bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Clones within Four Tree Fruit Species by Pollen Exine Patterns1
Authors: Fogle Harold W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty sample clones of peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch) and ten clones each of nectarine (P. persica var. nectarina [Ait.] Maxim.), European plum (P. domestica L.), sweet cherry (P. avium [L.] L.) and apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were compared by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for characteristics of their pollen exine. The 4 taxa were separated into 3 groups by pollen grain size. Exine differences distinguished apple and sweet cherry pollens, which had similar size, and separated clones within each of the species. Peach and nectarine clones varied within the same ranges of pollen size and exine characteristics. Within P. persica, two patterns of ridging and the relative frequency, depth of impression, and size of pores categorized the clones individually. Plum exine patterns were distinct from those of other tree fruits, but ridging and pore characteristics of the exine separated plum clones into distinct categories. Apple cultivars, which had the narrowest ridges, were separated by the abundance and placement of pores in the exine. Sweet cherry clones also were distinguished by exine characteristics.
Branching Habit and Apical Dominance of Compact and Normal Apple Seedlings as Influenced by TIBA and GA31
Authors: Lee Jung M. , Looney N. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Regrowth of decapitated seedlings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) of a compact phenotype revealed stronger apical dominance and narrower branching angle than normal seedlings. Normal and compact seedlings were also found to differ in their phyllotaxy at lower nodes. Spraying with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) before and/or after decapitation increased apparent apical dominance in compact seedlings; reduced shoot thickness in normal seedlings; and reduced shoot length and increased branching angle of both phenotypes. Gibberellic acid (GA3) increased shoot length and reversed the TIBA effect on branch angle in the compact seedlings. These differing growth regulator effects are thought to relate to differences in endogenous growth substance levels. Shoot tips of normal seedlings were higher in abscisic acid (ABA) but the dwarf pea bioassay indicated the presence of another acidic inhibitor present only in the compact seedlings. Normal seedlings exhibited higher levels of gibberellin-like growth promoters.
Differential Response of Tomato and Lambsquarter Seedlings to Potassium Level1
Authors: Minotti Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sand culture experiments showed that lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) required greater amounts of K in the nutrient media for optimum growth than did tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). When grown in competition, the ratio of tomato to lambsquarters decreased with increasing K level in the media. At all 5 K levels employed, lambsquarter shoots contained a greater percentage of dry matter and a greater K concentration than did tomato shoots. Optimum growth for lambsquarter required shoot K concentration twice as high as tomato. In contrast to shoots, lambsquarter roots had a higher concentration of K only at lower media K levels while tomato roots had a higher concentration of K at higher K levels. Total K accumulation per unit of root mass was greater for lambsquarters at lower K levels but equal for the species at high K levels.
Carbon Dioxide Treatments for ‘McIntosh’ Apples before CA Storage1
Authors: Bramlage W. J. , Bareford P. H. , Blanpied G. D. , Dewey D. H. , Taylor Susan , Porritt S. W. , Lougheed E. C. , Smith W. H. , McNicholas F. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a collaborative study at 5 North American locations, treatment with 12% CO2 and 3 to 5% O2 for 2 weeks at 0° to 3°C at the beginning of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage significantly delayed softening of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Softening was retarded further when treatment time and CO2 concentration were increased, and when fruit was harvested less mature. The effect was diminished by treatment at 0°, and was nullified by delayed treatment and slow cooling during treatment. Softening response to CO2 was not influenced by O2 concentration or storage humidification during treatment. CO2 treatment reduced the rates of CO2 and ethylene evolution from the fruit, even after 4 to 5 months of subsequent CA storage, but affected neither soluble solids nor titratable acidity of fruit after storage. When taste panelists could distinguish CO2-treated from nontreated CA apples, they preferred the treated fruit.
These beneficial results were usually accompanied by external CO2 injury, and occasionally by internal CO2 injury; 30 to 50% of the fruit were injured in some tests. Treatment in a non-humidified room reduced CO2 injury without also reducing treatment benefits. We conclude that for ‘McIntosh’, the potential for injury outweighs the benefits obtained from CO2 pre-treatment in CA storage.
Uptake of Calcium by Apples from Postharvest Dips in Calcium Chloride Solutions1
Authors: Betts Heather A. , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Uptake of Ca by apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from a postharvest dip in CaCl2 solutions increased as CaCl2 concentration in the dip solution increased up to 3-4%; a 4% solution increased flesh Ca level by 60 to 100 ppm after 3 months of storage. Uptake occurred primarily during storage, apparently as Ca from residues left by the dipping treatment diffused through openings in the fruit surface. Absorbed Ca remained largely near the fruit surface, although some deeper penetration occurred. Uptake from a 2% CaCl2 solution was not influenced significantly by thickener, surfactant, fungicide, or scald inhibitor in the dip solution, and was not consistently influenced by storage at relative humidities of from 90% to greater than 95%. When relative humidity had an effect, uptake was reduced at concentrations greater than 95%. A 4% CaCl2 dip treatment reduced softening and development of senescent breakdown in ‘McIntosh’, but did not significantly modify quality of ‘Cortland’ or ‘Baldwin’ apples.
Induction of Cold Hardiness in Apple Tree Shoots with Ethephon, NAA, and Growth Retardants1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth regulators were applied in early autumn to evaluate their effects on induction of cold hardiness in 2-year-old apple shoots, as determined by the conductivity test. Mid-October applications of 500 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), followed 11 days later by 100 ppm of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), increased cold hardiness up to 5°C by early November in 1974 and to a lesser extent in 1976. Two annual sprays of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) in June increased cold hardiness slightly (2 to 3°C) in late fall of 1974, 1975, and 1976. However, in 1974 treated trees were no hardier than the controls later in the winter and fruit set on ethephon-treated trees was severely reduced. In most cases, the combined content of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol in the 2-year-old wood was slightly higher in treatments that induced cold hardiness in November or December, 1974 than in the controls. Techniques are described for screening growth regulators for induction of cold hardiness and estimating relative cold protection.
Quality and Value of Walnut Kernels as Affected by Ethephon, Delay in Harvest, or Prolonged Drying1
Authors: Martin George C. , Sibbett G. Steven , Draper T. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) with and without (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) treatment were harvested at the earliest practical time and 3, 7, and 10 days later. With both treatments a delay in harvest resulted in kernels of lower quality and subsequent value. Furthermore, lower quality was found in earlier maturing than in later maturing walnuts when harvested from the same tree on the same day. In all comparisons kernels from ethephon-treated nuts were of higher value than controls. Walnuts left in the drier beyond the time necessary to remove excess moisture lost negligible quality and value.
Effect of Soil Compaction on Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency, Root Growth, Yield, and Fruit Shape of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Smittle D. A. , Williamson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was not greatly restricted by soil strength less than 500 kPa (5 bars). Root growth was inhibited 80% at a soil strength of 850 kPa. Mechanical compaction produced by a tractor wheel resulted in a 50% reduction of tissue NO3 at comparable soil NO3 levels, a 25 to 35% yield reduction, and a decrease in fruit length/diameter ratio. The effects of soil compaction could be partially alleviated by increasing the rate of nitrogen fertilization; however, a 3-fold increase in N fertilization did not completely counteract the effect of compaction on cucumber yield. A system for cucumber seedbed preparation which reduces soil compaction is presented.
Genotype Variation in Pecan Kernel Color and Color Stability during Storage1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Wilson D. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Substantial quantitative differences in kernel pigmentation of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) were measured in 8 cultivars and 1 selection. These pecans exhibit a wide range in color stability with storage and reversibility of detrimental color changes using surface pH alteration. Major differences were found between genotypes in the positive benefit from storage in the unshelled versus the shelled state.
Winter Rainfall Reduces Rest Period of Apple and Pear1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Repeated winter rain or water soaking in the laboratory reduced the time required for breaking winter rest of ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) and ‘Starkrimson’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Possibly a water soluble inhibitor is leached from the buds.
Mechanism of Supercooling in Overwintering Peach Flower Buds1
Authors: Quamme H. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study to determine the freezing pattern in overwintering flower buds of peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch) revealed that masses of ice formed in the flower bud scales and flower bud axis, but not the flower primordium. Water appeared to be withdrawn from the bud axis to freeze in preferred sites in the scales, but not from the flower primordium. The flower primordium appeared to survive to below −20°C by supercooling. Below −10°C the supercooled flower primordium could be induced to freeze by inoculating it with ice or excising it from the flower bud at the base. It is proposed that 2 barriers operate below −10°C to prevent external nucleation of the supercooled tissue, 1) the cuticle or epidermis which prevents nucleation by ice on the surface of the flower primordium, and 2) a dry region at the base which prevents an ice boundary from spreading into the flower primordium from the interior of the bud axis. The dry region is formed by water withdrawal into the scales during the initial stages of freezing. Below some critical temperature the ice boundary spreads through the dry region or the supercooled tissue nucleates spontaneously. The sudden explosive growth of ice kills the flower primordium, probably by intracellular freezing.
Overtree Misting for Bloom Delay in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Stang Elden J. , Ferree David C. , Hall Franklin R. , Spotts Robert A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spring overtree misting using greenhouse mist nozzles was tested for effects on bloom delay, incidence of disease, European red mite populations, fruit size, maturity, fruit russeting and tree survival of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing 9 rootstock. Bloom delay of 9 and 8 days was observed in misted trees in 1975 and 1976, respectively, Apple scab was controlled with standard fungicide spray programs, but fireblight was severe in 1975 on misted trees. European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch.) egg hatch was delayed on misted trees but post treatment populations were not affected. Phytotoxicity occurred on calyx and foliar tissue in misted trees in 1975. Fruit set and yield were reduced in misted trees in both years. Fruit size in misted treatments in 1975 was reduced through late July, but was comparable at harvest. In 1976, misted fruit size was reduced. Fruit color, soluble solids and firmness tests indicated maturity was delayed by mist. Fruit russeting in spring misted treatments was reduced. Substantial tree losses occurred in misted treatments in 1975.
Population Studies of Pratylenchus penetrans and its Effects on Peach Seedling Rootstocks1
Authors: Johnson P. W. , Dirks V. A. , Layne R. E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field samplings in 3 peach orchards with 4 seedling rootstocks showed that Siberian C seedlings had significantly higher levels of Pratylenchus penetrans [(Cobb) Filip, and Stek.] populations in both root tissues and surrounding soil than 3 other seedling rootstocks tested. Little difference in nematode populations could be shown between seedlings of Veteran, Harrow Blood and Rutgers Red Leaf. Greenhouse studies of infected and nematode-free seedlings of these rootstocks confirmed field results. Significant reduction in growth occurred in all the rootstocks tested, with Siberian C seedlings being the most severely affected. Nematode control and plant breeding implications are discussed.
Mycorrhizal Influence on the Nutrition of Strawberries1
Authors: Hughes Megan , Martin Lloyd W. , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Hood) were grown at three levels of soil P and inoculated with either Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter sensu Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or Gigaspora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe mycorrhizal fungus. P and N concentration in the aerial part of inoculated plants were higher than in controls; highest concentrations were found in plants inoculated with Glomus fasciculatus. Inoculation with this fungus also resulted in the greatest length of mycorrhizal roots and the highest percentage of total root length infected.
The Effects of Evaporative Cooling for Bloom Delay on ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Bosc’ Pear Fruit Maturity and Quality1
Authors: Collins M. D. , Lombard P. B. , Wolfe J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature orchard misting and sprinkling and young hedgerow misting for bloom delay of pear (Pyrus communis L.) reduced fruit sizes of ‘Bartlett’ 6% and of ‘Bosc’ 12%. Harvest maturity, indicated by fruit pressure testing, was delayed 0 to 6 days for ‘Bartlett’ and 2 to 7 days for ‘Bosc’. The effect of bloom delay on fruit size and maturity was greater on ‘Bosc’ than ‘Bartlett’. Bloom delay had a greater effect on fruit sizing at harvest (3.5 days for every 6 days of bloom delay) than on harvest maturity (1 day for every 6 days delay). Soluble solids, not affected in pears from the mature plots, were slightly lower in the misted hedgerow. Titratable acids were not influenced by bloom delay.
Lime and Charcoal Amendments Reduce Fluoride Absorption by Plants Cultured in a Perlite-peat Medium1
Authors: Sheldrake Raymond , Doss George E. , St. John Leigh E. , Lisk Donald J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lime or activated charcoal effectively reduced fluoride absorption and increased plant dry weight in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown in a fertilized perlite-peat moss medium. Lime in combination with charcoal surpassed that of charcoal alone in reducing fluoride absorption and increasing yields. While the addition of lime or charcoal raised the pH of the growth medium only the lime greatly reduced water-soluble fluoride.
Heterosis and Phenotypic Stability of F1 Hybrids in Cucumber Under Controlled Environment1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three F1 hybrids of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their inbred parents were grown at 2 day/night regimes (30°/20°C and 27°/14°) under controlled environment. Hybrids were superior in fresh weight under both temperatures at each of 2 stages of growth and had higher phenotypic stability than their parents.
Conversion of Central Leader Apple Trees for Improved Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: Lakso A. N. , Millier W. F. , Pellerin R. A. , Carpenter S. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight-year-old, semi-standard ‘McIntosh’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were converted from central leader trees to open center trees by removal of the central leader. The productivity of the converted trees was not reduced in the first year due to better fruit set and size, and flowering and yield of the open center and central leader trees were similar in the second year. Open center trees resulted in less damage to the fruit during mechanical harvest, primarily due to reduction in fruit zone height.
Ethylene in Fruits of Blackberry and Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lipe John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper entitled “Ethylene in Fruits of Blackberry and Rabbiteye Blueberry” by John A. Lipe (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(1):76-77. 1978) ethylene concentrations in the text are erronously expressed as mg/liter. These units should be ppm of μl/liter
Pesticide Effects on the Plant Cuticle: III. EPTC Effects on the Qualitative Composition of Brassica oleracea L. Leaf Cuticle1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC, 2.24 kg/ha) altered wax composition on developing leaves of cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group) cv. Market Prize], but did not affect cutin composition. The alkane, ketone and secondary alcohol content of the epicuticular wax was reduced and ester content increased. C29 constituents (alkane, ketone, aldehyde and sec-alcohol) accounted for 72.5% (34.1 μg/cm2) and 40.2% (7.2 μg/cm2) of the epicuticular wax on control and EPTC-treated leaves respectively. Homlog composition within a chemical group was not changed. Chemical composition was similar for abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces, and the EPTC-induced change in chemical composition was similar for both surfaces. In contrast with epicuticular wax, cuticular wax contained higher percentages of fatty acids and primary alcohols, and lower percentages of alkanes, and ketones. All constituents except the unidentified polar materials and fatty acids were lower in cuticular wax extracted from EPTC-treated than non-treated plants. The main component of the cutin fraction from both control and EPTC-treated plants was identified as dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Cutin acids were not quantitatively changed by the EPTC treatment.
Effects of Sodium Azide Soil Treatments on Quality of Vegetable Root Crops1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Sitterly Wayne R. , Ogle W. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sodium azide (NaN3) applied at 134.4 kg/ha as a soil fumigant did not drastically alter the quality of vegetable root crops grown on treated soil. Azide soil treatment had no influence on quality of beets (Beta vulgaris L.) or potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Differences were noted in quality of turnips (Brassica rapa L.) during 1976; however, no differences were found during the 1977 growing season at 2 locations. Azide soil treatments resulted in differences in quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.). Some differences that occurred were beneficial such as increased size and carotenoid content of carrots.
Inheritance and Selection of Nonpreference Resistance to the Cowpea Curculio in the Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)1,2
Authors: Fery R. L. , Cuthbert F. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The southernpea breeding line, CR 18-13-1, a source of nonpreference resistance to the cowpea curculio, was crossed with the susceptible breeding line, Fla. 589.06. The F1, F2, and backcross progenies of this cross and the parental lines were grown in outdoor screen-cage and field tests over a 3-year period. Large error variances were noted in all tests because of apparent plant-to-plant variation in number of curculios. Resistance was inherited in a partially dominant manner and broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.0 to 19.1%. Selection in the seedling stage for low amounts of adult curculio feeding damage increased the frequency of resistant plants.
Influence of Nitrogen, Deblossoming, and Growth Regulator Treatments on Growth, Flowering, and Runner Production of the ‘Gem’ Everbearing Strawberry1
Authors: Tafazoli E. , Shaybany B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Uniform everbearing strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Gem’) were treated with 60 and 100ppm N, 50 and 100ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), and 50 and 100ppm (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) in the greenhouse. One half of the plants were deblossomed as flowers emerged. Both GA3 and N increased runner production and vegetative growth, independently and without interaction. Ethephon and deblossoming were generally ineffective on the measured characters except that 100ppm ethephon reduced leaf fresh weight and deblossoming increased inflorescence number. Highly significant interactions were observed among ethephon and higher levels of GA3 and N. ‘Gem’ flowering and runner production appear independent of each other with deblossoming of no practical value in promoting runner production.
Heritability Estimates for Fiber Content, Root Weight, Shape, Cracking, and Sprouting in Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Hamilton M. G. , Dukes P. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A parent-offspring test of 21 sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and 25 open-pollinated offspring from each provided heritability estimates (h2 ± SE) for root fiber (0.47 ± 0.04), weight (0.41 ± 0.04, shape (0.50 ± 0.05), cracking (0.37 ± 0.04), and sprouting (0.37 ± 0.02). These characters were sufficiently independent to allow selection of one, or of any combination simultaneously, without adverse effects on the others.
Influence of Borate and Pentaerythritol Concentrations on Germination and Tube Growth of Lilium longiflorum Pollen1
Authors: Dickinson David B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rapid tube growth occurred when lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace) pollen germinated in a liquid medium containing 0.29 m pentaerythritol. Growth was reduced by increasing or decreasing the pentaerythritol concn. There was a hyperbolic relationship between concn of H3BO3 in the medium and stimulation in rate of pollen tube growth, with 30 μm H3BO3 causing one-half maximal stimulation of growth. Neither early pollen tube growth nor percent germination was stimulated by the hormones indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid, nor was there any effect by 2’-isopropyl-4’-(trimethylammonium chloride)-5’-methylphenyl piperidine-1-carboxylate (Amo 1618), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis.
Changes in Tomato Fruit Ripening Caused by Ethylene Dibromide Fumigation1
Authors: Rigney C. J. , Graham D. , Lee T. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigation of fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) reduced red color development in the outer pericarp, although the inner tissues remained unaffected at EDB doses as high as 35 g/m3. Carotene accumulation was enhanced by EDB at 4 g/m3, but at higher doses the carotene content of the tomato pericarp was reduced. Skin puncture force was reduced in green fruit fumigated at 4 g/m3, but not in breaker or pink fruit; higher skin puncture forces were recorded at higher doses for the three fruit maturities tested, EDB stimulated the respiration of preclimacteric fruit, but fruit fumigated just prior to the climacteric showed a normal respiration peak, although a 4 g/m3 treatment resulted in partial climacteric respiratory rise.