bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Seasons They Go Round and Round
Authors: Ellis Jeffrey 
Published: March 2022

When an aviation accident occurs, courts in the United States are frequently presented with a claim that an aircraft or one of its component parts should be deemed ‘defective’. In considering this type of claim, defendants almost always argue that the product met FAA certification standards and was deemed safe by that agency. Several recent US decisions as well as the fatal accidents involving the 737MAX have once again focused attention on this issue. This article addresses how some US courts have used circular reasoning in analysing the meaning of the federal statute and regulatory regime which govern product certification and aviation safety generally. The first section of this article examines the initial decision to address this issue and the flaws in the analysis that caused the court to reject this defence. The next section examines a subsequent decision which pointed out the foregoing flaws and held that the entire field of aviation safety was preempted. The following sections address how the first court recognized the flaw in its initial rationale while another panel of the court which first recognized that flaw issued a decision which hearkened back to the rationale of the initial court’s decision. Although Supreme Court review of the latter was requested, the FAA urged that Court to wait until the 737Max issues played out before addressing this subject and that is what the Supreme Court agreed to do. While final resolution of this issue will require a Supreme Court determination, a review of the decisions issued to date provides useful context for analysing how this issue will ultimately be resolved. It is the author’s belief that federal standards will ultimately be recognized to control and that FAA certification will either conclusively establish that the product is safe or create a presumption regarding that fact.
aviation product preemption, aviation product certification, FAA aircraft certification, aviation safety, US case law
Reopening the Upper Airspace over Kosovo for Civil Air Traffic: The Road Thereto
Authors: Otília Kiss Krisztina 
Published: March 2022

Over twenty years have passed since the insurrection in Kosovo which ended with the introduction of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in June 1999. The establishment of the State of Kosovo has raised multiple questions and challenged public international law doctrines in different ways. The validity of unilateral State succession in the post-colonial era, the international legal personality of international intergovernmental organizations, and the exercise of sovereign rights by other entities than States are among the questions that the international community has had to contend with. The present essay elaborates the aviation law-related aspects of these challenges, more precisely the reopening of the upper airspace of Kosovo, with a special focus on the legal solutions of the Implementing Agreement Between Hungary and the International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) (Implementing Agreement Between the Government of Hungary and International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) for the Provision of Air Navigation Services (ANS) and Other Relevant Activities in the Designated Airspace over Kosovo as promulgated by Act No. CCXLVIII of 2013 on Promulgation of the Implementing Agreement Between the Government of Hungary and International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) for the Provision of ANS and Other Relevant Activities in the Designated Airspace over Kosovo.).
airspace, sovereignty, NATO, Kosovo, Hungary
The Uberisation of Aircrew Through the Use of Bogus Self-Employment Contracts
Authors: Defossez Delphine 
Published: March 2022

Although not a new phenomenon, the rise of the ‘gig’ economy has shed light on a bogus selfemployment status flourishing all over Europe and the world. The predominant image associated with ‘bogus self-employment’ features riders and drivers engaged in platform work. Unfortunately, the heavy reliance on such status in the aviation industry is rarely discussed and debated, despite in-depth studies, reports, and campaigns by pilots and crew members. The first reports on this topic were actually made more than ten years ago. In addition to lowering social and working conditions, bogus self-employment is also preventing the proper functioning of the aviation market by creating unfair competitive pressure. Indeed, airlines relying on this type of contract have an unfair competitive advantage over other companies by lowering their prices or so-called ‘social dumping’. It is interesting to analyse situation of pilots and crew members in light of an array of case law which have ruled on bogus self-employed status. Indeed, a clear uberisation of aircrews exists, and the COVID-19 pandemic might have worsen this already complex situation.
Uberisation, bogus self-employment, aircrew, pay-to-fly, labour law
Financial and Insurance Considerations in Relation to the Grant of a UK Spaceflight Licence, Particularly for Non-Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Wheeler Joanne , Monk Alex , Stevens Neil 
Published: March 2022

National regulators globally are having to consider the licensing criteria to impose on launch and satellite operators as more regulators are approached to license satellites and, in particular, large constellations.
Regulators must balance issues such as government risk, safety, security and the sustainable use and access to space; against the encouragement of commercialisation, innovation and growth.
It is well documented that an effective, proportionate regulatory framework is an enabler for raising investment. As part of such framework, regulators must assess how best to establish the financial standing of licence applicants and what insurance requirements to impose.
Under international law, the regulating government will bear international liability for damage caused by a licensed satellite. A national regulator will, therefore, normally wish to pass some (if not all) of that liability to the satellite operator responsible for satellite operations. Some of this liability can be met by the effective use of insurance cover.
When assessing space activities licence applications, regulators, and in particular the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as the new UK regulator, will seek to establish whether a satellite operator can meet its liability obligations pursuant to licensing requirements and what financial considerations and insurance requirements a national regulator could seek to have in place to ensure this, before a constellation licence is granted.
This issue is particularly pertinent as more commercial constellation operators look to ‘forum shop’ for the most efficient licensing regime and the issue of the sustainability and good governance of constellations is more pressing than ever.
Third party liability insurance, space finance, constellations, national space law, UK
Urbanism of exception: camps and inhabitation
Authors: Boano Camillo 
Published: March 2022

Writing on camps is dangerous as they are never constrained to the architectural scale and form, we might firstly perceive them. If examined as singular objects, even in their multiple diverse morphological aspects and their contested historiography, they seem incapable of mobilizing architectural and spatial reflection beside an aesthetic of precarity, the makeshift of resistance or the violent power of control, surveillance, exclusion, and death. But when imbricated with infrastructures, territories, materials, border regimes, migration policies, activism, and network of solidarity they become active part in a larger reality-making apparatus enhancing different temporal and spatial articulations without recomposition. in this short contribution I want to reflect on what I consider a central tension and ambivalence of the camp in political theory and architectural and urban thinking: the tension between the camp and the possibility (or impossibility) of inhabitation.
APPLICATION OF GINGER ESSENTIAL OIL IN THE FOOD SECTOR
Authors: Iqbal Mochammad 
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine the usage of spice essential oils, specifically ginger, in the food sector. This study is a literature study. The source of the article writing library were taken from Google Scholar and www.scimagojr.com with relevant study. According to the findings, essential spice oils, especially ginger, can be used as seasonings in the food sector which can extend the shelf life and enhance the taste of a product. This is supported by the chemical nature of ginger essential oil, which contains compounds. Therefore, food additives can be added to the food manufacturing process. Since the main principle of adding food additives is to prevent the growth, oxidation and unwanted chemical changes of bacteria, so that food looks good as well as its tastes, hence food can be consumed safely.

Keywords: Ginger Essential Oil, Food Sector, Shelf Life
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF VITAMIN D INADEQUACY AMONG THAI ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROTIC HIP FRACTURE
Authors: Amphansap Tanawat , Wongthanakitcharoen Pipat , Stitkitti Nitirat , Chaiyosburana Worawut , Therdyothin Atiporn 
Published: March 2022

Background: Vitamin D deficiency directly impacts bone biology, eventually resulting in elevated risk of fragility fracture. Despite its global abundance, data concerning its prevalence and risk factors among Thai patients with osteoporotic hip fractures remains lacking.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the average level of serum vitamin D, prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its risk factor among Thai elderly patients with fragility hip fractures.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Thai patients with fragility hip fractures aged 60 years or older in a single center from April 2016-April 2020. The patients were divided according to serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-(OH)D) levels. Demographic data were compared to identify risk factors of vitamin D inadequacy.
Results: Of 258 patients, 74.81% were females with mean age of 78.76 years. The average serum 25(OH)D level was 19.64 ng/mL. Prevalences of vitamin D inadequacy, vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency were 86.05, 28.69 and 57.36%, respectively. When compared with the vitamin D sufficiency group, the vitamin D inadequacy group had a history of frequent falls, higher body mass index (BMI) as well as high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.
Risk factors associated with vitamin D inadequacy were BMI >23 kg/m2 (AOR= 4.67, 95%CI=1.24-17.73), and two or more falls within a year (AOR= 3.96, 95%CI=1.38-11.33). Moreover, risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were being female (AOR= 2.87, 95%CI=1.06-7.78), BMI >23 kg/m (AOR=7.20, 95%CI =1.67-31.02), two or more falls within one year (AOR=7.32, 95%CI =2.17-24.69) and elevated PTH level (AOR= 3.38, 95%CI=1.17-0.74).
Conclusion: Most elderly patients with fragility hip fractures had hypovitaminosis D. Risk factors included high BMI, frequent falls for vitamin D inadequacy, being female and high PTH levels for vitamin D deficiency. Serum 25(OH)D assessment and appropriate supplement are recommended, especially for patients with fragility hip fractures and aforementioned risk factors.
Big-datatoepassingen bij de politie: een verkenning van een actueel en veelomvattend thema
Authors: Snaphaan Thom , Hardyns Wim , Spithoven Remco 
Published: March 2022

Big data applications in policing: an examination of an actual and comprehensive topic
This special issue reflects about big data applications in policing. Terpstra and Salet (2020) refer to this development as ‘one of the greatest changes within the police about the past decade’ (p. 25). Beside attention to this topic in Dutch literature (e.g. Janssen et al., 2020; Spithoven & Beerends, 2019), the relevance of the subject is also internationally recognized (e.g. Brayne, 2021; Ferguson, 2017; Ridgeway, 2018). In this special issue, we examine – with a view to the past, present and future – how big data could be used in policing in the Netherlands and Belgium. This special issue is not about empirical big data applications, for that we would like to refer to specific studies (e.g., Rummens et al., 2021); in this issue we especially want to outline the breadth of this research area.
Handvatten voor een kwaliteitsbeoordeling van big data: de introductie van het Total Error raamwerk
Authors: Snaphaan Thom , Hardyns Wim 
Published: March 2022

Assessing the methodological quality of big data: an introduction to the Total Error framework
The availability and use of big data sources is increasing exponentially. The variety of new and emerging data sources offers opportunities to complement, replace, improve or add to conventional data sources. Survey data are one kind of conventional data sources. In survey research, a framework to assess the accuracy of survey data already existed for quite some time. This framework is known as the Total Survey Error (TSE) framework. The philosophy behind this framework has only recently been universalized to (big) data in general in the form of the Total Error (TE) framework. This generic framework, which allows for assessing the accuracy of (big) data, is outlined in this article. Additionally, the TE framework is applied to big data sources that could be relevant for policing: police-registered crime data, Twitter data and mobile phone data.
Technology parks in brazil: an analysis of the determinants of performance evaluation
Authors: Faria Adriana Ferreira de , Haber Jeruza Alves , Battisti Andressa Caroline De , Dabrowska Justyna , Sediyama Jaqueline Akemi Suzuki 
Published: March 2022

Objective of the study: The aim of this study was to develop a systemic framework to understand the nature and dynamics of technology parks in Brazil and to analyze the mais determinants for evaluating their performance in the settlement process.Relevance/originality: This work is unprecedented for the analysis of the dissemination of technology parks in Brazil, throughout its history, and for the application of multivariate data analysis for performance analysis in the settlement (number of tenant companies).Methodology/approach: This study is characterized as a qualitative and quantitative combination of research methods, defined as combined exploratory, carried out in two phases. The qualitative approach is carried out first, with the aim of exploring the research topic in order to provide subsidies for the quantitative phase.Main results: The Simple Correspondence Analysis demonstrated that the two determinants that impact the settlement of technology parks in Brazil are financing and park´s age, confirming the thesis that they are long-term enterprises.Theoretical/methodological contributions: This study is characterized as a qualitative and quantitative combination of research methods, defined as combined exploratory, carried out in two phases. The qualitative approach is carried out first, with the aim of exploring the research topic in order to provide subsidies for the quantitative phase.Social/management contributions: The results demonstrate the importance of technology parks in Brazil and the need to maintain public policies in the long term, in order to increase the size of parks, in terms of concentration of new technology-based companies, and attraction of anchor companies, generating jobs and income qualified.
ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC AND IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF THE KUDARINSKY EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 9, 2020
Authors: Dobrynina A. A. , Perevalova N. P. , Sankov V. A. , Edemsky I. K. , Lukhnev A. V. 
Published: March 2022

According to the data obtained on the equipment of the IEC SB RAS complex monitoring base for hazardous geological processes "Buguldeika" (Shared Research Facilities "Geodynamics and Geochronology" of IEC SB RAS) and Shared Research Facilities "Angara" of ISTP SB RAS an analysis of the characteristics of the Kudarinsky earthquake (09.12.2020) and the behaviour of the ionosphere during this event was carried out. The source parameters of the earthquake were obtained – the seismic moment of the earthquake (M0=3.02·1017 N·m), the moment magnitude (Mw=5.6), the source radius (2.43 km), and the stress drop (1.26 MPa).The analysis of the ionosphere behaviour carried out using GPS/GLONASS receivers did not reveal disturbances caused by the Kudarinsky earthquake, which is most likely due to the relatively small magnitude of this earthquake. An analysis of the observation series related to the Kudarinsky earthquake showed the efficiency of using the Core Facilities Centre equipment and complex monitoring bases for studying seismicity, which is the most dangerous natural process for the Baikal region.
Anthropometric Characteristics of Women on Hormonal Contraceptives in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH)
Authors: Omonkhoea Oyakhire Michael , Chidozie Amasiatu Valentine , Adaeze Omewu Florence 
Published: March 2022

Background: Contraception is essential in population control, determining the number and spacing of children. The use of contraceptives has been on the rise because people do not always have sex for the purpose of procreation. Women of childbearing age prefer hormonal contraceptives, because they are highly effective and their effects are reversible. The aim of the study was to appraise the anthropometric profile of women on hormonal contraceptives.
Materials and Methods: The study included women on hormonal contraceptives from University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (family planning clinic) and those who do not use contraceptives, from University of Port Harcourt Post Graduate School. A total of two hundred (200) volunteers were involved in the study; 100 women on hormonal contraceptives and 100 women who were not under any form of hormonal contraceptive (as control) were randomly selected. Height was measured using a stadiometer and stature meter, weight, body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage was measured using body composition monitor. Mid arm, waist, hip and neck circumference was measured using a measuring tape, while skin fold thickness was measured using a skin fold caliper. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel Data Analysis Tool pack (2019 Edition) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0). T-test was done to determine differences in anthropometric parameters for those on contraceptives and the control, and type of contraceptive (implants and injectables). Significant difference with regards to age and duration of contraception were determined using ANOVA at P < 0.05.
Results: Except for skeletal muscle mass, women on hormonal contraceptives have higher but non-significant mean values for all anthropometric parameters compared to the control. Age related differences were not observed for the three (3) age categories involved in the study (20 – 29 years; 30 – 39 years; ≥ 40 years). Type of contraceptive (implants and injectables) also do not have any significant effect on the anthropometric parameters of the study group and the control. Gradual increase in measured parameters were observed over time, but no significant difference was observed over the period of five (5) years as categorized (< 1 year, 1 - 2 years, 3 - 4 years and ≥ 5 years).
Conclusion: These findings will be relevant to gynecologists, obstetricians, family physicians , medical anthropologists and research scientists.
Livelihood Analysis of Small Tea Growers by Analysing their Farming Systems and Resource Utilization in Jorhat District
Authors: Kishore Bordoloi Shyamal , Deka M. , Bhuyan R. P. , Gogoi A. S. , Phukon S. K. , Sonowal S. , Tanti N. , Hussain T. 
Published: March 2022

The study was undertaken with the objective to examine the existing farming systems and utilization of resources in Titabar Sub division of Jorhat district, which include two development blocks viz. Titabar development block and Jorhat East development block. Primary data revealed that in the study area, five types farming systems existed viz. Tea, Field & Horticulture crops, Plantation crops excluding tea (FS-I), Tea, Field & Horticulture crops, Plantation crops excluding tea, Fishery (FS-II), Tea, Field & Horticulture crops, Fishery (FS-III), Tea, Field & Horticulture crops (FS-IV) and Tea, Plantation crops excluding tea (FS-V). The variable cost involved in various farming systems was found to be highest in FS-II (Rs. 163946.96 farm-1yr-1) and was lowest in FS-IV (Rs. 52420.20 farm-1yr-1) whereas after undergoing ANOVA single factor analysis of the Benefit Cost ratios, it was found that FS-II has the highest mean value (2.92) and FS-IV has the lowest mean (0.89) which was due to variation in inclusion of different components in the farming systems. Small tea growers of the study area had a wide scope of augmenting the income from their limited farm resources by following proper cultivation practices, moving towards organic tea cultivation, forming farmer producer company through which they can collectively bargain for inputs and sell the tea in a common platform. Involving high yielding varieties of other components, crop rotation, diversification of enterprise, proper utilization of fallow land and market consciousness can help in increasing the income from the other components other than tea.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Nutrient Content and Uptake of High Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) to under South Saurashtra Agroclimatic Zone of Gujarat
Authors: Daroga Shiv Prasad , Vala G. S. , Choudhary Sheeshpal , Ram Hakla Chouthu , Choudhary Mahendra 
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted to assess the “effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on nutrient content and uptake of high quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) to under South Saurashtra agroclimatic zone of Gujarat” during summer, 2016 at the department of agronomy, college of agriculture, JAU, Junagadh. The experiment comprising of total twelve treatment combinations consisting four levels of nitrogen (Control, 90 kg N ha-1, 120 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1) and three levels of phosphorus (Control, 45 kg P2O5 ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice. The results revealed that application of 150 kg N/ha significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake of grains and straw over control and 90 kg N/ha, while at par with 120 kg N/ha. Result showed that application of 60 kg P2O5 /ha significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake of grains and straw, being remained at par with 45 kg P2O5 /ha over control.
Jehovah's Witness Parents' Experience with Traditional Anaemia Treatment for Children
Authors: Franck Dimoke Okito , Marie-Claire Omanyondo Ohambe , Kasambia Ambassy Bangaisa , Ebubutuy Kuda 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The study focused on the experience of Jehovah's Witness parents with traditional treatment for anaemia in children, with the objectives of determining the experience of Jehovah's Witness parents and determining the type of treatment used for anaemia in children.
Methods: This was a qualitative, phenomenological study based on a free, face-to-face interview with 5 Jehovah's Witness parents.
Results: Respondents had experienced recurrent seizures and transfusion at the request of the caregiver, and the traditional treatment was effective and progressed well. Satisfaction was highest at each onset of anaemia attacks. The majority of respondents expected their children to be cured and survive, and they used oral and external solutions as routes of administration.
Conclusion: Jehovah's Witness parents had experience of traditional treatment of anaemia in children and this treatment was effective.