bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorination of silyl prosthetic groups by fluorine mediated silyl ether linker cleavage: a concept study with conditions applicable in radiofluorination
Authors: Kramer Carsten Sven , Greiner Luca , Kopka Klaus , Schäfer Martin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medical imaging, especially in combination with the PET radionuclide fluorine-18 that possesses optimal characteristics. For labelling of biomolecules and low-molecular weight tracers, fluorine-18 can be covalently bound to silicon by either nucleophilic replacements of leaving groups (like ethers) or by isotope exchange of fluorine-19. While nucleophilic substitutions require additional purification steps for the removal of contaminants, isotope exchange with fluorine-18 results in low molar activity. Both challenges can be addressed with a detagging-fluorination of an immobilized silyl ether motif.

Results
By overcoming the susceptibility towards hydrolysis, optimized detagging conditions (improved reaction time, fluorination reagent, linker, and resin) could afford the highly sterically hindered silyl fluoride motifs, that are commonly applied in radiochemistry in small and semipreparative scales. The described reaction conditions with fluorine-19 are transferrable to conditions with [18F]fluoride and silyl fluorides were obtained after approx. 10 min reaction time and in high-purity after mechanical filtration.

Conclusions
We present a proof-of-concept study for a detagging-fluorination of two silyl ethers that are bound to an optimized amino alcohol resin. We show with our model substrate that our solid-phase linker combination is capable of yielding the desired silicon fluoride in amounts sufficient for biological studies in animals or humans under standard fluorination conditions that may also be transferred to a radiolabelling setting. In conclusion, our presented approach could optimize the molar activity and simplify the preparation of radiofluorinated silyl fluorides.
Genetic variation in CSF2 (5q31.1) is associated with longitudinal susceptibility to pediatric malaria, severe malarial anemia, and all-cause mortality in a high-burden malaria and HIV region of Kenya
Authors: Kisia Lily E. , Cheng Qiuying , Raballah Evans , Munde Elly O. , McMahon Benjamin H. , Hengartner Nick W. , Ong’echa John M. , Chelimo Kiprotich , Lambert Christophe G. , Ouma Collins , Kempaiah Prakasha , Perkins Douglas J. , Schneider Kristan A. , Anyona Samuel B. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPlasmodium falciparum infections remain among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in holoendemic transmission areas. Located within region 5q31.1, the colony-stimulating factor 2 gene (CSF2) encodes granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor that mediates host immune responses. Since the effect of CSF2 variation on malaria pathogenesis remains unreported, we investigated the impact of two genetic variants in the 5q31.1 gene region flanking CSF2:g-7032 G > A (rs168681:G > A) and CSF2:g.64544T > C (rs246835:T > C) on the rate and timing of malaria and severe malarial anemia (SMA, Hb < 5.0 g/dL) episodes over 36 months of follow-up. Children (n = 1654, aged 2–70 months) were recruited from a holoendemic P. falciparum transmission area of western Kenya. Decreased incidence rate ratio (IRR) for malaria was conferred by inheritance of the CSF2:g.64544 TC genotype (P = 0.0277) and CSF2 AC/GC diplotype (P = 0.0015). Increased IRR for malaria was observed in carriers of the CSF2 AT/GC diplotype (P = 0.0237), while the inheritance of the CSF2 AT haplotype increased the IRR for SMA (P = 0.0166). A model estimating the longitudinal risk of malaria showed decreased hazard rates among CSF2 AC haplotype carriers (P = 0.0045). Investigation of all-cause mortality revealed that inheritance of the GA genotype at CSF2:g-7032 increased the risk of mortality (P = 0.0315). Higher risk of SMA and all-cause mortality were observed in younger children (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0015), HIV-1(+) individuals (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), and carriers of HbSS (P = 0.0342 and P = 0.0019). Results from this holoendemic P. falciparum area show that variation in gene region 5q31.1 influences susceptibility to malaria, SMA, and mortality, as does age, HIV-1 status, and inheritance of HbSS.
The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Andayeshgar Bahare , Janatolmakan Maryam , Soroush Ali , Azizi Seyyed Mohsen , Khatony Alireza 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is one of the diseases related to diabetes. Considering the varying prevalence of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes in different parts of the world, in order to aggregate the results and come to a general review about the topic mentioned, the current study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
In this study, the international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and Cochran library) were searched without time limit using keywords diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, and prevalence or epidemiology. Homogeneity was investigated among studies using Cochran Q test and I2 index. Given the heterogeneity of studies, random effect model was used to estimate the prevalence of OSA. Meta-regression was used to investigate the effect of quantitative variables on the prevalence of OSA. Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA) software was used for data analysis.

Results
Twenty studies were included in the meta-analysis. In these 19 studies, the total number of patients with type 2 diabetes was 10,754, with a mean age of 58.6 ± 4.1 years. Final estimation of OSA prevalence was calculated to be 56.0%. The results of meta-regression showed the prevalence of OSA increased with a rise in the mean age, the percentage of male sex, body mass index, and sample size.

Conclusion
Given the high prevalence of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes, weight control can partly mitigate their problems and possibly reduce OSA prevalence.
Rejuvenation improves the quality of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared for many generations on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Ghaemmaghami Ehsan , Fathipour Yaghoub , Bagheri Abdoolnabi , Talebi Ali Asghar , Reddy Gadi V. P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Domestication usually has negative effects on insect performance, especially when they are reared continuously for many generations. Rejuvenation can reduce the negative effects of domestication in the parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared for 30 generations (G) on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Life table and parasitism parameters in the primary colony (G31–G45) were compared with the respective colony rejuvenated with field-collected individuals.

Results
There were significant differences in life history traits between domesticated and rejuvenated populations. The highest (38.4 eggs/female) and lowest (13.3 eggs/female) fecundity was observed in rejuvenated G31 and domesticated G45, respectively. The highest values of the life table and parasitism parameters were observed in rejuvenated G31 without significant difference with G32, G33 and G34. The relationship between finite parasitism rate (ω) and generation number in both rejuvenated and domesticated populations were fitted to the cubic regression model, indicating the parasitism potential of T. brassicae increased significantly after adding feral individuals but decreased remarkably over the generations.

Conclusions
Therefore, it seems that adding 10% feral individuals re-established the reproductive performance of the wasps at least for four generations, and it needs to be repeated routinely or it needs to be made by adding a higher rate of feral individuals. However, this issue should be investigated by more studies in which different rates of feral individuals are added to the primary colony.
Hydration behavior and formation of strätlingite compound (C2ASH8) in a bio-cement based on tri-calcium silicate and mono-calcium aluminate for dental applications: influence of curing medium
Authors: Radwan M. M. , Nagi Shaymaa M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The aim of this work was to study the influence of simulated body fluid (SBF) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in Mueller Hinton Broth, MHB media) on the hydration reactions, formation of strätlingite (C2ASH8) and morphology of a composite material based on nano-size tri-calcium silicate (C3S) and tri-calcium aluminate (CA) phases. The two experimental phases were prepared in laboratory by firing the required molar ratios of chemically pure reactants by solid-state reactions at elevated temperatures. Investigation of setting time, micro-hardness, pH of immersion solution, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and cytotoxicity were also carried out.

Results
The results emphasized that the hydrated compounds of C3S phase can partly solve the problem of conversion process through the formation of the more stable and highly mechanical stratlingite hydrate (C2ASH8) plates that results in an increase in hardness values for samples cured in distilled water (DW) at 37 °C. The SBF solution showed more strength loss than those cured in Pseudomonas aeruginosa microbe (MHB) medium bacterial solution. SEM and EDAX analyses emphasized the formation of hydroxyapatite at 37 °C.

Conclusions
The prepared cements are promising for dental application.
Aberrant in physicochemical properties, functional health and medicinal grades of honeys from different sales outlets in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akinwande Kayode Lawrence , Oladapo Ajayi Joshua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Honey is consumed for the derived benefits as sweetener, for healing wounds, skin burns, regulating blood sugar level, treatments of some ailments, etc. In Nigeria, adulteration of honey is a serious concern, and these adulterated or fake honeys have health implications. This research aims to compare and contrast the physicochemical qualities, functional health and medicinal values of honey samples from local honey parkers, supermarkets and beekeepers’ sales outlets in Southwest Nigeria.

Results
The darkness of the honey from the three sources was significantly different. The honey samples from the beekeepers have ash contents values of 0.25–1.0 in line with CAC and IHC, whereas 7(46.66%) and 2(13.33%) of honey samples from the supermarkets and local handlers/parkers, respectively, deviated from this standard values. The wound healing development after 8 days of topical treatment of incision wounds with honey from beekeepers shows a good development. 93.3% of the honeys sourced from the beekeepers, 58.06 and 66.05% of the honeys sourced from the supermarkets, and the local honey markets were found to be original.

Conclusion
The originality of honey for consumers’ satisfaction is dependent on the complimentary factors of physicochemical properties, functional health and medicinal values. These findings provide information for consumers’ awareness on categorization of honey as original/pure, adulterated and fake and the health implications.
Management strategies to de-implement low-value care—an applied behavior analysis
Authors: Ingvarsson Sara , Hasson Henna , Augustsson Hanna , Nilsen Per , von Thiele Schwarz Ulrica , Sandaker Ingunn 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
There is a lack of knowledge about management strategies being used to de-implement low-value care (LVC). Furthermore, it is not clear from the current literature what mechanisms are involved in such strategies and how they can change physicians’ behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms is important for determining a strategy’s potential impact. Applied behavior analysis focuses on processes involved in increasing and decreasing behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand what management strategies are being used to de-implement LVC and the possible mechanisms involved in those strategies, using concepts from applied behavior analysis.

Method
We applied a qualitative study design using an inductive approach to understand what management strategies are in use and then employed applied behavior analysis concepts to deductively analyze the mechanisms involved in them.

Results
We identified eight different management strategies intended to influence LVC. Five of the strategies were developed at a regional level and had the potential to influence physicians’ LVC-related behaviors either by functioning as rules on which LVC to de-implement or by initiating local strategies in each health care center that in turn could influence LVC practices. The local strategies had a stronger potential for influencing de-implementation.

Conclusion
Both strategies at a systemic level (regional) and on a local level (health care centers) must be considered to influence LVC-related behaviors. Strategies at the center level have a specific opportunity to impact LVC-related behaviors because they can be tailored to specific circumstances, even though some of them probably were initiated as an effect of strategies on a regional level. Using applied behavior analysis to understand these circumstances can be helpful for tailoring strategies to reduce LVC use.
Surfactant–solid complex for enhancing the flow in pipelines: an experimental approach
Authors: Mahmood Wafaa K. , Abdulkarim Makarim H. , Abdulbari Hayder A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Viscoelastic soluble polymeric additives have been used successfully for a long time as drag reducers in pipelines carrying commercial liquids like crude oil. Most of these polymers suffer from irreversible degradation when exposed to high shearing zones as in valves, elbows, and pumps which reduces, or eliminates, its flow enhancement effect. Insoluble additives were proven to be an effective drag reducer that overcomes the degradation drawback of soluble additives. On the other hand, insoluble additives suffer from the lack of viscoelasticity which limits their use as flow enhancers. The creation of complexes from soluble and insoluble additives is a field of research that is rarely explored despite its importance in introducing new flow enhancement methods for a higher drag reduction performance. The present work introduces a new surfactant–solid complex as a drag-reducing agent for turbulent flow in pipelines.

Results
The surfactant, solid, and their complexes’ drag reduction performance was tested in a closed-loop turbulent flow liquid circulation system, while rheological characteristics of the soluble additives were tested using a standard rheometer. All the surfactant solutions showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior in all the investigated concentrations that ranged between 500 and 1300 wppm. The initial experimental result indicated that the surfactant solution's drag reduction performance was higher than that of the solid suspensions. On the other hand, the drag reduction performance was enhanced by 52% when creating a 1300 wppm surfactant–2000 wppm solid complex. This improvement in the drag reduction performance is due to the formation of surfactant–solid-enforced aggregates with high resistance to shear forces and high turbulence suppression efficiency.

Conclusions
The present work introduces a new drag reduction solid–surfactant complex by creating aggregates combining the viscoelastic properties of surfactants with the resistance to high shear forces exerted by the solid particles. The polar nature of the surfactant micelles that form in single-phase flow systems contributed significantly to trapping the solid's micro-particles as enforcement to resist the shearing forces applied by the turbulent flow system.
COVID-19 pandemic and the exchange rate movements: evidence from six major COVID-19 hot spots
Authors: Jamal Aamir , Bhat Mudaser Ahad 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe study’s primary objective is to unravel the nexus between the COVID-19 crisis and the exchange rate movements in the six major COVID-19 hot spots—Brazil, China, India, Italy, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The impact of the COVID-19 deaths on the Rupee/USD, Pound/USD, Yuan/USD, Real/USD, Lira/USD, and Euro/USD exchange rates is analyzed by using the panel ARDL model. The COVID-19 deaths are used as a proxy for market expectations. The panel ARDL model showed a unidirectional long-run causality running from the COVID-19 deaths to the exchange rate. In fact, the coefficient of COVID-19 deaths is positive and significant in explaining the exchange rate(s) in the long run. This result meets the a-priori expectation that a rise in COVID-19 deaths can depreciate the sample countries’ exchange rates. The reason being, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has changed the market expectations of the financial market participants about the future value of exchange rate(s) in the major COVID-19 hot spots. Therefore, countries experiencing a sharp daily rise in COVID-19 deaths typically saw their currencies weaken.
Accounting for the symmetric and asymmetric effects of FDI-growth nexus amidst financial crises, economic crises and COVID-19 pandemic: application of hidden co-integration
Authors: Obiakor Rowland Tochukwu , Okere Kingsley Ikechukwu , Muoneke Obumneke Bob , Nwaeze Nnamdi Chinwendu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the symmetric and asymmetric effects of FDI-growth nexus amidst financial crises, economic crises and COVID-19 pandemic s in Nigeria over the period 1983–2020. Having confirmed the long-run stable state among the variables, the symmetric estimates suggest that the FDI inflow/outflow is significantly linked with economic growth both in the long and short run, while the asymmetric model suggests that the parameter estimates have asymmetric effects on economic growth during the economic crisis in Nigeria. Specifically, the positive shocks in FDI inflow/outflow generate a significant reducing impact on economic growth, while negative shocks in FDI inflow/outflow generate a significant increasing effect on economic growth. Based on this findings, the study suggests that policy option would need to generate more economic activities that would improve net inflow/outflow and cushion the effect of future crisis.
Clinical and CT scan findings in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a comparison based on disease severity
Authors: Hesam-Shariati Sonia , Mohammadi Susan , Abouzaripour Morteza , Mohsenpour Behzad , Zareie Bushra , Sheikholeslomzadeh Hana , Rajabi Fahimeh , Shariati Mohammad Bakhtiar Hesam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe pneumonia and highly impact general health. We aimed to investigate different clinical features and CT scan findings of patients with COVID-19 based on disease severity to have a better understanding of this disease.

Methods
Ninety patients with coronavirus were divided into three categories based on the severity of the disease: mild/moderate, severe, and very severe. Clinical, laboratory, and CT scan findings of the patients were examined retrospectively. Any association between these features and disease severity was assessed.

Results
The mean age and duration of hospitalization of patients increased with increasing the severity of the disease. The most common clinical symptoms were shortness of breath, cough, and fever. As the severity of the disease increased from mild/moderate to very severe, there was an increase in neutrophil counts and a decrease in lymphocytes and white blood cells (WBC) showing excessive inflammation associated with severe forms of COVID-19. Subpleural changes (81%) and ground-glass opacification/opacity (GGO) lesions (73%) of the lung were the most common features in CT images of COVID-19 patients, and interlobular septal thickening (10%) was the lowest CT feature among patients. Regarding the affected parts of the lung in COVID-19 patients, bilateral, peripheral, and multiple lesions had the highest prevalence.

Conclusions
It has been shown that clinical, laboratory, and CT scan findings varied in COVID-19 patients based on disease severity, which need to be considered carefully in timely diagnosis and treatment of this illness.
Sex-specific Association of Primary Aldosteronism With Visceral Adiposity
Authors: Hatano Yu , Sawayama Nagisa , Miyashita Hiroshi , Kurashina Tomoyuki , Okada Kenta , Takahashi Manabu , Matsumoto Masatoshi , Hoshide Satoshi , Sasaki Takahiro , Nagashima Shuichi , Ebihara Ken , Mori Harushi , Kario Kazuomi , Ishibashi Shun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Context
The association between primary aldosteronism and obesity, especially its sex difference, remains unknown.

Objective
To assess the association for each subtype of primary aldosteronism with obesity parameters including visceral adipose tissue and differences between sexes.

Methods
In this case-control study, 4 normotensive controls were selected for each case with primary aldosteronism. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between each type of primary aldosteronism and obesity indicators. We used a random forest to identify which visceral or subcutaneous tissue areas had a closer association with disease status.

Results
The study subjects included 42 aldosterone-producing adenoma cases (22 women) and 68 idiopathic hyperaldosteronism cases (42 women). In multivariable conditional logistic regressions, aldosterone-producing adenoma was significantly associated with body mass index only in men (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI)], 4.62 [1.98-10.80] per 2.89 kg/m2) but not in women (OR [95% CI], 1.09 [0.69-1.72] per 3.93 kg/m2) compared with the matched controls, whereas idiopathic hyperaldosteronism was associated with body mass index in both men (OR [95% CI], 3.96 [2.03-7.73] per 3.75 kg/m2) and women (OR [95% CI], 2.65 [1.77-3.96] per 3.85 kg/m2) compared with the matched controls. In random forests, visceral adipose tissue areas were the better predictor of both aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism than subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Conclusions
Aldosterone-producing adenoma cases were obese among men, but not among women. Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism cases were obese among both men and women. Visceral adipose tissue may contribute to the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism.