bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A morphometric study on variations of nutrient foramen of humerus with its clinical implication
Authors: Suma M P  , Arfan N K  , Suresh N M  
Published: March 2022

Nutrient foramen is an opening in the shaft of the humerus, which is the point of entry of nutrient artery that supplies the medullary cavity. It plays an important role in healing of fracture. To determine number, location with respect to the surfaces and the zones, direction of entry, the size and distance of nutrient foramen from distal ends and from the midpoint of humerus, the length of humerus.86 dried bones were taken, measurements of the bone were taken by using digital sliding caliper except the total length of humerus which was measured by using an osteometric board. In this analytical study the data was noted and the statistical analysis was done by using the mean range and standard deviation.The humeri had one foramen in most specimen which were mainly noted on the anteromedial surface and medial border. The mean diameter was 0.814±0.213. The foraminal index had a mean value of 56.835±7.802%. The Landmark index had a mean value of 56.299±7.750%.Our study provides details about the nutrient foramina that will benefit clinicians in surgical procedures, Orthopedic procedures like bone grafting and in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Haemophilia B- A coagulation disorder
Authors: Sharma Neena 
Published: March 2022

Haemophilia is a group of inherited blood disorders in which blood does not clot properly. Bleeding disorders are due to defect in blood vessels, the coagulation mechanism or the blood platelets. When the coagulation factors are deficient, the blood does not clot properly and bleeding continues. Haemophilia is a X-linked recessive disorder that affects males, while the females are protected by normal gene on X-chromosome. Haemophilia-A is the most common genetic defect due to deficiency of Factor VIII while Haemophilia-B is the second most common genetic defect due to deficiency of Factor IX also called as Christmas disease.The present case report is of a 18-year-old male boy admitted in emergency wing of Government Medical College and Hospital, Jammu, who developed iliopsoas haematoma which after complete investigations revealed deficiency of clotting Factor IX.A report of presentation of a case of haemophilia-B.The present case report was done to demonstrate the sign and symptoms of haemophilia-B, complete haematological, bleeding and clotting test done for diagnosis and its treatment.The case of haemophilia-B presented with sudden inability to walk demonstrating right iliopsoas haematoma on ultrasonography. The patient was anaemic with haemoglobin – 7 gm%, TLC – 7000 mm and platelets 2.5 lakh/μl. The prothrombin time was decreased (10 seconds), activated partial thromboplastin time was increased (45 seconds), Factor VIII levels were within norrmal range, while Factor IX was decreased. Finally, a diagnosis of haemophilia-B was made.
New Report on The Occurrence of Gregarine Parasites in Wild Species of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu, Malaysia
Authors: Zakariah Mohd Ihwan , Daud Hassan Haji Mohd , Abdullah Mhd. Ikhwanuddin , Wahab Wahidah , Abdullah Farizan , Mohammed Yusoff Nor Asma Husna , Draman Ahmad Shuhaimi , Hassan Marina 
Published: March 2022

Highlight ResearchThis is the first report of the occurrence of gregarine species in Peninsular Malaysia.The information of these findings will lead to the identification of species using genetic analysis.This information can help to solve the cultured problem of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry worldwide. AbstarctStudies on the parasite of prawn are likely to be important due to the commercial value of the prawn. Investigation study about gregarine parasites of M. rosenbergii in Malaysia is still lacking. Objective of this study is to determine the occurrence of gregarine parasites in shrimp, M. rosenbergii from Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu. The study was done specifically to observe the prevalence and the mean intensity of the parasites which include the morphological prevalence and parasitological study. Prevalence of the parasites in this study is 42.4% with 95% Cumulative Index (CI) 25.6% to 59.3% and value of Odd Ratio (OR) is 0.74 (CI = 0.29 to 1.88). Two structures of the gregarine which is gamont and syzygy found in this study are closely related to morphology characteristic of gregarine in the previous report.
Congenital Disorders of the Pediatric Thumb
Authors: Nguyen Jenny Lee , Ho Christine A. 
Published: March 2022

» Surgical timing for pediatric trigger thumb treatment is controversial for numerous reasons including the potential for spontaneous resolution, the possibility of bilateral involvement, and anesthesia concerns regarding the developing brain. Hence, a reasonable approach is to delay the surgical procedure until the patient is ≥3 years of age.» Preaxial polydactyly is usually unilateral and sporadic, with the most common reconstruction method consisting of excision of the diminutive thumb with preservation and soft-tissue reconstruction of the dominant thumb. The surgical procedure is typically performed around the patient age of 1 year to decrease the risks of anesthesia but allow reconstruction prior to the development of a tip-to-tip pinch.» Triphalangeal thumb and thumb hypoplasia are often found in the setting of systemic anomalies such as Holt-Oram syndrome, thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome, Fanconi anemia, VACTERL (vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal defects, and limb anomalies), and/or Blackfan-Diamond anemia. As such, patients should receive adequate workup for these entities. A surgical procedure should be performed only once patients have been medically cleared.» The status of the carpometacarpal joint in thumb hypoplasia determines whether reconstruction with first web space deepening, collateral ligament stabilization, and opponensplasty compared with index pollicization is performed.
Drilling Hard Abrasive Rock Formations with Differential Hydraulic Hammers: Dynamic Modeling of Drillstring Vibrations for ROP Optimization
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Yan Zeyu , Ashok Pradeepkumar , Chen Dongmei , van Oort Eric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In deep oil, gas, and geothermal well construction, percussion drilling is sometimes used to improve rate of penetration (ROP) and promote drilling efficiency when breaking hard abrasive rocks (with a uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) &gt; 25 kpsi). Down-the-hole (DTH) differential pressure hydraulic hammers can be used to convert the hydraulic energy of the drilling mud into the percussion energy necessary for rock destruction. The appeal of using DTH hammers for deep hard rock drilling is that this is a highly mature, low-cost, and proven technology. Lacking, however, is a good model to describe mud hammer operation, allowing mud hammer parameters to be tuned for ROP optimization in hard rock environments.
In this study, bond graph models are used to investigate the hydraulic and mechanical dynamics of typical DTH hammer stroking cycles. The Colebrook-White equation is used to derive the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for pressure loss caused by the turbulent flow between hammer chambers. The interactions between the hammer, the bit, and the formation are represented by three mass-spring mechanical systems with various degrees-of-freedoms (DOFs). Rock breaking is modeled using an anisotropic non-linear spring, which can represent the depth of the penetration of the hammer's indenters into the rock. This spring model also allows for seamless integration with the system model.
Dynamic percussion drilling behavior is simulated for various rock stiffness values while varying hammer parameters, such as input hydraulic pressure and piston-bit mass ratio. The simulation results provide estimations of both ROP and system energy transfer efficiency (ETE) expected for given hard rock drilling scenarios. The developed model can be used to optimize mud hammer parameters, which in turn will benefit ROP optimization in hard rock environments encountered while drilling deep oil and gas or geothermal wells.
Impact of Top Drive Torque Limit on Downhole Vibration Failures of Rotary Shouldered Connections
Authors: Petti Grant , Zheng Nanjiu , Koneti Srinivasa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Downhole separation of rotary shouldered connections in drill strings cause immense financial loss to oil and gas operators. Unfortunately, there seems to be an increasing trend in these downhole failures, particularly in deep water operations where the surface torque is limited by a top drive setting below the actual makeup torque of the drill pipe connections. This paper is intended to address the potential impact of the torque-limit setting at the surface on downhole torsional vibrations along the drill string when the operational torque approaches or exceeds that top-drive torque limit. The paper also discusses metallurgical testing methods that were used to identify the signatures of this failure type from multiple case studies.
The study uses a simplified analytical vibration model to evaluate the downhole dynamic torque along the drill pipe string and its dependence on the operation parameters, particularly top drive rotary speed. By applying the initial conditions directly correlated to failure cases, time-dependence of downhole drill string torque is calculated and compared to the recorded drilling data.
The vibration modeling process using simplified analytical models correlates well with the overtorque events in the failure cases modeled. The results also indicate that under certain circumstances downhole dynamic torque in the drill string could potentially be much higher than the top-drive torque limit setting at the surface. The metallurgical testing evidence provides support for the dynamic torque models in that damages were seen in the same patterns as predicted by the modeling. This modeling process, then, can be used to understand vibration problems in the drill string and correct for them by changing the top drive torque-limit settings and the rotary speeds.
MPD Cement Squeeze – The Advantage of Using Managed Pressure Drilling to Strip in Hole, Perform a Cement Squeeze and Confirm the Loss Zone is Isolated
Authors: Hester Clayton , Hammad Mohamed , Hollman Landon , Gabaldon Oscar , Hernandez Julian , Hernandez Angel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to show the advantage of utilizing Surface Back Pressure (SBP) to control the gain and loss of mud while stripping in/out of the well, during recovery from a high mud loss event. The use of the MPD system assisted in performing a cement squeeze while minimizing the risk of stuck pipe, and subsequently confirming if the loss zone has been isolated. In the Shafag Asiman field of the Caspian Sea, a Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) system was installed on a semi-submersible rig to drill an exploration well with uncertain pore pressure and fracture gradient window. While drilling the 14 3/4 × 17 1/2 in. section, losses were initially detected by the MPD systems Coriolis meter. Once total losses were confirmed, the decision was made to cement the loss zone and perform an open hole sidetrack.
This paper provides a summary of how the MPD technology was used to assist in managing gains/losses during a post mud loss event, and its vital role in minimizing the risk of stuck pipe when performing the cement squeezes to isolate the loss zone and subsequently balanced plug which enabled a successful open hole sidetrack, and minimized the number of operational days and carbon emissions.
Shaped Cutter Performance Optimization Through Advanced Drilling Simulations
Authors: Russell S. Craig , Duffy Stephen , Matthews Oliver 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Historically polycrystalline diamond compact cutters have consisted of a planar cutting face on a cylindrical diamond table. For decades industry has been aware of the potential drilling performance gains from forming these cylindrical cutters into other geometrical shapes. These early generation shaped cutters did not gain traction due to limitations in diamond technology, and high manufacturing costs associated with shaping the cutters. Recently PDC drill bits with shaped cutter designs are becoming more prolific in worldwide drilling applications. Often, the novelty in the design of the cutter shapes is enticing enough to merit opportunities for field runs. However, without an informed understanding of shaped cutter behaviors, there is risk of diminished drilling performance if the cutter shapes are not applied properly to the bit and application. The objective of this paper is to develop methods to evaluate two critical behaviors for shaped PDC cutter designs, overload integrity and aggressivity, and apply these methods to a full bit drilling model.
The cutter overload integrity characterization methods are developed using finite element analysis and the aggressivity characterization is based on high pressure visual single point cutter laboratory test data. The information is fed into a full bit drilling numerical model to predict bit performance and ability to avoid cutter breakage in a simulated drilling environment, accounting for factors such as lithology, interbedded transitions, bottom hole assembly type, and operating parameters. The models enable optimization of shaped cutter design and fit for purpose cutter selection.
The full bit model is tested and validated against field runs. Case studies include interbedded drilling in the Haynesville and Permian Basins. In both applications, bits were run with different shaped cutter designs, using drilling performance and dull photos to compare to the model outputs. ROP gains of 35% were seen in the Haynesville application, while the cutter survival rate more than doubled in the Permian application by using optimally selected shaped cutters.
The methods presented in this paper provide new pathways for shaped cutter design and selection. Digital tools are demonstrated to perform the multi-faceted analysis efficiently for pre-well planning and post-run analysis.
Building and Deploying an Open Plug-and-Play Solution for Supervisory Well Construction Automation
Authors: Grøtte Arnfinn , Marck Julien , Parak Mahdi , Laing Moray , Kvammen Oddbjørn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oil and gas operators continue to seek better ways to unlock value from operational data and drive consistent, predictable performance while mitigating risk on a well-to-well basis. This paper describes how a wellsite Edgecomputing solution was developed to connect and orchestrate the well-activity plan with wellsite advisory systems, provide unified instructions for drilling automation systems, improve the human-to-system interface, and connect cloud-based data lakes to real-time wellsite operations. Crucially, the system leverages open technologies and frameworks to expand options and provide a low-barrier entry point to automation for all vendors. In this new environment, multiple engineering applications can execute in parallel in a distributed microservice-based system ensuring the most pertinent models are continuously leveraged and anchored to the current operational situation. The engineering outputs are then orchestrated against current and future operational context to manage drilling limiters while anticipating and mitigating possible dysfunctions and inefficiencies. As automation has become a mainstream technology in well construction, there is a need for open platforms that integrate both well-activity plans and engineering systems into automated decision-making rig systems. This paper provides details on how this gap has been closed through a vendor-agnostic platform, which aggregates high-frequency, low-latency real-time data with well-planning information and hybrid data-driven models to provide closed-loop control and context-based decision making that interoperates directly with surface and subsurface drilling-automation systems.
Application of Vibration Mitigation Technology to Improve Performance and Reliability in the D.J. Basin
Authors: Marland Christopher , Gonzalez Duane , Koy James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vibration and drilling dysfunction continue to be a limiting factor to drilling performance. Minimizing vibration lowers the failure rate of downhole tools from short term catastrophic failures to longer term fatigue failures. Minimizing dysfunction reduces bit and BHA damage which reduces bit trips and improves performance as optimal operating parameters can be applied for longer. In onshore operations, short well cycle times strain logistics and asset availability. Rerunning assets, such as rotary steerable and MWD tools, is a significant cost saving to both the operator and service company. Mitigating vibration can be achieved through BHA design, bit design, and manipulating drilling parameters. However, these can be uneconomical, because they require a lot of trial and error, along with, multiple combinations and iterations. Using downhole vibration mitigation tools can be a more cost-effective method of reducing vibration while achieving economic drilling performance.
This example from the D.J. Basin, Colorado, used two different downhole vibration mitigation tools to try and reduce the magnitude of vibration, specifically, tangential vibration, which posed a higher risk of failure to the directional drilling tools. Four wells on a single pad were selected for the trial to ensure similar geology and well design. Four wells that had comparable geological and well profiles, were selected as offsets. The aim was to reduce vibration and successfully rerun the directional drilling tool on at least two consecutive wells, while maintaining the offset well's ROP.
The paper will outline the design of the two technologies and the results from each well. Changes in vibration magnitude will be explained and the effect on ROP. The paper will compare the four trial wells to the four offsets and contrast the performance of the two tools in the trial wells. The paper will also discuss mechanisms unaffected by the technology and how that provided insight into the interrelationship of vibration mechanisms.
During the technology evaluation process, it became apparent that the run history with vibration mitigation tools was relatively low for the D.J. Basin. Of the two technologies, only one had previous experience in the basin with less than 50 runs over the previous 10 years. This was the first application of this type of downhole technology for this operator in this basin. The results have identified vibration as a performance founder point and helped demonstrate the change in performance that can be achieved by reducing drilling dysfunction.
Development Methodology for Ultra-Lightweight Drilling Fluids Using Hollow Glass Beads
Authors: Kostov Nikolay , Penny Glenn , Rao Sai , Wu Qian , Gupta V. Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lightweight drilling fluids are needed to drill depleted formations and can also be used to maximize drilling rates of penetration. This paper presents a methodology developed to design and test ultra-lightweight drilling fluids utilizing a high concentration of hollow glass beads (densities &lt;5.5 lbm/gal). These fluids can be used as a simpler alternative to foam or air drilling in applications requiring densities in the 4-6.5 lbm/gal range.
As a starting point the field application requirements were developed which then were used to define a set of functional requirements for the hollow glass beads (HGB) fluid; tests and procedures for evaluating the performance against functional requirements were then developed. These included survival of the beads at downhole pressures and temperatures, survival of the beads under mechanical impact, formulation stability against hollow glass bead floatation, and rheological stability in addition to normal drilling fluid design requirements (e.g. compatibility & contamination testing). Selection of bead type and base oil were part of the development process. Several new lab tests were developed and conducted which allowed for assessing the performance and making adjustments until the functional requirements were met.
Several HGB drilling fluid formulations were successfully developed meeting all the functional requirements. Fluid densities as low as 4.6 lbm/gal were successfully tested; this is the lowest density hollow glass beads drilling fluid that we are aware of. Hollow glass bead survival at increased pressure and temperature was above 90% for pressures around 4000psi. In addition, the formulations show excellent stability with minimal glass bead floatation even at elevated temperatures. The mechanical survival of the glass beads was also studied in the lab and estimated to be over 90% in a typical well application. Rheological properties showed good stability with both pressure and temperature. Standard drilling fluid hydraulics software can be used for modeling the wellbore pressures.
The methodology described presents a systematic approach to developing ultra-lightweight HGB drilling fluids (below 5.5lbm/gal); these can be used in drilling applications where significantly lower densities below base oil densities are needed, especially as a simpler alternative to foamed fluids used in drilling depleted reservoirs (e.g. conventional depleted wells, drilling with MPD, mud cap drilling). The methodology also allows for determining the lower limit of densities that can be designed for a particular application, and can also be utilized for developing ultra-lightweight fluids for non-drilling applications.
New Methods for Improving Drilling Performance: The Power of Digital Workflows
Authors: Aguiar Romulo , Barreto Diogo , Tocantins João Pedro , Barr Alex , Lima Laura , Li Denis , Hemerly Adriano , Martins Guilherme , Lima Flank , Sortica Emanuel , Teixeira Paulo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After 10 years of Brazilian presalt exploration and development, the carbonate reservoirs continue to pose drilling challenges, leading to unwanted bottomhole assembly (BHA) trips due to severe shock and vibration, low rates of penetration (ROP), and premature drill-bit cutting structure damage. Today, industry efforts to improve the performance in the Brazilian presalt carbonates are driven by trial and error, which is very costly in the ultradeepwater drilling environment. The adoption of a collaborative mindset since 2012 between a service provider and operator with the desire to bring about a step change in drilling efficiency on the Brazilian presalt cluster enabled a systematic learning framework to capture, evaluate, and reuse knowledge from drilling dynamics, geological, and petrophysical aspects. The innovation of this work is the implementation of an improved, fully digital bit design workflow, integrating calibrated 4D dynamic simulation model and petrotechnical expertise from drilling engineering, geomechanics, geology, and petrophysics groups to continue to push the drilling performance envelope in the challenging Brazilian presalt application.