bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence-Based Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat
Authors: Maccaferri Marco , Bruschi Martina , Tuberosa Roberto 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWheat improvement has traditionally been conducted by relying on artificial crossing of suitable parental lines followed by selection of the best genetic combinations. At the same time wheat genetic resources have been characterized and exploited with the aim of continuously improving target traits. Over this solid framework, innovations from emerging research disciplines have been progressively added over time: cytogenetics, quantitative genetics, chromosome engineering, mutagenesis, molecular biology and, most recently, comparative, structural, and functional genomics with all the related -omics platforms. Nowadays, the integration of these disciplines coupled with their spectacular technical advances made possible by the sequencing of the entire wheat genome, has ushered us in a new breeding paradigm on how to best leverage the functional variability of genetic stocks and germplasm collections. Molecular techniques first impacted wheat genetics and breeding in the 1980s with the development of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based approaches. Since then, steady progress in sequence-based, marker-assisted selection now allows for an unprecedently accurate ‘breeding by design’ of wheat, progressing further up to the pangenome-based level. This chapter provides an overview of the technologies of the ‘circular genomics era’ which allow breeders to better characterize and more effectively leverage the huge and largely untapped natural variability present in the Triticeae gene pool, particularly at the tetraploid level, and its closest diploid and polyploid ancestors and relatives.
Defining Target Wheat Breeding Environments
Authors: Crespo-Herrera Leonardo A. , Crossa José , Vargas Mateo , Braun Hans-Joachim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe main objective of a plant breeding program is to deliver superior germplasm for farmers in a defined set of environments, or a target population of environments (TPE). Historically, CIMMYT has characterized the environments in which the developed germplasm will be grown. The main factors that determine when and where a wheat variety can be grown are flowering time, water availability and the incidence of pests and diseases. A TPE consists of many (population) environments and future years or seasons, that share common variation in the farmers’ fields, it can also be seen as a variable group of future production environments. TPEs can be characterized by climatic, soil and hydrological features, as well as socioeconomic aspects. Whereas the selection environments (SE) are the environments where the breeder does the selection of the lines. The SE are identified for predicting the performance in the TPE, but the SE may not belong to the TPE. The utilization of advanced statistical methods allows the identification of GEI to obtain higher precision when estimating the genetic effects. Multi-environmental testing (MET) is a fundamental strategy for CIMMYT to develop stable high grain yielding germplasm in countries with developing economies. An adequate MET strategy allows the evaluation of germplasm in stress hotspots and the identification of representative and correlated sites; thus, breeders can make better and targeted decisions in terms of crossing, selection and logistic operations.
Conclusion
Authors: Guney Gizem , Lee Po-Han , Davies David 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis book started off its analysis with the promise of finding out whether states, which were handled by the contributors, present similarities or differences in the way that they fail in achieving gender equality. As demonstrated in each chapter, the states have taken progressive measures in addressing gender inequality over the last few decades, yet challenges and backlashes remain. Discriminatory legal practices and social norms are still pervasive; women and sexual and gender minorities continue to face unequal treatment, prejudice and violence. On this final note, by drawing upon the case studies presented in each chapter, we aim to bring together the patterns that the states present in how and why they fail in achieving gender equality. We observe that there are four overarching reasons why the states studied in this book fall short in bringing justice to gendered matters: (1) the states’ tolerance of friction and ambiguity in laws, (2) the states’ inertia in fully pursuing a human rights-based approach, (3) the states’ oversight of intersecting marginalisation of women as well as sexual and gender minorities and (4) the states’ problematic approaches towards gender-based violence. Each of these themes will be discussed in turn below.
Judging Divorce in Ben Ali’s Tunisia
Authors: Grosso Sarah 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAfter independence in 1956, Tunisia introduced a “progressive” Personal Status Code abolishing polygamy and allowing men and women the right to divorce on an equal basis. This chapter explores how citizens experienced divorce in Ben Ali’s repressive regime, drawing on fieldwork (2004–2008) in a family court and a neighbourhood of Tunis alongside readings of divorce files. It traces the ensuing tensions as women and men navigated divorce procedures. In Tunisia’s courts, competing definitions of gendered personhood and “equality” collided, whilst there was a contradiction between the state instrumentalisation of women’s rights and the progressive reputation of Tunisia’s marriage and divorce laws seen as supporting gender equality. Litigants’ experiences of divorce created considerable anxiety. Beyond this, the laws served a political role in bolstering Ben Ali’s repressive regime as—through their texts and procedures and by taking some rights more seriously than others—husbands were subject to policing by the state.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: An Analysis of Turkey’s Implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Addressing Gender-Based Domestic Violence
Authors: Guney Gizem 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTurkey has had a unique and troublesome relationship with the Istanbul Convention. It was both the first country to ratify the Convention and the first country to withdraw from it after implementing the Convention for six years. This chapter focuses on the legal steps taken by Turkey between its ratification and its withdrawal from the Convention. In this analysis, I argue that, even before its withdrawal, Turkey had been sweeping between two ends: its progressive legal steps to address violence against women on one hand, and its legal and political attitude threatening gender equality in general, on the other. This chapter, therefore, argues that Turkey was already failing to effectively implement the Convention, and its withdrawal from the Convention should only be considered a reflection of Turkish government’s insincerity in its political commitment to address gender-based violence from the outset.
D-Cloud-Collector: Admissible Forensic Evidence from Mobile Cloud Storage
Authors: Vella Mark , Colombo Christian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDifficulties with accessing device content or even the device itself can seriously hamper smartphone forensics. Mobile cloud storage, which extends on-device capacity, provides an avenue for a forensic collection process that does not require physical access to the device. Rather, it is possible to remotely retrieve credentials from a device of interest through undercover operations, followed by live cloud forensics. While technologically appealing, this approach raises concerns with evidence preservation, ranging from the use of malware-like operations, to linking the collected evidence with the physically absent smartphone, and possible mass surveillance accusations. In this paper, we propose a solution to ease these concerns by employing hardware security modules to provide for controlled live cloud forensics and tamper-evident access logs. A Google Drive-based proof of concept, using the SEcube hardware security module, demonstrates that D-Cloud-Collector is feasible whenever the performance penalty incurred is affordable.
Learning Accurate Business Process Simulation Models from Event Logs via Automated Process Discovery and Deep Learning
Authors: Camargo Manuel , Dumas Marlon , González-Rojas Oscar 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBusiness process simulation is a well-known approach to estimate the impact of changes to a process with respect to time and cost measures – a practice known as what-if process analysis. The usefulness of such estimations hinges on the accuracy of the underlying simulation model. Data-Driven Simulation (DDS) methods leverage process mining techniques to learn process simulation models from event logs. Empirical studies have shown that, while DDS models adequately capture the observed sequences of activities and their frequencies, they fail to accurately capture the temporal dynamics of real-life processes. In contrast, generative Deep Learning (DL) models are better able to capture such temporal dynamics. The drawback of DL models is that users cannot alter them for what-if analysis due to their black-box nature. This paper presents a hybrid approach to learn process simulation models from event logs wherein a (stochastic) process model is extracted via DDS techniques, and then combined with a DL model to generate timestamped event sequences. An experimental evaluation shows that the resulting hybrid simulation models match the temporal accuracy of pure DL models, while partially retaining the what-if analysis capability of DDS approaches.
Non-local slicing approaches for NNLO QCD in MCFM
Authors: Campbell John M. , Ellis R. Keith , Seth Satyajit 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We present the implementation of several processes at Next-to-Next-to Leading Order (NNLO) accuracy in QCD in the parton-level Monte Carlo program MCFM. The processes treated are pp → H, W±, Z, W±H, ZH, W±γ, Zγ and γγ and, for the first time in the code, W+W−, W±Z and ZZ. Decays of the unstable bosons are fully included, resulting in a flexible fully differential Monte Carlo code. The NNLO corrections have been calculated using two non-local slicing approaches, isolating the doubly unresolved region by cutting on the zero-jettiness, $$ \mathcal{T} $$
T
0, or on qT, the transverse momentum of the colour singlet final-state particles. We find that for most, but not all processes the qT slicing method leads to smaller power corrections for equal computational burden.
Temperature Sensitivity of Microbial Litter Decomposition in Freshwaters: Role of Leaf Litter Quality and Environmental Characteristics
Authors: Monroy Silvia , Larrañaga Aitor , Martínez Aingeru , Pérez Javier , Molinero Jon , Basaguren Ana , Pozo Jesús 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOngoing global warming is expected to alter temperature-dependent processes. Nevertheless, how co-occurring local drivers will influence temperature sensitivity of plant litter decomposition in lotic ecosystems remains uncertain. Here, we examined the temperature sensitivity of microbial-mediated decomposition, microbial respiration, fungal biomass and leaf nutrients of two plant species varying in litter quality. We also assessed whether the type of microbial community and stream water characteristics influence such responses to temperature. We incubated alder (Alnus glutinosa) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus) litter discs in three streams differing in autumn–winter water temperature (range 4.6–8.9 °C). Simultaneously, in laboratory microcosms, litter discs microbially conditioned in these streams were incubated at 5, 10 and 15 °C with water from the conditioning stream and with a water control from an additional stream. Both in the field and in the laboratory, higher temperatures enhanced litter decomposition rates, except for eucalypt in the field. Leaf quality modified the response of decomposition to temperature in the field, with eucalypt leaf litter showing a lower increase, whereas it did not in the laboratory. The origin of microbial community only affected the decomposition rates in the laboratory, but it did not modify the response to temperature. Water quality only defined the phosphorus content of the leaf litter or the fungal biomass, but it did not modify the response to temperature. Our results suggest that the acceleration in decomposition by global warming will be shaped by local factors, mainly by leaf litter quality, in headwater streams.
A comparison of advanced semi-quantitative amyloid PET analysis methods
Authors: Peira Enrico , Poggiali Davide , Pardini Matteo , Barthel Henryk , Sabri Osama , Morbelli Silvia , Cagnin Annachiara , Chincarini Andrea , Cecchin Diego 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To date, there is no consensus on how to semi-quantitatively assess brain amyloid PET. Some approaches use late acquisition alone (e.g., ELBA, based on radiomic features), others integrate the early scan (e.g., TDr, which targets the area of maximum perfusion) and structural imaging (e.g., WMR, that compares kinetic behaviour of white and grey matter, or SI based on the kinetic characteristics of the grey matter alone). In this study SUVr, ELBA, TDr, WMR, and SI were compared. The latter — the most complete one — provided the reference measure for amyloid burden allowing to assess the efficacy and feasibility in clinical setting of the other approaches.

Methods
We used data from 85 patients (aged 44–87) who underwent dual time-point PET/MRI acquisitions. The correlations with SI were computed and the methods compared with the visual assessment. Assuming SUVr, ELBA, TDr, and WMR to be independent measures, we linearly combined them to obtain more robust indices. Finally, we investigated possible associations between each quantifier and age in amyloid-negative patients.

Results
Each quantifier exhibited excellent agreement with visual assessment and strong correlation with SI (average AUC = 0.99, ρ = 0.91). Exceptions to this were observed for subcortical regions with ELBA and WMR (ρELBA = 0.44, ρWMR = 0.70). The linear combinations showed better performances than the individual methods. Significant associations were observed between TDr, WMR, SI, and age in amyloid-negative patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Among the other methods, TDr came closest to the reference with less implementation complexity. Moreover, this study suggests that combining independent approaches gives better results than the individual procedure, so efforts should focus on multi-classifier systems for amyloid PET. Finally, the ability of techniques integrating blood perfusion to depict age-related variations in amyloid load in amyloid-negative subjects demonstrates the goodness of the estimate.
Eine Echtzeit-Online-Methode zur Beurteilung der künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherung und Grundwasserentnahme
Authors: Moeck Christian , Merk Markus , Radny Dirk , Auckenthaler Adrian , Schirmer Mario , Gabriel Thomas 
Published: June 2022

ZusammenfassungEine nachhaltige Wasserversorgung in urbanen Gebieten stellt aufgrund des Nutzungsdrucks sowie vielfältiger anthropogener Einträge eine große Herausforderung dar. Künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung hat das Potenzial, den Wasserbedarf zu decken und ggf. vorhandene Schadstoffkonzentrationen zu verdünnen. Durch hohe Infiltrationsraten kann zudem eine hydraulische Barriere gegenüber Schadstoffen aus anliegenden Nutzungsflächen entstehen. Grundvoraussetzung, um diese Barriere so effektiv wie möglich nutzen zu können, ist die genaue Beschreibung der räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung der Schutzfunktion. Im geschilderten Fallbeispiel für ein Trinkwassergewinnungsgebiet in der Nordschweiz präsentieren wir ein einfaches Online-Werkzeug. Es wird genutzt, um die große Menge der erhobenen Daten zu digitalisieren sowie um die Interpretation von Konturenkarten zu ergänzen, indem es die Auswertung erhobener Daten vereinfacht und Grundwasserfließrichtungen und -magnituden visualisiert. Die Ergebnisse können zur Beschreibung komplexerer Fließsysteme genutzt werden, was zu einer effizienteren Grundwasserbeobachtung führt.
Role of magnesium-doped calcium sulfate and β-tricalcium phosphate composite ceramics in macrophage polarization and osteo-induction
Authors: Zhou Jing , Sun Su , He Yan , Yan Tingting , Sun Jianfeng , Pan Jie , Zhu Shuyu , Chen Liqiong , Zhu Pengfei , Xu Biao , Liu Yan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the current study, we explored the role of Mg2+-doped CaSO4/β-TCP composite biopolymer in regulating macrophage polarization and its relation with enhanced osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. Furthermore, mechanism underling the regulation of macrophage polarization by CaSO4/β-TCP was evaluated. Mg2+-doped CaSO4/β-TCP composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Macrophage polarization was characterized using flow cytometry analysis. Macrophage morphometric analysis was conducted by FITC phalloidin staining. Western blot and qRT-PCR assays were used to assess gene expression levels and miRNAs, respectively. SEM morphology of CaSO4/β-TCP ceramic revealed a particle size of 10–50 μm, and XRD spectrum showed that characteristic peak of samples was consistent with that of CaSO4 and β-TCP. Results from flow cytometry evidenced significant upregulation of M2 macrophage markers after adding ceramic biopolymer, indicating the induction of inactivated M0 macrophage polarization to M2 macrophage. Macrophage morphometric analysis revealed development of lamellar pseudopodia on day 7 in CaSO4/β-TCP group. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed high positivity rate of 90.34% (CD44) and 89.36% (CD146). qRT-PCR results showed that the level of miR-21-5p was significantly decreased in M2 macrophages. Moreover, western blot analysis revealed upregulated expression levels of RUNX2, osterix (Osx), and osteopontin (OPN), and ELISA exhibited increase in cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β1, and BMP-2) in the presence of macrophages, indicating the osteogenic differentiation ability of periodontal ligament stem cells. The study evidenced the regulation of macrophage polarization by Mg2+-doped CaSO4/β-TCP composite ceramic and its mediation through lncRNA PVT1/miR-21-5p/smad2 molecular axis.
Fairness und Eigeninteresse im internationalen Klimaschutz
Authors: Flach Lisandra , Pfeiffer Johannes , Pittel Karen 
Published: June 2022

ZusammenfassungFairness und Eigeninteresse prägen die internationalen Verhandlungen und Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz, ohne dabei immer klar trennbar zu sein. Anhand der im internationalen Handel mit Deutschland enthaltenen CO2-Emissionen zeigt sich, auf welche Länder und Regionen sich im Eigeninteresse begründete Schutzmaßnahmen der EU besonders stark auswirken könnten. Dabei ist eine faire Lastenverteilung zwischen Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern für globale Kooperation im Klimaschutz unabdingbar. Nur so können wirksame und ökonomisch effiziente Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden, was wiederum im Eigeninteresse aller Staaten liegt.
Establishing haematological and biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging Scottish golden eagle nestlings (Aquila chrysaetos)
Authors: G. Peniche , D.J. Shaw , D.B.A. Thompson , J.C. Brain , R. Reid , E. Weston , S. Benn , D. Anderson , J. Grant , L. Pate , N.E. Anderson , A.L. Meredith 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHealth assessment of individuals is an important aspect of monitoring endangered wildlife populations. Haematological and biochemical values are a common health assessment tool, and whilst reference values are well established for domestic species, they are often not available for wild animal species. This study established 31 haematological and biochemical reference intervals for golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nestlings in Scotland, in order to improve the understanding of the species’ health and support conservation efforts. Reference intervals were created from 47 nestlings (ages 2–7.5 weeks old) across 37 nests, to date, the largest sample of wild individuals of this species and age cohort sampled for these purposes. Upper reference intervals for concentrations of lymphocytes, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and monocytes, calculated in this study, are higher than those found for adult raptors and the interval span is higher than that observed in adult raptors for concentrations of AST, albumin, eosinophil, LDH, and monocyte count. Statistically significant positive correlations were found with age and concentrations of haemoglobin, lymphocytes, serum pH, and creatine kinase, and significant negative correlations with age for concentrations of thrombocytes, heterophils, total protein, globulin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Packed cell volume was significantly higher for females than males, and concentration of calcium and eosinophils were higher for individuals in good body condition than those in moderate body condition. The reference intervals produced by this study will be of important use to the veterinary and conservation management communities and will aid the long-term monitoring of the Scottish golden eagle population health.
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency
Authors: Dow Coad Thomas , Alvarez Briana Lizet 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA singular pathogen has been killing animals, contaminating food and causing an array of human diseases. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of a fatal enteric infectious disease called Johne’s (Yo’-nees), a disorder mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP is globally impacting animal health and imparting significant economic burden to animal agriculture. Confounding the management of Johne’s disease is that animals are typically infected as calves and while commonly not manifesting clinical disease for years, they shed MAP in their milk and feces in the interval. This has resulted in a “don’t test, don’t tell” scenario for the industry resulting in greater prevalence of Johne’s disease; furthermore, because MAP survives pasteurization, the contaminated food supply provides a source of exposure to humans. Indeed, greater than 90% of dairy herds in the US have MAP-infected animals within the herd. The same bacterium, MAP, is the putative cause of Crohn’s disease in humans. Countries historically isolated from importing/exporting ruminant animals and free of Johne’s disease subsequently acquired the disease as a consequence of opening trade with what proved to be infected animals. Crohn’s disease in those populations became a lagging indicator of MAP infection. Moreover, MAP is associated with an increasingly long list of human diseases. Despite MAP scientists entreating regulatory agencies to designate MAP a “zoonotic agent,” it has not been forthcoming. One Health is a global endeavor applying an integrative health initiative that includes the environment, animals and humans; One Health asserts that stressors affecting one affects all three. Recognizing the impact MAP has on animal and human health as well as on the environment, it is time for One Health, as well as other global regulatory agencies, to recognize that MAP is causing an insidious slow-motion tsunami of zoonosis and implement public health mitigation.