bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Misconstruction of Director Fiduciary Accountability
Authors: Flannigan Robert 
Published: October 2022

Modern English and American corporate law was broadly fashioned in the nineteenth century. Oddly however, the courts of those two closely linked jurisdictions developed profoundly opposed views on a most basic matter. After some initial conflict in the cases, the English settled on the principle that directors are status fiduciaries only to their corporation. The Americans, with a comparable initial conflict in their cases, instead eventually settled on the notion that directors are status fiduciaries to shareholders. I track how that difference developed through the course of the nineteenth century. I also trace how fairness wrongly became an element of the American duty.
Director fiduciary duty, director duty to shareholders, corporate personality, joint stock company, centralised management, entire fairness, director duty to creditors
Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: A WTO Perspective
Authors: Kucheriava Yuliia 
Published: October 2022

Times of emergency in international relations are, indeed, a true test, not just for individuals but also for legal frameworks, including the one of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This article aims to assess the ability of the WTO legal framework to address challenges that have arisen due to the Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This is done through a two-pronged approach covering: (1) a general assessment of provisions of the relevant WTO Agreements and their role for addressing the current conflict in Ukraine; (2) an assessment of potential limitations to the system that may preclude effective response to the conflict. The article demonstrates that despite the fact that WTO Agreements do not provide for specific set of rights and obligations to regulate trade in times of war, they contain various mechanisms that help to ‘keep finger on the pulse’ to maintain order on the international trade arena. This is done, inter alia, via the various exemptions and exceptions WTO Members may resort to in times of extraordinary events. It further argues that despite its potential limitations, WTO law provides for a whole range of instruments to dissuade or ward off actions like the unpreceded invasion of Ukraine.
WTO, war or other emergency in international relations, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, GATT 1994, GATS, MFN, customs duties, quantitative restrictions, trade facilitation, expulsion
The Multi-party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement: An Update
Authors: Gonzalez Andrea Maria , Sakhi Aldina 
Published: October 2022

The World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body (AB) continues to face an existential and operational crisis. Since 2017, the United States has blocked the selection of replacements for retiring AB members. As a result, the Appellate Body no longer has any active members and, therefore, cannot function.
In March 2020, a group of 16 WTO members, including the European Union, promoted an initiative to establish a ‘multi-party interim appeal arrangement’ (MPIA), as an alternative to AB proceedings pending a resolution of the AB impasse. The arrangement is intended to allow disputes to be resolved finally by an impartial adjudicating body and to preserve a two-tier WTO dispute settlement system, until the Appellate Body resumes its functions. This Article provides a review of the structure and provisions of the MPIA and an update on how it has worked in practice. To date, no WTO dispute has gone through the MPIA process. However, in two recent disputes, Türkiye, which is not an MPIA party, and the European Union entered into agreements on appeals using a process very similar to the MPIA. One of those disputes has proceeded to the appeal stage under this arrangement. This note also provides the review of the differences between the MPIA and the Türkiye-EU mechanism.
The World Trade Organization's disputes, the Dispute Settlement Body, Appellate Body Members, Multi-party interim appeal arrangement, MPIA, structure, appeal arbitration procedure, arbitrators, MPIA arbitrator, outgoing disputes, the first case to use appeal, Article 25 Arbitration, Türkiye-EU appeal arbitration agreement, WTO reform, MC12 outcome.
Recent Developments of Third Party Joinder in International Arbitration
Authors: Ross Lisa-Marie , Asschenfeldt Kathrin 
Published: October 2022

This article analyses the impact of the Singapore High Court decision CJD v. CJE and another [2021] SGHC 61 on the highly topical issue of third party joinder in international commercial arbitration. In its 2021 decision, the court applied a strict yardstick in view of party autonomy when interpreting consent requirements for joinder under the London Court of International Arbitration Rules 2014. A closer comparative analysis of the procedural rules of leading international arbitration institutions identifies the judgment’s guidance to similarly constructed joinder rules, such as the International Chamber of Commerce Rules 2021. The comparative analysis recognizes a larger growth of caseloads in Asia and results suggest an incrementally developing preference for joinder rules which are constructed in a wide manner. This includes the arbitral tribunal’s power to allow third parties to join already commenced arbitration proceedings based on a prima facie test, alongside express unanimous parties’ consent.
International commercial arbitration, multi-party contracts, third party joinder, international arbitration institutions, institutional arbitration rules, dispute resolution, Singapore, private international law, comparative law
Means of Influence, the Joint-Decision Trap and Multilevel Trade Negotiations: Ontario and Québec and the Renegotiation of NAFTA Compared
Authors: Paquin Stéphane 
Published: October 2022

Trade negotiations address issues that are increasingly pertinent to substate governments, leading many to insist on being included in trade negotiations. The increasingly multilevel nature of trade negotiations and the influence of substate governments in the negotiation process is beginning to attract theoretical attention. The Canadian case is interesting here as it allows us to test two recent theories about the role of substate governments in trade negotiations. Canadian provinces are increasingly included in trade negotiations despite the fact that they do not have veto power and the Senate of Canada does not represent their interests. The Canadian case demonstrates that, contrary to the means-of-influence theory, inclusion in the negotiation process is more important than formal constitutional powers. Moreover, contrary to a recent theory that questions the joint-decision trap perspective, in the case of the NAFTA renegotiation, granting veto power to the provinces would likely have been a major problem for Canadian negotiators. This article compares the role Ontario and Québec played in the NAFTA renegotiations with their role in CETA and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) negotiations.
Trade negotiation, federalism, means of influence, joint-decision trap, Canadian provinces, Ontario, Québec, NAFTA renegotiations, CETA, CPTPP
AMERICAN SLANG FOUND IN DESPICABLE ME 3 MOVIE
Authors: Mailisa Cici , Merina Yola , Siska  
Published: October 2022

Slang is an informal language that is often used and known by a particular community or society. In this study, the researcher seeks to find out the types of slang and also find out how the functions of slang are used. In this analysis, researchers rely on Despicable Me 3 as a data source. It is from this film that the data are collected and adapted to the theory that focuses on type and function by Allan and Buridge (2006). To compile the results, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. In collecting data, several stages have been carried out such as watching the film, citing the data, and reviewing it in an effort to adapt it to the theory. As a result, three types of slang were found, namely Fresh and Creative, Flippant, and Imitative. Other types such as clipping and acronym could not be found. Then the researcher observed 5 functions which can also be found in this film, they are to address, to humiliate, to express impression, to initiate and to show intimacy.
Identificação e caracterização de eventos climáticos secos e úmidos no ABC Paulista no período de 2000-2020 usando o SPI
Authors: Oliveira Marina de , Do Rosário Nilton Manuel Évora , Rizzo Luciana Varanda , Reboita Michelle Simões , Drumond Anita Rodrigues de Moraes 
Published: October 2022

Neste estudo foram identificados os eventos climáticos secos e úmidos ocorridos no ABC Paulista (Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Rio Grande da Serra e Ribeirão Pires), uma região de grande importância hídrica, econômica e industrial no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2000 a 2020. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados mensais de precipitação estimados pelo algoritmo IMERG aplicado às medidas da constelação de satélites da GPM, e a técnica do Índice de Precipitação Padronizada (SPI), considerando as escalas temporais de acumulação de 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses. Para todas as escalas do SPI, foram registrados 45 eventos secos (SPI-1: 25, SPI-3: 13, SPI-6: 6 e SPI-12: 1) e 50 eventos úmidos (SPI-1: 27, SPI-3:15, SPI-6: 6 e SPI-12: 2) no ABC Paulista durante o período de estudo. Utilizando o teste z para o nível de significância de 5%, as condições úmidas predominaram na primeira década (2000-2010) no SPI-1, enquanto as condições de seca foram dominantes na segunda década (2010-2020) do período em estudo no SPI-6 e SPI-12. Os resultados indicam que o SPI é uma ferramenta útil para a análise de condições climáticas anômalas associadas à precipitação.
Natrium-hypo-kloritt og vevs-oppløselighet
Authors: Myklebust Per Einar Dagsson , Fossgård Magnus , Fristad Inge 
Published: October 2022

Hovedbudskap
NaOCl-løsninger leveres i hovedsak i ubufret form, og ofte i høye konsentrasjoner
De antibakterielle egenskapene øker ved bufring, mens de vevsoppløsende og toksiske egenskapene øker med økt konsentrasjon
Bufring av NaOCl-løsninger anbefales for å optimalisere de antibakterielle egenskapene
Samtidig vil bufring også redusere de vevstoksiske egenskapene
Pengelolaan Limbah Makanan (Food Waste) Berwawasan Lingkungan Environmentally Friendly Food Waste Management
Authors: Bambang Hermanu  
Published: October 2022

Fenomena food waste di Indonesia mencapai 300 kg sampah makanan per orang setiap tahun, sehingga menempatkan Indonesia pada posisi peringkat kedua di dunia dalam jumlah food waste kategori besar. Keadaan tersebut menjadi sangat memprihatinkan, karena akan memicu kontra produktif dimana satu sisi terjadi ketersediaan makanan yang berlebih, sementara di sisi lain masih didapatkan kondisi sebagian masyarakat yang masih kekurangan makanan, sehingga terkesan ada indikasi perilaku yang menyia-nyiakan makanan. Oleh karena itu melalui penelitian ini berdasarkan pendekatan kebijakan yang ada, bagaimana membangun pengelolaan sampah yang baik dan efektif, khususnya sampah makanan dengan cara melakukan perubahan gaya hidup (life style) terhadap makanan yang dikonsumsi secara bijak yang ramah lingkungan namun tidak membebani dengan sampah makanan (food waste) yang berlebihan sebagai dampak dari perilaku hidup konsumtif masyarakat dengan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang tidak memberikan daya dukung terhadap penguatan ketahanan pangan dan kelestarian lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif (normative legal research), serta dengan mengkaitkan sikap dan perilaku masyarakat terhadap kebiasaan-kebiasaan dalam keseharian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan inefisiensi pada pola konsumsi dan produksi bahan makanan telah melahirkan timbunan sampah makanan yang mengakibatkan pemborosan sumberdaya dan pencemaran lingkungan.
Analisis Risiko Kerja Menggunakan Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Dengan Pendekatan Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment And Risk Control (Hirarc) di PT Indo Java Rubber Planting Co
Authors: Faradhina Azzahra  , Enny Purwati Nurlaili  , Jonathan Dharmaputra Ratisan  
Published: October 2022

PT Indo Java Rubber Planting Co. merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang menghasilkan produk karet SIR3L dan SIR 10 yang memiliki pangsa pasar besar di Indonesia. Akan tetapi dalam melakukan proses produksinya, PT Indo Java Rubber Planting Co. perlu menyadari pentinya memperhatikan keselamatan para pekerjanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi risiko yang ada di area sortasi, pengeringan, danpengepresan PT Indo Java Rubber Planting Co., dengan menggunakan tools Job Safety Analysis (JSA) dan Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRAC). Jenis teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Studi Lapangan dengan melakukan pendaataan list risiko yang dapat timbul menggunakanJSA dan pengisian kuesioner severity dan likelihood di tiap list risiko oleh pekerja di area sortasi, pengeringan, dan pengepresan. Selain itu, pengambilan data juga dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara.. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah sebagian besar risiko ada pada kategori low sebesar 44%, diikuti kategori medium sebesar37%, kategori high sebesar 19%, dan kategori extreme yang tidak ada atau 0%. Pengendalian risiko yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberikan warna atau cat penanda, menggunakan sarung tangan, menggunakan sepatu boots karet, mengepel lantai, menggantung pisau, dan memberikan area khusus.
Hakekat Pendidikan Pancasila Bagi Generasi Milenial
Authors: Fransisca Jallie Pattiruhu  
Published: October 2022

In the era of technological and information development that is all sophisticated and modern, let's call it the era of industry 4.0 which is currently taking place and will also lead to the era of society 5.0, of course, making the use of the internet and technology a primary need. It cannot be denied that there are positive and negative impacts from the use of the internet and technology, moving from the negative impact that has started to make people behave individually. Lack of care and intolerance among others, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the concept of Pancasila education as a national character education in the midst of the current era. The research in this paper uses qualitative research methods, with descriptive analytical research type, with data collection techniques using literature review.
The results of this study indicate that Pancasila education as a national character education is certainly a character formation starting from the practice of Pancasila values ​​for the millennial generation in all aspects of social, national and state life. This can certainly be done well if the strengthening of the cultivation of Pancasila values ​​is carried out both in the family environment and in the world of education or even introductory socializations that can be carried out so that the millennial generation does not lose direction, it can actually better understand the values ​​of Pancasila itself.
Kajian Terhadap Potensi Kabupaten Cirebon Sebagai Kawasan Sharia Tourism Di Provinsi Jawa Barat
Authors: Setiawan Dedy , Komara Siti , Anton Athoillah Mohamad , Anton Athoillah Mohamad 
Published: October 2022

Pariwisata merupakan sektor yang sangat mudah untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah pada pendapatan daerah. Akhir-akhir ini konsep pariwisata syariah sedang marak dirancang dan dikembangkan di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Kabupaten Cirebon merupakan salah satu daerah yang sudah memiliki modal dalam mengembangkan pariwisata syariah karena sudah memiliki obyek wisata religi yang sangat ramai dikunjungi oleh wisatawan. Namun, perlu ditelaah mengenai daya dukung dan daya hambat berkembangnya wisata syariah di Kabupaten Cirebon tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif karena bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran secara lebih mendalam akan suatu fenomena dibandingkan untuk mengukur pengaruh suatu fenomena terhadap suatu kejadian. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Cirebon merupakan daerah yang potensial untuk mengembangkan pariwisata syariah. Beberapa obyek wisata di Kabupaten Cirebon sudah dikembangkan kea rah pariwisata syariah. Begitu juga dengan UMKM di sektor kuliner ataupu perbelanjaan yang juga didorong untuk melakukan sertifikasi halal supaya koheren dengan program pengembangan pariwisata syariah tersebut. Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Cirebon sudah melakukan berbagai program dan kegiatan untuk mendorong terwujudnya pariwisata syariah.
Lærerens didaktiske valg og deres betydning for eleven i undervisningen
Authors: Qvortrup Ane , Bach Mikkelsen Chanette 
Published: October 2022

Artiklen er baseret på kvalitative data fra to casestudier i en dansk folkeskoles udskoling. Udgangspunktet tages i didaktiske kernebegreber, der undersøges empirisk ud fra de lærervalg, der retter sig mod inddragelse af eleverne, samt disse valgs betydning for elevernes tillid til egne muligheder i undervisningen. Den symbolske interaktionisme fungerer som teoretisk ramme for at indfange dele af dannelsen, hvilket undersøges ud fra de betydningsbærende symboler, der observeres i undervisningen, og interviews bidrager til at forstå både lærernes intentioner og den meaning, eleverne knytter an til lærernes gestus i un­der­visningen. Artiklen viser, at lærerne bidrager til at etablere et rum, hvor eleverne kan afprøve sig selv og egne meningsdannelser inden for et klassefællesskab. Samtidig viser analysen, hvordan interaktioner mellem lærere, elever og indhold, og de gestures, der anvendes, både er udviklende ift. elevernes dannelse af meaning og ift. fællesskabets interaktion omkring didaktisk indhold og didaktiske deltagelsesformer. Dette er udtryk for en internalisering af sociale processer, hvor lærernes intentionelle valg og fleksibilitet over for eleverne i selve undervisningen bidrager til en positiv selvdannelse hos flere elever. Således bidrager artiklen til det opkommende, men endnu ikke tydeligt etablerede felt af empirisk dannelsesforskning.
Minding the gap
Authors: Löf Camilla , Vallberg Roth Ann-Christine 
Published: October 2022

Since the term “teaching” was apostrophized in the revised curriculum for Swedish preschool, preschool teachers seem to have been struggling with the concept in their day-to-day practices. The current article is based in a collaborative R&D programme aiming at further developing knowledge about what may characterize teaching in preschools. In this article a didactic and pragmatically informed teaching approach with focus on values is analysed. The aim is to understand preschool teachers’ interpretations of the didactic why question, which plays a central role in teaching from a pragmatic perspective. The material underlying the teaching approach consists of a total of 364 documents, including 64 video recordings. This was carried about in about 120 preschools and/or preschool departments in ten Swedish municipalities. The analysis takes a didactic approach and can be methodologically described as abductive analysis. The results indicate that the question “why?” in didactic and pragmatically informed teaching with focus on values is characterized by ethical dilemmas concerning rules and norms in preschool practice. Consequently, the ethical dilemmas are constituted as didactic dilemmas, in which preschool teachers, in co-actions with children, focus on values in teaching situations, and for which preschool teachers need to take actions without offending colleagues, children or parents.
Hacking the Techno-Transition: The Possibilities of Deep Energy Literacy
Authors: Wilson Sheena 
Published: October 2022

This article takes the E.L. Smith Solar Farm at the E.L. Smith Water treatment plant in Alberta – a province at the epicentre of Canada’s oil and gas industry – as a case study for what I call deep energy literacy. An energy transition away from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources is a necessary first response to climate change. Deep energy literacy is a proposition, a set of theoretical concepts, through which to disrupt, or “hack”, technophilic transitions by attending to intersectional feminist and decolonial politics and solidarities. Technocratic solutions for decarbonization that do not radically reorient existing social, economic, and political relationships are failed solutions even before implementation begins because they have not addressed the root cause of climate change: a bankrupt extractivist worldview. This worldview is the cause of not only climate change but multiple converging crises. Deep energy literacy is a proposition grounded in relationality that can help us identify problems more holistically and thereby come up with solutions that not only address necessary energy transition shifts, but that do so while simultaneously addressing a plethora of other concerns – including but not limited to Indigenous (re)conciliation – by creating more equitable and just societies and ecosystems. Seen through the lens of deep energy literacy, this analysis of the processes through which the E.L. Smith Solar Farm project was approved illustrates that when decisions about new energy infrastructure are based in entrenched economic, political, social, and epistemological paradigms, they fail to disrupt the status quo and therefore fail to adequately address the root causes of climate change. To achieve a just transition many experiments need to take place; many of these experimentations will be imperfect. In the case study considered in this paper, I suggest that while deep energy literacy conversations were begun, they were not integrated fulsomely enough. Nonetheless, there are positive lessons to be taken from the E.L. Smith Solar Farm and integrated into future decision-making processes.
Cellular
Authors: Garcia-Swartz Daniel D. , Campbell-Kelly Martin 
Published: October 2022

Tracks the evolution of the international cellular industry from the late 1970s to the present.
The development of the mobile-phone industry into what we know today required remarkable cooperation between companies, governments, and industrial sectors. Companies developing cellular infrastructure, cellular devices, cellular network services, and eventually software and mobile semiconductors had to cooperate, not simply compete, with each other. In this global history of the mobile-phone industry, Daniel D. Garcia-Swartz and Martin Campbell-Kelly examine its development in the United States, Europe, Japan, and several emerging economies, including China and India. They present the evolution of mobile phones from the perspective of vendors of telephone equipment and network operators, users whose lives have been transformed by mobile phones, and governments that have fostered specific mobile-phone standards. Cellular covers the technical aspects of the cellphone, as well as its social and political impact.
Beginning with the 1980s, the authors trace the development of closed (proprietary) and open (available to all) cellular standards, the impact of network effects as cellular adoption increased, major technological changes affecting mobile phone hardware, and the role of national governments in shaping the industry. The authors also consider the changing roles that cellular phones have played in the everyday lives of people around the world and the implications 5G technology may have for the future. Finally, they offer statistics on how quickly the cellular industry grew in different regions of the world and how firms competed in those various markets.