bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Board diversity as strategic choice and why it should matter to SMEs
Authors: Puntaier Elmar , Zhu Tingting , Hughes Paul 
Published: December 2022

PurposeDiversity in boards has gained attention as a reflection of societal imbalances. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of diversity in terms of both gender and nationality in management boards of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on firm performance from an upper echelons perspective. The authors also examine how board-specific characteristics influence the structural makeup of boards in gender and nationality diversity terms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors focus on the UK because of its individualistic society and flexible labour market and assess 309 SMEs in the manufacturing industry over 2009–2019. A 3-stage least squares (3SLS) estimator is used to analyse the data, the Shannon index to measure board diversity, return on assets as proxy for firm performance, and owner-manager presence, board member age and tenure are the board-specific characteristics of primary interest.FindingsBoth gender and nationality diversity contribute to firm performance and represent distinct upper echelon characteristics that change the cognitive and psychological dynamics of boards. Firms with larger boards do not perform better, but diverse boards reduce the narrowing view of CEOs. Yet the presence of owner-managers, despite their performance-enhancing contribution, holds firms back from benefitting from diversity as a strategic choice.Originality/valueThis study extends the upper echelons theory to include board diversity as an important aspect that should become more central in upper echelon thinking when understanding firm performance. The authors’ findings suggest that theoretical developments in search of understanding firm behaviour must proceed by accounting for diversity and not simply focusing on decision-making styles.
Racial differentials in American Indian- White American Postneonatal Mortality in the United States: evidence from cohort linked birth/infant death records
Authors: Holmes Laurens , Enguancho Elias Malachi , Hinson Rakinya , Williams Justin , Nelson Carlin , Whaley Kayla Janae , Dabney Kirk , Williams Johnette , Dias Emanuelle Medeiros 
Published: December 2022

Purpose
Postneonatal mortality (PNM), which differs from infant and perinatal mortality, has been observed in the past 25 years with respect to the health outcomes of children. While infant and perinatal mortality have been well-evaluated regarding racial differentials, there are no substantial data on PNM in this perspective. The purpose of this study was to assess whether or not social determinants of health adversely affect racial/ethnic PNM differentials in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional, nonexperimental epidemiologic study design was used to assess race as an exposure function of PNM using Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data (2013). The outcome variable assessed PNM, while the main independent variables were race, social demographic variables (i.e. sex and age) and social determinants of health (i.e. marital status and maternal education). The chi-square statistic was used to assess the independence of variables by race, while the logistic regression model was used to assess the odds of PNM by race and other confounding variables.

Findings
During 2013, there were 4,451 children with PNM experience. The cumulative incidence of PNM was 23.6% (n = 2,795) among white infants, 24.3% (n = 1,298) among Black/African-Americans (AA) and 39.5% (n = 88) were American-Indian infants (AI), while 21.3% (n = 270) were multiracial, χ2 (3) = 35.7, p < 0.001. Racial differentials in PNM were observed. Relative to White infants, PNM was two times as likely among AI, odds ratio (OR) 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61, 2.78). After controlling for the confounding variables, the burden of PNM persisted among AI, although slightly marginalized, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.70, (99% CI 1.10, 2.65).

Originality/value
In a representative sample of US children, there were racial disparities in PNM infants who are AI compared to their white counterparts, illustrating excess mortality. These findings suggest the need to allocate social and health resources in transforming health equity in this direction.
Investigating and modeling interactions among manufacturing barriers due to Covid-19 pandemic: an interpretive ranking process
Authors: Badhotiya Gaurav Kumar , Sachdeva Leena , Soni Gunjan 
Published: December 2022

PurposeThe manufacturing industry is one of the most disrupted systems as a result of the global spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Manufacturing firms are looking for strategies and policies to deal with the situation while also meeting customer demands. This study aims to discuss and analyze the barriers that have impacted manufacturing systems during this period.Design/methodology/approachThe barriers and performance measures were extracted from the extant literature and further discussed with academic and industry experts. Based on the response of experts, a list of ten barriers and five performance measures were selected for further analysis. The interpretive ranking process (IRP) is applied to analyze the inter-relationship among the barriers with respect to performance variables. The cross-interaction matrices and the dominance profile are created to prioritize the barriers. Based on dominance value, an IRP-based manufacturing barrier evaluation model is developed for validation.FindingsThe impact of the pandemic on the manufacturing industry is analyzed through the list of barriers and a structured ranking model is proposed. The research findings of the study indicate that “Financial constraints” is the most influential barrier to manufacturing due to the outbreak of Covid-19, followed by “Government imposed restrictions” and “Setbacks in logistics services.”Practical implicationsThe ranking of barriers and developed interpretive ranking process model would be helpful for practitioners and policymakers to formulate strategies for manufacturing organizations to deal with the pandemic situation. The finding can be beneficial as it promotes similar studies in other sectors.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the manufacturing sector by developing a contextual relationship among the set of identified barriers against various performance measures. As per the author's knowledge, this is the first study that provides a relationship and ranking of manufacturing barriers due to the outbreak of Covid-19.
From stocks to ETFs: explaining retail investors' migration behavior
Authors: Meier Marco , Maier Christian 
Published: December 2022

PurposeEvidence suggests that retail investors who invest in individual stocks are, in the long run, largely outperformed by market indexes such as the MSCI World. While some turn to exchange traded funds (ETFs) to invest in such market indexes, few migrate completely to ETFs. This study aims to shed light on the rationale behind retail investors' partial and complete migration from stocks to ETFs.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from the pull-push-mooring framework, a qualitative study (N = 21) informs a quantitative study (N = 282) by following established mixed methods guidelines. This study develops propositions for partial and complete migration intention to ETFs.FindingsResults reveal that perceived investment possibilities, perceived risk reduction, perceived administrative effort, perceived expensiveness and monetary loss costs influence the migration from stocks to ETFs. This study shows that three configurations of perceptions result in partial migration intention and one configuration results in complete migration intention.Originality/valueThis study explains why some migrate partially from stocks to ETFs and others migrate completely. Findings show that both migration behaviors are subject to the same perceptions, but the configurations that form the behaviors are different. While only some identified perceptions must be present for a partial migration, all of them must be present for a complete migration, as it requires retail investors to sell their stocks and accept the costs incurred to invest in ETFs instead.
The German Lipoprotein Apheresis Registry—Summary of the ninth annual report
Authors: Schettler Volker J. J. , Peter Christian , Zimmermann Thomas , Julius Ulrich , Roeseler Eberhard , Schlieper Georg , Heigl Franz , Grützmacher Peter , Löhlein Iris , Klingel Reinhard , Hohenstein Bernd , Ramlow Wolfgang , Vogt Anja ,   for the Scientific Board of GLAR for the German Apheresis Working Group
Published: December 2022

AbstractDuring 2012–2020, 89 German apheresis centers collected retrospective and prospective observational data of 2028 patients undergoing regular lipoprotein apheresis (LA) for the German Lipoprotein Apheresis Registry (GLAR). More than 47 500 LA sessions are documented in GLAR. In 2020, all patients treated with LA showed a high immediate median reduction rate of LDL‐C (68.2%, n = 1055) and Lp(a) (72.4%, n = 994). Patient data were analyzed for the incidence rate of major coronary events (MACE) 1 and 2 years before the beginning of LA treatment (y‐2 and y‐1) and prospectively up to 7 years on LA (y + 1 to y + 7). During the first 2 years of LA (y + 1 and y + 2), a MACE reduction of 78% was observed. Current analysis of GLAR data shows very low incidence rates of cardiovascular events in patients with high LDL‐C and/or high Lp(a) levels, progressive ASCVD, and maximally tolerated lipid lowering medication regular by LA results.
European Farmer Perspectives and their Adoption of Ecological Practices
Authors: Barnes Andrew , Hansson Helena , Billaudet Larissa , Leduc Gaëlle , Tasevska Gordana Manevska , Ryan Mary , Thompson Bethan , Toma Luiza , Duvaleix‐Tréguer Sabine , Tzouramani Irene 
Published: December 2022

SummaryDelivering an agricultural policy which meets ecosystem and climatic pressures and addresses weaknesses in our current food system presents complex challenges for food producers. Adoption of ecological practices will reduce the dependence on imports into the farm and is one way to meet some of these policy ambitions. Understanding why farmers do or don’t adopt these practices is key to enabling this transition. This study outlines a series of investigations into the key barriers, values and perceptions towards ecological practice adoption across European farming.We find that personal, technical and institutional forces influence the adoption of more sustainable practices but these forces have varying levels of influence. The tensions between environmental, compared to purely production orientated motivations, may be a key barrier to ecological practice adoption. We also find a strong influence of commodity supply chains which may either encourage or limit adoption of these approaches. Promoting efforts for co‐ordinated approaches between the public and private sectors may mitigate some of the dissonance in messaging towards these practices and alleviate these tensions. We also identify a great deal of heterogeneity within the European farming community and argue for a more targeted approach that would encourage adoption of ecological approaches and promote the scaling up of these practices.
Alcohol‐specific inhibition training in patients with alcohol use disorder: a multi‐centre, double‐blind randomized clinical trial examining drinking outcome and working mechanisms
Authors: Stein Maria , Soravia Leila M. , Tschuemperlin Raphaela M. , Batschelet Hallie M. , Jaeger Joshua , Roesner Susanne , Keller Anne , Gomez Penedo Juan Martin , Wiers Reinout W. , Moggi Franz 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAimsFor the first time, to our knowledge, in a clinical sample with alcohol use disorder (AUD), this study compared the effects of two versions of alcohol‐specific inhibition training (Alc‐IT) on drinking outcomes and on experimental parameters assessing two possible working mechanisms: stimulus devaluation and inhibitory enhancement.DesignMulti‐centre, double‐blind, three‐arm clinical RCT with 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up comparing standard Alc‐IT, improved Alc‐IT and an active control condition.SettingThree specialized AUD treatment centres in Switzerland.ParticipantsA total of 242 detoxified, recently abstinent patients with severe AUD (18–60 years; 29.8% female).Intervention and ComparatorBoth interventions [standard Alc‐IT (n = 84) and improved Alc‐IT (n = 79)] and the comparator [unspecific inhibition training (n = 79)] consisted of six sessions of a modified inhibitory task (Go/NoGo task) with alcohol‐related and neutral stimuli. Both versions of Alc‐IT required response inhibition in alcohol‐related trials but differed in Go/NoGo ratios (standard: 50/50; improved: 75/25), with improved Alc‐IT posing higher inhibitory demands. The control condition, an unspecific inhibition training, featured alcohol‐related pictures in Go as well as NoGo trials.MeasurementsThe primary outcome, percentage of days abstinent, was assessed at 3‐month follow‐up with a time‐line follow‐back interview.FindingsThe group receiving improved Alc‐IT showed a significantly higher percentage of days abstinent at 3‐month follow‐up compared with the control group [γcontrol = 74.30; γimproved = 85.78; β = 11.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.57, 20.40, P = 0.012, adjusted r2 = 0.062], while for standard Alc‐IT no effect significantly different from zero was detected (γstandard = 70.95; β = −3.35, 95% CI = −12.20, 5.50, P = 0.457, adjusted r2 = −0.04).ConclusionsAlcohol‐specific inhibition training with high inhibitory demands increased days abstinent at 3‐month follow‐up in patients with severe alcohol use disorder. Such an improved, inhibitory‐demanding, alcohol‐specific inhibition training outperformed the standard version of alcohol‐specific inhibition training, suggesting an inhibitory working mechanism.
Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education: A global initiative
Authors: White Paul J. , Guilding Clare , Angelo Tom , Kelly John P. , Gorman Laurel , Tucker Steven J. , Fun Ashleigh , Han Jae , Chen Guanliang , Samak Yassmin , Babey Anna‐Marie , Caetano Fabiana A. , Sarangi Sudhir Chandra , Koenig Jennifer , Hao Haiping , Goldfarb Joseph , Karpa Kelly , Vieira Luciene , Restini Carolina , Cunningham Margaret , Aronsson Patrik , Kelly‐Laubscher Roisin , Hernandez Mark , Rangachari Patangi K. , Mifsud Janet , Mraiche Fatima , Sabra Ramzi , Piñeros Octavio , Zhen Xuechu , Kwanashie Helen , Exintaris Betty , Karunaratne Nilushi , Ishii Kuniaki , Liu Yannee 
Published: December 2022

Background and PurposeIn recent decades, a focus on the most critical and fundamental concepts has proven highly advantageous to students and educators in many science disciplines. Pharmacology, unlike microbiology, biochemistry, or physiology, lacks a consensus list of such core concepts.Experimental ApproachWe sought to develop a research‐based, globally relevant list of core concepts that all students completing a foundational pharmacology course should master. This two‐part project consisted of exploratory and refinement phases. The exploratory phase involved empirical data mining of the introductory sections of five key textbooks, in parallel with an online survey of over 200 pharmacology educators from 17 countries across six continents. The refinement phase involved three Delphi rounds involving 24 experts from 15 countries across six continents.Key ResultsThe exploratory phase resulted in a consolidated list of 74 candidate core concepts. In the refinement phase, the expert group produced a consensus list of 25 core concepts of pharmacology.Conclusion and ImplicationsThis list will allow pharmacology educators everywhere to focus their efforts on the conceptual knowledge perceived to matter most by experts within the discipline. Next steps for this project include defining and unpacking each core concept and developing resources to help pharmacology educators globally teach and assess these concepts within their educational contexts.
Cautions when normalizing the dependent variable in a regression as a z‐score
Authors: Penney Jeffrey 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIt is common in empirical analysis to facilitate inference by transforming the dependent variable to follow a standard normal distribution. In this paper, I show that using this transformation results in the estimated treatment effects being systematically attenuated toward zero and bounded in magnitude. The level of attenuation can be empirically relevant. I propose an alternative normalization wherein the dependent variable is divided by the square root of its within variation, which corrects these issues. I show that, in a simple linear regression, the method produces an estimated treatment effect that is numerically identical to Cohen's d.
Heat tolerance variation reveals vulnerability of tropical herbivore–parasitoid interactions to climate change
Authors: Wenda Cheng , Gaitán‐Espitia Juan Diego , Solano‐Iguaran Jaiber J. , Nakamura Akihiro , Majcher Bartosz M. , Ashton Louise A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAssessing the heat tolerance (CTmax) of organisms is central to understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. While both environment and evolutionary history affect CTmax, it remains unclear how these factors and their interplay influence ecological interactions, communities and ecosystems under climate change. We collected and reared caterpillars and parasitoids from canopy and ground layers in different seasons in a tropical rainforest. We tested the CTmax and Thermal Safety Margins (TSM) of these food webs with implications for how species interactions could shift under climate change. We identified strong influence of phylogeny in herbivore–parasitoid community heat tolerance. The TSM of all insects were narrower in the canopy and parasitoids had lower heat tolerance compared to their hosts. Our CTmax‐based simulation showed higher herbivore–parasitoid food web instability under climate change than previously assumed, highlighting the vulnerability of parasitoids and related herbivore control in tropical rainforests, particularly in the forest canopy.
Predator feeding rates may often be unsaturated under typical prey densities
Authors: Coblentz Kyle E. , Novak Mark , DeLong John P. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPredator feeding rates (described by their functional response) must saturate at high prey densities. Although thousands of manipulative functional response experiments show feeding rate saturation at high densities under controlled conditions, it remains unclear how saturated feeding rates are at natural prey densities. The general degree of feeding rate saturation has important implications for the processes determining feeding rates and how they respond to changes in prey density. To address this, we linked two databases—one of functional response parameters and one on mass–abundance scaling—through prey mass to calculate a feeding rate saturation index. We find that: (1) feeding rates may commonly be unsaturated and (2) the degree of saturation varies with predator and prey taxonomic identities and body sizes, habitat, interaction dimension and temperature. These results reshape our conceptualisation of predator–prey interactions in nature and suggest new research on the ecological and evolutionary implications of unsaturated feeding rates.
Linking remotely sensed ecosystem resilience with forest mortality across the continental United States
Authors: Tai Xiaonan , Trugman Anna T. , Anderegg William R. L. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEpisodes of forest mortality have been observed worldwide associated with climate change, impacting species composition and ecosystem services such as water resources and carbon sequestration. Yet our ability to predict forest mortality remains limited, especially across large scales. Time series of satellite imagery has been used to document ecosystem resilience globally, but it is not clear how well remotely sensed resilience can inform the prediction of forest mortality across continental, multi‐biome scales. Here, we leverage forest inventories across the continental United States to systematically assess the potential of ecosystem resilience derived using different data sets and methods to predict forest mortality. We found high resilience was associated with low mortality in eastern forests but was associated with high mortality in western regions. The unexpected resilience–mortality relation in western United States may be due to several factors including plant trait acclimation, insect population dynamics, or resource competition. Overall, our results not only supported the opportunity to use remotely sensed ecosystem resilience to predict forest mortality but also highlighted that ecological factors may have crucial influences because they can reverse the sign of the resilience–mortality relationships.
Long‐acting injectable cabotegravir forPrEP: A game‐changer inHIVprevention?
Authors: Liegeon Geoffroy , Ghosn Jade 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundLong‐acting injectable cabotegravir (CAB‐LA) represents a new additional option for HIV prevention in people at substantial risk of HIV infection that may fill the gaps in pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, adherence, and retention in users having difficulty with oral PrEP. Data from clinical trials demonstrated that CAB‐LA was safe, highly effective, and well‐accepted for HIV prevention. However, the occurrence of breakthrough HIV infections despite timely injections, HIV seroconversion timing and patterns, risk of selection and dissemination of resistance‐associated mutations to integrase inhibitors, complexity of follow‐up, logistical considerations, and its cost effectiveness compared with oral PrEP constitute significant issues for the integration of CAB‐LA into clinical routine.FindingsThese concerns need to be addressed before moving forward with large‐scale implementation programmes. Pilot and implementation projects are required in the following areas: HIV testing algorithms, patient education, clinic procedures, protocols for switching and discontinuation, efficacy and safety in populations not included in clinical trials, and demedicalization processes. The development of models to increase the uptake of, adherence to, and persistence with and after CAB‐LA injections will also be of paramount importance for success. Lessons learned from these projects will increase experience, staff expertise, and organizational and training capacities to support the roll‐out of this new agent as part of HIV prevention programmes.ConclusionCAB‐LA has not yet achieved its full potential in HIV prevention, and strong commitment from all stakeholders is required to push CAB‐LA as a game‐changer in HIV response.