bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present status and future directions: Hydraulic materials for endodontic use
Authors: Camilleri Josette , Atmeh Amre , Li Xin , Meschi Nastaran 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundHydraulic materials are used in Endodontics due to their hydration characteristics namely the formation of calcium hydroxide when mixing with water and also because of their hydraulic properties. These materials are presented in various consistencies and delivery methods. They are composed primarily of tricalcium and dicalcium silicate, and also include a radiopacifier, additives and an aqueous or a non‐aqueous vehicle. Only materials whose primary reaction is with water can be classified as hydraulic.ObjectivesReview of the classification of hydraulic materials by Camilleri and the literature pertaining to specific uses of hydraulic cements in endodontics namely intra‐coronal, intra‐radicular and extra‐radicular. Review of the literature on the material properties linked to specific uses providing the current status of these materials after which future trends and gaps in knowledge could be identified.MethodsThe literature was reviewed using PUBMED, and for each clinical use, the in vitro properties such as physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial characteristics and clinical data were extracted and evaluated.ResultsA large number of publications were retrieved for each clinical use and these were grouped depending on the property type being investigated.ConclusionsThe hydraulic cements have made a difference in clinical outcomes. The main shortcoming is the poor testing methodologies employed which provide very limited information and also inhibits adequate clinical translation. Furthermore, the clinical protocols need to be updated to enable the materials to be employed effectively.
Effect of TiO2 on the sinter crystallization of nepheline glasses for dental application
Authors: Alzahrani Ali S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTiO2 is known to play a key role in the controlled crystallization of “bulk processed nepheline glasses”. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding TiO2 to a nepheline glass system made for powder processing to develop glass‐ceramics for dental applications via the sinter‐crystallization route. Three novel glass compositions based on the nepheline system were synthesized using the melt‐quench method. Glasses were designed to contain 3.0 mole % TiO2, 6 mole % TiO2, and one glass made free of TiO2. Experimental glasses were ground into fine powders and then heat‐treated at identical crystallization schedules. The addition of TiO2 hindered the densification process during the sinter‐crystallization heat treatment. TiO2 free glass was found to sinter crystallize into a desirable material. In this study, the use of 3 mole % TiO2 and less was found to be effective in controlling the thermal properties without hindering the densification process during sinter crystallization.
Effects of immersion freezing on the conformational changes of myofibrillar proteins in pork under ultrasonic power densities of 0, 15, 30 and 45 W L−1
Authors: Li Junguang , Ma Xuyang , Wang Yu , Du Manting , Wang Yuntao , Du Juan , Li Ke , Bai Yanhong 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe objective of this study was to assess the effects of ultrasonic‐assisted immersion freezing (UIF) of 0, 15, 30 and 45 W L−1 on the conformation changes of pork myofibrillar protein (MP). The structure and conformation of MP were evaluated, and the solubility, thermal stability and sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) were also discussed. The sample treated with 30 W L−1 (UIF‐30) had the highest total protein solubility (116.6 mg g−1) and thermal denaturation temperature (57.07℃) compared with other treatments. UIF‐30 has higher α‐helix content, and fluorescence intensity together with surface hydrophobicity had insignificant changes compared with the control. In SDS–PAGE, only the sample treated with 45 W L−1 (UIF‐45) showed slight band degradation. In general, UIF‐30 effectively minimised the changes of protein conformation, which may be related to the reduction of mechanical damage to muscle cells caused by rapid freezing to form regular and uniform ice crystals. This is more conducive to reducing pork quality degradation caused by protein freeze denaturation.
The challenges and opportunities of the EU migration partnerships: A North African perspective
Authors: Papagianni Georgia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMigration is a major challenge and a key priority for Europe. The EU's Partnership Framework approach launched in 2016 signalled an altogether new era both for the EU’s internal policy‐making process and its cooperation with third countries in the field of migration. On the basis of an analysis of the key elements of the Partnership Framework approach and in the light of the overall institutional and policy dynamics, a series of positive and negative lessons can be drawn as to the opportunities it offers and the challenges that its implementation has been faced with until now. Given the indisputable importance of the North Africa region for the EU, an in‐depth analysis, including a possible way forward, of the EU’s relations with the North African countries is provided under the lens of the opportunities and challenges that the EU’s migration policy choices could offer and be faced with.
Burnout and psychological distress among Pakistani nurses providing care to COVID‐19 patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Andlib Sonia , Inayat Shahzad , Azhar Kehkishan , Aziz Faisal 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to assess the burden of burnout and psychological distress and its association among Pakistani nurses providing care to patients with COVID‐19.BackgroundNurses may experience an elevated risk of burnout and psychological distress during epidemics.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 288 nurses. Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to measure burnout and its domains of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Screening Tool for Psychological Distress was administered to measure depression, anxiety, stress, anger, and low social support.ResultsBurnout was present in 48.6% of nurses, severe emotional exhaustion in 37.2%, severe depersonalization in 36.8%, and low personal accomplishment in 46.9% of nurses. Psychological distress was present in 45% of nurses. Burnout and psychological distress were significantly higher in nurses who: were working in public hospitals, did not receive training for COVID‐19 prevention, and were dealing with increased patient load. Burnout and its domains were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, stress, anger, and low social support.ConclusionNurses are experiencing high levels of burnout and psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic with a significant moderate‐to‐strong association between these conditions. These findings accentuate the need for institution‐based interventions to mitigate burnout and preserve the mental health of nurses.Implications for nursing and health policyHospitals must screen nurses frequently for the presence of significant burnout and psychological distress and offer supportive interventions to protect their mental health and well‐being.
Controlled‐release iodine foam dressings demonstrate broad‐spectrum biofilm management in several in vitro models
Authors: Salisbury Anne‐Marie , Mullin Marc , Foulkes Lauren , Chen Rui , Percival Steven L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMultiple in vitro models were utilised to evaluate the biofilm management capabilities of seven commercially‐available wound dressings, varying in composition and antibacterial ingredients, to reduce common aerobic, anaerobic, and multispecies biofilms. The Center for Disease Control bioreactor was used to evaluate single species Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) 24 and 48 hours biofilms, as well as a multispecies biofilm consisting of these two organisms in addition to Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). As wound biofilms often exist in hypoxic wound environments, a direct contact anaerobic model system was used to evaluate efficacy on Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis). Biofilm control was evaluated against P. aeruginosa in the drip flow bioreactor model, where a constant flow of proteinaceous media is used to create a more challenging and wound‐like model. The results demonstrated that biofilm management capabilities varied amongst wound dressings. Two dressings, a controlled‐release iodine foam dressing and a silver nanocrystalline dressing, showed potent >4 log reductions in recovered organisms compared with untreated controls in all biofilm models evaluated. The effectiveness of other dressings to manage bioburden varied between dressing, test organism, and model system. A silver foam dressing showed moderate biofilm control in some models. However, biofilm exposure to methylene blue and gentian violet‐containing foam dressings showed negligible log reductions in all in vitro biofilm methods examined. The data outlined in this in vitro study support the use of the iodine foam dressing for wounds with infection and biofilm.
A core‐shell structured diffusion‐bubbling membrane for efficient oxygen separation: Formation and transport properties
Authors: Fedorov Sergey V. , Klimashin Anton A. , Belousov Valery V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe newly developed core‐shell structured molten oxide membranes with fast combined diffusion‐bubbling oxygen mass transfer and theoretically infinite selectivity are of technological interest because of their high separation efficiency. In this article, a core‐shell structured molten V2O5–Cu2O‐ based diffusion‐bubbling membrane was prepared by one‐step thermal treatment of initial CuO–25 wt.% Cu5V2O10 ceramic composite in a chemical field (under an oxygen partial pressure difference across the composite) above copper vanadate peritectic transformation temperature (816°C). Oxygen fluxes through the membrane were measured at 830°C, using either gas mixtures (O2 + N2) with different oxygen concentrations or air as feed gas at the shell of the membrane and helium (He) as sweep gas. Oxygen flux through the membrane with a shell thickness of 0.15–0.61 mm was 3.8·10–8–1.4·10–7 mol/cm2/s under an oxygen partial pressure difference of 0.1 –0.75 atm, respectively. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the thickness of the membrane shell is found. The relationship between membrane shell thickness, oxygen partial pressure difference across the membrane, and oxygen permeation flux through the membrane is established. Oxygen permeation flux through the dual‐phase MIEC membrane shell is described in terms of the diffusion model. Oxygen permeation flux through the membrane core is described both within the framework of the stationary model and nonstationary model for uniform (the membrane thickness is much larger than the characteristic distance of bubble dynamic relaxation) and accelerated (the membrane thickness is comparable to the characteristic distance of bubble dynamic relaxation) bubble motion in a viscous oxide melt, respectively.
Enhanced calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (CMAS) resistance of GdAlO3 (GAP) for composite thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Schmitt Michael P. , Stepanoff Sergei P. , Rai Amarendra K. , Lauer Pete E. , Spangler Ryan W. , Wolfe Douglas E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe impact of calcium–magnesium–alumino‐silicate (CMAS) degradation is a critical factor for development of new thermal and environmental barrier coatings. Several methods of preventing damage have been explored in the literature, with formation of an infiltration inhibiting reaction layer generally given the most attention. Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) exemplifies this reaction with the rapid precipitation of apatite when in contact with CMAS. The present study compares the CMAS behavior of GZO to an alternative thermal barrier coating (TBC) material, GdAlO3 (GAP), which possesses high temperature phase stability through its melting point as well as a significantly higher toughness compared with GZO. The UCSB laboratory CMAS (35CaO–10MgO–7Al2O3–48SiO2) was utilized to explore equilibrium behavior with 50:50 mol% TBC:CMAS ratios at 1200, 1300, and 1400°C for various times. In addition, 8 and 35 mg/cm2 CMAS surface exposures were performed at 1425°C on dense pellets of each material to evaluate the infiltration and reaction in a more dynamic test. In the equilibrium tests, it was found that GAP appears to dissolve slower than GZO while producing an equivalent or higher amount of pore blocking apatite. In addition, GAP induces the intrinsic crystallization of the CMAS into a gehlenite phase, due in part to the participation of the Al2O3 from GAP. In surface exposures, GAP experienced a substantially thinner reaction zone compared with GZO after 10 h (87 ± 10 vs. 138 ± 4 μm) and a lack of strong sensitivity to CMAS loading when tested at 35 mg/cm2 after 10 h (85 ± 13 versus 246 ± 10 μm). The smaller reaction zone, loading agnostic behavior, and intrinsic crystallization of the glass suggest this material warrants further evaluation as a potential CMAS barrier and inclusion into composite TBCs.
Low‐temperature synthesis and oxidation resistance of random combination of Hf, Nb, and Ta carbides microcuboids
Authors: Geng Xin , Xu Wenzhe , Huang Xiaoxiao , Ding Chunyan , Wu Songsong , Wen Guangwu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBased on the dissolution‐precipitation mechanism, this article successfully synthesized binary and ternary transition metal carbide microcuboids with random combinations of Hf, Nb, and Ta by annealing monocarbides/cobalt powders. Accelerated mass transport rate through the flow of molten alloys (Co‐Hf‐Nb‐Ta) instead of slow solid diffusion made the low‐temperature pressureless sintering technique (1500°C) a reality. Furthermore, the equilibrium morphology was driven by the gradient Gibbs potential of carbides induced by the different local curvature of powders and anisotropic interfacial energy. (Hf0.5Ta0.5)C possessed the optimal oxidation resistance among all mentioned carbides, even competed with (Hf1/3Nb1/3Ta1/3)C. During the isothermal oxidation at 800∼1200°C, the doping of Nb and Ta in carbides assisted the monoclinic‐orthorhombic HfO2 transition at ambient pressure, besides, TaC can also restrain the orthorhombic‐monoclinic transition of Nb2O5. Moreover, oxidation kinetics parameters concluded that the addition of HfC and TaC contributed to the decreasing reaction order and the increasing activation energy, respectively.
Rapid detection of Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus species by quantitative qPCR (qPCR) in commercial dairy products
Authors: Karaca Basar , Karakaya Ayse Busra , Ozcan Birgul , Coleri Cihan Arzu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThermophilic spore‐forming bacteria, especially Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus species, are a major problem for dairy industry. The presence of these thermophilic bacilli in the dairy products is considered a poor hygiene indicator during product processing. The commonly preferred culture‐dependent detection methods are time consuming. Therefore, the development of rapid and reliable molecular approaches for the detection of these problematic microorganisms in food processing is essential. In this context, specific primers for the gene (spo0A) that initiates sporulation were designed for Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis subsp. asaccharedens (F81) and Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (DSM 465T), which have been shown to be strong biofilm producers in dairy products. For this purpose, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed. The qPCR standard curves obtained with these primers allowed a total viable cell count in the range of 101–108 CFU/ml for G. thermodenitrificans, while the spore count was in the range of 103–108 CFU/ml. The primer developed for A. kamchatkensis subsp. asaccharedens was able to detect viable total cells and spores with much higher sensitivity (101–108 CFU/ml viable total cells, 102–108 CFU/ml spores). The primers developed in this study allowed separate detection of Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus in dual culture experiments. The primers and method developed in this study can also be used for rapid detection of Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus contamination in mixed cultures.
Deviation between quartz‐in‐garnet elastic geobarometry and equilibrium‐based pressure–temperature modelling in Barrovian metamorphic rocks
Authors: Mulligan Suzanne R. , Wells Michael L. , Hoisch Thomas D. , Salamat Ashkan , Childs Christian , Tschauner Oliver , Craddock Affinati Suzanne , Wills Marci A. , Smith G. Alexander 
Published: February 2022

AbstractQuartz‐in‐garnet elastic geobarometry (QuiG) pressures in rocks from two Barrovian metamorphic terranes in the western US Cordilleran hinterland exceed pressures determined using chemical thermodynamics by 3–4 kbar. For this study, 135 quartz inclusions from the Funeral Mountains, California, were analysed using QuiG in five garnets from three locations representing metamorphic grades of upper greenschist, lower amphibolite, and middle amphibolite facies. From a second Barrovian terrane, the Wood Hills in northeastern Nevada, 125 quartz inclusions were analysed using QuiG in 14 garnets from a single rock sample metamorphosed to middle amphibolite facies. Pressures determined for rocks in the Funeral Mountains using QuiG and methods rooted in equilibrium thermodynamics yielded consistent pressure differences between locations, but QuiG pressures are higher. Similarly, QuiG pressures determined for rocks in the Wood Hills are higher than pressures determined by equilibrium thermodynamic approaches. Possible explanations for the pressure differences include garnet compositions not reflecting equilibrium, sources of error in thermodynamic calculations such as thermodynamic data or a‐X models, or an unknown source of systematic error that causes QuiG to overestimate pressures of entrapment. To test Raman spectroscopy's ability to reproduce inclusion pressures, pressures were calculated using Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, which yielded consistent pressures and support the use of the single mode‐shift of the 464 cm−1 band of quartz for geobarometry, which simplifies the method by assuming hydrostatic compression of quartz. These results are compared with pressures obtained using Grüneisen tensors and show consistency between these different approaches.
Innovations in Prospective Perinatal Research as a Result Of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Kissler Katherine , Breman Rachel Blankstein , Carlson Nicole , Tilden Ellen , Erickson Elise , Phillippi Julia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn 2020, in‐person research activities were stopped because of the spread of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019. Our collaborative team of nurse and midwife scientists at universities across the United States adapted research activities to continue prospective perinatal research during the pandemic. These adaptations included development of new research techniques and the implementation of previously developed, but underused, strategies to conduct research from a distance. These strategies included online recruitment, virtual enrollment and consent, qualitative data collection via video conferencing, new applications of smart phone technology, wearable biological measurement, and participant self‐collection of biological samples. In addition to allowing research to continue during the pandemic, these innovative strategies may increase access to research for low‐income, rural, and racially diverse pregnant and postpartum populations. Decreased travel requirements, flexible scheduling, wearable devices, and the capacity to self‐collect biologic samples may improve recruitment and the experience of research participation. The rapid implementation of these research strategies has advanced innovation toward wider, more inclusive and increasingly diverse perinatal research access, and many of these strategies will continue to be used and refined.
Intersecting Structural Oppression and Suicidality Among Black Sexual Minority Male Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Authors: English Devin , Boone Cheriko A. , Carter Joseph A. , Talan Ali J. , Busby Danielle R. , Moody Raymond L. , Cunningham Diamond J. , Bowleg Lisa , Rendina H. Jonathon 
Published: February 2022

This study examined associations between structural racism, anti‐LGBTQ policies, and suicide risk among young sexual minority men (SMM). Participants were a 2017–2018 Internet‐based U.S. national sample of 497 Black and 1536 White SMM (ages 16–25). Structural equation modeling tested associations from indicators of structural racism, anti‐LGBTQ policies, and their interaction to suicide risk factors. For Black participants, structural racism and anti‐LGBTQ policies were significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms, heavy drinking, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, self‐harm, and suicide attempt. There were significant interaction effects: Positive associations between structural racism and several outcomes were stronger for Black participants in high anti‐LGBTQ policy states. Structural racism, anti‐LGBTQ policies, and their interaction were not significantly associated with suicide risk for White SMM.
Intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption in obstructive sleep apnea increase serum tau and amyloid‐beta levels
Authors: Bhuniya Sourin , Goyal Manish , Chowdhury Nilotpal , Mishra Priyadarshini 
Published: February 2022

SummaryObstructive sleep apnea is characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep disruption, leading to accelerated neurodegenerative changes and cognitive decline. Serum amyloid‐beta and tau proteins, which are markers for Alzheimer's disease, have been reported to increase in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. This study compared the serum levels of amyloid‐beta proteins and tau proteins in 46 cognitively normal obstructive sleep apnea patients and 30 healthy controls. Sleep parameters and severity of obstructive sleep apnea were determined using overnight polysomnography. Serum levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated‐tau were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea had significantly higher median serum levels of Aβ40 (121.0 versus 78.3 pg ml–1), Aβ42 (105.6 versus 18.6 pg ml–1) and total tau (168.5 versus 10.9 pg ml–1) than controls. Serum levels of phosphorylated‐tau did not differ significantly between the two groups. Serum levels of amyloid and tau proteins correlated with parameters of nocturnal oxygen saturation. Rapid eye movement sleep was negatively correlated with total amyloid‐beta proteins. We conclude that serum levels of amyloid‐beta and total tau are higher in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypoxia as well as changes in sleep architecture associated with their increased levels. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea should be closely monitored for the signs of cognitive impairment. Obstructive sleep apnea is a modifiable risk factor, and its treatment may reverse neurodegenerative changes and prevent cognitive impairment.