bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexor digitorum brevis utilizes elastic strain energy to contribute to both work generation and energy absorption at the foot
Authors: Smith Ross E. , Lichtwark Glen A. , Kelly Luke A. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The central nervous system utilizes tendon compliance of the intrinsic foot muscles to aid the foot's arch spring, storing and returning energy in its tendinous tissues. Recently, the intrinsic foot muscles have been shown to adapt their energetic contributions during a variety of locomotor tasks to fulfil centre of mass work demands. However, the mechanism by which the small intrinsic foot muscles are able to make versatile energetic contributions remains unknown. Therefore, we examined the muscle–tendon dynamics of the flexor digitorum brevis during stepping, jumping and landing tasks to see whether the central nervous system regulates muscle activation magnitude and timing to enable energy storage and return to enhance energetic contributions. In step-ups and jumps, energy was stored in the tendinous tissue during arch compression; during arch recoil, the fascicles shortened at a slower rate than the tendinous tissues while the foot generated energy. In step-downs and landings, the tendinous tissues elongated more and at greater rates than the fascicles during arch compression while the foot absorbed energy. These results indicate that the central nervous system utilizes arch compression to store elastic energy in the tendinous tissues of the intrinsic foot muscles to add or remove mechanical energy when the body accelerates or decelerates. This study provides evidence for an adaptive mechanism to enable the foot's energetic versatility and further indicates the value of tendon compliance in distal lower limb muscle–tendon units in locomotion.
Specialists, Generalists, or Both? Founders’ Multidimensional Breadth of Experience and Entrepreneurial Ventures’ Fundraising at IPO
Authors: Souitaris Vangelis , Peng Bo , Zerbinati Stefania , Shepherd Dean A. 
Published: March 2022

Different streams of research have led to contradictory conclusions about the venture performance implications of founders’ breadth of experience. Although extant empirical studies have explored the performance implications of founders’ breadth of experience at the start-up stage, we focus on the later stage of the initial public offering (IPO). We theorize that investors categorize venture founders based on two salient dimensions—their industry and functional background—and we relate this categorization to resource acquisition at IPO. To test our model, we use a hand-collected data set of 175 entrepreneurial IPOs in the Alternative Investment Market in London (2002–2013) and two randomized experiments. We theorize and find that compared with entrepreneurial ventures with a lead founder specializing in one industry or one function, investors generally devalue those with a category-spanning lead founder (a generalist). However, devaluation is less severe when a lead founder is a generalist in one dimension (e.g., industry) but a specialist in the other dimension (e.g., function). We also theorize and empirically test trust as a mechanism for the generalist penalty. Specifically, audience members (investors) have low trust in a generalist producer (founder) in contexts where the two parties consider entering into a partnership (equity investment at IPO), and so that generalist producer is devalued. Finally, we show that an external expert endorsement—in our case, from intensive venture capital affiliations—offsets the generalist penalty, especially when category spanning occurs in multiple category dimensions.Funding: This work was supported by the University of St. Gallen and the Natural Science of China [Grant 71832012].Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1581 .
Concordance of ompA types in children re-infected with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis following mass azithromycin treatment for trachoma
Authors: Mosenia Arman , Chin Stephanie A. , Alemayehu Wondu , Melese Muluken , Lakew Takele , Zhou Zhaoxia , Doan Thuy , Cevallos Vicky , Lietman Thomas M. , Keenan Jeremy D. 
Published: March 2022

Background
The chlamydial major outer membrane protein, encoded by the ompA gene, is a primary target for chlamydial vaccine research. However, human studies of ompA-specific immunity are limited, and prior studies have been limited in differentiating re-infection from persistent infection. The purpose of this study was to assess whether children living in trachoma-endemic communities with re-infections of ocular chlamydia were more likely to be infected with a different or similar genovar.

Methodology and findings
The study included 21 communities from a trachoma-hyperendemic area of Ethiopia that had been treated with a mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma. Conjunctival swabbing was offered to all children younger than 5 years of age at baseline (i.e., pre-treatment), and then at follow-up visits 2 and 6 months later. Swabs were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect C. trachomatis. A random sample of 359 PCR-positive swabs, stratified by study visit and study community, was chosen for ompA sequencing. In addition, ompA sequencing was performed on all swabs of 24 children who experienced chlamydial re-infection (i.e., positive chlamydial test before treatment, negative test 2 months following mass distribution of azithromycin, and again a positive test 6 months post-treatment). ompA sequencing was successful for 351 of 359 swabs of the random sample and 44 of 48 swabs of the re-infection sample. In the random sample, ompA types clustered within households more than would be expected by chance. Among the 21 re-infected children with complete ompA data, 14 had the same ompA type before and after treatment.

Conclusion
The high frequency of ompA concordance suggests incomplete genovar-specific protective immunity and the need for multiple antigens as vaccine targets.
Lymphatic filariasis in 2016 in American Samoa: Identifying clustering and hotspots using non-spatial and three spatial analytical methods
Authors: Wangdi Kinley , Sheel Meru , Fuimaono Saipale , Graves Patricia M. , Lau Colleen L. 
Published: March 2022

Background
American Samoa completed seven rounds of mass drug administration from 2000–2006 as part of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF). However, resurgence was confirmed in 2016 through WHO-recommended school-based transmission assessment survey and a community-based survey. This paper uses data from the 2016 community survey to compare different spatial and non-spatial methods to characterise clustering and hotspots of LF.

Method
Non-spatial clustering of infection markers (antigen [Ag], microfilaraemia [Mf], and antibodies (Ab [Wb123, Bm14, Bm33]) was assessed using intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICC) at household and village levels. Spatial dependence, clustering and hotspots were examined using semivariograms, Kulldorf’s scan statistic and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics based on locations of surveyed households.

Results
The survey included 2671 persons (750 households, 730 unique locations in 30 villages). ICCs were higher at household (0.20–0.69) than village levels (0.10–0.30) for all infection markers. Semivariograms identified significant spatial dependency for all markers (range 207–562 metres). Using Kulldorff’s scan statistic, significant spatial clustering was observed in two previously known locations of ongoing transmission: for all markers in Fagali’i and all Abs in Vaitogi. Getis-Ord Gi* statistic identified hotspots of all markers in Fagali’i, Vaitogi, and Pago Pago-Anua areas. A hotspot of Ag and Wb123 Ab was identified around the villages of Nua-Seetaga-Asili. Bm14 and Bm33 Ab hotspots were seen in Maleimi and Vaitogi-Ili’ili-Tafuna.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrated the utility of different non-spatial and spatial methods for investigating clustering and hotspots, the benefits of using multiple infection markers, and the value of triangulating results between methods.
Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Implementasi Akad dan Mekanisme Google Adsense dalam Bisnis Iklan
Authors: Luthfi Ahmad Hashfi , Hidayatullah Abdul Rahman Arif , Dewi Nesfi Nurmiyarti , Saputra Irham Yoga , Shinta Septiana Has 
Published: March 2022

This study examines the mechanism of the Google Adsense contract in the advertising business against a review of Islamic law. The purpose of this study is to determine the process of implementing the google adsense mechanism in the advertising business against a review of Islamic law. This type of research uses data collection techniques from several journals obtained during the study by studying matters relating to the use of google adsense in the advertising business against a review of Islamic law. The results of this study indicate that the google adsense contract mechanism in the advertising business against a review of Islamic law reflects the basic values in accordance with the rules of contract law. keywords: Google Adsense; Advertising Business; Islamic Law.
Risk factors for damage to the dura mater in thoracic and lumbar spine injury
Authors: Martikyan A. G. , Grin A. A. , Talypov A. E. , Arakelyan S. L. 
Published: March 2022

Objective. To clarify a significance of the risk factors for damage to the dura mater (DM) in fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine.Material and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of examination data and surgical treatment results of 350 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Fractures of the thoracic spine were observed in 124 patients, and those of the lumbar spine in 226. The study included 167 operated patients who underwent posterior decompression at the fracture level using laminectomy and transpedicular fixation of the injured spinal motion segment. There were two groups of patients: study group included 55 patients with DM rupture and control one – 112 patients without damage to the DM.Results. Damage to the DM was found in 32.9 % of patients, the rupture was localized on the posterior surface of the dural sac. In patients with rupture of the dura mater, ASIA type A and B neurological disorders were significantly more common (p = 0.00065). The DM damage occurs significantly more often in patients with type C fracture according to the AOSpine classification, with multilevel spinal injuries and combined SCI (Injury Severity Score more than 27.58 ± 9.46 points). The most significant risk factors for the development of DM ruptures are narrowing of the spinal canal at the fracture level by more than 50 %, a fracture of the vertebral arch, an increase in the relative interpedicular distance of more than 20 %, and diastasis between the fragments of the arches by more than 2.5 mm.Conclusion. The damage to the dura mater is a common complication of vertebral fracture. The prediction of dura mater rupture will allow optimizing surgical approach and improving the treatment outcome.
Factors affecting the formation of bone block in patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis
Authors: Kinzyagulov B. R. , Lebedev V. B. , Zuev A. A. 
Published: March 2022

Objective. To analyze significance of the influence of various factors on the fusion rate in patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis.Material and Methods. A retrospective monocenter study included data from 41 patients aged 18 years and older with isthmic spondylolisthesis who underwent transforaminal interbody fusion with cage using a four-screw rigid transpedicular fixation system. The influence of potential risk factors on the fusion rate was studied.Results. A univariate analysis showed that obesity (p = 0.037) and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for more than three months (p = 0.007) significantly affect the formation of a bone block. When compiling a logistic regression model, it was found that a combination of obesity, smoking, and the use of NSAIDs for more than three months significantly worsens the prognosis of bone block formation (p = 0.007; R2N = 0.405; AUC = 0.850).Conclusion. The study showed that the absence of bone block formation in patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis may be associated with smoking, obesity, and the use of NSAIDs for more than three months. Keeping these factors in mind and trying to minimize their presence can help ensure better radiographic outcomes after surgery.
Vitamin supplements enhance Spirulina platensis biomass and phytochemical contents
Authors: Hamouda Ragaa A. , El-Boraey Neveen G. , El Bialy Badr E. , Alrdahe Salma Saleh , Darwish Doaa Bahaa Eldin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Spirulina platensis (SP) has a high impact on multidiscipline usage worldwide. Vitamins are considered as growth promoters due to their metabolic bio-regulating roles. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamins: riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), and ascorbic acid (C) on SP growth and contents of pigments, phenols, and phytochemicals besides its antioxidant activities. Vitamins were added in different concentrations to Zarrouk’s medium and tested for their effects weekly for three weeks of spirulina cultivation. The results revealed that 25 mg·L−1 thiamine or riboflavin promoted the most significant contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, respectively, after 14 days of cultivation. However, adding 10 mg·L−1 thiamine achieved the most significant increase in algal biomass yield and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and phycobiliprotein after 21 days of cultivation. Qualitative analysis showed that both SP and SP supplemented with 10 mg·L−1 thiamine (SPt) for 21 days contain tannins and flavonoids but quantitative analysis approved that SPt recorded significant increase in phenolic and tannin contents. Moreover, SPt induced a significant increase of total antioxidant activity in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-1,2-picrylhydrazyl assay in comparison with SP. Vitamins especially thiamine added during SP culture could improve SP biomasses, pigments, and phytochemical contents and hence increased antioxidant capacity.
A cross-linguistic comparison of the propositional content of laughter in American English and Central Thai
Authors: Hanks Elizabeth 
Published: March 2022

AbstractResearch suggests that laughter can serve several communicative functions beyond indicating mirth, and as such, may hold propositional meaning. The present study analyzes cross-linguistic differences in the propositional content of laughter in American English and Central Thai television shows. A framework for classifying laughter by propositional content was first developed by drawing on existing literature and bottom-up analysis of the laughter found in American English and Thai shows. The framework includes categories of positive valency, negative valency, and humor, along with subcategories of disbelief, support, expressive, and pride. A multi-modal corpus of laughter was then created by compiling all laughter instances in the first 100 min of three American English television shows and three Thai television shows. The meanings of all 848 laughter instances in the corpus were categorized by propositional content of laughter. Results show that humor laughter and negative-support laughter are more frequent in American English, and positive-support laughter and negative-pride laughter are more frequent in Central Thai. These findings provide further evidence that laughter contains propositional content because they indicate that laughter use is subject to cross-linguistic variation that aligns with existing linguistic patterns and cultural values.
Peierls distortion of the cobalt chain in the low-temperature structure of CoIn2
Authors: Gulay Nataliya L. , Kösters Jutta , Kalychak Yaroslav M. , Matar Samir F. , Rabenbauer Alfred , Nilges Tom , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
CoIn2 (Z. Metallkd. 1970, 61, 342–343) forms by reaction of the elements at 1470 K followed by annealing at 770 K for five days. The room temperature structure is orthorhombic (CuMg2 type, Fddd, a = 529.95(10), b = 940.49(13), c = 1785.8(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0563, 444 F
2 values, 17 variables) and shows a phase transition at 195(1) K (DSC data). The low-temperature modification crystallizes in the translationengleiche monoclinic subgroup C2/c and exhibits a new structure type (a = 933.7(7), b = 526.91(10), c = 1000.8(2) pm, β = 117.81(5)°, wR2 = 0.0374, 843 F
2 values, 30 variables). The structural phase transition is a consequence of a Peierls type distortion. The equidistant cobalt chains in HT-CoIn2 (270.1 pm, 175.2° Co–Co–Co) show pairwise dislocation in LT-CoIn2 with shorter (252.4 pm) and longer (284.1 pm) Co–Co distances. Each cobalt atom has coordination number 10 in the form of slightly distorted square antiprisms of indium, capped by cobalt on the rectangular faces. Density-of-states calculations reveal metallic behavior for both modifications. Integrated crystal orbital overlap populations featuring the bonding characteristics indicate a slightly higher intensity area for LT-CoIn2 along with a shift to lower energy, manifesting the stabilization by pair formation through Peierls distortion.
Una aproximación reflexiva a la crisis del multilateralismo frente al paradigma de la lucha contra el narcotráfico y el desarrollo sostenible: ¿la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos en Colombia y Perú como paradigma alternativo?
Authors: Devia Garzón Camilo Andrés , Ortiz Morales Catherine 
Published: March 2022

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y reflexionar sobre la actual crisis del multilateralismo y sus principios generales de conducta —ideas, discursos y prácticas—, lo que puede representar un escenario de oportunidades y amenazas para responder a la complejidad del problema mundial de drogas y la crisis de su paradigma dominante cuya estrategia, primordialmente militar, representa una visión de mundo anacrónica respecto a la seguridad reducida a un enfoque prohibicionista. Así mismo, tienen lugar los debates sobre el paradigma dominante de desarrollo, construido desde los acuerdos globales y sus principios generales de conducta —ideas— que han determinado y constreñido un enfoque multidimensional en el caso de Colombia y Perú. De esta manera, la visión de mundo ha estado determinada por la visión dialéctica del mundo interno —armonía— y externo —anarquía— de acuerdo con los enfoques racionalistas que, a partir de la crítica de los enfoques reflexivos en las Relaciones Internacionales, se plantea más que una explicación (causalidad), la compresión (interpretación) y co-constitución de la realidad y los fenómenos actuales, como el problema mundial de drogas y el desarrollo para la consolidación de paradigmas alternativos en Colombia y Perú.
KEEFEKTIFAN PENDEKATAN POLYA QUESTIONING INSTRUCTION UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN GEOMETRIS SISWA
Authors: Mardika Fitria , Hasanah Rusi Ulfa 
Published: March 2022

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keefektifan pembelajaran matematika dengan pendekatan Polya Questioning Instruction (PQI) untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penalaran geometris siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta. Pembelajaran matematika dengan pendekatan PQI ini menggunakan model problem solving dengan strategi pemberian pertanyaan (questioning). Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diberikan bertujuan untuk mengarahkan siswa berpikir dan bernalar untuk menyelesaikan masalah sesuai dengan langkah pemecahan masalah Polya yaitu (1) memahami masalah (understanding the problem), (2) merencanakan cara penyelesaian (devising a plan), (3) melaksanakan rencana (carrying out the plan), dan (4) melakukan pengecekan kembali terhadap semua langkah yang telah dikerjakan (looking back).Desain penelitian untuk memperoleh data mengenai kemampuan penalaran geometris siswa menggunakan bentuk pra-experimental design yang digunakan adalah One-Shot Case Study dimana suatu kelompok diberi perlakuan kemudian diukur hasilnya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta. Sampel penelitian adalah 32 orang siswa kelas VIII.7 SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta yang telah memiliki kemampuan awal yang cukup untuk mempelajari konsep.Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah soal tes kemampuan penalaran geometris. Pendekatan PQI efektif apabila persentase siswa yang memenuhi ketuntasan secara klasikal pada tes kemampuan penalaran geometris minimal mencapai 75%, dan proporsi siswa yang telah mencapai skor kemampuan penalaran geometris minimal kategori tinggi mencapai lebih dari atau sama dengan 75%. Hasil tes kemampuan penalaran geometris siswa menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan PQI efektif untuk meningkatkan penalaran geometris siswa. Hal ini dikarenakan persentase siswa yang mencapai KKM pada tes kemampuan penalaran geometris adalah 75%. Berdasarkan uji hipotesis dengan taraf signifikansi 5%, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa proporsi siswa mencapai kategori minimal tinggi lebih dari atau sama dengan 75%. Kata kunci: Polya Questioning Instruction, Questioning, Penalaran Geometris
HUBUNGAN LAYANAN PERPUSTAKAAN TERHADAP MINAT BACA PESERTA DIDIK DI SMK ADZKIA PADANG
Authors: Yuliana Sartika , Hasnawati Hasnawati , Hasnah Radhiatul 
Published: March 2022

This research is motivated because the motivation of learners to read is very lacking, most of the learners go to the library because they are lazy to learn and just to take off, or sleep. The problem limitation of this study is (a) library service in SMK Adzkia Padang (b) reading interest of learners in SMK Adzkia Padang (c) the relation of library services to the interest of reading learners in SMK Adzkia Padang. This research aims to find out a positive relation between library services to the reading interests of learners in Smk Adzkia Padang. The hypothesis proposed is that there is a positive relationship of library services to the reading interest of learners in SMK Adzkia Padang. In this study there are two variables, namely free variables (library services) and bound variables (reading interest of learners). This research is field research using a quantitative approach. This research method uses correlational methods. The population in this study was 68 learners and the sample number of 68 learners was taken using total sampling techniques. Research instruments use 2 (two) questionnaires, namely qustionnaire about library service and reading interest of learners. The data is processed using the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) Program version 20.00, and analyzed using the formula Product Moment Correlation Coeffisien Karl Pearson. The results showed that from pearson correlation results at rxy =0.585 greater than r tabell for 1 % = 0.325 and 5% = 0.250, thus Ha accepted and H0 rejected, meaning there isa positive connecting between library services and the reading interest of learners in Smk Adzkia Padang. And from the results of Pearson Correlation at calculated r = 0.585 can see the level of the relationship in the classification of correlation numbers, 0,585 located between 0.40 to 0.599 with the level of corelation.