bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic precursors in laboratory studies
Authors: Srivastava Deepchandra , Vu Tuan V. , Tong Shengrui , Shi Zongbo , Harrison Roy M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAerosols produced from the oxidation of volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs/SVOCs), known as secondary organic aerosol (SOA), account for a significant fraction of atmospheric airborne particles. This paper reviews the current understanding of SOA formation from gas-phase oxidation with a focus on anthropogenic precursors and their reaction products from atmospheric simulation chamber studies. The review summarises the major reaction products derived from main groups of SOA precursors (e.g., alkanes, aromatics), SOA yields and the factors controlling SOA formation. We highlight that lab-derived SOA yield depends strongly upon, not only the concentrations of SOA precursors and oxidants but also simulation conditions.
Machine learning of language use on Twitter reveals weak and non-specific predictions
Authors: Kelley Sean W. , Mhaonaigh Caoimhe Ní , Burke Louise , Whelan Robert , Gillan Claire M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDepressed individuals use language differently than healthy controls and it has been proposed that social media posts can be used to identify depression. Much of the evidence behind this claim relies on indirect measures of mental health and few studies have tested if these language features are specific to depression versus other aspects of mental health. We analysed the Tweets of 1006 participants who completed questionnaires assessing symptoms of depression and 8 other mental health conditions. Daily Tweets were subjected to textual analysis and the resulting linguistic features were used to train an Elastic Net model on depression severity, using nested cross-validation. We then tested performance in a held-out test set (30%), comparing predictions of depression versus 8 other aspects of mental health. The depression trained model had modest out-of-sample predictive performance, explaining 2.5% of variance in depression symptoms (R2 = 0.025, r = 0.16). The performance of this model was as-good or superior when used to identify other aspects of mental health: schizotypy, social anxiety, eating disorders, generalised anxiety, above chance for obsessive-compulsive disorder, apathy, but not significant for alcohol abuse or impulsivity. Machine learning analysis of social media data, when trained on well-validated clinical instruments, could not make meaningful individualised predictions regarding users’ mental health. Furthermore, language use associated with depression was non-specific, having similar performance in predicting other mental health problems.
NT-CRISPR, combining natural transformation and CRISPR-Cas9 counterselection for markerless and scarless genome editing in Vibrio natriegens
Authors: Stukenberg Daniel , Hoff Josef , Faber Anna , Becker Anke 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe fast-growing bacterium Vibrio natriegens has recently gained increasing attention as a novel chassis organism for fundamental research and biotechnology. To fully harness the potential of this bacterium, highly efficient genome editing methods are indispensable to create strains tailored for specific applications. V. natriegens is able to take up free DNA and incorporate it into its genome by homologous recombination. This highly efficient natural transformation is able to mediate uptake of multiple DNA fragments, thereby allowing for multiple simultaneous edits. Here, we describe NT-CRISPR, a combination of natural transformation with CRISPR-Cas9 counterselection. In two temporally distinct steps, we first performed a genome edit by natural transformation and second, induced CRISPR-Cas9 targeting the wild type sequence, and thus leading to death of non-edited cells. Through cell killing with efficiencies of up to 99.999%, integration of antibiotic resistance markers became dispensable, enabling scarless and markerless edits with single-base precision. We used NT-CRISPR for deletions, integrations and single-base modifications with editing efficiencies of up to 100%. Further, we confirmed its applicability for simultaneous deletion of multiple chromosomal regions. Lastly, we showed that the near PAM-less Cas9 variant SpG Cas9 is compatible with NT-CRISPR and thereby broadens the target spectrum.
Cell-type specific pallial circuits shape categorical tuning responses in the crow telencephalon
Authors: Ditz Helen M. , Fechner Julia , Nieder Andreas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), an integration centre in the telencephalon of birds, plays a crucial role in representing and maintaining abstract categories and concepts. However, the computational principles allowing pallial microcircuits consisting of excitatory and inhibitory neurons to shape the tuning to abstract categories remain elusive. Here we identified the major pallial cell types, putative excitatory projection cells and inhibitory interneurons, by characterizing the waveforms of action potentials recorded in crows performing a cognitively demanding numerical categorization task. Both cell types showed clear differences in their capacity to encode categorical information. Nearby and functionally coupled putative projection neurons generally exhibited similar tuning, whereas putative interneurons showed mainly opposite tuning. The results favour feedforward mechanisms for the shaping of categorical tuning in microcircuits of the NCL. Our findings help to decipher the workings of pallial microcircuits in birds during complex cognition and to compare them vis-a-vis neocortical processes in mammals.
Visible-light photoredox catalysis-enabled borocyclopropanation of alkenes
Authors: Luo Si-Si , Shen Hua , Li Shi-Jia , Cao Tian , Luo Yi-Peng , Zhang Shu , Zhou Taigang , Liu Xiang-Wei 
Published: March 2022

A convenient method for the synthesis of cyclopropyl boronates via visible-light photoredox-catalyzed borocyclopropanation of alkenes has been established. This protocol is characterized by its wide substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.
Evaluating the Equivalence of Telepractice and Traditional Administration of the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills
Authors: Nelson Nickola Wolf , Plante Elena 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
This study evaluated the equivalence of the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS) when administrated via telepractice (Tele-TILLS) and face-to-face methods.

Method:

Participants were 51 children and adolescents in three age bands, ages 6–7 years (
n
= 9), 8–11 years (
n
= 21), and 12–18 years (
n
= 21). Data were gathered by 25 volunteer examiners who assessed the same participants twice within a 2- to 4-week period, using Tele-TILLS and traditional methods in randomly selected, counterbalanced order.

Results:

Evaluation of identification equivalence showed 96% agreement between methods (49 of 51 decisions), with 39 agreements of
no
disorder, 10 agreements of
yes
disorder, and two disagreements (
yes
disorder for Tele-TILLS and
no
disorder for traditional). Partial correlations, controlled for test order, showed moderate to high agreement between all composite and subtest scores, except Nonword Repetition. Scoring by examiners and the first author showed high interrater agreement. No differences between Nonword Repetition scores were found for students who wore headsets (
n
= 12), whereas differences were found for those who did not (
n
= 34).

Conclusions:
This study provided preliminary evidence that Tele-TILLS results can be equivalent to traditional TILLS, supporting its validity for identifying language/literacy disorder and interpreting profiles. The small, highly homogeneous sample with well-educated parents limits generalizability to the broader population. Caution is warranted when testing 6- to 7-year-old students for whom Nonword Repetition is part of the Identification Core score. Suggestions are provided for optimizing technological setup, preparing facilitators, and making minor modifications in subtest administration.
Variations in the ΣSFR − Σmol − Σ⋆plane across galactic environments in PHANGS galaxies
Authors: Pessa I. , Schinnerer E. , Leroy A. K. , Koch E. W. , Rosolowsky E. , Williams T. G. , Pan H.-A. , Schruba A. , Usero A. , Belfiore F. , Bigiel F. , Blanc G. A. , Chevance M. , Dale D. , Emsellem E. , Gensior J. , Glover S. C. O. , Grasha K. , Groves B. , Klessen R. S. , Kreckel K. , Kruijssen J. M. D. , Liu D. , Meidt S. E. , Pety J. , Querejeta M. , Saito T. , Sanchez-Blazquez P. , Watkins E. J. 
Published: March 2022

Aims.There exists some consensus that the stellar mass surface density (Σ⋆) and molecular gas mass surface density (Σmol) are the main quantities responsible for locally setting the star formation rate. This regulation is inferred from locally resolved scaling relations between these two quantities and the star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR), which have been extensively studied in a wide variety of works. However, the universality of these relations is debated. Here, we probe the interplay between these three quantities across different galactic environments at a spatial resolution of 150 pc.Methods.We performed a hierarchical Bayesian linear regression to find the best set of parametersC⋆,Cmol, andCnormthat describe the star-forming plane conformed by Σ⋆, Σmol, and ΣSFR, such that logΣSFR = C⋆logΣ⋆ + CmollogΣmol + Cnorm. We also explored variations in the determined parameters across galactic environments, focusing our analysis on theC⋆andCmolslopes.Results.We find signs of variations in the posterior distributions ofC⋆andCmolacross different galactic environments. The dependence of ΣSFRon Σ⋆spans a wide range of slopes, with negative and positive values, while the dependence of ΣSFRon Σmolis always positive. Bars show the most negative value ofC⋆(−0.41), which is a sign of longer depletion times, while spiral arms show the highestC⋆among all environments (0.45). Variations inCmolalso exist, although they are more subtle than those found forC⋆.Conclusions.We conclude that systematic variations in the interplay of Σ⋆, Σmol, and ΣSFRacross different galactic environments exist at a spatial resolution of 150 pc, and we interpret these variations to be produced by an additional mechanism regulating the formation of stars that is not captured by either Σ⋆or Σmol. Studying environmental variations in single galaxies, we find that these variations correlate with changes in the star formation efficiency across environments, which could be linked to the dynamical state of the gas that prevents it from collapsing and forming stars, or to changes in the molecular gas fraction.
Semi-supervised classification of lower-ionospheric perturbations using GNSS radio occultation observations from Spire Global’s Cubesat Constellation
Authors: Savastano Giorgio , Nordström Karl , Angling Matthew J. 
Published: March 2022

This study presents a new methodology to automatically classify perturbations in the lower ionosphere using GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations collected using Spire’s constellation of CubeSats. This methodology combines signal processing techniques with semi-supervised machine learning by applying spectral clustering in a metric space of wavelet spectra. A “bottom-up” algorithm was applied to extract E layer information directly from Spire’s high-rate (50 Hz) GNSS-RO profiles by subtracting the effect of the F layers. This processing algorithm has been implemented in our ground segment to operationally produce high rate sTEC profiles with a vertical resolution of better than 100 m. The key idea behind the semi-supervised classification is to produce a database of labeled clusters that can be used to classify new unlabeled data by determining which cluster it belongs to. A dataset of more than 12,000 GNSS-RO profiles collected in 2019 containing sTEC perturbations is used to find the initial clusters. This dataset is used to represent the climatology of ionospheric perturbations, such as MSTIDs and sporadic Es. The wavelet power spectrum (WPS) is computed for these profiles, and a metric space is defined using the Earth mover’s distance (EMD) between the WPS. A self-tuning spectral clustering algorithm is used to cluster the profiles in this metric space. These clusters are used as a reference database of perturbations to classify new sTEC profiles by finding the cluster of the closest profile of the clustered dataset in the EMD metric space. This new methodology is used to construct an automated system to monitor ionospheric perturbations on a global scale.
Perceptions of behaviour efficacy, not perceptions of threat, are drivers of COVID-19 protective behaviour in Germany
Authors: Kojan Lilian , Burbach Laura , Ziefle Martina , Calero Valdez André 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, non-pharmaceutical protective measures taken by individuals remain pivotal. This study aims to explore what motivates individuals to engage in such measures. Based on existing empirical findings as well as prominent behavioural theories, a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) of predictors for pandemic protective behaviour was estimated using a representative German sample (n = 437). The study was preregistered at OSF. The model explains 69% of the variance for behavioural intention, which is strongly correlated with behaviour (ρ = 0.84). The most influential predictor for protective behaviour is its perceived efficacy, followed by normative beliefs and perceptions about costs for protective behaviour. Distrusting beliefs in science and scientists negatively predicted response perceptions and were also strongly and negatively correlated with behaviour. Knowledge about COVID-19 was weakly linked with perceived response efficacy, as well as with behaviour. These findings suggest that communication strategies surrounding COVID-19 should emphasise the efficacy of responses and foster a sense of responsibility.
C-type natriuretic peptide is a pivotal regulator of metabolic homeostasis
Authors: Perez-Ternero Cristina , Aubdool Aisah A. , Makwana Raj , Sanger Gareth J. , Stimson Roland H. , Chan Li F. , Moyes Amie J. , Hobbs Adrian J. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
The global mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs associated with cardiometabolic disease, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, are substantial and represent an expanding unmet medical need. Herein, we have identified a physiological role for C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in regulating key processes, including thermogenesis and adipogenesis, which combine to coordinate metabolic function and prevent the development of cardiometabolic disorders. This protective mechanism, which is in part mediated via an autocrine action of CNP on adipocytes, is underpinned by activation of cognate natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR)-B and NPR-C. This mechanism advances the fundamental understanding of energy homeostasis and glucose handling and offers the promise of improving the treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
Hemogenic and aortic endothelium arise from a common hemogenic angioblast precursor and are specified by the Etv2 dosage
Authors: Zhao Shizheng , Feng Shachuan , Tian Ye , Wen Zilong 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated from specialized endothelial cells, called hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs). It has been debated whether HECs and non–HSC-forming conventional endothelial cells (cECs) arise from a common precursor or represent distinct lineages. Moreover, the molecular basis underlying their distinct fate determination is poorly understood. We use photoconvertible labeling, time-lapse imaging, and single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis to trace the lineage of HECs. We discovered that HECs and cECs arise from a common hemogenic angioblast precursor, and their distinct fate is determined by high or low dosage of Etv2, respectively. Our results illuminate the lineage origin and a mechanism on the fate determination of HECs, which may enhance the understanding on the ontogeny of HECs in vertebrates.
Singapore hawker centres
Authors: Lee Cher Leng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper is a sociolinguistic study of the linguistic landscape of signboards in Singapore hawker centres. It
examines the language(s) displayed on the signboards of 2,145 stalls in the 20 largest hawker centres in Singapore. Hawker centres
in Singapore are open-air eating places patronised by thousands of people each day. With less government intervention in the
languages that can be displayed on hawker centre signboards, the signs reflect the languages used and identities adopted by the
masses in a multilingual setting. This language ecology enables us to observe how languages interact at individual and societal
levels in hawker centres and how linguistic diversity is maintained despite the apparent widespread use of English in Singapore.
We examine how besides the monolingual, bilingual and multilingual and hybrid signboards, hawker centres are unique habitats in
this language ecology where non-Mandarin dialects are preserved, and traditional Chinese characters are commonly seen, in a
globalised Singapore. The hawker centres showcase a linguistic landscape of identity, diversity, and continuity.
The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition
Authors: Wimmer Lena , Currie Gregory , Friend Stacie , Ferguson Heather J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe present two experiments examining the effects of reading narrative fiction (vs.narrative non-fictionvs.expository non-fiction) on social and moral cognition, using a battery of self-report, explicit and implicit indicators. Experiment 1 (N = 340) implemented a pre-registered, randomized between-groups design, and assessed multiple outcomes after a short reading assignment. Results failed to reveal any differences between the three reading conditions on either social or moral cognition. Experiment 2 employed a longitudinal design.N = 104 participants were randomly assigned to read an entire book over seven days. Outcome variables were assessed before and after the reading assignment as well as at a one-week follow-up. Results did not show any differential development between the three reading conditions over time. The present results do not support the claim that reading narrative fiction is apt to improve our general social and moral cognition.
An ideal gas and the increasing (total) entropy principle: what is allowed in the PV plane and what is not
Authors: Marcella Thomas V 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In a recent article in this journal, Brown and Singh present the results of an extensive in-class survey of student difficulties with the second law of thermodynamics. Here, we discuss in detail some issues identified by them in an attempt to resolve some of the problems. We do this by making clear the distinction between the ‘system entropy’, ‘reservoir entropy’, ‘total entropy’, and the ‘entropy of the Universe’. We identify, without ambiguity, which quasistatic processes are ‘internally reversible’, which are ‘totally reversible’, and which are ‘irreversible’. We discuss the meaning of quasistatic processes represented by curves in the PV plane. We show that the process P = P(V) that takes an ideal gas from initial state

P

A

V

A

to final state

P

B

V

B

always takes the gas away from the adiabat

P

V

γ

=

P

A

V

A

γ

. We establish the increasing (total) entropy principle as the quantitative expression of the second law of thermodynamics. This establishes the fundamental role of the total entropy in macroscopic thermodynamics. Expressing the increasing (total) entropy principle in the form (T
res − T
gas)d(PV

γ
) > 0 reveals which processes are allowed, which are not, and which points in the PV plane are accessible from a given initial state. Students can now observe the limitations on individual processes mandated by the second law. Such second law analysis is suitable for the introductory physics course.
Fault pattern recognition of rolling bearing based on smoothness prior approach and dual-input depth spatial–temporal fusion
Authors: M Zhang  , Li X J , Xu S H , Meng X Y 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Accurate fault diagnosis is critical for the safe and stable operation of mechanical equipment. Current deep learning (DL)-based fault diagnosis can extract various and deep discriminative features efficiently. Different DL methods are applicable to different data types, and the extracted features are also different. In addition, the equipment working conditions are complex, and noise from the working environment is inevitable. If only a single network or single input is used, it is difficult to extract the information that can comprehensively describe the fault features, which affects the diagnosis accuracy, especially when multiple faults (more than ten types) are considered. Hence, this study proposes a method for fault diagnosis based on the smoothness prior approach (SPA) and a dual-input depth spatial–temporal fusion network. First, the original signal is decomposed via SPA and two different types of input are constructed. Second, a dual-input depth spatial–temporal fusion network is proposed to extract deeper information by simultaneously learning temporal and spatial features. These two types of features are fused using a two-dimensional convolutional neural network to complete classification tasks. The average recognition accuracy of the proposed network can be maintained above 99% on two commonly used benchmark vibration datasets. Compared with several state-of-the-art diagnosis methods under different noise level experiments, the proposed method can achieve higher diagnosis accuracy for each dataset under different working conditions.
Eddy current flow meter model validation with a moving solid rod
*
Authors: Lau Cornwall , Oleksak Kellen , Cetiner Sacit M , Groth Paul , Mauer Craig , Ottinger Dustin , Roberts Michael J , Warmack Bruce , Fathy Aly E 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The eddy current flow meter (ECFM) has been used to measure velocities and temperatures of conductive flows, such as liquid metal flows in a nuclear fission reactor. The goal of this paper is to develop a finite element electromagnetic model that can characterize the ECFM sensor performance and validate this finite element model with detailed velocity measurements of a controlled, well-characterized moving conductive solid rod. Both measurements and modeling were performed for various parameters that are important for ECFM performance such as rod velocity, rod material, ECFM sensor coil length, number of sensor coils, applied alternating current (AC) current amplitude, and applied ECFM AC frequency. For all parametric scans, the measurement and modeling agree well in both magnitude and trend. The normalized root-mean-square error between measurement and modeling is less than 10% for all cases. These results suggest that electromagnetic modeling could eventually be used to cost-effectively design future ECFM sensors in arbitrary geometry for more challenging applications such as liquid metal nuclear fission reactors.