bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise density measurement and its uncertainty evaluation for refractory liquid metals over 3000 K using electrostatic levitation
Authors: Jeon Sangho , Ganorkar Shraddha , Cho Yong Chan , Lee Joohyun , Kim Minju , Lee Jonghyun , Lee Geun Woo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Accurate density measurement of molten refractory metals over 3000 K is very challenging, and difficult to achieve with conventional methods. Although containerless techniques have been the most effective and well-established methods to measure the density of molten metals at such high temperatures, a large discrepancy in the containerlessly measured density values has been reported. Here, we identify the uncertainty factors of the density measurement and their influence on the measured density of molten refractory metals over 3000 K using an electrostatic levitator (ESL). We find that intensely focused laser beams can cause rotation-induced deformation of a levitated droplet and thus the large uncertainty in the measured density. Moreover, the combination of sample rotation and precession seriously affects the measurements of density and temperature dependence of density (i.e., volume thermal expansion). By minimizing such rotation and precession, we successfully measure the density and volume expansion coefficient of refractory liquids (tantalum, molybdenum, and niobium) with significantly improved reproducibility and accuracy, and evaluate the uncertainties associated with the density measurement using ESL.
Anomalies of motor unit amplitude and territory after botulinum toxin injection
Authors: Chandra Sourav , Suresh Nina L , Afsharipour Babak , Rymer William Zev , Holobar Ales 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective. Botulinum toxin (BT) induced cholinergic denervation of hyperactive motor units (MUs) is a clinically accepted and extensively practiced way of managing focal spasticity after stroke. The denervation potentially initiates a temporary reorganization of the MU activation patterns and structures by inducing the emergence of a large number of newly innervated muscle fibers. In this study, we quantify the effect of the BT on MU action potential (MUAP) amplitudes and on the MU territory areas (MUTAs) as seen on the surface of the skin over the biceps brachii (BB) muscle. Approach. We have used a 128-channel high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) grid on the spastic and contralateral BB muscle and recorded the myoelectric activity along with the contraction force during isometric contraction of the elbow muscles. We have decomposed the recorded EMG signal into individual MU potentials and estimated the MUAP amplitudes and territory areas before and two weeks after a BT injection. Main result. There were significantly larger median (47 ± 9%) MUAP amplitudes as well as reduction of MUTA (20 ± 2%) two weeks after the injection compared to the respective pre-injection recording. Significance. The observed covariation of the amplitude and the territory area indicates that the large amplitude MUs that appeared after the BT injection have a relatively smaller territory area. These results provide a rare insight into the BT-induced changes of MU characteristics and have the potential to improve spasticity treatment. We discuss the potential contributing factors to these changes subsequent to the injection in the context of the investigated subject cohort.
First experimental results with new ICRF antenna in EAST
Authors: Zhang X.J. , Yang H. , Qin C.M. , Yuan S. , Zhao Y.P. , Wang Y.S. , Liu L.N. , Mao Y.Z. , Cheng Y. , Gong X.Z. , Xu G.S. , Song Y.T. , Li J.G. , Wan B.N. , Zhang K. , Zhang B. , Ai L. , Wang G.X. , Guo Y.Y. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A new ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antenna, instead of a B-port antenna, is installed at the N-port to improve the power coupling in the 2021 experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) experimental campaign. In all the experiments, a frequency of 37 MHz is used, corresponding to hydrogen minority heating of deuterium plasma at B
0 = 2.5 T. The maximum coupling resistance is up to 10 Ω, which is close to two times the resistance of the original two antennas in EAST. The plasma stored energy is increased by 30 kJ MW−1, and significant core ion and electron heating are observed. For long pulse operation, we have achieved 1.5 MW/41 s and 1.1 MW/61 s with the new antenna in the high poloidal beta plasma discharge. ICRF power up to 1.8 MW is routinely coupled to the plasma for pulse lengths up to 21 s.
Minimization of magnetic forces on stellarator coils
Authors: Robin Rémi , Volpe Francesco A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Magnetic confinement devices for nuclear fusion can be large and expensive. Compact stellarators are promising candidates for cost-reduction, but introduce new difficulties: confinement in smaller volumes requires higher magnetic field, which calls for higher coil-currents and ultimately causes higher Laplace forces on the coils—if everything else remains the same. This motivates the inclusion of force reduction in stellarator coil optimization. In the present paper we consider a coil winding surface, we prove that there is a natural and rigorous way to define the Laplace force (despite the magnetic field discontinuity across the current-sheet), we provide examples of cost associated (peak force, surface-integral of the force squared) and discuss easy generalizations to parallel and normal force-components, as these will be subject to different engineering constraints. Such costs can then be easily added to the figure of merit in any multi-objective stellarator coil optimization code. We demonstrate this for a generalization of the REGCOIL code (Landreman 2017 Nucl. Fusion
57 046003), which we rewrote in python, and provide numerical examples for the NCSX (Zarnstorff et al 2001 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
43 A237–49) (now QUASAR) design. We present results for various definitions of the cost function, including peak force reductions by up to 40%, and outline future work for further reduction.
Particle flow with a hybrid segmented crystal and fiber dual-readout calorimeter
Authors: Lucchini M.T. , Pezzotti L. , Polesello G. , Tully C.G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the reconstruction of physics events at future e+e-
colliders the calorimeter design has a crucial role in the overall
detector performance. The reconstruction of events with many jets in
their final state sets stringent requirements on the jet energy and
angular resolutions. The energy resolution for jets with energy of
about 45 GeV is required to be at the 4–5% level to enable an
efficient separation of the W and Z boson invariant masses. We
demonstrate in this paper how such a performance can be achieved by
exploiting a particle flow algorithm tailored for a hybrid
dual-readout calorimeter made of segmented crystals and fibers. The
excellent energy resolution and linearity of such calorimeter for
both photons and neutral hadrons (3%/√E and
26%/√E, respectively), inherent to the homogeneous crystals
and dual-readout technological choices, provides a powerful handle
for the development of a new approach for particle identification
and jet reconstruction. While the dual-readout particle flow
algorithm (DR-PFA) presented in this paper is at its early stage of
development, it already demonstrates the potential of a hybrid
dual-readout calorimeter for jet reconstruction by improving the jet
energy resolution with respect to a calorimeter-only reconstruction
from 6.0% to about 4.5% for 45 GeV jets.
Image contrast enhancement algorithm for X-ray observation of space materials in situ
Authors: Liu X.K. , Yu Q. , Pan X.H. , Yu Z.H. , Lu X.X. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chinese Space Station has planned a high-temperature
material science experiment rack, equipped with an X-ray projection
imaging module, to support the development of material experiments
and research in space. BiFeO3 has been selected as the first batch
of experimental materials for Chinese Space Station. The melting and
solidification process of BiFeO3, an opaque, high-temperature
material, is observed by X-ray observation module in situ. X-ray is
the dominant way to observe opaque materials due to its
penetrability. In-situ observation of materials is the top priority
of this study, so we have strict requirements on image quality, and
high-quality images can better analyze the properties and properties
of materials. Limited by narrow size and high temperature
conditions, the X-ray images collected have low contrast, serious
noise pollution, and poor imaging quality. To enhance the contrast
and improve the edge details of such images, a grayscale weighted
histogram equalization combined with high-frequency enhancement
(GWHE-HFE) algorithm is proposed. First, we add a mask to the input
image to obtain the region of interest (ROI), and then filter out
the low-frequency components of the image by Gaussian high-pass
filter to preserve high-frequency details. Second, the image
obtained in the previous and the X-ray image of ROI are respectively
multiplied by a coefficient and added to obtain the edge-emphasized
X-ray image. And then, we use grayscale weighted histogram
equalization (GWHE) to process the image obtained in the second step
to obtain the contrast enhanced X-ray image. The enhanced image
shows the crystal grains and the thin bands where the solid and the
melt intersect, and it is helpful to accurately locate the solid
solution interface. Experiments on X-ray images of BiFeO3 growth
demonstrate that this combined method outperforms existing ones both
qualitatively and quantitatively, providing an in-depth and
effective analysis method for in high-temperature material-science
experiments.
Two-axis XUV/SR Imaging System with Temporal-spatial Resolution for Wire Array Z-pinch on Qin-1
Authors: Xinyi W. , Liang S. , Mei Z. , Yang L. , Yanhong Z. , Jianpeng G. , Jizhen Z. , Yongtang L. , Ziwei C. , Yuan J. , Qingmin Z. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Qin-1 is a Z-pinch pulse power generator. Due to the
diagnostic requirements of its wire array Z-pinch, a two-axis
temporal-spatial resolution XUV/SR imaging system has been
developed. The system is composed of filters, two gated pinhole
cameras, and a synchronized electric control system. Each camera
consists of a pinhole array, a four-frame microchannel plate image
intensifier and a CMOS camera. The whole system can synchronously
diagnose plasma from two directions with a time resolution of
3 ns. The spatial resolution of the system is approximately
51 μm when the diameter of the pinhole is
20 μm and incident radiation is greater than
455 eV. By using the system, the implosion of symmetric loads and
asymmetric loads was investigated. The generation, ablation and
compression of the coronal plasma and instabilities in the implosion
axis at stagnation can be directly observed from two views. The
results indicated that the position of the implosion axis is related
to the mass distribution of the wire array and provided more details
about bright spots on individual wire arrays. In addition, the
diagnostic results of a single wire with energy resolution were
acquired.
Bending and vibration study of carbon nanotubes reinforced functionally graded smart composite beams
Authors: Kumar Manish , Sarangi Saroj Kumar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A study of smart functionally graded (FG) beams made of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites combined with piezoelectric materials is presented. The material parameters of the composite beams are assumed to vary along their thickness following extended rule of mixture. A finite element (FE) model was developed for the FG carbon nanotube-reinforced beam combined with piezoelectric materials. This model was tested against previously published studies and was found to be in accordance with them. The numerical results were evaluated using various boundary conditions and are presented. The appropriateness of the piezoelectric layer for deflection control of the FG beam is presented followed by the free vibration results. The numerical analysis revealed that the piezoelectric layer of the smart FG beam efficiently controlled the bending deflections of the presently studied carbon nanotube-reinforced FG beams. Various material profiles for grading FG beams were considered and the results are presented.
Utilizing eye tracking to assess electronic health record use by pharmacists in the intensive care unit
Authors: Kang Dean , Charlton Patrick , Applebury David E , Robinson Eric J , Merkel Matthias J , Rowe Sandra , Mohan Vishnu , Gold Jeffrey A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose
A study was conducted using high-fidelity electronic health record (EHR)–based simulations with incorporated eye tracking to understand the workflow of critical care pharmacists within the EHR, with specific attention to the data elements most frequently viewed.

Methods
Eight critical care pharmacists were given 25 minutes to review 3 simulated intensive care unit (ICU) charts deployed in the simulation instance of the EHR. Using monitor-based eye trackers, time spent reviewing screens, clinical information accessed, and screens used to access specific information were reviewed and quantified to look for trends.

Results
Overall, pharmacists viewed 25.5 total and 15.1 unique EHR screens per case. The majority of time was spent looking at screens focused on medications, followed by screens displaying notes, laboratory values, and vital signs. With regard to medication data, the vast majority of screen visitations were to view information on opioids/sedatives and antibiotics. With regard to laboratory values, the majority of views were focused on basic chemistry and hematology data. While there was significant variance between pharmacists, individual navigation patterns remained constant across cases.

Conclusion
The study results suggest that in addition to medication information, laboratory data and clinical notes are key focuses of ICU pharmacist review of patient records and that navigation to multiple screens is required in order to view these data with the EHR. New pharmacy-specific EHR interfaces should consolidate these elements within a primary interface.
Tracking population genetic signatures of local extinction with herbarium specimens
Authors: Rosche Christoph , Baasch Annett , Runge Karen , Brade Philipp , Träger Sabrina , Parisod Christian , Hensen Isabell 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Habitat degradation and landscape fragmentation dramatically lower population sizes of rare plant species. Decreasing population sizes may, in turn, negatively affect genetic diversity and reproductive fitness, which can ultimately lead to local extinction of populations. Although such extinction vortex dynamics have been postulated in theory and modelling for decades, empirical evidence from local extinctions of plant populations is scarce. In particular, comparisons between current vs. historical genetic diversity and differentiation are lacking despite their potential to guide conservation management.

Methods
We studied the population genetic signatures of the local extinction of Biscutella laevigata subsp. gracilis populations in Central Germany. We used microsatellites to genotype individuals from 15 current populations, one ex situ population, and 81 herbarium samples from five extant and 22 extinct populations. In the current populations, we recorded population size and fitness proxies, collected seeds for a germination trial and conducted a vegetation survey. The latter served as a surrogate for habitat conditions to study how habitat dissimilarity affects functional connectivity among the current populations.

Key Results
Bayesian clustering revealed similar gene pool distribution in current and historical samples but also indicated that a distinct genetic cluster was significantly associated with extinction probability. Gene flow was affected by both the spatial distance and floristic composition of population sites, highlighting the potential of floristic composition as a powerful predictor of functional connectivity which may promote decision-making for reintroduction measures. For an extinct population, we found a negative relationship between sampling year and heterozygosity. Inbreeding negatively affected germination.

Conclusions
Our study illustrates the usefulness of historical DNA to study extinction vortices in threatened species. Our novel combination of classical population genetics together with data from herbarium specimens, an ex situ population and a germination trial underlines the need for genetic rescue measures to prevent extinction of B. laevigata in Central Germany.
Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal multiple whole-genome duplication events, the history of diversification and adaptations in the Araceae
Authors: Zhao Lei , Yang Ying-Ying , Qu Xiao-Jian , Ma Hong , Hu Yi , Li Hong-Tao , Yi Ting-Shuang , Li De-Zhu 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
The Araceae are one of the most diverse monocot families with numerous morphological and ecological novelties. Plastid and mitochondrial genes have been used to investigate the phylogeny and to interpret shifts in the pollination biology and biogeography of the Araceae. In contrast, the role of whole-genome duplication (WGD) in the evolution of eight subfamilies remains unclear.

Methods
New transcriptomes or low-depth whole-genome sequences of 65 species were generated through Illumina sequencing. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Araceae using concatenated and species tree methods, and then estimated the age of major clades using TreePL. We inferred the WGD events by Ks and gene tree methods. We investigated the diversification patterns applying time-dependent and trait-dependent models. The expansions of gene families and functional enrichments were analysed using CAFE and InterProScan.

Key Results
Gymnostachydoideae was the earliest diverging lineage followed successively by Orontioideae, Lemnoideae and Lasioideae. In turn, they were followed by the clade of ‘bisexual climbers’ comprised of Pothoideae and Monsteroideae, which was resolved as the sister to the unisexual flowers clade of Zamioculcadoideae and Aroideae. A special WGD event ψ (psi) shared by the True-Araceae clade occurred in the Early Cretaceous. Net diversification rates first declined and then increased through time in the Araceae. The best diversification rate shift along the stem lineage of the True-Araceae clade was detected, and net diversification rates were enhanced following the ψ-WGD. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that some genes, such as those encoding heat shock proteins, glycosyl hydrolase and cytochrome P450, expanded within the True-Araceae clade.

Conclusions
Our results improve our understanding of aroid phylogeny using the large number of single-/low-copy nuclear genes. In contrast to the Proto-Araceae group and the lemnoid clade adaption to aquatic environments, our analyses of WGD, diversification and functional enrichment indicated that WGD may play a more important role in the evolution of adaptations to tropical, terrestrial environments in the True-Araceae clade. These insights provide us with new resources to interpret the evolution of the Araceae.
Addressing barriers in comprehensiveness, accessibility, reusability, interoperability and reproducibility of computational models in systems biology
Authors: Niarakis Anna , Waltemath Dagmar , Glazier James , Schreiber Falk , Keating Sarah M , Nickerson David , Chaouiya Claudine , Siegel Anne , Noël Vincent , Hermjakob Henning , Helikar Tomáš , Soliman Sylvain , Calzone Laurence 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Computational models are often employed in systems biology to study the dynamic behaviours of complex systems. With the rise in the number of computational models, finding ways to improve the reusability of these models and their ability to reproduce virtual experiments becomes critical. Correct and effective model annotation in community-supported and standardised formats is necessary for this improvement. Here, we present recent efforts toward a common framework for annotated, accessible, reproducible and interoperable computational models in biology, and discuss key challenges of the field.
Self-reported engagement in exercise is associated with longer event-free survival in heart failure patients with poor functional capacity
Authors: Madujibeya Ifeanyi , Chung Misook L , Moser Debra K , Miller Jennifer A , Lennie Terry A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Aims
Despite evidence-based recommendations for clinically stable patients with heart failure (HF) to engage in unsupervised exercise, the minimum cumulative dose of exercise per week associated with improvement in HF outcomes, especially in patients with poor functional capacity, has not been examined. We examined whether patients with HF and poor functional capacity who reported engagement in a guideline-recommended minimum weekly exercise had longer event-free survival than patients who did not exercise.

Methods and results
This analysis included 310 patients with HF who had completed the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and reported their level of engagement in exercise. Patients were grouped into good and poor functional capacity using a DASI cut-point of ≥19 and then further stratified based on their self-reported exercise level: high (≥60 min/week) and low (&lt;60 min/week). Cox regression modelling was used to predict event-free survival for the four groups after adjusting for covariates. Patients (mean age = 61.6 ± 11.4 years, 30.3% female, 44.2% NYHA Classes III–IV) were followed for a median of 362 days. There were eight deaths and 108 all-cause hospitalizations. Patients with poor functional capacity who reported high exercise engagement had a 36% lower risk of all-cause hospitalization or mortality compared with patients with poor functional capacity who reported low exercise engagement (hazard ratio: 0.64, P = 0.028).

Conclusion
Self-reported engagement in a minimum of 60 min of exercise per week was associated with a significant improvement in event-free survival, even in patients with HF with low functional capacity. These results provide evidence that this dose of exercise is beneficial in patients with HF and poor functional capacity.
Effects of short-interval reburns in the boreal forest on soil bacterial communities compared to long-interval reburns
Authors: Woolet Jamie , Whitman Ellen , Parisien Marc-André , Thompson Dan K , Flannigan Mike D , Whitman Thea 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIncreasing fire frequency in some biomes is leading to fires burning in close succession, triggering rapid vegetation change and altering soil properties. We studied the effects of short-interval (SI) reburns on soil bacterial communities of the boreal forest of northwestern Canada using paired sites (n = 44). Both sites in each pair had burned in a recent fire; one site had burned within the previous 20 years before the recent fire (SI reburn) and the other had not. Paired sites were closely matched in prefire ecosite characteristics, prefire tree species composition, and stand structure. We hypothesized that there would be a significant effect of short vs. long fire-free intervals on community composition and that richness would not be consistently different between paired sites. We found that Blastococcus sp. was consistently enriched in SI reburns, indicating its role as a strongly ‘pyrophilous’ bacterium. Caballeronia sordidicola was consistently depleted in SI reburns. The depletion of this endophytic diazotroph raises questions about whether this is contributing to—or merely reflects—poor conifer seedling recolonization post-fire at SI reburns. While SI reburns had no significant effect on richness, dissimilarity between short- and long-interval pairs was significantly correlated with difference in soil pH, and there were small significant changes in overall community composition.