bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OUTLINE OF THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH TOWARDS THE KAZAKH VERBAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Chernev V. 
Published: February 2022

The Kazakh morphology has always been one of the key research topics in the Kazakh linguistics, as well as a key matter in the Kazakh teaching methodology. Nevertheless, it is evident that some of the topics related to Kazakh verbal morphology still require a thorough research. In particular, creation and use of the modern software for morphological analysis, as well as outlining more comprehensive methods of teaching Kazakh as a second/foreign language [1] may require a different approach towards the morphological analysis. Even though the analytical morphology pattern outlined in this paper does not contradict the internal structure of the Kazakh language, it has not been in consistent use either in the academic grammars, or in the KSL/KFL teaching methodology.The paper provides a consistent distinction between primary and secondary finite forms. The former denote a temporal and personal meaning in every single context, regardless of any peculiarities thereof, whereas the latter are essentially based on verbals (also known as non-finite verb forms) [2]. In terms of a strictly morphological approach the “secondary tenses» are predicative forms of verbals. The tense meaning conveyed by these forms lies rather in the field of semantics than in the field of morphology
Applications and limitations of current markerless motion capture methods for clinical gait biomechanics
Authors: Wade Logan , Needham Laurie , McGuigan Polly , Bilzon James 
Published: February 2022

Background
Markerless motion capture has the potential to perform movement analysis with reduced data collection and processing time compared to marker-based methods. This technology is now starting to be applied for clinical and rehabilitation applications and therefore it is crucial that users of these systems understand both their potential and limitations. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of markerless motion capture for both single camera and multi-camera systems. Additionally, this review explores how practical applications of markerless technology are being used in clinical and rehabilitation settings, and examines the future challenges and directions markerless research must explore to facilitate full integration of this technology within clinical biomechanics.

Methodology
A scoping review is needed to examine this emerging broad body of literature and determine where gaps in knowledge exist, this is key to developing motion capture methods that are cost effective and practically relevant to clinicians, coaches and researchers around the world. Literature searches were performed to examine studies that report accuracy of markerless motion capture methods, explore current practical applications of markerless motion capture methods in clinical biomechanics and identify gaps in our knowledge that are relevant to future developments in this area.

Results
Markerless methods increase motion capture data versatility, enabling datasets to be re-analyzed using updated pose estimation algorithms and may even provide clinicians with the capability to collect data while patients are wearing normal clothing. While markerless temporospatial measures generally appear to be equivalent to marker-based motion capture, joint center locations and joint angles are not yet sufficiently accurate for clinical applications. Pose estimation algorithms are approaching similar error rates of marker-based motion capture, however, without comparison to a gold standard, such as bi-planar videoradiography, the true accuracy of markerless systems remains unknown.

Conclusions
Current open-source pose estimation algorithms were never designed for biomechanical applications, therefore, datasets on which they have been trained are inconsistently and inaccurately labelled. Improvements to labelling of open-source training data, as well as assessment of markerless accuracy against gold standard methods will be vital next steps in the development of this technology.
Profiles of anemia in adolescent students with sports club membership in an outpatient clinic setting: a retrospective study
Authors: Yamamoto Kana , Takita Morihito , Kami Masahiro , Tsubokura Masaharu , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Kitamura Toshio , Takemoto Yoshinobu 
Published: February 2022

Background
Anemia is a common health issue among adolescents. Anemic conditions could affect physical performance; however, the actual profiles of anemia in adolescent students in sports clubs have not been well documented.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of individuals aged 13–22 years who belonged to sports clubs in schools and visited an outpatient clinic between August 1, 2016, and August 31, 2020. The medical and laboratory records, including serum levels of ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, and creatinine kinase at their first visit were assessed.

Results
A total of 485 individuals (231 male (48%) and 254 female (52%) patients) were eligible for the study. The most common club activity was track and field (n = 171 (35%)). The overall prevalence of the World Health Organization-defined anemia was 16.5% (95% CI [13.1–20.4]; 9.0% [5.4–13.8] and 23.1% [17.8–29.2] in males and females, respectively) after excluding pre-treated individuals. Hypoferritinemia and elevation of serum creatinine kinase levels were identified as independent contributors to anemia in both sexes (odds ratios: 13.2 (95% CI [4.2–41.1]), p < 0.001 and 14.7 (95% CI [1.8–118.4]), p = 0.012, respectively for males; odds ratios: 6.6 (95% CI [1.3–13.9]), p < 0.001 and 2.7 (95% CI [1.4–5.5]), p = 0.004, respectively for females).

Discussion
Anemia is prevalent in both male and female adolescent students in sports clubs. Iron deficiency and excessive training indicated by elevated creatinine kinase levels may contribute to the risk of anemia. Physicians should assess the amount of exercise, and not merely iron storage, in clinical practice.
Polarization‐Multiplexed Silicon Metasurfaces for Multi‐Channel Visible Light Modulation
Authors: Zhu Wei , Fan Yuancheng , Yang Ruisheng , Geng Guangzhou , Fu Quanhong , Gu Changzhi , Li Junjie , Zhang Fuli 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAll‐dielectric metasurfaces with low‐loss planar photonic subwavelength elements can be freely designed to realize high‐efficiency light wave manipulation. It is highly desirable to achieve multifunctionalities with a single metasurface to further enrich the manipulation of light with metasurfaces for diverse applications. This article demonstrates multifunctional silicon‐based metasurfaces capable of generating versatile wavefronts under different polarization light incidence at visible wavelengths. The polarization‐multiplexed metasurfaces are implemented with rationally arranged anisotropic silicon nanobricks to achieve independent control of orthogonal linearly polarized light waves for multi‐channel functionalities, including polarized beam splitting, opposite charged and different ordered optical vortexes. The polarization‐multiplexed high‐quality silicon metasurfaces have great potential for applications in multi‐channel optical devices with integrated functionality.
CO2 Utilization by Electrolytic Splitting to Carbon Nanotubes in Non‐Lithiated, Cost‐Effective, Molten Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Xirui , Licht Gad , Liu Xinye , Licht Stuart 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs), have extraordinarily high tensile strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, and electrical storage capabilities. To date, CNTs have had limited use due to their high synthesis cost. The synthesis costs decrease when CNTs are prepared by transition metal nucleated molten electrolytic CO2 splitting, rather than by conventional chemical vapor deposition or arc deposition techniques. In addition to cost, a second advantage of CNT electrosynthesis is that the process consumes the greenhouse gas CO2 in its transformation to CNTs (and oxygen), providing a path to climate mitigation. However, electrolytic high yield, CNT syntheses has only been demonstrated with expensive lithiated electrolytes, such as pure or mixed Li2CO3. This study demonstrates, after several hundred failures, that carbon nanomaterials, can be synthesized from CO2 in non‐lithiated electrolytes. In the new sodium barium carbonate electrolytes, lower mobility due to the absence of lithium ions is overcome by: i) low current density; or ii) the introduction of oxides, such as BaO, to induce graphene walls to facilitate passage of larger cations during the process of growing CNTs; and/or iii) addition of specific transition metal nucleation agents, such as Fe2O3. The electrolysis uses inexpensive anodes and cathodes to form carbon nanomaterials, including straight and coiled CNTs.
Triphasic Metal Oxide Photocatalyst for Reaction Site‐Specific Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Oxygen Reduction and Water Oxidation
Authors: Kim Keon‐Han , Kim Se‐Jun , Choi Won Ho , Lee Heebin , Moon Byeong Cheul , Kim Gi Hwan , Choi Jae Won , Park Dong Gyu , Choi Jong Hui , Kim Hyungjun , Kang Jeung Ku 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe search for photocatalysts allowing the highly active, selective, and stable conversion of molecular oxygen into hydrogen peroxide is of worldwide interest. Here, the authors report the efficient conversion of O2 into H2O2 with ≈100% selectivity and stable cycle stability by a triphasic metal oxide photocatalyst with a cobalt hydroxide carbonate nanosheet phase for water oxidation as well as iron oxide and titanium oxide phases of a core‐shell morphology for charge transfer and oxygen reduction, denoted as CFT. The different surface energies of 0.78 (anatase) and 0.93 J m‐2 (rutile) for titanium oxide and 1.39 J m‐2 for iron oxide result in a core‐shell morphology. The band gaps for iron oxide (2.02 eV), titanium oxide (≈3 eV), and cobalt hydroxide carbonate (3.80 eV) sites reveal that the CFT photocatalyst allows visible‐to‐UV light absorption. The 18O2 isotope‐labeling experiments prove that the core‐shell structure promotes hole transfer toward the water oxidation site. Additionally, the hole‐induced H2O2 decomposition at the oxygen reduction site is efficiently hindered. Moreover, the photogenerated electrons transfer toward the oxygen reduction site to produce H2O2 from O2 with ≈10‐fold higher activity than those by conventional single‐ or dual‐phase photocatalysts, while giving robust cycle stability.
Minimally invasive surgery in advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Lee Sangjun , Kim Hyung‐Ho 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSince Dr. Kitano introduced laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in 1994, there have been remarkable advances in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for gastric cancer, including robotic surgery. With the efforts of many clinical researchers and consenting patients, medical knowledge and evidence for laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer have accumulated. Although many gastric surgeons are comfortable with the clinical application of laparoscopic surgery for early gastric cancer, the adoption of MISs for advanced gastric cancer remains controversial. In this review article, we describe the current status and evidence of MIS from an evidence‐based medicine viewpoint and explore the feasibility and effectiveness of MIS for advanced gastric cancer in the real world.
Hybridization and self‐assembly behaviors of surface‐immobilized DNA in close proximity: A single‐molecule perspective
Authors: Gu Qufei , Josephs Eric A. , Ye Tao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSolid surfaces that are immobilized with DNA molecules underlie an array of biotechnological devices. These surfaces may also mediate the self‐assembly of hierarchical DNA nanostructures. However, a number of fundamental questions concerning the structure–function relationship of these biointerfaces remain, including how these DNA probe molecules organize on the surface and how the spatial organization influences molecular recognition kinetics and interfacial affinity of these DNA molecules at the regime where crowding interactions are important (1–10 nm). This mini‐review covers recent advances in understanding this structure–function relationship by spatially resolving surface hybridization events at the single‐molecule level. Counterintuitive cooperative effects in surface hybridization are discussed and as is how modeling these cooperative effects can be used to predict the hybridization kinetics of a prototypical DNA sensor. Future opportunities in using mechanistic understanding to improve the performance and reliability of DNA sensors and form hierarchical supramolecular structures are also discussed.
Perspectives of quantum computing for chemical engineering
Authors: Bernal David E. , Ajagekar Akshay , Harwood Stuart M. , Stober Spencer T. , Trenev Dimitar , You Fengqi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractQuantum computing has been attracting public attention recently. This interest is driven by the advancements in hardware, software, and algorithms required for its successful usage and the promise that it entails the potential acceleration of computational tasks compared to classical computing. This perspective article presents a short review on quantum computing, how this computational approach solves problems, and three fields that quantum computing can potentially impact the most while relevant to chemical engineering: computational chemistry, optimization, and machine learning. Here, we present a series of chemical engineering applications, the developments, potential improvements with respect to classical computing, and challenges that quantum computing faces for each of these fields. This article intends to provide a clear picture of the challenges and potential advantages that quantum technology may yield for chemical engineering, together with an invitation for our colleagues to join us in the adoption and development of quantum computing.
Testing the amyloid cascade hypothesis: Prevention trials in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease
Authors: Levin Johannes , Vöglein Jonathan , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Bateman Randall J. , Ghisays Valentina , Lopera Francisco , McDade Eric , Reiman Eric , Tariot Pierre N. , Morris John C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been increasingly challenged. Here, we aim to refocus the amyloid cascade hypothesis on its original premise that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is the primary and earliest event in AD pathogenesis as based on current evidence, initiating several pathological events and ultimately leading to AD dementia.BackgroundAn ongoing debate about the validity of the amyloid cascade hypothesis for AD has been triggered by clinical trials with investigational disease‐modifying drugs targeting Aβ that have not demonstrated consistent clinically meaningful benefits.Updated HypothesisIt is an open question if monotherapy targeting Aβ pathology could be markedly beneficial at a stage when the brain has been irreversibly damaged by a cascade of pathological changes. Interventions in cognitively unimpaired individuals at risk for dementia, during amyloid‐only and pre‐amyloid stages, are more appropriate for proving or refuting the amyloid hypothesis. Our updated hypothesis states that anti‐Aβ investigational therapies are likely to be most efficacious when initiated in the preclinical (asymptomatic) stages of AD and specifically when the disease is driven primarily by amyloid pathology. Given the young age at symptom onset and the deterministic nature of the mutations, autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) mutation carriers represent the ideal population to evaluate the efficacy of putative disease‐modifying Aβ therapies.Major Challenges for the HypothesisKey challenges of the amyloid hypothesis include the recognition that disrupted Aβ homeostasis alone is insufficient to produce the AD pathophysiologic process, poor correlation of Aβ with cognitive impairment, and inconclusive data regarding clinical efficacy of therapies targeting Aβ. Challenges of conducting ADAD research include the rarity of the disease and uncertainty of the generalizability of ADAD findings for the far more common “sporadic” late‐onset AD.Linkage to Other Major TheoriesThe amyloid cascade hypothesis, modified here to pertain to the preclinical stage of AD, still needs to be integrated with the development and effects of tauopathy and other co‐pathologies, including neuroinflammation, vascular insults, synucleinopathy, and many others.
Features of acoustic emission and micro‐CT of 3D‐printed continuous Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites during progressive damage under flexural load
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Lin , Song Zi‐zhen , Zhou Wei , Ma Lian‐hua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFailure mechanism and its characterization methods of 3D‐printed fiber‐reinforced composites are still needed thorough investigation. In this work, typical 3D‐printed composites reinforced with 10% and 20% continuous Kevlar fiber are prepared, respectively, three point bending progressive damage experiments are carried out, and the damage evolution are real‐time monitored by acoustic emission (AE) technology. When load reaches the maximum value and failure point, microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) observations are performed for loaded specimens to explore inside damages. Results show that bending strength of Specimen B (20% fiber) increases by 23% relative to Specimen A (10% fiber). Cumulative count and energy of AE signals are higher for Specimen B, and K‐means clustering algorithm is employed for deep analysis of AE signals. Three damage modes including matrix crack, fiber/matrix debonding, and fiber fracture are clustered and validated by micro‐CT, indicating that the combination of AE and micro‐CT is effective for the characterization of damage evolution of composites. Debonding due to poor adhesion between fiber and matrix is the main damage mode of 3D‐printed Kevlar fiber‐reinforced composites, and damages of Specimen B concentrated in the later stage. This work provides failure characterization methods for 3D‐printed fiber‐reinforced composites.
Association between maternal smoking and survival among infants with trisomy 21
Authors: Ludorf Katherine L. , Benjamin Renata H. , Malik Sadia , Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. , Agopian A. J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundTrisomy 21 (T21) is common, with affected infants having an increased risk of infant mortality (5.9‐7.1%). Maternal smoking is associated with infant mortality in the general population, and we evaluated if similar associations were present among infants with T21.MethodsWe identified infants with T21 from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, and maternal smoking and infant vital status were obtained from linked birth and death certificate data, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios between maternal smoking and death between 0 to ≤ 364 days, 28‐364 days, and 0‐27 days.ResultsWe found a significant association between maternal smoking and death between 0 to ≤ 364 (unadjusted HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.07, 2.77), which was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for covariates (adjusted HR 1.55, 95% CI 0.94, 2.56). A similar pattern was observed for death between 28‐364 days (adjusted HR: 1.68, 95% CI 0.93, 3.03), whereas the association for 0‐27 days (adjusted HR: 1.30, 95% CI 0.51, 3.29) was not statistically significant before and after adjustment.ConclusionsThe observed magnitudes of associations were similar to previous estimates among the general population. Further work considering the role of other maternal and infant risk factors and social determinants of health is necessary to better understand the observed results.
Improving adaptive seamless designs through Bayesian optimization
Authors: Richter Jakob , Friede Tim , Rahnenführer Jörg 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe propose to use Bayesian optimization (BO) to improve the efficiency of the design selection process in clinical trials. BO is a method to optimize expensive black‐box functions, by using a regression as a surrogate to guide the search. In clinical trials, planning test procedures and sample sizes is a crucial task. A common goal is to maximize the test power, given a set of treatments, corresponding effect sizes, and a total number of samples. From a wide range of possible designs, we aim to select the best one in a short time to allow quick decisions. The standard approach to simulate the power for each single design can become too time consuming. When the number of possible designs becomes very large, either large computational resources are required or an exhaustive exploration of all possible designs takes too long. Here, we propose to use BO to quickly find a clinical trial design with high power from a large number of candidate designs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by optimizing the power of adaptive seamless designs for different sets of treatment effect sizes. Comparing BO with an exhaustive evaluation of all candidate designs shows that BO finds competitive designs in a fraction of the time.
Effect of metal ions on Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Liu Fan , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Lin , Meng Ruo‐Ni , Gao Jia , Jin Ming , Li Ming , Wang Xiao‐Peng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system. The typical pathological changes of AD are Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, neuron loss, and chronic inflammation. The balance of metal ions is essential for numerous physiological functions, especially in the central nervous system. More studies showed that metal ions participate in the development of AD. However, the involvement of metal ions in AD is controversial. Thus, we reviewed articles about the relationship between metal ions and AD and discussed some contradictory reports in order to better understand the role of metal ions in AD.