bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical vulnerability analysis and unconditional hospitality in times of COVID-19: rethinking social welfare provision for asylum seekers in Scotland
Authors: Da Lomba Sylvie , Vermeylen Saskia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe deploy a novel and radical approach to vulnerability theory to investigate Scotland's response to asylum seekers’ vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic and test Scotland's self-affirmation as a hospitable country. Our ethical vulnerability analysis enhances Fineman's vulnerability analysis by denationalising the vulnerable subject and locating her within our ‘uneven globalised world’. We further enrich this fuller version of vulnerability analysis with insights from Levinas's and Derrida's radical vulnerability theory and ethics of hospitality. We demonstrate how our ethical vulnerability analysis enables us to subvert the hostile premise of migration laws and policies, and thus fundamentally redefine relationships between guests and hosts so that the host is compelled to respond to the Other's vulnerability. We argue that this hospitable impulse yields a generous and absolute commitment to progressive social welfare provision for asylum seekers, which brings Scotland closer to fulfilling its aspirations to be a hospitable host by welcoming the Other.
An Improved Sea‐Ice Velocity Retrieval Algorithm Based on 89 GHz Brightness Temperature Satellite Data in the Fram Strait
Authors: Shi Q. , Su J. , Spreen G. , Yang Q. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFram Strait is the passageway where most drifting sea ice exits the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic, and the sea‐ice velocity (SIV) is the most critical parameter for the variability of the sea ice area flux through Fram Strait. Sea ice flux estimates through the Fram Strait based on satellite remote sensing exist. However, they show discrepancies, which mainly result from the sparse valid satellite observations and the increased uncertainty of sea ice motion in the Fram Strait. In order to improve the sea ice flux estimates, we develop an improved sea‐ice velocity retrieval algorithm from 89 GHz brightness temperature fields of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS and AMSR2. The improved retrieval algorithm employs an adjusted size of the template window and performs bilinear interpolation on candidate windows before the matching procedure. Instead of depending on external data sources, we construct the SIV uncertainty fields depending only on the maximum correlation coefficients of the image itself. Compared with two similar Passive Microwave (PM) sea ice velocity datasets, the new sea‐ice velocity has lower bias and root‐mean‐square error with respect to buoy observations. In addition, the data density of the new SIV is 14% and 36% higher than the two reference datasets, respectively. Monthly sea ice area flux estimates through the Fram Strait are acquired with the new daily sea‐ice velocity data and the existed sea‐ice concentration. And it indicates that the improved sea ice area flux estimated by PM sea ice velocity agrees well with the Synthetic‐aperture radar‐derived sea ice area flux.
Emission Sector Impacts on Air Quality and Public Health in China From 2010 to 2020
Authors: Conibear Luke , Reddington Carly L. , Silver Ben J. , Chen Ying , Arnold Stephen R. , Spracklen Dominick V. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic emissions and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations have declined in recent years across China. However, PM2.5 exposure remains high, ozone (O3) exposure is increasing, and the public health impacts are substantial. We used emulators to explore how emission changes (averaged per sector over all species) have contributed to changes in air quality and public health in China over 2010–2020. We show that PM2.5 exposure peaked in 2012 at 52.8 μg m−3, with contributions of 31% from industry and 22% from residential emissions. In 2020, PM2.5 exposure declined by 36% to 33.5 μg m−3, where the contributions from industry and residential sources reduced to 15% and 17%, respectively. The PM2.5 disease burden decreased by only 9% over 2012 where the contributions from industry and residential sources reduced to 15% and 17%, respectively 2020, partly due to an aging population with greater susceptibility to air pollution. Most of the reduction in PM2.5 exposure and associated public health benefits occurred due to reductions in industrial (58%) and residential (29%) emissions. Reducing national PM2.5 exposure below the World Health Organization Interim Target 2 (25 μg m−3) would require a further 80% reduction in residential and industrial emissions, highlighting the challenges that remain to improve air quality in China.
Observation‐Based Evaluation of Local Climate Effect of Terrestrial Vegetation in Temperate Zones
Authors: Du Jizeng , Jiang Shaojing , Cui Baoshan , Wu Guocan , Liu Hongxi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTerrestrial vegetation modulates the land‐atmosphere dynamics and is one of the fundamental forces for climatic variability. The vegetation feedback may enhance or offset a portion of ongoing global warming. However, it is challenging to disentangle the role of vegetation from the effect of other drivers, primarily due to lacking suitable reference without vegetation. Fortunately, China has recorded the land surface temperature (LST) on bare land in 2400s weather stations, providing a deal bare‐land reference. Here, we used satellite measurements of the vegetation's canopy temperature, contrasted with the surface temperature of bare land, to quantify the vegetation's effect on LST. Results show that vegetation has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at night, and the magnitude of the former is significantly higher than that of the latter. Consequently, vegetation has a net cooling effect and reduces LST up to 2.18°C in China. Spatially, the cooling effect of vegetation decreases by 0.25°C for a unit increase of latitude. Based on land surface energy balance, the spatial pattern of vegetation's net effect is mainly driven by vegetation‐induced evapotranspiration and albedo. As latitude increases, the decrease of vegetation density significantly reduces the evapotranspiration‐induced cooling effect while having no distinct impact on the albedo‐induced warming effect. As a result, the net cooling effect of vegetation has an evident latitudinal gradient and a clear seasonal contrast. Additionally, the vegetation's effect on LST is sensitive to solar radiation and snow cover changes.
The Hydrochemical Signature of Incongruent Weathering in Iceland
Authors: Cole Trevor L. , Torres Mark A. , Kemeny Preston C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBasaltic watersheds such as those found in Iceland are thought to be important sites of CO2 sequestration via silicate weathering. However, determining the magnitude of CO2 uptake depends on accurately interpreting river chemistry. Here, we compile geochemical data from Iceland and use them to constrain weathering processes. Specifically, we use a newly developed inverse model to quantify solute supply from rain and hydrothermal fluids as well as allow for variable silicate end‐member compositions, solutes to be removed via secondary phase formation, and some Ca to be sourced from carbonate dissolution. While some of these processes have been considered previously, they have not been considered together allowing us to newly determine their relative contributions. We find that weathering in Iceland is incongruent in two ways. First, solute release from primary silicates is characterized by a higher proportion of Na than would be expected from bulk basalts, which may reflect preferential weathering or some contribution from rhyolites. This Na enrichment is further enhanced by preferential Mg and K uptake by secondary phases. No samples in our data set (n = 537) require carbonate dissolution even if isotopic data (δ26Mg, δ30Si, δ44Ca, and/or 87Sr/86Sr) are included. While some carbonate weathering is allowable, silicate weathering likely dominates. The complexity we observe in Iceland underscores the need for inverse models to account for a wide range of processes and end‐members. Given that riverine fluxes from Iceland are more Na‐rich than expected for congruent basalt weathering, the characteristic timescale of CO2 drawdown is likely affected.
A Three‐Dimensional Study of Wormhole Formation in a Porous Medium: Wormhole Length Scaling and a Rankine Ovoid Model
Authors: Li Wei , Germaine John T. , Einstein Herbert H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how wormholes develop and how they change the permeability of the porous medium is important for many natural and industrial processes in subsurface solid‐fluid systems. We conduct core flood tests to study the wormhole formation in a porous medium under different flow rates and at different moments before breakthrough. We show that the wormholes created in core flood tests have lengths following a power‐law distribution, with more short ones than long ones. This statistical nature of the wormhole lengths allow one to experimentally study the wormhole competition in 3‐D: Many wormholes develop initially near the inlet, but only a few develop further. Our experimental results also show that the existing wormhole‐matrix models underestimate wormhole lengths because of the neglected additional pressure drop caused by the radial flow near the wormhole tip. We improve upon the existing models by approximating the radial flow near the wormhole tip with a Rankine ovoid model.
Variable Streamflow Response to Forest Disturbance in the Western US: A Large‐Sample Hydrology Approach
Authors: Goeking Sara A. , Tarboton David G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractForest cover and streamflow are generally expected to vary inversely because reduced forest cover typically leads to less transpiration and interception. However, recent studies in the western U.S. have found no change or even decreased streamflow following forest disturbance due to drought and insect epidemics. We investigated streamflow response to forest cover change using hydrologic, climatic, and forest data for 159 watersheds in the western U.S. from the CAMELS data set for the period 2000–2019. Forest change and disturbance were quantified in terms of net tree growth (total growth volume minus mortality volume) and mean annual mortality rates, respectively, from the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis database. Annual streamflow was analyzed using multiple methods: Mann‐Kendall trend analysis, time trend analysis to quantify change not attributable to annual precipitation and temperature, and multiple regression to quantify contributions of climate, mortality, and aridity. Many watersheds exhibited decreased annual streamflow even as forest cover decreased. Time trend analysis identified decreased streamflow not attributable to precipitation and temperature changes in many disturbed watersheds, yet streamflow change was not consistently related to disturbance, suggesting drivers other than disturbance, precipitation, and temperature. Multiple regression analysis indicated that although change in streamflow is significantly related to tree mortality, the direction of this effect depends on aridity. Specifically, forest disturbances in wet, energy‐limited watersheds (i.e., where annual potential evapotranspiration [PET] is less than annual precipitation) tended to increase streamflow, while post‐disturbance streamflow more frequently decreased in dry water‐limited watersheds (where the PET to precipitation ratio exceeds 2.35).
Exposure Risk of Fish Downstream of a Hydropower Facility to Supersaturated Total Dissolved Gas
Authors: Algera Dirk A. , Kamal Rajib , Ward Taylor D. , Pleizier Naomi K. , Brauner Colin J. , Crossman James A. , Leake Alf , Zhu David Z. , Power Michael , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFish exposed to supersaturated total dissolved gas (TDG) levels can develop gas bubble trauma (GBT) which can lead to sublethal effects or mortality. Access to refugia in areas of high TDG that allows for hydrostatic (depth) compensation can mitigate exposure risk and GBT occurrence. The goals for this study were to examine resident fish habitat and depth use and assess exposure risk to elevated TDG levels related to hydropower operations in the Columbia‐Kootenay system in British Columbia. Modeling was used to predict TDG levels for three operational cases (low, medium, and high spill rates). Acoustic telemetry was used to track rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (RT) and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni (MW) reach and depth residency. Telemetry results did not differ among operational scenarios and aligned with known biological/life history characteristics for fluvial or fluvial‐adfluvial species. Within‐species MW reach residency appeared to be reflective of seasonal habitat selection for spawning, foraging, and refuge movements. Within‐species RT reach residency appeared to follow habitat association patterns reflective of RT ecology. A risk assessment revealed that RT had a significantly higher TDG exposure risk relative to MW, but sufficient depth refugia habitat was available to mitigate exposure risk and GBT occurrence in both species. The results suggested that TDG exposure risk and actual risk depend on the interplay between species‐specific ecology and TDG patterns generated by hydropower facilities. The ecological and TDG patterns in this study suggested that system‐ and species‐specific studies will be required to generate detailed TDG exposure predictions for management decision‐making.
Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau Permafrost at Risk in the Late 21st Century
Authors: Zhang Guofei , Nan Zhuotong , Hu Na , Yin Ziyun , Zhao Lin , Cheng Guodong , Mu Cuicui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGlobal warming has led to permafrost degradation worldwide. The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) hosts most of the world's alpine permafrost, yet its impending changes remain largely unclear, thereby affecting regional hydrological and ecological processes and the global carbon budget. By employing a land surface model adapted to simulate frozen ground, and using state‐of‐the‐art multi‐model and multi‐scenario data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, changes in permafrost distribution and its thermal regimes on the QTP are systematically predicted under various shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Projections for SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5 show that most of the continuous permafrost region of the QTP will persist through 2050. Much of the permafrost is likely to degrade in the late 21st century, with projected area losses of 44 ± 4%, 59 ± 5%, and 71 ± 7%, respectively, by 2100. In particular, the Three Rivers Source region in the central eastern part of the QTP is a key area of permafrost degradation, where permafrost is most vulnerable and degradation occurs earliest. The mean annual ground temperature of QTP permafrost will increase by 0.8 ± 0.2°C, 2.0 ± 0.3°C, and 2.6 ± 0.3°C under SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5, respectively, and the active layer thickness will increase by 0.7 ± 0.1 m, 1.5 ± 0.3 m, and 3.0 ± 1.0 m, respectively. The surviving permafrost under SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5 will be thermally unstable, which is a clear warning sign of complete disappearance. The analysis of permafrost sensitivity to climate change signifies that alpine permafrost on the QTP has low resilience to climate change, in contrast to permafrost in pan‐Artic high latitudes.
Ensemble Modeling of Radiation Belt Electron Flux Decay Following a Geomagnetic Storm: Dependence on Key Input Parameters
Authors: Hua Man , Bortnik Jacob , Kellerman Adam C. , Camporeale Enrico , Ma Qianli 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe perform an ensemble of quasi‐linear diffusion simulations of the radiation belt electron flux decay for ∼6 days at L = 3.5 during the recovery phase of the storm on 7 November 2015, where plasmaspheric hiss dominantly drives the electron flux decay process. Based on Van Allen Probes measurements, we use percentiles to sample distributions of the four key input parameters, which are the hiss wave amplitude Bw, hiss wave peak frequency fm, background magnetic field B0, and electron density Ne, with 11 points representing that range of each input, leading to 114 (∼14,600) ensemble members. By developing a Lookup Table method to rapidly calculate the time‐dependent diffusion coefficients, the changing wave environment at every time step is incorporated into our ensemble simulations. The comparison between the ensemble simulations and observations reveals the influence of uncertainties in the input parameters on the simulated electron fluxes. Our results demonstrate that the perturbations in Bw are the primary contributors for discrepancies between modeled and observed electron fluxes, while the simulation errors caused by variations in fm and Ne are strongly energy‐dependent. The simulated electron flux using the wave parameters observed at the 50th percentile agrees with observations, and most of the simulation errors increase with decreasing observational probability density of the parameters, with the largest log accuracy ratio of ∼14. Our physics‐based ensemble modeling provides the essential information about the robustness of radiation belt simulation and forecast considering the uncertainties in the plasma wave measurement or parameterization.
Foxf2 represses bone formation via Wnt2b/β-catenin signaling
Authors: Tanaka Tomoyuki , Takahashi Akira , Kobayashi Yutaka , Saito Masanori , Xiaolong Sun , Jingquan Chen , Ito Yoshiaki , Kato Tsuyoshi , Ochi Hiroki , Sato Shingo , Yoshii Toshitaka , Okawa Atsushi , Carlsson Peter , Inose Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts is a critical process for proper skeletal development and acquisition/maintenance of bone mass. However, since this regulatory mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, the treatment of severe osteoporosis and fractures is a challenge. Here, through a comprehensive analysis of gene expression during the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts, we show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxf2 is a crucial regulator of this process. Foxf2 expression transiently increased during MSC osteoblastic differentiation. Overexpression of Foxf2 in MSCs inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, and conversely, knockdown of Foxf2 expression promoted this process. Osteoprogenitor-specific Foxf2 knockout mice developed a high bone mass phenotype due to increased bone formation. RNA-seq analysis and molecular experiments revealed that Foxf2 regulation of bone formation is mediated by Wnt2b. Knockdown of Foxf2 in mouse femurs enhanced bone regeneration in vivo. FOXF2 expression was correlated with hip bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Finally, inhibition of FOXF2 promoted osteoblastic differentiation of human MSCs. This study uncovers a critical role of Foxf2 in the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts and provides insight into the pathogenesis associated with bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and nonunion after fracture.
Pristine PN junction toward atomic layer devices
Authors: Xia Hui , Luo Man , Wang Wenjing , Wang Hailu , Li Tianxin , Wang Zhen , Xu Hangyu , Chen Yue , Zhou Yong , Wang Fang , Xie Runzhang , Wang Peng , Hu Weida , Lu Wei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn semiconductor manufacturing, PN junction is formed by introducing dopants to activate neighboring electron and hole conductance. To avoid structural distortion and failure, it generally requires the foreign dopants localize in the designated micro-areas. This, however, is challenging due to an inevitable interdiffusion process. Here we report a brand-new junction architecture, called “layer PN junction”, that might break through such limit and help redefine the semiconductor device architecture. Different from all existing semiconductors, we find that a variety of van der Waals materials are doping themselves from n- to p-type conductance with an increasing/decreasing layer-number. It means the capability of constructing homogeneous PN junctions in monolayers’ dimension/precision, with record high rectification-ratio (>105) and low cut-off current (<1 pA). More importantly, it spawns intriguing functionalities, like gate-switchable-rectification and noise-signal decoupled avalanching. Findings disclosed here might open up a path to develop novel nanodevice applications, where the geometrical size becomes the only critical factor in tuning charge-carrier distribution and thus functionality.
Electron–phonon coupling-assisted universal red luminescence of o-phenylenediamine-based carbon dots
Authors: Wang Boyang , Wei Zhihong , Sui Laizhi , Yu Jingkun , Zhang Baowei , Wang Xiaoyong , Feng Shengnan , Song Haoqiang , Yong Xue , Tian Yuxi , Yang Bai , Lu Siyu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDue to the complex core–shell structure and variety of surface functional groups, the photoluminescence (PL) mechanism of carbon dots (CDs) remain unclear. o-Phenylenediamine (oPD), as one of the most common precursors for preparing red emissive CDs, has been extensively studied. Interestingly, most of the red emission CDs based on oPD have similar PL emission characteristics. Herein, we prepared six different oPD-based CDs and found that they had almost the same PL emission and absorption spectra after purification. Structural and spectral characterization indicated that they had similar carbon core structures but different surface polymer shells. Furthermore, single-molecule PL spectroscopy confirmed that the multi-modal emission of those CDs originated from the transitions of different vibrational energy levels of the same PL center in the carbon core. In addition, the phenomenon of “spectral splitting” of single-particle CDs was observed at low temperature, which confirmed these oPD-based CDs were unique materials with properties of both organic molecules and quantum dots. Finally, theoretical calculations revealed their potential polymerization mode and carbon core structure. Moreover, we proposed the PL mechanism of red-emitting CDs based on oPD precursors; that is, the carbon core regulates the PL emission, and the polymer shell regulates the PL intensity. Our work resolves the controversy on the PL mechanism of oPD-based red CDs. These findings provide a general guide for the mechanism exploration and structural analysis of other types of CDs.