bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using hybrid multiobjective machine learning to optimise sonobuoy placement patterns
Authors: Taylor Christopher M. , Maskell Simon , Ralph Jason F. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach to finding optimal patterns for the placement of fields of sonobuoys in a complex undersea environment. We model the problem as a biobjective one, where the aim is to minimise both sensor placement time and uncertainty over target localisation. Both objectives may be important in time‐critical localisation scenarios and our approach allows an operator to choose between different optimal solutions, favouring lower placement time or lower localisation uncertainty as operational circumstances require. We develop a two‐phase algorithm, where an offline multiobjective evolutionary phase finds initial Pareto‐non‐dominated solutions to a static problem and then an online multiobjective reinforcement learning phase finds improved solutions using updated information. We find that the evolutionary algorithm improves significantly on standard grid patterns and that the reinforcement learning algorithm improves further on the evolutionary phase. The number of sonobuoys required may also be reduced.
Submillimeter observations of molecular gas interacting with the supernova remnant W28
Authors: Mazumdar Parichay , Tram Le Ngoc , Wyrowski Friedrich , Menten Karl M. , Tang Xindi 
Published: November 2022

Context. Supernovae (SNe) inject large amounts of energy and chemically enriched materials into their surrounding interstellar medium and, in some instances, into molecular clouds (MCs). The interaction of a supernova remnant (SNR) with a MC plays a crucial role in the evolution of the cloud’s physical and chemical properties. Despite their importance, only a handful of studies have been made addressing the molecular richness in molecular clouds impacted by SNRs. (Sub)millimter wavelength observations of MCs affected by SNRs can be used to build a census of their molecular richness, which in turn can motivate various chemical and physical models aimed at explaining the chemical evolution of the clouds.
Aims. We carried out multi-molecule and multi-transition observations toward the molecular region F abutting the SNR W28, containing 1720 MHz OH masers, well-established tracers of SNR-MC interactions. We used the detected lines to constrain the physical conditions of this region.
Methods. We used the APEX Telescope to observe molecular lines in the frequency range 213–374 GHz. We used non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) RADEX modeling to interpret the observational data.
Results. We detected emission from multiple molecular species in the region, namely CH3OH, H2CO, SO, SiO, CN, CCH, NO, CS, HCO+, HCN, HNC, N2H+, CO, and from the isotopologues of some of them. We report the first detection of thermally excited (nonmaser) CH3OH emission toward a SNR. Employing non-LTE RADEX modeling of multiple H2CO and CH3OH lines, we constrained the kinetic temperature and spatial density in the molecular gas. The gas kinetic temperatures range from 60 to 100 K while the spatial density of the gas ranges from 9 × 105 to 5 × 106 cm−3. We obtained an ortho-para ratio ~2 for H2CO, which indicates that formaldehyde is most likely formed on dust grain surfaces and not in the gas phase.
Conclusions. Our results show that molecules as complex as H2CO and CH3OH can be detected in SNR-MC interactions. This could motivate chemical modeling to explore their formation pathways.
Shock-accelerated electrons during the fast expansion of a coronal mass ejection
Authors: Morosan D. E. , Pomoell J. , Kumari A. , Vainio R. , Kilpua E. K. J. 
Published: November 2022

Context.Some of of the most prominent sources for energetic particles in our Solar System are huge eruptions of magnetised plasma from the Sun called coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which usually drive shocks that accelerate charged particles up to relativistic energies. In particular, energetic electron beams can generate radio bursts through the plasma emission mechanism. The main types of bursts associated with CME shocks are type II and herringbone bursts. However, it is currently unknown where early accelerated electrons that produce metric type II bursts and herringbones propagate and when they escape the solar atmosphere.Aims.Here, we investigate the acceleration location, escape, and propagation directions of electron beams during the early evolution of a strongly expanding CME-driven shock wave associated with herrinbgone bursts.Methods.We used ground-based radio observations from the Nançay Radioheliograph combined with space-based extreme-ultraviolet and white-light observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory and and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory. We produced a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the electron acceleration locations which, combined with results from magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) models of the solar corona, was used to investigate the origin of the herringbone bursts observed.Results.Multiple herringbone bursts are found close to the CME flank in plane-of-sky images. Some of these herringbone bursts have unusual inverted J shapes and opposite drifting herringbones also show opposite senses of circular polarisation. By using a 3D approach combined with the radio properties of the observed bursts, we find evidence that the first radio emission in the CME eruption most likely originates from electrons that initially propagate in regions of low Alfvén speeds and along closed magnetic field lines forming a coronal streamer. The radio emission appears to propagate in the same direction as a coronal wave in three dimensions.Conclusions.The CME appears to inevitably expand into a coronal streamer where it meets ideal conditions to generate a fast shock which, in turn, can accelerate electrons. However, at low coronal heights, the streamer consists of exclusively closed field lines indicating that the early accelerated electron beams do not escape. This is in contrast with electrons which, in later stages, escape the corona so that they are detected by spacecraft.
Die Ökonomisierung des Sozialen und der Zwang zur Selbstoptimierung – Implikationen für die Einstellungen der Bevölkerung zu Menschen mit Schizophrenie
Authors: Matuschek Ingo , Angermeyer Matthias , Schomerus Georg 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Einstellungen gegenüber Menschen mit Schizophrenie haben sich in den letzten Jahren verschlechtert. Wir argumentieren, dass dies mit einem Prozess der Ökonomisierung des Sozialen zusammenhängt, der insbesondere in der marktradikalen Fassung des Neoliberalismus den Wettbewerbscharakter in der Gesellschaft als prior platziert hat. Der kalkulatorische Umgang mit sich selbst ist individuell wie gesellschaftlich dominant. In den letzten Jahren ist daraus ein anhaltender Trend zur Selbstoptimierung entstanden, der auch inklusive Qualitäten besitzt: Wer mithält, gehört dazu. Auf der anderen Seite beinhaltet er aber auch eine exkludierende Qualität. Menschen mit Schizophrenie werden im Zuge dessen verstärkt als potenziell belastend bilanziert, als Minderung der eigenen Chancen. Dies trägt möglicherweise zu den beobachteten negativen Einstellungsveränderungen bei.
Sparing the Perineal Body: A Modification of the Posterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty for Anorectal Malformations with Rectovestibular Fistulae
Authors: Badillo Andrea , Tiusaba Laura , Jacobs Shimon Eric , Al-Shamaileh Tamador , Feng Christina , Russell Teresa Lynn , Bokova Elizaveta , Sandler Anthony , Levitt Marc A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Background The posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) used to repair an anorectal malformation (ARM) with a rectovestibular fistula involves incising the perineal body skin and the sphincter muscles and a posterior sagittal incision to the coccyx. Perineal body dehiscence is the most common and morbid complication post-PSARP which can have a negative impact on future bowel control. With consideration of all the other approaches described to repair this anomaly, we developed a perineal body sparing modification of the standard PSARP technique.
Methods Four patients with ARM with a rectovestibular fistula were repaired with a perineal body sparing modified PSARP at a single institution between 2020 and 2021. The incision used was limited, involving only the length of the anal sphincter, with no incision anterior or posterior to the planned anoplasty. Dissection of the distal rectum and fistula was performed without cutting the perineal body. Once the distal rectum was mobilized off the posterior vaginal wall and out of the vestibule, the perineal body muscles, where the fistula had been, were reinforced and an anoplasty was then performed.
Results Operative time was the same as for a standard PSARP. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. No postoperative dilations were performed. All patients healed well with an excellent cosmetic result. All are too young to assess for bowel control.
Conclusion We present a new technique, a modification of the traditional PSARP for rectovestibular fistula, which spares the perineal body. This approach could eliminate the potential complication of perineal body dehiscence.
Prevalence of synchronous neoplasia in patients with large pedunculated colorectal polyps
Authors: El Rahyel Ahmed , Lahr Rachel E. , Rex Douglas K. 
Published: November 2022

Background Large (≥ 20 mm) nonpedunculated colorectal lesions have high rates of synchronous neoplasia and advanced neoplasia. Synchronous neoplasia prevalence in patients with large pedunculated lesions is uncertain. We describe synchronous neoplasia in patients with large pedunculated colorectal polyps, using a cohort of patients with large nonpedunculated lesions as controls.
Methods This study was a retrospective assessment of a prospectively recorded database listing synchronous findings in patients with ≥ 20 mm colorectal lesions referred to a tertiary center for endoscopic resection.
Results At least one synchronous precancerous lesion was identified in 66/78 patients with large pedunculated index lesions (84.6 %, 95 %CI 74.9–91.1) and 726/814 patients with large nonpedunculated index lesions (89.2 %, 95 %CI 87.1–91.3). Patients with a large pedunculated index lesion had mean of 4.8 synchronous conventional adenomas, 56.4 % had ≥ 1 synchronous high risk lesion (advanced adenoma or advanced serrated lesion), 48.7 % had ≥ 1 synchronous advanced conventional adenoma, and 19.2 % had a synchronous neoplastic lesion ≥ 20 mm. Compared with patients with nonpedunculated index lesions, patients with large pedunculated index lesions had comparable rates of synchronous polyps, adenomas, and sessile serrated lesions, and higher rates of synchronous adenomas with villous elements (15.6 % [95 %CI 13.3–18.3] vs. 26.9 % [95 %CI 18.3–37.7]; P = 0.01) and synchronous pedunculated polyps (9.5 % [95 %CI 7.6–11.7] vs. 33.3 % [95 %CI 23.8–44.4]; P < 0.001).
Conclusion In patients with large (≥ 20 mm) pedunculated colorectal lesions, rates of synchronous neoplasia and advanced synchronous neoplasia were high and comparable to or higher than rates of synchronous neoplasia in patients with large nonpedunculated colorectal lesions.
Cellular Integrative Immune Markers in Elite Athletes
Authors: Zacher Jonas , Wesemann Fabian , Joisten Niklas , Walzik David , Bloch Wilhelm , Predel Georg 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe integrative immune markers neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR),
platelet-lymphocyte-ratio (PLR) and systemic immune inflammation
index (SII) are established markers in clinical patient care. Adoption
of these markers in elite athletics might prove beneficial for monitoring
training and health. Blood samples of 195 healthy national Olympic squad
athletes were collected before a graded bicycle-ergometric exercise test until
complete exhaustion. Measurements included white blood cells, lymphocytes and
platelets, allowing for the calculation of the integrative immune markers.
Correlations between athlete characteristics (sex, age, sporting discipline,
training experience, training volume) and integrative immune marker-values were
assessed. In a subgroup analysis a second blood sample was collected from 25
athletes at 1 minute after exercise test to assess its effect on the
immune marker levels.An inverse correlation between peak power output and SII-level (Pearson
correlation coefficient=−.270, p<.001) and NLR-level
(Pearson correlation coefficient=−.249, p<.001) was
found. Athletes with higher aerobic fitness had significantly lower values of
SII and PLR compared to athletes with lower aerobic fitness. An elevated SII
(p=.003) and a reduced PLR (p=.001) was documented as acute
response to the exercise test. The integrative immune markers might be a
promising tool for monitoring training and health in elite athletes.
The Essentials about Neonatal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: De Luca Daniele , Vauloup-Fellous Christelle , Benachi Alexandra , Masturzo Bianca , Manzoni Paolo , Vivanti Alexandre 
Published: November 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can occur in neonates as the virus can be transmitted both horizontally (from the environment) and vertically (during the pregnancy or at the delivery). Compared to the adult outbreak, neonatal infections do not represent a public health problem. Nonetheless, severe and life-threatening cases may rarely occur and both obstetricians and neonatologists should have a good knowledge of perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and related consequences. A high suspicion index must be applied and ruling out neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection must become a part of the routine clinical workout. Moreover, neonates may be affected by the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, due to a dysregulated host response in the absence of any SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed a narrative review to summarize here the available literature describing the essentials that should be known by every neonatologist and obstetrician, starting from what has been discovered in 2020 and adding what has been learned in the following years. The paper describes the mechanisms of transmission, clinical features, diagnostic tools, and criteria, as well as possible treatment and prevention strategies. The goal is to provide the practical points to be remembered at the bedside while caring for a pregnant woman or a neonate with suspected or proven coronavirus disease 2019 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome.
Key Points
Fourth generation cryogenic neutral cluster beam apparatus for studying fundamental properties of metallic clusters
Authors: Miao Lin , Liu Zhaojun , Chen Zeyang , Wang Xiaohan , Zhou Ziwen , Zhao Jinbo , Fang Shaozheng , Yin Guangjia , Jia Zezhao , Liu Jin , Moro Ramiro , deHeer Walt A. , Ma Lei 
Published: November 2022

A cryogenic beam apparatus for studying neutral clusters has been built and tested. The lowest beam temperature reaches less than 9 K at a repetition rate of 20 Hz. Mechanical decoupling from the refrigerator avoids misalignment during temperature ramping. Adopting a permanent magnet based magnetic deflector eliminates the hysteresis and electric noise of the traditional electromagnet and offers excellent reproducibility of the applied magnetic field. The mass spectrometer can operate in either Mass Spectroscopy Time-Of-Flight mode or Position-Sensitive Time-Of-Flight mode with spatial resolution better than 7 μm. Its performance is demonstrated with niobium and cobalt clusters.
Design of a multi-detector, single line-of-sight, time-of-flight system to measure time-resolved neutron energy spectra
Authors: Schlossberg D. J. , Moore A. S. , Kallman J. S. , Lowry M. , Eckart M. J. , Hartouni E. P. , Hilsabeck T. J. , Kerr S. M. , Kilkenny J. D. 
Published: November 2022

In the dynamic environment of burning, thermonuclear deuterium–tritium plasmas, diagnosing the time-resolved neutron energy spectrum is of critical importance. Strategies exist for this diagnosis in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas, which presently have a lifetime of ∼1012 longer than inertial confinement fusion (ICF) plasmas. Here, we present a novel concept for a simple, precise, and scale-able diagnostic to measure time-resolved neutron spectra in ICF plasmas. The concept leverages general tomographic reconstruction techniques adapted to time-of-flight parameter space, and then employs an updated Monte Carlo algorithm and National Ignition Facility-relevant constraints to reconstruct the time-evolving neutron energy spectrum. Reconstructed spectra of the primary 14.028 MeV nDT peak are in good agreement with the exact synthetic spectra. The technique is also used to reconstruct the time-evolving downscattered spectrum, although the present implementation shows significantly more error.
Monitoring non-specific adsorption at solid–liquid interfaces by supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Au Aaron , Ho Man , Wheeler Aaron R. , Yip Christopher M. 
Published: November 2022

Supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) microscopy is a novel imaging tool based on the use of distance-dependent fluorophore emission patterns to provide accurate locations of fluorophores relative to a surface. This technique has been extensively used to construct accurate cellular images and to detect surface phenomena in a static environment. However, the capability of SAF microscopy in monitoring dynamic surface phenomena and changes in millisecond intervals is underexplored in the literature. Here, we report on a hardware add-on for a conventional inverted microscope coupled with a post-processing Python module that extends the capability of SAF microscopy to monitor dynamic surface adsorption in sub-second intervals, thereby greatly expanding the potential of this tool to study surface interactions, such as surface fouling and competitive surface adhesion. The Python module enables researchers to automatically extract SAF profiles from each image. We first assessed the performance of the system by probing the specific binding of biotin-fluorescein conjugates to a neutravidin-coated cover glass in the presence of non-binding fluorescein. The SAF emission was observed to increase with the quantity of bound fluorophore on the cover glass. However, a high concentration of unbound fluorophore also contributed to overall SAF emission, leading to over-estimation in surface-bound fluorescence. To expand the applications of SAF in monitoring surface phenomena, we monitored the non-specific surface adsorption of BSA and non-ionic surfactants on a Teflon-AF surface. Solution mixtures of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and nine Pluronic/Tetronic surfactants were exposed to a Teflon-AF surface. No significant BSA adsorption was observed in all BSA-surfactant solution mixtures with negligible SAF intensity. Finally, we monitored the adsorption dynamics of BSA onto the Teflon-AF surface and observed rapid BSA adsorption on Teflon-AF surface within 10 s of addition. The adsorption rate constant (ka) and half-life of BSA adsorption on Teflon-AF were determined to be 0.419 ± 0.004 s−1 and 1.65 ± 0.016 s, respectively, using a pseudo-first-order adsorption equation.
Synergistic effect of diatomic Mo–B site confined in graphene-like C2N enables electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction via novel mechanism
Authors: Li Yang , An Wei 
Published: November 2022

Structural modulation of the active site with atomic-level precision is of great importance to meet the activity and selectivity challenges that electrocatalysts are commonly facing. In this work, we have designed a metal (M)–nonmetal diatomic site embedded in graphene-like C2N (denoted as Mo–B@C2N), where the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (eNRR) was thoroughly explored using density functional theory combined with the computational hydrogen electrode method. Compared to M–M diatomic sites, the Mo–B site can generate a pronounced synergistic effect that led to eNRR proceeding via a novel quasi-dissociative reaction mechanism that has not been reported relative to the conventional enzymatic, consecutive, distal, and alternating associative mechanism. This newly uncovered mechanism in which N–N bond scission takes place immediately after the first proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) step (i.e., *NH–*N + H+ + e− → *NH2*N) has demonstrated much advantage in the PCET process over the four conventional mechanism in terms of thermodynamic barrier, except that the adsorption of side-on *N2 seemed thermodynamically unfavorable (ΔGads = 0.61 eV). Our results have revealed that the activation of the inert N≡N triple bond is dominated by the π*-backdonation mechanism as a consequence of charge transfers from both the B and Mo sites and, unexpectedly, from the substrate C2N itself as well. Moreover, the hybrid Mo–B diatomic site demonstrated superior performance over either the Mo–Mo or B–B site for driving eNRR. Our study could provide insight into the delicate relationships among atomic site, substrate, and electrocatalytic performance.
The millimeter-wave spectrum of the SiP radical (X2Πi): Rotational perturbations and hyperfine structure
Authors: Burton M. A. , Sheridan P. M. , Ziurys L. M. 
Published: November 2022

The millimeter/submillimeter-wave spectrum of the SiP radical (X2Πi) has been recorded using direct absorption spectroscopy in the frequency range of 151–532 GHz. SiP was synthesized in an AC discharge from the reaction of SiH4 and gas-phase phosphorus, in argon carrier gas. Both spin–orbit ladders were observed. Fifteen rotational transitions were measured originating in the Ω = 3/2 ladder, and twelve in the Ω = 1/2 substate, each exhibiting lambda doubling and, at lower frequencies, hyperfine interactions from the phosphorus nuclear spin of I = 1/2. The lambda-doublets in the Ω = 1/2 levels appeared to be perturbed at higher J, with the f component deviating from the predicted pattern, likely due to interactions with the nearby excited A2Σ+ electronic state, where ΔEΠ-Σ ∼ 430 cm−1. The data were analyzed using a Hund’s case aβ Hamiltonian and rotational, spin–orbit, lambda-doubling, and hyperfine parameters were determined. A 2Π/2Σ deperturbation analysis was also performed, considering spin–orbit, spin-electronic, and L-uncoupling interactions. Although SiP is clearly not a hydride, the deperturbed parameters derived suggest that the pure precession hypothesis may be useful in assessing the 2Π/2Σ interaction. Interpretation of the Fermi contact term, bF, the spin-dipolar constant, c, and the nuclear spin-orbital parameter, a, indicates that the orbital of the unpaired electron is chiefly pπ in character. The bond length in the v = 0 level was found to be r0 = 2.076 Å, suggestive of a double bond between the silicon and phosphorus atoms.