bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Before the political cartoonist, there was the Vidusaka
Authors: Sanathanan Snehal P. , Balakrishnan Vinod 
Published: December 2021

Political cartooning was one among the many cultural products that colonial rule introduced in India. This British legacy has been used to produce narratives about the nature and history of Indian cartooning. However, these narratives have, invariably, overlooked the distinctly Indian cultural ethos as well as the Indian satirical tradition. The paper proposes an alternative model by positing that in the Indian satirical tradition, the Vidusaka – the comic figure in Sanskrit drama - has been an antecedent to the political cartoonist in terms of the social and political role as well as the nature and purpose of the humour. The paper also locates the principles of caricaturing in precolonial Indian visual arts, and presents the early vernacular cartoons as the point of convergence between the local satirical tradition and the western format of the political cartoon which laid the foundation for a modern yet specifically Indian sensibility
Cooling‐Accelerated Nanowire‐Nitinol Hybrid Muscle for Versatile Prosthetic Hand and Biomimetic Retractable Claw
Authors: Oh Saewoong , Tabassian Rassoul , Thangasamy Pitchai , Mahato Manmatha , Nguyen Van Hiep , Nam Sanghee , Huapeng Zhang , Oh Il‐Kwon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs strong and shape‐conformable as biological muscles, nitinol shape memory alloys (SMAs) artificial muscles have great merit when applied for bio‐inspired robots. However, the low bandwidth and slow actuation speed of SMAs due to their sluggish cooling have long been troublesome, limiting possible applications. Here, to expedite the cooling rate, a Cu nanowire forest is directly grown on the surfaces of 3D shaped SMA coil (SMAc) to increase the surface area by 15 times and boost thermal convection. As a result, the Cu nanowire forest grown SMA coil (CuNF‐SMAc) shows accelerated cooling compared to bare SMAc (B‐SMAc): the actuation speed of CuNF‐SMAc is 100% faster than that of bare SMAc (B‐SMAc) under natural cooling and 170% faster under forced‐air cooling. With this faster actuation, CuNF‐SMAc artificial muscles are employed in a versatile prosthetic hand to bend and flex fingers. The proposed prosthetic hand successfully demonstrates a series of sign language within 4 s for each letter, and rhythmically plays a grand piano. Moreover, unique retractable feline claws are mimicked which demonstrate a fully tunable frictional force just like how cats do it, expanding the potential of a cooling‐accelerated SMAc artificial muscle.
Long‐Term Recruitment of Endogenous M2 Macrophages by Platelet Lysate‐Rich Plasma Macroporous Hydrogel Scaffold for Articular Cartilage Defect Repair
Authors: Pan Xiaoyun , Yuan Shanshan , Xun Xiaojie , Fan Zhiyuan , Xue Xinghe , Zhang Changhuan , Wang Jilong , Deng Junjie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAfter cartilage damage, a large number of monocytes/macrophages infiltrate into adjacent synovium and the resident macrophages in synovial tissue transform to activated macrophages (M1), which secrete pro‐inflammatory cytokines to induce sustained inflammation and chondrocyte apoptotic. However, current clinical therapies for cartilage repair can rarely achieve long‐term anti‐inflammatory regulation and satisfactory outcomes. Herein, a platelet lysate‐rich plasma macroporous hydrogel (PLPMH) scaffold with around 100 µm pore size and 1.25 MPa Young's modulus is developed to sustainedly recruit and polarize endogenous anti‐inflammatory macrophages (M2) for improving cartilage defect repair. PLPMH scaffold can steadily release sphingosine1‐phosphate and proteins via gradual degradation, thus inducing M2 macrophages migration or resting (M0) macrophages migration and then polarization to M2 phenotype, and improving the secretion of anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, PLPMH scaffold exhibits negligible inflammatory responses in vivo and promotes endogenous M2 macrophage infiltration in large numbers and long‐time duration to provide a local anti‐inflammatory microenvironment, which even lasts for 42 d. In a rabbit model of cartilage defect, PLPMH scaffold increases the ratio of M2 macrophages and improves cartilage tissue regeneration. These studies support that PLPMH scaffold may have a great potential in articular cartilage tissue engineering by providing an anti‐inflammatory and pro‐regenerative microenvironment.
Differential Polymer Chain Scission Enables Free‐Standing Microcavity Laser Arrays
Authors: Dong Haiyun , Zhang Chunhuan , Zhou Wu , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractControl over material architectures is essential to the performance of photonic devices and systems. Optical isolation of the photonic materials from substrates can significantly enhance their performance but suffers from complicated fabrication processes and limited applications. Here a differential polymer chain scission strategy is proposed to fabricate free‐standing photonic structures based on one‐step electron‐beam direct writing on polymer bilayers (EOB). The polymer molecular mass‐dependent sensitivity to electron beam enables differential patterning of the two layers of polymers, leading to the direct formation of suspended optical microcavities. The EOB technique features high materials compatibility and design flexibility for the optical microcavities, which significantly expands the application scope of the suspended optical microcavities. As well as providing a versatile strategy for building high‐performance photonic materials, the results provide a promising platform for innovative applications of optical microstructures.
Reverse‐Engineered Highly Conformable, Leak and Pressure Reducing Cushion for Neonatal Resuscitation Mask
Authors: McGann Carolyn M. , Lee Young‐Joo , Kim Se‐Um , Weinberg Danielle D. , Zha Xincheng , Huber Matthew , Hast Michael W. , Dear Kayley , Nadkarni Vinay , Foglia Elizabeth E. , Yang Shu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA significant proportion of newborn infants need facemask assisted resuscitation to start breathing successfully after birth. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is the most important intervention yet often impeded by facemask leak. A conformable, tacky silica gel that can be attached to the mask as a cushion is developed through reverse engineering. Finite element simulation reveals that the cushion forms a completely sealed interface while the mask alone without cushion has many potential leak sites. Since the cushion material is 20 times softer than the facial tissue, most deformation occurs in the cushion when applied, resulting in a fivefold lower contact pressure than using a conventional mask only. In a simulation trial with a realistic preterm manikin, the median mask leak for PPV inflations using the cushion is 15%, three times lower compared to that using the conventional mask alone, 44%. The median time to achieve leak‐free is 16 s with the mask cushion, five times faster than that with standard mask, 81 s, allowing for more effective ventilation. This study offers promising insights on how the design of a 3D‐contoured, soft silicone gel as the interface between a mask and a face can significantly improve neonatal resuscitation performance.
3D Printed Materials in Water Treatment Applications
Authors: Ghosal Pranjal , Gupta Bramha , Ambekar Rushikesh S. , Rahman Muhammad M. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Aich Nirupam , Gupta Ashok Kumar , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWater is one of the basic needs and vital concerns for human beings. As the world's population increases, our water resources become significantly stressed, not in terms of volume of water, but in terms of quality. Therefore, various water treatment processes such as filtration, adsorption, photocatalysis, and electrolysis are utilized based on the nature of contaminants present in water. 3D printing (3DP) manifests divergent development in different industries and scholastic research. Professionals from various sectors are utilizing the 3DP technique over conventional ones because it is more affordable, user‐friendly, and capable to manufacture complex structures rapidly with minimum wastage. This review summarizes the potential evolution, important outcomes of relevant research work, and future perspectives along with suggestions regarding the function of 3D printed material for water treatment applications. It is observed that a 3D printed spacer with modified geometry shows better antifouling ability than conventional ones. Furthermore, 3D printed materials with tunable properties such as surface area, thickness, and roughness enhance the removal efficiency for heavy metals, oil, and organic matter from water compared to standard treatment techniques.
A Simple, Scalable, Low‐Cost Honeycomb‐Like Carbonized Corncob for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Chen Yuchao , Sha Changchang , Yu Yihao , Wang Wenju 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDirect solar steam generation (DSSG) is currently one of the most promising desalination methods due to its high energy conversion efficiency. The key element of DSSG is solar thermal conversion materials (STCMs), which absorb incoming solar illumination owing to their excellent solar absorption and convert light to heat. Although many types of STCMs have been applied to DSSG, there are still some existing problems such as complex preparation, high cost, and low energy conversion efficiency. In this work, carbonized corncob, as an example of inexpensive agricultural waste, is prepared as a STCM, which has porous honeycomb‐like pores, and hydrophilic functional groups, ensuring sufficient water transportation. Different pyrolytic temperatures lead to different size pores, content of amorphous carbon, and amount of oxygen functional groups, which affect the water transportation efficiency and light‐to‐heat conversion efficiency. Benefiting from developed pores, 95.7% solar absorption and thick‐hole wall, the carbonized corncob pyrolyzed at 800 °C reaches a solar‐to‐steam conversion efficiency of 86%, and its water evaporation rate is 1.62 kg m–2 h–1, higher than most biomass reported so far. Using cost‐effective materials and methods to carry out efficient photothermal conversion is of great significance for the realization of practical seawater desalination and sewage treatment.
Tunable Current Regulative Diode Based on Van der Waals Stacked MoS2/WSe2 Heterojunction–Channel Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Liu Liwei , Liu Chunsen , Huang Xiaohe , Zeng Senfeng , Tang ZhaoWu , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractField‐effect transistors (FETs) are the main building block of microelectronic devices. For most of the FETs, the conduction channel relies on either n‐type or p‐type semiconductor materials. Recent advances in 2D materials offer an opportunity to form van der Waals heterojunction‐based FETs with novel electrical performance. Here, a MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction–channel FET using h‐BN as insulating layer and Cr/Au metal as the gate, is demonstrated. Two asymmetric Schottky contacts are formed at both sides of MoS2, WSe2 due to electron tunneling effects, work function differences, and Fermi level pinning. Benefiting from that, the authors observe a forward current regulating diode behavior, where the drain current remains unchanged regardless of the drain voltage (VDS) fluctuations and can be modulated by the gate voltage, atmosphere temperature, vacuum pressure, and h‐BN layer thickness. In addition, under higher VDS, heterojunction–channel breakdown induced by the Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) tunneling at the WSe2/h‐BN/metal region, is observed. Furthermore, the transistor demonstrates a reverse rectification behavior with onset voltage linearly depending on the temperature (3 mV T−1). This work paves the way for the potential application of heterojunction–channel FETs for high‐performance current regulator and current rectifier.
Probing the Spin Hall Characteristics of W/CoFeB/MgO Based Heterostructures for Spin‐Orbit Torque Based Magnetic Random Access Memory Application
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit , Chung Hong Jing , Khoo Khoong Hong , Shanmugam Janaki , Qiu Jinjun , Allauddin Salauddeen , Lim Sze Ter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this work, the spin Hall characteristics of W/CoFeB/MgO have been systematically studied to provide an in‐depth insight for the optimization of the SOT‐MRAM channel. The bcc and β phases of tungsten (W) are identified clearly from XRD and resistivity studies, which shows marked impact on the electrical characteristics. Moreover, the same is found have tremendous affect on W's spin Hall characteristics with a twelvefold increase of the spin Hall angle ΘSH. The evaluation of W/CoFeB interfacial spin mixing conductance using ab initio studies shows good coherency with the same evaluated experimentally, which is used to estimate interfacial spin transparencyT</>to accurately evaluate intrinsic spin Hall conductivity σSHof W. The findings equivocate for a strong claim on β‐W's σSHto be around−0.23 ∓ 0.03, addressing the ongoing discrepancy. Increasing boron concentration in (Co1Fe3)100−xBxand thermal annealing temperature are found to reduceΘSHeffectively which is inferred to boron diffusion toward W. Alloying of W with Ta does not necessarily enhanceΘSH, for which very optimized relative concentration and the alloy growth phase is critical. The findings can significantly contribute to the ongoing SOT‐MRAM development for achieving various means of control for improvement in the device characteristics.
On the choice of mesoscale drag markers
Authors: Tian Yujie , Geng Jingwei , Wang Wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMultiscale simulations of fluidized beds should account for the effect of sub‐grid structures on drag. How to extract the features of these structures in the form of proper finite quantities, namely markers, has posed great challenges in mesoscale drag modeling. The choice of markers has seldom been investigated in terms of their rationality and adequacy. This article introduces a two‐step scheme that is applied in the classic experimental approach to reflect on the choice of markers. The steady‐state definitional relations of the drag correction factor are deduced from force balance equations, with emphasis on the difference between definitional relations and constitutive relations. A comparison between common drag models obtained from fine‐grid simulations and corresponding definitional relations shows that the challenge in developing a general mesoscale drag model cannot be circumvented by correlating the heterogeneity index or drift velocity with the solid volume fraction, slip velocity, and gas‐phase pressure gradient.
Cost‐efficient modeling of distributed molar mass and topological variations in graft copolymer synthesis by upgrading the method of moments
Authors: Wu Yi‐Yang , Figueira Freddy L. , Edeleva Mariya , Van Steenberge Paul H. M. , D'hooge Dagmar R. , Zhou Yin‐Ning , Luo Zheng‐Hong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCost‐efficient deterministic method of moments solvers, as widely used to calculate average characteristics of chemical processes driven by population variations (e.g., average chain lengths), can be a posteriori extended with approximated solutions delivering distributed properties (e.g., chain length distributions). However, these solutions are rarely verified, specifically for complex systems with many population members and strong coupling, as is the case for industrially relevant free‐radical‐induced grafting (FRIG) toward graft copolymer (GC) synthesis with monomer unit dependent reactions. FRIG, as studied in the present work with polybutadiene at low styrene conversions, is an important chemical process, for example, the production of compatibilizers and high‐impact materials. Deterministic model validation is uniquely performed by benchmarking the low to medium molar mass (MM) results (29 topologies) in the log‐molar mass distribution with detailed matrix‐based kinetic Monte Carlo simulation output, inherently capable of mapping distributions. The GC product is identified to be a heterogeneous mixture in MM, chemical composition, and molecular topology at any styrene conversion. The molecular structural evolution during GC synthesis is further theoretically related to both one‐dimensional size‐exclusion chromatography (1D‐SEC) and two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (2D‐LC) analysis. It is shown that conventional SEC—even in the absence of broadening—is insufficient for GC separation, mainly due to the unavoidable coelution of topologically different GC species. In any case, the parallel running of advanced modeling tools allows for detailed molecular interpretation.
Efficacy of virtual and asynchronous teaching of computer‐assisted diagnosis of genetic diseases seen in clinics
Authors: Hash Mary Grace , Walker Philip D. , Laferriere Heather E. , Melton Leeanna , Heller Lauren S. , Phillips John A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe studied if clinicians could gain sufficient working knowledge of a computer‐assisted diagnostic decision support system (DDSS) (SimulConsult), to make differential diagnoses (DDx) of genetic disorders. We hypothesized that virtual training could be convenient, asynchronous, and effective in teaching clinicians how to use a DDSS. We determined the efficacy of virtual, asynchronous teaching for clinicians to gain working knowledge to make computer‐assisted DDx. Our study consisted of three surveys (Baseline, Training, and After Use) and a series of case problems sent to clinicians at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. All participants were able to generate computer‐assisted DDx that achieved passing scores of the case problems. Between 75% and 92% agreed/completely agreed the DDSS was useful to their work and for clinical decision support and was easy to use. Participants' use of the DDSS resulted in statistically significant time savings in key tasks and in total time spent on clinical tasks. Our results indicate that virtual, asynchronous teaching can be an effective format to gain a working knowledge of a DDSS, and its clinical use could result in significant time savings across multiple tasks as well as facilitate synergistic interaction between clinicians and lab specialists. This approach is especially pertinent and offers value amid the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Uniform Chiral Near‐Fields in Achiral Nanocavity Induced by Magnetic Polaritons Mode
Authors: Bai Yu , Abudukelimu Abuduwaili , Zhang Ziyan , Ullah Hamad , Li Ying , Wang Yongkai , Zhang Zhongyue 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChiral near‐fields are crucial in the analysis of chiral molecules, circularly polarized luminescence, and sensing. Under circularly polarized light illumination, left‐ and right‐handed chiral near‐fields occur around nanostructures. However, most previously reported works require structural chirality based on asymmetric 3D nanostructures. Usually, left‐ and right‐handed chiral near‐fields are difficult to separate in space, leading to low efficiency in applications. Here, achiral U‐shaped groove nanostructure arrays are proposed to generate uniform chiral near‐fields under circularly polarized light illumination. In contrast to vertical parallel plate nanostructures, a bottom layer is added below the two vertical parallel plates to design U‐shaped groove nanostructures that induce magnetic polaritons mode. In the cavity of the achiral U‐shaped groove nanostructure, chiral near‐field is induced by the excitation of electric and magnetic near‐fields with parallel components. These chiral near‐fields strongly depend on the structural parameters of the U‐shaped groove nanostructure. In addition, chiral molecules are introduced into the cavity of the U‐shaped groove nanostructure to utilize it as sensors for chiral molecular detection. Numerical results show that the circular dichroism of the molecules is enhanced remarkably. These findings pave the way toward the development of practical and scalable platforms for new chiroptical applications.
Alkyl‐GeMe3: Neutral Metalloid Radical Precursors upon Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Xu Qing‐Hao , Wei Li‐Pu , Xiao Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSingle‐electron transfer (SET) oxidation of ionic hypervalent complexes, in particular alkyltrifluoroborates (Alkyl‐BF3−) and alkylbis(catecholato)silicates (Alkyl‐Si(cat)2−), have contributed substantially to alkyl radical generation compared to alkali or alkaline earth organometallics because of their excellent activity–stability balance. Herein, another proposal is reported by using neutral metalloid compounds, Alkyl‐GeMe3, as radical precursors. Alkyl‐GeMe3 shows comparable activity to that of Alkyl‐BF3− and Alkyl‐Si(cat)2− in radical addition reactions. Moreover, Alkyl‐GeMe3 is the first successful group 14 tetraalkyl nucleophile in nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. Meanwhile, the neutral nature of these organogermanes offset the limitation of ionic precursors in purification and derivatization. A preliminary mechanism study suggests that an alkyl radical is generated from a tetraalkylgermane radical cation with the assistance of a nucleophile, which may also result in the development of more non‐ionic alkyl radical precursors with a metalloid center.
Saccharide‐Functionalized Poly(Zn‐salphen)‐alt‐(m‐ and p‐phenyleneethynylene)s as Dynamic Helical Metallopolymers
Authors: Zhao Chao , Meng Shuangshuang , Chan Hei‐Nga , Wang Xueli , Li Hung‐Wing , Chan Michael C. W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe study of metallopolymers with controllable helical sense remains in its infancy. We report arabinose‐functionalized (Zn‐salphen)‐based conjugated polymers that display mirror‐image circular dichroism spectra for L‐ and D‐sugar sidechains respectively, signifying ordered (helical) coiling of the polymer backbone with opposite screw‐sense preferences. The observation of different spectroscopic behavior and Cotton effects for a variety of solvents (in a reversible manner) and temperatures, ascribed to changes in the extent of intrachain (Zn⋅⋅⋅O(salphen) and π‐stacking) interactions between Zn‐salphen moieties, thus indicate the flexible, responsive and dynamic nature of the folded helical conformation in these systems. An application study signifying that activity can be governed by the structure and helical sense of the polymer is described.
Study on the structural evolution of polyacrylonitrile fibers in stepwise heat treatment process and its relationship with properties
Authors: Liu Yong , Liu Yu , Shang Lei , Ao Yuhui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe structural evolution of polyacrylonitrile fibers in stepwise heat treatment process and its relationship with properties were investigated systematically. Results demonstrated that the cyclization degree and dehydrogenation index of fibers reached 84.13% and 1.361, respectively after stabilization at 265°C. The oxygen reaction was enhanced after stabilized at 245°C. Refinement of the microcrystalline structure took effect during stabilization and low temperature carbonization, while growth of microcrystalline dominated during high temperature carbonization. The results of surface topography study not only provided the evolution characteristics of surface microstructure under the influence of chemical reaction, but also further complements the internal aggregation structural rearrangement process from the side. Additionally, the temperature zone from 245 to 265°C was the key stage of the formation of the skin‐core structure, which would be transmitted to the resultant carbon fiber. Tensile strength and tensile modulus decreased during stabilization stage, reaching 4.273 GPa and 221.132 GPa, respectively after high temperature carbonization. The elongation at break which first increased and then decreased proved a toughness failure to brittleness failure. The investigation elucidated the relationship between the mechanical property with chemical and physical microstructure. And the possible rearrangement process of the aggregation structure was proposed.