bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe evolutionary process that transformed medicine is made evident by tracking health care spending over decades and centuries, yet has seldom been explicitly recognized. Details obfuscate broad assessments of institutional change and S-shaped growth. Short time series fail to reveal curvature and inflexion points. Individual patient and physician experiences show costs driven by diseases, yet aggregate data shows that national expenditures are determined by budgets and system changes. Reductive analysis of large-scale decisions can simplify and clarify financial dynamics with two questions: “How much is available to spend in total?” and “What share of that is devoted to medical care?” The distinctive nature of medical transactions is seen to have molded the growth path of national and individual expenditures.
Contesting Languages
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHow did the early followers of Jesus struggle with the many languages around them? This book argues that the idea that speaking tongue(s) is an ecstatic unintelligible phenomenon is an invention of German romantic-nationalist scholarship. It proposes another way of looking at this phenomenon through the lenses of immigration and the politics of language. Tongue(s) is a phenomenon of heteroglossia (the multiplicity of languages) and a site of political contestation. Two forces of language are at work in the New Testament: the centripetal forces of the silencing and unifying structure of monolingualism, and the centrifugal forces of tongue(s) as the heteroglossic gesture of welcoming linguistic others. As a competing social imagination, heteroglossia promises a radical openness and a hospitable space for the others, the foreigners.
Introduction: When Language Becomes a Site of Struggle
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis introduction section does the following three things. First, it begins with a reflection on Euripides’s Medea that provides a hint that Corinth was an immigrant city in the ancient world. Medea’s is the story of undocumented, unwanted, and rejected immigrants. Medea recounts the troubles, despair, anguish, and sorrow of immigrants. Second, it discusses Jonathan Z. Smith’s work on the miscommunication between Paul and the Corinthians, particularly highlighting his argument that tongue(s) is the native languages spoken by the second generation of immigrants in Corinth. Smith’s suspicion that the Corinthian tongue(s) are the mother tongues or native languages of the immigrants is precisely an idea that will be advanced throughout this book. Third, it briefly discusses the content of each chapter and the overall goal of the book.
Early Responses to Paul
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter places Paul in the larger sociohistorical context of the early Christian movements, particularly the first generation of Christians. Some early Christians did not leave Paul unquestioned. They challenged him and his teaching. They disagreed with him and talked back to him. Luke challenged him. The longer ending of Mark pushed back against him. Luke grounds his objection against Paul in a pneumatological basis, while the longer ending of Mark has a Christological basis. Luke imagines the work of the Spirit as being to give the disciples the ability to speak in different languages. The longer ending of Mark places the promise of multilinguality in the mouth of Jesus.
Breakfast at the Hills’
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter introduces the Hill family at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement. AV Hill is married to Margaret Keynes and they have four young children. Margaret, who grew up in prominent academic circles in Cambridge, is bisexual like her brother, the economist John Maynard Keynes. At the time of first meeting Hill, she was having an affair with Eglantyne Jebb. Margaret’s socially active mother engineered the marriage. The jilted Miss Jebb went off to Europe and founded Save the Children. Margaret, reading The Times, asks Hill, “Who do you think won the Nobel Prize for Physiology this year?” It so transpires that it was he, sharing it with Otto Meyerhof, a German scientist he had met a few times and whom he liked because he never supported Prussian militarism. Meyerhof writes a candid letter describing Schadenfreude among some of his colleagues and the ravages of German hyperinflation.
Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Born in Hanover into a family of wealthy, Jewish, textile merchants, the Meyerhofs moved to Berlin when Otto was very young. He spent an unremarkable boyhood until contracting nephritis as a teenager. During a prolonged convalescence, he became influenced by his artistic mother, read literature, wrote poetry, and visited Egypt on doctor’s orders. He attended various German medical schools before graduating in 1909. He wrote his doctorate on psychological aspects of mental illness, and also edited a student philosophical journal. Otto Warburg, a difficult colleague and friend, persuaded him to switch from psychiatry to physiology; they spent summers at the Marine Zoological Station in Naples, studying the metabolism of sea urchin eggs and fermentation. He sent Hill a copy of his first paper and soon visited Cambridge. In 1912, Meyerhof became an unpaid Privatdozent at Kiel University and then married Hedwig Schallenberg, an artistic woman from Cologne whom he met in Heidelberg.
Preparing for War
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
From 1934, Churchill tried to alert Great Britain to the threat posed by the expansion of the Luftwaffe. He was backed by his friend Frederick Lindemann, an Oxford physicist. The Air Ministry formed an exploratory group under Henry Tizard to examine air defense; Hill was recruited because of his AA expertise. Unlike other members of the committee, Lindemann did not accept the supremacy of radar as a means of aerial defense, causing Hill to become a persistent critic. Nazi persecution expanded in Germany: the Nuremberg Laws stripped the Meyerhofs of their citizenship. Having placed their two eldest children in England and the United States, Otto, Hedwig, and son Walter found refuge in Paris. Hill continued through the Academic Assistance Council to find employment for displaced European academics. As biological secretary of the Royal Society, he instigated a central bureau to collate details of thousands of British scientists who might provide valuable war work.
Legacies
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hill and Meyerhof met for the last time in Philadelphia in 1946. Winning the Nobel Prize really marked the beginning of Meyerhof’s stellar research career. He was in the German (and Jewish) tradition of superb biochemists, and his philosophical disposition allowed him to relate his own work to a much larger picture. His friend and fellow Nobel laureate, Otto Warburg, a man never modest about his own stature as a scientist, thought the understated Meyerhof was the greatest of that remarkable generation of biochemists. Hill is an exemplar of British science of his day: not overly concerned with theory but rooted in experiment. He approached science more as a sport than an intellectual pursuit. His contributions as a defense scientist and as a humanitarian were remarkable.
Exvangelicals
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Perhaps second only to the Mormons, evangelicals have traditionally been among America’s most successful religious groupings in terms of retaining cradle members into adulthood. This “embattled but thriving” (Christian Smith) subculture has in recent years shown growing signs of weakening. Tellingly, recent years have seen a slew of books focused on “prodigals”—i.e., those raised in committed Christian households who have (their parents hope temporarily) left behind the religious beliefs, practices, and/or identities in which they were raised. Especially following the election of Donald Trump, self-described “Exvangelicals” have attracted increasing attention in the media and academia. Drawing on original interviews with these evangelical nonverts, the chapter explores the many and complex reasons—including scandals, sex, gender roles, and science—they give for leaving.
Recovering Catholics
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Around three in every ten nonverts are former Catholics—the single largest denominational contributor. In fact, having being raised Catholic is a better predictor of identifying as a none than it is of being a weekly Mass-goer. While some of the same factors affecting other denominations apply here too, the ex-Catholic experience is distinctive. The sexual abuse crisis is, obviously, a major factor. But so too is the fact that cultural or ethnic senses of belonging can retain their power long after practice or belief have disappeared—something particularly significant in immigrant communities. This chapter also explores the popularity of Pope Francis, whom many ex-Catholic interviewees singled out for praise (as indeed did several from other religious backgrounds).
Power and Voice
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the growing power of diverse leaders and organizations in building public awareness of the urgency of the climate crisis. It describes their common call for prompt and strong action to mitigate climate change while also addressing social, environmental, and intergenerational injustice. It describes the pivotal environmental justice and climate justice movements such as the Black Environmental Justice Network, West Harlem Environmental Action, the Climate Justice Alliance, the Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative, and the European Environmental Bureau. It reviews the important roles of Indigenous activists; spiritual leaders like Pope Francis and the Dalai Lama; and Muslim, Jewish, Evangelical, and Interfaith groups, as well as scientific and other experts, environmental organizations, artists, and youth activists in building awareness of the crisis and shaping policy. It highlights the common themes across these groups: stewardship for the earth, justice, care for the young, the poor and vulnerable, and responsibility toward future generations.
Millennials as Digital Natives
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Millennial and non-Millennial preferences for news consumption. It first shows that Millennials are far more likely than non-Millennials to get their news from “new media” sources such as the internet and social media. Although these news sources are rife with misinformation, there is scant evidence that Millennials have a harder time than older generations in separating fact from fiction. This leads to the conclusion that individuals who lack confidence in their ability to spot misinformation avoid online news. Additionally, the chapter explores how varying news diets influence attitudes about trust in government and various public policies. Importantly, across a host of policy attitudes and engagement measures, Millennials show greater opinion homogeneity in the eight countries surveyed than non-Millennials, leading to the conclusion that Millennials’ core persona and reliance on new media sources lead to more consistent views across the globe.
How (Politically) Conventional Are Millennials?
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reports how Millennials and non-Millennials from countries in the Global Millennial Survey differ from each other in several attitudinal and behavioral political dimensions. As a whole, Millennials voted (conventional participation) at lower rates compared to non-Millennials, although no consistent pattern emerged in the results when looking at activism (nonconventional participation). In addition, results showed almost no differences between these two age groups in political interest and internal political efficacy. However, compared to non-Millennials, Millennials considered that voting was less important in nearly all countries. Still, in almost half of the samples, Millennials in comparison to non-Millennials perceived that political activism and joining political organizations were more important. These findings are discussed in terms of their impact on the democratic system and the perceived legitimacy of governance.
Introductory Matters
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses five topics. First, the nature and scope of water chemistry and its relationship to other environmental sciences provides context for topics treated in this book. Second, a description of the properties of water and their relationship to its molecular and macroscopic structure provides an appreciation for the complexity of the medium that supports the chemistry we described. Third, the many units used to report concentrations of chemicals in water, some unique to environmental engineering and chemistry, are introduced, and their use and interconversions are described as a first step in analyzing water quantitatively. Fourth, the chapter introduces the major types of chemical reactions that occur in natural and engineered waters and describes the kinds of models and equations used to quantify them from equilibrium and kinetic perspectives. Finally, the authors review the origins of water chemistry and its development as a scientific discipline.
Principles of Acid-Base Equilibria
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic concepts of acids and bases, including different ways to define them, the differences between strong and weak acids and bases, and the relevant equilibrium expressions. The underlying principles involved in solving acid-base equilibrium problems is a major focus of the chapter. These include identifying the unknown variables and developing the appropriate number of equations to solve for the unknowns. The types of available equations include equilibrium expressions, mass balances, and a charge balance (or a variation of a charge balance), and each is developed and described. The notation for expressing the concentrations of acids and bases in terms of constants and other variables (usually [H+]) can become unwieldy, and shorthand notations are introduced. The relevant equations are used to discuss acid-base titrations and buffering capacity.
Solubility
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the basic concepts of solubility. It begins with the relevant thermodynamic expressions and key equations used to solve solubility equilibria. pC-pH diagrams are constructed to represent the conditions under which solids form. Carbonate, sulfide, and oxide/hydroxide minerals are emphasized. Water softening is used to demonstrate how solubility is important in engineering practice. The effects of ligands, common ions, and temperature on solubility are presented. Measurement and prediction of the solubility of organic compounds are also discussed. Although solubility is often thought of as a thermodynamically driven process, the concepts of supersaturation and nucleation reveal the importance of kinetics in controlling relationships between dissolved and solid phases in aquatic systems.
Surface Chemistry and Sorption
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how surfaces on suspended particles, nanoparticles, and sediments affect solute behavior and concentrations. The molecular structures of solids that yield various kinds of surfaces and interfaces are described, along with features of surfaces themselves. Forces that attract/repel solutes to/from surfaces are described with emphasis on electrical charge and excess surface energy, called surface tension. A major focus is on sorption, i.e., the accumulation of solutes onto surfaces. The Freundlich and Langmuir models that quantify this process are described along with more complicated models developed to overcome their limiting assumptions. Mechanistic models that consider the physics of the electrical double layer at solid-solution interfaces, e.g., the Gouy-Chapman double layer model, are developed, along with modern extensions. Surface complexation models that combine double-layer physics with a chemically oriented approach to quantify the interactions between ionic solutes and surfaces are described and examples of their use are given.
Nutrient Cycles and the Chemistry of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the chemistry of the nutrient elements, nitrogen and phosphorus, in the context of their cycles in the environment. Ways to portray nutrient cycles are described at molecular, landscape, and global scales. The chemical behavior of N and P forms is described, along with temporal trends and spatial patterns in aquatic systems. Cycling of N and P is linked by biotic stoichiometry—their elemental ratios in organisms—which for N:P is ~16:1 on an atom basis. Implications of this stoichiometry on N and P cycles are described. Nutrients are beneficial in that biological production is desirable in ecosystems, but excess N and P cause water quality problems. Reactor-based models to quantify loading-response relationships and chemical methods to remove nutrients from wastewater and control concentrations in lakes are described. Factors complicating nutrient analyses and a summary of methods for nutrient analyses conclude the chapter.
The Terror by Night
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
From ancient times through the Middle Ages, Jews and Christians alike made extensive use of Psalm 91 for spiritual protection against the demons and evil enchanters who were believed to be so very abundant and so threatening. That usage was reflected in a great number of material items inscribed with the psalm’s words, including walls and doors, as well as bowls, lamps, jewels, and other portable items. Jewish scholars used the psalm as the basis of speculations about the nature and appearance of demons. The psalm was very popular among Christian monastics and ascetics, who believed they were under special assault from demonic forces. The psalm became a fixture of the monastic service of Compline, which offered protection during the dangerous times of darkness, night, and sleep. The psalm’s reference to the “noonday demon” laid the foundation for extensive writing about the psychological conditions of depression and apathy.
Tread upon the Lion and Adder
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During the Christian Middle Ages, Psalm 91 became almost a manifesto of Christendom, and of Christian authority and legitimacy. It was originally used to assert the triumph of orthodox belief over pagans and heretics, and it was much used in mission and evangelism. But it was increasingly used to assert worldly authority, especially that of Christian emperors. Later, that usage extended to the popes, who appropriated the symbolism to themselves, and also to kings. All these figures made extensive use of the psalm in visual art, in magnificent paintings, mosaics, and sculptures, to assert and justify their power. Its images were a mainstay of medieval cathedrals. The church made the psalm a regular feature of its liturgy and sermons.
Neither Shall Any Plague Come Nigh Thy Dwelling
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The explicit references to plague and pestilence found in Psalm 91 stirred much discussion among Protestants, including Martin Luther and Theodore Beza. Some believed that the psalm itself provided protection against such diseases, and that it was actively sinful to seek other kinds of defense—for instance, by fleeing from an infected city. Others denied that prayer could be so directly effective, and stressed that righteous people could indeed perish from the plague. These debates, which continued from the sixteenth century through the eighteenth, posed vital theological questions about the nature and value of prayer, and its capacity to make a difference in the material world. However, belief that the psalm could defend literally against pestilence continued into later eras.
To Keep Thee in All Thy Ways
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This brief concluding chapter explores ways in which modern believers can use Psalm 91 and pray it without falling into superstition. It particularly stresses the idea of absolute reliance on God, rather than any hope of worldly protection or prosperity, and draws on the insights of scholars such as Max Horkheimer. Although many older uses of the Psalm have become unfashionable or discredited, the text will continue to be valued. For more than two millennia, 91 has offered consolation and strength to those assailed by darkness or the fear of death. As long as those realities persist, it is difficult to imagine a world in which the psalm will not continue to be a mainstay of faith.
Success
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Tenure can be terrifying, yet most people do succeed and gain tenure. Despite that, however, associate professors remain the least happy group of faculty in academia. This follows a common pattern that midcareer is a low point in job and life satisfaction—often a time of balancing work and family obligations. Yet, being an associate professor is a stage where faculty can explore different pathways through their career, no longer tied to rigid timelines and external expectations. Continue on the current research path or shift direction? Take on new leadership roles? This open, ill-defined, field, however, can also fuel frustration and uncertainty.
Thriving in Academe When You Are Not a Heterosexual White Man
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Increasing proportions of academics are women, BIPOC, LGBTQ+, or a cross-section of these groups of people. Yet, they all face increased pressures in academe that are not shared by white, male, faculty. These include more frequent requests to serve on committees and in other service roles. Hence, learning when and how to say no is both more challenging and more important. So, too, is learning how to pick your battles—and to negotiate conflict constructively. Part of achieving these goals is to build effective support networks. Finally, key advice for women who wish to have children is to master maternity leave: figure out your institution’s policies.
Publishing Ecosystems
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
“Publish or Perish” is a reality for many academics. Publishers are therefore vital in the academic ecosystem, and editors are always looking for books and articles that offer value to readers. And each looks to expand the readership as much as is practical. The differences between journal and book publishing stem from finances—each book depends largely on its own sales, while journals depend on author fees or subscriptions. Hence while journals can use working scholars as editors, books require professional experts. The chapter discusses approaches for dealing with editors and editorial decisions—including recommending reviewers, dealing with questions, and managing rejections and appeals.