bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Open‐Label Study to Evaluate the Effect of Eluxadoline on the Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam in Healthy Participants
Authors: Boinpally Ramesh , McGeeney Danielle , Kaczynski Edward , Weissman Darren 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEluxadoline is a mixed μ‐opioid, κ‐opioid receptor agonist, and δ‐opioid receptor antagonist, approved in the United States for adults with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome. This phase 1, single‐center, open‐label, single‐sequence study was conducted on 30 healthy participants to establish whether steady‐state eluxadoline increases systemic exposure of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 substrate midazolam. Participants received oral midazolam 4 mg on day 1 with a 7‐day washout period. On days 8‐16, oral eluxadoline 100 mg was administered twice daily. On day 15, midazolam 4 mg was coadministered with the eluxadoline 100‐mg morning dose. Primary outcome measures were pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam and 1‐hydroxy‐midazolam. The midazolam and 1‐hydroxy‐midazolam geometric mean ratios and 90%CIs for maximum plasma drug concentration were 99.0% (91.6‐107.0) and 113.8% (104.9‐123.5), respectively, and area under the plasma concentration–time curves were 90.5% (83.9‐97.6) and 105.1% (99.8‐110.7), respectively, demonstrating the 2 treatments were bioequivalent, and there was no clinically significant drug interaction. All treatment‐emergent adverse events were treatment related, mild in intensity, with no serious adverse events. These results suggest that eluxadoline has no clinically significant effect on CYP3A4 activity and is, therefore, unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of other CYP3A4 substrates.
Helical Molecule as an Efficient Rectifier: Effects of Molecular Conformation and Transverse Electric Field
Authors: Sarkar Suparna , Maiti Santanu K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe phenomenon of charge current rectification is critically investigated using a single stranded helical molecule in presence of transverse electric field. Two different helical molecules, DNA and protein, are taken into account to explore the specific roles of molecular conformation on rectification, which have not been addressed so far to the best of our concern. Sandwiching the molecular system within source and drain electrodes, we compute charge currents for two bias polarities and the degree of current rectification based on non‐equilibrium Green's function formalism within a tight‐binding framework. At non‐zero electric field, site energies of the molecule are modulated in a cosine form, similar to the well known Aubry‐André‐Harper relation, resulting an atypical and fragmented energy band spectrum. The appearance of non‐uniform site energies plays the central role for generating different currents in two bias polarities, and thus, the current rectification. We find that a high degree of current rectification can be established using the helical system and it becomes more effective for the protein molecule than the DNA one. At the end, the rectification operation considering a more general helical structure is discussed to make the present communication a self‐contained one. Our proposition may provide a new route of getting controlled current rectification using similar kind of biological molecules and other tailor made helical geometries.
Fatigue behavior of removable partial denture cast and laser‐sintered cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) clasp materials
Authors: Zheng Jenny , Aarts John M. , Ma Sunyoung , Waddell John N. , Choi Joanne J. E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the fatigue behavior of cast and laser‐sintered cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material for a removable partial denture (RPD) clasps.MethodsDumbbell‐shaped specimens were digitally designed with the center part of the dumbbell being a half‐round shape at the cross‐sectional dimension of 1.25 mm to simulate a typical clasp design and dimensions. A fatigue machine with an offset axis rotation system simulated a typical undercut depth of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mm. Each group was subjected to 30,000 fatigue cycles (simulating 21 years) or till specimen failure. Before testing, the stress value at each undercut depth for each specimen was established in a universal testing machine and SN curves were plotted for each group. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc tests. The fractured surfaces were analyzed using SEM.ResultsThe average fatigue cycles with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mm undercuts were 27,155 ± 6277, 9298 ± 4033, 5642 ± 8785 for cast CoCr and 26,765 ± 6150, 11,318 ± 7931, 2861 ± 4803, for laser‐sintered CoCr, respectively. Apart from three specimens, the PEEK groups did not fail during the simulation period. Clasps with 0.25 mm deflection showed significantly higher fatigue resistance than other groups (p < .001). There was no significant difference in fatigue behavior between the cast and laser‐sintered CoCr. Microporosities at the fractured site along with irregular crack propagation were observed for cast and laser‐sintered CoCr specimens. Fatigue‐induced broken polymer crosslinking chains were observed in PEEK specimens.ConclusionPEEK material exhibited the highest fatigue resistance and significantly lower deflection resistance. Cast and laser‐sintered CoCr showed similar fatigue resistance and behavior.
Tuning d‐Band Structure of CuII in Coordinated Polymer via d–π Conjugation for Improving CO2 Electroreduction Selectivity toward C2 Products
Authors: Zhang Fengtao , Wang Peng , Zhao Runyao , Wang Yiding , Wang Jianji , Han Buxing , Liu Zhimin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCopper‐coordinated catalysts are reported to be effective for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to C2 products but suffer from low selectivity. Herein a strategy was developed to tune the d‐band structure of CuII via coordinating with aromatic ligands to form Cu‐based conjugated polymers for CO2RR to C2 chemicals. The catalysts derived from copper chloride coordinating with tetraminobenzoquinone (TABQ) and with 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetramine possessed high‐density and compact Cu single‐atom sites and displayed high activity for CO2RR to C2 products. Especially, Cu‐TABQ exhibited a maximum C2 faradaic efficiency of 63.2 % with a current density of 423 mA cm−2 at −1.17 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). Density functional theory calculations indicated that the TABQ linker possessing C=O groups significantly widened the d‐band of coordinated CuII, which facilitated binding of *CO intermediate on the catalyst and thus enhanced C−C coupling. This work provides mechanistic insight into the CuII‐coordinated polymers for CO2RR with high selectivity toward C2 products.
Seismic microzoning of the Delhi metropolitan area, India—II: Hazard computation and zoning maps
Authors: Gupta Ishwer Datt , Lee Vincent W. , Trifunac Mihailo D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe present seismic microzonation maps of New Delhi, India, using the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) method with input seismic activity parameters estimated in Part‐I of this two‐part paper. Our calculations required three different attenuation equations for amplitude scaling of strong ground motion from three principal contributing sources: the National Capital Region (NCR), Northwestern Himalaya (NWH), and the Hindu Kush subduction (HKS). We show that uniform hazard spectral (UHS) amplitudes are dominated only by the local seismicity in the NCR at high frequencies beyond about 2 Hz. For intermediate and long periods, UHS amplitudes are dominated by contributions from the NWH and HKS earthquakes. Our results show that specifying strong motion amplitudes for use in engineering design by means of peak ground acceleration can lead to serious errors for buildings higher than four to five stories and hence should not be used. Our results also show that the shape of design spectra must depend on the nature of contributing earthquake sources, their relative activity, potential to create large magnitudes, and geographical placement relative to the site of interest, and thus a standard design‐spectrum shape cannot satisfy all these requirements. We use local geological site condition parameters directly in all calculations and present hazard maps for three different soil site conditions (“rock,” stiff soil sites, and deep soil sites). Thus, the user can extract the UHS amplitudes of pseudo relative velocity spectra at any site in the National Capital Territory by experimentally determining the local soil site conditions and then applying the corresponding maps shown in this paper.
Near‐fault ground motion effects on pounding and unseating using an example of a three‐span, simply supported bridge
Authors: Khakzand Leila , Jalali Reza S. , Veisi Milad 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA simple model of a three‐span, simply supported bridge consisting of three rigid decks supported by two axially rigid piers and rigid abutments at two ends is analyzed by solving the dynamic differential equations. The response spectrum method is not considered, and it is assumed that there is no soil–structure interaction. The bridge is acted upon by the acceleration of gravity, g, and excited by differential horizontal‐, vertical‐, and point‐ and cord‐rocking components of near‐fault ground motion. The model's in‐plane linear response shows that the vertical and rocking ground‐motion components have no noticeable effect on the maximum pounding force between bridge segments when computed for horizontal ground motion only. For the model with system periods longer than 1 s subjected to the strong motion pulse corresponding to magnitude M = 7, the vertical ground‐motion component contributes to the destabilizing effect of the gravity. For bridge periods longer than 0.5 s, the simultaneous action of horizontal and vertical ground‐motion components can noticeably increase the minimum gap size required to prevent pounding and the minimum seating length to avoid the unseating of bridge segments when computed for horizontal ground motion only. For system periods shorter than 1 s, the time delay of input ground motion has a significant effect on the minimum gap size to prevent pounding as well as on the minimum seating length to avoid unseating of the deck. The response of the bridge subjected to differential horizontal, vertical, and point‐rocking ground‐motion components is almost the same as the response under differential horizontal and vertical components of the ground motion. The main contribution to changes in the response, which is computed for horizontal ground motion only, is caused by the vertical and cord rocking of the ground motion. The minimum seating length to avoid the unseating of bridge segments suggested in seismic Iranian Code, No: 463 (Road and railway bridges seismic‐resistant design code, 2008), is conservative for pulses with magnitudes M = 5 and 6, but not conservative for bridge periods longer than about 0.6 s and a near‐field pulse with M = 7 magnitude.
Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Cyclopentenyl Nucleosides by Palladium‐Assisted Allylic Reaction
Authors: Esposito Anna , Talarico Giovanni , De Fenza Maria , D'Alonzo Daniele , Guaragna Annalisa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Tsuji‐Trost reaction of cyclopentenyl carbonates was explored by experimental studies and computational calculations, in search for the synthetic conditions enabling the stereoconvergent synthesis of cyclopentenyl nucleosides. Under common conditions, cyclopentenyl reagents provide Tsuji‐Trost products only in a weakly stereoconvergent manner. However, changes in the amount of catalyst (up to 1 eq) affect either the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of the reaction, selectively leading to cis configured cyclopentenyl N9‐linked purine nucleosides, regardless the relative configuration (cis or trans) of the starting substrates. DFT studies clarified that this could be due to the low activation energy related to the crucial, Pd‐dependent π‐inversion step.
Describing engagement practices for the Enhance Diversity Study using principles of Tailored Panel Management
Authors: Ramirez Karina D. , Joseph Cynthia J. , Oh Hansook 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to examine engagement strategies used in a large, multisite evaluation study through the lens of Estrada, Woodcock, and Schultz's (2014) tailored panel management. The evaluation, called the Enhance Diversity Study (EDS), is part of an effort funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to increase diversity in NIH‐funded research. The chapter discusses engagement with a large national cohort of student participants and outlines survey administration complexities, tailored engagement approaches, and annual survey response trends. It shows how the EDS expanded Estrada and colleagues’ concepts of credibility by integrating branding strategies that permeated all aspects of the study. The resulting practices, as modified over time, extend knowledge of how to increase survey response rates across a multisite, multiprogram, longitudinal evaluation. As data collection continues, subsequent analysis may provide more clarity on the impact of these strategies on retention. Future researchers should explore the impacts of incorporating fully developed branding strategies to enhance study commitment and cohort retention. While past research has guided surveys through phone, mail, and multimodal distribution, more research is needed to understand how to engage participants and retain them in an increasingly competitive and digital world.
The funders’ perspective: Lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Diversity Program Consortium evaluation
Authors: Gibbs Kenneth D. , Reynolds Christa , Epou Sabrina , Gammie Alison 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdvancing diversity in the biomedical research workforce is critical to the ability of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to achieve its mission. The NIH Diversity Program Consortium is a unique, 10‐year program that builds upon longstanding training and research capacity‐building activities to promote workforce diversity. It was designed to rigorously evaluate approaches to enhancing diversity in the biomedical research workforce at the student, faculty, and institutional level. In this chapter we describe (a) the program's origins, (b) the consortium‐wide evaluation, including plans, measures, challenges, and solutions, and (c) how lessons learned from this program are being leveraged to strengthen NIH research‐training and capacity‐building activities and evaluation efforts.
Understanding the context and appreciating the complexity of evaluating the Diversity Program Consortium
Authors: Guerrero Lourdes R. , Seeman Teresa , McCreath Heather , Maccalla Nicole M.G. , Norris Keith C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) made a sizeable investment in developing a scientific approach to understanding how to best increase diversity in the NIH‐funded workforce by fostering inclusive excellence at a national scale through the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC). This chapter provides an overview of the context in which the consortium‐wide evaluation study has taken place to provide readers with an understanding of its level of complexity. This evaluation effort is the first large‐scale, national, systemic, longitudinal evaluation of harmonized interventions focused on undergraduate biomedical research training programs in the history of the NIH and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
Gauging treatment impact: The development of exposure variables in a large‐scale evaluation study
Authors: Maccalla Nicole M. G. , Purnell Dawn , McCreath Heather E. , Dennis Robert A. , Seeman Teresa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhile guidance on how to design rigorous evaluation studies abounds, prescriptive guidance on how to include critical process and context measures through the construction of exposure variables is lacking. Capturing nuanced intervention dosage information within a large‐scale evaluation is particularly complex. The Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (BUILD) initiative is part of the Diversity Program Consortium, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health. It is designed to increase participation in biomedical research careers among individuals from underrepresented groups. This chapter articulates methods employed in defining BUILD student and faculty interventions, tracking nuanced participation in multiple programs and activities, and computing the intensity of exposure. Defining standardized exposure variables (beyond simple treatment group membership) is crucial for equity‐focused impact evaluation. Both the process and resulting nuanced dosage variables can inform the design and implementation of large‐scale, diversity training program, outcome‐focused, evaluation studies.
Endocannabinoid signaling in synaptic function
Authors: Noriega‐Prieto Jose Antonio , Kofuji Paulo , Araque Alfonso 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the last decades, astrocytes have emerged as important regulatory cells actively involved in brain function by exchanging signaling with neurons. The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling is widely present in many brain areas, being crucially involved in multiple brain functions and animal behaviors. The present review presents and discusses current evidence demonstrating that astrocytes sense eCBs released during neuronal activity and subsequently release gliotransmitters that regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The eCB signaling to astrocytes and the synaptic regulation mediated by astrocytes activated by eCBs are complex phenomena that exhibit exquisite spatial and temporal properties, a wide variety of downstream signaling mechanisms, and a large diversity of functional synaptic outcomes. Studies investigating this topic have revealed novel regulatory processes of synaptic function, like the lateral regulation of synaptic transmission and the active involvement of astrocytes in the spike‐timing dependent plasticity, originally thought to be exclusively mediated by the coincident activity of pre‐ and postsynaptic neurons, following Hebbian rules for associative learning. Finally, the critical influence of astrocyte‐mediated eCB signaling on animal behavior is also discussed.
Will the latest wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic be an ecological disaster? There is an urgent need to replace plastic by ecologically virtuous materials
Authors: Mansuy Jean‐Michel , Migueres Marion , Trémeaux Pauline , Izopet Jacques 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsDirect virological diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infectionis based on either viral antigen or viral genome detection. These methods, in addition to the dedicated reagents and transport packaging, require the use of quantities of plastic that may individually appear negligible but which, in the context of a pandemic, are very high. The aim was to estimate the amount of plastic involved in a diagnostic assay whether molecular or antigenic.MethodsWe weighed the plastics used to obtain a diagnostic assay result for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in our hospital.ResultsEach ready‐to‐use antigen assay requires about 20 g of plastic whereas the PCR assay implies the use of 30 g. This unit mass, when compared to our laboratory's SARS‐CoV‐2 genomic screening activity,represents more than 10 tons of plastic for 2021. At our region level (#6.10 inhabitants), more than 350 tons of plastic were used to carry out more than 7 million declared PCR assays and as many antigenic assays.ConclusionsThe virologic diagnostic activityl inked to the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has highlighted once more our dependance for plastic use. We must already think about a more environmentally virtuous diagnostic activity by integrating a reasonned use of diagnostic tools and a higher use of ecological friendly material. Parallel the notion of waste management must also be addressed in order to limit their environmental impact.
Prevalence of migraine and tension‐type headache among undergraduate medical students of Kathmandu Valley: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shrestha Oshan , Karki Sagun , Thapa Niranjan , Lal Shrestha Kabindra , Shah Aayushama , Dhakal Pramita , Pant Prashant , Dhungel Sunil , Shrestha Dhan Bahadur 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundHeadache is the most prevalent neurological symptom which can be of a serious condition, as in brain tumor, but mostly it is a benign condition that includes primary headache such as migraine or tension‐type headache (TTH). Migraine reoccurs frequently and is more severe but owing to the high prevalence of TTH, however, impaired quality of life due to TTH is greater than that of migraine at the population level. Medical students are constantly subjected to stress and in such a condition, it was necessary to find out the burden of headache among medical students. This cross‐sectional study done among medical students aims to generate some data and literature which will change the outlook of stakeholders towards headache disorders among medical students.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study is based upon Headache Screening Questionnaire—English Version questionnaire based upon the ICHD‐3 beta criteria. Medical students of Kathmandu valley were sampled by using convenient sampling and data were collected. Data were refined in Microsoft Excel and imported to SPSS 20 for analysis.ResultsA total of 352 individuals were part of this study, out of which 229 (65.1%) were males and 123 (34.9%) were females with a mean age of 21.72 ±  1.601 years (mean ± SD). Prevalence of migraine and TTH was found to be 15.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.7%–19.3%) and 40.3% (95% CI: 34.9–45.2), respectively. Through multivariate binomial regression, it was observed that the odds of being diagnosed with migraine increased with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.266 [1.013–1.583], p = 0.038), females had twice the odds of experiencing migraine headaches compared to males (AOR = 2.119 [1.074–4.180], p = 0.03), and medical students who stayed at the hostel were at lesser odds of experiencing migraine headache (AOR = 2.772 [1.501–5.118], p = 0.01).ConclusionPrevalence of migraine and TTH among undergraduate medical students was found to be 15.3% and 40.3%, respectively.