bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholders’ perspectives on facilitative supervision implementation in north-western Ghana: an exploration of adherence and quality of primary healthcare
Authors: Sarkpoh Faustina , Domapielle Maximillian Kolbe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Aim:
Following growing concern about healthcare quality in many developing countries, this article analyses the relationship between facilitative supervision (FS) and the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) services in north-western Ghana.

Background:
While adherence to the tenets of FS aims to trigger improvement in the quality of PHC services, research has seldom explored this relationship to facilitate effective planning and implementation of PHC services, particularly in deprived areas.

Methodology:
Based on the implementation of FS in primary health facilities in a district and a municipality in north-western Ghana, a multi-case study approach was employed to collect and analyse the data. Specifically, 52 semi-structured interviews were conducted in the two study settings and the data were analysed using a thematic framework. Observation and secondary analysis were also employed to generate data to triangulate and supplement the interview data.

Findings:
The results reveal that health facilities in the Wa West district are relatively under-resourced, and this impedes the regularity of supervisory visits compared to the Wa Municipality. This notwithstanding, adherence to the prescriptions of FS is rated by the study participants as moderately satisfactory in both districts, culminating in improvement in the quality of PHC. This finding has implications for innovation in the mobilisation of health resources to increase the regularity of facilitation supervision in deprived settings. We advocate further research to establish whether the marginal improvement in the quality of PHC achieved in the two districts has resulted in an increase in uptake of PHC services to improve the health of the population or not.
ClimateBench v1.0: A Benchmark for Data‐Driven Climate Projections
Authors: Watson‐Parris D. , Rao Y. , Olivié D. , Seland Ø. , Nowack P. , Camps‐Valls G. , Stier P. , Bouabid S. , Dewey M. , Fons E. , Gonzalez J. , Harder P. , Jeggle K. , Lenhardt J. , Manshausen P. , Novitasari M. , Ricard L. , Roesch C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMany different emission pathways exist that are compatible with the Paris climate agreement, and many more are possible that miss that target. While some of the most complex Earth System Models have simulated a small selection of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, it is impractical to use these expensive models to fully explore the space of possibilities. Such explorations therefore mostly rely on one‐dimensional impulse response models, or simple pattern scaling approaches to approximate the physical climate response to a given scenario. Here we present ClimateBench—the first benchmarking framework based on a suite of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, AerChemMIP and Detection‐Attribution Model Intercomparison Project simulations performed by a full complexity Earth System Model, and a set of baseline machine learning models that emulate its response to a variety of forcers. These emulators can predict annual mean global distributions of temperature, diurnal temperature range and precipitation (including extreme precipitation) given a wide range of emissions and concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and aerosols, allowing them to efficiently probe previously unexplored scenarios. We discuss the accuracy and interpretability of these emulators and consider their robustness to physical constraints such as total energy conservation. Future opportunities incorporating such physical constraints directly in the machine learning models and using the emulators for detection and attribution studies are also discussed. This opens a wide range of opportunities to improve prediction, robustness and mathematical tractability. We hope that by laying out the principles of climate model emulation with clear examples and metrics we encourage engagement from statisticians and machine learning specialists keen to tackle this important and demanding challenge.
Vertical Structure of Barotropic‐to‐Baroclinic Tidal Energy Conversion on a Continental Slope
Authors: Liu Z. , Zhang W. G. , Helfrich K. R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHorizontal distribution of the vertically integrated barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion has been widely studied to examine the generation of internal tides at steep topography. The vertical structure of the energy conversion that provides insights into the associated dynamics, however, is masked by the often used depth‐integrated approach. Here, we reveal the vertical profile of barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion by employing an idealized ocean model in a slope‐shelf context forced by M2 barotropic tidal flow. The model shows two vertically separated hotspots of energy conversion, one near the sloping bottom and the other at the thermocline, resulting from the stronger vertical velocity and enhancement of the density perturbation, respectively. Isolation of the hotspots demonstrates that baroclinic energy generated in the bottom layer radiates toward onshore and offshore primarily in the form of internal wave beams, whereas that generated at the thermocline propagates away in the form of internal wave modes. Although energy converted at the thermocline contributes to only a small portion of the total energy conversion, it plays an important role in onshore baroclinic energy radiation and can be significantly affected by the internal wave activity at the bottom layer. With a fixed bottom topography, the percentage of baroclinic energy generated at the thermocline is linearly related to a body force exerted by the barotropic tidal flow over topography that can be estimated analytically. This provides a convenient way to estimate the overall barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion over a continental slope in the real ocean by measuring the energy conversion in the thermocline only.
Science Through Machine Learning: Quantification of Post‐Storm Thermospheric Cooling
Authors: Licata Richard J. , Mehta Piyush M. , Weimer Daniel R. , Drob Douglas P. , Tobiska W. Kent , Yoshii Jean 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMachine learning (ML) models are universal function approximators and—if used correctly—can summarize the information content of observational data sets in a functional form for scientific and engineering applications. A benefit to ML over parametric models is that there are no a priori assumptions about particular basis functions which can potentially limit the phenomena that can be modeled. In this work, we develop ML models on three data sets: the Space Environment Technologies High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) density database, a spatiotemporally matched data set of outputs from the Jacchia‐Bowman 2008 Empirical Thermospheric Density Model (JB2008), and an accelerometer‐derived density data set from CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP). These ML models are compared to the Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar (NRLMSIS 2.0) model to study the presence of post‐storm cooling in the middle‐thermosphere. We find that both NRLMSIS 2.0 and JB2008‐ML do not account for post‐storm cooling and consequently perform poorly in periods following strong geomagnetic storms (e.g., the 2003 Halloween storms). Conversely, HASDM‐ML and CHAMP‐ML do show evidence of post‐storm cooling indicating that this phenomenon is present in the original data sets. Results show that density reductions up to 40% can occur 1–3 days post‐storm depending on the location and strength of the storm.
Massively parallel direct writing of nanoapertures using multi-optical probes and super-resolution near-fields
Authors: Park Changsu , Hwang Soobin , Kim Donghyun , Won Nahyun , Han Runjia , Jeon Seonghyeon , Shim Wooyoung , Lim Jiseok , Joo Chulmin , Kang Shinill 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLaser direct-writing enables micro and nanoscale patterning, and is thus widely used for cutting-edge research and industrial applications. Various nanolithography methods, such as near-field, plasmonic, and scanning-probe lithography, are gaining increasing attention because they enable fabrication of high-resolution nanopatterns that are much smaller than the wavelength of light. However, conventional methods are limited by low throughput and scalability, and tend to use electron beams or focused-ion beams to create nanostructures. In this study, we developed a procedure for massively parallel direct writing of nanoapertures using a multi-optical probe system and super-resolution near-fields. A glass micro-Fresnel zone plate array, which is an ultra-precision far-field optical system, was designed and fabricated as the multi-optical probe system. As a chalcogenide phase-change material (PCM), multiple layers of Sb65Se35 were used to generate the super-resolution near-field effect. A nanoaperture was fabricated through direct laser writing on a large-area (200 × 200 mm2) multi-layered PCM. A photoresist nanopattern was fabricated on an 8-inch wafer via near-field nanolithography using the developed nanoaperture and an i-line commercial exposure system. Unlike other methods, this technique allows high-throughput large-area nanolithography and overcomes the gap-control issue between the probe array and the patterning surface.
A micromachined electrochemical angular accelerometer with highly integrated sensitive microelectrodes
Authors: Liang Tian , Liu Bowen , Chen Mingwei , Lu Yulan , Chen Jian , Chen Deyong , Wang Junbo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a micromachined electrochemical angular accelerometer with highly integrated sensitive microelectrodes. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations were conducted to model the angular accelerometer with key geometrical parameters (e.g., electrode spacing, via spacing and via size) optimized. Highly integrated sensitive microelectrodes were manufactured based on microfabrication and assembled to form MEMS-based electrochemical angular accelerometers. Device characterization was conducted, locating a sensitivity of 80 V/(rad/s2), a bandwidth of 0.01–18 Hz and a noise level of 3.98 × 10−8(rad/s2)/√Hz. In comparison to a previously reported electrochemical angular microaccelerometer, a significant improvement in sensitivity (80 V/(rad/s2) vs. 10 V/(rad/s2)) was achieved due to the new structure of sensitive microelectrodes. These results indicated the potential of the developed MEMS-based electrochemical angular accelerometer in seismology, including natural disaster monitoring and resource exploration.
Interpreting the results of noninferiority trials—a review
Authors: Cuzick Jack , Sasieni Peter 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNoninferiority trials are becoming increasing common, but are often poorly reported and misunderstood. A better understanding of the new components of a noninferiority trial and their interpretation is needed. Noninferiority trials are an extension of conventional superiority trials, which provide a basis for determining if a new treatment, which may have advantages other than efficacy, has sufficient efficacy to be useful in certain situations. A key feature is the need to specify a clinical noninferiority margin above which the lower boundary of the confidence interval for the difference between the new treatment and the conventional treatment must lie. In most cases a nontreated control arm is not included, and when the efficacy of the new treatment is less than that of the standard treatment, determining its efficacy versus no treatment can be a major challenge. Treatments meeting a clinical noninferiority requirement can be statistically significantly superior to standard treatment, of similar efficacy (i.e., no significant difference), or even significantly inferior in a conventional analysis. Noninferiority comparisons are an important addition to the reporting of clinical trials, but require prior consideration of several factors that conventional superiority analyses do not address.
Phosphorylation of PFKFB4 by PIM2 promotes anaerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation in endometriosis
Authors: Lu Chao , Qiao Pengyun , Fu Ruihai , Wang Yadi , Lu Jiayi , Ling Xi , Liu Lu , Sun Yujun , Ren Chune , Yu Zhenhai 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEndometriosis (EM) is one of the vanquished wonted causes of chronic pelvic sting in women and is closely associated with infertility. The long-term, complex, systemic, and post-treatment recurrence of EM wreaks havoc on women’s quality of life. Extensive metabolic reprogramming (aerobic glycolysis, glucose overweening intake, and high lactate production) and cancer-like changes have been found in EM, which bears striking similarities to tumorigenesis. The key glycolysis regulator PFKFB4 is overexpressed in EM. However, the mechanism of PFKFB4 in EM remains unknown. We found that PFKFB4 was upregulated and was closely related to the progression of EM. We identified focus PIM2 as a new pioneering adjoin protein of PFKFB4. Vigorous biochemical methods were used to confirm that PIM2 phosphorylated site Thr140 of PFKFB4. PIM2 also could enhance PFKFB4 protein expression through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Moreover, PIM2 expression was really corresponding prevalent with PFKFB4 in endometriosis in vivo. Importantly, phosphorylation of PFKFB4 on Thr140 by PIM2 promoted EM glycolysis and cell growth. Our study demonstrates that PIM2 mediates PFKFB4 Thr140 phosphorylation thus regulating glycolysis and EM progression. We illustrated a new mechanism that PIM2 simulated a central upstream partnership in the regulation of PFKFB4, and reveal a novel means of PIM2-PFKFB4 setting EM growth. Our research provided new theoretical support for further clarifying the reprogramming of EM glucose metabolism, and provided new clues for exploring non-contraceptive treatments for EM.
Visual acuity, amblyopia, and vision-related quality of life in preterm adults with and without ROP: results from the Gutenberg prematurity eye study
Authors: Fieß Achim , Greven Katrin , Mildenberger Eva , Urschitz Michael S. , Elflein Heike M. , Zepp Fred , Stoffelns Bernhard , Pfeiffer Norbert , Schuster Alexander K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated the effects of prematurity and ROP on visual acuity and VRQoL in adults (18–52 years).

Methods
The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmologic examination. Preterm and full-term participants at an age from 18 to 52 years were included. Distant corrected visual acuity (DCVA) and VRQoL were assessed in participants (892 eyes of 450 individuals aged 28.6 ± 8.6 years, 251 females) grouped into full-term controls (gestational age [GA] at birth ≥37 weeks), preterm participants without ROP and GA 33–36 weeks (group 2), GA 29–32 weeks (group 3), GA ≤ 28 weeks (group 4), non-treated ROP (group 5) and treated ROP (group 6). Main outcome measures were distant corrected visual acuity (DCVA), VRQoL and prevalence of amblyopia.

Results
The DCVA of the better eye correlated (p < 0.001) with GA, birth weight, ROP, ROP treatment, and perinatal adverse events and was poorer in both ROP groups. Visual acuity of <20/200 in the better eye was observed in two participants (4.2%) in the ROP group and one person (6.7%) in the treated ROP group. The prevalence of amblyopia increased in the ROP groups. Compared to full-term controls, visual functioning VRQoL scores were lower in preterm individuals independent of ROP while socioemotional VRQoL scores were only lower in the treated ROP group.

Conclusion
Participants with postnatal ROP and its treatment showed decreased visual acuity and VRQol in adulthood, with amblyopia occurring more frequently in more preterm participants with ROP.
Materials property mapping from atomic scale imaging via machine learning based sub-pixel processing
Authors: Han Junghun , Go Kyoung-June , Jang Jinhyuk , Yang Sejung , Choi Si-Young 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDirect visualization of the atomic structure in scanning transmission electron microscopy has led to a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property relationship. However, a reliable characterization of the structural transition on a picometric scale is still challenging because of the limited spatial resolution and noise. Here, we demonstrate that the primary segmentation of atomic signals from background, succeeded by a denoising process, enables structural analysis in a sub-pixel accuracy. Poisson noise is eliminated using the block matching and three-dimensional filtering with Anscombe transformation, and remnant noise is removed via morphological filtering, which results in an increase of peak signal-to-noise ratio from 7 to 11 dB. Extracting the centroids of atomic columns segmented viaK-means clustering, an unsupervised method for robust thresholding, achieves an average error of less than 0.7 pixel, which corresponds to 4.6 pm. This study will contribute to a profound understanding of the local structural dynamics in crystal structures.
Substantial contribution of iodine to Arctic ozone destruction
Authors: Benavent Nuria , Mahajan Anoop S. , Li Qinyi , Cuevas Carlos A. , Schmale Julia , Angot Hélène , Jokinen Tuija , Quéléver Lauriane L. J. , Blechschmidt Anne-Marlene , Zilker Bianca , Richter Andreas , Serna Jesús A. , Garcia-Nieto David , Fernandez Rafael P. , Skov Henrik , Dumitrascu Adela , Simões Pereira Patric , Abrahamsson Katarina , Bucci Silvia , Duetsch Marina , Stohl Andreas , Beck Ivo , Laurila Tiia , Blomquist Byron , Howard Dean , Archer Stephen D. , Bariteau Ludovic , Helmig Detlev , Hueber Jacques , Jacobi Hans-Werner , Posman Kevin , Dada Lubna , Daellenbach Kaspar R. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnlike bromine, the effect of iodine chemistry on the Arctic surface ozone budget is poorly constrained. We present ship-based measurements of halogen oxides in the high Arctic boundary layer from the sunlit period of March to October 2020 and show that iodine enhances springtime tropospheric ozone depletion. We find that chemical reactions between iodine and ozone are the second highest contributor to ozone loss over the study period, after ozone photolysis-initiated loss and ahead of bromine.
Long-term ecological and evolutionary dynamics in the gut microbiomes of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonized subjects
Authors: Kang Jonathan T. L. , Teo Jonathan J. Y. , Bertrand Denis , Ng Amanda , Ravikrishnan Aarthi , Yong Melvin , Ng Oon Tek , Marimuthu Kalisvar , Chen Swaine L. , Chng Kern Rei , Gan Yunn-Hwen , Nagarajan Niranjan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLong-term colonization of the gut microbiome by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is a growing area of public health concern as it can lead to community transmission and rapid increase in cases of life-threatening CPE infections. Here, leveraging the observation that many subjects are decolonized without interventions within a year, we used longitudinal shotgun metagenomics (up to 12 timepoints) for detailed characterization of ecological and evolutionary dynamics in the gut microbiome of a cohort of CPE-colonized subjects and family members (n = 46; 361 samples). Subjects who underwent decolonization exhibited a distinct ecological shift marked by recovery of microbial diversity, key commensals and anti-inflammatory pathways. In addition, colonization was marked by elevated but unstable Enterobacteriaceae abundances, which exhibited distinct strain-level dynamics for different species (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Finally, comparative analysis with whole-genome sequencing data from CPE isolates (n = 159) helped identify substrain variation in key functional genes and the presence of highly similar E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains with variable resistance profiles and plasmid sharing. These results provide an enhanced view into how colonization by multi-drug-resistant bacteria associates with altered gut ecology and can enable transfer of resistance genes, even in the absence of overt infection and antibiotic usage.
Hydropersulfides inhibit lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis by scavenging radicals
Authors: Barayeu Uladzimir , Schilling Danny , Eid Mohammad , Xavier da Silva Thamara Nishida , Schlicker Lisa , Mitreska Nikolina , Zapp Christopher , Gräter Frauke , Miller Aubry K. , Kappl Reinhard , Schulze Almut , Friedmann Angeli José Pedro , Dick Tobias P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFerroptosis is a type of cell death caused by radical-driven lipid peroxidation, leading to membrane damage and rupture. Here we show that enzymatically produced sulfane sulfur (S0) species, specifically hydropersulfides, scavenge endogenously generated free radicals and, thereby, suppress lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. By providing sulfur for S0biosynthesis, cysteine can support ferroptosis resistance independently of the canonical GPX4 pathway. Our results further suggest that hydropersulfides terminate radical chain reactions through the formation and self-recombination of perthiyl radicals. The autocatalytic regeneration of hydropersulfides may explain why low micromolar concentrations of persulfides suffice to produce potent cytoprotective effects on a background of millimolar concentrations of glutathione. We propose that increased S0biosynthesis is an adaptive cellular response to radical-driven lipid peroxidation, potentially representing a primordial radical protection system.
Social Support and Network Formation in a Small-Scale Horticulturalist Population
Authors: Simpson Cohen R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEvolutionary studies of cooperation in traditional human societies suggest that helping family and responding in kind when helped are the primary mechanisms for informally distributing resources vital to day-to-day survival (e.g., food, knowledge, money, childcare). However, these studies generally rely on forms of regression analysis that disregard complex interdependences between aid, resulting in the implicit assumption that kinship and reciprocity drive the emergence of entire networks of supportive social bonds. Here I evaluate this assumption using individual-oriented simulations of network formation (i.e., Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models). Specifically, I test standard predictions of cooperation derived from the evolutionary theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism alongside well-established sociological predictions around the self-organisation of asymmetric relationships. Simulations are calibrated to exceptional public data on genetic relatedness and the provision of tangible aid amongst all 108 adult residents of a village of indigenous horticulturalists in Nicaragua (11,556 ordered dyads). Results indicate that relatedness and reciprocity are markedly less important to whom one helps compared to the supra-dyadic arrangement of the tangible aid network itself.