bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic-producing Micrococcales govern the microbiome that inhabits the fur of two- and three-toed sloths
Authors: Rojas-Gätjens Diego , Valverde-Madrigal Katherine S. , Rojas-Jimenez Keilor , Pereira Reinaldo , Avey-Arroyo Judy , Chavarría Max 
Published: April 2022

SummarySloths have a dense coat on which insects, algae, and fungi coexist in a symbiotic relationship. This complex ecosystem requires different levels of control, however, most of these mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the bacterial communities inhabiting the hair of two- (Choloepus Hoffmani) and three-toed (Bradypus variegatus) sloths and evaluated their potential for producing antibiotic molecules capable of exerting control over the hair microbiota. The analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) revealed that the communities in both host species are dominated by Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes. The most abundant genera were Brevibacterium, Kocuria/Rothia, Staphylococcus, Rubrobacter, Nesterenkonia, and Janibacter. In addition, we isolated nine strains of Brevibacterium and Rothia able to produce substances that inhibited the growth of common mammalian pathogens. The analysis of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BCGs) of these nine isolates suggests that the pathogen-inhibitory activity could be mediated by the presence of siderophores, terpenes, beta-lactones, Type III polyketide synthases (T3PKS), ribosomally synthesized, and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), non-alpha poly-amino acids (NAPAA) like e-Polylysin, ectoine or nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Our data suggest that Micrococcales inhabiting sloth hair could have a role in controlling microbial populations in that habitat, improving our understanding of this highly complex ecosystem.
Photoperiod modulates mu-opioid receptor availability in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Sun Lihua , Aarnio Richard , Herre Erika Atencio , Kärnä Salli , Palani Senthil , Virtanen Helena , Liljenbäck Heidi , Virta Jenni , Honkaniemi Aake , Oikonen Vesa , Han Chunlei , Laurila Sanna , Bucci Marco , Helin Semi , Yatkin Emrah , Nummenmaa Lauri , Nuutila Pirjo , Tang Jing , Roivainen Anne 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhotoperiod drives metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and affects food intake and weight gain in mammals. Sympathetic innervation in BAT controls thermogenesis and facilitates physiological adaption to seasons, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Previous studies show that the central opioid signaling tunes BAT heating and the brain muopioid receptor (MOR) levels have seasonal patterns. It is hence intriguing to know whether the peripheral MOR signaling shows seasonal variation. Here, we examined the effect of photoperiod on BAT MOR availability using [11C]carfentanil positron emission topography (PET). Adult rats (n = 9) were repeatedly imaged under changing photoperiods which simulates the local seasons. Long photoperiod downregulated MOR availability in BAT, while MOR availability in the muscles was unaffected. We confirmed the expression of MOR in BAT and muscle using immunofluorescence imaging. We conclude that photoperiod causally affects MOR availability in BAT, and sympathetic innervation of BAT may influence thermogenesis via the peripheral MOR system.Significance of the studyPhotoperiod impacts the metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) with the exact mechanism still unclear. The current study shows that photoperiod causally affects the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in BAT, with longer photoperiod leading to lower MOR availability. This possibly indicates down-regulated innervation during bright seasons. Immunofluorescence staining data reveal expression of MOR in both brain and peripheral tissues, drawing attention to the under-investigated peripheral MOR system. Also, the study highlights the feasibility of [11C]carfentanil PET in studying the peripheral MOR signaling.
Recycling of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) kits
Authors: Liu Weina , Stellacci Francesco 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTDuring the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) kits have been used as a common diagnosing method, with daily worldwide usage in the millions. It is well known that at the beginning of the pandemic there was a shortage of PCR kits. So far, the ecosystem of PCR kit is linear use, that is kits are produced, used one-time, and disposed in biolab wastes. Here we show that, to mitigate the risk of future shortages, it is possible to envision recyclable PCR kits, based on a more sustainable use of nucleic acid resources. A PCR kit is mainly composed of primers, nucleotides, and enzymes. In the case of a positive test, the free nucleotides are polymerized onto the primers to form longer DNA strands. Our approach depolymerizes such strands keeping the primers and regenerating the nucleotides, i.e., returning the nucleic acid materials to the original state. The polymerized long DNA strands are hydrolyzed into nucleotides monophosphates that are then phosphorylated in triphosphates using a method that is a development of a recently published one. We used oligonucleotides with 3’-terminal phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification as non-hydrolysable PCR primers, so to undergo the recycling process unchanged. We have successfully recycled both PCR primers (∼65% yield for 4-PS modification, and ∼40% yield for 2-PS modification) and nucleotides (∼75% yield). We demonstrate that the method allows for direct re-use of the PCR kits. We also show that the recycled primers can be isolated and then added to end point or quantitative PCR. This recycling approach provides a new path for circularly reusing PCR nucleic acids.
Effects of seasonal changes on the carbon dynamics in mixed coniferous forests
Authors: Gao Tong , Song Xinyu , Ren Yunze , Liu Hui , Dong Xibin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe characterized seasonal changes in the residual rate and mass-loss rate of litter, as well as the carbon release dynamics of litter and soil, in mixed coniferous forests in the Xiaoxinganling region by conducting a controlled freeze–thaw experiment. The carbon release rate and mass-loss rate of litter at two levels of decomposition (undecomposed and semi-decomposed) were measured during four seasons: the unfrozen season, freeze–thaw season, frozen season, and thaw season. The temperature was higher, the mass-loss rate was faster, and the overall mass-loss rate of litter was higher in the unfrozen season than in the other three seasons; litter organic carbon increased and soil organic carbon increased due to the strong carbon sequestration capacity of plants. The temperature fluctuated above and below 0°C during the freeze–thaw season, which results in the physical breakage of the undecomposed litter and increases in the mass-loss rate. This leads to increases in the organic carbon of undecomposed litter and decreases in the soil organic carbon of undecomposed litter; the opposite patterns were observed for changes in the organic carbon of semidecomposed litter and soil organic carbon. There was noticeable mass loss of litter during the frozen season, and the rate of mass loss of litter during the thaw season was the lowest. Litter organic carbon decreased and soil organic carbon increased in both seasons. The organic carbon of undecomposed litter was highest in the thaw season, followed by the freeze–thaw season, frozen season, and unfrozen season. The organic carbon of semi-decomposed litter was highest in the frozen season, followed by the thaw season, freeze–thaw season, unfrozen season to freeze–thaw season, frozen season, thaw season, and unfrozen season. After freeze–thaw treatment, the organic carbon in deadfall soil was highest in the unfrozen season, freeze–thaw season, frozen season, thaw season to unfrozen season, frozen season, thaw season, and freeze–thaw season. The findings of this study provide new insights into the material cycling process under freeze–thawing, as well as information on the effect of seasonal freeze–thaws on the forest carbon cycle.
Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Antonopoulos Alistair , Doyle Stephen R. , Bartley David J. , Morrison Alison A. , Kaplan Ray , Howell Sue , Neveu Cedric , Busin Valentina , Devaney Eileen , Laing Roz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHaemonchus contortus is a haematophagous parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants and causes significant animal health concerns and economic losses within the livestock industry on a global scale. Treatment primarily depends on broad-spectrum anthelmintics, however, resistance is established or rapidly emerging against all major drug classes. Levamisole (LEV) remains an important treatment option for parasite control, as resistance to LEV is less prevalent than to members of other major classes of anthelmintics. LEV is an acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist that, when bound, results in paralysis of the worm. Numerous studies implicated the AChR sub-unit, ACR-8, in LEV sensitivity and in particular, the presence of a truncated acr-8 transcript or a deletion in the acr-8 locus in some resistant isolates. Recently, a single non-synonymous SNP in acr-8 conferring a serine-to-threonine substitution (S168T) was identified that was strongly associated with LEV resistance. Here, we investigate the role of genetic variation at the acr-8 locus in a controlled genetic cross between the LEV susceptible MHco3(ISE) and LEV resistant MHco18(UGA 2004) isolates of H. contortus. Using single worm PCR assays, we found that the presence of S168T was strongly associated with LEV resistance in the parental isolates and F3 progeny of the genetic cross surviving LEV treatment. We developed and optimised an allele-specific PCR assay for the detection of S168T and validated the assay using laboratory isolates and field samples that were phenotyped for LEV resistance. In the LEV-resistant field population, a high proportion (>75%) of L3 encoded the S168T variant, whereas the variant was absent in the susceptible isolates studied. These data further support the potential role of acr-8 S168T in LEV resistance, with the allele-specific PCR providing an important step towards establishing a sensitive molecular diagnostic test for LEV resistance.
The RNA-RNA interactome between a phage and its satellite virus reveals a small RNA differentially regulates gene expression across both genomes
Authors: Dunham Drew T. , Angermeyer Angus , Seed Kimberley D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhage satellites exhibit various regulatory mechanisms to manipulate phage gene expression to the benefit of the satellite. While small RNAs (sRNAs) are well documented as regulators of prokaryotic gene expression, they have not been shown to play a regulatory role in satellite-phage conflicts. Vibrio cholerae encodes the phage inducible chromosomal island-like element (PLE), a phage satellite, to defend itself against the lytic phage ICP1. Here we use Hi-GRIL-seq to identify a complex RNA-RNA interactome between PLE and ICP1. Both inter- and intragenome RNA interactions were detected, headlined by the PLE-encoded trans-acting sRNA, SviR. SviR regulates both PLE and ICP1 gene expression uniquely, decreasing translation of ICP1 targets and affecting PLE mRNAs processing. The striking conservation of SviR across all known PLEs suggests the sRNA is deeply rooted in the PLE-ICP1 conflict and implicates sRNAs as unidentified regulators of phage-satellite interactions.
Business strategy typologies: do the board of commissioners and audit committee concern about prospector-type strategies?
Authors: Herusetya Antonius , Suryadinata Mariska 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe study aims to provide new evidence on the relationship between the board of commissioners (BOCs) and audit committee (AC) as a primary corporate governance structure toward business strategy typologies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use logistic regression analyses with a sample of industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2012–2018. Data of the BOC and AC are hand-collected from the annual reports and analyzed using the content analysis.FindingsThe study finds evidence that the effectiveness of the BOC is more likely to have a positive association with the prospector strategies. The authors also find that the AC's effectiveness is more likely to associate negatively with prospector strategies. As the board monitoring system, the findings appear to disclose that the BOC and ACs following the prospector strategies are more likely to focus on achieving the entity's strategy than monitoring financial reporting and internal control functions compared with the defender strategies.Practical implicationsThe results have significant practical implications to help explain that despite the corporate governance mechanisms that are likely to exist, prospectors are still likely to have weaker internal control and less likely to remediate material weaknesses (MWs) than defenders due to their specific business strategy related attributes.Originality/valueThe study extends the studies on the corporate governance mechanism using the BOC and the AC's roles in business strategy setting from the strategic management literature using Miles and Snow's (1978; 2003) framework.
Celebrity endorsement using different types of new media and advertising formats
Authors: Uribe Rodrigo , Buzeta Cristian , Manzur Enrique , Celis Martina 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effectiveness (ad attitude, brand attitude and purchase intention) of celebrity endorsement in the form of explicit vs embedded advertising in the context of different new media (digital and social media).Design/methodology/approachAn online experiment was conducted using a 2 (digital media vs social media) × 2 (explicit vs embedded celebrity endorsement) between-subjects design. Participants (n = 137) were exposed to a fictitious piece of online branded content using celebrity endorsement. Four experimental treatments were generated as the authors manipulated the new media and the explicitness of the celebrity endorsement in the ad piece.FindingsThe main result highlights that using social media (vs digital media) enhances celebrity endorsement's indirect influence on purchase intention via the serial mediating role of ad attitude and brand attitude, regardless of the explicitness of the message. In terms of the message format, no differences were observed.Research limitations/implicationsThe differential power of using celebrities across different new media to promote brands suggests the importance of interactivity in the context of celebrity endorsement. Additionally, the absence of differences in terms of message formats would show that the presence of the celebrity per se has a powerful effect.Practical implicationsFirms using new media to deliver their brand communication, including celebrity endorsements, can better understand the different capabilities of social media and digital media.Originality/valueIn the context in which empirical research equates new media with social media, this study provides an examination of celebrity endorsement assuming the complexity of the celebrity endorsement ion the current scenario: different types of new media and different types of message formats.
I can see the opportunity that you cannot! A nexus between individual entrepreneurial orientation, alertness, and access to finance
Authors: Bilal Ahmad Raza , Fatima Tehreem , Iqbal Sajid , Imran Muhammad Kashif 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how alertness enable small and medium scale enterprise (SME) owners to leverage their individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) such as risk-taking, pro-activity, innovation, passion and perseverance in a better way to recognize opportunities for financial resources as compared to their counterparts who are not alert. Moreover, it elaborates on the mediating role of opportunity recognition of financial resources between IEO and SMEs’ access to finance (AF).

Design/methodology/approach
A three-wave time-lagged survey from a stratified sample of 271 small and medium scale business owners in Pakistan was conducted and the data were analysed using PROCESS models 1 and 4.

Findings
The findings grounded in the theory of Action Regulation, signify that the IEO of small and medium scale business owners helps them attain financial resources through opportunity recognition capacity which is an action characteristic. Moreover, the IEO of SME owners, coupled with entrepreneurial alertness (EA; a cognitive pre-action state), amplifies their ability to recognize opportunities for financial resource availability.

Originality/value
This is one of the initial studies to test the IEO scale, including passion and perseverance. Moreover, it has added to the individual-level antecedents of AF in small and medium scale businesses through the role of EA and opportunity recognition.
Is green customer integration always a facilitator for green product innovation?: A conflict-based view
Authors: Chen Jiawen , Liu Linlin 
Published: April 2022

PurposeAlthough the facilitating role of green customer integration in business-to-business (B2B) markets has been highlighted in some green product innovation literature, analysis of the difficulties it can pose is still an underdeveloped field. This paper extends the conflict-based view and examines the effect of green customer integration on customer–firm conflicts and thereby investigates the influence of conflict on green product innovation.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducts a questionnaire survey. Ordinary Least Square regression and structural equation model with Maximum Likelihood Estimation are applied to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results show that green customer information integration is positively related to cognitive conflict, whereas green customer process integration has an inverted U-shaped relationship with cognitive conflict and a positive relationship with affective conflict. Moreover, green product innovation is promoted by cognitive conflict and is damaged by affective conflict.Originality/valueThis study highlights the conflict-related factors that play a role in firm–customer collaboration for green product innovation in B2B markets. It also reveals the potential dark side of green customer integration by explicitly delineating its effects on conflicts.
Numerical investigation and prediction of phase separation in diverging T-junction
Authors: Ejaz Faheem , Pao William , Ali Hafiz Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
In plethora of petroleum, chemical and heat transfer applications, T-junction is often used to partially separate gas from other fluids, to reduce work burden on other separating equipment. The abundance of liquid carryovers from the T-junction side arm is the cause of production downtime in terms of frequent tripping of downstream equipment train. Literature review revealed that regular and reduced T-junctions either have high peak liquid carryovers (PLCs) or the liquid appears early in the side arm [liquid carryover threshold (LCT)]. The purpose of this study is to harvest the useful features of regular and reduced T-junction and analyze diverging T-junction having upstream and downstream pipes.

Design/methodology/approach
Volume of fluid as a multiphase model, available in ANSYS Fluent, was used to simulate air–water slug flow in five diverging T-junctions for eight distinct velocity ratios. PLCs and LCT were chosen as key performance indices.

Findings
The results indicated that T (0.5–1) and (0.8–1) performed better as low liquid carryovers and high LCT were achieved having separation efficiencies of 96% and 94.5%, respectively. These two diverging T-junctions had significantly lower PLCs and high LCT when compared to other three T-junctions. Results showed that the sudden reduction in the side arm diameter results in high liquid carryovers and lower LCT. Low water and air superficial velocities tend to have low PLC and high LCT.

Research limitations/implications
This study involved working fluids air and water but applies to other types of fluids as well.

Practical implications
The novel T-junction design introduced in this study has significantly higher LCT and lower PLC. This is an indication of higher phase separation performance as compared to other types of T-junctions. Because of lower liquid take-offs, there will be less frequent downstream equipment tripping resulting in lower maintenance costs. Empirical correlations presented in this study can predict fraction of gas and liquid in the side arm without having to repeat the experiment.

Social implications
Maintenance costs and production downtime can be significantly reduced with the implication of diverging T-junction design.

Originality/value
The presented study revealed that the diameter ratio has a significant impact on PLC and LCT. It can be concluded that novel T-junction designs, T2 and T3, achieved high phase separation; therefore, it is favorable to use in the industry. Furthermore, a few limitations in terms of diameter ratio are also discussed in detail.
Teacher leadership and the Turkish context: the impact of the structural characteristics of the school and teacher leadership culture
Authors: Gülmez Deniz 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the structural characteristics of the school and teacher leadership culture on teacher leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe correlational research model used the research. The predictors of teacher leadership were identified using hierarchical regression analysis provided by 447 K-12 teachers.FindingsThe findings revealed that teacher leadership was found to be influenced by school structural factors and teacher leadership culture. While the complexity and formalization sub-dimensions of the structural characteristics are variables that explain teacher leadership, the centralization sub-dimension did not play a significant role. Professional cooperation and administrator support, both sub-dimensions of teacher leadership culture, were found to explain teacher leadership.Originality/valueIn the literature, teacher leadership have been studied enormously from past to present. It is seen that teacher leadership is affected by school culture and structure. From this point of view, this study focused on the context in which teacher leadership behaviors emerged.
Career resilience and professional attitudes of tourism practitioners in China under the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Li Zhi-Fei , Zhao Jia-Wei , Deng Shengliang 
Published: April 2022

PurposeThis paper investigates the current psychological state of Chinese tourism practitioners and their career resilience during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It empirically examines the effects of COVID-19 on Chinese tourism practitioners' professional attitudes and their career belief in the future. The study is intended to guide enterprises and governments to design effective strategies/policies to deal with the effect of this unfavorable environment.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of 442 tourism practitioners in 313 tourism enterprises in China. The data were collected via a targeted online survey based on a well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using statistical procedures including multilevel regression analysis.FindingsThe study results show that Chinese tourism practitioners have strong career resilience in the face of current turbulent time. After testing, the model shows that career beliefs and social support have a significant positive impact on the professional attitudes of tourism practitioners, and that career resilience has a partial mediating effect on their career beliefs, social support and professional attitude.Originality/valueThis study enriches the existing literature on career belief, social support and career resilience. It provides a new interpretation on how career belief and social support impact career resilience and thus shape tourism practitioners' professional attitudes during pandemics.