bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Analysis of No-Moving-Parts Valves for Micropumps
Authors: Deshpande Manish , Gilbert John R. , Bardell Ron L. , Forster Fred R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A design methodology for extracting component models for fluid dynamic devices is presented. The analysis uses Memcad’s suite of design tools to build the solid model and perform the analysis and post-analysis to extract the parametric variations of interest. In this paper, we demonstrate this capability by analyzing two types of no-moving-parts (NMP) valves used in micropumps: the diffuser type and the Tesla-type valves. The results indicate that the Tesla-type NMP valve has a higher pumping efficiency, and therefore a higher throughput, for the same Reynolds number flow, compared to the diffuser type valve. The parametric behavior reported by Memcad can then be used to generate a reduced-order model for system level simulations in a straightforward manner.
The Fabrication of Flow Conduits in Ceramic Tapes and the Measurement of Fluid Flow Through These Conduits
Authors: Kim Moon , Yi Mingqiang , Zhong Jihua , Bau Haim H. , Hu Howard , Ananthasuresh Suresh G. K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ceramic tape and thick film technologies provide a convenient and flexible means for the fabrication of three-dimensional flow conduits integrated with sensing and actuating elements. In their pre-fired (green) state, the ceramic tapes are soft, pliable, and easily machinable. CNC, laser, or chemical machining can be used to fabricate fluid conduits. Various conduit geometries were machined ranging from straight conduit segments with various angles between them to arcs to spirals. Subsequent to the machining process, tapes with different planar features were aligned, stacked, and laminated to form complex three-dimensional flow paths. The paper describes the fabrication techniques and capabilities. Additionally, results of preliminary liquid flow measurements and simulations are reported for the pressure drop as a function of conduit geometry and flow rate in straight and L-shaped channels.
Stand Alone Micro Liquid Dosing System
Authors: Roßberg R. , Sandmaier H. , Büttgenbach S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A portable battery powered micro liquid dosing system is presented, which controls the liquid flow from a pressurized reservoir to a capillary output port. The system consists of a capillary buffer volume controlled by a resonant sensor, a micromachined silicon valve driven by a piezoelectrical actuator, an electronic control system comprising of a sensor processing electronics, a DC/DC-converter for controlling the actuator and a pressurized reservoir. Components have been designed, validated and assembled to a complete dosing system. The typical input pressure is in the range of 0 to 0.4 bar, typical flow rates are up to 0.25 ml/min at 0.22 bar.
Multi-Chamber, Real-Time DNA Analysis in the Field Using Microfabricated Silicon Chambers
Authors: Belgrader P. , Benett W. , Frattaroli R. , Hadley D. , Langlois R. , Lehew S. , Mariella R. , Milanovich F. , Nasarabadi S. , Northrup M. A. , Richards J. , Stratton P. , Venkateswaran K. S. , Long G. , Nelson W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
During 1997, we designed and built a 10-chamber thermal cycling system which was capable of performing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TaqMan® probes. Each chamber includes a thin-film resistive heater which was deposited directly on the microfabricated silicon chamber, for efficient heating, and the design of the silicon chambers permitted efficient, forced-convective cooling with air. Each silicon chamber contained etched holes for directly exciting the TaqMan® probes and monitoring their fluorescence emission. Our software, which controlled the thermal cycling, monitored the TaqMan® emission from each chamber on every thermal cycle, and performed automatic calling of positives for each chamber. We used this system at Dugway Proving Grounds in January, 1998, during the detector/identifier portion of the Joint Field Trials IV. With this system, we were able to detect and identify all three organisms that were used as simulants during JFT IV; this required the analysis of 32 unknowns per day for 10 days.
Micromachine Wedge Stepping Motor
Authors: Allen James J. , Schriner Heather K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A wedge stepping motor, which will index a mechanism, has been designed and fabricated in the surface micromachine SUMMiT (Sandia Ultra-planar Multi-level MEMS Technology) [1] process. This device has demonstrated the ability to index one gear tooth at a time with speeds up to 205 teeth/sec. The wedge stepper motor has the following features, which will be useful in a number of applications.
• The ability to precisely position mechanical components.
• Simple pulse signals can be used for operation.
• Only 2 drive signals are required for operation.
• Torque and precision capabilities increase with device size.
• The device to be indexed is restrained at all times by the wedge shaped tooth that is used for actuation.
This paper will discuss the theory of operation and design of the wedge stepping motor. The fabrication and testing of the device will also be presented.
Numerical Simulation and Design of the Four-Terminal Piezoresistive Pressure Transducer
Authors: Ghaddar Chahid K. , da Silva Mark G. , Gilbert John R. , Bart Stephen F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The four-terminal piezoresistive transducer (the Xducer), originally developed by Motorola SPS Inc., has been widely used in place of the more conventional Wheatstone bridge arrangement in diaphragm pressure sensors. A salient feature of the Xducer is that its one-resistor design eliminates the difficult requirement of closely matching the characteristics of the four resistors in the bridge. In this article, we present numerical investigations using the coupled piezoresistive-mechanical module of the MEMCAD4.0 system to aid in optimizing the design and performance of the Xducer. Results indicate that the optimal position for maximum sensitivity is achieved when the resistor center is not at the point of maximum stress, which occurs outside the sensor diaphragm edge, but rather on the sensor diaphragm near the edge. Moreover, as the resistor dimensions are enlarged, the optimal position shifts away from the edge. Furthermore, the misalignment of the resistor from the 45° line, has rather interesting effects. It results in a non-symmetric drop in output voltage despite symmetric deviations around the 45° line.
Design, Fabrication and Uncertainty Evaluation of a Surface-Micromachined Capacitive Microaccelerometer
Authors: Han Ki-Ho , Kim Jong-Pal , Cho Young-Ho 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We investigate a surface-micromachined capacitive accelerometer with the grid-type electrodes surrounded by a perforated proof-mass frame. An electromechanical analysis of the microaccelerometer has been performed to develop analytical formulae for the natural frequency and output sensitivity response. A set of prototype devices has been designed and fabricated based on a 4-mask surface-micromachining process. The resonant frequency of 5.8±0.17kHz and the detection sensitivity of 0.28±0.03mV/g have been measured from the fabricated devices. The parasitic capacitance of the detection circuit with a charge amplifier has been measured as 3.34±1.16pF. From the uncertainty analysis, we find that the major source of the uncertainty in the natural frequency of the accelerometer comes from the uncertainty in the beam width patterning process. The primary variables in the sensitivity uncertainty include the parasitic capacitance, inter electrode gap and resonant frequency, contributing to the overall sensitivity uncertainty in the portions of 75%, 14% and 11%, respectively.
Blister-Like Local Buckling of Polysilicon Microbeams During Wet-Release
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zohar Yitshak , Zhang Tong-Yi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A blister-like local buckling of polysilicon microbeams is observed at the end of the fabrication process. This buckling mode is a result of the capillary forces, developed during the drying stage, and the compressive residual stress in the polysilicon beams. A variety of microbeams were fabricated to study this phenomenon. The major parameters controlling the blister-like buckling have been identified experimentally. Furthermore, a model equation is derived to predict the blister properties as a function of the initial conditions. The agreement between the predictions and the measurements is found to be satisfactory.
Electrostatic Mechanical Testing of Polysilicon
Authors: Sharpe William N. , Turner Kevin , Edwards Richard L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Polysilicon, which is vapor deposited, is by nature only a few microns thick. In typical MEMS applications, the structural features may also be only a few microns wide. Establishing the elastic and strength properties using specimens that are similar in size is quite a challenge. This paper describes a tensile test system that grips a large ‘paddle’ on the end of a tensile specimen with electrostatic force; this enables the testing of polysilicon specimens that have cross-sections as small as 1.5 × 2 microns. Polysilicon is a linear, brittle material and it is not difficult to measure its tensile strength, which is measured here to be on the order of 1.3 GPa. It is considerably more difficult to measure Young’s modulus, and two approaches are used here. In the first, strain is extracted from the force-displacement plot of the tensile test. The second uses two gold lines for laser interferometry to measure strain directly on the tensile specimen. Both approaches yield similar results, but the measured values are lower than the 169 GPa measured earlier on wider polysilicon specimens. Specimens 3.5 microns thick had a modulus of 142 ± 25 GPa, and those 1.5 microns thick showed 136 ± 14 Gpa. The techniques and procedures along with preliminary results are presented here.
Packaging and Instrumentation of a Commercial Pressure Sensor for a High-G Impact and the Martian Environment
Authors: Reynolds J. Kurth , Catling David C. , Blue Randy C. , Maluf Nadim , Kenny Thomas W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To stimulate new technologies NASA has initiated a series of missions under the New Millennium Program including Deep Space 2 (DS-2), a novel low cost microprobe for Mars. Due to DS2’s entry scenario the instruments on board are expected to experience ∼1000,000g decelerations. A pressure sensor is needed which will not suffer offset or sensitivity errors due to the violent nature of the deployment, and will fit in a 5cm × 2cm × 0.5cm -50 gram budget. The small daily changes in Martian atmospheric pressure (∼1mB) must also be measured in the presence of large daily temperature fluctuations (∼50K). Space-rated pressure sensors meeting these requirements are not available, and off the shelf piezoresistive pressure sensors are not accurate enough for such applications. This work shows that many of the performance limitations of piezoresistive sensors are not fundamental, but instead are associated with package-induced stress or poor temperature compensation. Further, modest effort in packaging and calibration can bring the performance of inexpensive piezoresistive sensors into the range of more expensive absolute pressure sensors.
Design and Fabrication of a LIGA-Fabricated Microvalve for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Tsuei Timothy W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we will describe the design and development of a normally closed, low power microvalve for drug delivery applications. This microvalve is fabricated using a modified LIGA technique. Multiple, precision, off-axis X-ray exposures of PMMA resist are used to define a tapered valve seat and plunger. The final valve assembly consists of hybrid components of a bulk micromachined Si membrane, conventionally machined channels and LIGA-defined valve seats and plungers. An external micro electromagnet was used to control plunger displacement, thereby providing flow control. Total size of the entire valve, including the actuator, is 8 × 8 × 10 mm. This represents a very conservative attempt at miniaturization. The next-generation design will be scaled down by at least one half with minimal modifications to the current process.
Convection-Based Accelerometer and Tilt Sensor Implemented in Standard CMOS
Authors: Milanović Veljko , Bowen Edwin , Tea Nim , Suehle John , Payne Beverly , Zaghloul Mona , Gaitan Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a CMOS implementation of novel accelerometers that operate based on heat convection, requiring no solid proof mass. The devices consist of microheaters and thermocouple or thermistor temperature sensors separated by a gap and placed in differential or bridge configurations. Temperature sensors measure the temperature difference between the two sides of the microheater caused by the effect of acceleration on free convection in the surrounding gas. The devices show a small linearity error of &lt; 0.5% under tilt conditions from −90 to 90 degrees, and &lt; 2% under acceleration from 0 g to 7 g. Sensitivity of the devices is also a nearly linear function of heater power (temperature). Sensitivity of up to 115 μV/g was measured for thermopile configuration, and up to 185 μV/g for thermistor configuration. Both types of devices are operable up to frequencies of several hundred hertz.
A Particle Method for Analysis of Microelectromechanical Switches
Authors: Aluru N. R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many existing computer-aided design systems for MEMS require the generation of a three-dimensional mesh for computational analysis of the microdevice. Mesh generation requirements for microdevices are very complicated because of the presence of mixed-energy domains and the different numerical techniques implemented for each energy domain. For example, volume meshes are employed for finite-element analysis of structural deformation and surface meshes are employed for boundary-element analysis of electrostatic forces on the structure. This paper describes a meshless technique, using which the analysis of a complicated microdevice can be performed by sprinkling points instead of generating a mesh.
Electrothermal and Fabrication Modeling of Polysilicon Thermal Actuators
Authors: Butler Jeffrey T. , Bright Victor M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An electrothermal model of polysilicon thermal actuators has been developed. The electrothermal model requires knowledge of key material parameters, such as polysilicon resistivity, which vary based on the fabrication process. Empirical measurements and a TSUPREM model of the Multi-Users MEMS Processes (MUMPs) were used to analyze the polysilicon resistance characteristics. The electrothermal model was implemented in SPICE. The use of an electrical circuit simulator allowed simultaneous analysis of integrated MEMS and microelectronic systems. The SPICE model was successfully applied to a lateral thermal actuator and a thermal piston micromirror fabricated in MUMPs. The model results show excellent agreement with measured data.
Condition Monitoring for Pumps
Authors: Justice Wavel , Ruggiero Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The OM Code contains a check valve condition monitoring (Reference Code Appendix II) that has been utilized by Owners at numerous nuclear power plants to improve testing of check valves. Use of this similar approach for pumps is expected to also improve testing of pumps.
Comprehensive Pump Testing was originally intended to address not just the pump, but the use of the pump drivers and associate pump electrical system components to monitor pump health as is currently done for motor actuated valves. The draft comprehensive test requirements included taking motor current pump electrical components, as well as an oil sample, but those requirements were not allowed to go into the final Code language, e.g., motor current signature requirements. The reason was that this was considered including the motor in IST and was not in the OM scope. However, the motor, in that case, was used to verify acceptable pump operation only. Also, enhanced vibration techniques, such as spectral analysis were also considered.
This paper will present the use of Pump Condition monitoring as a method to enhance IST and, in some cases replace traditional pump IST intervals, similar to what is done for check valve condition monitoring. The proposed Pump condition monitoring program will rely on the revised OM-14.
Overview of NRC NUREG-1482, Revision 3, Guidelines for Inservice Testing at Nuclear Power Plants – Inservice Testing of Pumps and Valves, and Inservice Examination and Testing of Dynamic Restrains (Snubbers) at Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Bedi Gurjendra S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff issued Revision 3 to NUREG-1482, “Guidelines for Inservice Testing at Nuclear Power Plants,” to assist nuclear power plant licensees in establishing a basic understanding of the regulatory basis for pump and valve inservice testing (IST) programs and dynamic restraints (snubbers) inservice examination and testing programs. Since the issuance of Revision 2 to NUREG-1482, certain tests and measurements required by earlier editions and addenda of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants, Division 1, OM Code: Section IST (OM Code) have been clarified, updated, or revised. The revision to NUREG-1482 and its Appendix A incorporates and addresses those changes, and includes the IST programs guidelines related to new reactors. This revision includes a new Appendix B related to guidance for treatment of pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints (snubbers) during implementation of 10 CFR 50.69, “Risk-Informed Categorization and Treatment of Structures, Systems, and Components for Nuclear Power Plants.” The revised guidance incorporates lessons learned and experience gained since the previous revision to NUREG-1482. This paper provides an overview of the contents of NUREG-1482 and those changes, and discusses how they affect NRC guidance on implementing pump and valve IST programs, and dynamic restraint (snubber) inservice examination, testing and service life monitoring programs. This paper highlights important changes to NUREG-1482, but is not intended to provide a complete record of all changes to the document. The NRC intends to continue to develop and improve its guidance on IST and inservice inspection (ISI) methods through active participation in the ASME OM Code consensus process; interactions with various technical organization and user groups; and periodic updates of NRC-published guidance and issuance of generic communications as the need arises.
Anthropogenic impact on sediment transfer in the upper Missouri River catchment detected by detrital zircon analysis
Authors: Thomson Kelly D. , Stockli Daniel F. , Fildani Andrea 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDownstream sediment transport in river systems is impacted by anthropogenic modifications, such as dams or levees. This study used detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and sediment mixture modeling to investigate the effects of dams on provenance signatures and sediment transport along the upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers. The Yellowstone River is the longest dam-free river in North America, while the upper Missouri River has several major reservoir-forming dams. We present 4777 new individual detrital zircon U-Pb ages from 32 sand samples collected from sand bars of the Missouri and Yellow-stone Rivers and their major tributaries. These new data along the Missouri River track downstream modification of detrital zircon U-Pb age signatures due to sediment sequestration in reservoirs, bank erosion, and mixing at stream confluences. In contrast, detrital zircon U-Pb age data evolve more progressively downstream along the Yellowstone River, which displays less anthropogenic influence and muted tributary mixing and dilution. U-Pb age component proportions along the extensively dammed Missouri River vary up to 27% downstream, with amplified changes occurring at river confluences downstream from dams. These dramatic changes are attributed to storage of sediment and preferential capture of heavy minerals (including zircon) in reservoirs, resulting in a reduced sediment load in the river downstream from dams. Consequently, detrital zircon mixture models show a disproportionate provenance contribution from tributaries compared to the trunk river downstream from the dams. Dams not only reduce the sediment flux from a river but also change the locations where sediment is generated by initiating erosion in a river downstream from a dam.
Comparative morphometric analysis suggests ice-cored pingo-shaped landforms on the dwarf planet Ceres
Authors: Hughson Kynan H.G. , Schmidt Britney E. , Udell Lopez Kathrine T. , Sizemore Hanna G. , Schenk Paul M. , Scully Jennifer E.C. , Raymond Carol A. , Russell Christopher T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The NASA Dawn mission revealed that the floor of Occator crater on the dwarf planet Ceres (in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter) is populated with small quasi-conical hills. Many of these features exhibit morphometric properties that are like those of ice-cored periglacial hills called pingos. Alternatively, some of these Cerean hills have also been hypothesized to be cryovolcanic in origin. If these hills are analogous to pingos, they represent ice-rich environments that are attractive targets for future exploration. We report new constraints on the morphologies of the Occator hills that aid in determining their origin. We also directly test how morphologically similar the hills in Occator are to pingos and volcanic cones on Earth using comparative statistical analyses. Using a novel application of kernel density estimation and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods we show that the morphologies of terrestrial pingos and volcanic cones are quantifiably distinct, and that the Cerean hills share significant morphometric similarities with pingos on Earth. Our findings indicate that a statistical treatment of morphometry alone can be a powerful tool for classifying and comparing planetary surface features, and that the majority of the resolved Cerean hills are morphometrically more similar to pingos than to small terrestrial volcanic cones.