floral differentiation progresses, individual primordia supercool, freeze, and are injured independently.
Scion Water Relations During Union Development in Colorado Blue Spruce Grafts
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Proebsting W.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The role of scion water relations was studied using Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelmann ‘Hoopsi’) scions on Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] rootstocks grown either in a greenhouse or in a covered, unheated lath house. In greenhouse-grown grafts, total water potential (ψT) and relative water content (RWC) of the scions declined rapidly the first 2 weeks. Thereafter, both ψT and RWC were maintained or gradually increased in successful grafts. With scion budbreak, ψT rapidly increased to −1.0 MPa. This increase occurred 1 to 2 weeks after tracheid connections matured, based on dye movement through the graft union. At the same time, the ψT and RWC of unsuccessful grafts declined rapidly. Osmotic potentials (ψw) increased 3 weeks prior to budbreak in successful grafts. However, ψπ declined in unsuccessful grafts more rapidly than ψT, resulting in increased calculated turgor pressures with graft failure. Lath house-grown grafts had higher scion ψT and higher graft success than those in the greenhouse, but required more time for union development. Based on this data and previous work, an hypothesis relating changes in ψT, maturation of connecting tracheids, and scion budbreak to graft success or failure is presented.
Aviary and Field Evaluations of Sweet Corn Resistance to Damage by Blackbirds
Authors: Dolbeer R.A. , Woronecki P.P. , Mason J.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Each of 11 cultivars of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was presented to red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) in an aviary under no-choice conditions in 1985. This evaluation was repeated in 1986 with eight cultivars, five of which had been tested in 1985. In both years, there were significant differences in damage among cultivars; the damage rankings of the cultivars tested in both years were correlated. Total husk weight and husk weight beyond the cob tip individually explained 68% to 69% of the variation in damage among cultivars. Husk characteristics were more important than kernel characteristics in determining the amount of damage a cultivar received. Six of the cultivars evaluated in a field test near a blackbird roost showed differences in damage similar to that found in the aviary. In the field test, the most- and least-resistant cultivars had 16% and 76% of the ears damaged, respectively. Resistance is a viable approach to reduce damage in situations where sweet corn is grown near concentrations of blackbirds.
Performance of ‘Hamlin’ Orange on 30 Citrus Rootstocks in Southern Florida
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Bistline Fred W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Hamlin’ orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, was grown on 30 rootstocks for 8 years in an area between Florida's east coast and Lake Okeechobee. There were eight five-tree replications in randomized blocks, with 3×6-m spacing. Yield and fruit quality were determined at four harvests and tree size (trunk cross sectional area) and tree losses were recorded. In general, tree on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], trifoliate hybrids, and tangelo (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) rootstocks survived better than trees on mandarin, C. reticulata, and sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstocks. Most of the losses were due to tristeza virus and phytophthora root rot. The largest trees were on Volkamer and rough lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.), F 80-18 citrumelo, C. paradisi × P. trifoliata, Troyer citrange, C. sinensis × P. trifoliata, and Sampson tangelo. Fruit production (kg/tree) was best on Volkamer lemon, Swingle, and F 80-18 citrumelo, and hybrid FF 1-131-20 (C. reticulata × P. trifoliata). In terms of kilograms of solids/tree, trees on Swingle and F 80-18 citrumelo, on hybrid FF 1-131-20, and on Sunshine tangelo were the most productive. Average juice content was low because of two late harvests, but other fruit characteristics were normal. Rind color was exceptionally good on Alamoen shaddock (C. paradisi).
Influence of Leaf Removal, Root Pruning, and Soil Addition on the Growth of Greenhouse-grown Strawberry Plants
Authors: Chandler Craig K. , Miller Diane Doud , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to examine strawberry (Fragaria × anannassa Duchesne) plant renovation practices, singly and in combination, for effects on vegetative growth of greenhouse-grown, potted strawberry plants. The major results of these experiments were as follows: a) most of the plants that were both defoliated and root-pruned after fruit harvest died; b) there was a negative linear relationship between the number of leaves removed and the number of new leaves and runners produced; c) root, leaf, and total plant dry weights were negatively correlated with the severity of root pruning; and d) soil addition after fruit harvest decreased the shoot : root ratio of multiple-crown plants, but had no effect on single-crown plants.
Yield and Quality Responses of Celery and Crisphead Lettuce to Excess Boron
Authors: Francois Leland E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The boron tolerance of celery [Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (mill.) Pers.] and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was determined in large, outdoor sand cultures. Boron treatments were imposed by irrigation with culture solutions that contained 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, or 15.0 mg B/liter in 1984-85 and 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, or 20.0 mg B/liter in 1985-86. Relative yields of celery and lettuce were decreased 3.2% and 1.7% with each unit (mg·liter−1) increase in soil solution B (Bsw) above 9.8 and 1.3 mg B/liter, respectively. Celery plants harvested from treatments > 10.0 mg B/liter were immature, bitter tasting, and not of marketable quality. Leaf margin injury on lettuce was confined to the outer wrapper leaves, which were removed at harvest.
Numerical Expression for Estimating the Minimum Ethylene Exposure Time Necessary to Induce Ripening in Banana Fruit
Authors: Inaba Akitsugu , Nakamura Reinosuke 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A numerical expression for the minimum treatment time (MTT) for ethylene necessary to induce ripening in banana [Musa (AAA group, Cavendish subgroup) ‘Giant Cavendish’] fruit was determined using the concentration of applied ethylene, fruit temperature, and a number of fruit variables. The content of sugars, organic acids and ACC, and the activity of the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) in the fruit just prior to ethylene treatment were measured as fruit variables. In a linear regression analysis between MTT determined at 30°C with 1000 μl·liter−1 ethylene and each fruit variable, significant correlations were found with ACC (r = −0.84) and individual sugar content. MTT (y hours) in banana fruit treated with a selected ethylene concentration (x μl·liter−1) at a given temperature (t °C) could be estimated from their initial ACC content (k nmol·g−1) by the following equation: y = (0.202 − 0.238k)t2 − (11.92 − 13.1k)t + 185.8 − 190.7k − (0.02t2 − 1.3t + 22)log10x. When the calculated values for MTT were compared with the observed values, this equation adequately represented the MTT for Japanese commercial bananas. Chemical name used: 1-aminocydopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).