bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local anaesthetics in dermatological surgery: a review of adjuncts and pain reduction techniques
Authors: Charalambides Maria , Yannoulias Basil , Gnanappiragasam Dushyanth , Veitch David , Wernham Aaron 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA variety of adjuncts for local anaesthesia (LA) exists for dermatological surgery, along with many options to reduce the pain of LA. This review aims to summarize the evidence relating to such adjuncts and methods to reduce the pain of LA. Adjuncts to LA can be an important consideration to optimize anaesthetic effect. Current evidence suggests that buffering and warming of LA fluid, along with cooling, pinching and administering vibrations to the skin are effective at reducing pain during administration. In this review, no significant difference in pain reduction was found between cooling and administering vibrations to the skin. Studies demonstrate that, overall, LA injection into distal sites is safe. However, the evidence specific to dermatological surgery is limited with regard to ways to reduce pain during LA injection and in determining the safety of LA for distal sites with confidence. Further high-quality research in the form of multicentre randomized controlled trials is required.
On the definition of dermatological disease. Part 1: conceptual frameworks
Authors: Williams Hywel C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Little attention is paid to disease definition in dermatology and how such definitions come about, yet defining a disease is a fundamental step upon which all subsequent clinical management and prognostic judgements depend. Developing diagnostic criteria is also a critically important step for research purposes so that studies referring to groups of people can be compared in a meaningful way. This short review introduces the concepts of regressive and progressive nosology, and how definitions of a dermatological disease can evolve in a useful way as knowledge about that disease increases. It also highlights the dangers of panchrestons – names that try to explain all yet end up explaining very little. It also considers approaches to disease definition, such as whether a binary yes/no or continuous approach is more appropriate. Conceptual frameworks including essentialistic vs. nominalistic approaches using the biomedical or biopsychosocial perspectives are articulated. The review then illustrates hazards of underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis, and introduces the notion of ‘disease mongering’ – the selling of disease in order to promote the use of medicines. The review concludes with a reaffirmation of the importance of defining dermatological disease, and why any new diagnostic criteria must be shown to increase predictive ability before they are assimilated into clinical practice and research.
A 5‐year randomized controlled trial comparing zirconia‐based versus metal‐based implant‐supported single‐tooth restorations in the premolar region
Authors: Hosseini Mandana , Worsaae Nils , Gotfredsen Klaus 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo compare 5‐year biological, technical, aesthetic, and patient‐reported outcomes of single‐tooth implant‐supported all‐ceramic versus metal‐ceramic restorations.Materials and methodsThirty patients with 63 premolar agenesis participated in the 5‐year follow‐up. The prosthetic treatment on single‐tooth implants was randomly assigned to all‐ceramic crowns on zirconia abutments (AC = 31) or metal‐ceramic crowns on metal abutments (MC = 32). All patients were recalled to clinical examinations at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 years after prosthetic treatments. Biological, technical, and aesthetic outcomes including complications were clinically and radiographically registered. The patient‐reported outcomes were recorded using OHIP‐49 questionnaire before treatment and at each follow‐up examination.ResultsAt the 5‐year examination, the survival rate was 100% for implants and 100% for AC and 97% for MC crowns and abutments. The marginal bone loss after 5 years was minor and not significantly different (p = .056) between AC (mean: 0.3,SD: 1.1) and MC (mean: −0.1,SD: 0.4) restorations. The success rate of the implants based on marginal bone loss was 77.4% for AC‐ and 93.7% for MC restorations. The marginal adaptation was significantly better for MC than for AC restorations (p = .025). The aesthetic outcomes and patient‐reported outcomes between AC and MC restorations were not significantly different.ConclusionsThe biological, aesthetic and patient‐reported outcomes for implant‐supported AC and MC restorations were successful and with no significant difference after 5‐years. The marginal adaptation of the MC crowns cemented on titanium abutments showed a significantly better fit than restorations based on zirconia crowns cemented on zirconia abutments.
SUMOylation of Kir7.1 participates in neuropathic pain through regulating its membrane expression in spinal cord neurons
Authors: Lv You‐You , Wang Han , Fan Hai‐Ting , Xu Ting , Xin Wen‐Jun , Guo Rui‐Xian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsPotassium (K+) channels have been demonstrated to play a prominent involvement in nociceptive processing. Kir7.1, the newest members of the Kir channel family, has not been extensively studied in the CNS, and its function remains largely unknown. The present study investigated the role of spinal Kir7.1 in the development of pathological pain.Methods and ResultsNeuropathic pain was induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). The mechanical sensitivity was assessed by von Frey test. Immunofluorescence staining assay revealed that Kir7.1 was predominantly expressed in spinal neurons but not astrocytes or microglia in normal rats. Western blot results showed that SNI markedly decreased the total and membrane expression of Kir7.1 in the spinal dorsal horn accompanied by mechanical hypersensitivity. Blocking Kir7.1 with the specific antagonist ML418 or knockdown kir7.1 by siRNA led to mechanical allodynia. Co‐IP results showed that the spinal kir7.1 channels were decorated by SUMO‐1 but not SUMO‐2/3, and Kir7.1 SUMOylation was upregulated following SNI. Moreover, inhibited SUMOylation by GA (E1 inhibitor) or 2‐D08 (UBC9 inhibitor) can increase the spinal surface Kir7.1 expression.ConclusionSUMOylation of the Kir7.1 in the spinal cord might contribute to the development of SNI‐induced mechanical allodynia by decreasing the Kir7.1 surface expression in rats.
Somatostatin signalling promotes the differentiation of rod photoreceptors in human pluripotent stem cell‐derived retinal organoid
Authors: Chen Mingkang , Mao Xiying , Huang Darui , Jing Jiaona , Zou Wenjun , Mao Peiyao , Xue Mengting , Yin Wenjie , Cheng Ruiwen , Gao Yan , Hu Youjin , Yuan Songtao , Liu Qinghuai 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesStem cell‐derived photoreceptor replacement therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of retinal degenerative disease. The development of 3D retinal organoids has permitted the production of photoreceptors. However, there is no strategy to enrich a specific photoreceptor subtype due to inadequate knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying the photoreceptor fate determination. Hence, our aim is to explore the uncharacterized function of somatostatin signalling in human pluripotent stem cell‐derived photoreceptor differentiation.Materials and Methods3D retinal organoids were achieved from human embryonic stem cell. The published single‐cell RNA‐sequencing datasets of human retinal development were utilized to further investigate the transcriptional regulation of photoreceptor differentiation. The assays of immunofluorescence staining, lentivirus transfection, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed.ResultsWe identified that the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2)‐mediated signalling was essential for rod photoreceptor differentiation at the precursor stage. The addition of the cognate ligand somatostatin in human 3D retinal organoids promoted rod photoreceptor differentiation and inhibited cone photoreceptor production. Furthermore, we found that the genesis of rod photoreceptors was modulated by endogenous somatostatin specifically secreted by developing retinal ganglion cells.ConclusionsOur study identified SSTR2 signalling as a novel extrinsic regulator for rod photoreceptor fate determination in photoreceptor precursors, which expands the repertoire of functional signalling pathways in photoreceptor development and sheds light on the optimization of the photoreceptor enrichment strategy.
Outcomes of dual kidney transplants from high KDPI kidneys are superior compared to single kidney high KDPI transplants at 1 year
Authors: Das Devika , Wagler Josiah , Ohara Stephanie , Nguyen Michelle , Frasco Peter E. , Smith Maxwell , Khamash Hasan , Mathur Amit K. , Budhiraja Pooja , Reddy Kunam , Heilman Raymond , Jadlowiec Caroline 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDual kidney transplantation (DKT), utilizing two adult kidneys from the same donor for one recipient, has been used as a way to expand the available donor pool. These kidneys often come from high Kidney Donor Profile Index donors (KDPI > 85%). Data comparing outcomes between high KDPI DKT and single kidney transplants (SKT) remain limited. We assessed outcomes of 336 high KDPI kidney transplants performed at our center; 11.0% (n = 37) were DKT. Recipients of DKT were older (P = .02) and donors had a higher KDPI score (median 96% vs. 91%, P < .0001). DKT operative time was higher compared to SKT (+1.4 hours, P < .0001). There were no differences in delayed graft function (54.1% vs. 51.5%, P = .77) and hospital length of stay (median 4.0 vs. 3.0 days, P = .21) between DKT and SKT. Grade I Clavien‐Dindo complications occurred in 8.1% of DKT and 13.7% of SKT (P = .008). There were no grade IVa, IVb, or V complications in either group. DKT had more glomerulosclerosis (P = .04), interstitial fibrosis (P = .02), tubular atrophy (P = .01), and arterial thickening (P = .03) on 1‐year protocol biopsies. Estimated glomerular filtration was higher for DKT at 1‐ (P = .004) and 2‐years post‐transplant (P = .01). There were no differences in patient (HR 1.3, 95% CI .5‐3.3, P = .58) or graft (HR 1.1, 95% CI .5‐2.3, P = .83) survival. Good outcomes can be achieved with DKT using high KDPI kidneys with moderate chronic changes. DKT is a good option to help further utilize high KDPI kidneys and minimize discard.
Hypo‐METRICS: Hypoglycaemia—MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS—A multi‐country clinical study to define the optimal threshold and duration of sensor‐detected hypoglycaemia that impact the experience of hypoglycaemia, quality of life and health economic outcomes: The study protocol
Authors: Divilly Patrick , Zaremba Natalie , Mahmoudi Zeinab , Søholm Uffe , Pollard Daniel J. , Broadley Melanie , Abbink Evertine J. , de Galan Bastiaan , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Renard Eric , Evans Mark , Speight Jane , Brennan Alan , McCrimmon Rory J. , Müllenborn Matthias , Heller Simon , Seibold Alexander , Mader Julia K. , Amiel Stephanie A. , Pouwer Frans , Choudhary Pratik ,   Hypo‐RESOLVE Consortium
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionHypoglycaemia is a significant burden to people living with diabetes and an impediment to achieving optimal glycaemic outcomes. The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has improved the capacity to assess duration and level of hypoglycaemia. The personal impact of sensor‐detected hypoglycaemia (SDH) is unclear. Hypo‐METRICS is an observational study designed to define the threshold and duration of sensor glucose that provides the optimal sensitivity and specificity for events that people living with diabetes experience as hypoglycaemia.MethodsWe will recruit 600 participants: 350 with insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes, 200 with type 1 diabetes and awareness of hypoglycaemia and 50 with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia who have recent experience of hypoglycaemia. Participants will wear a blinded CGM device and an actigraphy monitor to differentiate awake and sleep times for 10 weeks. Participants will be asked to complete three short surveys each day using a bespoke mobile phone app, a technique known as ecological momentary assessment. Participants will also record all episodes of self‐detected hypoglycaemia on the mobile app. We will use particle Markov chain Monte Carlo optimization to identify the optimal threshold and duration of SDH that have optimum sensitivity and specificity for detecting patient‐reported hypoglycaemia. Key secondary objectives include measuring the impact of symptomatic and asymptomatic SDH on daily functioning and health economic outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was approved by local ethical boards in all participating centres. Study results will be shared with participants, in peer‐reviewed journal publications and conference presentations.
Accounting for demographic uncertainty increases predictions for species coexistence: A case study with annual plants
Authors: Bowler Catherine H. , Weiss‐Lehman Christopher , Towers Isaac R. , Mayfield Margaret M. , Shoemaker Lauren G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNatural systems contain more complexity than is accounted for in models of modern coexistence theory. Coexistence modelling often disregards variation arising from stochasticity in biological processes, heterogeneity among individuals and plasticity in trait values. However, these unaccounted‐for sources of uncertainty are likely to be ecologically important and have the potential to impact estimates of coexistence. We applied a Bayesian modelling framework to data from an annual plant community in Western Australia to propagate uncertainty in coexistence outcomes using the invasion criterion and ratio of niche to fitness differences. We found accounting for this uncertainty altered predictions of coexistence versus competitive exclusion for 3 out of 14 species pairs and yielded a probability of priority effects for an additional species pair. The propagation of uncertainty arising from sources of biological complexity improves our ability to predict coexistence more accurately in natural systems.
Mesoscale movement patterns of common bottlenose dolphins along Kuroshio Current and its bifurcation
Authors: Kanaji Yu , Funasaka Noriko , Sasaki Hiroko 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the waters off Japan, the patterns of the Kuroshio Current (KC) and its bifurcations are highly variable, which significantly affect the physical and biological environments. Knowledge about species' habitats of marine apex predators such as cetaceans and their variability is fundamental to understand not only their population structures but also their ecosystem structures related through bottom‐up and top‐down trophic linkages. In dynamic ocean environments, however, such crucial information has not been provided adequately by snapshot‐based conventional approaches, such as sighting surveys. Spatiotemporal habitat utilization patterns of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) were investigated using fin‐mounted Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) tags. Behavioral states at each tracking location were categorized into transiting‐ or area‐restricted searching (ARS) modes based on Bayesian state‐space model. Twelve satellite‐tracked dolphins showed different movement patterns. Their habitat ranges were estimated by minimum convex polygons (MCPs), and movement patterns were classified into three types (four animals each of eastward, offshore, and westward movements) based on MCP overlapping among tagged dolphins. The animals that restricted their habitat to the coastward side of the KC (CSKC) tended to show ARS modes more frequently. Estimated locations of these animals corresponded well with cold coastal waters. On the other hand, offshore movements corresponded well with clockwise flow generated by the bifurcation of the KC, and those dolphins were likely straying into less productive waters. These patterns suggest that common bottlenose dolphins off the southern coast of Japan mainly utilize productive CSKC waters but occasionally move to offshore waters.
Dark matters: Contrasting responses of stream biofilm to browning and loss of riparian shading
Authors: Jyväsjärvi Jussi , Rajakallio Maria , Brüsecke Joanna , Huttunen Kaisa‐Leena , Huusko Ari , Muotka Timo , Taipale Sami J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractConcentrations of terrestrial‐derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater ecosystems have increased consistently, causing freshwater browning. The mechanisms behind browning are complex, but in forestry‐intensive regions browning is accelerated by land drainage. Forestry actions in streamside riparian forests alter canopy shading, which together with browning is expected to exert a complex and largely unpredictable control over key ecosystem functions. We conducted a stream mesocosm experiment with three levels of browning (ambient vs. moderate vs. high, with 2.7 and 5.5‐fold increase, respectively, in absorbance) crossed with two levels of riparian shading (70% light reduction vs. open canopy) to explore the individual and combined effects of browning and loss of shading on the quantity (algal biomass) and nutritional quality (polyunsaturated fatty acid and sterol content) of the periphytic biofilm. We also conducted a field survey of differently colored (4.7 to 26.2 mg DOC L−1) streams to provide a ‘reality check’ for our experimental findings. Browning reduced greatly the algal biomass, suppressed the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and sterols, but increased the availability of terrestrial‐derived long‐chain saturated fatty acids (LSAFA). In contrast, loss of shading increased primary productivity, which resulted in elevated sterol and EPA contents of the biofilm. The field survey largely repeated the same pattern: biofilm nutritional quality decreased significantly with increasing DOC, as indicated particularly by a decrease of the ω‐3:ω‐6 ratio and increase in LSAFA content. Algal biomass, in contrast, was mainly controlled by dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration, while DOC concentration was of minor importance. The ongoing browning process is inducing a dramatic reduction in the nutritional quality of the stream biofilm. Such degradation of the major high‐quality food source available for stream consumers may reduce the trophic transfer efficiency in stream ecosystems, potentially extending across the stream‐forest ecotone.
Aridity drives phylogenetic diversity and species richness patterns of nitrogen‐fixing plants in North America
Authors: Doby Joshua R. , Li Daijiang , Folk Ryan A. , Siniscalchi Carolina M. , Guralnick Robert P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimNitrogen (N)‐fixing plants are an important component of global plant communities, but the drivers of N‐fixing plant diversity, especially in temperate regions, remain underexplored. Here, we examined broad‐scale patterns of N‐fixing and non‐fixing plant phylogenetic diversity (PD) and species richness (SR) across a wide portion of temperate North America, focusing on relationships with soil N and aridity. We also tested whether exotic species, with and without N‐fixing symbiosis, have fewer abiotic limitations compared with native species.LocationUSA and Puerto Rico.Time periodCurrent.Major taxa studiedVascular plants, focusing on N‐fixing groups (orders Fabales, Fagales, Rosales and Cucurbitales).MethodsWe subset National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) plant plot data from all sites along two axes (N fixing–non‐N fixing and native–exotic), calculating plot‐level SR, PD and mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (MPD). We then used linear mixed models to investigate relationships between diversity values and key soil measurements, along with aridity, temperature and fire frequency.ResultsAridity was the sole predictor of proportional phylogenetic diversity of N fixers. The SR of N fixers still decreased marginally in arid regions, whereas native N‐fixer MPD increased with aridity, indicative of unique lineages of N fixers in the driest conditions, in contrast to native non‐N fixers. The SR of both native N fixers and non‐N fixers increased in low‐N soils. Aridity did not affect SR of exotic non‐N fixers, unlike other groups, whereas exotic N fixers showed lower MPD in increasingly high‐N soils, suggesting filtering, contrary what was found for native N fixers.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that it is not nitrogen, or any soil nutrient, that has the strongest effect on the relative success of N fixers in plant communities. Rather, aridity is the key driver, at least for native species, in line with empirical results from other biomes and increased understanding of N fixation as a key mechanism to avoid water loss.
Approaching person‐centered long‐term care: The trajectories of intrinsic capacity and functional decline in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Jia‐Jen , Liu Li‐Fan , Chang Sheng‐Mao 
Published: May 2022

AimTo examine the longitudinal trajectory of intrinsic capacity over a 3‐year period among long‐term care recipients in Taiwan, its association with functional decline and the onset of severe dependency.MethodsA total of 9448 individuals aged ≥50 years utilizing home and community‐based long‐term care services with complete data from three separate evaluations in Taiwan were included in the study. We carried out a latent class linear mixed model to identify heterogeneous patterns of intrinsic capacity over time, a mixed‐effects model to investigate their impact on activities of daily living and a Kaplan–Meier analysis to examine the onset year of severe dependency among different intrinsic capacity classes.ResultsThe results identified four classes sharing similar longitudinal the intrinsic capacity trajectories: “high‐stable” (20.13%), “normal‐stable” (40.58%), “sensory‐dysfunction” (29.53%) and “all‐dysfunction” (9.76%). Individuals with predisposing characteristics were associated with lower activities of daily living, with the exception of age and education level. In addition, the poor intrinsic capacity class (b from −16.94 to −6.61, P < 0.001) had a worse evolution in terms of activity of daily living scores, and was associated with an earlier onset of severe dependency in 2.5 years in the all‐dysfunction class.ConclusionsHeterogeneous patterns of intrinsic capacity that delay further functional decline are promising markers of function trajectories for a person‐centered care approach in long‐term care services. Targeting the needs of intrinsic capacity groups to prevent functional decline offer insights into: (i) strengthening function‐centered care modalities to delay severe dependency as individuals get older; and (ii) validating regular monitoring intrinsic capacity as an early warning system to achieve healthy aging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 516–522.