bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Early Season Insect Pests of Cotton with Insecticides Applied as Seed Treatments, Granular Formulations, and Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Lorenz Gus , Wofford Tommy , Gary Debra 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Science Research Farm at Mississippi State, MS. Plots (4 rows × 45 ft) were planted to ‘Stoneville 825’ cotton on 22 May. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block with 10 replicates. Seed treatments were applied to seed by spraying evenly distributed samples on a belt sprayer. Granular applications were made with Gandy applicators, and in-furrow applications of Standak were made with a compressed air sprayer mounted behind the planter wheel. All foliar applications were made with a compressed air sprayer mounted on a Ford 5000 tractor. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver ca. 6.5 gpa total volume with 2 TX-4 nozzles per row. Foliar applications followed 2 different treatment regimes. Some of the treatments were initiated at the first true leaf (ITL) stage of plant growth with a total of 5 early season applications being made on weekly intervals. The alternative treatment regime was initiating early season applications at the pinhead square (PHS) stage of growth and making 4 early season applications on weekly intervals. After the first bloom stage of plant growth, the entire study area was oversprayed on weekly intervals to protect the influence of early season treatment effects. ITL treatments were made on 12, 20, and 27 Jun, and 4, 12, and 16 Jul. PHS treatments were made on 27 Jun, and 4, 12, and 16 Jul. All plots were oversprayed on 12 Jun with dimethoate (0.2 lb Al/acre) to prevent thrips from destroying the test. Subsequent oversprays were made on 20 and 24 Jul, 24, and 3, 13, 20, 22, and 28 Aug, 12, 20 and 28 Sep, and 3 Oct with fenvalerate (0.1 lb Al/acre) and azinphosmethyl (0.25 lb Al/acre) to protect the plots from Heliothis spp. and Anthonomus grandis.
Effects of Selected Foliar Insecticides on Early Season Cotton Insect Control, Stoneville, Ms, 1984
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Debra Gary , Lorenz Gus , Furr Randy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field experiment was conducted on the Delta French Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots (4 rows × 50 ft with 2 row buffers) were planted to ‘DES 422’ cotton on 7 May. The experiment was conducted as a RCB with 9 replicates per block. All insecticide applications were made with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air spray system. The sprayer delivered a spray volume of ca. 4.5 gps through 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Two basic insecticide treatment regimes were used: (1) initiating applications at the first true leaf (ITL) stage of plant growth, and (2) initiating applications at the pinhead square (PHS) stage of plant growth. In both cases, applications were made on weekly intervals until the first bloom stage of growth. After first bloom all plots except the untreated check were oversprayed with Pydrin, Comite, and Lorsban to prevent subsequent insect damage. ITL treatments were applied on 25 and 31 May, and 5, 13, 19, and 28 Jun. PHS treatments were applied on 5, 13, 19, and 28 Jun. Plots were oversprayed on 6, 16, 23, and 25 Jul, and 3 and 20 Aug. Thrips populations were monitored by shaking the plants in a hill of cotton over a standard cigar box or white pan and counting the number of immature and mature thrips. Ten hills were sampled in each plot.
Control of Aphids in Cotton in Mississippi, 1985
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Gary D. , Reed J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field study was conducted to measure the relative efficacy of several insecticides for control of aphids on cotton in the Delta region of MS. Since the species of aphids was not determined, we assumed that the population was predominantly composed of Aphis gossypii. The study was conducted on a grower farmer where aphids were found at measurable severs. According to the grower the field had previously been treated several times with pyrethroid insecticides. Plot size was 4 rows × 50 ft. Applications were applied with a John Deere high clearance sprayer equipped with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row that delivered a spray volume of ca. 3.0 gpa. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment observations indicated that the aphid population was between 10-20 aphids/upper leaf. Posttreatment observations were made by randomly collecting 10 leaves from the upper, mid, and lower canopy levels in each plot at 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Each collected leaf was classified as having (1) 0 aphids, (2) 1-5 aphids, (3) 6-15 ;iphids, (4) 16-25 aphids, or (5) 25+ aphids. For purposes of comparing the various treatments, the data were converted to estimated number of aphids/leaf by multiplying the mid-point of each classification by the number of observations for that classification. Data were subjected to AOV and means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Timing Studies of Selected Early Season Insecticide Applications 1984 and 1985
Authors: Ratchford Kevin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were tested for effects on the pest/predator complex associated with the early weeks of square production. Stoneville 825 cotton was planted 3 May, 1984 and 9 May, 1985 on loessial silt loam soil at the Macon Ridge Branch the Northeast Research Station. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide × 75 ft) and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with two X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Weekly insecticide applications were initiated at 4 stages: pinhead square on 18 June, ‘84 and 13 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications); 1 wk after pinhead square on 25 Jun, ‘84 and 21 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications); 2 wk after pinhead square on 3 Jul, ‘84 (2 applications) and 27 Jun, ‘85 (3 applications) and; 3 wk after pinhead square on 10 Jul, ‘84 (1 application) and 3 Jul, ‘85 (2 applications). A ‘total control‘ treatment was sprayed each wk, beginning at pinhead square for the duration of the observation period. Sweep net data were collected by making 25 and 5 sweeps/plot on 20 and 28 Jun, 6 and 12 Jul, 1984 and 20 and 26 Jun, 3, and 8 Jul, ‘85. Early season applications were discontinued in Jul of each year when plots had to be oversprayed and maintained with standard insecticides for bollworm and boll weevil control. Two rows from each plot were mechanically harvested 17 Sep, 5 Oct ‘84 and 20 Sep, 7 Oct 1985. Yields were converted to lb sc/acre.
Spider Mite and Cotton Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted in a Raymondville clay loam soil on 25 Mar at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, TX. Plots measured 2 rows (40-inch centers) by 40 ft, and were bordered by 1 row of ‘Headless Wonder’ forage sorghum to reduce spray drift. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Plants were oversprayed with metalaxyl at 0.6 lb + cypermethrin at 0.06 lb (AI)/acre on 6, 13, 20, and 28 Jun in an attempt to induce an outbreak of spider mites. Treatments were applied on 2 Jul with a CO2 powered, tractor-mounted spray boom with hollow-cone nozzles at a rate of 5 gal/acre finished formulation (4 mph, 40 psi, 2 TX4 nozzles/row). Aphids and mites were monitored by randomly collecting 10 leaves from each plot, counting all mites present on the leaves, and all aphids present within a one square area centered on the leaf nectary.
Large Plot Evaluation of Baythroid and Ammo for Middle- and Late-Season Control of Boll Weevil on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Hopkins S. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A large plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Tivoli, TX, to evaluate the relative effectiveness of Baythroid and Ammo for control of boll weevils on cotton. Treatments were compared in 32-row by 800 ft plots of cotton planted on 38 inch rows. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a paired block design. Beginning ca. 1 wk past first-bloom, applications of each treatment were made on 12, 17, 29 Jun, 5, 9 and 12 Jul. The applications in Jun were done with a high-clearance ground machine, while those in Jul were done by aircraft. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by inspecting 25 randomly chosen squares and ca 7-day-old bolls in each plot for the presence of boll weevil damage. Seed-cotton was hand harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Aphid Control in Spring Oats, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar insecticides were applied on 30 May ‘85 at the Russell Settle Farm in Richmond County, Virginia. Oats were planted on a 7-inch row spacing on 11 Mar ‘85. A completely random design was utilized with 3 replications. Individual plots were 6 × 50 feet with a 1-foot border between treatments. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 air sprayer at 22 psi that delivered 11.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzels were used. The efficacy of individual treatments was determined 1-, 5-, 7-, and 14-days after treatment by inspecting all grain heads per 1 row-foot for the presence of live aphids.
Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworm on Peanuts in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Backman C. B. , Mack T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Five treatments and an untreated were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011 acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing, each “row” consisting of 2 rows 7 inch apart) and 40 ft long. Conventional tillage methods were used. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. CEW and FAW larvae were identified and classified into small (instar 1-2), medium (instar 3-4), or large (instar 5+). Larvae were then counted and recorded. Three samples from each plot were taken 2, 9, 14 and 21 days postspray (Jul 27, Aug 3, 8 and 15).
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Grain Sorghum, 1983
Authors: Cheshire J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were planted (36-inch rows) on 31 Aug (Test l)and 20 Sep (Test 2) in Spalding Co, GA. The soil type was a Cecil loamy clay soil. Materials were applied 2 days after each planting in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a 2-gal hand sprayer equipped with a pressure gauge and a cone nozzle. All liquids were applied at 20 gal/acre at 30 psi, and application speed was regulated with a stopwatch. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a hand pushed granular applicator equipped with a 4-inch bander. Partial incorporation of materials was attained by lightly spreading soil from the edge of the rows over the treated bands. Data were collected from 2-row × 28-ft plots which were separated on each side by a border row which received the same treatment. The numbers of healthy and lesser cornstalk borer-(LCB) damaged plants were counted in each plot ca. 2 and 6 weeks after planting (14 and 42 days in Test 1, 18 and 41 days in Test 2). Each plant with LCB damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf Golden Delicious trees on 4 Apr (delayed dormant), 18 Apr (pink), 8 May (petal-fall), 22 May, 4 jun, 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 22 Jul, and 6 Aug. Treatments were applied with a hand gun using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single trees were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. WALH populations were evaluated on 20 May by counting the adults and nymphs found on 25 randomly selected leaves per tree. (ERM) populations were evaluated on 28 May, 17 Jul and 12 Aug by randomly selecting 25 leaves/tree, brushing with modified Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs with a binocular microscope. SP populations were evaluated on 9 Aug by counting all adults and larvae in a timed count of 3 min/tree. Attempts were made to count rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini) and apple aphid (Aphis pomi DeGeer) in this trial, but populations did not develop on the control trees or on any treatments. On 18 Sep, 400 apples/treatment (100/rep) were harvested and evaluated. A fruit finish rating of 1 to 5 (5 being worst) was given each apple.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sorghum Panicles in Georgia, 1985
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide treatments were evaluated in sorghum planted 11 Jun ‘85 near Griffin, GA. Plots measuring 1 row by 50 ft, with 1 border row separating plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep by a hand-held compressed-air sprayer using 30 psi. Grain was in the soft dough stage at the time of application. Larvae were sampled before treatment and on the days 1 and 2 after treatment by shaking 10 randomly selected grain heads from each plot into an enamel tray. No yields were taken because of a severe infestation of plant diseases in field plots.
Chinch Bug Control, 1980
Authors: Peters Leroy L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in Thayer County, NE. The plot area was bordered on 1 side by winter wheat. Sorghum was planted perpendicular to the wheat. Plots were 4 rows (spaced 0.9 m), 30.5 m long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The 2 center rows were used for insect and plant stand counts. In-furrow planting-time application of granules was made by directing the insecticide delivery tube from Noble metering devices into the planter shoe just behind the seed delivery tube. Banded planting-time application of granules was made by directing the granule delivery tube from Noble metering devices to in front of the planter press wheel through a 18-cm bander. Seed treatment was made by thoroughly mixing the insecticide with seed in a paper sack just before planting. Postemergence application of granules were applied over the plants with a Noble metering device mounted on a 2-wheeled carriage, manually operated. Postemergence application of liquid insecticides was made on 24 Jun with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a high-clearance ground sprayer. Plants were 7.6-10 cm tall. Drop nozzles were used so that plants and surrounding soil were thoroughly covered. Spraying systems TX-12 nozzle tips were used.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Spray Carrier to Control Sorghum Midge in South Texas
Authors: Royer T. A. , Cartwright B. , Fernandez D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted in 4-row by 50-ft plots of grain sorghum planted 25 Mar at the TAMU-Hoblitzelle Farm near Mercedes, TX. The experimental ilesign was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were delivered through a CO2 powered boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (3 TX 10 hollow-cone nozzles per row, 30 psi, 3 mph). Treatments in the first test were applied on a 3-day schedule (29 May, 2 Jun, and 5 Jun) and treatments in the second test were sprayed on a 6-day schedule (29 May and 5 Jun). In test 2, each insecticide was applied either in water or in water with an emulsifiable oil added (Valoil). Efficacy was evaluated by measuring yield and rating heads for damage using a 1-10 scale, based on the % seed damaged in each panicle. Sample size for yield consisted of hand-harvesting seed heads within 26.4 ft of row/plot, machine threshing them, and adjusting grain weights to 15% moisture.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Headworms and Stink Bugs on Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Boykin R. , Davidson T. C. , Phillips M. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center to evaluate the relative effectiveness of selected insecticides in controlling headworms and stink bugs on sorghum. Four treatments and an untreated were compared in 1-row by 50-ft plots of grain sorghum planted 19 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the milk stage on 13 and 18 Jun. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal total spray/ac through 3X hollow-cone nozzles at 40 psi. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by removing the panicles from 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot and inspecting them in the laboratory for the presence of headworms and stink bugs. Grain was harvested from a 6.8-ft section of each plot and weighed for yield analysis.
Foliar-Applied Insecticide Trials on Soybeans, 1985
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Ressler Elaine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forty-two plots were located near Hebron, OH. Plots measured 22.9 rn by 4 rows and were bordered by 2 buffer rows (76 cm centers). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 14 treatments and 3 replications. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jul with a 4-row, CO2-charged bicycle sprayer with TX6 nozzles and a liquid output of 43.8 ml/sec at 30 psi (25.5 gal/acre). Weather conditions at spraying were 22°C with little to no breeze. Soybeans were in the R3 growth stage (pods beginning to develop). Samples were taken (25 sweeps per sample) with a 38-cm dia sweep net at pretreatment and 2, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment. Plants changed from the R3 growth stage to R6 stage (beans fully developed) during the sampling period.
Corn Earworm Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Weeks Steven D. , Hynson Teresa P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were foliar-applied on 28 Aug, on ‘Essex’ soybean conventionally planted on a 36-inch row spacing on the Russell Settle farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 4 rows × 75 ft spaced 6 ft apart with 3-ft alleys. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 powered compressed air sprayer at 29 psi that delivered 22.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after application by comparing the number of CEW per 25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks.
Green Cloverworm Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P. , Weeks Steven D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were foliar-applied on 28 Aug, on Essex-soybean conventionally planted on a 36-inch row spacing on the Russell Settle Farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 4 rows × 75 ft spaced 6 ft apart, with 3-ft alleys. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer at 29 psi, using AL8004 nozzles, that delivered 22.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after application by comparing the number of green cloverworms per 25 sweeps in the untreated plots to those in the treated plots.
Evaluation of Insecticides For Control of Trheecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Soybean, 1984
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Boethel D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots of Bragg soybean were established near Hamburg, LA. Plots measuring 15.2 m by 8 rows (76-cm row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were treated at the R4 growth stage on 18 Aug. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to 15.4 gal/acre at 30 psi with 8002 nozzles. Posttreatment samples were taken in each plot at 3, 7 and 14 days using 50 sweeps per plot for adults and 1 beat-board sample per plot (1.0 m of row) for the nymphs.
Sugarcane Borer (SCB) Control, Small Plot Insecticide Screening Test, 1985
Authors: Flynn J. L. , Fuller B. W. , Showier A.T. , Reagan T. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A block of plant cane sugarcane (SCB susceptible commercial variety) located at the St. Gabriel Experiment Station, near Baton Rouge, LA, was divided into plots of 3 rows (1.8 m centers) × 7.31 m (0.004 ha). Insecticide treatments for season-long control of SCB were assigned to plots according to a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a knapsack sprayer that delivered 135 1 finished formulation per hectare per application. Insecticide applications were initiated when SCB infectations exceeded the L.S.U. recommended economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing small SCB larvae in the leafsheaths). Subsequent applications were timed according to SCB resurgence in the plots treated with the recently labeled Pydrin (0.1 lb (AI)/acre). Counts made just prior to the first application revealed a 15% infestation level. Dates for the 3 applications were 12 Jul, 9 and 31 Aug. Season-long control of SCB was evaluated on 17 Oct (just prior to ‘larvest) by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for the presence of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Control of Tobacco Budworms With β-Exotoxin from Bacillus Thurinciensis and With B.t. Cornmeal Baits, 1985
Authors: Jackson D. Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. kurstaki (ABG-6149 = Dipel 10G, 1.6 Billion International Units (BIU)/Kg) and the β-exotoxin of B.t. (ABG-6162A, 1.8 % w/w) were tested for control of tobacco budworm larvae on ‘Speight G-70’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. On 9 May tobacco was transplanted into a field of Vance sandy loam which had been treated with Ridomil (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Paarlan (1.68 kg (AI)/ha) for disease and weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22 m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were marked off in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications for each of 3 experiments. There were no border rows between plots, but spraying was done early in the morning when wind was negligible. Also, additional unsprayed check plots were set up in a remote field away from any insecticide spraying. These served to help identify possible drift problems between plots. Plants for experiments 2 and 3 were regrown from plants cutoff just above the ground on 9 Jul. Plants were infested with two 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae from a laboratory colony on 10 Jun, 29 Jul, and 6 Aug for experiments 1 to 3, respectively.