bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reservoir Souring in Mature Offshore Field Malaysia: Root Cause, Mitigation, and Management of H2S
Authors: Mithani Aijaz Hussain , Rosland Eadie Azhar , Jamaludin M Aiman , W Ismail W Rokiah , Lajawi Maxwell Tommie , A Salam Irzie Hani 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The field under study is a mature brownfield with no H2S in the fluid stream (PVT) at the time of development. However, concentrations more than 1000 ppm were recorded recently causing wells to close in (few already closed). Hence, the shut-in wells have to be brought on stream and an assessment of souring potential in the field has to be completed. This paper will share our experience in H2S mapping at reservoir-well-facilities modelling, history matching and prediction of H2S. We will highlight the workflow adopted to find the root causes of souring via sampling and modelling approach since the H2S is measured throughout the field across all the reservoirs, including those undergoing waterflood. Moreover, various options that were studied through simulation will be discussed for mitigation and management of H2S within this field to safeguard the production, and thus recovery of the field.
A systematic phased approach is adopted to mitigate and manage the unwanted sour gas (H2S). In first phase we performed the analysis on the historical development of H2S throughout the field and developed the concept for possible souring causes. In second phase, we designed and conducted a comprehensive sampling and laboratory analysis program end-to-end to fill the existence knowledge gap. In third phase, we performed 3D dynamic reservoir souring modelling where we history matched the H2S and assessed the future potential via forecasting. Finally, we developed multiple mitigation scenarios ranging from nitrate injection, sulphate reducing unit, limiting the nutrient supply for microbe growth via water mixing etc.
It was evident that a) increased injection water contributed to souring wells, b) link between souring wells and nutrient availability, c) increased negative fractioning of Sulphur isotope as H2S concentration increases, d) and mesophilic SRBs detected in some souring wells. This evidence suggested that BSR is the predominant cause of souring. It was also seen based on water chemistry that injection water was rich in sulphate while formation water rich in volatile fatty acids. Results indicate that the nitrate injection (up to 200ppm) alone may not be an attractive option to mitigate the H2S within this field. However, the combination of SRU and nitrate injection of 150ppm could be a technically feasible options to mitigate such higher concentration of H2S within allowable facilities limits of H2S.
Clinical Profile of Addison’s Disease in a Tertiary Care Institute, Southern India – The Changing Landscape
Authors: Sridhar Subbiah , Balachandran Karthik , Nazirudeen Roshan , Natarajan Vasanthiy , Sangumani Jayaraman 
Published: April 2022

Aims and Objectives:Clinical, biochemical, and radiological profiles of Addison’s disease and to assess the various etiological spectrum of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in adults.Materials and Methods:A retrospective cohort study was carried out in the Department of Endocrinology, Madurai Medical College, Madurai between January 2014 and January 2021 over a 7-year period.Inclusion Criteria:All the patients with clinical symptoms and or signs of suspected PAI, such as hyperpigmentation, weight loss, persistent nausea or vomiting, fatigue, and hypotension, were recruited. All suspected cases underwent measurement of 8-AM plasma ACTH and cortisol levels. In possible cases and equivocal cortisol levels, patients underwent Co-syntropin/ACTH stimulation test. To know the underlying etiology of PAI, 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies (21OHAb), thyroid function test, Anti TPO, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), LH and FSH, CT of chest and abdomen, and sputum AFB based on the clinical pattern of involvement were performed.Exclusion Criteria:Patients with onset of PAI at infancy and childhood, secondary adrenal insufficiency or exogenous Cushing’s syndrome, and central hypocortisolism, including Sheehan’s syndrome, were excluded.Results:Thirty-six patients were diagnosed with PAI in this study; 19 (53%) were females and 17 were males (47%). The median age of diagnosis was 35 years. Patients were divided into acute presentation and subacute presentation. Twenty-six patients presented with acute presentation and ten were presented with progressive evolved symptoms. Non-tuberculous etiology was the predominant finding noted in our cohort study (87%, 31 out of 36 patients). The other causes of Addison disease included isolated auto-immune PAI, polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1 and II, APLA Syndrome, and adrenal metastasis.Conclusion:Non-tuberculous causes of PAI are the leading etiology in our retrospective study. Autoimmune PAI and Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes are increasingly being recognized as the cause of Addison’s disease. PAI individuals require lifelong surveillance for possible development of coexisting autoimmune syndromes and need for glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid therapy.
Genetic Heterogeneity and Challenges in the Management of Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-Centre Study from South India
Authors: Korula Sophy , Ravichandran Lavanya , Paul Praveen G. , Johnson Jabasteen , Chapla Aaron , Santhanam Sridhar , Simon Anna , Mathai Sarah 
Published: April 2022

Aim and Objectives:1. To study the clinical outcome, growth and glycaemic control, 2. To study the frequency and type of genetic mutations.Methods:This is a retrospective study with a review of data of medical records from 2008 till date.Results:Twelve patients (six males) with neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) were identified. Median (interquartile range – (IQR)) age at diagnosis was 72 (31–95) days with a history of consanguinity in 75%. The median birth weight (range) was 2345 (900–3300) g. Follow-up data were available for eight patients with a median age at (IQR) follow-up of 3.3 (3–5.3) years. At follow-up, the mean annual HbA1c was 8.2% at a mean insulin dose of 1.1 U/kg/d. One patient with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) and 21α-hydroxylase deficiency had poor growth and intellectual difficulty. The rest demonstrated satisfactory growth with an increase of mean weight centile from 2ndto 13th, height centile from 6.5thto 20thand normal neuro-cognitive development. Eleven patients underwent genetic testing with a molecular diagnosis in 54% (6/11):EIF2AK3(n= 2) and one each inINS,PDX1,IL2RAandFOXP3. None had variants inABCC8orKCNJ11. One with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and later succumbed.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates good clinical outcomes among NDM patients without immune dysfunction. Molecular diagnosis was attained only in around half of the patients (54%) with a great genetic heterogeneity.
Developing Clinical Decision Support System using Machine Learning Methods for Type 2 Diabetes Drug Management
Authors: Singla Rajiv , Aggarwal Shivam , Bindra Jatin , Garg Arpan , Singla Ankush 
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives:Application of artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) for automation of diabetes management can enhance equitable access to care and ensure delivery of minimum standards of care. Objective of the current study was to create a clinical decision support system using machine learning approach for diabetes drug management in people living with Type 2 diabetes.Methodology:Study was conducted at an Endocrinology clinic and data collected from the electronic clinic management system. 15485 diabetes prescriptions of 4974 patients were accessed. A data subset of 1671 diabetes prescriptions of 940 patients with information on diabetes drugs, demographics (age, gender, body mass index), biochemical parameters (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, creatinine) and patient clinical parameters (diabetes duration, compliance to diet/exercise/medications, hypoglycemia, contraindication to any drug, summary of patient self monitoring of blood glucose data, diabetes complications) was used in analysis. An input of patient variables were used to predict all diabetes drug classes to be prescribed. Random forest algorithms were used to create decision trees for all diabetes drugs.Results and Conclusion:Accuracy for predicting use of each individual drug class varied from 85% to 99.4%. Multi-drug accuracy, indicating that all drug predictions in a prescription are correct, stands at 72%. Multi drug class accuracy in clinical application may be higher than this result, as in a lot of clinical scenarios, two or more diabetes drugs may be used interchangeably. This report presents a first positive step in developing a robust clinical decision support system to transform access and quality of diabetes care.
Long-acting Porcine Sequence ACTH (Acton Prolongatum) Stimulation Test is a Reliable Alternative Test as Compared to the Gold Standard Insulin Tolerance Test for the Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Atluri Sridevi , Sarathi Vijaya , Goel Amit , Channabasappa Shivaprasad , Alapaty Shailaja , Dhananjaya Melkunte S. , Barure Ramdas , Kolla Gautam 
Published: April 2022

Context:As synacthen use is not licensed in India and there are concerns about the safety of the insulin tolerance test (ITT), an alternative dynamic test to diagnose adrenal insufficiency (AI) is required.Objective:The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Acton Prolongatum stimulation test (APST) with a standard ITT for the diagnosis of AI.Design:Prospective study comparing two diagnostic tests.Participants:Six healthy volunteers and 53 suspected or known AI patients.Measurements:Serum cortisol response to ITT and APST.Results:The median (95% confidence interval [CI]) peak cortisol levels among healthy volunteers in ITT and APST were 17 (14.58–19.08) and 30.5 (22.57–34.5) μg/dL. Of the 53 patients (age: 39.6 ± 9.38 years; females: 38 [71.1%]), 34 had AI (peak ITT serum cortisol < 14.5 μg/dL) whereas 19 had a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. In the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, 60-min APST cortisol had an area under the curve of 0.984 (95% CI: 0.904–1.00, P < 0.0001). The best accuracy was obtained at a cut-off of 16.42 μg/dL (sensitivity: 97.7% [95% CI: 87.7–99.9%]; specificity: 100% [69.2-100%]). Forty-three of the 53 patients with suspected AI had hypoglycemic symptoms during ITT and two of them required intravenous dextrose, whereas, none had adverse events during APST. The ITT was incomplete in two patients whereas all completed APST.Conclusions:APST is a simple, safe, and reliable alternative to ITT for the diagnosis of AI; 60-min serum cortisol of 16.42 μg/dL in APST best distinguishes the AI patients from those with adequate cortisol response.
Role of Serum Irisin During Early Pregnancy to Predict The Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at 24–28 Weeks of Pregnancy in high-risk patients
Authors: Sahoo Devadarshini , Pattanaik Sudhi Ranjan , Kumar Padala Ravi , Gandhi Ronak 
Published: April 2022

Aims:The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the role of serum irisin during early pregnancy to predict the development of GDM at 24–28 weeks in high-risk patients.Methodology:This study was conducted among the pregnant women attending the Department of Endocrinology and antenatal clinic of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of MKCG Medical College for a period of one year with at least one risk factor for the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Blood samples were collected for measurement of fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum irisin, lipids (TC, LDL, HDL, TG), and HbA1c. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed using 75 g of glucose during the first trimester and between 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. Patients were diagnosed as GDM based upon IADPSG criteria at 24–28 weeks. Serum irisin, glycemic parameters, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance during first trimester were analyzed for predicting GDM between 24–28 weeks.Results:Sixty-five patients were included in the study, out of which 20 (30.8%) patients developed GDM and the rest 45 patients had normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The first trimester mean serum irisin concentration was significantly lower in women who later developed GDM compared with women who had NGT (111.65 ± 25.43 μg/L vs 185.89 ± 28.89 μg/L). Serum irisin concentration was the best predictor with an optimal threshold value of 149 μg/L, which had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 90%, 91.1%, 81.8%, 95.3%, respectively, for predicting GDM at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy.Conclusion:We suggest the utility of serum irisin as an early biomarker to predict the development of GDM later in pregnancy in high-risk patients.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Associated with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Khuba Sandeep , Awal Shikha , Gautam Sujeet , Agarwal Anil 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Henochschonlein purpura (HSP) is an acute, systemic, immune complex-mediated, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, most commonly affecting children. It is a small-vessel vasculitis which is characterized by a tetrad of palpable purpura (without thrombocytopenia), abdominal pain, arthritis, and renal impairment. Although most commonly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, other organs may also be affected. Association of HSP with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) has not been reported in the literature. In the present case report, we are describing the successful management of CRPS of the upper limb in a diagnosed case of HSP.

Case Presentation:
A 14-year-old female patient, who was a diagnosed case of HSP, presented with features characteristic of CRPS in the right hand and forearm, based on the Budapest Diagnostic Criteria. Bone scintigraphy showed increased tracer uptake in joints of the right hand, also suggestive of CRPS. The pain was severe visual analog scale-90/100 and not controlled with conservative management. Patient was administered a series of 3 stellate ganglion minimally invasive pain and spine interventions (MIPSI) over the course of 2 weeks, which led to the resolution of her symptoms.

Conclusion:
HSP is a small-vessel vasculitis and may lead to peripheral nerve vasculitis. As reported in other cases, small-vessel vasculitis has led to the development of CRPS and thus may influence the development of CRPS in patients with HSP. CRPS as a complication of HSP has not been reported in the literature to date. Thus in a patient with HSP, CRPS could present as a rare complication and early intervention with the MIPSI of the affected region may lead to resolution of symptoms.
A Comparative Study of Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block with Pectoral Nerve Block Type II in Breast Surgeries
Authors: Amir Syed Hussain , Sheikh Kulsum , Ali Qazi Ehsan , Siddiqui Obaid Ahmed , Arman S. M. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The use of ultrasonography (USG) to identify fascial layers has led to the development of several newer interfascial techniques for analgesia of the chest and abdominal wall. Two such modalities are the Pectoral nerve block (PEC) and Serratus Anterior Plane (SAP) block.

Objective:
To compare the duration and quality of analgesia provided by ultrasound-guided SAP block with PEC block II in patients undergoing breast surgeries after induction of general anesthesia.

Design:
Randomized, double-blinded, prospective study.

Methods:
Sixty female patients were divided into two groups of 30 each. Patients in Group P received USG guided PEC II block, whereas patients in Group S received USG-guided SAP block after induction.

Outcome Measure:
The primary objective was to compare the duration of pain relief, whereas the secondary objectives were to compare the degree of pain relief, postoperative analgesic requirement within 24 h after the completion of the surgery, patient satisfaction score and complications if any.

Results:
The mean time of the first dose of analgesic given was 826 ± 405.24 min. in Group P and 1280 ± 264.29 min. in Group S (P < 0.001). The mean numeric rating scale score at rest at 6 h, on movement at 2 h and 6 h and satisfaction scores in Group P were significantly more than Group S.

Conclusion:
Ultrasound-guided SAP block provides better postoperative analgesia both in quality and duration over PEC II block.
Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Quadratus Lumborum Block in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Kulhari Sunita , Shamshery Chetna , Ambasta Suruchi , Agarwal Anil , Singh Rajneesh Kumar , Srivastava Monalisa 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) often complain of pain in the postoperative period despite intravenous analgesic administration. Systemic analgesia is also associated with side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting, thus adding to patient's discomfort. Posterior quadratus lumborum (QL) block has been studied to provide adequate analgesia in this set of patients. We retrospectively studied the efficacy of posterior QL block in LC patients and assessed them for chronic pain.

Methods:
Records of patients meeting inclusion criteria were taken. Standard multimodal analgesia as per the institute protocol was performed in all patients. Posterior QL block was performed under ultrasound guidance in test group, while control group received parenteral analgesia alone.

Measurements:
Static and dynamic Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) were measured at different time intervals during the first 24 postoperative h and time to rescue analgesia was noted. Assessment of chronic pain was done at the same time for all the patients. Side effect profile of both the groups was compared.

Results:
Static and dynamic pain scores were compared between block and control groups at immediate postoperative time period, 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h and statistically significant difference was noted with lower scores in test group as compared to control group at all four time points (P < 0.05). None of the patients in test group suffered chronic pain, while 33.3% patients in control group had chronic pain.

Conclusion:
Posterior QL block is an effective analgesia option for LC patients with less incidence of side effects. It should be performed more frequently as it is effective in reducing acute and probably chronic pain too in LC patients.
Acute myeloid leukemia patients with variant or unusual translocations involving chromosomes 8 and 21 – A comprehensive cytogenetic profiling of three cases with review of literature
Authors: Akhila Raj T. V. , Gopinath Preethi , Geetha Raj J. A. , Narayanan Geetha , Nair Sreejith G. , Joy Philip Deepa Susan , Raveendran Suresh , Geetha Priya , Sreedharan Hariharan 
Published: April 2022

Background:
t(8;21)(q22;q22) is the most frequent recurrent translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) resulting in an in-frame fusion of RUNX1/RUNX1T1 that regulates various genes involved in the signaling pathways. This leukemogenic alteration is usually associated with a favorable clinical outcome. Variants of t(8;21) can be formed involving a third or fourth chromosome in ~3-4% of t(8;21)-AML. Due to the rarity of variant t(8;21), its clinicopathological features and prognostic significance are still unclear. Here we present three AML cases with cryptic rearrangements of chromosomes 8 and 21 without standard RUNX1/RUNX1T1.

Materials and Methods:
Conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or spectral karyotyping of the pretreatment bone marrow aspirate of de novo AML patients were performed to delineate chromosomal abnormalities.

Results:
We identified three cases with novel variants of t(8;21); der(13)t(8;21;13), isodicentric derivative 8 with chromosome 21[,+idicder(8)(q11.1)t(8;21)(q22;q11.1)] and der(21)t(8;12;21)(q22;q?;q22).

Conclusion:
AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22);RUNX1-RUNX1T1 forms a distinct WHO subcategory and hence the identification of variants or unusual translocations associated with t(8;21) deserves more attention. Contribution to the variant/ unusual t(8;21) database will further refine the risk stratification and may help to significantly advance the current treatment regimen.
Galois module structure of square power classes for biquadratic extensions
Authors: Chemotti Frank , Mináč Ján , Schultz Andrew , Swallow John 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFor a Galois extension
$K/F$
with
$\text {char}(K)\neq 2$
and
$\mathrm {Gal}(K/F) \simeq \mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z}\oplus \mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z}$
, we determine the
$\mathbb {F}_{2}[\mathrm {Gal}(K/F)]$
-module structure of
$K^{\times }/K^{\times 2}$
. Although there are an infinite number of (pairwise nonisomorphic) indecomposable
$\mathbb {F}_{2}[\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z}\oplus \mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z}]$
-modules, our decomposition includes at most nine indecomposable types. This paper marks the first time that the Galois module structure of power classes of a field has been fully determined when the modular representation theory allows for an infinite number of indecomposable types.
Tinjauan Ekonomi Islam Terhadap Jual Beli Online Account Game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang Dalam Tinjauan Fiqih Muamalah
Authors: Hidayat Agus Rohmat 
Published: April 2022

Jual beli online disebut juga dengan E-commerce yang bisa diartikan menjadi sebuah proses berbisnis dengan menggunakan teknologi elektronik yang menyambungkan antara perusahaan, konsumen serta masyarakat dalam wujud transaksi elektronik dan pertukaran/penjualan barang, servis, dan informasi secara elektronik. Itemku.com yaitu itemku ialah lokasi penjual belian gold, item, akun, serta voucher online game yang memberikan jaminan keamanan transaksi serta garansi uang kembali 100%. itemku memakai teknologi itemku Safe Trading, yang mengizinkan itemku untuk memantau seluruh transaksi serta melaksanakan pengecekan untuk tiap-tiap pembayaran ataupun pengiriman produk dari penjual maupun pembeli. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif lapangan. Metode ini dipilih karena data yang didapatkan dari hasil wawancara peneliti dengan pihak-pihak yang terkait. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti mengumpulkan data dan informasi melalui wawancara, studi lapangan dan konsultasi.Dalam pembahasannya peneliti menjelaskan konsep jual beli akun game, mekanisme jual beli online, dan tinjauan fiqih muamalah tetang praktik sistem di itemku.com dan apa saja kelebihan dan kekurangan membeli account game di situs forum itemku.com. Dan disini peneliti menemukan respon yang berbeda-beda pada setiap jawaban yang diajukan terhadap narasumber, namun adapula jawaban yang serupa yang sebenarnya memiliki maksud yang sama. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan penulis diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: konsep jual beli online akun game menggunakan akad as-salam danal-istishna’. As-salam adalah jual beli barang secara tangguh dengan harga yang dibayarkan di muka. Al-istishna’ adalah akad dengan pihak pengrajin untuk menyelesaikan suatu produk barang terpilih, dalam hal tersebut materi serta biaya produksi ialah tanggung jawab pihak pengrajin. Kedua jenis akad ini bagian dari bai’ ma’dun (jual beli barang yang belum wujud). Sesuai dengan tinjauan fiqih muamalah setiap praktik jual beli harus dilihat dari seberapa besar kemaslahatan dan kemudharatannya, agar transaksi menjadi sah sesuai dengan ajaran islam.
Kata kunci: Jual beli online, Fiqih Muamalah