bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond “Exercise as Medicine” in Physical Therapy: Toward the Promotion of Exercise as a Public Good
Authors: Davenport Todd E , Griech Sean F , Deamer Kathryn E , Gale Lewis R 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Physical therapists are uniquely positioned through their knowledge and skills to help people become more physically active, which may reduce the consequences of physical inactivity for health-related quality of life and the global economy. The “Exercise Is Medicine” campaign was introduced in 2007. It holds that exercise may be prescribed like a medicine. Although this analogy doubtlessly has promoted innumerable life-changing conversations between clinicians and patients, there are important shortcomings to considering physical activity and exercise as medicine. In the United States, many of these shortcomings relate to how medical services are provided and remunerated. Medical care is provided in the context of exclusive groups, which are established by insurance, preferred service populations, or other characteristics that determine a basis for providing care. Exclusivity means that medical care is frequently provided in a type of club. The club structure of medical care jeopardizes the ability of nonmembers to benefit. Medical care clubs based on payment create an environment in which nonpaying customers may not benefit in the same manner as paying customers from approaches that consider exercise prescribed as medicine. This clinical perspective reviews the characteristics of exercise as a good, focusing on how it is prescribed by physical therapists. It discusses how physical therapists may become involved in the process of making exercise a public good by reducing its exclusivity. Multiple levels of involvement are recommended at the societal, community, and individual levels. These involvements may be guided by an existing construct proposed by the World Health Organization, which would bring the global physical therapy profession into a common alignment. This Perspective concludes with a discussion that anticipates the shortcomings of conceptualizing exercise as a public good to be addressed in future service delivery models.
LNIT-Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis: revisited evidence and perspectives
Authors: Kanjanawasee Dichapong , Tantilipikorn Pongsakorn 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a personalized treatment approach for the allergic airway disease. The most common routes of administration are subcutaneous and sublingual. Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) presents another alternative route for allergen desensitization. Nasal mucosa is the first entry site of pathogens and numerous lymphoid organs are located in this area, making LNIT a favorable method for triggering immune tolerance. LNIT has shown promising results in reducing symptoms and medication use in allergic rhinitis patients. Over time, difficulties in dosing adjustments have made this method less popular. Recent advances in intranasal drug delivery systems warrant re-examination of LNIT as a viable option for the treatment of the allergic airway disease.

Recent findings
The scope of the review includes evidences of LNIT in human trials including comparison with placebo and conventional method of immunotherapy. Recent articles regarding the mechanism of LNIT and the challenges of intranasal drug delivery are reviewed. Advances in the LNIT delivery system which have overcome previous limitations demonstrate promising effects.

Summary
LNIT presents a judicious alternative for noninjection AIT. The evidences from previous clinical trials and the novel improvement of drug delivery system will lead into the future allergen vaccine production.
Clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis and related therapies
Authors: Patruno Cataldo , Potestio Luca , Napolitano Maddalena 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To report current knowledge on the different clinical phenotypes of adult atopic dermatitis. Possible therapeutic intervention in relation to phenotype is also evaluated.

Recent findings
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting up to 10% of adults. It can manifest with different clinical phenotypes, causing diagnostic difficulties. Long-term is often required and systemic drugs are needed for moderate-to-severe forms. However, few drugs are registered for atopic dermatitis in many countries. Furthermore, limited data exist regarding the treatment in relation to individual clinical phenotypes.

Summary
Currently, the most relevant data are those for cyclosporine, alitretinoin, and dupilumab. Cyclosporine and dupilumab showed to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, although in trials and real-life experiences the different phenotypes treated are usually not reported. However, cyclosporine appears to be effective in prurigo nodularis. Alitretinoin is reported to be particularly efficacious for atopic dermatitis of the hands, while it is ineffective for other locations of the disease. Dupilumab demonstrated its efficacy in prurigo nodularis and nummular eczema phenotypes of atopic dermatitis; moreover, especially in elderly patients, its effectiveness seems to be faster if the folds of the limbs are involved.
Neurostimulation for dry eye disease
Authors: Erdinest Nir , Pincovich Shirley , London Naomi , Solomon Abraham 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To review the neuroanatomy and physiology of the basal and reflex tearing and present the available and developing therapies using the concept of neurostimulation in dry eye disease (DED).

Recent findings
The most prevalent current DED treatments seek to supplement low tear volume and tear components or reduce inflammation. Neurostimulation is a unique approach gaining momentum in recent years, geared toward increasing the production of all basal tear components by stimulating the nerves responsible for producing the various tear components. The neuroanatomy of the lacrimal unit provides several possible access points to stimulate tear production through two arms of the sensory trigeminal nerves. Modes of stimulation include chemical or energy in electrical or magnetic form. Research thus far has shown that neurostimulation can achieve lacrimal, goblet cell, and meibomian gland stimulation. Subjectively it improves symptoms of DED. Clinically, neurostimulation has improved the signs and symptoms of DED by increasing basal tear production and tear volume.

Summary
Neurostimulation using electrical, mechanical, or chemical means is a novel concept to increase tear production and was demonstrated to be an effective, safe, and well-tolerated method for managing DED.
Role of therapeutic contact lenses in management of corneal disease
Authors: Wang Yvonne , Jacobs Deborah S. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The current review highlights areas of innovation and research in the use of contact lenses in the treatment of corneal ectasia and ocular surface disease.

Recent findings
A series of academic reports were published by a committee of experts reviewing evidence-based practice patterns of contact lens use. There continues to be active research in the use of contact lenses in the management of keratoconus, including mini-scleral lenses, custom impression-based scleral lenses and wavefront-guided scleral lenses. Recent reports on contact lenses for ocular surface disease were primarily reviews, retrospective case reports or case series, with publications on contact lens use in corneal epithelial defects, graft-vs.-host disease, limbal stem cell deficiency and neurotrophic keratitis. There are recent publications on advances in drug-eluting contact lenses.

Summary
Corneal specialists should be aware of current advances in the field of contact lens expanding their use in corneal ectasia and ocular surface disease.
Indications for keratoplasty in management of corneal ectasia
Authors: Choi Jamie H. , Jeng Bennie H. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The current review aims to describe recent advancements in treatment of corneal ectasias and its effect on indications for corneal transplantation.

Recent findings
The majority of patients affected by ectatic corneal disease use contact lenses to correct resulting astigmatism. Patients who are intolerant of contact lenses or cannot achieve acceptable vision through conservative measures could consider keratoplasty. However, continuing advancements in both nonsurgical and surgical treatments are either reducing or delaying the need for keratoplasty in patients affected by ectatic corneal disease.

Summary
Corneal transplantation has been the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced ectatic corneal disease. In the past decade, numerous improvements have been occurred to make contact lenses not only more effective for visual correction, but also more comfortable. Although corneal cross-linking is the only proven treatment known to prevent progression of disease, several other therapies show early potential for those in which cross-linking is contraindicated. Patients now have access to a wider range of therapies before considering keratoplasty.
Pilocarpine 1.25% and the changing landscape of presbyopia treatment
Authors: Meghpara Beeran B. , Lee Jimmy K. , Rapuano Christopher J. , Mian Shahzad I. , Ho Allen C. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Despite affecting approximately 1.8 billion individuals worldwide, until recently, a pharmacologic treatment for presbyopia was not available. This special commentary reviews the treatment of presbyopia with a focus on the recently approved medication Vuity (pilocarpine 1.25%, Allergan, an AbbVie Company).

Recent Findings
Vuity is a re-engineered formulation of pilocarpine 1.25% specifically designed for the treatment of presbyopia. Recently published results from the GEMINI 1 Phase 3 clinical trial reported improvement in distance corrected near vision without significant compromise in distance vision. No unexpected safety findings were reported with mild headache being the most common adverse event. Notably, there were no reported cases of retinal detachment or angle closure during the 30-day phase 3 clinical trials.

Summary
Vuity is the first treatment designed and FDA approved to treat the growing presbyopia market. Phase 3 clinical trials demonstrated its ability to improve near vision without significant compromise in distance vision. We recognize this paradigm shift in the treatment of presbyopia and anxiously await additional treatment options for this ubiquitous condition.
Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty in complex eyes
Authors: Siddiqui Aazim , Chamberlain Winston D. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To review the current literature on Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in complex eyes.

Recent findings
DMEK surgery has become a standardized procedure in Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and simple bullous keratopathy. But eyes with more complex disease present unique intraoperative and postoperative challenges to the DMEK surgeon. Poor visualization during surgery, complex anterior segment anatomy, altered anterior chamber dynamics, glaucoma shunts, and congenital or iatrogenic missing or altered iris and lens make DMEK surgery extremely difficult to accomplish.

Summary
DMEK is feasible in complex eyes, including advanced bullous keratopathy, eyes with history of glaucoma or vitreoretinal surgery, previous penetrating keratoplasty, uveitis, pediatric, and congenital anterior segment disorders. The tools and methods reported in the literature to accomplish DMEK in complex eyes vary widely with no particular consensus or standardization of techniques. The outcomes noted for some of these conditions demonstrate the difficulty of the surgery and the uncertainty of long-term graft survival in complex eyes. Both surgical standardization and randomized prospective data will better help elucidate DMEK's role in the corneal rehabilitation of complex eyes.
The preoperative management of meibomian gland dysfunction prior to corneal refractive surgery
Authors: Tauber Jenna , Kennedy Thomas , Juthani Viral 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
To describe the significance of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in corneal refractive surgery and to describe available approaches to preoperative evaluation and treatment based on current research.

Recent findings
There are several methods available for the evaluation and treatment of MGD. These are relevant for refractive surgeons to understand, as the presence of MGD preoperatively plays a role in the severity of MGD after corneal refractive surgery. Refractive surgery itself can exacerbate MGD. Treatment of MGD prior to surgery may have a meaningful impact on postoperative MGD.

Summary
Surgeons should include meibomian gland assessment in the preoperative refractive evaluation and should treat MGD proactively prior to performing refractive surgery. Relevant information in this field is growing; additional prospectively designed studies are needed to further enhance our understanding.
Epithelial thickness mapping for corneal refractive surgery
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Vida Ryan S. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
As more devices become available that offer corneal epithelial thickness mapping, this is becoming more widely used for numerous applications in corneal refractive surgery.

Recent findings
The epithelial thickness profile is nonuniform in the normal eye, being thinner superiorly than inferiorly and thinner temporally than nasally. Changes in the epithelial thickness profile are highly predictable, responding to compensate for changes in the stromal curvature gradient, using the eyelid as an outer template. This leads to characteristic changes that can be used for early screening in keratoconus, postoperative monitoring for early signs of corneal ectasia, and for determining whether further steepening can be performed without the risk of apical syndrome following primary hyperopic treatment. Compensatory epithelial thickness changes are also a critical part of diagnosis in irregular astigmatism as these partially mask the stromal surface irregularities. The epithelial thickness map can then be used to plan a trans-epithelial PRK treatment for cases of irregularly irregular astigmatism. Other factors can also affect the epithelial thickness profile, including dry eye, anterior basement membrane dystrophy and eyelid ptosis.

Summary
Epithelial thickness mapping is becoming a crucial tool for refractive surgery, in particular for keratoconus screening, ectasia monitoring, hyperopic treatment planning, and therapeutic diagnosis and treatment.
Local axonal translation sustains synapse-type-specific neurotransmission
Authors: Wong Hovy Ho-Wai , Watt Alanna J. , Sjöström P. Jesper 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDendritic protein synthesis is a well-known regulator of neurotransmission in the central nervous system. For example, local on-demand protein synthesis in dendrites is required for hippocampal long-term1,2 and homeostatic plasticity3. Although axonal protein synthesis is a key regulator in neural circuit assembly during early development4–6, it is unclear if local translation in mature axons plays a functional role in neurotransmission of the mammalian central nervous system. Here we show that local translation in axons regulates pyramidal cell neurotransmission in primary visual cortex microcircuits in a synapse-type-specific manner7,8. Using paired recordings to manipulate pre- and postsynaptic neurons independently, we found that presynaptic translation sustains neurotransmission and regulates short-term plasticity. This was mediated via mTOR and cap-dependent translation, with presynaptic NMDA receptors acting as an up-stream trigger. By isolating the axon from the soma with laser microsurgery, we unveiled that axonal translation was required to sustain neurotransmission. With live endogenous RNA imaging, we found that RNA granules stably docked in individual presynaptic compartments, suggesting bouton-specific regulation. In agreement, presynaptic translation influenced pyramidal cell synapses to neighbouring pyramidal cells, but not to inhibitory Martinotti cells. Our study establishes local protein synthesis in mature axons as a fundamental regulatory principle that governs information transfer at central synapses.
The Unmet Needs of People with Parkinson’s Disease and How They Relate to Current Late-Stage Clinical Trials
Authors: Moon Jasmine , Javidnia Monica 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the symptoms and unmet needs of people with Parkinson’s Disease and characterize Phase 2-3 and Phase 3 clinical trials.MethodsWe surveyed people with Parkinson’s Disease to determine their symptoms, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, side effects, and insufficiently managed or unmanaged symptoms, and wishes for Parkinson’s Disease research. We identified clinical trials through clinicaltrials.gov.ResultsTwenty-eight people with Parkinson’s Disease completed the study (22 survey, six interview), and 38 clinical trials were characterized. The majority of participants’ desires for clinical development and outcomes of clinical trials characterized targeted motor symptoms.ConclusionsDespite numerous therapeutics available, motor symptoms continue to be a top priority for people with Parkinson’s Disease and focus for drug development.All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, all necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained, all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms archived.
Early seral vegetation communities increase insect abundance and diversity in a semiarid natural gas field during early and late growing season
Authors: Curran Michael F. , Sorenson Joshua R. , Craft Zoe A. , Crow Taylor M. , Robinson Timothy J. , Stahl Peter D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractInsects are critical components of terrestrial ecosystems and are often considered ecosystem engineers. Due to the vast amount of ecosystem services they provide, because statistically valid samples can be captured in short durations, and because they respond rapidly to environmental change, insects have been used as indicators of restoration success and ecosystem functionality. In Wyoming (USA), thousands of acres of land surface has been disturbed to extract natural resources. While traditional reclamation practices of these lands focused on site stabilization and weed control, more recent efforts have been made to restore ecosystem services. It has been suggested that a spatial and temporal mosaic of flowering species will benefit insect populations. In this study, we compared early seral reclamation sites (i.e., well pads undergoing interim reclamation) to reference areas at two points within a growing season. We found reference ecosystems were devoid of forb species, while one year old reclaimed sites contained late-season blooming Rocky Mountain beeplant (Cleome serrulata) and three-four year old well pads contained early-season blooming perennial forb species, mainly western yarrow (Achillea millefolium). We compared insect abundance and family richness on 6 well pads with early season perennial forbs and 6 well pads with the late season annual forb, Rocky Mountain beeplant to insect communities on adjacent reference areas. A total of 237 insects were found on early season reclaimed sites compared to 84 on reference sites, while 858 insects were found on late season reclaimed sites compared to 40 on reference sites. Insect abundance and family richness was significantly higher on reclaimed well pads compared to reference areas at both points in the growing season. We also found interesting differences in abundance at family levels.
netANOVA: novel graph clustering technique with significance assessment via hierarchical ANOVA
Authors: Duroux Diane , Van Steen Kristel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany problems in life sciences can be brought back to a comparison of graphs. Even though a multitude of such techniques exist, often, these assume prior knowledge about the partitioning or the number of clusters and fail to provide statistical significance of observed between-network heterogeneity. Addressing these issues, we developed an unsupervised workflow to identify groups of graphs from reliable network-based statistics. In particular, we first compute the similarity between networks via appropriate distance measures between graphs and use them in an unsupervised hierarchical algorithm to identify classes of similar networks. Then, to determine the optimal number of clusters, we recursively test for distances between two groups of networks. The test itself finds its inspiration in distance-wise ANOVA algorithms. Finally, we assess significance via the permutation of between-object distance matrices. Notably, the approach, which we will call netANOVA, is flexible since users can choose multiple options to adapt to specific contexts and network types. We demonstrate the benefits and pitfalls of our approach via extensive simulations and an application to two real-life datasets. NetANOVA achieved high performance in many simulation scenarios while controlling type I error. On non-synthetic data, comparison against state-of-the-art methods showed that netANOVA is often among the top performers. There are many application fields, including precision medicine, for which identifying disease subtypes via individual-level biological networks improves prevention programs, diagnosis, and disease monitoring.
Modelling Instantaneous Firing Rate of DBS Target Neuronal Ensembles in Basal Ganglia and Thalamus
Authors: Tian Yupeng , Murphy Matthew J. H. , Steiner Leon A , Kalia Suneil K , Hodaie Mojgan , Lozano Andres M , Hutchison William D , Milos R. Popovic , Luka Milosevic , Milad Lankarany 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTObjectiveDeep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. However, the underlying mechanisms of DBS remain elusive. Despite the capability of existing models in interpreting experimental data qualitatively, there are very few unified computational models that quantitatively capture the dynamics of the neuronal activity of varying stimulated nuclei—including subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim)—across different DBS frequencies.Materials and MethodsBoth synthetic and experimental data were utilized in the model fitting; the synthetic data were generated by an established spiking neuron model that was reported in our previous work1, and the experimental data were provided using single-unit microelectrode recordings (MER) during DBS (microelectrode stimulation). Based on these data, we developed a novel mathematical model to represent the firing rate of neurons receiving DBS, including neurons in STN, SNr and Vim—across different DBS frequencies. In our model, the DBS pulses were filtered through a synapse model and a nonlinear transfer function to formulate the firing rate variability. For each DBS-targeted nucleus, we fitted a single set of optimal model parameters consistent across varying DBS frequencies.ResultsOur model accurately reproduced the firing rates observed and calculated from both synthetic and experimental data. The optimal model parameters were consistent across different DBS frequencies.ConclusionThe result of our model fitting were in agreement with experimental single-unit microelectrode recording data during DBS. Reproducing neuronal firing rates of different nuclei of the basal ganglia and thalamus during DBS can be helpful to further understand the mechanisms of DBS, and to potentially optimize stimulation parameters based on their actual effects on neuronal activity.