bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Partition and Balance at Dipolarization Fronts
Authors: Liu C. M. , Cao J. B. , Pollock C. J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDipolarization fronts (DFs) have been documented as important structures contributing to energy conversion and flux transport in Earth's magnetotail. However, energy partition and balance at DFs still remain elusive. Using high‐cadence data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we preform a comprehensive investigation of energy budgets at the DFs. We find that material derivatives of particle energy densities in the DF frame are basically close to zero, indicating that particles experience negligible heating and/or acceleration and that the energy released at the DFs is predominantly manifested in the form of energy flux. The energy flux is found to be dominated by ion and electron enthalpy flux, ion heat flux, and Poynting flux, with electron enthalpy flux being locally elevated. In addition, the energy flux tends to increase during the DFs' earthward propagation, without exhibiting clear asymmetry in the dawn‐dusk direction. These results help further understand energy budgets at the DFs.
How and How Much Did Western Central Tibet Raise by India–Asia Collision?
Authors: Zeng Yun‐Chuan , Xu Ji‐Feng , Chen Jian‐Lin , Wang Bao‐Di , Huang Feng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study uses geochemical mohometers to investigate the paleo‐crustal thickness and elevation of western Tibet through the Cretaceous to Eocene. The northern Lhasa Block and southern Qiangtang Block (QB) had a similar paleo‐crustal thickness of ∼55 km during the Late Cretaceous, but the latter had reached its present‐day thickness (∼70 km) and elevation (∼5.5 km) by the mid‐Eocene, which was not caused by underthrusting of Indian crust according to isotopic evidence. Our study demonstrates the western and central QB shared a similar early Paleogene tectonomagmatic evolution with the formation of a continues proto‐plateau in central Tibet, resulting from crustal shortening and subsequent lithospheric foundering. This in turn implies underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the western QB after Eocene, given the present‐day lithospheric difference between the western and central QB. Our reconstruction of paleo‐crustal thickness and elevation, however, suggests the Indian underthrusting caused minimal further crustal thickening and uplift.
Prolonged Drought Enhances Northwest China Dust Storm Activity
Authors: Zhang Jin , Xu Hai , Lan Jianghu , Cheng Peng , Liu Bin , Liu Xingxing , Zhou Kang'en , Song Yunping , Shi Siwei , Wang Jing , Zeng Fangming , Liu Congqiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe patterns and forcing mechanism of dust storms in arid Northwest China remain unclear and debated due to lack of reliable long‐term geological records. Here we present a ∼1,600‐year dust storm history in Northwest China based on the sedimentary coarse fraction (>63 μm) retrieved from Lake Hurleg and Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP). The NETP dust storm history, which agrees well with those from North China, shows two prolonged intervals of high dust storm occurrences during the Medieval Warm Period and the past century, and two prolonged weakened dust storm intervals from ∼400 to 700 CE and during the Little Ice Age. The temporal variation in NETP dust storm activities is out‐of‐phase with moisture records over central Asia, with enhanced dust storms corresponding to warm‐dry intervals, and vice versa. The prolonged centennial warm‐dry climates over arid Northwest China to arid central Asia could have led to decreased soil moisture, deteriorated vegetation cover, and increased dust particle supply and dust storm activities; while the prolonged centennial cold‐wet climates could have increased soil moisture, vegetation cover, and decreased dust storm activities. We contend that whilst human impact could be responsible for the obviously increased eolian dust flux in the most recent century, it is most likely that the prolonged natural hydroclimatic conditions regulate the global dust storm activity before the Anthropocene.
Assessment of the z∼ Time‐Filtered Arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian Coordinate in a Global Eddy‐Permitting Ocean Model
Authors: Megann Alex , Chanut Jérôme , Storkey David 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA recognized deficiency of ocean models with a constant‐depth vertical coordinate is for truncation errors in the vertical advection scheme to result in spurious numerical mixing of tracers, which can be substantially stronger than that prescribed by the model's mixing scheme. The z∼ vertical coordinate allows vertical levels to displace in a Lagrangian fashion on time scales shorter than a few days, but reverts to fixed levels on longer timescales, and is intended to reduce numerical mixing from transient vertical motions such as internal waves and tides. An assessment of z∼ in a 1/4° global implementation of the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean model is presented. It is shown that, in the presence of near‐inertial gravity waves in the North Atlantic, z∼ significantly reduces Eulerian vertical velocities with respect to those in a simulation with the default z* vertical coordinate; that the vertical coordinate approaches an isopycnal, or adiabatic, surface on short timescales; and that both tendencies are enhanced when the z∼ timescale parameters are lengthened with respect to the default settings. Analysis based on density transformation rates shows that numerical mixing is consistently reduced by of order 10% as the z∼ timescales are lengthened. The realism of the model simulation with different timescale parameters is assessed in the global domain, and it is shown that drifts in temperature and salinity, and the spindown in z* of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, are reduced with z∼, without incurring significant drawbacks in other metrics such as the strength of the overturning circulation or sea ice cover.
Druggable transcriptomic pathways revealed in Parkinson’s patient-derived midbrain neurons
Authors: van den Hurk Mark , Lau Shong , Marchetto Maria C. , Mertens Jerome , Stern Shani , Corti Olga , Brice Alexis , Winner Beate , Winkler Jürgen , Gage Fred H. , Bardy Cedric 
Published: October 2022

AbstractComplex genetic predispositions accelerate the chronic degeneration of midbrain substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Deciphering the human molecular makeup of PD pathophysiology can guide the discovery of therapeutics to slow the disease progression. However, insights from human postmortem brain studies only portray the latter stages of PD, and there is a lack of data surrounding molecular events preceding the neuronal loss in patients. We address this gap by identifying the gene dysregulation of live midbrain neurons reprogrammed in vitro from the skin cells of 42 individuals, including sporadic and familial PD patients and matched healthy controls. To minimize bias resulting from neuronal reprogramming and RNA-seq methods, we developed an analysis pipeline integrating PD transcriptomes from different RNA-seq datasets (unsorted and sorted bulk vs. single-cell and Patch-seq) and reprogramming strategies (induced pluripotency vs. direct conversion). This PD cohort’s transcriptome is enriched for human genes associated with known clinical phenotypes of PD, regulation of locomotion, bradykinesia and rigidity. Dysregulated gene expression emerges strongest in pathways underlying synaptic transmission, metabolism, intracellular trafficking, neural morphogenesis and cellular stress/immune responses. We confirmed a synaptic impairment with patch-clamping and identified pesticides and endoplasmic reticulum stressors as the most significant gene-chemical interactions in PD. Subsequently, we associated the PD transcriptomic profile with candidate pharmaceuticals in a large database and a registry of current clinical trials. This study highlights human transcriptomic pathways that can be targeted therapeutically before the irreversible neuronal loss. Furthermore, it demonstrates the preclinical relevance of unbiased large transcriptomic assays of reprogrammed patient neurons.
Distribution of soil macrofauna across different habitats in the Eastern European Alps
Authors: Seeber Julia , Steinwandter Michael , Tasser Erich , Guariento Elia , Peham Thomas , Rüdisser Johannes , Schlick-Steiner Birgit C. , Steiner Florian M. , Tappeiner Ulrike , Meyer Erwin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMacro-invertebrates are important components of soil ecosystems as they provide a wide range of crucial functions and ecosystem services. Knowledge on their distribution in mountain soils is scarce despite the importance of such soils for people living in mountain regions as well as downstream. The present dataset contains records on soil macro-invertebrates belonging to nineteen taxa listed at class or order level and earthworms listed at species level from 22 different habitat types characteristic for the Eastern European Alps. Data were collected over a period of more than 30 years (1987–2020) following a standard protocol. We compiled 1572 single records from 241 unique sampling sites, providing default site parameters (GPS coordinates, habitat type, type of management, elevation, exposition, inclination, bedrock, soil type following WRB classification). Such data are important to analyse global trends and macroecological patterns and to set a basis for tracking long-term changes in macrofauna composition. In addition, this dataset will add to the still sparse knowledge on the occurrence and abundance of alpine soil fauna taxa.
The rediscovered motor-related area 55b emerges as a core hub of music perception
Authors: Siman-Tov Tali , Gordon Carlos R. , Avisdris Netanell , Shany Ofir , Lerner Avigail , Shuster Omer , Granot Roni Y. , Hendler Talma 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPassive listening to music, without sound production or evident movement, is long known to activate motor control regions. Nevertheless, the exact neuroanatomical correlates of the auditory-motor association and its underlying neural mechanisms have not been fully determined. Here, based on a NeuroSynth meta-analysis and three original fMRI paradigms of music perception, we show that the long-ignored pre-motor region, area 55b, an anatomically unique and functionally intriguing region, is a core hub of music perception. Moreover, results of a brain-behavior correlation analysis implicate neural entrainment as the underlying mechanism of area 55b’s contribution to music perception. In view of the current results and prior literature, area 55b is proposed as a keystone of sensorimotor integration, a fundamental brain machinery underlying simple to hierarchically complex behaviors. Refining the neuroanatomical and physiological understanding of sensorimotor integration is expected to have a major impact on various fields, from brain disorders to artificial general intelligence.
Direct experimental observation of blue-light-induced conformational change and intermolecular interactions of cryptochrome
Authors: Li Pei , Cheng Huaqiang , Kumar Vikash , Lupala Cecylia Severin , Li Xuanxuan , Shi Yingchen , Ma Chongjun , Joo Keehyoung , Lee Jooyoung , Liu Haiguang , Tan Yan-Wen 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCryptochromes are blue light receptors that mediate circadian rhythm and magnetic sensing in various organisms. A typical cryptochrome consists of a conserved photolyase homology region domain and a varying carboxyl-terminal extension across species. The structure of the flexible carboxyl-terminal extension and how carboxyl-terminal extension participates in cryptochrome’s signaling function remain mostly unknown. In this study, we uncover the potential missing link between carboxyl-terminal extension conformational changes and downstream signaling functions. Specifically, we discover that the blue-light induced opening of carboxyl-terminal extension in C. reinhardtii animal-like cryptochrome can structurally facilitate its interaction with Rhythm Of Chloroplast 15, a circadian-clock-related protein. Our finding is made possible by two technical advances. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer technique, we directly observe the displacement of carboxyl-terminal extension by about 15 Å upon blue light excitation. Combining structure prediction and solution X-ray scattering methods, we propose plausible structures of full-length cryptochrome under dark and lit conditions. The structures provide molecular basis for light active conformational changes of cryptochrome and downstream regulatory functions.
Generative and reinforcement learning approaches for the automated de novo design of bioactive compounds
Authors: Korshunova Maria , Huang Niles , Capuzzi Stephen , Radchenko Dmytro S. , Savych Olena , Moroz Yuriy S. , Wells Carrow I. , Willson Timothy M. , Tropsha Alexander , Isayev Olexandr 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDeep generative neural networks have been used increasingly in computational chemistry for de novo design of molecules with desired properties. Many deep learning approaches employ reinforcement learning for optimizing the target properties of the generated molecules. However, the success of this approach is often hampered by the problem of sparse rewards as the majority of the generated molecules are expectedly predicted as inactives. We propose several technical innovations to address this problem and improve the balance between exploration and exploitation modes in reinforcement learning. In a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the application of the deep generative recurrent neural network architecture enhanced by several proposed technical tricks to design inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and further experimentally validate their potency. The proposed technical solutions are expected to substantially improve the success rate of finding novel bioactive compounds for specific biological targets using generative and reinforcement learning approaches.
Skyrmionic spin structures in layered Fe5GeTe2 up to room temperature
Authors: Schmitt Maurice , Denneulin Thibaud , Kovács András , Saunderson Tom G. , Rüßmann Philipp , Shahee Aga , Scholz Tanja , Tavabi Amir H. , Gradhand Martin , Mavropoulos Phivos , Lotsch Bettina V. , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E. , Mokrousov Yuriy , Blügel Stefan , Kläui Mathias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe role of the crystal lattice, temperature and magnetic field for the spin structure formation in the 2D van der Waals magnet Fe5GeTe2 with magnetic ordering up to room temperature is a key open question. Using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we experimentally observe topological spin structures up to room temperature in the metastable pre-cooling and stable post-cooling phase of Fe5GeTe2. Over wide temperature and field ranges, skyrmionic magnetic bubbles form without preferred chirality, which is indicative of centrosymmetry. These skyrmions can be observed even in the absence of external fields. To understand the complex magnetic order in Fe5GeTe2, we compare macroscopic magnetometry characterization results with microscopic density functional theory and spin-model calculations. Our results show that even up to room temperature, topological spin structures can be stabilized in centrosymmetric van der Waals magnets.
Rights and representation support justice across aquatic food systems
Authors: Hicks Christina C. , Gephart Jessica A. , Koehn J. Zachary , Nakayama Shinnosuke , Payne Hanna J. , Allison Edward H. , Belhbib Dyhia , Cao Ling , Cohen Philippa J. , Fanzo Jessica , Fluet-Chouinard Etienne , Gelcich Stefan , Golden Christopher D. , Gorospe Kelvin D. , Isaacs Moenieba , Kuempel Caitlin. D. , Lee Kai N. , MacNeil M. Aaron , Maire Eva , Njuki Jemimah , Rao Nitya , Sumaila U. Rashid , Selig Elizabeth R. , Thilsted Shakuntala H. , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Naylor Rosamond L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractInjustices are prevalent in food systems, where the accumulation of vast wealth is possible for a few, yet one in ten people remain hungry. Here, for 194 countries we combine aquatic food production, distribution and consumption data with corresponding national policy documents and, drawing on theories of social justice, explore whether barriers to participation explain unequal distributions of benefits. Using Bayesian models, we find economic and political barriers are associated with lower wealth-based benefits; countries produce and consume less when wealth, formal education and voice and accountability are lacking. In contrast, social barriers are associated with lower welfare-based benefits; aquatic foods are less affordable where gender inequality is greater. Our analyses of policy documents reveal a frequent failure to address political and gender-based barriers. However, policies linked to more just food system outcomes centre principles of human rights, specify inclusive decision-making processes and identify and challenge drivers of injustice.
Triplet sensitization via charge recombination at organic heterojunction for efficient near-infrared to visible solid-state photon upconversion
Authors: Sakamoto Yuji , Izawa Seiichiro , Ohkita Hideo , Hiramoto Masahiro , Tamai Yasunari 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRealizing efficient near-infrared to visible photon upconversion in the solid state is pivotal for commercial applications in various fields. We previously reported a solid-state upconversion device which imitated the photovoltaic conversion mechanisms of organic solar cells. This leads to a significant improvement of up to 2.3% in the external quantum efficiency, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional devices. Here, we investigate the upconversion mechanism of this device. We examine exciton and charge dynamics using transient absorption spectroscopy and find that approximately 67% of incident photons are utilized owing to fast singlet exciton diffusion in the nonfullerene acceptor layer. Strikingly, triplet excitons are accumulated near the donor/acceptor interface, enabling accelerated triplet–triplet annihilation by a factor of more than 10.
A leakage‐based hybrid beamforming design for multi‐user mmWave massive MIMO systems
Authors: Zhang Ran , Wang Ye , Feng Youhong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems, hybrid beamforming (HBF) is an attractive technique due to its excellent tradeoff between system performance and hardware implementation cost. In this paper, the signal‐to‐leakage‐plus‐noise ratio is considered as the optimization criterion and investigate the HBF design for multi‐user millimetre‐wave massive multiple‐input multiple‐output systems. To overcome the difficulty of solving the multi‐variable design problem, a novel two‐stage HBF scheme to optimize the analogue and digital beamformers are proposed. In particular, an orthogonal matching pursuit‐based method and a joint design method are introduced respectively to find the solution in the analogue stage. Then, in the digital stage, the digital precoder and combiner are designed to suppress the inter‐user interference plus noise, aiming at maximizing the sum‐signal‐to‐leakage‐plus‐noise ratio of multi‐user systems. Simulation results show that the proposed HBF scheme with lower complexity can achieve superior performance over the existing HBF schemes. Moreover, it is also indicated that the performance of the HBF scheme remains strong even with the imperfect channel state information.
A systematic comparison of the accuracy of monocular RGB tracking and LiDAR for neuronavigation
Authors: Khan Talha , Biehl Jacob T. , Andrews Edward G. , Babichenko Dmitriy 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWith the advent of augmented reality (AR), the use of AR‐guided systems in the field of medicine has gained traction. However, the wide‐scale adaptation of these systems requires highly accurate and reliable tracking. In this work, the tracking accuracy of two technology platforms, LiDAR and Vuforia, are developed and rigorously tested for a catheter placement neurological procedure. Several experiments (900) are performed for each technology across various combinations of catheter lengths and insertion trajectories. This analysis shows that the LiDAR platform outperformed Vuforia; which is the state‐of‐the‐art in monocular RGB tracking solutions. LiDAR had 75% less radial distance error and 26% less angle deviation error. Results provide key insights into the value and utility of LiDAR‐based tracking in AR guidance systems.
A self‐adaptive phase‐segmentation and health assessment framework for point machines
Authors: Wang Ning , Kou Linlin , Zhang Huiyue , Jia Limin , Qin Yong , Wang Hongguang , Wang Zhipeng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHealth assessment for point machines is crucial to the safety of rail systems. The operation of the point machine is a typical multi‐stage process, each with its own characteristic features that allow a health assessment. Therefore, to segment various phases self‐adaptively is quite essential to assess the health state of the point machine. Besides, the degradation of the point machine is characterized as non‐linear. However, these issues are barely discussed when assessing the degradation degree. By converting it into a multi‐classification problem, this paper proposes a novel phase segmentation method based on dimensionless time‐domain features and characteristics of time series by utilizing the adaptive Multiclass Mahalanobis Taguchi System (aMMTS) to segment the signal self‐adaptively. Furthermore, this paper proposes a novel algorithm named Non‐linear Dynamic Time Warping (NLDTW), which modifies the conventional Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) by using a non‐linear distance to overcome the lack of global consistency in the non‐linear degradation assessment. Finally, a modified formula of confidence value is presented to assess the actual degradation degree. The efficiency and feasibility of the proposed framework have been verified by the actual data collected from the point machines of Guangzhou Metro.
Slew rate control of switching transient for SiC MOSFET in boost converter using digital active gate driver
Authors: Fukunaga Shuhei , Takayama Hajime , Hikihara Takashi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper experimentally validates a fully digitalized active gate driver for suppressing the switching surge voltage of SiC MOSFETs in a boost converter. High‐voltage power conversion systems are expected to adopt SiC unipolar power devices utilizing their high‐speed switching capability. The high‐speed switching operation causes the switching surge voltage in its switching transient. Active gate driving is a key technology for suppressing it. A fully digitalized active gate driver is particularly focused upon, which freely shaped the output gate‐source voltage waveform by a multi‐bit gate control signal. This driver achieves the dynamical control of the voltage/current behaviours of MOSFET in the switching transient by taking the Miller effect into account. It contributes to suppressing the switching surge voltage. This paper applies this digital active gate driver to a high voltage power conversion circuit. The switching surge voltage is experimentally suppressed by slew rate control with the digital active gate driver for various operating conditions. The results clarify the control strategy of the digital active gate driver for SiC MOSFET in a power conversion circuit.