bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Lift Experience in Malaysia and Indonesia and the Way Forward
Authors: Mehran Fatemah , Idris Khairul Nizam , Kusuma Dadik Hendra 
Published: July 2022

Artificial lift is a method used to lower the producing bottomhole pressure on a formation to obtain a higher production rate from the well. This can be done either with a positive-displacement downhole pump, such as a beam pump or a progressive cavity pump (PCP), to lower the flowing pressure at the pump intake, or it can be done by injecting gas with high pressure through a downhole gauge near the bottom of the well. The selection of the method depends on many factors such as reservoir characterization, completion design, and operating conditions such as pressure, temperature, and producing rate. In addition, production-fluid properties such as density and viscosity also play a role in the selection of artificial-lift methods.

Market Overview
The market for artificial-lift systems is growing at a compound annual growth rate of more than 4.5% (Fig. 1). Seventy percent of the world’s existing fields are mature, most of which require artificial lift to maintain planned production targets.
Based on a recent marketing study, Asia Pacific is one of the fastest growing markets
for electrical submersible pumps (ESP), with China leading in demand as it works to increase production output from established fields.
North America dominated the global artificial-lift systems market in 2018, owing to its shale discoveries and the associated exploration and production activities. Furthermore, improved oil recovery is expected to support the demand for artificial-lift systems during the forecast period.
Petronas, PTTEP, and Pertamina are the major operators in the Asia Pacific region taking the lead in using new technology and methodology in artificial lift and in adopting digitization.
This article presents the technical approach of Petronas and Pertamina in implementing artificial-lift technology and their vision for the future. It summarizes a panel session organized by the SPE Artificial Lift and Gas Well Deliquification Technical Section in which the authors participated last year.
Technology Focus: Coiled Tubing (June 2022)
Authors: Crabtree Alex 
Published: July 2022

As I write the introduction to this year’s Coiled Tubing feature, I am reflecting on a couple of recent events in my SPE life.
The first was the announcement that the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists are no longer pursuing a merger. It wasn’t the merger notification that caught my eye but the drop in SPE membership from 99,175 in 2015 to the current total of 66,020. In addition, a point was raised in the announcement about attracting and retaining young members.
The second event was being fortunate enough to attend the SPE/Intervention and Coiled Tubing Association (ICoTA) Conference in The Woodlands, Texas, in person following a 2-year in-person hiatus. There was an energy about the conference, where people were glad to be spending time with one another and simply networking, sharing ideas, and catching up and not through a computer screen. The Intervention Technology Award, presented by ICoTA each year, had 22 submissions with four finalists. I will leave the reader to research the winner. This is the largest number of submissions in the history of the award. Engineers enjoy solving problems and developing solutions. These submissions reflect 22 problems, or challenges, addressed and solved by bringing new solutions to bear.
So, my reflection on these two events raises the question: does one of these provide insight about the other?
In this year’s feature are two case histories and an equipment-development paper, all of which are, by accident rather than design, from operations undertaken in the Gulf States. Each, in its own way, exemplifies the engineering decisions and balances that must be weighed to provide the best solution within limiting parameters and the considerable effort this may take. These are not compromises, as is often talked about. Compromise implies that something has been given up or sacrificed, but, to me at least, that is not the case when a solution is found that achieves the objective while working within limitations. The case histories are for different types of operations, but the engineering similarities are clear.
Much in line with previous years, papers in the recommended additional reading list are on coiled tubing material performance.
Please all continue to stay well and safe.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE/ICoTA 208996 - Coiled Tubing Premature Failure—The Effects of Pressure and Strain by Jorge Martin Bunge, Tenaris, et al.
SPE/ICoTA 209019 - Wellbore Abrasion Comparison With High-Strength Coiled Tubing—A Case Study by Garry McClelland, Global Tubing, et al.
Surface-Modified Nanoparticle Gelled-Acid System Stimulates Without Formation Damage
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22443, “Surface-Modified Nanoparticle-Based Novel Gelled-Acid System: A Unique Formation-Damage-Free Well-Stimulation Technology,” by Rajendra Kalgaonkar, SPE, and Nour Baqader, SPE, Saudi Aramco. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
Gelled-acid systems based on the gelation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) are used extensively in both matrix and fracture acidizing to prevent acidizing-fluid leakoff. However, these systems can lead to formation damage. To mitigate this risk, the authors have developed a self-breaking, formation-damage-free, novel nanoparticle-based gelled-acid system to replace polymer-based gelled-acid systems.

Nanoparticle-Based Gelled-Acid System
The complete paper showcases a method for gelling up an acid formulation for stimulating a carbonate reservoir. The technique is based on surface-modified nanoparticles. The new gelled-acid system does not contain any polymer-based gelling agents. It consists of inorganic nanoparticles with a gelation-activator material to activate viscosification. The increase in viscosity will lead to a slowdown of the reaction rate of the acid with the carbonate formation. Suitable functionalities are used to surface-modify the nanoparticles to stabilize them in acidic media.
The treatment fluid can be pumped downhole as a single homogeneous fluid system in the same pumping stage. The nanoparticles are easily miscible with the acid formulation without any need for the batch-mixing processes that may be required for a polymer-based gelled-acid system to account for polymer hydration. Thus, this formulation can be mixed easily while pumping the acidic fluid downhole. This ensures that the new gelled-acid system can increase operational efficiency by reducing operational time substantially. Nanoparticle gelation takes place in situ in the acid fluid and does not require a separate pumping stage to introduce the activator. The gelation of nanoparticles is predominantly a pH-based phenomenon. The gelation rate can be influenced also by temperature.
As the fluid’s temperature increases, the treatment fluid viscosifies, thus diverting the tail-end acid to less-permeable zones in the reservoir. As the acid spends after reacting with the carbonate formation and the pH of the system increases beyond a pH of 4, the nanoparticles lose their ability to further viscosify the acid, thus reducing the viscosity of the fluid system. This enables easy flowback of the fluid post-treatment. Because the viscosifying material used in the present invention is a nanoparticulate, it will be potentially nondamaging to the formation because of effective flowback and no residual deposition inside the formation.
Technology Focus: EOR Operations (June 2022)
Authors: Kokal Sunil 
Published: July 2022

In this article, I will focus on chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR). What is its current status, and what is its future? Chemical EOR is defined as the addition of a chemical to injection water for enhancing oil recovery. Typically, and traditionally, there are three types of chemicals added to water: polymers, surfactants, and alkalis.
In simple terms, the polymers increase the viscosity of injected water, thus improving its mobility, similar to adding a small amount of corn starch to thicken soups. The surfactants reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between the oil and water, dislodging the stuck oil, similar to how a laundry detergent works in our washers to clean our clothes. Alkalis are surfactant-forming compounds that react with the organic material in the oil and form surfactants in situ. The surfactants then reduce the IFT and enhance recovery.
Chemical EOR has been practiced since oil was discovered and water was injected to produce it. The world produces less than 1 million BOPD from chemical EOR. The bulk of this (more than 80%) is from polymerflooding for mostly medium to heavy oils. Surfactants and alkalis have been tested, but their field performance has been poor. They perform extremely well in experiments and laboratories. Up to 100% of the oil can be produced in the laboratory using surfactants, if enough pore volumes are injected.
Therein lies the first clue as to why surfactants have failed. Too many pore volumes are needed. The main reason is adsorption on the rock surface. Most of it is adsorbed, and it does not propagate far enough into the reservoir for it to perform its magic. Another reason is its degradation in harsh reservoir conditions. A third reason is economics and the high initial investments for facilities.
Combination flooding including surfactant/polymer, alkali/surfactant/polymer, and others have been tried with limited success. In my humble opinion, chemical EOR equals polymer EOR, at least from a total-oil-production point of view. Some purists and scientists may disagree, but that’s all right.
The papers that follow are examples of polymer EOR from China, Europe, and Oman. One is an excellent paper that shares lessons learned from extensive polymerflooding experience in China. Another describes lessons learned from pilots in Austria. A third shares some of the challenges encountered in pilot-testing polymers from Oman.
The challenge for academia and research institutes is this: How can we make robust surfactants, reduce their adsorption on rocks, and reduce their cost? It’s food for thought for future researchers and graduate students.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 200178 - Polymer Stability at Harsh Temperature and Salinity Conditions by Tormod Skauge, Energy Research Norway, et al.
SPE 200166 - Cost-Efficient Polymer Full-Field Development by Fast-Tracking Nap Concept in Horizontal Polymer Injectors by Faisal Saadi, Petroleum Development Oman, et al.
Hybrid Focusing Metric for Sound Speed Estimation in Photoacoustic Imaging Involving Layered Media
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet , Mahmutoğlu Aslı Nur , Karaaslan Berkay , Özdemir Özgür 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In photoacoustic imaging, the speed of sound distribution (SoS) of background is required for image reconstruction, though, in general, it may not be known exactly before reconstruction. The estimation of SoS in a layered media is a difficult task due to the nonlinearity of the wave propagation. In this work, we proposed a novel hybrid focusing metric for accurate image quality assessment in an autofocusing approach to estimate the speed of sound distribution of layered media. In the proposed metric, contrast resolution and spatial resolution information were combined into a novel hybrid focusing metric by exploiting intensity-based focusing metrics and pixel count metrics, thus, enhancing the accuracy of estimation. We have compared the performance of the proposed metric with state of art focusing metrics Brenner, Tennenbaum, and Normalized Variance through numerical simulations which were conducted through k-Wave toolbox. and proved that the proposed focusing metric improved the performance of autofocusing approach significantly in layered media.
Straw lignin degradation by lignin peroxidase from Irpex Iacteus cooperated with enzymes and small molecules
Authors: Chen Huayou , Liang Xiaoyu , Li Shouzhi , Cui Zhoulei , Yong Yangchun , Ni Zhong , Bu Quan , Zhu Daochen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
ObjectivesLignin degradation is the result of synergistic action of many enzyme systems. The degradation capacity of a single enzyme is limited, which can not maximize the utility value of the enzyme. Some small molecules also affect the efficiency of lignin degradation by lignin peroxidase.MethodsUsing wheat straw as raw material and taking lignin degradation rate as index, it was found that laccase, glucose oxidase, malonic acid, citric acid, ZnSO4, CaCl2 could promote the lignin degradation by the lignin peroxidase from Irpex Iacteus, respectively. Moreover, glucose oxidase, malonic acid and CaCl2 had obvious synergy effects on lignin degradation by the lignin peroxidase.ResultsThe optimal conditions of lignin degradation were obtained by response surface experiment: 4% glucose oxidase, 0.74% malonic acid and 3.29% CaCl2 were added for synergistic degradation at 37℃ with 50% of water content. After 72h quickly enzymatic hydrolysis, the degradation rate of lignin was 45.84%.ConclusionsA new green and efficient method for lignin removal from straw was obtained, which provided a reference for the efficient utilization of straw and lignin peroxidase.
Stress and depression of university students in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Soliman Asmaa Mohamed Ahmed , Mabrouk Shimaa Elsayed Mohammed , Hagag Radwa Samir , Ghandour Ahmed A , Mekhamier Hanem Awad , Elsherbeny Enas Elsayed 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background: Mental health issues have been increasing globally, especially among university students. The pandemic of COVID-19 has aggravated this pre-existing and serious problem. This study aimed to assess the stress and depression levels and mental health status of Egyptian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on medical and non-medical Egyptian university students. A total of 1470 participants completed the electronic anonymous online survey containing Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Perceived Stress Scale(PSS). Results: Of the 1470 participants, 10.9% have moderately severe depression and 6.1% have severe depression. Moreover, 77.6% reported moderate stress, 16.3% reported low stress, and 6.2% reported high stress. There was strong positive correlation between depression and stress among participants (r = 0.815) (p < 0.001). The significant predictors for depression were age between 18 and 20 years, female sex, presence of chronic diseases, and presence of friends or relatives diagnosed with COVID-19. The significant predictors for stress were age between 18 and 20 years, female sex, presence of friends or relatives diagnosed with COVID-19, and medical faculties.Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of university students of Egypt showed moderate to high level of stress, and about one-third of them had moderate to severe depression. Younger age, female sex and having a relative or friend diagnosed with COVID-19 were significant predictors for high stress level and depression. Psychological interventions for university students during the COVID-19 pandemic are strongly recommended to promote their mental health and improve academic achievement.
QTL Mapping of Resistance to Pseudoperonospora Cubensis Clade 2, Mating Type A1, in Cucumis Melo and Dual-clade Marker Development
Authors: Toporek Sean , Branham Sandra , Keinath Anthony , Wecther Patrick 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal organism of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), causes severe necrosis and defoliation on Cucumis melo (melon). A recombinant inbred line population (N = 169) was screened against an isolate of P. cubensis (Clade 2 / mating type A1) in replicated greenhouse and growth chamber tests. SNPs (n = 5,633 bins) identified in the RIL population were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. A single major QTL on chromosome 10 was consistently associated with resistance across all tests, while a second major QTL on chromosome 8 was identified only in greenhouse tests. These two major QTL were identified on the same chromosomes (8 and 10) but in different locations as two major QTL previously identified for resistance to P. cubensis Clade 1 / mating type A2. Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed for these four major QTL and validated in the RIL population through QTL mapping. These markers will provide melon breeders a high-throughput genotyping toolkit for development of melon cultivars with broad tolerance to CDM.
In vitro infection of human ocular tissues by SARS-CoV-2 lineage A isolates
Authors: Krishna Venkatramana D. , Roehrich Heidi , Schroeder Declan C. , Cheeran Maxim C-J. , Yuan Ching , Hou Joshua H 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was: (1) to evaluate the infectivity of two SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variants on human ocular tissues in vitro, and (2) to evaluate the stability of SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variant in corneal preservation medium.
Methods
Primary cultures of donor corneal, conjunctival, and limbal epithelium were inoculated with two lineage A, GISAID clade S isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Hong Kong/VM20001061/2020, USA-WA1/2020), to evaluate the susceptibility of the ocular surface to infection. Cultured human corneal endothelium and flat-mounted DSAEK grafts were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate the susceptibility of the endothelium to infection. All inoculated samples were immunostained for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein expression to confirm positive infection. SARS-CoV-2 Hong Kong was then inoculated into cornea preservation media (Life4oC, Numedis, Inc.). Inoculated media was stored at 4oC for 14 days and assayed over time for changes in infectious viral titers (TCID50).
Results
Corneal, conjunctival, and limbal epithelial cells all demonstrated susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variants. Conjunctiva demonstrated the highest infection rate (78% of samples infected [14/18]); however, infection rates did not differ statistically between cell types and viral isolates. After inoculation, 40% (4/10) of DSAEK grafts had active infection in the endothelium. SARS-CoV-2 lineage A demonstrated < 1 log decline in viral titers out to 14 days in corneal preservation media.
Conclusions
SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variants can infect corneal, limbal, and conjunctival epithelium, as well as corneal endothelium. There was no statistical difference in infectivity between different lineage A variants. SARS-CoV-2 lineage A can survive and remain infectious in corneal preservation media out to 14 days in cold storage.
Environmental, Ecological, and Health Risks Assessment of Olive Orchard Soils in Izmir Province of Turkey
Authors: Deliboran Aise 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Soil contamination with trace elements (TEs) become a severe concern, however, the evaluation of ecological and human health problems in intensive agricultural areas remained limited. In this study, Pb, Cr, Ni, Al, Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Zn content of olive orchard soils in Izmir province of Turkey were investigated to the state of pollution, environmental, ecological, and health hazards. Soil samples were taken from 129 olive orchards at 0-30 cm depth. Air-dried samples were eliminated by a 0.5 mm sieve and digested in HNO3 and HCl (3: 1) at a microwave digestion device. TheTEs concentrations are determined by ICP-OES. Cr and Ni levels were advanced at the limit level. In terms of EF, the soils are significantly contaminated by Cd (7.18), moderately contaminated by Ni (2.94), and Cu (2.56). In terms of Cf, soils were moderately contaminated by Cd (1.96), and in terms of Er moderate by Cd (58.83). Co, Fe, Al, and Mn are the lithogenic origin, and Pb, Zn, Al, Cd, Cu, and Ni are anthropogenic. The HQ, HI, and THI in terms of adults and children were below 1, all TEs via ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation pathways had no serious non-carcinogenic hazards. The harmful health consequences of TEs were accentuated in children. This study may serve as a method for managing the contamination-related risk of olive cultivation areas where agrochemicals are widely employed. Additional studies are recommended about TEs contamination risk and the potential health dangers in olive fruits.
Protection of Ferrets Against Avian Influenza H7N9 Challenge Following Intranasal Dosing of Inert Bacterial Spores
Authors: Hong Huynh , Dang Chau , Thi Yen-Linh , Katsunde Paida , Vo Linh , Hynes Daniel , Love William , Cutting Simon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Influenza is a respiratory infection that continues to present a major threat to human health with ~ 500,000 deaths/year. Continued circulation of epidemic subtypes in humans and animals potentially increases the risk of future pandemics. Vaccination has failed to halt the evolution of this virus and additional "universal" prophylactic approaches should be considered. Naked, "heat inactivated", or inert, bacterial spores have been shown to protect against influenza in murine models.
Methods
Ferrets were administered intranasal doses of inert bacterial spores (DSM 32444K). Seven days after the last dose animals were challenged with H7N9. Clinical signs of infection and viral shedding were monitored.
Results
Clinical symptoms of infection were significantly reduced in animals dosed with DSM 32444K. The temporal kinetics of viral shedding were reduced but not abolished,
Conclusion
Taken together nasal dosing using heat-stable spores could provide a simple, cost-effective approach for influenza prophylaxis in both humans and animals.
Determining urban tolls based on two pricing schemes by considering emission of pollution (Case study: Isfahan, Iran)
Authors: Soleimani Mozhgan , akbari Nematollah , Saffari Babak , Haghshenas Hosein 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The problem of traffic congestion and the environmental issues related to air pollution are among the essential problems of urban management that metropolitan cities are trying to mitigate. Given that the contribution of motor vehicles to air pollution is significant, both goals are achieved by managing urban transport. Among the various methods of travel demand management, congestion pricing is a very efficient measure. In this study, it is tried to simultaneously increase the efficiency of the transportation network and reduce the environmental effects by using a bi-level model for the multi-modal network. For this purpose, the upper-level model includes minimization of the objective function, i.e., pollution emission costs, and overall commuting cost. The lower level also has a transportation network model that provides the condition of user equilibrium. Two pricing schemes, including cordon-based and link-based pricing, are used to investigate and assist policymakers. The genetic and Frank-Wolfe algorithms have been used to solve the bi-level programming model. The proposed algorithm is also applied for a real network in Isfahan-Iran. The results of the proposed model for different pricing strategies were compared. According to the results, both pricing schemes mitigate traffic congestion and pollution, and the demand was shifted from the private car mode to public transportation. However, link-based pricing provides better performance than cordon-based pricing. According to the results, if there are conditions of link-based pricing, this scheme can reduce pollution and increase tolls revenue.JEL Classification: R41, O18, R48, C61, C63, Q53