bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid‐Phase Extraction and Clean‐Up Procedures in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Campíns‐Falcó P. , Herráez‐Hernández R. , Molins‐Legua C. , Moliner‐Martínez Y. , Verdú‐Andrés J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using small cartridges filled with sorbents of a small particle size has rapidly established itself as an important sample clean‐up technique since the 1980s. It has prospered at the expense of traditional liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) which is considered labor‐intensive and frequently plagued by problems, such as emulsion formation and use of large volumes of hazardous solvents. A remarkable characteristic of SPE is its easy adaptation to on‐line mode by column switching techniques; switching can be affected manually or by automated controllers.

The same analyte/sorbent interactions that are exploited in liquid chromatography (LC) are of use in SPE, but particle sizes employed are generally greater. Chemically bonded silica (SI), usually with C
18
and C
8
organic groups, is by far the most commonly used material. Cross‐linked polystyrene and other polymeric resins and mixed‐mode SPE sorbents are also widely used. Recently, different sorbents have been introduced in order to improve the selectivity such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and immunoaffinity sorbents or to improve the extraction capacity through the increment of the surface‐to‐volume ratio (i.e. hypercross‐linked resins). Advances in material science in general and in nanomaterials in particular mark a trend in this field. Also, ionic liquids (ILs), carbon‐based materials, sol‐gel‐based compounds, and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), among others, are being introduced.

Current trends in SPE are aimed toward the development of miniaturized systems which facilitate its automation and increase its precision, throughput, and cost‐effectiveness. Its compatibility with the goals of sustainable chemistry is remarkable. Examples of such trends are the new formats of SPE such as solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) including in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction (IT‐SPME) and tip‐based microextraction, between other formats.
There are different approaches to automation for both off‐line and on‐line SPE, which involve different levels of apparatus cost. SPE is generally easier and cheaper than LLE for achieving this last goal. The precision obtained is similar for both techniques, while the recoveries obtained by SPE are generally better than those obtained by LLE.
Enrichment, derivatization, and fractionation can also be carried out by use of SPE sorbents as supports.
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Borges Daniel L.G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAtomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) enjoys excellent elemental selectivity and widespread usage with documented methodologies for a wide range of samples and matrices. Replacing the traditional flame atomizer with a graphite furnace (or ‘electrothermal atomizer (ETA)’) adds significantly to the flexibility of AAS and provides significantly lower detection limits. The basic principles of atomic absorption (AA) and the use of a graphite furnace as a means of generating the free atoms that are used in the spectrometric analysis are presented in this article. We must begin by understanding the basic chemical and physical transformations that occur from the moment a sample is placed on the graphite surface until the atomic vapors generated by heating of the graphite furnace diffuse from the tube and the absorption signal terminates. The path leading to the production of free gas‐phase atoms within the measurement volume within the graphite tube is a fascinating tale with many twists depending on sample and matrix. The chemical knowledge of various compounds has led to logical and innovative methodologies for particular analytes in specific matrices. All the efforts are in an attempt to permit interference‐free analyzes using simple aqueous standards in the preparation of calibration curves. Limits of detection in the parts per billion range (picogram, absolute), microsampling capabilities, and methods for solids and slurries analysis have made this a popular analytical technique for ultratrace metal analysis. Additional discussion on latest developments associated to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), such as the possibility to monitor diatomic molecules for the quantification of nonmetals and the significant contribution posed by the use of high‐resolution (HR) instruments is available.
Three‐dimensional printers applied for the production of beam blocks in total body irradiation treatment
Authors: Maerz Manuel , Treutwein Marius , Nabo Jan , Dobler Barbara 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeTotal body irradiation (TBI) in extended source surface distance (SSD) is a common treatment technique before hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The lungs are organs at risk, which often are treated with a lower dose than the whole body.MethodsThis can be achieved by the application of blocks. Three‐dimensional (3D) printers are a modern tool to be used in the production process of these blocks.ResultsWe demonstrate the applicability of a specific printer and printing material, describe the process, and evaluate the accuracy of the product.ConclusionThe blocks and apertures were found to be applicable in clinical routine.
Optimal Physicochemical Properties of Antibody–Nanoparticle Conjugates for Improved Tumor Targeting
Authors: Mittelheisser Vincent , Coliat Pierre , Moeglin Eric , Goepp Lilian , Goetz Jacky G. , Charbonnière Loic J. , Pivot Xavier , Detappe Alexandre 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTumor‐targeted antibody (mAb)/fragment‐conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) represent an innovative strategy for improving the local delivery of small molecules. However, the physicochemical properties of full mAb–NPs and fragment–NPs—that is, NP material, size, charge, as well as the targeting antibody moiety, and the linker conjugation strategies—remain to be optimized to achieve an efficient tumor targeting. A meta‐analysis of 161 peer‐reviewed studies is presented, which describes the use of tumor‐targeted mAb–NPs and fragment−NPs from 2009 to 2021. The use of these targeted NPs is confirmed to result in significantly greater tumor uptake of NPs than that of naked NPs (7.9 ± 1.9% ID g−1 versus 3.2 ± 0.6% ID g−1, respectively). The study further demonstrates that for lipidic NPs, fragment–NPs provide a significantly higher tumor uptake than full mAb–NPs. In parallel, for both polymeric and organic/inorganic NPs, full mAb–NPs yield a significant higher tumor uptake than fragment–NPs. In addition, for both lipidic and polymeric NPs, the tumor uptake is improved with the smallest sizes of the conjugates. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of the conjugates are demonstrated to be driven by the NPs and not by the antibody moieties, independently of using full mAb–NPs or fragment–NPs, confirming the importance of optimizing the NP design to improve the tumor uptake.
Semiconductor Contact‐Electrification‐Dominated Tribovoltaic Effect for Ultrahigh Power Generation
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Wang Zhaozheng , Chen Yunkang , Feng Yuan , Dong Sicheng , Zhou Han , Wang Zhong Lin , Zhang Chi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe semiconductor direct‐current triboelectric nanogenerator (SDC‐TENG) based on the tribovoltaic effect is promising for developing a new semiconductor energy technology with high power density. Here, the first SDC‐TENG built using gallium nitride (GaN) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) for ultrahigh‐power generation is reported. During the friction process, an additional interfacial electric field is formed by continuous contact electrification (CE), and abundant electron–hole pairs are excited and move directionally to form a junction current that is always internally from Bi2Te3 to GaN, regardless of the semiconductor type. The peak open‐circuit voltage can reach up to 40 V and the power density is 11.85 W m−2 (average value is 9.23 W m−2), which is approximately 200 times higher than that of previous centimeter‐level SDC‐TENGs. Moreover, compared to traditional polymer TENGs under the same conditions, the average power density is remarkably improved by over 40 times. This study provides the first evidence of CE on the tribovoltaic effect and sets the normalized power density record for TENGs, which demonstrates a great potential of the tribovoltaic effect for energy harvesting and sensing.
The Intrinsic Thermodynamic Difficulty and a Step‐Guided Mechanism for the Epitaxial Growth of Uniform Multilayer MoS2 with Controllable Thickness
Authors: Dong Ruikang , Gong Xiaoshu , Yang Jiafu , Sun Yueming , Ma Liang , Wang Jinlan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMultilayer MoS2 shows superior performance over the monolayer MoS2 for electronic devices while the growth of multilayer MoS2 with controllable and uniform thickness is still very challenging. It is revealed by calculations that monolayer MoS2 domains are thermodynamically much more favorable than multilayer ones on epitaxial substrates due to the competition between surface interactions and edge formation, leading accordingly to a layer‐by‐layer growth pattern and non‐continuously distributed multilayer domains with uncontrollable thickness uniformity. The thermodynamics model also suggests that multilayer MoS2 domains with aligned edges can significantly reduce their free energy and represent a local minimum with very prominent energy advantage on a potential energy surface. However, the nucleation probability of multilayer MoS2 domains with aligned edges is, if not impossible, extremely rare on flat substrates. Herein, a step‐guided mechanism for the growth of uniform multilayer MoS2 on an epitaxial substrate is theoretically proposed. The steps with proper height on sapphire surface are able to guide the simultaneous nucleation of multilayer MoS2 with aligned edges and uniform thickness, and promote the continuous growth of multilayer MoS2 films. The proposed mechanism can be reasonably extended to grow multilayer 2D materials with uniform thickness on epitaxial substrates.
Delineation and Passivation of Grain‐Boundary Channels in Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films for Solar Cells
Authors: Yadavalli Srinivas K. , Dai Zhenghong , Chen Min , Padture Nitin P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA simple, generic method for delineating grain‐boundary (GB) channels in metal halide perovskite (MHP) thin films for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation is demonstrated, thereby enabling more accurate grain‐size measurements. This entails dipping the film in dichloromethane (DCM), followed by a moderate heat‐treatment, resulting in the in situ hydrocarbon functionalization of the film surface. More importantly, the hydrocarbons appear to congregate preferentially at GB‐channels, providing enhanced secondary‐electron contrast in the SEM. The hydrocarbons also provide extra protection to the vulnerable GB‐channels against environmental attack, resulting in improved environmental stability of DCM‐treated films. Also, the resulting solar cells show improved efficiency and operational stability.
Monolithic Integration of Metalens in Silicon Photomultiplier for Improved Photodetection Efficiency
Authors: Uenoyama Soh , Ota Ryosuke 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSilicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), consisting of 2D single‐photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays, have been widely used in many applications. In a SiPM, trench structures surround every SPAD to minimize optical crosstalk; however, these structures are photo‐insensitive areas. The previous study revealed that the use of metalenses for focusing incident photons on the photosensitive area of SPADs effectively improves the SiPM performance. However, ensuring good alignment between the metalens and SiPM has been difficult owing to its separated configuration. Herein the authors report the monolithic integration of a metalens with SPAD to provide stable photon detection efficiency (PDE) improvement, while maintaining the miniaturization and flatness of the optical device. The experiments demonstrate a maximum PDE improvement of ≈80% and robustness in incident‐angle‐dependent and wavelength‐dependent characteristics. In addition, a 2D PDE map across one SPAD cycle demonstrates that the metalens focuses incident photons impinging the trench area on the photosensitive area of the SPADs. Finally, scintillation emission is used to validate the improvement in timing resolution. These significant improvements will open new avenues for future advancements in SiPM performance. Moreover, the study shows the potential versatile application of metalenses at low cost based on complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor processes.
Ectopic Lymphoid Follicle Formation and Human Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Responses Recapitulated in an Organ‐on‐a‐Chip
Authors: Goyal Girija , Prabhala Pranav , Mahajan Gautam , Bausk Bruce , Gilboa Tal , Xie Liangxia , Zhai Yunhao , Lazarovits Roey , Mansour Adam , Kim Min Sun , Patil Aditya , Curran Danielle , Long Jaclyn M. , Sharma Sanjay , Junaid Abidemi , Cohen Limor , Ferrante Thomas C. , Levy Oren , Prantil‐Baun Rachelle , Walt David R. , Ingber Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLymphoid follicles (LFs) are responsible for generation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs and form ectopically during chronic inflammation. A human model of ectopic LF formation will provide a tool to understand LF development and an alternative to non‐human primates for preclinical evaluation of vaccines. Here, it is shown that primary human blood B‐ and T‐lymphocytes autonomously assemble into ectopic LFs when cultured in a 3D extracellular matrix gel within one channel of a two‐channel organ‐on‐a‐chip microfluidic device. Superfusion via a parallel channel separated by a microporous membrane is required for LF formation and prevents lymphocyte autoactivation. These germinal center‐like LFs contain B cells expressing Activation‐Induced Cytidine Deaminase and exhibit plasma cell differentiation upon activation. To explore their utility for seasonal vaccine testing, autologous monocyte‐derived dendritic cells are integrated into LF Chips. The human LF chips demonstrate improved antibody responses to split virion influenza vaccination compared to 2D cultures, which are enhanced by a squalene‐in‐water emulsion adjuvant, and this is accompanied by increases in LF size and number. When inoculated with commercial influenza vaccine, plasma cell formation and production of anti‐hemagglutinin IgG are observed, as well as secretion of cytokines similar to vaccinated humans over clinically relevant timescales.
Voluntary standards as meso‐institutions: A Bayesian investigation of their relationships with transaction governance and risks
Authors: Soregaroli Claudio , Varacca Alessandro , Ricci Elena Claire , Platoni Silvia , Tillie Pascal , Stranieri Stefanella 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMeso‐institutions offer a promising theoretical approach for assessing the way in which firms govern their activities and transactions while embedded in the macro‐institutional environment. The concept of meso‐institutions also offers theoretical support when evaluating a wide variety of voluntary standards that have been introduced within value chains in recent decades. Such tools can be considered meso‐institutions because of their features, and because of their role in translating general normative rules into specific mechanisms that delineate the domain of activities of supply chain agents. While various aspects of meso‐institutions have been investigated, little is known about their relationship with micro‐level structures and the determinants of firm's voluntary participation. The present paper investigates the association between a private standard, different forms of transaction governance in the supply chain, and the role that internal and external risks play in voluntary participation in the standard. The analysis draws upon secondary data taken from a representative sample of firms that form part of the European soybean supply chain. Our findings show that firms that participate in this standard have fewer hybrid forms and higher levels of spot markets. This suggests that some of the functions of hybrid forms are fulfilled by the meso‐institution. The results also show that risks associated with firm's behavioral uncertainty are more conducive to the participation in the standard than environmental‐related risks.
Cognitive decline and brainstem hypometabolism in long COVID: A case series
Authors: Hugon Jacques , Queneau Mathieu , Sanchez Ortiz Marta , Msika Eva Flore , Farid Karim , Paquet Claire 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess FDG cerebral PET in patients suffering from cognitive impairment linked to Long COVID. The COVID pandemic has affected dozens of millions of people around the world and has resulted in the deaths of more than 3 million people. Following the acute forms, it has been reported sometimes long forms of COVID, with involvements of several organs including the brain. Neurological complications can include cognitive disturbances (brain fog) that are very common and can seriously disturb the life of patients.MethodsFluorodeoxyglucose PETs were performed in 3 patients with cognitive decline following COVID infection.ResultsWe report here 3 cases of brain fog with major hypometabolic areas of the pons revealed by the cerebral FDG PET.ConclusionThe dysfunction of the locus coeruleus in these patients could partly explain the cognitive disorders observed. Further studies involving larger cohorts of patients suffering from cognitive dysfunction will be needed to determine if the brainstem is frequently affected in these patients.
Urothelial carcinoembryonic antigen 1 score for early detection of prostate cancer and risk prediction
Authors: Lin Youdong , Liu Guihua , Liu Chun , Xie Hui , Wang Xiaoxian , Huang Yudian , Jin Long , Chen Huidan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeTo improve early detection and risk prediction of prostate cancer, we incorporated the urine urothelial carcinoembryonic antigen 1 (UCA1) gene expression levels and the serum PSA level.Patients and MethodsIn 897 patients the urine UCA1 gene expression was normalized and the performance of UCA1 score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the Mann–Whitney U test, or decision curve analysis (DCA).ResultsIn the Shengli training cohort (n = 517), the area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.880, 0.728, and 0.705 for detecting prostate cancer, D'Amico, and cancer of the prostate risk assessment (CAPRA), respectively. The UCA1 scores of benign patients were significantly lower than those of nonhigh‐risk prostate cancer patients (−2.63 vs. 0.16, p < 0.001; AUC 0.834). DCA yielded a better result with the UCA1 score compared to PSA. Combining PSA <4 with UCA1 score ≥−0.475, all nine of 62 patients were successfully diagnosed with prostate cancer and 70.97% of prostate biopsies were excluded. Using PSA ≥4 and UCA1 score ≥−3.47, 122 cancer patients were accurately diagnosed with a sensitivity of 0.992, while 102 prostate biopsies (22.42%) were excluded. Similar results were validated in the Fuzhou validation cohort (n = 380). In all patients of two cohort (n = 897), the UCA1 score was superior to PSA only for detection of clinically significant cancer (28% VS. 22%, p = 0.007) and detection of high‐risk cancer (25% VS. 19%, p = 0.009).ConclusionThe performance of the UCA1 score is superior to that of the existing PSA only in the detection and risk prediction of prostate cancer. Combination of the PSA level and the UCA1 score may significantly reduce the burden of prostate biopsy.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Constituents of Edible Globe Amaranth Flower against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Xu Xiang‐Juan , Wang Zhao‐Jie , Qin Xu‐Jie , Zeng Qi , Chen Song , Qin Yan , Luo Xiao‐Dong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGlobe amaranth flower, the edible inflorescence of Gomphrena globose L., was used to treat dysentery and ulcer as well as other infectious diseases caused by microbes in Southwest China, but its function and bioactive components need experimental support. In this study, phytochemical constituents and antibacterial bioactivity of globe amaranth flower against P. aeruginosa were carried out. As a result, two new (1 and 2) and eleven known (3–11) compounds were isolated, in which compounds 4–7 displayed anti P. aeruginosa bioactivity with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 0.008 to 0.256 mg/mL. Furthermore, with aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a superficial skin infection model in mice, the most potent compound 4 can significantly destroy the structure of bacteria in vitro and restore bacterial infection damage in vivo.
Regeneration of the lateral discoid meniscus after arthroscopic saucerization in an adult patient undergoing high tibial osteotomy: A case report
Authors: Baek Ji‐Hoon , Lee Su Chan , Nam Chang Hyun , Ahn Hye Sun , Kim Jin‐Hong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractArthroscopic saucerization of the lateral discoid meniscus is considered due to an increase in the load of the lateral compartment after high tibial osteotomy (HTO). We report a case of lateral discoid meniscus regeneration after arthroscopic saucerization in a middle‐aged female patient who underwent HTO.
Interseeding legumes into established semiarid smooth bromegrass pasture
Authors: Harmoney Keith , Adams Calvin , Rice Dwayne 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSeeding legumes into established cool‐season grass pasture helps to lower the long‐term costs of production and may improve total forage yield and quality, but seeding these legumes in the semiarid Central Great Plains region is often ignored. Eight legumes commonly seeded in the Midwest and eastern USA were no‐till seeded in late winter into upland and lowland west‐central Kansas smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures. Purple‐flowered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ssp. sativa) and yellow‐flowered alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang.] established well at the lowland and upland sites and helped improve forage yield compared with nitrogen‐fertilized smooth bromegrass. Korean lespedeza [Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino] and yellow sweetclover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.] established well on both landscape sites, but these legumes declined significantly over time and did not increase forage yield compared with smooth bromegrass alone. Legume establishment was greater in unfertilized smooth bromegrass at each landscape, indicating that early competition from the grass limited legume establishment. Purple‐flowered and yellow‐flowered alfalfa increased the crude protein concentration compared with smooth bromegrass alone on the lowland site, and increased crude protein and total digestible nutrient concentration on the upland site. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) failed to establish with competition from smooth bromegrass at the upland and lowland sites. Purple‐flowered and yellow‐flowered alfalfa may establish and persist when seeded into existing smooth bromegrass pastures in the drier regions of central Kansas while increasing forage yield and nutritive value.