bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root Regeneration in Magnolia × Soulangiana and Magnolia × ‘Betty’ in Response to Auxin Applications
Authors: Perkins Lisa M. , Kling Gary J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root systems of two Magnolia taxa were treated with spray applications of auxins to determine their effects on root regeneration. Spray application of 500 ppm of IBA doubled the number of adventitious roots regenerated from the cut ends of main roots in 1-year-old cuttings of Magnolia × Soulangiana (Soul.-Bod). Higher concentrations of IBA inhibited root regeneration. Auxin applications did not increase the number of lateral or branch roots. Root systems of Magnolia × Soulangiana were treated with spray applications of ethanol to determine effect of IBA on root regeneration. A significant negative linear relationship was found between ethanol concentration and the number of adventitious roots initiated at the cut ends of main roots. Ethanol concentrations of 12.5% to 70% had no effect on the number of lateral roots. Root regeneration of Magnolia × ‘Betty’ was not stimulated with soil drench applications of 250 to 1000 ppm IBA. IBA and NAA concentrations of 1000 to 4000 ppm were inhibitory. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Effects of Container Volume and Fertility Rate on Growth of Two Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Keever G. J. , Cobb G. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dwarf Japanese euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Microphylla’) and ‘Pink Supreme’ azalea (Rhododendron Xsp.) grown in containers of three diameters (10.2, 15.2, and 20.3 cm), were given three rates of Osmocote 17N-3P-10K (3.6, 7.1, and 10.7 kg·m-3). Response to container volume and fertility was species-dependent. Top growth of euonymus increased in response to both increased medium volume and fertility and was closely related to foliar levels of N, P, and K. Top growth of azalea increased in response to increasing fertility rates in the smallest pots, and to increasing medium volume at the lowest fertilizer rates. With an increase in both fertilizer rate and medium volume, growth of azalea was reduced. Top growth was inversely related to foliar K, but was unrelated to foliar N and P.
Effect of Light and Fertilizer Rate and Source on Flowering, Growth, and Quality of Hibiscus
Authors: Neumaier Evamaria E. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A 2 × 4 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted to test the effect of combinations of soluble fertilizer (20N–8.8P–16.6K) and controlled-release fertilizer (14N–6.2P–11.6K, Osmocote) on flowering, growth, and quality of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. grown under two light levels, 840 μmol·s-1·m-2 (full sun) and 420 μmol·s-1·m-2 (50% shade). Plants grown in full sun flowered earlier and had a larger number of buds and flowers than those in partial shade; how ever, flower diameter was greater with 50% shade. Plants grown in 50% shade were larger and had a darker green color and higher plant quality than those grown in full sun. Light level determined the effect of soluble fertilizer on number of buds, flowers, plant size, leaf area, fresh weight, foliar color, and plant quality. The effect of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on flower diameter, leaf area, and foliar color was influenced by light level. Soluble fertilizer and CRF interacted on total buds, flowers, plant size, foliar color, and plant quality. The optimum conditions for growth of high-quality hibiscus plants was found to be 50% shade and a fertilizer combination of 200 ppm N/12 g CRF per 18-cm pot.
The Influence of Spacing on Field-grown Perennial Crops
Authors: Armitage A. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium L. ‘Rose Beauty’, Physostegia virginiana L.' Liatris pycnostachya Michx., and Salvia leucantha Cav. were planted on 30-, 60-, 90-, or 120-cm centers. Data were collected for 2 or 3 years, depending on species. In all instances the number of flowering stems per plant increased but the number of stems per square meter decreased as spacing increased with time. Stem lengths of Achillea ‘Coronation Gold’, A. millefolium ‘Rose Beauty’, and Physostegia virginiana were affected signficantly by spacing but flower size and stem diameter remained unchanged regardless of planting distance.
Potential of 57 Species of Tropical Ornamental Plants for Cut Foliage Use
Authors: Broschat T. K. , Donselman H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliage of 57 species of tropical ornamental plants was harvested and placed under a controlled indoor environment to determine its postharvest life. Foliage was placed in deionized water, pulsed for 4 hr with 2 mm silver thiosulfate, and then transferred to deionized water, pulsed for 4 hr with 800 mg·liter-1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and 20 g·liter-1 sucrose and then transferred to deionized water, or held in 200 mg·liter-1, 8-HQC and 20 g·liter-1 sucrose for the duration of the experiment. Foliage of 40 species lasted longer than 20 days and 28 species lasted 30 days or more in deionized water alone. Pulsing or holding foliage in preservative solutions lengthened postharvest life over that in deionized water for 12 species, but deionized water alone was as good as or better than other solutions for 46 species.
Lipids in Peel of Grapefruit and Resistance to Chilling Injury During Cold Storage
Authors: Nordby H. E. , Purvis A. C. , Yelenosky G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four-year-old ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] were subjected to temperature regimes of 25° to 5°C over 11 weeks in controlled environment facilities. Levels of total fatty acids in the flavedo of tree fruit decreased over this period by ≈50%, regardless of temperature. After 5 weeks, the level of linoleic acid in the flavedo of grapefruit that had been kept at progressively cooler temperatures from 25° to 5° was 76% greater than the level in control fruit at 25°. On rewarming and cooling, the differential for linoleic acid in flavedo was 41%. Increases of linoleic acid in the flavedo of fruit on trees that were treated with lower temperatures occurred in six lipids, with the greatest increases in phosphatidyl choline and wax-sterol esters. Chilling injury in harvested fruit during cold storage occurred slightly earlier in fruit from trees exposed to low temperatures, but was most severe in nonacclimated fruit.
Effect of Fruit Removal on Net Gas Exchange of Avocado Leaves
Authors: Schaffer Bruce , Ramos L. , Lara S. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
All but 10 current-year leaves were removed from girdled branches of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees having one remaining fruit or all fruit removed. Removing all fruit resulted in increased leaf dry weight per area (Wa), a 250% increase in the number of starch grains in leaves, and a reduction in leaf conductance (gl) and net CO2 assimilation (A). Internal CO2 concentration (Ci) was lower for leaves of branches with fruit than for leaves of branches without fruit. The results suggest that the accumulation of starch in defruited, girdled branches results in an inhibition of A. The data suggest that the increased gl associated with the presence of avocado fruit is possibly a result of increased A and reduced Ci levels.
Anionic Polyacrylamide Treatment of Soil Improves Seedling Emergence and Growth
Authors: Wallace Arthur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Delayed emergence, poor stands, and slow growth of seedlings are severe problems in vegetable and flower crop production, especially in arid areas (1, 2). The surface crusting of soil is mainly responsible. Procedures used to control crusting include frequent irrigation prior to emergence, use of sulfuric and phosphoric acids, mulches of sand, vermiculite, or other agents (2); use of organic polyelectrolytes (1); and use of natural polymers, such as polysaccharides (4). These procedures generally are considered to be too costly and difficult to use.
Technique for Vital Staining of Tomato Pollen with Fluoroscein Diacetate
Authors: Peterson R. H. , Taber H. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Most methods of staining pollen grains overestimate the extent of pollen fertility. The traditional staining method used for tomato pollen has been acetocarmine or cotton blue, which allows for a clear distinction between pollen grains with and without cytoplasm (2). However, pollen grains with cytoplasm are not necessarily fully fertile, as shown by germination on artificial media (2). A factor likely to be closely correlated with the viability of the vegetative cell of the male gametophyte is the state of the plasmalemma (1). On the basis of plasmalemma integrity, the important distinction between viable and nonviable pollen grains can be made with a vital stain such as fluoroscein diacetate.
A Simple Tractor Mount for a Vegetable Plot Seeder
Authors: Beverly R. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many researchers have discussed the need for precision planting in research plots and have designed new or have modified existing planters to fit their needs. Commercially available precision planters are very expensive and are best suited to planting small, round, or coated seeds, but are less adapted to large irregularly shaped seeds. Inexpensive planter mechanisms have been adapted for precision planting by various modifications (1, 4, 5). However, these planters were either hand-pushed, or failed to provide for wide seed spacing in the row.
Polymorphism of Isozymes Within Plant Introductions of Allium cepa L. and A. fistulosum L.
Authors: Peffley E. B. , Orozco-Castillo C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Breeding programs depend upon genetic variation. Visual plant markers traditionally have been used in crop improvement. However, molecular markers provide additional selection criteria. Of the molecular markers available, isozymes are preferred by many researchers because they are expressed in young tissue as codominants and are easily extracted and detected. Mature plants may bias estimation of hybrid purity, whereas estimations of hybrid purity can be obtained at an early stage by enzyme analysis (1, 2, 4).
Deblossoming Stimulates a Second Bloom in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Schupp James R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The inhibitory effect of cropping on return bloom in fruit trees is well-known. Previous work suggests the presence of fruit inhibits vegetative meristems from initiating flowers (2). Root pruning promotes flower formation in fruit trees (4). In 1984, we began a study to investigate the interactions between cropping and root pruning on flowering and other physiological processes in field-grown apple trees. In May 1986, the trees that had been deblossomed for three consecutive years underwent a second flush of bloom. This occurrence has not been documented adequately for apple.
‘Adirondack’ Crabapple
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Malus × ‘Adirondack’ is a superior multiple-disease-resistant cultivar with a narrow obovate, upright-branched growth habit. Since there are relatively few crabapples with upright growth habit (i.e., ‘Centurian’, ‘Henningi’, Sentinel’ and ‘Silver Moon’) that have variable disease resistance or tolerance, ‘Adirondack’ is a significant introduction for nursery production. ‘Adirondack’, like ‘Naragansett’ (1), the first U.S. National Arboretum introduction, combines disease resistance and landscape characteristics.
Chemical Regulation in Tissue Culture: An Overview
Authors: Reynolds John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The influences of exogenously applied compounds on the growth and morphogenesis of plant tissue, cell, and organ cultures have been studied for more than 4 decades. Early work by Skoog (26) showed that the auxins 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1-na-phthaleneacetic acid (NAA) inhibited shoot formation but not callus growth in tobacco (Nicotiana glauca × N. langsdorffii) cultures. Furthermore, Skoog and Tsui (27) noted that adenine stimulated shoot formation and counteracted auxin effects. Miller and Skoog (12) reported that the balance of auxin and adenine regulated shoot formation in tobacco. Later, adenine was replaced by the newly discovered cytokinin N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin) (13) as the factor that regulated shoot formation. These observations had general application for a wide variety of plant species; however, they were greatly modified by factors such as genotype, explant source, plant nutrition, and tissue growth environment.
Biological and Biochemical Effects of Cytokinin-active Phenylurea Derivatives in Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: Mok Machteld C. , Mok David W. S. , Turner Janet E. , Mujer Cesar V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant growth regulator studies and plant tissue culture research have been closely related and mutually supportive. The manipulation of plant cells, tissues, and organs in culture, with important applications in propagation and genetic modification of plants, is highly dependent on the use of appropriate growth regulator regimes. Conversely, tissue culture systems are useful as bioassays to define the growth-regulating activity of many compounds. The discovery of the cytokinin N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin) by Miller et al. (17) was particularly relevant in this respect. Whereas the testing of this cytokinin and its structural analogues for biological activity was dependent on callus culture bioassays, the subsequent availability of synthetic cytokinins created many new opportunities in the field of plant tissue culture.
Apple Breeding in Brazil
Authors: Denardi F. , Hough L. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Brazil, apple culture is concentrated at high elevations in the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. In 1986, there were 28,000 ha of apples. However, most plantings are quite new. For instance, in the state of Santa Catarina, which has 60% of the total production, there are now more than 13,000 ha of apples, compared to only 265 ha in 1970.
Breeding of Low-chill Peach and Nectarine for Mild Winters
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Rodriquez-AJcazar J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Breeding low-chilling peach and nectarine cultivars began in Florida in 1953. Objectives were to produce low-chilling, early-ripening peach cultivars with fruit qualities equal to temperate-zone cultivars. Low chilling was essential for local adaptation (4). Early ripening was essential to allow production of the earliest-season peaches on the domestic market with little competition from other states and to allow harvest of the crop during the relatively dry period of late April and May. Feral selections descended from Spanish seed introductions through St. Augustine, Fla., seed importations from Okinawa, and ‘Hawaiian’, a South China clone, served as the main sources of low chilling (18). These sources were hybridized with high-chilling U.S. clones having commercial fruit qualities. Resultant seedlings were selected for best adaptation and improvement in fruit qualities above that of the low-chilling parents. Chilling requirements of progeny were near midparent values; chilling requirements of the F2 seedlings ranged from equal to the low parent to equal to the high parent (14), indicating that many genes are involved in chilling. Selections were intermated, and low-chilling progeny were hybridized with other high-chilling U.S. clones, resulting in more progenies for further selection. Commercial fruit size and satisfactory horticultural qualities were obtained after six generations of crosses and backcrosses. Clonal selections made during these six generations and in subsequent generations serve as the basis for most low-chilling cultivars currently grown in Florida, southern Texas, and southern California. Selections from this program are either grown commercially or being evaluated in many tropical and tropical highland areas of the world (11, 16, 19, 24).
Flooding, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Root Electrolyte Leakage of Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants
Authors: Crane Jonathan H. , Davies Frederick S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The relationship of root (RLp) and stem hydraulic conductivity (SLp), root electrolyte leakage (EL), and stomatal conductance (gs) to flooding was investigated using 2-year-old ‘Tifblue’ and ‘Woodard’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants. Soil redox potentials (Eh) decreased to about — 225 mV within 4 to 10 days of flooding, whereas Eh of unflooded soils were always > 400 mV. Root hydraulic conductivity decreased by 44% to 60%, compared to that of unflooded plants after 4 to 6 days of flooding in two of three experiments, decreasing by 29% to 81% by the end of 2 to 3 weeks. Root electrolyte leakage increased and SLp decreased after 6 to 10 days of flooding. Stomatal conductance decreased by 49% to 93% compared with that of unflooded plants after 4 to 6 days of flooding. Decreases in RLp and gs for flooded plants occurred concomitantly and are two of the earliest physiological responses of rabbiteye blueberry plants to flooding.
Growth and Compositional Changes During Development of Lanzone Fruit
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Goo Theodore , Chen Nancy J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lanzone (Lansium domesticum Correa) growth was sigmoidal after a delay of 100 days in which little growth occurred. Fruit growth was greatest between 115 and 130 days from anthesis, just before the pericarp changed color from green to yellow. During the 20 days that pericarp color changes occurred, there was an increase in total sugars from 30 to 180 mg·g−1 fresh weight. This change in sugars paralleled the increase in total soluble solids. Just before this period, total ethanol soluble phenols declined from 12 to 2 mg·g−1 fresh weight and was associated with loss of astringency. A slight decline in titratable acidity from 38 to 21 meq/100 g fresh weight was related to a loss of citric, malic, and succinic acids. At the edible stage, the citric and succinic acids were the major organic acids. Potassium was the major counter ion.
Effect of Supplementary Lighting on Transplant Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Tomato
Authors: Boivin Claire , Gosselin André , Trudel Marc-J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Carmello) seeded on 3 Dec. 1984 and 17 Jan. and 8 Mar. 1985 were grown under natural or supplementary lighting (high-pressure sodium) of 100 μ·mol·s−1·m−2 (photosynthetically active radiation) from pricking out to transplanting. Plants of the first, second, and third seeding dates grown under supplementary lighting had at transplanting dry weights 6.6, 3.5, and 2.5 times higher, respectively, than plants grown under natural light. The number of leaves formed below the first inflorescences was reduced significantly with supplementary lighting, which also reduced the incidence of flower abortion. Supplementary lighting increased early marketable yields for the 3 Dec. seeding by 100% (from 0.77 to 1.55 kg/plant) and total yields by 10% (from 3.55 to 3.91 kg/plant). No significant differences between lighting treatments could be observed in early and total yields of plants from the last seeding date.
Use of Slow-release Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers in Celery Transplant Production
Authors: Dufault Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Utah 52-70R’ celery (Apium graveolens L.) seedlings were grown in a N- and P-deficient soilless medium amended with N and P slow-release fertilizers (Osmocote) in greenhouses maintained at either 21° to 32°C (warm house) or 14° to 24° (cool house). Generally, as N rate increased from 1.25 to 10 g N/kg of medium, plant stands, chlorophyll, shoot number, plant height, leaf area, and shoot and root dry weights increased; but, from 10 to 20 g N/kg of medium, these variables decreased. As P rates increased from 2.5 to 10.0 g·kg−1 of medium, only chlorophyll content decreased linearly. Temperatures in the warm house generally reduced celery growth compared to the cool house. At the experiment's termination, it was determined that as N and P rates increased, media conductivity, nitrate-N, and phosphorus levels increased, but pH decreased. A N rate of 1.25 and 2.5 g P/kg of medium was adequate to produce quality celery transplants in a cool house.
Celery Response to Foliar Nutritional Sprays and Acidification of a Histosol
Authors: Beverly R. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Response of celery (Apium graveolens L.) to soil acidification and foliar Mn application was evaluated in a field experiment on a Histosol of near-neutral pH. Acid sources varied in their effectiveness in reducing pH when broadcast at 1120 and 2240 kg·ha−1 or band-applied at ≈200 kg·a−1. Broadcast application increased yield compared to the control or band treatments, but band application of a granular S and Mn product proved superior to the other band treatments. Soil and foliar treatment interaction data showed that the strategies were substitutionary. Foliar Mn application is more economical than soil acidification but soil acidification, especially by band application of a low rate of S and Mn together, also may prove cost-effective.
Ammonia Volatilization from Foliar-applied Urea on Field-grown Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Wesely R. W. , Shearman R. C. , Kinbacher E. J. , Lowry S. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization was determined from 15N-labeled urea applied foliarly in 35 ml·m−2 water at 1.7 and 3.4 g N/m2 to a ’Park’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf that was grown on Sharpsburg silty clay loam (Typic Argiudoll). Field measurements of NH3 volatilization were made 1, 5, 9, 13, and 25 hr after treatment (HAT). Additional volatilization measurements were made at 2, 3, and 4 days after treatment (DAT). Maximum NH3 losses of 9.7 and 23.0 mg N/m2 per hr at 5 and 25 HAT occurred with the 3.4 g N/m2 treatment. Maximum volatilization during 25 HAT coincided with periods of high leaf surface moisture followed by rapid drying. On the second day after treatment, the maximum NH3 loss of 14.0 mg N/m2 per hr occurred from the 3.4 g N/m2 treatment. Cumulative 4-day NH3 volatilization losses for foliar-applied urea at 1.7 and 3.4 g N/m2 were 35% and 31%.
Efficacy of Ancymidol, Daminozide, Flurprimidol, Paclobutrazol, and XE-1019 when Followed by Irrigation
Authors: Barrett James E. , Bartuska Carolyn A. , Nell Terril A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vegetative Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Nob Hill’ plants were treated with foliar sprays of ancymidol, daminozide, flurprimidol, paclobutrazol, or XE-1019 and then overhead-irrigated 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 24 hr later. Irrigation prior to 4 hr reduced the efficacy of daminozide but did not alter efficacy of other chemicals. Efficacy was not affected when similar plants were treated with a medium drench of the same chemicals, except daminozide, and followed with irrigation at 1,24, or 48 hr. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrmidinemethanol (ancymidol), butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-diemthylhydrazide) (daminozide), α-(l-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (EL-500) (flurprimidol), (±)-(R*,R*)-beta-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (PP-333) (paclobutrazol), and (E)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-l-penten-ol (XE-1019).