bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermogravimetric analysis kinetic study of Spirulina platensis residue pyrolysis
Authors: Jamilatun S , Aktawan A , Budiman A , Mufandi I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bio-oil from microalgae pyrolysis has excellent potential to be developed as a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly energy fuel. Using pyrolysis technology to use the solid waste from microalgae extraction of spirulina platensis as an energy source is a solution for pollution due to biomass extraction. The solid residue is known as Spirulina Platensis Residue (SPR). SPR pyrolysis will produce liquid fuel (bio-oil), gas, and biochar. This paper discusses the study of the pyrolysis kinetics of SPR with Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) by flowing nitrogen, the settlement method using Kissinger - Akahira - Sunose (KAS) and Flynn -Wall - Ozawa (FWO). The samples were heated at a temperature ranging from 30°C to 1000°C with three different heating levels, namely 10, 30, and 50°C/min yang injected 20 mL/min Nitrogen (N2). The results obtained from the thermal decomposition process show three main stages, namely dehydration, active and passive pyrolysis. The activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential factor (A) obtained by the KAS method were around 42.241 kJ/mol, 51.290 kJ/mol, 54.556 kJ/mol, and 61.604 kJ/mol with conversion of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, while the estimation of activation energy from FWO 48.963 kJ/mol, 58.107 kJ/mol, 61.498 kJ/mol, and 68.457 kJ/mol with conversion of 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% respectively. the kinetic parameter can be described by using this method. The experimental results show that the kinetic parameters obtained from the two methods are slightly different. However, the KAS and FWO methods are quite efficient in explaining the mechanism of the degradation reaction.
Superhydrophobic coating based on silica derived from bagasse modified with vinyltriethoxysilane and copper (Cu) as antibacterial agent
Authors: Silviana S , Sa’adah A N , Saputra K B , Naftalina B E , Kroon C R , Catherine G N , Subianto L , Annisa M E , Maghfira R U , Azzahra T D , Febriansyah Y M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Prevention of material degradation can be achieved through the coating. Surface coating is an economically advantageous method in producing desired characteristics and auxiliary aesthetics of surface material. Modern coating processes usually use nanomaterial technology made from silica. Silica can be taken from various sources, such as bagasse waste. Bagasse has high silica content up to 88%. Coating material from silica has good adhesion, good protective properties that allow it to withstand the diffusion of water vapor, ions, and oxygen to metal surfaces. Modified silica can be used to produce superhydrophobic surfaces. The addition of vinyl groups to silica can improve the elastic and mechanical properties without much variation in density or thermal conductivity. The addition of vinyltriethoxysilane can create uniform distribution of nanoparticles. Modification of silica can be done to procure anti-bacterial properties. Copper (Cu) is often used as a high activity anti-bacterial with a fairly affordable cost. With the supplementary anti-bacterial properties, material damages attributed to bacteria may be prevented or reduced. This review aims to provide an overview of the production of superhydrophobic coatings using different methods, analyze the characteristics of synthesized materials, and choose suitable methods for producing superhydrophobic coatings. This review proposes the fabrication of silica superhydrophobic coating with the sol-gel method modified through the addition of vinyl and Cu as an anti-bacterial. This recommendation is based on the literature study that has been carried out.
Synthesis of palm oil-base zinc stearate and its application on manufacture of rubber component
Authors: Setianto W B , Yohanes H , Astuti  , Maisaroh  , Atmaji G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Palm oil-based zinc stearate synthesis process has been developed. Palm oil-based stearic acid and zinc oxide were used as material. The synthesis was performed using an oil-jacketed reactor with a capacity of 50 kg per batch. The reaction was occurring at 950C with atmospheric pressure and it took place about 10 minutes. The product characteristics was powder with a white appearance, 0.0 - 0.3 % fatty acid content, 0.2 - 1% moisture content, 118 – 1250C melting point and 0.5 - 1.1 g/cm3 specific gravity. The product of zinc stearate was also examined on an application of rubber component production process. Effects of using the zinc stearate to characteristics of the rubber component were tested. The characteristics included elongation, hardness and tensile strength of the rubber component. Application of 5 phr of zinc stearate on rubber component formulation showed that the rubber component processed using the zinc stearate has basic characteristic that meet the standard of rubber component of American Chemical Society (ACS) 1.
Biomethanization technology application on slaughterhouse in Indonesia
Authors: Ginting N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
At small community slaughterhouses/TPH in Indonesia, waste is discharged into the environment. On the government side, waste from small slaughterhouses/RPH is channeled into facultative ponds, while solid waste from big slaughterhouses is disposed of in a landfill, while liquid waste is dumped into wastewater treatment using the activated sludge method. The research objective is to prove that biomethanization technology could be used to treat liquid waste in Indonesian slaughterhouses. The study used a 2x3x5 factorial randomized block design. The first factor was stirred substrate/rumen; P0 = not stirred, P1 = stirred 10 minutes and P2 = stirred 20 minutes. The second factor was addition of urine; U0 = no urine, U1 = 20% urine and U2 = 40% urine and there were five replications. The parameters were Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), biogas production, temperature, pH and sludge Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio). The results showed a decrease in BOD by 72%, and 20 minutes of stirring treatment resulted in 170.26 liters of methane gas per kg of rumen. The average temperature of the research substrate was 26.43°C with a pH around 7, and sludge C/N was 9.01. The results of the study are worth considering for application on Indonesian slaughterhouses because they prove that with the biomethanization technology, besides eliminating waste, other benefits can also be obtained, such as renewable energy and sludge.
Nitrate (NO3-) removal from wastewater by adsorption using modified kaolin
Authors: Lubis L H , Husin A , Masyitah Z 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of the initial concentration and pH conditions of the nitrate solution on the removal of nitrate in water, which was carried out in batch. The raw material used is kaolin, which is firstly mashed and sieved with a size of 120 mesh, then activated by immersing it in a 0.5 M HCl solution for 24 hours, followed by modification of the surfactant by immersion in a 0.5 M cetyltrimethyllammonium bromide (CTABr) solution for 120 minutes, and accompanied by stirring using a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 150 rpm. Before being used as an adsorbent, kaolin CTABr-modified was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the surface morphology of the material. Batch adsorption test was carried out by adding 1 gram of kaolin CTABr-modified to 100 mL of a solution containing nitrate with various concentrations of 10; 20; 30 mg/L and the pH of the solution is 5; 7; 8. The experiment was carried out for 180 minutes, where every 30 minutes the solution was sampled and analyzed for nitrate content using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The conclusion of this study is that kaolin CTABr-modified can be used as an adsorbent, where the SEM test results show that the surface morphology of kaolin CTABr-modified is denser and more compact than the prepared kaolin and kaolin HCl-activated. Based on the experimental results according to the Langmuir isotherm equation, the constant value was 0.78. The mechanism of nitrate removal includes ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and intermolecular interactions. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.72 mg/g, found under acidic conditions (pH 5) and with a contact time of 180 minutes.
Modeling of extraction of silica rendemen husk rice (Oryza sativa l.) by microwave extraction assisted (MAE) using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Indriani D W , Wardhani T R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nutrient immobilization technology in plants has been developed to increase the ability of the soil to grow plants. Immobilization is a technique to trap compounds in tablets so that they can be used to retain nutrients in the soil, especially in paddy fields. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of synthetic fertilizer concentration from rice husk in the manufacture of tablets, as well as to optimize the yield response with the independent variables of KOH concentration and time using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The result of this research is that the highest organic matter content contained in the material after extraction is 52.54%. Optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Central Composite Design (CCD) method on Design-Expert software with the independent variables being KOH concentration (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%) and time (5 minutes, 7.5 minutes, 10 minutes while) the response variable is the result. The summary statistics data model suggested by the software is linear where the lowest standard deviation value is 0.6130, the highest R2 value is 0.8469, the highest adjusted R2 value is 0.8341, the highest R2 predicted value is 0.8063, and the PRESS value (the lowest prediction error sum of square) was 11.41. Then the result of the response from the software is 5.033%.
Simple mass transfer simulation using a single-particle heterogeneous reaction approach in rice husk combustion and rice husk ash extraction
Authors: Steven S , Restiawaty E , Bindar Y 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rice husk conversion to silica is usually carried out through combustion to produce ash and then continued with ash extraction to obtain silica. There is a model to simulate the single-particle combustion, which abandoned the simplification. However, the model is complex and seems complicated for early beginners. This study, hence, aims to discuss the simple mass transfer simulation using a single-particle heterogeneous reaction approach. The shrinking core model was targeted for rice husk combustion time prediction, whereas mass transfer effectiveness analysis was used in rice husk ash extraction simulation. According to this study, a shorter combustion time is reached under smaller particle diameter, more spherical particle, and higher oxygen concentration. The result showed that a combustion time of 133 minutes is obtained for oxygen diffusion to rice husk with diameter 5.8 mm, sphericity 0.5, and oxygen concentration 21%-vol. Besides, in order to improve the rice husk ash extraction overall mass transfer effectiveness from 0.01 to 0.1, extraction should be done under particle diameter of 0.2 mm, sphericity of 0.8, and agitator tip velocity of 5 cm/s. All of the parameters lessen the mass transfer limitation due to diffusion, and in consequence, intrinsic kinetic becomes a major factor.
Batch electrocoagulation system using aluminum and stainless steel 316 plates for hospital wastewater treatment
Authors: Muttaqin R , Ratnawati R , Slamet S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHospital wastewater is one of the most dangerous types of pollution that contaminates rivers due to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds and dyes. Antibiotic ciprofloxacin and methylene blue dyes, a hospital wastewater model, were investigated using the electrocoagulation method. This study aims to determine the optimum initial pH and time in electrolysis using the electrocoagulation method in a batch reactor system. The electrode that used is aluminum and stainless steel 316 plates. The DC power supply was set at 50 volts. Initial pH variations were 5, 7, 10, and contact time intervals were 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained at the initial pH of 10 with a processing time of 4 hours. This condition has significant efficiency in pollutant removal from wastewater with the highest percentage of 84.60% and 68.19% for methylene blue and ciprofloxacin, respectively. A precipitated of Al(OH)3coagulant was obtained as much as 4.77 grams. The findings in this research would be helpful for the removal of organic pollutants simultaneously in complex wastewater.
Calculation of the strength of objects of water management of the environment
Authors: Gureeva N A , Kiseleva R Z , Nikolaev A P , Kiselev A P , Ryabukha V V 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article discusses the objects of water management of the environment. An algorithm for forming a matrix of the stress-strain state of a prismatic finite element with a triangular cross-section in a mixed formulation is proposed to take into account the physical nonlinearity of water management objects in the form of rotation shells. The basic relations of the flow theory for arbitrary loading are used. The desired displacements and stresses of the inner point of the finite element were approximated by linear functions in terms of their nodal values. The stress-strain state matrix was formed using a functional expressing the equality of the actual work of external and internal work of external and internal forces, in which the actual work of internal forces was represented by the difference between the total and additional work of these forces.
Theoretical substantiation of the principle of operation of the rod flow meter of irrigation canals
Authors: Pakhomov A A , Khodyakov E A , Bocharnikov V S , Grin V G , Kolobanova N A , Vorontsova E S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper presents a theoretical substantiation of the developed design of a rod flow meter for open canals of irrigation systems. The design features of the lattice elements are revealed, the methods of their hydraulic calculation are given. It was found that the lattices were not used as sensitive elements for measuring water flow rates. A feature of the hydraulic calculation of lattice elements is that it is necessary to take into account the following pressure losses: from the degree of restriction of the living section of the flow, from the ratio of the rod width to the size of the gap, from the rod width, from the rod thickness, from the shape of the cross section of the rod. The operability of the proposed flow meter is theoretically substantiated. It is found that with a significant change in the angle α of the lattice deviation, the degree of tension of the elastic element (angle β) increases by 1-3% from the nominal position. An analytical dependence for determining the value of the hydrodynamic pressure is also obtained.
Development of new ways to preserve the water content of lake basins in the natural park of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain
Authors: Solovyeva O A , Loboiko V F , Ovcharova A Y , Loboiko A V 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article presents new modern ways to increase the receiving capacity and preserve the water content of lake basins on the territory of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain natural Park. The main factor that caused the need for rehabilitation of the rivers and lakes of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is the change in the hydrological and ecological situation that arose as a result of the change in the hydrological regime by regulating the flow of the Volga River after the construction of the Volga hydroelectric power station. The rehabilitation of water objects is aimed at preserving and restoring the water objects to a state that provides environmentally favorable living conditions for the population; ensuring the protection of the population from low water (water scarcity), for the restoration and environmental rehabilitation of the water objects and the adjacent territory.
Influence of the water and food regime of the soil on the yield of rice varieties during sprinkling in the Lower Volga region
Authors: Rodin K A , Nevezhina A B 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the Russian Federation, as in most countries of the world, rice is cultivated under artificial irrigation by flooding the field with a layer of water, which is maintained during almost the entire growing season. Unfortunately, within the rice-growing zone in the Russian Federation, water resources are limited and this limits the expansion of sown areas under flooded rice. At the same time, judging by the biological characteristics of this plant, a fundamentally different method of rice cultivation is also possible, when the field occupied by it is not flooded. The rice’s water demand is met by using the soil moisture reserves, which are maintained at a certain level by irrigation.
The effect of mineral complexes on the growth intensity of young bulls for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Nikolaev S I , Randelin A V , Karapetyan A K , Kupriyanov S N , Chekhranova S V , Morozova E A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article presents the material on the study of the influence of mineral granular complexes developed from mineral raw materials at the enterprise of JSC “United Chemical Company “URALCHEM” according to different recipes on the growth intensity, clinical-physiological and hematological parameters of Ayshir bulls. It was found that the young animals that received a mineral granular complex, developed according to four recipes, surpassed the analogues from the control in live weight by 7.17, 5.44, 6.01 and 8.56%, average daily growth by 17.61, 13.19, 14.74 and 19.82%. In the blood of young animals of the experimental groups, in comparison with analogues from the control, an increase in the content of erythrocytes by 0.53-5.74% and hemoglobin by 2.8, 0.4, 1.6 and 3.3 g/l were noted. The total protein in their blood serum contained more by 4.79, 1.67, 2.47 and 8.97% and albumins, respectively, by 10.15, 6.25, 3.82 and 17.02%. The use of mineral granular complexes in the feeding of bulls is economically expedient. Additional products for 32844-49368 rubles were obtained for groups of bulls who consumed mineral granular complex. The complexes developed according to recipes No. 1 and 4 showed the highest efficiency.
The influence of biologically active substances on safety of pigs
Authors: Polozyuk O N , Zabelina M V , Polozyuk E S , Rubanova M E , Kulagina O V , Stupina L V 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The results of the influence of the biologically active substance “Amylocin” on nonspecific factors of protection of the organism of sows in the second half of gestation and in the first decade after farrowing are presented. It was found that the cellular indications of the natural resistance of the organism throughout the experiment were higher in the experimental group of the lactating sows, that received the biologically active substance, in comparison with the gestating and lactating sows of the control group. Humoral indications of natural resistance of the organism: lysozyme activity of blood serum was higher in the experimental group of the lactating sows in comparison with gestating and lactating sows of the control group by 12.5 and 5.2%; On the contrary, bactericidal activity of blood serum was higher in group of sows during the second half of gestation by 18.9 and 24.9% than in the experimental and control groups of farrowing sows. There were no postpartum complications in the experimental group of sows, the safety of the obtained young growth was higher by 8.6% in comparison with the control group.
Opportunities for the development of domestic agricultural production in the context of global challenges and threats
Authors: Kholodova M A , Kholodov O A , Slozhenkina M I , Mosolova D A , Vasilieva M O , Shakhbazova O P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article presents the opportunities for the development of domestic agricultural production in the context of global challenges and threats. The article studies qualitative and quantitative characteristics of economic growth in agriculture in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the trend of innovation and investment activity in agriculture. Tendencies of innovation processes development in separate branches of economy are regarded as the instrument of realization of global competitive advantages of domestic agriculture. The article proves that modern functioning of the branch occurs contrary to natural laws of development. Researches have shown that under conditions of global cataclysms the development of the branch occurs mainly due to its plant-growing orientation and large-scale exhaustion of natural, labor, financial, material and technical resources. It is proved that the external well-being of agricultural commodity producers is a result of the tightened belts. It has been noted that the paradox of functioning of domestic agricultural production is in the fact that, not providing the simple reproduction of consumed resources, the branch shows the profitability. It is proved that domestic agricultural production with high production potential can demonstrate more intensive development, based on the search for breakthrough innovative technologies.
Development of resource-saving technology of chopped semifinished products based on lamb
Authors: Kolosov Y A , Shirokova N V , Chamurliev N G , Kolosova N N , Vorontsova E S , Shperov A S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop the formulation and technology of chopped semi-finished products based on mutton with a multicomponent protein mixture, as well as the characteristic of the nutritional value of the product intended for functional nutrition. When conducting experimental studies, a set of indicators of functional and technological properties of sheep meat of the Edilbaev breed was determined by generally accepted methods: moisture binding ability, moisture-retaining ability, fat-retaining ability, organoleptic indicators of the finished product. Taking into account the high content of collagen and adipose tissue in the middle part of the carcass, the low moisture-retaining capacity of meat, we recommend using it in the production of chopped semi-finished products. Based on the results of the evaluation of the qualitative characteristics of soy, amaranth, artichoke and inulin, the choice of vegetable raw materials for further use in chopped semi-finished products is justified. Recipes of chopped semi-finished products using a protein module have been developed. The organoleptic characteristics of the finished product were studied, the optimal ratio of components was selected and the optimal dosage of the protein module was determined.
Problems of safety of gas systems in the places of residence of agricultural workers
Authors: Belomutenko D V , Istochkina M V , Kolobanova N A , Konovalova G V , Kryukov P S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article presents the results of the analysis of emergencies that occurred in 2011-2020 in Russia as a result of improper operation of gas stoves in residential houses of rural residents, as well as the results of studying the circumstances that preceded the occurrence of these emergencies. Separate provisions of the relevant regulatory legal acts of Russia and departmental regulatory documents of Russia in relation to the placement of gas stoves and their operation in residential houses of rural residents are given. The ongoing gasification of rural areas of Russia, aimed at improving the quality of life of its population, will significantly change the lives of millions of people in rural areas, primarily those who still had to heat stoves with wood or coal, and at the same time will require solving the problem of preventing emergencies during the placement and operation of gas stoves, which is still relevant and unresolved in full.