bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
تمكين النساء الارامل في العراق في ظل التغيرات المعاصرة
Authors: العاني ضحى عادل محمود , القيسي خوله عبد الوهاب 
Published: November 2022

شهد العراق على مدى سنين طويلة العديد من الازمات السياسية والضغوطات والتغيرات والتحولات المتلاحقة والسّريعة والتي مسّت مختلف مناحي الحياة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والفكرية وغيرها، مما ولد ظهور فئة ضعيفة هي فئة الارامل ، وإن تنوع ضغوط الحياة التي تواجهها المرأة الأرملة قد تؤثر على سير حياتها بطريقة غير طبيعية وعلى إمكانياتها في تقديرها لذاتها مما يصعب عليها التوفيق بين حياتها الشّخصية والأسرية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية . وقد لاحظت الباحثتان أن الأرامل في الآونة الأخيرة أصبحن يعشن حالة من عدم الاستقرار نتيجة لما يتعرضن له من الكثير من الصّراعات الحياتية المختلفة، وما انعكس عليهن في صورة ضغوط نفسية ، فالقلة منهن يمتلكن القدرة الكافية على مواجهة تلك الضّغوط، والبعض الآخر لا يجدن ولا يستطعن تجاوزهذه الازمات الصعبة عليهن ، لان قوتهن وطريقتهن في مواجهة مصاعب الحياة تختلف من ارملة الى اخرى، ولهذا فهن بحاجة للمساعدة لتجاوز هذه الازمات النفسية والاقتصادية وغيرها. ولان المرأة تشكل نصف المجتمع وكونها المسؤولة عن تربية اجيال المستقبل كان لا بد من تمكينها اقتصاديا واجتماعيا لان هذا النوع من التمكين سيؤدي بدوره الى تمكينها سياسيا .
أمن الطاقة الصيني واستراتيجية الصين في السيطرة على مصادر الطاقة
Authors: زينب عبدالله  
Published: November 2022

يعد مفهوم الأمن أحد أهم المفاهيم المركزية في حقل العلاقات الدولية وهو يتسم بالتغيير والتطوير لكونه مفهوم متغير غير جامد مرت به توسعات في أبعاده لتتجاوز التهديدات العسكرية الى غير العسكرية التي لا تقل أهمية عنها والتي تنوعت بين تهديدات سياسية واقتصادية واجتماعية , وهذا ما ظهر واضحاً مع التطورات التي تلت أحداث الحادي عشر من أيلول / سبتمبر. خاصة مع تبني المنظمات الإرهابية وعلى رأسها القاعدة استهداف الولايات المتحدة والقوى الغربية ليس بمهاجمة أراضيها كما هو الحال في 11 سبتمبر بل اقتصادياتها مثل الاقتصاد الأمريكي والغربي في فضله باستهداف المنشآت النفطية التي تعتمد عليها واستهداف الامدادات الامريكية وناقلات النفط الأمريكية والغربية والتي سيكون لها الأثر في الاقتصاد الأمريكي والعالمي.
أما بالنسبة لأمن الطاقة فهو مفهوم ليس بالجديد إذ ترجع بداياته الى قرار وينستون تشرشل الذي يعد أول من طرح تعريفاً له ومع الحوادث التي شهدها النظام الدولي من ازمة حظر النفط العربي في عام 1973 والثورة الإسلاميةالإيرانية في عام 1979 التي نتج منها ارتفاع كبير في أسعار النفط. وقد زاد الاهتمام بهذا المفهوم عالمياً وتزايدت اهميته مع تزايد التهديدات الإرهابية بعد أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر باستهداف المنشآت النفطية ولا سيما في منطقة الخليج العربي ذات الثقل الاستراتيجي في سوق الطاقة العالمية.
اللامساواة المكانية في ظل الحجر الصحي: دراسة سوسيولوجية للهشاشة السكنية المتقدمة بمدينة تمارة.
Authors: عبد القادر بوطالب  , الزهرة الخمليشي  , وديع جعواني  , عبد الفتاح الزهيدي  , ياسين يسني  , عمرو رامي  
Published: November 2022

يسعى هذا المقال إلى فهم أثر اللامساواة المكانية على تجربة السكن في الأحياء الهامشية في ظل الحجر الصحي. في تحليلنا لأطروحة الانتقال من هشاشة سكنية إلى هشاشة سكنية متقدمة، انطلقنا من تبيان كيف فاقم إغلاق المجال العام من صعوبات ولوج ساكنة الأحياء الفقيرة إلى الكثير من الخدمات العمومية كالتعليم، وزاد من أشكال الحرمان المجالي والإحباط النفسي. ثم انتقلنا إلى جرد استراتيجيات التكيف الاجتماعي مع هذه الأزمة، التي نهجتها الساكنة للتخفيف من الآثار الاقتصادية للحجر الصحي، كاللجوء المجالي، الذي فرض على الأسر الفقيرة المستقبلة إكراهات سوسيو-مجالية جديدة. وأخيرا، انتهينا إلى الكشف عن الدور الذي لعبته الهشاشة السكنية المتقدمة في نقل الكثير من الفئات الهشة إلى هشاشة صحية متقدمة، تجسدت في إكراه الولوج إلى امتياز الإجراءات الاحترازية، ما زاد من احتمالات ارتفاع الإصابة بالعدوى الفتاكة.
السياسة المائية المصرية تجاه أزمة سد النهضة
Authors: Nasser kadhim Khalaf  
Published: November 2022

يمثل سد النهضة إنعطافة خطيرة في تاريخ العلاقات المصرية الإثيوبية ، إذ يمثل تحديا خطيرا لدول المصب وبالأخص مصر لأن نهر النيل يمثل سر بقائها وإستمرارها وتنميتها الإقتصادية وإستقرارها السياسي والإجتماعي . وإستغلت إثيوبيا أحداث ثورة يناير واضطراب الأوضاع في مصر عام 2011 لتشرع ببناء السد على النيل الأزرق دون الإتفاق مع دول المصب ودون الرجوع الى الإتفاقيات التأريخية التي تنظم العلاقات بين إثيوبيا ومصر والسودان . وتبنت مصر خيارات عديدة دبلوماسية منها وفنية لمواجهة أزمة سد النهضة حاولت عن طريق سياستها المائية تقليل الفجوة لتدارك النقص الحاصل في مياه نهر النيل .
Response of Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield Parameters of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Azad B-3
Authors: Padhiary Gargi Gautami , Dubey A. K. 
Published: November 2022

The present experiment was carried out during kharif 2017-18 with the objective to know the effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield parameters of brinjal cv. Azad B-3. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments each replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of both biofertilizers, chemical fertilizers and different combinations of both along with control. The observations were recorded on growth and yield parameters like plant height, no. of primary branches per plant, no. of secondary branches per plant, fruit length, fruit width, total no. of fruits per plot and fruit yield/ha. From the investigation, it was found that the treatment T5 (Azospirillum +PSB + 75% N + Full P&K) recorded maximum plant height (96.23 cm), no. of primary branches (6.32), no. of secondary branches (11.27), fruit length (13.89 cm), fruit width (8.42 cm), total no. of fruits per plot (724.66) and yield (448.65 q/ha) and proved as a best combination of biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizer for the improvement of brinjal cultivation through organically. Where treatment T5 significantly enhances the growth and yield traits of brinjal, it also recorded maximum benefit per hectare (B:C ratio 1:3.50).
External Validation of the Skin and UV Neoplasia Transplant Risk Assessment Calculator (SUNTRAC) in a Large European Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Cohort
Authors: Gómez-Tomás Álvaro , Bouwes Bavinck Jan Nico , Genders Roel , González-Cruz Carlos , de Jong Estella , Arron Sarah , García-Patos Vicente , Ferrándiz-Pulido Carla 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceThe Skin and UV Neoplasia Transplant Risk Assessment Calculator (SUNTRAC) tool has been developed in the US to facilitate the identification of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) at a higher risk of developing skin cancer. However, it has not yet been validated in populations other than the one used for its creation.ObjectiveTo provide an external validation of the SUNTRAC tool in different SOTR populations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective external validation prognostic study used data from a prospectively collected cohort of European SOTRs from transplant centers at teaching hospitals in the Netherlands (1995-2016) and Spain (2011-2021). Participants were screened and followed up at dermatology departments. Data were analyzed from September to October 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe discrimination ability of the SUNTRAC tool was assessed via a competing risk survival analysis, cumulative incidence plots, and Wolbers concordance index. Calibration of the SUNTRAC tool was assessed through comparison of projected skin cancer incidences. Skin cancer diagnoses included squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma.ResultsA total of 3421 SOTRs (median age at transplant, 53 [quartile 1: 42; quartile 3: 62] years; 2132 [62.3%] men) were assessed, including 72 Asian patients (2.1%), 137 Black patients (4.0%), 275 Latinx patients (8.0%), 109 Middle Eastern and North African patients (3.2%), and 2828 White patients (82.7%). With a total of 23 213 years of follow-up time, 603 patients developed skin cancer. The SUNTRAC tool classified patients into 4 groups with significantly different risks of developing skin cancer during follow-up. Overall, the relative rate for developing skin cancer estimated using subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) and using the low-risk group as the reference group, increased according to the proposed risk group (medium-risk group: SHR, 6.8 [95% CI, 3.8-12.1]; P &amp;lt; .001; high-risk group: SHR, 15.9 [95% CI, 8.9-28.4]; P &amp;lt; .001; very-high–risk group: SHR, 54.8 [95% CI, 29.1-102.9]; P &amp;lt; .001), with a concordance index of 0.72. Actual skin cancer incidences were similar to those predicted by the SUNTRAC tool (5-year skin cancer cumulative incidence for medium-risk group: predicted, 6.2%; observed, 7.0%).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this external validation prognostic study support the use of the SUNTRAC tool in European populations for stratifying SOTRs based on their skin cancer risk and also detecting patients at a high risk of developing skin cancer. This can be helpful in prioritizing and providing better screening and surveillance for these patients.
Trends in Clinician Burnout With Associated Mitigating and Aggravating Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Linzer Mark , Jin Jill O. , Shah Purva , Stillman Martin , Brown Roger , Poplau Sara , Nankivil Nancy , Cappelucci Kyra , Sinsky Christine A. 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected clinician health and retention.ObjectiveTo describe trends in burnout from 2019 through 2021 with associated mitigating and aggravating factors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional surveys were sent to physicians and advanced practice clinicians throughout 120 large US health care organizations between February 2019 and December 2021. From 56 090 surveys, there were 20 627 respondents.ExposuresWork conditions and COVID-19.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSurveys measured time pressure, chaos, work control, teamwork, electronic health record use, values alignment, satisfaction, burnout, intent to leave, and in 2021, feeling valued. Multivariate regressions controlling for gender, race and ethnicity, years in practice, and role determined burnout, satisfaction, and intent-to-leave correlates.ResultsOf the 20 627 respondents (median response rate, 58% [IQR, 34%-86%; difference, 52%]), 67% were physicians, 51% female, and 66% White. Burnout was 45% in 2019, 40% to 45% in early 2020, 50% in late 2020, and 60% in late 2021. Intent to leave increased from 30% in 2019 to more than 40% as job satisfaction decreased. Higher burnout was seen in chaotic workplaces (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.38-1.66; P &amp;lt; .001) and with low work control (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.91-2.30; P &amp;lt; .001). Higher burnout was associated with poor teamwork (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.78-2.43; P &amp;lt; .001), while feeling valued was associated with lower burnout (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.18-0.27; P &amp;lt; .001). In time trends, burnout was consistently higher with chaos and poor work control. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2021 burnout was 36% (95% CI, 31%-42%) in calm environments vs 78% (95% CI, 73%-84%) if chaotic (absolute difference, 42%; 95% CI, 34%-49%; P &amp;lt; .001), and 39% (95% CI, 33%-44%) with good work control vs 75% (95% CI, 69%-81%) if poor (absolute difference, 36%; 95% CI, 27%-44%; P &amp;lt; .001). Good teamwork was associated with lower burnout rates (49%; 95% CI, 44%-54%) vs poor teamwork (88%; 95% CI, 80%-97%; absolute difference, 39%; 95% CI, 29%-48%; P &amp;lt; .001), as was feeling valued (37%; 95% CI, 31%-44%) vs not feeling valued (69%; 95% CI, 63%-74%; absolute difference, 32%; 95% CI, 22%-39%; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this survey study show that in 2020 through 2021, burnout and intent to leave gradually increased, rose sharply in late 2021, and varied by chaos, work control, teamwork, and feeling valued. Monitoring these variables could provide mechanisms for worker protection.
Association of Concomitant Gestational Hypertensive Disorders and Gestational Diabetes With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Echouffo Tcheugui Justin B. , Guan Jun , Fu Longdi , Retnakaran Ravi , Shah Baiju R. 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceAccruing evidence suggests that gestational hypertensive disorders (GHTD) and gestational diabetes (GD) are each associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the extent to which the co-occurrence of GHTD and GD is associated with the risk of CVD remains largely unknown.ObjectiveTo estimate the individual and joint associations of GHTD and GD with incident CVD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study used the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care of Ontario (Canada) health care administrative databases. All women in Ontario with a GHTD and/or GD diagnosis, and a live-birth singleton delivery between July 1, 2007, and March 31, 2018, were considered for inclusion. Women with pregravid diabetes, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed from November 2021 to September 2022.ExposuresGD and/or GHTD, defined using diagnosis coding.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIndividual and joint associations of GHTD and GD with incident CVD (including a composite of myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, or carotid endarterectomy), estimated using Cox regression models, adjusting for relevant cardiometabolic risk factors. The follow-up extended from the index pregnancy until March 31, 2020.ResultsAmong 886 295 eligible women (mean [SD] age, 30 [5.6] years; 43 861 [4.9%] with isolated GHTD, 54 061 [6.1%] with isolated GD, and 4975 [0.6%] with GHTD and GD), there were 1999 CVD events over 12 years of follow-up. In the early postpartum phase (first 5 years post partum), there was no association of co-occurrence of GTHD and GD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.42, 95% CI, 0.78-2.58) or GD alone (aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60-1.06) with CVD; there was an association between isolated GTHD and incident CVD compared with no GTHD and no GD (aHR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.51-2.35). In the late postpartum period (after the initial 5 years post partum), compared with no GD and no GHTD, isolated GHTD (aHR, 1.41, 95% CI, 1.12-1.76) and co-occurrence of GHTD and GD (aHR, 2.43, 95% CI, 1.60-3.67) were each associated with a higher risk of incident CVD. There was no association between isolated GD and incident CVD.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, GHTD was associated with a high risk of CVD post partum, and the co-occurrence of GD and GHTD was associated with a much greater postpartum CVD risk. These findings suggest that CVD preventive care is particularly needed in the aftermath of combined GD and GHTD.
Association of Opioid and Stimulant Use Disorder Diagnoses With Fatal and Nonfatal Overdose Among People With a History of Incarceration
Authors: Palis Heather , Gan Wenqi , Xavier Chloe , Desai Roshni , Scow Marnie , Sedgemore Kali-olt , Greiner Leigh , Nicholls Tonia , Slaunwhite Amanda 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceStudies have suggested a rise in opioid- and stimulant-involved overdoses in recent years in North America. This risk may be acute for individuals who have had contact with the criminal justice system, who are particularly vulnerable to overdose risk.ObjectiveTo examine the association of opioid and/or stimulant use disorder diagnoses with overdose (fatal and nonfatal) among people with histories of incarceration.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cohort study, population-based health and corrections data were retrieved from the British Columbia Provincial Overdose Cohort, which contains a 20% random sample of residents of British Columbia. The analysis included all people in the 20% random sample who had a history of incarceration between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Outcomes were derived from 5-years of follow-up data (January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019). Statistical analysis took place from January 2022 to June 2022.ExposuresSubstance use disorder diagnosis type (ie, opioid use disorder, stimulant use disorder, both, or neither), sociodemographic, health, and incarceration characteristics.Main Outcomes and MeasuresHazard ratios (HRs) are reported from an Andersen-Gill model for recurrent nonfatal overdose events and from a Fine and Gray competing risk model for fatal overdose events.ResultsThe study identified 6816 people (5980 male [87.7%]; 2820 aged &amp;lt;30 years [41.4%]) with histories of incarceration. Of these, 293 (4.3%) had opioid use disorder only, 395 (6.8%) had stimulant use disorder only, and 281 (4.1%) had both diagnoses. During follow-up, 1655 people experienced 4026 overdoses including 3781 (93.9%) nonfatal overdoses, and 245 (6.1%) fatal overdoses. In adjusted analyses, the hazard of both fatal (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.48-3.86) and nonfatal (HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.94-3.11) overdose was highest in the group with both opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study of people with a history of incarceration found an elevated hazard of fatal and nonfatal overdose among people with both opioid and stimulant use disorder diagnoses. This study suggests an urgent need to address the service needs of individuals who have had contact with the criminal justice system and who co-use opioids and stimulants.
Use of Acupuncture for Adult Health Conditions, 2013 to 2021
Authors: Allen Jennifer , Mak Selene S. , Begashaw Meron , Larkin Jody , Miake-Lye Isomi , Beroes-Severin Jessica , Olson Juli , Shekelle Paul G. 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceAcupuncture is a popular treatment that has been advocated for dozens of adult health conditions and has a vast evidence base.ObjectiveTo map the systematic reviews, conclusions, and certainty or quality of evidence for outcomes of acupuncture as a treatment for adult health conditions.Evidence ReviewComputerized search of PubMed and 4 other databases from 2013 to 2021. Systematic reviews of acupuncture (whole body, auricular, or electroacupuncture) for adult health conditions that formally rated the certainty, quality, or strength of evidence for conclusions. Studies of acupressure, fire acupuncture, laser acupuncture, or traditional Chinese medicine without mention of acupuncture were excluded. Health condition, number of included studies, type of acupuncture, type of comparison group, conclusions, and certainty or quality of evidence. Reviews with at least 1 conclusion rated as high-certainty evidence, reviews with at least 1 conclusion rated as moderate-certainty evidence, and reviews with all conclusions rated as low- or very low-certainty evidence; full list of all conclusions and certainty of evidence.FindingsA total of 434 systematic reviews of acupuncture for adult health conditions were found; of these, 127 reviews used a formal method to rate certainty or quality of evidence of their conclusions, and 82 reviews were mapped, covering 56 health conditions. Across these, there were 4 conclusions that were rated as high-certainty evidence, and 31 conclusions that were rated as moderate-certainty evidence. All remaining conclusions (&amp;gt;60) were rated as low- or very low-certainty evidence. Approximately 10% of conclusions rated as high or moderate-certainty were that acupuncture was no better than the comparator treatment, and approximately 75% of high- or moderate-certainty evidence conclusions were about acupuncture compared with a sham or no treatment.Conclusions and RelevanceDespite a vast number of randomized trials, systematic reviews of acupuncture for adult health conditions have rated only a minority of conclusions as high- or moderate-certainty evidence, and most of these were about comparisons with sham treatment or had conclusions of no benefit of acupuncture. Conclusions with moderate or high-certainty evidence that acupuncture is superior to other active therapies were rare.
Estimating the Length of the Preclinical Detectable Phase for Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Aspberg Johan , Heijl Anders , Bengtsson Boel 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceA 50% reduction of glaucoma-related blindness has previously been demonstrated in a population that was screened for open-angle glaucoma. Ongoing screening trials of high-risk populations and forthcoming low-cost screening methods suggest that such screening may become more common in the future. One would then need to estimate a key component of the natural history of chronic disease, the mean preclinical detectable phase (PCDP). Knowledge of the PCDP is essential for the planning and early evaluation of screening programs and has been estimated for several types of cancer that are screened for.ObjectiveTo estimate the mean PCDP for open-angle glaucoma.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA large population-based screening for open-angle glaucoma was conducted from October 1992 to January 1997 in Malmö, Sweden, including 32 918 participants aged 57 to 77 years. A retrospective medical record review was conducted to assess the prevalence of newly detected cases at the screening, incidence of new cases after the screening, and the expected clinical incidence, ie, the number of new glaucoma cases expected to be detected without a screening. The latter was derived from incident cases in the screened age cohorts before the screening started and from older cohorts not invited to the screening. A total of 2029 patients were included in the current study. Data were analyzed from March 2020 to October 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe length of the mean PCDP was calculated by 2 different methods: first, by dividing the prevalence of screen-detected glaucoma with the clinical incidence, assuming that the screening sensitivity was 100% and second, by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model simulation that simultaneously derived both the length of the mean PCDP and the sensitivity of the screening.ResultsOf 2029 included patients, 1352 (66.6%) were female. Of 1420 screened patients, the mean age at screening was 67.4 years (95% CI, 67.2-67.7). The mean length of the PCDP of the whole study population was 10.7 years (95% CI, 8.7-13.0) by the prevalence/incidence method and 10.1 years (95% credible interval, 8.9-11.2) by the MCMC method.Conclusions and RelevanceThe mean PCDP was similar for both methods of analysis, approximately 10 years. A mean PCDP of 10 years found in the current study allows for screening with reasonably long intervals, eg, 5 years.