bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of caries‐affected dentin and composite‐resin interface after different caries removal methods: A scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Donmez Nazmiye , Kazak Magrur , Kaynar Zeynep Buket , Sesen Uslu Yesim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTo evaluate the caries‐affected dentin and composite‐resin interface with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after different caries removal methods in human molars. Twelve with extensive approximal caries lesions that did not reach the pulp and five caries‐free molars (control group [CG]) were used. Carious teeth were divided into four experimental groups: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), Rotary Instrument (RI), Photo‐Ablation, and Papain‐Based Enzymatic Gel (Brix 3000®, Brix, Brazil). Class II slot cavities were prepared with RI in the CG. Then all caries removed teeth and control groups were restored (All‐Bond Universal, BISCO, USA; Clearfil MajestyES‐2, Kuraray, Japan). Specimens were prepared for SEM examinations. Hybrid layer (HL) thicknesses were measured using ImageJ programme. Gap measurements were performed with micro‐CT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and posthoc Dunnett's t‐tests (p < .05). The highest HL thickness was found in Photo‐Ablation Group, and a statistically significant difference was observed among the control and experimental groups (p < .05). The lowest HL thickness was measured in the Enzymatic Gel Group. In terms of internal gap formation, CG showed statistically significant differences compared to the other groups (p < .05). The highest internal gap was observed in RI Group, while the lowest gap was observed in CG. According to SEM, a uniform HL and resin tags were seen in the CG. Smear layer, irregular HL, and gap formation were observed in ART Group. In RI Group, nonuniform HL formation and resin tags were observed. In Photo‐Ablation Group, a uniform HL without smear layer and internal gap was observed. In the Enzymatic Gel Group, both opened dentinal tubules, and melting‐like formations were observed on the dentin surface. Especially melting‐like formations were observed in peritubular dentin. It can be concluded that all caries removal methods except rotary instrumentation were conservative methods, which preserve more healthy dental tissues.Research highlightsAmong the caries removal procedures, the photo‐ablation caries removal method stands out with the highest hybrid layer (HL) thickness and the lowest internal gap formation. Despite having the lowest HL thickness, the enzymatic gel method can be advantageous for patients requesting an alternative caries removal instead of a rotary instrument.
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Myocardial Microcirculation by MRI in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Huang Shan , Li Yuan , Jiang Li , Ren Yan , Wang Jin , Shi Ke , Yan Wei‐Feng , Qian Wen‐Lei , Yang Zhi‐Gang 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs conjunctly with the menopausal transition in female patients. In addition, epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has an unfavorable impact on the myocardium and coronary arteries under the influence of metabolic disorders.PurposeTo investigate the impact of T2DM on EAT and myocardial microvascular function in postmenopausal women.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationOne‐hundred sixty‐one postmenopausal women divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (≤5 years) T2DM (n = 56, 58.6 ± 7.7 years), long‐term (>5 years) T2DM (n = 57, 61.9 ± 7.9 years), and healthy controls (n = 48, 59.4 ± 7.4 years).Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession and inversion recovery prepared echo‐planar sequences.AssessmentEAT volume was quantified by delineating the epicardial border and the visceral layer of pericardium on the short‐axis cine stacks. Perfusion parameters including upslope, maximum signal intensity (MaxSI) and time to maximum signal intensity (TTM) were derived from the first‐pass perfusion signal intensity–time curves.Statistical TestsOne‐way analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman correlation, and multivariable linear regression. Two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsEAT volume was significantly increased in diabetic postmenopausal women compared to the controls (48.4 ± 13.4 mL/m2 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 58.4 ± 17.3 mL/m2 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 35.8 ± 12.3 mL/m2 [controls]). Regarding perfusion parameters, upslope and MaxSI were significantly reduced (2.6 ± 1.0 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 2.1 ± 0.8 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 3.6 ± 1.3 [controls]; and 21.4 ± 6.9 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 18.7 ± 6.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 28.4 ± 8.6 [controls]), whereas TTM was significantly increased in the T2DM groups compared to the control group (23.6 ± 8.7 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 27.1 ± 9.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 21.4 ± 6.0 [controls]). Multivariable analysis (adjusted coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.489) showed that EAT volume (β = −0.610) and menopausal age (β = 0.433) were independently correlated with decreased perfusion upslope.Data ConclusionDiabetic postmenopausal women had significantly higher EAT volume and more impaired microcirculation compared to the controls. Increased EAT volume and earlier menopausal age were independently associated with microvascular dysfunction in these patients.Level of Evidence3Technical Efficacy Stage3
Australian sub‐regional temperature responses to volcanic forcing: A critical analysis using CMIP5 models
Authors: Harvey Pamela J. , Grab Stefan W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is now well established that global to local climate is impacted by volcanic forcing associated with major eruptions. Much attention has been given to the way in which climate is affected by such eruptions, particularly for the Northern Hemisphere, and to a considerably lesser extent for the Southern Hemisphere. Research knowledge gaps remain on such forcing impacts at finer sub‐regional spatial scales. To this end, we explore temperature responses across eight sub‐regions of Australia following three major volcanic eruptions (i.e., Krakatau, 1883; Santa Maria, 1902; Pinatubo, 1991) as simulated by CMIP5 models. We then compare such responses with station and reanalysis datasets. Model outputs indicate strongest temperature responses over more northerly regions than southerly regions of Australia, with weakest responses over Tasmania. Eastern regions of Australia seem to have strongest seasonal cooling during austral autumn, while that for northwestern coastal regions is during austral winter. In contrast, central regions of Australia cool most substantially during austral summer and/or winter, depending on the eruption. Despite such variability, initial temperature responses occur during the warmer austral months (September to February). Uncertainties exist in the reliability of CMIP5 data. For instance, temperature responses from the later Pinatubo eruption seem in stronger agreement with reanalysis data than earlier eruptions (Krakatau and Santa Maria), and while most seasonal temperature responses are stronger than those provided through reanalysis data, they are often weaker in austral spring.
Malignant phyllodes tumor and primary breast sarcoma; distinct rare tumors of the breast
Authors: Gutnik Lily , Ren Yi , Thomas Samantha M. , Plichta Jennifer K. , Greenup Rachel A. , Fayanju Oluwadamilola M. , Hwang E. Shelley , Rosenberger Laura H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMalignant phyllodes (MP) and primary breast sarcomas (PBS) are rare neoplasms with overlapping histopathologic features. We compared overall survival (OS) and estimated the association of surgery and therapies with OS.MethodsWe utilized the National Cancer Database (2004–2016). Patients without surgery, unknown surgery, or margins, or Stage IV disease were excluded. Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted OS, respectively.ResultsA total of 3209 (59.5%) MP, and 2185 (40.5%) PBS were identified. Despite a larger median tumor size in MP (46 vs. 40 mm PBS, p < 0.001), lumpectomy rate was higher for MP (52.9% vs. 27.0% PBS, p < 0.001). Compared to MP, PBS patients more frequently received radiation (28.9% vs. 24%), and chemotherapy (28.1% vs. 4%), both p < 0.001. Unadjusted OS was lower for PBS (57% vs. 85% MP, log‐rank p < 0.001). PBS (vs. MP) had persistently worse survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.69–2.31) after adjustment. Receipt of adjuvant therapies was not associated with OS (either neoplasm); however, lumpectomy was associated with improved OS (vs. mastectomy) for both PBS (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.50–0.75) and MP (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53–0.81). Positive margins had no association with OS for MP (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.75–1.60), but was associated with worse survival for PBS (HR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.82–3.02).DiscussionWe found significant survival differences between MP and PBS, with PBS having a consistently worse OS. Our findings support surgery as the mainstay of treatment for both tumor types and suggest that lumpectomy may be a reasonable option for select patients without compromising outcomes.
Room temperature fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for analyzing sulfonamide residues in animal‐derived foods
Authors: Gong Zhen , Wan Qianqian , Song Jiayi , Li Meng , He Wenting , Zhou Zixin , Su Ping , Zhang Chunting , Yang Yi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA magnetic solid phase extraction method based on magnetic covalent organic frameworks (TpBD@Fe3O4; 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD)) combined with high performance liquid chromatography has been developed to detect the sulfonamides including sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole in milk and meat. TpBD@Fe3O4 were synthesized at room temperature under mild reaction conditions with a simple and rapid operation. The TpBD@Fe3O4 exhibited higher extraction efficiency because of the π–π and electrostatic interactions between the benzene ring structure of the TpBD and the sulfonamide molecules. The extraction conditions including the dosage of adsorbents, the type and dosage of eluent, the elution time, and the pH of the sample solution were fully optimized. The detection results showed good linearity over a wide range (50–5 × 104 ng/mL) and low detection limits (3.39–5.77 ng/mL) for the sulfonamide targets. The practicability of this magnetic solidphase extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography method was further evaluated by analyzing milk and meat samples, with recoveries of the targets of 71.6–110.8% in milk and 71.9–109.7% in pork. The successful detection of sulfonamides residues has demonstrated the TpBD@Fe3O4 excellent practical potential for analyzing pharmaceutical residues in animal‐derived foods.
Increasing donation intentions toward endangered species: An empirical study on the mediating role of psychological and technological elements of VR
Authors: Moriuchi Emi , Murdy Samantha 
Published: February 2022

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) as a communication tool is increasingly gaining attention in various contexts, including the promotion of fundraising and donation‐based activities. Recent academic literature tends to focus on VR as a valuable tool for human‐human donation, with little consideration of the human‐animal donation context. Furthermore, the use of key flagship species can encourage donations for the specific animal and provide broader conservation and economic benefits, including encouraging tourism and visitor spending. However, work needs to explore VR as a tool for flagship species donation versus other forms of communication tools and the impact this could have on broader conservation goals. Two studies were conducted to investigate VR in a human‐animal donation context using two modalities (VR and static advertisement). Study 1 investigates the mediating role of psychological elements: empathy and enjoyment, while Study 2 examines the mediating role of technological elements of VR: usability and telepresence. We found that VR increases enjoyment and engagement with the flagship species, increasing the likelihood of donating. VR also increases telepresence, and the usability of the VR tool positively affects donors' likelihood to donate. Our findings inform a future research agenda to consider VR in a donation context further.
A novel unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 5p and 18q leading to dysmorphology and global developmental delay
Authors: Verdi Giavanna , Li Dong , Elsea Sarah H. , Nelson Beverly , Bhoj Elizabeth J. , Hakonarson Hakon , Yearwood Katherine R. , Upadhya Sharmila , Gluschitz Sarah , Smith Janice L. , Sobering Andrew K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with various sized terminal duplications of chromosome 5p or terminal deletions of chromosome 18q have been described. These aberrations may cause congenital malformations and intellectual disability of varying severity.MethodsVia an international collaborative effort, we obtained a cytogenetic diagnosis for a 5‐year‐old boy of Afro‐Caribbean ancestry who has global developmental delay, dysmorphology, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, bilateral club feet, and intellectual disability.ResultsConventional G‐banded karyotyping showed additional chromatin of unknown origin on the long arm of chromosome 18. SNP microarray confirmed the loss of ~6.4 Mb from chromosome 18q: arr[hg19] 18q22.3‐q23(71,518,518‐77,943,115)x1. The source of the additional chromatin was determined from the microarray to be ~32 Mb from the short arm of chromosome 5 (arr[hg19] 5p13.3‐p15.33(51,045‐32,062,984)x3). The unbalanced translocation was verified by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Both parents are healthy and have normal karyotypes suggesting that this abnormality arose de novo in the proband, although gonadal mosaicism in a parent cannot be excluded.ConclusionThe combination of clinical features in this individual is most likely due to the partial deletion of 18q and partial duplication of 5p, which to our knowledge has not been previously described.
Lifestyle modification and inflammation in people with axial spondyloarthropathy—A scoping review
Authors: Roberts Matthew J. , Leonard Amber N. , Bishop Nicolette C. , Moorthy Arumugam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionPeople with axial spondyloarthritis (AS) have an inflammatory profile, increasing the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidaemia. Consequently, AS is linked with co‐morbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical inactivity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity influence inflammation, but knowledge of the interaction between these with inflammation, disease activity, and CVD risk in AS is dominated by cross‐sectional research.MethodsA review of the literature was conducted between July 2020 and December 2021. The focus of the scoping review is to summarise longitudinal and randomised control trials in humans to investigate how tracking or modifying lifestyle influences inflammation and disease burden in patients with AS.Key messages(1) Lifestyle modifications, especially increased physical activity (PA), exercise, and smoking cessation, are critical in managing AS. (2) Smoking is negatively associated with patient reported outcome measures with AS, plus pharmaceutical treatment adherence, but links with structural radiographic progression are inconclusive. (3) Paucity of data warrant structured studies measuring inflammatory cytokine responses to lifestyle modification in AS.ConclusionIncreased PA, exercise, and smoking cessation should be supported at every given opportunity to improve health outcomes in patients with AS. The link between smoking and radiographic progression needs further investigation. Studies investigating the longitudinal effect of body weight, alcohol, and psychosocial factors on disease activity and physical function in patients with AS are needed. Given the link between inflammation and AS, future studies should also incorporate markers of chronic inflammation beyond the standard C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurements.
Pitch‐black surface stemming from self‐standing ZnFe2O4 nanowalls
Authors: Dong Shuxin , Ohta Riichiro , Kosaka Satoru , Iseki Takashi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCombinations of surface nanostructures with the intrinsic photo‐interactivity of constituent materials could enhance photoabsorption properties. Although the intrinsic photoabsorption properties of ZnFe2O4 in a broad wavelength range have been reported, the photoabsorption properties of ZnFe2O4 with surface nanostructures have not been investigated yet. In this study, a pitch‐black surface, which is covered with a ZnFe2O4 nanowall array, is generated via a facile synthesis method, that is, heating a pre‐electrodeposited surface layer comprising Zn and Fe in air. The key factors for generating the nanowall array are the Zn content in the pre‐electrodeposited ZnFe layer and the heating temperature. The generation mechanism of the nanowall array is proposed based on the thermodynamics of oxides and the dynamics of crystal growth. The black surface absorbs greater than 94% and 97% of the incident light over wavelength ranges of 200–2500 nm and 200–1100 nm, respectively. Surfaces with the ZnFe2O4 nanowall array are promising for various optical, environmental and energy applications owing to their unique nanostructure and the intrinsic functional properties of ZnFe2O4.
Paths and flows for centrality measures in networks
Authors: Bubboloni Daniela , Gori Michele 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe consider the number of paths that must pass through a subset X of vertices of a capacitated network N in a maximum sequence of arc‐disjoint paths connecting two vertices y and z. We consider then the difference between the maximum flow value from y to z in N and the maximum flow value from y to z in the network obtained from N by setting to zero the capacities of arcs incident to X. When X is a singleton, those quantities are involved in defining and computing the flow betweenness centrality and are commonly identified without any rigorous proof justifying the identification. On the basis of a deep analysis of the interplay between paths and flows, we prove that, when X is a singleton, those quantities coincide. Moreover they are both equal to the global flow that must pass through X in any maximum flow from y to z. On the other hand, we prove that, when X has at least two elements, those quantities and the global flow that must pass through X in any maximum flow from y to z may be different from each other. We next show that, by means of the considered quantities, two conceptually different group centrality measures, based on paths and flows respectively, can be naturally defined. Such group centrality measures both extend the flow betweenness centrality to groups of vertices and are proved to satisfy a desirable form of monotonicity.
Spectral analysis of the finite element matrices approximating 2D linearly elastic structures and multigrid proposals
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Khanh , Serra‐Capizzano Stefano , Tablino‐Possio Cristina , Wadbro Eddie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTopology optimization aims to find the best material layout subject to given constraints. The so‐called material distribution methods cast the governing equation as an extended or fictitious domain problem, in which a coefficient field represents the design. When solving the governing equation using the finite element method, a large number of elements are used to discretize the design domain, and an element‐wise constant function approximates the coefficient field in the considered design domain. This article presents a spectral analysis of the (large) coefficient matrices associated with the linear systems stemming from the finite element discretization of a linearly elastic problem for an arbitrary coefficient field. Based on the spectral information, we design a multigrid method which turns out to be optimal, in the sense that the (arithmetic) cost for solving the related linear systems, up to a fixed desired accuracy, is proportional to the matrix‐vector cost, which is linear in the corresponding matrix size. The method is tested, and the numerical results are very satisfactory in terms of linear cost and number of iterations, which is bounded by a constant independent of the matrix size.
School‐based child abuse prevention: The role of school climate in intervention outcomes for teachers
Authors: Dudley Melissa J. , Nickerson Amanda B. , Kim Sunha , Livingston Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSchool climate is an important potential mechanism by which school‐based prevention and intervention efforts exert their effects, although this is rarely examined in the context of child abuse prevention programs. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a school‐based child abuse prevention curriculum; the Second Step Child Protection Unit (CPU), on improving teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward reporting suspected child abuse and the potential role school climate has on teachers' reporting behaviors. The sample included 162 school teachers participating in a randomized controlled trial who completed assessment measures at three time‐points (pretest, posttest, and 6‐month follow‐up). Results from the current study revealed that the Second Step CPU significantly improved teachers' knowledge and attitudes toward reporting suspected child abuse and there was a partial mediation effect of school climate on teacher outcomes at 6‐month follow‐up. These findings add to the literature on child abuse prevention by indicating that a comprehensive child safety intervention is not only effective for improving targeted outcomes, but also for improving the overall school climate. Therefore, understanding school climate as a mechanism of change may promote the successful implementation of school‐based child abuse prevention programs.