bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Pathways to Modern Taxation
Authors: Philipp Genschel , Seelkopf Laura 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter argues that the extant literature on taxation and state formation suffers from four biases: a geographic bias favouring the fiscal experience of advanced Western democracies; a recency bias favouring the fiscal experience of recent decades; a substantive bias favouring the analysis of personal income tax and VAT over that of other important taxes; and a nationalist bias ignoring colonial and other non-sovereign modes of tax policy making. The chapter presents a new ‘Tax Introduction Dataset’ to address these biases. The dataset contains information on the historical date of first permanent introduction of six modern taxes (personal income tax, corporate income tax, inheritance tax, social security contributions, general sales taxes, VAT) in 220 countries worldwide, 1750–2018. The chapter clarifies the notion of modern taxation and maps the global diffusion of modern taxes across time, countries, taxes, and modes of adoption (sovereign and colonial). It introduces four main explanatory variables (war, economic recession, socio-economic modernization, and political institutions) and summarizes the findings of the chapters concerning the correlation of these variables with tax introductions across time, countries, taxes, and modes of adoption.
Social Security Contributions and the Fiscal Origins of the Welfare State
Authors: Kemmerling Achim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter analyses the worldwide introduction of social security contributions. It uses the example of Bismarck’s Germany to ask whether the adoption of social security contributions in non-European countries followed a similar logic as in European welfare state pioneers. To answer this question, the chapter develops the main differences between social security contributions and other modern taxes and deduces some empirical implications for the politics of their respective introduction. Next, the chapter explores quantitative evidence on why countries chose social security contributions when introducing their first social security laws. It finds that the decision to use social security contributions often followed the demands of urban workers seeking insurance rather than redistribution. The chapter concludes with qualitative evidence suggesting that these early manifestations of an urban bias often had long-term consequences for the politics of the welfare state.
Theories of grammatical knowledge in relation to formal syntactic and non-syntactic explanations
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 2 explores how acceptability judgments have been interpreted through the lens of different theoretical approaches in syntax, including derivational theories (e.g. Minimalism, Principles and Parameters), constraint-based theories (e.g. Sign-Based Construction Grammar, Lexical-Functional Grammar, Simpler Syntax), competition-based theories (e.g. Stochastic Optimality Theory, Decathlon Model), and usage-based approaches. Although there is a consensus among generative linguists that acceptability judgments can reflect a variety of different factors, it is shown that some theoretical approaches tend more toward formal syntactic explanations, while others tend more toward non-syntactic explanations. It is argued that two main factors contribute to this tendency: (1) the degree of form–meaning isomorphism that is built into the theory; and (2) the understanding of constraint application as either categorical or probabilistic/stochastic.
“Mein Kampf to a 4/4 Beat”
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Europe lacks America’s legacy of slavery, but it has legacies of fascism, imperialism, and anti-Semitism as well as a less-welcoming attitude toward immigrants, particularly from Muslim countries. Violent white supremacy reemerged in Europe in the 1970s, in part accompanying the rise of the skinhead movement, and was often promoted via white power rock-and-roll, eventually spreading throughout Europe. For most of the Cold War period and the years immediately following it, most of the racial violence in Europe was low-level but constant, with assaults on immigrants particularly common in many countries. Law enforcement was slow to respond, often not acting until problems became acute.
Conclusion
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois’s work and thought, including his concept of “double consciousness,” his inspiration by classical myth and thought, and his search for the history of Africans and African Americans, point the contemporary reader toward a modern cosmopolitanism. Du Bois both exposed and exemplified the multiform nature of culture and personal identity. Culture and identity are not monolithic blocs, but rather the result of the frequent cultural exchanges that characterize the history of nearly all of the world’s people groups and the sharing of divergent perspectives within the context of the wider human experience. Du Bois’s formation in the classics and delight in cultural interchange open up for the modern thinker a rich, cosmopolitan perspective.
Conversion Career
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter adopts Gooren’s conversion career model as a heuristic framework to demonstrate how one’s universe of discourse changes with increased participation and identifies the linguistic markers of this change. The chapter is divided into four sections and is rich with data: the first section explores the participants’ preaffiliation context by looking at their biographical narratives. The next section examines practices that mark formal affiliation to Goenka’s movement and the significance of these for the process of conversion. The third section reflects on the sociocultural and institutional factors that harbour participants’ rejection of the category of conversion and the Buddhist identity. This section subsequently proceeds with detailed exploration of the participants’ language, and the linguistic patterns associated with their transition to conversion. The final section on commitment depicts the characteristics of a core member identity based on the meditators’ language, reasoning, and their self-representation or performance of the Vipassana meditator’s role.
Fostering System Change
Authors: Johansen Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Most US national security problems, ranging from terrorism to the spread of weapons of mass destruction, from environmental destruction to life-threatening poverty, and from unwanted migration to gross violations of human rights, can be more effectively addressed if they are approached as problems of global governance rather than as problems to be solved by deploying US military power—regardless of the amount deployed. Military means should not be totally dismissed, but their recurring use is likely to increase risks of military competition, nuclear proliferation, terrorist attacks, forced human migration, and future violence. US security can improve with internationally agreed-on rules that constrain military technology, abolish poverty and meet human needs, protect the environment, and enable cosmopolitan law enforcement. Such lawmaking requires commitment to deliberate construction of effective, democratic, global governance in which all nations are equitably represented in order to reduce international anarchy and advance human security for all nations.
Japan as Asia?
Authors: Winter Tim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To address the bias toward European scholars in the many accounts of Silk Road scholarship, this chapter focuses on Meiji-era Japan. It will be seen that for a rapidly industrializing country engaged in international conflicts, a debate emerges around national identity and culture and the degree to which narratives of history should include connections to Asia. This leads to scholars and public intellectuals debating the cultural and religious influences that have shaped Japan and the “routes” by which they traveled. This discussion provides a foundation for understanding how the Silk Road comes to be shaped in the second half of the twentieth century as its popularity in Japan grows, a situation that influences international discourses at the end of the Cold War.
Hopes and Realities of the Digital
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Big hopes about African development are pinned on the digital economy activities, ranging from employment generation to reduction of poverty and inequality. In the context of widespread joblessness on the continent, young African workers—who are often highly educated—are turning to the new job opportunities (e.g. artificial intelligence and machine learning, call centre work, a range of gig work) presented by an emerging information-based economy not necessarily out of choice but necessity. Therefore, the core question of the book is as follows. How are these new digital economy activities influencing African workers’ lives and livelihoods? This chapter outlines the book’s theoretical and conceptual scope, the geographical context of the research behind it, its key contributions, and core arguments.
Resilience, Reworking, and Resistance
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how African workers exercise agency in the remote gig economy. In addition to the monetary and non-monetary rewards reaped by gig workers, they face significant risks. Gig work platforms and clients/employers exert control over labour power and labour process through the mechanisms of ratings, feedback, user profile registrations, and algorithmic surveillance, thus constraining workers’ autonomy and bargaining power. In fact, opportunities for worker action in the gig economy are apparently fewer than in so-called ‘Fordist’ workplaces. Remote gig workers are expected to have fewer opportunities to exert their agency. Further, in comparison to European workers, African workers have less state welfare support to fall back on, which can also limit their agency. Drawing from a rich labour geography tradition, this chapter reformulates the notions of ‘resistance’, ‘resilience’, and ‘reworking’ as everyday practices of agency, best understood as ‘hidden transcripts’ of the gig economy.
A New Cohesive Element
Authors: Ferris Natalie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The second chapter analyses the emergence of the British concrete poetry movement, surveying the ways in which the poetic ‘object’ was ostensibly pulled in one of two directions: fauvist or suprematist, figurative or abstract, hot or cold, or what was more often described as ‘expressionist’ or ‘constructivist’ modes, mirroring the dialectical tendency of the artistic community in the 1960s. Reviewing the extent to which it became a revolutionary aesthetic movement in poetry, through the lens of Ian Hamilton Finlay’s optical works, kinetic booklets, and ‘constructed abstract situations’, the argument considers the oft-overlooked influence of antecedent modernist models of abstraction as indispensable to concrete poetry and constructed abstract art. Placing pressure on the precise quality of optical effects, the spatial dimensions of the page, and the act of perception, the chapter argues for the concrete project as one galvanized by the vital ontological imperative of language.
Objects, Concepts, Installations, Bookworks
Authors: Ferris Natalie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The third chapter plots a perceived shift in aesthetic preoccupations from minimalism to conceptualism in literature and art, interrogating the activities of a number of lesser-known journals, bookshops, publishers, galleries, and workshops in the late 1960s and 1970s, such as the environmental poem-sculptures and ‘post-concrete’ graphic icons of the Tarasque Press, the bookworks of artists and printmakers such as Ken Campbell, Tom Phillips, Ian Tyson, and Telfor Stokes, and the foundational achievements of Art & Language. This chapter proposes an expanded field of literary practice, broadening critical approaches to literary activity at the end of the 1960s to include notions of literature as object, as instrument, and as installation, prompting a total reassessment of the form and role of the book. These interdisciplinary practices embraced anti- compositional methods of design, problematized the ready symbiosis of word and image, and queried the necessity of a known audience, to establish a new dynamic between the role of the spectator and the role of the reader.
‘Seeing Comes before Words’
Authors: Ferris Natalie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The final chapter moves away from earlier conceptions of abstraction in literature elucidated in the book, such as a literature that is non-representational, iconographic, or satirical of its own existence as art, to mark out the rising ambitions within the British post-war novel towards a new brand of visualization influenced by screen culture. Considering the varied approaches taken by the novelists John Berger, Christine Brooke-Rose, and B. S. Johnson towards the novel as a construct, as novel and as ‘anti-novel’, the discussion scrutinizes the visible layers of truth and artifice in post-war fiction in order to prompt new and more resonant ways of looking in, at, and through literary narrative.
Western Asia Minor in the 1330s
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An unusual abundance of contemporary sources illuminates the 1330s: the traveler Ibn Batuta, the statesman Al-Umari, al-Urtyan of Sivrihisar, and Balban the Genoese—all writing in Arabic—the Turkish epic about Umur of Aydın and treaties between the Venetians and Menteşe. Ibn Battuta in particular gives an eye-witness account of the emirates and their rulers. The sources illustrate the wealth of maritime Aydın and Menteşe as well as Germiyan and narrate the spectacular career of Umur and the rising power of Orhan who, however, was paying tribute to the Mongols The chapter describes the emirates along with the Byzantine outpost of Philadelphia. It integrates the coins into the narrative.
The Forms of the Late Civilisational Phase
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how the works of Christopher Dawson and Oswald Spengler shaped the vision of civilisational decline Jones developed across his poetry. Tracing the ways in which he drew upon their language, concepts, and even characters and embedded these into his Roman fragments and historical essays, elucidates the constructive dialogue Jones maintained with their works in his investigation of Roman and Western decline. This chapter pursues a contextualised close reading of Jones’s poetic representation of the late phase of civilisation, as a megalopolitan capitalist technocracy which ends in the brutality of Caesarian dictatorship and the decay of culture and religion. While Spengler encouraged his readers to embrace this totalitarian end, Jones and Dawson used their works to fight against the decline of the West. What emerges from Jones’s explorations is a belief in the creative potential of man-the-artist to reject standardisation and mechanisation, and to revivify culture in modernity.
Conclusion
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects upon the paradoxical nature of Jones’s intricate and multifaceted reimagining of Rome. In his works, Rome is at once the ultimate symbol of destructive imperialism and decline and the rejuvenating cultural force which preserves the classical and Christian heritage so as to bequeath this to the West and, in particular, to Wales. The conclusion draws these ideas together though the analysis of two paintings—The Mother of the West (1942) and Y Cyfarchiad i Fair (1963)—and lays out the implications of this complex approach to the Roman past for our understanding of Jones’s work and thought. It makes the case for recognising Jones’s reception of Rome as the fascinating response of a creatively diverse and politically engaged artist to his own complicated sense of crisis in twentieth-century modernity.
Immediate Effects of Dry Needing or Manual Pressure Release of Upper Trapezius Trigger Points on Muscle Activity During the Craniocervical Flexion Test in People with Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rodríguez-Jiménez Jorge , Ortega-Santiago Ricardo , Bonilla-Barba Laura , Falla Deborah , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Florencio Lidiane L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
To compare the effects of dry needling or manual pressure release on an active trigger point in the upper trapezius on craniocervical flexion test performance, pressure pain thresholds, and cervical range of motion in chronic neck pain.

Design
A parallel randomized clinical trial.

Setting
Physical therapy service.

Subjects
Individuals with chronic neck pain.

Methods
Subjects were randomized to receive dry needling (n = 25) or manual trigger point pressure release (n = 25) on upper trapezius active trigger points. Surface electromyography from the upper trapezius, splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid, and scalene muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test was assessed before and immediately after the intervention as the primary outcome. Neck pain intensity, range of motion, and pressure pain thresholds were the secondary outcomes.

Results
A decrease in sternocleidomastoid activity at all stages of the craniocervical flexion test (time effect, P &lt; 0.001) was found in both groups after the interventions, with no significant between-group difference. Pressure pain thresholds measured over the cervical spine and second metacarpal increased after dry needling when compared with manual trigger point pressure release (P &lt; 0.05). Pain intensity decreased immediately after both treatments with moderate to large effect sizes, whereas cervical range of motion increased for both groups but with small effect sizes.

Conclusion
A single session of dry needling or manual pressure release over upper trapezius active trigger points promotes limited effects on muscle performance during the craniocervical flexion test, pressure pain thresholds, and cervical range of motion in patients with chronic neck pain.
Lessons from experiences of accessing healthcare during the pandemic for remobilizing rheumatology services: a national mixed methods study
Authors: Morton LaKrista , Stelfox Kevin , Beasley Marcus , Jones Gareth T , Macfarlane Gary J , Murchie Peter , Paton John , Hollick Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To understand the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on access to healthcare services for patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions.

Methods
Three established cohorts that included individuals with axial SpA, psoriatic arthritis and MSK pain completed a questionnaire between July and December 2020. In parallel, a subset of individuals participated in semistructured interviews.

Results
A total of 1054 people (45% female, median age 59 years) were included in the quantitative analyses. Qualitative data included 447 free-text questionnaire responses and 23 interviews. A total of 57% of respondents had tried to access care since the start of the UK national lockdown. More than a quarter reported being unable to book any type of healthcare appointment. General practice appointments were less likely to be delayed or cancelled compared with hospital appointments. Younger age, unemployment/health-related retirement, DMARD therapy, anxiety or depression and being extremely clinically vulnerable were associated with a greater likelihood of attempting to access healthcare. People not in work, those reporting anxiety or depression and poorer quality of life were less likely to be satisfied with remotely delivered healthcare. Participants valued clear, timely and transparent care pathways across primary care and specialist services. While remote consultations were convenient for some, in-person appointments enabled physical assessment and facilitated the development and maintenance of clinical relationships with care providers.

Conclusions
We identified patient factors that predict access to and satisfaction with care and aspects of care that patients value. This is important to inform remobilisation of rheumatology services to better meet the needs of patients.
Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to guide vaccination strategy in an urban area
Authors: Brüningk Sarah C , Klatt Juliane , Stange Madlen , Mari Alfredo , Brunner Myrta , Roloff Tim-Christoph , Seth-Smith Helena M B , Schweitzer Michael , Leuzinger Karoline , Søgaard Kirstine K , Albertos Torres Diana , Gensch Alexander , Schlotterbeck Ann-Kathrin , Nickel Christian H , Ritz Nicole , Heininger Ulrich , Bielicki Julia , Rentsch Katharina , Fuchs Simon , Bingisser Roland , Siegemund Martin , Pargger Hans , Ciardo Diana , Dubuis Olivier , Buser Andreas , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah , Battegay Manuel , Schneider-Sliwa Rita , Borgwardt Karsten M , Hirsch Hans H , Egli Adrian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Transmission chains within small urban areas (accommodating ∼30 per cent of the European population) greatly contribute to case burden and economic impact during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and should be a focus for preventive measures to achieve containment. Here, at very high spatio-temporal resolution, we analysed determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in a European urban area, Basel-City (Switzerland). We combined detailed epidemiological, intra-city mobility and socio-economic data sets with whole-genome sequencing during the first SARS-CoV-2 wave. For this, we succeeded in sequencing 44 per cent of all reported cases from Basel-City and performed phylogenetic clustering and compartmental modelling based on the dominating viral variant (B.1-C15324T; 60 per cent of cases) to identify drivers and patterns of transmission. Based on these results we simulated vaccination scenarios and corresponding healthcare system burden (intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy). Transmissions were driven by socio-economically weaker and highly mobile population groups with mostly cryptic transmissions which lacked genetic and identifiable epidemiological links. Amongst more senior population transmission was clustered. Simulated vaccination scenarios assuming 60–90 per cent transmission reduction and 70–90 per cent reduction of severe cases showed that prioritising mobile, socio-economically weaker populations for vaccination would effectively reduce case numbers. However, long-term ICU occupation would also be effectively reduced if senior population groups were prioritised, provided there were no changes in testing and prevention strategies. Reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission through vaccination strongly depends on the efficacy of the deployed vaccine. A combined strategy of protecting risk groups by extensive testing coupled with vaccination of the drivers of transmission (i.e. highly mobile groups) would be most effective at reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within an urban area.