bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Changes Associated with Senescence of Cut Anthurium Flowers
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Chen Nancy Jung , Deputy James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Physiological changes accompanying anthurium flower (Anthurium andraenum Andre) senescence were monitored. Silver pulse treatment of flower stems was used to modify the senescence process. Florets on the spadix continued to open for 5-10 days after harvest. In both treated and untreated flowers, respiration rate was low until senescence began 8 days after harvest. The rate of increase in respiration of silver treated flowers was half that of the controls. Ethylene production remained low throughout the postharvest life of the flowers. Ten days from harvest spathe color began to change from red to blue with no significant changes in the ratios of the anthocyanins. There was a simultaneous change in tissue pH, from 5.2 to 5.6. Tissue organic acids remained constant during senescence. There was a significant increase in spathe tissue ammonium ion due, apparently, to protein breakdown which probably caused the increase in tissue pH. The concentration of tissue phenolics increased during senescence and could have intensified the color change by copigmentation. Flower senescence apparently was not due to a shortage of carbohydrates, though tissue starch levels did decline by about 25%. The ratio of free sugars in the stem, spathe and spadix remained constant with a slight decline in concentration during postharvest life. Senescence probably was caused by water stress due to stem plugging of undetermined nature. Silver-pulsing of the stem reduced the amount of plugging and therefore reduced the rate of change of all the senescence processes.
Effects of 2% O2 and Varying Concentrations of CO2 with or without C2H4 on the Storage Performance of Kiwifruit
Authors: Arpaia M. L. , Mitchell F. G. , Kader A. A. , Mayer G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The storage performance of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Hayward’) was evaluated during and after storage for up to 24 weeks in 2% O2 and 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% CO2 at 0°C. In addition, the influence of exposure to 0.5 or 1 μl·-liter−1 C2H4 on fruit performance was evaluated. The rate of softening during storage was reduced in proportion to the CO2 level and was accelerated by C2H4. The presence of white core inclusions under controlled atmospheres (CA) plus C2H4 was dependent upon the CO2 concentration. Two other physiological disorders were observed, and their severity was influenced by the combination of elevated CO2 and C2H4. The results suggest that there are 2 types of interactions between CO2 and C2H4, competition and synergism, which occur in kiwifruit during storage.
Effect of Mutant Genotypes hp ogc and dg ogc on Tomato Fruit Quality
Authors: Wann E. V. , Jourdain E. L. , Pressey Russell , Lyon B. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mutant genotypes high-pigment/crimson (hp ogc) and dark-green/crimson (dg ogc) were evaluated for their effect on tomato fruit quality. Mature green fruit from the mutant genotypes had 2 to 3 times the amount of chlorophyll in the pericarp and mesocarp tissue as their genetically related but normal counterparts or the control ‘Flora-Dade’. Fruit of the mutant lines were firmer than ‘Flora-Dade’ or their normal counterparts at the mature green stage, as well as when fully ripe. The mutant genotypes conditioned an intense red color in the ripe fruit; the result of a 2-fold increase in carotenoid pigments, especially the red pigment lycopene. Ripe fruit of the mutant genotypes were higher in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and beta-carotene (Provitamin A) than normal, but they were slightly lower in total soluble solids. There were no significant differences in pH, alcohol insoluble solids, or total pectin among normal or mutant genotypes. Enzyme analyses showed higher polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activity in the mutant genotypes than ‘Flora-Dade’ or the normal counterparts. Line T4077 dg ogc had significantly less activity for these 2 enzymes than line T3995 hp ogc. The dg ogc line also had less activity for pectinesterase and invertase than any of the other lines, including its normal counterpart. The 2 mutant genotypes had similar effects on fruit quality characteristics. A sensory panel (n = 48) indicated no significant taste preference differences among the 5 lines.
Interactions between the Amount and Molecular Forms of Polygalacturonase, Calcium, and Firmness in Tomato Fruit
Authors: Brady C. J. , McGlasson W. B. , Pearson J. A. , Meldrum S. K. , Kopeliovitch E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A range of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars was examined for changes during ripening in firmness, endopolygalacturonase (PG) activity and the molecular forms of polygalacturonase, Ca concentration, and the extractability of the Ca. Firm cultivars were firmer than the soft cultivars throughout ripening, and generally they contained less PG activity at each stage examined. In all cultivars, PG was predominately or entirely in the high molecular weight form (PG1) early in ripening, with the PG2 forms being increasingly prominent as ripening progressed. Differences in firmness were established while PG1 was the predominant PG. Uronic acid polymers in isolated cell walls were degraded rapidly by endogenous PG when citrate was present to complex Ca. In the presence of sufficient citrate, cell wall uronic acids of a firm and soft cultivar were equally susceptible to hydrolysis, suggesting that differences in the digestion of the walls by PG were dependent upon differences in Ca content or distribution. However, neither total, water, nor saline-extractable Ca showed consistent correlations with fruit firmness, and they also showed no progressive change during ripening.
Auxin-regulated Invertase Activity in Strawberry Fruits
Authors: Poovaiah B. W. , Veluthambi K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Extracts of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) receptacles contain a soluble invertase and a bound invertase which can be extracted with 1 m NaCl. Both soluble and salt-extracted invertases had a pH optimum of 4.6. The soluble invertase was more sensitive than salt-extracted invertase to inhibition by I2 and HgCl2. The soluble invertase activity was high at an thesis and decreased markedly during receptacle growth. In contrast, salt-extracted invertase activity increased 80% to 100% during receptacle growth induced either by pollination or by the application of NAA. The possible role of salt-extracted invertase in establishing sink activity during auxin-induced strawberry receptacle growth is discussed. Chemical names used. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Root and Shoot Growth Patterns of Newly Rooted Woody Plants
Authors: Bentz Susan E. , Stimart Dennis P. , McIntosh Marla S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in primary root number (RN), root dry weight (RDW), and shoot dry weight (SDW) on newly rooted stem cuttings of 7 woody ornamental plants were evaluated over 18 or 24 weeks after either no root removal or root removal where remaining RN equalled 25%, 50%, or 100% of the average RN at transplanting. Regardless of root removal treatment or season (February, June, or July), increases in primary RN occurred after transplanting and preceded increases in RDW and SDW. RDW and SDW increased progressively and together after primary RN ceased increasing. Cuttings started in February attained maximum RN in 12 to 18 weeks after transplanting, whereas those started in June and July required 6 weeks. Results suggest that stem cuttings of woody plants have a minimum, species dependent, primary RN which must be attained before measurable shoot growth is initiated.
Nitrogen Accumulation by Pepper as Influenced by Mulch and Time of Fertilizer Application
Authors: Locascio S.J. , Fiskell J.G.A. , Graetz D.A. , Hauck R.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) were grown during 2 seasons on Blichton fine sand (Arenic Plinthic Paleaquult) to evaluate the effects of black polyethylene mulch and timing of N application on accumulation of applied N by the shoots and fruit. Nitrogen was applied at 224 kg/ha as 15-N depleted (NH4)2SO4 in a split application or in a single application with and without mulch. During a relatively dry season, total fruit yields and N accumulation were not influenced by treatment. At the end of the crop season, N accumulation from the 224 kg N/ha averaged 16.5% in the shoots, 2.2% in the immature fruit, and 15.8% removed in the harvested fruit for a total utilization of 34.5% (77 kg/ha). The soil supplied about 43 kg N/ha. During an extremely wet season, fruit yields and N uptake were influenced significantly by treatments. Fruit yields were 25.1, 5.5, and 17.5 T/ha with the mulch, no-mulch single, and the no mulch split application treatments, respectively. Total N utilizations by plant shoots, immature fruit, and harvested fruit were 41.8% (94 kg/ha), 7.6% (17 kg/ha), and 23.9% (54 kg/ha) of the applied N with the 3 treatments, respectively. Nitrogen quantities utilized from the soil with the 3 treatments were 27, 11, and 15 kg N/ha, respectively.
Forecasting of N Fertilizer Requirements for Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Mascianica Martin P. , Bellinder Robin R. , Graves Boyett , Morse Ronald D. , Talleyrand Henry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen treatments (0–134 kg N/ha) were applied on a sandy loam over 11 growing seasons to establish critical soil and tissue N levels, and to evaluate the effects of seasonal precipitation on annual variability in response of ‘Painter’ and ‘Centennial’ sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] to applied N. Critical concentrations of soil NO3-N at 29 days after transplanting (DAT) and laminal N at 72 DAT were determined to be 37 μg N/g soil and 5% (dry weight), respectively. Correlation between soil NO3-N at 29 DAT and leaf N at 72 DAT was highly significant. Multiple regression analyses predicted a quadratic relationship between root yield and applied N and predicted a yield maximum at 88 kg N/ha. Inclusion of annual precipitation during the fallow season (1 Oct. – 31 May) in the N model significantly improved the prediction of response to applied N. Fallow season precipitation provided an index of N carry-over in sandy loam soils and could be used to improve estimates of N fertilizer requirements for sweet potatoes.
Association of Latex Pressure with Tipburn Injury of Lettuce
Authors: Tibbitts T.W. , Bensink J. , Kuiper F. , Hobé J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Latex pressures in laticifers of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., were obtained by inserting capillary tubes into vascular traces within leaves and stems. The pressure was determined by monitoring the counter pressure of compressed gas required to prevent latex entrance into the capillary. The latex pressure in seedling plants was 1.5 bars. This pressure increased during vegetative development to 9.3 bars and increased additionally during flowering stages to 12.5 bars. A maximum of 15.2 bars was measured in a flowering plant. Latex pressures were reduced in plants grown at reduced irradiance levels. Latex pressures also decreased with soil water stress, but, with rewatering of the soil, pressures increased to a level greater than present before initiation of the water stress. Osmotic potential of latex in plants in the vegetative stages was –13.5 bars. The pressure potentials and osmotic potential of the laticifers was compared to potentials in the xylem and mesophyll. It was concluded that turgor pressure fluctuations in laticifers can be a contributing factor for laticifer rupture and tipburn injury in lettuce.
Critical Deficiency and Toxicity Levels of Tissue Zinc in Relation to Cowpea Growth and N2 Fixation
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Waters Luther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine the critical Zn levels for cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] grown in low N medium and inoculated with Rhizobium. Cowpea ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ was grown for 40 days in a sand culture using Zn application rates of 0, 0.06, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, and 4.5 ppm Zn as ZnSO4. N2 fixation was estimated by acetylene reduction. Critical Zn deficiency levels were determined as 12.5, 20, 30, and 50 ppm for upper leaf petioles, upper leaf blades, lower leaf petioles and lower leaf blades, respectively, Critical Zn toxicity levels for these tissues was determined as 145, 273, 300, and 440 ppm, respectively. It was concluded that upper, recently matured, leaf petiole tissue should be used to assess plant Zn status. The percentage of reduction of N2 fixation was greater than the percentage of reduction in dry-matter accumulation under Zn-deficient conditions. N2 fixation increased linearly with increased Zn content of nodules and roots. At Zn levels above 150 ppm for both tissues, however, N2 fixation declined significantly. Applied Zn did not affect the growth and development of the root system and had little effect on reproductive development.
Genetic Analysis of Fruit Length and Weight in Two Cucumber Populations Using the Inbred Backcross Line Method
Authors: Owens K.W. , Bliss F.A. , Peterson C.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inbred backcross line method was used to analyze the inheritance of fruit length and weight in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Two populations were produced by crossing a small-fruited, adapted breeding line as the recurrent parent with 2 unadapted and large-fruited lines as donor parents. Marker genes were used in both populations to test for Mendelian expectations. Segregation was normal for all markers in both populations. Nevertheless, significant deviations from binomial expectations occurred, indicating that there were difficulties in estimating gene number and genetic variance without bias. Heritability was moderately high for fruit length and intermediate for fruit weight in both populations. No major genes controlling fruit length or weight were detected using the inbred backcross line method, and only estimates of minimum gene number were obtained. Inbred backcross lines having fruit weight equal to or greater than the large-fruited donor parent were recovered in both populations. However, in neither population were lines recovered with fruit as long as those of the donor parent.
Time and Severity of Summer Pruning Influences on Young Peach Tree Net Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Dry Weight Distribution
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young peach trees 1) trained to a single shoot or 2) allowed to branch, were pruned by removing 50% of current growth at either or both of 2 summer dates. Another group of trees had 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shoot growth removed by pruning in midseason. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) were increased within 3 days after pruning at either date. Plants pruned twice at 30-day intervals had a 2nd cycle of increased Pn and Tr, with rates returning to levels of unpruned controls within 24 days. Distribution of water soluble carbohydrates in various plant tissues was not altered by pruning. Pruning at 60 days reduced root starch, whereas pruning again at 90 days increased total root carbohydrate content. Pruning early in the season increased lateral shoot formation, and terminal bud formation was delayed by pruning. Plant dry weight was reduced by all pruning treatments, with delayed pruning and increasing pruning severity resulting in greatest reductions. Distribution of dry weight was not altered substantially by pruning, and a balance of growth was maintained between different plant parts.
Metabolism of 2,4-D in Grape
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Marquis L. , Yang C. , Kawakami A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ring-labeled [14C] 2,4-D was applied to mature leaves of pot-grown ‘Concord’ grape plants at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. The absorption, translocation and metabolism of 2,4-D was determined 1, 2, and 3 weeks after application. No further absorption occurred 1 week after application. Translocation was mostly acropetal and appears to have taken place in the first week. 2,4-D is metabolized extensively by ‘Concord’ to nonpolar and polar metabolites and insoluble residue. The ethyl acetate, water soluble and ethanol insoluble fractions were 47%, 9%, and 31%, respectively, of total 14C extracted from the treated leaf. Chemical name used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).
Predicting the Occurrence of Poststorage Disorders of ‘McIntosh’ Apples from Preharvest Mineral Analyses
Authors: Bramlage William J. , Weis Sarah A. , Drake Mack 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 4-year study of the relationships between Ca, K, P, Mg, and N concentrations in ‘McIntosh’ apples at harvest and the quality of fruit after storage, Ca was the most variable element among samples within seasons and was the element most consistently related to disorders, being negatively correlated with senescent breakdown, rot, and scald. No element was correlated significantly with fruit firmness at harvest or after storage. Susceptibility of orchard lots of fruit to breakdown could be predicted from mineral analyses of fruit 2 weeks before harvest. An arbitrary scoring system incorporating all 5 elements was correct 69% of the time in identifying lots with high or low potentials for breakdown, but the middle range of scores was not closely related to breakdown potential. A regression equation was developed relating only Ca concentration in fruit at harvest with occurrence of breakdown after storage. This equation represented samples either stored in 0°C air for 5 months or in 3° CA storage for 8 to 9 months, and also represented samples taken in 2 different years. This equation was a better predictor of breakdown during storage than was the mineral scoring system, and we propose that such an equation could be used to predict storage potential for ‘McIntosh’ apples.
Effects of Fruit Maturity, Size, and Mineral Concentrations on Predicting the Storage Life of ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Marmo C.A. , Bramlage William J. , Weis Sarah A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of equal size but varying Ca concentrations were harvested 4 times at weekly intervals for measurements of firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids and starch, and of Ca, N, P, K, Mg, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, and A1 concentrations. In another experiment, fruit of 3 different sizes were measured generally as above. These measurements were compared with incidences of senescent breakdown, scald and rot after air storage at 0°C, and stepwise multiple linear regression was used to develop equations for predicting apple storage life. Among minerals and maturity indices, Ca, and starch concentrations, respectively, accounted for the most variations in senescent breakdown. Fruit diameter and fruit firmness also accounted for significant amounts of variation in breakdown after storage when fruit size varied. These results show that predictions of storage life based solely on mineral concentrations can be improved by incorporating maturity and size measurements at harvest when these factors are variable.
Predicting Dry Matter, N, P, and K Accumulation in Field-grown Early Forsythia
Authors: Hilen Andrew G. , Good George L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field-grown early forsythia (Forsythia ovata Nakai) plants were harvested every 2 weeks from 15 Apr. through 30 Nov. 1980 and from 15 Aug. to 15 Oct. 1981. Following harvest, plants were divided into roots, shoots formed during previous growing seasons, current season's shoots, and foliage. Plant parts were oven dried, weighed, and analyzed for N, P, and K. Nonlinear regression models of seasonal dry weight and N, P, and K accumulation observed in plants and component parts indicated that maximization of these factors occurred from mid-September to mid-October. Regression analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between observed and estimated dry weights and nutrient element content of each plant part. Harvesting the foliage at the time of peak accumulation of these factors provided the most accurate estimation of dry weight and N, P, and K of maximum seasonal accumulation in whole plants.
Storage Procedures, Low Oxygen, and Low Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Storage Quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Lau O.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 4-year laboratory and commercial study, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) stored in 1.0% to 1.5% O2 + 1.0% to 1.9% CO2 at 0° to 0.5°C and 90% to 92% RH for 6 to 10 months maintained a higher firmness and acid level than apples stored in standard commercial atmospheres of 2.5% O2 + 1.0% to 1.5% CO2 at 0°. Fruit stored in 1.0% to 2.5% O2 with a rapid CA procedure were firmer than those with a slow CA procedure. There was no fruit injury or increased alcohol or off-flavor production resulting from the 1.0% to 2.5% O2 + 0.5% to 2.0% CO2 storage atmospheres established by the rapid CA procedure. Reduction of storage CO2 from 2.0% to 0.5% did not affect the firmness of ‘Delicious’ apples kept in 1.0% or 2.5% O2, but appreciably reduced firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ kept in 2.5% O2 and to a lesser extent in 1.0% O2.
Yield Component Analysis in Five Cowpea Cultivars
Authors: Fernandez George C.J. , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field study was conducted to determine the effects of rhizobial inoculation (cowpea ‘EL’ mixed strain) and N-fertilization with 100 kg/ha nitrate nitrogen (CaNO3 — 15.5% N) on seed and biomass yield in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Four indeterminate cultivars, ‘Mississippi Silver’, ‘California Blackeye #5’, ‘Lady’, ‘Brown Crowder’, and one determinate, early maturing cultivar, ‘Bush Purple Hull’, were used. Seed yield in inoculated and N-fertilized plants was significantly greater than that of the unfertilized, uninoculated control treatment. Generally, yield of inoculated plants was equivalent to or greater than that obtained with 100 kg N. The indeterminate cultivars yielded more biomass than did ‘Bush Purple Hull’ in all 3 treatments. Seed yield was higher in the indeterminate cultivars with inoculation or N-fertilization than in ‘Bush Purple Hull’; however, there were no significant differences in seed yield among cultivars in the control treatment. Harvest index in the indeterminate cultivars was increased by inoculation but not by N-fertilization. Harvest index of ‘Bush Purple Hull’ was at least 3 times higher than the indeterminate cultivars. Among the major seed yield components, only pods/plant was influenced by all 3 treatments, whereas seeds/pod and seed weight were fairly stable and cultivar specific. Standardized regression analysis revealed that pods/plant was the major component which accounted for the variability in seed yield of inoculated plants within a cultivar, but not in ‘Bush Purple Hull’, where dry matter accumulation/plant/day was the major component. Factor analysis on the yield and N2 fixation components also indicated that cowpea cultivars behaved differently in the expression of traits which influenced seed yield. A measure of genetic divergence among these cultivars using Mahalanobis distances confirmed that the 5 cowpea cultivars differed significantly.
Use of Early Flowering Genes to Reduce Generation Time in Backcrossing, with Specific Application to Lettuce Breeding
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A partially dominant allele for early flowering in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) reduces flowering time by about one-half. This property is useful in backcross breeding procedure to accelerate the transfer of useful alleles to a desired recurrent parent. Application of the technique to transfer resistance to lettuce mosaic is described through 4 backcrosses. Generalization of the technique for other species is discussed.