bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trustworthy Certification by Independent Oversight
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The key to independent oversight is to support the legal, moral, and ethical principles of human or organizational responsibility and liability for their products and services. Three common forms of independent oversight are planning oversight, continuous monitoring, and retrospective analysis of disasters. These may be carried out by accounting firms, insurance companies, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and professional organizations and research institutes. Skeptics delight in pointing out that each of these approaches is imperfect, but the evidence shows that overall they are helpful in promoting trustworthy systems by way of continuous improvement to methods and improved training for leaders and staff members. Use of these approaches can be a competitive advantage that is featured in marketing new products and services.
Caring for and Learning from Older Adults
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Caring for older adult parents, grandparents, family members, and friends is a virtue that can be an enriching experience for all. However, it requires a serious commitment if the older adult needs help to maintain independent living, which often leads to the older adult moving to a facility that will provide support for the activities of daily life. But caregivers and others can gain and learn from older adults, who are often eager to teach, mentor, advise, and coach others. Older adults have many needs that could be served by appropriate technologies that supported their self-efficacy and independence. Examples include wheelchair design, dining table with a dishwasher built in, and yoga instruction.
Dickens and Democracy in the Age of Paper
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book examines Charles Dickens’s fiction alongside publications emanating from Parliament. It argues that Dickens and Parliament were engaged in competitive efforts to represent the People at a crucial moment in the history of representative democracy—when the British government was under enormous political pressure to expand the franchise beyond a narrow band of male landowners. Contending that fiction and the literature of Parliament interacted at a host of levels—jostling one another in the same bookshops—it reads Dickens’s novels in tandem with blue books, the practice texts of shorthand manuals, and Dickens’s journalism. It shows how his fiction mocks parliamentary form (as in The Pickwick Papers ), canvasses the history of parliamentary representation (as in Bleak House), and depicts the relation of the People to the state as well as commerce (as in Little Dorrit). It thus rethinks the history of the Victorian novel by examining its rivalry with Parliament in the expanding world of print publication.
Dissenting Daughters
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book reveals that devout women made vital contributions to the spread and practice of the Reformed faith in the Dutch Republic in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The six women at the heart of this study—Cornelia Teellinck, Susanna Teellinck, Anna Maria van Schurman, Sara Nevius, Cornelia Leydekker, and Henrica van Hoolwerff—were influential members of networks known for supporting a religious revival known as the Further Reformation. These women earned the support and appreciation of their religious leaders, friends, and relatives by seizing the tools offered by domestic religious study and worship, and forming alliances with prominent ministers including Willem Teellinck, Gijsbertus Voetius, Wilhelmus à Brakel, and Melchior Leydekker as well as with other well-connected, well-educated women. They deployed their talents to bolster the Dutch Reformed Church from 1572, the first year its members could publicly organize, to the death of this book’s last surviving subject Cornelia Leydekker in 1725. In return for their adoption of religious teachings that constricted them in many ways, they gained the authority to minister to their family members, their female friends, and a broader audience of men and women during domestic worship as well as through their written works. These “dissenting daughters” vehemently defended their faith—against Spanish and French Catholics, as well as their neighbors, politicians, and ministers within the Dutch Republic whom they judged to be lax and overly tolerant of sinful behavior, finding ways to flourish among the strictest orthodox believers within the Dutch Reformed Church.
Sara Nevius
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter features Sara Nevius (1632–1706), a prolific author who wrote prose meditations, poetry, and hymns. She led religious conventicles and helped usher in the second wave of the Further Reformation in her capacity as the Voetian minister à Brakel’s wife and as a daughter of a family dedicated to the ministry. This chapter reveals that Nevius’ meditations followed the example of two other ministers’ wives, Sara van der Mast (1620–49) and Elizabeth van den Heuvel (1638–?). This illuminates a trend in which ministers’ wives published meditations to model for others the domestic spiritual exercises that they believed helped one grow closer to God, and demonstrates the growing popularity of mysticism among Further Reformation supporters after 1650. Van Schurman helped foster mysticism as well, but her departure from the church in 1669 made those who remained orthodox look for other models. Nevius’ husband à Brakel posthumously published Nevius’ meditations in 1706 to fill this void. Although Nevius was not as learned or as internationally renowned as the latter, à Brakel confirmed Nevius’ claim that she was Jesus’ student, an accomplishment that he believed other men and women should try to emulate while detailing her ministry to communities in Friesland and Rotterdam.
Conclusion
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The conclusion asserts that this book is a celebration of the wealth of evidence that reveals that contemporary members of the Dutch Reformed Church valued and relied upon devout Reformed women. Ministers and lay friends and family recruited them to nurture and teach children, to admonish wayward husbands and neighbors, to help finance church initiatives, to provide luxurious meeting spaces, and to author a broad range of devotional materials. They shared books and manuscripts with female friends and relatives, worshiped and studied alongside them at home, enjoyed their musical talents, and sometimes helped them publish their written works. Each one of the women featured in this book took advantage of familial and Reformed ministers’ support to build upon a long tradition of lay religious participation in religious reform in the Dutch Republic and flourished within the most conservative branch of the Reformed church.
Impurities and the growth of semiconductors
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
All modern electronics and computers are based on semiconductor devices and they function because we have invested immense quantities of time, money and people trying to understand how a few parts per million of the atoms in a solid can totally change and control the electrical properties. The production challenges need immense precision, not only with the number of dopant impurities, but also in the way they are distributed and patterned into the semiconductor host. The basic concepts are simple, whereas the manufacturing is highly complex. The chapter offers simplistic views of how electrical properties are altered, and why it is essential to control the location of electrically active impurities. It is clear that there are many features which influence semiconductor performance but, conceptually, the underlying science is vastly simpler than the fabrication.
Chemistry and catalysis
Authors: Townsend Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For over a century, trace impurities have been involved in the chemical industry to accelerate chemical processes, or to enable those that will not function under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Industrial examples started using impurities (here called catalysts) to speed up the production of margarine and development of chemical dyes. The concept is so effective that it is totally widespread and, of the thousands of examples one can cite, virtually every step in the chemistry of oil refineries, to catalytic convertors that clean car exhaust systems. Catalysts are also key to life and substances but, in biology, they are termed enzymes (without them life would not exist). Such powerful chemistry has diversified across many topic areas and cited examples range from forensics to cleaning and nuclear reactors.
Democratization and Tax Innovation
Authors: Kato Junko , Toyofuku Miki 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter analyses the interaction of democratization and tax modernization over the long-run of history. It shows that democratization has stimulated the adoption of the personal income tax during the nineteenth and early twentieth century but the adoption of the VAT during the late twenty and early twenty-first century. Assuming that democracy is associated with a higher demand for public spending, it argues that the move towards (more) democracy tends to accelerate the introduction of the tax that is generally considered as the most potent revenue instrument at that particular point in historical time. This used to be the personal income tax in the past and is the VAT today.
Unselfish Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Having explored the nature of love, the present chapter endorses Kierkegaard’s conception of “work,” which refers to the way we should love. After all, possessing the capacity to love is not in itself sufficient for loving correctly. We often actuate this capacity poorly and fail to love as we should. The chapter focuses on selfishness, a failure to which romantic love is particularly susceptible. However, whereas Kierkegaard posits self-denial as a way of securing love against selfishness, the proposal here is that this alone is not enough to achieve loving correctly. Correct love can only be accomplished by what Kierkegaard presents as the double movement of faith. Explaining what it means to understand faith as a twofold attitude of denial and affirmation, the chapter suggests that for romantic love to be correct, it should not only be structured like faith but also be conditional on it.
Conclusion
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Returning to Zelda’s poem that was presented in the introduction to the book, and by this to the deeply intuitive conception of possessing a name, this chapter ties together the major themes developed in the book: the meaning and significance of being a self, that is, of being given a name—primarily by God, but no less importantly by one’s living in the world; the meaning and significance of possessing this name—one’s individual essence—in a state of potential that requires an actualization by virtue of worldly existence; and the crucial connection between becoming oneself—the self that God intends one to be—and loving, romantically, in a genuine, correct, way.
Taiwan Cinema as Soft Power
Authors: Lim Song Hwee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book seeks to understand cinema as a form of soft-power tool. It proposes Taiwan as a prime example of cinema’s effect in assisting a small nation gain prominence on the international stage. It maps Taiwan’s cinematic output in the twenty-first century through the three keywords in the book’s subtitle—authorship, transnationality, historiography. Its object of analysis is the legacy of Taiwan New Cinema, a movement that began in the early 1980s and has had a lasting impact upon filmmakers and cinephiles worldwide for nearly 40 years. By examining case studies that include Hou Hsiao-hsien, Ang Lee, and Tsai Ming-liang, this book suggests that authorship is central to Taiwan cinema’s ability to transcend borders to the extent that the historiographical writing of Taiwan cinema has to be reimagined. It also looks at the scaling down of soft power from the global to the regional via a cultural imaginary called “little freshness,” which describes films and cultural products from Taiwan that have become hugely popular in China and Hong Kong. In presenting Taiwan cinema’s significance as a case of a small nation with enormous soft power, this book hopes to recast the terms and stakes of both cinema studies and soft power studies in academia.
Do Numbers Exist?
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay presents the second-philosophical view of arithmetic from Essay #9 to a beginning audience. That view ends with an account of the cognitive and conceptual basis for Peano Arithmetic. This essay addresses the further questions of ontology: do numbers exist?, is arithmetic the study of abstract objects, or is it an extremely useful, idealized theory that’s not literally true? Both options seem open to the Second Philosopher. The suggestion is that once the underlying second-philosophical facts are recognized, the situation can be described either way—with the terms ‘true’ and ‘exist’ or without—and that neither way of speaking comes in conflict with any fact of the matter.
Reconsidering World History
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2, “Reconsidering World History,” explains the global scale of the constructive view by examining how we got here. It argues that we now live in a social system that is as large as the globe, and that this system was built by the converging processes of trans-Atlantic slavery and colonialism, a concept identified as ‘global racial empire.’ We should understand this system as a system of distribution, explaining where social advantages and disadvantages are made and how much of each that different people and places get. Over time, advantages and disadvantages accumulate. Racial injustice can be understood as an unjust pattern of distribution and accumulation.
Liberation for Some
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses gentrification in the Castro, which particularly affected the relationship between people of color and the largely white clones. Black clones tell their story of this time, and other criticisms of clone culture within gay activist circles are explored. Two nightclubs that opened in 1977—the I-Beam and Trocadero Transfer—were at the center of clone culture, and both were hubs of the sound. Finally, a history of gay house parties, describes the shift to Rod Roderick’s large, expensive San Francisco house parties and then Michael Maletta’s New York-style megaparties in the Bay, especially “Night Flight” in 1977. The next generation of "high-energy" parties began with David Bandy and Gary Roverana’s “Salute to the Men of San Francisco,” at the Galleria Design Center, formalizing and ritualizing dancing to the emerging San Francisco sound.
Europe
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Anders Breivik’s 2011 terrorist attacks in Norway transformed the world of violent white supremacy. Breivik offered a model for others to follow, releasing a manifesto detailing the fantastical logic of his massacre and, with his bombing and particularly his systematic mass shooting, providing a style of attack for future shooters. Both before and after Breivik’s attacks, opposition in Europe to Muslim immigration grew, often exacerbated by jihadist terrorism in Europe and elsewhere in the world. White supremacists also made inroads into politics, with parties in Germany, Greece, France, and other countries espousing strongly antiimmigrant and anti-Muslim sentiment and, in some cases, having links to violent white supremacists. European countries became more aggressive in their efforts to counter white supremacist violence, but they still devoted relatively few resources to the problem, and uneven political support further complicated an effective response.
Terrorism in Real Time
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Social media has proven a boon for white supremacists and other terrorists, enabling them to recruit, direct operations, and spread their message. Brenton Tarrant livestreamed on Facebook his 2019 attacks on a mosque and an Islamic center in Christchurch, New Zealand, illustrating how terrorists are integrating social media into their operations. Social media companies initially did little to stop the exploitation of their platforms by terrorist and hate groups, but many major companies have become far more aggressive in recent years, deplatforming dangerous groups and individuals and blocking terrorist content. At the same time, social media companies face numerous technical problems that prevent them from taking stronger steps, and they are often sensitive to political criticism.
Fighting White Supremacy
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Abstract: There are many ways to fight white supremacist violence, and if governments and civil society organizations work together, they can greatly reduce the danger of terrorism. Civil society organizations can identify extremists, sue them in court, and work to remove individuals from an extremist environment. Police and intelligence services can exploit the movement’s many vulnerabilities to monitor and disrupt their activities. Ensuring that the police themselves are not penetrated by white supremacists is essential. Given the international nature of the movement, international cooperation is also vital for coordinating the global response. Perhaps the most important step is that governments devote the resources and attention to the problem, as white supremacists have many vulnerabilities. This, in turn, requires political support, with parties with agendas that overlap with the white supremacists on issues such as immigration eschewing extreme rhetoric and firmly rejecting any calls for violence.
What is Orchestra Management?
Authors: Newton Travis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with a bit of background about the evolution of the modern symphony orchestra from its origins four hundred years ago to the present. The chapter then defines orchestra management, alongside a description of the various components thereof, including operations, personnel management, development, marketing, community engagement, financial management, artistic planning, and the role of the executive director . The chapter continues by discussing the way that orchestras are typically organized as not-for-profit entities. It then explores top-of-mind challenges and opportunities facing orchestras, including economics, relevance, and logistical concerns. Finally, the chapter utilizes established innovation theory to demonstrate how orchestras can undergo systematic, purposeful innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The introduction presents the main theses of the book and outlines its structure. The positive thesis is that computation is semantic in that it is always accompanied by representations. On the negative side, I suggest that three premises have stood in the way of an adequate account of physical computation: the logical dogma, which asserts that there is a strong linkage between the mathematical theories of computability and physical computation; the architectural dogma, which asserts that the difference between computing and non-computing physical systems has to do, at least in part, with a distinct architectural or functional profile, such as discreteness; and the substantivity premise, which imposes overly strong objectivity, naturalistic, and pancomputationalism-avoidant constraints.
Desiderata of a Theory of Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe chapter outlines the various demands that arise in a philosophical account of physical computation. It discusses two lists of desiderata put forward by Smith (1996, 2002) and Piccinini (2007, 2015), and argues that a key desideratum is to formulate classification criteria that distinguish computing from non-computing physical systems. It further suggests that the distinction between these criteria for distinguishing computing from non-computing systems (the-right-things-compute and the-wrong-things-don’t-compute) might differ from the criteria for classifying different kinds of computation. It also argues that we need not require substantive demands about the objectivity and the utility of computation in advance.
Conclusion
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter recaps the proposed characterization of physical computation and outlines how this characterization squares with the desiderata of an account of computation. The account meets the desideratum of the-right-things-compute in that it deems smartphones, laptops, and robots, as well as natural cognitive and nervous systems, to be computing systems. It meets the desideratum of the-wrong-things-don’t-compute in that it deems stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, to be non-computing systems. The proposed account meets a milder objectivity desideratum. It is consistent with the claims that the computational properties of some computing systems, such as brains, are entirely objective and that some computational properties of all computing systems are entirely objective (PO2). The account assigns a distinct feature to computational explanations, namely, modeling, and it emphasizes that the identity conditions that define types of computation (whose specification is the goal of the taxonomy desideratum) are different from those conditions that distinguish computation from non-computation. Finally, it is said how the account fares with Smith’s scope criteria.
Hume’s Anatomy of Virtue
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In his Treatise of Human Nature Hume makes clear that it is his aim to make moral philosophy more scientific and properly grounded on experience and observation. On the basis of the “experimental” approach he presents an anatomy of virtue, with a view to identifying and carefully delineating the true foundations of morality in human nature and correcting our practices in light of this. With this improvement in our understanding of the nature and basis of virtue, we can better appreciate the way in which virtue secures happiness for ourselves and others and may also avoid the distortions and corruptions of morality by religious superstition.