bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thickening Autocracy in a Non-Democratic State: Changing Demographics in Syria to Maintain Authority
Authors: Bdiwi Ghuna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article analyses several authoritarian practices in Syria since 1971 and demonstrates that, since the 2011 uprising, its authoritarian regime has successfully remained resilient instead of collapsing. The post-2011 Syrian Government under Al-Assad is no longer the Ba`thist government of old, albeit still autocratic but adept at adapting to hostile changing political environments. Al-Assad’s regime no longer relies on Ba’ath Party loyalty and appearances of legitimacy but both during and post-war has depended more on social re-engineering to sustain its political, economic power. The Syria example demonstrates that, when threatened, authoritarian regimes may thicken the layers of their autocratic rule to sustain their grip on power, even changing the composition of its citizenry to create a new population to rule. We demonstrate how the Syrian Government has used urban planning, housing, and property laws to re-engineer its demographics so that friendly foreign nationals will receive permanent citizenship and displace indigenous citizens.
The Concept of Changing Laws of Nature in the Baconian Corpus from 1597 to 1623
Authors: Artis Aderemi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In his Confession of Faith, Francis Bacon makes the striking claim that the laws of nature have changed over time. While the connections between this claim and theology are outlined in the Confession itself, it is not clear what role the proposal of mutable laws of nature might play in Bacon’s program of reform for natural philosophy. I argue that the notion that the laws of nature have changed over time plays a significant role in shaping the character and content of much of Baconian natural philosophy. I explore this role as it evolves in published works from the 1597 Meditationes Sacrae to the 1623 Historia Vitae et Mortis, while also showing how unpublished material can provide important clarification and illumination of the published works.
Sacrifice, Violence, and Eucharistic Theology
Authors: Meyer John R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article examines the moral implications of the Eucharist and its relationship to the love of God and one’s neighbour in the context of the violent treatment of suspected malefactors. It defends the sacrificial character of the Mass by arguing that the death of Jesus ushered in a new notion of participation in the love of God. It asserts that attempts to expunge the idea of sacrifice from the eucharistic rite overlook the vital link that joins Christians to Christ and unites them to each other. In imitation of Christ’s self-abnegation, the Christian must lay down her life for the other, never giving in to violent reprisals or hasty judgments about their motives. This benevolent attitude toward the other requires showing respect to the dignity and needs of each person. The principal purpose of eucharistic communion is to be reconciled with one’s neighbour and to become one body in Christ.
Between the Universal Church and the Local Church
Authors: Okpaleke Ikenna Paschal 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article examines the ecclesiological tension caused by the nature of the Church as a singular and plural entity. As a singular entity, the Church is universal or catholic; in a plural designation, we speak of local or particular churches. The relationship between the universal and the local has generated many debates that have caused paradigm shifts within ecclesiology, from the hierarchical to the communio frameworks, and even synodality. In exploring these debates and their implications for some aspects of the legislative norms, as well as in the light of the contemporary conversations on synodality, the article address the theological question of the representative function of bishops. The evolution of the Synod of Bishops suggests that this long-running debate may be entering a new phase with the synodal processes that Pope Francis is promoting in the Church today.
International Law-making on the Prevention and Control of Epidemics
Authors: Murase Shinya 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
International law-making takes various forms. The UN General Assembly has a general mandate for new law-making, but it has not engaged in major treaty making for some time. The International Law Commission (ILC), charged with codification and progressive development of international law, has not in recent years dealt with topics that are relevant to the pressing need of the international community as a whole. In such an environment, it is remarkable that the Institut de Droit International (IDI), the 19th century type of an old institute, has embarked on the law-making activity on the critical issue of prevention and control of epidemics with the unusual sense of urgency, adopting in August 2021 a Resolution composed of 17 Draft Articles and Preamble. It is hoped that a comprehensive framework convention on epidemics will be elaborated on the basis of this Resolution in the near future.
Medical Countermeasures for Pandemic Response and Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Villarreal Pedro A. , Renne Giorgia 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The current article addresses the question of whether and under which circumstances access to medical countermeasures against pandemics, such as COVID-19, may constitute a community interest under international law. First, the intertwined concepts of global public goods and community interests are fleshed out. Second, the analysis expounds whether the protection against pandemics, including immunization, can be framed as a community interest, and which obligations would result. Third, the relationship between community interests and intellectual property rights as enshrined in international law is explored. Fourth, the conclusions try to reconcile the goals of international intellectual property rights and the protection against pandemics. Positive obligations to furnish medical countermeasures may not attain the consent of a sufficiently large number of states. Nevertheless, articulating the protection against pandemics as a community interest should entail obligations to refrain from resorting to international intellectual property law to impede developing patent-protected medical countermeasures in other countries.
Epidemics and the Future of International Disaster Law
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between epidemics and International Disaster Law. In particular the paper addresses some selective examples of legal and operational issues pertaining to International Disaster Law where the increasing concern on health emergencies, dated back to the Ebola crisis, have progressively facilitated the management of tailored initiatives. In particular, in relation to prevention and preparedness, challenges experienced to include biological hazards in universal disaster risk reduction frameworks will be introduced, as well as the dedicated attention to preparedness for epidemics progressively experienced in international coordination disaster management systems. In relation to post-hazard phases, some initiatives aimed at facilitating international relief operations in front of epidemics will be explored, as complemented by international financial instruments factoring epidemics in assistance programs. This overview might thus permit to assess some trends in this area, paving the way for potential further reforms eventually based on developments already introduced in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Introduction: Exploring Architecture and Emotions through Space and Place
Authors: Honarmand Ebrahimi Sara 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This special forum section of Emotions: History, Culture, Society moves forward scholarship on the history of the relationship between architecture and emotions. It specifically shows that while, on the face of it, talking about architecture and emotions appears anything but new, we still have a long way to go. In this introduction, I shall first provide a brief overview and critique of works such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, Juhani Pallasmaa’s Eyes of the Skin, and Henri Lefebvre’s Production of Space, as well as literature on sites of massacres and commemoration, architecture and fear, and women and the city, to argue for an adequate and systematic engagement with the history of emotions and thus orient the reader and set the scene for what follows. I shall then outline this special forum’s contribution.
Sight Unseen: Mediating Vision and Emotion in Gothic Revival Churches c.1830–50
Authors: Hammond Erin A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
With the revival of Gothic ecclesiastical architecture in nineteenth-century Britain, a cultural interest in church furnishings reignited alongside intellectual attention to their symbolic and emotive power. Rood screens, in particular, became both a symbolic and literal locus for the production of awe, mystery and revelation. The primitive interpretation of rood screens both exalted the object symbolically and allowed it to activate the spiritual senses by limiting physical sight to the altar, thus preserving the mysteries of the Eucharist. This essay considers how rood screen controversies during the mid-Victorian period unveil complex relationships between emotion, revelation and sight within Gothic Revival church interiors.
The Kalaṅkyaṅ in Old Javanese Literature
Authors: Jákl Jiří 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The article discusses an enigmatic Old Javanese bird named kalaṅkyaṅ. The avian species known by this name is identified as the white-bellied sea eagle, a bird common in the past in the coastal parts of Java. In the second section it is argued that the kalaṅkyaṅ bird is represented in Old Javanese poetry as the mirror image of the Javanese kawi (poet).
Event Time Perspective in Adaptation to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Insights from Two Chinese Samples
Authors: Nourkova Veronika V. , Gofman Alena A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the way people construct their time perspective (TP). This study investigated past and future TP in Hubei, China, comparing a ‘pre-pandemic’ sample collected before the pandemic (late 2019, n = 138) to a ‘habitual-pandemic’ sample collected when the pandemic was largely under control (beginning 2021, n = 109). Using the time line paradigm, participants generated significant past and future personal events indicating dates, emotional valence, and intensity for each. We used these data to test the predictions that the COVID-19 pandemic would shorten TP and evoke pessimism for the future and disappointment for the past. Counter to these predictions, we found: (a) typical levels of positivity in both samples for both past and future events; (b) a higher proportion of positive memories in the habitual-pandemic sample than pre-pandemic one; (c) past and future time extension in the habitual-pandemic sample; and (d) the future was more often completed with one’s own ‘peaceful death’ in the habitual-pandemic sample. To determine whether the ‘peaceful death’ phenomenon is adaptive or maladaptive we examined its coincidence with other timeline characteristics. The analyses indicated that the ‘peaceful death’ phenomenon in both samples was associated with a moderately positive TP and a plurality of prospects with frequent references to travel. These results allow to propose that an elongated TP and a distant ‘peaceful death’ may buffer pandemic-related uncertainty and that an accelerated TP functions in the service of self-continuity and well-being.
Yiddish Causal-Noncausal Alternation in Areal Perspective
Authors: Luchina Elena 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Languages differ in the way they code causal-noncausal alternations, in which an event is presented as either having an external causer or happening by itself. Some languages make no distinction between the two situations, while others make a morphosyntactic distinction. Yiddish, a Germanic language, differs from other genealogically close Germanic varieties: Yiddish codes causal-noncausal alternation similarly to the coterritorial Slavic languages with which it was in contact, for instance Polish and Russian. The two tendencies that make Yiddish similar to the Slavic languages in this respect are the rise of anticausative marking (direct calquing) and the development of a causative (preference for overt marking).
TAJA Corpus: Linguistically Tagged Written Algerian Judeo-Arabic Corpus
Authors: Tirosh-Becker Ofra , Becker Oren M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Tagged Algerian Judeo-Arabic (TAJA) corpus is the first linguistically annotated corpus of any Judeo-Arabic dialect regardless of geography and period. The corpus is a genre-diverse collection of written Modern Algerian Judeo-Arabic texts, encompassing translations of the Bible and of liturgical texts, commentaries and original Judeo-Arabic books and journals. The TAJA corpus was manually annotated with parts-of-speech (POS) tags and detailed morphology tags. The goal of the new corpus is twofold. First, it preserves this endangered Judeo-Arabic language, expanding on previous fieldwork and going beyond the study of individual written texts. The corpus has already enabled us to make strides towards a grammar of written Algerian Judeo-Arabic. Second, this tagged corpus serves as a foundation for the development of Judeo-Arabic-specific Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools, which allow automatic POS tagging and morphological annotation of large collections of yet untapped texts in Algerian Judeo-Arabic and other Judeo-Arabic varieties.
Mulberry Trees, Shipwrecks, and Silver: Silk Raising and the Decline of the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Duan Xiaolin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the seventeenth century crisis, China witnessed the decline and fall of the Ming dynasty. Scholars have long discussed the role of silver in the Ming crisis, but less attention has been paid to the effects of the production and circulation of silk. This paper examines both internal and external factors that contributed to the decline of Chinese sericulture and silk production, as well as consequent damages to the economy and social relations. Converging environmental and economic factors within major silk-producing regions, as well as a number of incidents that affected the Pacific trade of silk, exacerbated the problems of the late Ming. This paper applies the Law of Supplies and Demands to analyse interconnections between China, Manila, and New Spain. An understanding of the silk industry is essential to explain significant economic connections both within Ming China and between China and the outside world during the seventeenth century.
Precarious Work and Intermittent Life Trajectories in a Portuguese Gig Economy
Authors: Roque Isabel , Carmo Renato Miguel , de Assis Rodrigo Vieira , Caleiras Jorge 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Rapid advances in technology brought dramatic changes into the labour market, regarding precarious, flexible and informal work. The gig economy has enabled new forms of labour exploitation, social exclusion, intermittent and vulnerable professional trajectories. Not having fully recovered from the Great Recession, the Portuguese society is crossing a Covid-19 global pandemic which has accelerated the digitalisation and platformisation of work fecting not only the value chains, but the labour market dynamics in a heterogenous way. Between 2019 and 2020, 53 in-depth interviews were conducted with precarious workers in Portugal, comprising a focus on 15 life trajectories from digital platform workers. Through their voices, it was concluded that job insecurity is deeply intertwined with the global supply chain management operated by algorithmic control. Most of platform companies threaten established employment relationships, atomising workers who live in the present time without any future aspirations.
Limiting Multiculturalism Discourse by Legislating Support for Multicultural Families in Korea
Authors: Ryu Yihyun 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Drawing on the Foucauldian theoretical concepts of governmentality and genealogy as a method for grasping the unconventional reality of multiculturalism discourse in South Korea, this paper aims to go beyond ahistorical accounts of multicultural policy. The article offers an analysis of policy discourses relating to multicultural families in South Korea, and it examines the strategies utilized by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to maintain and expand its ministerial jurisdiction. Such analyses reveal how policy discourse has shifted away from Korean blood-based ethnicity and the “mixed-blood” category of people in favor of focusing on female marriage migrants and their families. Furthermore, the examination highlights how legislation that supports these families conceptualizes female migrants as apolitical, family-oriented, and maternal beings. This conceptualization is legitimized by the ministerial strategies adopted by “femocrats,” government officials affiliated with the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.
Historical Antecedents of the Cuban Revolution
Authors: Chaves Germán Rodas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The essay delves into the development of the revolutionary process promoted in Cuba from the fifties of the previous century by the July 26 movement and with the leadership of Fidel Castro. The historical contexts that were built in the anti-colonial struggle promoted by the Cuban people and with the active participation of thinkers of the stature of José Martí, among other patriots of the Island who dedicated their vital transit to the decolonizing task by offering their own lives, are detailed. The circumstances that the Spanish metropolis went through are studied when its influence in America was decimated due to the independence processes in the region and due to whose cause – in relation to its possession over Cuba – it allowed the United States of America to launch a strategy to seize several territories of the continent and promote a frank attack against Cuba.
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in the Tripoli Protests in Lebanon
Authors: Osman Khalil Fadl 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As the “October Revolution” of 2019 spread throughout Lebanon, the northern city of Tripoli soon became a veritable hotbed of protests. Over several weeks, the city saw a string of the largest anti-government protests in the country, thus earning the moniker “Bride of Revolution” (‘Arus al-Thawrah). However, it did not take long for things to begin to fall apart. Tripoli would soon give a picture of a not-so-glorious protest movement, penetrated by a potpourri of scheming elements of the Lebanese kleptocracy and business elites and geopolitical interests. The revolutionary slogans and bonds that connected the city’s sectarian mosaic proved ephemeral. The ontological vibrancy, multiplicity, and heterogeneity of the protest movement gave way to political monotony, sameness, and ideological harmony. This paper provides an explanation of how the revolution coexisted, and often perilously so, with its nemesis – counterrevolution – in the protest movement in Tripoli.
Wind-Related Bounce House Incidents in Meteorological, Regulatory, and Outreach Contexts
Authors: Knox John A. , Gill Thomas E. , Williamsberg Castle A. , Smith Jada M. , Boggs Lucas V. , Black Alan W. , Skypek Hope E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Inflatable bounce houses, also known as portable inflatable amusement devices, are safety hazards when they are dragged, blown over, or lofted by winds. We have documented 132 cases of wind-related bounce house incidents worldwide for the years 2000–21 that caused at least 479 injuries and at least 28 deaths. Over three-quarters of these incidents happen in the warm season. A subjective effort to categorize the meteorological conditions leading to these incidents reveals that, of the over 70% of incidents for which a specific meteorological cause could be identified, cold-frontal passages, dust devils, or thunderstorm-related winds are most likely to be occurring at the time of the event. In the United States, regulations regarding bounce house safety vary widely. Seventeen states either have no guidelines or specifically exclude inflatables from regulation. Nineteen U.S. states’ laws or regulations explicitly cite American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, which set limits on the wind speed in which inflatables should be used and, for commercial bounce houses, require the presence of a meteorologically knowledgeable attendant. For events with nearby wind data available, 22% of all incidents occurred with reported wind speeds lower than any ASTM standards, and 51% below the highest ASTM threshold. Increased vigilance is therefore necessary on the part of bounce house providers and consumers to avoid wind-related incidents. We have created a website for public dissemination of this study’s data and safety tips.
SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among 77,587 healthcare workers: a national observational longitudinal cohort study in Wales, United Kingdom, April to November 2020
Authors: Hollinghurst Joe , North Laura , Szakmany Tamas , Pugh Richard , Davies Gwyneth A , Sivakumaran Shanya , Jarvis Rebecca , Rolles Martin , Pickrell W Owen , Akbari Ashley , Davies Gareth , Griffiths Rowena , Lyons Jane , Torabi Fatemeh , Fry Richard , Gravenor Mike B , Lyons Ronan A 
Published: July 2022

Objectives To better understand the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare workers, leading to recommendations for the prioritisation of personal protective equipment, testing, training and vaccination. Design Observational, longitudinal, national cohort study. Setting Our cohort were secondary care (hospital-based) healthcare workers employed by NHS Wales (United Kingdom) organisations from 1 April 2020 to 30 November 2020. Participants We included 577,756 monthly observations among 77,587 healthcare workers. Using linked anonymised datasets, participants were grouped into 20 staff roles. Additionally, each role was deemed either patient-facing, non-patient-facing or undetermined. This was linked to individual demographic details and dates of positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. Main outcome measures We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to determine odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Results Patient-facing healthcare workers were at the highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with an adjusted OR (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 2.28 (95% CI 2.10–2.47). We found that after adjustment, foundation year doctors (OR 1.83 [95% CI 1.47–2.27]), healthcare support workers [OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.20–1.54]) and hospital nurses (OR 1.27 [95% CI 1.12–1.44]) were at the highest risk of infection among all staff groups. Younger healthcare workers and those living in more deprived areas were at a higher risk of infection. We also observed that infection rates varied over time and by organisation. Conclusions These findings have important policy implications for the prioritisation of vaccination, testing, training and personal protective equipment provision for patient-facing roles and the higher risk staff groups.