bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Project 112
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quoting from declassified government documents, the chapter describes the several steps by which the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP) came into being. It was authorized by US president John F. Kennedy and his defense secretary, Robert McNamara. They wanted to do a total re-examination of the nation’s abilities to wage warfare and to avoid reliance on nuclear bombs. As part of this effort, McNamara authorized a study of chemical and biological warfare: this was the so-called Project 112, which would be implemented by the Deseret Test Center. Under the provisions of Project 112, it would be the Smithsonian’s role to discover which islands of the Pacific were most suitable for biological weapons tests, while the bioweapons tests themselves would be conducted by members of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense). The chapter also describes the origin of the army’s requirement that the weapons tests pose no hazards to the human, animal, or plant life or have protracted effects on the environment. Finally, the chapter shows that recent scientific studies of the transmissibility of diseases by wild birds make it doubtful that infected birds flying to human population centers could cause widespread disease or deaths.
Introduction
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter provides a rationale for the book, arguing that an understanding of the history of Christianity requires a knowledge of the multitudinous ways that the Bible has been interpreted throughout Christian history. As an interdisciplinary study of history, theology, and biblical studies, this book addresses the history of ten texts—in some cases a single text, in others clusters of related texts, and in still others, whole chapters or large portions of a book in the Bible. Each chapter is shaped roughly like an hourglass. That is, the history of a text is traced on either side of a particular episode in which the text is appropriated by an individual or a community and undergoes an innovative interpretation. This critical juncture—the neck of the hourglass—becomes the primary focus of attention in each chapter. Selected episodes illustrate the varied application of scriptural texts related to church polity, theology, missiology, ethics, and religious experience. Some texts have been a course of comfort; others have been a source of social transformation; still others have been the basis of revolutionary behavior.
“Love Your Enemies”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the emergence of the Anabaptist peace tradition during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation and explores various expressions of this tradition extending into the present. The chapter examines controversies surrounding Anabaptist historiography, considers the Anabaptists’ understanding of “the sword” in the Bible, and focuses on the importance of the person of Jesus and his teachings (particularly the Sermon on the Mount) as the ethical rationale for pacifism and a nonviolent ethic. The chapter ends with a discussion of the nonviolent ethic articulated in the writings of John Howard Yoder, a prominent scholar within the Mennonite community whose influence extended well beyond the Anabaptist orbit.
Crockett, Hard Cider, and the Whigs’ Rustic Turn
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By the late 1830s, Squatter Democracy, in style and substance, had become a dominant strain in American politics. Whigs began appropriating the trappings of their rivals’ signature brand, first by stoking the legend of one of their own—a brash congressman from western Tennessee named David Crockett—and then by waging a “log cabin and hard cider” campaign in 1840 that landed western war hero William Henry Harrison in the White House. Whigs then played a leading role in passing the landmark Preemption Act of 1841, which legalized squatting on a mass scale. Meanwhile, the emergence of southwestern humor as a genre ushered in the age of the picaresque squatter, a member of an “original race” in the West distinguished by violent swagger and spicy speech—qualities embodied by the fictional Davy Crockett, who was quite different from the man who died at the Alamo.
Manufacturing Destiny
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
American emigrants capitalized on the ideology of Manifest Destiny and settler-friendly land policies to claim Oregon from Great Britain, making US acquisition of that territory a crowning achievement of Squatter Democracy. But the war with Mexico, which broke out at the same time, struck even some of the most ardent expansionists as dangerous overreach. For many northerners, the commencement of hostilities confirmed suspicions that proslavery men firmly held the reins of the Democracy. Determined to draw a line in the sand, Democratic congressman David Wilmot offered a proviso in August 1846 barring slavery from any territory gained from Mexico and heralding the rise of the Free Soil movement. Lewis Cass responded with the doctrine of popular sovereignty, calling for settlers to decide the slavery question. Squatters ceased being dependably Democratic pioneers who planted the American flag on Pacific shores and became politically unpredictable arbiters of slavery’s future.
Squatterdom
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Robert J. Walker did not want to become governor of Kansas Territory, but when President Buchanan pleaded, he relented. A progenitor of Squatter Democracy, he professed an unshakable commitment to letting the people of Kansas determine the status of slavery. From the moment he arrived, his every move became grist for rumor and recrimination. If he interacted with free-state men, the South cried foul. If he was seen in proslavery quarters, the free staters registered displeasure. Preaching strict neutrality on slavery and arguing that peace would open fields of opportunity for all, Walker clung to popular sovereignty. But ongoing electoral fraud by Border Ruffians and the resulting proslavery Lecompton Constitution compelled him finally to take a stand for democracy, hastening a rupture with Buchanan. The forsaken governor’s resignation left the Party of Jackson on the brink of collapse and Kansas and the nation on a war footing.
Coming Up the Hard Way
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the hardships Althea Gibson endured in her childhood. Eschewing the “politics of respectability” in her public accounts of her early life, Gibson diverged sharply from the entrenched script of gentility and femininity that society expected women, especially race-conscious Black women, to follow in living, and in telling the stories of, their lives. That Gibson not only defied gender norms in her youth but looked back in adulthood with neither shame nor apology for fighting, committing acts of daring and disobedience, displaying tactics of self-reliance and self-defense, and experiencing physical and emotional pain during a tough upbringing in Harlem all marked her as decidedly non-conformist. Gibson’s father, Daniel—the major male figure in her early life—encouraged her way of thinking and gave her boxing lessons. The chapter details Gibson’s experiences as a young Black girl against the backdrop of segregation and the Great Migration.
Changeover
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing how Althea Gibson played as much tennis as possible in the six weeks leading up to Forest Hills in 1956. She then participated in the O’Keefe Invitation Tennis Tournament in Toronto and the Pacific Southwest Tennis Championship in Los Angeles. Gibson’s status as an outsider was undeniable during her time in Los Angeles; she was the only Black player in the tournament. After Los Angeles, she played the Colorado State Championship in Denver. The chapter then looks at Gibson’s position as a Black celebrity and how World Tennis used a solo portrait of her for its November cover, her first for an American magazine. The World Tennis cover was a welcome change in mainstream media coverage of Gibson that fall. The chapter considers how the State Department found Gibson plenty suitable for its purposes in Australia. At the request of the Australian Lawn Tennis Association, Gibson played in the country’s four most important tournaments. However, Gibson drew heavy criticism in the Australian press and faced the issue of sexism.
How Documentaries Work
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How Documentaries Work breaks down the hidden conventions of the documentary film in accessible language for film students and documentary enthusiasts alike. The chapters on “Narrative” and “Meaning” show how documentaries use story constructions borrowed from fiction filmmaking and combine elements from disparate sources in order to prosecute their stories, while chapters on “Flow” and “Time” illuminate the precise mechanics of how the flow of information in a documentary is regulated to produce a specific result in the mind of the viewer. Other chapters on “Titles,” “Music,” and “Sound” break the documentary down into component parts that can be analyzed independently. Throughout the text, excerpts from interviews with documentary producers, directors, and craftspeople help to illuminate the concepts and deliver behind-the-scenes insights. It contains examples from over one hundred contemporary documentaries and covers a wide variety of contemporary nonfiction work, including docuseries, television documentaries, unscripted series, and contemporary avant-garde documentaries.
Presence Framing
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces the term “presence framing” (or “the framing of presence”) as the way in which documentaries arrange their materials for the audience in order to suggest a particular interpretation of the onscreen relationship between the participants, the camera, and the filmmaker. Some documentaries use observational framing, cutting out all references to the act of filming and creating a world in which it appears that the camera was never seen or noticed by the participants. Participatory framing, by contrast, acknowledges the presence of the filmmaker to some degree, either by implication (since the interviewees are talking to someone offscreen) or more explicitly by having the participants interact with the filmmaker onscreen or talk to them offscreen. The reflexive frame critiques the entire filmmaking project by throwing attention onto the illusory nature of all documentary filmmaking. The role of the narrator is discussed in the context of presence framing, and the ways in which filmmakers alter the outcome of the events they portray are elaborated upon. The concept of the semi-staged scene is introduced, in which participants appear to discuss things between themselves but have in fact been directed to do so.
Time
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 details how documentaries manipulate the experience of time for the audience. Most documentaries speak in the present tense with narration and title cards, engaging in a subtle but important manipulation that encourages the audience to feel as though the action is happening right in front of them rather than in the past. When cuts are made, footage is often strung together out of sequence in order to reinforce this illusion; for instance, verité shots are manipulated to make it seem as though the film was shot with multiple cameras when in fact usually only one camera is employed. When a documentary wishes to provide a fast-moving experience, it may play things in a mode called accelerated verité. When interleaving is used, scenes are intermingled so that multiple strands of time are proceeding simultaneously.
"The Amazing Iroquois" and the Invention of the Empire State
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
“The Amazing Iroquois” follows the lives of an extended Seneca family from the American Revolution to the Cold War. It explores how Red Jacket, Ely S. Parker, Harriet Maxwell Converse (adopted), and Arthur C. Parker became agents in the invention of the historical, political, and cultural conceptions of the Empire State. Each was one of the most popular indigenous celebrities of their respective age, so they were in a unique position to shape white New Yorker’s conception of self by rewriting and representing their peoples’ history on their own terms. From indigenous imperial politics to pioneering museum exhibitions, each was able to package and deliver Iroquois stories to the public in defiance of the contemporary racial stereotypes and settler colonial politics that threatened to bury them. Because of their skill, the advantages of celebrity, and the timely intervention of Iroquois leadership, these competing forces came together to create a popular and long-lasting historical memory. The Iroquois became an obvious and foundational part of New York’s own exceptional state history and self-identification. This is a story of how four members of an extended Seneca family worked within and used the tools of a colonial culture to shape aspects of contemporary New York culture in their own peoples’ image. The result was the creation of “The Amazing Iroquois,” an historical memory shaped by a combination of indigenous self-definition, colonial expectations about racial stereotypes and Native American politics, and the personalities of the people who did so much to shape it.
Conclusion
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
On May 17, 2021, the Red Jacket Peace Medal was repatriated by the Buffalo History Museum to the Seneca-Iroquois National Museum. As Seneca Nation President Matthew Pagels explained, the “medal represents what lives inside each and every Seneca person: the heart of a sovereign and our rightful recognition as such.” The Peace Medal and its long history are a fundamental part of Seneca national identity, a memory shaped by Red Jacket, Ely Parker, Harriet Converse, and Arthur Parker. This repatriation reveals the influence of these four on the long and complex, but ultimately indigenous, legacy of Iroquois exceptionalism.
Introduction
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction argues for the importance to examine how late Imperial Austria and the First Austrian Republic provided care and welfare for citizen-soldiers disabled in military service and dead soldier’s surviving dependents. The era of the First World War stands at the center of this study, but the wartime arrangements and early postwar programs represented both the continuation of longer-term trends and revolutionary changes in and after 1918. Placing this history of Austrian welfare for war victims in the historiographical context of war victim welfare in other First World War belligerent countries, of late Imperial Austrian state-citizen relations, and of the European welfare state and social citizenship more generally, the introduction lays out the intellectual agenda and the structure of the book. The Introduction also discusses the terminology, methodology, and the main line of argument that seeks to de-exoticize Habsburg Central Europe.
War Victims as a New Power Factor
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At the end of war, war victims themselves seized the opportunity and became a driving force behind the unfolding events. Transforming from an abstract population/administrative category to a formidable social movement outside of the milieu party (Lager) structures, the chapter argues that war victims formed a “partnership of the weak” with the republican state in the early months of the Austrian Revolution. The partnership gave organized war victims the right to participate in important welfare policy-making and decision-making processes, but it also constrained and moderated their activism. Working together, state officials and the Zentralverband created new welfare politics from both the top down and the bottom up
Introduction
Authors: Weiser Peg Brand 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction provides a historical and literary context for the examination of Albert Camus’s 1947 fictional novel, The Plague, to suggest its relevance to our own lived experiences of the 2021 Covid-19 pandemic that brought the routines and expectations of our normal, daily lives to an unprecedented halt. Details of Camus’s life and work inform our reading of the narrative that give rise to multiple interpretations as well as intriguing questions of scholarly inquiry: How realistic are the characters? Does solidarity eventually triumph over isolation? Does the popular novel inspire social change or fail in its aspirations? Facing the absurdity of a similarly unwelcome and unpredictable disease, have we managed our fear of death more successfully than the citizens of Oran? An overview of authors’ contributions sets the stage for new and unique perspectives: an invitation for readers to reflect upon our communal experience of immense grief.
Present in Effacement
Authors: Schultz Jane E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Camus’s consignment of women to minor roles in The Plague provides a prehistory of professional angst and staff shortages in the Covid-19 pandemic. The narrator’s depiction of gender imbalance functions as a metaphor for plague. It also replicates the twentieth-century medical discourse of heroic physicians with nameless patients and subordinate staff, enacting a medical gaze that reduces female characters to conventional, low-status roles and obscures their participation in the civic cause of fighting the plague. Camus’s emphasis on Dr. Rieux’s heroism and optimism in the face of suffering flattens gender distinctions instead of creating sustainable, egalitarian community bonds. The gender disparities at the heart of the novel provide a systemic prequel to the devaluation of nursing and frontline jobs that plague the current pandemic.
The Meaning of a Pandemic
Authors: Edgar Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Camus’s Myth of Sisyphus and The Plague to argue that plagues, and by implication pandemics, may be understood as examples of absurdity. The absurd may be understood as a more or less encompassing moment of meaninglessness that throws into question our habitual, taken-for-granted understandings of the world within which we live. While Myth advocates a capitulation to the absurd by accepting the meaninglessness of existence, The Plague advocates a more proactive position, in that its principal characters struggle to make new sense of their lives in the face of the plague. The problem of narrating the experience of plague is at the heart of the novel. The Plague may thereby be read as having important implications for how people have responded to Covid-19, specifically as a challenge to the habitual understanding of their lives and, akin to Camus’s plague, by anticipating a new and better future.
Horror and Natural Evil in The Plague
Authors: Freeland Cynthia A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Plague is a record of great suffering. Children thrash with painful buboes, families are separated, and victims cough up clots of blood. Horrors proliferate, from the initial rat invasions and deaths to burial pits emitting the putrid smoke of human cremations. Here nature is indifferent at best. Camus describes natural phenomena as portents of doom: especially the relentless winds buffeting the town. My chapter places Camus’s novel within the context of what I have elsewhere called “natural horror,” a genre with no identifiable monster but suffused with dread. I discuss how rats and bats function in horror works like Dracula and in The Plague, as well as in our current pandemic, as “zoonotic villains,” symbols of malevolence. Finally, I assess the response Camus recommends to what his narrator Dr. Rieux calls the “ridiculous and hideous injustice” of the world.
Competing Obligations
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Precedents established during the War of 1812 set the stage for Civil War–era debates over underage enlistment. Faced with critical manpower shortages, Democratic Republicans in Congress tried to lower the age at which a youth could enlist without the consent of his parent, guardian, or master from twenty-one to eighteen. Critics of the proposed legislation strongly objected, arguing that it undercut citizens’ rightful claims to minor sons, wards, and apprentices and unfairly favored states with large slave populations. They argued that southern planters would rebel if the US government laid claim to slaves; why, then, should industrious farmers and mechanics be expected to surrender their most valuable source of labor? This heated debate over minor enlistees raised critical questions concerning the exercise of political, military, and household authority that remained unresolved at the war’s end.
Preserving the Seed Corn
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the Confederacy was often accused of enlisting males “from cradle to grave,” its leaders in fact expressed great anxiety about the dangers of youth enlistment. These fears had their origins in the antebellum era, when the slaveholding elite observed the free states’ rapid population growth with alarm, while also worrying about potentially being outnumbered by the African Americans they enslaved. These deep-seated demographic fears alerted Confederate leaders to the dangers of “grinding the seed corn”—sacrificing the generation that would need to build and sustain the new nation after the war. Even when the Confederate Congress lowered the conscription age by one year in 1864, it stipulated that seventeen-year-olds would serve in separate reserve units, not the regular army. Viewing youth as a scarce resource to be conserved, the Confederate leadership never accepted the militarization of underage boys as the price they would have to pay for independence.
God Has Opened the Eyes of the Wise-Hearted Dr. Jenner
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Before it was finally eradicated in the 1970s, smallpox was a deadly disease, which killed millions and maimed those who survived. This chapter focuses on several little-known rabbinic responses to the smallpox inoculation and the newer vaccine introduced by Jenner, and on Abraham ben Solomon of Hamburg’s book Oleh Terufah (Leaf of Healing) published in 1785. The chapter also describes the antisemitic attacks claiming that Jenner’s vaccine was a Jewish plot to infect the population and concludes with the fight against smallpox in the early years of the State of Israel.
Your Hand Lay Heavily on the Inhabitants of This Land
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Of all the pandemics that effected Jewish communities, none was as well documented as cholera. It was also the first pandemic in the era of rapid medical discoveries, like the widespread acceptance of the germ theory of disease. This chapter will review the changing attitudes of Jewish communities and their leaders toward these scientific advances in the light of Jewish folk medicine and a continued belief in the power of amulets and prayers. To place all this into context, the tumultuous history is described of the attempts in both England and America to proclaim a general day of fasting and prayer in response to the cholera outbreak of 1832. The chapter concludes with an examination of several rabbinic rulings made in response to cholera, including one in which, in the face of a deadly cholera epidemic, congregants were instructed not to fast on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.