bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the interpretation of standardized precipitation index estimates to capture drought characteristics in changing climate conditions
Authors: Blain Gabriel Constantino , da Rocha Sobierajski Graciela , Weight Elizabeth , Martins Letícia Lopes , Xavier Ana Carolina Freitas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe standardized precipitation index (SPI) was developed as a stationary method in which the parameters of the distribution used to estimate the cumulative probability of rainfall amounts do not vary over time. Considering that changing climatic conditions may violate the assumption of stationarity, a nonstationary version of the SPI (NSPI) has been proposed. However, since time‐varying parametric distributions tend to remove the effect of rainfall trends on NSPI estimates, this latter index may fail to quantify the severity of drought events. In this study, we developed a four‐step algorithm that uses information generated by the NSPI algorithm to improve the interpretation of SPI estimates in terms of their probability of occurrence under changing climate conditions. This statistical/computational algorithm uses a nonstationary approach to detect trends in rainfall quantities and to quantify the effect of such trends on the probability of a particular SPI value occurring. The suitability of this algorithm was evaluated through Monte Carlo experiments and through two case study applications. The first study case applied the algorithm to historical rainfall series for the UK. The second applied the algorithm to gridded rainfall data for South America. The results found in this study demonstrated that, in the presence of temporal changes in rainfall frequency distributions, the probabilities of drought events estimated by the four‐step algorithm were consistently closer to the observed frequency of SPI than the probabilities estimated by the original SPI algorithm. In conclusion, the four‐step algorithm improved the interpretation of SPI values in terms of their expected frequencies under climate changing conditions. This algorithm is able to detect changes in the frequency of SPI values, to quantify how these changes affect the probability of drought events according to the SPI classification system, isolating its effect on the central tendency and on the dispersion of SPI distributions.
The Design of Low‐Cost Stand‐Alone Microcontroller‐Based Wireless Ultrasonic System for Process Monitoring and Analysis
Authors: Keskinoğlu Cemil , Aydın Ahmet 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesUltrasound technology is currently used in many areas, such as imaging, analysis, and process monitoring. The noninvasive implementation, nondestructive effect on the material to be applied, and low cost of the needed components give an advantage to the ultrasonic systems when compared to other methods for analysis and process monitoring studies. However, the current ultrasonic analysis setups used in the studies require additional devices such as a signal generator and oscilloscope. These devices used in the setup increase the cost, size, usage difficulty of the system and, most importantly, decrease the portability and stability. In order to prevent these disadvantages, an ultrasonic system that can work in real‐time and its software are developed to be used in analysis and process monitoring without any additional devices.MethodsThis system was designed by using a microcontroller. The developed system is portable, has a small size, and a Bluetooth Low Energy connection. It has a battery for using standalone.ResultsTherefore, it can be easily used in different small and closed measurement environments such as incubators and controlled remotely. In addition, a mixture was analyzed with both the designed system and a commercial module. When the results are compared, two systems are found highly correlated ConclusionIn this study, an embedded ultrasonic measurement system and its software are developed to be used in analysis studies, density measurements, and real‐time process monitoring as a stand‐alone device.
Dielectric Metasurfaces Enabled Ultradensely Integrated Multidimensional Optical System
Authors: Zhou Hailong , Wang Yilun , Gao Xiaoyan , Gao Dingshan , Dong Jianji , Huang Dongmei , Li Feng , Alexander Wai Ping‐kong , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMetasurfaces consisted of subwavelength nanostructures can extremely interact with light and manipulate the characteristics of amplitude, phase, and polarization. In particular, on‐chip dielectric metasurfaces have attracted significant attention for optical communication and computing, due to its compact footprint, low loss, and broad bandwidth. Herein, an ultradensely integrated multidimensional optical system with a footprint of only 20 × 30 µm2 based on inverse‐designed dielectric metasurface network, incorporating mode‐division multiplexing, and coherent optical communication technologies that can multiply the system capacity is demonstrated. It is assembled by the ultracompact multifunction on‐chip metasurface devices, including four‐mode demultiplexer, optical hybrid, crossing, and bending, which all have a size of only several micrometers. The inverse‐designed work can significantly broaden the integrated device applications of on‐chip metasurfaces and pave an alternative way for large‐scale high‐capacity optical communication system.
Being there without being there: Gifts compensate for lack of in‐person support
Authors: Wiener Hillary J. D. , Howe Holly S. , Chartrand Tanya L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractProviding social support is a critical part of being in a relationship with someone, but people often struggle to support loved ones in person. In this paper, we show how givers can use gifts to compensate for not providing in‐person social support. Study 1 shows that when it is prohibitively difficult for givers to provide in‐person support, they give more expensive gifts. Study 2 replicates this effect for likelihood to give a gift and shows it is not due to social desirability. Studies 3, 4a, and 4b find that guilt over not having provided adequate support drives people to give gifts, and that giving gifts partially relieves givers' feelings of guilt. Studies 5 and 6 examine moderation. In Study 5, people only compensate for a lack of in‐person support with a gift when they have a strong obligation to support the recipient because they are close to them. Study 6 shows that money does not substitute for in‐person support. We show the role of gifts in enhancing givers' wellbeing and provide new customer insights to managers on reasons people purchase gifts.
Interview: "Faszinierender Ausnahmefall"
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDen Chemiker:innen stellen sich ständig ethische Fragen – vom Umgang mit Dual‐Use‐Themen bis zur Gentechnik. Aber sind sie darauf vorbereitet? Ein Gespräch mit der Philosophin Julia Dietrich.
Chemiedidaktik: Welcher Zucker ist in der Probe
Authors: Rautenstrauch Hanne , Ruppersberg Klaus , Proske Wolfgang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDie Kohlenhydratnachweise in Schulbüchern sind oft nicht besonders aussagekräftig oder eignen sich aus Sicherheitsgründen schlecht für Kinder und Jugendliche. Aber es gibt Alternativen, und einige der Tests lassen sich einfach weiterentwickeln, sodass sie ungefährlicher und eindeutiger sind. Eine Übersicht.
Dynamic alteration in myocardium creatine during acute infarction using MR CEST imaging
Authors: Liu Jie , Xie Chuan‐Miao , Liu Qi , Xu Jian , Zheng Li‐Yun , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong , Wu Yin 
Published: February 2022

Creatine (Cr) is an essential metabolite in the creatine kinase reaction, which plays a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI offers a novel way to map myocardium Cr. This study aims to investigate the dynamic alteration in myocardium Cr during acute infarction using CEST MRI, which may facilitate understanding of the heart remodeling mechanism at the molecular level. Seven adult Bama pigs underwent cardiac cine, Cr CEST, and late gadolinium‐enhanced (LGE) T1‐weighted (T1w) imaging three and 14 days after myocardial infarction induction on a 3 T scanner. Cardiac structural and functional indices, including myocardium mass (MM), end‐diastolic volume (EDV), end‐systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF), were measured from cines. Infarct angle was determined from LGE T1w images, based on which myocardium was classified into infarct, adjacent, and remote regions. Cr‐weighted CEST signal was quantified from a three‐pool Lorentzian fitting model and measured within each region and the entire myocardium. Student's t‐test was conducted to evaluate any significant differences in measurements between the two time points. Correlation was assessed with Pearson correlation. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Over the studied period, MM, EDV, and ESV did not alter significantly (P > 0.05), whereas significant increases of SV and EF and decrease of infarct angle were observed (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Cr‐weighted CEST signal elevated significantly on Day 14 compared with Day 3 in the infarct (10.00 ± 1.28% versus 6.91 ± 1.54%, P < 0.01), adjacent (11.17 ± 2.00% versus 8.01 ± 1.58%, P = 0.01), and entire myocardium (11.03 ± 1.36% versus 8.19 ± 1.28%, P < 0.01). Moderate negative correlations were shown between the infarct angle and Cr‐weighted CEST signals in the infarct (r = −0.80, P < 0.001), adjacent (r = −0.58, P = 0.03), and entire myocardium (r = −0.76, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the dynamic increase of myocardium Cr during acute infarction may interact with cardiac structural and functional recovery. The study provides supplementary insights into the heart remodeling process from the metabolic viewpoint.
Effects of modified hexagonal boron nitride on electrical insulation properties of LLDPE/EAA nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Xing , Yang Fanghong , Sun Xiaopeng , Li Wenfei , Yao Zhanhai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInorganic nanoparticles are widely used to improve the electrical insulation properties of polymer materials as a result of their excellent dielectric properties and space charge suppression. However, high surface energy means that they easily agglomerate in a matrix, which limits the improvement of the insulation properties of a polymer. In this work, nanocomposites that can withstand a high‐voltage DC field were successfully prepared by incorporating two types of modified hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) into linear low‐density polyethylene/ethylene‐acrylic acid copolymer (LLDPE/EAA). The results indicate the introduction of the two types of modified h‐BN can improve electrical properties significantly. For example, the internal space charge is suppressed obviously and DC breakdown strength of the nanocomposite prepared by introducing 0.5 wt% covalently modified h‐BN reaches 480.8 kV mm−1, which is 72.9% higher than that of pure LLDPE. This investigation paves a new way for the application of modified h‐BN in the development of polyethylene insulating materials. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Evidence of enhanced reproductive performance and lack‐of‐fitness costs among soybean aphids, Aphis glycines, with varying levels of pyrethroid resistance
Authors: Valmorbida Ivair , Coates Brad S. , Hodgson Erin W. , Ryan Molly , O’Neal Matthew E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDFoliar application of insecticides is the main strategy to manage soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in the northcentral United States. Subpopulations of A. glycines have multiple nonsynonymous mutations in the voltage‐gated sodium channel (vgsc) genes that are associated with pyrethroid resistance. We explored if fitness costs are associated with phenotypes conferred by vgsc mutations using life table analyses. We predicted that there would be significant differences between pyrethroid susceptibility and field‐collected, parthenogenetic isofemale clones with differing, nonsynonymous mutations in vgsc genes.RESULTSEstimated resistance ratios for the pyrethroid‐resistant clones ranged from 3.1 to 37.58 and 5.6 to 53.91 for lambda‐cyhalothrin and bifenthrin, respectively. Although life table analyses revealed some biological and demographic parameters to be significantly different among the clonal lines, there was no association between levels of pyrethroid resistance and a decline in fitness. By contrast, one of the most resistant clonal lines (SBA‐MN1‐2017) had a significantly higher finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase and greater overall fitness compared to the susceptible control and other pyrethroid‐resistant clonal lines.CONCLUSIONSOur life history analysis suggests that there are no negative pleotropic effects associated with the pyrethroid resistance in the clonal A. glycines lines used in this study. We discuss the potential impact of these results on efficacies of insecticide resistance management (IRM) and integrated pest management (IPM) plans directed at delaying the spread of pyrethroid‐resistant A. glycines.
Analyzing cloud droplet spatial tendencies on the millimetre and centimetre scales in stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Dodson Dillon S. , Small Griswold Jennifer D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is well known that fluid turbulence can affect cloud droplet motion, leading to droplet clustering, which in turn can impact precipitation formation through influences on collision–coalescence. Previous work suggests that droplet clustering, or preferential concentration, of cloud droplets occurs on the order of the Kolmogorov length‐scale (), with the magnitude of this clustering depending on the Stokes number (). However, the accuracy of these theories remains largely unquantified for atmospheric clouds. Therefore, data gathered from a weakly turbulent marine stratocumulus (Sc) deck during the Variability of the American Monsoons (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS‐REx) are used to analyze the spatial statistics of cloud droplets by means of one‐dimensional pair correlation functions . Cloud droplet arrival times were recorded onboard the CIRPAS Twin‐Otter aircraft over a two‐week analysis period using the Artium Flight phase‐Doppler Interferometer. Results from 2431 subsets of droplet arrival data indicate that droplet clustering occurs in 95% of cases from analyzing , with the magnitude of the clustering becoming significant in the turbulence dissipation range, at a length‐scale of . Analyzing as a function of in‐cloud normalized height () indicates that a maximum in the magnitude of average droplet clustering occurs near the Sc middle, at = 0.47. Droplet clustering and are also found to be strongly correlated at a statistically significant rate.
Effects of Ca and Ag addition and heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Mg‐7Sn alloys in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution
Authors: Li Wandong 
Published: February 2022

The effects of 1 wt.% Ca or 1 wt.% Ca + 1 wt.% Ag addition and heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Mg‐7Sn (wt.%) alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were investigated by electrochemical measurements and immersion tests. The alloys were characterized by optical microscope (OM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that all alloys were corroded by pitting corrosion and grain boundary corrosion and further corroded with time going. Loose layers of compounds, including Mg (OH)2, MgO, SnO2, and other compounds containing Ca and Ag elements, were calibrated on the surface of corroded Mg‐7Sn‐1Ca‐1Ag alloy. The Ca addition improved the corrosion resistance of Mg‐7Sn alloy due to the formation of relatively stable compounds containing calcium element and grains refinement. Furthermore, the solid solutioned alloys obtained a superior corrosion resistance due to the dissolve of eutectic Mg2Sn phase and homogenization treatment. However, the aging treatment is slightly detrimental to the corrosion resistance of Mg‐7Sn alloys with the formation of Mg2Sn precipitates. In conclusion, the aged Mg‐7Sn‐1Ca‐1Ag alloy exhibited a better corrosion resistance and a noticeable micro‐hardness property compared with those of as‐cast Mg‐7Sn alloy. And this study provides an important idea for the research on the comprehensive properties of Mg‐Sn alloys.
Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Catalyzed by (L)‐Prolinamide Containing Imidazolium Ionic Liquid
Authors: Deepa  , Aalam M. J. , Singh S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract(L)‐Prolinamide containing imidazolium ionic liquids have been synthesized and evaluated as organocatalysts for the asymmetric Biginelli reaction of benzaldehydes, urea, and β‐keto esters. The synthesized chiral ionic liquids were characterized by various techniques such as FT‐NMR, FT‐IR, TGA, and HRMS. The chiral ionic liquid containing adamantyl (L)‐prolinamide having [BF4]‐ anion (5 mol %) and p‐toluenesulfonic acid (5 mol %) as an additive catalyzed the Biginelli reaction and afforded a variety of chiral 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones (DHPMs) in 16–74 % yields and 7–85 % ee's after 48 h at room temperature and out of 30 chiral DHPMs products, 18 are new. A plausible reaction mechanism and transition states or intermediates have been proposed and supported by FT‐NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The asymmetric induction was favored by the Re‐face attack on the imine bond and the Biginelli products were obtained with (R)‐absolute configuration. The DFT calculations (B3LYP/631‐G*) were performed to find the energy of the intermediates.
Testosterone Imprinted poly(HEMA‐MAA) Nanoparticles Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Detection of Testosterone
Authors: Çimen Duygu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe selective, sensitive, and real‐time detection of testosterone was performed from both testosterone aqueous solution and artificial urine samples by using the advantages of surface plasmon resonance sensor (SPR) with molecular imprinting technique. The testosterone imprinted (MIP) and non‐imprinted (NIP) nanoparticle based poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐methacrylic acid (poly(HEMA‐MAA)) SPR sensors were prepared for detection of testosterone. After characterization of MIP and NIP nanoparticles, nanoparticles were attached on the SPR chip surfaces. The characterization of SPR sensor surfaces was carried out with characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy, ellipsometer and contact angle measurements. The real‐time measurements for detection of testosterone were performed with testosterone imprinted SPR sensor in the linear range of 0.5‐20 ng/mL concentration in testosterone aqueous solution. The imprinting factor and the limit of detection was found 4.16 and 0.049 ng/mL, respectively. The validation studies were performed with both SPR sensor and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using testosterone samples prepared in artificial urine samples for the detection of testosterone.
A Gluten‐Free Biscuit Fortified with Lemon IntegroPectin
Authors: Nuzzo Domenico , Scurria Antonino , Picone Pasquale , Guiducci Alessandro , Pagliaro Mario , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Albanese Lorenzo , Meneguzzo Francesco , Ciriminna Rosaria 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report the first outcomes of producing a gluten‐free biscuit by replacing 2.5 wt% of the rice flour used in the preparation of a commercial gluten‐free cookie with lemon IntegroPectin, a new citrus pectin obtained from lemon processing waste via hydrodynamic cavitation. The cookie's friability, palate adhesion, flavor persistency and compactness remain virtually unchanged, whereas sapidity and color improve. Only the sweetness and the smell (flavor) of the functionalized cookie are lower than those of the commercial biscuit. The enhanced heat resistance and unique structure of this new citrus pectin unveiled by XRD and TGA structural and thermal analyses make it suitable for the straightforward functionalization of bakery products with numerous potential health benefits.
Inverted c-functions in thermal states
Authors: Cartwright Casey , Kaminski Matthias 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We first compute the effect of a chiral anomaly, charge, and a magnetic field on the entanglement entropy in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Super-Yang-Mills theory at strong coupling via holography. Depending on the width of the entanglement strip the entanglement entropy probes energy scales from the ultraviolet to the infrared energy regime of this quantum field theory (QFT) prepared in a given state. From the entanglement entropy, we compute holographic c-functions and demonstrate an inverted c-theorem for them. That is, these c-functions in generic thermal states monotonically increase towards the infrared (IR) energy regime. This is in contrast to the c-functions in vacuum states which decrease along the renormalization group flow towards the IR regime of a renormalizable QFT. Furthermore, in thermal states and in the IR limit, the c-functions behave thermally, growing proportionally to the value of the thermal entropy. The chiral anomaly affects the c-functions more in the IR regime, and its effect is peaked at an intermediate value of the magnetic field at a fixed chemical potential and temperature.
Conformal conserved currents in embedding space
Authors: Fortin Jean-François , Ma Wen-Jie , Prilepina Valentina , Skiba Witold 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study conformal conserved currents in arbitrary irreducible representations of the Lorentz group using the embedding space formalism. With the help of the operator product expansion, we first show that conservation conditions can be fully investigated by considering only two- and three-point correlation functions. We then find an explicitly conformally-covariant differential operator in embedding space that implements conservation based on the standard position space operator product expansion differential operator ∂μ, although the latter does not uplift to embedding space covariantly. The differential operator in embedding space that imposes conservation is the same differential operator $$ \mathcal{D} $$
D
ijA used in the operator product expansion in embedding space. We provide several examples including conserved currents in irreducible representations that are not symmetric and traceless. With an eye on four-point conformal bootstrap equations for four conserved vector currents 〈JJJJ〉 and four energy-momentum tensors 〈TTTT〉, we mostly focus on conservation conditions for $$ \left\langle JJ\mathcal{O}\right\rangle $$

JJ
O

and $$ \left\langle TT\mathcal{O}\right\rangle $$

TT
O

. Finally, we reproduce and extend the consequences of conformal Ward identities at coincident points by determining three-point coefficients in terms of charges.
Disc partition function of 2d R2 gravity from DWG matrix model
Authors: Kazakov Vladimir , Levkovich-Maslyuk Fedor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We compute the sum over flat surfaces of disc topology with arbitrary number of conical singularities. To that end, we explore and generalize a specific case of the matrix model of dually weighted graphs (DWG) proposed and solved by one of the authors, M. Staudacher and Th. Wynter. Namely, we compute the sum over quadrangulations of the disc with certain boundary conditions, with parameters controlling the number of squares (area), the length of the boundary and the coordination numbers of vertices. The vertices introduce conical defects with angle deficit given by a multiple of π, corresponding to positive, zero or negative curvature. Our results interpolate between the well-known 2d quantum gravity solution for the disc with fluctuating 2d metric and the regime of “almost flat” surfaces with all the negative curvature concentrated on the boundary. We also speculate on possible ways to study the fluctuating 2d geometry with AdS2 background instead of the flat one.