bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costs of Neonatal Medical Complexity: Impact on New Parent Stress and Decision-Making
Authors: Miller Mattea E. , Donohue Pamela , Seltzer Rebecca , Kwak Cecilia , Boss Renee D. 
Published: September 2022

Objective Parents of children with medical complexity experience substantial financial burdens. It is unclear how neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) clinicians prepare new parents of medically complex infants for this reality. This study explored new parent awareness of health care costs, desire to discuss costs with clinicians, and impact of costs on parents' medical decision-making.
Study Design The study design comprised semistructured interviews and surveys of parents of infants with medical complexity currently or previously in a NICU. Conventional content analysis was performed on interview transcripts, and descriptive analyses were applied to surveys.
Results Thematic saturation was reached with 27 families (15 NICU families and 12 post-NICU families) of diverse race/ethnicity/education/household income. Most were worried about their infants' current/future medical expenses and approximately half wanted to discuss finances with clinicians, only one parent had. While finances were not part of most parent's NICU decision-making, some later regretted this and wished cost had been incorporated into treatment choices. The family desire to discuss costs did not vary by family financial status. Parents described their infant's health care costs as: “We are drowning”; and “We'll never pay it off.”
Conclusion Most parents were worried about current and future medical expenses related to their infant's evolving medical complexity. Many wanted to discuss costs with clinicians; almost none had. NICU clinicians should prepare families for the future financial realities of pediatric medical complexity.
Key Points
Two-Step Transesterification of Phosphates, Phosphorothioates, and Phosphonates with a Binaphthyl Group for the Synthesis of P-Chirogenic Phosphates and Phosphonates
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Endo Chikako , Inoue Yurika , Maruyama Toshifumi , Minoura Mao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTwo-step transesterification of four-coordinate pentavalent organophosphorus compounds with a binaphthyl group has been studied in detail. The first step involves transfer of the axial chirality of a ­hydroxybinaphthyl group to the central chirality of the phosphorus atom. The second step is the substitution reaction of P-chirogenic compounds with a hydroxybinaphthyl group with lithium alkoxides, leading to the formation of P-chirogenic phosphates and phosphonates with primary and secondary alkoxy groups.
A Seven-Step Total Synthesis of (–)-Thebaine
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , White Lorenzo V. , Tan Shen , He Yu-Tao , Lan Ping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe morphinan alkaloid (–)-thebaine is an industrially important chemical intermediate deployed in the semi-synthesis of various opioid medicines. Here, a seven-step total synthesis of this natural product is reported from simple, commercially available starting materials. The pivotal aryl allyl ether substrate, which is obtained through successive Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and Mitsunobu substitution reactions, was engaged in a double-Heck cyclization sequence. The tetracyclic product of these processes was subjected to a photochemical hydroamination reaction that generated a N-Boc piperidine derivative embodying the full pentacyclic morphinan framework. Over a further three simple steps, this last compound was converted into (–)-thebaine.
Enantioselective β-Selective Addition of Isoxazolidin-5-ones to Allenoates Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Waser Mario , Zebrowski Paul , Röser Katharina , Chrenko Daniel , Pospíšil Jiří 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe enantioselective addition of isoxazolidin-5-ones to the β-carbon of allenoates has been carried out by using a novel spirobiindane-based quaternary ammonium salt catalyst. This protocol, which proceeds under classical liquid-solid phase-transfer conditions, gives access to unprecedented highly functionalized β2,2-amino acid derivatives with good enantioselectivities and in high yields, and further manipulations of these products have been carried out as well.
A Novel Method for Preparing Chromones via 1,2-Migration of α-Diazo-Flavanones
Authors: Ma Baochun , Sun Minghao , You Kejia , Chen Nian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA novel method for preparing chromones from α-diazo-flavanones has been developed. Good yields and regioselectivity are obtained through HCl catalysis and Rh2(Oct)4 catalysis. The chromone obtained can undergo a one-pot Diels–Alder reaction to synthesize flavanone propellane in high yield. Mechanisms about 1,2-migration under both catalysts are proposed.
The Properties, Synthesis, and Materials Applications of 1,4-Dithiins and Thianthrenes
Authors: Swager Timothy M. , Etkind Samuel I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract1,4-Dithiin and its dibenzo-analogue, thianthrene, represent a class of non-aromatic, sulfur-rich heterocycles. Their unique properties, stemming from both their non-planar structures and reversible one- and two-electron oxidations, serve as primary motivators for their use in the development of new materials. The applications of 1,4-dithiins and thianthrenes are rich and diverse, having been used for energy storage and harvesting, and the synthesis of phosphorescent compounds and porous polymers, among other uses. This review offers first an overview of the properties of 1,4-dithiin and thianthrene. Next, we describe enabling synthetic methodology to access 1,4-dithiins and thianthrenes with various substitution patterns. Lastly, the utility of 1,4-dithiin and thianthrene in the construction and design of new materials is detailed using select literature examples.1	Introduction2	Properties of 1,4-Dithiins and Thianthrenes3	Synthesis of 1,4-Dithiins and Thianthrenes3.1	Synthesis of 1,4-Dithiins3.2	Synthesis of Thianthrenes4	Application of 1,4-Dithiins and Thianthrenes in Materials4.1	Thianthrene-Containing Polymers4.2	Thianthrene in Redox-Active Materials4.3	Thianthrenes and 1,4-Dithiins in Supramolecular Chemistry and Self-Assembly4.4	Thianthrenes in Phosphorescent Materials4.5	Thianthrenes with Other Interesting Photophysical Properties4.6	Thianthrenes in the Synthesis of Non-natural Products5	Conclusion
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Use of Probiotics in Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill ICU Patients
Authors: Prasoon Anand , Singh Ritu , Anand Ravi , Kumar Sanjeev , Singh Siddharth , Singh Akrity 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Context Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Curing and preventing effects of probiotics in promoting the growth of Bifidobacterium in the digestive system and the central role of bacteria colonization in the pathogenesis of VAP are evident.
Aims The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of commercially available probiotics, that is, orodispersible probiotic sachets on VAP prevention and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.
Settings and Design Randomized control trials.
Methods and Materials In this study, 120 mechanically ventilated patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 60 per group). Group 1 was given orodispersible probiotic sachets by gavage, twice a day in addition to routine care, while group 2 received only routine care. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and clinical outcomes to the primary component (prevalence of VAP) and secondary component (other clinical factors) were interpreted.
Statistical Analysis Used In this study, data were analyzed via SAS statistical software version 9.4, using Student's t-test, chi-squared test, repeated measure analysis of variance, and Wilcoxon test.
Results There was a significant reduction in VAP diagnosed patients, as well as Clostridium
difficile-associated diarrhea and some complications of mechanical ventilation, in group 1 in comparison to group 2. The improvement in VAP was significantly greater for group 1 as compared with group 2. However, the mortality rate was similar between two groups.
Conclusions This study demonstrated that a daily diet with orodispersible probiotic sachets can be used as add-on therapy with other medications in the prevention of VAP. As a result, the use of orodispersible probiotic sachets in the treatment plan of patients undergoing long-term intubation is recommended.
Designing In-House SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Assay for Variant of Concerns
Authors: Ergoren Mahmut Cerkez , Tuncel Gulten , Ozverel Cenk Serhan , Sanlidag Tamer 
Published: September 2022

AbstractVariants (Alfa, Gamma, Beta, and Delta) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are circulating worldwide. These variants of concerns share some common mutations but they also have distinguishing mutations. These mutations affect transmissibility of virus and cause evasion from neutralizing antibodies. Monitoring and identification of circulating variants is of great importance for public health. In this study, an in-house SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) kit was designed to detect variants of concerns by the World Health Organization.Primer sets and probes were designed to target presence of virus along with mutations for identifying different variants (for N501Y, HV69–70del, K417N, and T478K). Reactions were set by using commercially available master mixes without a reference dye.The RT-qPCR conditions were optimized by using commercially available ribonucleic acid samples of wild-type, Alfa, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Several samples were also analyzed by the in-house kit after optimization studies. All Alfa variant and wild-type samples were also double confirmed with a commercially available variant detection kit demonstrating a 100% consistence with the in-house kit. Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants could not be confirmed with any other commercially available kits as there is not any available one in the market.SARS-CoV-2 variants are gaining importance during the pandemic and shaping the fight against the virus. RT-qPCR kits detecting different variants would provide a significant advantage while screening the population.
Transesophageal Echocardiographic Illustration of Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Rupture
Authors: Das Devishree , Prakash Mohit , Makhija Neeti 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPostinfarction ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but dreaded mechanical complication of myocardial infarction. Moreover, patient develops cardiogenic shock or congestive heart failure requiring early surgical intervention. To optimize surgical repair, perioperative confirmation, determining location of VSR and adequacy of repair, is mandatory. Assessment can be obtained by the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Use of two- and three-dimensional TEE techniques clearly delineate size and shape of septal rupture and involvement of other cardiac structures. We report a patient presenting with postinfarction VSR for elective VSR repair and surgical revascularization and implication of TEE in perioperative management.
Role of Cerebral Oximetry in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Shastri Naman 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCerebral oximetry, which is based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, is an optical technique that allows for noninvasive and continuous monitoring of brain oxygenation by determining cerebral tissue blood oxygen saturation. Many research and observational studies were performed with neonates using various types of NIRS/cerebral oximetry monitors. However, no food and drug administration (FDA) approved-cerebral oximeter is available for neonates. Successful validation of cerebral oximetry for the FDA has been done in human adult volunteer studies under protocols in which jugular bulb and arterial blood samples were obtained under different levels of fractional inspired oxygen levels.
COVID-19 and adaptive behavior of returns: evidence from commodity markets
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Naeem 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study examines the Adaptive Market Hypothesis during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has impacted global economic activity, trade, and financial market activity. There has been much interest in testing financial market theories and relationships during COVID-19. Therefore, we have investigated the varying return predictability from commodities during COVID-19 concerning the adaptive market hypothesis. By applying linear and non-linear econometric models, we find a strong engagement of adaptive behavior of returns from commodities during the ongoing pandemic. The inconsistent return behavior is facilitated by dividing the sample period into different phases. Our results indicate that AMH best explains the impact of COVID-19 on commodity markets.
‘The window of opportunity is closing’—advocating urgency and unity
Authors: Tarkkala Heta , Snell Karoliina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractScience and science policy are characterised by expectations. These expectations—as in the field of biomedicine—may be related to describing novel findings, their use in curing diseases or their economic benefits. Previous research has shown that expectations are often communicated with the help of metaphors. In this article, we take a closer look at one metaphor—‘closing window of opportunity’—and examine how it frames discussions about policy and regulatory change in biomedicine through the lenses of urgency and national unity. A key component of the generative metaphor of a ‘closing window’ is the focus on limited time and a sense of urgency related to the creation of an enabling environment for biomedical research and innovations. We focus on two key elements of this framing: international competitiveness and national unity. Moreover, drawing on urgency seems to be a standard response to the changing environment, in which the actors need to continuously guide their actions in new directions, meeting new demands posed by, for example, technological development or regulatory changes. We argue that while the metaphor of a closing window creates room for innovations and competitiveness, it is prone to silence critical discussions, for example on sustainability, responsibility and accountability. This leaves out important discussions about values, benefits and risks. With this analysis, we contribute to discussions about the sociology of (negative) expectations and generative metaphors and show how urgency can remain as a constant state of things.
Spin- and angle-resolved inverse photoemission setup with spin orientation independent from electron incidence angle
Authors: Campos A. F. , Duret P. , Cabaret S. , Duden T. , Tejeda A. 
Published: September 2022

A new spin- and angle-resolved inverse photoemission setup with a low-energy electron source is presented. The spin-polarized electron source, with a compact design, can decouple the spin polarization vector from the electron beam propagation vector, allowing one to explore any spin orientation at any wavevector in angle-resolved inverse photoemission. The beam polarization can be tuned to any preferred direction with a shielded electron optical system, preserving the parallel beam condition. We demonstrate the performances of the setup by measurements on Cu(001) and Au(111). We estimate the energy resolution of the overall system at room temperature to be ∼170 meV from kBTeff of a Cu(001) Fermi level, allowing a direct comparison to photoemission. The spin-resolved operation of the setup has been demonstrated by measuring the Rashba splitting of the Au(111) Shockley surface state. The effective polarization of the electron beam is P = 30% ± 3%, and the wavevector resolution is ΔkF ≲ 0.06 Å−1. Measurements on the Au(111) surface state demonstrate how the electron beam polarization direction can be tuned in the three spatial dimensions. The maximum of the spin asymmetry is reached when the electron beam polarization is aligned with the in-plane spin polarization of the Au(111) surface state.
A Fermi resonance and a parallel-proton-transfer overtone in the Raman spectrum of linear centrosymmetric N4H+: A polarizability-driven first principles molecular dynamics study
Authors: Omodemi Oluwaseun , Revennaugh Ramsay , Riley Janiyah , Kaledin Alexey L. , Kaledin Martina 
Published: September 2022

We present molecular dynamics (MD), polarizability driven MD (α-DMD), and pump–probe simulations of Raman spectra of the protonated nitrogen dimer N4H+, and some of its isotopologues, using the explicitly correlated coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]-F12b/aug-cc-pVTZ based potential energy surface in permutationally invariant polynomials (PIPs) of Yu et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 119, 11623 (2015)] and a corresponding PIP-derived CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ-tr (N:spd, H:sp) polarizability tensor surface (PTS), the latter reported here for the first time. To represent the PTS in terms of a PIP basis, we utilize a recently described formulation for computing the polarizability using a many-body expansion in the orders of dipole–dipole interactions while generating a training set using a novel approach based on linear regression for potential energy distributions. The MD/α-DMD simulations reveal (i) a strong Raman activity at 260 and 2400 cm−1, corresponding to the symmetric N–N⋯H bend and symmetric N–N stretch modes, respectively; (ii) a very broad spectral region in the 500–2000 cm−1 range, assignable to the parallel N⋯H+⋯N proton transfer overtone; and (iii) the presence of a Fermi-like resonance in the Raman spectrum near 2400 cm−1 between the Σg+ N–N stretch fundamental and the Πu overtone corresponding to perpendicular N⋯H+⋯N proton transfer.
Abundance, Stock Origin, and Length of Marked and Unmarked Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Surface Waters of Greater Puget Sound
Authors: Rice Casimir A. , Greene Correigh M. , Moran Paul , Teel David J. , Kuligowski David R. , Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Beamer Eric M. , Karr James R. , Fresh Kurt L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study focuses on the use by juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha of the rarely studied neritic environment (surface waters overlaying the sublittoral zone) in greater Puget Sound. Juvenile Chinook salmon inhabit the sound from their late estuarine residence and early marine transition to their first year at sea. We measured the density, origin, and size of marked (known hatchery) and unmarked (majority naturally spawned) juveniles by means of monthly surface trawls at six river mouth estuaries in Puget Sound and the areas in between. Juvenile Chinook salmon were present in all months sampled (April–November). Unmarked fish in the northern portion of the study area showed broader seasonal distributions of density than did either marked fish in all areas or unmarked fish in the central and southern portions of the sound. Despite these temporal differences, the densities of marked fish appeared to drive most of the total density estimates across space and time. Genetic analysis and coded wire tag data provided us with documented individuals from at least 16 source populations and indicated that movement patterns and apparent residence time were, in part, a function of natal location and time passed since the release of these fish from hatcheries. Unmarked fish tended to be smaller than marked fish and had broader length frequency distributions. The lengths of unmarked fish were negatively related to the density of both marked and unmarked Chinook salmon, but those of marked fish were not. These results indicate more extensive use of estuarine environments by wild than by hatchery juvenile Chinook salmon as well as differential use (e.g., rearing and migration) of various geographic regions of greater Puget Sound by juvenile Chinook salmon in general. In addition, the results for hatchery‐generated timing, density, and length differences have implications for the biological interactions between hatchery and wild fish throughout Puget Sound.
Detection of Regional Trends in Salmonid Habitat in Coastal Streams, Oregon
Authors: Anlauf Kara J. , Gaeuman William , Jones Kim K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFreshwater habitat quality is broadly recognized as fundamental to the viability of salmonid populations. Temporal trends in freshwater habitat have rarely been quantified, however, perhaps owing to a lack of methodical and rigorous time series data sets. We present an approach for evaluating change in freshwater habitat using data from a long‐term program to monitor salmonid populations and their habitats in coastal drainages of Oregon. Our goals were to (1) evaluate the presence and magnitude of an underlying linear trend in freshwater habitat condition across coastal watersheds in Oregon and (2) determine the effectiveness of the current sampling design for meeting the monitoring objectives. Four features were selected to characterize freshwater habitat: percent of pool area, large wood volume, quantity of fine sediment, and stream size. We developed a statistical model to describe the trend in these features that incorporated an error structure to account for site, year, and site‐by‐year variability. Spatial variability accounted for most of the overall variation, and temporal variability was minimal. Trends were detected among several of the habitat metrics and these varied by geographic region. To evaluate the efficacy of the sampling design, we generated simulated data sets with hypothesized trends of 1–2% per year and estimated trend detection power under two different survey designs, variance structures, and monitoring durations. We conclude that the power to detect trends is sensitive to the duration of the monitoring program and the structure and magnitude of the variance. The monitoring program was effective in detecting subtle trends while providing a robust data set with which to address multiple monitoring objectives. Such a monitoring program is critical to assessing the viability of salmonid populations in the Pacific Northwest and tracking recovery and conservation efforts.
Growth, pH Tolerance, Survival, and Diet of Introduced Northern‐Strain and Native Southern‐Strain Appalachian Brook Trout
Authors: Wesner Jeff Scott , Cornelison James Wes , Dankmeyer Christopher D. , Galbreath Peter F. , Martin Thomas H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe native range of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in southern Appalachia has been drastically reduced by human activities over the last century. Restoration of brook trout populations was attempted through stocking of hatchery‐reared fish that were derived from populations native to northern Appalachia; these northern brook trout are genetically distinct from populations native to southern Appalachia. The extent of ecological differences between the naturalized, hatchery‐derived northern brook trout (NBKT) and native southern brook trout (SBKT) is unknown but may have important implications for southern Appalachian stream ecosystems. We used a combination of laboratory, outdoor raceway, and natural stream experiments to test for differences in growth, pH tolerance, survival, and diet between introduced NBKT and native SBKT. Fish were collected separately for each experiment from wild allopatric populations in North Carolina. Northern brook trout had higher average survival than SBKT in the laboratory and raceway experiments, although the difference was significant only in the laboratory experiment. Northern brook trout had higher growth rates in the laboratory regardless of pH treatment, but growth was similar between strains in the raceway experiment. Relative condition factor was reduced by low pH, regardless of strain. Diets differed between the two strains in the natural stream experiment; NBKT consumed a larger percentage of terrestrial insects than did SBKT. These data offer the first experimental evidence of genetically based ecological differences between pure strains of wild, hatchery‐derived NBKT and native SBKT in southern Appalachia.