bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citalopram in patients with fibromyalgia— a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Anderberg Ulla Maria , Marteinsdottir Ina , von Knorring Lars 
Published: July 2002

The effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram was studied in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 4‐month trial in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) who all fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria. The citalopram doses varied between 20–40 mg daily. Forty female patients, 21 patients in the citalopram and 19 in the placebo group, participated. Assessment of pain, depressive symptoms and physical functioning were made using Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Fibrositis Impact Questionnaire (FIQ).In the global judgement of improvement, no significant changes were found between the citalopram and placebo groups as concerns pain or well‐being, either in the Intention to Treat (ITT) analysis or in the completer analysis. However, among the completers, it was a tendency that more patients in the citalopram group (52.9%) were improved as compared to the placebo group (22.2%) concerning well‐being.Furthermore, the results indicated that treatment with citalopram had a significant effect on pain on the VAS after 2 months of treatment compared to baseline. After 4 months, however, the effect had diminished. Measured with the FIQ, significant differences in the pain ratings were seen at the end of the trial.Significant effects on the depressive symptomatology measured by means of the MADRS were seen already after 1 month of treatment and were increasing further at the end of the trial, when a significant difference between the groups was also found. Copyright 2000 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain
Backward volume wave solitons in a yttrium iron garnet film (invited) (abstract)
Authors: Chen Ming , Tsankov Mincho A. , Nash Jon M. , Patton Carl E. 
Published: July 2002

Solitons are nonlinear propagating wave pulses that preserve their shape without spreading. Recently, microwave envelope solitons have been observed in thin yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films for magnetostatic surface wave and forward volume wave configurations. In this work, we report the first observation of microwave envelope of magnetostatic backward volume waves (MSBVW) for an in-plane magnetized YIG film with waves propagating parallel to the magnetization direction. Both soliton profiles and the nonlinear peak power response were observed. The experiments were conducted using a microstrip magnetostatic wave delay line structure. A single crystal YIG film of 7.2 μm thickness, 2 mm×15 mm in size, and with unpinned surface spins was magnetized in-plane by a static external field of 1343 Oe along the long 15 mm edge. The 10 GHz ferromagnetic resonance linewidth of the film was 0.6 Oe. Square microwave pulses with pulse widths from 2 to 200 ns and a carrier frequency of 5.78 GHz were launched parallel to the field through a microstrip antenna. The output signal was received by a second microstrip antenna placed 4 mm downstream and analyzed in the time domain with a microwave transition analyzer. Envelope soliton behavior evident from the time resolved waveforms was observed for various input-power/pulse-width combinations.
At relatively low power levels, one sees a broad output signal with a peak power increasing linearly with the input power. As the input power is increased above some threshold, a sharp soliton pulse emerges and the peak power increases more rapidly with input power than in the low power regime. The threshold varies with pulse width, as expected for solitons. A further increase of the input power produces multiple soliton profiles and a corresponding drop in the peak power. These results clearly demonstrate the existence of MSBVW solitons in YIG films. Dr. J. D. Adam of Westinghouse is acknowledged for providing the YIG films. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. DMR-8921761 and by the U. S. Army Research Office, Grant No. DAAL03-91-G-0327.
The micromagnetics of periodic arrays of defects in trilayers with interlayer exchange coupling (abstract)
Authors: van den Berg H. A. M. 
Published: July 2002

A significant loss in the giant magnetoresistive signal of magnetic stacks with antiferromagnetic coupling across nonmagnetic intermediate layers is caused by regions with a ferro- rather than an antiferromagnetic coupling. The impact of these ferromagnetic coupling regions extends itself into the lateral direction due to the bulk exchange coupling. The present micromagnetic model provides a tool by which a detailed quantitative evaluation of the impact of periodic arrays of parallel line defects is possible. These defects have deviating exchange-coupling constants, and/or anisotropy constants or directions, bulk exchange constants, saturation magnetization, etc., in specific regions. Previously, we developed a phenomenological model of trilayers with two magnetic films separated by a nonmagnetic interlayer that contains one such defect. This model, with a relatively small number of free parameters, allows one to trace complete hysteresis curves. A large number of mode branches reveal themselves and jumpwise transitions between these modes frequently occur along the hysteresis loops. The present micromagnetic model requires a sufficiently accurate assessment of the starting magnetization configuration in order to get a convergence of the code. In general, the micromagnetic code is not capable of overcoming the above irreversible mode conversions. The mode branches evaluated by the phenomenological model are applied to provide the micromagnetic model with appropriate starting configurations after meeting a situation of nonstability.
The micromagnetic theory of Brown constitutes the basis of the present approach. The micromagnetic effective field is calculated at grid points and the torque exerted by it on the magnetic dipole is made zero at each grid side by an iteration scheme. The long ranging magnetostatic fields are given by convolution integrals and are evaluated in the Fourier space by using two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms. The single defect is micromagnetically studied by zero padding techniques. Depending on the course of the external field, two different wall regions reveal themselves, to wit, the wall core and the so-called Néel tails. These tails were not incorporated into the phenomenological model. Provided that the defects are sufficiently wide spaced, the agreement between both models is rather good in the core regions. The impact on the GMR signal, in particular of the Néel tails, will be discussed with emphasis on systems with weak interlayer coupling, e.g., the decoupled systems.
Electrostatically controlled double-quantum-wire electron interferometers
Authors: Okuda Masahiro 
Published: July 2002

Complete descriptions of the calculations and experiments for electrostatically controlled double-quantum-wire electron interferometers are presented. The interferometers are constituted by straight, asymmetric double-quantum-wire structures and triple Schottky gates. The electron wave function in the double-quantum-wire structure is electrostatically controlled by the Schottky gates so that an Aharonov–Bohm-type or a directional-coupler-type interferometer is effectively formed. To show that the interferometers really work, and to obtain structural parameters for a large amplitude of oscillations, numerical calculations of the electron wave propagation were performed assuming two-dimensional electron gas, by use of a scattering matrix formalism obtained by the mode-matching method. The calculated source-drain transmission of the electron wave shows oscillations with almost 100% modulation depth if the potential barrier between both quantum wires and the length between the main (central) gate and the sub- (side) gates are properly designed. On the basis of these calculations, Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs modulation-doped double-quantum-well structures were fabricated by standard molecular-beam epitaxy. The ballistic lengths of the two-dimensional electron gas at 4.2 K, determined by Hall measurement, were about 5 μm for the upper well and about 0.6 μm for the lower well.
The interferometers with lengths of about 0.9 μm were fabricated from these quantum-well structures using electron-beam lithography, reactive-ion-beam etching, and liftoff techniques. The fabricated interferometers were refrigerated at 1.8 K, and source-drain resistance was measured at various subgate bias conditions. When the subgate voltages were controlled such that the interferometers are formed, the oscillations of the resistance were observed as a function of the main-gate voltage. Also, the oscillations in the magnetoresistance were observed with magnetic flux penetrating the area surrounded by the split wave functions. The oscillation amplitudes were about 4% for both cases. Finally, to show that the proposed structure is certainly easy to fabricate, the interferometer was fabricated without electron-beam lithographic techniques, in which the oscillations in the resistance were also observed at 1.8 K.
Fe adsorption and film growth on GaAs(001) (2×4)-As (abstract)
Authors: Kneedler E. , Thibado P. M. , Jonker B. T. , Bennett B. R. , Whitman L. J. , Shanabrook B. V. , Krebs J. J. 
Published: July 2002

We have examined the initial interface formation and subsequent film growth for Fe films on the As-terminated (2×4) reconstructed surface of GaAs(001) in an effort to correlate the initial adsorption sites and film growth with the magnetic anisotropy. The growth and surface studies were performed in a four chamber ultrahigh vacuum system which incorporates UHV sample transfer between the chambers for III–V semiconductor growth, metal growth, photoelectron diffraction (PED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). After coating with a thin film of Au (40 Å) at room temperature, the samples were removed from the system for postgrowth characterization, which included ferromagnetic resonance and magnetometry. The GaAs(001) surface was prepared via homoepitaxial growth by MBE, with the growth terminated in a manner which resulted in a well-ordered As-dimer terminated (2×4) reconstructed surface as revealed by reflection high energy electron diffraction and STM. Fe deposition was performed in a second MBE chamber for coverages which ranged from 0.1 ML to several tens of monolayers at a substrate temperature of 175 °C.
The sample was then transferred under UHV to either the PED or STM chamber to determine the initial adsorption sites, growth mode, and evolution of film structure with increasing coverage. For the lowest coverages studied (0.1 ML), we obtain evidence for preferential adsorption at As-dimer sites. At a coverage of 1 ML, two-dimensional islands form approximately 20 Å in size, but elongated along the missing dimer rows with an aspect ratio of 2:1. At high coverages (≳40 Å), we observe three-dimensional mounds or clusters with an average in-plane diameter of approximately 100 Å and a narrow size distribution. Even at this coverage, the monolayer terraces of the GaAs substrate are clearly visible in the STM image, with the Fe film uniformly growing on each terrace. Photoelectron diffraction in the forward scattering regime (high electron kinetic energy) is utilized to determined the growth mode. At low kinetic energy, information on the adsorption site is obtained from Auger electron diffraction and compared with the results of the real space STM images.
Structural and magnetocrystalline anisotropy contributions to the blocking temperatures of NixCo(1−x)O exchange couples (abstract)
Authors: Takano Kentaro , Berkowitz Ami E. , Cao Wei , Thomas Gareth 
Published: July 2002

The simple spin and crystal structure of the antiferromagnetic (AF) monoxide NixCo1−xO facilitates structural characterization and modeling of its magnetic properties NixCo1−xO is also receiving technological attention for biasing magnetoresistive sensors as a robust alternative to FeMn. In this work, we studied the thickness dependence of the AF layer on the exchange field created through interfacial exchange coupling between NixCo1−xO and Ni81Fe19 films. The NixCo(1−x)O films were reactively sputtered on silicon substrates and capped with a 300 Å Ni81Fe19 layer. An additional silver layer was deposited as an oxidation barrier. An exchange field was observed on all the exchange couples with the NixCo(1−x)O thickness ranging from 25 to 1000 Å. The exchange couples were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to yield information on the orientation, structure, and size of the crystallites. The films were polycrystalline with columnar grains. For oxide thicknesses below 300 Å, the film was randomly oriented but developed a texture with a preferred orientation for thicker films. We found that the blocking temperature, at which the exchange field goes to zero, decreases with decreasing oxide thickness. The blocking temperature is relatively thickness independent for higher thicknesses but decreases rapdily below a certain thickness. The decrease in the blocking temperature does not appear to be consistent with a finite size scaling law. Instead we modeled this behavior to take into account the temperature dependence associated with the changing microstructure of the AF layer with thickness, in particular the size of the crystallites.
In thick oxide films, the blocking temperature corresponds to the AF ordering temperature, the Néel temperature. The decrease of the blocking temperature below the Néel temperature suggests at the competing magnetic and thermal energies necessary for exhibiting unidirectional anisotropy. The thickness sensitivity of the blocking temperatures of the AF monoxides are found to be strongly dependent on their magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Hard and soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Fe–Nd–Zr–B alloys containing intergranular amorphous phase (abstract)
Authors: Inoue A. , Kojima A. , Takeuchi A. , Masumoto T. , Makino A. 
Published: July 2002

The nanoscale crystalline and amorphous phases obtained by partial crystallization of an amorphous phase in rapidly solidified Fe90Nd7−xZrxB3 alloys were found to exhibit rather good hard magnetic properties in the composition range below 3 at. % Zr and good soft magnetic properties in the range above 4 at. % Zr. The hard magnetic alloys consist of nanoscale bcc–Fe and bct–Fe14Nd2B particles surrounded by the remaining amorphous phase, while the soft magnetic alloys are composed of bcc–Fe and remaining amorphous phases. The particle size is measured to be about 20 nm for the bcc–Fe phase and 15 nm for the Fe14Nd2B phase for a the former alloys and about 10 nm for the bcc–Fe phase for the latter alloys. The volume fraction of the remaining amorphous phase is evaluated to be about 20 to 30 at. % and the Nd and Zr contents are much higher than the nominal concentrations for the hard and soft magnetic alloys from the high-resolution TEM images and nanobeam compositional analyses. The remanence (Br), intrinsic coercivity (iHc), and maximum energy product are 1.24 T, 200 kA/m, and 88 kJ/m3, respectively, for the nanocrystalline Fe90Nd5Zr2B3 alloy annealed for 180 s at 1023 K, while the saturation magnetization (Bs), coercivity (Hc), and permeability at 1 kHz are 1.63 T, 16 A/m, and 7000, respectively, for the nanocrystalline Fe90Nd2Zr5B3 alloy annealed for 180 s at 923 K.
The high Br and Bs values are presumably due to the magnetic coupling between bcc–Fe particles via the ferromagnetic intergranular amorphous phase and the large iHc for the alloy containing more than 4 at. % Nd is due to the exchange magnetic interaction betweeen Fe14Nd2B particles via ferromagnetic bcc–Fe and amorphous phases. The appearance of the rather good hard and soft magnetic properties for the same alloy series containing the high Fe content is extremely important for future development of manocrystalline hard and soft magnetic materials.
Correlation of magnetic and mechanical properties of hydrogenated, compositionally modulated, amorphous Fe80Zr20 films (abstract)
Authors: Rengarajan S. , Yun E. J. , Lee B. H. , Cho B. I. , Walser R. M. 
Published: July 2002

Recent research has demonstrated that large amounts of hydrogen can be electrolytically incorporated in amorphous, compositionally modulated (CM) FeZr films. The first irreversible changes in the magnetic state of an electrolytically hydrogenated iron-rich amorphous alloy were observed. The hydrogen-induced changes in the magnetization were interpreted in terms of specific structural rearrangements. In this work, simultaneous measurements of the variations in the magnetization and mechanical properties of these films were measured as a function of hydrogen charging to further clarify the hydrogen-induced structure changes. The Young’s moduli E and internal friction d of as-deposited, and as-hydrogenated CM Fe80Zr20 thin films were calculated from the displacements of a vibrating composite cantilever, measured using a laser heterodyne interferometer (LHI) having a displacement sensitivity of ∼0.01 Å. E and d were measured using the resonant frequency method. CM films with thickness 1390 Å and modulation wavelength ∼10 Å were deposited on glass cantilevers (5 mm long, 2 mm wide, and 150 μm thick) by sequentially sputtering (rf diode) elemental Fe and Zr targets.
The samples were electrolytically hydrogenated for various times in 2 N phosphoric acid with a current density of 26.3 mA/cm2. The maximum change in magnetization of the film (from 71.5 to 551 emu/cm3) was observed after 5 min. During this time, E increased 18-fold from 535 GPa to 9.63 TPa. The unusually high Young’s modulus of the as-deposited CM film is comparable to those previously observed in other CM films. The change is three times larger than the change in the E of carbon steel at the martensitic transformation, and nine times larger than the hydrogen induced increase in E of pure single crystals of iron. The d of the cantilever resonance decreased with hydrogenation, indicating that the incorporated H reduced the internal friction of the CM film. Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that the mechanical and magnetic changes can be interpreted in terms of similar atomic scale changes. Measurements on films with different CM wavelengths are in progress.
Adaptative response of antioxidant enzymes in different areas of rat brain after repeated d‐amphetamine administration
Authors: Carvalho Félix , Fernandes Eduarda , RemiãO Fernando , Gomes‐Da‐Silva Joana , Tavares Maria Amélia , Bastos Maria De Lourdes 
Published: July 2002

Abstractd‐Amphetamine has been shown to be a potential brain neurotoxic agent, particularly to dopaminergic neurones. Reactive oxygen species indirectly generated by this drug have been indicated as an important factor in the appearance of neuronal damage but little is known about the adaptations of brain antioxidant systems to its chronic administration. In this study, the activities of several antioxidant enzymes in different areas of rat brain were measured after repeated administration of d‐amphetamine sulphate (sc, 20 mg/kg/day, for 14 days), namely glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). When compared to a pair‐fed control group, d‐amphetamine treatment enhanced the activity of GST in hypothalamus to 167%, GPx in striatum to 127%, in nucleus accumbens to 192%, and in medial prefrontal cortex to 139%, GRed in hypothalamus to 139%, as well as catalase in medial prefrontal cortex to 153%. However, the same comparison revealed a decrease in the activity of GRed in medial pre‐frontal cortex by 35%. Food restriction itself reduced GRed activity by 49% and enhanced catalase activity to 271% in nucleus accumbens. The modifications observed for the measured antioxidant enzymes reveal that oxidative stress probably plays a role in the deleterious effects of this drug in CNS and that, in general, the brain areas studied underwent adaptations which provided protection against the continuous administration of the drug.
Assessing the comprehension and production of language in young children: an account of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III
Authors: Edwards Susan , Garman Michael , Hughes Arthur , Letts Carolyn , Sinka Indra 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Reynell Developmental Language Scales were first made available in an experimental version in 1969, with revisions in 1977 and 1985 (Reynell 1977, Reynell and Huntley 1985). Throughout this period and beyond, the Scales were amongst the most popular child language assessment tools to be used in the UK. There are a number of reasons for this: they were considered to be clinically practical in that even very young children readily co‐operated with the test procedures, the Scales measured both comprehension and production of language, and they were standardized on a large sample of British children. In terms of standardized testing, there were no serious UK contenders. However, in recent years, it became clear that some revisions were needed, especially for the Expressive Scale, which had come to be used far less often than the Comprehension Scale. The Expressive Scale was difficult to administer objectively and yielded uninformative results. In a recent volume devoted to assessment procedures used by speech and language therapists (Beech et al. 1993), although the Comprehension Scale is referred to (Lees 1993), there is no mention of the Expressive Scale. In addition, some items and materials used in both scales had become dated and were no longer considered appropriate. A revision was clearly required. This paper describes the new scales, the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III: The University of Reading Edition (RDLS III: Edwards et al. 1997). The new Scales were constructed to reflect current knowledge of language impairment and to incorporate findings from up‐to‐date research on structural and lexical development in child language. As a result, the existing Expressive Scale has been completely revised and substantial changes have been made to the Comprehension Scale.
Distinct Roles of Rock (Rho-Kinase) and Mlck in Spatial Regulation of Mlc Phosphorylation for Assembly of Stress Fibers and Focal Adhesions in 3t3 Fibroblasts
Authors: Totsukawa Go , Yamakita Yoshihiko , Yamashiro Shigeko , Hartshorne David J. , Sasaki Yasuharu , Matsumura Fumio 
Published: July 2002

ROCK (Rho-kinase), an effector molecule of RhoA, phosphorylates the myosin binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase and inhibits the phosphatase activity. This inhibition increases phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) of myosin II, which is suggested to induce RhoA-mediated assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. ROCK is also known to directly phosphorylate MLC in vitro; however, the physiological significance of this MLC kinase activity is unknown. It is also not clear whether MLC phosphorylation alone is sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions.
We have developed two reagents with opposing effects on myosin phosphatase. One is an antibody against MBS that is able to inhibit myosin phosphatase activity. The other is a truncation mutant of MBS that constitutively activates myosin phosphatase. Through microinjection of these two reagents followed by immunofluorescence with a specific antibody against phosphorylated MLC, we have found that MLC phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient for the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts. The assembly of stress fibers in the center of cells requires ROCK activity in addition to the inhibition of myosin phosphatase, suggesting that ROCK not only inhibits myosin phosphatase but also phosphorylates MLC directly in the center of cells. At the cell periphery, on the other hand, MLCK but not ROCK appears to be the kinase responsible for phosphorylating MLC. These results suggest that ROCK and MLCK play distinct roles in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation.