bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early recognition of child abuse through screening indicators at the emergency department: experience of a tertiary urban pediatric hospital
Authors: Offidani Caterina , Villani Alberto , Reale Antonino , Marchili Maria Rosaria , Aufiero Lelia Rotondi , Moras Patrizio , Lodise Maria , Raucci Umberto , Barbieri Maria Antonietta , Raponi Massimiliano 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Emergency Departments play a pivotal role in detecting cases of child abuse. Despite the efforts made in the past decades on the need for a screening method for the early detection of abuse victims, a unique instrument shared by the international scientific community has not been made. These instruments should be able to help recognizing whether it is necessary to further investigate the child’s condition. The aim of the study is to illustrate the screening indicators in use since 2010 in the Emergency Department of the Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital to early recognise the victims of abuse and the modifying process of the screening tool undertaken over the years.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the process that led to the editing of the indicators of child abuse in use nowadays at the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital. We codified three clinical pathways to apply in case of suspected abuse. Furthermore, we investigated the medical records of screening-positive accesses in the Paediatric Emergency Department of the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital from January 2008 to October 2020.

Results
An estimation of positive screening, regarding the type of abuse suspected, and the number of accessed in ED was made, resulting in a cohort of 956 patients. In 2010 we created a list of 14 items grouped in three clusters: anamnestic declarations or incongruences, carelessness/neglect and evident lesions at physical examination. Positivity to one of the items allows the actuation of the investigating protocol named as clinical pathway.In 2013, after three years of experience, the criteria were edited to increase specificity. The application of screening led to a median number of 82 suspected cases/year from 2013 to 2020.

Conclusion
A screening tool is essential and productive for the early recognition of victims of abuse. An in-deep analysis of suspected cases through a standardized method, such as the clinical pathway, allowed reaching the diagnosis in a more accurate and precise manner.
The triangle of inequality in dental services: arguments for a new conceptual framework
Authors: Ghanbarzadegan Arash , Bastani Peivand , Balasubramanian Madhan , Brennan David , Jamieson Lisa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis short communication paper aimed to compile the main determinants of inequality in dental services by distinguishing between access, utilisation, and provision of dental services. Recent findings integrated, and a dedicated conceptual framework entitled “Triangle of inequality in dental services” has been suggested. These can contribute a rich knowledge in this area and open a new window for policymakers and researchers to seek applied interventions to decrease inequality and improve access and utilisation in communities. This paper aims to synthesise the available evidence and add value to the scope. It highlights a dedicated concept for inequality in dental services beyond other areas of public health.
From shallow to deep: some lessons learned from application of machine learning for recognition of functional genomic elements in human genome
Authors: Jankovic Boris , Gojobori Takashi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIdentification of genomic signals as indicators for functional genomic elements is one of the areas that received early and widespread application of machine learning methods. With time, the methods applied grew in variety and generally exhibited a tendency to improve their ability to identify some major genomic and transcriptomics signals. The evolution of machine learning in genomics followed a similar path to applications of machine learning in other fields. These were impacted in a major way by three dominant developments, namely an enormous increase in availability and quality of data, a significant increase in computational power available to machine learning applications, and finally, new machine learning paradigms, of which deep learning is the most well-known example. It is not easy in general to distinguish factors leading to improvements in results of applications of machine learning. This is even more so in the field of genomics, where the advent of next-generation sequencing and the increased ability to perform functional analysis of raw data have had a major effect on the applicability of machine learning in OMICS fields. In this paper, we survey the results from a subset of published work in application of machine learning in the recognition of genomic signals and regions in human genome and summarize some lessons learnt from this endeavor. There is no doubt that a significant progress has been made both in terms of accuracy and reliability of models. Questions remain however whether the progress has been sufficient and what these developments bring to the field of genomics in general and human genomics in particular. Improving usability, interpretability and accuracy of models remains an important open challenge for current and future research in application of machine learning and more generally of artificial intelligence methods in genomics.
Altitude of pulsating arcs as inferred from tomographic measurements
Authors: Safargaleev Vladimir , Sergienko Tima , Hosokawa Keisuke , Oyama Shin-ichiro , Ogawa Yasunobu , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kurita Satoshi , Fujii Ryochi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractData from three all-sky cameras in Kiruna and Tjautjas (Sweden) were used to estimate the altitude of pulsating arc-like forms using optical tomography. The event under consideration occurred during the substorm recovery phase and comprised both periodic luminosity variation of the on/off type with repetition periods of 3–6 s (main pulsations) and faster scintillation (approximately 2 Hz) during the “on” phase of the main pulsations. It is found that (1) the altitudes of the pulsating auroral arcs decrease during “on” intervals from ~ 95 km to ~ 92 km and (2) for two closely spaced arcs, internal modulation took place only in the lowest arc. The results may be interpreted in the frame of the traditional mechanism assuming electron scattering via VLF-wave/particle interaction in the equatorial magnetosphere, while the internal modulation may also be alternatively interpreted in the frame of the less-often inferred mechanism of field-aligned acceleration somewhere between the equatorial plane and ionosphere.
Graphical Abstract
Deformation source revealed from leveling survey in Jigokudani valley, Tateyama volcano, Japan
Authors: Hotta Kohei , Kusumoto Shigekazu , Takahashi Hidenori , Hayakawa Yuichi S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe modeled the vertical deformation detected from a leveling survey in Jigokudani valley, Tateyama volcano, central Japan. In Jigokudani valley, uplift of 4 cm/year was previously detected during the period from 2007 to 2010 by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). To confirm whether this inflation has continued to present day, we have conducted leveling surveys in Jigokudani valley since 2015. Most bench marks showed a subsidence of up to 5.6 cm during the 4-year period from October 2016 to September 2020, while a bench mark located at the center of the leveling route uniquely showed an uplift of 1.6 cm. We applied a dislocation source model to the deformation using a grid search method. A crack with a length of 650 m, a width of 425 m, a strike of N18° E and a dip of 67° is located at a depth of 50 m near the center of Jigokudani valley (Koya jigoku and the new fumarolic area) where higher activity has been observed recently. Closing of the crack of 59 cm yields a volume decrease of 163,000 m3. The closing direction of the crack is parallel to the line of old explosion craters (Mikurigaike and Midorigaike ponds) and corresponds to the current maximum compressive stress field in the region of the Hida Mountains, including Tateyama volcano. The deformation source of the previous period from 2007 to 2010 detected from InSAR was estimated to be at a depth of 50 m and a gas chamber was correspondingly found in an audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) survey. The AMT survey also revealed that thermal fluid is accumulating from a magma chamber and the location of our crack is similar to uppermost part of the thermal fluid path. During the period from 2015 to 2016, the crack opened and the inflation stopped during the next 1 year period from 2016 to 2017. During the period from 2017 to 2020, the crack began closing, probably because of the increase in emissions of volcanic fluid or gas with the formation of a new crater at the western side of Jigokudani valley during the period from 2017 to 2018.
Graphical Abstract
Effective unwrapping of complicated phases by exploiting multiple interferograms: a case study of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake
Authors: Morishita Yu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSynthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry can measure ground surface deformation with high accuracy and spatial resolution, in the form of phase change in an interferogram. The phase is observed modulo 2π (i.e., wrapped), and unwrapping is necessary to obtain the absolute amount of deformation. Although several advanced automatic unwrapping algorithms and approaches have been proposed, unwrapping errors can occur, especially in complicated phases. Manual adjustment of the integration path in the unwrapping may improve the unwrapping result. However, sometimes, it tends to be challenging even for an expert. In this report, I describe an effective unwrapping approach for complicated phases to obtain a reliable unwrapping result using multiple interferograms. A common integration path guide is created from geocoded interferograms and their phase noise coherence estimates, which reduces/eliminates the effort involved in manual adjustment and greatly reduces unwrapping errors. The remaining unwrapping errors were detected from residuals between the unwrapped phases of multiple interferograms and corrected based on isolated components. A case study was taken up in the northwest of the outer rim of the Aso caldera. Here, plenty of displacement lineaments were generated by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, resulting in severely complicated interferometric phases to correctly unwrap by any existing approaches. Therefore, the proposed approach effectively and efficiently retrieves reliable unwrapped phases and subsequent significant interpretations of the displacement lineaments. This effective unwrapping approach may reveal complicated deformations and unrecognized mechanisms in future earthquakes or other deformation-causing geophysical phenomena.
Graphical Abstract
Review on the extraction of bioactive compounds and characterization of fruit industry by-products
Authors: Patra Abhipriya , Abdullah S. , Pradhan Rama Chandra 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe by-products produced from fruit processing industries could be a potential hazard to environmental pollution. However, these by-products contain several biologically active molecules (essential fatty acid, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, coloring pigments, pectin, proteins, dietary fibers, and vitamins), which can be utilized for various applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries. Nevertheless, during extraction, these bioactive compounds' recovery must be maximized using proper extraction technologies, keeping both economy and environment under consideration. In addition, the characteristics of the extract obtained from those by-products depend mainly on the parameters considered during the extraction process. In this review, an overview of different technologies used to extract bioactive compounds from fruit industry by-products such as seeds and peels has been briefly discussed, along with their mechanisms, process, advantages, disadvantages, and process parameters. In addition, the characteristics of the extracted bioactive compounds have also been briefly discussed in this review.
Graphical Abstract
Statistical machine learning model for capacitor planning considering uncertainties in photovoltaic power
Authors: Fu Xueqian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNew energy integration and flexible demand response make smart grid operation scenarios complex and changeable, which bring challenges to network planning. If every possible scenario is considered, the solution to the planning can become extremely time-consuming and difficult. This paper introduces statistical machine learning (SML) techniques to carry out multi-scenario based probabilistic power flow calculations and describes their application to the stochastic planning of distribution networks. The proposed SML includes linear regression, probability distribution, Markov chain, isoprobabilistic transformation, maximum likelihood estimator, stochastic response surface and center point method. Based on the above SML model, capricious weather, photovoltaic power generation, thermal load, power flow and uncertainty programming are simulated. Taking a 33-bus distribution system as an example, this paper compares the stochastic planning model based on SML with the traditional models published in the literature. The results verify that the proposed model greatly improves planning performance while meeting accuracy requirements. The case study also considers a realistic power distribution system operating under stressed conditions.
Genetic variability and characters association for yield, yield attributing traits and protein content of lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus) genotype in Ethiopia
Authors: Takele Emebet , Mekbib Firew , Mekonnen Fikru 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundLentil is a multipurpose annual legume crop grown in many environments of Ethiopia and recognized as the second center of diversity in the country. However, there is limited information on genetic variation, association of yield, yield-attributing traits, and protein content of lentil in the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the genetic variability, traits association, direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits and protein content on seed yield of lentil genotypes.MethodsA total of 64 lentil genotypes were evaluated for morpho-agronomic traits and protein content in an 8 × 8 simple lattice design at Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Center in 2018.ResultsThe analysis of variance displayed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits indicating the existence of variability and potential for selection of the genotypes for desirable traits. High heritability and high genetic advance were observed for seed yield (96.57%, 81.32%), above-ground biomass (79.03%, 57.99%), days to 50% flowering (70.97%, 23.17%), and the number of seeds per pod (69.41%, 38.23%), respectively. High heritability and moderate genetic advance were detected in plant height (62.63%, 19.77%) and protein content (73.2%, 17.13%), respectively. A positive and significant correlations was observed in phenotypic and genotypic levels of seed yield and above-ground biomass (r = 0.90, 0.93), number of seed per pods (r = 0.79, 0.85), number of pods per plant (r = 0.52, 0.64), plant height (r = 0.49, 0.55), harvest index (r = 0.38, 0.45), secondary branches (r = 0.48, 0.56) and protein content (r = 0.24, 0.26), respectively. Above-ground biomass, harvest index, secondary branches, plant height, number of pods per plant, and protein content were exerted positive and direct effect on yield at phenotypic and genotypic level. This suggested that seed yield, above-ground biomass, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, plant height, secondary branches, and protein content are the most important traits in selection of lentil improvement.ConclusionThe study results showed that the presence of wide range of genetic variations among lentil genotypes with desirable traits in above-ground biomass, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, seed yield, and protein content. This variation among traits could be used to develop varieties through selection and hybridization for lentil seed improvement.
Assessment of immunization procedures for foot-and-mouth disease in large-scale pig farms in China based on actual data and dynamics
Authors: Ren Huarong , Jin Zhen , Pei Xin , Li Mingtao , Wang Youming , Zhang Juan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly infectious and pathogenic animal disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of the swine breeding industry in China, pig farms have shown a trend of larger-scale development. Large-scale pig farms employ standardized management, a high level of automation, and a strict system. However, these farms have a large trading volume, and increased transmission intensity of FMD is noted inside the farm. At present, the main control measure against FMD is pig vaccination. However, a standard for immunization procedures is not available, and currently adopted immunization procedures have not been effectively and systematically evaluated. Taking a typical large-scale pig farm in China as the research subject and considering the breeding pattern, piggery structure, age structure and immunization procedures, an individual-based state probability model is established to evaluate the effectiveness of the immune procedure. Based on numerical simulation, it is concluded that the optimal immunization program involves primary immunization at 40 days of age and secondary immunization at 80 days of age for commercial pigs. Breeding boars and breeding sows are immunized 4 times a year, and reserve pigs are immunized at 169 and 259 days of age. According to the theoretical analysis, the average control reproduction number of individuals under the optimal immunization procedure in the farm is 0.4927. In the absence of immunization, the average is 1.7498, indicating that the epidemic cannot be controlled without immunization procedures.
Plus ça change? Switching lithium preparations
Authors: Cousins David A. , Barnes Thomas R. E. , Young Allan H. , Delgado Oriana , Paton Carol 
Published: February 2022

Aims and methodA supply disruption alert in 2020, now rescinded, notified UK prescribers of the planned discontinuation of Priadel® (lithium carbonate) tablets. This service evaluation explored lithium dose and plasma levels before and after the switching of lithium brands, in order to determine the interchangeability of different brands of lithium from a pharmacokinetic perspective.ResultsData on the treatment of 37 patients switched from Priadel® tablets were analysed. Switching to Camcolit® controlled-release tablets at the same dose did not result in meaningful differences in plasma lithium levels. Dose adjustment and known or suspected poor medication adherence were associated with greater variability in plasma lithium levels on switching brands.Clinical implicationsFor comparable pre- and post-switch doses in adherent patients, the most common brands of lithium carbonate appear to produce similar plasma lithium levels. British National Formulary guidance relating to switching lithium brands may be unnecessarily complex.
Transgender children and young people: how the evidence can point the way forward
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe development of gender identity in children from around the age of 3 years is described. Wishes for transgender identity are distinguished from gender-atypical behaviour. Reasons for the recent rise in transgender referrals in the early teen years are discussed. The now widely used protocol developed by the Amsterdam group for assessing transgender children and young people and, where appropriate, offering them puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones and sex reassignment surgery is described. Evidence for the effectiveness of this approach is considered. The competence of young people to give consent to these procedures is discussed. Finally, proposals are made for topics urgently requiring further research.
Functional Assessment of Calcium-Sensing Receptor Variants Confirms Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Authors: Mullin Benjamin H , Pavlos Nathan J , Brown Suzanne J , Walsh John P , McKellar Ross A , Wilson Scott G , Ward Bryan K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Context
In the clinic it is important to differentiate primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) from the more benign, inherited disorder, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Since the conditions may sometimes overlap biochemically, identification of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene variants causative of FHH (but not PHPT) is the most decisive diagnostic aid. When novel variants are identified, bioinformatics and functional assessment are required to establish pathogenicity.

Objective
We identified 3 novel CASR transmembrane domain missense variants, Thr699Asn, Arg701Gly, and Thr808Pro, in 3 probands provisionally diagnosed with FHH and examined the variants using bioinformatics and functional analysis.

Methods
Bioinformatics assessment utilized wANNOVAR software. For functional characterization, each variant was cloned into a mammalian expression vector; wild-type and variant receptors were transfected into HEK293 cells, and their expression and cellular localization were assessed by Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence, respectively. Receptor activation in HEK293 cells was determined using an IP-One ELISA assay following stimulation with Ca++ ions.

Results
Bioinformatics analysis of the variants was unable to definitively assign pathogenicity. Compared with wild-type receptor, all variants demonstrated impaired expression of mature receptor reaching the cell surface and diminished activation at physiologically relevant Ca++ concentrations.

Conclusion
Three CASR missense variants identified in probands provisionally diagnosed with FHH result in receptor inactivation and are therefore likely causative of FHH. Inactivation may be due to inadequate processing/trafficking of mature receptor and/or conformational changes induced by the variants affecting receptor signaling. This study demonstrates the value of functional studies in assessing genetic variants identified in hypercalcemic patients.