bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical management and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Hui David S.C. , Zumla Alimuddin 
Published: March 2022

Purpose of review
The current article reviews the latest information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostics, clinical management and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Recent findings
Atypical pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 emerged in December 2019 in a market in Wuhan, China and rapidly evolved into a pandemic in March 2020. Viral loads of patients with COVID-19 peak in the first week of illness around day 2-4 and hence there is very high-transmission potential causing community outbreaks. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission is a hallmark of COVID-19. Several variants of concern (VOC) have emerged over the last 2 years and Omicron is the predominant variant in many countries. PCR is the standard diagnostic test while rapid antigen test is a useful supplementary test. Serology tests provide indirect evidence of infection 1 -2 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir are oral antiviral agents that may reduce the risk of hospitalization and deaths if administered early to high-risk subjects. Remdesivir, baricitinib, anti-IL-6 tocilizumab and dexamethasone are frequently used for treatment of patients with respiratory failure.

Summary
COVID-19 pandemic progresses relentlessly with substantial morbidity and mortality especially in unvaccinated subjects. Mass COVID-19 vaccinations are the most important measure for control of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Autologous Conditioned Serum Increases Fat Graft Viability More than Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Controlled Rat Model
Authors: Baykara Gokay , Sungur Nezih , Ozer Kadri , Atan Oguz , Caydere Muzaffer , Kosar Pinar Nercis , Kocer Ugur 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Platelet-rich plasma has been used to support fat graft retention, but it may include inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β. Autologous conditioned serum also contains high levels of various anti-inflammatory cytokines. The authors hypothesized that combining autologous conditioned serum with fat graft would increase fat graft survival more than platelet-rich plasma.

Methods:
Twenty-seven adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of nine. Ten nonstudy rats were used to prepare platelet-rich plasma, autologous conditioned serum, and fat grafts. Next, 0.7-ml fat graft with a combination of 0.2 ml of autologous conditioned serum, platelet-rich plasma, or phosphate-buffered saline was applied to their dorsa. Fat graft volume was assessed on postoperative day 2 and on the day of euthanization at 1, 3, and 5 months postoperatively. Histopathologic analysis was performed to measure integrity, inflammation, fibrosis, and vascularization.

Results:
The median volume percentages and interquartile ranges at 1 month postoperatively were 97.3 percent (77.3 to 119.6 percent), 40.4 percent (30.9 to 46.9 percent), and 72.1 percent (53.6 to 84.9 percent) in autologous conditioned serum plus fat graft, phosphate-buffered saline plus fat graft, and platelet-rich plasma plus fat graft, respectively (p < 0.05); at 3 months postoperatively, values were 82.3 percent (70.3 to 88.3 percent), 36.6 percent (29.4 to 43.1 percent), and 48.3 percent (31.4 to 57.9 percent) (p < 0.001); and at 5 months postoperatively, values had increased to 83.9 percent (58.3 to 102.4 percent), 40.3 percent (20.1 to 50.6 percent), and 56.3 percent (37.7 to 74.9 percent), respectively (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Autologous conditioned serum and platelet-rich plasma improved fat graft outcomes compared to saline, whereas autologous conditioned serum was associated with less inflammation, greater fat viability, and more integrity.

Clinical Relevance Statement:
Combining fat graft with autologous conditioned serum may be a better option to minimize resorption rate and improve graft survival.
Anatomical Analysis of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve and Its Passage beneath the Inguinal Ligament
Authors: Mandal Patrick , Russe Elisabeth , Schwaiger Karl , Wechselberger Gottfried , Feigl Georg 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Meralgia paraesthetica is a mononeuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. According to the literature, the nerve travels beneath the inguinal ligament 1.3 to 5.1 cm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. Compression at this site may cause pain and paresthesia. The aim of this study was to provide more accurate measurements to improve the diagnostic and surgical management of meralgia paraesthetica.

Methods:
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was dissected bilaterally in 50 Thiel-embalmed human cadavers. Measurements were performed with a standard caliper at the superior and inferior margins of the inguinal ligament. The distance from the inner lamina of the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial margin of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was measured. Data were collected and statistical analysis was performed with R.

Results:
Ninety-three lateral femoral cutaneous nerves of 50 cadavers were dissected. In 6 percent of cadavers, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve could not be found. The mean distance from the inner lamina of the anterior superior iliac spine to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve’s medial border was 2.1 ± 1.3 cm (range, 0.2 to 6.4 cm; 95 percent CI, 1.8 to 2.4 cm) at the superior margin of the inguinal ligament and 1.9 ± 1.4 cm (range, 0.2 to 3.0 cm; 95 percent CI, 1.6 to 2.2 cm) at the inferior border of the inguinal ligament.

Conclusion:
This anatomical study shows that the majority of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve passes beneath the inguinal ligament in a very narrow area of 0.6 cm.
The Effect of Anticoagulation on the Treatment of Dupuytren Contracture with Collagenase
Authors: Noland Shelley S. , Paul Aaron W. , Pflibsen Lacey R. , Rizzo Marco 
Published: March 2022

Background:
There have been no formal studies of the use of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (Xiaflex; Endo Pharmaceuticals, Malvern, Pa.) in the anticoagulated patient. Previous study on its use excluded patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. This study reviewed the effects of anticoagulation use in patients undergoing collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection and cord rupture to determine safety and efficacy.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively reviewed patients receiving collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections for Dupuytren contracture between 2010 and 2017. Outcomes included type of anticoagulation, skin tear, tendon rupture, lymphadenopathy, sensory abnormality, hematoma, and bleeding.

Results:
A total of 388 injections were performed in 197 patients. The average clinical follow-up was 311 days. Fifty-two percent of patients (n = 201) were anticoagulated. The vast majority were taking aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) (n = 182), followed by warfarin (n = 27), clopidogrel (n = 9), apixaban (n = 8), rivaroxaban (n = 4), and dabigatran (n = 2). There were 42 skin tears, 21 in the anticoagulated group. One tendon rupture occurred in the anticoagulated group (acetylsalicylic acid) and none occurred in the nonanticoagulated group (p = 0.34). No patients experienced sensory abnormalities, a hematoma requiring intervention, or uncontrollable bleeding.

Conclusions:
Anticoagulation is commonly encountered by hand surgeons treating Dupuytren contracture. There is no significant difference in complications in the anticoagulated patient versus the nonanticoagulated patient. It is safe to perform collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections for Dupuytren contracture in the anticoagulated patient, regardless of the type of anticoagulation.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Extracorporeal Life-support for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Nationwide Multicenter Study
Authors: Jeong Daun , Lee Gun Tak , Park Jong Eun , Chang Hansol , Kim Taerim , Cha Won Chul , Yoon Hee , Hwang Sung Yeon , Shin Tae Gun , Sim Min Sub , Jo IkJoon , Lee Seung-Hwa , Shin Sang Do , Choi Jin-Ho 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Despite potential clinical roles of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) compared to that of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR), use of ECLS for OHCA is not strongly endorsed by current clinical guidelines.

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical roles of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) compared with that of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients.

Methods:
The outcomes of OHCA between 2015 and 2020, enrolled in the Korean Cardiac Arrest Research Consortium (KoCARC), a multicenter OHCA patient registry including 65 participating hospitals throughout the Republic of Korea (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03222999). Differences in clinical features were adjusted by matching the propensity for ECLS. The primary outcome was 30-day neurologically favorable survival with cerebral performance category of 1 or 2. Restricted mean survival time (RMST) was used to compare outcomes between groups.

Results:
Of 12,006 patients included, ECLS was applied to 272 patients (2.2%). The frequency of neurologically favorable survival was higher in the ECLS group than the CCPR group (RMST difference, 5.5 days [95% CI, 4.1–7.0 days], P < 0.001). In propensity score-matched 271 pairs, the clinical outcome of ECLS and CCPR did not differ to a statistically significant extent (RMST difference, 0.4 days [95% CI –1.6 to 2.5 days], P = 0.67). Subgroup analyses revealed that the clinical roles of ECLS was evident in patients with nonshockable rhythm or CPR time ≥20 min (RMST difference, 2.7 days [95% CI 0.5–4.8 days], P = 0.015), but not in patients without these features (RMST difference, –3.7 days [95% CI –7.6 to 0.2 days], P = 0.07).

Conclusions:
In this real-world data analysis, ECLS compared to CCPR did not result in better overall clinical outcomes of OHCA. The clinical efficacy of ECLS may be limited to a subgroup of high-risk patients.
Association of trauma severity with antibody seroconversion in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A multicenter, prospective, observational study
Authors: Fujita Motoo , Maeda Takuma , Miyata Shigeki , Mizugaki Asumi , Hayakawa Mineji , Miyagawa Noriko , Ushio Noritaka , Shiraishi Atsushi , Ogura Takayuki , Irino Shiho , Sekine Kazuhiko , Fujinami Yoshihisa , Kiridume Kazutaka , Hifumi Toru , Kushimoto Shigeki 
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND
Heparin administration can induce the production of anti–platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies with platelet-activating properties, causing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Previous studies have suggested that trauma severity influences HIT immune responses, but their relationship has not been fully explained. This study aimed to clarify this association by multicenter prospective observational study.

METHODS
Trauma patients who met the criteria of age 18 years or older and Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) of ≥9 from March 2018 to February 2019 were included. Patients who did not receive any heparin and those who received it as flushes or for treatment were also included. Patients were divided into three groups based on trauma severity (to mild [ISS 9–15], moderate [ISS 16–24], and severe injury groups [ISS ≥25]) and were compared by the seroconversion time and rate, as well as the disappearance rate of antibodies on day 30.

RESULTS
A total of 184 patients were included: 55, 62, and 67 patients were classified into the mild, moderate, and severe injury groups, respectively. Overall, the seroconversion rates of anti-PF4/heparin immunoglobulin G (IgG) and HIT antibodies by washed platelet activation assay were 26.6% and 16.3%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the seroconversion rates of anti-PF4/heparin IgG (p = 0.016) and HIT antibodies (p = 0.046) among the groups. Seroconversion rates in both assays increased with increasing trauma severity. The time required to achieve seroconversion was similar (between 5 and 10 days of trauma onset) regardless of heparin administration. Anti-PF4/heparin IgG and HIT antibodies were no longer detected on day 30 in 28.6% and 60.9% of seroconverted patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Development of HIT antibodies was observed commonly in severely injured trauma patients. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibody development may be related to trauma severity, with a high disappearance frequency on day 30.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.
The Pathological and Clinical Diversity of Acute Vascular Rejection in Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Nankivell Brian J. , Shingde Meena , P’Ng Chow H. 
Published: March 2022

Background.
Vascular rejection (VR) is characterized by arteritis, steroid resistance, and increased graft loss but is poorly described using modern diagnostics.

Methods.
We screened 3715 consecutive biopsies and retrospectively evaluated clinical and histological phenotypes of VR (n = 100) against rejection without arteritis (v0REJ, n = 540) and normal controls (n = 1108).

Results.
Biopsy sample size affected the likelihood of arterial sampling, VR diagnosis, and final Banff v scores (P < 0.001). Local v and cv scores were greatest in larger arteries (n = 258). VR comprised 15.6% of all rejection episodes, presented earlier (median 1.0 mo, interquartile range, 0.4–8 mo) with higher serum creatinine levels and inferior graft survival, versus v0REJ (P < 0.001). Early VR (≤1 mo) was common (54%) and predicted by sensitization, delayed function, and prior corticosteroid use, with associated acute dysfunction and optimal therapeutic response, independent of Banff v score. Late VR followed under-immunosuppression in 71.4% (noncompliance 38.8%, iatrogenic 32.6%), and was associated with chronic interstitial fibrosis, incomplete renal functional recovery and persistent inflammation using sequential histopathology. The etiology was “pure” antibody-mediated VR (n = 21), mixed VR (n = 36), and “pure” T cell–mediated VR (n = 43). Isolated VR (n = 34, Banff i < 1 without tubulitis) comprised 24 T cell–mediated VR and 10 antibody-mediated VR, presenting with mild renal dysfunction, minimal Banff acute scores, and better graft survival compared with inflamed VR. Interstitial inflammation influenced acute renal dysfunction and early treatment response, whereas chronic tubulointerstitial damage determined long-term graft loss.

Conclusions.
VR is a heterogenous entity influenced by time-of-onset, pathophysiology, accompanying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Adequate histological sampling is essential for its accurate diagnostic classification and treatment.
An evolutionary perspective on chordate brain organization and function: insights from amphioxus, and the problem of sentience
Authors: Lacalli Thurston 
Published: March 2022

The similarities between amphioxus and vertebrate brains, in their regional subdivision, cell types and circuitry, make the former a useful benchmark for understanding the evolutionary innovations that shaped the latter. Locomotory control systems were already well developed in basal chordates, with the ventral neuropile of the dien-mesencephalon serving to set levels of activity and initiate locomotory actions. A chief deficit in amphioxus is the absence of complex vertebrate-type sense organs. Hence, much of vertebrate story is one of progressive improvement both to these and to sensory experience more broadly. This has two aspects: (i) anatomical and neurocircuitry innovations in the organs of special sense and the brain centres that process and store their output, and (ii) the emergence of primary consciousness, i.e. sentience. With respect to the latter, a bottom up, evolutionary perspective has a different focus from a top down human-centric one. At issue: the obstacles to the emergence of sentience in the first instance, the sequence of addition of new contents to evolving consciousness, and the homology relationship between them. A further question, and a subject for future investigation, is how subjective experience is optimized for each sensory modality.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.
The Acoustic Dissection of Cough: Diving into Machine Listening-based COVID-19 Analysis and Detection
Authors: Ren Zhao , Chang Yi , Bartl-Pokorny Katrin D. , Pokorny Florian B. , Schuller Björn W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a crisis worldwide. Amounts of efforts have been made to prevent and control COVID-19’s transmission, from early screenings to vaccinations and treatments. Recently, due to the spring up of many automatic disease recognition applications based on machine listening techniques, it would be fast and cheap to detect COVID-19 from recordings of cough, a key symptom of COVID-19. To date, knowledge on the acoustic characteristics of COVID-19 cough sounds is limited, but would be essential for structuring effective and robust machine learning models. The present study aims to explore acoustic features for distinguishing COVID-19 positive individuals from COVID-19 negative ones based on their cough sounds.MethodsWith the theory of computational paralinguistics, we analyse the acoustic correlates of COVID-19 cough sounds based on the COMPARE feature set, i. e., a standardised set of 6,373 acoustic higher-level features. Furthermore, we train automatic COVID-19 detection models with machine learning methods and explore the latent features by evaluating the contribution of all features to the COVID-19 status predictions.ResultsThe experimental results demonstrate that a set of acoustic parameters of cough sounds, e. g., statistical functionals of the root mean square energy and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, are relevant for the differentiation between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative cough samples. Our automatic COVID-19 detection model performs significantly above chance level, i. e., at an unweighted average recall (UAR) of 0.632, on a data set consisting of 1,411 cough samples (COVID-19 positive/negative: 210/1,201).ConclusionsBased on the acoustic correlates analysis on the COMPARE feature set and the feature analysis in the effective COVID-19 detection model, we find that the machine learning method to a certain extent relies on acoustic features showing higher effects in conventional group difference testing.
Machine Learning for Real-Time Aggregated Prediction of Hospital Admission for Emergency Patients
Authors: King Zella , Farrington Joseph , Utley Martin , Kung Enoch , Elkhodair Samer , Harris Steve , Sekula Richard , Gillham Jonathan , Li Kezhi , Crowe Sonya 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMachine learning for hospital operations is under-studied. We present a prediction pipeline that uses live electronic health-records for patients in a UK teaching hospital’s emergency department (ED) to generate short-term, probabilistic forecasts of emergency admissions. A set of XGBoost classifiers applied to 109,465 ED visits yielded AUROCs from 0.82 to 0.90 depending on elapsed visit-time at the point of prediction. Patient-level probabilities of admission were aggregated to forecast the number of admissions among current ED patients and, incorporating patients yet to arrive, total emergency admissions within specified time-windows. The pipeline gave a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.0 admissions (mean percentage error of 17%) versus 6.5 (32%) for a benchmark metric. Models developed with 104,504 later visits during the Covid-19 pandemic gave AUROCs of 0.68-0.90 and MAE of 4.2 (30%) versus a 4.9 (33%) benchmark. We discuss how we surmounted challenges of designing and implementing models for real-time use, including temporal framing, data preparation, and changing operational conditions.
Premature Cardiovascular Death and its Modifiable Risk Factors: Protocol of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rodzlan Hasani Wan Shakira , Muhamad Nor Asiah , Maamor Hasnah , Hanis Tengku Muhammad , Wee Chen Xin , Musa Kamarul Imran 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe burden of cardiovascular disease (CVDs), in the number of premature deaths, continues to increase globally and alarmingly, especially in almost all countries outside high-income countries. An accurate estimate of premature CVD death is of crucial importance for planning, implementing, and evaluating cardiovascular prevention and care interventions. However, existing literature reported the evidence on premature CVD death from selected regions, and there has been less evidence of systematic review with meta-analysis estimating the global premature death. This paper reports the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to derive solid and updated estimates on global and setting-specific premature CVD death prevalence and its associated risk factors.Methods and analysisPUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) will be used as the literature database. Retrieved records will be independently screened by two authors and relevant data will be extracted from studies that report data on premature mortality (death before the age of 70 years) related to CVD. Study selection and reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Pooled estimates of premature CVD mortality (based on standardised mortality ratio and years of life lost) and the effect size of modifiable risk factors will be computed applying random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity among selected studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic and explored through meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Depending on data availability, we propose to conduct subgroup analyses by geographical area, CVD events, and socio-demographic variables of interest study. The risk of bias for the studies included in the systematic review or meta-analysis will be assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as the data used in this systematic review will be extracted from published studies. The systematic review will focus on the premature CVD mortality rate and its associated factors. The findings of the final report will be disseminated to the scientific community through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021288415