bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Transdisciplinary Approach to Public Health Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the transdisciplinary model of public health law, which rests on the recognition that public health law is not just the work of lawyers. The chapter explains key terms in the model, including public health law practice, legal epidemiology, and policy surveillance. It also discusses the concept of “mechanisms of legal effect,” which is central to conceptualizing and evaluating the impact of law on health.
Choosing a Legal Approach
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews legal approaches that can be used to promote public health and address specific health problems. Legal approaches include prohibiting or mandating conduct; creating and enforcing licensing and permitting schemes; and increasing the costs of unhealthy conduct through taxes or litigation and incentivizing healthy conduct through loans, grants, and tax credits. Legal approaches can also address public health challenges by changing the informational environment with labeling requirements or reporting mandates or modifying the built environment through zoning or complete streets policies. The chapter identifies potential constitutional and practical limitations to each approach.
Using Evidence and Knowledge Critically in Policy Development
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policies. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost–benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.
Public Health Advocacy
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the basic components of the many ways that individuals and organizations introduce their policy preferences into law and practice. The chapter describes the basic steps in developing and implementing a program of advocacy, specifically comparing the Collective Impact Model and the Collaborating for Equity and Justice Framework. It also explores the fundamental debate about the public health advocacy process and reviews legal limitations on political advocacy by public employees and tax-exempt organizations, limitations that have important effects on how advocacy works in public health practice.
Interpreting Rodney King
Authors: Lawrence Regina G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter talks about how dramatic and spontaneous news events can become the centerpieces of refigured public conversations about public problems. Accidental events can present serious challenges to dominant ways of framing issues in the news, temporarily upsetting official control of the news and encouraging journalists to bring voices and views that are usually marginalized to the center of the media arena. The chapter also looks at the number of deaths in police custody in New York, which crystallize deep political and cultural concerns and can remain etched in the nation’s public memory long after they occur. The chapter looks at news icons that arise when dramatic, unexpected events prove irresistible to news organizations. It analyzes the national news coverage of the Rodney King beating and the resulting consideration of police brutality in selected print media from across the country.
Legislative
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article II outlines the structure and powers of the legislative branch of Ohio government. The 1802 Constitution established a bicameral General Assembly, but the Jeffersonian Republicans, who dominated Ohio’s first constitutional convention, vested near-absolute power in the legislative branch. Under the 1802 Constitution, the General Assembly appointed the judges of the Supreme Court and the courts of common pleas. It also appointed all executive branch officers other than the governor and, in the absence of a gubernatorial veto, had complete control over legislation. The framers of the 1851 Ohio Constitution placed restrictions on the power of the General Assembly by limiting its power to make appropriations, by requiring that laws of general nature have uniform application, and by eliminating most of the General Assembly’s appointment power. And other provisions of the 1851 Constitution further limited the powers of the General Assembly by restricting the powers to incur debt (Art. VIII), to tax (Art. XII), and to grant special privileges to corporations (Art. XIII). Article II also contains provisions for the governor’s veto power, which was granted in 1903, and for the initiative and referendum, which was added in 1912. In 1973, following recommendations made by the Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission, the General Assembly proposed a significant reorganization of this article, which the voters approved that same year.
Education
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article VI addresses the powers of the state concerning education. Ohio’s earliest constitutional documents contain references to the importance of education. In the 1785 Land Ordinance the Confederation, Congress set aside land in the Northwest Territory for the creation and support of schools, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 promised that “schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” The 1802 Ohio Constitution included a provision that reiterated verbatim the promise of the Northwest Ordinance that “religion, morality and knowledge, being essentially necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of instruction shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights of conscience.” The 1851 Constitution did not include these provisions concerning access to education, but the delegates to the 1850–51 Constitutional Convention recognized the importance of education and included a separate article on the subject. The 1851 Constitution included provisions requiring the state to establish a system of common or public schools. And the 1912 Constitutional Convention proposed (and the voters approved) provisions giving the state administrative control of education and thus completed the constitutional agenda of the common school movement. The duty of the state to provide a “thorough and efficient system of common schools” has been a controversial issue and has involved contentious litigation.
Public Institutions
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article VII concerns state-supported institutions for the mentally ill and the visually and hearing impaired. The article also addresses the appointment of directors of benevolent and penal institutions, which have existed in Ohio since before the 1851 Constitution. Most of the debate in 1851 concerned the respective roles of the General Assembly and the governor in appointing directors of the penitentiary and the trustees of the benevolent and other state institutions. The voters approved Article VII as part of the 1851 Constitution, and this is the only article of the constitution that the voters have never amended. In 2017, the Ohio Constitutional Modernization Commission recommended the amendment of section 1 to remove the offensive language and the repeal of sections 2 and 3, but the General Assembly has not taken any action, to date, on this recommendation.
Public Debt and Public Works
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article VIII on public debt and public works is the longest and most frequently amended article in the Ohio Constitution. The delegates to the 1850–51 Convention proposed this article to ensure that the state would never again face a debt crisis like the one that resulted from the construction of the state’s transportation system beginning in 1825. The delegates did this by imposing a $750,000 limitation on the amount of state debt, by restricting the entanglement of public and private money, and by prohibiting expenditures for internal improvements. The article also prohibits the state from giving or loaning its credit to any association or corporation or becoming a joint owner of any company. There are exceptions to the debt limitation in cases involving military invasions and other emergencies. And over the years, the voters have overridden the debt limitation by adopting amendments to permit the issuance of bonds above the limitation for veteran benefits and for a broad array of capital improvement and economic development projects. Ohio, like nearly every other state, has a balanced budget requirement, but this requirement applies to operating budgets and not to expenditures for capital expenditures such as highway and housing construction, conservation, revitalization of natural resources, economic development, and technology support. To raise funds for these nonoperating items (including bonds for veteran bonuses), Ohio typically issues general obligation bonds that are backed by the full faith and credit of the state, but Ohio also issues revenue bonds that the state does not guarantee.
Finance and Taxation
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article XII addresses finances and taxation. The 1802 Ohio Constitution had given the General Assembly virtually unqualified power to tax, but the 1851 Constitution limited the state’s taxing powers and ended the common practice of financing private corporations—a practice that many believed contributed to the debt crisis that resulted from the construction of the state’s transportation system. Voters have amended Article XII fourteen times, more times than any article save Article VIII, which deals with public debt. Commentators have described Article XII, and Ohio’s tax system in general, as “a hodge-podge of sacred cows” and “constitutional provisions and statutes resulting from the demands for revenue and the pressures for exemption.”
Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Under the 1851 Constitution, the original Article XIV created a mechanism for revising the rules of procedure used in civil as contrasted to criminal cases. The original article required the General Assembly to establish a committee of three commissioners to make recommendations to the General Assembly. The resulting code governed civil practice in the Ohio courts until 1970, when the Ohio Supreme Court, acting under the Modern Courts Amendment, revised Ohio’s rules to conform more closely to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In 1953, the voters repealed the jurisprudence article in its entirety, and in 2009, the General Assembly selected this empty article as the place for a new article creating the Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board.
Eco-Anxiety in a Risk Society
Authors: Steverson Leonard A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a sociological approach to the understanding of eco-anxiety in a society with increasing environmental risks, using the lens of the risk society thesis. The risk society thesis, as proposed by Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and other social theorists, maintains that current Western society is in a stage of development marked by risks that are different in scale and unpredictability than those of prior periods, including environmental destruction, crime, and terrorism. Anxiety can be observed and analyzed at both micro and macro levels as it is experienced both individually and socially, and sociology has long made contributions to analysis at the social level. Beck, Giddens, and others have provided a framework for analyzing “manufactured risks” such as environmental destruction; from this foundation a framework for analyzing the existence of social anxiety or eco-anxiety, at its different levels, can be generated.
Entrepôt of Revolutions
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Entrepôt of Revolutions places the American, French, and Haitian revolutions in a single, connected, analytic frame. At the heart of this relationship was not just republican politics but also commerce between France and the United States, commerce that turned on the fate of Saint-Domingue/Haiti. The book centers imperial trade as a driving force, arguing that commercial factors preceded and conditioned political change across the revolutionary Atlantic. At the crux of these transformations was the “entrepôt,” the “Pearl of the Caribbean,” whose economy grew dramatically as a direct consequence of the American Revolution and the French-American alliance. Saint-Domingue was the single most profitable colony in the Americas in the second half of the eighteenth century, thanks to staggering production of sugar and coffee and the unpaid labor of hundreds of thousands of enslaved people. Through Saint-Domingue we see the Franco-American relationship for what it really was and resolve many of the paradoxes of the era. The colony was so focused on producing sugar and coffee that it needed to import food. Mainland North America was the Caribbean’s breadbasket, with exports of flour, livestock, salted meats, and timber to Saint-Domingue accounting for a huge portion of US exports. The book chronicles the rapidly changing set of relationships that emerged as the United States developed a trade regime independent of Great Britain and sheds light on the three-way struggle among France, the United States, and Haiti to assert, define, and maintain “commercial” sovereignty.
An Inexhaustible Mine of Wealth, 1784–1788
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The immediate consequences of the French-US alliance are explored in this chapter. It examines the growth of traffic between the United States and Saint Domingue in the aftermath of the American Revolutionary War when the economy of the Pearl of the Caribbean expanded at an unprecedented level. The United States took advantage of and participated in this expansion, and the spectacular development of the colony would not have been possible without US trade. Saint-Domingue emerged as the second most active trading partner of the early republic after Great Britain, benefiting from the cheap resources imported from North America. However, tension developed around US involvement in the contraband trade, from customs fraud (smuggling of products subject to duties) to actual smuggling (introduction of prohibited products). The chapter depicts a smuggling world that did not align with the national categories designed by the imperial state.
A Numbers Game
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHow did a revolutionary Communist Party come to justify itself through a limited number of statistics, and why is it currently shifting away from doing so? The first chapter introduces the book’s argument that a system of limited, quantified vision helped stabilize politics and develop the country’s economy for decades following Mao Zedong’s tumultuous leadership. By focusing on a few statistics—most famously, gross domestic product (GDP) but also tax revenues and investment data, the Chinese government and its cadre evaluation system pushed officials to pursue growth above all. However, over time problems accumulated in the system’s blind spots, leading to Xi Jinping’s neopolitical turn.
Seeking Truth
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe third chapter wades into the debates that undergirded the Mao–to–post-Mao transition in China to show how revolutionary Communist ideology was supplanted by quantified state capitalism as the regime’s main argument for staying in power. While Mao and his thought emphasized revolution as the method to transform a backward country into a Communist utopia, by his passing in 1976 the population and many elites were ready for a new message and course of action. The regime called for individuals to emancipate themselves from ideological shackles and granted lower-level officials greater autonomy to pursue development. While under Mao numbers had significant political import, they represented a means to an end rather than becoming the core political end in themselves. Under Deng Xiaoping, a system of limited, quantified vision was established intentionally, despite understanding that moving away from radical Maoism increased opportunities for corruption.
Quantified Governance
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe fifth chapter turns to the ways that the Reform Era’s political economy model of limited, quantified vision worked to generate development through the 1990s and early 2000s, focusing on its core institution: cadre evaluation, with its quantitative performance targets. Inequalities deepened despite growth, and while some efforts were made to aid left-behind regions and the poor, the chief rhetorical switch was to embrace “advanced” forces of capitalism and capitalists. The Hu-Wen leadership team rhetorically made alleviating poverty a priority and tinkered at its edges through different programs, but, in the main, the Chinese ship of state continued sailing in the same direction of seeking aggregate economic growth. When the 2008 global financial crisis shook the world, the regime reverted to massive Keynesian stimulus to calm the waters.
Deployments and Minority Populations
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ethnic and racial minority populations in countries that host US troops have complex attitudes toward US actors. Conventional accounts hold that minority communities often bear the brunt of the negative externalities of US military basing and deployments. Others suggest that US military bases can provide social and economic mobility opportunities that may not otherwise be present for some groups. This chapter finds that minority self-identification alone correlates with a higher likelihood of expressing a positive view of US actors. However, once other demographic and attitudinal variables that correlate with minority status, like income and education, are taken into account, this relationship disappears, and minority self-identification correlates with less favorable views of all three groups. These results indicate that minority attitudes may reflect individuals' economic and educational position within society more than their status as a minority population.
Deployments and Protests
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how US military deployments lead to protests against the US and against the US military in particular. US military deployments and bases have long been cited as causing negative externalities in host countries. These negative events may help to mobilize opposition to the US presence. Our analyses yield several important findings, drawing on both individual-level survey data and new country-level protest data. First, our models of individual behavior correctly classify more than 90% of survey respondents’ involvement in anti-US protest activities. These models show that individuals’ attitudes and experiences—not simple demographic traits—offer the strongest predictive power in determining who participates in anti-US protest events. Second, crime victimization, in particular, is a strong predictor of protest involvement. Finally, larger US troop deployments cause more frequent anti-US protest events.
Grounding Ideas and a Short Overview
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 1 briefly reviews the grounding ideas for the book. It discusses the use of analytical narratives for historical analysis. It also discusses and develops a rule-bound, but not rule-determined, model of human learning and decision-making that the author calls homo-constitutionalus, which can account for the effects of internalized rules of conduct on human behavior. It also discusses the nature of social dilemmas. Human choices are context specific and highly conditional. In many choice settings, outcomes generated are jointly determined by the choices of several individuals or groups. In an important subset of such settings, the jointly determined outcomes are among the worst possible when judged by the individuals themselves. These are social dilemmas—many of which must be solved in order that humanity can progress.
Ethics and Democratic Governance
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAfter the problems associated with customary law enforcement are solved, a community might wish to extend the authority of its rule-enforcing organization to tasks beyond the encouragement of customary rules of conduct. They may, for example, task such organizations with enforcing new laws or providing new public services. To do so, a community may attempt to use majority rule to make decisions about new policies either at village meetings or among village leaders. Unfortunately, democratic proceedings have their own dilemmas that must be solved for such more powerful government to be productive rather than extractive or ineffective. They must, for example, avoid the problems of majority indecision and excessive redistribution, while continuing to hold open and fair referenda and elections. Normative dispositions are likely to play critical roles in avoiding these and other political dilemmas.
A Beginning
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPart III of the book provides evidence that Western ethical ideas and behavior came to be more supportive of markets in the centuries leading up to the great acceleration of commerce in the nineteenth century. Chapter 9 provides an overview of Aristotle’s views on the good life and good society. His work was widely read in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and both inspired new ethical research and provided a useful benchmark for judging the merits of innovations. Utilitarians, for example, returned to Aristotle’s idea of happiness as the ultimate aim. His ideas about virtue were also well known and influential.
From Renaissance to Early Enlightenment
Authors: Congleton Roger D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 10 uses two well-known Catholic authors of the early sixteenth century, Erasmus and Thomas More, to characterize skeptical medieval attitudes toward markets, and then reviews ethical analyses that suggest that societies in the Netherlands and England were becoming more favorably inclined toward commerce during the seventeenth century. Two Dutchmen, Grotius and La Court, are reviewed, followed by two English theologians, Baxter and Barkley, and a well-known philosopher, John Locke. By 1700, it is clear that reservations about markets and hard work have been greatly diminished and that prosperity itself was increasingly regarded to be a blessing rather than a distraction or curse.