bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Concentrate Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. , Biddinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2 mph, with the exception of HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP which were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump at 4.2 gallons of spray/tree. Pre-bloom sprays were applied at the half-inch green stage of tree development (8 Apr) for Sun 6 E Oil and the Apollo treatments and at pink (17 Apr) for AC-801757 20 EC. Post-bloom sprays were applied based on the following thresholds of motile mites/leaf: 5-10 for AC-801757 following Sun 6 E Oil, 5 for Kelthane 50 WP, and 3-5 for HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP. Kelthane sprays were delayed due to extraneous circumstances. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) were made at 1-2 week intervals throughout the experiment. Insecticides (Guthion and Lannate) were applied at 1-2 week intervals beginning with petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments against mites was evaluated by counts at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface)
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1991
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G. , Horn K. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Augusta County, VA, to determine the effectiveness of several commercial and experimental granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The field used in this experiment has been in continuous corn production since 1980 and has not been treated with granular insecticides at planting since 1988. The soil type for this field is a combination Allegheny-Cotaco fine sandy loam and Buchanan cobbly fine sandy loam. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 2 May at a population density of 26,100 seeds per acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Each of the regular granular insecticide applicators was removed from the planter and replaced with a wooden device designed to hold inverted pt canning jars (Mason) used in dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holders was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing 1 or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot on 7 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1°no feeding; 6°3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were not made because of irregular seed spacing that occurred in one of the rows during planting. Statistical analysis involved a two-way ANOVA with Duncan’s new multiple range test used to test for differences among treatment means.
Larvicidal Actmty of 2 Pyrethroids from Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1991
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Asana-XL and Karate applied to cotton with 2 flat fan nozzles, Spraying Systems Co. 8002E and 650033, were evaluated for mortality of TBW larvae and fruit damage. The 2 nozzles, which were selected to give different spray droplet spectrums, also delivered different spray rates. AI rates used in the study were 0.0168 and 0.014 kg/ha for Asana-XL and Karate, respectively. These rates, which are half of the lowest recommended rate for each pyrethroid, were used in the study to better-detect treatment differences and because preliminary studies indicated extended persistence of these pyrethroids in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 0.5 m. A susceptible strain of laboratory-reared TBW moths deposited eggs on paper towel strips. These strips, with emerging larvae, were placed on untreated cotton plants, and larvae were allowed to feed for 2 days before being used in the tests. The 2 spray treatments were applied in a spray table to a series of plants for subsequent application of larvae on selected DAT. The treated plants were then returned to the greenhouse. Characteristics of the spray plumes from the 2 nozzles in the test sections where the plants were placed for treatment were:
Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees near Douglas, MI (C-Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 24 Apr (1/2 inch green) and 1 May (Pink). Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 18 May, 100 terminals per replicate (400 per treatment) were rated for presence or absence of rosy apple aphids.
Experimental Foliar Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of experimental and nonlabeled insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut. Peanuts were planted 2 May with 36-inch row spacing. Foliar treatments were applied as bands twice, at late cracking time (band, late cracking), about 2 wks after planting (17 May) and again most, about 5 weeks after planting (6 Jun). Each was applied in a 12 to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through on 8004 E nozzle per row. Temik 15 G was applied in-furrow at planting as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicants; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Baciujus Thuringiensis Products for Control of Corn Earworm on Heading Grain Sorghum, 1990
Authors: Young S. Y. , Ali Abbas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated in 2 tests against corn earworm in AR. In the first test the grain sorghum variety was 'High Performer 1330'. Treatments against first to third instars were applied on 6 Jul with a backpack sprayer equipped with a 1-row boom using a single TX-10 nozzle operating at 30 psi. The volume of spray was 96 liters per ha. The pH of water used in the test was 7.0. A randomized complete block experiment was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 5 rows with 1.03-m spacing × 23.1 m long. Plots were separated by a 2-row buffer and 3.1 m on each end. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 6 DAT. Ten heads per plot were randomly chosen from the 3 inside rows and shaken into a 9.5-liter pail. Larvae were collected, counted, and the numbers recorded. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the test were 23.9° and 35.8°C, respectively. No rainfall occurred during the period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures. The second test was conducted using the same procedures from the first test. It was conducted in Miller Co. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug on the grain sorghum variety 'Pioneer 8358'. Plots were 6 rows with 0.97 m spacing × 23.1 m long. Larvae were collected from 20 heads per plot on 4 and 7 DAT. The pH of water used in the tank mixture was 7.3. Bactec I and Bactec III preparations were buffered to pH 7.0 as recommended by Bactec Corp. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures during the test were 22.6 and 36.4°C, respectively.
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by four trees (12 trees/unit), each replicated 3 times. Applications were made on 30 Apr (Pink), 15 May (PF), 25 May (1C), 7 Jun (2C), 19 Jun (3C), 2 Jul (4C), 16 Jul (5C), 28 Jul (6C), 9 Aug (7C), 22 Aug (8C), and 5 Sep (9C). Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Early season pest damage was evaluated by picking 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate (300 per treatment). Pest damage at harvest, 17 Sep, was evaluated from fruit sampled as described on 24 Jul.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Soybean Looper Control, 1991
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Mink J. S. , Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J. , Burns E. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot insecticide trial was conducted at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides and rates for soybean looper control. Plots measuring 19.8 m × 4 rows (1.02 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and COapressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 3.36 kg/cm2 through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied 28 Aug to 'Deltapine 105' soybeans in the R5 growth stage. Two sets of 25 sweep samples (38.2 cm diam sweep net) per plot were taken at 2 and 6 DAT.
Mexican Rice Borer Control on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, cultivar 'TCP 81-3058', located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, TX. The field was sectioned into plots of 27 rows (152.4-cm centers) × 374.3 m, with the 11 treated rows in the center. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was aerially applied to the crop canopy on 16.8-m swath wide (11 rows) at a rate of 18.9 liters finished formulation (insecticide + water + ValBuff at 20 pt/100 gal)/acre. Prespray counts of infested leafsheaths from randomly-collected stalks (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were made 28 May. Treatments were applied beginning 4 Jun and continued after leafsheath infestations exceeded 10%. Postspray sample counts of bored internodes (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were taken 16 Jul and 2 Oct to evaluate injury levels. Yield and quality parameters were measured at harvest (14-15 Oct).
Control of Banded Sunflower Moth, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Ford Harla. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two ranges were planted to sunflower on 30 May at Lamberton, MN. Plots consisted of four × 76.2 cm rows, 9.15 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast applied on 1 and 7 Aug in 30.4 liter/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure using a handheld CO2 sprayer. Five heads were collected from the 2 center rows, dried, and broken up. A subsample was removed from this uncleaned sample from which 200 seeds were examined for BSM injury. Yields were taken on 11.4 m2, dried, and adjusted for moisture.
Control of Tobacco Budworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flue-cured tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 29 Apr in a field with a mix of Fuquay loamy sand and Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 4 rows (45 inches apart) wide by 25 plants (ca. 55 ft) long, arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 10 treatments and 4 blocks. On 5 Jun, 10 uniformly sized and undamaged plants from each of the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged with surveyor's tape and artificially infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. Larvae were transferred to the bud with a camel's hair brush. The 2 right-most rows provided an untreated buffer between plots. Sprays were applied with a Co2-pressurized sprayer through a single D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at a rate of 25 gal/acre and 60 psi on 6 Jun. Four and lid after application, the number of surviving larvae on the tagged plants was counted. Budworm feeding damage (0-4) was determined after 14 d. On 2 Jul, all plants in the untreated buffer rows were cut off at 3-4 leaves above the ground. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves, and on 18 Jul all but one healthy, undamaged sucker were removed. A natural infestation of budworms and tobacco hornworms was present for this test. Sprays were applied on 9 Aug as described above. Four and 9 or 10 d after treatment, the number of surviving budworms and tobacco hornworms on 10 plants in each plot was counted. Before ANOVA, count data were transformed to count + 0.5. Treatments means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test (K = 100, a = 0.05). Means of untransformed data are presented.
Effect of Soil-Applied Insecticides and Insecticide Placement on Tobacco Flea Beetle and Tobacco Aphid in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Sterling Southern P. , Browne Micou M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Combinations of soil-applied and over-the-top insecticides and insecticide placement and timing were tested in two trials conducted on commercial farms in Lenoir Co. (LC) and Wayne Co. (WC), NC. Plots were 4 rows wide and 0.02 acre in area, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by a 16-20 ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4 replications. Tobacco (K-149, LC; K-326, WC) was transplanted on 19 Apr (LC) and 25 Apr (WC) into a Norfolk sandy loam. Broadcast treatments were applied on 10 Apr (LC) through 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering 21 gal/acre at 20 psi and incorporated immediately by discing twice. Granular band treatments were applied in an 8 inch band using an electrically driven granular applicator and incorporated by bedding over the band. Shanked treatments were applied immediately prior to transplanting into a pre-formed bed which had been leveled to final transplanting height. A narrow (1.5 inch) fertilizer shank placed granules 5 (WC) or 6 (LC) inches below the bed surface in the row center or 5-6 inches below the bed surface and 5 inches to one or both sides of the row center. In the latter treatment, 1/2 rate was delivered to each side. Soils were moist but not wet and above 21°C at the time of all insecticide applications. Transplant water (TW) treatments were made in Lenoir Co. using the farmer's mechanical transplanter delivering 125 and in Wayne Co. by hand applying 130 gal/acre. Over-thetop (OT) sprays were applied through 3 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi delivering 24 gal/acre. These sprays were applied at threshold for the tobacco aphid (10% plants infested) or on 1 or 2 schedules (5, 7, and 10 wk after transplanting or 5, 7, and 9 weeks after transplanting). Plots were checked weekly through the growing season. Flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 and 5 plants respectively in each of the 2 center rows of the plot. Aphid infestation was rated on all plants in each plot (0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-9 aphids on most infested leaf, 2 = 10-49 aphids on most infested leaf, 3 = 50-200 aphids, 4 = 200-500 aphids, 5 = 500+ aphids on most infested leaf). Plants rated 3 or above were considered infested in determining thresholds. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Warnes Denni. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Growers in Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) clubs were found to be prophylactically treating by adding an insecticide to fungicide application when protecting wheat. To examine its value, plots were established at the West Central Experiment Station, Morris, MN. Pathways of 1.8 m were removed from around a 7.6 m × 15.3 m plot just prior to treatment. The treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design. A combined application of insecticide and fungicide was made on 22 Jun (wheat stage Feekes = 8). Approximately 15.2 liters/has of total material was applied at a pressure of 7 kg/cm2 using a hydraulic plot Ser. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.5 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. The grain was dried, and moisture, protein, and test wts taken. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly in Wheat, 1991
Authors: Buschman L. L. , El Houssaini K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1990-91 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible variety, Nesma, was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) x 9 m long. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (30 Nov 1990) to control the first generation HF. Seed treatments were applied by spraying the insectecide on the seed in a rotating drum. In Feb, 20 plants, 5 from each of the center 4 rows, were collected from each plot and examined in the laboratory for Hessian fly and Phorbia sp.
Apple, Broad-Spectrum Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI ('A' Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with a CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 17 Apr (1/2 inch green), 2 May (P), 16 May (PF), 29 May (IC), 3 Jun (2C), 12 Jun (3C), 24 Jun (4C), 8 Jul (5C), 19 Jul (6C), 31 Jul (7C), 12 Aug (8C), 23 Aug (9C), and 4 Sep (IOC). Javelin and San 420 I were applied on 3 Jun, 12 Jun, 24 Jun, 19 Jul, and 26 Jul. Dodine, Rubigan, Captan, NAA, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Early-season pest damage was evaluated on 18 Jun by examining 25 apples per replication (100 per treatment). Harvest fruit damage was evaluated on 10 Sep by picking 100 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree for each replicate (400 per treatment). Samples for ERM, ZM, and AF were taken on 4 Jun, 2 Aug, and 9 Aug, consisting of 50 leaves per tree (200 per treatment) picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. Adults, eggs, and mite predators (AF and ZM) were counted with the aid of a microscope.
Control of White Grubs with Insect Growth Regulators (Igr’S) on a Home Lawn, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Daniels John F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three IGR’s and 2 standard insecticides were evaluated for control of white grubs. At treatment time (2 Jul), the grub population consisted of 75% Japanese beetle (all 1st instars) and 25% Phyllophaga sp. (75% 1st instars and 25% 2nd instars). The avg no. grubs in pretreat samples was 32.5/ft2. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design and replicated 3 times. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Treatments were applied in 2 liters of water with a hand-held sprinkling can and irrigated immediately with 4 liters of water applied with a hose proportioner. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 29°C; RH, 51%; soil, moist; soil temperature, 29°C (2 inches); soil pH, 6.0; organic matter, 5.2%; thatch layer 0 to 1/8 inch. Precipitation over the 9 wk posttreatment period was 5.1 inches. Four locations on each plot were sampled using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. , Biddinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 6-15 tree plots in a block of'Bartlett' (82%), 'Bosc' (9%), D'Anjou' (7%), and 'El Dorado' (2%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 × 24 ft. and were 13-yrs-old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. All treatments were applied dilute to run off with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. An average of 2.5 gal was applied per tree at 190 GPA. Refer to the tables for application dates. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate, Streptomycin, Ziram, and Topsin-M. All sampling was conducted on a center 'Bartlett' tree in each replicate. Evaluation of treatments containing Sun 6 E Oil and Asana was made from 7 Mar to 10 Apr by counting psylla eggs on samples of 4 twigs from each replicate. On 24 Apr these treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs from samples of 5 spur leaves per tree. Thereafter, all treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples at 4°14 day intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 1-28 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal leaf samples from 31 May to 14 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 21 Jun to 12 Jul. Russet ratings are based on 30 'Bartlett' pears/replicate, 120/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges were 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Western Cherry Fruit Fly Control on Tart Cherry, 1990 and 1991
Authors: Alston D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 double-tree replicates/treatment. Treatments were separated by unsprayed buffer trees. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and with an output rate of 3800 liters/ha. Yellow sticky traps with additional ammonium carbonate bait were placed in the orchard to determine activity of the first flies, which were caught on 1 and 12 Jun in 1990 and 1991, respectively. In 1990 the dates of application were as follows: Cygon 400 on 6 Jun, Guthion 35 W on 6 and 27 Jun, Imidan 50 W on 6 and 20 Jun, and diazinon 50 W on 4 Jul. In 1991 all insecticide treatments were applied on 18 Jun and 2 Jul. At harvest (13 and 17 Jul in 1990 and 1991, respectively), 50 fruit were randomly collected from each tree and 50 fruit were picked up from the ground underneath each tree to determine percent infestation by WCFF. WCFF-infested fruit ripened prematurely and dropped to the ground early.