bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival outcome in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Yousif Heba Ibrahim A. , El-Bastawisy Adel A. , Eldeeb Ahmed A. 
Published: September 2022

Background
Several research studies aimed to explain the high mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Our study aimed to describe the mortality in our Governorate (Dakahlia) and to explore its potential risk factors.

Patients and methods
This prospective (follow-up) study was conducted in four HD units on 120 patients who were followed up over the 12-month period (September 2018–August 2019). At enrollment and every 3 months, all patients were subjected to history taking, physical examination, and laboratory tests for the 12-month period or until the patient died.

Results
The 120 HD cases were 72 (60%) male patients, and 48 (40%) female patients with a median age of 46.5 years. Over 1-year follow-up, 26 (21.7%) patients died. Survival analysis with the Log-rank test shows no statistically significant difference in survival times based on examined variables (sex, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, and Subjective Global Assessment). The results of the Cox proportional hazards model [to assess sex, age, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, HD duration (years), and Subjective Global Assessment as predictors of 1-year mortality in HD patients] show that out of these seven predictor variables, only diabetes was a statistically significant independent predictor.

Conclusion
HD-related mortality is high in Dakahlia Governorate (21.7%). Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for mortality with a hazard ratio of 2.97.
Short-term biochemical and anthropometric effects of nutritional education for serum phosphorus control in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Salem Kariem M. , Sheashaa Hussein , El-Sabakhawy Doaa H. , Amin Malak N. , Sayed-Ahmed Nagy , Nassar Mohammed K. 
Published: September 2022

Background
Hyperphosphatemia is a frequently encountered and difficult-to-manage problem in hemodialysis (HD) patients and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study was carried out to explore the effect of nutritional education on the serum phosphorus level in HD patients.

Patients and methods
This open-label, single-center randomized controlled trial involved 100 HD patients. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the education group underwent a 12-week nutritional education program, whereas the control group received standard treatment. Nutritional education was provided by a trained renal dietitian in the form of educational sessions, brochures, audiovisual teaching aids, and patient-tailored dietary recommendations. Detailed nutritional and laboratory tests were done before randomization and 3 weeks after the end of the study.

Results
Serum phosphorus level and calcium–phosphorus product were significantly lower among the education group (P=0.02 and 0.04, respectively) with a percent reduction of serum phosphorus of -13.8 ± 21.41 after nutritional education. Nutritional education (B: -0.57, 95% confidence interval: -1.13 to -0.01, P=0.04) and the dietary protein intake (B: -0.47, 95% confidence interval: -0.94 to -0.003, P=0.04) were the predictors of serum phosphorus level at the end of the study. Three weeks after termination, BMI, waist circumference, and malnutrition inflammation score were lower (P=0.04, 0.04 and 0.02, respectively), whereas midarm muscle circumference was higher (P=0.004) among the education group.

Conclusion
Nutritional education can help in controlling the serum phosphorus level in HD patients without causing derangements in the nutritional status and should be provided in each HD unit.
Acute Ultrasonographic Changes in Lower Extremity Muscle Structure after Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jie Tay Matthew Rong 
Published: September 2022

Background:
There is a lack of studies examining ultrasonographic muscle changes in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods:
We recruited adults with motor complete acute SCI and performed longitudinal ultrasound measurements. The primary outcome measures were rectus femoris and medial gastrocnemius thickness and echo intensity.

Results:
This study recruited 20 patients, with a mean time to the first ultrasound measurement of 17.2 ± 2.14 days, with the second measurement done 4 weeks after the first measurement. We found that there was a mean decrease in the rectus femoris muscle thickness of 18.7% (P = 0.027), as well as a mean increase in the rectus femoris echo intensity of 13.0 a.u. (P = 0.009), although no significant differences were found for the medial gastrocnemius.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates decreased thickness and increased echo intensity in the rectus femoris but not in the medial gastrocnemius in patients with motor complete SCI.
A Comparison of Peripheral Blood Smear Microscopy and Detection of Histidine-Rich Protein 2 in Blood in the Diagnosis of Malaria in Pregnancy
Authors: Mofon CE , Ebeigbe PN , Ijomone EE 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Detection of malaria in pregnancy poses a huge challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accurate diagnosis enables timely and appropriate clinical management.

Aims:
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of peripheral venous blood smear microscopy (PVBSM) and a rapid diagnostic test detecting histidine-rich protein 2 in the blood (RDT-HRP2) with placental histology as the control in the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy in Nigerian women.

Materials and Methods:
This was a comparative, cross-sectional study conducted between January and July 2017. Asymptomatic pregnant women who presented to the labor ward and who gave informed consent had peripheral venous blood samples as well as placental tissue obtained following delivery. The blood samples obtained were tested for malaria parasites using PVBSM and RDT-HRP2 in blood, while the placenta was subjected to histology.

Results:
A total of 326 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of malaria in pregnancy was 13.8%, 17.8%, and 32.8% using PVBSM, RDT-HRP2, and placental histology. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PVBSM were 40.2%, 99.1%, and 79.8% and the corresponding values for RDT-HRP2 were 49.5%, 97.7%, and 81.9%. The positive predictive value was 95.6% for PVBSM and 91.4% for RDT-HRP2 and the negative predictive value was 77.2% for PVBSM and 79.9% for RDT- HRP2.

Conclusions:
The diagnostic performances of both tests were comparable; however, RDT-HRP2 had a higher sensitivity and accuracy than PVBSM for the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy.
Bienestar subjetivo e indicadores de depresión en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Orantes Loy Katherin Jasmin , Ujpán Ordóñez Viviana Raquel , González Aguilar Donald Wylman 
Published: September 2022

OBJETIVO: la educación superior tiene un nivel de exigencia que puede impactar en el bienestar de los estudiantes. Por esto se buscó determinar la asociación entre bienestar subjetivo y depresión en estudiantes universitarios. MÉTODO: a través de un método cuantitativo no experimental con corte transversal, aplicado a una muestra de 871 estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizó el índice de bienestar subjetivo (WHO-5) y el Cuestionario de salud del paciente-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTADOS: la media de edad es de 25.30 (DS = 3.63), siendo 551 (63.30 %) mujeres. La razón de posibilidades (OR) para un indicador bajo o moderado de depresión es de 12.43 IC 95 % (8.3107 – 18.614) afectando al bienestar subjetivo. La varianza explicada es de 28.50 % (Nagelkerke R²), siendo significativo el modelo (p < .001). CONCLUSIÓN: esto sugiere que, a mayores niveles de bienestar subjetivo, hay menos posibilidades del desarrollo de síntomas depresivos.
Does Obestatin Level Change in Endometrial Pathologies? A Case-Control Study in A Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: MEMUR Tuba , CENGAVER Nagihan , TAPKAN Canan , İBANOĞLU Müjde Can , SALMAN ÖZGÜ Burçin , GÜNGÖR Tayfun 
Published: September 2022

Background: The rising incidence of endometrial cancer has been associated with increases in obesity and physical inactivity. We investigated the clinical significance of serum obestatin levels in women with endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, and age-matched healthy controls.
Material and Methods: The present study was a case-control study conducted at a single center between May 2014 and July 2015. The medical records of 90 patients with a final histopathologic diagnosis after therapeutic curettage for abnormal uterine bleeding were reviewed and categorized by diagnosis. The study population included women with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (n= 33), hyperplasia of the endometrium (n= 27), and proliferative endometrium (n=30) according to histopathological diagnosis. The women with proliferative endometrium formed the control group.
Results: Endometrial cancer was diagnosed in 33 (36.6%) of the patients who presented to our clinic for abnormal uterine bleeding. In the group with endometrial cancer, the mean age was 55.2 ± 8.6 years. There were no differences in obestatin levels between groups (p > 0.05). In the ROC curve analysis, the area under the curve value was 0.574, and obestatin did not prove to be a significant marker for cancer prediction in the population involved in the study.
Conclusion: This study did not demonstrate a clear association between circulating levels of obestatin and endometrial pathologies.
İlk Trimesterde Bradikardik Olan Fetuslar Terme Ulaşıyor Mu?
Authors: YILMAZ ERGANİ Seval , AKDAŞ REİS Yıldız , ÇELİK Susam , İBANOĞLU Müjde Can , AYTEKİN Okan , ALTAY Metin , MOLLAMAHMUTOĞLU Leyla , İSKENDER Cantekin 
Published: September 2022

Amaç: İlk trimesterde bradikardi saptanan fetüslerin kontrol grubu ile kıyaslanarak obstetrik ve perinatal sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif kohort dizayn edilen bu çalışmayla hastanemizde takip ve tedavisi yapılmış ilk trimesterde bradikardi tespit edilen 58 gebe ve 276 normal gebe kontrol grubu olarak alınarak çalışmaya dahil edildi. Her hasta için fetal kalp hızı, yaş, parite, abortus sayısı, gebelik haftası, vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ), yardımcı üreme teknikleri kullanılıp kullanılmadığı, 11-14 hafta arası ölçülen nukal translusensi (NT) değeri, gebeliğin nasıl sonuçlandığı, doğum haftası, doğum şekli, yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde kaç gün yatış olduğu, fetal cinsiyet not alındı ve bu iki grubun perinatal sonuçları karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Ortalama yaş bradikardik grupta 27.8 ± 6.1 olup, kontrol grubunda 28.2±6.0 idi. İlk trimester NT ortalaması bradikardik grupta 1.56 ± 0.61 olup, kontrol grubunda 1.26 ± 0.34 ölçüldü. Bradikardik grubun NT’si istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde kontrol grubundan daha fazla idi (p
Gebeliğin Birinci ve İkinci Trimesterinde Görülen Vajinal Kanama ile Kötü Obstetrik Sonuçlar Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: AKDAŞ REİS Yıldız , AKAY Arife , ŞAHİN Büşra , YILMAZ ERGANİ Seval , ERKAYA Salim 
Published: September 2022

Amaç: Abortus imminens 20.gestasyonel haftadan önce servikal değişiklikler olmaksızın vajinal kanama görülmesi olarak tanımlanır ve gebelik sonuçlarını etkileyen bir klinik durumdur. Çalışmamızın amacı abortus imminensin (Aİ) gebeliğin birinci veya ikinci trimesterinde izlenmesinin obstetrik sonuçlara etkisini araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya Ocak 2017 ve Aralık 2019 yılları arasında erken gebelik servisine Aİ nedeniyle yatışı olan 831 tekil gebelik dahil edildi. Aİ tanısını aldığı gestasyonel haftaya göre olgular 1. ve 2. trimester (Grup 1 ve Grup 2) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılarak obstetrik sonuçlar karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Toplam 831 olgunun 622’si (%75,8) grup 1’e ve 209’u (%25,2) grup 2’ye ait idi. Grup 1’dekilerin %51,1’inde ve grup 2’dekilerin %44,2’sinde hematom mevcuttu (p=0,075). Gebeliğin sonlandığı gestasyonel hafta grup 2’dekilerde daha uzundu (33,04±8,8 karşın 28,14±13,94, p
Prediksi Kualitas Kopi Dengan Algoritma Random Forest Melalui Pendekatan Data Science
Authors: Ciptady Kalvintirta , Harahap Mawaddah , Jonvin Jonvin , Ndruru Yonata , Ibadurrahman Ibadurrahman 
Published: September 2022

Perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang produksi kopi, selalu mementingkan kualitas kopi untuk menghasilkan produk yang dapat bersaing dengan kompetitor lainnya
. Adapun sistem yang dapat dibangun untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut yaitu berupa prediksi dalam menentukan kualitas kopi. Data kopi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini didapatkan dari Coffee Quality Institute. Data ini memiliki 44 kolom atau variabel dengan jumlah data sebanyak 1339 data. Tahapan yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan data science dengan algoritma random forest terdiri dari proses pengumpulan data, preprocessing, pengumpulan data, split data, pemrosesan dengan algoritma Random Forest yang menghasilkan hasil prediksi, hingga yang terakhir adalah proses evaluasi performa algoritma Random Forest dalam memprediksi kualitas kopi.
Variabel dependen yang diprediksi pada penelitian ini secara berurutan dari kualitas terbaik hingga terburuk antara lain adalah kualitas kopi Specialty Grade, Premium, Exchange, dan Below Standard. Kualitas kopi premium adalah hasil prediksi paling baik dengan hasil actual 135. Jumlah data yang cukup untuk memastikan algoritma random forest dapat memprediksi dengan cukup baik dengan akurasi yang mencapai 79% masih memiliki ruang untuk perkembangan sehingga bisa mendekati 100%. Kurang optimalnya nilai akurasi pada penelitian ini dapat diakibatkan oleh kurangnya variabel independen yang digunakan. Penelitian ini hanya menggunakan 8 variabel dari 43 variabel yang tersedia. Sehingga masih terdapat variabel yang berpotensi dapat meningkatkan akurasi. Tidak dilakukannya penyetelan parameter Random Forest yang tersedia untuk meningkatkan akurasi.
MPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2021 TENTANG PENERTIBAN KAWASAN DAN TANAH TERLANTAR DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Pratama M. Yoga Jusri 
Published: September 2022

Masalah-masalah yang terjadi dalam kebijakan penertiban kawasan dan tanah terlantar di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan mengacu pada Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2021 terlihat bahwa semua yang telah dikemukakan berkaitan dengan masalah dalam formulasi kebijakan penertiban kawasan dan tanah terlantar sebagai suatu hal yang sangat spesifik. Tanah Telantar adalah tanah hak, tanah Hak Pengelolaan, dan tanah yang diperoleh berdasarkan Dasar Penguasaan Atas Tanah, yang sengaja tidak diusahakan, tidak dipergunakan, tidak dimanfaatkan, dan/atau tidak dipelihara marak dikuasai oleh oknum-oknum aparat pemerintah maupun masyarakat. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan peraturan penertiban kawasan dan tanah terlantar di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formulasi kebijakan penertiban tanah terlantar di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan belum sepenuhnya memenuhi kriteria fleksibilitas, kriteria kebijakan, niat baik para pembuat kebijakan, rasionalitas, partisipasi, efisiensi, dan penetapan dan kemampuan menyesuaikan diri. Pendayagunaan tanah terlantar harus memenuhi pula kriteria formulasi kebijakan yang menyeluruh (komprehensif), sehingga kebijakan penertiban tanah terlantar tidak memberikan lagi kesempatan untuk berbagai pihak yang memanfaatkan adanya kekosongan dalam proses implementasinya.
RAHASIA ISIM MUFRAD, MUTSANA DAN JAMAK DALAM BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Arrobi Jimatul , Karya Suhada Oman 
Published: September 2022

Diantara karakteristik bahasa Arab adalah adanya perubahan bentuk dari mufrad, mustanna dan jamak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap rahasia morfosemantik dari isim mufrad, mustanna dan jamak. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan model analisis isi. Adapun yang menjadi sumber datanya adalah sejumlah kosakata isim mufrad, mustanna dan jamak yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber dan literatur kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat rahasia dan keunikan pada morfosemantik dari isim mufrad, mustanna dan jamak. Diantaranya 1). kata jamak yang tidak ada bentuk mufrad’nya, 2). kata yang bermakna jamak dan tidak ada bentuk mufrad’nya, 3). kata yang bermakna jamak dan tidak ada bentuk mufrad dari lafadznya namun ada bentuk mufrad dari maknanya, 4). kata yang memiliki makna mufrad dan jamak. 5). kata yang bermakna jamak dengan ta’ marbuthoh. 6). kata mufrad yang bermakna jamak dan bentuk mufradnya dengan ta’ marbuthoh, 7). Kata yang bermakna jamak dan bentuk mufradnya dengan ya nisbat, 8). kata mufrad yang memiliki mutsana tapi tidak memiliki bentuk jamak dari lafadznya, 9). kata mufrad yang memiliki jamak tapi tidak memiliki mutsanna, 10). kata mustanna yang tidak memiliki mufradnya
التشبه والكناية بين النظر و التطبيق
Authors: Abdul Hamid Sarmawi Hudaili 
Published: September 2022

هذا البحث في دراسة علم البلاغة، إذ أنه يدرس موضوع التشبيه والكناية بين النظر والتطبيق، كثر من المباحث يتكلم عنهما ولكن لم يتحط ميسورة ودقيقية.
يهدف هذا البحث الى تعريف القارئ على دلالة اللفظ العربي ومعانيه، وأن يلمس القارئ بنفسه اتساع لغة القرآن الكريم والحديث الشريف: معرفة ألفاظ التشبيه والكناية فيهما.
وقد اعتمد البحث عل المنهج الإستقرائي في تتبع اقسام ومسائل, ثم عرضت بالأمثلة مع بيانها
PERBEDAAN DOSIS PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN JENIS KLON RATOON 1 TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN TEBU (Saccharum officinarum (L)) DI KECAMATAN KEBOMAS - GRESIK
Authors: Wahyudi Achmad Hafidh , Budi Setyo , Redjeki Endah Sri 
Published: September 2022

Tanaman tebu (Saccharum officinarum (L)) merupakan bahan baku industri gula putih. Salah satu faktor penurunan produktifitas gula yaitu tingkat kesuburan lahan yang terus menurun, yang disebabkan oleh pertanian modern lebih menekankan pada penggunaan pupuk anorganik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tebu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian UMG pada bulan Maret - Juni 2022. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan split plot (rancang petak terbagi) dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah klon (V) yaitu V1 (klon SB03), V2 (klon SB19) dan V3 (klon SB33). Faktor ke dua yakni dosis pupuk organik cair guano terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu P1 (kontrol), P2 (pupuk guano cair 15 ml per 15 liter air) dan P3 (pupuk guano cair 30 ml per 15 liter air). Masing-masing diulang empat kali sehingga terdapat 36 kombinasi perlakuan. Variabel pertumbuhan yang diukur yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah anakan dan diameter batang. Analisis data mengunakan Anova Uji F. Jika terdapat beda nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan DMRT 5%. Selanjutntya dilakukan uji regresi (korelasi), dan uji heritabilitas,. Hasil penelitian tidak menunjukan perbedaan nyata pada interaksi. Perlakuan pupuk menunjukan perbedaan tidak nyata pada semua variabel pengamatan. Pada perlakuan jenis klon menunjukan perbedaan nyata pada umur 18 MSK (minggu setelah kepras) pada variabel tinggi tanaman dan diameter batang serta pada variabel daun pada umur 12 dan 14 MSK.
THE VIOLENCE OF CASTE AND SEXUALITY: P. SIVAKAMI
Authors: KIRAN KESHAVAMURTHY  
Published: September 2022

The Tamil writer P. Sivakami’s sequential novels The Grip of Change (Pazhaiyana Kalithalum, 1989) and Gowri: Author’s Notes (Gowri: Aasiriyar Kurippu, 1999) were written in the wake of the Bodi caste riots in Tamil Nadu between Pallars (a Dalit caste group) and Thevars. Dalits mobilised themselves around a Dalit leader when she was raped and killed by upper caste landlords for demanding higher wages. At a protest meeting, a Dalit political leader is reported to have said, “What would happen if all Dalit men were to marry upper caste women?” This led to a violent backlash resulting in the loss of Dalit lives and property. The reasons for raping the Dalit leader lay in suppressing a Dalit woman who was overstepping her subordinate status by publicly demanding higher wages. Thus caste functioned in markedly gendered ways in public spaces.
As a response to this event, Sivakami’s novels focused on the body of the Dalit woman as a fictional and rhetorical figure for the fraught relationship between caste, gender and sexuality. The novel centers on the exploited and supposedly violable body of the Dalit woman, which is inscribed with inter-caste struggles for power even as it is constituted as a site of resistance. Over the course of the narratives, it becomes impossible to articulate caste and gender and sexuality at once. Caste turns out to be the overarching structure that regulates gender and sexuality primarily through the body of the (Dalit) woman. There is no space in this structure to articulate questions of sexual violence, that are clearly elided by caste violence, which subordinates the Dalit woman to the male interests of the Dalit community. The second novel is the author’s reflection on the possibility of re-imagining the inter-sectionalities between caste, gender and sexuality.
EXPRESSING BODY, EXPERIENCE OF EMOTIONS
Authors: B. HARIHARAN  
Published: September 2022

This paper argues that in naatyam (dramatics) the actor’s body produces aesthetic cadence that peaks as emotional experience for the sahrudaya. The affect that a Kathakali performance produces is a state of sublimity of the mind, unattached to the cares of the world. It is the experience of supreme bliss or Ānanda. There is no emptying of emotions on the stage with the words spoken to which the audience might relate. This paper approaches the issue with reference to Kathakali, Kerala’s own theatre.

Even as there is a lot of theorising that emerges about the emotive content and communication in theatre, specific emphasis on the body of the actor, modulating in relation to the many accompaniments, merits a closer understanding. Emotions take form in the varying intensities of those modulations that vibrate in relation to the timbre of the dominant aesthetic state the actor’s body establishes.

The paper theorises the body of the actor and the emotional affects and discusses the implications of the rigorous training that prepares the body of the actor. To develop the proposed argument the paper discusses in some detail the tradition of the training of the actor in Kathakali and then examines the complexities involved in the productions with special reference to Kottayam Tampuran’s Kirmeeravadhom, Balakavi Ramasastrikal’s Banayudham and P. Venugopalan’s Krishnaleela.
Mulligatawny Dreams: Encountering the No-Man’s Land Between the Mother Tongue and Post-Colonial Language
Authors: Y SAMRA FUAD  
Published: September 2022

Decolonization does not end with the colonizing power being physically removed from the colonized nation. Centuries of cultural hegemony wreaks havoc on the fabric of a state to the point of being unrecognizable from its previous state of existence. The battle to reclaim a national identity post colonization is not an easy one, especially when it concerns a multicultural, multilingual, state like India. One of the most obvious manifestations of deliberate anti-colonial actions is the rejection of colonial rules of language. This becomes especially interesting when the said language is now the global lingua franca, inevitable to functioning in an increasingly globalized world.

Post-colonial writers offer much in the activism against colonial dictates of language. This paper looks at how a colonial language, one that is dominant in a post-colonial society, is encountered by writers. The paper focuses on the poetry of Meena Kandasamy in general as an anti-colonial , language-specific , dynamic narrative tool and specifically on the poem “Mulligatawny Dreams” . Her language deliberately subverts English language rules; often foregoing punctuation, using words from her native Tamil without a footnote or an appendix, culturally specific references etc. All of these deliberate actions making a statement inviting the reader to research and make the effort to learn and understand the poetry and its references, much like the rest of the world and especially Indians have been taught through the centuries to understand British cultural references and history forsaking our own.