bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Earliest Investigators
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contribution of various scientists to the study of the geology and geomorphology of the World Heritage sites in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and sets this against the religious and social climate of the period. The site has been studied for more than 300 years, acquiring particular fame in the early part of the nineteenth century, a critical time for the development of many of the fundamental ideas of the Earth as well as for the development of interest in science in general, as witnessed by the establishment of the Royal Society of London. The chapter highlights the role of four main individuals: William Hobbs, John Woodward, Robert Hooke, and James Parkinson.
The Briar Patch
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bob opened Big Briar for business, but one-off projects were still his bread and butter. He restored Herb Deutsch’s original prototype so Herb could auction it off, but it had to be donated to the Henry Ford Museum. Bob made a small synth, the Spirit, for the Italian firm Crumar. His 1982 catalog offered prototypes of three Big Briar Controllers; his main project was the Multiply-Touch-Sensitive Keyboard for composer John Eaton, a project that ate up family properties and landed Bob in debt. Dave Luce and a partner bought Moog Music from Norlin and unveiled a synth prototype, the SL-8, with MIDI compatibility. But it was overshadowed by the Yamaha DX7 with advanced digital FM Synthesis technology, signaling the dominance of Japanese synths. With Big Briar insolvent, Bob accepted consulting work with Kurzweil Music Systems and was offered a full-time position with the Boston company. The Moogs prepared to move yet again.
The Desperate Voyager
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Moogmusic.com offered the classic Moog synths—Bob’s business seemed to be back. But the website was from an imposter, Don Martin. Bob had to get in line to apply for his own name again. To establish his authenticity, he launched the “Moog Signature Series” Etherwave theremins. Big Briar produced the Ethervox MIDI theremin, and the “moogerfooger” effects pedals. Analog synths were back in style thanks to retro groups like the Moog Cookbook with Brian Kehew and Roger Manning, but Bob struggled to deliver his new synth, the Voyager. On the side he designed the virtual synth for the Van Koevering Interactive Piano. Running out of money, his Polar Music Prize of $100,000 was a temporary buffer. Don Martin declared bankruptcy and Bob got his trademark back, but Big Briar was hemorrhaging money and the Voyager wasn’t ready. Stress led him to a men’s retreat, “Spirit in Flight,” and psychological therapy.
Patron Saint of Electrogeeks
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In early 2002, Big Briar officially became Moog Music, Inc. New engineer August Worley saw there was no money to produce the Voyager. Mike Adams, a local businessman, bought the company and streamlined production with Demand Flow Technology. With the Voyager’s release, Bob was on the cover of Keyboard magazine. The fiftieth anniversary of R. A. Moog saw Bob feted in Europe and Japan, and honored with production of a Bob Moog doll. Hans Fjellestad’s documentary film Moog gave Bob the floor to expound on creativity and the paranormal, and claim he took ideas “down from the network.” Bob was hailed in the New York Times as “the patron saint of electrogeeks” and honored at the first annual Moogfest in New York by musicians like Rick Wakeman. New products included the Etherwave Pro theremin and the Moog PianoBar. By late 2004, Adams told Bob that Moog Music was turning a profit.
The Politics of the Troops
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning that adheres to “the troops” as a distinct cultural figure of war. Against existing analyses, the chapter argues that the troops are not synonymous with, or reducible to, related cultural figures of war (e.g., the military, the soldier, and the veteran), thus establishing it as a novel category within discourse. In contrast to typical understandings of individualized, heroic masculinity, it argues that the troops are predominantly characterized by collectivity, passivity, and dependence. They are relationally feminized vis-à-vis supporters, the soldier, and even war. As a consequence, invocations of the troops shift the moral calculus of war from the ethics of killing distant, racialized Others abroad to the maintenance of appropriate civil-military relations—of appropriate martial loyalty—within the polity. Supporting the troops is not predominantly about war at all, but rather society’s relationship to itself.
Origins of the Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ancient tradition is unanimous that twelve attendants known as “lictors” each carried fasces, walking in procession before the old kings of Rome, to mark the king’s status as a holder of imperium (the full civil and military power) and with it, his capacity to inflict either corporal or capital punishment. Tradition also held that Rome of the kings had appropriated this institution from the Etruscans. The discovery in 1898 of a miniature fasces with double-headed axe in a mid-seventh century bce tomb at Vetulonia spectacularly confirmed the Romans’ basic understanding of the emblem’s origin. Yet ancient writers almost certainly undervalue the level of terror this severe Etruscan institution produced when imposed on a native Latin community at Rome. Indeed, it was so effective that when the Romans replaced their monarchy with a Republic headed by two annual consuls, traditionally dated to 509 bce, they claimed the fasces as their own. But 509 bce is noted as the occasion for a thorough revamping of the fasces, to assert tighter public control of the insignia. Henceforth, per this account, the two consuls had to take turns presenting the full regal kit to denote precedence, remove the axes from their bundles within the city, and dip the insignia in assemblies to show deference to the Roman citizenry, who now received the right of appeal against summary execution. These measures most certainly existed in the historical period, had an exceptionally long life, and set the tone for Rome’s political culture.
Roman Fasces in Action
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For Rome’s magistrates, accompaniment by lictors with the fasces was the chief sign that one held the chief civil and military power (imperium), and the dismissal of those attendants formally signaled departure from office. That is true for the imperial era as well. In all eras, lictors with fasces functioned as the extension of the person of their superior. But the literary evidence suggests that they were notorious for engaging in gratuitous brutality on top of their fearsome official functions, which allowed them even to enter private residences. Class prejudice in the sources surely plays a role here: though slaves were excluded from serving in this role, freed slaves were not. If one were to take Christian polemicists at their word, it would seem that by later antiquity, lictors could be lumped together with torturers and executioners. What is secure is that display of the fasces—both authentic ones and ceremonial simulacra—continuously and forcefully reinforced power relations between higher and lower officials, magistrates and non-magistrates, nobles and non-nobles, citizens and non-citizens, and even heightened class consciousness and distinctions among women. (In the Republic, at least, lictors were forbidden to touch ones deemed respectable.)
Becoming a Chaplain
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter asks how those working as chaplains in Boston came to the work. Almost all interviewees had some theological education, though the ways they came to the work and their specific details of their training varies. Most came through personal connections, commitments to social justice, or the simple need for a job. Some—because of their gender, family situations, or sense of vocation—did not fit into the jobs people with their credentials typically obtain, and chaplaincy positions were a good alternative. While the largest group work in healthcare, many also work in colleges and universities or community settings, with one-quarter working across multiple sectors. The stories chaplains tell in this chapter confirm the breadth of people in the field and challenge efforts to professionalize it in simplistic or universal ways. They also show how chaplains are connected with local religious organizations, less through institutional connections and more through personal relationships they have with the clergy who lead them.
The Higher Objectives of Islamic Theology
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
On the Higher Objectives of Islamic Theology introduces a whole new genre to the Islamic tradition, entitled Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda. It challenges the common conception that while Christianity is more concerned with questions of orthodoxy, Islam is more concerned with matters of orthopraxy. The book contends that the Islamic tradition started initially with both: orthodoxy and orthopraxy (embodied in theology, Sufism, and law). However, by Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī’s (d. 1111) time, greater interest in Islamic law developed such that the Islamic tradition has become predominantly law-based. This development was also accompanied by a sense of discouragement against theology in the minds of Muslims, assuming that theology often leads to acrimonious disputes and strife among its practitioners. Resultantly, the theological project in the Islamic tradition has largely become limited to definitions and deliberations about the nature and qualities of the transcendent God but barely developed a systematic discipline with defined boundaries and a clear theory of objectives. Hence, the scope of modern Islamic theology (al-Kalām al-Jadīd) is hardly delineated. Addressing this gap, the book aims to develop a genre of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda, grappling primarily with the following questions: How do we chart a guide to the process of founding such a genre? In what ways can the emerging Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda benefit from the grown-up Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa (Higher Objectives of Islamic Law)? What are the ramifications of having an underdeveloped theology? In what ways can Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda help limit the practice of takfīr (excommunication) and enhance the intra- and interfaith relations?
Institutional Facts
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The aim of Chapter 1 is to clarify some of the key concepts at the foundation of institutional reality, such as social facts, institutional facts, and social rules; and to introduce the main philosophical challenges that will be addressed in this work. The main argument of the chapter is that we cannot provide a metaphysical account of institutional facts without an account of the ontology of social rules, and we cannot provide an account of the latter without a metaphysics of collective attitudes. The chapter concludes with a detailed roadmap of the rest of the book, explaining how the general argument unfolds.
Constitution by Rules
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Institutional facts are partly constituted by social rules. The main purpose of this chapter is to unpack the relations of constitution between rules and practices. The argument is twofold: First, that the grounding relations between rules and practices is entirely a matter of function, and function, in this context, is a matter of continued practical use by a given population. Second, that the functional explanation offered here shows Searle’s famous distinction between constitutive and regulative rules to be spurious, there is no structural difference between the two kinds of rules. Finally, the chapter also shows that it takes more than rules to ground a social practice; the grounding relations here are only partial. A minimal level of agreement in judgments between the participants about the practice’s point or value is also practically necessary.
Artifacts and the Limits of Error
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Artifacts are products of human agency. Though not necessarily institutional facts, artifacts are essential building blocks of our institutional reality. The main purpose of this chapter is to show that a proper metaphysical account of artifacts, in particular, of massive and intangible artifacts, is conducive to an understanding of institutional reality and social ontology, more generally. The second main purpose of the chapter is to show that there are certain types of comprehensive, group-wide, errors about aspects of artifacts that are not metaphysically possible. A population that creates and sustains an artifact has certain epistemic privileges about the content and/or function of the artifact in question, though not necessarily about other aspects of it. Since institutional facts are shown to depend on artifacts, the epistemic considerations that follow from the fact that an object is a product of human agency are wide and significant.
Power-Structuring Rules
Authors: Marmor Andrei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A remarkable aspect of our sociality is that humans managed to transform a great deal of brute power into an elaborate normative framework as well. This chapter is about the foundational role of normative powers, arguing that in every human society there are bound to be basic power-structuring rules, constituting foundational building blocks of significant aspects of our institutional reality, by grounding the existence of hierarchical social practices. Practices and institutions are hierarchical in virtue of the normative powers they exercise and deploy. Given the ubiquitous and recurrent practical need for some people to make decisions binding on others, hierarchical social practices are all around us, shaping very significant portions of our everyday lives.
Applied Corporate Risk and Liquidity Management
Authors: Lie Erik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A proper cash level facilitates value-enhancing investments and shields firms against financial distress. The book discusses how managers should use risk management and payouts, including dividends, stock repurchases, and debt payout, to attain a proper cash level. It does so by (i) establishing a strong theoretical foundation for the role of cash, (ii) deliberating practical considerations of risk management and payout policy, and (iii) demonstrating applied tools that assist managers in making good decisions. Monte Carlo simulations of future cash holdings are introduced early and serve as a common thread throughout the book. Illustrations are used heavily to explain concepts and help the reader retain the material.
Introduction
Authors: Goldman Loren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates the book in light of recent discussions in politics and political theory about progress, despair, and temporal consciousness. It argues that the currently prevalent scholarly emphasis on pessimism and despair in thinkers like Wendy Brown, Joshua Dienstag, and Robyn Marasco, among others, neglects the indispensable, creative aspects of hope in politics. It gives the outlines of a definition of hope and presents a variety of approaches to the phenomenon drawn from philosophy, political theory, literary and cultural studies, religion, and anthropology. It lays out, furthermore, the reasons for taking Kant, Bloch, and the American pragmatists as central interlocutors for a discussion of modern political hope, and offers an overview of the book’s structure.
Kant, Practical Belief, and the Regulative Idea of Progress
Authors: Goldman Loren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs in detail Immanuel Kant’s theory of political hope, with emphasis on his writings on practical philosophy, history, anthropology, and politics. It offers a synoptic view of his critical system and foregrounds the role of progress as a postulate of practical reason, as well as Kant’s notion of practical belief. It argues for hope as a phenomenological stance appropriate and indeed necessary for political action, a view supported with reference to Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of the Power of Judgment; from the latter text it draws the idea that one must act in order to be permitted to hope. Finally, it interprets Kant’s less formal writings on practical matters against this background, and puts him in conversation with modern commentators on his work.
A reappraisal of progress in evolution
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPhysics has its universal law of regress, the perpetual increase of disorder formalized by entropy, but biology lacks a generally accepted principle of progress even though it is obvious that life’s organizational complexity has progressed. The concept of evolutionary progress has been debated from before Darwin’s days, misused for political purposes, and remained controversial. As many have noted, lineages do not necessarily gain organizational complexity over time, but Ronald Fisher’s fundamental theorem established that progress should be real, albeit always relative, when we only consider adaptive evolutionary change shaped by natural selection. Progress is easier to grasp when focusing on the major transitions in evolution (MTEs), the unique “ratchet clicks” towards higher organizational complexity. The MTE concept is generally assumed to have arisen in the last decade of the 20th century, but goes back to William Morton Wheeler and, particularly, Julian Huxley in the first years of that century. I review these neglected insights to show that they were correctly and transparently argued, that they remained appreciated in their original form until the 1960s, and that they were, and remain, fully compatible with the neo-Darwinian perspective. In comparison, modern discussions of evolutionary progress and actual research on the MTEs have not been very productive. I follow Huxley and Bonner in considering the four canonical levels of nonhuman hierarchical organization and show how they define life’s domains of social evolution and the clicks of the MTE ratchet clicks between them. I then conjecture how these MTE origins can be explained by a single set of genetic information conditions, a basis from which I will develop the contours of a kin selection theory of organismality in the next two chapters.
The legal context
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the legal framework within which both formal and informal testamentary promises currently operate across common and civil law jurisdictions. It shows that many legal systems are suspicious of them and tend to privilege the promisor’s position, and explores why that might be the case. It further shows that irrespective of whether or not a legal system admits the validity of formal testamentary promises, in both civil and common law traditions courts are usually confronted with informal testamentary promises. However, most legal systems lack a specific framework capable of capturing informal testamentary promises, which compels promisees to seek redress by resorting to various doctrines of private law, not all of which are open to all promisees or suited to the testamentary context. Thus, the chapter illustrates the complexities that distinguish testamentary arrangements and the difficulties promisees face when going to court. It further explores the difficulty courts face when deciding whether and how to protect the promisee’s interests, showing how their decisions have potential implications for other promisees, creditors and successors of the promisor, those with a moral claim against her estate, and third-party transferees.
Establishing detrimental reliance on the promise
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the extent to which the equitable doctrine of proprietary estoppel can protect the interests of promisees of testamentary promises in common law jurisdictions. It examines the scope of the doctrine, what requirements promisees must meet, how awards are being quantified, and evaluates the extent to which the doctrine is capable of protecting the promisee’s interests in an effective manner. It argues that while some aspects of the operation of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel are still uncertain, on the whole, the doctrine is sensitive to the context (including the particular relationship and the character of the parties, but also the value of intangible benefits) in which informal testamentary promises are expressed and able to protect the interests of a wide range of promisees. It further aims to show that while some scholars are critical of the development of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel, many of the objections raised are unfounded or can be overcome.
Establishing the value of the promisor’s enrichment in German and French law
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores how enrichment law can come to the aid of a testamentary promisee in both German and French law and the extent to which it offers satisfactory protection to promisees. The chapter explores what requirements promisees must meet and how relief is quantified. It shows that although enrichment law can sometimes offer protection, its application and protection is generally limited. Due to the relevance of mutual benefits (e.g. in the form of free accommodation) in the context of both establishing the claim and quantifying the recoverable amount, and the availability of defences on the part of the promisor, it may be desirable for a promisee to seek out other forms of redress. In fact, with an enrichment claim there is usually a greater focus on financial aspects which makes it generally less suitable to the testamentary context. Also, the motives of the promisee and societal expectations can play a role when establishing whether there was a legal basis for the enrichment. This seems to be especially true of French law, where the potential practical and psychological hurdles involved when proving the promisor’s enrichment may arguably be even higher than, for instance, in German law.
Applying Systems Thinking to Health Workforce Development
Authors: Abu-Agla Ayat , Badr Elsheikh 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe health workforce is the cornerstone for health systems and pivotal for healthcare and population health improvement. In many countries and internationally, the health workforce continues to present a challenge and a target area for interventions aimed at strengthening health systems and improving health. Following decades of neglect and vertical interventions, a systems-thinking approach has started to inform health workforce development in many settings, with more frameworks aligned with systems thinking emerging. Sudan, for example, introduced a significant health workforce transformation initiative in 2001. Adopting a systems-thinking approach, this initiative resulted in tangible achievements in promoting its health workforce. This chapter sets out to reflect on the Sudan’s experience in approaching health workforce development through a systems-thinking approach. Capitalizing on secondary sources and reflecting on our first-hand experience of work within the country’s Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH), we describe and analyze the course of action taken among the Sudanese health workforce over the past two decades. Specifically, we employ the World Health Organization’s “working lifespan” framework to describe interventions related to health workforce development and the lessons emerging. In addition to reflecting on these achievements, we identify the remaining challenges, and present lessons learned for health workforce strengthening in Sudan and beyond.