bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When immunosuppression and COVID‐19 intersect: An exploratory qualitative study of young lung transplant recipient perceptions of daily life during a pandemic
Authors: Hatzikiriakidis Kostas , West Simone , Ayton Darshini , Morris Heather , Martin Rani S. , Paraskeva Miranda 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic poses an increased risk of infection, severe illness, hospitalization and mortality for young people who are immunosuppressed, including lung transplant (LTx) recipients. The aim of this study was to explore the intersection between immunosuppression and COVID‐19, through the impacts of the pandemic upon the daily lives of young LTx recipients residing in the Australian state of Victoria.MethodsAn exploratory qualitative research study was undertaken via consumer engagement. A purposive sample of 11 LTx recipients, residing in Victoria, was recruited during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to gain insights into their daily life and healthcare experiences, including the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data were interpreted using thematic analysis.ResultsFour major themes were identified: (1) occupational deprivation due to the intersection of COVID‐19 and lung transplant; (2) resilience and acceptance of restrictions; (3) infection control and vigilance about risk; and (4) care experiences of telehealth.ConclusionsOccupational deprivation emerged as a common theme, specifically in the context of loss of access to meaningful everyday activities of developmental significance. However, participants also commonly reflected upon their ability to flexibly adjust to changing socially regulated community and healthcare environments. A high degree of acceptance and compliance with public health orders was self‐reported, may be indicative of this cohort's long‐term experience of chronic illness and their understanding of the importance of minimizing infection risks. Youth‐informed healthcare strategies were identified as keystone to engaging them in institutional change and program adaptation during a pandemic.
Comparison of the efficiency and precision of Base editor and CRISPR/Cas9 for inducing defined point mutation (S395F) in ovine embryos
Authors: Xu Xin , Zhang Xuemei , Peng Xinrong , Liu Chunjie , Li Wenrong , Liu Mingjun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCytosine base editors (CBEs) and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated HDR method both have the ability to introduce nucleotide substitution into genomes, which exhibit great potential for improving economically important traits in livestock species. The FecGH mutation (g. C1184T, p. S395F) of growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene increases prolificacy in Cambridge sheep and Belclare sheep. In the present study, we aimed to compare the efficiency and precision of BE4‐Gam and CRISPR/Cas9 systems on generating FecGH mutation in ovine genome. First, the microinjection of BE4‐Gam mRNA had no adverse effects on development rate after cleavage, and the efficiencies of total mutants and targeted mutants were 8.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Then, the total mutation and targeted mutation rates were improved from 8.5% to 22.5% (p < .01), and 6.4% to 16.3%, respectively, by adjusting the injection time of BE4‐Gam mRNA from 14 to 12 hr post‐insemination (hpi). Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated HDR method introduced the FecGH mutation at the efficiency of 16.1%, which was comparable to BE4‐Gam system (16.3%). There was no bystander editing event happened in edited embryos caused by CRISPR/Cas9, but the bystander editing efficiency was as high as 15.0% in BE4‐Gam‐edited embryos. In summary, our findings demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated HDR method was more accurate than BE4‐Gam system in introducing FecGH into ovine genome, and highlight the potential of the former strategy to modify economically important trait‐associated SNPs.
Climate Change, Agrarian Distress, and the Feminization of Agriculture in South Asia*
Authors: Southard Emily M. L. , Randell Heather 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAgrarian distress—the experience wherein sustaining an agricultural livelihood becomes increasingly challenging—is well documented in South Asia. Another regional trend is the feminization of agriculture or an increase in women's work and decision‐making in agriculture. Scholars have recently linked these two phenomena, demonstrating that agrarian distress results in the movement of men out of agriculture, driving women into the sector. Yet what remains underexplored is the relationship between climate change, a contributor to agrarian distress, and the feminization of agriculture. To examine this, we link socioeconomic and demographic data from India, Bangladesh, and Nepal to high‐resolution gridded climate data. We then estimate a set of multivariate regression models to explore linkages between recent temperature and precipitation variability from historical norms and the likelihood that a woman works in agriculture. Results suggest that hotter‐than‐normal conditions in the year prior to the survey are associated with an increased likelihood of working in agriculture among women. This relationship is particularly strong among married women and women with less than primary education. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms between climate change and the feminization of agriculture, our findings suggest a need for gender‐sensitive climate change adaptation strategies.
Association of domain‐specific physical activity and sedentary behavior with cardiometabolic health among office workers
Authors: Kitano Naruki , Kai Yuko , Jindo Takashi , Fujii Yuya , Tsunoda Kenji , Arao Takashi 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivePrevious studies have reported opposite effects of occupational or non‐occupational physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) on health outcomes. However, no study has investigated the relationship between domain‐specific movement behaviors and cardiometabolic health (CMH) among office workers, considering the compositional nature of time‐use data. We investigated the associations of accelerometer‐measured PA and SB for each domain (working time, non‐working time on workday, and non‐workday) with CMH indicators among office workers, using compositional data analysis.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 1258 Japanese office workers. The time spent on SB, light‐intensity PA (LPA), and moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity PA (MVPA) were assessed using an accelerometer. CMH indicators were retrieved from the annual health check‐up data.ResultsCompositional multiple linear regression indicated that PA and SB during non‐working time on workdays, but not working time or non‐workdays, were significantly associated with CMH. In particular, during non‐working time, time reallocations from SB to LPA and from SB to MVPA were associated with favorable changes in cardiometabolic risk score and lipid metabolism, respectively. Paradoxically, a greater proportion of LPA during non‐working time was associated with favorable diastolic blood pressure (β = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 3.19), whereas occupational LPA was detrimental (β = −2.48; 95% CI = −4.87, −0.09).ConclusionOur results suggested that reducing SB and increasing PA during non‐working time on workdays may be effective for managing CMH among office workers. Future longitudinal studies using compositional data analysis are required to confirm our results.
Mason Marshall Reading Plato’s Dialogues to Enhance Learning and Inquiry: Exploring Socrates’ Use of Protreptic for Student Engagement
Authors: Lichański Jakub Z. 
Published: April 2022

This article is based on a study by Mason Marshall Reading Plato’s Dialogues to Enhance Learning and Inquiry. Exploring Socrates’ Use of Protreptic for Student Engagement . The author makes, inter alia, analyzes of the Plato’s dialogue Euthyphro and emphasizes the ways of promoting and encouraging Socrates used for self-evaluation and conscious reflection in the interlocutor. By focusing his work on Socrates’ use of protreptic, Marshall proposes a practical approach to reading Plato, illustrating how his writings can be used to enhance intrinsic motivation amongst students, and help them develop the thinking skills required for democratic and civic engagement.The article shows how to practically apply a protreptic in didactics; it also points to the work of Ole Fogh Kirkeby, who writes about similar matters and justifies the use of traditional teaching methods in a modern school.
Extracellular vesicles and their microRNA cargo in ischaemic stroke
Authors: Fullerton Josie L. , Cosgrove Caitlin C. , Rooney Rebecca A. , Work Lorraine M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAcute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of death and disability. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non‐coding RNAs which hold the potential to act as a novel biomarker in AIS. The majority of circulating miRNAs are actively encapsulated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and organs endogenously. EVs released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied for their therapeutic potential. In health and disease, EVs are vital for intercellular communication, as the cargo within EVs can be exchanged between neighbouring cells or transported to distant sites. It is clear here from both current preclinical and clinical studies that AIS is associated with specific EV‐derived miRNAs, including those transported via MSC‐derived EVs. In addition, current studies provide evidence to show that modulating levels of specific EV‐derived miRNAs in AIS provides a novel therapeutic potential of miRNAs in the treatment of stroke. Commonalities exist in altered miRNAs across preclinical and clinical studies. Of those EV‐packaged miRNAs, miRNA‐124 was described both as an EV‐packaged biomarker and as a potential EV‐loaded therapeutic in experimental models. Alterations of miRNA‐17 family and miRNA‐17‐92 cluster were identified in preclinical, clinical and MSC‐EV‐mediated neuroprotection in experimental stroke. Finally, miRNA‐30d and ‐30a were found to mediate therapeutic effect when overexpressed from MSC and implicated as a biomarker clinically. Combined, EV‐derived miRNAs will further our understanding of the neuropathological processes triggered by AIS. In addition, this work will help determine the true clinical value of circulating EV‐packaged miRNAs as biomarkers of AIS or as novel therapeutics in this setting.
image
The Irradiance-Based Growth of Surface Structures Induced by Nanosecond Laser Pulses on Si and Ge and Their Correlation With Plasma Ion Kinetic Energies and Densities
Authors: Ahmad Haroon , Bashir Shazia , Hayat Asma , Mahmood Khaliq , Ghous Ghulam 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The laser irradiance-based surface structural growth on Si and Ge has been correlated first time with plasma parameters. The better control over plasma parameters makes manufacturing of various sized and shaped surface structures on the semiconducting materials. The effect of laser irradiances on surface morphology of Si and Ge has been explored. For this purpose, Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 6 ns, 10 Hz) has been employed as an irradiation source at the various laser irradiances ranging from 4 to 7.1 GW/cm2 under the vacuum condition. Surface modifications of laser-ablated Si and Ge were analyzed by performing scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. It has been revealed that laser irradiance plays a significant role in the growth of the micro- and nanostructures on the laser-irradiated target surfaces. The surface morphology of laser-ablated Si and Ge exhibited the formation of various structures such as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), cracks, spikes, ridges, and cones. Density and size of these structures have been found to be strongly dependent upon the laser irradiances. SEM analysis exhibits the cones formation at central ablated region of both Si and Ge. These cones become more distinct and pronounced with increasing the laser irradiance due to more energy deposition with Gaussian profile distribution at the central region. Microspikes were observed at boundaries of laser-ablated Si. Whereas, in case of Ge-ablated boundaries, wave-like ridges have been observed, which are then converted into globules at higher laser irradiances up to 7 GWcm−2. LIPSSs were seen at outer boundaries of laser-ablated Ge, whose periodicity varies with the laser irradiances. Faraday cup has been employed in order to probe the kinetic energy and density of laser-induced Si and Ge plasma ions at the similar values of laser irradiances. A correlation at similar values of laser irradiances has been established between the evaluated plasma ion parameters (kinetic energy and density of plasma ions) and observed structures for both materials. This correlation reveals the dependence of kinetic energy and density of plasma ions on the corresponding surface modification of both laser-ablated Si and Ge, as well as enables us for the better understanding of the laser-induced plasma to be used as ion source in various fields ion implantation, surface structuring, and material modification. The results of ion energies are explained by the generation of ambipolar field or self-generated electric field (SGEF) in the expanding plasma due to the charge separation and double-layer structure. The values of SGEF have also been evaluated at different laser irradiances.
Thermal Aging Effects on the Yield and Tensile Strength of 9Cr-1Mo-V (Grade 91)
Authors: Foulds Jude , Ren Weiju 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The long-term exposure of 9Cr-1Mo-V (Grade 91) steel to elevated temperature can have a significant effect on reducing its yield and tensile strength. The yield and tensile strength changes, in turn, have potential implications to the assurance of the integrity of components constructed with this material over their design or intended lifetime. The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section III, Division 5 (III-5, high temperature reactors) provides tabulated reduction factors for Grade 91 yield and tensile strength as a function of exposure temperature and time up to 300,000 h. ASME BPVC III-5 s intent to extend these factors to an exposure duration of 500,000 h, the lack of available historic information to support the existing factors, and the recent development of a physics-based prediction model for ASME BPVC application are prime motivation for this study. This paper describes results of the conventional time-temperature Hollomon–Jaffe parameter, strength reduction ratio prediction method using an updated, extensive Grade 91 unaged and related aged material strength database. The method, previously used by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in its evaluation of Grade 91 and likely used in development of the existing BPVC III-5 reduction factors, provides strength reduction ratio predictions useful for general component fitness-for-service assessments and for computing BPVC III-5 reduction factors as defined. Specific reduction factors to 500,000 h at 650 °C applicable to ASME BPVC III-5 are computed from the strength reduction ratios.
Closed-Form Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Circumferential and Axial Surface Cracks With Large Aspect Ratios in Pipes
Authors: Azuma Kisaburo , Li Yinsheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI prescribes the stress intensity factor solutions at the surface and deepest points for a semi-elliptical crack. The ASME Code Section XI, however, provides no solutions for a crack with a large aspect ratio, that is a crack in which the crack depth a is larger than the half-length c. The difficulty in treating the crack with a large aspect ratio relates to the position of the maximum stress intensity factor, which appears at neither the surface point nor the deepest point. In this paper, we investigate the influence of the stress intensity factor at the maximum point for circumferential and axial inside surface cracks with a large aspect ratio in a cylinder. First, we obtain the influence coefficients Gi for the stress intensity factor at the surface point, the deepest point, and the maximum point by finite element analysis, and developed a series of closed-form Gi solutions. Three geometrical factors are considered as parameters affecting the influence coefficients Gi: aspect ratio (a/ℓ = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0), crack depth ratio (a/t = 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8), and radius to thickness ratio (Ri/t = 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80). Finally, we propose methods for evaluating the stress intensity factor for a crack with a large aspect ratio in a manner that characterizes the influence of the solutions at the maximum point.
Availability of active therapeutic hypothermia at birth for neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a UK population study from 2011 to 2018
Authors: Mistry Aarti , Shipley Lara , Ojha Shalini , Sharkey Don 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTherapeutic hypothermia (TH) commenced soon after birth for neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) improves survival and reduces neurodisability. Availability of active TH at the place of birth (Immediate-TH) in the UK is unknown.DesignPopulation-based observational study.SettingUK maternity centres.Patients5 975 056 births from 2011 to 2018.Intervention methodsFor each maternity centre, the year active Immediate-TH was available and the annual birth rates were established. Admission temperatures of infants with HIE transferred from non-tertiary centres with and without Immediate-TH were compared.Main outcome measuresQuantify the annual number of births with access to Immediate-TH. Secondary outcomes included temporal changes in Immediate-TH and admission temperatures for infants requiring transfer to tertiary centres.ResultsIn UK maternity centres, 75 of 194 (38.7%) provided Immediate-TH in 2011 rising to 95 of 192 (49.5%, p=0.003) in 2018 with marked regional variations. In 2011, 394 842 (51.2%) of 771 176 births had no access to Immediate-TH compared with 276 258 (39.3%) of 702 794 births in 2018 (p<0.001). More infants with HIE arrived in the therapeutic temperature range (76.5% vs 67.3%; OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.0, p<0.001) with less overcooling (10.6% vs 14.3%; OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.98, p=0.036) from centres with Immediate-TH compared with those without.ConclusionsAvailability of active Immediate-TH has slowly increased although many newborns still have no access and rely on transport team arrival to commence active TH. This is associated with delayed optimal hypothermic management. Provision of Immediate-TH across all units, with appropriate training and support, could improve care of infants with HIE.
The effects of text reminders on the use of family planning services: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in urban Mozambique
Authors: Leight Jessica , Hensly Catherine , Chissano Marcos , Safran Elana , Ali Liza , Dustan Domingos , Jamison Julian 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionReduction of unmet need for contraception is associated with enhanced health outcomes. We conducted a randomised controlled trial in Mozambique analysing the effects of text messages encouraging use of family planning services.MethodsThis trial was conducted within a sample of women served by the Integrated Family Planning Program implemented by Population Services International, in which community health workers provide clinic referrals for family planning services. The evaluation enrolled 5370 women between 20 January and 18 December 2020 who received a referral, reported access to a mobile phone and provided consent. Women were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received a series of text message reminders encouraging them to visit a clinic or to a control arm. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted to analyse the effect of reminders on the probability of a clinic visit and contraceptive uptake. The final analysis includes 3623 women; 1747 women were lost to follow-up.ResultsWomen assigned to receive the text reminders are weakly more likely to visit a clinic (risk difference 2.3 percentage points, p=0.081) and to receive a contraceptive method at a clinic (2.2 percentage points, p=0.091), relative to a base rate of 48.0% and 46.9%, respectively. The effect on clinic visits is larger and statistically significant in the prespecified subsample of women enrolled prior to the COVID-19-related state of emergency (3.2 percentage points, p=0.042).ConclusionEvidence from this trial suggests that text message reminders are a promising nudge that increases the probability that women receive contraception.Trial registration numberAEARCTR-0005383.
Measuring social norms related to handwashing: development and psychometric testing of measurement scales in a low-income urban setting in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Amon-Tanoh Maud Akissi , Lapinski Maria Knight , McCambridge Jim , Blon Patrice Konan , Kouamé Hermann Aka , Ploubidis George , Nguipdop-Djomo Patrick , Cousens Simon 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesTo design and test the psychometric properties of four context-specific norm-related scales around handwashing with soap after toilet use: (1) perceived handwashing descriptive norms (HWDN); (2) perceived handwashing injunctive norms (HWIN); (3) perceived handwashing behaviour publicness (HWP); and (4) perceived handwashing outcome expectations (HWOE).DesignScale items were developed based on previous work and pilot tested in an iterative process. Content experts and members of the study team assessed the face validity of the items. The psychometric properties of the scales were assessed in a cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted in communal housing compounds in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 201 adult residents (≥16 years old) from 60 housing compounds completed the final questionnaire.Outcome measureConfirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the goodness of fit of the global model. We assessed the internal consistency of each scale using Cronbach’s alpha (α) and the Spearman-Brown coefficient (ρ).ResultsThe results of the psychometric tests supported the construct validity of three of the four scales, with no factor identified for the HWOE (α=0.15). The HWDN and HWP scales were internally consistent with correlations of ρ=0.74 and ρ=0.63, respectively. The HWIN scale appeared reliable (α=0.83).ConclusionWe were able to design three reliable context-specific handwashing norm-related scales, specific to economically disadvantaged community settings in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, but failed to construct a reliable scale to measure outcome expectations around handwashing. The social desirability of handwashing and the narrow content area of social norms constructs relating to handwashing present significant challenges when designing items to measure such constructs. Future studies attempting to measure handwashing norm-related constructs will need to take this into account when developing such scales, and take care to adapt their scales to their study context.