bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Applications of Photocatalyzed Halogen‐Radical Mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for C−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Bonciolini Stefano , Noël Timothy , Capaldo Luca 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe opportunity to activate C(sp3)−H bonds via homolytic cleavage by means of halogen radicals has long been disregarded in synthetic endeavors due to the unpredictable selectivity. Nowadays, photocatalysis has established itself as a method of choice for the generation of such reactive intermediates under mild conditions. This Minireview collects recent examples showcasing how photocatalytic manifolds have been used to tame aggressive halogen radicals to activate C(sp3)−H bonds via Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for synthetic purposes. In the last section of this work, we address site‐selectivity issues posed by this methodology and show how it can be guided through the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
Metabolic reprogramming of the intestinal microbiome with functional bile acid changes underlie the development of NAFLD
Authors: Smirnova Ekaterina , Muthiah Mark D. , Narayan Nicole , Siddiqui Mohamad S. , Puri Puneet , Luketic Velimir A. , Contos Melissa J. , Idowu Michael , Chuang Jen‐Chieh , Billin Andrew N. , Huss Ryan S. , Myers Robert P. , Boyett Sherry , Seneshaw Mulugeta , Min Hae‐Ki , Mirshahi Faridodin , Sanyal Arun J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Bile acids are hepatic metabolites and have many properties considered to be relevant to the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Circulating levels of the intestinal microbiome‐modified bile acid deoxycholate are increased in cirrhosis.

Approach and Results
To further elucidate the role of bile acids and intestinal microbiota linked to bile acids in progressively severe NAFLD, a multiomic study of feces including 16S rRNA sequencing, microbial transcriptomics and metabolomics was performed in a cohort with varying phenotypes of NAFLD. Several bile acids of microbial origin derived from deoxycholic acid (DCA) (glycodeoxycholate, 7‐ketodeoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid) increased with disease activity and fibrosis stage. These were linked to increased expression of microbial bile salt hydrolase, bile acid operon (BaiCD) and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (hdhA) required for DCA and downstream metabolite synthesis providing a mechanistic basis for altered bile acid profiles with disease progression. Bacteroidetes and several genera of Lachnospiraceae family containing DCA generating genes increased with increasing disease severity, whereas several potentially beneficial microbes sensitive to antibacterial effects of DCA e.g., Ruminococcaceae were decreased. The clinical relevance of these data was confirmed in an independent cohort enrolled in a clinical trial for NASH where at entry DCA and its conjugates were associated with advanced fibrosis. In patients treated with placebo, DCA declined in those with fibrosis regression and increased in those with fibrosis progression. DCA rose further in those with compensated cirrhosis when they experienced decompensation.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate a role for bile acids and the bile acid dependent microbiome in the development and progression of NAFLD and set the stage to leverage these findings for NASH biomarker development and for therapeutics.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk and histologic severity are associated with genetic polymorphisms in children
Authors: Goyal Nidhi P. , Rosenthal Sara B. , Nasamran Chanod , Behling Cynthia A. , Angeles Jorge E. , Fishbein Mark H. , Harlow Kathryn E. , Jain Ajay K. , Molleston Jean P. , Newton Kimberly P. , Ugalde‐Nicalo Patricia , Xanthankos Stavra A. , Yates Katherine , Schork Nicholas J. , Fisch Kathleen M. , Schwimmer Jeffrey B. ,   for the NASH Clinical Research Network
Published: May 2022

Background and Aims:
NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in children. Large pediatric studies identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk and histologic severity of NAFLD are limited. Study aims included investigating SNPs associated with risk for NAFLD using family trios and association of candidate alleles with histologic severity.

Approach and Results:
Children with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD were enrolled from the NASH Clinical Research Network. The Expert Pathology Committee reviewed liver histology. Genotyping was conducted with allele‐specific primers for 60 candidate SNPs. Parents were enrolled for trio analysis. To assess risk for NAFLD, the transmission disequilibrium test was conducted in trios. Among cases, regression analysis assessed associations with histologic severity. A total of 822 children with NAFLD had mean age 13.2 years (SD 2.7) and mean ALT 101 U/L (SD 90). PNPLA3 (rs738409) demonstrated the strongest risk (p = 2.24 × 10−14) for NAFLD. Among children with NAFLD, stratifying by PNPLA3 s738409 genotype, the variant genotype associated with steatosis (p = 0.005), lobular (p = 0.03) and portal inflammation (p = 0.002). Steatosis grade associated with TM6SF2 (p = 0.0009), GCKR (p = 0.0032), PNPLA3 rs738409 (p = 0.0053), and MTTP (p = 0.0051). Fibrosis stage associated with PARVB rs6006473 (p = 0.0001), NR1I2 (p = 0.0021), ADIPOR2 (p = 0.0038), and OXTR (p = 0.0065). PNPLA3 rs738409 (p = 0.0002) associated with borderline zone 1 NASH.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated disease‐associated SNPs in children with NAFLD. In particular, rs6006473 was highly associated with severity of fibrosis. These hypothesis‐generating results support future mechanistic studies of development of adverse outcomes such as fibrosis and generation of therapeutic targets for NAFLD in children.
Mid‐upper arm circumference is associated with liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease: A population based observational study
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiao , Li Xiaohe , Jin Rui , Yang Jia , Huang Rui , Wei Lai , Liu Feng , Rao Huiying 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a series of liver diseases based on liver steatosis and metabolic disorders. Steatosis, as the core factor in MAFLD diagnosis, and fibrosis, as the major determinant of adverse outcomes of MAFLD, need to be assessed simply and accurately. In this study, we explored the significance of mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) in evaluating liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with MAFLD. We included 2397 cases with MAFLD from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database. Liver steatosis and fibrosis were measured by vibration controlled transient elastography. Anthropometric parameters and demographic and serological data were obtained from the NHANES database. The association between MUAC and liver steatosis and fibrosis were evaluated by a multivariable linear regression model, a weighted generalized additive model, and smooth curve fitting using R. MUAC was positively associated with liver steatosis in every multivariate linear regression model (model 1: β = 3.3513; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7722–3.9304; model 2: β = 3.8492; 95% CI, 3.2441–4.4542; model 3: β = 2.4987; 95% CI, 1.8371–3.1604), and this positive association was consistent in both men and women and among different race groups (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non‐Hispanic White, Black, Asian, and other race). On the other hand, MUAC was positively associated with liver fibrosis in every multivariate linear regression model, and this positive association also was consistent in both men and women and among non‐Hispanic White and Black populations. Increased MUAC was positively associated with liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with MAFLD. This was particularly true for MUAC ≥ 42.0 cm. MUAC might be a simple and convenient evaluation tool for MAFLD.
Depth of focus extension in optical coherence tomography using ultrahigh chromatic dispersion of zinc selenide
Authors: Romodina Maria N. , Singh Kanwarpal 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe report a novel technique to overcome the depth‐of‐focus limitation in optical coherence tomography (OCT) using chromatic dispersion of zinc selenide lens. OCT is an established method of optical imaging, which found numerous biomedical applications. However, the depth scanning range of high‐resolution OCT is limited by its depth of focus. Chromatic dispersion of zinc selenide lens allows to get high lateral resolution along extended depth of focus, because the different spectral components are focused at a different position along axes of light propagation. Test measurements with nanoparticle phantom show 2.8 times extension of the depth of focus compare to the system with a standard achromatic lens. The feasibility of biomedical applications was demonstrated by ex vivo imaging of the pig cornea and chicken fat tissue.
Experimental investigation of biofilm carriers of varying shapes, sizes, and materials for wastewater treatment in fixed bed biofilm reactor: a qualitative study of biocarrier performance
Authors: Al‐Amshawee Sajjad Khudhur Abbas , Yunus Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd , Alalwan Hayder A , Lee Woo Hyoung , Dai Fei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiofilm carriers were introduced in the early 1990s mainly to abate chemical oxygen demand (COD). However, studies have continued investigating few biocarriers repeatedly, without studying a large number of carriers in a single study under similar conditions.RESULTSThe current study investigated the performance of nine synthetic and eight natural biofilm carriers for 7 days of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment in terms of COD removal. A fixed bed biofilm reactor (FBBR) was 100% packed with biocarriers and operated at 35 °C. Performance based on the 7th day COD removal could be ranked in the following order: green ammonia absorption stone (91%), K1 micro (88%), coral sand (87.8%), volcanic stone (86.6%), Micro Media (85.5%), 1.6 cm BioBall (85%), pebble (82.4%), porous ceramic ring (82.3), K1 (82.1%), non‐porous ceramic ring (80.9%), brown ammonia absorption stone (78.6%), biological filter (77.7%), Ultra Media (76.8%), blue media (69.3%), 3.0 cm BioBall (68.8%), 2.5 cm BioBall (66.5%), and loofah sponge (63%).CONCLUSIONThe smallest carrier, K1 micro, yielded the highest COD removal (88%) on day 7 among the other synthetic carriers, while green ammonia absorption stones provided the highest quality effluent from day 1 (3565 mg COD L−1) to day 7 (780 mg COD L−1) and delivered the shortest start‐up compared with all natural and synthetic carriers. The discussion revealed that all carrier functionalities (i.e., scale, shape, surface pores, roughness, material, surface area, porosity, and durability) play a key role in deciding carrier quality. The current study also introduced ‘carrier efficiency limit’, which refers to the carrier's capacity to entrap biomass and immobilize microorganisms. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Usefulness of the laser‐cut, fully covered, self‐expandable metallic stent for endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy
Authors: Harai Shota , Hijioka Susumu , Nagashio Yoshikuni , Ohba Akihiro , Maruki Yuta , Sone Miyuki , Saito Yutaka , Okusaka Takuji , Fukasawa Mitsuharu , Enomoto Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground/PurposeEndoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS‐HGS) has many associated adverse events. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of the laser‐cut, fully covered, self‐expandable metallic stent (FCSEMS) for this procedure.MethodsThis single‐center, retrospective study included cases where EUS‐HGS with a laser‐cut FCSEMS was performed for malignant biliary obstruction. Technical and clinical success, time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO), procedure time, adverse events, and re‐interventions were evaluated.ResultsThere were 95 eligible cases. Technical and clinical success rates were 100.0% and 95.8%, respectively. Median TRBO was 398 days. RBO causes were hyperplasia (7.4%), debris (3.2%), and migration (4.2%). Adverse events occurred in nine cases (9.5%). Non‐occlusion and focal cholangitis occurred in four cases (4.2%) each. Nineteen patients (20%) underwent combined EUS‐HGS (CH) procedures: antegrade stenting, bridging methods, plastic stent anchoring in SEMS, and EUS‐hepaticoduodenostomy. The solely EUS‐HGS (SH) group had significantly longer median TRBO than the CH group (398 vs 246 days, P = .04). There were no significant differences in adverse events between the two groups. Re‐intervention was performed in 29 cases (technical success rate: 100.0%).ConclusionsLaser‐cut FCSEMS can be safely placed in the bile duct and easily applied during re‐intervention, making it useful in EUS‐HGS.
Biliary stones or ulcers at the choledochojejunal anastomotic site involving the jejunal mucosa at stent removal may be recurrent factors in patients with benign choledochojejunal anastomotic stenosis undergoing endoscopic biliary stenting using fully covered self‐expandable metal stents
Authors: Kida Akihiko , Shirota Yukihiro , Arihara Fumitaka , Asai Jun , Matsuda Koichiro , Kakinoki Kaheita , Matsuda Mitsuru , Sakai Akito , Terada Mitsuhiro , Urabe Takeshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundTemporary fully covered self‐expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) placement is performed for benign choledochojejunal anastomotic stenosis (bCJS). However, recurrence may develop after stricture resolution. We investigated endoscopic biliary stenting using FCSEMS for bCJS.MethodsSixteen bCJS patients with FCSEMS placement were retrospectively analyzed. FCSEMS was removed endoscopically after 2 months. Technical success, stricture resolution, recurrence, and adverse events were evaluated.ResultsThe technical success rate for FCSEMS placement was 94% (15/16). Biliary stones were detected and extracted in four patients. FCSEMS removal was successfully performed on 14 patients, excluding one with stent migration. At FCSEMS removal, stricture resolution was noted in 14 patients; however, four had anastomotic ulcers. The median follow‐up was 319 days. Three patients with a history of repeated plastic stent placement had no recurrence. Four out of 15 patients (27%) had recurrence, and three had no recurrence after additional interventions. Biliary stones before first FCSEMS placement (P = .003) or anastomotic ulcers at FCSEMS removal (P = .018) were associated with recurrence.ConclusionsAlthough FCSEMS placement was useful for stricture resolution, recurrence was detected in patients with biliary stones before first FCSEMS placement or anastomotic ulcers at FCSEMS removal. Anastomotic ulcers are a risk factor for recurrence and only detected by endoscopy.
Assessments of agronomic traits, chemical characteristics, and sensory properties of six albino‐induced yellow tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars grown in Ningbo, China
Authors: Han Zhen , Fan Shulei , Jiang Yanhua , Zhang Wenbiao , Xu Yanyang , Wang Dongmei , Lu Mengjun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlbino‐induced yellow tea is becoming popular in East China because of its special sensory properties. More and more tea gardeners intend to grow albino‐induced yellow tea (Camellia sinensis) plants to meet market demand.ResultsTo help them select the suitable cultivars to grow, agronomic traits (i.e., plant shape, survival rate, plant height, budding density, initial one bud with one leaf development date, albino grade of one bud with three leaves, length of one bud with three leaves, and the cumulative weight of 100 buds), chemical characteristics (i.e., water extract content, tea polyphenols content, free amino acids content, and caffeine content), and sensory evaluation score of six albino‐induced yellow tea cultivars which were introduced and cultivated in Ningbo (a city in East China) were assessed. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the comprehensive evaluation. It turned out that the six albino‐induced yellow tea cultivars were with distinguishable agronomic traits, chemical characteristics, and sensory properties. Four principal components were extracted by PCA and the cumulative variance contribution rate reached 96.773%. Among the six cultivars, “Jinguan Tea”, “Zhonghuang No.3”, and “Yujinxiang” got the top three highest principal component scores.ConclusionAccording to the results, albino‐induced yellow tea cultivars which are suitable to be introduced and cultivated in Ningbo, China, are “Jinguan Tea”, “Zhonghuang No.3”, and “Yujinxiang”.
Intranasal Spray Characteristics for Best Drug Delivery in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Popper Carson , Martin Hannah , Shah Reanna , Sicard Ryan , Hodges Katrina , Frank‐Ito Dennis Onyeka 
Published: May 2022

ObjectivesTo determine parameter combinations for effective drug delivery of intranasal spray steroids to the ostiomeatal complex (OMC) and maxillary sinus (MS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).MethodsEach patient's sinonasal cavity was reconstructed from computed tomography scans. Intranasal airflow and drug particle transport were simulated using computational fluid dynamic modeling. Airflow simulations were performed at 15 Pascal inhalation pressure. Intranasal spray particles of 1–100 μm were simulated at release speeds of 1, 5, and 10 m/s from 6 release locations (Bottom, Center, Top, Lateral, Lateral‐Bottom, and Lateral‐Top) at a nozzle insertion depth of 15 mm. Drug delivery simulations were performed in the head tilted forward position.ResultsMaximal OMC deposition was 0.78%–12.44%, while maximal MS deposition was 0.02%–1.03% across all simulations. In general, particles between 6 and 10 μm had the best OMC (at 1 m/s particle velocity) and MS (at 10 m/s particle velocity) deposition. Particles ranging from 21 to 30 μm also had superior OMC deposition. The lateral and lateral‐top spray release locations produced maximum OMC deposition, but no one release location demonstrated an increase in MS deposition.ConclusionThis preliminary study suggests that it is challenging to determine a common set of intranasal spray parameter combinations for effective drug delivery to the OMC and MSs. Although drug particle size and spray particle velocity seem to impact particle deposition patterns, spray release location appears to vary with anatomical differences between subjects, particularly when the MS is the target location for particle deposition. Laryngoscope, 133:1036–1043, 2023
Systematic Review of CT Angiography in Guiding Management in Pediatric Oropharyngeal Trauma
Authors: Curry Steven D. , Christensen Dallin N. , Varman Pooja M. , Harp Kimberly A. , Jones Dwight T. 
Published: May 2022

ObjectivesPediatric oropharyngeal trauma is common. Although most cases resolve uneventfully, there have been reports of internal carotid artery injury leading to devastating neurovascular sequelae. There is significant controversy regarding the utility of CT angiography (CTA) in children with seemingly minor oropharyngeal trauma. The goal of this study was to appraise changes in diagnosis and treatment based on CTA results.MethodsA comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register, and the ClinicalTrials.gov database was performed following PRISMA guidelines.ResultsThe search yielded 5,078 unique abstracts, of which 8 articles were included. A total of 662 patients were included, with 293 having any CT head/neck imaging, and 255 with CTA. Eleven injuries/abnormalities of the carotid were found on CTAs, comprising edema around the carotid (n = 8), potential intimal tear (n = 1), carotid spasm (n = 1), and carotid compression (n = 1). The pooled proportion of imaging findings on CTA that could lead to changes in clinical management was 0.00 (95% CI 0.00–0.43). Angiography was obtained in 10 patients, in 6 cases due to abnormal CTA. Angiography identified 1 patient with vessel spasm and two patients with carotid intima disruption without thrombus. No patient underwent vascular repair or suffered cerebrovascular injury.ConclusionImaging with CTA yielded radiological abnormalities in a few instances. These results do not support the routine use of CTA in screening pediatric oropharyngeal trauma when balanced against the risk of radiation, as it rarely resulted in management changes and was not shown to improve outcomes.Level of EvidenceN/A Laryngoscope, 133:457–466, 2023
Generalized boundary triples, II. Some applications of generalized boundary triples and form domain invariant Nevanlinna functions
Authors: Derkach Volodymyr , Hassi Seppo , Malamud Mark 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe paper is a continuation of Part I and contains several further results on generalized boundary triples, the corresponding Weyl functions, and applications of this technique to ordinary and partial differential operators. We establish a connection between Post's theory of boundary pairs of closed nonnegative forms on the one hand and the theory of generalized boundary triples of nonnegative symmetric operators on the other hand. Applications to the Laplacian operator on bounded domains with smooth, Lipschitz, and even rough boundary, as well as to mixed boundary value problem for the Laplacian are given. Other applications concern with the momentum, Schrödinger, and Dirac operators with local point interactions. These operators demonstrate natural occurrence of ‐generalized boundary triples with domain invariant Weyl functions and essentially selfadjoint reference operators A0.
LncRNAs and CircRNAs in cancer
Authors: Yin Xin , Lin Huiran , Lin Lei , Miao Lei , He Jing , Zhuo Zhenjian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIt is well known that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) cannot encode proteins, but they can play important regulatory roles in tumors by combining with proteins, RNAs, and DNAs. As more and more studies reveal the important roles and underlying mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in cancer, their huge application potential in cancer therapy cannot be ignored. For example, lncRNAs can be involved in tumor‐related signal transduction pathways, cell cycle control, DNA damage, epigenetic regulation, and microRNA control. A group of studies confirmed that abnormal expression of lncRNAs can affect cancer progression. Furthermore, as covalently closed continuous circular ncRNAs, many recent studies have shown that circRNAs have regulatory effects and other important biological significances in cancer. Interestingly, circRNAs were found to have translational functions. This has greatly attracted people's attention to circRNAs research. In this review, we introduce the important roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in some representative cancers, respectively. Furthermore, we focus on the biological functions and important clinical therapeutic implications of lnRNAs and circRNAs in neuroblastoma. Our review also focuses on providing rationale and relevant references for novel biomarkers for neuroblastoma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.