bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control in Potatoes, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 28 Mar near Middletown, Del. Two row plots, 25 ft long on 36-inch centers, were replicated 5 times in a randomzied complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre it 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 15, 22 and 31 May; 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun; and 3 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were recorded on 22 Jun and 9 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 1-20% damage; 2) 21-30%; 3) 31-50%; 4) 51-80%; 5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar) on 5 hills/treatment plot. Ten main stems/ plot were evaluated for ECB damage on 9 Jul. Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 25 Jul.
Sweet Potato Flea Beetle (FB) and Wireworm (WW) Control in Sweet Potatoes, 1988
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Olson S. M. , Georgis R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet potato slips were planted 12-inches apart in 36-inch rows on 19 May in Gadsden County, Fla., on Ruston fine loamy sand. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with six replications. Plot size was 4 rows by 36 ft. Nondessicated Neoaplectana carpocapsae nematode treatments were applied at 30 psi using 1, 8008 flatfan nozzle per row with the amount of spray about 53 gal/acre. Planting-time and root-swell treatments of nematodes were made on 26 May and 4 Aug, respectively. Plots were irrigated with about 0.5 inches immediately after nematodes were applied. Soil insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted granular applicator in a 12-15 inch band directly over the row. Preplant and root-swell applications of granular insecticides were made on 16 May and 4 Aug, respectively. Thirty-five ft of row from the 2 center rows of each plot were dug, and the weight of U.S. no. 1 sweet potatoes determined. The amount of WW and FB injury was estimated for each plot by determining the number of FB larval tunnels and WW feeding holes on 15 randomly selected U.S. no. 1 potatoes. The data for each plot then were converted to the percentage of sweet potatoes with WW and FB damage and the average number of FB larval tunnels and WW feeding holes per sweet potato.
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 8 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 2, 10, 16, 23, 30 Oct, 6, 13, 20, 27 Nov and 4 Dec. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the number of nozzles/row and application pressure and by changing disks and cores. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 3 sprays (4 nozzles/row, 130 psi, D-4 disks, #25 cores), 85 gal/acre the next 3 sprays (6 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #25 cores), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #23 cores). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 8 Nov and 7 Dec. The numbers of sessile nymphs and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 8 Dec and the fruit were counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags and the number of fruit exhibiting external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR) were determined as the fruit ripened. IRR is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 8 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart in the center of 32 inch wide raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 21, 29 Sep, 5, 12, 18, 25 Oct, 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 Nov. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the no. of nozzles/row and application pressure and by changing disks and cores. Thus, the sprayer delivered 50 gal/acre the first 4 sprays (4 nozzles/row, 130 psi, D-4 disks, #25 cores), 85 gal/acre the next 3 sprays (6 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #25 cores), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles, 200 psi, D-3 disks, #23 cores). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 10 stems from the middle row of each plot on 2, 14 and 28 Nov. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and emerged pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 6 Dec and the fruit counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags and the number of fruit exhibiting external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR) determined as the fruit ripened. This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae, 1990
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chemical treatments were applied on 17 Mar in a dryland field of 'Cimarron' alfalfa on the Agronomy Research Station at Stillwater, OK. Pretreatment counts indicated an infestation level for AW of 2.2 larvae/stem. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding tip nozzles and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. AW population densities were estimated from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on each of 6 DAT. Berlese funnels were utilized to extract larvae from foliage prior to counting.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sand. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Experiment A was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and experiment B was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Forty × 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. In experiment A, potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam insect beating net on 18 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 19 Jun. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 22, 25 Jun and 2, 9, 19 Jul or 3, 6, 13, 20 and 30 DAT. Alfalfa height at time of spraying was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 26 gal of water/acre at 12 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 19 Jul. Treatments in experiment B were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug. Sweep samples for leafhoppers were taken on 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug and 6 Sep, or 6, 13, 20, 26 and 34 DAT. Alfalfa yield was not determined.
Army Cutworm Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Mile. , Smith L. D. , Goodson Jerr. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 2 Mar on a seedling stand of ‘Cimmarron’ alfalfa in Greer County near Granite, Okla. Efficacy of several foliar sprays was determined for ACW. Insecticides sprays were applied using a ground rig with a 15-ft boom that was calibrated to deliver 12.0 gal/acre at 28 psi. Plots were 15 × 100 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 3 replicates. Larval densities were determined at 2, and 7 DAT by sampling five 1.0 ft2 areas per plot. The upper 2 inches of soil was sieved through #2 hardware cloth to retrieve larvae for counting.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1990
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Moellenbeck D. J. , Quisenberry S. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated on a 4-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa at the Red River Research Station near Bossier City, La. Plots, 20 × 30 ft, were arranged in a randomized complete design with four replicates. Treatments were applied 19 Mar with a C02 backpack sprayer delivering 16.2 gal/acre at 42 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7 ft2 boom. Plant height was 18 inches tall at treatment. Conditions at treatment were &lt; 10 mph wind with air temperature 60°F. Samples were collected at pretreatment and 3,7, and 14 days posttreatment with a standard 15- inch diam sweep net. Samples, 10 pendulum sweeps/plot, were bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated on a 2-yr-old stand during the 2nd alfalfa growth period at the Foundation Shaw Farm, University of Illinois, Urbana. Plots were 40 by 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 10 Aug from tractor-mounted sprayer with a 20-ft boom and equipped with flat fan nozzles (Teejet XR8002) spaced 20 inches apart delivering 20.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 3, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. Alfalfa stem length and plant maturity were recorded at harvest (27 Jul). Forage yield was determined from a 3.2 × 50 ft swath taken from each plot. Subsamples of the stripharvested hay were used for crude protein determination.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1990
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test area was a 3-yr-old stand of‘Cimarron’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 × 36 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 16 Apr, except for treatments of Furadan 4 F at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre and Pounce 3.2 EC at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre, which were applied on 27 Mar and 19 Apr, respectively. The treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 22 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Tennessee, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Roberts C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 3-yr stand of alfalfa at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill. Plots were 20 × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 15- ft alleys. Soil type was Maury silt loam. Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied on 13 Mar when 83% of the tips were damaged and alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) averaged 1.54 larvae/stem. Chemicals were applied using a tractor mounted C02-powered 10 ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gal/acre. AWL samples were collected on 21, 28 Mar and 4, 11, 18, 24 Apr using a 15-inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 5 ft × 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 1 May. Moisture content of alfalfa was 68.75%.
Insecticide Efficacy in Alfalfa, 1989
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 9.1 m (24 × 30 ft) were established in a 3-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in Ithaca, NY, and in a 2-yr-field of‘Oneida VR’ in Freeville, NY. The Ithaca trial was conducted on 15.24 cm (6 inch) regrowth after the second cutting, and the Freeville trial was conducted on 25.4 cm (10 inch) regrowth after second cutting. Ten treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design in Ithaca, and 8 treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design in Freeville. The fields were sampled (10 sweeps with a sweep net) for the number of potato leafhoppers/plot on 2 Aug in Ithaca and on 1 Aug in Freeville. Insecticides were applied on 3 Aug in Ithaca and 2 Aug in Freeville with a CO2 sprayer calibrated at 283.9 liter/ha (30 gal/acre) mounted on an ATV travelling at 5.64 km/h (3.5 mph) with a 3.66 m (12 ft) boom held 50.8 cm (20 inches) above the canopy. During both applications, winds were calm and temperatures were between 15.5-18.3°C (60- 65°F). Approximately 0.254 cm (0.1 inch) of rain fell within 12 hr of application at Freeville. Fields were resampled 5, 11, and 15 DAT for both locations, and also 20 DAT at Freeville and 23 DAT at Ithaca.
Control of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid in Barley, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against a spring aphid infestation in barley in adjacent small and large-plot tests in Charles City County, Va. Barley was planted on 8 Oct, 1989, using a 6-inch row spacing. Di-Syston 8 E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied with fertilizer before planting. In the small-plot test, treatments were applied on 9 Apr, 1990, using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation per acre at 18 psi, broadcast through 8004VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 20 ft. In the large-plot test, treatments were applied on 10 Apr, 1990, using a high-clearance, high-cycle sprayer to 48 ft wide by 300 ft long strips. Treatments were assigned randomly using 3 replicates. Treatments were evaluated by comparing numbers of aphids per row-ft 2 h before and 2, 7, and 14 DAT in the small-plot test, and 1, 6, and 13 DAT in the large-plot test. Yield was determined in the large-plot test by combining and weighing grain from a 15 ft wide by 300 ft long swath from the center of each strip using a John Deere 7720 combine.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A cornfield near Delmont, S. Dak., was chosen to evaluate 22 compounds for control of first brood European corn borer (ECB) larvae. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform infestation of third instar, or younger, larvae in 80% of stalks sampled. Granules were applied to corn at whorl (1 wk prior to tasselling) stage of physiological development. Treatments included 11 granular, 10 liquid, and 3 untreated controls. Granular compounds were applied to single row plots (0.9 cm × 30.5 m) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granules were directed into whorls of corn plants using a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5 horsepower engine attached to a highboy. Noble metering units mounted on a modified chain-driven apparatus regulated the amount of granules released into the applicator. Liquids were applied with a 3 gal C02 backpack sprayer. Approximately one month following application, 20 cornstalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Each plant was split vertically and examined for ECB tunnelling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded and analyzed.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1990
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa., during 1990. Five comercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 26 treatments was used (including 2 untreated). All insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow and as a Tband application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000R corn planter on 5 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into the row in front of the press wheel. The corn was planted on 5 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 20 Jun. On 26 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa six category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Because the stand density per plot was highly variable, yield information was not collected.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South West Minnesota, 1990
Authors: Chaddha S. , Luedeman J. L. , Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A soil insecticide performance trial was established at Southwest Agricultural Experiment Station, Lamberton in spring 1990. Soil type in this continuous corn field was Vef loam. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76 cm spacing) × 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory to be accurately delivered at a tractor speed of 6.5 k/h (4 mph). Insecticides were applied at planting on 11 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Since corn rootworm adult densities were low the previous fall in this region, approx. 3 m of the corn row were artificially infested at a rate of 600 eggs/30.5 cm of row on 8 Jun using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). On 9 Aug 5 roots were dug from the infested area of each plot and rated for root injury on a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Data were subjected to an ANOVA and treatment means separated by DMRT.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Schmidt D. H. , Tollesfon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 Iowa locations in 1990. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trial (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trial (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant row provided whorl treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. In mid-Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Southards C. J. , Roberts C. H. , Onks D. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen in-whorl insecticide treatments were evaluated of control for first brood European corn borer (ECB). ‘Pioneer 3147’ corn was planted on 21 Apr at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Soil type was Dickson silt loam, 2-5% slope with a pH of 6.3. Plots were 30 ft × 4 rows (40 inch spacing) with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Plant population was 45 plants/30 row ft. Insecticides were applied on 12 Jun when 63.3% of the plants were damaged by the ECB with an average of 1.4 larvae/plant. Granular insecticides were applied using shaker jars. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed C02 sprayers at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi. Newly damaged whorls were counted on 19 and 26 Jun. Grain yield was measured on 18 Sep at 24.46% moisture.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 42 rows × 100 ft were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 19 May with a 2-row corn planter at 31,000 seeds/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 4% organic matter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1988 oviposition period in this field. Each treatment was 1 row by 100 ft. Fourty-two treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of 40 ton manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Stand counts were taken on 50 ft of row on 9 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale on 26 Jul.
Management of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm with a Pyrethroid, Bt and Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) Mixtures, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 11 Jun in 4 row plots (40-inch centers) × 50 ft on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 10, 14, 17, and 23 Aug. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-5 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Methyl parathion (0.3 lb [AI%/acre) was applied on an “as needed” basis for boll weevil control. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares and bolls) for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. The test plots received 0.3-inch rainfall on 13 Aug and 1.6-inch rainfal on 20 Aug.