bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Puritans and Protest Songs in Revolutionary Britain
Authors: McShane Angela J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter offers a very early example of the connectivity between political protest and commercial systems of production and distribution by considering “protest” songs issued by the ballad trade during the period of the British Revolution (1640–1660). Rebellious Puritans in Scotland and England collaborated with the popular music trade to protest their religious and political complaints and to promote their ideological values; Puritan Republican regimes tolerated popular Royalist songs of resistance. With the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Royalist writers and government-appointed censors sought not only to mute Puritan popular music but also to obliterate it from historical memory. As such, the chapter illustrates the problematics of assuming a natural relationship between religious fundamentalism and social, political, and cultural conservatism.
Section II: Indigenous Worldviews
Authors: Smith Claire , Pollard Kellie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces Section II of this handbook. This section examines the evolution and challenges of Indigenous archaeology, emphasizing the integration of Indigenous worldviews into theory, method, and practice. It shows how non-Indigenous frameworks continue to dominate the discipline, reflecting a historical pattern of marginalizing Indigenous perspectives and reinforcing biases. It explores how Indigenous methodologies reshape archaeological research by prioritizing reciprocity, respect, and community empowerment. It highlights the transformative potential of centering Indigenous aspirations, as scholars advocate for archaeological sovereignty, healing, and reconciliation. Ultimately, this section calls for unlearning Western epistemic habits and embracing Indigenous understandings of history, culture, and time to foster genuine collaboration and innovation.
“They Trusted Me Even When I Didn’t Particularly Trust Myself”
Authors: Alvey Jamie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
It is rare that horror films feature Black women characters as either the hero or experiencing a happy ending. Enter Australian horror film Little Monsters (2019), which emphasizes Black women’s interior profundity and their pursuits of and right to happiness and joy. Little Monsters tells the story of Miss Audrey Caroline (Lupita Nyong’o), an intrepid kindergarten teacher. Rather than facilitate the growth of her coworkers and the children under her care, Miss Caroline is her own person, resourceful, dynamic, and a departure from the Black best friend trope. This chapter illustrates the ways in which the film presents a beautiful, graceful, self-actualized Black woman who cuts against cinema’s long-standing stereotypes of Black femininity. It is also a particularly bold film, considering that it comes from Australia, a country steeped in its own innate and fraught racist history. Thus, this chapter also expands conceptions of global Blackness.
Freddie vs. Michael
Authors: Bryant Tiffany A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Early 2000s media showcased a preoccupation with reality TV. Horror reality programming intersected the commodification of perspective with elements meant to evoke responses of fear. Yet these programs often focused on participants documenting their experiences in spaces with dark histories through a representational treatment that serviced white discourse endeavors. The inclusion of Black participants or Black productions of hi/stories (not including dark tourist places of historicized Black suffering) were rare or normalized through tokenish casting and setting representations. This chapter examines Black representations in Halloween: Resurrection (2002), in which the Black-owned production of a simulated horror experience turns deadly. The chapter interrogates the performance and construction of Black perspectives situated within the combined, white-dominated genre expectations of a slasher franchise and the simulated horror reality format. Scholarship on Black representation and reality cinematography contribute to critiquing dramatic agency in the film’s adoption of acts of Black looking and the meta-complications of Black objectification under layered gazes.
From Tales from the Hood to Candyman
Authors: Karn Colleen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which Black horror cinema, in particular Tales from the Hood, Candyman (1994), and Candyman (2021) can be used to teach trauma studies in undergraduate general education courses. Teaching complex and even uncomfortable cultural theories and concepts proves challenging; however, these courses often represent the only exposure some students will have to theories and concepts that will, hopefully, increase their awareness and understanding of crucial issues and ideologies. Pairing trauma theories and concepts with Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s seven monster theses makes the analysis of the films and the concepts accessible to students. Tales from the Hood and the two Candyman films not only depict various types of trauma but also focus on Black Americans. The lessons aid in creating anti-racist pedagogy. The application of Cohen’s work to cinematic depictions of Black trauma provides students the opportunities to gain awareness of Black experiences in America.
The Yogyakarta Principles and the Yogyakarta Principles Plus 10
Authors: Narrain Arvind , Patel Pooja 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The 29 Yogyakarta Principles have become a significant landmark in the struggle for LGBTI equality. They have been extensively cited by UN agencies, human rights organs, states, and the judiciary in various national jurisdictions. Apart from the enormous citational significance of the Yogyakarta articulation, its importance lies in advancing a collective understanding of the relationship between the violations suffered by LGBTI persons and international human rights law. This chapter points some of the ways in which the Yogyakarta Principles have advanced this understanding and will integrate an analysis of key aspects of the Yogyakarta plus 10 document into the analysis of the Yogyakarta Principles wherever relevant and conclude with an exposition of some of the unique features of the recently adopted Yogyakarta plus 10 document.
Military and Command Structures
Authors: Hilde Paal Sigurd 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO’s military and command structures constitute the Alliance’s core institutional asset. These structures set NATO apart not only from most other alliances in history, but also from other contemporary international organizations. This chapter provides an overview of how NATO’s military and command structures work and analyses their development over the course of NATO’s history. That process of development reflects the evolution of the Alliance more broadly. The chapter highlights three analytical categories of allied national interests—‘national pride’, ‘strategic ambitions’, and ‘threat perceptions’—to show how shifting military requirements have interacted with strong national interests to create allied military and command structures that, like most things in NATO, are marked by the need for consensus.
Defence Planning and Force Generation
Authors: Foster Maryann 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The NATO defence planning process identifies the capabilities needed to meet the Alliance’s agreed tasks; force generation ensures those capabilities accord with NATO’s level of operational ambition. Uncertainty in the security environment along with NATO enlargement have complicated both these tasks. Complicating matters further is a familiar institutional logic: NATO is comprised of subgroups of allies whose interests diverge, alongside an organizational bureaucracy with robust institutional interests. Decision-making in NATO is inter-governmental in nature. And this poses a problem of collective action. The members of NATO aim to protect their national interests while bureaucratic actors strive to advance institutional concerns. This can result in a discrepancy between the levels and types of military capabilities that NATO needs and what actually materializes from NATO defence planning and force generation. Allies claim to want greater NATO efficiency but not, seemingly, at the cost of greater infringements upon national sovereignty.
Representation and Decision-Making
Authors: Davis Ian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a multi-level, decision-making model that maps the complex decision-making process in NATO. Decisions are shown to occur across many ‘issue areas’ involving a range of actors drawn from both the NATO allies and the NATO bureaucracy. These decisions are shaped by both external/systemic and psychological/behavioural factors. The cornerstone of this model is the consensus procedure. A short analysis of the allied withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 is provided as an illustrative case. The chapter also explores contemporary debates about reform of decision-making in NATO, again with a focus on the consensus procedure. NATO’s political complexities mean that there are no simple fixes to improve decision-making within the organization.
Ballistic Missile Defence
Authors: Frühling Stephan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The history of missile defence debates in NATO includes European concerns about Sentinel and Safeguard programmes to defend North America in the 1960s, the Strategic Defence Initiative of the 1980s, theatre missile defence for out-of-area operations in the 1990s, and the development of missile defence to defend allied territory in the 2000s. Missile defence debates in the Alliance have historically been divisive as they have brought to the fore fundamental questions of extended deterrence the allies would otherwise prefer to have left unstated. That said, a broad consensus on the role and limits of missile defence in NATO strategy has emerged since 2009, so reducing the political salience of the issue. Such a state of affairs is testament to NATO’s ability to manage complex political–military issues among the allies.
Emerging and Disruptive Technologies
Authors: Sperling James 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The emerging and disruptive technologies (EDTs) of the twenty-first century will narrow NATO’s technological advantage over its likely adversaries and may erode the credibility of the extended American deterrent. In this chapter, the concept of disruptive technologies frames the analysis of military EDTs and is extended to account for potential changes in the conduct of war. A brief overview of those EDTs shaping the future of warfare provides the empirical foundation for answering two questions. First: ‘what are the first-, second-, and third-order consequences of technology for the Alliance?’ Second: ‘what specific impacts will these technologies have on the conduct of warfare in the entangled war-fighting domains of land, sea, air, and space, and the enabling domains of cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum, particularly with respect to the offensive–defensive balance and nuclear deterrence?’ The conclusion questions whether the feared ‘algorithm gap’ of the 2030s will prove as illusory as the ‘missile gap’ of the late 1950s or if it is real and thus might leave NATO a relatively diminished military actor.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Marcus Jonathan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Bosnia crisis of the early and mid-1990s was a new kind of challenge for NATO, one that would help set it on a new course of operational development. Involvement in Bosnia came in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the early stages of NATO’s post-Cold War transformation. This was NATO’s first offensive military action, its first air campaign, and its first ‘out of area’ peace-enforcement mission. These efforts culminated in Operation Deliberate Force. NATO was then the armature for the mustering of the implementation force (IFOR), at the time the largest military operation in Europe since World War II. NATO’s experience in Bosnia-Herzegovina paved the way for subsequent operations in Kosovo and Afghanistan.
Afghanistan
Authors: Rynning Sten 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of NATO and Afghanistan and pinpoints the principal strengths and weaknesses of the Alliance’s operational involvement in the country. NATO’s security assistance mission (ISAF) and the subsequent training mission Resolute Support) ultimately failed, and NATO was forced to withdraw chaotically in August 2021. The record of Alliance involvement in Afghanistan defies easy interpretation. NATO was layered into a counter-insurgency campaign partly run by a US-led coalition and partly by United Nations agencies. NATO went big in terms of operational footprint, but its hand on the political steering wheel was always light. NATO demonstrated endurance, capacity, and political legitimacy, and yet Afghanistan became the graveyard of its good intentions. Three frameworks of interpretation help make sense of all this—highlighting, respectively, strategic leadership, institutionalized ideas, and the contingency of multinational warfare. In engaging these frameworks, the chapter demonstrates how, even as we now know the beginning and the end of NATO in Afghanistan, the full meaning of the intervention is still emerging. The case thus merits further scholarly attention.
Forward Deployment and Reassurance
Authors: Desmaele Linde , Simón Luis 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Events in and around Ukraine occasioned a turning point for NATO. This chapter offers an overview of NATO’s adaptation since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and examines the main initiatives—centred on forward deployment and reassurance—adopted by the Alliance in the years that followed. It discusses NATO’s collective response as well as the contributions of different allies. The analysis is tethered to the challenge of designing NATO policies that credibly deter Russia, but do not provoke a security dilemma. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of NATO’s ongoing transformation.
Germany
Authors: Dyson Tom 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Germany’s relationship with NATO was shaped by a unique set of historical, geopolitical and economic parameters after the then West Germany joined the Alliance in 1955. Germany’s post-Cold War relationship with NATO is seen by reference to four themes. First, Germany’s interests in NATO membership and the perceived benefits and liabilities of NATO membership over time. Second, German influence in NATO and the extent to which NATO accommodates German positions. Third, the impact that NATO has exerted on German defence and security policies. And finally, German input to NATO and its burden-sharing within the Alliance. With these themes in mind, the chapter explores Germany’s response to contemporary security challenges, including the war in Ukraine. It finds that Germany’s civilian-power foreign policy orientation, combined with dependence on Russian gas and decades of under-investment in the Bundeswehr, has left the country struggling to provide leadership in NATO—even though a greater material commitment to defence has recently emerged.
Poland
Authors: Lorenz Wojciech 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
NATO is one of the most important external pillars of Polish security. From the Polish perspective, accession to NATO in 1999 was crucial in removing post-Yalta divisions and in limiting the risk that Russia might rebuild a sphere of influence in Central and Eastern Europe. Although Poland has supported NATO’s adaptation to a new strategic environment by expanding its remit to encompass crisis management and cooperative security, it has perceived the Alliance mainly as a collective defence organization. Poland strongly supports NATO collective defence and has been determined to secure a permanent NATO (and American) military presence on Polish territory. Russian aggression against Ukraine has validated this approach.
The European Union
Authors: Whitman Richard G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Despite overlapping memberships and shared concerns in the fields of security and defence, the European Union and NATO have travelled a rocky path of mutual accommodation. NATO–EU cooperation is ostensibly mutually beneficial. Joint action brings combined military and civilian capabilities and so provides the resources necessary for a wide spectrum approach to the task of crisis management, both inside and outside of Europe. This chapter considers the history and structures of the NATO–EU relationship, and how that relationship has been affected by the Russia–Ukraine war. Despite great potential, the promise of co-operation remains unfulfilled. However, a stable relationship has developed over time precisely because big and controversial questions such as European strategic autonomy have been left unresolved.
The Mediterranean Dialogue
Authors: Marrone Alessandro 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) established by NATO in 1994 with seven countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It analyses the MD’s origins and rationale in the context of outreach by the allies towards the MENA region. The chapter also considers a number of structural constraints the Alliance faces in its approach to MD, mostly but not only due to the national security interests of the major allies (many of whom do not regard the MENA region as a priority). The states of the MD themselves, meanwhile, are not a coherent group and this too impedes partnerships and the progress of multilateral cooperation. The twin pillars of the MD—political dialogue and practical cooperation—are considered in this light. The chapter concludes that the MD offers only a limited contribution to regional stability and security.
Realisms
Authors: Johnston Seth A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Realism (or, more accurately, realisms) is a foundational school of thought in the academic discipline of International Relations and an essential theoretical perspective for understanding NATO. It offers insight on cross-cutting themes relating to NATO’s purpose, adaptability, and endurance. Thinking on alliances is central to realist scholarship, and NATO itself is a common inspiration or test subject for realist ideas. Realism, like NATO itself, has evolved considerably since its twentieth-century beginnings. Home to several strands of thinking, realism remains a vibrant but diverse tradition with many specific theories loosely united around common core tenets. As applied to alliances generally and to NATO specifically, the following themes emerge: balancing an external threat by aggregating military capabilities; leadership and hegemony (especially concerning the role of the United States in NATO); and intra-alliance balancing to suppress latent conflict and antagonism. Taken together, these themes reflect a way of thinking on alliances and NATO that is adaptable and pluralistic.
Britain and Ireland
Authors: Pickard Catriona , Bonsall Clive 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, we review current interpretations of the material culture and lifeways of Mesolithic foragers living on the northwestern fringe of Europe. Settlement remains are sparse, although the corpus of evidence is expanding. Residential sites with posthole-defined structures and middens occur in both Britain and Ireland. Key challenges to understanding occupations and permanence of place in the Mesolithic are acidic soils and sea-level changes, which have distorted the Mesolithic settlement record. However, there is a growing awareness of the existence of sedentary or semi-sedentary settlements not previously associated with the region’s hunter-gatherers. Organic and lithic technologies offer insights into hunting, food preparation, and other everyday activities. Lithic assemblages are regionally diverse, reflecting raw material access but also distinct material culture trajectories. New statistical approaches to modelling past diets, using stable isotope data, hint at a greater use of plant foods than the traditionally assumed emphasis on fish and meat consumption. Mortuary practices remain poorly understood but diversity in approaches to the treatment of the dead is evident, with primary and secondary inhumations as well as cremation burials, and occasional evidence of ritual defleshing. Both isolated burials and cemeteries have been recorded, as well as sporadic, disarticulated human remains in shell middens. Parietal and portable art includes personal ornaments and abstract engravings on cave walls and on movable artefacts. Symbolism embodied in antler frontlets or headpieces from the Early Mesolithic has been linked to shamanistic cosmology.
Continental France and the Benelux
Authors: Vandendriessche Hans , Guéret Colas , Marquebielle Benjamin , Crombé Philippe 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter concerns the Mesolithic of a vast and highly diverse geographical area extending from the Pyrenees in the south of France to the North Sea coast of Belgium and the Netherlands. Because of this, it not only encompasses the Sauveterrian, but also parts of the Beuronian and Maglemosian cultural spheres. Typochronological data generally allows to divide the Mesolithic of this area in an Early and a Late stage, or in a Premier and Second Mésolithique. An exception is the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt area, where a Middle Mesolithic, characterized by the sudden appearance of microliths with flat retouch, is lodged in between this bipartite scheme. Regional geography and taphonomic settings heavily influenced research history and research focus in the different subregions that are addressed in this chapter. In southern France and the Belgian Meuse valley, information, for example, originates primarily from caves and rock shelters that offered rich faunal assemblages as well as extensive information on the diverse burial rites of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Conversely, in other areas, where large-scale open-air excavations are the rule, more information is available on settlement organization and settlement structures. Next to hearth features, artefact clusters, and possible post-hole configurations, the latter also consist of pit-features that are often found on the fringes—or completely outside—of traditional settlement terrains, such as the remarkable pit alignments from the Paris Basin and the many ‘pit-hearths’ of the northern Netherlands.
Rock Images of the Dead
Authors: Klungseth Lødøen Trond 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter connects the iconographical content of the Northern Tradition rock art of Scandinavia to both Late Mesolithic mortuary practices and to a dramatic demographic decline at the term of the Late Mesolithic. It addresses a specific focus towards Northern Tradition rock art sites in western Norway where a number of archaeological excavations and scientific investigations have been carried out and where representations of both human skeletons and defleshed animals are most apparent in the iconography. Through dialectic research towards both rock art and contemporary archaeological remains, it connects the Northern Tradition rock art of western Norway to the cultural historical development during the Late Mesolithic. The approach and the results suggest that the use of rock art was an institutionalized collective response to social pressure, most likely released by disease and dramatic demographic decline. The archaeological development indicates that populations were brought to extinction or close to extinction, something that also led to the end of the Northern Tradition rock art. The rock art can be understood as a pictorial language where the aims and perspectives in this dialectic approach adds to the deciphering of the iconographical narratives. Since the Late Mesolithic archaeological record of western Norway has rather limited information on mortuary procedures, future decoding of the human skeletons, and their interaction with excarnated animals in the rock art might provide valuable information on how death was handled in the Late Mesolithic.