bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals and Applications of Isolated Perfused Lung (IPL) Model in
the Development of Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Authors: Mireskandari Katayoon , Ardakani Yalda H. , Moghadam Ebrahim S. , Ketabchi Farzaneh , Rouini Mohammadreza 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Estimating parameters such as pulmonary drug disposition and deposited dose, as well as
determining the influence of pulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) on drug efficacy and safety, are critical
factors for the development of inhaled drug products and help to achieve a better understanding of the
drugs’ fate in the lungs. Pulmonary disposition and PK have remained poorly understood due to the
difficulty to access pulmonary fluids, compared to other biological fluids, such as plasma, for direct or
surrogate measurement of the concentration of the active compounds and their metabolites in the lung.
The use of the isolated perfused lung model (IPL) has become more common, and it is considered a
useful tool to increase understanding in this area since it offers the possibility of controlling the administration
and easier sampling of perfusate and lavage fluid. The model also provides an opportunity to
study the relationship between PK and pharmacodynamics. This review describes the fundamentals of
the IPL model, such as preparation and setting up the method, species selection, drug administration,
and lung viability investigation. Besides, different applications of the IPL model like pharmacodynamic
studies, pharmacokinetic parameters studies such as absorption, distribution, and metabolism, and evaluation
of inhaled formulation have also been reviewed.
Clinical Progress in Gold Nanoparticle (GNP)-mediated Photothermal
Cancer Therapy
Authors: Palaniappan Kavitha 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
The field of oncotherapy has always been looking out for alternative treatment methods
that have much lesser side effects compared to the currently used therapies that lower the patients’
quality of life. Gold Nanoparticle (GNP)-mediated photothermal therapies are proving to be a boon
as they are both non-invasive and tumour-specific. This review analyses how GNPs can help right
from the beginning, that is, the diagnosis of cancer, to the end, that is, effective ablation of cancerous
cells. Their ability to function as photothermal absorbers, targeted drug deliverers, and inducers of
photoimmunity are reviewed in detail, bringing out the current clinical progress in each of those areas.
Even though they stand to be a promising solution for cancer therapy, it is necessary to understand
their biodegradation and in vivo toxicity before their extensive clinical usage.
The Effect of Intranasal Oxytocin on Sexual Function in Men and Women:
A Systematic Review
Authors: Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Ghorbani Zahra 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Intranasal oxytocin can be used as a promising moiety for the treatment of
sexual disorders.

Objective:
This study was carried out to systematically review the effect of intranasal oxytocin on
sexual function in men and women

Methods:
We systematically searched databases (e.g., Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar and Persian databases). All
types of published clinical trials comparing different doses of intranasal oxytocin sprays with placebo
sprays were included in the study. The primary outcome was sexual function and secondary outcomes
were endocrine and cardiovascular measures and also side effects

Results:
A total of six studies were ultimately eligible for inclusion in the study. Though intranasal
oxytocin improves various parameters of sexual function in men and women, according to the sexual
response cycle, these changes are not statistically meaningful compared to the control group. Only one
study revealed a meaningful impact on orgasm parameters and after orgasm, especially in men. In all
studies, intranasal oxytocin administration has significantly and transiently increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin with no meaningful effect on other endocrine hormones. A study showed that the
heartbeat is increased transiently during the arousal and orgasm stages, and such increase is meaningfully higher in men than in women.

Conclusion:
Intranasal oxytocin administration fails to meaningfully affect the classical parameters of
sexual response, but it improves the orgasmic and post-orgasmic dimensions, especially in men. To
evaluate the effects of intranasal oxytocin administrations, we need more long-term clinical trials.
Scutellarin Mediates Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2C19 Expression via
Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor
Authors: Yang Xiaoli , Lai Yong , Huang Hangxing , Cao Change , Miao Zhimin 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Breviscapine is a flavonoid extracted from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz., and mainly contains scutellarin. Nuclear receptors play important roles in regulating transporter and drug metabolic enzymes.

Objective:
To investigate the regulatory effects of scutellarin on CYP3A4 and 2C19 in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells based on nuclear receptors PXR and CAR.

Methods:
The proteins and mRNA levels of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 treated with scutellarin were detected by Western Blot and RT-qPCR. Using assays of the dual-luciferase reporter, promoter sequences containing hPXR and hCAR protein recognition and binding regulatory elements CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 were inserted upstream of the reporter gene, and the expression vector and the reporter vector were cotransfected into HepG2 and Caco-2 cells.

Result:
Scutellarin inhibited mRNA of CYP3A4 and PXR, promoted mRNA expression of CYP2C19 and CAR in RT-qPCR results. Western-blot results showed scutellarin inhibited the expression of CYP3A4 and promoted the expression of CYP2C19. The dual-luciferase reporter genes showed that scutellarin enhanced the expression level of CYP2C19 and when its concentration was 40 and 80μmol/L, CYP3A4 is significantly increased.

Conclusions:
Scutellarin down-regulates CYP3A4 through PXR, and its mechanism may be through up-regulating CAR and binding to PXR to inhibit PXR-mediated expression of CYP3A4. Scutellarin up-regulates CYP2C19 through CAR.
The Relationship between Rate and Volume of Intravenous Fluid Administration and Kidney Outcomes after Angiography
Authors: Soomro Qandeel H. , Anand Sonia T. , Weisbord Steven D. , Gallagher Martin P. , Ferguson Ryan E. , Palevsky Paul M. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Parikh Chirag R. , Kaufman James S. 
Published: August 2022

Background and objectives
Contrast-associated AKI may result in higher morbidity and mortality. Intravenous fluid administration remains the mainstay for prevention. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal administration strategy. We studied the association of periprocedure fluid administration with contrast-associated AKI, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of at least 25% or 0.5 mg/dl from baseline at 3–5 days after angiography, and 90-day need for dialysis, death, or a 50% increase in serum creatinine.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We conducted a secondary analysis of 4671 PRESERVE participants who underwent angiographic procedures. Although fluid type was randomized, strategy of administration was at the discretion of the clinician. We divided the study cohort into quartiles by total fluid volume. We performed multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clinically important covariates. We tested for the interaction between fluid volume and duration of fluid administration, categorized as <6 or ≥6 hours.

Results
The mean (SD) age was 70 (8) years, 94% of participants were male, and median (interquartile range) eGFR was 60 (41–60) ml/min per 1.73 m2. The range of fluid administered was 89–882 ml in quartile 1 and 1258–2790 ml in quartile 4. Compared with the highest quartile (quartile 4) of fluid volume, we found a significantly higher risk of the primary outcome in quartile 1 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.38) but not in quartiles 2 and 3 compared with quartile 4. There was no difference in the incidence of contrast-associated AKI across the quartiles. The interaction between volume and duration was not significant for any of the outcomes.

Conclusions
We found that administration of a total volume of 1000 ml, starting at least 1 hour before contrast injection and continuing postcontrast for a total of 6 hours, is associated with a similar risk of adverse outcomes as larger volumes of intravenous fluids administered for periods >6 hours. Mean fluid volumes <964 ml may be associated with a higher risk for the primary outcome, although residual confounding cannot be excluded.
Using Unrelated IRS Guidance as a Framework for Taxing Crypto Transactions: Revenue Procedure 2019-18
Authors: Nylen Paul C. , Huels Brian W. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
The cryptocurrency market has become one of the fastest growing industries in the world, with a market capitalization exceeding $2 trillion. This rapid growth has caused strains on financial systems, as well as the Internal Revenue Service. With cryptocurrency technology developing faster by the week, a unified and simplified regulatory approach is the sensible roadmap for the Internal Revenue Service in its task to impose federal income tax. This paper proposes that by researching prior IRS guidance on unrelated issues and using preexisting precedent, specifically, Revenue Procedure 2019-18, the Internal Revenue Service can more simply impose federal income taxes on the ever-changing cryptocurrency space.
JEL Classifications: K23; K29; K34.
Elution of Monomers From CAD-CAM Materials and Conventional Resin Composite in Distilled Water and Artificial Saliva
Authors: Mourouzis P , Diamantopoulou E-I , Plastiras O , Samanidou V , Tolidis K 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARY

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the leaching pattern of different types of polymer computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials with a conventional resin composite.

Methods and Materials
Specimens of three representatives by type of polymer CAD-CAM blocks and one conventional resin composite were suspended using a silk thread in distilled water and artificial saliva. After one day, seven days, 14 days, 30 days, and 60 days, the analysis of the eluates for the detection of bisphenol A (BPA), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and bisphenol A-glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) was quantified by utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results
TEGDMA was the main eluted monomer for the polymer CAD-CAM materials for both solutions. However, there was a decreasing pattern throughout the tested period. On the contrary, there was a constant release of monomers from the conventional resin composite. Bisphenol-A was released only by the conventional resin composite and in both solutions chosen.

Conclusions
Different types of polymer CAD-CAM materials release minimal or no monomers compared to the conventional resin composite material. The methods of fabrication of polymer CAD-CAM materials produces better properties than the conventional resin composite with a dramatic decrease of monomer elution.
Constitutional and legal approaches to determining the place of prosecutor’s office in the system of public authorities
Authors: Makosii Y. 
Published: August 2022

The prosecutor’s office in ukraine has undergone its own path of transformational change. As of today, the constitutional and legal status of the prosecutor’s office and prosecutors is regulated, along with the Basic Law of Ukraine and the relevant profile law and international treaties ratified by Ukraine.
The constitutional and legal status of the Prosecutor’s Office has changed somewhat since the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the Prosecutor’s Office” in 2014, as well as after amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine on justice in 2016. As a result, both prosecutors began to play an auxiliary role outside the criminal justice system, while public authorities and local governments were given the right to go to court on their own. The modernization of the constitutional and legal status of the Prosecutor’s Office is taking place in connection with the existence of a number of obligations of the Ukrainian state to the Council of Europe.
It is determined that the modern legal doctrine is characterized by the fact that there is a rethinking of the mechanism of checks and balances and the allocation of another branch of government - control.
It is established that the prosecutor’s office supervises the observance of laws (one of the functions of the prosecutor’s office), the current legislation of Ukraine does not provide for the implementation of such functions on behalf of parliament. However, the most common views are that the prosecutor’s office should be considered as an integral part of the law enforcement system in terms of ensuring the functioning of state bodies. Under such conditions, the prosecutor’s office is positioned as having nothing to do with the executive branch. Another approach suggests that the prosecutor’s office is part of a system of executive bodies with possibly potential judicial affiliation.
In Ukraine, the place of prosecutor’s offices in the system of public authorities has not yet been determined; in the state mechanism, the prosecutor’s office has not received its clearly defined constitutional and legal status, as it is currently not assigned to any branch of government; the legal status of the prosecutor’s office in Ukraine needs to be further reformed in terms of compliance with international human rights standards.
Formation of the foundations of ancient Chinese international law in the Zhou period
Authors: Havrylenko O. , Syroid T. 
Published: August 2022

This article is a comprehensive study of the formation and development of international law in ancient China. The article states that at the turn of the II and I millennia BC. The Zhou Empire pursued an active foreign policy, as a result of which certain customs began to emerge in this area. In the VII-VI centuries BC in China there were seven large state entities, as well as a significant number of small and smallest. The authors emphasize that by the middle of the first millennium BC relations were formed that were not just foreign policy, but international law. The practice of international negotiations was widespread, sometimes involving up to a dozen or more states. They can be considered the forerunners of international conferences.
History has preserved to this day examples of treaties concluded between subjects of international law at the time. In general, the practice of ancient Chinese treaties was quite diverse: peace treaties of mutual assistance, treaties on territorial issues, especially neutralization of territories, non-damage to territories, especially rivers, agreements on collective retaliation and sanctions against violators, marriage contracts, export or import agreements. etc. In most cases, the treaties concluded between the ancient Chinese states did not have a single defined object, but covered several (sometimes up to ten) issues that needed legal settlement.
Gradually, due to customary norms, the law of war was formed, although in practice in ancient China there were numerous deviations from the officially declared behavior - mass killings of prisoners, sale of captured people into slavery, sacrificing them to the gods. The authors conclude that on the one hand, in ancient China there are significant steps towards the development of international law. First of all, this manifested itself in the gradual formation at that time of the basis for the further formation of basic institutions of international law. On the other hand, it is not necessary to idealize the interstate relations of this era. After all, true international law is established on the basis of equality of states, respect for the citizens of other countries, and this was not to be expected in ancient times, especially after the unification of China by the first emperor of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC.
On the development of legislation on commercial brokering in business
Authors: Manzyuk V. , Zaborovskyy V. , Vashkovich V. 
Published: August 2022

This publication examines the initial legislative consolidation of the activities of merchants, intermediaries, agents, brokers as the initial types of commercial intermediaries.
We covered the most significant periods of Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, the first decade of Ukraine as an independent state, as well as explored the scope of regulatory consolidation of the institution of mediation in domestic law at present.
To achieve this purpose, the author analyzed the works of famous historians and lawyers, as well as developed regulations of the period of the Russian Empire, the USSR and Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the latter, it was determined that the legislation on commercial intermediation is moderately developed in our country, which is absolutely consistent, because in private law relations in the field of business only practice can show their sufficient or insufficient level of regulation. Also to achieve this purpose, the authors used methods typical of legal science. The study itself was conducted primarily on the application of historical and legal, system-structural methods and the dialectical method of cognition of legal reality.
The study allows us to conclude that commercial intermediation, arising as a completely natural phenomenon designed to regulate trade relations between individuals, the legislative regulation of commercial intermediation in the field of management has developed gradually. The need for it was due to the fact that the need for professionalism of intermediaries allowed the latter to ignore the usual human virtues, which put at a disadvantage financial and economic position of the principals. This institution received a certain stagnation during the existence of the USSR, which was a logical continuation on the one hand of the policy of nationalization of fixed assets, and on the other - the equality proclaimed by communism, which did not fit private commercial mediation as a form of chrematism and “art of enrichment”.
Settlement of labor disputes through mediation
Authors: Meniv L. 
Published: August 2022

The article is devoted to the issue of settlement of labor disputes through mediation. It is noted that labor disputes are one of the most numerous legal disputes and the most common among the jurisdictional forms of protection of labor rights is judicial protection. But in the conditions of war, when many workers became internally displaced persons, were forced to leave our state, courts do not work, there is a need to find alternative justice. Mediation is an effective mechanism for out-of-court dispute resolution.
It is noted that the expediency of using the mediation procedure as a primary way to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the parties to labor relations, compared to litigation and CCC proceedings, is evidenced by the fact that such mediation can provide a speedy resolution of labor disputes. The institute of mediation is a positive legislative decision in Ukraine, which will reduce the duration of labor disputes, the cost of litigation from the state budget, reduce the workload of courts.
It is concluded that mediation as a way of resolving labor disputes is an extrajudicial voluntary, confidential procedure initiated by the subjects of labor law (employee or employer) to involve an independent, impartial, professional mediator (mediator) to achieve a joint settlement of labor disputes and continue labor relations between them.
Although there is a growing interest in mediation of labor disputes, the low level of legal culture, low level of trust in mediation, lack of awareness of society in general and citizens in particular about mediation, its benefits as an alternative to litigation, the difficulty of choosing a mediator as a highly professional does not contribute to the rapid development of mediation of labor disputes.
In the conditions of martial law, mediation of labor disputes is especially relevant. After all, the imposition of martial law throughout the country was reflected in the administration of justice by the courts of Ukraine. In order to prevent threats to the lives and health of judges and participants in the trial in the temporarily occupied territories of the state, the administration of justice has been suspended. In other areas, the courts continue to administer justice, however, with certain features and to ensure the smooth operation of the courts during the war is extremely difficult. Therefore, in a state of war, mediation is an alternative to the judicial process of resolving labor disputes and resolving conflicts.
Interaction of executive authorities in the process of optimization of powers of local government bodies
Authors: Antonyuk O. 
Published: August 2022

The article is devoted to the definition of forms and directions of interaction of executive bodies of the basic level in the process of optimizing the powers of local self-government bodies, carried out as a result of the decentralization reform.
Based on the analysis of the provisions of normative legal acts, the author identifies the system of executive bodies organized in Ukraine. It is proved that the executive bodies, which are formed at village, settlement, city and district councils in the city (in case of formation), are represented only at one - local level. It was found that the executive bodies of state power are formed at three levels - higher (national), central (regional) and local (municipal) levels.
It is argued that as a result of the reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine during 2015-2021, the powers of local governments were significantly expanded by transferring a significant part of such powers from public authorities to local governments.
Based on the analysis of the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine, the forms of interaction between state executive bodies and executive bodies of local self-government at the basic level are determined. It is argued that the most common form of cooperation between executive bodies is the implementation of measures of state control and supervision over the implementation of delegated powers by executive bodies of local self-government, in particular in the field of landscaping, land protection and cultural heritage, social security and more. It is proved that the reporting of state executive bodies to local councils on the implementation of powers delegated to state bodies is one of the forms of interaction between executive bodies at the basic level. It is established that other forms of interaction of executive bodies at the basic level are information interaction and cooperation through the formation of joint executive bodies and the conclusion of agreements on joint activities.