bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate
Authors: Kaplan Sarah 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sarah Kaplan, an award-winning climate change reporter for the Washington Post, offers a guide to covering one of most critical issues in science and doing so in a way that resonates with authority, grim determination—and also a flicker of hope. As she puts it, climate is a beast of a beat, replete with technical science, complicated politics, and sheer heartbreak. But these qualities are exactly what make it such a rich subject to cover. Reporting could take a writer from the nation’s top laboratories, to a remote wilderness, to the halls of Congress, or to a hurricane survivor’s flooded home. These stories could break news, expose malfeasance, or convey a compelling narrative. No matter what, a reporter will be doing some of the most consequential work in media. If journalists are responsible for writing the first rough draft of history, climate journalists are the only ones whose final story will be inscribed in the geologic record.
New Models for Science Media
Authors: Lin Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the chapter New Models for Science Media, Thomas Lin, the founder and editor-in-chief of award-winning Quanta magazine, surveys the new digital landscape of science journalism and provides a bounty of advice for the journalists who are attempting to navigate it. In the chapter, Lin ponders the rise of “philanthrojournalism,” touts the successes of upstart digital publications that are carving out specialized niches within science journalism, and offers tips for up-and-coming journalists who are looking to find their place in this new media ecosystem. No matter which corner of the new media landscape a reader calls home, the wisdom and insights of this chapter will give them tools for success.
Building Trust and Navigating Mistrust
Authors: Mandavilli Apoorva 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Misinformation about science is as old as science itself, and with social media, antivaccination propaganda, and even politicians fanning the flames, just about every aspect of science reporting is fertile ground for contentious and very often bad-faith debate. In this morass of mistrust, how is a science journalist to gain readers’ confidence? This is what New York Times reporter Apoorva Mandavilli sets out to explore in this chapter. Along the way, she offers up useful and concrete strategies for maintaining healthy skepticism, acknowledging legitimate scientific controversies, and cultivating a journalistic reputation for transparency and accountability—all in the service of gaining reader trust.
Defend Our Island
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The idea of a “special relationship” between Britain and the United States was articulated by Churchill after World War Two had ended, but for most of its history, the relations between the two nations were as often distrustful as they were friendly. This chapter begins by briefly describing the evolution of that relationship from the War of American Independence until the outbreak of World War Two. It shows that Britain, which was strongly allied with France against Nazi Germany, did not initially believe it needed American help. The fall of France and the British evacuation at Dunkirk completely changed the calculus, and pushed Churchill to actively seek assistance from, and alliance with, America.
Fight on the Landing Grounds
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Getting bombers and their escorting fighters to their targets over Europe was only half the battle; those aircraft still had to return through heavy weather to their home bases in Britain, and not be shot down by friendly forces in doing so. This chapter begins by describing how the Allies developed a new system, called Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), which allowed radar operators to distinguish Allied aircraft from enemy planes. It then describes a series of navigation and landing devices that permitted Allied aircraft to operate more securely at night and in heavy overcast. It then describes how a jointly developed radio beacon, named Eureka/Rebecca, became crucial for dropping special operations agents, commandos, and paratroopers behind enemy lines.
Fight in France
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The D-Day assault on June 6, 1944, was the culmination of years of planning and preparation. This chapter describes how the Allies developed their amphibious assault doctrine and tactics during operations in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. It shows how training exercises intensified in the early months of 1944, some of which resulted in tragic accidents that nevertheless provided valuable lessons for the invasion. The chapter then details how British-American innovations such as the LST, DD tanks, chaff, radio beacons, and navigation instruments were successfully employed to establish a beachhead in Normandy, allowing the Allies to begin the drive toward Germany.
Pop Culture, Politics, and the News
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
From controversies over Hollywood’s on-screen portrayals and behind-the-scenes diversity to the latest outrage over a celebrity’s public statements or private behavior, the world of pop culture now serves as the basis for political news and commentary across a wide range of outlets and from both left and right perspectives. Drawing on dozens of interviews with entertainment journalists who produce politically minded coverage as well as testimonials from audiences who share it on social media, this book argues for the importance of reframing our understanding of impactful journalism and persuasive political communication at a time when issues of identity and “culture war” have moved to the center of US public discourse. Yet although entertainment journalism must be taken seriously as a form of political communication even though it may sometimes appear frivolous on the surface, the day-to-day economic pressures of the digital news landscape can also complicate its public value. By squaring journalists’ accounts of industrial practice with critiques of hyper-commercialism, “clickbait,” and the lure of social media virality, the book highlights both the potential dangers and the potential benefits of channeling political discourse through the attention-grabbing lens of pop culture and celebrity news. In addition, it examines how audiences engage with this highly accessible and emotionally resonant form of journalism on social media and use it as a resource for political expression and discussion, raising important questions about how it may serve as a bridge to public issue engagement as well as a potential distraction from on-the-ground political concerns.
Trending Outrage
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how journalists who cover pop culture and politics use social media monitoring to aid in their professional work while also contending with the heated online responses they receive from a fractured public. It begins by exploring how they track social media for story ideas and mine user posts for content and trend analysis, with particular attention to the “social media outrage cycles” that catalyze coverage in digital news outlets. The discussion further examines how these journalists assess the online responses to their work, which range from positive affirmations to more hostile and even hateful reactions that can actively discourage future coverage. The disturbing accounts of online harassment and death threats that journalists receive when criticizing beloved pop culture on political grounds offer a sobering look into the toxic and fraught landscape that news professionals face when challenging polarized audiences who can speak back directly via social media.
Assessing the Public Value of Journalism at the Pop Culture–Politics Nexus
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
While affirming that entertainment journalism can provide significant value to the public, particularly when elevating voices that have been historically marginalized in political news discourse, this concluding chapter interrogates how such value is challenged by hyper-commercialism and hyper-partisanship. The discussion explores how polarized news media business models risk obscuring on-the-ground political realities in favor of coverage that indulges “culture war” audience appetites in potentially manipulative fashion. Furthermore, the use of pop culture discourse for political advocacy also poses risks to the integrity of the cultural journalism field, whose members often resist being reduced to pundits or propagandists and seek to secure a space for complex cultural conversation that does not conform to simplified partisan categories. To address these issues, the chapter argues for the importance of committing institutional resources to professional roles and expertise in entertainment journalism and building closer relationships to the academic fields of media and cultural studies.
The Torture Puzzle
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines torture in relation to rescuing potential victims of crime, preventing crime, and punishment of criminals, beginning with a discussion of what torture is and the differences among various legal and philosophical conceptions of it. It analyzes the conceptions of torture proposed by the U.N. Convention against Torture, by the U.S. Torture Statute, and by Henry Shue and David Sussman. The chapter considers hypothetical cases that address whether torture of a criminal perpetrator could be morally permissible when it involves officials who know the perpetrator and expect what he would do. It also explores whether it could be morally permissible to torture other categories of people aside from a criminal perpetrator whose being tortured will save only his own victim from the harm he would cause.
Rights and Aggregation in a Pandemic
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter first deals with what libertarian and libertarian-like views (held by some ordinary U.S. citizens) about individual rights imply for a moral duty to wear masks that prevent transmission of COVID-19, for the legitimacy of government mandates about this, and for the permissibility of self-defensive actions. The chapter then examines the policy of lockdowns to prevent transmission of the COVID-19 virus. It considers different ways of weighing the costs and benefits of such a policy by examining different approaches to interpersonal aggregation. It ultimately connects libertarian and libertarian-like views about moral duties not to harm others, discussed in the first part of the chapter, with theories of aggregation to reach a conclusion about the moral status of lockdowns.
Introduction
Authors: Ando Clifford , Lavan Myles 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a synoptic perspective on the significance of Roman citizenship in the long century between the Flavians and the Constitutio Antoniniana. It opens with a discussion of personal and collective statuses in Roman public law and the question of the number and distribution of Romans. It proceeds to survey the different ways in which Roman citizenship was experienced in the second century: the juridical and fiscal effects of legal difference; the effects of Roman law on the behavior of Romans in the family sphere; the links between citizenship and cult; a variety of other practices often entailed by possession of Roman citizenship, including distinctive civic rituals and the use of a distinctive onomastic form; and the complex relationship between citizenship and belonging.
The Onomastics of Roman Citizenship in the Greek East
Authors: Blanco-Pérez Aitor 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNames are fundamental for assessing the spread of Roman citizenship in the empire. The eastern provinces during the long second century CE saw an increase in the number of Greek-speaking individuals enfranchised—rhetors, athletes, soldiers, and even procurators. This chapter seeks to study both the ways in which Roman nomenclature was locally adopted by the new citizens and how socially significant the display of their names might be in the epigraphic and literary materials of the period. Instead of using onomastics as an index of status to be instrumentalized by historians, the chapter proposes analyzing this phenomenon as a cultural practice that is accommodated to different contexts and helps to illuminate what citizenship meant to some of those who possessed it.
A Hanging
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Captain Mackenzie and his officers quickly panicked at the thought of a small, crowded ship full of disaffected and angry young men and boys, in a situation exacerbated by a mentally disturbed Spencer, abetted by angry petty officers who saw their “superiors” as inexperienced and likely unfit to command. Mackenzie ordered his officers to conduct a “drumhead” court-martial, and arrested his boatswain, Samuel Cromwell, a dis-rated former petty officer, Elisha Small, and then began to arrest some of the boys whom he and his officers suspected were co-conspirators in what was likely a desired but imaginary “mutiny.” Disapproval of Spencer’s fraternization with boys, some of whom were suspected to be his sexual partners, as well as some of the black crew, also played a role in the affair. In a controversial action, the officers voted, with pressure from Mackenzie, to immediately execute Spencer, Cromwell, and Small and not take them home to New York to stand trial ashore. In front of a weeping crew, the three were hanged and buried at sea. Somers sailed back to New York with additional arrests taking place, and once there, an exhausted Mackenzie turned to his love of words to explain what had happened and why he had done what he had done.
Designing Writing Assignments for Public Health Classes
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Public health professionals do many types of writing. Each has its own audience and purpose. Our readers tend to be busy and easily distracted. Public health students at all educational levels need clear instructions about audience, purpose, and genre. The interdisciplinary nature of public health means that students will often be unfamiliar with the types of documents we ask them to write. Chapter 3 offers guidance on designing clear, detailed writing assignments that allow students to practice different types of public health writing for various readers and purposes. Because public health programs draw students from a wide array of disciplines, professional, and cultural backgrounds, professors cannot assume students will know what a determinants analysis or policy brief is, let alone how to write one. At their best, writing assignment instructions suggest outlines and clearly identify both the intended reader and objective of the document.
Caveat Emptor
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe appetite of investors for foreign government bonds reflected the belief that the projects so funded would yield hard-currency receipts needed to pay the money back. Because foreign finance was devoted to infrastructure investment in the context of an expanding world economy, this expectation was often met. But there also were instances when things went spectacularly awry—where investment projects were ill conceived, bondholders and borrowers were poorly served by banks and promoters, money was squandered, and worse. This chapter presents examples of both outcomes. Japan used its borrowing capacity to foster economic and financial development, succeed on the battlefield, and in so doing lend legitimacy to the state. Other empires, such as China and the Ottomans, were less successful at mastering external debt and were ultimately forced to sacrifice sovereignty as the price of market access.
Managing Problem Debts
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on debt crises in the nineteenth century. Lending to sovereigns, then as now, posed risks, especially when governments defaulted on loans contracted abroad. Foreign investors had limited recourse against the sovereign. Defaults spiked in the 1820s, 1870s, and 1890s. Ultimately, however, the market emerged stronger from each crisis. Existing solutions to deter opportunistic sovereigns were revamped, from pledging collateral to external financial control. New institutions, such as investment banks acting as gatekeepers and bondholder committees representing the interests of investors, further supported the operation of the market. The steamship and telegraph provided improved access to information about foreign countries, which was then digested and disseminated by specialized investment services. Investors learned to diversify away some of the risk in their portfolios, with help from managed investment funds.
Debt to the Rescue
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe subprime and Eurozone crises were the largest peacetime economic disruptions since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Aware of the precedent, governments responded with increases in spending funded by sovereign debt issuance. Central banks, though independent, supported the effort by purchasing government bonds. But even before the crisis had passed, political consensus for deficit spending gave way to the view that a return to austerity was urgent. Additional borrowing, the reasoning went, augured a repeat of the credit cycle behind the earlier crisis, and in any case would be ineffective, threaten the stability of public finances, and burden future generations. In fact, premature austerity and delayed debt restructuring slowed recovery from the crisis. In Europe, this approach put the political and economic stability of the European Union at risk. The silver lining was that the next time the world was faced with an existential crisis, in 2020, these lessons had been learned.
The Coolie MDR (1834–1947)
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 details the rise and fall of the Coolie MDR (1834–1947). Contrary to claims that sending-state governments throughout the world (including India) have only recently started to use emigrants to meet domestic development needs, this chapter shows that emigration has been an important state subject in India since the colonial era. The Coolie MDR instituted an overtly racialized development model, whereby the state exploited poor and middle-class Indian emigrants to serve as coolies for the British Empire, advancing economic accumulation in the colonies and ultimately in the United Kingdom. The Coolie MDR also inaugurated India’s first migration state. In response to public pressures, the colonial government gradually built a regulatory framework that empowered the state to not only use, but also control, the global mobility of “free” (as opposed to enslaved) commodified human workers. Underlying this framework was a class-based distinction of Indian emigrants. So successful was this approach that many of the class-based regulations and institutions born during the Coolie MDR continue to guide India’s emigration infrastructure today. Despite the resilience of its class-based regulatory infrastructure, however, the Coolie MDR’s racist model of accumulation eventually mobilized cross-class solidarity among Indian emigrants, who joined forces with Indian independent leaders to resist global racism, British colonialism, and, ultimately, the Coolie MDR itself.
The CEO MDR’s Elite Class Pact of “Global Indians”
Authors: Agarwala Rina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 exposes how the CEO MDR has forged an elite class pact of “global Indians” that includes India’s state officials, domestic business leaders, and elites abroad. This celebrated group dominates Indian development and attains material wealth and status in the process. To seal this class pact, the CEO MDR has tapped elite emigrants’ social and ideological contributions to development (in the form of their ideas, ideals, tastes, networks, and technical expertise). It has invited elite emigrants to forge partnerships with Indian businesses, reshape India’s voluntary sector, invest in Indian real estate, and serve in elite policy positions within the government. And it has framed Indian Americans, in particular, as successful, hard-working, private-sector professionals and entrepreneurs whom domestic Indians should emulate. The CEO MDR has not, however, tapped poor emigrants for their social and ideological remittances. Rather, it has tried to cement their consent to elite ideals of privatization, self-sufficiency, and entrepreneurship upon their return. Thus, the CEO MDR has reframed poor emigrants’ identity as members of a cross-class category of “migrant entrepreneurs,” thereby occluding their class differences with elite emigrants and deflecting attention away from wage labor and its underlying structures of exploitation.
Old Testament
Authors: Burnside Jonathan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Israel’s Torah offers much more than is usually appreciated in modern times in potentially guiding nations in thinking about constitutionalism. Although constitutionalism in the Hebrew Bible is very different from the modern constitution in its emphasis on the sovereignty of God, nevertheless, it shares important similarities. These include its concern for covenantal politics, limited government, separation of powers, federalism, and civic virtue. Accordingly, closer examination of the biblical history of Israel shows that it contains profound political insights concerning good government and the wise constitution. These abiding norms can also be seen to be in long-range continuity with the New Testament’s concerns for political order.
New Testament
Authors: Bertschmann Dorothea H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The earliest Christians inherited from their Jewish roots the call to exclusive allegiance to God, the ruler of all and the notion of a “divine constitution” in the sense of a specific way of life God’s people had to adopt. However, these basic tenets are being unfolded in very different ways in the New Testament. Matthew’s Gospel discusses an inherently political Jesus who is introduced as the Messiah. However, the ensuing conflict is between the Messiah and the wayward leaders of God’s people, who refuse to follow the new messianic constitution of the Kingdom of God. The Roman emperor is relegated to the nonessential actors as the question about the tax in Matthew 22:15–22 shows. In Romans 13:1–7 Paul adopts a similar nonchalant way of dealing with temporal rulers. They are installed by God to do some good; the Christians with their demanding love ethics will fulfill civic obligations with ease. They are free to contribute to the state by paying their taxes because of this overlap. In both texts the building up of a new people under the ultimate authority of Christ happens away from the centers of political power. This changes in Revelation, where we have a showdown between the persecuted Christians and an empire that has become demonic in its demand of worship, violence, and injustice. This empire is denounced as direct Anti-Christ (e.g., in Revelation 17). All three texts offer important New Testament configurations of Christ’s Lordship and political power for later theological-political reflections.