bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stoic Cheerfulness
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Kantian ideal of cheerful self-sufficiency in the face of deprivation and disappointment, highlighting Kant's sympathy with Stoicism. For Kant, the deeper reasons we have for seeking self-control are moral ones. If we have control over our desires, we will be less likely to perform immoral actions. Self-control also enables us to live according to our own principles, as opposed to being dragged around by our whims. If we do not have self-control, the authority of reason in our lives will be seriously hindered. When we have control over our desires and inclinations, we are better positioned to exercise the authority of reason that Kant thinks is expressive of our dignity as free beings. If we are going to develop this self-control, Kant thinks, we should avoid luxuries, as they tend to make us soft and dissatisfied.
Kant as a Guide to Life
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the value of a Kantian way of life and the freedom it represents. Our rational capacity is what enables us to choose what is right, no matter how strong the temptations to do otherwise. In choosing what is right, we choose freedom. We also demonstrate to ourselves and the world just why each of us is worthy of admiration and awe. A Kantian life is a challenging one, but it has at its core a fundamental hopefulness about humanity and our future. It is a theory that may seem overly optimistic in dark times. But for Kant, dark times are when we most need optimism. Hope in humanity is always rational and sometimes absolutely necessary.
An Exhausted Soil
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Agricultural practices embraced by Southern planters leached the soil of nutrients and promoted erosion. Widespread monoculture and the rejection of soil preservation techniques like crop rotation and fertilizer made enslaved agriculture soil killing, and prompted planters to seek out new lands, driving western expansion. As the cotton-slave frontier spread westward, it left devastated soils in its wake and drove the domestic slave trade. This chapter connects soil degradation and erosion caused by enslaved monoculture with that caused by enslaved mining. In North Carolina and Georgia, enslaved gold miners toiled hundreds of miles underground and used toxic mercury to extract gold from the rocks. Both farming and mining had transformative effects not only on the local ecosystem but on entire regions, as soil runoff and mining byproducts changed the composition of streams, forests, and entire biomes.
An Animal without Hope
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines interactions between enslaved people and wild and domesticated animals. Enslaved people worked plowing fields with mules, beasts of burden that they both loved and resented. They hunted, trapped, and fished to supplement the meager rations provided by their owners. They lived in fear of wild animals—alligators, rattlesnakes, bears—which served as a powerful disincentive to leave the plantation. Slave owners used animals, especially horses and dogs, as implements of control and punishment. A menagerie of wild and domesticated animals created a complex zoological framework for slavery in the American South, one that shaped and was shaped by the peculiar institution. Many enslaved people drew parallels between their lives in bondage and animals.
Landscape of Freedom
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines the ways that the environment shaped emancipation during the Civil War, tying together many of the themes introduced in earlier chapters. During the Civil War, hundreds of thousands of enslaved African Americans used their environmental knowledge to escape from bondage. Working as spies, scouts, laborers, and soldiers, self-emancipated African Americans deployed this environmental knowledge to help the Union war effort. In contraband camps, they experienced harsh environmental conditions. The end of legal slavery forced a reconceptualization of both labor and environmental practices in the South, which would have meaningful consequences for the landscape of Black freedom.
Data Access Technology Standards
Authors: Cardinal Don , Thomas Nick 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 5, “Data Access Technology Standards: A History of Open Banking Data Access,” Don Cardinal, Managing Director of the Financial Data Exchange (FDX), and Nick Thomas, Co-Founder of Finicity (a Mastercard company) and FDX, present a definitive history of consumer-permissioned financial data access, how technology standards have evolved globally over the last twenty years, and present the current state of data access standards efforts, a survey of data-sharing standards developing across the globe. The authors begin with a history of OFX and consumer-permissioned data access via Data Aggregation, including screen-scraping, mobile and web “backend” APIs, custom APIs, and various formatted data standards. They follow with a history of modern standards development efforts to move away from credential-based to token-based data access methods using OAuth and standardized APIs. Cardinal and Thomas describe the development of regional and global industry-led standards in the Americas, Europe, and Asia, and outline some of the challenges to adopting a universal technology standard.
India’s Approach to Open Banking: Some Implications for Financial Inclusion
Authors: Carrière-Swallow Yan , Haksar Vikram , Patnam Manasa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 continues the regional survey with “India’s Approach to Open Banking: Some Implications for Financial Inclusion,” by the IMF’s Yan Carrière-Swallow, Vikram Haksar, and Manasa Patnam. The authors examine how the development of the digital infrastructure known as the “India Stack”—including an interoperable payments system, a universal digital ID, and other features—is delivering on the government’s objective to expand the provision of financial services. While each individual component of the India Stack is important, the authors argue that its key overarching feature is a foundational approach of providing extensive public infrastructures and standards that generates important synergies across the layers of the stack. Until recently, a large share of India’s population lacked access to formal banking services and was largely reliant on cash for financial transactions. The expansion of mobile-based financial services that enable simple and convenient ways to save and conduct financial transactions has provided a novel alternative for expanding the financial net. The stack’s improved digital infrastructures have already allowed for a rapid increase in the use of digital payments and the entry of a range of competitors including fintech and BigTech firms.
From Open Banking to Open Data and Beyond: Competition and the Future of Banking
Authors: Carr Brad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Brad Carr, Managing Director of Digital Finance at the Institute of International Finance, concludes the book with a futurist exploration of open banking in “From Open Banking to Open Data and Beyond: Competition and the Future of Banking.” He argues that the development of open banking to “open data” will have a transformative impact on business models of not only banks but all incumbent firms. Consumers, as they become better informed about the value and usage of their personal data, are beginning to seek agency, whether through ownership or control, over their data, transforming the open data economy. He explores the opportunities and challenges of data proliferation and what “open data” sharing could look like. He argues that data asymmetry can hurt competition and how open data flows will impact entire business sectors and perhaps favor BigTechs. Carr explores how data asymmetries can harm competition and the potential efficiencies and inefficiencies of reciprocal data-sharing in which tech companies share their data with banks. Perhaps, banks, which are becoming tech companies in their own right, could become BigTechs, and BigTechs will either become or partner with banks. Finally, the author explores how platformization of financial services will change the entire landscape of finance.
Literary Design in the Early Discourses
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of the early discourses as literature, focusing on a number of representative cases from the classic Dīgha and Majjhima Nikāyas (The collections of Long and Middle-Length Discourses). The interdependence of narrative and philosophy is brought to the fore, and the importance of the narrative dimensions of the texts is highlighted; the texts relate their messages no less through aesthetic devices and inspired storytelling, than through the doctrines they supposedly are staged to relate. The chapter analyzes the first section of recitation from the Dīgha Nikāya, showing how its key formulas are adapted to the narrative context of each discourse. It further discusses the idea of editing, showing how texts were made to fit editorial designs. The chapter also offers a close reading of the Majjhima’s marvelously multivalent Cūḷataṇhāsankhaya-sutta.
Mindfulness of the Buddha in the Mahāparinibbāna-sutta
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes the literary analysis of the early discourses one step further and brings to light the contemplative dimension involved in the texts’ composition, which relates to the traditional meditative practice of Buddha-anusmṛti, “mindfulness of the Buddha.” The focus is on the highly influential Mahāparinibbāna-sutta, which supposedly relates the events that lead to and surround the Buddha’s death. While scholars have tried to ply out a history of the Buddha’s life from this text, we discover that it offers a meditation upon the Buddha’s unique figure, driven by an attempt to come to terms with his death from an emotional perspective. The text strings together episodes from many texts to weave a beautiful story that prepares the audience for the time without the master. The Buddha is presented as a cosmic riddle, both in the world—so that he must die—and beyond it, so that he lives forever.
The Folklore of Sutta
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the fun and entertainment involved in the life of the early discourses, while inquiring into the texts’ folkloric dimensions. The texts offer rich storytelling, which contributes to the establishment of the guiding ideologies and perceptions of Buddhist society. The texts relate to public performances in different ways, although they need not be seen as direct records of such performances. Importantly, the texts are versions, in the strong sense that suggests that they are particular tellings of broader themes, which make their own emphases within the relevant narrative trajectories. These themes are brought out through a discussion of the hilarious Pāṭika-sutta of the Dīgha Nikāya, while comparing it to parallel versions of this text in Gandharan art, and to a surprising doctrinal rendering of this playful drama from the Majjhima Nikāya.
Retelling the Buddha’s Enlightenment in the Majjhima Nikāya
Authors: Shulman Eviatar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the theory of the play of formulas to the narratives of the Buddha’s enlightenment in the Majjjhima Nikāya. It shows that there is an established narrative sequence that structures all these texts, five discourses in all, except for the Discourse on the Noble Search, which is integrated into some of the other texts through the play of formulas. The standard theory of enlightenment in the Nikāyas is thus seen to be a narrative element, which is employed to fit the rhetorical considerations of each discourse. The texts as a group offer a richer understanding of this particular view of awakening than any one text that may be thought of as an “original.” Narrative considerations also show that the Discourse on the Noble Search does not offer a conflicting presentation of enlightenment. The play of formulas no less relates to doctrine than to narrative.
Plotinus on Virtue as Harmony
Authors: Stamatellos Giannis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Plotinus’s Enneads, the concept of harmony is mainly discussed in relation to intelligible beauty and musical melody, the Pythagorean doctrine of soul’s harmony, the universal harmony of the heavenly spheres, the nature of the perceptible bodies, and the correlation between virtue and harmony. Modern scholarship emphasizes the Platonic-Pythagorean elements of Plotinus’s harmonia. However, limited attention has been paid to the pre-Platonic origins of the concept of harmony in the Enneads as well as its connection to Plotinus’s theory of virtue. The aim of this chapter is twofold: first, to explore Plotinus’s concept of harmony in light of Heraclitus’s concordance of opposites, and second, to compare Plotinus’s account of harmony to his virtue ethics. It is suggested that Plotinus’s harmonia is not only found in musical harmony and the concordance of opposites but also to the virtue of justice as the harmonious concordance of the soul’s different parts.
Virtue in African Ethics as Living Harmoniously
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A large swathe of the indigenous African ethical tradition is frequently encapsulated in the maxim, “A person is a person through other persons.” This phrasing is an overly literal translation of some sayings prominent in the southern and central regions of Africa, but that resonate with most indigenous sub-Saharan cultures. This chapter articulates and motivates a philosophical interpretation of the maxim for an international readership interested in virtue. According to the initial formulation, one should strive to become a real person, which one can do insofar as one prizes other persons’ capacity to relate harmoniously, where harmony consists of identifying with others and exhibiting solidarity toward them. The chapter also explores ways of revising this principle to respond to some powerful criticisms, such as that virtue is not purely relational, but also includes some self-regarding dispositions, and that virtue can be manifested by relating to some non-human animals.
Harmony as a Virtue in Christianity
Authors: Neville Robert Cummings 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Harmony is an important virtue in Western Christianity, but its nature and role have been understood in diverse ways. This chapter looks at different philosophical and metaphysical considerations that set up tensions among different approaches to harmony in Western, especially Christian, theology. Two lines of thinking about harmony in Western Christianity are examined. The first can be traced back to Aristotle and the Neoplatonists and comes to fruition in Thomas Aquinas. The second has its origins in Plato and is further developed by Whitehead and Dewey in contemporary times. This chapter defends the second Platonic-Process-Pragmatic understanding of harmony over and against first Aristotelian one, on the grounds that the former understands harmony as a virtue that must be practiced in a constantly changing material world and considers even the intrinsic delight of transcendent contemplation to be ancillary to the guidance of the virtue of harmonization in life.
The Investigation of Harmony in Psychological Research
Authors: Delle Fave Antonella , Wissing Marié P. , Brdar Ingrid 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The concept of harmony was neglected by scientific psychology until recent years, when the growing interest in the investigation of well-being, happiness and the good life brought this dimension to the attention of researchers. Within the literature on human positive functioning, harmony was variously defined and operationalized as a component of well-being in the context of broader theoretical models. This chapter is aimed at providing an overview of the psychological contributions to the study of harmony, which was investigated in relation to intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transcendent dimensions of human experience. Although not explicitly included in the current psychological classifications of virtues, harmony shares features with the virtues of temperance, kindness, justice, and transcendence. Due to this multifaceted structure, the identification of harmony with a virtue requires further conceptual elaboration and empirical investigation.
Seeking Linguistic Harmony
Authors: Oxford Rebecca L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Linguistics is the scientific study of language but can also point to what it means to be human. This chapter presents three perspectives on linguistic harmony: literal, figurative, and technical. The first perspective concerns literally expressed harmony, which includes a helpful typology and the possibility of a far more inclusive, more flexible, “new literal” concept of gender. The second perspective is harmony in figurative language (e.g., metaphor, simile, antithesis, and irony), which stimulates not just cognition but also emotion and the senses. Technical theories of linguistic harmony (e.g., harmonic language and sentence- and word-forming harmonies), comprise the third perspective. The conclusion shows that an understanding of the three perspectives on linguistic harmony, as well as the harmonious communication to which they contribute, could help us awaken to an even broader, deeper conceptualization of harmony in social, racial, political, educational, spiritual, and environmental realms. This would lead to greater hope for humanity.
Status and Expectation Processes
Authors: Webster Murray , Walker Lisa Slattery 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of theoretical understanding of how status affects interaction and structures of inequality. Two intellectual sources are described: Talcott Parsons’s views of relations between small and large social structures and Robert Freed Bales’s studies of face-to-face interaction in small groups. Joseph Berger’s abstract conceptualization of interaction processes and his theoretical development of expectation states and status characteristics developed out of that background and serve as a foundation for contemporary theoretical and empirical research. The chapter presents the general theory in mostly nontechnical terms as an introduction and shows how later research has developed for testing and extending it. The chapter ends with an explanation of a graph model of the theory that is used in several of the later chapters in this book as well as in many other research projects.
Anatomy of the Expectation States Research Program
Authors: Berger Joseph , Webster Murray 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this chapter the authors review newer developments in the expectation states theoretical research program, focusing on developments since the formalization of the theory in 1977. The program has been developed by many sociologists and other scholars for more than six decades, and several related formulations have been developed to help researchers understand a large range of phenomena. The authors trace those developments, describing recent theory and research, and note how new work relates to foundational theories. Their goals in this chapter are to describe growth in an active research program and to facilitate work by scholars who may wish to build on existing understandings.
Six Ways to Measure Status and Expectations
Authors: Webster Murray , Dippong Joseph 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSince the 1960s, a research tradition has developed that centers on studying structures and consequences of status differences in group interaction. Scholars from many countries, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Holland, Israel, Turkey, and the United States, have produced a substantial body of work developing and extending theories of status processes. Others draw on such theories to analyze natural settings and to intervene to produce desired outcomes in groups. Two theoretical concepts are key to this research tradition: status characteristics and expectation states. Both concepts need operational measures for empirical test and application. While researchers may employ ad hoc measures of status and expectations, comparability across studies and cumulative theoretical development both benefit from the use of shared or standard measurement operations. The authors review six alternate research designs for studying status and expectation states. They identify what is known about each, what remains to be determined, and how each design might be developed for greater usefulness in research conducted in this and related theoretical traditions.
Status Orders as Tournaments
Authors: Skvoretz John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Expectation states theory suggests that status orders emerge in task groups via the activation of exogenous status differences and the development of endogenous behavior interchange patterns. The formal e-state model developed by Skvortez and Fararo postulates three specific mechanisms—status activation, interaction initiation, and bystander effect—that drive the emergence conceptualized as networks of complete asymmetric digraphs, also known as “tournaments.” The author assesses this model with data from three sources: 77 six-person groups in which external status differences are experimentally created to span all possible initial status combinations from one high and five low to five high and one low status actor, 31 six-person and 51 four-person groups in which status combinations leverage existing status differences in the population of subjects (gender and year in college). Overall consistency with model prediction is noted, but challenges with deep evaluation remain, and these are addressed in the final section of the chapter.
Graded Status in Expectation State Theories
Authors: Melamed David , Montgomery Bradley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Status differences in expectation states theories are traditionally treated as binary, demarcating only low and high statuses. But some status differences, such as education, can have many discrete states. In this chapter the authors review the empirical evidence suggesting that, when available, humans do respond to not just differences in kind, but also differences in magnitude. The authors also describe existing methods for capitalizing on this quantitative information in order to make more precise theoretical and mathematical predictions. The two methods reviewed enable researchers to generate fine-grained predictions based on subtle status information as well as explicit quantitative information. They also discuss new developments in the expectation states tradition and how they align with conceptualizing status characteristics as graded or having more than two ordered states.
Status and Power in Exchange
Authors: Savage Scott V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Status and power are two fundamental concepts in sociology. Where status concerns one’s place in the social hierarchy, power involves the ability to force others to comply with one’s will. Both have motivated substantial research in sociology. This chapter reviews the experimental sociological social psychology research on the relationship between the two as well as on how they combine to affect outcomes like inequality, emotions, and punishment use. Following this review, the author identifies several directions for future research. Some of these directions follow from gaps in the existing literature. Others are apparent openings given advancements in theoretical understanding of either status or power.