bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The More They Listen, the More They Buy” Radio and the Modernizing of Rural America, 1930–1939
Authors: Craig Steve 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Radio was one of several technologies that early twentieth-century reformers promoted as a means of modernizing and improving rural American life. Although the new medium was introduced in the 1920s, it was during the Depression decade of the 1930s that most rural families bought their first set. With the coming of radio, formerly isolated rural homes had access to world news, current weather and market reports, and a host of USDA-produced agricultural programs. However, it was the national network entertainment programs with their many advertisements that promised Depression-era rural listeners a better tomorrow in the form of a modernized urban consumer lifestyle. This article explores the coming of radio to rural areas during the 1930s and reviews some contemporary industry research findings on rural radio usage and consumer behavior.
The Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880–1905
Authors: Wells Christopher W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The period from the end of the Civil War to about 1905 saw some key changes in American country roads, including the passage of the first state-aid road laws, the creation of the first federal road agency, and the growth of a strong urban-rural coalition promoting rural road improvements. Although these have been well discussed, two significant but unrecognized changes lay at their heart. First, the effect of the good-roads campaigns of the 1890s in convincing farmers to embrace a major intellectual shift: trading the belief that roads were "natural"--local resources to be husbanded--for the idea that they were "technological"--publicly owned tools to be engineered in the service of social ends. Second, how the shifting uses of rural roads, from groups of urban cyclists touring the countryside to mail carriers delivering letters to farmhouses, not only strengthened the growing ties between rural and urban areas but also helped transform the basic political relationships between isolated communities and county, state, and national governments. Together these turn-of-the-century changes paved the way, literally and figuratively, for the growth of the extensive highway system that today is such a dominating characteristic of the American landscape.
Bandits, Mad Men, and Suicides: Fear, Anger, and Death in a Troubled Iowa Landscape, 1929–1933
Authors: Ossian Lisa L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Iowa experienced two well-known incidents of rural violence in the early 1930s with the "Cow War of Cedar County" during 1931 and the Farmers’ Holiday Movement Strike in northwest Iowa in August 1932. However, the violence in rural Iowa from 1930 to 1933 became far more widespread, insidious, and personal than these two nationally covered mob incidents. The most extensive violence during the early Depression years involved hired hands and family members attacking and killing each other on scattered farmsteads, bandits robbing vulnerable country folk for their hidden money, gangsters stealing from small town banks, prohibition officers raiding rural stills, or farmers hanging themselves from barn rafters. The climate of financial fear, whether real of exaggerated, added to this overall morbid tension, and midwestern rural society no longer projected an idealistic image of strength, peace, and prosperity but rather one of fear and violence.
The Shelterbelt Project: Cooperative Conservation in 1930s America
Authors: Orth Joel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the Shelterbelt Project of the 1930s, foresters trained and instilled with Progressive-era values confronted an uncooperative public and nature on the Great Plains. Foresters assumed planting trees in shelterbelts was primarily a scientific and technical task. However, they quickly compromised technical guidelines in the face of bureaucratic pressure and local desire. Foresters assumed compromise undermined technical success, but this was too simple an explanation. In some cases, such as the overuse of cottonwood, public pressure undermined long-term success, but in other cases, such as the narrowing of belt width, public pressure improved long-term prospects. Public unwillingness to engage in drawn-out and uncertain solutions and a bureaucratic refusal to open up the planning process consistently undermined the overall success of the project. Conservation planning in a democratic state is inherently multifaceted: political and social realities demand equal billing with technical ones, and natural and scientific uncertainties require that conservation planning be a process, rather than an immediate solution.
The Environmental Origins of Shifting Cultivation: Climate, Soils, and Disease in the Nineteenth-Century US South
Authors: Majewski John , Tchakerian Viken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Farmers and planters in the antebellum South held large tracts of unimproved land because they practiced shifting cultivation. Southern cultivators burned tracts of forest growth to quickly release nutrients into the soil. After five or six years, when the soil had been depleted, the old field was abandoned for as long as twenty years. Environmental factors such as poor soils, rugged topography, and livestock diseases accounted for the persistence of this practice, more so than slavery or the availability of western lands. Shifting cultivation slowly declined in the postbellum era, but southern farmers continued to improve a far smaller percentage of their land well into the twentieth century.
"No Responsibility and No Rice": The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Collectivization in Vietnam
Authors: Raymond Chad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Communist leaders in Vietnam attempted to use agricultural collectivization to transform a poor, agrarian country into a modern, socialist nation with an industrialized economy. Collectivized agricultural production lacked sufficient economic incentives for Vietnamese farmers; they preferred to produce privately for household consumption or the free market. State-initiated reforms to collectivize agriculture failed to improve the performance of the agricultural sector, and eventually the Vietnamese Communist Party was forced to abandon collectivization altogether. Once farmers were freed from collective labor and could pursue private production for the free market, Vietnam’s agricultural output skyrocketed.
"Esteeme a Little of Fish": Fish, Fishponds, and Farming in Eighteenth–Century New England and the Mid–Atlantic
Authors: Roberts Strother E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Prior to the advent of scientific aquaculture in the mid-nineteenth century, English farming manuals of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries instructed American colonists in the "art of husbandry," imparting advice and passing on the best-known strategies for keeping and rearing fish in enclosed ponds. The development of such ponds in the New England and Mid-Atlantic colonies during the eighteenth century marked the culmination of a long process by which British-American colonists adapted to declines in natural fish populations brought on by over-fishing and disruption of habitat by water-powered mills. The development of private fish-ponds as an increasingly important component of American mixed husbandry practices in long-settled areas by the end of the eighteenth century illustrates early American farmers’ ability to successfully adapt to self-wrought changes in their physical environment.
More a Plowshare than a Sword: The Legacy of US Cold War Agricultural Diplomacy
Authors: McGlade Jacqueline 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recently, agriculture has assumed an elevated role in world diplomacy due to pressing issues like international poverty relief, changing environmental conditions, farm trade imbalances, rising food prices, and the diversion of crops into bio-fuel production. Consequently, agricultural interests and production have become increasingly entwined with the politics of national protectionism and identity, domestic security, and preservation of trading advantage in developed and developing countries alike. This study examines the current impasse in world agricultural negotiations as an outgrowth of US foreign aid and trade policymaking as it evolved during the Cold War. In particular, it chronicles the historic shift in US foreign policy away from "give-away" food aid and surplus sales and toward the championing of global agricultural redevelopment under such programs as the Marshall Plan and PL 480, the Food for Peace program. As more a plowshare than a sword, the American Cold War push for worldwide agricultural modernization led many countries to experience new levels of food self-efficiency and export capabilities. Along with production parity, however, has come escalating levels of trade competition and national protectionism, which challenges again the achievement of world agricultural stability and prosperity.
Good for a National Cemetery: Questions of Land Use and an 1888 Botanical Expedition across Northern Michigan
Authors: JONES JOSEPH J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, lumbermen logged the virgin pine forests of northern Michigan. The assumption was that the u plow would follow the axe, "and agriculture would dominate the region as it did in the southern half of the state. When farming did not quickly take root, William James Beai and Liberty Hyde Bailey led an expedition of scientists and journalists on a trip across northern Michigan in June 1888 to collect botanical samples, to find a site for a state forest reserve, and to recommend appropriate farming enterprises. This essay contends that without a key reforestation advocate in Charles Garfield the explorers focused too much on the questions related to botany and agriculture. While agriculture would ultimately thrive in some parts of the cutover, much of the region was unsuitable for intensive farming. The failure of the scientists to convey these limits adequately in newspaper articles and subsequent reports allowed for their work to be used by agricultural boosters throughout the region. The result was a cycle of erosion, fire, and farm abandonment that proved to be a political problem in Michigan for the first three decades of the twentieth century.
Colonial Foresters versus Agriculturalists: The Debate over Climate Change and Cocoa Production in the Gold Coast
Authors: HODGE JOSEPH M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article draws attention to the unfolding debate concerning forest cover loss, climatic change, and declining cocoa production in the Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana) during the early twentieth century. It argues that, although desiccationist theory was prevalent, its acceptance among colonial authorities in the Gold Coast was far from hegemonic. There were important dissenting colonial voices, particularly among agriculturalists, who argued that declining cocoa yields were due to plant diseases, most notably cocoa swollen shoot disease. It was based on the latter’s non-environmental model of disease transmission, rather than the premises of desiccation science, that the government’s postwar "cutting out campaign" of cocoa was predicated. Nevertheless, the foresters ’ correlation of the deterioration of cocoa areas with fears of desiccation was not without its effects on state practice, providing the rationale for an accelerated program of forest reservations in the 1930s.
117 Identifying Patient Specific Variables Influencing Decisions to Perform Fusion in Grade I Spondylolisthesis Based on Expert Panel Recommendations from SLIP II Study
Authors: Schmidt Bradley T. , Parmar Vikas K. , Ghogawala Zoher , Resnick Daniel K. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The role of fusion as an adjunct to decompression in patients with stenosis associated with spondylolisthesis remains an area of controversy. We recently reported significant variation in treatment recommendations regarding fusion from an expert panel using data from the SLIP II study. We found that this variability was due to both surgeon specific and patient specific variables

METHODS:
A pilot study using de-identified data from the SLIP II study was performed. Expert panel recommendations were examined and patients whose recommendations reflected a consensus for decompression alone or decompression and fusion were identified. A consensus was defined as >80% agreement among panelists. Five patients were identified where there was >80% consensus for decompression alone and ten patients were identified where there was >80% consensus for decompression and fusion. Each of these 15 cases was then carefully examined to determine which characteristics (from the clinical vignette, imaging, and other patient collected data) most consistently differed between the two cohorts.

RESULTS:
With regard to demographic factors, the fusion cohort was younger (60 years vs 67.2 years, p = 0.077), and had a lower health state based on EQ-5D scores (0.50 vs 0.68, p = 0.04). There was no difference in the ODI between the cohorts (37.2 vs 37, p = 0.49).With regard to imaging characteristics, we found that greater degree of spondylolisthesis (24% vs 12%, p < 0.001), greater facet angle from horizontal (54 vs 48 degrees p = 0.12), and movement on dynamic images all predicted a recommendation for fusion.

CONCLUSION:
In examining the subset of patients with consensus from the expert panel regarding the utility of fusion, it is apparent that younger age, lower EQ-5D, sagittally-oriented facets, mobile spondylolisthesis, and degree of anterolisthesis were all associated with recommendation for fusion. This information provides significant evidence that particular patient characteristics drive senior surgeon decision making regarding the utility of fusion as an adjunct to decompression in this patient population. This has important policy implications and may help to explain disparate results from contemporary clinical trials.
118 Delayed Cranial Decompression Rates After Initiation of Unfractionated Heparin Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Maragkos Georgios A. , Cho Logan , Legome Eric , Wedderburn Raymond , Margetis Konstantinos 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Both unfractionated heparin (UH) and low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are routinely used prophylactically after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to prevent deep vein thrombosis. Their comparative risk for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) development or worsening necessitating cranial decompression after prophylaxis initiation is unclear. Furthermore, the absence of a specific antidote for LMWH may lead to UH being used more often for high-risk patients.

METHODS:
We compared the incidence of delayed cranial decompression occurring after initiation of prophylactic UH vs. LMWH using the National Trauma Data Bank. Cranial decompression procedures included craniotomy, craniectomy, and external ventricular drain placement. Multiple imputation was utilized for missing data. To account for selection bias between UH and LMWH, we conducted propensity score matching using factors that were significantly different between the two groups. The matched UH and LMWH groups were then compared using logistic regression for the primary outcome of post-prophylaxis cranial decompression.

RESULTS:
A total of 218,594 TBI patients were included, with 61,998 (28.3%) receiving UH and 156,596 (71.7%) receiving LMWH as DVT prophylaxis. The UH group had significantly higher patient age, BMI, comorbidity rates, injury severity score, and worse motor Glasgow coma scale. After matching the UH and LMWH groups for these factors, logistic regression demonstrated lower rates of post-prophylaxis cranial decompression for the LMWH group (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.11-0.16, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:
Despite the absence of a specific antidote, LMWH was associated with substantially lower rates of post-DVT-prophylaxis cranial decompression. This indicates that UH may not be the safer alternative in TBI patients at high risk for intracranial hemorrhagic complications.
134 Racial Disparities in Healthcare Resource Utilization After Pediatric Cervical and/or Thoracic Spinal Injuries: Is it Black and White?
Authors: Elsamadicy Aladine A. , Sandhu Mani , Freedman Isaac G. , Koo Andrew B. , Hengartner Astrid , Reeves Benjamin , Havlik John , Sarkozy Margot , Kundishora Adam , Tuason Dominick , DiLuna Michael 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Racial disparities ubiquitously pervade the United States healthcare system. While there have been efforts to look at racial disparities in adult spinal trauma, there exists a paucity of data in pediatrics.

METHODS:
A retrospective cohort was performed using the 2017 admission year from 753 facilities. All pediatric patients (1-17 years) with cervical and/or thoracic spine injuries were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis coding system. These patients were dichotomized by their race, either African American/Black or Caucasian/White. Demographic, comorbidiites, and injury presentations were collected. The total length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, total days on ventilator, and hospital complications were also collected. A linear and logistic multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the risk-ratio for hospital LOS as well as complication rate, respectively

RESULTS:
A total of 3,187 pediatric patients were identified, 637 were African-American (AA) and 2,550 were White (W). Compared to White patients, African-American cohort had a greater prevalence of cervical-only injuries (AA: 50.39% vs W: 37.18%, p < 0.001). While transport accident was most common injury etiology for both cohorts, African-American cohort had a greater prevalence of assault (AA: 18.05% vs W: 1.61%, p < 0.001) than White cohort. Overall complication rates were significantly higher among African-American patients (AA: 15.38% vs W: 9.33%, p < 0.001). Compared to their White counterparts, African-American patients had a 3.4 day longer mean hospital LOS (AA: 9.6 ± 21.55 days vs W: 6.23 ± 9.13 days, p < 0.001) and a 1.7 day longer mean ICU LOS (AA: 4.42 ± 9.98 days vs W: 2.69 ± 6.53 days, p < 0.001). African-American race was identified as a significant predictor of increased LOS on multivariate regression analysis [RR: 1.27, CI (0.52, 2.03), p < 0.001] but not hospital complications (p = 0.286).

CONCLUSION:
Our study demonstrates that race may have a significant impact on healthcare resource utilization following pediatric cervical and/or thoracic spinal trauma.
135 Natural History of Midline Brain Shift Following Hemispherectomy and its Association with Cerebral Spinal Fluid Diversion in Pediatric Epilepsy
Authors: Phillips H. Westley , Maniquis Cassia A. B. , Duby Shannon L. , Chen Jia-Shu , Bergeron David , Nagahama Yasunori , Ibrahim George , Weil Alexander G. , Fallah Aria 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Hemispherectomy and its modern variants are effective surgical treatments for medically intractable unihemispheric epilepsy. While complications of hemispherectomy such as postoperative hydrocephalus are well documented, a less-studied phenomenon of postoperative midline brain shift (MLBS) has only been described anecdotally and never formally studied.

METHODS:
A retrospective review of consecutive pediatric patients who underwent hemispherectomy for medically refractory epilepsy at UCLA between 1994 and 2018 was performed. Patients were stratified by severity of MLBS, shunt placement, type of shunt valve, and opening pressure. MLBS progression was evaluated within groups using repeated measures ANOVA and compared between groups using ANCOVA while adjusting for follow-up time and baseline postoperative MLBS.

RESULTS:
In total, 97 patients with a median follow-up of 17.7 months were analyzed in this study. Of these patients, 27 (28%) required CSF diversion via shunt placement in the ipsilateral cavity for post-hemispherectomy hydrocephalus. In non-shunted patients, average MLBS immediately following hemispherectomy and at last follow-up was 4.8 ± 4.7 and 8.3±6.4 mm, respectively. In shunted patients, average MLBS immediately after hemispherectomy and at latest follow-up following shunt placement was 6.5 ± 3.3 and 14.6 ± 9.5 mm, respectively. MLBS increased for both shunted and non-shunted patients between first and last follow-up. However, MLBS progression between first and last follow-up was significantly greater in the shunted cohort than the non-shunted cohort [F (1,92) = 5.33, p = 0.023]. Placement of valves with higher opening pressure settings did not significantly increase MLBS relative to non-shunted patients [F (1,73) = 0.1, p = 0.765], whereas MLBS was significantly greater with low opening pressure settings [F (1,85) = 8.5, p = 0.004]. Furthermore, severe MLBS was significantly associated with debilitating headaches (p = 0.042).

CONCLUSION:
Patients undergoing hemispherectomy often develop postoperative MLBS. The progression of MLBS is significantly exacerbated by CSF shunting of the ipsilateral post-surgical cavity, specifically when accomplished with lower opening pressure settings. Severe MLBS is associated with severe headaches, suggesting that MLBS exacerbation may be related to overshunting.
136 Assessment of Peripheral Nerve Damage with a Myelin Specific MRI Method
Authors: Dortch Richard , Roth Alison , Murphy Rory 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Management of peripheral nerve injuries relies on patient history/exam and electromyography. Unfortunately, the determination of a successful repair can take months to years using these methods, which delays decision-making and increases the likelihood of permanent sensorimotor deficits. Therefore, new biomarkers that monitor nerve de/regeneration prior to muscle reinnervation may allow for earlier detection of failed repairs, earlier reoperations, and improved restoration of function.

METHODS:
Peripheral nerve MRI was performed at 3 Tesla in 4 subjects (27-60 y.o., two female). Bilateral thigh/knee MRI was performed in two subjects with chronic traumatic neuropathies to the peroneal or sciatic nerves, and bilateral elbow MRI was performed in two subjects five months after posterior interosseous or ulnar nerve decompression. MTR maps were estimated from high-resolution magnetization transfer-weighted and proton density-weighted images. MTR values were estimated in (i) regions immediately distal to the site of damage, (ii) proximal regions in the same nerves, and (iii) healthy contralateral nerves. Damaged nerves (i) were compared to proximal/healthy nerves (ii, iii) using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

RESULTS:
MRI was well tolerated and free of motion and fat artifacts. Furthermore, nerves were readily distinguished from surrounding fat and muscle in the high-resolution MTR maps. MTR values were significantly reduced distal to the injury site (23.6 ± 3.6%) relative to proximal regions in the same nerves (33.9 ± 6.0%, p = 0.03) and healthy contralateral nerves (37.3±3.8%, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION:
MTR detects decreases in myelin related to nerve damage and, therefore, may be a viable biomarker of Wallerian degeneration. Subject enrollment in a larger longitudinal study is ongoing, which will allow us to determine if MTR values are responsive to regeneration and predictive of outcomes. We are also investigating novel methods with improved specificity in the presence of edema, which may confound MTR acutely after trauma.