bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Fair Is My Test?
Authors: Dumas Denis , Dong Yixiao , McNeish Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract: The degree to which test scores can support justified and fair decisions about demographically diverse participants has been an important aspect of educational and psychological testing for millennia. In the last 30 years, this aspect of measurement has come to be known as consequential validity, and it has sparked scholarly debate as to how responsible psychometricians should be for the fairness of the tests they create and how the field might be able to quantify that fairness and communicate it to applied researchers and other stakeholders of testing programs. Here, we formulate a relatively simple-to-calculate ratio coefficient that is meant to capture how well the scores from a given test can predict a criterion free from the undue influence of student demographics. We posit three example calculations of this Consequential Validity Ratio (CVR): one where the CVR is quite strong, another where the CVR is more moderate, and a third where the CVR is weak. We provide preliminary suggestions for interpreting the CVR and discuss its utility in instances where new tests are being developed, tests are being adapted to a new population, or the fairness of an established test has become an empirical question.
Early Predictors of Alpha and Beta Personality Factors in Adulthood
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Cheng Helen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract. This study examined the predictors of two higher factors of personality (Alpha and Beta) using a large nationally representative sample. In total, we had 5,476 participants data on family social status measured at birth, childhood intelligence ability assessed at age 11 years, behavioral problems and leisure activities (sports and parties) at age 16 years, psychological distress at age 23 years, optimism and educational qualifications at age 33 years, occupational prestige at age 42 years, and Big Five personality measured at age 50 years. We combined Big Five scores into Alpha and Beta factors. Correlational analysis showed that childhood intelligence, teenager behavioral problems and leisure activities, psychological distress, optimism, educational qualifications, and occupational prestige were all significant correlates of the Alpha and Beta factors. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that childhood intelligence, teenage behavioral problems, education and occupation as well as optimism were the direct predictors of the latent Alpha factor; and that childhood intelligence, education and occupation, psychological distress, and optimism were the direct predictors of the latent Beta factor. Gender was significantly associated with both Alpha and Beta factors. Implications and limitations are acknowledged.
Formation of Continental Crust by Diapiric Melting of Recycled Crustal Materials in the Mantle Wedge
Authors: Li Shi‐Min , Wang Qing , Zhu Di‐Cheng , Cawood Peter A. , Stern Robert J. , Zhao Zhidan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe compositional similarity between high‐Mg andesite‐dacite from accretionary orogens and bulk continental crust (CC) provides an opportunity to unravel the CC formation paradox. Compositional data from a global compilation of Quaternary magmatic arcs indicate the presence of low‐Mg series (LMS) and high‐Mg series (HMS). The LMS show trends of crystal fractionation and can be subdivided into high Ba/Th and high La/Sm groups, which likely originate from fluid‐ and sediment melt‐modified mantle wedge, respectively. In contrast, the HMS have variably mixed compositions (e.g., high Mg#, Ba/Th, and La/Sm) and can be explained by partial melting of mélange diapirs rising into the mantle wedge, which are mixtures of subducted sediment, eroded arc crust or CC, buoyant oceanic crust, and peridotite. We, therefore, propose a two‐step process for creating CC involving extraction of LMS from the mantle followed by re‐melting of recycled LMS in the mantle to generate HMS and thus CC.
Alcoves as Havens From a Harsh Martian Environment
Authors: De Hon R. A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFuture missions to Mars will undoubtedly be directed toward sedimentary terrains in search for evidence of past life and geologic history. Astronauts will need to find shelter from harsh surface conditions. Natural underground voids provide a readily adaptable habitat for crews to shelter from radiation. Naturally formed caves would be desirable habitat sites, but thick deposits of limestone or other soluble rocks in which karst topography would form have not been identified by current observations. Alcoves, arched recess in steep escarpments, should be widely distributed across the planet and provide an adaptable shelter for astronauts operating on the surface of Mars. Alcoves provide a more stable thermal environment, a reduced radiation environment, shielding from macro‐ and micro‐meteorite impacts, and protection from atmospheric disturbances.
Compound Wind and Precipitation Extremes in Global Coastal Regions Under Climate Change
Authors: Yaddanapudi Ramprasad , Mishra Ashok , Huang Whitney , Chowdhary Hemant 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCompound wind and precipitation (CWP) extreme events can cause a significant increase in socio‐economic loss in coastal regions. This study investigated the potential impact of climate change on CWP events using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model outputs for the coastal areas impacted by tropical cyclones on a global scale. We identified global hotspots of higher dependence between extreme wind and precipitation events. Under climate change, the results show a substantial increase in precipitation extremes compared to individual wind extreme events. The likelihood of CWP events under climate change indicates an increase (about 40%–50%) in most coastal regions in North Atlantic, East, and South Asia. The results of this study can help to identify hotspot regions under climate change and further assist in minimizing the impact of future disasters in vulnerable coastal areas.
ICON Observations of Equatorial Ionospheric Vertical ExB and Field‐Aligned Plasma Drifts During the 2020–2021 SSW
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Ma Han , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed large anomalies in vertical ExB drift during the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), and little attention focused on the behaviors of field‐aligned plasma drift. We report the first simultaneous observations of the equatorial ionospheric vertical ExB and field‐aligned plasma drifts and neutral winds during the 2020–2021 SSW, using the Ionospheric Connections Explorer (ICON) satellite measurements. The downward ExB drift is observed in the afternoon equatorial topside ionosphere in longitudes of ∼180°–270°E, in good agreement with the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar measurements. What is more, the ICON records the afternoon northward disturbance in field‐aligned plasma drift, which is mainly due to the disturbance meridional wind. The enhanced semidiurnal tides maybe contribute to the disturbances in equatorial topside plasma drifts and neutral winds. This study indicates that the field‐aligned motion is an important factor in the ionosphere‐thermosphere responses to SSW.
A Stimulated Emission Diagnostic Technique for Electron Temperature of the High Power Radio Wave Modified Ionosphere
Authors: Fu H. Y. , Jiang M. L. , Vierinen J. , Häggström I. , Rietveld M. T. , Varberg E. , Sato H. , Wu J. , Scales W. A. , Jin Y. Q. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe report observations of stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE) induced by high power high frequency (HF) radio waves near the third electron gyroharmonic (3) at European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT). It is discovered that stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) spectrum behaves similarly as spectral ion lines of the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) for HF pumping frequency above 3. The SBS spectral width shows correlation with electron to ion temperature ratio Te/Ti. A new inversion method is proposed by incorporating the SBS spectral width within an artificial neural network approach to achieve electron temperature inversion for ionospheric turbulent plasmas. This work provides a potential new technique to diagnose parameters in the modified ionosphere when the ISR is not available.
Aerosol Characterization of the Stratospheric Plume From the Volcanic Eruption at Hunga Tonga 15 January 2022
Authors: Kloss Corinna , Sellitto Pasquale , Renard Jean‐Baptiste , Baron Alexandre , Bègue Nelson , Legras Bernard , Berthet Gwenaël , Briaud Emmanuel , Carboni Elisa , Duchamp Clair , Duflot Valentin , Jacquet Patrick , Marquestaut Nicolas , Metzger Jean‐Marc , Payen Guillaume , Ranaivombola Marion , Roberts Tjarda , Siddans Richard , Jégou Fabrice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFollowing the Hunga Tonga eruption (20.6°S, 175.4°W, mid‐January 2022), we present a balloon‐borne characterization of the stratospheric aerosol plume one week after its injection (on 23 and 26 January 2022, La Réunion island at 21.1°S, 55.3°E). Satellite observations show that flight (a) took place during the overpass of a denser plume of sulfate aerosols (SA) compared to a more diluted plume during flight. (b) Observations show that the sampled plumes (at around 22, 25 and 19 km altitude, respectively) consist exclusively of very small particles (with radius <1 µm). Particles with radii between 0.5 and 1.0 µm show optically transparent features pointing to predominant SA. Particles with radii below 0.5 µm are partly absorbing, which could point to small sulfate coated ash particles, a feature not identified with space‐borne observations. This shows that in situ observations are necessary to fully characterize the microphysical properties of the plumes tracked by space‐borne instruments.
Establishment and assessment of rodent models of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)
Authors: Yan Ran , Jiang Ruixue , Hu Longwei , Deng Yuwei , Wen Jin , Jiang Xinquan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMedication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is primarily associated with administering antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drugs. Despite significant research on MRONJ, its pathogenesis and effective treatments are still not fully understood. Animal models can be used to simulate the pathophysiological features of MRONJ, serving as standardized in vivo experimental platforms to explore the pathogenesis and therapies of MRONJ. Rodent models exhibit excellent effectiveness and high reproducibility in mimicking human MRONJ, but classical methods cannot achieve a complete replica of the pathogenesis of MRONJ. Modified rodent models have been reported with improvements for better mimicking of MRONJ onset in clinic. This review summarizes representative classical and modified rodent models of MRONJ created through various combinations of systemic drug induction and local stimulation and discusses their effectiveness and efficiency. Currently, there is a lack of a unified assessment system for MRONJ models, which hinders a standard definition of MRONJ-like lesions in rodents. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes assessment systems based on published peer-review articles, including new approaches in gross observation, histological assessments, radiographic assessments, and serological assessments. This review can serve as a reference for model establishment and evaluation in future preclinical studies on MRONJ.
Advancing preclinical models of psychiatric disorders with human brain organoid cultures
Authors: Dixon Thomas Anthony , Muotri Alysson R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPsychiatric disorders are often distinguished from neurological disorders in that the former do not have characteristic lesions or findings from cerebrospinal fluid, electroencephalograms (EEGs), or brain imaging, and furthermore do not have commonly recognized convergent mechanisms. Psychiatric disorders commonly involve clinical diagnosis of phenotypic behavioral disturbances of mood and psychosis, often with a poorly understood contribution of environmental factors. As such, psychiatric disease has been challenging to model preclinically for mechanistic understanding and pharmaceutical development. This review compares commonly used animal paradigms of preclinical testing with evolving techniques of induced pluripotent cell culture with a focus on emerging three-dimensional models. Advances in complexity of 3D cultures, recapitulating electrical activity in utero, and disease modeling of psychosis, mood, and environmentally induced disorders are reviewed. Insights from these rapidly expanding technologies are discussed as they pertain to the utility of human organoid and other models in finding novel research directions, validating pharmaceutical action, and recapitulating human disease.
Behavioural and functional evidence revealing the role of RBFOX1 variation in multiple psychiatric disorders and traits
Authors: O’Leary Aet , Fernàndez-Castillo Noèlia , Gan Gabriela , Yang Yunbo , Yotova Anna Y. , Kranz Thorsten M. , Grünewald Lena , Freudenberg Florian , Antón-Galindo Ester , Cabana-Domínguez Judit , Harneit Anais , Schweiger Janina I. , Schwarz Kristina , Ma Ren , Chen Junfang , Schwarz Emanuel , Rietschel Marcella , Tost Heike , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Pané-Farré Christiane A. , Kircher Tilo , Hamm Alfons O. , Burguera Demian , Mota Nina Roth , Franke Barbara , Schweiger Susann , Winter Jennifer , Heinz Andreas , Erk Susanne , Romanczuk-Seiferth Nina , Walter Henrik , Ströhle Andreas , Fehm Lydia , Fydrich Thomas , Lueken Ulrike , Weber Heike , Lang Thomas , Gerlach Alexander L. , Nöthen Markus M. , Alpers Georg W. , Arolt Volker , Witt Stephanie , Richter Jan , Straube Benjamin , Cormand Bru , Slattery David A. , Reif Andreas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCommon variation in the gene encoding the neuron-specific RNA splicing factor RNA Binding Fox-1 Homolog 1 (RBFOX1) has been identified as a risk factor for several psychiatric conditions, and rare genetic variants have been found causal for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we explored the genetic landscape of RBFOX1 more deeply, integrating evidence from existing and new human studies as well as studies in Rbfox1 knockout mice. Mining existing data from large-scale studies of human common genetic variants, we confirmed gene-based and genome-wide association of RBFOX1 with risk tolerance, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Data on six mental disorders revealed copy number losses and gains to be more frequent in ASD cases than in controls. Consistently, RBFOX1 expression appeared decreased in post-mortem frontal and temporal cortices of individuals with ASD and prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Brain-functional MRI studies demonstrated that carriers of a common RBFOX1 variant, rs6500744, displayed increased neural reactivity to emotional stimuli, reduced prefrontal processing during cognitive control, and enhanced fear expression after fear conditioning, going along with increased avoidance behaviour. Investigating Rbfox1 neuron-specific knockout mice allowed us to further specify the role of this gene in behaviour. The model was characterised by pronounced hyperactivity, stereotyped behaviour, impairments in fear acquisition and extinction, reduced social interest, and lack of aggression; it provides excellent construct and face validity as an animal model of ASD. In conclusion, convergent translational evidence shows that common variants in RBFOX1 are associated with a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits and disorders, while rare genetic variation seems to expose to early-onset neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders with and without developmental delay like ASD, in particular. Studying the pleiotropic nature of RBFOX1 can profoundly enhance our understanding of mental disorder vulnerability.
Maternal early-pregnancy body mass index-associated metabolomic component and mental and behavioral disorders in children
Authors: Girchenko Polina , Lahti-Pulkkinen Marius , Lipsanen Jari , Heinonen Kati , Lahti Jari , Rantalainen Ville , Hämäläinen Esa , Laivuori Hannele , Villa Pia M. , Kajantie Eero , Räikkönen Katri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity and/or higher body mass index (BMI) have been associated with neurodevelopmental and mental health adversities in children. While maternal metabolomic perturbations during pregnancy may underpin these associations, the existing evidence is limited to studying individual metabolites, not capturing metabolic variation specific to maternal BMI, and not accounting for the correlated nature of the metabolomic measures. By using multivariate supervised analytical methods, we first identified maternal early-pregnancy BMI-associated metabolomic component during pregnancy. We then examined whether this component was associated with mental and behavioral disorders in children, improved the prediction of the child outcomes over maternal BMI, and what proportion of the effect of maternal BMI on the child outcomes this component mediated. Early-pregnancy BMI of 425 mothers participating in the PREDO study was extracted from the national Medical Birth Register. During pregnancy, mothers donated up to three blood samples, from which a targeted panel of 68 metabolites were measured. Mental and behavioral disorders in children followed-up from birth until 8.4–12.8 years came from the Care Register for Health Care. Of the 68 metabolites averaged across the three sampling points, 43 associated significantly with maternal early-pregnancy BMI yielding a maternal early-pregnancy BMI-associated metabolomic component (total variance explained, 55.4%; predictive ability, 52.0%). This metabolomic component was significantly associated with higher hazard of any mental and behavioral disorder [HR 1.45, 95%CI(1.15, 1.84)] and relative risk of having a higher number of co-morbid disorders [RR 1.43, 95%CI(1.12, 1.69)] in children. It improved the goodness-of-model-fit over maternal BMI by 37.7–65.6%, and hence the predictive significance of the model, and mediated 60.8–75.8% of the effect of maternal BMI on the child outcomes. Maternal BMI-related metabolomic perturbations during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of mental and behavioral disorders in children. These findings may allow identifying metabolomic targets for personalized interventions.
Conserved subcortical processing in visuo-vestibular gaze control
Authors: Wibble Tobias , Pansell Tony , Grillner Sten , Pérez-Fernández Juan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGaze stabilization compensates for movements of the head or external environment to minimize image blurring. Multisensory information stabilizes the scene on the retina via the vestibulo-ocular (VOR) and optokinetic (OKR) reflexes. While the organization of neuronal circuits underlying VOR is well-described across vertebrates, less is known about the contribution and evolution of the OKR and the basic structures allowing visuo-vestibular integration. To analyze these neuronal pathways underlying visuo-vestibular integration, we developed a setup using a lamprey eye-brain-labyrinth preparation, which allowed coordinating electrophysiological recordings, vestibular stimulation with a moving platform, and visual stimulation via screens. Lampreys exhibit robust visuo-vestibular integration, with optokinetic information processed in the pretectum that can be downregulated from tectum. Visual and vestibular inputs are integrated at several subcortical levels. Additionally, saccades are present in the form of nystagmus. Thus, all basic components of the visuo-vestibular control of gaze were present already at the dawn of vertebrate evolution.
Neuronal congruency effects in macaque prefrontal cortex
Authors: Yao Tao , Vanduffel Wim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe interplay between task-relevant and task-irrelevant information may induce conflicts that impair behavioral performance, a.k.a. behavioral congruency effects. The neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral congruency effects, however, are poorly understood. We recorded single unit activity in monkey prefrontal cortex using a task-switching paradigm and discovered a neuronal congruency effect (NCE) that is carried by target and distractor neurons which process target and distractor-related information, respectively. The former neurons provide more signal, the latter less noise in congruent compared to incongruent conditions, resulting in a better target representation. Such NCE is dominated by the level of congruency, and is not determined by the task rules the subjects used, their reaction times (RT), the length of the delay period, nor the response levels of the neurons. We propose that this NCE can explain behavioral congruency effects in general, as well as previous fMRI and EEG results in various conflict paradigms.
Local molecular and global connectomic contributions to cross-disorder cortical abnormalities
Authors: Hansen Justine Y. , Shafiei Golia , Vogel Jacob W. , Smart Kelly , Bearden Carrie E. , Hoogman Martine , Franke Barbara , van Rooij Daan , Buitelaar Jan , McDonald Carrie R. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Schmaal Lianne , Veltman Dick J. , van den Heuvel Odile A. , Stein Dan J. , van Erp Theo G. M. , Ching Christopher R. K. , Andreassen Ole A. , Hajek Tomas , Opel Nils , Modinos Gemma , Aleman André , van der Werf Ysbrand , Jahanshad Neda , Thomopoulos Sophia I. , Thompson Paul M. , Carson Richard E. , Dagher Alain , Misic Bratislav 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNumerous brain disorders demonstrate structural brain abnormalities, which are thought to arise from molecular perturbations or connectome miswiring. The unique and shared contributions of these molecular and connectomic vulnerabilities to brain disorders remain unknown, and has yet to be studied in a single multi-disorder framework. Using MRI morphometry from the ENIGMA consortium, we construct maps of cortical abnormalities for thirteen neurodevelopmental, neurological, and psychiatric disorders from N = 21,000 participants and N = 26,000 controls, collected using a harmonised processing protocol. We systematically compare cortical maps to multiple micro-architectural measures, including gene expression, neurotransmitter density, metabolism, and myelination (molecular vulnerability), as well as global connectomic measures including number of connections, centrality, and connection diversity (connectomic vulnerability). We find a relationship between molecular vulnerability and white-matter architecture that drives cortical disorder profiles. Local attributes, particularly neurotransmitter receptor profiles, constitute the best predictors of both disorder-specific cortical morphology and cross-disorder similarity. Finally, we find that cross-disorder abnormalities are consistently subtended by a small subset of network epicentres in bilateral sensory-motor, inferior temporal lobe, precuneus, and superior parietal cortex. Collectively, our results highlight how local molecular attributes and global connectivity jointly shape cross-disorder cortical abnormalities.