bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4H-silicon carbide as particle detector for high-intensity ion beams
Authors: Christanell M. , Tomaschek M. , Bergauer T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In ion cancer therapy, high-intensity ion beams are used to treat tumors by taking advantage of the Bragg-peak. Typical ion therapy centers use particle rates up to 1010 ions/second for treatment. On the other hand, such intensities are often too high when using these beamlines for particle physics experiments or as a test-beam environment in general. The project presented here aims to develop a beam position and intensity monitor, to cover a wide intensity range from a few Hz up to GHz rates, as used in clinical settings. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an attractive detector material for this application because it combines potential high radiation hardness with high thermal conductivity to avoid cooling. Moreover, its high electron saturation velocity allows very fast signals to mitigate pile-ups. However, some special properties of the material like different crystal polytypes have to be considered. In this paper, measurements on both a pad and a micro-strip SiC sensor prototype of 4H lattice geometry are shown. The sensors were tested in the laboratory using radioactive sources and with a proton beam in a wide intensity range (kHz–GHz) and with different energies (60–800 MeV) available at MedAustron, an ion cancer therapy center located in Austria. The measurements show that MIP particles cannot be detected reliably with the used discrete electronics setup in combination with the single-channel sensor. However, the strip sensor combined with an ASIC-based readout electronics from the CMS/Belle-II experiments allows to recover a certain part of the signal. This makes it possible to determine the ionization energy and average number of electron/hole pairs generated in the studied sensor samples.
Advance of glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using ionic liquid: mini review
Authors: Zunita M , Yuan D M , Laksono A S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiomass has been used as a raw material to replace fossil fuel due to its abundance and renewability in recent years. The majority of biomass consists of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose. The conversion of glucose into its derivative (i.e., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) opens several spaces to be studied. However, the yield of HMF is still low due to its ease of degradation into by-products and the difficulty of product separation. Therefore, ionic liquid (IL) is used as a solvent or media to avoid HMF degradation, which has high thermal stability, low toxicity, an un-flammable, wide range of solubility, physical and chemical stability. In addition, IL is recyclable, has good performance at dissolving biomass, and can act as a catalyst. Many important aspects of glucose conversion into HMF in IL as a media and catalyst can be deeply developed and investigated regarding conversion yield, which is affected by different ILs used, and conversion time. This review paper will discuss a detailed summary of the development of glucose conversion into HMF using IL.
Impact of surfactant-aided subcritical water pretreatment process conditions on the reducing sugar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch
Authors: Rachmah A N L , Fatmawati A , Widjaja A 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), waste produced from the palm oil mills, has not been intensely utilized while its abundant availability in tropical countries such as Indonesia. It is one of the potential lignocellulosic material sources which can be utilized to produce sugar. The subcritical water process has been known as a promising lignocellulose-to-sugar conversion process. This study examined the effects of temperature, surfactant types, and concentrations on the sugar yield from OPEFB through the subcritical water process. In this research, the subcritical water process was conducted at a varied temperature of 140-180 °C, constant pressure and time of 60 bar, and 60 minutes, respectively. The types of surfactants studied were non-ionic, anionic, and cationic (Tween 80, SDS, and CTAB). Reducing sugar concentration analyses and solid characterizations using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA were carried out in this research to evaluate the impact of the subcritical water process variables. The experiments showed that Tween 80 addition to the subcritical water process produced significant sugar yields at temperature 140 °C. The addition of CTAB to the subcritical water process shows adverse effects, while that of SDS showed support in the sugar production yields. This may be caused by hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between functional groups of the lignin unit and the hydrophobic and ionic groups of the surfactants. The subcritical water process run at a temperature of 180 °C assisted by SDS is the best scenario to produce the highest reducing sugar yield of 4.034%.
Analysis of biogas production from palm oil mill effluent at different feed flow rates in biogas plant Sei Pagar Riau
Authors: Wulandari W , Senda S P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Indonesia’s palm oil industry is considered one of the biggest in the world. Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) has the potential for further processing, which can be used as a substitute for boiler fuel (co-firing). Research on converting POME to biogas for boiler fuel (co-firing) in the oil palm plantation Sei Pagar Riau has been carried out. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the biogas production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent at different feed flow rates in Biogas Plant Sei Pagar Riau. Experiments were carried out using the Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR). The reactor capacity was 2000 m3. The reactor was equipped with one unit of vertical agitator and three units of horizontal agitators. POME was distributed from the fat pit unit to the pretreatment unit using the fat pit transfer pump. From the pretreatment unit, then POME proceeds to the reactor using the reactor feed pump started from 2.4 m3/h then gradually increase to 6.3 m3/h as the highest feed flow rate. Biogas was produced in the anaerobic reactor at mesophilic temperature. This study showed that an increase in the POME feed flow rate into the reactor also increases the production of biogas generated in the reactor. The biogas production began to increase every day, with the highest average biogas production of 167 m3/h. The methane concentration was also measured and showed that the highest methane concentration was on day 6, with a value of 70%. And then, the methane concentration trend decreased. However, it was relatively stable in the range of 62.1%-66.7% on day 18 to day 53. Based on this research, it was found that the optimal biogas production of the Biogas Plant in Sei Pagar Riau was generated when the POME feed flow rate was gradually increased and reached the maximum capacity according to its design.
Influence of fenton pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of sugarcane vinasse: effect of H2O2 dosage
Authors: Hakika D C , Sarto S , Mindaryani A , Hidayat M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sugarcane vinasse is one of the resources with a high potential for biogas production. However, its high value of COD (>100 g/L) and poor biodegradability could present substrate inhibition during anaerobic digestion. Thus, pretreatment techniques seem necessary for improving the process efficiency and enhancing biogas yield from sugarcane vinasse. In this study, the pretreatment process has been carried out using Fenton reagent, which utilizes the hydroxyl radical produced from the catalyzing reaction between hydrogen peroxide and Fe2+ or Fe3+. Sugarcane vinasse as substrate was pretreated using Fenton reaction at different doses of 30% H2O2 within the range of 15 to 80 g/L. Through Fenton pretreatment, the biodegradability of sugarcane vinasse and biogas production was markedly increased. The optimum dose of H2O2 for Fenton pretreatment of biogas production from sugarcane vinasse was 60 g/L. At this pretreatment condition, the cumulative biogas yield was 124.39 mL/g sCOD, and the methane content was 52.6%. The methane content of biogas from Fenton-pretreated vinasse increased approximately four times higher (from 11.3% to 52.6%) compared to the untreated sugarcane vinasse as control. These results indicate that Fenton pretreatment can be applied to improve substrate biodegradability and enhance biogas production from sugarcane vinasse.
Modeling the synthetic gas fermentation for bioethanol production
Authors: Krista G M , Kresnowati M T A P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The productivity of bioethanol from the synthetic gas anaerobic fermentation by Clostridium jungdahlii is still very low when compared to other bioethanol fermentation methods. The low mass transfer rate of CO, CO2, and H2 gases to the liquid fermentation broth has been considered a major bottleneck in the overall process. Another possible bottleneck is the low concentration of biomass as the real catalyst for bioethanol production. A repeated batch fermentation configuration is proposed to solve the biomass concentration problem. This paper presents the evaluation of the repeated batch configuration for syngas anaerobic fermentation. A model for syngas fermentation has been developed and was used to simulate the effects of repeated batch configurations on bioethanol productivity. The results indicated more than a 50% increase in bioethanol productivity can be achieved by running this fermentation configuration.
A review of sugarcane bagasse pretreatment for bioethanol production
Authors: Nasution M H , Lelinasari S , Kelana M G S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBioethanol is a new and renewable energy source. The second-generation bioethanol production process from lignocellulosic materials has development opportunities. This is because the first generation of bioethanol raw materials is generally a food source. Diversification of raw materials for the bioethanol production process can be developed through the use of non-food or waste sources. The process of developing bioethanol from local non-food resources or waste can increase energy security and the added value of these sources. One of the potential sources is sugarcane bagasse. The production process of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse consists of: (i) pretreatment; (ii) enzymatic hydrolysis; (iii) fermentation; (iv) distillation; and (v) dehydration. The major composition of sugarcane bagasse consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Sugarcane bagasse requires a pretreatment process to separate lignin and hemicellulose from cellulose, reduce the crystallinity of cellulose and facilitate the hydrolysis of cellulose. This review focuses on sugarcane bagasse pretreatment for bioethanol production. There are several types of pretreatment processes, including (i) physical pretreatment; (ii) acid pretreatment; (iii) alkaline pretreatment; (iv) organosolv pretreatment; (v) steam explosion; and (vi) wet oxidation. Physical pretreatment is the process of physically changing the size of the sugarcane bagasse to be smaller. Chemical pretreatment is the separation process of lignin and hemicellulose from cellulose using acid compounds. Alkaline pretreatment is the separation process of lignin and hemicellulose from cellulose using alkali compounds. Organosolv pretreatment is lignocellulosic pretreatment using organic solvents. Steam explosion is the process of disrupting the complicated structure of sugarcane bagasse using steam. Wet oxidation is the process of biomass treatment with water, oxygen, or air. Steam explosion is superior to other processes in terms of hemicellulose solubilization, reaction time and no toxic substances.
Myco-briquettes from sugar palm dregs fibre, cassava dregs and coconut shell charcoal with solid substrate fermentation technology
Authors: Agustina W , Aditiawati P , Kusumah S S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstratct. Myco-briquettes from sugar palm dregs fibre (SPDF), cassava dregs (CD), and coconut shell charcoal (CSC) have been prepared by the solid substrate fermentation method using Ganoderma lucidum. The purpose of this study was to determine the best formula and characteristics of the myco-briquette product. The myco-riquette were prepared by varying the composition ratios of the SPDF and CD i.e. 65:35; 50:50; and 35: 65% w/w) and then optimized by adding CSC to the selected formula with varying of CSC concentration such as 10%, 15%, and 20% of total solid weight. The stages of myco-briquette production include preparation of inoculum, material mixing, sterilization, inoculation, fermentation, pressing, drying, cutting, and packaging. The products of myco-briquette are then compared with the Indonesian Standard of wood pellets (Indonesian National Sandard (SNI): 8021: 2014). Based on the test results, the fermentation time is around 11-12 days. The best formula for myco-briquette products is 35: 65% w/w of composition ratio between SPDF and CD with the addition of 20% CSC. The optimum myco-briquette had a moisture content (7.55%), an ash content (3.06%), a heating value (4522.56 cal/g), a density (0.51g/cm3), volatile matter (61.64%) and fixed carbon (26.90%) fulfilled SNI 8021-2014 for wood pellet. However, the density and ash content of Myco-briquette did not satisfy SNI 8021-2014.
Effect of solid loading and dipping time on microstructure and shear strength of hydroxyapatite coatings deposited via dip coating technique
Authors: Fadli A , Mulya N , Pane K B , Pratama A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Stainless steel (SS) 316L has been used in the biomedical field, especially as a bone plate. Although SS 316L provides high mechanical and corrosion resistance, the low biocompatibility of SS 316L hampers its application for permanent bone implants. This research investigates the effect of hydroxyapatite loading and dipping time on microstructure and shear strength of hydroxyapatite layer coated on SS 316L surface. Hydroxyapatite powder and aquadest were mixed with sago starch to form suspension with stirring rate at 150 rpm for 20 hours. Subsequently, the stainless steel plate was dipped into the suspension and put into the oven at 110°C for 10 minutes, followed by sintering at 800°C for 1 hour. The coating process was carried out with variations in the hydroxyapatite addition of 8, 10, and 12 grams and dipping time variations of 2, 6, and 10 seconds. Then, the microstructure of stainless steel coated hydroxyapatite was analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and autograph. The result shows that the increase in hydroxyapatite and the dipping time increase the hydroxyapatite layer on stainless steel. The hydroxyapatite with the thickest layer is 65 µm for 12 gr hydroxyapatite addition and dipping time of 10 seconds. Moreover, shear strength of the layer increase with hydroxyapatite addition and dipping time. The maximum shear strength obtained in this study is 244 kPa.
Production of bone implant filaments from blue crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) in various synthesis conditions and blending ratios of hydroxyapatite (HAp)-polycaprolactone (PCL)
Authors: Ningrum E O , Pratiwi E L , Shaffitri I L , Putra A F P , Karisma A D , Suprapto S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe effect of calcination temperatures and KH2PO4concentrations on filament properties using the precipitation method was investigated. Moreover, the effect of optimum hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone ratios was also elucidated. In this study, blue crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) waste was used to synthesis hydroxyapatite. The modification of composite production was done by adding polymer as filler to obtain stronger composites with suitable mechanical properties for a stronger bone implant. The filament production consists of several steps, i.e., raw material pretreatment, synthesis of hydroxyapatite using a precursor of KH2PO4with precipitation method, and synthesis of hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone composites, and hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone filament formation process using an extruder. It was found that the hydroxyapatite has been successfully synthesized from raw material of blue crab (Portunus Pelagicus) shells by calcination temperatures of 950°C and 1000°C. The highest calcium concentration in the raw material calcined from rajungan shells obtained from the XRF analysis was 94.96% at a temperature of 950°C. The FTIR analysis results showed a PO43-group indicating hydroxyapatite content in the crab shells.
The effect of silica filler quartz sand from tailing processing of mining material on mechanical properties, thermal aging and morphology rubber compound
Authors: Prasetya H A , Marlina P , Rahmaniar  , Sugiyono B , Danimasthari F , Subari  , Faizal M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Tailings as waste from mining material processing contain constituents that have the potential to be exploited economically. Tailings deposits derived from tin mines include quartz sand with a SiO2 content of 98.03%, which can function as a filler for rubber products. This research studied silica quartz sand as a mineral filler in natural rubber (NR) on rubber’s mechanical and thermal aging characteristics. The effect of reinforced filled in NR was observed by varying 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 phr of the filler. The thermal aging test is carried out at 70 °C and 100 °C for a storage period of 72 hours. SEM micrographs were used to examine morphology. The results showed that using silica quartz sand as a filler improved various properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, hardness, and abrasion resistance. The higher the grinding temperature, the higher the hardness and tensile strength, but the lower the elongation at break. Morphological analysis using SEM micrographs revealed the system’s strengths and weaknesses. The silica particles are homogeneously mixed with natural rubber, according to SEM analysis. According to the findings of this study, the silica of quartz sand from tin mining processing industrial waste can be used as a cost-effective alternative filler in NR compounding.
Preparation of magnesium oxide confined in activated carbon synthesized from palm kernel shell and its application for hydrogen sulfide removal
Authors: Abriyani D , Ariyanto T , Prasetyo I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, magnesium oxide (MgO) confined in porous carbon was synthesized and the efficacy of this material was analyzed for hydrogen sulfide removal. The palm kernel shell was carbonated to obtain the porous carbon material (labelled as AC-TKS). The confinement of magnesium oxide was carried out by the incipient wetness impregnation process of a metal oxide precursor followed by calcination. The MgO content in porous carbon was optimized to maintain a 5 wt. % total content of oxide (MgO-5%/AC-TKS). Materials were characterized using N2-sorption analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-EDX (SEM-EDX). AC-TKS has a high specific surface area (SSA) of 708 m2/g. Meanwhile, the specific surface area decreased by up to 50% (ca. 248 m2/g) for MgO-5%/AC-TKS caused by the blocking of the MgO content. The successful confinement process was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis which revealed that MgO was formed by the appearance of MgO peaks. This is supported by the results of SEM-EDX mapping, which showed the presence of Mg and O elements on the carbon surface. The higher H2S removal was shown by MgO-5%/AC-TKS which could reduce H2S up to 98.6% and showed a better performance compared to only porous carbon.
High cell density submerged membrane photobioreactor (SMPBR) for microalgae cultivation
Authors: Steven S , Friatnasary D L , Wardani A K , Khoiruddin K , Suantika G , Wenten I G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Microalgae have been extensively studied as a potentially sustainable biomass resource. However, its cultivating and harvesting system faces many challenges due to the low cell density of microalgae. Recently, membrane technology in microalgae cultivation is believed to improve the CO2 gas-liquid mass transfer. It could generate more uniform microbubbles to prolong the gas retention time in the culture solution. This study used a submerged membrane photobioreactor (SMPBR) based on a hydrophobic polypropylene membrane as a CO2 diffuser for producing high cell density microalgae. The SMPBR performance during Chaetoceros calcitrans batch cultivation in a modified f/2 (Guillard) medium was investigated. Results show that Chaetoceros calcitrans growth follows a sigmoid mode without a lag phase until it reaches the stationary and death phase. Cultivation using SMPBR also intensified the biomass concentration, initially from 7.0 x 106 cells/mL up to 4.8 x 108 cells/mL. In 7 days of cultivation under 3% of CO2 and 1.8 L/min of inlet gas flow rate, a maximum biomass concentration of 2.1 g/L was achieved with a maximum specific growth rate of 2.1 day1. Results show that the SMPBR configuration effectively supplies CO2 to a microalgae culture due to the high CO2 transfer in the medium. Moreover, it has the potential application for producing high cell density microalgae.
The effect of temperatures and monomer ratios on the characteristic of anionic and cationic gel-based adsorbents
Authors: Ningrum E O , Safitri Z M , Dzaky M A , Suprapto S , Karisma A D , Ni’mah H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Industrial development has caused the metal concentration in the environment to increase. This is a serious issue considering that heavy metals are stable and cannot naturally decompose. Therefore, wastewater should be processed before being disposed to the environment. Several technologies have been developed for removing heavy metal content in industrial liquid wastes. The adsorption method using solid adsorbent is a simple and effective method for separating heavy metal ions from electroplating wastes since they are eco-friendly and efficient. However, they produce secondary wastes and require high operational costs. The blending of cationic gel NIPAM-co-Chitosan and anionic gel NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid is a potential candidate as a new alternative adsorbent. By this method, the secondary wastes can be eliminated, adsorbed ions simultaneously, and adsorb-desorb ions reversibly. NIPAM-co-Chi and NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid are synthesized from a polymerization reaction using N, N, N’, N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and sodium sulfite as accelerators, ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as an initiator, and N, N’-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA) as a cross-linker. The gel was synthesized in a three-neck round flask for 6 hours. The product crush gel was then used for the adsorption and swelling degree test. The swelling degree test was performed by measuring the swelling gel volume before and after being soaked for 24 hours in target solutions. The gel obtained from the adsorption test was separated from the solution to be analyzed with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Based on the FTIR analysis of NIPAM-co-Chi and NIPAM-co-Acrylic Acid gels, there is no peak indicating the presence of vinyl C=C bonds. It can be concluded that the gel copolymer synthesis that was carried out was successful. The optimum results were obtained from the swelling degree analysis on electroplating waste at a concentration of 8:2.