bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Children From Developing Dyslexia: A Premature Writing Hypothesis
Authors: Mather David S. 
Published: January 2022

It has been argued that dyslexia may develop in strongly left eye dominant children through learning to write using ipsilateral, right hemisphere motor pathways. New light on this theory has been cast by recent findings of atypical enhanced corpus callosum white matter in children with dyslexia, reflecting right to left hemisphere communication that is resistant to intensive remedial reading intervention. Enhanced corpus callosum white matter is consistent with uninhibited right to left hemisphere ipsilateral mirror-motor innervation, manifested as frequent mirror-letter writing errors in children with dyslexia. Delaying writing instruction until 7–8 years of age may prevent these errors and as well as the development of dyslexia. During the 7–8-year age period, visual-proprioceptive integration enables a child to mentally map whole word visual images onto kinesthetic/proprioceptive letter engrams (memory representations). Hypothetically, this process is facilitated by anterior commissure activity involving interhemispheric transfer of ipsilateral mirror-to-non mirror-motor movement. This postulate, involving delayed writing instruction pending further maturation, also receives indirect support from the remarkable proficiency leap among second graders reading Hebrew as Hebrew involves a leftward orthography in which ipsilateral right to left hemisphere innervation is uninhibited. Additionally, and more directly, normal reading comprehension for learning English among children with agenesis of the corpus callosum suggests that letter-sound decoding is not the sole route to proficient reading comprehension. In this paper, I make recommendations for obtaining empirical evidence of premature writing as a cause of dyslexia.
Effect of Self-Affirmation on Smartphone Use Reduction Among Heavy Users
Authors: Shimoda Shunsuke , Shimoda Mai , Higuchi Osamu 
Published: January 2022

Recent studies have shown an association between excessive smartphone use and health problems. Along with such mounting concerns, health risk information on excessive smartphone use has been presented through various media. Such information is usually aimed at making smartphone users understand the associated health risks, thereby preventing excessive use or reducing current use. However, according to self-affirmation theory, such information may pose a threat to heavy smartphone users because it implies that they are engaging in maladaptive behavior. Therefore, to defend themselves, they may not accept the information and may not be highly motivated to reduce their usage. According to self-affirmation theory, such maladaptive defensive responses can be reduced through the affirmation of important values. We examined whether self-affirmation prior to reading health risk information increased heavy users’ motivation to reduce smartphone usage. Participants (142 undergraduate students aged 18–22 years) reported their mean daily smartphone use. They then completed a writing task that affirmed/did not affirm an important personal value. Next, they read an article on the health risks of smartphone overuse and reported their motivation to reduce smartphone use. As a result, when heavy users did not self-affirm, they were significantly less motivated to reduce use than light users. However, when heavy users self-affirmed, their motivation was significantly higher than when they did not self-affirm. This effect of self-affirmation was not shown in light users. These results suggest that health risk information combined with self-affirmation is effective in reducing smartphone usage by heavy users.
Changes in apparent diffusion coefficient and pathological response in colorectal liver metastases after preoperative chemotherapy
Authors: Eriksson Sam , Bengtsson Johan , Torén William , Lätt Jimmy , Andersson Roland , Sturesson Christian 
Published: January 2022

Background The pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy of colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) is predictive of long-term prognosis after liver resection. Accurate preoperative assessment of chemotherapy response could enable treatment optimization. Purpose To investigate whether changes in lesion-apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to assess pathological treatment response in patients with CRLMs undergoing preoperative chemotherapy. Material and Methods Patients who underwent liver resection for CRLMs after preoperative chemotherapy between January 2011 and December 2019 were retrospectively included if they had undergone MRI before and after preoperative chemotherapy on the same 1.5-T MRI scanner with diffusion-weighted imaging with b-values 50, 400, and 800 s/mm2. The pathological chemotherapy response was assessed using the tumor regression grade (TRG) by AJCC/CAP. Lesions were divided into two groups: pathological responding (TRG 0–2) and non-responding (TRG 3). The change in lesion ADC after preoperative chemotherapy was compared between responding and non-responding lesions. Results A total of 27 patients with 49 CRLMs were included, and 24/49 lesions showed a pathological chemotherapy response. After chemotherapy, ADC increased in both pathological responding (pretreatment ADC: 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06–1.37] vs. post-treatment ADC: 1.33 [95% CI=1.13–1.56] × 10−3 mm2/s; P = 0.026) and non-responding lesions (1.12 [95% CI=0.980–1.21] vs. 1.20 [95% CI=1.09–1.43] × 10−3 mm2/s; P = 0.018). There was no difference in median relative difference in ADC after chemotherapy between pathological responding and non-responding lesions (15.8 [95% CI=1.42–26.3] vs. 7.17 [95% CI=−4.31 to 31.2]%; P = 0.795). Conclusion Changes in CRLM ADCs did not differ between pathological responding and non-responding lesions.
Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Family Processes and the Immigrant Paradox in Youth Externalizing Problems
Authors: Vitoroulis Irene , Sim Amanda , Ma Steven , Jenkins Jennifer , Georgiades Katholiki 
Published: January 2022

Background Despite increased exposure to social adversity, immigrant youth have fewer externalizing problems compared to non-immigrants. Explanations for this apparent advantage remain unclear. This study examined the extent to which socio-economic characteristics and family processes account for group differences in externalizing problems between immigrant and non-immigrant youth. Methods Data come from a population-based cross-sectional study of 1,449 youth and their primary caregiver in Hamilton, Ontario. Computer-assisted structured interviews were administered separately to primary caregivers and youth, which included assessments of externalizing problems and measures of family obligation, parental monitoring, value of education and socio-economic characteristics. Results First- and second-generation immigrant youth had lower levels of externalizing problems compared to non-immigrants. The magnitude of group differences was larger for parent ( d = 0.37–0.55) versus youth reports of externalizing behaviours ( d = 0.15–0.29). Family socio-economic and process characteristics partially accounted for group differences, which remained significant in the parent-reported model but rendered non-significant in the youth-reported model. Conclusion Results suggesting the potential protective effects of positive family processes for immigrant youth could be extended to non-immigrant youth to inform the development of parenting and family skills interventions. Promoting familial sources of resilience is a potential avenue for reversing downward trends in mental health seen across successive generations of immigrant youth, while also reducing risk of behavioural difficulties among non-immigrant youth.
Smoke-free Ordinances and Youth Tobacco Use in Kentucky
Authors: Rayens Mary Kay , McGeeney Teresa , Wiggins Amanda T. , Bucher Amanda , Ickes Melinda , Huntington-Moskos Luz , Clark Patti , Hahn Ellen J. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose Determine associations of strength of local smoke-free laws and urban/rural location with cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among high school students in grades 10 and 12. Design Secondary data analysis from the 2004–2018 biennial Kentucky Incentives for Prevention Survey Setting Public high schools in Kentucky Sample N = 353502 10th/12th graders Measures County-level smoke-free law status from the Kentucky Center for Smoke-free Policy; Rural Urban Continuum Codes; self-reported last 30-day alcohol, marijuana, cigarette, and smokeless tobacco use Analysis Generalized estimating equations modeling assessed the association of law status and urban/rural location with tobacco use across cohorts, controlling for demographics and other substance use. Results Students in counties with a comprehensive smoke-free law were 23% less likely to smoke cigarettes and 16% less likely to use smokeless, compared to those in counties without a law. Students in counties with moderate/weak laws did not differ in likelihood of use for either product, compared to those in counties without a law. Students in urban counties were 14% less likely to smoke, but there was no difference in likelihood of smokeless use by urban/rural location. Conclusion Comprehensive smoke-free laws are associated with a lower likelihood of youth cigarette and smokeless use. Rural youth may be at increased risk of cigarette smoking relative to youth in urban areas.
From Compliance to Adherence in Diabetes Self-Care: Examining the Role of Patient’s Potential for Mindful Non-Adherence and Physician-Patient Communication
Authors: Soyoon Kim , Ekaterina Malova 
Published: January 2022

Purpose To examine factors that facilitate an understanding of the relationship between two important, and often interchangeably used, concepts in diabetes management: compliance and adherence. Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting Online data collection. Subjects 365 respondents at least 18 years of age and currently in treatment for diabetes. Measures We measured patients’ compliance, adherence, mindfulness, and perceptions about physician-patient communication, as well as their demographic characteristics. Analysis A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to examine the conditioned indirect effect of compliance on adherence. Results The direct effect of compliance on adherence was positive and significant (β = .378, SE = .073, P < .05, BootCI [.234, .521]), but the compliance-adherence association was also partially mediated by patient’s potential for mindful non-adherence. A higher level of compliance increased potential for mindful non-adherence (β = .716, SE = .082, P < .05, BootCI [.555, .876]), and, in turn, the increased potential for mindful non-adherence reduced adherence (β = −.107, SE = .045, P < .05, BootCI [–.196, −.018]). This detrimental mediating effect of potential for mindful non-adherence was contingent on the perceived quality of physician-patient communication (index = .076, SE = .038, 95% BootCI [.003, .153]), indicating that the positive perception significantly reduced the negative mediating effect of potential for mindful non-adherence on adherence. Conclusion Given that patients with diabetes are involved in a complex self-care, an established partnership and collaboration between patient and doctor is essential to promoting adherence; when the treatment coincides with the patient’s beliefs and needs, mindful non-adherence is less likely to occur.
Sleep Moderates Improvements in Mental Health Outcomes in Youth: Building Resilience for Healthy Kids
Authors: Simon Stacey L. , Ware Meredith A. , Bowen Anne E. , Chandrasekhar Jessica L. , Lee Joey A. , Shomaker Lauren B. , Gulley Lauren D. , Heberlein Erin , Kaar Jill L. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose To examine the role of sleep in a school-based resiliency intervention. Design Single group feasibility study. Setting Urban middle school Subjects Sixth grade students. Intervention A total of 285, 11–12-year-old students (70% White, 18% Hispanic, 55% female) participated in the six-week 1:1 Healthy Kids intervention. Youth (n = 248) completed electronic surveys at pre–post the 6-week study assessing mental health parameters and self-reported bed and wake time. Measures Students were categorized as having insufficient sleep opportunity if they reported time in bed of <9 hours per night. Analysis General linear models examined differences between groups for each mental health parameters pre–post-study. Results A third of participants (28%) were classified as having insufficient sleep opportunity. Youth with insufficient sleep were more often Hispanic (27% vs 16%; P < .001) and were more often classified with both mild to severe depression and anxiety symptoms (55% vs 35%; P = .004). The health coaching intervention was found to have a significant improvement on overall resilience and self-efficacy only among students who reported sufficient sleep, while no significant intervention effect was found for those students who reported insufficient sleep. Conclusions Our findings suggest that youth with poor sleep health may not benefit from school-based resiliency interventions.
Predictive Utility of Alternate Measures of Physical Activity and Diet for Overweight and Obesity in Low-Income Minority Women
Authors: Liu Ying , Shier Victoria , King Sara , Datar Ashlesha 
Published: January 2022

Purpose The purpose is to compare the predictive utility of alternate measures of diet and physical activity for overweight and obesity among low-income minority women. Design Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study. Setting Three public housing developments in South Los Angeles. Subjects: Adult women (N = 425). Measures Primary outcome—weight status (normal BMI, overweight, or obese). Primary predictors— diet: 24-hour dietary recalls (Healthy Eating Index), dietary screener (intake of specific food groups), and single-item survey question (diet quality); physical activity: accelerometry (minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous activity), short recall questionnaire (minutes/week of moderate and vigorous activity), and single-item questions (days per week did exercise; self-assessment of overall activity level). Analysis Multinomial logistic regression models, controlling for socio-demographic covariates. Models are built up starting with least resource-intensive measures of diet and physical activity (single items) and sequentially adding more resource-intensive measures. Model performance is assessed via information-based model selection indices. Results Adjusted relative risk for obesity for single-item measures ranged from .61 to .64 for diet ( P < .01) and from .80 to .81 for physical activity (P <.05). The added value of resource-intensive measures was negligible for physical activity and at best small for diet. Conclusion Single-item questions for diet and physical activity can provide valuable information about risk for overweight and obesity in low-income minority women when more resource-intensive assessments are infeasible.
Optimization and experimental study on structural parameters of bio-inspired tarsus compliant end-effector to reduce the risk of fruit sliding out from end-effector for cherry tomato harvesting
Authors: Xie Huaibei , Kong Deyi , Wang Qiong 
Published: January 2022

High success rate of fruit picking is part of key technologies for robotic cherry tomato harvesting, which is closely related to the structure of end-effector. In order to prevent the fruit slipping from the end-effector for a high success rate of fruit picking during picking process, this paper presents a compliant end-effector with bio-inspired tarsus compliant gripper inspired by the structure and mechanics of the tarsal chain in the Serica orientalis Motschulsky. An experimental study to confirm the effect of the key structural parameters of the compliant end-effector on the angle (ESGA) formed by the extended segment tarsomere of two bio-inspired tarsus compliant grippers. Experiments were designed according to response surface methodology—box Behnken design by maintaining three levels of four process parameters—length of the offset segment tarsomere (OSL), angle of the inclined segment tarsomere (ISA), thickness of the extended segment tarsomere (EST), and length of the extended segment tarsomere (ESL). Results showed that ISA is the most important parameter, and ESL has little effect on ESGA, and ESGA was found within the range of 4.2°–17.5°. Results also revealed that the desired ESGA (12°) was obtained by the optimum conditions of OSL of 2.4 mm, ISA of 18°, EST of 4.9 mm, and ESL of 18 mm. Besides, the key structural parameters of the bio-inspired tarsus compliant end-effector are optimized by the expectation function. The reliability and feasibility of the constructed model are verified by validation experiments.
Analysis of the incremental sheet forming process and process parameters on aluminum sheets based on the vertical step sizes
Authors: Malyer Elif , Sönmez Fikret 
Published: January 2022

The incremental sheet forming (ISF) is an effective forming method developed especially for rapid prototyping and small-batch production of sheet metals. The selection of parameters (in particular, vertical step size and toolpath geometry) in ISF is crucial. Besides, each parameter has different effects on the desired geometry, sheet thickness, forming time, and productivity. In this study, the ISF process was analyzed by investigating the effects of ISF parameters. For this purpose, AA5754 sheets were formed by different ISF parameters. The effects of toolpath strategies (based on the vertical step size) were examined with three spindle speeds and three feed rates. To achieve that objective, constant, increasing, and decreasing vertical step sizes were used for the first time in the same study. After the forming, the forming time, geometric tolerance, and thickness values were analyzed. Besides, the efficiency of each parameter on the ISF process was investigated with the Pareto analysis. It has been revealed that each strategy has some advantages and disadvantages in ISF. The shortest forming time (1.55 min), the best geometric tolerance values (−0.05 mm, +0.2 mm), and the best thickness values (0.58 mm, 0.51 mm) were achieved following toolpath strategy 1, strategy 2, and strategy 3, respectively. The Pareto analysis showed that spindle speed and feed rate have a significant effect on toolpath strategies. The results obtained from this study will shed light on the effective advancement of small-batch production of sheets. Furthermore, the study contributes to the determination of parameters according to which of the sheet metal properties are desired.
Partnership status and time to viral suppression and sustained viral suppression among newly diagnosed heterosexual people with HIV
Authors: Sohail Maira , Long Dustin M , Batey D Scott , Mugavero Michael J , Ojesina Akinyemi I , Levitan Emily B 
Published: January 2022

Background Previous studies examining the role of partnership on HIV care outcomes have primarily focused on the men who have sex with men population in the United States, leaving a gap in the literature on this phenomenon among the heterosexual persons with HIV (PWH). This study examined association between partnership around diagnosis (married, unmarried-partnered, and un-partnered) with time to viral suppression (TVS) and sustained viral suppression (SVS) in newly diagnosed heterosexual PWH from a HIV clinic in Birmingham, Alabama. Methods TVS [time to first viral load (VL) <200 copies/ml] was measured using VLs from 12 months following diagnosis using Kaplan–Meier and proportional hazard model for interval censoring ( n=153) to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). SVS was measured using VLs for 12 months after first VS using logistic regression model ( n=137) to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. Models were adjusted for confounding demographics and clinical characteristics. Results The study population comprised of 77% Black, 57% male, and 46% aged 31–49 years; 24% were married, 35% unmarried-partnered, and 41% un-partnered. The median TVS (days) was 57 for married, 73 for unmarried-partnered, and 75 for un-partnered. Compared to un-partnered individuals, unmarried-partnered had similar, whereas married had 69% higher [HR (95% CI): 1.69 (1.02, 2.78)] hazard of TVS. Compared to un-partnered, unmarried-partnered and married individuals had similar odds of achieving SVS. Conclusion Married, newly diagnosed, heterosexual PWH had faster TVS than un-partnered individuals suggesting that intimate partners may help achieve HIV care goals.
Numerical investigation of heat exchanger pipe equipped with chamfered circular ring separated from wall to intensify thermo-hydraulic performance
Authors: Agham Rahul D , Mahalle Ashish M 
Published: January 2022

Chamfered circular ring (CCR) innovated from conventional circular ring by introducing chamfered surface on its periphery at 30o attack angle is numerically investigated to study its effect on fluid flow characteristics, heat transfer enhancement, and friction factor in a heat exchanger pipe. In order to study flow blockage effect on overall performance of device, three diameter ratios (DR = Di/Do = 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8) with three spacing ratios (SR = s/D = 1, 2 and 3) are used. Turbulent model k – ε, RNG with enhanced wall treatment is used to solve governing equations. Results showed that CCR chamfered surface produced nozzle jet effect on pipe wall surface through clearance of 1 mm, which further induced turbulent and recirculating flow effect near pipe wall area. This resulted into higher heat transfer rate. All the diameter ratios with SR = 1 showed thermal performance factor value more than unity at most of the lower Reynolds number. The range of TPF shown by DR = 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 with SR =1 is 1.21–0.93, 1.23–0.97, and 1.19–0.99, respectively. Compromised results of TPF are shown by DR = 0.7 and DR = 0.8 at SR = 1. Chamfered circular ring has shown better results over circular ring, perforated conical ring, short length twisted tape, twin co-twisted tape, wire rod bundles, and perforated twisted tape. Numerical results showed better agreement with predicted results within the range of 10%. Highest TPF of 1.23 is shown by DR = 0.7 and SR = 1 at Re 6000.