bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Stimulus Conditions on Shape Memory Cycle Durability of 4D Printed Parts in Stereolithography Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Zhao Jing , Han Muyue , Li Lin , Tan Miao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
4D printing has recently emerged as a new manufacturing paradigm by integrating shape memory materials with 3D printing technology. Distinctively, 4D printed structures exhibit dynamic shape changing capability over time in response to certain stimuli. The emerging shape memory property of 4D printed components has attracted increasing research attention due to its potential applications in soft-robotic, origami, and self-construction structures. Ensuring product durability is key to enhancing the technology diffusion of 4D printing as it significantly affects the product service life. In the current literature, durability issues in 4D printing have been largely overlooked and the relationships between external stimulus conditions and the thermo-mechanical cycle life of 4D printed parts remain unknown. To tackle this challenge, in this study, the design of experiments approach is adopted to comprehensively investigate the impacts of external stimulus conditions on the shape memory cycle life of the 4D printed thermo-responsive parts. The results suggest that increasing the operating temperature within the material-allowable temperature range would negatively affect the shape memory cycle times; meanwhile, varying the shape programming hold time also exhibits noticeable impacts on the durability of 4D printed parts. In addition, the extreme stimulus conditions with respect to the high temperature and prolonged shape programming time would worsen the shape memory cycle life.
Design and Fabrication of MRI-Compatible and Flexible Neural Microprobes for Deep Brain Stimulation and Neurological Treatment Applications
Authors: Wang Yi , Lee Sung-Ho , Shih Yen-Yu Ian , Lee Yuan-Shin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a new design and fabrication method of flexible neural microprobes for deep brain stimulations (DBS) and neurological treatment applications. The developed new flexible microprobes are compatible with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and can be used for neurological studies of brain functions under functional imaging such as fMRI for a long period of time. In this paper, the materials of the flexible neural microprobes are comprehensively selected to minimize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artifacts, which limits many conventional feasible manufacturing processes to be used. Polyimide was adopted for the substrate of the neural microprobe, which has good biocompatibility and a relatively lower Young’s modulus. A 200 nm chromium reinforcement layer was embedded in the microprobe to attenuate its implantation stiffness while remaining flexible. Gold electroplating was employed to modify the electrode sites to improve the signal quality and sensitivity. The designed new neural microprobes were successfully fabricated at our NCSU Nanofabrication Facility (NNF) and bonded to a customized PCB. After the fabrication, the developed neural microprobes were characterized to validate their effectiveness. In vivo simultaneous DBS-fMRI experiments were conducted in surgery rooms on a rat’s deep brain targets, demonstrating the potential applications of our neural microprobe for neuroscience studies, medical diagnosis, and treatment applications. In vivo electrophysiology results show the effectiveness of our fabricated neural microprobes.
Electrical Resistance Metrology in Nanoparticle Sintering Simulations
Authors: Dibua Obehi , Foong Chee S. , Cullinan Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Microscale Selective Laser Sintering is an Additive Manufacturing process which involves the creation of parts using nanoparticles, precision substrate motion control, and an optical setup aimed at achieving sub-micron resolution on the printed parts. In order to drive the Microscale Selective Laser Sintering process towards this proposed goal, it is important to understand the kinetics of nanoparticle sintering to be able to make predictions of the properties that can be expected from the manufacturing process. To this end, Phase Field Modelling simulations have been built which model how nanoparticles sinter together when heated. In the past these simulations have yielded measurements such as the densification in the powder bed as a function of temperature and time, however it is extremely difficult to measure the density of parts built from the microscale Selective Laser Sintering system. Electrical resistance is a much more easily quantified property. As such, in order to fully validate these nanoparticle sintering simulations, it is necessary to measure the electrical resistance in the simulation bed and compare these resistance curves against experimentally derived electrical resistance measurements. This paper presents the approach used to extract electrical resistance data from the simulations as well as preliminary resistance results collated from this study.
Plate tectonics, mixed heating convection, and the divergence of mantle and plume temperatures
Authors: Seales Johnny , Lenardic Adrian , Tomasini Julian Garrido 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Petrological data indicate that upper mantle and mantle plume temperatures diverged 2.5 b.y. ago. This has been interpreted as plate tectonics initiating at 2.5 Ga, with Earth operating as a single-plate planet before that time. We took an Occam’s razor view and hypothesized that the continuous operation of plate tectonics can explain the divergence. We validated this hypothesis by comparing petrological data to results from mixed heating mantle convection models in a plate-tectonic mode of mantle cooling. The comparison shows that the data are consistent with plate tectonics operating throughout geologic history.
Supplemental Material: Metamorphic Core Complex Dichotomy in the North American Cordillera Explained by Buoyant Upwelling in Variably Thick Crust
Authors: Zuza Andrew V. , Cao Wenrong 
Published: September 2022

<p> A synthesis of timing constraints for the North American Cordillera metamorphic core complexes, a brief discussion the Conjugate Shatsky Rise, details of zircon Hf compilation, and methods and results of numerical simulations. </p>
A Six-Year Clinical Profile of Distal Radius Fractures in a South Asian Population
Authors: ANIL Abhijith , ACHARYA Ashwath M. , BHAT Anil K. 
Published: September 2022

Background: The description, types and management of distal radius fractures have not been evaluated for a South Asian population. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile of distal radius fractures in adults over a 6-year period. Methods: The medical records of distal radius fracture patients, aged 18 years and above admitted between August 2014 and 2020 were assessed. Epidemiological profile, fracture classification, treatment and reasons for implant removal were assessed. Results: A total of 1066 distal radius fractures in 1005 inpatients were identified. The mean age was 42.1 ± 15.3 years (50.2 years [male] & 39.7 years [female]). A total of 65.5% patients sustained high-energy injury. 38.6% (n = 411) of fractures were classified as extra-articular AO-23-A, 24.3% (n = 259) as partially intra-articular AO-23-B and 39% (n = 416) as intra-articular AO-23-C. The treatment was non-surgical for 20.9% and surgical for 79.1% of cases. Plate fixation was the most frequently used surgical method followed by percutaneous pinning and external fixation. The proportion of patients treated by each modality remained constant based on a year-wise analysis of data. A total of 56 patients underwent implant removal, most commonly at the request of the patient. Conclusions: Our study is the longest study in a South Asian setting where the population is younger, with a male pre-ponderance, sustaining high-energy injury as compared to the literature. This can be attributed to our study population being inpatients only. As population-based fracture registry is not available in our country, hospital-based studies such as ours provide the best option to study fracture patterns, distribution and trends in treatment. Level of Evidence: Level IV
An Uncommon Presentation of Constriction Band Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: KARMAKAR Shilpi , MISHRA Brijesh 
Published: September 2022

One of the rarer manifestations of constriction band syndrome (CBS) is peripheral nerve palsy. We report a 6-year-old child presenting with motor deficits of the median, ulnar and radial nerves and atrophy of the biceps and brachialis atrophy due to CBS. We were unable to find any similar reports in the literature. He had a constriction ring at the upper arm that had undergone multiple z-plasty by another surgeon. On examination, he had medical research council (MRC) grade 1 elbow flexion, weak flexion of fingers and absent extension of fingers and wrist. We used a pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flap to restore elbow flexion and the patient achieved M4 flexion of the elbow. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
Conceptions of Moroccan secondary school students in relation to the “Integrative Concept” of plate tectonics
Authors: Chakour Radouan , Alami Anouar , Selmaoui Sabah , Eddif Aâtika , Chalak Hanaa 
Published: September 2022

<span lang="EN-US">The study of learners’ conceptions of geological concepts has been the subject of several studies in the field of earth science didactics. The majority of these studies show that learners have misconceptions that can be an obstacle to learning Earth sciences. The present work aimed to identify the views of second year undergraduate students on plate tectonics to identify some of the barriers to teaching this unifying scientific theory across the different disciplines of the Earth sciences. The data was gathered with questionnaire administered to students in the second year of the Baccalaureate before teaching about plate tectonics. The results of our study confirmed that student learners do indeed have conceptions of plate tectonics and associated phenomena but have great difficulty in mobilizing their knowledge to explain geological phenomena related to plate tectonics. These difficulties may have several origins: the nature of the geological knowledge transposed, and the very limited knowledge of teachers with a bachelor’s degree in Biology.</span><p> </p>
Genetic parameters and trends of growth traits in Nelore cattle raised in the Northern region of Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Mariana Rocha , Espigolan Rafael , Ferraz José Bento Sterman , Bussiman Fernando Oliveira , Toniolli Ricardo , Lôbo Raysildo Barbosa , Santos Helcileia Dias , Nepomuceno Leandro Lopes , Ferreira Jorge Luís 
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to estimate (co)variances and genetic parameters and to predict genetic trends for weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 (W450) days of age in Nelore cattle raised in the northern region of Brazil. The database comprised records of 30,387 animals born between 2000 and 2013 in the Brazilian North. Estimates were calculated by the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method, in single- and multi-trait analyses in an animal model. Heritability as obtained using single- and multi-trait models for W120 (0.22 and 0.31), W210 (0.20 and 0.34), W365 (0.51 and 0.51), and W450 (0.49 and 0.51) indicated moderate to high magnitudes, with the possibility of genetic selection and incorporation into the herd. Genetic correlations between growth traits were favorable, ranging from 0.78 to 0.96. Genetic trends for W120 and W210 varied largely, from -0.31 to 4.68 and -0.53 to 7.62 kg/year, respectively. Smaller fluctuations were observed in genetic trends for W365 and W450, which ranged from -1.08 to 10.90 and -1.29 to 12.51 kg/year, respectively. Selection for W365 and W450 proved to be the criterion of choice for Nelore herds raised in the region; however, it may compromise adult performance because of higher costs and time for production. A thorough analysis of mattings is recommended to allow the selection of earlier-developing animals.
Genetic Evaluation of A Nation-Wide Dutch Pediatric DCM Cohort: The Use of Genetic Testing in Risk Stratification
Authors: van der Meulen Marijke H. , Herkert Johanna C. , den Boer Susanna L. , du Marchie Sarvaas Gideon J. , Blom Nico , ten Harkel Arend D.J. , Breur Hans M.P.J. , Rammeloo Lukas A.J. , Tanke Ronald , Marcelis Carlo , van de Laar Ingrid M.B.H. , Verhagen Judith M.A. , Lekanne dit Deprez Ronald H. , Barge-Schaapveld Daniela Q.C.M. , Baas Annette , Sammani Arjan , Christiaans Imke , van Tintelen J. Peter , Dalinghaus Michiel 
Published: September 2022

Background:
This study aimed to describe the current practice and results of genetic evaluation in Dutch children with dilated cardiomyopathy and to evaluate genotype-phenotype correlations that may guide prognosis.

Methods:
We performed a multicenter observational study in children diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, from 2010 to 2017.

Results:

One hundred forty-four children were included. Initial diagnostic categories were idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 67 children (47%), myocarditis in 23 (16%), neuromuscular in 7 (5%), familial in 18 (13%), inborn error of metabolism in 4 (3%), malformation syndrome in 2 (1%), and “other” in 23 (16%). Median follow-up time was 2.1 years [IQR 1.0–4.3]. Hundred-seven patients (74%) underwent genetic testing. We found a likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant in 38 children (36%), most often in
MYH7
(n = 8). In 1 patient initially diagnosed with myocarditis, a pathogenic
LMNA
variant was found. During the study, 39 patients (27%) reached study endpoint (SE: all-cause death or heart transplantation). Patients with a likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant were more likely to reach SE compared with those without (hazard ratio 2.8; 95% CI 1.3–5.8,
P
= 0.007), while transplant-free survival was significantly lower (
P
= 0.006). Clinical characteristics at diagnosis did not differ between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
Genetic testing is a valuable tool for predicting prognosis in children with dilated cardiomyopathy, with carriers of a likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant having a worse prognosis overall. Genetic testing should be incorporated in clinical work-up of all children with dilated cardiomyopathy regardless of presumed disease pathogenesis.
A c-Fos activation map in nitroglycerin/levcromakalim-induced models of migraine
Authors: Wu Shouyi , Ren Xiao , Zhu Chenlu , Wang Wei , Zhang Kaibo , Li Zhilei , Liu Xuejiao , Wang Yonggang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Chronic migraine is a common and highly disabling disorder. Functional MRI has indicated that abnormal brain region activation is linked with chronic migraine. Drugs targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor have been reported to be efficient for treating chronic migraine. The CGRP signaling was also shared in two types of chronic migraine models (CMMs). However, it remains unclear whether the activation of specific brain regions could contribute to persistent behavioral sensitization, and CGRP receptor antagonists relieve migraine-like pain in CMMs by altering specific brain region activation. Therefore, it’s of great interest to investigate brain activation pattern and the effect of olcegepant (a CGRP receptor-specific antagonist) treatment on alleviating hyperalgesia by altering brain activation in two CMMs, and provide a reference for future research on neural circuits.

Methods
Repeated administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) or levcromakalim (LEV) was conducted to stimulate human migraine-like pain and establish two types of CMMs in mice. Mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated by using the von Frey filament test. Then, we evaluated the activation of different brain regions with c-Fos and NeuN staining. Olcegepant was administered to explore its effect on mechanical hyperalgesia and brain region activation.

Results
In two CMMs, acute and basal mechanical hyperalgesia was observed, and olcegepant alleviated mechanical hyperalgesia. In the NTG-induced CMM, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5c) showed a significant increase of c-Fos expression in the NTG group (p < 0.05), while pre-treatment with olcegepant reduced c-Fos expression compared with NTG group (p < 0.05). No significant difference of c-Fos expression was found in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) between the vehicle control and NTG group (p > 0.05). In the LEV-induced CMM, mPFC, PVT, and Sp5c showed a significant increase of c-Fos expression between vehicle control and LEV group, and olcegepant reduced c-Fos expression (p < 0.05). No significant difference in c-Fos expression was found in vlPAG and ACC (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
Our study demonstrated the activation of mPFC and Sp5c in two CMMs. Olcegepant may alleviate hyperalgesia of the hind paw and periorbital area by attenuating brain activation in CMMs.
The role of proteoglycan form of DMP1 in cranial repair
Authors: Liu Yang , Niu Pingping , Zhou Mengqi , Xue Hui 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe cranial region is a complex set of blood vessels, cartilage, nerves and soft tissues. The reconstruction of cranial defects caused by trauma, congenital defects and surgical procedures presents clinical challenges. Our previous data showed that deficiency of the proteoglycan (PG) form of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1-PG) could lead to abnormal cranial development. In addition, DMP1-PG was highly expressed in the cranial defect areas. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of DMP1-PG in intramembranous ossification in cranial defect repair.MethodsMouse cranial defect models were established by using wild- type (WT) and DMP1-PG point mutation mice. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histological staining were performed to assess the extent of repair. Immunofluorescence assays and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) were applied to detect the differentially expressed osteogenic markers. RNA sequencing was performed to probe the molecular mechanism of DMP1-PG in regulating defect healing.ResultsA delayed healing process and an abnormal osteogenic capacity of primary osteoblasts were observed in DMP1-PG point mutation mice. Furthermore, impaired inflammatory signaling pathways were detected by using RNA transcription analysis of this model.ConclusionsOur data indicate that DMP1-PG is an indispensable positive regulator during cranial defect healing.
Financial risk protection against noncommunicable diseases: trends and patterns in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Taslima , Gasbarro Dominic , Alam Khurshid 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Demographic and epidemiological transitions are changing the disease burden from infectious to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. Given the rising NCD-related health burdens and growing share of household out-of-pocket (OOP) spending in total health expenditure in Bangladesh, we compared the country’s trends and socioeconomic disparities in financial risk protection (FRP) among households with and without NCDs.

Methods
We used data from three recent waves of the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2005, 2010, and 2016) and employed the normative food, housing (rent), and utilities method to measure the levels and distributions of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing effects of OOP health expenditure among households without NCDs (i.e. non-NCDs only) and with NCDs (i.e. NCDs only, and both NCDs and non-NCDs). Additionally, we examined the incidence of forgone care for financial reasons at the household and individual levels.

Results
Between 2005 and 2016, OOP expenses increased by more than 50% across all households (NCD-only: USD 95.6 to 149.3; NCD-and-non-NCD: USD 89.5 to 167.7; non-NCD-only: USD 45.3 to 73.0), with NCD-affected families consistently spending over double that of non-affected households. Concurrently, CHE incidence grew among NCD-only families (13.5% to 14.4%) while declining (with fluctuations) among non-NCD-only (14.4% to 11.6%) and NCD-and-non-NCD households (12.9% to 12.2%). Additionally, OOP-induced impoverishment increased among NCD-only and non-NCD-only households from 1.4 to 2.0% and 1.1 to 1.5%, respectively, affecting the former more. Also, despite falling over time, NCD-affected individuals more frequently mentioned prohibiting treatment costs as the reason for forgoing care than the non-affected (37.9% vs. 13.0% in 2016). The lowest quintile households, particularly those with NCDs, consistently experienced many-fold higher CHE and impoverishment than the highest quintile. Notably, CHE and impoverishment effects were more pronounced among NCD-affected families if NCD-afflicted household members were female rather than male, older people, or children instead of working-age adults.

Conclusions
The lack of FRP is more pronounced among households with NCDs than those without NCDs. Concerted efforts are required to ensure FRP for all families, particularly those with NCDs.
Does the contralateral healthy ankle of patient with ipsilateral mechanical lateral ankle laxity show greater lateral ankle laxity? Evaluation of the anterior talofibular ligament by stress ultrasonography
Authors: Yokoe Takuji , Tajima Takuya , Kawagoe Shuichi , Yamaguchi Nami , Morita Yudai , Chosa Etsuo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
A number of studies have evaluated risk factors for lateral ankle sprain (LAS) or chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). However, the definitive risk factors for LAS or CLAI remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the contralateral healthy ankles of subjects with ipsilateral mechanical lateral ankle laxity (group I) show greater lateral ankle laxity in comparison to the healthy ankles of bilateral healthy controls (group B).

Methods
From March 2020, anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) lengths of young adult volunteers were cross-sectionally measured in non-stress and stress positions using a previously reported stress ultrasonography (US) procedure. The ATFL ratio (the ratio of stress ATFL/non-stress ATFL length) was calculated as an indicator of lateral ankle laxity. The manual anterior drawer test (ADT) was also performed. The US findings of healthy ankles from groups I and B were compared.

Results
A total of 154 subjects in group B (mean age, 24.5 ± 2.8 years; male/female, 84/70) and 40 subjects in group I (mean age, 24.4 ± 2.3 years; male/female, 26/14) were included in the study. There was no significant difference in the ADT between the groups. There were no significant differences in the non-stress ATFL length (19.4 ± 1.8 vs. 19.3 ± 1.9, p = 0.84), stress ATFL length (20.8 ± 1.8 vs. 20.9 ± 1.9, p = 0.66), length change (1.5 ± 0.6 vs. 1.6 ± 0.6, p = 0.12) and ATFL ratio (1.08 ± 0.03 vs. 1.08 ± 0.03, p = 0.13) between the groups.

Conclusion
No significant difference was detected between the contralateral healthy ankles of subjects with ipsilateral mechanical lateral ankle laxity and those of bilateral healthy controls.