bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformulating Graham v. Connor’s Excessive Force Test to ADApt for Individuals with Disabilities
Authors: Prater-Lee Christiana 
Published: March 2022

Individuals with disabilities are sixteen times more likely to be killed by officers during a law enforcement encounter than other individuals. As the ever-growing list of victims demonstrates, law enforcement violence against individuals with disabilities is a national crisis. Yet, the current test, developed under Graham v. Connor, for whether officers’ use of force is excessive during an arrest considers only three factors: severity of the crime, immediacy of the threat, and resistance to arrest or attempts to flee. On its face, Graham’s three-factor test does not contemplate whether an arrestee’s individual characteristics are relevant to an officer’s use of force. Recognizing that the Graham factors are “non-exhaustive” and “flexible,” some lower federal courts have relaxed the excessive force test to account for particular circumstances. However, there is no consensus among the circuit courts and the Supreme Court has not revisited the Graham test.Over three decades later, courts still do not have sufficient guidance on how to address individual disability under Graham. This Note advocates that in adherence to Graham’s expressed flexibility, its three-factor test should be reformulated to add in a fourth factor inspired by Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act to account for whether “reasonable modifications” of an individual’s disability were made in situations when law enforcement employs force during the course of an arrest. Applying this standard in cases where an officer “reasonably should know” the arrestee has a disability promotes a baseline assumption that law enforcement officers have an active role in accommodating all disabilities.
Creating informed consumers of aquatic invasive species management programs through online education for nonprofessionals
Authors: Weber Megan M. , Larkin Daniel J. , Mulcahy Patrick 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThere are limited educational opportunities regarding aquatic invasive species (AIS) management that target laypersons. This is a significant gap, particularly as nonprofessionals are often tasked with making decisions about whether and how to pursue AIS control efforts, for example, through their roles in community lake associations. Thus, there is a need for educational programs to help consumers of AIS management services, “do-it-yourself” lakeshore homeowners, and other engaged nonprofessionals gain a stronger foundation in the science and practice of AIS management. We helped fill this unmet need through development of a new online course, AIS Management 101, that targets lakeshore property owners, lake association members, and other nonprofessionals engaged in AIS decision making, seeking to make them better-informed consumers. The course covers concepts ranging from basic invasive species biology to pesticide science, treatment evaluation, regulations and permitting, and nonchemical management tools. Participants in the course demonstrated significant knowledge gains through check-in and check-out knowledge assessments. Course participants also reported greater understanding of key issues pertaining to AIS management and application of this improved knowledge to actual management decisions following completion of the course. While this program focuses on management ofaquaticinvasive species, similar approaches could be applied to lay audiences engaged in management of terrestrial invasive species or other natural resource issues.
Clustering of motivational constructs based on self-determination theory for diet and physical activity and their associations with behaviour: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Coumans Juul M. J. , Lechner Lilian , Bolman Catherine A. W. , Oenema Anke 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The present study explored whether motivational constructs for diet and physical activity (PA) cluster and how these motivational constructs relate to dietary and PA behaviour. Data of 1142 participants were used from a randomised controlled trial examining the effects of a web-based diet and PA promotion intervention based on self-determination theory and motivational interviewing. Motivation was assessed using the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire and Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. The dietary outcomes were measured using an adapted Food Frequency Questionnaire. PA was assessed using the Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health. Spearman rank-order correlations showed large correlation coefficients (rs ≥ 0⋅63) between similar motivational constructs between the two lifestyle domains, except for intrinsic motivation where a medium correlation coefficient was found (rs = 0⋅41). Furthermore, the exploratory factor analysis illustrated that more self-determined forms of motivation seem to be more domain-specific. In contrast, non-self-determined forms of motivation seem to be domain-independent. Last, regression analyses demonstrated that intrinsic motivation towards PA was the only motivational construct significantly positively associated with all PA sub-behaviours (standardised regression coefficients ranging from 0⋅17 to 0⋅28, all P < 0⋅0125). Intrinsic motivation to eat healthily was significantly positively associated with fruits, vegetables and fish intake (standardised regression coefficients ranging from 0⋅11 to 0⋅16, all P < 0⋅0125), but not with unhealthy snacks. Insight of this exploratory study is useful for understanding the interrelationships of motivational induced behaviours, the development of interventions targeting multiple behaviours, and the construction of questionnaires.
Popular Propaganda: John Heywood's Wedding Ballad and Mary I's Spanish Match
Authors: Hyde Jenni 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe text of John Heywood's wedding ballad for Mary I and Philip of Spain,A Balade specifienge partly the maner, has been underestimated for many years. It is criticised for the poor quality of its poetry and lambasted for its tortured imagery. Instead, this article re-evaluates the ballad as a highly effective popular song intended to spread propaganda defending the queen's Spanish match. It argues that the song performed an excellent job of addressing complex constitutional issues through a quintessentially popular genre, while at the same time successfully overcoming the problem of fitting new words to a pre-existing tune. Furthermore, it is proposed that the song was deliberately set to the melody from Henry VIII's ballad ‘Pastyme with good companye’ and, by drawing on the latest research into cultures of creativity and examining what resonances the tune would have had for its listeners, it suggests that the potential multivalency of the melody was crucially important for understanding the song and its reception.
Acceptability of Manufacturer-Proposed Utility Values for NICE Cancer Medicine Appraisals: Analysis of Manufacturers’ Information Sources
Authors: Takada Shunsuke , Narukawa Mamoru 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’s (NICE) method guide for technology appraisals (TAs) encourages medicine manufacturers to use the EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) in relevant clinical trials to obtain utility values; however, the EQ-5D may have low sensitivity when compared to disease-specific measures. This study investigated whether the NICE TA committee’s acceptance of manufacturer-proposed utility values is dependent on the manufacturers’ sources of the utility values.

Methods
Using publicly available data for 2011–2020, we identified 136 single TAs of cancer medicines, the health-related quality-of-life-measures used in relevant clinical trials, manufacturers’ sources of utility values, and the NICE TA committee’s acceptance of these values. Fisher’s exact tests were performed to compare the acceptability of different value sources and reasons for non-acceptance.

Results
The number of appraisals for which the EQ-5D in the relevant clinical trials was the source of the manufacturer-proposed utility values increased continuously over time. The TA committee’s acceptance of values was not dependent on the information source. In cases where a submission for which the information source was the EQ-5D was rejected, the reason was generally related to inappropriate values for the UK population or inappropriate data adjustment, not data reliability.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that according with the NICE’s method guide regarding utility values does not guarantee acceptance by the TA committee. Manufacturers must consider in advance possible differences between their clinical trials and clinical practice in the UK and refine plans for EQ-5D measurement in order to obtain convincing evidence.
The transformative forces of international law? Questioning equality regimes from a multi-level perspective
Authors: Eichler Jessika 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article approaches current constitutional conservatism in Europe, focusing on the limits of equality rights regimes. These frameworks, it is argued, provide little leverage for positive discrimination to become articulated, let alone for them to be implemented by public policies. Equality regimes are further disentangled by means of a multidimensional reading of legal orders: particular attention is devoted to international human rights law (IHRL) and European Jus Commune that may inspire shifts in constitutional thinking at domestic levels. In that sense, equality frameworks steadily open up towards an inclusive understanding of human rights based on the transformative forces of international law. A pluralistic idea of those subjected to such regimes will be embraced, hence developing a clearer conception of rights holder categories and ultimately peoples affected in daily practice, particularly minorities. A dedicated focus is placed on ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic grounds. This may similarly concern intersectionalities and the complexities of overlapping grounds of discrimination. It is stressed that equality is best addressed by means of a multivariate approach to legal orders, their dynamics and ultimately virtuous effects of application.
Krankheitsängste bei Psychotherapeut_innen
Authors: Roth-Rawald Julia , Weck Florian 
Published: March 2022

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Krankheitsängste beziehen sich meist auf die Angst vor dem Leiden an somatischen Erkrankungen. In Einzelfallberichten wurden auch Ängste vor psychischen Störungen berichtet, jedoch bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Psychotherapeut_innen sind ständig mit psychischen Erkrankungen konfrontiert. Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht, wie stark Krankheitsängste bei Psychotherapeut_innen ausgeprägt sind und welche Faktoren diese beeinflussen. Methoden: Insgesamt 239 Psychotherapeut_innen wurden per anonymer Onlinebefragung mit den Illness Attitude Scales und der Mini-Symptom-Checklist untersucht. Ergebnisse: Krankheitsängste bei Psychotherapeut_innen waren geringer ausgeprägt als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und bei Psychologiestudierenden. Faktoren wie die allgemeine psychische Belastung und das Vorhandensein tatsächlicher Diagnosen gingen mit erhöhten Krankheitsängsten einher. Schlussfolgerungen: Krankheitsängste können sich nicht nur auf somatische Erkrankungen beziehen, sondern auch psychische Störungen betreffen. Eine stärkere Berücksichtigung psychischer Krankheitsängste und deren weitere systematische Erfassung erscheinen daher wünschenswert.
Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx): 2. Evaluating Linear Kinematic Features in High‐Resolution Sea Ice Simulations
Authors: Hutter Nils , Bouchat Amélie , Dupont Frédéric , Dukhovskoy Dmitry , Koldunov Nikolay , Lee Younjoo J. , Lemieux Jean‐François , Lique Camille , Losch Martin , Maslowski Wieslaw , Myers Paul G. , Ólason Einar , Rampal Pierre , Rasmussen Till , Talandier Claude , Tremblay Bruno , Wang Qiang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSimulating sea ice drift and deformation in the Arctic Ocean is still a challenge because of the multiscale interaction of sea ice floes that compose the Arctic Sea ice cover. The Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) is a model intercomparison project of the Forum of Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS). In SIREx, skill metrics are designed to evaluate different recently suggested approaches for modeling linear kinematic features (LKFs) to provide guidance for modeling small‐scale deformation. These LKFs are narrow bands of localized deformation that can be observed in satellite images and also form in high resolution sea ice simulations. In this contribution, spatial and temporal properties of LKFs are assessed in 36 simulations of state‐of‐the‐art sea ice models and compared to deformation features derived from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System. All simulations produce LKFs, but only very few models realistically simulate at least some statistics of LKF properties such as densities, lengths, or growth rates. All SIREx models overestimate the angle of fracture between conjugate pairs of LKFs and LKF lifetimes pointing to inaccurate model physics. The temporal and spatial resolution of a simulation and the spatial resolution of atmospheric boundary condition affect simulated LKFs as much as the model's sea ice rheology and numerics. Only in very high resolution simulations (≤2 km) the concentration and thickness anomalies along LKFs are large enough to affect air‐ice‐ocean interaction processes.
Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx): 1. Scaling and Statistical Properties of Sea‐Ice Deformation Fields
Authors: Bouchat Amélie , Hutter Nils , Chanut Jérôme , Dupont Frédéric , Dukhovskoy Dmitry , Garric Gilles , Lee Younjoo J. , Lemieux Jean‐François , Lique Camille , Losch Martin , Maslowski Wieslaw , Myers Paul G. , Ólason Einar , Rampal Pierre , Rasmussen Till , Talandier Claude , Tremblay Bruno , Wang Qiang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs the sea‐ice modeling community is shifting to advanced numerical frameworks, developing new sea‐ice rheologies, and increasing model spatial resolution, ubiquitous deformation features in the Arctic sea ice are now being resolved by sea‐ice models. Initiated at the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis, the Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) aims at evaluating state‐of‐the‐art sea‐ice models using existing and new metrics to understand how the simulated deformation fields are affected by different representations of sea‐ice physics (rheology) and by model configuration. Part 1 of the SIREx analysis is concerned with evaluation of the statistical distribution and scaling properties of sea‐ice deformation fields from 35 different simulations against those from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS). For the first time, the viscous‐plastic (and the elastic‐viscous‐plastic variant), elastic‐anisotropic‐plastic, and Maxwell‐elasto‐brittle rheologies are compared in a single study. We find that both plastic and brittle sea‐ice rheologies have the potential to reproduce the observed RGPS deformation statistics, including multi‐fractality. Model configuration (e.g., numerical convergence, atmospheric representation, spatial resolution) and physical parameterizations (e.g., ice strength parameters and ice thickness distribution) both have effects as important as the choice of sea‐ice rheology on the deformation statistics. It is therefore not straightforward to attribute model performance to a specific rheological framework using current deformation metrics. In light of these results, we further evaluate the statistical properties of simulated Linear Kinematic Features in a SIREx Part 2 companion paper.
Deep Learning for Improving Numerical Weather Prediction of Heavy Rainfall
Authors: Hess Philipp , Boers Niklas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe accurate prediction of rainfall, and in particular of the heaviest rainfall events, remains challenging for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. This may be due to subgrid‐scale parameterizations of processes that play a crucial role in the multi‐scale dynamics generating rainfall, as well as the strongly intermittent nature and the highly skewed, non‐Gaussian distribution of rainfall. Here we show that a U‐Net‐based deep neural network can learn heavy rainfall events from a NWP ensemble. A frequency‐based weighting of the loss function is proposed to enable the learning of heavy rainfall events in the distributions' tails. We apply our framework in a post‐processing step to correct for errors in the model‐predicted rainfall. Our method yields a much more accurate representation of relative rainfall frequencies and improves the forecast skill of heavy rainfall events by factors ranging from two to above six, depending on the event magnitude.
The Data Synergy Effects of Time‐Series Deep Learning Models in Hydrology
Authors: Fang Kuai , Kifer Daniel , Lawson Kathryn , Feng Dapeng , Shen Chaopeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhen fitting statistical models to variables in geoscientific disciplines such as hydrology, it is a customary practice to stratify a large domain into multiple regions (or regimes) and study each region separately. Traditional wisdom suggests that models built for each region separately will have higher performance because of homogeneity within each region. However, each stratified model has access to fewer and less diverse data points. Here, through two hydrologic examples (soil moisture and streamflow), we show that conventional wisdom may no longer hold in the era of big data and deep learning (DL). We systematically examined an effect we call data synergy, where the results of the DL models improved when data were pooled together from characteristically different regions. The performance of the DL models benefited from modest diversity in the training data compared to a homogeneous training set, even with similar data quantity. Moreover, allowing heterogeneous training data makes eligible much larger training datasets, which is an inherent advantage of DL. A large, diverse data set is advantageous in terms of representing extreme events and future scenarios, which has strong implications for climate change impact assessment. The results here suggest the research community should place greater emphasis on data sharing.
Proteomic profiling based classification of CLL provides prognostication for modern therapy and identifies novel therapeutic targets
Authors: Griffen Ti’ara L. , Hoff Fieke W. , Qiu Yihua , Lillard James W. , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Thompson Philip , Toro Endurance , Ruiz Kevin , Burger Jan , Wierda William , Kornblau Steven M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractProtein expression for 384 total and post-translationally modified proteins was assessed in 871 CLL and MSBL patients and was integrated with clinical data to identify strategies for improving diagnostics and therapy, making this the largest CLL proteomics study to date. Proteomics identified six recurrent signatures that were highly prognostic of survival and time to first or second treatment at three levels: individual proteins, when grouped into 40 functionally related groups (PFGs), and systemically in signatures (SGs). A novel SG characterized by hairy cell leukemia like proteomics but poor therapy response was discovered. SG membership superseded other prognostic factors (Rai Staging, IGHV Status) and were prognostic for response to modern (BTK inhibition) and older CLL therapies. SGs and PFGs membership provided novel drug targets and defined optimal candidates for Watch and Wait vs. early intervention. Collectively proteomics demonstrates promise for improving classification, therapeutic strategy selection, and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
Gpr125 is a unifying hallmark of multiple mammary progenitors coupled to tumor latency
Authors: Spina Elena , Simundza Julia , Incassati Angela , Chandramouli Anupama , Kugler Matthias C. , Lin Ziyan , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Watson Christine J. , Cowin Pamela 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGpr125 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, with homology to cell adhesion and axonal guidance factors, that is implicated in planar polarity and control of cell movements. By lineage tracing we demonstrate that Gpr125 is a highly specific marker of bipotent mammary stem cells in the embryo and of multiple long-lived unipotent basal mammary progenitors in perinatal and postnatal glands. Nipple-proximal Gpr125+ cells express a transcriptomic profile indicative of chemo-repulsion and cell movement, whereas Gpr125+ cells concentrated at invasive ductal tips display a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype and are equipped to bind chemokine and growth factors and secrete a promigratory matrix. Gpr125 progenitors acquire bipotency in the context of transplantation and cancer and are greatly expanded and massed at the pushing margins of short latency MMTV-Wnt1 tumors. High Gpr125 expression identifies patients with particularly poor outcome within the basal breast cancer subtype highlighting its potential utility as a factor to stratify risk.
Excellently balanced water-intercalation-type heat-storage oxide
Authors: Hatakeyama Takuya , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Otake Satoshi , Sato Hiroaki , Li Hongyi , Ichitsubo Tetsu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractImportance of heat storage materials has recently been increasing. Although various types of heat storage materials have been reported to date, there are few well-balanced energy storage materials in terms of long lifetime, reversibility, energy density, reasonably fast charge/discharge capability, and treatability. Here we report an interesting discovery that a commonly known substance, birnessite-type layered manganese dioxide with crystal water (δ-type K0.33MnO2 ⋅ nH2O), exhibits a water-intercalation mechanism and can be an excellently balanced heat storage material, from the above views, that can be operated in a solid state with water as a working pair. The volumetric energy density exceeds 1000 MJ m−3 (at n ~ 0.5), which is close to the ideally maximum value and the best among phase-change materials. The driving force for the water intercalation is also validated by the ab initio calculations. The proposed mechanism would provide an optimal solution for a heat-storage strategy towards low-grade waste-heat applications.
Homeostatic serum IgE is secreted by plasma cells in the thymus and enhances mast cell survival
Authors: Kwon Dong-il , Park Eun Seo , Kim Mingyu , Choi Yoon Ha , Lee Myeong-seok , Joo Si-hyung , Kang Yeon-Woo , Lee Minji , Jo Saet-byeol , Lee Seung-Woo , Kim Jong Kyoung , Lee You Jeong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIncreased serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a risk factor for various diseases, including allergy and anaphylaxis. However, the source and ontogeny of B cells producing IgE under steady state conditions are not well defined. Here, we show plasma cells that develop in the thymus and potently secrete IgE and other immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgA, and IgG. The development of these IgE-secreting plasma cells are induced by IL-4 produced by invariant Natural Killer T cells, independent of CD1d-mediated interaction. Single-cell transcriptomics suggest the developmental landscape of thymic B cells, and the thymus supports development of transitional, mature, and memory B cells in addition to plasma cells. Furthermore, thymic plasma cells produce polyclonal antibodies without somatic hypermutation, indicating they develop via the extra-follicular pathway. Physiologically, thymic-derived IgEs increase the number of mast cells in the gut and skin, which correlates with the severity of anaphylaxis. Collectively, we define the ontogeny of thymic plasma cells and show that steady state thymus-derived IgEs regulate mast cell homeostasis, opening up new avenues for studying the genetic causes of allergic disorders.