bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Ireland: A ‘Place Between’ in UK–EU Relations?
Authors: Phinnemore David 
Published: April 2022

UK withdrawal from the EU – Brexit – poses particular challenges for Northern Ireland notably concerning its essentially invisible border with Ireland, an important feature of the peace process. With the EU having committed to finding ‘flexible and imaginative solutions’ during the withdrawal negotiations to address the ‘unique circumstances on the island of Ireland’, the UK and the EU agreed differentiated withdrawal terms in a dedicated Protocol on Ireland/ Northern Ireland. These effectively keep Northern Ireland in the EU customs territory and, through a process of dynamic regulatory alignment, its internal market for goods. A unique but contested status – a ‘place between’ in the UK–EU relationship – has thus been conferred on Northern Ireland. The Protocol has some important shortcomings and implementation poses significant challenges yet also offers opportunities. How the challenges are met will play an important role in determining whether in 2024 members of the Northern Ireland Assembly vote to retain these arrangements. If they do not, politicians and officials will once again be faced with the question of how to avoid a physical hardening of the border on the island of Ireland.
Brexit, Institutional Framework, European Union, United Kingdom, Withdrawal Agreement, Political Declaration
The EEAS at Ten: Reason for a Celebration?
Authors: Wessel Ramses A. , Blockmans Steven 
Published: April 2022

The tenth anniversary of the creation of the European External Action Service provides an opportune moment to take stock of the role which the Service has played in forging a more coherent, visible and effective EU foreign and security policy. At the same time, it offers a chance to field ideas on how the Union’s foreign policy actors might chart a course to guide the European External Action Service (EEAS) to what could be tumultuous teenage years. This article contextualizes the contributions to this first European Foreign Affairs Review (EFAR) Issue of 2021, which is devoted entirely to an assessment of where the EEAS’ strengths and opportunities lie, and which weaknesses need to be addressed to fit the Service for future purpose.
European External Action Service, Common Foreign and Security Policy, esprit de corps, European Commission, Foreign Affairs Council, representation, EU Global Strategy
Above the Fog and the Fury: EU Strategic Policy Planning and the EU’s Future in Times of Global Uncertainty
Authors: Delphin Hervé 
Published: April 2022

Foreign policy is often dominated by the short term and dealing with urgencies at the expense of strategic planning. EU foreign policy is not immune to this risk. This begs the question of the EU’s ability to articulate strategic thinking and longer-term policy action in times of great uncertainty as caused by the Covid-19. Put simply, strategic planning and strategic foresight are disciplines that aim at identifying possible futures, mapping options and charting possible responses and strategic goals and as such support informed and sound policy-making. On that account, the EU has developed over time strategic policy frameworks for its foreign policy, such as the European Security Strategy in 2003 and the Global Strategy in 2016, that have served the Union rather well in navigating the global environment. The Covid-19 has come at a defining moment. Fraught with geopolitical stakes and global challenges, the EU’s ability to act strategically is being stress-tested on an unprecedented scale. Strengthening European strategic autonomy has emerged from policy planning work as the compass that can guide EU action through this period of geopolitical and global reshuffling. At the same time strengthening the Union’s strategic policy planning function and means has become a necessity to secure the effectiveness of external action.
Foreign policy, Strategic planning, Climate changes, Covid-19, Strategic autonomy
Differentiated Integration and Europe’s Global Role: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Rieker Pernille 
Published: April 2022

In a time of global challenges, rising geopolitical tensions and a weakening of the traditional trans-Atlantic security community, we can expect pressures for Europe to play a more important role in the world. Various initiatives have been taken to strengthen the role of the European Union (EU), but there are also tendencies towards a more complex European governance structure in the making, characterized by a combination of both EU and non-EU (but still European) initiatives. This introductory article presents a framework for studying a European role that includes initiatives taken within and outside the EU framework, but closely interlinked, indicating that the concept of differentiated integration (DI) may help to clarify Europe’s role in a changing and volatile global context.
Differentiated Integration, Disintegration, EU as a global actor, EU foreign security and defence policy
Dynamics of Differentiated Integration in EU Defence: Organizational Field Formation and Segmentation
Authors: Bátora Jozef 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the dynamics of differentiated integration in EU defence. It contributes to assessing what Pernille Rieker (2021) terms ‘broader European capacity on the global stage’ involving both the EU’s defence structures and processes as well as those beyond the EU’s formal remit. The main argument in this article is that Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is bringing about two different and mutually complementary dynamics of integration: organizational field formation and segmentation. The preliminary practical result is a dual dynamic of growing standardization of the EU’s defence industries across all twenty-five PESCO Member States in defence project development and continued reliance on Western European defence industrial actors (including the UK after Brexit) in defence R&amp;D and production. This means that while PESCO provides space for new joint defence projects across the participating Member States, the established structure and capacities of defence industries in the EU today set up conditions for what may be termed structural leadership by Western European defence industrial actors. Overall, this means that there is a particular – segmented – kind of differentiated integration in the field of EU defence industries in today’s EU (This article is an output of the EUFLEX project, which has been funded by the Research Council of Norway (project number 287131).).
PESCO, differentiation, organizational field, segmentation
The International Interest as an Autonomous Property Interest
Authors: Goode Roy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The 2001 Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, with the Aircraft Equipment Protocol, is a major new convention which is designed to provide greatly enhanced security for financiers and lessors of aircraft objects, railway rolling stock and space property such as satellites. While previous conventions have provided a uniform conflict of laws rule they do not address the problem of major differences between legal systems, particularly in their attitude to the recognition and enforcement of security interests. The Convention’s solution to these problems is radical and imaginative; it is no less than the creation of a wholly sui generis international interest which derives its force from the Convention, not from national law, which is perfected by registration in an International Registry and which upon registration is accorded priority over subsequently registered interests and unregistered interests and is given protection in the event of the debtor’s insolvency. This paper, after describing the sphere of application of the Convention, analyses the nature of the international interest for which it provides and the relationship between that interest and interests arising under national law.
Towards a European Ius Commune – What Lessons can We Learn from Quebec’s Mixed Legal System?
Authors: van Hedel Henriëtte 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: We are witness today, within a context of an increasingly integrated European Union, the making of a new European private law. This ius commune Europeaum will have to be based on legal foundations that can be adhered to by all member states. In this perspective it is indispensable to investigate whether domestic legal systems of the member states are able to adopt legal concepts of other member states and yet remain cohesive systems. This article analyzes how the Quebec jurisdiction adopted the common law concepts of the trust and the common law doctrine of unconscionability, in order to answer the question whether, and if so how, European civil law jurisdictions may adopt common legal concepts and yet remain cohesive.
Résumé: Nous sommes aujourd’hui témoins, dans le cadre d’une Union Européenne de plus en plus intégrée, de l’élaboration d’un nouvel droit civil Européenne. Ce ius commune Europease devra d’être basé sur des fondations juridiques qui pourront être adoptées par tous les états membres. Dans cette perspective, il est primordial d’examiner si les syste`mes juridiques domestiques des états membres peuvent adopter des concepts juridiques d’autres états membres et rester pourtant des syste`mes cohérents. Ce n’est que dans ces circonstances qu’il sera possible de construire l’émergente ius commune sur un cadre juridique conceptuel, qui ne va pas être perc¸u comme un Fremdkörper dans les états participants. Le présent article analyse comment le législateur Québécois a adopté les concepts de common law du trust et de unconscionability afin de comprendre si et comment les juridictions européennes de droit civil peuvent adopter des concepts juridiques de common law et tout en demeurant cohérentes.
Zusammenfassung: Trotz einer europäischen Tendenz zur einer nationalen Introversion gestalten EU Juristen weiter ihre gemeinsame Identität in ihrem Bemühen, ein gemeinsames europäische Zivilrecht zu schaffen. Für den Erfolg dieses ius commune Europeaum ist es entscheidend, dass es auf rechtlichen Grundprinzipien basiert, die in allen Mitgliedstaaten wiedergefunden werden können. Im Hinblick hierauf ist es unerlässlich zu untersuchen, ob die nationalen Rechtssysteme der EU Mitgliedstaaten rehtliche Instrumente anderer Mitgliedstaaten in ihr eigenes Rechtssystem übernehmen können, und weiterhin ein geschlossenes System darstellen. Dieser Beitrag analysiert, wie das Recht von Quebec – ein sogenanntes gemischtes Rechtssystem – das aus dem Common Law stammende Rechtsinstrument des Trust sowie die im Common Law enthaltene Doktrin von der Sittenwidrigkeit übernommen hat, um die Frage beantworten zu können, ob, und wenn ja, wie die europäischen Civil Law Rechtssysteme Instrumente des Common Law übernehmen können und weiterhin auch ein geschlossenes System bilden.
Parsimony in Contract Law – The Case of the Potestative Condition
Authors: de Coninck Julie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The maxim of parsimony, a guiding principle for scientific modelling and theory building, states that in any given model, one should get rid of those concepts, variables and constructs that are not vital to the explanation of a phenomenon. This reduces the chance of introducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and redundancies into the model considerably. The article at hand contains a plea for the application of themaximof parsimony in contract law. In order to clarify this purpose we will focus on the case of the potestative condition. This concept appears to be superfluous and moreover runs the risk of introducing inconsistencies into the systemof contract law. Hence, according to the maxim of parsimony, the theory on potestative conditions should be rejected.
Résumé: Le principe de parcimonie, un principe conducteur de la théorisation scientifique, postule que tout modèle explicatif doit se défaire des entitées qui ne sont pas indispensables à l’explication d’un phénomène. Ainsi, le risque d’introduire des contradictions, des ambiguïtés ou des redondances dans le modèle est-il considérablement réduit. Cette contribution peut s’entendre comme un plaidoyer en faveur de l’application du principe de parcimonie en droit des contrats. Nous illustrerons notre propos à partir de l’exemple de la condition potestative. En effet, non seulement la théorie de la condition potestative semble-t-elle superflue, mais elle encoure également le risque d’introduire des inconsistences dans le système du droit des contrats. Dès lors, suivant le principe de parcimonie, la théorie de la condition potestative est à rejeter.
Zusammenfassung: Der Grundsatz der Sparsamkeit, der als Richtlinie innerhalb der wissenschaftlichen Modellierung sowie der wissenschaftlichen Theorie angewand wird, besagt, dass man in jedem Modell diejenigen Konzepten, Variablen sowie Konstruktionen loswerden sollte, die nicht wesentlich für die Auslegung eines Phänomens sind. Hierdurch werden die Chancen der Einführung von Unstimmigkeiten, Mehrdeutigkeit sowie Überflüssigkeit innerhalb eines bestimmten Modells wesentlich vermindert. Der vorliegende Beitrag beinhaltent einen Appell zur Anwendung des Grundsatzes der Sparsamkeit innerhalb des Vertragsrechts. Zur Verdeutlichung des Zieles dieses Beitrags wird zunächst die Wollensbedingung dargestellt. Dieses Konzept erscheint überflüssig und darüber hinaus besteht hier das Risiko, dass Unstimmigkeiten in das System des Vertragsrechts eingeführt werden. Aus diesem Grund sollte angesichts des Grundsatzes der Sparsamkeit die Theorie der Wollensbedingung abgelehnt werden.
Public Service Obligations: Moral Counterbalance of Technical Liberalization Legislation?
Authors: Houben Iris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Public service obligations have in first instance been developed as a side effect of the liberalization process which is going on within various, formerly mostly monopolistic, sectors in the EU. One may think of the energy sector, the telecommunication sector and the postal sector. The concept of the public service obligations has strongly gained influence in Europe as a reaction to, and in conjunction with, the technical liberalization legislation. This development is about searching for a balance between considerations based on market principles and considerations which have more to do with cohesion and social solidarity.
Zusammenfassung: Öffentliche Dienstverpflichtungen haben sich zunächst als Nebeneffekt des Liberalisierungsprozesses, der sich innerhalb verschiedener, ehemals oft monopolistischer Sektoren in der EU abspielt, entwickelt. Als Beispiel lassen sich der Energiesektor, der Telekommunikationssektor und der Postsektor nennen. Europäische Richtlinien zwingen zur Liberalisierung dieser ehemals monopolistischen Märkte. Als Reaktion darauf und im Zusammenhang mit dieser technischen Liberalisierungsgesetzgebung hat das Modell der öffentlichen Dienstverpflichtung in Europa stark an Einfluss gewonnen. Bei dieser Entwicklung handelt es sich um die Suche nach einem Gleichgewicht zwischen marktbezogenen Überlegungen und Überlegungen, die sich eher auf Kohäsion und soziale Solidarität richten.
Résumé: Les services de service public ont été élaborés pour faire contrepoids au processus de libéralisation qui a lieu dans différents secteurs, surtout de nature monopolistiques, de l’Union Européenne. L’ont peut penser au secteur de l’énergie, le secteur de la télécommunication et le secteur postal. Le concept d’obligations de service public constitue une réaction importante, en Europe, à la legislation de libéralisation technique. Ce développement constitue une recherché d’équilibre entre considerations basées sur les principes du marché et considerations qui concernent la cohesion et la solidarité sociale.
European Precedent Law
Authors: Teuben Karlijn , Tjong Tjin Tai Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Procedural aspects of the harmonization of private law in the European Union receive little attention. In this article we address this issue by focusing on the role of precedent law. After discussing the role of precedent in national private law systems we investigate the barriers to a similar role for precedent within the Community in the area of harmonized private law. We conclude that, at the moment, the lack of doctrine, the European Court of Justice’s monopoly on interpretation of Community legislation, and the lack of review by the European Court of Justice stand in the way of a proper European system of precedent law for private law.
Résume: Dans le discussion autour de l’harmonisation de la droit privé dans l’Union Européenne, il y a peu d’attention pour des aspects procedurales. Cet article esquisse l’aspect du rôle de précédents en le développement d’une droit privé communautaire. Apres traiter le rôle de précédents dans divers juridictions nationaux, nous examinons les obstacles qui existent pour que des précédents pourraient accomplir une rôle analogue dans l’Union Européenne en droit privé harmonisée. Nous concludons que le manque de doctrine, le competence exclusive de la Cour de justice en l’interpretation de droit privé harmonisée, et l’absence d’une contrôle judiciaire de décisions des courts infèrieures sont des obstacles signifi cants pour un vrai système de précédent européenne en droit privé.
Zusammenfassung: In der Diskussion um die Harmonisation des Privatrechts in die Europäische Union gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen über prozeduralrechtliche Frage. Diese Beitrage versucht zumindest die Rolle der Präzedenzen zu erleuchten. Nach einer Diskussion über die Rolle der Präzedenzen in nationale Jurisdiktionen untersuchen wir die Hindernisse zu eine vergleichbare Rolle der Präzedenzen im Gemeinschaft für harmonisierter Privatrecht. Die Konklusion ist dass es im heutigen gemeinschaftsliche Prozeduralrecht mangelt an Doktrine und richterliche Kontrolle der niedrigen richterlichen Spara chterlichen Dezisionen, was, kombiniert mit die Exclusivität der Interpretation des Gemeinschaftsrecht durch den Europäische Gerichtshof, bedeutende Hindernisse sind für die fortentwicklung einer vollendeter Europäischen Präzedenzensystem für die richterliche fortbildung eines Gemeinschaftsprivatrecht.
Information Duties and Precontractual Good Faith
Authors: Castronovo Carlo 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: This article deals with the relationship between information duties and the good faith principle within the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). After an introduction regarding the origin of the Common Frame of Reference (CFR) and its end, the author explains the meaning of the concurrence between the Principles of European Law (PEL) and the acquis communautaire. Both of these sources deal with precontractual duties although at a different level. Whereas the PEL set up a general duty to act in good faith during negotiations, on this point the acquis concentrates on duties of information with regard to the consumer. The opinion of the author is that the generalization of these duties, which has been operated by the DCFR, is a good result as well as the insertion of them in the more general good faith principle. If information is loyalty, it cannot but be a general duty, at least in European legislation, which shows to have gone ahead in comparison with many national legal systems in Europe. There are also situations in which information has become contents of the contract.
As to the method of connecting the acquis with PEL, this article tries to demonstrate that the double inspiration of the DCFR could only be satisfied by at the same time giving room to the task of the acquis and to the necessity of coherence, which was the preoccupation of PECL and now of PEL. A clear example of this is the new meaning that the original rule on negotiations contrary to good faith, originally adopted by PECL and inherited by PEL, has acquired following the flowing together of the last ones and the acquis; now the violation of duties of information also makes a negotiation contrary to good faith.
Protection of the Weaker Party in European Contract Law: Standardized and Individual Inferiority in Multi-level Private Law
Authors: Rösler Hannes 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: It is a permanent challenge to realize the freedom of contract objective effectively, rather than merely guaranteeing it formally. Indeed, nineteenth century private law already provided certain mechanisms to guarantee the protection of this ‘material’ freedom of contract. Meanwhile, a consensus has been reached on the need for a private law system that also provides real opportunities for self-determination. An example of this can be found in EU consumer law. Admittedly, this law is, for reasons of legal certainty, constrained both in personal and situational terms, and by certain formal requirements. However, the new rules against discrimination are dominated by approaches that focus strongly on the protection of the individual. They are supplemented by national provisions that in particular form a counterweight to certain individual weaknesses. The autonomy of national law in this field can be explained by the different traditions that underlie the ‘social’ contract law in the Member States. The differences are especially apparent in relation to public policy, the bona fide principle and the breach of an obligation before or at the time of contracting (culpa in contrahendo). They represent yet another argument against an undifferentiated leap from partial to full harmonization of contract law.
Résumé: Appliquer effectivement le principe de la liberté contractuelle et non simplement lui accorder une garantie formelle constitue un défi permanent. En effet, le droit privé du 19e siècle incluait déjà des éléments garantissant la protection de cette liberté ‘matérielle’ des contrats. Depuis lors, un consensus a été atteint sur la nécessité, dans un système de droit privé, d’accorder également de réelles possibilités d’auto-détermination. On peut en trouver un exemple en matière de droit européen de la consommation. Il est admis que ce droit est restreint – pour des raisons de sécurité juridique – par la spécificité de la personne et de la situation données et qu’il est lié à des exigences formelles préalables. Cependant, les nouvelles règles anti-discriminatoires sont dominées par des approches qui visent clairement la protection de l’individu. Ces règles sont complétées par des dispositions nationales qui, en particulier, compensent les situations de faiblesse des individus. L’autonomie de la loi nationale peut s’expliquer par les différentes traditions concernant le droit ‘social’ des contrats dans les Etats membres. Des différences apparaissent spécialement en ce qui concerne l’intérêt général, la bonne foi ou la responsabilité précontractuelle (culpa in contrahendo). Elles constituent un autre argument s’opposant à l’évolution, indifférenciée, d’une harmonisation partielle vers une harmonisation complète du droit des contrats.