bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting compound coastal inundation in 2100 by considering the joint probabilities of landfalling tropical cyclones and sea-level rise
Authors: Sheng Y Peter , Yang Kun , Paramygin Vladimir A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, the effects of sea-level rise (SLR) and more intense tropical cyclones (TCs) are increasing compound coastal inundation worldwide. To facilitate the adaptation efforts being made by coastal communities, here, we use a coastal surge-wave model together with a novel statistical approach to incorporate the six joint probability density functions (PDFs) of five landfall TC parameters and SLR values, instead of the traditional five-parameter approach, which considers the five PDFs of TCs with prescribed SLR values as boundary conditions. The five-parameter approach determines the 1% annual chance of coastal inundation by conducting numerous sets of surge-wave simulations, each for a different SLR scenario, for the future TC ensemble. The six-parameter approach, however, uses a future TC and SLR ensemble to conduct only one set of surge-wave simulations without the subjective selection of an SLR scenario, and is much less uncertain and much more efficient. In this paper, we focus on the 1% risk of inundation in a large coastal flood plain in southwest Florida by incorporating intensifying TCs and accelerating SLR under a representative concentration pathway 8.5 climate scenario in 2100. The 1% risk of inundation determined by the six-parameter approach is comparable to that obtained from the traditional approach forced with the expected SLR value in 2100. The total inundation volume, total inundation area, average inundation height, and maximum inundation height are expected to dramatically increase by (5.7, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.5) times, respectively, compared to their 1982–2009 values. The coastal inundations caused by TCs and SLR are found to interact nonlinearly over the coastal flood plain. Near the coast, TCs account for 70%–80% of the total 1% inundation risk for 1 m of SLR and 30%–70% for 2 m of SLR. Therefore, future inundation analyses must consider TCs and their nonlinear interaction with SLR-induced inundation. These findings will inform local communities and help them to develop coastal adaptation plans.
A model comparison assessing the importance of lateral groundwater flows at the global scale
Authors: de Graaf Inge E M , Stahl Kerstin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Current global-scale models of water resources do not generally represent groundwater lateral flows and groundwater–surface water interactions. But, models that do represent groundwater in more detail are becoming available and this raises the question of how estimates of water flow, availability, and impacts might change compared to previous global estimates. In this study, we provide the first global quantification of cell-to-cell groundwater flow (GWF) using a high-resolution global-scale GWF model and compare estimated impacts of groundwater pumping using two model setups: (a) with and (b) without including cell-to-cell GWFs and realistic simulation of groundwater–surface water interactions at the global scale (simulated over 1960–2010). Results show that 40% of the land–surface cell-to-cell flows are a notable part of the cell’s water budget and that globally large differences in the impact of groundwater pumping are estimatd between the two runs. Globally, simulated groundwater discharge to rivers and streams increased by a factor of 1.2–2.2 when GWFs and interactions between groundwater and surface water were included. For eight heavily pumped aquifers, estimates of groundwater depletion decrease by a factor of 1.7–22. Furthermore, our results show that GWFs and interactions between groundwater and surface water contribute to the volume of groundwater that can be pumped without causing notable changes in storage. However, in approximately 40% of the world’s watersheds where groundwater is used, groundwater is being pumped notably at the expense of river flow, and in 15% of the area globally depletion is increased as a result of nearby groundwater pumping. Evaluation of the model results showed that when groundwater lateral flows and groundwater–-surface water interactions were taken into account, the indirect observations of groundwater depletion and groundwater discharge were mimicked much better than when these fluxes were not included. Based on these findings, we suggest that including GWFs in large-scale water resources assessments will benefit a realistic assessment of groundwater availability worldwide, the estimation of impacts associated with groundwater pumping, especially when one is interested in the feedback between groundwater use and groundwater and surface water availability, and the impacts of current and future groundwater uses on the hydrological system.
Evaluation of river restoration efforts and a sharp decrease in surface runoff for water quality improvement in North China
Authors: Dai Dan , Lei Kun , Wang Rui , Lv Xubo , Hu Juxiang , Sun Mingdong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Rapid urbanization, population growth, and other intensive human activities have greatly altered natural hydrological conditions and matter cycling, which are the main causes of water quality deterioration in North China’s rivers. With the help of a 15-year (2005–2019) dataset of river water quality (1043 records from nine sites), this study investigated the spatiotemporal water quality patterns in the Yongding River Basin (YRB) in North China using a new water quality index (WQI-DET), which has been customized for China’s water quality classification scheme. Our results showed that the river water quality of the YRB has significantly improved due to the decreased surface runoff and an abrupt change of WQI-DET was observed in 2011. The elimination of anoxic conditions and the mitigation of nitrogen and phosphorus resulting from the construction of wastewater treatment plants and the improvement of treatment capacity are the main reasons for the improvement in river water quality. We also found that eutrophication is still not completely eradicated because of the high concentrations of NH4
+ and total phosphorus. Our study suggests that for rivers in which runoff has decreased sharply, the water quality could be improved significantly by wastewater treatment facilities. At present, for the YRB, more effort is needed to eliminate eutrophication and dried-up river sections and thereby finally improve the river ecosystem. We concluded that more attention and effort should be given to river hydrological conditions, specific river ecological characteristics, and the increasingly important non-point source pollutants during the design of river restoration measures in North China.
Climate change impacts on the energy system: a model comparison
Authors: Zapata Victhalia , Gernaat David E H J , Yalew Seleshi G , Santos da Silva Silvia R , Iyer Gokul , Hejazi Mohamad , van Vuuren Detlef P 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Increasing renewable energy use is an essential strategy for mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of renewable energy to climatic conditions means that the energy system’s vulnerability to climate change can also become larger. In this research, we used two integrated assessment models and data from four climate models to analyse climate change impacts on primary energy use at a global and regional scale under a low-level (RCP2.6) and a medium-level (RCP6.0) climate change scenario. The impacts are analysed on the energy system focusing on four renewable sources (wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass). Globally, small climate impacts on renewable primary energy use are found in both models (5% for RCP2.6 and 6% for RCP6.0). These impacts lead to a decrease in the use of fossil sources for most regions, especially for North America and Europe under the RCP60 scenario. Overall, IMAGE and GCAM provide a similar signal impact response for most regions. E.g. in Asia (excluding China and India), climate change induces an increase in wind and hydropower use under the RCP6.0 scenarios; however, for India, a decrease in solar energy use can be expected under both scenarios and models.
3D printed Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Polyamide (PA) and its evaluation of mechanical properties and its uses in healthcare applications.
Authors: Shetty Sandeep , Nandish B T , Amin Vivek , Jayaprakash K , Shahira  , Stanly Selva Kumar G S , Khan Faizan , Harish Pooja 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) is evolving continuously which enables 3D printing a given idea into a functional prototype, the complex structures can be 3D printed with versatility of changing the density depending on the in-fills programmed during printing thus it can be light in weight with less material wastage which cannot be achieved by other methods. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is widely used in implantable devices such as spinal, dental and orthopedic implants due to its superior biocompatibility and nearly matching properties with bone. Polyamide (PA) is another biomaterial widely used as sutures, catheters, and dentures due to its biocompatibility. In the present study, the specimen of PEEK and polyamide were 3D printed and the mechanical properties evaluated and compared for healthcare applications. Methodology: In this work, a comparison of mechanical strength such as compressive strength (CS), tensile strength (TS), flexure strength (FS), and impact strength (IS) of 3D printed PEEK samples by fused deposition modelling (FDM) and PA specimens by selective laser sintering (SLS), respectively. Samples for mechanical strength were prepared according to ASTM and ISO specifications. Result: The strength of the Polyether ether ketone was higher than that of Polyamide. Conclusions: The results of this experiment provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical strength of PEEK and PA, that can be used as a valuable guide for their healthcare applications.
Experimental Study for Cleanliness Evaluation of Tractor Engine Components
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Singh Satendra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In present scenario most of the industries are competing for quality improvement. In each automotive company, to reduce the wear and tear between engine components and to increase the engine life, it is necessary to check the contamination level of engine components. To wash these components washing solvents or multi metal cleaner cum degreaser are used to wash the components in ordinary or ultrasonic washing machines. In this paper experimental work is carried out to find the life of two washing solvents used to wash the tractor engine components in ordinary and ultrasonic washing machines. This experiment is performed at different setting parameters date wise of both of the machines. Observations were taken for 15 days using two type of cleaning medium i.e. AFSO CLEAN-AD20 and METACLEAN 211. After data analysis it is concluded that if these washing solvents are used for both shifts in the industry than the solvents remain useful to clean the tractor engine components for 6 days as per specification limits.
Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistant and Metal Tolerances Capability of Petroleum (hydrocarbon) Degrading Bacteria
Authors: Mohsin Umema , Lowry Madan , Devi Pooja , Dixit Himanshu , Thakur Shaile 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Diesel oil is considered one of the important products of crude oil which constitute a vital source of pollution in the environment. Biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon requires cooperation of more than a single species. This is true in case of pollutants made up of crude oil or petroleum. Soil contains varieties of microorganism that can be established in any natural environment. The bacterial isolates were characterized biochemically by indole test, methyl red test, citrate utilization Test, voges proskauer test, starch hydrolysis, catalase production test, nitrate reduction test, antagonism test, oligodynamic susceptibility and antibiotic sensitivity tests.
Gray Image and Colour Image Security using AES Algorithm
Authors: Arora Shaina , Chaudhary Nalin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For picture security and confirmation we utilize cryptographic. In cryptographic we scramble the information. There are various symmetric and deviated encryption procedures, which are used for encryption and unscrambling reason. Symmetric encryption approach work on ordinary key (same key utilized for encryption and unscrambling reason), but unbalanced work on with one public key and private key. Public key utilized for encryption and private key for unscrambling. The security of the stowing away is measure utilizing the MSE, PSNR, Cross-Correlation and Entropy limits. For better stowing away get the low MSE and high PSNR respects. So to make the rapid reaction we need calculation which requires some speculation and give reaction quick. From this point forward additionally take apart the time reaction of purposed assessments to additionally foster security and expedient response.
Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic gold loaded nanoporous anodic alumina as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates
Authors: Choudhari K S , Sinha Rajeev K , Kulkarni Suresh D , Santhosh C , George Sajan D 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A facile method of creating a sensitive and inexpensive superhydrophobic nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate is reported. A superhydrophobic NAA was created by coating polydimethylsiloxane on NAA via polymer evaporation technique which further coated with gold to fabricate NAA-based superhydrophobic SERS substrate. NAA and nanopatterned aluminum with varying pore properties were used for the SERS studies using rhodamine 6 G as the model analyte. The limit of detection was calculated for the SERS substrate and found to be as low as 146.3 pM. The analytical enhancement factor was found to be 6.9 × 105 successfully demonstrating the potential use of NAA-based superhydrophobic substrate as a SERS substrate. The substrates displayed good spatial reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 12.62%, demonstrating the potential use of such substrates in chemical and biological sensing applications. The method reported is general and provides a simple and cost-effective approach for generating efficient SERS platforms for trace molecular sensing.
Decoupled coordinates for machine learning-based molecular fragment linking
Authors: Fleck Markus , Müller Michael , Weber Noah , Trummer Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Recent developments in machine learning-based molecular fragment linking have demonstrated the importance of informing the generation process with structural information specifying the relative orientation of the fragments to be linked. However, such structural information has so far not been provided in the form of a complete relative coordinate system. We present a decoupled coordinate system consisting of bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles, and show that it is complete. By incorporating this set of coordinates in a linker generation framework, we show that it has a significant impact on the quality of the generated linkers. To elucidate the advantages of such a coordinate system, we investigate the amount of reliable information within the different types of degrees of freedom using both detailed ablation studies and an information-theoretical analysis. The presented benefits suggest the application of a complete and decoupled relative coordinate system as a standard good practice in linker design.
‘Thieves Should not Live Amongst People’: Under-Protection and Popular Support for Police Violence in Nairobi
Authors: Wairuri Kamau 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper examines how communities at the urban margins, who are under-protected by the state police, understand police reforms through an examination of the unusual case of street protests in support of a police officer who had killed two young men in Githurai in Nairobi. I explore how the under-protection of communities at the urban margins by the police leads to a reliance on various forms of vigilantism to generate security and justice outcomes. Noting the limitations of community vigilantism, I explore how these communities come to rely on police vigilantism, a form of vigilantism that has received limited attention in African studies. Based on insights generated from data collected in Githurai in March and April 2015, I argue that residents of Githurai protested against the arrest of a local police vigilante, whom they had come to rely on for security, because they considered his deployment of violence against suspected criminals to be justified and also feared that his arrest would expose them to further insecurity. I conclude that police reform efforts should pay attention to the innovations that communities have developed at the grassroots to generate security and justice outcome in absence of reliable protection by the state police.
Usefulness of Cyclin D1/Podoplanin Dual Immunohistochemical Stain to Differentiate Malignant Mesothelioma From Reactive Mesothelial Proliferations
Authors: Pillappa Raghavendra , Wiles Austin , Sayeed Sadia , Robila Valentina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the potential of cyclin D1/podoplanin dual immunohistochemical stain to differentiate malignant mesothelioma from reactive mesothelial proliferations.

Methods
Cyclin D1/podoplanin dual immunohistochemistry was performed on 34 surgical cases of reactive mesothelial proliferations, malignant mesothelioma, and nonmesothelioma malignancies.

Results
All 15 reactive mesothelial proliferations demonstrated less than 50% cyclin D1 staining with variable to diffuse podoplanin staining. In 6 (60%) of 10 cases of epithelioid malignant mesothelioma, the dual stain supported the diagnosis. Less than 50% cyclin D1 staining was noted in the remaining four cases, including small biopsy specimens or cases with focal papillary architecture. The five cases of sarcomatoid/desmoplastic/biphasic mesothelioma showed more than 50% cyclin D1 staining with focal to absent podoplanin staining. Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma appears to demonstrate less than 25% cyclin D1 staining.

Conclusions
The cyclin D1/podoplanin dual stain is reliable and may be used to aid in differentiation of benign mesothelial proliferations from malignant tumors. In addition, histologic features and other ancillary testing may support the classification of cases with an inconclusive cyclin D1/podoplanin staining.
Clinical, Laboratory, and Histologic Correlates of Serum Antinuclear Antibody in Hispanic Pediatric Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhu Liang , Kinnear Darryl , Triggs Nicole , Quintanilla Norma M , Himes Ryan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The significance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in pediatric Hispanic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown.

Methods
ANA status was correlated with clinical, laboratory, and histologic parameters in Hispanic patients with a histologic diagnosis of NAFLD.

Results
Thirty-eight Hispanic children (27 male and 11 female) underwent liver biopsy at a median age of 12.1 years. Twenty patients (53%) had positive ANAs. The ANA-positive patients had higher fasting insulin levels (median [interquartile range (IQR)], 32.4 [25.4] µU/mL) and higher insulin resistance (median [Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) IQR], 5.9 [3.1]) than the ANA-negative patients (fasting insulin: median [IQR], 17 [13.9] µU/mL and median [HOMA-IR IQR], 3.5 [2.6] µU/mL; P = .05 and .01, respectively). Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were higher in the ANA-negative patients (median [IQR], 47 [18] mg/dL) than the ANA-positive patients (38 [12] mg/dL) (P = .03). There were no statistical differences in a series of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and histologic parameters between the ANA-positive and the ANA-negative patients. At a median follow-up of 2.6 years, alanine aminotransferase was significantly lower than the baseline levels in both groups. In 1 patient undergoing ANA retesting, the titer had normalized from a baseline of 1:1,280 3.8 years earlier.

Conclusions
In pediatric Hispanic patients with NAFLD, a positive ANA result is associated with insulin resistance and lower HDL cholesterol levels.
The “Smile Mastopexy”: A Novel Technique to Aesthetically Address the Excess Skin Envelope in Large, Ptotic Breasts While Preserving Nipple Areolar Complex During Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Movassaghi Kiya , Stewart Christopher N 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Classically large, ptotic breasts have been a contraindication for nipple preservation during breast reconstruction. We present a technique of “smile mastopexy” (SM) to reduce the excess skin in both vertical and transverse directions, avoid a T-junction, preserve the nipple areolar complex, and add thickness to the upper pole of the breast at the time of mastectomy.

Objectives
The authors sought to demonstrate the safety and reliability of a novel technique that addresses the excess skin envelope during breast reconstruction while preserving the nipple-areola complex in large, ptotic breasts.

Methods
This is a retrospective review of a single surgeon performing the SM for immediate 2-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction. All were performed in the prepectoral pocket without utilization of acellular dermal matrices.

Results
Thirty patients (total 54 breasts) aged a mean 50 years with BMI of 30 kg/m2 and mastectomy specimen weight of 683 g were included. All had class 2 or 3 ptosis. There were no cases of complete nipple loss. The overall complication rate was 14.8%. There were 3 explantations: 1 (1.8%) due to infection and 2 (3.7%) due to implant exposure. Radiation was associated with a higher complication rate.

Conclusions
The SM is a safe and reliable technique in large, ptotic breasts during prosthetic breast reconstruction. It preserves the nipple-areola complex, reduces the excess skin envelope, adds thickness to the upper pole, and allows for future skin revisions with the same scar if necessary.

Level of Evidence: 4
Insights into the systematics of Old World taenitidoid ferns (Pteridoideae; Pteridaceae): evidence from phylogeny and micromorphology
Authors: Chen Cheng-Wei , Chao Yi-Shan , Andi Maryani A Mustapeng , Lindsay Stuart , Huang Yao-Moan , Kessler Michael , Luu Hong Truong , Hsieh Ching-Ming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA close relationship of the three Old World taenitidoid genera Austrogramme, Syngramma and Taenitis was traditionally suggested on the basis of morphology, and later gained further support from molecular phylogenetic analyses. However, due to insufficient sampling, the monophyly and intrageneric and interspecific relationships of these genera are still largely untested, and the systematic value of diagnostic morphological characteristics is unclear. In this study, we generated a molecular phylogenetic tree with 18 species representing nearly half of the known species diversity for this group. In addition to macromorphological characteristics, we also observed microscopic characteristics, including soral paraphyses and spores. Our results confirm the monophyly of the three genera and their delimitating characteristics. We found that most of the previously proposed sections are not monophyletic, and their diagnostic characteristics are homoplastic. We propose new hypotheses concerning both intergeneric and interspecific hybridization and provide new taxonomic insights that are critical in understanding the diversity of the group.