Menopause, hysterectomy, menopausal hormone therapy and cause-specific mortality: cohort study of UK Biobank participants
Authors: Xu Zhiwei , Chung Hsin-Fang , Dobson Annette J , Wilson Louise F , Hickey Martha , Mishra Gita D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
What is the association between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and cause-specific mortality?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Self-reported MHT use following early natural menopause, surgical menopause or premenopausal hysterectomy is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer mortality and is not consistently associated with the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease or other causes.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Evidence from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trials showed that the use of estrogen alone is not associated with the risk of cardiovascular mortality and is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer mortality, but evidence from the Million Women Study showed that use of estrogen alone is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer mortality.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Cohort study (the UK Biobank), 178 379 women, recruited in 2006–2010.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Postmenopausal women who had reported age at menopause (natural or surgical) or hysterectomy, and information on MHT and cause-specific mortality. Age at natural menopause, age at surgical menopause, age at hysterectomy and MHT were exposures of interest. Natural menopause was defined as spontaneous cessation of menstruation for 12 months with no previous hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Surgical menopause was defined as the removal of both ovaries prior to natural menopause. Hysterectomy was defined as removal of the uterus before natural menopause without bilateral oophorectomy. The study outcome was cause-specific mortality.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Among the 178 379 women included, 136 790 had natural menopause, 17 569 had surgical menopause and 24 020 had hysterectomy alone. Compared with women with natural menopause at the age of 50–52 years, women with natural menopause before 40 years (hazard ratio (HR): 2.38, 95% CI: 1.64, 3.45) or hysterectomy before 40 years (HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.07) had a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality but not cancer mortality. MHT use was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer mortality following surgical menopause before 45 years (HR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.36), at 45–49 years (HR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.35) or at ≥50 years (HR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.63), and the association between MHT use and the risk of breast cancer mortality did not differ by MHT use duration (&lt;6 or 6–20 years). MHT use was also associated with a lower risk of breast cancer mortality following natural menopause before 45 years (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.95) or hysterectomy before 45 years (HR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.74).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Self-reported data on age at natural menopause, age at surgical menopause, age at hysterectomy and MHT.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The current international guidelines recommend women with early menopause to use MHT until the average age at menopause. Our findings support this recommendation.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This project is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (grant numbers APP1027196 and APP1153420). G.D.M. is supported by NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844), and M.H. is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (APP1193838). There are no competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.