bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling elongational viscosity overshoot and brittle fracture of low-density polyethylene melts
Authors: Wagner Manfred H. , Narimissa Esmaeil , Poh Leslie , Huang Qian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Hierarchical Multi-mode Molecular Stress Function (HMMSF) model predicts the elongational and multiaxial extensional viscosities of polydisperse linear polymer melts based exclusively on their linear viscoelastic characterization and a single nonlinear material parameter, the so-called dilution modulus $${G}_{D}$$

G
D

. For long-chain branched (LCB) polymer melts such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), the HMMSF model describes quantitatively the elongational stress growth coefficient up to the maximum of the elongational viscosity but fails to predict the existence of the maximum and the following steady-state viscosity. By taking into account branch point withdrawal in elongational flow of LCB melts, we extend the HMMSF model and show that the maximum of the elongational viscosity can be characterized by a single additional parameter, the characteristic stretch $${\overline{\lambda }}_{m}$$

λ
¯

m

, while the steady-state tensile stress and the elongational viscosity depend only on the dilution modulus $${G}_{D}$$

G
D

as in the case of linear polydisperse melts. Comparison of predictions of the Extended Hierarchical Multi-mode Molecular Stress Function (EHMMSF) model to experimental data of 5 LDPE melts with widely different molecular weights, polydispersities and densities, and a model polystyrene pom-pom polymer shows good agreement within experimental accuracy in constant elongational-rate flow as well as stress relaxation after steady and reversed elongational flow. For the LCB melts considered, we report differences in the specific Hencky strain at the maximum of the tensile stress as quantified by the characteristic stretch $${\overline{\lambda }}_{m}$$

λ
¯

m

, and we discuss correlations between polydispersity, dilution modulus $${G}_{D}$$

G
D

, and strain hardening potential of the LDPE melts. We also extend the fracture criterion for brittle fracture of monodisperse polymer melts to the case of polydisperse polymers and find reasonable agreement with experimental evidence.
Clindamycin use in head and neck surgery elevates the rate of infections in tracheostomies
Authors: Fiedler Lukas S. , Herbst Manuel , Pereira Hugo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Surgical site infection (SSI) in open surgical tracheostomy (ST) occurs in up to 33% of the cases. SSI can be reduced by a postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (POAP). The effect of Clindamycin on SSIs in head and neck surgery (HNS) is discussed controversially in the literature.

Methods
An 8 year single-center retrospective comparative analysis of 441 STs (Visor-ST and Bjoerk-flap technique) performed within major HNS was evaluated due to the event of a SSI within 7 days and analyzed descriptively. Logistic regression model evaluated the impact of POAP with Clindamycin on SSIs.

Results
The use of Clindamycin showed twice the rate of ST-SSI as all patients that did not receive Clindamycin, treated with other perioperative antibiotics. (Fisher’s p = 0.008) The logistic regression model could not prove a statistically significant impact. (OR = 2.91, p = 0.04).

Conclusion
We recommend that Clindamycin should be reconsidered as a POAP regimen in ST. Further studies should evaluate alternatives for Penicillin-allergic patients.

Level of evidence III
Comparative retrospective monocentric study.
City networks’ power in global agri-food systems
Authors: Partzsch Lena , Lümmen Jule , Löhr Anne-Cathrine 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCities and local governments loom large on the sustainability agenda. Networks such as Fair Trade Towns International (FTT) and the Organic Cities Network aim to bring about global policy change from below. Given the new enthusiasm for local approaches, it seems relevant to ask to what extent local groups exercise power and in what form. City networks present their members as “ethical places” exercising power with, rather than power over others. The article provides an empirical analysis of the power of FTT and Organic Cities in Germany. In both cases, we found cities that are eager to emphasize their inclusive potential. Their willingness to compromise is demonstrated most illustratively by the fact that several cities are members of both networks: While the FTT campaign aims to address problems of international trade but does not abandon it, Organic Cities advocate for a new localism based on food supply from farmers in the same region. In both cases, city networks use their purchasing power to increase the share of certified products. By doing so, the city networks reproduce privileged positions of consumers benefitting from the global capitalist order (power over). However, our analysis revealed that networks also make citizens reflect upon agri-food challenges and allow developing alternatives for more sustainable systems (power with).
The Analyses of Cetacean Virus-Responsive Genes Reveal Evolutionary Marks in Mucosal Immunity-Associated Genes
Authors: Chung Oksung , Jung Ye-Eun , Lee Kyeong Won , An Young Jun , Kim Jungeun , Roh Yoo-Rim , Bhak Jong , Park Kiejung , Weber Jessica A. , Cheong Jaehun , Cha Sun-Shin , Lee Jung-Hyun , Yim Hyung-Soon 
Published: March 2022

AbstractViruses are the most common and abundant organisms in the marine environment. To better understand how cetaceans have adapted to this virus-rich environment, we compared cetacean virus-responsive genes to those from terrestrial mammals. We identified virus-responsive gene sequences in seven species of cetaceans, which we compared with orthologous sequences in seven terrestrial mammals. As a result of evolution analysis using the branch model and the branch-site model, 21 genes were selected using at least one model. IFN-ε, an antiviral cytokine expressed at mucous membranes, and its receptor IFNAR1 contain cetacean-specific amino acid substitutions that might change the interaction between the two proteins and lead to regulation of the immune system against viruses. Cetacean-specific amino acid substitutions in IL-6, IL-27, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 are also predicted to alter the mucosal immune response of cetaceans. Since mucosal membranes are the first line of defense against the external environment and are involved in immune tolerance, our analysis of cetacean virus-responsive genes suggests that genes with cetacean-specific mutations in mucosal immunity-related genes play an important role in the protection and/or regulation of immune responses against viruses.
Small rain events during drought alter sediment dissolved organic carbon leaching and respiration in intermittent stream sediments
Authors: Coulson Laura E. , Weigelhofer Gabriele , Gill Stephanie , Hein Thomas , Griebler Christian , Schelker Jakob 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith climate change, streams and rivers are at increased risk of droughts and flow intermittency. The full implications of these conditions for fluvial carbon (C) processing and stream-atmosphere CO2 emissions are not well understood. We performed a controlled drought experiment in outdoor hyporheic flumes. We simulated small rain events that increase sediment moisture content, but do not cause streamflow in order to investigate how these events affect streambed dissolved organic C dynamics, biofilm respiration and enzyme activity, and bacterial community composition. Flumes were subject to a non-flow phase of one month with small rain events with varying frequency (weekly, 3 × weekly, and no rain). Sediment was sampled at the surface and from the hyporheic zone at the end of the non-flow phase. We quantified microbial respiration of the dry sediments and sediment DOC leaching after simulated flow resumption. We found that, at the surface, more frequent rain events significantly increased microbial respiration from 12.6 ± 0.25 µg CO2 g−1 DW h−1 to 26.5 ± 11.3 µg CO2 g−1 DW h−1 between the control and 3 × weekly rain events. The average amount of DOC leached from surface sediments during flow resumption was reduced by 0.813 ± 0.62 mg L−1 with more frequent rain events. More frequent rain events also resulted in the leaching of fresher DOM with increased tryptophan fluorescence and a higher BIX. This, along with higher glucosidase activity in the biofilms, indicates higher OC processing during the drought period with more frequent rain events. Small rain events also enhanced Shannon diversity of microbial communities, with a stronger presence of ‘terrestrial-like’ bacterial clades. We propose that rain events during drought, even those of small size, are highly relevant for fluvial organic C processing during the dry phase. Future research should explicitly consider small rain events when investigating C fluxes in intermittent streams to fully understand the C processing in these systems with climate change. We conclude that small rain events impact DOM dynamics during reflow and likely impact the cascading C processing in the downstream river network.
CASPER: A mission to study the time-dependent evolution of the magnetic solar chromosphere and transition regions
Authors: Orozco Suárez D. , del Toro Iniesta J. C. , Bailén F. J. , López Jiménez A. , Balaguez Jiménez M. , Bellot Rubio L. R. , Ishikawa R. , Katsukawa Y. , Kano R. , Shimizu T. , Trujillo Bueno J. , Asensio Ramos A. , del Pino Alemán T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOur knowledge about the solar chromosphere and transition region (TR) has increased in the last decade thanks to the huge scientific return of space-borne observatories like SDO, IRIS, and Hinode, and suborbital rocket experiments like CLASP1, CLASP2, and Hi-C. However, the magnetic nature of those solar regions remain barely explored. The chromosphere and TR of the Sun harbor weak fields and are in a low ionization stage both having critical effects on their thermodynamic behavior. Relatively cold gas structures, such as spicules and prominences, are located in these two regions and display a dynamic evolution in high-resolution observations that static and instantaneous 3D-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models are not able to reproduce. The role of the chromosphere and TR as the necessary path to a (largely unexplained) very hot corona calls for the generation of observationally based, time-dependent models of these two layers that include essential, up to now disregarded, ingredients in the modeling such as the vector magnetic field. We believe that the community is convinced that the origin of both the heat and kinetic energy observed in the upper layers of the solar atmosphere is of magnetic origin, but reliable magnetic field measurements are missing. The access to sensitive polarimetric measurements in the ultraviolet wavelengths has been elusive until recently due to limitations in the available technology. We propose a low-risk and high-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) mission to explore the magnetism and dynamics of the solar chromosphere and TR. The mission baseline is a low-Earth, Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude between 600 and 800 km. The proposed scientific payload consists of a 30 cm aperture telescope with a spectropolarimeter covering the hydrogen Ly-alpha and the Mg II h&k ultraviolet lines. The instrument shall record high-cadence, full spectropolarimetric observations of the solar upper atmosphere. Besides the answers to a fundamental solar problem the mission has a broader scientific return. For example, the time-dependent modeling of the chromospheres of stars harboring exoplanets is fundamental for estimating the planetary radiation environment. The mission is based on technologies that are mature enough for space and will provide scientific measurements that are not available by other means.
An updated checklist of plant agrobiodiversity of northern Italy
Authors: Canella Marco , Ardenghi Nicola M. G. , Müller Jonas V. , Rossi Graziano , Guzzon Filippo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNorthern Italy is an area particularly suitable for the cultivation of different crops. It used to be characterized by a high agrobiodiversity. However, it is estimated that over the last decades, this area experienced a genetic erosion of more than 90%, resulting in the loss of many traditional plant genetic resources (PGR). Nevertheless, recent surveys found an unexpectedly high agrobiodiversity which remains. The presented study aims to provide a complete overview of plant agrobiodiversity (in terms of crop landraces, old cultivars and neglected crops) in northern Italy using a mixed approach of literature research and ethnobotanical field surveys. In addition, this paper aims to investigate on farm and ex situ conservation activities performed in the study area. 810 entities were found, of which 26 were identified as neglected crops, 377 as landraces (plus 124 doubtful landraces) and 99 as old cultivars (plus 184 doubtful old cultivars). 248 entities were here recorded for the first time through field surveys. It clearly emerges that by using an ethnobotanical approach, several PGR can still be found in the study area especially in small farms and home gardens. We describe hotspots of crop diversity and areas in which there is still a lack of knowledge of local agrobiodiversity. Only 43% of the PGR recorded are conserved long-term in seed banks, underlying the fact that great efforts are needed to ensure the ex situ conservation of PGR in northern Italy. Careful interventions are needed to enhance the on-farm conservation status of the crop diversity reported here by enhancing its demand and its accessibility.
Computing a maximum clique in geometric superclasses of disk graphs
Authors: Grelier Nicolas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the 90’s Clark, Colbourn and Johnson wrote a seminal paper where they proved that maximum clique can be solved in polynomial time in unit disk graphs. Since then, the complexity of maximum clique in intersection graphs of d-dimensional (unit) balls has been investigated. For ball graphs, the problem is NP-hard, as shown by Bonamy et al. (FOCS ’18). They also gave an efficient polynomial time approximation scheme (EPTAS) for disk graphs. However, the complexity of maximum clique in this setting remains unknown. In this paper, we show the existence of a polynomial time algorithm for a geometric superclass of unit disk graphs. Moreover, we give partial results toward obtaining an EPTAS for intersection graphs of convex pseudo-disks.
Fault shape effect on SH waves using finite element method
Authors: Di Michele Federica , Styahar Andriy , Pera Donato , May Jon , Aloisio Roberto , Rubino Bruno , Marcati Pierangelo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse how the combination of fault zone shape and material properties affects the propagation of seismic waves in a two-dimensional domain. We focus on SH wave propagation through several faults with different thicknesses and bending radii, but the theory is easily generalized to the three-dimensional case. We show how the density of energy released is mostly a function of the radius and does not depend on the velocity inside a fault zone.
Exploration of molecular mechanism of intraspecific cross-incompatibility in sweetpotato by transcriptome and metabolome analysis
Authors: Yang Yiling , Zhang Xiongjian , Zou Hongda , Chen Jingyi , Wang Zhangying , Luo Zhongxia , Yao Zhufang , Fang Boping , Huang Lifei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCross-incompatibility, frequently happening in intraspecific varieties, has seriously restricted sweetpotato breeding. However, the mechanism of sweetpotato intraspecific cross-incompatibility (ICI) remains largely unexplored, especially for molecular mechanism. Treatment by inducible reagent developed by our lab provides a method to generate material for mechanism study, which could promote incompatible pollen germination and tube growth in the ICI group. Based on the differential phenotypes between treated and untreated samples, transcriptome and metabolome were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of sweetpotato ICI in this study, taking varieties ‘Guangshu 146’ and ‘Shangshu 19’, a typical incompatible combination, as materials. The results from transcriptome analysis showed oxidation–reduction, cell wall metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were the essential pathways for sweetpotato ICI regulation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in these pathways were the important candidate genes to response ICI. Metabolome analysis showed that multiple differential metabolites (DMs) involved oxidation–reduction were identified. The most significant DM identified in comparison between compatible and incompatible samples was vitexin-2-O-glucoside, a flavonoid metabolite. Corresponding to it, cytochrome P450s were the most DEGs identified in oxidation–reduction, which were implicated in flavonoid biosynthesis. It further suggested oxidation–reduction play an important role in sweetpotato ICI regulation. To validate function of oxidation–reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in compatible and incompatible samples. The green fluorescence was observed in incompatible but not in compatible samples. It indicated ROS regulated by oxidation–reduction is important pathway to response sweetpotato ICI. The results in this study would provide valuable insights into molecular mechanisms for sweetpotato ICI.
Iodine clocks: applications and untapped opportunities in materials science
Authors: Panzarasa Guido 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIodine clocks are fascinating nonlinear chemical systems with a glorious past and a promising future. The dynamic removal of iodine from these systems by different means can have important consequences for their reaction dynamics, and could be exploited for time-controlled autonomous dissipative self-assembly. Here, the untapped opportunities offered by iodine clocks for materials science, especially for the time-programming of supramolecular assembly and sol–gel transition, are reviewed and discussed with the hope of arousing the interest on the subject and stimulating new research directions.
CSsCL: the performance of collaborative learning
Authors: Crook Charles 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article discusses the integration of three concepts central to the enterprise of computer-supported collaborative learning: namely, collaboration scripts, self-regulation, and group awareness. It does so through consideration of five reports in this Special Issue that address the integration challenge. Various themes are extracted and proposed as important to the field. These include the layered nature of self-regulation (meta-metacognition) and the layered nature of group awareness (trait-state-action). The theatre metaphor implied by the term ‘collaboration script’ is taken seriously here and is elaborated. It is shown to afford an extended and richer conceptualisation of scripted collaborations, developing the significance of direction, production, and audience. The features characterising this model of collaboration-as-performance reinforce an imperative for locating episodes of scripted collaboration within the broader eco-system of classroom practice.
Parental Gambling and the Health and Wellbeing of Children Derived From Two Nationally Representative Cohorts of Australian Children
Authors: Tulloch Catherine , Hing Nerilee , Browne Matthew , Rockloff Matthew , Hilbrecht Margo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gambling-related harms can impact the lives of children living with someone experiencing a gambling problem. These harms have been associated with impacts across a number of domains. However, previous studies exploring gambling-related effects on the health and wellbeing of children have had conflicting results. This study aimed to further understand the impact of parental gambling problems on children's health and wellbeing using nationally representative data from Growing up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The subsample of interest contained 3,695 children (49.1% female) across two cohorts aged around 12 and 16 years. Parental gambling problems were measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Child health and wellbeing was measured via the Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D), the Spence Anxiety Scale, the Short Mood & Feelings Questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and self-harm and happiness questions. Across both cohorts, the study found significant associations between parental gambling problems and poorer health, anxiety and/or low mood symptoms, and behavioural and emotional problems in children. The study found that more than 10% of Australian children were living in households with adults experiencing some level of gambling problems, including 1.2% in households with severe problems. Policymakers and educators might help ensure that the appropriate information and support is being provided to these children.
New PET Radiotracers for the Imaging of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Fortunati Emilia , Argalia Giulia , Zanoni Lucia , Fanti Stefano , Ambrosini Valentina 
Published: March 2022

Opinion statementNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are a heterogeneous group of tumours derived from cells of neuroendocrine origin and can potentially arise everywhere in the human body. The diagnostic assessment of NEN can be performed using a variety of PET radiopharmaceuticals. Well-differentiated NEN (NET) present a high expression of SSTR (somatostatin receptors) and can therefore be studied with 68Ga-DOTA-peptides ([68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC, [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC, [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE). Current guidelines recommend the use of SSTR imaging to assess disease extension at staging/restaging, follow-up, assessment of response to therapy and selection of patients who may benefit from radionuclide therapy (PRRT). [18F]F-FDG is used for the assessment of high-grade tumours (high-grade G2, G3 and NEC) and in every case, there is one or more mismatched lesions between diagnostic CT (positive) and SSTR-PET/CT (negative). [18F]F-DOPA is currently used for the assessment of medullary thyroid carcinoma, neuroblastoma, primary pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. In recent years, however, several new tracers were designed exploiting the many potential targets of the neuroendocrine cell and were employed in clinical trials for both imaging and therapy. Currently, the real-life clinical impact of these tracers is still mostly not known; however, the favourable biodistribution (e.g. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI, SSTR antagonists) and the possibility to use new theranostic pairs may provide novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic options (e.g. [68Ga]Ga-PSMA, [64Cu]Cu-SARTATE, [68Ga]Ga-CXCR4) for NEN patients.