bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue-induced changes in hamstrings' active muscle stiffness: Effect of contraction type and implications for strain injuries
Authors: Evangelidis Pavlos E. , Shan Xiyao , Otsuka Shun , Yang Chi , Yamagishi Takaki , Kawakami Yasuo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries may occur due to selective fatigue and compromised mechanical properties within this muscle group. We examined 1) the effect of fatigue on hamstrings active muscle stiffness, and 2) whether contraction type affects these responses. Nine healthy males completed 99 submaximal knee flexions in isometric (ISO), concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) conditions. We measured knee flexor maximal voluntary torque (MVT) (pre/post), shear wave velocity (SWV) during contraction and transverse relaxation times (T2) (pre/post) in biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. MVT decreased substantially after all conditions, while SWV interindividual responses were highly variable across muscles and contraction types. In ISO, BFlh SWV tended to increase while ST and SM SWV remained unchanged. In contrast, in CON, SWV decreased markedly in ST and SM (p< 0.01), but not in BFlh. Finally, in ECC, SWV decreased in BFlh (p< 0.01) but it remained largely constant in ST and variable in SM. In conclusion, fatigue differentially affects the mechanical properties of the constituent hamstring muscles, depending on contraction type. We found evidence that BFlh is selectively fatigued during eccentric contractions, which may explain its susceptibility to strain injuries.
Cold whole blood transfusion in civilian trauma patients requiring emergent resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fischmann Marianna Martini , Bryant Sandra C. , Zielinski Martin D. , Stubbs James R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: The use of cold whole blood (WB) is rapidly resurging as one of the treatment modalities of choice for the initial resuscitation of civilian trauma patients across the United States. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cold whole blood (WB) as compared to blood component therapy (BCT) in resuscitation of civilian trauma patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of trauma patients who received at least one unit of WB transfusion during emergent resuscitation between November 2015 and October 2019 at a level I trauma center. Primary outcome was mortality up to 30 days after trauma. Secondary outcomes included overall blood product utilization and incidence of transfusion reactions. Outcomes were compared between patients who received WB and a cohort receiving BCT who did not receive WB matched for age, sex, mechanism of injury, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow Coma Scale, injury severity score, and FAST results. Results: We included 78 patients who received WB transfusion and 78 matched controls. Within 30 days of injury, there were 19 deaths (24.4%) in the WB cohort and 28 (35.9%) deaths in controls (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.15, p = 0.086). Patients in the WB cohort received as many units of blood products as controls (median number of units was 10 (IQR 6, 20) vs. 12 (IQR 6, 23), p = 0.43). The incidence of any transfusion reactions was similar between groups (7.7% in WB vs 9.0% in controls, p = 0.78). Life-threatening reactions did not occur in any of the groups. Conclusions: There was no mortality difference between patients receiving cold WB and BCT. Cold WB was safe in this cohort with no life-threatening transfusion reactions.
Potential Effect of Preferential Flow on Nitrification and Denitrification in Coastal Unconfined Aquifer
Authors: Gao Chao , Kong Jun , Wang Jun , Zhang Jinming , Chen Weilun , Hua Guofen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study examined the influence of preferential flow on salinity change, pore water flows, and solute transport reaction in variable saturation and variable density coastal aquifers. The 2-D unconfined aquifer model established was based on the finite element software COMSOL by coupling the dynamic and chemical processes together. The simulated results showed that both preferential flow and tide wave affect groundwater flow, leading to a more complicated mixing process than by only considering a single factor. Compared with the tidal force, the preferential flow was found to effectively reduce the length of seawater intrusion. The deeper the depth of preferential flow, the more significant the effect. Owing to this complex and dynamic process, nitrification mainly took place in the shallower zone adjacent to the coast, where oxic seawater and groundwater interact intensively. Denitrification, on the other hand, was dominant in the middle zone of the aquifer, where the oxygen was relatively lesser. Further quantitative analysis revealed an increase in the intensity of nitrification and dissolved oxygen inflow flux with preferential flow depth. This also led to a decrease in the nitrate removal efficiency. This phenomenon usually occurs on coasts where biological caves are abundant. The results also offer significant implications for designing engineering measures to mitigate saltwater intrusion and groundwater quality management in coastal zones.
Divergent effects of short-term warming on microbial resource limitation between topsoil and subsoil in a young subtropical Chinese fir forest
Authors: zheng wei , Lin Weisheng , Fan Yuexin , Li Yiqing , Zhou Jiacong , Zheng Yong , Chen Shidong , Liu Xiaofei , Xiong Decheng , Xu Chao , Yang Zhijie , Yang Yusheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose The effect of warming on microbial resource limitations, especially in resource-poor subsoils, remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of warming on microbial resource [carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] limitation and explored their relationships with soil properties and microbial community structure in topsoil (0-10 cm) and subsoil (40-60 cm).Methods In 2014, ten 2 m×2 m plots were established and assigned to the warming and control treatments at a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in southern China. Microbial resource limitation with warming treatment was accessed via vector analysis of soil extracellular enzymatic stoichiometry after two years.Results Warming aggravated microbial C limitation in the topsoil but alleviated microbial C limitation in the subsoil, while it shifted the microbial nutrient limitation from P limitation to N limitation in the subsoil. Soil microbial C limitation was explained by soil properties (specifically, ammonium nitrogen) in the topsoil while by microbial community composition in the subsoil based on variance partition analysis. The soil microbial nutrient limitation was explained by soil properties in the topsoil and subsoil. The decrease in actinomycetes abundance in the warming treatment may have led to a decreased microbial C limitation in the subsoil. Conclusion Our study highlighted the differences in warming effects between the topsoil and subsoil. We argue that the microbial resource demand of the subsoil should be further implemented in soil biogeochemistry to improve the prediction of the impact of climate warming on soil C dynamics.
Pathogenic bacteria may affectthe bacterial community structure in the sea adjacent to the sewage outlet
Authors: Fan Jingfeng , Fu Yunhan , Su Jie , Ming Hongxia , Dai Feng , Shi Tingting , Jin Yuan , Guan Daoming 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although previous studies have analyzed bacterial diversity and community composition in marine ecosystems, some focused on the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and the composition of bacterial communities in sewage outfalls. The interactions between four pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, fecal coliforms) isolated from the sewage outfall and the bacterial diversity were investigated in the sea adjacent to the Xinghai sewage outlet, China to illustrate the influence of pathogenic bacteria on the bacterial community structure. Higher bacterial diversity was observed in the sewage outlet, and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and bacterial diversity generally decreased with the increase in the distance from the sewage outlet. Bacterial community structure was mainly influenced by water temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen in summer and winter, while pH, Oxidation-Reduction Potential and salinity were the main factors in autumn. The bacterial abundance had the most significant correlation with E. coli, followed by Enterococcus and fecal coliforms, and the least with Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli (-0.76 < r < 0.79) and Enterococcus (-0.88 < r < 0.77) had similar correlations to the same bacteria, in contrast to Staphylococcus aureus (-0.62 < r < 0.63). The above suggested that pathogenic bacteria may affect the bacterial community structure in the sea adjacent to the sewage outlet besides environmental factors.
A case report of nasopharyngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tenglong , Wang Jie , Sun Li , Xiang Qingyu , Guo Chengye , Han Mei , Zhao Lei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this article is to report the treatment outcome of a patient with nasopharyngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma.Method: The patient received concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CRT) for the primary lesion and microwave ablation for isolated hepatic metastasis later.Results: Complete remission (CR) was achieved after the completion of concurrent CRT. However, prophylactic cranial irradiation(PCI) was not performed. Isolated hepatic metastasis was diagnosed 3 months after the completion of CRT. Then microwave ablation for isolated hepatic metastasis was performed cc. Finally, unlike the most common death caused by brain metastasis in literature retrieval, the patient died of hepatic function failure caused by multiple hepatic metastasis. The overall survival(OS) of the patient is about 18 months.Conclusion: Standardized concurrent CRT also has a good therapeutic effect on nasopharyngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma.The administration of prophylactic cranial irradiation may not be necessary for nasopharyngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma,which remains to be conformed.
Male antiphonal calls and phonotaxis evoked by female courtship calls in the large odorous frog (Odorrana graminea)
Authors: Shen Jun-xian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acoustic communication plays a vital role in frog reproduction. In most anuran species, long-distance sound communication is one-way- from males to females; during the reproductive season males produce species-specific advertisement calls to attract gravid females, and females are generally silent but perform phonotactic movements that lead to amplexus. One exception is the concave-eared torrent frog (Odorrana tormota). In this species, females produce courtship calls that elicit antiphonal vocalizations by males, followed by precise phonotactic movements. The large odorous frog O. graminea in southern China, is subject to the same environmental constraints as O. tormota with which it is sympatric; it is unclear whether their sound communication is one-way or bidirectional. Here we provide the first data on female O. graminea vocalizations and their functions. Using playbacks of female calls, we conducted acoustic behavioural experiments in the laboratory in response to which males emitted single- or multi-note antiphonal calls with a varying fundamental frequency. Moreover, they were attracted to female call playbacks, exhibiting precise phonotaxis. The female courtship call ̶ male response interaction thus forms a duet between partners of a receptive pair. These results demonstrate that this unique communication system likely reflects an adaptation to an environment in which short-distance communication is at a premium given the high levels of ambient noise.
Anastylosis of Apsidal Roof Engineering for Ecclesiae of Hawrān during Late Antiquity: Case of Julianos Church in Umm el-Jimal, Jordan
Authors: Rabady Rama Al , Rababeh Shaher 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Umm el-Jimal, located in Hawrān of Late Antiquity, is well-known for the use of volcanic-based building materials; mainly basalt stone and scoria. Structural attributes of these two materials are important for examining potential roofing system(s) that could have been used for the semi-circular apse of Julianos Church in Umm el-Jimal. Since the roof is demolished nowadays, the study examines two interpretive theories presented in literature: ‘vault roof’ as put forward by Professor Howard Butler in 1913 and ‘corbelled flat roof’ as suggested by Corbett and Reynolds in 1957. A third theory is also introduced in this study, based on available archaeological remains, relevant cases, and religious and scientific premises. It advocates a ‘composite system’ of corbelled relieving diaphragms and non-load-bearing vaulted structure to generate a box-like buttressing apse. The composite system can operate interactively to resist static loads and dynamic seismic forces. Builders of Hawrān should have introduced novel engineering of their ecclesiastical architecture that differs from its ‘classical’ counterpart. Contemporary conservators can respectively consider these theories in their attempts to salvage the alarmingly vanishing ecclesiae of Hawrān.
Estimating the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Deaths Using a Markov Switching-Volatility Model Combined with Heavy-Tailed Distributions for South Africa
Authors: Mthethwa Nobuhle , Chifurira Retius , Chinhamu Knowledge 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19 virus) infection exposed the unpreparedness of African countries to health-related issues, South Africa included. Africa recorded more than 211 853 deaths as a consequence of Covid-19. South Africa faced the highest number of casualties. This study aimed to estimate the risk of fatalities due to Covid-19 infection for an African country hard hit by the pandemic. The value-at-risk (VaR) concept in financial time series analysis is used to estimate the risk of deaths.Methods: In this study, the daily number of deaths due to Covid-19 infection is used. Exploratory data analysis reveals that the data exhibits non-normality, three structural breaks and volatility clustering characteristics. The Markov switching (MS)-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH)-type model combined with heavy-tailed distributions is fitted to the returns of the data. The heavy-tailed distributions employed are the Student-t distribution (StD), Skewed Student-t distribution (SStD), normal reciprocal inverse Gaussian distribution (NRIGD), and Pearson type IV distribution (PIVD). Risk estimates were estimated using the value-at-risk (VaR) procedure. The model performances were assessed using the Kupiec likelihood ratio test.Results: The results indicate that the MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-NRIGD is the best model at 90%. At 95% the MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-SStD and MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-PIVD are the best models, and MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-StD, MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-NRIGD, MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-PIVD are the best at 97.5%. The MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-NRIGD is the best model at 99%. Overall MS(3)-GARCH(1,1)-NRIGD is the best model, it outperforms all the models at almost all the levels. VaR estimates indicated that with a probability of 0.95, the number of deaths that will occur on the 27th, 28th and 29th of August 2021 will be greater than 278, 211, and 134 respectively, the actual values are 361, 274 and 134.Conclusion: The MS(3)-GARCH(1,1) model combined with heavy-tailed distributions provides a robust model for estimating the risk of death due to Covid-19. The accuracy of the volatility model is essential in forecasting the volatility of future health-related deaths in which the predictability of volatility plays an integral role in health risk management.
The Effect of Pupil Dilation on Biometry Measurements Obtained by AL-Scan in the Cataractous Eyes
Authors: Üçer Mehmet Barış , Bozkurt Erdinç , Gökmen Hülya 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of cycloplegia on the biometric parameters and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculated by Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff/theoretical (SRK/T) formula in the cataractous eyes.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 68 senile cataractous eyes of 68 patients who were scheduled to undergo cataract surgery. Measurements of anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL), white to white (WtW) diameter, corneal power (K1, K2, Kmean), central corneal thickness (CCT), and pupil size (PS) were obtained with AL-Scan (Nidek Co., Ltd, Gamagori, Japan) before and after cycloplegia. The SRK/T formula was used to calculate IOL power with a target refraction of 0 D. Cycloplegia induced by cyclopentolate hydrochloride %1.
Results
The mean age of the patients was 70.60 ± 4.07 years (range 65 to 80). A significant increase was observed in ACD after cyloplegia (p < 0.001). There was not any statistically significant difference between pre-dilation and post-dilation AL, WtW, CCT, K1, K2, Kmean and IOL power readings (p > 0.05). A decrease above 0.5 D was observed after cycloplegia in two cases.
Conclusion
Cycloplegia induced by cyclopentolate hydrochloride %1 does not affect the measurement of the AL, WTW, CCT, keratometry and SRK/T calculated IOL power with the exception of ACD in cataractous eyes with AL-Scan.
Tidal power station at sea
Authors: Huang Junqiang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tidal energy is a cleaning resource made by the moon, it is one of the best ways for human beings to save the earth from the devastating consequences of global warming.Now climate change is a big problem to us, we should look for some good green energy to prevent global warming, we should work hard to preserve our planet. If not so, no one knows how long human beings can survive on this planet. Tidal flow speed is very big in some places, for example, at the ocean strait;also some entrances of semi-enclosed sea bays. It involves large energy,we can calculate it.According to Newton second law theory ΣF = ma, we can get the momentum theorem ΣFdt = mdv. According to dv, we can calculate the tidal flow force ΣF, then we can calculate how much energy we can get. Tide comes and goes every day, we can use tidal flow to generate electric power, then we can reduce coal power stations to cut down pollution to prevent global warming, it is a good reason to start tidal power stations.We can build a device like Fig. (1) in the following, and the surface area of square vane is one square meter. After calculation,we get the power of this device 235.7 (W). When enlarging both length and width into 2 meters,we get the power of this device nearly 13.2(KW) .Although it is little energy, we make sure we can get green energy from the ocean; we can make it bigger to get more power.We should do it, we must prevent global warming,we must preserve our earth,otherwise human beings will die out.
Physico-Analytical Studies on some Heterocyclic Azo Dyes and their Metal Complexes with some Transition Metals
Authors: El-Seify F. A. , Azab Hassan A. , Degedy Fikrea S. , Abdel-Mageed Khalid A. , El-Dossoki F. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this investigation the azo dyes prepared through diazotizing 3-phenyl-5-aminopyrazole (PAP) and coupling the resulting diazonium salt with Schäffer acid [2-(3‛-phenyl-5‛-pyrazolyl azo) Schäffer acid (la)] and resorcinol [2-(3‛-phenyl-5‛ -pyrazolyl azo) resorcinol (Ib)]. These compounds are used as chromogenic reagents for the spectrophotometric determination of copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc. The conditional acid dissociation constants of these azo dyes (la, Ib) and the stability constants of its metal ion complexes have been determined by spectroanalytical methods. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity values of the complexes have been evaluated. The stability constants of the formed complexes have been determined. This will be the subject of future studies concerning the biotechnological applications of our results in the effort to obtain possible new anticancer drugs.
Air-containing space: significantly in predicting EGFR mutation for early lung adenocarcinoma appearing as subsolid nodule
Authors: Xue Xinying , Xie Mei , Gao Jie , Wu Chongchong , Zang Xuelei , Ma Xidong , Xie Yutong , Yao Jie , Shen Jing , Jiang Tianjiao , Wu Jianlin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: To demonstrate the interrelation between computed tomography (CT) characteristics and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma manifested as subsolid nodule.Method: A total of 202 patients with appearance as subsolid nodules on CT images and pathologically confirmed as early-stage lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled in this study. All of the patients divided in to EGFR mutation group and EGFR wild-type group. Correlation between clinical and radiological features and EGFR mutation status were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the logistic regression model.Results: EGFR mutation were detected in 137 of 202 patients. In univariate analysis, female gender, non-smokers, larger tumor size, lobulation, air-containing space and pleural retraction were more commonly indicated in EGFR mutated tumors than in EGFR wild-type tumors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking history (OR, 0.275; 95%CI, 0.090–0.840), tumor size (OR, 4.263; 95%CI, 1.802–9.982) and air-containing space (OR, 3.055; 95%CI, 1.266–7.372) were independent predicting factor relevant to EGFR mutation. The AUC of ROC curve for predicting model reached 0.808. In addition, air-containing space with EGFR mutations were more commonly less than 5mm, solitary and mainly in an eccentric distribution.Conclusion: Our research indicated that smoking history, tumor size and air-containing space were independent factor for predicting EGFR mutation in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma appeared as subsolid nodule. Solitary air-containing space with≤5mm and eccentric distribution would help to determine EGFR mutation status.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Profile in Ischemic Heart Disease; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Shobeiri Parnian , Behnoush Amirhossein , Khalaji Amirmohammad , Rezaei Nima 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) are at high risk of ischemic heart events, and novel biomarkers that reflect the severity of atherosclerotic disease and the fragility of coronary plaques are warranted. The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) regulates endothelial and macrophage activation, suggesting a role in atherosclerotic plaque behavior. However, the precise involvement of BDNF in cardiovascular events is still unknown. This is the major goal of this study.
Method
We explored four databases for studies comparing BDNF levels in patients with IHD and controls. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of included articles, and statistical analyses were conducted using R version 4.0.4.
Results
The final analysis comprised nine investigations covering 1,137 IHD patients and 724 controls. The preliminary result revealed statistically insignificant lower levels of BDNF in IHD compared with controls (SMD = -0.57, 95% CI [-1.18; 0.04], p-value = 0.068). After removing outliers, the following statistically significant results were obtained: SMD − 0.41 (95% CI [-0.78; -0.03], p-value = 0.03). In addition, subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference between serum and plasma levels (p-value = 0.53). No predictor for the difference in BDNF levels was revealed using meta-regression.
Conclusion
To conclude, when outlier studies were excluded, serum and plasma BDNF concentrations were considerably lower in patients with IHD than in healthy controls. Further studies of higher quality are required to investigate the function and value of BDNF in IHD.