bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statelessness, the Right to Health, Policy, and Case Law
Authors: Erasmus Patricia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDiscriminatory governmental policies (both legislated and informal) often prevent migrants and stateless persons in Africa from accessing adequate healthcare services. Case studies demonstrate the vast inequalities migrants and stateless people face in accessing their healthcare rights, often exacerbated by xenophobic community tensions. The landscape of healthcare is thus already often hostile to the migrant or stateless person, even in the face of healthcare practitioners who may be willing to provide non-discriminatory services. It is against this background that the particular plight of people who are made stateless by inadequate access to (or awareness about) birth registration mechanisms must be considered since the additional layer of inequality does not exist free from more institutional causes of unequal access to healthcare. Statelessness in Africa, when it is caused by inadequate access to (or knowledge about) birth registration mechanisms, is an issue linked to the feminization of poverty, the cycle of poverty, and inequality. Crucial in overcoming this type of statelessness is education, both of a grassroots nature in Africa and also, it will be suggested, in the context of feminist development education in the Global North. Development education has a powerful role to play in furthering global equality and fostering a sense of global citizenship. It has vast potential to explore and amplify feminist and gender empowerment themes in meaningful ways to achieve global solidarity and awareness of gender-based inequalities which negatively impact on human rights.
Ancient Philosophy’s Hardest Question
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The ancient Greek philosophers had the ambition of showing how to put happiness/eudaimonia in our power. For that Socratic project to be feasible, it had to be removed from arbitrary divine control and external contingency, on the one hand, and, still more importantly, it had to be grounded in the internal rule of reason. Corresponding revisions to traditional ideas about the gods and the mind were brought together by the postulate that human reason is a divine faculty, and capable, when perfected, of producing a life that would be not only excellent in human terms but also an authentic likeness of divinity. The morality of ancient philosophy is a kind of mathematics, by which we make what is good for ourselves balance what is good for others.
Politics and Divinity in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Plato’s political dialogues incorporate divinity in the interests of establishing policies that are as good as humanly possible. In making access to the Form of the Good the pinnacle of the political philosopher’s education, Plato’s Socrates envisions it as the essence of divinity, not as a particular god but as divinity itself. The Good is accessible to minds that are predisposed to see it because of their own rationality and civic devotion. This interpretation reverts to views that were standard among ancient Platonists and modern scholars until recently. I conjecture that the charge of impiety may have been brought against Socrates owing to his notion that access to divinity is though our rational faculty and dialectic as distinct from ritual worship.
Cosmic Craftsmanship in Plato and Stoicism
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Both Plato and Stoic philosophers envision the universe as the product of a divine and providential craftsman. Plato’s model for the operation of this creativity is mathematical. The Stoics, instead, opt for fiery energy as the active principle of the cosmos. In Stoicism the primary god, called Zeus, is immanent in all nature, whereas Plato’s demiurge transcends the world and looks to eternal Forms as paradigms for cosmology.. Divine craftsmanship is the goal for Platonists and Stoics alike to emulate, but Stoicism is distinctive in construing the world as a polity, making it quite literally the city of gods and human beings. The author introduces this essay with a survey of pre-Platonic cosmology and theology.
Second Selves and Stoic Friends
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Notions of selfhood are strongly implicated in the ancient philosophers’ accounts of friendship. This chapter focuses on their idea that mutual benefit is essential to authentic friendship, and explores its ramifications in Stoicism. Like Aristotle, Stoic philosophers regard true friends as second selves. Unlike Aristotle, they restrict all friendships to persons of virtuous character. Stoic friends benefit one another not by material help but by sharing one another’s virtues and providing moral knowledge and motivation. They value one another not because of their distinctive personalities but because they are persons of a certain sort. The chapter includes discussions of friendship by Seneca and Epictetus.
The Self in Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius addresses himself more directly than any other ancient author. In his Meditations (literally Books to Himself) he reviews his life from subjective and objective perspectives. He sees himself both as a part of nature’s causality, and as an autonomous agent whose essence is his internal divinity. His self-model is threefold, consisting of body, breath, and intellect. His practice of self-management focuses on treating his present consciousness and agency as the only reality that he must confront, in order to adapt himself to his external situation as a rational and social creature.
Plotinus on Self and Happiness
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Plotinus divides the self into into an embodied soul, subject to the vicissitudes of physical existence, and an everlasting incorporeal intellect that is completely unaffected by its bodily counterpart. In Ennead 1.4 he criticizes the accounts of happiness (eudaimonia) given by Epicureans, Stoics, and especially Aristotle. His chief objection is their psycho-physicalism. He agrees that a virtuous person will achieve happiness in the face of extreme misfortune, but he insists that only a fully incorporeal and immortal self can achieve the independence from body that such invulnerability requires. A virtuous self, even when embodied and in pain, engages unconsciously in continuous intellectual activity, unaffected by its body.
Value
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter defends a fitting-attitude account of value, according to which for something to be good is for it to be fitting to value that thing. It argues that norm-attitude accounts of value, of which the fitting-attitude account is an example, have important advantages over two main rivals: subjectivist accounts, on which to be good is to be valued under certain non-normative conditions, and primitivism, on which no constitutive account of value can be given. The chapter then argues that fitting-attitude accounts are to be preferred to the most prominent alternative form of norm-attitude account, the buck-passing account. Two problems for norm-attitude accounts are considered: the wrong kind of reason problem and the partiality problem. Both forms of norm-attitude account can offer attractive solutions to the partiality problem. The wrong kind of reason problem is a severe challenge to buck-passers, but not the fitting-attitude account.
The Implications of Thucydides’ Abstract Style
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Dealing directly with the stylistic extravagances of the Pathology (3.82–3), this chapter examines in detail the implications of the abstract nominal phrasing in the excursus on stasis, in which actions are redescribed as occurrences happening to people, impersonal entities replace human agents, people are locked into external states, and events are represented as conforming to patterns. In short, Thucydides’ abstract style has a depersonalizing character. This unwieldy stylistic register prevails when Thucydides probes into the basic forces that drive events. By contrast, the plain style dominates when Thucydides’ primary focus is an exact reconstruction of the sequence of events.
A World Governed by Neuters
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Human nature emerges as the force ultimately responsible for the impact of necessity on the formation of events. By using the abstract style, several speakers highlight transpersonal factors that govern the behaviour of human beings. In the Mytilenean Debate, Diodotus represents the fundamental driving forces (both passions and external circumstances) as larger-than-life agents. Several aspects of Diodotus’ account of natural necessity recall the intervention of daemonic powers in Euripides. The Melian Dialogue also suggests a parallelism between the natural and the daemonic: the speakers juxtapose ‘the divine’ and ‘the human’, both expressed by the same impersonal phrases. An analysis of specific passages shows that Herodotus and Euripides use, alongside references to personal gods, neuter abstracts to suggest the impact of forces that evoke the depersonalizing notion of a ‘divine fate.’ Thucydides adopts this language but gives it a twist: immanent necessity based on ‘the human’ takes the place of divinely sanctioned fatalism.
Pericles’ Containment of Necessity and the Scope for Choice
Authors: Joho Tobias 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Thucydides, Pericles is the paragon of an individual who successfully resists the thrust of natural necessity. Pericles’ political agency is reflected in his distinctive oratorical style: it vividly expresses Pericles’ integration of the intellect with resolute action, and the mind’s capacity to assert itself against the forces that regularly try to overwhelm it, namely irrational passion and hostile external circumstance. Pericles’ oratorical style gives tangible shape to these ideas. Through his oratory, Pericles temporarily impresses the same mentality on the Athenians. Reason-guided action combined with resoluteness emerges as an analogue to the modern notion of freedom. Yet other passages in the History suggest that the mind is more often defeated by the forces opposed to it. Moreover, Thucydides’ presentation suggests that γνώμη, the signal faculty by which Pericles opposes natural necessity, is marked by tragic ambiguity: it plays the role of both an opponent and a facilitator of irrational forces. In the final analysis, Pericles cannot win out against necessity, but he does provide evidence for the rare achievement of containing its destructive effects, at least for a while.
The Procedural Framework of Adversarial Jury Trial
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the procedural framework governing the conduct of adversarial jury trials in the Crown Court. It emphasizes that criminal procedure law (incorporating criminal evidence) is developed and applied in particular institutional contexts. Key structural features of this model of criminal adjudication are: (i) adversarial procedure; (ii) fact-finding by lay juries; and (iii) an institutional commitment to epistemic rationality. Each of these architectural features profoundly influences criminal evidence. Trial by judge and jury is further structured by procedural mechanisms allocating adjudicative responsibilities for legal reasoning, directives and fact-finding. These include: rules of admissibility; judicial stays for abuse of process; submissions of ‘no case to answer’; judicial directions (‘forensic reasoning rules’); criminal appeals; and quashing acquittals. Each mechanism is succinctly described, highlighting its salience for criminal evidence.
Burdens of Proof and the Presumption of Innocence
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates orthodox common law analysis of burdens of proof and presumptions within the broader conceptual framework of ‘presumption of innocence’ (PoI), an expanded normative framing directly rooted in constitutional and human rights principles. One vital conceptual refinement is that PoI is not a ‘presumption’ in the common lawyer’s traditional evidentiary sense. At common law, Woolmington established the burden and standard of proof as fundamental constitutional principles. ECHR Article 6(2) introduced a more capacious (albeit still ‘procedural’) conception of PoI into English criminal jurisprudence, via HRA 1998, s.2. Burdens of proof and evidentiary presumptions can both be conceptualized as techniques for allocating the risk of non-persuasion between litigants. Any party failing to discharge an onus of proof loses on that issue (or, in relation to ultimate probanda, loses the case as a whole). The political morality of PoI (incorporating Woolmington) is institutionalized through a steeply asymmetric proof structure, requiring the prosecution to establish guilt to a very high standard (traditionally, ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, BRD). English law’s ongoing commitment to PoI is explored through doctrinal developments in jury directions on the standard of proof (‘being sure’ has replaced BRD) and the three recognized ‘exceptions to Woolmington’, where the accused is required to bear the burden of proof. Hunt conceded the possibility of implied burdens on the defence, but cautioned against inferring them. Such ‘reverse onus clauses’ must now be tested for compatibility with HRA 1998, precipitating a large, complex, and contentious jurisprudence (including five visits to the House of Lords). Whether express or implied, a statutory reverse onus clause might be ‘read down’, pursuant to HRA 1998 s.3, to a merely evidential burden of production if it would otherwise be incompatible with ECHR Article 6(2). Leading authorities, including Sheldrake, prescribe detailed criteria for assessing compatibility.
Criminal Trial Procedure—Examination-in-Chief and Cross-Examination
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the general principles and detailed procedural rules governing the presentation of all evidence, including witness testimony, in criminal trials in England and Wales. An essentially adversarial model of proof, in which litigants marshall and adduce evidence to support their own cases, is mitigated by procedural mechanisms to reduce inequality of arms and promote truth-finding, including asymmetric pre-trial disclosure, prosecutorial ethics, and moderately proactive judicial trial management. Witness testimony is presented through a familiar sequence of examination-in-chief by the party calling the witness, cross-examination by opposing counsel, and—if required—re-examination, restricted to matters arising in cross-examination. Detailed procedural doctrines regulating examination-in-chief include: a ban on leading questions; rules on ‘refreshing memory’; hostile witnesses; the rule against narrative; and exceptions to the inadmissibility of narrative, including rebutting recent fabrication and the complainant rule. Detailed procedural doctrines regulating cross-examination include: the rule in Browne v Dunn; restrictions on cross-examination to credit (new reinforced by CJA 2003, s.100); the collateral-finality rule; and exceptions to collateral-finality. Many of these traditional common law and statutory (chiefly, Criminal Procedure Act 1865) doctrines have been significantly reformed by ss.119 and 120 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. These reforms call into question the extent to which the common law’s structural architecture, differentiating evidence or questions going to credit from evidence or questions going (directly) to the issue, remains salient in the modern law.
Hearsay
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the common law hearsay prohibition and its modern statutory incarnation under the CJA 2003. The ‘rule against hearsay’ is an iconic feature of common law evidence. It can be conceptualized as the flipside of the principle of orality: a preference for first-hand oral testimony is simultaneously a presumption against the receipt of second-hand, out of court, reported hearsay. However, the hearsay prohibition was never absolute at common law: some out-of-court speech or writing is (arguably) not hearsay, whilst much that is indisputably hearsay is nonetheless admissible via numerous doctrinal exceptions to the prohibition. The reformed statutory framework maintains a bespoke set of admissibility doctrines for hearsay evidence but also extends the common law’s partially compensatory inclusionary policy (and literally ‘preserves’ key common law exceptions, via CJA 2003, s.118). The chapter canvasses explanatory rationales for excluding hearsay evidence. Like many other common law evidentiary doctrines, hearsay exclusion can be justified on epistemic and/or non-epistemic grounds. Second-hand information may be unreliable and difficult to test. It may also be unfair to adduce it against a party who is denied the opportunity to ‘confront’ or challenge an accuser directly. ECHR Art 6(3)(d) articulates a right to witness examination as one component of the (human) right to a fair trial. Conversely, hearsay is often reliable and sometimes the best available evidence. Hearsay doctrine must balance these conflicting considerations. Analysis begins with the concept and definition of the hearsay prohibition. Conceptual confusion has caused much difficulty in the past, especially in relation to ‘implied assertions’, and the reformed law is not entirely free of it. The CJA 2003 presents a logical, partly codified structure for regulating hearsay evidence with principal admissibility gateways covering first-hand oral hearsay from ‘absent witnesses’ (s.116), ‘business etc.’ documents (s.117), and a residual ‘safety valve’ inclusionary discretion (s.114(1)(d)). There is extensive interpretational jurisprudence. The chapter concludes by evaluating what remains of the old common law doctrines, reasserting normative first principles (partly enshrined in human rights law), and noting a procedural shift towards judicial warnings (‘forensic reasoning rules’) in preference to blanket exclusion as a more nuanced way of addressing the probative infirmities of hearsay evidence.
The Accused’s Extraneous ‘Bad Character’
Authors: Roberts Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with evidence of the accused’s extraneous misconduct, a topic previously known as ‘similar fact evidence’ at common law, but better described as ‘bad character’ evidence coherently with the legislative framework established by the Criminal Justice Act 2003, ss.98–113. Evidence is extraneous when it does not directly concern disputed primary facts. Extraneous bad character evidence is traditionally regarded as unfairly ‘prejudicial’, and presumptively inadmissible at common law especially when inviting propensity-based inferences of guilt. Conceptual analysis clarifies the meaning of ‘prejudice’, which may entail moral disrepute and/or defective reasoning, and relates it to the normative value-structure of criminal adjudication. Elaborated theoretical rationales for excluding bad character evidence are critically reviewed. The statutory framework of the CJA 2003’s bad character provisions is sketched, highlighting issues of definitional scope, range of application, and general procedural requirements. Each of section 101’s seven admissibility ‘gateways’ is then explored in detail, incorporating extensive discussion of recent case-law applications, and points of comparison with the pre-Act common law position. The four prosecution gateways admit: important explanatory evidence (c); fairly relevant bad character (encompassing propensity inferences) (d); evidence to correct a false impression (including misleading assertions of good character) (f); and tit-for-tat retaliation to an imputation attacking another person’s character (g). Gateway (e) regulates bad character in issue between co-accused. The operation of particular statutory provisions, as elucidated in a burgeoning Interpretational jurisprudence, is critically evaluated in light of legislative objectives and litigation practice. Overall appraisal of these provisions’ operation to-date is complicated by endless variation in factual circumstances, appellate court deference to contextual fact-specific judicial rulings at first instance, and the dearth of reliable empirical data describing current trial practice (imperfectly mirrored in criminal appeals).
Age of the Spirit
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This expansive study offers an interpretation of the ‘new Pentecost’: the rise of charismatic Christianity, before, during, and after the ‘long 1960s’. It examines the translocal actors, networks, and media which constructed a ‘Spiritscape’ of charismatic renewal in the Anglo-world contexts of Australia, British Isles, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. It places this arena also in a wider and dynamic setting, exploring how charismatic imaginations of an ‘age of the Spirit’ were shaped by interpenetrations with the ‘Third World’, the Soviet bloc, and beyond in the global Sixties and Seventies. The book explains charismatic developments within Protestantism and Catholicism, mainline and non-denominational churches, and within existing pentecostalisms, and places these in relation to lively scholarly themes such as secularisation, authenticity, and cosmopolitanism. It offers unrivalled analysis of charismatic music, books, television, conferences, personalities, community living, and controversies in the 1960s and 1970s. It looks forward, also, to the many global legacies of charismatic renewal, for example in relation to the politics of sexuality in the Anglican Communion and support for President Donald J. Trump. The essential question at the heart of this book is relevant for scholars and practitioners of Christianity alike: how did charismatic renewal transform the churches in the twentieth century, moving from the periphery to the mainstream?
Mediation
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the media flows which shaped the Spiritscape of charismatic renewal in the Anglo-world, and the American, British, and Commonwealth ‘service agencies’ responsible for this mediation. The translocal exchange of charismatic texts, sounds and images, and charismatic renewal, it is argued, is an exemplar of what David Morgan calls ‘mediation as religion’. The chapter addresses the ways in which charismatics understood the Spirit to work symbiotically with media technologies. However, while media made a powerful contribution to the convergence of the charismatic imagination, it pointed also towards the internal diversity of renewal and the pluralities and contestations which could result.
Body
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how charismatics reimagined forms of Christian community in the 1960s and 1970s, offering expressions of embodied and authentic ‘New Testament’ Christian love and community in times of religious and cultural crisis. It looks at the dynamics of the prayer group as the central, lived expression of charismatic spirituality. What were the ecclesiological ramifications and contestations resulting from experimentation with the ‘body’ of Christ, for example in relation to practices of Christian initiation, the exercise of authority, gender roles, abuse, and spiritual gifts? The chapter addresses the ways in which different ecclesiological perspectives came into focus within the distinctive mainline, independent, and pentecostal approaches to charismatic renewal.