bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European White Birch, Bronze Birch Borer Control, Massillon-Canton, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Birk C. A. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mauget’s Inject-A-Cide B (Bidrin) was used in several treatment strategies in an effort to control bronze birch borer in landscape trees. Sixty heavily infested trees with not more than 50% top dieback were selected for evaluation. A skilled technician did all injections, following directions in Mauget’s field manual. The first group of trees was injected 20 May in an effort to kill overwintered larvae before pupation or adults during emergence. Ten trees in this group were treated with capsules containing 2 ml of technical Bidrin, the other 10 received capsules with 1 ml. At the time of injection, all old emergence holes were circled with red wax pencil. Trees were felled at the end of June; new emergence holes were counted in mid-July after seasonal emergence was complete. A second group of 10 trees was injected with 1 ml capsules on 1 Jul to prevent establishment of newly hatched larvae. On 9 Aug, 2 groups of 10 trees were injected with 1 or 2 ml capsules to kill established larvae. Trees injected in Jul or Aug and 10 previously selected, untreated, infested birches were felled during 7-22 Sep. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the number of live larvae beneath 3 sections of bark (30 cm wide x tree circumference) from each tree.
Birch, Evaluating Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides for Control of Birch Leafminer, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Standak and Di-Syston was evaluated against birch leafminer on 3- to 4-m-tall birch trees growing in an experimental planting at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster. Standak was applied with a watering can at the rate of 545 ml/m2 of soil surface beneath the entire dripline of 4, single-tree replicates. Di-Syston was applied salt shaker fashion and watered-in at the same rate. Soil beneath all trees was cultivated prior to and immediately following application. Treatments were applied 7 May under cloudy skies at 18°C with a breeze of 8-15 kph. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 18 June by removing 10 leaves at random from 1 dominant lateral twig per tree and counting the number of mined leaves.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, Spring, 1984
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were tested at 2 or 3 rates for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course rough in Sutton, MA. Granular materials were applied by hand-shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid materials were applied in 3 liters water from a 12-liter capacity watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 2.5-m by 2.5-m plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. Plots were watered with 1.5 cm irrigation (pH 6.5) 2 h after replication. All insecticides were applied 25 May and sampled 28 Jun. Two 0.093 m2 sections of sod, 7.5 cm deep, were removed from the center meter of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Control of Cottonwood Blackmine Beetle in Cottonwood, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Shelterbelt cottonwood trees were sprayed 28 Jul following observance of early mining by the leaf mining beetle Z. scutellaris. Applications were made using a CO2 compressed air sprayer, covering the lower 12 ft of foliage until point of run-off. Plots were single trees, separated by border trees, arranged in RCB with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated 14 Aug by counting all mines greater than 0.25 inch diameter in leaves in the lower 8 ft of the tree.
Elm Bark Beetle Control on American Elm, 1979, 1980
Authors: Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
American elms were sprayed hydraulically with methoxychlor to determine efficacy against twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle, a vector of Dutch elm disease (DED). Experiments were conducted in each of 3 cities (Denver, CO; Warren, MI; Shaker Heights, OH). Treatment factors, replicated 3 times, were concentration (1, 2, 4%), sticker (Nu-Film-17, Vapor Gard, Rhoplex Ac-33, none), and season sprayed (fall, spring). Spray equipment and conditions were John Bean 785 gun, no. 14 disc, 39 kg/cm2 pressure,ca. 150 liters/tree, temperature 4.4° to 10°C, wind 0 to 12 km/hr, stickers at 1:800 final mix, and trees dormant. Forty twigs were collected at each tree level (top, middle, bottom) for bioassay. Fall-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 12 months postspray. Spring-sprayed trees were sampled at 14 days postspray and at 6 months postspray. Beetles were caged in small cylinders on twig crotches and allowed to feed for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 88 ± 2% RH. Percentage of beetles that failed to feed to the xylem of twigs was used to measure effects of the treatments.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in State College, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lawn consisted of Chewings fescue (10096). Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied 11 Aug by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 72°F; soil type, silty-clay-loam; soil pH, 6.6; % organic matter, 3.0; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; and partly cloudy skies. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was lightly syringed with water. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (18 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam open ended steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-min period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Balsam Fir, Control of Balsam Twig Aphid, 1984
Authors: Bradbury R. L. , Osgood E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Christmas tree plantation in Dover, Maine was used for the insecticide evaluations. Insecticides were applied to 0.125 acre blocks on 11 May using a Stihl SG 17 mistblower at a rate of 5 gal finished spray/acre. Five trees were treated on 11 May with an additional treatment of Safer’s Insecticidal Soap (1:85) applied to runoff with a 2.5-gal Hudson compressed air sprayer. Aphids were in the first instar. Temperature at the time of application was 40-45°F and rain fell approximately 12 h after treatment. Prespray samples consisting of one 12-cm branch tip from each of 20 trees/0.125 acre block were collected on 10 May and postspray samples were collected 3 days after treatment. Damage was assessed on 18 Jun by counting all damaged and undamaged current shoots on 2 branches from each of 20 trees/0.125 acre block and on each of the 5 trees where Safer’s soap was applied with the compressed air sprayer.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Juniper, 1984
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Freeman Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese junipers that were located at a nursing home in Stillwater, OK. The plants were 4-6 feet high and 10-15 feet wide. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants were sprayed until runoff with a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. The junipers were treated on 14 Jun when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 10–20 mph. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after treatment.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Carbaryl with Different Sprayers and a Spreader Sticker, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Dripps James E. , Heller Paul R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White oak trees (7-10 m tall) intermixed with red oaks were selected in Centre Co., PA on Jun 3 after inspection revealed a moderate population of hatching gypsy with egg masses. On 8 Jun two formulations of carbaryl with and without a spreader-sticker (Nufilm 17) were applied using a hydraulic sprayer or a Solo backpack sprayer. The 16 pesticide treatments plus 2 controls (mist and hydraulic sprayer with water) were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Larval assessment was made using a one-minute visual count of larvae performed by 1 observer. The pesticides were applied between 08:00 and 11:30 when the wind was 1-3 mph and temperature was 72-83°F.
Test for Plant Growth Responses Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) as Soil Drench, 1984
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel-Montz J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Crude neem seed extract and an experimental formulation of neem, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) were evaluated as soil drenches for plant growth effects in a commercial greenhouse in Perry Hall, MD. Bed-grown, disbudded chrysanthemums were treated and sampled (4 plants/plot) biweekly, 5 times during the cropping cycle (19 Mar-13 Jun). Each treatment plot (2.3 m x 1 m) contained 150 plants, and plots were arranged randomly along the length of the bed.Each plot was drenched with 15.6 liters of specified solution on each treatment date. Bed (23 m X 1 m) soil consisted of topsoil to which a bale of peat had been added. Plants were fertilized daily with a solution of 20N:20P:20K. Greenhouse temperatures averaged 27°C (day) and 16°C (night). Plants were grown under a long day photoperiod from 19 Mar-10 Apr, then under a short day photoperiod from 11 Apr-13 Jun.
Phytotoxicity Tests with Synthetic Pyrethroids on Greenhouse Geraniums, Massachusetts, 1982
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Bright Eyes” geraniums were treated on 14 Jun and again on 30 Jun with 3 synthetic pyrethroids, with and without piperonyl butoxide. Three plants were treated with each combination. Plants were sprayed to run-off from a 2-qt capacity hand pump sprayer. Plants were in 4-inch pots and blooming (50-70%) when treated. Plants were rated for foliage and blossom damage 3, 9, 15, 22, and 32 days after first treatment.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Wada R. , Parrella M. P. , Amer.  
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles Co, CA, evaluated the effects of 1 x , 2 x and 4 x rates of FMC 54800 10WP and FMC 54800 2E (1 x = 0.125 lb AI/100 gal and Zectran 2E (1 x = 0.25 lb All 100 gal). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems Nozzle at 150 psi on 2 Mar and 12 Mar, 24-25°C and 22-24°C, respectively. Phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check 7 and 10 days after the first application and 7 days after the second application.
White Pine Weevil Control in Howard, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White pine trees (2-2.5-m tall) were selected on 17 May near Howard, PA in Centre Co. if they contained 1-3 active weevils on the leaders. Seven treatments (replicated 4 times in a RCB design) were applied on 19 May using a 1.5-gal stainless steel hand-pump compression sprayer. The leaders and first whorl of branches were wet until runoff. Post-spray counts of adult weevils were made 3 days after treatment. Larval success was evaluated by cutting off damaged leaders, stripping off the bark and counting large larvae, pupae or pupal chambers.
Pydrin Efficacy on the Pine Chafer in Scots Pine Christmas Trees, 1983
Authors: Sapio Frank J. , Simmons Gary A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A RCB design was employed on a 2 acre pine stand in Lake City, MI to measure the efficacy of Pydrin in 2.4EC. Trees varied by height from 2 to 4 ft and by seed-source. Blocking by seed-source was employed to extract any variability due to varietal differences. The experimental unit consisted of 35 randomly selected trees from each treatment cell. The total number of pine chafers on each tree were counted immediately before treatment and at 2 and 9 days after treatment. Treatments were applied using a Solo backpack mistblower calibrated to 13 gal/A spray volume. Weather was optimal at the time of treatment with winds less that 5 mph and with no precipitation for approximately 1 wk after spray. Temperature was approximately 85°F at the time of treatment. Efficacy data presented here were collected nine days after treatment and have been pooled across all four treatment blocks.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Lansdale, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lawn consisted of perennial ryegrass (10%) and fine leafed fescue (90%). Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 10 Aug by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 79°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 75°F; soil type, silt loam, soil pH, 6.8; % organic matter, 2.4; soil condition, dry; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; and partly cloudy skies. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was lightly syringed with water. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (17 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam open ended steel cyclinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Control of Spider Mites on Spruce, Biorational Insecticide Evaluation, Ft. Collins, Co., 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wright Glen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nursery stock Colorado blue spruce, 6-8 ft high, at the CoUindale nursery of the City of Fort Collins, were used in a study of spruce spider mite controls. Plot size was a single tree which was replicated 4 times/treatment in a RCB design. Three species of predatory mites (Amblyseius californicus, Metaseiulus occidentals, and Phytoseiulus longipes) were released 11 Jul at the rate of 50/tree. Sprays were applied 20 Jul and 3 Aug, using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering approximately 1 pt of finished spray/tree. Plots were evaluated 23 Jul, 7 Aug, and 18 Aug by shaking 2 terminals/tree over a tray and counting dislodged spider mites.
Evaluation of Mavrik with Various Adjuvants on Black Vine Weevil (Bvw) Adult Control: Fecundity and Feeding, 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Individual 3-gal taxus plants were sprayed on 20 Sep, using a Burgess hand-pump sprayer. Plants were kept outside and were exposed to the following rainfall (inches) before the trial was run: 23 Sep (0.25), 25 Sep (0.03), 26 Sep (0.40) and 1 Oct (0.01). In this trial, BVW were caged in 8-oz styrofoam cups with a clear Telan petri dish top. A 3-inch taxus sprig was placed in a 0.75-inch (diam) plug of Florists Oasis Block as a moisture source. There were 4 weevils/cage, and 5 cages/treatment. Treated taxus sprigs were placed in the cages 1 Oct (11 DAT). Twigs were changed after 24 h, and replaced with untreated foliage for 24 h. Ratings (3 Oct) were taken after the 24 h exposure on untreated foliage to evaluate weevil recovery and fecundity. The BVW were then caged on treated foliage (now 13 DAT) for 48 h. Feeding (damage) and egg counts were taken at this time (5 Oct). Feeding was evaluated by counting the number of notched needles regardless of the number of notches, and dividing by the number of apparently active weevils at that time.
Recovery and Fecundity of Black Vine Weevil Adults (Bvw) Following Exposure to Fluvalinate, 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus plants and conditions were as in I&A Report no. 469. Plants were sprayed 19 days (9 Aug) prior to this test, with 0.7 and 0.48 inches of rain on 10 and 22 Aug, respectively. The test consisted of 3 replicates with 8 weevils per replicate. The weevils were exposed to treated foliage for 24 h, and were then given untreated taxus foliage in clean petri dishes (3 inch diam). Eggs were counted at the end of the 7-day period. Eggs/weevil were based on the number of healthy weevils at the time the eggs were counted (after 7 days on the untreated foliage).
White Grub Control on Golf Course Fairways in West Virginia, 1984
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spring and summer applications of insecticides to golf course fairways were evaluated for efficacy in controlling white grubs. Treatments were applied in separate areas on 8 May and 8 Aug. Plots were 10 x 10 ft replicated 4 times in a completely random design. For each plot, liquid formulations of insecticides were applied by sprinkler can in 1 gal of water and irrigated after application with 2 gal of water. Granules were applied with a hand shaker made from a pint jar with a perforated lid. Some treatments were irrigated with 2 gal of water while others were not irrigated (see table). Thatch in the test areas ranged from 0 to 0.5 inch thick. Four locations in each plot were sampled with a cup-cutter (4.25 in. in diam) to a depth of 3 in. The predominate species of white grub in both trials was the Asiatic garden beetle comprising 91 to 97% of the population on all sample dates. Samples were collected at 4 and 6 or 19 weeks posttreatment and mean values for each sample date were compared by ANOVA. Accumulative precipitation during the trials was 3.39 and 17.37 inches at 4 and 19 weeks, respectively, for the spring application, and 2.52 and 2.63 at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, for the summer application.
German Cockroach Control, 1984
Authors: King Ed , Price Richard , Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This laboratory test evaluated 2 chemicals on 2 different surfaces using a modified B&G sprayer, model 104-5 mounted on a motorized track powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor. A spraying system multi-teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to a nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle (24 inches above the panels) delivered 6.2 oz. of finished spray per minute at 10 psi at an application speed of 1.25 ft per second. Vinyl asbestos tile and enamel-painted plywood panels, 6 inches x 6 inches x 0.75 inches were sprayed on 1 side using the motorized spray unit. After spraying, the treated panels were allowed to dry for 24 h. Cockroach containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using containers (4.75 inches in diameter) with the bottoms cut out. To prevent the cockroach from climbing up the sides, the inside of the container was coated with bentonite clay. Nylon fabric was fastened over the top of the containers to prevent escape. Ten adult German cockroaches from a normal laboratory strain were placed on each panel. Control was determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Cockroach mortality was recorded 48 h after exposure to the panels. Each treatment was replicated 3 times.
Cattle-Hypoderma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Hereford, Angus, and Hereford-Angus-cross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp BuUis, Bexar Co., TX, naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were determined to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterefcra animal systemic insecticide test. Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 1/animal at &gt; 1000 kPa [usually formulated as an EC in tylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts)]. In other tests, insecticides are administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight, or intramuscularly or subcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. If initial dosages are effective, cattle are given lower dosages in order to determine the minimum effective dosage. Other cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of label-listed dosages and less than label-listed dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-6 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle.
Ear Tags for Control of Cattle Lice, 1984
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W. , Schwinghammer K. , Cilek J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticide-impregnated ear tags, fenvalerate and flucythrinate, were evaluated for control of cattle lice on yearling steers. Each treatment group contained 6 yearlings, which were tagged with 2 tags per head; six untreated yearlings served as controls. Lice counts were made prior to tagging and at weekly intervals for 8 wk. Total number of lice were recorded from 2 to 3-cm hairparts from each of the following locations: ears, eyes, muzzle, jaw, shoulder, backline, tailhead and hips. Lice viability was determined by microscopic examination of specimens. Because of uneven pretreatment lice numbers, an analysis of covariance with the pretreatment lice count as the covariable was performed to assist in interpreting the posttreatment significance of the ear tag treatments.
Evaluation of American Cyanamid Experimental Levamisole/Famphur Paste Administered Orally to Dairy Cattle for Longnosed Louse Control, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four separate groups of dairy cattle in Montgomery Co, VA, were administered famphur treatments orally in combination with levamisole. A standard 5th group received 11.5% Tramisol Gel plus 13.2% Warbex Pour-On for comparison. The treatments and associated herds were as follows (levamisole and famphur dosages expressed as mg/kg body weight); A) 5.75% levamisole (8 mg) and 0% famphur (0 mg). Eleven head of yearling cattle were treated; 1 heifer and 4 bulls were used for evaluation. B) 5.75% levamisole (8 mg) and 14.4% famphur (20 mg). Seven head of yearling cattle were treated; 5 heifers were used for evaluation. C) 5.75% levamisole (8 mg) and 21.6% famphur (30 mg). Twenty-five head of yearling cattle were treated; 5 heifers were used for evaluation. D) 5.75% levamisole (8 mg) and 28.8% famphur (40 mg). Twenty-three head of yearling cattle were treated; 5 heifers were used for evaluation. E) 11.5% Tramisol Gel (8 mg) and 13.2% Warbex Pour-On (40 mg). Fifteen calves (2–3 mo old) were treated; 1 bull and 4 heifers were used for evaluation. Rations for the subject animals included hay (A&B), silage (C&D), and a milk substitute plus feed pellets (E). Individual body weights were recorded at the beginning and end of the trial to determine weight gains.