bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Spider Mites, 1987
Authors: Wynholds Paul F. , Leigh Thomas F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two acaricide tests were applied to cotton, planted 6 Apr (Shafter, Calif.) and 15 Apr (Five Points, Calif.) with individual plots 16 (Shafter) or 8 (Five Points) rows wide by 150 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Application was by high-clearance ground sprayer equipped with drop booms using 5 TX-6 (Shafter) or 7 TX-3 (Five Points) hollow-cone nozzles/row, both delivering 25 gal/ acre at 40 psi and 3 mph or 30 psi and 4 mph, respectively. The Shafter test was applied 24 Jun; the Five Points test was applied 9 Jul. An overall application of Monitor 4 EC at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was made at the Shafter test by ground on 16 Jun to suppress Lygus hesperus and predators. At Five Points, Orthene 75 S at 0.33 lb (AI)/acre was applied over all on 29 Jun to suppress predators. Main stem leaves (25/plot, eighth unfolded leaf below main stem terminal) were sampled 4 times after acaricide treatment and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. Counts of all motile mites were analyzed by ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD.
Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Sprenkel R. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 27 May. Plot size was 4 rows by 30 ft with a 36-inch row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Granular insecticide treatments were applied at planting in a 7-inch band over the row, by using a Gandy applicator attached to the planter. The granular insecticides were released between the seed furrow openers and the presswheels, resulting in shallow incorporation. Spray insecticide treatments were applied 15 Jun with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in each untreated control and granular insecticide plot on 10 Jun and in plots of all treatments on 17 Jun, 24 Jun, and 1 Jul. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Three samples of 3 terminal buds were randomly selected from the 2 center rows of a plot on each sample date. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Control of Plant Bugs, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located in a commercial field southwest of Mosca, Colo. Plantings were single rows and were in flowering and milk stages during the period of the trial. Plot design was a single row, bordered by untreated rows, 100 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 12 Aug by a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 31 gal water/acre. Plots were evaluated 17 Aug by taking 20 sweeps/plot using a standard sweep net.
Suppression of Sorghum Midge, 1988
Authors: Merchant M. E. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two organophosphate and 2 pyrethroid insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station. Grain sorghum was planted 5 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Sixteen rows of mixed hybrid sorghum of varying maturity ranges were planted 2 wk before adjacent to the test plots to increase sorghum midge abundance within the test plots during the flowering period. Treatments were compared in 8-row by 75-ft-long plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer to all rows using TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were begun when 20-25% of the panicles were flowering. Treatments were applied 2, 6, and 10 Jul. Because of a rainfall that occurred 10 Jul during the spray operations the last application of Dyfonate was made 11 Jul. Karate plots received only 2 applications, on 2 and 6 Jul. Rainfall of 0.90, 0.45, and 1.33 inches occurred 4, 10, and 12 Jul, respectively, and may have influenced the outcome of the study. Data on ovipositing adult midge density, kernel damage, and grain yield were collected from the middle 6 rows of each plot. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application and consisted of enclosing 10 individual sorghum panicles/plot with clear plastic bags. Panicles were subseqeuntly excised and returned to the laboratory for examination and counting of adult midges. Visual estimates of the percentage of midge damage were made by 4 independent observers on 8 Aug, with each observer estimating the percentage damage to 5 panicles/plot. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13-ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.
Control of Chinch Bug, 1988
Authors: Parker Roy D. , Treacy Mike , Janak Joseph D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Victoria, Tex., to evaluate soil insecticides used alone and in combination with a foliar insecticide for control of chinch bugs in sorghum. To initiate the study, 5 soil insecticides and an untreated check were compared in 12-row by 1,600-ft plots of sorghum planted 1 Mar in 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, soil insecticides were applied in a T-band using John Deere Max-Emerge equipment. Edaphic characteristics of the test site consisted of a Victoria clay soil-type with 1.3% organic matter, good soil moisture at planting time, and soil pH 6.8. An examination of 48 plants/plot on 26 Mar demonstrated that the untreated control had exceeded 40 chinch bugs/100 plants. This level was considered the economic threshold, at which a foliar insecticide should be applied to sorghum less than 6 inches tall (plants averaged 3.75 inches on that date). One-half of all plots in the test were treated 28 Mar with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC). Using a ground rig, the foliar insecticide was applied in a 10-inch band over each row by using 2 8006E nozzles/row (total spray volume was 33 gal/acre at 32 psi). Efficacy of treatments was determined by counting plants on 21 Mar at 2 sites (13.75 ft) in each plot, counting chinch bugs on 3 dates in the center 2 rows of each plot, inspecting plants on 21 Mar for damage by southern corn rootworm, and harvesting each plot with a commercial machine for yield analysis on 16 Jul.
Bean Leaf Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Rhodes Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to evaluate the damage by a late-season BLB infestation on 4 soybean varieties having different maturity dates. Soybeans, planted 2 Jun, were treated 23 Sep with a CO2-pressurized sprayer that had LF3 nozzles at 2,46 kg/cm2 delivering a volume of 374 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used for each variety. Individual plots were 6 rows (0.9-m row spacing) by 9.2 m. Populations of BLB were assessed just prior to application (0 day) and at 1, 3, 10, 17, and 24 DAT by comparing the number of adults in 25 sweeps taken with a 15-cm-diam sweep net. Just prior to harvest, pods with and without BLB damage were counted on 10 randomly selected plants/plot. Yield was measured from 9.8 m of row/plot. A 500-g subsample of seed was rated for quality using a 1-5 scale, (1, &lt;1% damaged; 5, &gt;80% damaged).
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Moss T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to evaluate 4 insecticides against CEW in late planted, double-cropped soybean after wheat. Soybeans, planted 1 Jul, were treated with test insecticides on 31 Aug when plants were in the early pod fill stage. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized sprayer, with 8002 EVS flat spray nozzles at 1,97 kg/cm2 delivering 128.1 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 4 rows (48.3-cm row spacing) by 6.1 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to application and at 1, 5, 7, and 14 DAT by comparing the number of CEW larvae/25 sweeps taken with a 15-cm-diam sweep net. Pod damage was compared by counting the number of pods and damaged pods on 5 plants/plot. Yield was measured from 12.2 m row/plot.
Stink Bug Control, 1988
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling stink bugs in soybeans. Insecticides were applied to foliage on 22 Aug and again on 13 Sep on soybeans planted on a 36-inch row spacing. Soybeans were planted 18 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Extension Research Center at Attapulgus, Ga. Individual plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft with 10-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with 4 replicates. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at 35 psi (at the boom) that delivered 14.0 gal formulation/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 8 d after the initial application and 2 and 15 d after the second application by counting number of stink bugs (primarily southern green stink bugs and green stink bugs) in 25 sweeps in the treated plots and comparing the number with the number found in untreated controls. A 15-inch-diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date.
Control of Sunflower Moth Larvae, 1988
Authors: DePew L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Kansas State University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Garden City. The experimental design was a randomized block with 3 replicates. Individual plots were 3 m (4 rows) by 12 m with 1.52-m alleys separating the blocks. Plots were irrigated and cultivated as needed. Spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack hand sprayer at the equivalent of 106.6 liters finished spray/ha. Operating pressure was 2.1 kg/cm2, and nozzles were Spraying Systems X-6 (tip size). All treated plots received an initial insecticide application on 13 Jul when 30% of the plants had bloomed. Plots receiving a second application were treated 5 d later. Only the 2 rows of each plot were treated to minimize plot-to-plot contamination from spray drift. Temperatures were 25.6°C and 17.2°C at the start of the first and second applications, respectively.
Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield; Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Ricard Michele , Noetzel David M. , Stanislawski Harold 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was established near Greenbush, Minn., in a commercial sunflower field. The field was planted the last week of May. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied 28 May. Application was in a 4-inch band to a coarse sandy loam soil and lightly covered. Soil moisture was excellent. Foliar applications were made in mid-June and late July to the plant stage indicated in the table. Total volume of material/acre was 17 gal applied with a CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Damage information was collected from the center 2 rows, which were harvested for yield 11 Oct. Yield comparisons were based on a standard moisture.
Aphid Trial, 1988
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
RH7988 4 EC was applied in an apple block in Steeles Tavern, Va., including 4 cultivars (‘Delicious,’ Golden Delicious, ‘Stayman,’ and ‘York’). Three rates were applied: 102, 204, and 431 g (AI)/ha. These were compared with Supracide 2 E at a rate of 1,134 g (AI)/ha and an untreated control. A single application was made for each treatment on 6 Apr (half-inch green to open cluster). Sprays were applied using a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to 973 liters/ha. Each plot consisted of 0.08 ha. Aphid counts were made on 28 Jun, using 4 trees/treatment. The RAA population was sampled by counting colonies for 3 min on each tree. GA were sampled by counting the number of infested shoots/20 shoots on each tree. A tree was initially considered infested if any aphids were present.
Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was established in a tobacco field at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. A Wedowee sandy loam soil (pH 5.8; &lt;2% organic matter) was plowed on 17 Feb. Experimental plots consisted of 2 tobacco rows 40 ft long (24) on 4-ft centers. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and 5-ft vacant alleys separated blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Broadcast treatments were applied and incorporated by disking on 10 May. Liquid treatments were broadcast with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003 spray tips spaced 20 inches apart. Granular DiSyston and Furadan were broadcast with a Gandy mounted on a pushcart. The soil was in good working order and the air temperature was 80-83°F. Temik treatments were applied on 12 May in 12-inch bands in front of the bedder using the pushcart-mounted Gandy. ‘VA 309’ tobacco was transplanted with a mechanical transplanter on 16 May. The Orthene transplant water treatment was applied at 200 gal/acre (4 fl oz/plant). Rainfall totals were 1.4, 2.75, 4.25, and 1.8 inches in May, June, July, and August, respectively. The test was irrigated with 1.5, 1.0, and 1.0 inches on 6 Jul, 12 Jul, and 20 Jul, respectively. Myzus nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth veins on the right half of the underside of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot at approximately 7-d intervals from late May through mid-July.
Insect Control, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Coker 319’ was transplanted into experimental plots 40 ft long (24 plants) and 8 ft (2 rows) wide at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va., on 12 May. Treatments were set up in randomized complete block configurations with 4 replicates for 8 treatments in Test 1 and 5 treatments in Test 2. Experimental plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 spray nozzles/row at 60 psi. In addition to the basic treatments, Sweet and Low artificial sweetener (1.15 oz/acre) was added to separate Lannate and Orthene treatments. X-77 spreader-activator was added at 0.5 pt/acre to a third Orthene treatment. Applications were made for Test 1 on 27 Jun (ambient temperature 86-88°F) and for Test 2 on 17 Aug (ambient temperature 96-99°F). In Test 1 plants in the first row of each plot were infested with 2 second-instar tobacco hornworms/ plant; those in the second row were artificially infested with one 2-3-d-old tobacco budworm larva/plant. Hornworms and budworms were counted on all of the artificially infested plants in each row before treatment and at 3, 8, and 16 DAT. Myzus nicotianae were counted between the fourth and sixth lateral veins on the right abaxial side of 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot. In Test 2, field-collected budworms were used to infest 10 consecutive plants in the first row of each plot.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid, 1988
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt , Hudson Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This evaluation was conducted in a winter wheat field in Big Horn County approximately 25 miles south of Billings, Mont. The field was seeded September 1987. Insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10-ft hand-held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal water/acre at 20 psi. Treatments were applied on 13 May when the flag leaf of the wheat plants was just visible and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 by 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 30 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Plots were machine harvested using a small-plot combine equipped with a 3-ft header. Two sections, measuring 28 by 3 ft, were harvested from each replicate. Grain samples were cleaned with yield calculated and test weight measured.
Hessian Fly Control, 1988
Authors: Lidell M. C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of 2 systemic insecticides for control of the Hessian fly in hard red spring wheat was evaluated. The experiment was planted 9 Feb at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Dallas in a Houston black clay soil. Both Thimet 20 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) and Furadan 4 F (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in furrow at planting in liquid form through a microtubule applicator. Plots were 6 by 35 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 4 replicates. The experiment was sampled for Hessian fly infestation on 27 Apr by removing plants from 2 1-ft sections of row from each plot. These samples were returned to the laboratory for inspection, and the number of infested and uninfested culms in each sample was counted. Infestation data were transformed by the square root transformation prior to analysis; nontransformed data are presented. All plots were harvested 14 Jun.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A spring wheat field near Twin Falls, Idaho, was treated with 15 insecticide treatments on 24 Jun. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by wheel line sprinkler systems. The first irrigation of the treated plot area was 2 DAT. The treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with individual plots of 12 by 24 ft. Treatments were applied as a broadcast spray using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzles were X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. The wheat was in the boot stage with about a third of the heads starting to emerge from the boot on the treatment date. On all sampling dates 10 tillers were cut from the center area of each plot and put into plastic bags. The bags were kept in a refrigerator until the RWA on each tiller were counted under a microscope.
Influence of Varying Amounts of Postapplication Irrigation on Northern Masked Chafer Control, 1988
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied on 9 Aug to 5- by 10-ft plots of Kentucky bluegrass on a golf course in Lincoln, Nebr. Topography in the treated area consisted of a series of gentle slopes. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (90%), with 5% creeping bentgrass in one replicate and a few weeds present. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature (3-inch depth), 85°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Granular formulations were combined with 6.7 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were applied with a hand-held shaker over plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 nozzle at 28 psi and 3 gal/1000 ft2 spray rate.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted on a golf course fairway in Lewistown, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and soluble powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 32% sand, 58% silt, 10% sand; soil moisture condition, moist; organic matter, 2.0%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.3; 4.6 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made at 7 (6 Sep), 14 (13 Sep), and 21 (20 Sep) DAT. Four samples of 0.087 ft2 each were removed randomly from each replicate on each posttreatment date, and total grubs were recorded and converted to a square-foot count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Larvicide for Beet Armyworm, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Larvae from a resident colony reared on artificial diet were preconditioned on clean chrysanthemum foliage for at least 24 h prior to the bioassay. Fresh foliage was dipped in treatment dilutions and allowed to air dry before presentation to larvae. Each dilution contained Plyac at 4 fl oz/100 gal. Bioassays were performed in 1-oz plastic creamer cups with plastic snap lids, 1 larva/cup. A section of moist filter paper was included in each cup to maintain humidity. There were 6 replicate groups of 10 cups/treatment. The experiment was repeated for second and fourth instars. Three posttreatment evaluations were made at 24-h intervals.
Phytotoxicity Test, Selected Woody Plants, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected pesticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 30 species and cultivars of containerized woody plants at a nursery in Madison, Ohio. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to deliver 3785 ml finished spray to a total of 90 plants (Morestan 4F, 0.5 lb (AL7100 gal; Murphy oil soap, 4%; or water). This volume achieved application to run-off. Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each plant type. All plants received 2 applications at 15-d intervals. Conditions for both applications (20 Aug and 4 Sep) were sunny skies, 21-24°C, and 0-10 km/h breeze. A second group of plants consisting of 17 species growing in field liner beds near Perry, Ohio, was used to evaluate potential phytotoxicity of Murphy soap (4%). Plants received 2 applications at 10-d intervals. Conditions on both dates (31 Aug and 10 Sep) were sunny skies, 21-24°C, and 10-16 km/h breeze. A 1-m section of each liner bed was sprayed with each treatment. Plants were inspected for symptoms of phytotoxicity 4, 10, and 29 Sep and 13 Oct.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite, 1987
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five miticides were evaluated against the twospotted spider mite on greenhouse-grown miniature roses planted in 1-gal containers. A complete randomized design was used with 3 replicate plants/treatment. Treatments were applied 14 May using a 1-gal B & G compressed-air sprayer at 30 psi. Six single-leaf samples were removed from each treatment at 3-4-d intervals. Leaves were immersed in liquid wax to immobilize the mites, and mites were counted with a binocular microscope.