bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of sex chromosome conflict to disrupted spermatogenesis in hybrid house mice
Authors: Kopania Emily E K , Watson Eleanor M , Rathje Claudia C , Skinner Benjamin M , Ellis Peter J I , Larson Erica L , Good Jeffrey M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Incompatibilities on the sex chromosomes are important in the evolution of hybrid male sterility, but the evolutionary forces underlying this phenomenon are unclear. House mice (Mus musculus) lineages have provided powerful models for understanding the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility. X chromosome–autosome interactions cause strong incompatibilities in M. musculus F1 hybrids, but variation in sterility phenotypes suggests a more complex genetic basis. In addition, XY chromosome conflict has resulted in rapid expansions of ampliconic genes with dosage-dependent expression that is essential to spermatogenesis. Here, we evaluated the contribution of XY lineage mismatch to male fertility and stage-specific gene expression in hybrid mice. We performed backcrosses between two house mouse subspecies to generate reciprocal Y-introgression strains and used these strains to test the effects of XY mismatch in hybrids. Our transcriptome analyses of sorted spermatid cells revealed widespread overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 hybrids independent of Y chromosome subspecies origin. Thus, postmeiotic overexpression of the X chromosome in sterile F1 mouse hybrids is likely a downstream consequence of disrupted meiotic X-inactivation rather than XY gene copy number imbalance. Y chromosome introgression did result in subfertility phenotypes and disrupted expression of several autosomal genes in mice with an otherwise nonhybrid genomic background, suggesting that Y-linked incompatibilities contribute to reproductive barriers, but likely not as a direct consequence of XY conflict. Collectively, these findings suggest that rapid sex chromosome gene family evolution driven by genomic conflict has not resulted in strong male reproductive barriers between these subspecies of house mice.
Identifying an oligodendrocyte enhancer that regulatesOlig2expression
Authors: Fan Chuandong , Kim Dongkyeong , An Hongjoo , Park Yungki 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOlig2 is a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in the central nervous system. It directs the specification of motor neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from neural progenitors and the subsequent maturation of OPCs into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). It is also required for the development of astrocytes. Despite a decade-long search, enhancers that regulate the expression of Olig2 remain elusive. We have recently developed an innovative method that maps promoter-distal enhancers to genes in a principled manner. Here, we applied it to Olig2 in the context of OL lineage cells, uncovering an OL enhancer for it (termed Olig2-E1). Silencing Olig2-E1 by CRISPRi epigenome editing significantly downregulated Olig2 expression. Luciferase assay and ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq data show that Olig2-E1 is an OL-specific enhancer that is conserved across human, mouse and rat. Hi-C data reveal that Olig2-E1 physically interacts with OLIG2 and suggest that this interaction is specific to OL lineage cells. In sum, Olig2-E1 is an evolutionarily conserved OL-specific enhancer that drives the expression of Olig2.
Gamete donation: anti-anonymity does not equate to anti-donation
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
What is the relationship between the position that anonymous gamete donation is wrong (i.e. the anti-anonymity position) and the position that all gamete donation is wrong (i.e. the anti-donation position)? Some argue that people who accept the anti-anonymity position should also accept the anti-donation position on the grounds that the two positions share the same main arguments. But that’s not true. One argument in favor of anti-anonymity does not generate genuine dialectical pressure to accept the anti-donation position. The other anti-anonymity arguments do generate dialectical pressure, but not in a way that pushes toward the anti-donation position. Instead, they push toward what we might call the ‘pro-known-donation’ position. So, either there is no dialectical pressure or, where there is, it doesn’t flow toward the anti-donation position.
Telling stories to understand research impact: narratives from the Lenfest Ocean Program
Authors: Hudson Charlotte G , Knight Emily , Close Sarah L , Landrum Jason P , Bednarek Angela , Shouse Ben 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFor almost 20 years, the Lenfest Ocean Program has funded research projects around the world to generate information that managers, policymakers, and communities can use to develop solutions to ocean and coastal threats. To assess our grantmaking, we wanted to understand whether our philanthropic contribution has had an impact both inside and outside of academic circles. We found that narrative storytelling, as an alternative to a formal analysis, allowed us to explore the different dimensions of research impact, such as how scientific information can prompt progress toward sustainable management or policy change, how a research project’s structure can facilitate impact, and how building relationships and trust among project participants throughout a project may increase the use of future research results. Both the process of documenting the activities and events that resulted from funded projects from various perspectives and the writing of the story itself, helped us understand how science was or wasn’t used. By sharing what we have learned about projects that successfully informed management decisions as well as projects that fell short of their goals, we hope to shed light on the complex relationship between science and environmental decision-making through the lens of research impact.
Safety and Efficacy of Propofol- and Ketamine-Based Procedural Sedation Regimen in Pediatric Patients During Burn Repetitive Dressing Change: 10 Years Single Center Experience
Authors: Yabrodi Mouhammad , Shieh Yu Jeffrey , Slaven James E , Lutfi Riad , Abulebda Kamal , Abu-Sultaneh Samer 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt is crucial to provide an adequate level of sedation and analgesia during burn dressing changes in the pediatric population due to the amount of pain and anxiety patients experience during the procedure. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intensivist-based deep sedation regimen using a combination of propofol and ketamine to provide procedural sedation to pediatric burn patients. This is a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent inpatient burn wound dressing changes from 2011 through 2021. Demographic and clinical data, including age, length of the procedure, recovery time, medication doses, and adverse events, were collected. A total of 104 patients aged between 45 and 135 months with a median total burn body surface area (TBSA) of 11.5 percent (interquartile range [IQR] 4.0, 25.0) underwent 378 procedural sedation encounters with propofol- and ketamine-based sedation. The median total dose of propofol was 7 mg/kg (IRQ 5.3, 9.2). Of these sedations, 64 (17 percent) had minor adverse events, of which 50 (13 percent) were transient hypoxemia, 12 (3 percent) were upper airway obstruction, and 2 (0.5 percent) were hypotension. There were no serious adverse events. Hypoxemia was not related to age, weight, gender, burn TBSA, or total dose of propofol. There were 35 (33.6 percent) patients who had repetitive sedation encounters with no statistically significant changes in propofol dose or adverse events with the repeated encounters. Children can be effectively sedated for repetitive inpatient burn dressing changes. Given the high-risk patient populations, this procedure should be performed under the vigilance of highly trained providers.
Can a MacIntyrian Care about Severely Disabled Strangers?
Authors: McCracken Gennady 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
I argue that Alasdair MacIntyre has important resources to provide in the debate over the moral status of severely disabled people. In contrast, Gregory Poore suggests that MacIntyre’s virtue theory cannot account for our responsibilities to severely disabled people. Given that MacIntyre bases his theory around community membership, this charge is made especially severe in the case of severely disabled strangers. I present an interpretation of MacIntyre that accounts for responsibilities to severely disabled strangers. I then argue that Poore is wrong to conclude that MacIntyre does not include severely disabled people in communities.
Current Smoking and Risk of Coronavirus Infection and Illness in a Highly Controlled Challenge Study: A Re-analysis of the British Cold Study
Authors: Dove Melanie S , Leistikow Bruce N , Khan Nossin , Tong Elisa K 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Meta-analyses have shown an association between smoking and the risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity, but the risk of smoking and coronavirus infection is less clear.

Aims and Methods
We re-analyzed data from the British Cold Study, a 1986–1989 challenge study that exposed 399 healthy adults to 1 of 5 “common cold” viruses (including n = 55 for coronavirus 229E). Participants with cotinine levels below 15 ng/mL (noncurrent smokers) were compared with participants with higher cotinine levels or self-reported smoking (current smokers). We calculated overall and coronavirus-specific unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RRs) for current smoking and each outcome (infection and illness), and tested whether each association was modified by the type of respiratory virus.

Results
Current smokers had a higher adjusted risk than noncurrent smokers for infection (adjusted RR [aRR] = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.25) and illness (aRR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.96). Neither association was modified by an interaction term for smoking and type of virus (infection: p = .44, illness: p = .70). The adjusted RR estimates specific to coronavirus 229E for infection (aRR = 1.22, 95% CI: .91, 1.63) and illness (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: .62, 2.08) were not statistically significant.

Conclusions
These RRs provide estimates of the strength of associations between current smoking and infection and illness that can be used to guide tobacco control decisions.

Implications
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found an association between smoking and COVID-19 disease severity, but fewer studies have examined infection and illness. The British Cold Study, a high-quality challenge study that exposed healthy volunteers to respiratory viruses including a coronavirus, provides an opportunity to estimate the RR for current smoking and infection and illness from coronaviruses and other viruses to guide tobacco control decisions. Compared with noncurrent smokers, current smokers had a 12% increased risk of having a laboratory-confirmed infection and a 48% increased risk of a diagnosed illness, which was not modified by the type of respiratory virus including a coronavirus.
Scottish Presbyterians
Authors: Beebe Keith Edward 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the sixteenth-century Scottish Reformation was an evangelical movement comprising all the biblicist, crucicentrist, conversionist, and activist characteristics normally associated with the broader evangelicalism that emerged in the 1730s. These characteristics, and the revival tradition that embodied them, were essential features of Scottish religion and identity into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By highlighting the important contributions Scottish Presbyterians made to the broader evangelical movement in the eighteenth century and beyond, the chapter goes on to demonstrate the crucial role they played in shaping the movement that came to be known as evangelicalism.
The New Divinity
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This essay assesses the history and legacy of the New Divinity movement. The New Divinity movement built on the work and ministry of Jonathan Edwards following his death. This movement had at least two subtraditions: one stemming from the sharp-edged polemics of Hopkinsians, another emanating from the pastoral and ecumenical strains of Edwards’s student Joseph Bellamy and grandson Timothy Dwight. American scholar Joseph Haroutunian set the paradigm for New Divinity scholarship throughout most of the twentieth century. Haroutunian was critical of Edwards’s successors, but his work was eclipsed in the late twentieth century by revisionary scholarship. Joseph Conforti’s work symbolized most clearly the changing tides of scholarship, and scholars began to appreciate the Edwardseans’ contributions more fully. The New Divinity movement coalesced around two theological principles: the distinction between the natural and moral ability to obey God and an insistence on immediate repentance. The movement utilized its social ties (including its “schools of the prophets” and the group consciousness they cultivated) and institutional initiatives to gain clout throughout America. Its growth and popularity—including its members, publications, and benevolent endeavors—are a testament to its influence and the role it played in shaping the American religious landscape.
Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Haydon Colin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the anti-Catholicism of early evangelicals, chiefly in Great Britain, Ireland, and North America. It investigates the subject in the light of shifting national and international contexts, sometimes focusing on specific topics, such as Jacobitism, British imperial politics, the Gordon riots, the French Revolution, and evangelical responses to the possibility of the British Parliament granting Catholic emancipation. The opinions of leading evangelicals, notably John Wesley and members of the Clapham Sect, are outlined. Above all, the article stresses evangelicals’ hostility to much “popish” theology and their desire to convert Roman Catholics, whose souls they considered imperiled by the doctrines of “Popery.”
Slavery
Authors: Harvey Paul 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Evangelicals developed ideas that made the evangelicalism of slaves possible. At the same time, they produced a theology that justified the institution of slavery itself. Meanwhile, early African and Native converts challenged those who would define whiteness as Christianity, and the early abolition movement in England was empowered by the tireless efforts of religious activists. Early evangelicals developed proto-versions of the “positive good” pro-slavery argument. But the premises of evangelicalism, followed to their logical conclusion, also could undermine that very argument, particularly when set within the context of a liberal democratic society in America and parliamentary efforts in England to end the slave trade. And yet American evangelicals in the South produced the most sustained religious defense of slavery, one never successfully refuted by abolitionists. Early evangelicalism, then, had a complicated relationship with slavery, one that varied considerably between England and America/the United States. The evangelical role in early anti-slavery in England produced a massive change in sentiment toward slavery internationally, but American evangelicalism became a crucial part of the most powerful slave society created in the modern world.
Jonathan Edwards’s Life and Thought
Authors: Minkema Kenneth P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As part of the effort to define early evangelicalism as a distinct movement, this chapter considers the eighteenth-century British-American theologian and revivalist Jonathan Edwards according to the parameters set by prominent historian of early modern religion W. R. Ward. The discussion utilizes his template for identifying early evangelicals, including an emphasis on the mystical tradition; the use of small-group religion; an eschatology that places the end-times at a “middle distance”; adherence to an experimental devotional method; a reaction against Aristotelianism; and employment of a vitalist conception of nature. The tasks are to evaluate the construct, “early evangelicalism,” and determine whether Edwards fits within such a construct. While he by and large bears out Ward’s hexagon, there are some important ways in which he does not fit it.
Olaudah Equiano, Phillis Wheatley Peters, and the Black Evangelical Experience
Authors: Carretta Vincent 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which authors such as Phillis Wheatley Peters, Quobna Ottobah Cugoano, and Olaudah Equiano represent chattel slavery as paradoxically a fortunate fall because the secular fall of his or her physical body into slavery offered to the enslaved the spiritual freedom found through the gospel message. Exposure to Protestant Christianity, particularly to Methodism and its emphasis on literacy to gain access to the Bible, as well as its use of lay preachers, gave authors of African descent the authority to minister to their readers through print. Black authors employed various genres, including poetry, spiritual autobiography, and the jeremiad, to invoke Christianity to argue both indirectly and overtly for the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade and/or chattel slavery.
American Congregationalism
Authors: Brown Robert E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Representing the largest and most culturally influential religious body of the era, the Congregational Church was the foundational institution of early American evangelicalism. It was the location of the earliest strands of revivalist religious experience and provided the pivotal theological architects and promoters of evangelical Christianity. By the early nineteenth century, its leaders stood at the forefront of nearly every important social reform movement in the country and helped to found many of its most important missions agencies, both domestic and foreign. It also produced some of the strongest backlash against evangelicalism, chiefly manifested in the institutional development of American Unitarianism. Evangelical impulses in Congregationalism were used to advance the social equality of marginalized groups such as women, African Americans, and poor Whites, as well as to buttress the hierarchical status quo. It was the seedbed of some of the most original, imaginative, and important theological movements in early America.
The Moravians
Authors: Peucker Paul 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Moravian Church originated in 1722, when Protestant refugees from Moravia founded the town of Herrnhut on the estate of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. Herrnhut developed into an independent religious community, only loosely connected to the local Lutheran parish church under the leadership of Zinzendorf, who was not only their secular lord but also their spiritual leader. This “renewed Moravian Church” quickly spread through the European continent, Britain, and North America. Moravian missionaries went to the enslaved in the Caribbean, to the Inuit in Greenland and Labrador, to the American Indians, and to the Khoi in southern Africa. Within a few decades, Herrnhut had become the center of one of the significant religious transatlantic movements of the eighteenth century, attracting Germans, Dutch, English, Scandinavians, American Indians, and enslaved men and women in the Caribbean.
Methodism
Authors: Ceri Jones David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence and development of Methodism. Historical writing on Methodism has been dominated by John Wesley and the branch of Methodism that he founded. However, this chapter argues that Methodism was a more varied movement, that there were Methodisms, rather than a singular Methodism. It examines the beginnings of the Methodist revival in England under the leadership of George Whitefield and in Wales by Howel Harris and Daniel Rowland in the late 1730s. It then charts the divergence of the revivals along Calvinist and Arminian/Wesleyan lines. As well as teasing out the character of early Methodism, it also suggests some ways in which early Methodism shaped the wider evangelical movement. It concludes with some reflections on the contrasting fortunes of Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales and some reasons for the ultimate dominance of Wesley’s brand of Methodism in England and further afield.
Dutch Evangelicalism
Authors: van Lieburg Fred 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a tentative sketch of features and figures in Dutch (Reformed) Protestantism that usually are embedded in the history of Pietism (including the waning of the so-called Nadere Reformatie movement), but also could be incorporated in a (pre)history of Evangelicalism. Starting in the late seventeenth century, when the religious landscape of the Northern Netherlands had stabilized with a majority of Reformed people in the public church, the story of inner and outward piety in theological discourse and popular practice tells about emotional forms of preaching, reading, and believing in a context of growing openness to the world beyond local congregations and private meetings. After 1760, the breakthrough of Enlightenment in mainstream culture facilitated initiatives for religious sociability, missionary action, and Bible distribution, paving the way for a culture of moderate orthodoxy and civil piety which characterized Dutch Protestantism well into the nineteenth century. All the time, parallel to German Lutheran as well as Reformed Pietism (as described in this volume by Jan Stievermann), personal contacts and correspondence with British and American fellow spirits marked the international space of evangelicalism.
Effective Filtering: Language Comprehension and Testimonial Entitlement
Authors: Grodniewicz J P 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt is often suggested that we are equipped with a set of cognitive tools that help us to filter out unreliable testimony. But are these tools effective? I answer this question in two steps. Firstly, I argue that they are not real-time effective. The process of filtering, which takes place simultaneously with or right after language comprehension, does not prevent a particular hearer on a particular occasion from forming beliefs based on false testimony. Secondly, I argue that they are long-term effective. Some hearers sometimes detect false testimony, which increases speakers’ incentives for honesty and stabilizes the practice of human communication in which deception is risky and costly. In short, filtering prevents us from forming a large number of beliefs based on false testimony, not by turning each of us into a high-functioning polygraph but by turning the social environment of human communication into one in which such polygraphs are not required. Finally, I argue that these considerations support strong anti-reductionism about testimonial entitlement.