bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 and Prospects of the Belarusian Statehood
Authors: Miazga Nikolai 
Published: July 2022

One of the most important outcomes of the First World War was the collapse of empires that existed in Central and Eastern Europe. The Entente countries and the United States at the final stage of the war put forward the slogan of the right of nations to self-determination. This created prerequisites for building of their statehood by a number of peoples of the region. Belarusians were among them. The BPR (Belarusian People&apos;s republic) and SSRB were proclaimed. The process of formation of the Belarusian national statehood took place in the context of new system of international relations formation and its success largely depended on foreign policy conditions.
The main elements of a new international order for Europe were laid down at the Paris Conference. The &quot;Belarusian&quot; question did not receive an independent sound in Paris. The interests of Belarus were touched upon when the participants of the conference discussed &quot;Polish&quot; and &quot;Russian&quot; issues that were closely related to each other. The problem of defining the Polish eastern borders was of crucial importance for Belarus. The Entente states stood for the formation of an independent Polish state within ethnic borders. This created prerequisites for preserving the territorial integrity of Belarus. However, the Polish ruling circles overcame the negative attitude of the Entente towards the expansion of Poland beyond its ethnic borders with the help of a fait accompli policy. At the same time, the Poles positioned the concept of the federation in front of the Entente as realization of the right of the &quot;Eastern Kresy&quot; peoples, including Belarusians, to self-determination.

The Polish expansion to the east did not meet real opposition from the Entente, as it was interested in Poland as an anti-Bolshevik force, an element of the &quot;sanitary cordon&quot;. The BNR delegation, which arrived in Paris, did not find support from Western politicians in recognizing the independence of the Belarusian state. The decisions of the Paris Conference provided for the preservation of the integrity of Belarus, but not as an independent state, but as part of Russia.
“In a Propaganda Hall”: Red Ekaterinburg through Francis Mccullagh’s Eyes
Authors: Nechiporuk Dmitrii 
Published: July 2022

Among the numerous ego-documents, which were written by foreigners about Russia in the epoch of the Civil War, the reminiscences on the dramatic events in the Ural and Siberia holds a unique place. А travelogue of the Irish journalist Francis McCullagh (1874–1956), «A Prisoner of the Reds: the Story of a British Officer Captured in Siberia» (1921), who visited Russia as a member of Knox’s British military mission, has been an important evidence of political events in Ural in the first half of 1920. Nevertheless, McCullagh was watching the Civil War as a war journalist. He judged events in Russia through the prism of his personal religious and political beliefs. He was detained by the Bolsheviks in January 1920 in Krasnoyarsk, along with a group of British officers. However, McCullagh managed to conceal the reasons for his stay in Siberia and passed himself off as a journalist. This allowed him to travel by train from the East to the West toward the Finnish border to leave the country safely. In Siberia and Ural, he traveled through Novo-Nikolayevsk, Omsk, and Yekaterinburg. After reaching Moscow, McCullagh was arrested by the Cheka in April 1920 and spent several days in the Lubyanka prison. In May 1920 the journalist was finally able to leave Russia and return to London.

The memoirs of McCullagh are of interest for several reasons. Firstly, the book was written as a response to the tendentious portrayal of Bolshevism in Anglo-American journalism, although the author himself was not a supporter of the Communism. Secondly, McCullagh&apos;s religious nonconformism, his strong anti-Anglicanism sentiment, defined his perception of the Bolsheviks. He repeatedly compares the anti-religious policies of the Bolsheviks and anti-Catholic propaganda in the Great Britain. Thirdly, McCullagh&apos;s publications and speeches in the Anglo-American press were important evidence in favor of the version of the violent death of the Royal family at the hands of the Bolsheviks. The journalist believed that the tragic events were the initiative of the local Bolsheviks. During his stay in Ekaterinburg, he conducted his own investigation of the causes of the death of the Imperial family. Fourth, a significant part of the book is devoted to Yekaterinburg, the city where McCullagh stayed three times in 1918-1920. Besides describing the daily life of Yekaterinburg, McCullagh explains the reasons of the Kolchak army defeat in the Urals.
«Old London»: Reconstruction of a XVIIth Century Street at Exhibitions of the 1880s
Authors: Antonova Lidia 
Published: July 2022

The article analyzes the experience of an original exhibition experiment – the reconstruction of XVII th century buildings at the sites of international exhibitions of the 1880s in London. The circumstances of the origin of the idea and implementation in South Kensington «Streets of Old London» are considered. It was an eclectic set of buildings that really existed in the British capital before the 1666 Great Fire and reproduced in almost original form in 1884. Based on exhibition documents, press publications and photographs, a description is given to the appearance of the «street» and its place within the expositions.
Based on photographs and printed sources, a description of the buildings themselves is given: typical urban residential buildings, shops, churches, etc. It is concluded that this example illustrates the educational function of the thematic exhibitions in London, their close interweaving with the problems of the city&apos;s architecture, as well as the temporality and transiency of such structures. The last is a characteristic feature of the exhibition space.
UN Relief Agency for Palestine Refugees in Near East in 1956–1967: a Case of a Humanitarian Action
Authors: Alisov Makar 
Published: July 2022

Following the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and the Arab states in 1948, a problem of Arab refugees from Palestine appeared. Presence of a large group of destitute people in such a strategically valuable region was posing a threat to the interests of the Unites States and the United Kingdom pressuring them to conduct measures of humanitarian relief. In 1950 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established to facilitate material and rehabilitative needs of the Palestine refugees.

A period of Agency’s history between the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six-Day War of 1967 was a time of relatively stable and peaceful development. Its works and services were developing in general accordance with trends established in the first half of 1950s. Basic food rations remained the same, while the Agency continued to eliminate more self-sustaining refugees from the ration roll. Building programs took place in the refugee camps, aimed at replacing huts and tents with houses for Palestinians to live in. Public health improved dramatically due to the Agency’s advancements in preventative medicine.

By the end of 1950s the UNRWA change its approach to refugees’ rehabilitation and integration in the socio-economic systems of the Arab states bordering Palestine. From 1958 onwards education became a focal point in the Agency’s efforts to ensure refugees’ self-sustenance.

Despite visible progress and pragmatic measures, the UNRWA was not able to solve the humanitarian problem. The number of refugees continued to grow in spite of the Agency’s efforts to roll out an effective educational program. One of the primary reasons behind its inability to fully address the issue was lack of finances. Over-reliance on UN member states for funds made it impossible for the Agency to sustain costly operations necessary for full relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons. It is possible that most of the UN member states did not view large donations as a venture worth perusing, forcing UNRWA work with very limited resources.
The PAndAS View of the Andromeda Satellite System. III. Dwarf Galaxy Detection Limits
Authors: Doliva-Dolinsky Amandine , Martin Nicolas F. , Thomas Guillaume F. , Ferguson Annette M. N. , Ibata Rodrigo A. , Lewis Geraint F. , Mackey Dougal , McConnachie Alan W. , Yuan Zhen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We determine the detection limits of the search for dwarf galaxies in the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) using the algorithm developed by the PAndAS team. The recovery fractions of artificial dwarf galaxies are, as expected, a strong function of physical size and luminosity and, to a lesser extent, distance. We show that these recovery fractions vary strongly with location in the surveyed area because of varying levels of contamination from both the Milky Way foreground stars and the stellar halo of Andromeda. We therefore provide recovery fractions that are a function of size, luminosity, and location within the survey on a scale of ∼1 × 1 deg2 (or ∼14 × 14 kpc2). Overall, the effective surface brightness for a 50% detection rate ranges between 28 and 30 mag arcsec−2. This is in line with expectations for a search that relies on photometric data that are as deep as the PAndAS survey. The derived detection limits are an essential ingredient on the path to constraining the global properties of Andromeda’s system of satellite dwarf galaxies and, more broadly, to providing constraints on dwarf galaxy formation and evolution in a cosmological context.
Concordance between Observations and Simulations in the Evolution of the Mass Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
Authors: Ding Xuheng , Silverman John D. , Treu Tommaso , Li Junyao , Bhowmick Aklant K. , Menci Nicola , Volonteri Marta , Blecha Laura , Matteo Tiziana Di , Dubois Yohan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We carry out a comparative analysis of the relation between the mass of supermassive black holes (BHs) and the stellar mass of their host galaxies at 0.2 < z < 1.7 using well-matched observations and multiple state-of-the-art simulations (e.g., MassiveBlackII, Horizon-AGN, Illustris, TNG, and a semianalytic model). The observed sample consists of 646 uniformly selected Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars (0.2 < z < 0.8) and 32 broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs; 1.2 < z < 1.7) with imaging from Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) for the former and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) for the latter. We first add realistic observational uncertainties to the simulation data and then construct a simulated sample in the same manner as the observations. Over the full redshift range, our analysis demonstrates that all simulations predict a level of intrinsic scatter of the scaling relations comparable to the observations that appear to agree with the dispersion of the local relation. Regarding the mean relation, Horizon-AGN and TNG are in closest agreement with the observations at low and high redshift (z ∼ 0.2 and 1.5, respectively), while the other simulations show subtle differences within the uncertainties. For insight into the physics involved, the scatter of the scaling relation, seen in the SAM, is reduced by a factor of two and closer to the observations after adopting a new feedback model that considers the geometry of the AGN outflow. The consistency in the dispersion with redshift in our analysis supports the importance of both quasar- and radio-mode feedback prescriptions in the simulations. Finally, we highlight the importance of increasing the sensitivity (e.g., using the James Webb Space Telescope), thereby pushing to lower masses and minimizing biases due to selection effects.
Bulk Properties of Pickup Ions Derived from the Ulysses Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer Data
Authors: Smith William P. , Renfroe Kyle , Pogorelov Nikolai V. , Zhang Ming , Gedalin Michael , Kim Tae K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Nonthermal, pickup ions (PUIs) represent an energetic component of the solar wind (SW). While a number of theoretical models have been proposed to describe the PUI flow, of major importance are in situ measurements providing us with the vital source of model validation. The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) instrument on board the Ulysses spacecraft was specifically designed for this purpose. Zhang et al. proposed a new, accurate method for the derivation of ion velocity distribution function in the SW frame on the basis of count rates collected by SWICS. We calculate the moments of these distribution functions for protons (H+) and He+ ions along the Ulysses trajectory for a period of 2 months including the Halloween 2003 solar storm. This gives us the time distributions of PUI density and temperature. We compare these with the results obtained earlier for the same interval of time, in which the ion spectra are converted to the SW frame using the narrow-beam approximation. Substantial differences are identified, which are of importance for the interpretation of PUI distributions in the 3D, time-dependent heliosphere. We also choose one of the shocks crossed by Ulysses during this time interval and analyze the distribution functions and PUI bulk properties in front of and behind it. The results are compared with the test-particle calculations and diffusive shock acceleration theory.
L’Ukraine, sa résistance par la démocratie
Authors: Daubenton Annie 
Published: July 2022

Après les événements de Maïdan en 2013, l’Ukraine décentralise l’État, sur le modèle des hromadas ruraux, ce qui suscite une profonde démocratisation du pays. Et ce sont les commandements locaux qui organisent la résistance à l’invasion russe en février 2022. Un contre-modèle à l’autoritarisme russe ?
Inventer un autre regard sur l’avancée en âge. Vieillissement corporel, féminisme et arts plastiques depuis les années 1970
Authors: Dumas Lorine , Rennes Juliette 
Published: July 2022

Cet article restitue l’émergence d’un regard féministe inédit sur le vieillissement corporel à la fois dans les arts visuels, les humanités et les sciences sociales au tournant des années 1970-1980, puis il explore plus particulièrement comment quatre artistes contemporaines se sont emparées de ces enjeux : nées entre les années 1932 et 1946, Joan Semmel, Linn Underhill, Esther Ferrer et Annegret Soltau ont en commun de mobiliser, depuis la fin des années 1990, leur propre corps comme matériau d’exploration sur l’avancée en âge. L’analyse de leurs différentes œuvres met en lumière la manière dont elles perturbent et subvertissent trois principaux schèmes iconographiques et narratifs qui organisent traditionnellement les représentations des âges de la vie au féminin : la rivalité supposée entre jeunes et vieilles femmes ; le vieillissement comme processus de déclin et d’enlaidissement ; et, enfin, la disqualification du désir des femmes catégorisées comme vieilles.
Soigner et (se) protéger malgré la pénurie de masques
Authors: Calvignac Cédric , Gaglio Gérald 
Published: July 2022

Les équipements de protection sanitaire – au premier rang desquels figurent les masques – ont, à la faveur de l’épidémie de Covid-19, soudainement occupé une place centrale, tant dans la pratique des acteurs de santé que dans le débat public. Par leur absence ou leur faible disponibilité, ils ont considérablement affecté les conditions de travail des soignants, comme les modalités de prise en charge des patients. C’est à cette rupture inattendue et malvenue de la chaîne sociotechnique d’administration des soins que nous consacrons nos développements. Grâce aux 339 témoignages recueillis auprès des professionnels de santé (médicaux et paramédicaux) au cours des mois d’avril et mai 2020, nous analysons d’une part le surtravail occasionné par le nécessaire approvisionnement en masques (prospection) et le non moins nécessaire « reconditionnement » amateur des masques usagés (recyclage). D’autre part, nous examinons les réorganisations en urgence de l’activité de soin elle-même et de sa programmation dans le temps. Enfin, nous nous interrogeons sur les représentations que se font les soignants de leurs rôles et assignations au sein de collectifs ainsi sous-dotés, et sur l’anxiété et les doutes qu’occasionne un exercice professionnel en mal d’équipement.
Les discours du journal
Authors: Saminadayar-Perrin Corinne 
Published: July 2022

Au xixe siècle, la presse devient le premier média de masse qu’ait connu la France : aussi désigne-t-on volontiers cette période, qui s’étend jusqu’en 1914, comme la « civilisation du journal ». Or, à lire les journaux les plus « modernes » de la monarchie de Juillet ou du Second Empire (La Presse de Girardin, Le Figaro de Villemessant…), on avise d’un surprenant paradoxe : le journal s’efforce d’inventer un dispositif communicationnel révolutionnaire, distinct de l’ancien modèle oratoire ; pourtant, celui-ci continue à imposer ses paradigmes et ses modèles d’écriture jusqu’à la Troisième République au moins. L’écriture journalistique des années 1836-1885, avant l’émergence en France de la grande presse d’information à l’anglo-saxonne, est constitutivement rhétorique.Quels sont les modalités et les enjeux de cette reconfiguration médiatique d’un très ancien héritage rhétorique ? Quelle conception de la communication et de l’espace public engage-t-elle ? Quel rôle réserve-t-elle à l’intellectuel, à l’écrivain, au journaliste ? Toutes ces questions sont décisives en un siècle où s’invente, en France, la démocratie.
Modelo de aceptación de la intención de uso del Sistema de Gestión Documental
Authors: Reyes Huamán Anita Marlene 
Published: July 2022

El Sistema de Gestión Documental con Firma Digital viene siendo impulsado por el estado peruano como política del gobierno digital a fin de mejorar la gestión administrativa del estado peruano. En este artículo se presenta el modelo de aceptación de la intención de uso del Sistema de Gestión Documental con firma digital, para ello se consideró el Modelo de Aceptación Tecnológica (TAM), el cual es respaldado por la literatura en su eficacia y su aplicación a diversas tecnologías. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es aplicar el Modelo TAM en la intención de uso del Sistema de Gestión Documental con Firma Digital en la administración pública para una realidad peruana. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 32 item a una muestra de 171 usuarios del Sistema de Gestión Documental del Instituto Peruano de Deporte.
Los resultados y conclusiones de la presente investigación ofrecen alternativas para los gestores de la administración pública que pueden permitir mejorar la toma de decisiones y a los docentes e investigadores del ámbito académico profundizar los temas de esta línea de investigación.
Gestión escolar y compromiso docente en instituciones intercultural bilingüe (eib)
Authors: Sánchez Díaz Everth Jesús 
Published: July 2022

El objeto fue determinar la relación que existe entre gestión escolar y compromiso organizacional en instituciones educativas intercultural bilingüe (EIB) – región San Martín Bellavista-Perú. Este estudio fue de tipo básica, con diseño no experimental- transversal, y enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 61 docentes, aplicándose instrumentos tipo cuestionario. Entre sus resultados y conclusiones arrojaron en cuanto a la percepción docente sobre Gestión escolar el 47.5% se encuentra en un nivel regular. El 27.9% deficiente y seguido del 24.6% bueno. Determinándose que la gestión escolar en instituciones educativas de educación intercultural bilingüe (EIB), San Martín, 2020, se encuentra en un nivel promedio regular. La prueba no paramétrica de normalidad Rho de Spearman se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación (r=0,975) y un valor de significancia de (p=0,000) siendo esto mayor al 5% error máximo permitido de 0,05. Significando la existe de relación significativa positiva muy alta, en consecuencia, se acepta la hipótesis alternativa. A mayor gestión escolar, mayor compromiso organizacional.
The Challenges Facing Effective Teaching, Learning and Assessment in Community-Based Secondary Schools in Tabora Region.
Authors: Assey Ernest S , Babyegeya Emmanuel 
Published: July 2022

Purpose: This study focused on the challenges facing effective teaching, learning and assessment in community-based secondary schools in the Tabora region.
Methodology: This study employed a mixed method approach in line with a sequential explanatory research design. The study employed simple random sampling procedures to enlisted 219 people from various educational backgrounds. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather information.
Results: The study findings revealed that, poor teaching and learning environments, a problem with the medium of instructions, poor parental engagement in children's education, teacher shortages, poor managerial skills among school leaders and lack of in-service training among teachers are the main factors that hinder effective teaching, learning and assessment in community-based secondary schools in Tabora region in Tanzania.
Unique contribution to practice, theory and strategy: This study contributes to a better understanding of the challenges to effective teaching, learning and assessment in Tanzania's Tabora region's community-based secondary schools. The findings are comparable with "Curriculum theory," which emphasised that an effective curriculum implementation cannot take place in a setting where there is a lack of a supportive environment, where significant school stakeholders do not collaborate in planning for teaching and assessment, where there is a fairly poor teaching and learning environment, where there are not enough human resources, and where the language of instruction is inappropriate.
Recommendation: The local authority that oversees schools should hire more teachers, upgrade the facilities for teaching and learning, fully involve parents in decision-making, improve in-service teacher training, and require school administrators to regularly attend training on pedagogical leadership in order to implement effective teaching, learning and assessment in schools.