bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helmholtz: A Verifier for Tezos Smart Contracts Based on Refinement Types
Authors: Nishida Yuki , Saito Hiromasa , Chen Ran , Kawata Akira , Furuse Jun , Suenaga Kohei , Igarashi Atsushi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA smart contract is a program executed on a blockchain, based on which many cryptocurrencies are implemented, and is being used for automating transactions. Due to the large amount of money that smart contracts deal with, there is a surging demand for a method that can statically and formally verify them. This article describes our type-based static verification tool Helmholtz for Michelson, which is a statically typed stack-based language for writing smart contracts that are executed on the blockchain platform Tezos. Helmholtz is designed on top of our extension of Michelson’s type system with refinement types. Helmholtz takes a Michelson program annotated with a user-defined specification written in the form of a refinement type as input; it then typechecks the program against the specification based on the refinement type system, discharging the generated verification conditions with the SMT solver Z3. We briefly introduce our refinement type system for the core calculus Mini-Michelson of Michelson, which incorporates the characteristic features such as compound datatypes (e.g., lists and pairs), higher-order functions, and invocation of another contract. Helmholtz successfully verifies several practical Michelson programs, including one that transfers money to an account and that checks a digital signature.
Effect of different food groups on energy intake within and between individuals
Authors: Horgan Graham W. , Whybrow Stephen , Scalco Andrea , Craig Tony , Macdiarmid Jennie I. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Energy intake varies day-to-day because we select different foods, and different amounts of these foods. Energy balance is not tightly regulated over the short-term, and the variability in diet results in an energy surplus or deficit. The aim of this study was to explore how consuming more, or less, than usual amounts of foods contributed towards balancing of total energy intake (TEI) within a day.

Methods
Four-day food records came from 6155 adult participants of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey to study these effects. Within-individual regression models of the energy from 60 food groups on TEI were calculated. Energy intake variation within-individuals was regressed separately on the variation in amounts of each food group. Regression models were also fitted to individual four day means.

Results
Within-individual coefficients ranged from about 0 for high-fibre breakfast cereals to 1.7 for sugar preserves and spreads. Three food groups (e.g. low-calorie soft drinks) tended to reduce TEI, and 13 food groups (e.g. margarine and other spreads, and alcoholic drinks) tended to elevate TEI above the energy content of the food group when more than usual amounts were consumed. Foods groups of higher energy densities, or lower fibre content (e.g. typical “snack” foods, low-fibre bread, and processed meat) tended to promote greater TEI more so than did food groups of lower energy densities (e.g. meat, fish, high-fibre foods, and potatoes).

Conclusion
Different food groups vary considerably in the extent to which they affect TEI in free-living adults. The associations between consuming more, or less, than usual amounts of foods and the effects on TEI are consistent with those found in laboratory studies. Importantly, the present study found similar associations, but using a different methodology and in observational data, providing novel information on energy intake compensation.
Muscle spindles of the multifidus muscle undergo structural change after intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: James Gregory , Stecco Carla , Blomster Linda , Hall Leanne , Schmid Annina B. , Shu Cindy C. , Little Christopher B. , Melrose James , Hodges Paul W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Proprioceptive deficits are common in low back pain. The multifidus muscle undergoes substantial structural change after back injury, but whether muscle spindles are affected is unclear. This study investigated whether muscle spindles of the multifidus muscle are changed by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in a large animal model.

Methods
IVD degeneration was induced by partial thickness annulus fibrosus lesion to the L3-4 IVD in nine sheep. Multifidus muscle tissue at L4 was harvested at six months after lesion, and from six age-/sex-matched naïve control animals. Muscle spindles were identified in Van Gieson’s-stained sections by morphology. The number, location and cross-sectional area (CSA) of spindles, the number, type and CSA of intrafusal fibers, and thickness of the spindle capsule were measured. Immunofluorescence assays examined Collagen I and III expression.

Results
Multifidus muscle spindles were located centrally in the muscle and generally near connective tissue. There were no differences in the number or location of muscle spindles after IVD degeneration and only changes in the CSA of nuclear chain fibers. The thickness of connective tissue surrounding the muscle spindle was increased as was the expression of Collagen I and III.

Conclusion
Changes to the connective tissue and collagen expression of the muscle spindle capsule are likely to impact their mechanical properties. Changes in capsule stiffness may impact the transmission of length change to muscle spindles and thus transduction of sensory information. This change in muscle spindle structure may explain some of the proprioceptive deficits identified with low back pain.
Tackling diabetes as a team: co-designing healthcare interventions to engage couples living with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Messina Rossella , Berry Emma , Golinelli Davide , Donetto Sara , Reno Chiara , Moscatiello Simona , Laffi Gilberto , Sturt Jackie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Aims
Couples living with Type 1 diabetes: co-designing interventions to support them.

Methods
This is a qualitative study comprising two phases. Phase I represents the exploratory phase, consisting of semi-structured interviews with persons with Type 1 diabetes (N = 16) and partners (N = 6). In the second phase, co-design principles guided workshops with healthcare professionals, persons with Type 1 diabetes, and partners (N = 7) to facilitate discussion of the key themes identified and solutions to engage couples living with Type 1 diabetes in diabetes care.

Result
The key themes identified from phase I as priorities to target in future interventions were: (i) Emotional impact of diabetes and (ii) Partners’ involvement. Priority (i) captures the impact the emotional burden of diabetes management produces within couples’ relationship. Priority (ii) captures the request from partners to be more involved in diabetes management. Characteristics of the interventions suggested during the co-design phase II focused on engaging patients and partners via a counseling point in healthcare settings and tailored help for couples’ psychological support needs.

Conclusions
Couples value pro-active intervention and support from their diabetes team or primary care for both the partners to live well with Type 1 diabetes.
A flexible lattice framework for valuing options on assets paying discrete dividends and variable annuities embedding GMWB riders
Authors: De Angelis Paolo , De Marchis Roberto , Martire Antonio L. , Russo Emilio 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn a market where a stochastic interest rate component characterizes asset dynamics, we propose a flexible lattice framework to evaluate and manage options on equities paying discrete dividends and variable annuities presenting some provisions, like a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit. The framework is flexible in that it allows to combine financial and demographic risk, to embed in the contract early exercise features, and to choose the dynamics for interest rates and traded assets. A computational problem arises when each dividend (when valuing an option) or withdrawal (when valuing a variable annuity) is paid, because the lattice lacks its recombining structure. The proposed model overcomes this problem associating with each node of the lattice a set of representative values of the underlying asset (when valuing an option) or of the personal subaccount (when valuing a variable annuity) chosen among all the possible ones realized at that node. Extensive numerical experiments confirm the model accuracy and efficiency.
A new parallel algorithm for improving the computational efficiency of multi-GNSS precise orbit determination
Authors: Chen Xinghan , Ge Maorong , Hugentobler Urs , Schuh Harald 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe computational efficiency is critical with the increasing number of GNSS satellites and ground stations since many unknown parameters must be estimated. Although only active parameters are kept in the normal equation in sequential least square estimation, the computational cost for parameter elimination is still a heavy burden. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the procedure of parameter elimination to enhance the computational efficiency of GNSS network solutions. An efficient parallel algorithm is developed for accelerating parameter estimation based on modern multi-core processors. In the parallel algorithm, a multi-thread guided scheduling scheme, and cache memory traffic optimizations are implemented in parallelized sub-blocks for normal-equation-level operations. Compared with the traditional serial scheme, the computational time of parameter estimations can be reduced by a factor of three due to the new parallel algorithm using a six-core processor. Our results also confirm that the architecture of computers entirely limits the performance of the parallel algorithm. All the parallel optimizations are also investigated in detail according to the characteristics of CPU architecture. This gives a good reference to architecture-oriented parallel programming in the future development of GNSS software. The performance of the multi-thread parallel algorithm is expected to improve further with the upgrade of new multi-core coprocessors.s
The prospective relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
Authors: Milicev Jelena , Qualter Pamela , Goodfellow Claire , Inchley Joanna , Simpson Sharon Anne , Leyland Alastair H. , Kharicha Kalpa , Long Emily 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Aim
Mental wellbeing in the UK seems to have deteriorated significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the rates of loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress taking longer to return to the pre-pandemic levels than elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge about the interactions between these outcomes, or the factors that played a role in the rates of change. The current study aims to address this gap by simultaneously investigating changes in loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress in the UK from pre-pandemic levels to those between April and November 2020, while critically assessing the role of a range of social ecological influencing factors.

Subject and Methods
Longitudinal data from Understanding Society (N=3475) were used to explore the changes in loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress from pre-pandemic levels (2017-2019) through November 2020, the interactions between these outcomes, and the role of individual, social, community and geographic factors in the rates of change, using multivariate latent growth curve model.

Results
Loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress deteriorated minimally between April and November 2020, compared to the pre-pandemic levels (2017–2019), while the rate of change in each outcome influenced the rates of change in the other two. Key individual (age, gender, physical health), social (number of friends and similarity to them), and environmental (neighbourhood quality) variables influenced baseline scores and the rates of change.

Conclusion
Considering significant dynamic associations between loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress, we argue that interventions to tackle any one of the outcomes may have beneficial effects on others, while highlighting malleable factors and individual and community-level interventions to tackle loneliness.
The risk of PD-L1 expression misclassification in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Ben Dori Shani , Aizic Asaf , Zubkov Asia , Tsuriel Shlomo , Sabo Edmond , Hershkovitz Dov 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Stratification of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) for anti-PD-L1 therapy is based on PD-L1 expression in tumor biopsies. This study sought to evaluate the risk of PD-L1 misclassification.

Methods
We conducted a high-resolution analysis on ten surgical specimens of TNBC. First, we determined PD-L1 expression pattern distribution via manual segmentation and measurement of 6666 microscopic clusters of positive PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining. Then, based on these results, we generated a computer model to calculate the effect of the positive PD-L1 fraction, aggregate size, and distribution of PD-L1 positive cells on the diagnostic accuracy.

Results
Our computer-based model showed that larger aggregates of PD-L1 positive cells and smaller biopsy size were associated with higher fraction of false results (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, our model showed a significant increase in error rate when the fraction of PD-L1 expression was close to the cut-off (error rate of 12.1%, 0.84%, and 0.65% for PD-L1 positivity of 0.5–1.5%, ≤ 0.5% ,and ≥ 1.5%, respectively, P < 0.0001). Interestingly, false positive results were significantly higher than false negative results (0.51–22.62%, with an average of 6.31% versus 0.11–11.36% with an average of 1.58% for false positive and false negative results, respectively, P < 0.05). Furthermore, heterogeneous tumors with different aggregate sizes in the same tumor, were associated with increased rate of false results in comparison to homogenous tumors (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Our model can be used to estimate the risk of PD-L1 misclassification in biopsies, with potential implications for treatment decisions.
A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness to Predict Depression Symptoms Among Adolescents
Authors: Kyron Michael J. , Houghton Stephen , Lawrence David , Page Andrew C. , Hunter Simon C. , Gunasekera Sashya 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to produce a short-form measure of loneliness and assesses its prediction of depressive symptoms relative to a comprehensive measure. Western Australian adolescents completed the Friendship Related Loneliness and Isolation subscales of the Perth Aloneness Scale (PALs) three times over 18 months (T 1n = 1538; T 2,n = 1683; T 3,n = 1406). Items were reduced while preserving predictability. Follow-up confirmatory factor analyses and predictive models with the reduced and full PALs were then tested. A reduced six-item scale (PALs-6) preserved the two-factor structure of the PALs and showed strong prediction of very elevated depressive symptoms (Sensitivity = 0.70, Specificity = 0.78, AUC = 0.81); it was less successful in predicting future symptoms (Sensitivity = 0.67, Specificity = 0.64, AUC = 0.74). The PALs-6 provides a brief measure of adolescent loneliness for clinicians and researchers that also predicts very elevated levels of depression.
Integrating augmented reality in language learning: pre-service teachers’ digital competence and attitudes through the TPACK framework
Authors: Belda-Medina Jose , Calvo-Ferrer José Ramón 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in language learning has increased over the last two decades, there is still little research on the preparation of pre-service teachers as AR content creators. This paper focuses on analyzing the digital competence and attitudes of teacher candidates to integrate AR in the foreign language classroom. For this purpose, eighty-five college students were assigned into different teams to create their own AR-based projects which aimed at teaching English and content to young learners. The teacher candidates employed several software development kits (SDKs) to construct collaborative AR projects in a five-week period, including discursive and illustrative representations of the learning content. In this research based on a mixed method, quantitative and qualitative data were gathered trough AR project presentations and surveys encompassing two validated scales, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework and the Augmented Reality Applications Attitudes Scale (ARAAS). The statistical data and qualitative findings revealed that the participants lacked practical knowledge on AR content creation and implementation in Education. The major problems were related to the TPK (Technological Pedagogical Knowledge) intersection since participants had been previously trained in AR technology just as recipients and not as content creators and educators.
How Disability Activism Advances Disability Bioethics
Authors: Stramondo Joseph A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that, even when disability rights activists are most clearly acting as activists, they can advance the scholarly activity of disability bioethics. In particular, I will argue that even engaging in non-violent direct action, including civil disobedience, is an important way in which disability rights activists directly support the efforts of disability bioethics scholars. I will begin by drawing upon Hilde Lindemann’s work on relational narrative identity to describe how certain damaging master narratives about disability hinder the uptake of arguments from disability bioethics. Then, I will argue that disability activism, especially non-violent direct action and civil disobedience, provides an effective counterstory to some of the worst of these master narratives, thereby laying the groundwork for the scholarly argument s of disability bioethicists to be given more serious consideration. Ultimately, I conclude that the field of bioethics is improved when it abandons the gross grained, generalizations about who disabled people are and how they act put forth by oppressive master narratives in favor of the more nuanced self-descriptions offered by the counterstories being offered by disabled people themselves. So it is that, by challenging these oppressive master narratives that constrain and distort the social meaning of disability, disability activism can improve mainstream bioethics.
Efficacy of PEERS® for Adolescents via Telehealth Delivery
Authors: Estabillo Jasper A. , Moody Christine T. , Poulhazan Solene J. , Adery Laura H. , Denluck Elizabeth M. , Laugeson Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPEERS® for Adolescents is an evidence-based social skills intervention for autistic youth and adolescents with other social challenges. The efficacy and effectiveness of PEERS® are well established; however, limited data on PEERS® via telehealth delivery exist. The current study aimed to examine the efficacy of PEERS® for Adolescents via telehealth and compare outcomes between telehealth and in-person modalities. Thirty-one adolescents (Mage = 13.77,SD = 2.14) participated in telehealth groups, and outcomes were compared with 212 adolescents (Mage = 14.02,SD = 2.00) from in-person groups. Findings demonstrate PEERS® for Adolescents via telehealth results in significant improvements in social skills knowledge, social responsiveness, overall social skills and problem behaviors, and social engagement. Telehealth outcomes are relatively equivalent to in-person delivery.
Deterministic Wireless Channel Characterization towards the Integration of Communication Capabilities to Enable Context Aware Industrial Internet of Thing Environments
Authors: Picallo Imanol , Iturri Peio López , Celaya-Echarri Mikel , Azpilicueta Leyre , Falcone Francisco 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn order to provide interactive capabilities within the context of Internet of Thing (IoT) applications, wireless communication systems play a key role, owing to in-herent mobility, ubiquity and ease of deployment. However, to comply with Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics, coverage/capacity analysis must be performed, to account for the impact of signal blockage as well as multiple interference sources. This analysis is especially complex in the case of indoor scenarios, such as those derived from Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In this work, a fully volumetric approach based on hybrid deterministic 3D Ray Launching is employed providing precise wireless channel characterization and hence, system level analysis of indoor scenarios. Coverage/capacity, interference mapping and time domain characterization estimations will be derived, considering different frequencies of operation below 6 GHz. The proposed methodology will be tested against a real measurement scenario, providing full flexibility and scalability for adoption in a wide range of IIoT capable environments.
The Intensity of the Plasmon–exciton of Three Spherical Metal Nanoparticles On the Semiconductor Quantum Dot Having Three External Fields
Authors: Ali Hagar M. , Abd-Elnabi Somia , Osman Kariman I. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe influence of the plasmon of three spherical metal nanoparticles (MNPs) on the semiconductor quantum dot (SQD) having three external fields is analyzed. The density matrix equations are modified for the description of the optical properties of the SQD-MNPs nanosystem. We study theoretically the role of the plasmon–exciton dipole coupling in the SQD-MNPs nanosystem. We investigate the dependence of the plasmon–exciton dipole coupling of the SQD-MNPs nanosystem on the position of three spherical MNPs with respect to SQD as well as on the material parameters of the hybrid nanosystem. The direction and detunings of the three external fields play an important role in the characterization of the SQD-MNPs nanosystem.
Robust hand tracking for surgical telestration
Authors: Müller Lucas-Raphael , Petersen Jens , Yamlahi Amine , Wise Philipp , Adler Tim J. , Seitel Alexander , Kowalewski Karl-Friedrich , Müller Beat , Kenngott Hannes , Nickel Felix , Maier-Hein Lena 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Purpose

As human failure has been shown to be one primary cause for post-operative death, surgical training is of the utmost socioeconomic importance. In this context, the concept of surgical telestration has been introduced to enable experienced surgeons to efficiently and effectively mentor trainees in an intuitive way. While previous approaches to telestration have concentrated on overlaying drawings on surgical videos, we explore the augmented reality (AR) visualization of surgical hands to imitate the direct interaction with the situs.

Methods

We present a real-time hand tracking pipeline specifically designed for the application of surgical telestration. It comprises three modules, dedicated to (1) the coarse localization of the expert’s hand and the subsequent (2) segmentation of the hand for AR visualization in the field of view of the trainee and (3) regression of keypoints making up the hand’s skeleton. The semantic representation is obtained to offer the ability for structured reporting of the motions performed as part of the teaching.

Results

According to a comprehensive validation based on a large data set comprising more than 14,000 annotated images with varying application-relevant conditions, our algorithm enables real-time hand tracking and is sufficiently accurate for the task of surgical telestration. In a retrospective validation study, a mean detection accuracy of 98%, a mean keypoint regression accuracy of 10.0 px and a mean Dice Similarity Coefficient of 0.95 were achieved. In a prospective validation study, it showed uncompromised performance when the sensor, operator or gesture varied.

Conclusion

Due to its high accuracy and fast inference time, our neural network-based approach to hand tracking is well suited for an AR approach to surgical telestration. Future work should be directed to evaluating the clinical value of the approach.