bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Reproducibility and the Comparability of Bond Strength Values
Authors: Kopp C.A. , Bobzin K. , Ernst F. , Richardt K. , Schläfer T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the most popular test methods for the evaluation of thermally sprayed coatings and substrate pre-treatment is the bond strength test in accordance to the standard EN 582 (in Europe) or ASTM C633-79 (in the U.S.). An interlaboratory test, carried out in 2003, has shown that bond strength tests of samples that were joined by different institutions in accordance to DIN EN 582 lead to bond strength values that varied by the factor 2, even if the same adhesive was used. The test not only made clear that the adhesives used to join the loading block to the substrate block but also many other parameters have a tremendous influence on the results of the bond strength tests. It was also clarified that the DIN standard needs to be supplemented in order to improve the comparability and the reproducibility of the bond strength test results. The first aim of this work was to identify the influencing parameters by carrying out Failure Mode and Effect Analyses (FMEA) together with namable institutions. Based on these results, a work instruction based on the DIN standard will be composed in order to avoid its weak spots. Later, a second interlaboratory test will be carried out to evaluate the quality of the work instruction.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Cold Sprayed Titanium
Authors: King P.C. , Jahedi M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The processes of microstructural evolution in titanium during deposition by cold spray were investigated. Titanium particles underwent plastic deformation at very high strain rates, resulting in (a) extensive refinement and (b) large inhomogeneities in microstructure. There were large nanostructured areas (several micrometres in extent) with high dislocation densities and subgrain sizes less than 100 nm. Dense dislocation tangles and elongated subgrains were observed in other places. It is hoped that by further understanding the microstructural changes that occur during cold spray, improvements in mechanical properties may be realised.
Wear Behaviour and Performance of a Cost-Effective Iron-Based, Carbide-Reinforced, Sintered Coating
Authors: Lugbauer M. , Badisch E. , Kröll A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In every industry wear plates and parts are demanded in heavy duty standards at cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness. For that reasons a new kind of coating technology was developed, and first applied on parts for agricultural machinery for getting results from the field. Simultaneously lab tests were done to compare the wear behaviour and performance of these sintered iron-based coatings with mainly chromium-carbides and borides in it, with other well known wear-resistant coatings like hard chrome, thermal sprayed coatings (Ni-matrix/WC), PTA welded coatings (Ni-matrix/WC, high speed steel) and processed steel like Hardox. Wear tests were performed under 3-body-abrasion as well as combined impact/abrasion conditions, respectively. Dry-sand rubber-wheel procedure according ASTM G65 was used to investigate low stress abrasion, whereas for high stress abrasion investigations a steel wheel was used. A special designed impeller-tumbler apparatus was used for combined impact and abrasion wear tests. Analysis after testing was done quantitatively by gravimetric mass loss, and qualitatively using SEM microscopy (edge stability, wear mechanisms). The ambition of this investigation is to secure the wear performance of the sintered iron-based coating at low production costs compared to well known anti-wear solutions applied in wear intensive industries.
New Conventional Plasma Gun with High Performance: ProPlasma HP
Authors: Allimant A. , Billières D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Saint-Gobain Coating Solutions new ProPlasma HP gun, based on conventional plasma gun design (single anode-single cathode), has been evaluated for typical demanding applications of the thermal spray industry. A general overview of this gun main features is presented. Aim of its development was to fulfill the whole range of applications of plasma spraying, from high feed rate –high deposit efficiency (DE) to high velocity. First, plasma spraying performance of ProPlasma is exposed through 2 typical examples of materials extensively sprayed: yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and chromia, both needing high DE at high feed rates. A set of spraying parameters was developed for YSZ Saint-Gobain #204 hollow spherical powder showing 57% DE at 150g/min and exhibiting 13 to 15% porosity as typically requested for thick TBCs. Two sets of parameters were developed for chromia at 120g/min leading either to 3% porosity - 51% DE or 2% porosity - 42% DE. Then, the possibility to reach a high velocity mode is shown through the presentation of the anode development made for a typical high velocity application material: WC-Co. After a first design showed experimental promising results with low porosity, the anode design has been further improved based on experiment and CFD modeling.
TriplexPro-200 Gun Platform: Impacting All Operational Aspects of Thermal Spraying
Authors: Hawley D. , Dambra C. , Molz R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Triplex is a second generation plasma gun technology that offers multiple benefits in term of rates of application and deposit efficiencies. This paper focuses on Triplex technology as it relates to daily operational aspects of a typical thermal spray facility. Today, Triplex is the only plasma technology that features "fixed" parameter operation for extended run times which has significant impact at multiple levels within the spray shop. Data presented will compare Triplex to first generation plasma technology with regards to quality, training, simplification, and process repeatability.
Yttria Deposition by a Novel Plasma Torch
Authors: Pershin L. , Mostaghimi J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (such as CH4) gas mixtures generate plasmas with much higher enthalpy and thermal conductivity, leading to higher spray process efficiency and improved heat transfer to the sprayed powder. We have employed a DC plasma torch operated with CO2+CH4 gas mixture, which has been developed at the Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies (CACT) at the University of Toronto, to deposit various coatings. This study was focused on the effect of this plasma gas mixture on the in-flight particle parameters during plasma spraying of Yttria (Y2O3). The results were compared with a similar coating applied by the SG-100 torch (Praxair) with Ar+He gas mixture. The particulate plume scans show that with the CACT torch, all particles in measured volume were overheated at a distance of 120 mm. Cross-sections through the sprayed coatings were polished and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The dielectric properties of the two coatings were also compared with each other.
Investigation of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Tungsten Carbide Cobalt Coatings Using Statistical Design of Experiments
Authors: Tillmann W. , Vogli E. , Krebs B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The interaction between thermal spray parameters and coating characteristics of atmospheric plasma sprayed WC-12Co was investigated by means of statistically designed experiments. A central composite design was employed to study the influence of the process parameters’ ratio Ar/H2, plasma gas volume flow, powder feed rate and stand-off distance on the deposition efficiency, tensile strength, porosity, roughness, particle temperature, particle velocity and the percentage of molten carbides. The process parameters’ volume flow and powder feed rate showed a considerable impact on the microstructure and morphology of the coatings, which could be traced back to a change in the melting degree of the powders as well as a change in particle temperature and velocity. On the basis of the statistical experiments, mathematical expressions were found to describe the coating characteristics. The quality of the mathematic model was scrutinized in a subsequent evaluation stage.
Thermally Sprayed Oxidation Protection Coatings for γ-TiAl Substrates
Authors: Bobzin K. , Schläfer T. , Warda T. , Brühl M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Due to excellent mechanical properties and low density compared to super alloys (e.g. Ni-based alloys) Titanium Aluminide is often used as base material in the aerospace industry. But the thermodynamic conditions within turbines limit the capabilities of the material. At the moment γ-TiAl is used for parts, which have to withstand temperatures up to 700 °C. Above this temperature oxidation kinetics cause a thick oxide layer consisting of several oxides, which tend to fast chipping. Therefore the surface of the γ-TiAl is being destroyed and the material loses its excellent mechanical properties. To enable the use of this material at higher temperatures, the development of an oxidation protection coating is necessary. Several coating techniques e.g. EB-PVD were tried in the last years, but the oxidation behaviour of the γ-TiAl could not be significantly improved. Protective thermal spray coatings so far seem to be a promising technology in order to protect γ-TiAl components against oxidation. Therefore this technique was used within this work, which aims for the development of new oxidation protection coatings. A multilayer system was developed. The multilayer consists of a ceramic ZrO2-7Y2O3 coating with a NiCoCrAlY top coat. In this case the ceramic coating avoids the diffusion of Ti or Al of the γ-TiAl into the MCrAlY coating or the other way around. The NiCoCrAlY coating improved the oxidation behaviour of the Titanium Aluminide by building a dense oxide layer on top of the multilayer. The paper will give an overview about the results of the oxidation tests with the new developed multilayer concept for protection of the γ-TiAl against oxidation.
Oxidation Behaviour of MCrAlY Bond Coats Manufactured by Plasma, HVOF and Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying
Authors: Richer P. , Yandouzi M. , Beauvais L. , Jodoin B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper examines the oxidation behaviour of CoNiCrAlY coatings manufactured by APS, HVOF and CGDS deposition techniques when subjected to isothermal heat treatments. Comparison of the as-deposited coating microstructures is achieved by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Investigation of the oxide compositions and growth dynamics is achieved by SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Oxide growth rates were determined by a series of mass gain measurements. Results from this study demonstrate that lower coating porosity and oxide contents lead to lower oxide growth rates. Results also demonstrate that low-temperature processing of CoNiCrAlY bond coats is beneficial to their oxidation behaviour as it favours the formation of alumina in preference to other detrimental fast-growing mixed oxides.
HVOF Spraying of Ultrahigh Boron-High Carbon Tool Steel Coating for Wear Resistance Applications
Authors: Rajasekaran B. , Mauer G. , Vaßen R. , Röttger A. , Weber S. , Theisen W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying of tool steel coating containing high boron and high carbon. A full factorial experimental design was established to investigate the influence of process parameters on the coating formation. The microstructural investigations revealed that the tool steel containing ultrahigh boron and high carbon can be coated using HVOF. The coating microstructure does not seem to be conventional lamellar structure and consists of high density micro-cracks. However, the coating features superior hardness of about 980 HV and shows the potential for wear resistance applications.
Computational Investigation of Warm Spray
Authors: Tabbara H. , Gu S. , McCartney G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An adapted HVOF system has been computationally investigated in order to test the effects of injecting a cooling gas on both the gas phase dynamics and particle behaviour through the system. An existing liquid-fuelled HVOF thermal spray gun is modified by introducing a centrally located mixing chamber. The gas phase model incorporates liquid fuel droplets which heat, evaporate and then exothermically combust within the combustion chamber producing a realistic compressible, supersonic, turbulent jet. The trajectory of each discrete phase powder particle is tracked using the Lagrangian approach, with the inclusion of heating, melting and solidification through each particle. The results obtained give an insight to the complex interrelations present between the gas and particle phases, and demonstrates the usefulness of this modelling approach in aiding the development of thermal spray devices.
NIR (Near-Infra-Red) Sensor – An Alternative Diagnostic Tool for the Online Process Control of Thermal Spray Processes
Authors: Schwenk A. , Wank A. , Wallendorf T. , Marke S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
According to the present state of the art “in situ, real-time control systems” are absolutely necessary in modern applications within the field of Thermal Spray technology with regard to the quality and reproducibility of thermal spray coatings for a wide range of industrial applications. Compared with the already existing diagnostic systems and their algorithms which are developed on the basis of CCD cameras, an algorithm can be developed for in situ, real-time control systems, which possesses a by far closer physical approach for the determination of the particle characteristics due to the measurement principle. Thus, about 300 particles can be detected per millisecond as well as average particle velocities within the range of 30 - 1200 m/s and average particle surface temperatures between 700 - 3000 °C can be determined. A statistical distribution of approximately 3000 particles is considered for the computation of the online measured average particle velocities and surface temperatures. The accuracy of the measurement determines the use of an online process control during Thermal Spray processes.
The Shear Test for Thermally Sprayed Coatings in Quality Management
Authors: Winkler R. , Hartmann S. , Deuerler F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The shear test in accordance with DIN EN 15.340 is a method to test the bond between substrate and coating in thermal spraying. It has been developed in order to avoid the disadvantages of the test mainly in use, the adhesion test (DIN EN 582). In quality management in a thermal spraying job shop often results of coating analyses are necessary within a very limited time frame; very important is a low number of necessary specimens and a fast and reliable test method. It is described how the shear test can be implemented into the practice of a job shop and the experiences of the OBZ innovation GMBH, which has used the shear test for more than four years, are explained.
Colferoloy—an Iron-Based Alternative for Wear Resistance Applications
Authors: Stratford G. C. , Battenbough A. J. , Allnatt P. J. , Burkard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wall Colmonoy Ltd has developed a new generation of Iron-based powder alloys providing superior resistance to dry wear and excellent corrosion resistance. These alloys are economically interesting because they contain none or very low levels of expensive and market sensitive metals such as nickel and cobalt. These powders are marketed under the trade name Colferoloy. This paper details the properties and advantages of Colferoloy when compared to current “traditional” surface treatment methods and consumables. Metallurgical examination of the Colferoloy deposits showed that the alloy formed sub-micron structures which afford excellent dry-wear resistance, whilst the high chromium content provides good resistance to corrosion. Colferoloy alloys were applied using HVOF techniques to engineering components producing dense coatings with a hardness in the range of 950-1000 Vickers. The cost benefits of using an Iron-based alloy with low density hard phases were studied and comparisons with traditional materials were performed. This study showed that Colferoloy is a viable alternative to current hardfacing alloys and treatments.
Cold Spraying of Zn and Zn-Alloy Coatings for Print
Authors: Onizawa K. , Jansen J. , Schulze M. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Zn, Zn-Al and Zn-Mg coatings have been produced by cold spraying. By careful tuning alloy compositions and spray conditions, dense coatings are produced with a hardness of 200 HV0.01 that are up to four times harder than pure bulk Zn, thus meeting the requirements for print applications. These new developments open opportunities for producing harder and more wear resistant coatings, which may allow for the production of larger number of copies without compromising quality.
Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2-Coatings Prepared by Different Thermal Spray Techniques
Authors: Gutzmann H. , Kliemann J.-O. , Albrecht R. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. , Toma F.-L. , Berger L.-M. , Leupolt B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The metastable anatase structure of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is photocatalytically active and thus able to purify air and water. This makes anatase TiO2 a desirable material for instance in environmental technology. The present work provides a comparative study on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 coatings, prepared by different spray methods: conventional atmospheric plasma spraying, HVOF spraying, suspension spraying and cold spraying. The spray experiments were performed with anatase powder as feedstock and the spray parameters were optimized in order to obtain coatings with high photocatalytic performance. With respect to spray technique and spray conditions, different amounts of the photocatalytic active anatase phase could be retained. The photocatalytic activity of the coatings was evaluated by degradation of dichloroacetic acid. The results show that the photocatalytic activity is highly dependent on the amount of preserved anatase structure obtained under the different spray techniques.
The Performance of Different WC-Based Cermet Coatings in Oil and Gas Applications – A Comparison
Authors: Meng H. , Neville A. , Gourdji P. , Hu X. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
WC-based thermally sprayed coatings are now widely used in a range of industries to improve the mechanical strength of the components, but also enhance the resistance of the substrate to wear and corrosion. High velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying has been accepted as a pre-eminent technology to deposit composite coatings with high density, superior bond strengths and relatively low decarburization due to the high particle velocities and relatively low particle temperatures induced in the deposition process. Many types of tungsten carbide/metal cermet coatings have been developed by alloying with different chemical elements, in an attempt to enhance corrosion and even erosion-corrosion resistance of coatings produced by HVOF for industrial applications, for example oil and gas industries. In this paper the galvanic series and the erosion-corrosion behaviour of three types of tungsten carbide coatings and three different sealing technologies in simulated oil and gas industry environments are compared. The ultimate goal is to have an understanding of how optimum choice of coating for a given application can be made for applications in the oil and gas industry.
Comparison of Al2O3 and Al2O3-TiO2 Coatings Manufactured by Aqueous and Alcoholic Suspension Plasma Spraying
Authors: Darut G. , Valette S. , Montavon G. , Ageorges H. , Denoirjean A. , Fauchais P. , Klyatskina E. , Segova F. , Salvador M. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Alumina-titania plasma spray coatings are widely used for their tribological performances. The combination of these two ceramics in a particular mix percentage permits to manufacture coatings with better wear resistance in comparison to those made of pure alumina. Suspension plasma spraying permit to manufacture sub-micrometer structure coatings very fine structure thanks to precursors which have an initial size of 10 to 300 nm. The use of a liquid feedstock, aqueous or alcoholic, allows the use of nanometer particles directly without the need to agglomerate them to obtain conventional nanostructured micrometer-sized powders. This study aims at studying Al2O3 and Al2O3-TiO2 coatings made from aqueous and alcoholic suspensions produced by suspension plasma spraying. Microstructures and phase evolutions are considered. Manufactured coatings present different architectures depending of operating parameters and feedstock particle sizes; the lower the particle diameter, the thinner the microstructure. Phases composition are discussed and compared to conventional micrometer-sized structure Al2O3 and Al2O3-TiO2 coatings.
Duration and Reliability of Axial Suspension Plasma Spray Process
Authors: Tang Z. , Hartell P. , Masindo G. , Bogdanovic N. , Yaroslavski I. , Kim H. , Restrepo J. , Ellsworth D. , Burgess A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Suspension plasma spraying is gaining greater interest for emerging applications such as new thermal barrier coatings, next generation environmental barrier coatings and ceramic membranes as in solid oxide fuel cells. Mettech developed an axial injection plasma process coupled with an automatic suspension feed system, and demonstrated its capability to overcome the complexities of the process and deliver quality coatings. This paper aims at determining the durability and stability of the gun, suspension feeder and their components. A 120-hour duration test was performed, and the plasma torch and suspension feed parameters and performances were recorded. The test results indicate that the equipment and process are stable and reliable, and ready for industrial applications.
Crystal and Micro Structures of Plasma Sprayed Yttrium Oxide Coatings by Axial Injection of Fine Powder Slurries
Authors: Kitamura J. , Mizuno H. , Sato K. , Tang Z. , Burgess A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) coatings have been prepared with high power axial injection plasma spraying using fine powder slurries. It is clarified that the coatings have high hardness, low porosity and high erosion resistance against CF4 contained plasma in the previous study. This suggests that the plasma spraying of Y2O3 with slurry injection techniques is applicable to fabricating equipments for semiconductor devices, such as dry etching. Surface morphologies of the slurry coatings with splats are almost similar to conventional plasma-sprayed Y2O3 coatings, identified from microstructural analysis by field emission SEM in this study. However, no lamellar structure has been seen from cross sectional analysis, which is apparently different from the conventional coatings. It has also been found that crystal structure of the slurry Y2O3 coatings mainly composed of metastable phase of monoclinic structure, whereas the powders and the conventional plasma spray coatings have stable phase of cubic structure. Mechanism of coating formation by plasma spraying with fine powder slurries will be discussed based on the findings.