bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature and grain size on diffusivity of aluminium: electromigration experiment and molecular dynamic simulation
Authors: Cui Zhen , Zhang Yaqian , Hu Dong , Vollebregt Sten , Fan Jiajie , Fan Xuejun , Zhang Guoqi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Understanding the atomic diffusion features in metallic material is significant to explain the diffusion-controlled physical processes. In this paper, using electromigration experiments and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, we investigate the effects of grain size and temperature on the self-diffusion of polycrystalline aluminium (Al). The mass transport due to electromigration are accelerated by increasing temperature and decreasing grain size. Magnitudes of effective diffusivity (D
eff) and grain boundary diffusivity (D
GBs) are experimentally determined, in which the D
eff changes as a function of grain size and temperature, but D
GBs is independent of the grain size, only affected by the temperature. Moreover, MD simulations of atomic diffusion in polycrystalline Al demonstrate those observations from experiments. Based on MD results, the Arrhenius equation of D
GBs and empirical formula of the thickness of grain boundaries at various temperatures are obtained. In total, D
eff and D
GBs obtained in the present study agree with literature results, and a comprehensive result of diffusivities related to the grain size is presented.
Mo2C@C nanofibers film as durable self-supported electrode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Ouyang Mize , Zhao Liping , Liu Jing , Zhang Peng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Self-supported electrocatalytic thin films consist 3D conducting network and well-embedded electrocatalysts, which endows the advantage in mass flow kinetics and durability for large-scale water splitting. Synthesis of such self-supported electrode still remains a big challenge due to the difficulty in the control over the 3D conducting network and the simultaneous growth of catalyst with well attachment on the conducting fibers. Herein, a self-supported Mo2C@carbon nanofibers (Mo2C@C NF) film has been successfully fabricated with outstanding electrocatalytic performance under optimized pyrolysis temperature and precursors mass ratio conditions. During the carbonation process, the Mo2C nanoparticles (∼16 nm) were simultaneously grown and well dispersed on the inter-connected carbon nanofibers, which formed a 3D conducting network. The as-formed 3D carbon network was strong enough to support direct electrocatalytic application without additional ink or supporting substrates. This particular electrode structure facilitated easy access to the active catalytic sites, electron transfer, and hydrogen diffusion, resulting in the high hydrogen evolution reaction activity. A low overpotential of 86 mV was needed to achieve 10 mA cm−2 current density with outstanding kinetics metric (Tafel 43 mV dec−1) in 1 M KOH. Additionally, the self-supported Mo2C@C NF film, a binder-free electrode, exhibited extraordinary stability of more than 340 h.
Plasma dynamics, instabilities and OH generation in a pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma with liquid cathode: a diagnostic study
Authors: Yue Yuanfu , Kondeti V S Santosh K , Sadeghi Nader , Bruggeman Peter J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
While plasma–liquid interactions have been an important focus in the plasma research community, the impact of the strong coupling between plasma and liquid on plasma properties and processes remains not fully understood. In this work, we report on the impact of the applied voltage, pulse width and liquid conductivity on the plasma morphology and the OH generation for a positive pulsed DC atmospheric pressure plasma jet with He–0.1% H2O mixture interacting with a liquid cathode. We adopted diagnostic techniques of fast imaging, 2D laser induced fluorescence of OH and Thomson scattering spectroscopy. We show that plasma instabilities and enhanced evaporation occur and have a significant impact on the OH generation. At elevated plasma energies, it is found that the plasma contracts due to a thermal instability through Ohmic heating and the contraction coincides with a depletion in the OH density in the core due to electron impact dissociation. For lower plasma energies, the instability is suppressed/delayed by the equivalent series resistor of the liquid electrode. An estimation of the energy flux from the plasma to the liquid shows that the energy flux of the ions released into the liquid by positive ion hydration is dominant, and significantly larger than the energy needed to evaporate sufficient amount of water to account for the measured H2O concentration increase near the plasma–liquid interface.
A self-consistent hybrid model of kinetic striations in low-current argon discharges
Authors: Kolobov Vladimir I , Guzman Juan Alonso , Arslanbekov Robert R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A self-consistent hybrid model of standing and moving striations was developed for low-current DC discharges in noble gases. We introduced the concept of surface diffusion in phase space (r, u) (where u denotes the electron kinetic energy) described by a tensor diffusion in the nonlocal Fokker–Planck kinetic equation for electrons in the collisional plasma. Electrons diffuse along surfaces of constant total energy ɛ = u − eφ(r) between energy jumps in inelastic collisions with atoms. Numerical solutions of the 1d1u kinetic equation for electrons were obtained by two methods and coupled to ion transport and Poisson solver. We studied the dynamics of striation formation in Townsend and glow discharges in argon gas at low discharge currents using a two-level excitation-ionization model and a ‘full-chemistry’ model, which includes stepwise and Penning ionization. Standing striations appeared in Townsend and glow discharges at low currents, and moving striations were obtained for the discharge currents exceeding a critical value. These waves originate at the anode and propagate towards the cathode. We have seen two types of moving striations with the two-level and full-chemistry models, which resemble the s and p striations previously observed in the experiments. Simulations indicate that processes in the anode region could control moving striations in the positive column plasma. The developed model helps clarify the nature of standing and moving striations in DC discharges of noble gases at low discharge currents and low gas pressures.
Low-temperature internal quantum efficiency of GaInN/GaN quantum wells under steady-state conditions
Authors: Sidikejiang Shawutijiang , Farr Philipp , Horenburg Philipp , Bremers Heiko , Rossow Uwe , Menzel Dirk , Hangleiter Andreas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We compare the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) intensities of a range of GaInN/GaN quantum well (QW) structures under identical excitation conditions, mounting the samples side by side. Normalizing the measured intensity to the absorbed power density in the QWs, we find that low-temperature PL efficiencies of several samples, which show close to 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in time-resolved PL, saturate at nearly an identical value. Of course, this is strong indicative of being 100% IQE at low temperature for those efficient samples. Using the low-temperature PL efficiency as a ‘Reference’, on the other hand, we observe not only the effects of temperature-independent non-radiative losses on the low-temperature IQE, but also are able to determine the IQE of arbitrary samples on an absolute scale. Furthermore, we prove the experimental results by comparing the low-temperature efficiencies of a sample with an initial 100% IQE after intentionally introducing structural defects with argon-implantation.
Fundamental physical features of resonant spontaneous bremsstrahlung radiation of ultrarelativistic electrons on nuclei in strong laser fields
Authors: Roshchupkin S P , Dubov A V , Dubov V V , Starodub S S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Theoretically predicted fundamental features in the process of resonant spontaneous bremsstrahlung radiation during the scattering of ultrarelativistic electrons with energies of the order

∼
100

GeV

by the nuclei in strong laser fields with intensities up to I ∼ 1024 W cm−2. Under resonant conditions, an intermediate electron in the wave field enters the mass shell. As a result, the initial second-order process by the fine structure constant is effectively reduced to two first-order processes: laser-stimulated Compton effect and laser-assisted Mott process. The resonant kinematics for two reaction channels (A and B) is studied in detail. An analytical resonant differential cross-section with simultaneous registration of the frequency and the outgoing angle of a spontaneous gamma-quantum for channels A and B is obtained. The resonant differential cross section takes the largest value with a small number of absorbed laser photons. In this case, the resonant cross-section is determined by one parameter, depending on the small transmitted momenta, as well as the resonance width. In strong fields, spontaneous gamma quanta of small energies are most likely to be emitted compared to the energy of the initial electrons. At the same time, the angular width of the radiation of such gamma quanta is the largest. With an increase in the number of absorbed laser photons, the resonant cross-section decreases quite quickly, and the resonant frequency of spontaneous gamma quanta increases. It is shown that the resonant differential cross-section has the largest value in the region of average laser fields (I ∼ 1018 W cm−2) and can be of the order of

∼
1

0

19

in units

Z

2

α

r

e

2

. With an increase in the intensity of the laser wave, the value of the resonant differential cross-section

R

r
e
s

max

decreases and for the intensity I ∼ 1024 W cm−2 is

R

r
e
s

max

≲
1

0

7

in units

Z

2

α

r

e

2

. The obtained results reveal new features of spontaneous emission of ultrarelativistic electrons on nuclei in strong laser fields and can be tested at international laser installations.
Magnetic phase transitions in the LiNi0.9
M
0.1PO4 (M = Mn, Co) single crystals
Authors: Semkin M A , Urusova N V , Beskrovnyi A I , Volegov A S , Nosov A P , Park J-G , Lee S , Pirogov A N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The LiNiPO4, LiNi0.9Mn0.1PO4, and LiNi0.9Co0.1PO4 single crystals are studied with heat capacity and neutron diffraction measurements over the temperature interval (10–30) K. Two peaks are observed on the temperature dependence of heat capacity for LiNiPO4, and LiNi0.9Co0.1PO4 samples. One peak indicates the first order phase transition from an antiferromagnetic commensurate (C) structure to an incommensurate (IC) one upon heating. According to neutron diffraction, in LiNiPO4 the IC ordering is described by the propagation vector k = 2π/b(0, 0.080, 0) at the Néel temperature T
N = 20.8 K, and k = 2π/b(0, 0.098, 0) at T
N = 20.2(1) K for LiNi0.9Co0.1PO4. A further increase in temperature leads to the second order phase transition to a paramagnetic state at critical temperature T
IC = 21.7 K and 21.1 K for LiNiPO4 and LiNi0.9Co0.1PO4, respectively. The C and IC phases coexist over the temperature interval (20.6–20.8) K and (20.2–21.2) K in LiNiPO4 and LiNi0.9Co0.1PO4, respectively. In the LiNi0.9Mn0.1PO4 the magnetic phase transition occurs at T
N = 22.7 K, but a magnetic scattering is observed up to 24.6 K.
Real-time Closed-loop Active Surface Technology of a Large Radio Telescope
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Guoping , Zhou Guohua , Lu Qishuai , Zuo Heng , Wang You , Zhang Hui , Li Aihua , Zhang Chao , Li Yeping , Wu Xuhao , Li Hao , Hu Tianzhu , Xiang BinBin , Wang Na 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The surface accuracy of a large radio telescope’s primary reflector is easily affected by gravity and temperature change during observations. An active surface system is crucial to ensure the regular operation and high-quality data output of the radio telescope. We propose a real-time closed-loop active surface system including two components. The first component, a new type of photoelectric edge sensor, detects the angle change of the adjacent panels. The second component, the displacement actuator, adjusts the panels’ position and posture to compensate for the angle changes. So, over the entire observation, the closed-loop surface control system with these two components could actively maintain the primary reflector’s accuracy in real time. Using this approach, we constructed an experimental active surface system for the Xinjiang Qitai 110 m Radio Telescope (QTT) to test the maintenance of the surface accuracy. The angle measurement accuracy is better than 0.″2, and the positioning accuracy of the displacement actuator could achieve ±15 μm over the whole 50 mm stroke. The preliminary test results show that the accuracy requirements of the QTT’s primary reflector surface can be met using the active surface system we propose.
Classification of Astrophysics Journal Articles with Machine Learning to Identify Data for NED
Authors: Chen Tracy X. , Ebert Rick , Mazzarella Joseph M. , Frayer Cren , Terek Scott , Chan Ben H. P. , Cook David , Lo Tak , Schmitz Marion , Wu Xiuqin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is a comprehensive online service that combines fundamental multi-wavelength information for known objects beyond the Milky Way and provides value-added, derived quantities and tools to search and access the data. The contents and relationships between measurements in the database are continuously augmented and revised to stay current with astrophysics literature and new sky surveys. The conventional process of distilling and extracting data from the literature involves human experts to review the journal articles and determine if an article is of extragalactic nature, and if so, what types of data it contains. This is both labor intensive and unsustainable, especially given the ever-increasing number of publications each year. We present here a machine learning (ML) approach developed and integrated into the NED production pipeline to help automate the classification of journal article topics and their data content for inclusion into NED. We show that this ML application can successfully reproduce the classifications of a human expert to an accuracy of over 90% in a fraction of the time it takes a human, allowing us to focus human expertise on tasks that are more difficult to automate.
Erratum: Development of a simultaneous imaging system to measure the optical and gamma ray images of Ir-192 source for high-dose-rate brachytherapy
Authors: Nagata J. , Yamamoto S. , Noguchi Y. , Nakaya T. , Okudaira K. , Kamada K. , Yoshikawa A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The gamma camera has a 1-mm-thick cerium-doped yttrium
aluminum perovskite (YA1O_3: YAP(Ce)) scintillator plate optically
coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier (PSPMT), and a
0.1-mm-diameter pinhole collimator was mounted in front of the
camera to improve spatial resolution and reduce sensitivity.
Friction factor analysis for a nanofluid circulating in a microchannel filled with a homogeneous porous medium
Authors: Hernández-Figueroa Francisco Fernando , Méndez Federico , Lizardi José Joaquín , Monsivais Ian Guillermo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work presents the numerical solution for different velocity profiles and friction factors on a rectangular porous microchannel fully saturated by the flow of a nanofluid introducing different viscosity models, including one nanofluid density model. The Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer equation was used to solve the momentum equation in the porous medium. The results show that the relative density of the fluid, the nanoparticle diameters and their volumetric concentration have a direct influence on the velocity profiles only when the inertial effects caused by the presence of the porous matrix are important. Finally, it was found that only viscosity models that depend on temperature and nanoparticle diameter reduce the friction factor by seventy percent compared to a base fluid without nanoparticles; furthermore, these models show a velocity reduction of even ten percent along the symmetry axis of the microchannel.
How I Diagnose Primary Myelofibrosis
Authors: Prakash Sonam , Orazi Attilio 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a BCR/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with a shorter overall survival and a higher leukemic transformation than other BCR/ABL1-negative MPNs. Diagnosis of PMF can be challenging given its clinical, morphologic, molecular overlap with other myeloid neoplasms also associated with myelofibrosis, and reactive conditions.

Methods
We summarize and discuss the clinical, morphologic, and molecular features useful for diagnosing PMF as well as salient features helpful in distinguishing PMF from myelodysplastic syndrome with associated fibrosis and autoimmune myelofibrosis using a case-based approach.

Results
PMF in both its prefibrotic and fibrotic stages, the latter characterized by reticulin/collagen marrow fibrosis, is characterized by a proliferation of predominantly abnormal megakaryocytes and granulocytes in the bone marrow. Driver mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPLare seen in approximately 90% of PMF cases. In triple-negative cases, the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities and other somatic mutations identified by next-generation sequencing can help establish a diagnosis of PMF in the appropriate clinical and morphologic context.

Conclusions
Given the significant difference in prognosis and treatment, integration of clinical, morphological, and molecular/genetic findings is essential in distinguishing PMF from other etiologies that can demonstrate myelofibrosis.
Territoriality modifies the effects of habitat complexity on animal behavior: a meta-analysis
Authors: Church Kathleen D W , Matte Jean-Michel , Grant James W A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Augmenting habitat complexity by adding structure has been used to increase the population density of some territorial species in the wild and to reduce aggression among captive animals. However, it is unknown if all territorial species are affected similarly by habitat complexity, and whether these effects extend to non-territorial species. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the behavior of a wide range of territorial and non-territorial taxa in complex and open habitats to determine the effects of habitat complexity on 1) territory size, 2) population density, 3) rate and time spent on aggression, 4) rate and time devoted to foraging, 5) rate and time spent being active, 6) shyness/boldness, 7) survival rate, and 8) exploratory behavior. Overall, all measures were significantly affected by habitat complexity, but the responses of territorial and non-territorial species differed. As predicted, territorial species were less aggressive, had smaller territories and higher densities in complex habitats, whereas non-territorial species were more aggressive and did not differ in population density. Territorial species were bolder but not more active in complex habitats, whereas non-territorial species were more active but not bolder. Although the survival of non-territorial species increased in complex habitats, no such increase was observed for territorial species. The increased safety from predators provided by complex habitats may have been balanced by the higher population densities and bolder behavior in territorial species. Our analysis suggests that territorial and non-territorial animals respond differently to habitat complexity, perhaps due to the strong reliance on visual cues by territorial animals.
Enhancing theImago Dei: Can a Christian Be a Transhumanist?
Authors: Eberl Jason T 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTranshumanism is an ideology that embraces the use of various forms of biotechnology to enhance human beings toward the emergence of a “posthuman” kind. In this article, I contrast some of the foundational tenets of Transhumanism with those of Christianity, primarily focusing on their respective anthropologies—that is, their diverse understandings of whether there is an essential nature shared by all human persons and, if so, whether certain features of human nature may be intentionally altered in ways that contribute toward how each views human flourishing. A central point of difference concerns Transhumanists’ aim of attaining “substrate independence” for the human mind, such that one’s consciousness could be uploaded into a cybernetic environment. Christian anthropology, on the other hand, considers embodiment, with its characteristics of vulnerability and finitude, to be an essential feature of human nature—hence, Christians’ belief in bodily resurrection. Despite Christianity and Transhumanism having fundamental differences, I contend that Christians may support moderate forms of enhancement oriented toward supporting our flourishing as living, sentient, social, and rational animals.
Five-Year Community Surveillance Study for Acute Respiratory Infections Using Text Messaging: Findings From the MoSAIC Study
Authors: Stockwell Melissa S , Reed Carrie , Vargas Celibell Y , Wang Liqun , Alba Luis R , Jia Haomiao , LaRussa Philip , Larson Elaine L , Saiman Lisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common infectious diseases globally. Community surveillance may provide a more comprehensive picture of disease burden than medically attended illness alone.

Methods
In this longitudinal study conducted from 2012 to 2017 in the Washington Heights/Inwood area of New York City, we enrolled 405 households with 1915 individuals. Households were sent research text messages twice weekly inquiring about ARI symptoms. Research staff confirmed symptoms by follow-up call. If ≥2 criteria for ARI were met (fever/feverish, cough, congestion, pharyngitis, myalgias), staff obtained a mid-turbinate nasal swab in participants’ homes. Swabs were tested using the FilmArray reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory panel.

Results
Among participants, 43.9% were children, and 12.8% had a chronic respiratory condition. During the 5 years, 114 724 text messages were sent; the average response rate was 78.8% ± 6.8%. Swabs were collected for 91.4% (2756/3016) of confirmed ARI; 58.7% had a pathogen detected. Rhino/enteroviruses (51.9%), human coronaviruses (13.9%), and influenza (13.2%) were most commonly detected. The overall incidence was 0.62 ARI/person-year, highest (1.73) in &lt;2 year-olds and lowest (0.46) in 18–49 year-olds. Approximately one-fourth of those with ARI sought healthcare; percents differed by pathogen, demographic factors, and presence of a chronic respiratory condition.

Conclusions
Text messaging is a novel method for community-based surveillance that could be used both seasonally as well as during outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. The importance of community surveillance to accurately estimate disease burden is underscored by the findings of low rates of care-seeking that varied by demographic factors and pathogens.
Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Infections
Authors: Fierer Joshua 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Salmonella enterica invade the host via the intestinal tract. There are ~2 thousand distinct serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) that can cause gastroenteritis in normal hosts, but bacteremia is an uncommon complication of gastroenteritis except at the extremes of age (in Graham et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections of children in tropical Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:1189–96). In contrast, enteric fever and invasive NTS infections (iNTS) are each caused by only a few serovars of S. enterica &#x2028;(Table 1), and bacteremia not gastroenteritis is their principal manifestation.