bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderators
Authors: Frost-Arnold Karen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 investigates the epistemology of online content moderation, arguing that current corporate practices promote epistemic injustice and exploit workers in traumatizing ways. The chapter argues that the labor model of commercial content moderation prevents workers from developing necessary epistemic virtues. It provides an account of the epistemic exploitation of moderators and suggests ways to make the work less exploitative. Then it draws on this account and internet studies scholars’ use of the metaphor of digital garbage to provide an account of a novel kind of epistemic injustice, which is called ‘epistemic dumping.’ In epistemic dumping, the labor of sorting, handling, and disposing of the toxic epistemic trash of epistemic communities is disproportionately performed by some (typically traditionally oppressed) groups, while other (typically traditionally dominant) groups benefit from this labor though usually being oblivious to its performance or dismissive of the epistemic labor involved in handling the trash.
Lurkers
Authors: Frost-Arnold Karen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyzes how social media can play a powerful role in educating people about their own privileges and prejudices. It focuses on the epistemic virtues and vices of lurkers, people who spend time in online epistemic communities without directly participating in them. Under the right circumstances, lurking can be an epistemically virtuous activity. However, lurking can also be an oppressive mode of knowledge production, one that treats marginalized subjects as objects of voyeuristic study rather than as epistemic agents. Often lurking should be avoided in lieu of active engagement or simply leaving epistemic spaces altogether. This chapter develops a virtue epistemology that helps us discern when to engage in a conversation, when to be quiet and lurk, and how to avoid hijacking online spaces for marginalized people.
Content-Focused Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Dembroff Robin , Whitcomb Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There has been extensive discussion of testimonial epistemic injustice, the phenomenon whereby a speaker’s testimony is rejected due to prejudice regarding who they are. But people also have their testimony rejected or preempted due to prejudice regarding what they communicate. Here, the injustice is content-focused. We describe several cases of content-focused injustice, and we theoretically interrogate those cases by building up a general framework through which to understand them as a genuine form of epistemic injustice that stands in intertwined relationships to other forms of epistemic injustice.
Conceptions of Genuine Knowledge in Wang Yangming
Authors: Lederman Harvey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies one aspect of the great Ming dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming’s (王陽明 1472–1529) celebrated doctrine of the unity of knowledge and action (zhi xing he yi 知行合一). Wang states that his doctrine does not apply to all knowledge, but only to an elevated form of knowledge, which he sometimes calls “genuine knowledge” (zhen zhi 真知). But what is “genuine knowledge”? I develop and compare four different interpretations of this notion: the perceptual, practical, normative, and introspective models. The main aim of the chapter is to develop these models in more detail than has been done before. But at the end of the chapter I argue that the introspective model is to be preferred over the alternatives.
There’s More to Transparency than Windows
Authors: Prueitt Catherine , Samoilova Kateryna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We focus on a fascinating observation shared by philosophers in a number of traditions: when we try to directly examine our experience, the experience itself seems to vanish as we focus on its objects. We examine two scaffolds for understanding this observation that have been dominant in the post-Moore analytic tradition: the window scaffold and the mirror scaffold. We note that these scaffolds have different strengths, but fail to fully capture certain salient features of the transparency datum. We introduce a new scaffold for thinking about the transparency datum. This new scaffold, which we have developed through our cross-cultural engagement with Classical South Asian epistemology, suggests that awareness is like purple, transparency is like polarization, and subject and object are like the red and blue into which purple can be polarized. Experience vanishes when we direct our attention to it like purple vanishes when polarized into red and blue.
“Getting It Oneself” as an Alternative to Testimonial Knowledge and Deference to Tradition
Authors: Tiwald Justin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Roughly, moral deference is the practice of forming a moral belief on the basis of some credible authority’s recommendation rather than on one’s own moral judgment. Many philosophers have suggested that the sort of knowledge yielded by moral deference is deficient in various ways. To better appreciate its possible deficiencies, I propose that we look at a centuries-long philosophical discourse that made much of the shortcomings of this sort of knowledge, which is the discourse about “getting it oneself” (zide 自得) in the later (post-classical) Confucian tradition. In this chapter, I offer the first sustained philosophical account of “getting it oneself,” as conceived by its most influential proponents—Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi. I describe its most notable features, including its tendency to enhance epistemic confidence and what I call “self-discovery aspects” of the phenomenon. I then focus on the Neo-Confucian claim that some parts of the deliberative process should be spontaneous or unforced, which, I argue, they saw as necessary for an unbiased appreciation of the inferential force of the reasons for one’s moral conclusions. I conclude by pointing to some of the broader implications of my reading for both the history of philosophy and current debates about moral deference.
Elements of Knowledge-First Epistemology in Gaṅgeśa and Nyāya
Authors: Vaidya Anand 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper I argue that there are elements of Tim Williamson’s knowledge-first epistemology that can be found in the work of the fourteenth-century philosopher, Gaṅgeśa. He is the father of the new school of Nyāya. I delineate his view about perception and knowledge by comparing it to his predecessor, Gautama Akṣapāda, the father of Nyāya. On Gaṅgeśa’s knowledge is not composed of parts. And a perceptual event, understood as a veridical awareness, is a transient occurrence of perceptual knowledge. I cash out his view of perception as a special form of disjunctivism that focuses on positive and negative causal factors. I apply it to several cases to show how the theory works. I then go on to discuss Gaṅgeśa’s two-tiered theory of knowledge where there is a distinction between perceptual knowledge and certified knowledge and how it relates to the KK-principle, that when one knows they know that they know.
Deploying Feminism in NATO Operations
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Before delving into the case studies, this chapter provides an overview of how Women, Peace and Security norms have been adapted to the NATO context. It first introduces the content of NATO’s Women, Peace and Security policy and action plan, from its adoption to the present day. On the military side too, these norms have been integrated into directives and what NATO calls its gender structure, which plans for the appointment of gender advisors and gender focal points at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. In discussing the content of those policies and directives, the chapter also details the NATO processes and structures that support implementation. The operational planning process is explained to show how political decisions are translated into military actions on the ground.
Advising and Assisting in Iraq
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The NATO Mission in Iraq started in 2018. The US-led Global Coalition against ISIS was looking to transfer some tasks to NATO as the country’s security forces turned to stabilization and post-conflict reconstruction, yet again. Many NATO allies have sent troops to Iraq before, and this is a key reference point through which gender considerations are assessed: women can be important community stakeholders but can also be the brides of ISIS. Making the wrong gender-based assumptions can lead to costly mistakes. The Canadian commander brings his female gender advisor to all planning meetings and tells his staff to listen: what she says goes, or NATO risks facing a credibility gap. One cannot tell the Iraqi government to make room for more women when one brings an all-male NATO team to the meeting.
Conclusion
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Taking stock of the three case studies, there is clear evidence to show that Women, Peace and Security norms are approached primarily through an operational mindset. When seen as useful for the mission, these norms are taken into account; otherwise, promoting gender equality is brushed aside as someone else’s business. WPS norms have been militarized because soldiers have interpreted them through the prism of their own warfighting culture. This culture is implementation-focused, so noticeable change has occurred but on the military’s terms. In light of these findings, this concluding chapter turns to recommendations. It comments, for example, on the lack of civilian oversight at the mission level, the possibilities for improving the training of gender advisors, and broadening metrics of operational effectiveness.
Restraint, Conflict, and the Fall of the Roman Republic
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Romans endlessly harped on “morality,” a cultural feature long ignored as a literary trope or misunderstood as a marker of elite status. This book shows how, instead, social norms of personal restraint were part of a habitus of foundational values that acted as metarules for the Roman aristocratic performative-competitive political system. The book investigates these norms and explicates their positive content in the republican framework and their resulting place in the Romans’ habitual mental map. The book then examines how social norms came into irreconcilable conflict, arguing that—far from Rome progressing from a pristine past moral state to a sad moral nadir—the same “morals” of personal self-control stabilized and destabilized the Republic at different points in time. The values eventually lost their prohibitory force to constrain action, but not because they were abandoned. Rather, disputes over the proper application and meaning of the norms in novel political and social circumstances grew into violent clashes as disputants presented themselves as last-ditch defenders of the essential values and, accordingly, imagined their opponents as bent on the Republic’s destruction, while no normatively acceptable third-party judge could exist to resolve the conflicts. Thus, the aristocracy’s consensus formed and then cracked along axes over what constituted normative restraint behavior, which both accounts for the ubiquity of this cultural feature, and which automatically undermined a central pillar of the performative-competitive structure itself.
Introduction
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Introduction explains how the ancient sources are filled with a constant worry about lost “morals” relating to self-control: moderation, temperance, deference, and others. These “morals,” however, sit uncomfortably with another Roman cultural feature: aggressive self-advancement. Modern scholars have modeled how the Roman Republic was a form of performative competition. Scholars have not yet completely resolved this paradox. The Introduction shows how the book will merge those models with ubiquitous Roman source material on self-control, showing how self-control complemented the competition by creating rules for it. But because the competition was for political legitimacy, debates over self-control would necessarily lead to debates over the rules of the “game” itself, with politically fraught consequences. The Introduction explains how the book will illustrate a four-part process by which the debates became unjudgable and intractable, leading to the perception that unrestrained, illegitimate “deviants” were threatening the Republic. That perception has survived in our sources in their obsession with “morals” and their constant fear that “lost” “morals” were endangering the state. What the sources were actually observing was how emotion and turmoil tied to strong normative beliefs with powerful political valences could lead to dehumanization and violence, making the fear that “lost morals” posed a danger to the Republic self-fulfilling.
Moderatio, Modestia, and Temperantia
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes restraining pressures to which the Romans gave the names modus, modestia, moderatio, and temperantia, and examines them in three different arenas: vis-à-vis aristocratic fellows; relating to luxury or lust; and as affecting the Republic’s operation as a whole. The Romans believed that restraint in these three arenas overlapped to support the proper functioning of the Republic. A man able to array these restraining qualities in public and in private would fill his offices well and take orderly part in the distribution of honors because he could operate well with superiors, inferiors, and peers, with the citizenry, with foreigners, and with tradition. Modestia ensured orderly dissemination of offices based on relative merit, of which seniority was a component. Moderatio smoothed tensions that self-advancement might foster, prevented one man from growing too influential, even by merit, and helped order and spread the distribution of prizes in a fluid and semiformal competitive system. It also made the individual exercise of power acceptable to the group; self-advancement in the competition was not truly laudable unless mingled with self-control. Temperantia was the process of tamping down any selfish urges that remained. Hence, theoretically, if all peers displayed the values, they could compete indefinitely too much conflict and without the competition leaving too many men of merit without the proverbial musical chair, making the “game” worthwhile, and the exercise of power by the winners legitimate and acceptable to the group and the “losers.”
Tiberius Gracchus
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 reexamines the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus in the light of the restraint norms, showing how Gracchus’ quarrel with his colleague and Gracchus’ murder were, paradoxically, products of the restraint values and set in motion long-term changes to the values’ operation. It argues that by using the restraint values as interpretive tools we can hone in on why this tribunate ushered in unprecedented bloodshed: two groups of aristocrats (or, in the end, one aristocrat alone and a group of aristocratic opponents) each appealed to traditional restraint values in unprecedentedly irreconcilable ways, or appeared unrestrainable in unprecedented ways. The conflict was particularly unjudgable and intractable because Tiberius ushered a novel wedge into Roman politics: the idea that, perhaps, the Senate as a whole or in great part need not be heeded because the senators were collectively stricken with greed, intemperantia, and immoderation, and were thus morally and normatively incapable of acting as a proper judge of his behavior, and thus unworthy of deference, while the People (the theoretical highest power in the Republic) might instead act as sole judge. Violence was the unprecedented solution to this impasse between tradition-based views.
Cataclysm
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 locates within an unstable long trend of disruption to the meta-rules the clash between Marius and Sulla. At every point, the convoluted paths of the antagonists and the cataclysmic butchery that they unleased were shaped by the confluence of factors in the application and judgment of restraint norms that made nonviolent, intragroup policing ever less viable. The two injected a heavier dose of destabilizing uncertainty into the sensitive mores than had ever been absorbed before, and carried the disruption well past any facile tribune/senate divide or structural idiosyncrasy of the tribunate. The ability of social norms to order the group as a whole peacefully thus weakened, and violence further became the solution to disputes. Although this process did not dictate immediate social collapse, uncertainty now would hang in the background of every future aristocratic interaction. The chapter also explains Sulla’s “new” constitution as a product of the restraint values, as an attempt to fix inter-personal relations and to heal the broken judgment group, rather than a conscious political program. Finally, it explains how Sulla could be a man simultaneously so shocking and so orthodox: he consistently attempted to hew to a kaleidoscopic system of restraint patterns that caused him by turns to be ruthless or orderly, but always in pursuit of upholding what he believed were longstanding values in the contorted habitus.
The Lost Generation of the Republic
Authors: Belonick Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7, “The Lost Generation of the Republic,” follows the actors of the 60s to the 40s who inherited a veneer of structural integrity that concealed highly confused understandings of normative behavior, expressed in a vast array of approaches to restraint. This volatile social context shaped the generation’s decision-making and emotions and heightened their conflicts, rendering them helpless to resolve peaceably among themselves what shame, moderation, and consensus should mean, even as they clung to the profound conviction that these values must somehow be upheld for the sake of the Republic. The chapter shows how the adrift generation inherited the structural features of their ancestors’ government, but replicated, at best, only detached shards of those structures’ supporting social frame—then turned the shards on each other. It focuses on restraint’s role in three representative cases of the period. First, the career of Pompey the Great to 59 bc exemplifies how the moderatio pattern that had traditionally rendered influence and advancement acceptable now instead might only exacerbate invidia and mistrust, which undermined legitimate, institutional grants of power. Second, the conspiracy of Catiline shows the chaotic state of the emotional underpinnings of pudor, verecundia, and care for existimatio that once supported deference. Third, the interactions among M. Licinius Crassus, M. Porcius Cato, and C. Julius Caesar and the formation of the “First Triumvirate” demonstrate how it grew ever more impossible to achieve consensus in judging individual behavior.
Virtue and Happiness
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the key distinctive feature of Stoic ethics, namely, the claim that happiness depends solely on virtue. The chapter explains this claim by analysing the meaning of ‘happiness’ and ‘virtue’ in Stoicism and the relationship between these ideas. Happiness is understood, primarily, as ‘the life according to nature’, meaning the life according to human and universal (world-wide or cosmic) nature. Virtue is seen as expertise in leading a happy life, as so understood. Human nature is conceived as combining rationality and sociability, and universal nature as combining structure, order, and wholeness, and as implanting in animals care for oneself and others of one’s kind. Virtue and happiness are seen as sharing these characteristics of human and universal nature; and this structural similarity goes a long way towards explaining why Stoics see happiness as depending solely on virtue.
Virtue, Indifferents, and Practical Deliberation
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 is concerned with a second distinctive, and controversial, feature of Stoic ethics, namely, the claim that only virtue and virtue-based happiness are good, whereas other things widely regarded as good such as health and wealth are only ‘preferred indifferents’. The rationale for this claim is that, although preferred indifferents have real and positive value, they do not make the difference between happiness and misery (leading the life according to nature or failing to do so) whereas virtue and vice do make this difference. Correspondingly, correct or right practical deliberation consists of selecting between indifferents (preferred and dispreferred) in a way that expresses the virtues and leads towards a happy life (a life according to nature). Cicero’s On Duties, the only surviving extended Stoic work on this subject, is interpreted as expressing this conception of virtuous practical deliberation.
Stoic Ethics, Human Nature, and the Environment
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the scope for Stoic ethics to contribute to modern thinking on ethical naturalism, especially in virtue ethics. Stoicism, like Aristotle, conceives virtue-based happiness as the realization of human nature, in a form that makes sense in modern, as well as ancient, terms. Stoicism, as elsewhere, does so in a way that is more fully worked out than in Aristotle, especially in its theory of appropriation. In addition, by extending the ethical framework to include universal nature, the Stoics can contribute significantly to modern attempts to respond ethically to the challenge of climate breakdown. Particularly important is their view that the natural world or universe has intrinsic value and that it embodies order, ideas which can support modern attempts to combat the disorder of climate breakdown.
Stoic Development and Guidance, and Modern Thought
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores the actual and potential contribution of Stoic thinking on development and guidance to modern thought. In modern virtue ethics, Stoicism provides an approach centred on the idea of development in adult life, which provides an alternative to the Aristotelian approach, centred on childhood development. Stoicism also has much to offer on ethical guidance, a topic largely missing in Aristotle. Stoicism has already had a powerful effect on contemporary life-guidance directed at a broad public audience, as illustrated by the work of the organization ‘Modern Stoicism’. The impact of Stoicism in this area suggests that it also has the potential to make a strong contribution to modern ethical theory on ethical guidance.
Exploring Archives, Examining Resources, and Developing Strategies for Research in Peace History
Authors: Chmielewski Wendy E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the current resources available to conduct research in peace history, including a survey of institutions where these resources may be found, with examples in each category. The editors of this volume have provided a definition of “peace history,” but a researcher’s own approach to their topic will determine the types of resources used and where research may occur. The creators of “peace history” here include activists, citizen diplomats, government civil servants, politicians, and others who are primarily concerned with ending war, maintaining peace or social stability, assisting victims of war, and creating positive social change as well as those scholars tasked with recording that work or preserving its history.