bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
274 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Camborough Sows and Litter Performance
Authors: Lu Ning , Estrada Jorge , Hanson Andrea , Vier Carine M , Soto Jose A , Silva Gustavo , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Welsch Michael , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing feeding levels for PIC Camborough sows during early gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 636 sows (PIC Camborough) were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 4 treatments that were balanced for weight and caliper scores within parity categories. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 85, 115, 145, or 175% of the NRC (2012) maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) requirement calculated as MEm, kcal/d = 100 × (body weight, kg)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles-based diet with 3,092 kcal of ME/kg and 0.64% standardized ileal digestible lysine was used. Treatments were applied from d 6 to 35 of gestation, after which sows were moved to gestation pens and fed according to body condition through an electronic sow feeder until moved to the farrowing room. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. On average, females were ideal condition at weaning across treatment as determined by the caliper scores. Average feed allowances were 1.6, 2.1, 2.6, and 3.2 kg/day for the 85, 115, 145, and 175% treatments, respectively. Increasing feed allowances reduced (linear, P&lt; 0.05) body weight loss (-13.8, -10.3, -4.7 and -0.5 kg, respectively) and increased caliper score gain (-0.43, -0.03, 0.64, 0.76 units, respectively) from weaning to d 35 of gestation. There was no evidence for treatment effects on farrowing rate, total born, stillborn rate, average litter weight, piglet throughput, or subsequent reproductive performance. In summary, increasing feed allowances to meet 85 to 175% of the MEm requirements during early gestation on Camborough sows resulted in a reduction in body weight loss and an improvement in caliper gain until d 35 of gestation without evidence of impact in reproductive performance.
273 Awardee Talk: A Perspective on Calcium and Phosphorus Nutrition: Where we are and the Opportunities Ahead
Authors: Adeola Layi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quantifying dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) that can be used in the body of the animal is important for formulating nutritionally adequate diet and for efficient production of animal products. Historically, utilizable Ca and P in feedstuffs have been determined using the slope-ratio bioassays. The relative available Ca or P obtained from the assay is highly dependent on, among others, the available Ca or P in the reference source and the response criterion; and the measure is not usually additive in mixed feeds. The most common response criteria are bone ash and mineral concentration, or breaking strength, which tend to be labor-intensive and expensive, and very importantly do not provide estimates of mineral quantities voided by animals. The use of digestible in place of relative available overcomes some of the issues listed. For the formulation of diets that more accurately match requirement with dietary supply as well as proper quantification of excretion of P for environmental considerations, the use of relative available phosphorus as a currency is nebulous. Because colonic secretion or absorption of Ca has been shown in previous studies, it was important to, first, answer the question on whether there is a difference between Ca digestibility determined by the ileal cannulation technique or the total tract digestibility method. Unlike in poultry where urine P contributes to excreta in total tract, there is no difference between ileal and total tract digestibility of P in swine. The prominence of literature on utilization of Ca and P has provided more clarity in the understanding of the intricate interactions among Ca, P, and phytase. Issues of variation require more investigation into method standardization as well as additivity of digestible Ca and P values in mixed diet.
239 Increasing Dietary Soybean Meal Level Improves Growth and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Healthy Pigs and Reduces GHG Emissions
Authors: Boyd R Dean , Rosero David S , Elsbernd Amanda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the growth response to increasing soybean meal (SBM) dose (low, medium, high) compared to a high-energy, low SBM reference diet (HE L-SBM). A total of 2283 PIC terminal pigs (initial BW=44.25+1.14 kg) were used in a fixed time assay (ca. 133.63+1.23 kg). Pigs were placed in 96 mixed-sex pens (23-25 pigs/pen; 0.75 m2/pig), blocked by pen BW and allotted to 4 diets (HE L-SBM, L-SBM, M-SBM, H-SBM), which were fed in 4 phases beginning at 40.8, 59.0, 86.2, 104.4 kg BW. Dietary level of SBM corresponded to 19.0, 19.0, 24.5, and 30.0% respectively (phase 1); 14.0, 14.0, 18.0, and 22.0% (phase 2); 9.5, 9.5, 13.0, and 16.5% (phase 3) and 7.5, 7.5, 10.5, and 13.0% (phase 4). The HE L-SBM diet contained 20% DDGS, SBM equal to L-SBM diet, amino acids, 3.0% CWG. Diets exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for nutrients, were iso-nutrient and SID Lysine:NE ratio was kept constant within dietary phase. The HE L-SBM diet had ca. 52 kcal NE/kg advantage to L, M, H-SBM diets (isocaloric). Early growth (phase 1) tended to be greatest for H-SBM (0.917, 0.919, 0.938 kg/d, P=0.118); each exceeding the summer reference diet (HE L-SBM 0.883, P&lt; 0.001). In phase 2, pigs fed SBM diets grew similarly at each level (0.902, 0.920, 0.917 kg/d); HE L-SBM was inferior (0.883, P&lt; 0.010). All diets performed similar for growth in phases 3, 4 (0.932, 0.736 kg/d). Carcass weight was the greatest for M-SBM, L-SBM diets (98.5, 98.6 kg) compared to HE L-SBM (97.1, P&lt; 0.072). Whole-body G:F was greater for H-SBM vs L-SBM, M-SBM (0.354, 0.346, 0.339; P&lt; 0.116, P&lt; 0.005) and equal to HE L-SBM (0.355). Thus, early growth benefitted from H-SBM; DDGS reduced gain despite fat addition. Caloric efficiency favored H-SBM (9.466 Mcal/kg gain) over HE L-SBM (10.098), as did predicted GHG emission (&lt; 4.6%).
279 Identification of Potential Biomarkers of Reproductive Development in Vaginal Gene Expression Associated with Serum Concentrations of Reproductive Hormones at key Periods in Gilt Development
Authors: Dierking Shannon L , Morton Jodi , Pinilla Juan Carlos , Gonda Michael , Rekabdarkolaee Hossein , Clapper Jeffrey A , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early puberty in gilts is associated with long-term reproductive performance. The ability to predict who will achieve early puberty is limited to intensive and invasive collection of serial blood samples to assess reproductive hormones, which is not practical for on-farm use. The objective of this pilot study was to characterize changes in gene expression in the vaginal epithelium related to reproduction during key periods in pubertal development. Pre-pubertal gilts (n =13) in 2 cohorts were followed from 70 d of age until first estrus or 213-215 d of age. Blood and vaginal epithelia were collected at five key timepoints during reproductive development (d70/77, d100/110, d130, d160 and first estrus or end of trial). Total RNA were isolated from vaginal epithelia and relative gene expression of two toll-like receptors (TLR-4 and TLR-5), tacykinin precursor-3 (TAC-3), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha was quantified by real time RT-PCR, relative to the expression of RPLP0. Of the 13 gilts, 3 exhibited estrus early (d169 to 174), 3 were average (d194 to 195), 2 were late (d203 to 213), 3 were deemed anestrus and 2 had a silent estrus (one prior to d160 and one after d200). Statistical analysis of relative expression of each gene relative to 70 d was performed using the PCR package in RStudio (version 1.2.5025). Analysis of gene expression utilized Fisher’s exact t-test for genes TLR-4, TLR-5 and TAC-3, and ANOVA for genes ER-alpha, IGF-1. Expression of IGF-1 and TAC-3 were up-regulated 9-fold and 7-fold, at the start of boar exposure (d 160; P &lt; 0.05). Expression of ER-alpha tended to be upregulated 3-fold at 100 d of age (P = 0.08). Expression of TLR-4 and TLR-5 was not detected for most samples until standing estrus. These transcripts may be putative biomarkers for early estrus detection.
282 Metabolic and Endocrine Changes in Dairy Cows fed Different Diets at dry-off
Authors: Jermann Pascaline , Fritsche Dominik , Wagner Lea , Wellnitz Olga , Bruckmaier Rupert M , Gross Josef J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Concentrate withdrawal and feed restriction reduce milk production to facilitate dry-off. We investigated the impact of feed rations providing different amounts of nutrients in combination with feed restriction on performance, endocrine, and metabolic responses before and after abrupt dry-off. Forty-three cows were studied from d 12 before until d 6 after dry-off (56 d before scheduled calving). Cows were fed experimental concentrates rich in either crude protein (nitrogenic, n=14), glucogenic precursors (glucogenic, n=14), or lipids (lipogenic, n=15). On d 3 before dry-off, total feed allowance was restricted to 50 % in one-half of the animals of each dietary group whereas feed allowance remained unchanged in the other animals. Statistical analysis (SAS, version 9.4) was carried out using a mixed model with dietary group, time, and diet×time interaction as fixed effects (Significance assumed at P&lt; 0.05). Feed restriction immediately resulted in a negative energy balance (NEB) and decreased milk production (P&lt; 0.05). Concomitantly, concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased, whereas insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and glucagon decreased (P&lt; 0.05). After dry-off, energy balance turned positive and plasma NEFA decreased again. Plasma glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 concentrations increased in all groups after dry-off. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in plasma were greater in non-restricted compared with restricted animals after dry-off (P&lt; 0.05). Milk and plasma urea concentrations were increased in cows fed the nitrogenic concentrate (P&lt; 0.05). Overall, metabolic and endocrine adaptations supporting milk synthesis were continued during the first days after dry-off despite cessation of milking. Thus, the abrupt dry-off resulted in a short-term increase of glucose and triglyceride concentrations, with a delayed endocrine response to re-establish nutrient homeostasis in blood.
289 Sperm Quality Assessments Using Flow Cytometry do not Differ between Angus and Charolais Breeds of Yearling Bulls Meeting Breeding Soundness Exam Threshold Requirements
Authors: Hartman Ashley R , Batey Ian E , Rathbun Theresa J , Zezeski Abby L , Geary Tom W , Grieger David M , Fike Karol E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Flow cytometry has been used as a reliable and objective tool for bull sperm quality assessments and identification of sub-fertility. Our objective was to determine if breed differences exist in sperm quality assessments using flow cytometry when evaluating semen from yearling Angus and Charolais bulls that passed breeding soundness exam (BSE) semen evaluation thresholds. Ejaculates were collected via electroejaculation on one of three consecutive days from yearling (403.15 ± 11.19 d age) Charolais (n=23) and Angus (n=23) bulls as part of a BSE. BSEs were conducted by one veterinarian and all bulls met all requirements as set by the Society for Theriogenology. An additional sperm motility analysis was conducted with the iSperm analyzer. Ejaculates were diluted in BoviFree to 70 million cells/mL and sent overnight for flow cytometry analyses. Sperm flow cytometry analyses included: acrosome and cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, and oxidation status. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with bull as experimental unit, bull breed as the main effect and collection date as a random variable was used to assess potential differences in sperm quality variables. Neither iSperm (P = 0.26) nor visual assessment (P = 0.66) of sperm motility differed among breeds. Bull breed did not influence (P = 0.83) total percentage of viable cells, nor percentage of viable cells with intact acrosomes (P = 0.83). When evaluating oxidation status by measuring reactive oxygen species, bull breed did not influence (P = 0.92) percentage of live sperm cells with positive reactive oxygen species status. There was a tendency (P = 0.10) for a greater percentage of sperm from Charolais bulls (31.1% ± 3.35) to have positive mitochondrial energy potential as compared with Angus bulls (17.6% ± 3.35). Bull breed appears to have little influence on sperm quality assessments among yearling bulls meeting threshold requirements for passing BSEs.
290 Effects of Exogenous Follicle Stimulating Hormone Prior to Embryo Transfer on Beef cow Recipients
Authors: Larson Jamie E , Carter Bryan , Johnson Tate , Swanson Rebecca M , Messman Riley D , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate characteristics of corpora lutea (CL) and concentrations of progesterone (P4) in beef recipient cows stimulated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) prior to embryo transfer. Forty suckled beef cows received the CO-Synch+CIDR protocol and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) exogenous FSH (FSH; 1.0 mL im 2x/d on d -4 and -3, 0.5 mL 2x/d on d -2 and -1) or 2) no treatment (CON). Estrous behavior was observed for 48 hr; d 0 = expected estrus. Frozen-thawed embryos were transferred (d 7) into the 36 females observed in estrus. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to measure number of CL and size of the largest CL, blood perfusion of luteal tissue, and pregnancy (d 35). Ultrasonography and blood samples were collected on d 7, 14, 21, and 28. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. LSMeans and SEM are presented. On d 21 and 28, cows in the FSH group had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) size of the largest CL compared with CON (d 21 = 1.81±0.309 vs 3.20±0.293 cm2 and d 28 = 1.88±0.332 vs 2.84±0.322 cm2). Area of blood perfusion was similar between FSH and CON groups (P &gt; 0.05), but on d 21 and 28 it was greater in pregnant cows compared with non-pregnant cows (9.78±2.109 vs 22.43±1.995 and 4.42±2.607 vs 26.38±2.533, P &lt; 0.0001). On d 7, 14, and 21, FSH group had greater concentrations of P4 and number of CL (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, on d 28, concentrations of P4 and number of CL were greater in FSH-pregnant cows compared to all others (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, FSH decreased size of the largest CL but increased number of CL and P4 on most days; it did not affect blood perfusion.
291 Synchronization and Seasonality Effects on Follicular Development, Estrus Expression, and Pregnancy in Brahman Females
Authors: Quail Lacey K , Epperson Kaitlin M , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Guy Chloey , Long Chalies , Perry George A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Control of follicular development is essential for estrous synchronization. This experiment determined differences in follicular development during synchronization in Brahman females. Cows (n=219) and heifers (n=90) in Fall (n=170) and Spring (n=139) were synchronized with a CIDR insert and administration of GnRH or PG treatment on d0 (1/2GnRH: n=106, GnRH: n=103, PG: n=100), and CIDR removal and PG administration on d6 followed by estrus detection and AI for 96h. Blood samples were collected on d0, d6, and d8 and/or AI to determine circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography occurred daily. Cows were grouped by CL presence (d0CL, d6CL) and P4 concentrations (d0P4, d6P4, d8P4, Low&lt; 1 ng/mL, High≥1 ng/mL) on d0 and d6. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used to analyze follicular wave initiation, wave emergence day, estrus expression, and pregnancy success. There were significant interactions of treatment by d0CL (P=0.0237), and season by d0P4 (P=0.0118) on wave initiation. Cows receiving 1/2GnRH with a CL on d0 (97±2%) and Fall cows having High d0P4 (96±3%) had the greatest probability of wave initiation. Age significantly impacted wave initiation (P=0.0213; heifers: 93±4%, cows: 79±5%). Interactions of treatment by season (P=0.0405) and treatment by d0CL (P=0.0379) significantly impacted wave emergence timing. Season (P&lt; 0.0001; Fall: 23±5%, Spring: 65±6%), and the interactions of treatment by d0P4 (P=0.0291) and new wave by d0P4 (P=0.0357) influenced estrus expression. Cows receiving 1/2GnRH with High d0P4 and cows with High d0P4 that initiated a new wave had the greatest probability of estrus expression. Pregnancy rate differed by estrus expression (P=0.0055; no estrus=25±6%, estrus=54±8%) and semen type (P=0.0105; conventional=52±9%, sexed=26±6%), and tended to differ by d8P4 (P=0.0570; Low=30±7%, High=48±8%). These results suggest that differences in follicular development and behavioral estrus in synchronized Brahman females may be due to seasonality and endogenous progesterone production.
298 Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction of Primiparous Beef Heifers Decreases Neonatal Calf Body Weight and Organ Mass
Authors: Redifer Colby A , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Davies Shelby L , Johnson Remie M , Adkins Pamela R , Meyer Allison M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We hypothesized that late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) would decrease organ mass in neonatal calves. Fall-calving crossbred beef heifers (BW: 466 ± 30 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.5) bred to a single sire were individually fed 100% (control; n = 10) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 12) of NASEM metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Diets were based on chopped sorghum sudan hay and supplemented to meet targeted nutritional planes. Calves were removed immediately post-calving and fed colostrum and milk replacer relative to BW until euthanasia (48.7 ± 0.4 h of age) for organ mass determination. Nutritional plane was a fixed effect, and maternal sire, calf sex (when P &lt; 0.25), and date of study initiation were covariates. Post-calving, NR dams were 62 kg BW and 2.1 BCS less (P &lt; 0.001) than controls. Calf BW, liver, large intestine, omental/mesenteric fat, kidney, and heart weights were less (P ≤ 0.05) and carcass, rumen/reticulum/omasum, stomach complex, and total gastrointestinal tract weights tended to be less (P ≤ 0.09) in offspring from NR dams. Maternal nutrient restriction did not affect (P ≥ 0.11) weights of the small intestine, pancreas, abomasum, spleen, perirenal fat, adrenals, lungs, femur, and brain. Expressed per BW, lung weight was greater (P = 0.05), and brain and femur weight tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.10) in calves from NR dams, but other organ masses were unaffected (P ≥ 0.15). Expressed relative to brain weight, liver and large intestine weights were less (P ≤ 0.04) and carcass, total gastrointestinal tract, omental/mesenteric fat, and kidney weights tended to be less (P ≤ 0.08) in NR. In summary, late gestational NR decreased some organ masses in neonatal calves while sparing other tissues via asymmetric growth.
301 Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae var. Boulardii During Late-Gestation and Lactation on Progeny Immune Status from Birth to 35 Days-of-age
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Reddout Cassidy C , Salak-Johnson Janeen L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of probiotics in swine production may be an alternative to antibiotics for both disease prevention and growth promotion. Limited data exist on their potential to modulate offspring immune function when fed solely to the dam. A study was designed to assess the potential immunomodulatory effect of maternal supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (scb) from gestational day 84 until the end of lactation (21-d period) on the immune status of the progeny in short- and long-term. A total of 84 female piglets born to 18 sows (n = 9/treatment) fed two boluses at 0600 h of either Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CMCN-1079 (probiotic; PRO) or sugar (control; CON) were randomly selected at farrowing (n = 42/sow treatment). Blood samples were taken at birth (0), 1, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 28, and 35 days-of-age to assess cortisol and descriptive and functional measures of the immune system of the progeny. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with repeated measures. At birth, pigs born to CON-sows had greater (P&lt; 0.001) plasma cortisol and % lymphocytes, but pigs born to PRO-sows had greater % neutrophils (P&lt; 0.001). Progeny from PRO-sows had a greater (P&lt; 0.001) percent natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity at 14 days-of-age, whereas progeny from CON-sows had greater (P&lt; 0.001) concanavalin-A induced proliferation index at 21 days-of-age. Despite limited treatment x age effects, overall treatment effects with PRO progeny had greater (P&lt; 0.001) C5a- and IL-8 neutrophil chemotaxis than CON. Conversely, progeny from PRO-sows had greater (P&lt; 0.001) NK cytotoxicity and lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation index than CON. These data imply that there are few short- and long-term effects of scb on the immune status of the progeny, and maternal supplementation may be an opportunity to modulate the immune status of the progeny up to 35 days-of-age.
305 Awardee Talk: Application of on-Animal Sensors and Precision Livestock Management on Extensive Cattle and Sheep Ranches
Authors: Bailey Derek , Trotter Mark G , Tobin Colin , Nelson Kelsey , Wade Caroline , Oltjen Cory , Thomas Milton G , Hernandez Gifford Jennifer A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Monitoring livestock and forage conditions on extensive rangelands is labor intensive and expensive, and often observations occur infrequently. Technological advancements have made real-time remote monitoring more feasible and less costly. Global positioning system (GPS) tracking data can be transferred from livestock to the internet using cellular phone technologies, low range wide area networks (LoRaWan) and satellite transmissions. With good coverage, cellular-based real time tracking systems work well. Rugged terrain and extensive pastures increase the cost of LoRaWan. Additional LoRaWan gateway towers are needed for data transmission, because these systems rely upon line-of-sight signals. Satellite systems are expensive but hold great potential for rugged terrain. Accelerometers can be used to monitor animal activity, and after on-device summarization the data summary can be transmitted to the internet. Changes in behavior from normal patterns are useful for detecting illness and wellbeing. Bovine ephemeral fever in heifers and perennial ryegrass staggers in sheep were identified by a decrease in activity during the morning and evening grazing bouts using accelerometers. In pen settings, accelerometers were able to detect the timing of lambing and illness associated with unexpected feeding of moldy silage. Continued congregation of livestock at water tanks may indicate water system failures. Normally, animals move away from water to rest after drinking. Tracking is a valuable tool to identify locations where new water developments can improve distribution. Tracking also has potential to notify managers where livestock are congregating and potentially overgrazing, but prediction of forage utilization at light levels is not exact. Tracking systems would also facilitate genetic selection for grazing distribution by providing terrain use phenotypes. Improvements in technology and associated cost reductions of sensors as well as development of algorithms and software potentially gives ranchers mechanisms to remotely monitor livestock wellbeing and rangeland conditions and allow them to respond promptly.