bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Public Participation as a Mechanism Affecting Government Fiscal Outcomes: Theory and Evidence From Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Park Jinsol , Butler J S , Petrovsky Nicolai 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study aims to advance our knowledge about the role of public participation in formulating budgetary decisions of local governments. By focusing on participatory budgeting as a prominent form of public participation in the budgetary process, we posit that participatory budgeting serves two important roles in aligning the fiscal outcomes of local governments with citizen preferences: (1) increased transparency of the local budget and (2) improved budget literacy of citizens. This study investigates a link between participatory budgeting and the fiscal outcomes of local governments by utilizing data drawn from Korean local governments for seven fiscal years. Employing instrumental variable regression to address endogeneity, there is strong evidence that public participation and deliberation during the participatory budgeting process have a positive association with the fiscal balance. There is also weak evidence that the authority delegated to participatory budgeting participants affects the fiscal balance. The findings of this study imply that it is the quality of public participation that matters in holding the government accountable for its fiscal decisions.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis and asymptomatic vaginal colonization in Portugal: Epidemiology, risk factors and antifungal pattern
Authors: Fernandes Ângela , Azevedo Nuno , Valente Andreia , Dias Marisol , Gomes Ana , Nogueira-Silva Cristina , Henriques Mariana , Silva Sónia , Gonçalves Bruna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been identified as a global issue of concern due to its clinical, social and economic implications. The emerging relevance of VVC makes it crucial to increase the knowledge on its epidemiological and etiological features in order to improve its prevention and treatment. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the incidence, microbiology, antifungal pattern and risk factors of VVC in Portugal. For that, high vaginal samples were collected from 470 symptomatic and asymptomatic participants; Candida spp. were identified with molecular techniques and their antifungal susceptibility was analyzed with E-tests. The results revealed an incidence of VVC among women with vulvovaginitis of 74.4%. Furthermore, 63.7% of asymptomatic women were colonized with Candida spp. Importantly, women with history of recurrent vaginal infections, those who use over-the-counter antifungals, oral contraceptive pills and non-cotton underwear were found to be at significantly higher risk of developing VVC. Candida albicans was the most common species (59%), followed by Candida glabrata (27%), in a total of eight distinct species, with similar distribution among colonized and infected participants. Of note, various isolates, especially of the most common species, showed low susceptibility towards fluconazole. In contrast, only few isolates showed low susceptibility towards caspofungin. Overall, this study suggests that the identification of species causing VVC and their antifungal susceptibility are urgently needed in clinical practice in order to improve the decision for the most adequate treatment. It also suggests that avoiding certain risk behaviors may prevent the development of VVC.Lay SummaryVaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a relevant infection worldwide. In this study, we identified several risk behaviors that may promote VVC and concluded that vaginal microbiologic analyses are urgently required in clinical practice in order to improve the prevention and treatment of this disease.
Formation and evolution of young massive clusters in galaxy mergers: the SMUGGLE view
Authors: Li Hui , Vogelsberger Mark , Bryan Greg L , Marinacci Federico , Sales Laura V , Torrey Paul 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Galaxy mergers are known to host abundant young massive cluster (YMC) populations, whose formation mechanism is still not well-understood. Here, we present a high-resolution galaxy merger simulation with explicit star formation and stellar feedback prescriptions to investigate how mergers affect the properties of the interstellar medium and YMCs. Compared with a controlled simulation of an isolated galaxy, the mass fraction of dense and high-pressure gas is much higher in mergers. Consequently, the mass function of both molecular clouds and YMCs becomes shallower and extends to higher masses. Moreover, cluster formation efficiency is significantly enhanced and correlates positively with the star formation rate surface density and gas pressure. We track the orbits of YMCs and investigate the time evolution of tidal fields during the course of the merger. At an early stage of the merger, the tidal field strength correlates positively with YMC mass, λtid ∝ M0.71, which systematically affects the shape of the mass function and age distribution of the YMCs. At later times, most YMCs closely follow the orbits of their host galaxies, gradually sinking into the centre of the merger remnant due to dynamical friction, and are quickly dissolved via efficient tidal disruption. Interestingly, YMCs formed during the first passage, mostly in tidal tails and bridges, are distributed over a wide range of galactocentric radii, greatly increasing their survivability because of the much weaker tidal field in the outskirts of the merger system. These YMCs are promising candidates for globular clusters that survive to the present day.
Astrometric identification of nearby binary stars II: Astrometric binaries in the Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars
Authors: Penoyre Zephyr , Belokurov Vasily , Evans N Wyn 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We examine the capacity to identify binary systems from astrometric deviations alone. We apply our analysis to the Gaia eDR3 and DR2 data, specifically the Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars. We show we must renormalize (R)UWE over the local volume to avoid biasing local observations, giving a Local Unit Weight Error (LUWE). We use the simple criterion of LUWE&gt;2, along with a handful of quality cuts to remove likely contaminants, to identify unresolved binary candidates. We identify 22,699 binary candidates within 100 pc of the Sun (just under 10 per cent of sources in this volume). We find an astrometric binary candidate fraction of around 20 per cent for giant stars, 10 per cent on the Main Sequence and lower than 1 per cent for White Dwarfs. We also look for Variability Induced Movers, by computing the correlation between photometric variability and astrometric noise - and show that VIMs may dominate the binary population of sub-Solar mass MS stars. We discuss the possibility and limitations of identifying non-luminous massive companions from astrometry alone, but find that our method is insensitive to these. Finally, we compare the astrometric deviations of MS binaries to the simulated sample from paper I, which show excellent agreement, and compute the astrometric candidate binary fraction as a function of absolute magnitude.
A comprehensive Bayesian reanalysis of the SARAS2 data from the epoch of reionization
Authors: Bevins H T J , de Lera Acedo E , Fialkov A , Handley W J , Singh S , Subrahmanyan R , Barkana R 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a Bayesian re-analysis of the sky-averaged 21-cm experimental data from SARAS2 using nested sampling implemented with polychord, spectrally smooth foreground modelling implemented with maxsmooth, detailed systematic modelling and rapid signal emulation with globalemu. Our analysis differs from previous analysis of the SARAS2 data through the use of a full Bayesian framework and separate modelling of the foreground and non-smooth systematics. We use the most up-to-date signal models, including Lyman-α and CMB heating parametrized by astrophysical parameters such as star formation efficiency, X-ray heating efficiency, minimal virial circular velocity of star forming galaxies, CMB optical depth, and the low energy cutoff of the X-ray spectral energy distribution. We consider models with an excess radio background above the CMB produced via radio emission from early galaxies and parametrized by a radio production efficiency. A non-smooth systematic is identified and modelled as both a frequency damped sinusoid introduced by the electronics and separately from the sky. The latter is modulated by the total efficiency of the antenna and marginally favoured by the data. We consider three different models for the noise in the data. The SARAS2 constraints on individual astrophysical parameters are extremely weak, however, we identify classes of disfavoured signals. We weakly disfavour standard astrophysical models with high Lyman-α fluxes and weak heating and more confidently disfavour exotic models with high Lyman-α fluxes, low X-ray efficiencies, and high radio production efficiencies in early galaxies.
Dynamical double black holes and their host cluster properties
Authors: Chattopadhyay Debatri , Hurley Jarrod , Stevenson Simon , Raidani Arihant 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the relationship between the global properties of star clusters and their double black hole (DBH) populations. We use the code NBODY6 to evolve a suite of star cluster models with an initial mass of $\mathcal {O}(10^4)$M⊙ and varying initial parameters. We conclude that cluster metallicity plays the most significant role in determining the lifespan of a cluster, while the initial half-mass radius is dominant in setting the rate of BH exchange interactions in the central cluster regions. We find that the mass of interacting BHs, rather than how frequently their interactions with other BHs occur, is more crucial in the thermal expansion and eventual evaporation of the cluster. We formulate a novel approach to easily quantify the degree of BH-BH dynamical activity in each model. We report 12 in-cluster and three out-of-cluster (after ejection from the cluster) DBH mergers, of different types (inspiral, eccentric, and hierarchical) across the 10 N-body models presented. Our DBH merger efficiency is 3–4 × 10−5 mergers per M⊙. We note the cluster initial density plays the most crucial role in determining the number of DBH mergers, with the potential presence of a transitional density point (between 1.2 and 3.8 × 103 M⊙ pc−3) below which the number of in-cluster mergers increases with cluster density and above which the increased stellar density acts to prevent in-cluster BH mergers. The importance of the history of dynamical interactions within the cluster in setting up the pathways to ejected DBH mergers is also discussed.
Simulating high-time resolution radio-telescope observations
Authors: Luo Rui , Hobbs George , Yong Suk Yee , Zic Andrew , Toomey Lawrence , Dai Shi , Dunning Alex , Li Di , Marshman Tommy , Wang Chen , Wang Pei , Wang Shuangqiang , Zhang Songbo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We describe a new software package for simulating channelised, high-time resolution data streams from radio telescopes. The software simulates data from the telescope and observing system taking into account the observation strategy, receiver system and digitisation. The signatures of pulsars, fast radio bursts and flare stars are modelled, including frequency-dependent effects such as scattering and scintillation. We also simulate more generic signals using spline curves and images. Models of radio frequency interference include signals from satellites, terrestrial transmitters and impulsive, broadband signals. The simulated signals can also be injected into real data sets. Uses of this software include the production of machine learning training data sets, development and testing of new algorithms to search for anomalous patterns and to characterise processing pipelines.
Disc cloaking: Establishing a lower limit to the number density of local compact massive spheroids/bulges and the potential fate of some high-z red nuggets
Authors: Hon Dexter S-H , Graham Alister W , Davis Benjamin L , Marconi Alessandro 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The near-absence of compact massive quiescent galaxies in the local Universe implies a size evolution since z ∼ 2.5. It is often theorized that such ‘red nuggets’ have evolved into today’s elliptical (E) galaxies via an E-to-E transformation. We examine an alternative scenario in which a red nugget develops a rotational disc through mergers and accretion, say, at 1 ≲ z ≲ 2, thereby cloaking the nugget as the extant bulge/spheroid component of a larger, now old, galaxy. We have performed detailed, physically motivated, multicomponent decompositions of a volume-limited sample of 103 massive ($M_*/\rm M_{\odot } \gtrsim 1\times 10^{11}$) galaxies within 110 Mpc. Many less massive nearby galaxies are known to be ‘fast-rotators’ with discs. Among our 28 galaxies with existing elliptical classifications, we found that 18 have large-scale discs, and two have intermediate-scale discs, and are reclassified here as lenticulars (S0) and elliculars (ES). The local spheroid stellar mass function, size–mass diagram and bulge-to-total (B/T) flux ratio are presented. We report lower limits for the volume number density of compact massive spheroids, nc, Sph ∼ (0.17–$1.2) \times 10^{-4}\, \rm Mpc^{-3}$, based on different definitions of ‘red nuggets’ in the literature. Similar number densities of local compact massive bulges were reported by de la Rosa et al. using automated two-component decompositions and their existence is now abundantly clear with our multicomponent decompositions. We find disc-cloaking to be a salient alternative for galaxy evolution. In particular, instead of an E-to-E process, disc growth is the dominant evolutionary pathway for at least low-mass ($1\times 10^{10}\lt M_*/\rm M_{\odot } \lessapprox 4 \times 10^{10}$) red nuggets, while our current lower limits are within an alluring factor of a few of the peak abundance of high-mass red nuggets at 1 ≲ z ≲ 2.
Language and the Regulation of Marriage
Authors: Basu Srimati , Barrett Rusty 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As marriage is central to cultural understandings of gender and sexuality, linguists have examined talk about marriage, the language of wedding invitations, and the language of ceremonies themselves. It is also common for the rite of marriage to align with changes in language use, such as linguistic exogamy or mother-in-law language. This chapter considers how such changes inflect gendered identity. The discussion outlines the ways in which the felicity of a marriage pronouncement as a performative is often independent of the actual words spoken as vows and examines the language associated with changes to marriage, including same-sex marriage. The review suggests that linguists pay closer attention to how language defines what is outside of marriage and how such definitions create inequalities by marginalizing and valorizing individuals through the institution itself.
‘It’s a crutch’: A qualitative exploration of UK police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol consumption or abstinence
Authors: Irizar Patricia , Jackson Leanne , Gage Suzanne H , Bell Sean , Piper Richard , Fallon Victoria , Goodwin Laura 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One-third of UK police employees drink to at-risk levels, with both at-risk drinking and abstinence being associated with poor mental health. This research aimed to qualitatively explore police employees’ experiences of at-risk alcohol use or abstinence, their motivations for drinking/abstaining, and the organizational culture of drinking. Semi-structured telephone interviews with 16 UK serving police employees (12 at-risk drinkers, four abstainers) were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Five themes were identified. Participants described the ‘organizational culture of drinking and changes over time’, outlining a cultural shift. Motivations for drinking were reflected across two themes, ‘alcohol as a coping mechanism’ and ‘alcohol and socializing’, with an additional theme representing ‘motivations for abstinence/cutting down’. The final theme highlighted the ‘contrasting perceptions of available support’. Though the drinking culture is no longer as prominent, using alcohol socially and to cope, is normalized. The implications and recommendations for practice are outlined.
Blended-Learning Pain Neuroscience Education and Exercise in High School Students With Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Andias Rosa , Sa-Couto Pedro , Silva Anabela G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
Pain neuroscience education (PNE) and exercise have emerged as potential interventions in adolescents with chronic pain; however, very few studies have explored their effectiveness. Blended-learning approaches combining face-to-face and online educational sessions have also emerged as facilitating methods of health education. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of exercises and PNE versus exercise alone in adolescents with chronic neck pain (NP).

Methods
A randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up was conducted in 2 high schools. Over 8 weeks, a total of 127 adolescents with chronic NP were randomly allocated to either (1) perform functional and region-specific exercises, including generalized neuromuscular control, endurance, and strength exercises, as well as exercises targeting the deep neck flexor and extensor muscles and scapular stabilizer muscles; or (2) perform the same exercise-based intervention plus PNE. Pain intensity (primary outcome), disability, sleep, catastrophizing, fear of movement, self-efficacy, and knowledge of pain neuroscience were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 6-month follow-up. Neck and scapular muscle endurance and pressure pain thresholds were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Patient’s Global Impression of Change was assessed postintervention and at 6-month follow-up.

Results
There was a significant decrease in pain intensity from baseline to postintervention and from baseline to follow-up in both groups, but there were no between-group differences or interactions between time and groups. These results were similar for the secondary outcomes, except for knowledge of pain neuroscience, for which a significant group and time interaction was found.

Conclusion
Exercise and exercise plus PNE were similarly effective in treating adolescents with chronic NP, and the results were maintained for up to 6 months. Further studies are needed to explore the effect of these interventions for longer follow-ups.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome Related and Unrelated to COVID-19: Clinical Follow-Up in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Masuccio Fabio Giuseppe , Tipa Virginia , Invernizzi Marco , Solaro Claudio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
COVID-19 has been associated with neurological complications such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Several cases have been reported but without functional outcome data after intensive rehabilitation and medium-term follow-up.

Methods
In this observational study, patients were admitted in 2019 and 2020 to inpatient rehabilitation for GBS and were examined using the Barthel index, GBS-Disability Scale, and Medical Research Scale-sum score at admission, discharge, and at least 6 months after onset of symptoms. All the participants received personalized, goal-oriented inpatient rehabilitative treatment for the recovery of self-sufficiency in everyday life.

Results
Eleven people with GBS—3 cases related to COVID-19—were admitted in 2019 and 2020 to inpatient rehabilitation. Eight patients with GBS not related to COVID-19 experienced a high complication rate during inpatient rehabilitation, with 2 deaths due to sepsis. In this cohort, a higher prevalence than expected of acute motor axonal neuropathy was also detected. The COVID-19–related GBS group did not have any complications. After a mean of 10.11 months (SD = 4.46 months), 55.55% of patients regained autonomous walking.

Conclusion
COVID-19–related GBS appeared to have a better clinical outcome than GBS that was not COVID-19 related. A higher than usual prevalence of acute motor axonal neuropathy form was encountered. More follow-up studies are needed to understand whether the recovery of GBS related to COVID-19 might be different from that of GBS unrelated to COVID-19.

Impact
No data are currently available on the follow-up of GBS in the COVID-19 era and on the functional outcome of those patients. This study provides important information indicating that GBS related to COVID-19 might have a better clinical outcome than GBS unrelated to COVID-19.
Preparing Medical Students to Address Health Disparities Through Longitudinally Integrated Social Justice Curricula: A Systematic Review
Authors: Draper Julia K. , Feltner Cynthia , Vander Schaaf Emily B. , Mieses Malchuk Alexa 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The education of health care professionals is a contributing factor to persistent health disparities. Although medical students are expected to understand racism, classism, and other social and structural drivers of health (SDH), standardization and best practices for teaching these concepts are lacking. Some medical schools are adopting social justice curricula (SJC) that prioritize health equity in teaching students to recognize SDH and preparing them to address the consequent health disparities. This systematic review sought to evaluate how these schools have integrated SJC into their core teaching; the criteria they have used to measure success and to what extent these criteria are met; and best practices in planning, implementing, and evaluating SJC.

Method
The authors searched 7 databases for English-language studies published between January 2000 and April 2020, reporting on longitudinally integrated SJC at U.S. medical schools intended for all students. Quantitative and qualitative outcomes were synthesized and summarized.

Results
Searches identified 3,137 articles, of which 11 met inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated schools use a variety of teaching methods over a wide range of didactic hours to teach SJC concepts. Surveys and objective tests indicated students in SJC are generally satisfied and demonstrated improved knowledge and skills related to understanding and mitigating SDH, although findings related to changes in attitudes were equivocal. Evaluations at graduation and in residency demonstrated students who experience SJC are more prepared than their peers to work with patients who are underserved. Best practices in SJC included addressing the hidden curriculum, considering medical mistrust, and using tools like the Racial Justice Report Card and Tool for Assessing Cultural Competence Training.

Conclusions
These findings indicated SJC can prepare students to better address the root causes of health disparities. Future research should consider the long-term influences of these curricula on students, patients, and the community.