bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of artificial intelligence in clinical imaging and workflows
Authors: Wilson Diane U. , Bailey Michael Q , Craig John 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEvidence‐based medicine, outcomes management, and multidisciplinary systems are laying the foundation for radiology on the cusp of a new day. Environmental and operational forces coupled with technological advancements are redefining the veterinary radiologist of tomorrow. In the past several years, veterinary image volumes have exploded, and the scale of hardware and software required to support it seems boundless. The most dynamic trend within veterinary radiology is implementing digital information systems such as PACS, RIS, PIMS, and Voice Recognition systems. While the digitization of radiography imaging has significantly improved the workflow of the veterinary radiology assistant and radiologist, tedious, redundant tasks are abundant and mind‐numbing. They can lead to errors with a significant impact on patient care. Today, these boring and repetitious tasks continue to bog down patient throughput and workflow. Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, shows much promise to rocket the workflow and veterinary clinical imaging into a new day where the AI management of mundane tasks allows for efficiency so the radiologist can better concentrate on the quality of patient care. In this article, we briefly discuss the major subsets of artificial intelligence (AI) workflow for the radiologist and veterinary radiology assistant including image acquisition, segmentation and mensuration, rotation and hanging protocol, detection and prioritization, monitoring and registration of lesions, implementation of these subsets, and the ethics of utilizing AI in veterinary medicine.
Friction Factors for Pipe Flow
Authors: Moody Lewis F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The object of this paper is to furnish the engineer with a simple means of estimating the friction factors to be used in computing the loss of head in clean new pipes and in closed conduits running full with steady flow. The modern developments in the application of theoretical hydrodynamics to the fluid-friction problem are impressive and scattered through an extensive literature. This paper is not intended as a critical survey of this wide field. For a concise review, Professor Bakhmeteff’s (1) small book on the mechanics of fluid flow is an excellent reference. Prandtl and Tietjens (2) and Rouse (3) have also made notable contributions to the subject. The author does not claim to offer anything particularly new or original, his aim merely being to embody the now accepted conclusions in convenient form for engineering use.
A Thermal-Balance Method and Mechanical Investigation for Evaluating Machinability
Authors: Schmidt A. O. , Gilbert W. W. , Boston O. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first section of this paper reports on the results of an investigation of a calorimetric process for the determination of drilling forces. Tests were run on a drill press which was provided with a dynamometer for registering torque and thrust. The calorimetric setup was mounted on the accurately calibrated dynamometer. The temperature rise of 50 cc of water which surrounded the tool and test bar during the cutting operation was determined. Horsepower was computed from the torque and thrust registered on the dynamometer and was found to agree substantially with the power determined from the temperature changes in the calorimeter due to cutting. The results of another series of tests run on a different machine using calorimetric apparatus of slightly changed design are also given. The second section of this paper gives a description of the machine used and the tests made prior to the investigation with the calorimetric apparatus. In these experiments a tubular test bar was cut by a tool mounted in a special holder in a drill press spindle. The feeding of the tool was effected by a weight. Because of chip interference during the cutting of magnesium alloys, these penetration tests were discontinued in favor of the calorimetric tests.
An Analysis of the Milling Process, Part II—Down Milling
Authors: Martellotti M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The method of milling here described as down milling is compared with up milling on the basis of geometric characteristics such as length of tooth path, radius of curvature, thickness of the undeformed section of the chip, chip formation, character of the milled surface, power required in cutting S.A.E. 1112 steel and cast iron, and intensity of vertical and horizontal components of the cutting force obtaining for various depths of cut. Typical mechanical backlash-eliminating devices for the feeding mechanisms of milling machines to permit down-milling operations are described. Results obtained in actual application of down milling are given together with information on cutter life and production. The analytical and factual data presented permit a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages inherent in both methods of milling. It is shown that the power required at the cutter not including the feed is slightly more in down milling than in up milling. The total power supplied to the machine, however, is slightly less in down milling than in up milling. Actual intensities of horizontal and vertical components of the forces on the cutting edge are given for both methods of milling. Down milling, known for many years but not generally used in milling operations until recently, finds an ever-widening field of application.
Experimental Study of the Flow of Coal in Chutes at Riverside Generating Station
Authors: Wolf E. F. , von Hohenleiten H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the power-plant problems which are gradually being solved, the present study of moving coal from the bunkers to stokers or coal-pulverizing mills is important, for with the use of one boiler only for each turbine generator, the prevention of coal stoppages in chutes is vital. During the war years, the use of coal from lot storage, with consequent moisture absorption, has caused a great deal of ratholing and arching in the bunkers, and frequent stoppages have occurred in the chutes. The experimental investigation, reported, involved a study of the flow and stoppage of coal in a transparent scale model of one of the present chutes; measurements of physical properties of lot coal with relation to possible factors affecting stoppage; development in successive steps of a new design of coal chute in scale-model form. Out of this study a suitable chute design was evolved, now being reproduced full scale for installation and test.
Thermal Accommodation Coefficients
Authors: Wiedmann M. L. , Trumpler P. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation deals with the conduction of heat through a gas at low pressure. The theoretical work of M. Knudsen is extended to cover the case of conduction between two infinite concentric cylindrical surfaces of different properties. Experiments to determine the accommodation coefficients of air on flat black lacquer and nine metal surfaces indicate that the values lie between 0.87 and 0.97.
Free Heat Convection Through Enclosed Plane Gas Layers
Authors: Jakob Max 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fifteen years ago, Mull and Reiher published elaborate experiments on heat convection through enclosed plane air layers. In the present paper it is shown that the representation and evaluation of the results of these experiments can be simplified, improved, and generalized when, as for a single surface in an extended medium, a laminar and turbulent range are distinguished. Defining slightly modified Nusselt and Grashof numbers with the layer thickness L as characteristic length, the experimental results for horizontal and vertical layers can be expressed by (NNu)L = Ch(NGr)Ln, or Cv(NGr)Ln(L/H)1/9, respectively, where n = 1/4 and 1/3 for the laminar and turbulent ranges, respectively, and H is the height of vertical layer. Comparison with tests of other authors indicates that, due to the experimental elimination of any influences from the edge of the enclosed layer, Mull and Reiher obtained relatively low values of the constants Ch and Cv, whereas without particular precaution these influences may considerably increase the heat transfer.
Speed and Feed Selection in Carbide Milling With Respect to Production, Cost, and Accuracy
Authors: Ernst Hans , Field Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present paper reports findings of a research on milling cast iron with carbide-tipped cutters in addition to those presented previously in 1945 by Michael Field and W. E. Bullock. An important finding of the earlier work was the existence of a definite maximum tool-life point, i.e., at 290 fpm, in relationship of cutting speed to tool life, when milling a cast iron of medium hardness (Bhn 190). Subsequently, it was found that a similar maximum tool-life point, i.e., 200 fpm, occurs when milling a considerably harder and less machinable cast iron (Bhn 240). An important outcome of the earlier phases of the research was the development of a combination of tool angles which gave much greater tool life and a considerably higher production rate. The original work was done with single-point tools, whereas a multitooth cutter was subsequently developed, details of which and the results obtained are included in the paper. A comprehensive account is given of the recent studies, illustrated by numerous test curves, and a practical analysis of milling costs.
Dynamic Behavior and Design of Servomechanisms
Authors: Brown G. S. , Hall A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper aims to set forth the criteria that are important in the design of certain servomechanisms and to show how certain analytical procedures can be applied to almost any problem to define quantitatively the properties that the control should have in order to make the servomechanism perform in the manner desired. The nomenclature used is essentially that proposed by Draper (1). It is used in the treatment of the problem of synthesizing a controller for a servomechanism whose controlled member is to be rotated and can be defined in terms of inertia plus viscous and coulomb friction, plus a load torque. The broad objective of the designer is assumed to be that of designing a controller which will keep the dynamic error in controlled angular position of the controlled member a minimum under certain operating conditions. The transient and steady-state error for certain forms of motion, the criteria for stability, the effects of viscous friction, coulomb friction and load torques on the desired performance, and other related matters are treated. Several nondimensional charts and tables are included in the paper and show quantitatively the performance of any particular servomechanism with a controlled member of the kind treated, when the system has the various forms of control.
The Technology for Manufacturing a Lensed Optical Fiber Using Optical Resin
Authors: Kozhevnikov V. S. , Ponomarev R. S. , Shmyrova A. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technology for manufacturing optical microlenses on the end of an optical fiber using optical resin is considered. The method of dosing and positioning an adhesive microdroplet is implemented, which allows placement of a resin volume of ~0.2 pL with an error of at most 1 μm at the end of the optical fiber in the core region. The selection of optical resin that maximally meets the requirements of the technological process and physicochemical properties of microlenses has been performed. It is shown that the use of microvibrations makes it possible to control the droplet shape, whose polymerization makes it possible to obtain a lensed fiber with a given shape and focal length. The results of measuring the focal length and the diameter of the mode field of the resulting lens are presented.
Compression of a Beam of Fast Argon Atoms for Surface Polishing
Authors: Metel A. S. , Grigoriev S. N. , Volosova M. A. , Melnik Yu. A. , Mustafaev E. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of studying a beam source of fast argon atoms obtained by neutralizing charges of accelerated ions during their flight through an accelerating grid in the form of a set of plane–parallel plates are presented. Ions are accelerated from the plasma emitter by a voltage of negative polarity at the grid, fly into the gaps between its plates, and, when approaching their surfaces, cause the emission of electrons that neutralize the ion charge. The equivalent beam current of fast atoms emitted from the grid is up to 90% of the current in its circuit, and their energy is equal to the ion energy that corresponds to the accelerating voltage between the plasma emitter and the grid. To increase the beam current density of fast atoms on the treated surface, the sections of the grid plates facing the plasma emitter are made in the form of a segment of a circle. The movement of ions and fast atoms that are formed inside the grid to the center of this circle makes it possible to reduce the beam width by an order of magnitude and increase the flow density of fast atoms without reducing the angle of their incidence on the treated surface. The beam compression significantly improves the efficiency of polishing a surface with a beam of fast neutral argon atoms with an angle of incidence on the surface of 80°.
Prevalence of non-diabetic kidney disease and inability of clinical predictors to differentiate it from diabetic kidney disease: results from a prospectively performed renal biopsy study
Authors: Basu Madhurima , Pulai Smartya , Neogi Subhasis , Banerjee Mainak , Bhattacharyya Nitai P , Sengupta Sanghamitra , Mukhopadhyay Pradip , Ray Chaudhury Arpita , Ghosh Sujoy 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionRenal involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may be due to diabetes (diabetic kidney disease (DKD)), causes other than diabetes (non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD)) or overlap of DKD and NDKD (mixed kidney disease group). Prevalence of NDKD and predictive value of clinical or biochemical indicators have been explored in retrospective cohorts with preselection biases warranting the need for prospectively conducted unbiased renal biopsy study.Research design and methodsConsecutive subjects aged >18 years with T2DM and renal involvement with estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30–60 mL/min/m2and/or albumin:creatinine ratio of >300 mg/g were offered renal biopsy. Prevalence of DKD, NDKD and mixed kidney disease was documented. Clinical/laboratory parameters of subjects were recorded and compared between groups and were tested for ability to predict histopathological diagnosis.ResultsWe screened 6247 subjects with T2DM of which 869 fulfilled inclusion criteria for biopsy. Of the 869 subjects, biopsy was feasible in 818 subjects. Out of 818, we recruited first 110 subjects who agreed to undergo renal biopsy. Among those 110 subjects, 73 (66.4%) had DKD; 20 (18.2 %) had NDKD; and 17 (15.4 %) had mixed kidney disease. Subjects with NDKD as compared with DKD had shorter duration of diabetes (p<0.001), absence of retinopathy (p<0.001) and absence of neuropathy (p<0.001). Logistic regression revealed that only presence of retinopathy and duration of diabetes were statistically significant to predict histopathological diagnosis of DKD. 30% of DKD did not have retinopathy, thereby limiting the utility of the same as a discriminator. Use of traditional indicators of biopsy would have indicated a need for renal biopsy in 87.2% of subjects, though 64.5% of the subjects had DKD, who would not have benefitted from biopsy.ConclusionNDKD and mixed kidney disease in T2DM with renal involvement are very common and traditionally used parameters to select biopsies are of limited value in clinical decision making.
Profile of COVID-19 in Brazil—risk factors and socioeconomic vulnerability associated with disease outcome: retrospective analysis of population-based registers
Authors: Pereira Felipe A C , Filho Fábio M H S , de Azevedo Arthur R , de Oliveira Guilherme L , Flores-Ortiz Renzo , Valencia Luis Iván O , Rodrigues Moreno S , Ramos Pablo Ivan P , da Silva Nívea B , de Oliveira Juliane Fonseca 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo classify the most up-to-date factors associated with COVID-19 disease outcomes in Brazil.DesignRetrospective study.SettingNationwide Brazilian COVID-19 healthcare registers.ParticipantsWe used healthcare data of individuals diagnosed with mild/moderate (n=70 056 602) or severe (n=2801 380) COVID-19 disease in Brazil between 26 February 2020 and 15 November 2021.Main outcome measuresRisk of hospitalisation and mortality affected by demographic, clinical and socioeconomic variables were estimated. The impacts of socioeconomic inequalities on vaccination rates, cases and deaths were also evaluated.Results15.6 million SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 584 761 COVID-19-related deaths occurred in Brazil between 26 February 2020 and 15 November 2021. Overall, men presented a higher odds of death than women (OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.15), but postpartum patients admitted to hospital wards were at increased odds of dying (OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.34) compared with individuals without reported comorbidities. Death in younger age groups was notably higher in most deprived municipalities and also among individuals <40 years belonging to indigenous backgrounds compared with white patients, as shown by descriptive analysis. Ethnic/racial backgrounds exhibited a continuum of decreasing survival chances of mixed-race (OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.12), black (OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.36) and indigenous (OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.54) individuals, while those in most deprived municipalities also presented an increased odds of death (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.40). Deprivation levels also affect the prompt referral of patients to adequate care. Our results show that the odds of death of individuals hospitalised for less than 4 days is more than double that of patients with close-to-average hospital stays (OR=2.07, 95% CI 2.05 to 2.10). Finally, negative vaccination status also increased the odds of dying from the disease (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.31).ConclusionsThe data provide evidence that the patterns of COVID-19 mortality in Brazil are influenced by both individual-level health and social risk factors, as well as municipality-level deprivation. In addition, these data suggest that there may be inequalities in the timely provision of appropriate healthcare that are related to municipality-level deprivation.
Work situation of patients with stroke who have returned to work: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Wang Huixiao , Si Yanping , Wu Guangliu , Wen Jinpei , Yang Mingying 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThe incidence of stroke in working-age adults is increasing. Many patients face cognitive, emotional and physical impairments and their subsequent influences on returning to work. An increasing number of studies have been conducted on the transformation from unemployment to returning to work. The criteria for returning to work only used the ‘working yes/no’ as the primary outcome. Although some researchers have investigated the characteristics of patients with stroke who have returned to work, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the work situation. This scoping review aimed to examine and map the work situation of patients with stroke who have returned to work.Methods and analysisThis study will be based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual for scoping reviews. A systematic literature search will be conducted using related medical subject headings and keywords on the work situation of patients with stroke who have returned to work. Relevant publications will be searched using 17 data sources, including grey literature sources, published in English or Chinese between 1957 and 2022. None of the articles will have restrictions on the data sources or study designs. The study selection and search results will be reported and presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews flow diagram. The results will be presented in a table format based on the data extraction tool.Ethics and disseminationThis study is exempted from a medical ethical review. This scoping review addresses the knowledge gap by identifying and synthesising the work situation of patients with stroke who have returned to work, which will provide helpful information for various stakeholders. This scoping review will be submitted and published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Effect of the 2008 economic crisis on oral health in Spain: analysis of serial cross-sectional, population-based health surveys
Authors: Eirey Silvia Méndez , San-Roman-Montero Jesús , Gil de Miguel Angel , Rojo Rosa , López Sánchez Antonio F 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on the oral health of individuals in Spain based on variables including sex, unemployment, social class and educational level.DesignThis was an analysis of serial cross-sectional, population-based health surveys conducted before the crisis (2003 and 2006) and during the crisis (2011, 2014 and 2017).SettingNational Health Surveys of Spain and the European Health Survey in Spain.ParticipantsA total of 189 543 participants were recruited.Outcome measuresThe independent variables were sex, employment, social class and educational level. The dependent variables were related to oral health. Descriptive statistics, χ2tests and the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test were performed.ResultsThe results showed that there were differences (p<0.001) in all oral health indicators before and after the crisis. Compared with the precrisis period, men had a higher probability of tooth extractions (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.45), dental fillings (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.34), prostheses (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07) and missing teeth (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.39). Unemployed individuals were more likely to have dental caries (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.16) and missing teeth (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.46). Working class individuals had a higher probability of tooth extractions (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.59 to 1.67), bleeding gums (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07), prostheses (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07) and missing teeth (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.39). Participants with a basic or intermediate level of education had a higher probability of dental mobility (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19), prostheses (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.14) and missing teeth (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.46).ConclusionsThe economic crisis affected the oral health of the Spanish population, with a more significant deterioration among men, working class individuals and unemployed individuals.