bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cornerstone of Job Quality
Authors: Albin Maria , Mathieu Chris , Takala Esa-Pekka , Theorell Töres 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is the foundational element of job quality as it aims to prevent work-related harm to employees, thereby sustaining health and productivity by securing physical and psychic labour capacity. Thus, OSH is both of overriding value in itself as well as instrumental in the work context. The core of this chapter revolves around central current topics and future concerns in three primary dimensions of OSH—chemical and biological hazards, ergonomics, and psychosocial concerns. The chapter evidences the continuous tension in reconciling three different objectives: securing health and safety for employees; efficient productivity; and feasible implementation of monitoring and regulation. This takes place in a dynamic environment where new hazards are discovered or arise due to changes in work as well as advances in scientific knowledge about the causes of illnesses, diseases and accidents. In this complex environment, awareness and acceptance of scientific knowledge needs to be created, often in terms of standards and regulation, raising the issues of individual variation and cumulative effects from multiple hazards from workplace and wider exposures. An optimal approach to OSH not only concerns eliminating and reducing adverse factors but also stimulation of regenerative and protective biological processes.
Innovation and Job Quality
Authors: de Bustillo Rafael Muñoz , Grande Rafael , Fernández-Macías Enrique 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it is intended as a reflection about the interactions between innovation and job quality. The chapter argues that there are several different channels of transmission going from innovation to job quality and vice versa. In the first place, technological (and organizational) change leads to higher productivity, what we could call a ‘productivity dividend’, and to higher job quality, mostly by allowing wage increases and lower working hours. In the second place, technological innovation changes the nature of jobs, also affecting job quality by modifying working conditions. In the third place, technological innovation alters the structure of the economy through structural change, also affecting overall job quality as job quality is different in the different industries of the economy. Last, intrinsic job quality might itself be a driver of innovation. Secondly, we will test some of the potential interactions between innovation and job quality analysed in the first part of the chapter using the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey that for the first (and so far the last) time includes information about innovation and computerization by the firms.
Understanding Differences and Trends in Job Quality
Authors: Hauff Sven , Kirchner Stefan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An increasing number of studies are focusing on cross-national differences and trends in job quality. However, current research provides little consensus about the conceptualization and analysis of job quality. In this chapter we show how conceptualizations of job quality differ in cross-national research. In addition, we identify and discuss the analytical and methodological approaches that are undertaken to study cross-national differences and trends in job quality. Building on these analyses, we argue that the evaluation of work and employment conditions is always embedded in a specific context, that is the specific institutional and cultural conditions in a country at a specific time. Therefore, it is very difficult to have a common concept of job quality. This must not be interpreted as an obstacle, but as an opportunity for a more comprehensive understanding about the cross-national differences and trends in job quality.
Understanding Job Quality Using Qualitative Research
Authors: Knox Angela , Wright Sally 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extending research from traditional labour market analysis on the quantity of jobs to encompass the quality of jobs is important for individuals, firms, economies and societies. To date, qualitative research has progressed our understanding of job quality by producing critical insights regarding the consequences of job quality, changes in job quality and the concept of job quality itself. While a distinction is made in the literature between objective and subjective components of job quality, additional qualitative research that distinguishes explicitly between the objective, subjective and integrated components of job quality facilitates more precise conceptualization and more effective operationalization of job quality.
Job Quality as the Realization of Democratic Ideals
Authors: Godard John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that a major problem with the job quality literature has been its tendency to focus at the individual rather than societal level. It then establishes the basis for a societal level approach, arguing that it is necessary to identify generally agreed ‘civic principles’ (e.g., freedom, justice, community) that represent ideals of democratic societies and can be seen as indicators of the democratic quality of employment in those societies. Next, it outlines an institutional environments approach to theorize variation in the attainment of these principles and, more generally, in employment systems. It concludes by arguing that this approach might form the basis for a normative paradigm for the future of work, one that is grounded in philosophy as well as empirical observation.
The Federal System and the Länder
Authors: Benz Arthur 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The federal system of Germany is unique in several respects. Governments of the Länder mainly implement federal law and depend to a considerable extent on shared taxes determined by federal legislation. In return, Länder governments participate in federal legislation. This sharing of powers has historical roots and is difficult to change. Efforts to reform the federal constitution or the Länder territories ended with limited amendments. Legal scholars and political scientists have criticized the overlapping responsibilities of federal and Länder governments and the ineffective outcomes of joint decisions, compelling governments aligned to competing parties to find agreements. However, research has also revealed that actors found ways to adjust power sharing and patterns of governance to changing societal and political conditions. The federal system has remained stable, but constitutional amendments of the last two decades have increased its rigidity. This chapter summarizes the historical legacies, the institutions and their operation, and the evolution of the federal system and the role of the Länder. This outline also illustrates different research perspectives on German federalism.
Germany’s Trading System and Export-Driven Economy
Authors: Busch Andreas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The German economy is one of the largest measured by GDP, ranking fourth in the world (after the US, China, and Japan) and first in Europe. One of its hallmarks is its strength in international trade, resulting in an economy strongly interwoven with the global economy and leaving its mark on the structure of the economy. This chapter looks at the historical trajectory of the German economy, the theoretical approaches put forward to analysing it, and structural change over time. It also discusses the persistent tendency to run substantial current account surpluses which intermittently trigger political controversies with trading partners, but also domestically.
Germany’s Banking and Financial System
Authors: Jacob Janine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The German financial system is characterized by a large, three-pillar banking sector that dominates the way financial business is being conducted in the country. Although it has undergone significant changes since the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in 1949, the foundational element of the three-pillar banking sector has remained remarkably intact and continues to define the entire financial system. This chapter describes the three-pillar banking structure in Germany, including its historical roots, legal basis, and characteristic structural features. It outlines the three essential periods that have shaped the modern German financial system: the age of the ‘traditional’ bank-based system between the foundation of the FRG and the 1980s; the movement away from a bank-based system towards a hybrid model between the late 1980s/early 1990s until the 2008 global financial crisis; and the post-financial crisis period. It furthermore discusses the challenges that lie ahead and the potential future development of the German financial sector.
Demographics and Generational Transition and Politics
Authors: Sackmann Reinhold 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Germany’s demographic structure and the country’s generational politics. Both are quite unusual in comparison to other OECD countries. With regard to demographic ageing, Germany is on average one of the oldest societies in the world. Germany is also characterized by a low fertility rate that is well below replacement level. Equally important for an analysis of generational politics is the discontinuous historical process Germany experienced during the late twentieth century. Three system changes have prepared the ground for a very specific generational landscape, which is only partially paralleled in other countries in the world. These system changes were the transition from the Nazi regime to democracy in West Germany in 1945, as well as the shift from fascist to a communist government in East Germany in the same year, and a change from communist one-party rule to a democratic market economy in East Germany in 1990. What have been the effects of these extraordinary historical and demographic transitions? In this chapter the specific demographic and generational situation is analysed by a) clarifying the concepts of generation and cohort; b) giving an overview of the developments and causes of fertility, mortality, and migration patterns in Germany; c) describing the major societal generations after 1960; d) typifying major discourses on demographic subjects in recent decades; and e) analysing the effects these developments have had on generational politics.
Religion and the Churches
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Müller Olaf 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This essay examines the legal, social, and cultural situation of the churches and religion in Germany as well as the development of the religious landscape against the background of overarching social trends. After a brief introduction to central concepts and terms, the essay first identifies some historical milestones that were decisive for the constitution of churches and religion today, which are indispensable for understanding the current situation. Next, on the basis of empirical data, the evolution of the churches in the two German states from the post-war period to reunification, as well as the religious development in Germany as a whole since 1989/90 are examined in more detail. The chapter concludes with a summary providing an outlook on current problems in this area.
German Art After 1990
Authors: Deshmukh Marion F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Germany’s aesthetic history, like its political history during the course of the twentieth century, has had a fraught legacy and its complex history continues to cast long shadows to this day. In summarizing cultural trends since unification, history will never be far from the analysis since it begins at the exact moment of the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. This essay describes the major post-1990 trends not only in the visual arts, but also in photography and equally importantly, in the politics of museum curating and museum renovation. For it was due to the latter activities that some German artists were favoured over others and received critical notice which advanced their careers. The politics of museum curating along with the renovation of existing museums and the construction of new museums has become an important national project in the united Federal Republic. In the meantime, many of the country’s artists and their rich variety in artistic styles and approaches—performance artists, painters, sculptors, photographers, and others—have achieved much international and also public acclaim.
German Foreign Policy
Authors: Moroff Holger 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Both West and East Germany were children of the Cold War. With its end East joined West. It was a prelude to eleven more formerly communist countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe joining first NATO and then the European Union (EU) during the following two decades. These were by far the two most important foreign policy aims of a united Germany. War has become unthinkable among EU members; the rule of law and human rights have taken centre stage. Equally important has been the reconceptualization of politics, including international politics, as a multilateral problem-solving exercise. Such a conception, however, is not shared by many authoritarian countries or politicians, who prefer to view foreign policy as a zero-sum game. This chapter looks at the historical roots of German foreign policy from Sonderweg to a new normalcy, focusing on the importance of human rights and rhetorical action as they surround the birth of the new Germany in 1990. Their repercussions are analysed by focusing on five exemplary cases of German foreign policy since then. They are the two US-led wars in Iraq, the Balkan conflicts, 9/11, the Euro sovereign debt crisis, and Germany’s policies towards the civil war in Libya. These cases shed light on a reluctant hegemon who diligently avoids unilateral actions and military interventions.
Germany and EU Foreign Policy
Authors: Harnisch Sebastian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Germany’s policy towards the European Union (EU)’s evolving foreign policy manifests itself in different dimensions of the EU’s foreign policy process. As a member state of the EU, Germany frequently but not always supports the establishment of new norms and institutional structures, thus either seeking to strengthen or weaken EU competences vis-à-vis member states and entities (polity). Similar to other member states, the biggest economic power in the EU also either seeks to bolster or undercut, or otherwise influence the process of EU foreign policy coordination through using unilateral means or colluding with outside powers, such as the US, Russia, or China (politics). Last but not least, Berlin may or may not support a common or joint policy decision or strategy of the EU towards a specific conflict, i.e. the Yugoslavian wars, or a policy area such as migration. This chapter examines different concepts of how to tackle the interaction between German and EU foreign policy, dwelling on theoretical explanations and the empirical work done on different regional and functional policies. It also assesses Germany’s constitutional policy towards the Common European Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), focusing on the role of societal actors in the process. The chapter also traces Germany’s substantial policy contribution in a number of cases, testing the hypothesis that Germany’s CFSP policy has become more intergovernmental over time.
Three Chancellors and Russia
Authors: Szabo Stephen F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The German relationship is the key to the future of European security and was shaped by three German Chancellors since Germany reunified in 1990. It went from an atmosphere of hope, cooperation, and compromise under Helmut Kohl to economic cooperation under Gerhard Schroeder, and finally to one of disillusionment and resistance under Angela Merkel. Two Russian leaders, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin were keys to the evolution and deterioration of the relationship. The constant factor has been geoeconomics, or the balancing of an important energy and economic partnership with strategic concerns. It has been based in a changing power balance which has shifted towards Germany. German policy has been transformed from one of a modernization partnership and a belief that economic engagement would modernize and democratize Russia to one of selective engagement and the use of economic sanctions in the wake of the Ukraine crisis.
The End of the Cold War and the Process of German Unification
Authors: Stiglich Larissa R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This essay offers an examination of the economic, political, diplomatic, social, and cultural causes for the fall of the Berlin Wall, the disintegration of state socialism in East Germany, and the unification of the two Germanys. While early interpretations of these events assigned disproportionate credit to the US for ‘winning’ the Cold War, more recent scholarship understands the fall of the Wall and the end of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as resulting from a complex combination of the external pressures of a shifting international context, failure of the party leadership from above, and social pressure and revolt from below. The essay traces these short- and long-range causes, while simultaneously emphasizing the contingency of events. The diplomacy of high-ranking politicians, the spontaneous decisions on the part of individual historical actors, and the actions of East Germans dissidents and protestors all served integral roles in the course of events. Finally, the essay touches on some of the initial difficulties of the triple transition from a planned to a market economy, from communism to democracy, and from a divided to a united Germany.
The Study of Political Participation Across Research Traditions
Authors: Giugni Marco , Grasso Maria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation. One of the aims of this Handbook is to bring together two research traditions from political science and sociology, bridging research in political sociology and social movement studies, thus further developing the links between the disciplines that have only recently begun to emerge. After delimiting the boundaries of the subject matter by addressing definitional matters, the chapter presents the content of the Handbook by discussing a number of key issues in the study of political participation: how this topic is addressed by different disciplines and from different theoretical arguments; the variety of methodological approaches scholars adopts to study it; the different modes of participation; the role of context; the determinants and process of political participation; its macro-level and micro-level outcomes; and some current trends and future directions
Marxist Approaches to the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Cox Laurence , Nilsen Alf G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contributions of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and later Marxists to understanding political participation. It argues that Marxism is fundamentally historical, so that rather than assuming a fixed and general institutional situation across states and periods, the Marxist contribution can best be expressed as empirical questions about popular participation in specific contexts. The expectation is one of popular attempts to assert participation in decision-making, with institutional forms shaped by the outcome of such struggles between social movements from below and the agency of the powerful. This argument is illustrated with examples from the struggle for democracy in Europe since the nineteenth century, the changing nature of political participation in postcolonial India, “the world’s largest democracy,” and popular politics in the age of austerity.
Bridging Rationalist, Structuralist, and Culturalist Approaches to the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Hooghe Marc 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Political participation is, by definition, a multifaceted social phenomenon, and different theoretical approaches in participation studies tend to focus on one of these facets. This chapter argues that the meso-level (organizations, mobilization campaigns …) offers most opportunities to combine different theoretical perspectives to the study of political participation. While acknowledging that specific theoretical perspectives can be antagonistic, e.g., between rational theory and cultural approaches, it is also pointed out that a comprehensive study of political participation will require at least some dialogue between different perspectives or even theoretical integration. The chapter closes with the development of an integrated model, combining individual, cultural, and structural elements in one comprehensive model that can enable future scholars to explain the success of participation and mobilization in various contexts. Especially when the effects of political participation are the topic under investigation, it seems imperative to develop such an integrated model.
Protest Participation
Authors: Giugni Marco , Grasso Maria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines protest participation as a distinct mode of political participation. The chapter addresses four key questions: What is protest participation? How can it be studied? Who engages in it? How can it be explained? Furthermore, we discuss the role of context for protest participation, including how patterns of protest may differ between democratic and nondemocratic states, as well as how protest participation has transformed over time, both in the long and in the shorter run. The chapter makes two key arguments about protest participation. Firstly, concerning its definition, we stress the fact that what is meant by protest participation changes over time and therefore analytical tools must adapt to these changes. Secondly, concerning its explanation, we argue that, while there are different approaches and research traditions stressing different explanatory factors – we can distinguish in this regard between macro-structural, social-psychological, and predispositional accounts –, some points of convergence exist amongst them and therefore we need to combine those approaches and traditions in order to reach a better understanding of why and how people engage in protest activities. The transformation of political participation is also discussed.
Personality, Motives, and Political Participation
Authors: Ackermann Kathrin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews and discusses research on personality, motives, and political participation. It introduces the concepts of personality and motives and discusses their role within participation research. In particular, the literature on personality traits (“Big Five”) and civic engagement is summarized showing that openness to experience and extraversion are the most important correlates of political participation. Regarding motives, the focus is on the role of political interest, political knowledge, political efficacy, and partisanship as factors that promote political action. Beyond reviewing the existing literature, the chapter argues that the link between psychological factors, like personality traits and motives, and political participation is likely to be context dependent. Empirical analyses shown in this chapter lend support to this argument.