bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rather Reduce than Accommodate? Coping with Territorial Diversity in Multilevel Polities
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
All multilevel polities have developed institutional strategies to cope with the challenge of territorial diversity. This chapter focuses on two such strategies: the accommodation of territorial diversity via policy opt-outs or its reduction by regulatory or redistributive means. In a comparison with Canada, Switzerland, and the United States, the chapter argues that federal states govern territorial diversity differently than the European Union. Federal states reduce diversity by a joint recourse to looser regulation and fiscal incentives. Solely in identity-sensitive areas deemed vital for the preservation of cultural diversity, federal states accommodate diversity. The EU, on the other hand, lacks the fiscal capacities necessary to reduce diversity by redistributive means. Consequently, it has to reduce and accommodate diversity by rigid regulation and an extensive recourse to sectoral opt-outs in areas of core state powers. Recent attempts to build a European investment state could thus point towards a novel stage in the EU’s systemic development, heralding a gradual shift from accommodating to reducing territorial diversity.
Governing by Judicial Fiat? Over-Constitutionalization and Its Constraints on EU Legislation
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has been an important driver of the integration project, being able to rely on the Treaty’s policy aims, such as the four freedoms, citizenship, and competition law. These allow parallel venues of judicial and legislative policymaking, where the Court can establish important policy principles based on the Treaty, as for instance the Cassis judgment did for the single market. The implications for the legislative process have received too little attention by law and political science alike. Case law of the ECJ accumulates, constraining European secondary law in multiple ways. The chapter analyses the interaction of judicial and legislative policymaking on the basis of different case studies, constructing a typology to show the repercussions on EU policymaking.
Forging Identity-Based Constructive Constitutional Conflict in the European Union
Authors: Bobić Ana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
EU’s economic governance is characterized by the tension in the relationship between member states’ preservation of national budgetary autonomy embedded in the no-bailout clause and the prohibition of monetary financing, on the one hand, and the need to manage a shared currency area through a common and independent central bank, on the other. Accordingly, the aim of this contribution is to present the ways in which this tension materializes itself in constitutional conflict between national constitutional courts and the Court of Justice in the monetary field. The analysis will be based on the premise that, taking into account the EU’s constitutional set-up, constitutional conflict is a regular occurrence: not a bug, but a feature of the system’s functioning. In that sense, this contribution will look at the ways in which identity-based constitutional conflict between the EU and the national level can contribute to and improve legal accountability of the ECB in the monetary field.
Goodbye New Orleans
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how Margaret Walker left New Orleans in August 1932. All she could think about now was going to the place that would make her a writer. In later talks and remembrances about her time in Chicago, she routinely referred to it as “the place where I found my voice.” Walker then attended Northwestern University with her sister. She had begun school during the campaign for the presidential election of 1932. The New Deal politics that Franklin Delano Roosevelt promoted was her introduction to American political culture. Witnessing this shift of power at the national level and getting an introduction to the nature of political participation was one of the advantages of living in one of America’s major Northern cities. Without knowing it, Walker was getting her orientation to the work she would later do in Jackson, Mississippi, at the local and state level. The political activity that accompanied her arrival to Chicago also made Walker aware of the larger world.
Brave New World
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter talks about Margaret Walker’s decision to stay in Chicago. Perhaps because she had come to know the South through her symbolic imagination as a child and through the imaginary world her grandmother created for her, Walker came to understand the Black experience in two ways: both tragic and romantic, a sacred spirituality and a secular humanism, filled with anguish and exultation. Or perhaps because she was seldom witness to the severe degradation that so often described life in the South, she could more easily transmute those feelings. In any case, coming to Northwestern University as a child and leaving as a young poet opened up new possibilities. She began to think of herself as a “struggling artist.” Not for an instant did she regret her decision to stay in Chicago, even when she found it impossible to get work. She found a dynamic Black culture, with Negro artists, writers, actors, painters, dancers, sculptors, and musicians who, like her, were young and filled with a sense of limitless possibilities, talking endlessly about a future of fame and fortune.
Dear Dick
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Margaret Walker’s relationship with Richard Wright. What is remarkable about this period is the way she revealed—mainly in the letters to Wright—her taste and judgment on virtually everything. Her attention to detail in reporting to Wright suggests an intense relationship where language was supremely important. The passionate banter and mutual criticism made them allies in creating each other’s work, and their participation in a movement focusing on the relationship between race and society made them comrades who wanted and needed to find a common space in which to share and learn together. Their social and emotional experiences, on the other hand, caused them to react quite differently to the political and ideological landscape they encountered. The instant attraction to each other’s intellectual and creative gifts could easily have concealed an elaborate masquerade that both carried on while avoiding getting drawn into a sexual relationship. Wright’s conflicted sexual attitudes toward Black women, which presented themselves very early, and Walker’s dormant and repressed sexual impulses were easily transmuted during the year they spent together and the two additional years in which they corresponded.
Time Is a Mighty Healer
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter details how Margaret Walker’s existence within a group of New Negroes whose early achievements defied the norm for Black America brought with it a heightened sense of duty that often wrestled with feelings of desire. Walker had pushed open a space for an education of a new type, and her expanding political awareness brought a distinct set of abilities. None of this changed fundamentally who she was. The public Margaret Walker could live in a world of political action and exhibit a radical identity; she was a professional poet and a credit to her race. The private Margaret Walker never diverted from her introspective moods, the tendency toward self-analysis and reflection. She had mastered the art of interiority, relying upon herself alone to know what to do and who to become. The voice that she had found while living in Chicago affirmed her existence as a poet, and she could not let that go. As part of Walker’s routine practice of using poetry as personal reflection, one can see the same group of unpublished Chicago poems as both looking forward and back at her life.
October Journey
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Margaret Walker’s NCAC tour. On October 15, 1943, Walker left New York for Fort Valley State College by Pullman. She did not want to forget what it felt like and she recorded her perceptions. It was the beginning exercises of a volume of poetry that would not appear until 1973 as October Journey, but the descriptions would also ready her for Jubilee, whose principal settings are Georgia and Alabama. The contrast between what was and what could have been, were it not for systems of oppression, makes clear that Walker’s sense of historical timing was always on point. Her first stop at Fort Valley State College was a reminder of how intentional those oppressive practices were as Southern states put in place a rigid two-tier educational system. Blacks nonetheless could take full advantage of them, especially in the 1940s as they became concentrated and exclusive sites for the social and intellectual development of that new generation who would envision a new world through some of the most sweeping social changes in twentieth-century America.
Every Child Is a Book I Didn’t Write
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses how, by midsummer 1945, Margaret Walker’s life was moving forward rapidly. She had become widely known as a poet, completed a whirlwind tour of ten states, embarked upon a lifelong career as a teacher, fallen in love, given birth to her first child, and weathered several personal storms. The Margaret Walker who emerged from this period was radically different from the one who had lived in the world of possibilities. “Growing Out of Shadow,” an essay invited by the editor of Common Ground, was the first publication that indicated a major shift in Walker’s thinking and publishing activity. Its appearance in 1943, written in an autobiographical voice, offers a useful summary of life as she had known it. “Growing Out of Shadow” gave her ownership of the self she had learned to articulate, and an alternative view of the life of an artist coming-of-age in the Black South and urban North. In “How I Wrote Jubilee,” another autobiographical essay that appeared in 1972, she gave an updated account of her literary journey.
The Walls of My Prison House
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how, even though she made her public and private declarations of renewal each January, Margaret Walker’s growing dependency on her husband Alex, the creative lull, and endless domestic responsibilities combined into emotions that not only overburdened her but also aggravated whatever ailment she had, even if it was a simple cold. Post-partum depression accounted for some of her mood swings, for which she received ineffective treatment, but she refused to ask her parents for help, not wanting to admit failure. The physical compatibility and love that she and Alex felt drew them closer, but too often she concluded that “this dulls my creative and religious impulses otherwise but my love will not let me leave.” The result was that they fought often and in different ways. On one occasion, Alex’s abuse was so severe that she considered taking out a warrant for his arrest, but she could not face the options: leave right away or lose face. Walker’s routine of self-therapy steeled her during these years. Even if she exaggerated in those moments of acute distress, equating her marriage with slavery, for example, she took marriage and motherhood as a given rather than an option.
Politics and Possibilities
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Margaret Walker’s more direct engagement with politics, about which she always had a lot to say in her journals. The more she watched the unfolding of Ronald Reagan’s political agenda, the more strongly she felt a sense of imminent danger for the country and for its people. Her first opportunity to express her sentiments publicly came at a rally in support of Lesley McLemore’s US Senate bid. She was not only one of the people: she was the people’s voice in a new way. She easily adopted the homespun style that Mississippians had grown accustomed to. Walker’s ability to connect with people had earned her success in another way: election as a delegate-at-large for the Democratic National Convention in 1984. She rarely let go of her identity as a New Deal Democrat.
Introduction
Authors: Kosterich Allie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s central argument: the profession of journalism has undergone institutional augmentation, an alternative to the process of institutional change that results in neither the displacement of an existing institution nor the failure of the new one. Instead, an existing institution (e.g., traditional journalists) is augmented to allow for the coexistence of a qualitatively and quantitatively distinct, supplementary institution (e.g., news nerds). To whit, news organizations increasingly integrate news nerds into the newsroom and the relevance and legitimacy of news nerds is pervasive throughout the industry; however, news nerds are not fully diffused such that they work in every newsroom, nor have they displaced traditional journalists. In other words, not every traditional journalist is a news nerd; instead, journalism has augmented to allow for the space and coexistence of news nerds. The process of institutional augmentation has profound implications for news organizations, journalism, and society at large.
When I’m 54
Authors: Truesdale Beth C. , Berkman Lisa F. , Mitukiewicz Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Those who are not employed during their 50s – and who may not be candidates for working into their 60s – are frequently invisible in the working longer discussion. In this chapter, we bring these individuals back into the conversation by examining who is and is not working in their 50s, the stability of individuals’ employment in their 50s, and their likelihood of working into their 60s. We find that those who lack stable employment during their 50s are disproportionately non-white, women, and those without college degrees. While disadvantaged groups start from a lower base of employment around age 50, working longer appears to be a challenge across the board: employment rates fall by about 20 percentage points for all groups between ages 50 and 60. We also find that continuous employment during one’s 50s appears to be a critical foundation for working longer, but about half of Americans do not have continuous employment during their 50s. Policies that improve the quality and consistency of employment in late middle age may increase rates of working longer.
The Geography of Retirement
Authors: Coile Courtney C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: As Americans work longer in response to a changing retirement landscape, it is important to ask whether there are groups being left out of this trend. Geography is a natural lens through which to examine this question, given regional disparities in the employment of prime-age individuals. In this chapter, we explore the geography of retirement. We find large differences across U.S. commuting zones in employment rates at older ages, with a gap of about 20 percentage points between areas at the 90th and 10th percentiles of employment. Low-employment areas are systematically different, with a less educated and more diverse population, more low-wage jobs and import competition from China, poorer health outcomes and health care access, lower government spending, and more income inequality. Although these correlations are not necessarily causal, these factors collectively can explain about four-fifths of the geographic variation in employment at older ages.
Working Longer in an Age of Rising Economic Inequality
Authors: Burtless Gary 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: In the past four decades, rising earnings inequality has substantially widened income disparities among working-age families. This chapter investigates the relationship between rising inequality during Americans’ prime working years and the simultaneous trend toward longer work lives. I find that both trends have increased inequality in the population past age 65. Higher earned income inequality before 65 pushes up inequality after 65, because high-wage workers accumulate greater wealth and more pension credits than workers who earn less. Moreover, the trend toward later retirement is more pervasive among high-wage than among low-wage workers, a pattern that tends to boost the relative incomes of the high-income elderly. Despite the factors driving up old-age inequality, income disparities in old age have increased notably less than disparities in the working-age U.S. population. This is primarily the result of much stronger government social protection for Americans past age 65 compared with the population under 65.
The Biased Politics of “Working Longer”
Authors: Hacker Jacob S. , Pierson Paul 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Why has there been such a limited response to the strains facing older Americans? The answer can be found in America’s “organized political economy,” the interaction of organized political actors and the distinctive structure of U.S. political institutions. This interaction has created three biases that have reduced responsiveness to older voters’ policy concerns, despite these voters’ centrality to the electoral coalition of the Republican Party: (1) a bias toward economic elites hostile to social spending and taxation; (2) a bias toward legislative gridlock caused by the “asymmetric polarization” of the parties, as Republicans have become a much more conservative force; and (3) a bias toward racial and cultural appeals, rather than ones addressing economic risks, as the GOP’s main means of gaining and holding power in a diversifying society. These three biases have pulled both parties toward the concerns and attitudes of the affluent. Their most profound effects, however, have been on the Republican Party. All three of these biases have encouraged Republicans to pursue hard-right positions unpopular even among their own base, hamstringing collective efforts to address the challenges facing older Americans.
What Is the Way Forward?
Authors: Berkman Lisa F. , Truesdale Beth C. , Mitukiewicz Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: While aging populations are inevitable in most countries around the world, policy responses to these aging populations are a matter of choice. Our central argument is that policies affecting work – those that shape labor markets for workers of all ages – must be considered in tandem with policies affecting retirement. Rising inequalities make it much harder to respond effectively to population aging. For U.S. policy design, large gaps in economic and social conditions – gaps defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, gender, family configuration, geography, and more – mean that one size will not fit all when it comes to work and retirement. We offer five main conclusions. (1) Working longer is an important but incomplete response to population aging. (2) High and rising social and economic inequalities put working longer in jeopardy for many Americans. (3) Robust retirement and disability policies are essential complements to working-longer policies. (4) Working-longer policies must be supported by “good jobs” policies to succeed. (5) Responses to population aging must take into account the needs of today’s middle-aged Americans, who are the retirees of the future, as well as today’s older Americans. In this closing chapter, we propose an array of policies to improve the well-being of older Americans as they work and retire.
Why Does Public Space Matter?
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1. Why Does Public Space Matter? is an introduction to the concepts of flourishing, social contact, public culture, and affective atmosphere. Six domains—social justice, health, play and recreation, informal economy, cultural identity, and ecological sustainability—structure the presentation of ethnographic evidence. The social dislocation and emotional loss caused by closing public spaces during COVID-19 and the significance of city streets for Black Lives Matter protests reveal the centrality of public space in everyday life. Public spaces enable people to encounter those they would not normally come across and transform “others” into individuals who are recognized and engaged in social interaction and political activities. Public culture develops as strangers watch and converse acquiring new ways of being. A park atmosphere of mutual affinity for a place creates opportunities for social encounters and promotes an “indifference to difference” that encourages an openness to others. Together these processes create the context for human flourishing.
Playing in the Fields of Lake Welch, New York
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5. Playing in the Fields of Lake Welch focuses on the role of public space in children’s play, youth team building, and creative development. The ethnography of Lake Welch reflects how a natural environment encourages children’s exploration and adventure while simultaneously providing relaxation and retreat for the entire family. It highlights the importance of cultural context in the socialization of children and offers a place where the family can be together outside of their small apartments and the busy streets of New York City. Play for children and “re-creation” are essential aspects of psychological flourishing that this green public space encourages. The informal settlement of Dandora in Nairobi, Kenya, demonstrates how recovering public spaces contributes not only to the creativity of children, but to the local community as a site of inspiration for what urban life for children, youth, and families should and can be.
Living for Pleasure
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pleasure feels amazing! Anxiety, however, does not. The Ancient Greek Philosopher Epicurus rolled these two strikingly intuitive claims into a simple formula for happiness and well-being—pursue pleasure without causing yourself anxiety. But wait, is that even possible? Can humans achieve lasting pleasure without suffering anxiety about failure and loss? Epicurus thinks we can, at least once we learn to pursue pleasure of the right kinds in the right ways. Living for Pleasure offers a lively, jargon-free account of how Epicureanism can help us make and keep good friends, prepare for suffering, combat imposter syndrome, build trust, recognize personal limitations, value truth, develop healthy attitudes towards money and success, manage political anxiety, cultivate gratitude, savor food, and face death.
Maybe We’re Doing It Wrong
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter motivates the Epicurean view that living well is living for pleasure. Uncharitable critics have long misrepresented Epicurus as advocating the indiscriminate, wanton pursuit of bodily pleasure. In the spirit of charity, some defenders of Epicurus have overcorrected, transforming Epicurus instead into a kind of abstemious killjoy, a hedonist in name only. The truth lies somewhere in between. Epicurus thinks life offers a rich array of joyful pleasures, but fully appreciating those pleasures requires first achieving the greatest pleasure—tranquility, a stable state resulting from the absence of psychological pain and anxiety. If the best pleasure depends on freedom from anxiety, though, it seems we are often very, very bad at being pleased. This book explores what Epicurus thinks most contributes to our anxiety and unhappiness, both theoretically and practically, and how we can change our beliefs, desires, and physical circumstances to put the greatest pleasure within reach.