bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
221 Putative Gene Regulators in the Equine Endometrium, Corpus Luteum and Embryo During Early Pregnancy in the Horse
Authors: de Amorim Mariana Diel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is estimated that 17.3% of all pregnancies in the horse are lost from the time of detection to day 40, which has significant economic impact. But still, equine reproductive research has limited funding opportunities. Understanding the dynamics between the embryo, endometrium, and corpus luteum (CL) is essential to ameliorate those losses. Pig embryonic interferon (IFN) gamma is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. In ruminants, IFN tau is the maternal recognition signal. The equine embryo seems to express IFN alpha, gamma, delta, and epsilon but higher expression was only identified on day(D) 16 embryos, after the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), so the IFN role during pregnancy is unknown. Oxytocin and prostaglandins have been demonstrated to have a role during luteolysis and luteostasis in the horse, and therefore investigation the embryonic, endometrium, and CL putative gene regulators during the equine MRP is warranted. Oxytocinase (LNPEP), an aminopeptidase that metabolizes oxytocin (OXT) has been recently investigated with other putative gene regulators in the horse during the expected time of MRP. OXT and LNPEPmRNA were identified in the equine embryo, endometrium, and CL, but OXT/neurophysin-1 protein was not detected in the embryo, and present in the CL. Most of the endometrial and luteal mRNA differences were identified around D12 post-ovulation, suggesting being a critical time for MRP. Luteal OXT was not different between pregnant and non-pregnant mares. LNPEP mRNA was upregulated in pregnant and non-pregnant mares D10 and 12 luteal tissues along with prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). Embryonic trophoblast LNPEP and PTGES have higher relative abundance on D15 conceptus compared earlier embryos, suggesting a potential role during embryonic fixation. The increased expression of LNPEP is suggested to have a role in decreasing oxytocin availability and shifting the ratio PGE:PGF to a PGE that will support luteal function during early pregnancy.
222 Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy in the Mare: What is Needed to Make Progress in our Understanding of This Complex Issue
Authors: Klein Claudia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) resulting in prolonged luteal lifespan is crucial to maintenance of pregnancy. Mechanisms underlying MRP differ in between species, whereat the precise mechanism by which luteolysis is prevented has yet to be described for equine pregnancy. Transcriptional profiling studies entailing analysis of endometrial and embryonic tissues have shed light into the wider context of maternal recognition of pregnancy. Our own studies revealed the secretion of fibrinogen by preimplantation equine embryos, which is a peculiar finding as fibrinogen synthesis almost exclusively occurs in the liver. Conceptus-derived fibrinogen likely contributes to cell adhesion during fixation and underlines the helpfulness of transcriptome studies in identifying species-specific aspects of early pregnancy. Despite all our advances, we yet have to decipher the signaling pathways leading to reduced endometrial production of prostaglandin F2alpha during MRP. We recently analyzed samples from mares undergoing spontaneous pregnancy loss in the face of high progesterone in comparison to samples collected from mares at Day 20 of intact pregnancy. No differentially expressed transcripts could be detected. It appears that after maternal recognition of pregnancy and consequent suppression of luteolysis, progesterone, not the presence of a viable conceptus, is the driving force of gene expression. This finding underlines the importance of understanding the events surrounding luteostasis. We propose that a standardized approach in vitro cell culture model is needed to address mechanistic questions pertaining to MRP. Approaches currently underway such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted integration of TERT and TERC to immortalize equine endometrial stromal fibroblasts will be discussed.
257 Effect of the Essential Amino Acid-Nitrogen to Total Nitrogen Ratio on Lysine Requirement for Nitrogen Retention in Growing Pigs
Authors: Camire Carley , Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Panisson Josiane C , Shoveller Anna-Kate , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low-protein (LP) diets may become limiting in nitrogen (N), affecting utilization of essential amino acids (EAA) for nitrogen retention (NR). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the EAA-N to total N ratio (EAA-N:TN) on lysine (Lys) requirement for NR. A total of 80 growing barrows (21.5±0.89 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 dietary treatments (n=8 pigs/treatment) in 8 blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with factors of EAA-N:TN (low vs. high) and Lys content (0.82, 0.92, 1.02, 1.12, and 1.22% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys). Diets were formulated to meet EAA requirements with the low ratio diet (LR; 16.8% crude protein) having an ideal EAA-N:TN of 0.48 and the high ratio diet (HR; 15.5% crude protein) formulated to be limiting in NEAA with an EAA-N:TN of 0.55. Diets were fed at 2.8 × maintenance metabolizable energy requirements. After a 7-d dietary adaptation, a 4-d N-balance period was conducted where fresh fecal samples were collected daily and quantitative urine samples were collected over a 24-h period. Nitrogen-balance was determined as the difference between N intake minus fecal and urinary N output. Data were analyzed using a MIXED model with fixed effects of ratio, Lys, and their interactions, and block as a random effect. Lysine requirement based on two-phase linear or quadratic modeling was estimated using PROC NLIN. Nitrogen retention increased linearly with increasing Lys levels regardless of ratio (P&lt; 0.01). Quadratic modelling estimated the Lys requirement to maximize NR at 17.83 g/d in pigs fed HR diets at 1.21% SID (R2 = 0.53; P&lt; 0.05), but no breakpoint was achieved for pigs fed LR diets, which showed a linear response (R2 = 0.79; P&lt; 0.05). These results suggest that NR is limited by NEAA or TN in HR diets.
259 Impact of Reducing Dietary Protein with Supplementation of 8 Essential Amino Acids and Functional Roles of Supplemental his or Glu on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Duarte Marcos Elias E , Deng Zixiao , Baker Jonathan , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of reducing dietary protein with supplementation of 8 essential amino acids and functional roles of supplemental Glu or His on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs. Pigs (n = 216; 98 ± 3.5 kg BW) were allotted (3 pigs/pen) to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were fed for 14 d until 120 kg BW. Dietary treatments were CON (11.4% CP with L-Lys, L-Thr, and L-Trp); LCP (8.9% CP with L-Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, Phe, and His); LCPG (9.1% CP; LCP+Glu to match % Glu in CON); and LCPH (9.2% CP; LCP+2x His requirement). Diets met or exceeded requirements with 2.7 Mcal/kg NE. Growth performance and backfat thickness (BFT) were measured at d 0 and d 14. Blood was collected to analyze BUN. At d 14, pigs with the median BW in each pen were slaughtered. Pigs fed CON had greatest (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F. Pigs fed LCP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI than LCPG. BFT of pigs fed LCPG and LCPH was less (P &lt; 0.05) than CON. Cold carcass weight in CON was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than LCPG and LCPH, whereas it was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in LCP than in LCPG. Chilling loss in LCP was less (P &lt; 0.05) than LCPG. Drip loss at 48 h in LCPH was less (P &lt; 0.05) than CON and LCPG. BUN in LCPG and LCPH was less (P &lt; 0.05) than CON. In conclusion, reducing dietary protein by 2.5% using 8 supplemental amino acids reduced growth performance without affecting carcass yield. Supplemental His at 2x requirement to low protein diets meeting His requirement enhanced loin quality by reducing drip loss.
251 A Combination of Dietary Isoleucine and Valine Above Recommended Levels Improves the Growth and Alters the Metabolites Profile in Pigs fed with Very low Protein Diets
Authors: Goodarzi Parniyan , Habibi Mohammad , Gorton Matthew W , Tarkesh Firoozeh , Walsh Katherine , Fuhrig Mallory , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Very low-protein (VLP) diets are beneficial for reducing the nitrogen excretion from swine production, but these diets depress the performance of pigs while supplemented with first four limiting amino acids (FFL; i.e. Lys, Met, Thr and Trp). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of Val and Ile above NRC (2012) levels on performance, thermal radiation and blood metabolites of pigs fed with VLP diets. Three-week-old weaned barrows (n = 40) were assigned to: positive control (PC): normal protein diet; negative control (NC): VLP diet containing FFL at NRC levels; HV: NC with Val above NRC; HI: NC with Ile above NRC; HVI: NC with both Val and Ile above NRC. After 5 weeks of data collection, blood samples were collected. Univariate GLM with Tukey post-hoc test was used to analyze the data (SPSS). Pigs fed with NC had a decreased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with PC (P&lt; 0.05). HVI pigs had less ADG than PC, but greater ADG than NC (P&lt; 0.05). ADFI of pigs fed with HVI was similar to PC and it was greater than NC (P&lt; 0.05). HVI pigs had a higher thermal radiation than NC (P&lt; 0.05). While HVI pigs had greater blood glucose than PC and NC at baseline (P&lt; 0.05), no differences among these groups were observed on postprandial blood glucose concentration. HVI pigs had less blood triglycerides than PC. All groups increased the blood cholesterol compared with PC (P&lt; 0.05). There were no differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for NC vs. PC; however, pigs fed with HVI reduced the BUN compared with NC (P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Val and Ile greater than NRC into VLP diets partially restored the performance and fully recovered the ADFI, reduced the blood triglycerides and BUN, and improved the glucose tolerance.
270 Effects of Different Watering Options on Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and net Energy in Diets fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Rodriguez Diego A , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that different watering options affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) and gross energy (GE), and concentration of net energy (NE) by growing pigs. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was used in both experiments. There were 3 treatments: 1) dry feeder plus a water nipple located outside the feeder, 2) wet-dry feeder with the water nipple inside the feeder, and 3) combined system with a water nipple both inside the feeder and also an outside nipple. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 6; initial weight = 27.53 kg) that were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to the 3 treatments using a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 6 pigs and three 7-d periods. All pigs were fed an N-free diet for an additional period to determine basal endogenous losses of AA. Chromic oxide was added to all diets and ileal digesta were collected according to standard procedures. In Exp. 2, 24 pigs (initial weight = 50.23 kg) were allotted to the 3 treatments using a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 6 chambers (i.e., 4 pigs per chamber) and three 15-d periods. Oxygen consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured during fed and fasting states and fecal and urine samples were collected. In both experiments, pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Results indicated that there were no differences among watering options for SID of AA, feed intake, total and fasting heat production, ATTD of DM and GE, or NE in diet. In conclusion, different watering options did not affect the digestibility of AA, DM, and GE and concentration of NE in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs.
241 Towards More Sustainable Use of Trace Elements in Pig and Poultry Feeding
Authors: Dourmad Jean-Yves , Gourlez Emma , De Quelen Francine , Narcy Agnes 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Copper and zinc are essential trace elements, which play an important role in a large number of biological functions, including immunity and protection from oxidative stress. When supplied at pharmacological level, they may improve gut health and animal performance, especially during stressful periods. However, because of their low retention, most of the Cu and Zn ingested is excreted, contributing to harmful environmental impacts, such as accumulation in soils and water ecosystems, and toxicity to soil microorganisms and plants. A high level of Zn in feed may also contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. Finally, Cu and Zn are limited natural resources that should be preserved and better recycled. To find a compromise between the positive and negative effects of Cu and Zn, we need a holistic approach considering animal performance and health, risk of microbial resistance, and risk for the environment. In that perspective, reducing dietary Cu and Zn supplies whilst maintaining satisfactory animal performance appears the most effective approach. However, to safely reduce Cu and Zn supplies, their requirements should be better evaluated and the dietary factors and mechanisms that significantly affect their bioavailability better understood. Improved manure management is another way to better control the risk of soil contamination, by concentrating these elements in organic fertilizers that might be transferred to regions with soil deficiency. In the recent years, the EU regulation on Cu and Zn content of animal feed and organic fertilizers played a major role in reducing their utilization in pig and poultry. For instance in pigs, compared to before 2003, Zn and Cu excretion was reduced by 65% (from 80 to 30 g/pig) and 80% (from 38 to 8 g/pig), respectively, as well as their concentration in excreta (from 2500 to 1000 mg Zn /kg DM ppm and from 1000 to 250 mg Cu /kg DM).
245 Preparing for a low Zinc World a new Paradigm for Feeding Piglet
Authors: Langeoire Gilles 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since many years in Western Europe a general trend pushes the consumers demand toward a meat production clear from antibacterial residue. A ban of antibiotic as animal growth promoter started in 2006. Developed in Denmark then in many other pig producing countries, the use of high level of zinc oxide was considered as the solution to limit antibiotics and efficient against the post weaning diarrheas. In France and in the Netherlands, very quickly the most negative consequence of the excreted zinc on the environment and later to the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant bacteria leaded to a ban of these therapeutic level of zinc oxide. In June 2017 the EU commission, decided to ban the high level of zinc oxide in the piglet feed at weaning; the European pig producers had 5 years moratorium to apply that new regulation. Next June 2022, the European producers will have to change of paradigm: To wean piglets with limited antibiotics and zero zinc! That new approach needs to be holistic, combining the piglet breeding and the feeding management. From our experience, some points are of real importance: Mind the feed intake: before and during weaning, Improve the nutrients’ digestibility: a highly digestible protein level can limit the risk of proteolytic fermentations and limit the risk of PWD, Increase the acidification of the diet: A Low pH and a low ABC4 will lead to a better organic acid efficiency, a better protein digestibility and a lower risk of digestive dysbiosis, Taking advantage of the dietary fibre’s fermentation: an optimal level of dietary fibre will improve the gut morphology and through the NSP fermentations will improve the microbiota and the gut health status. These recommendations will finally lead to better feed performance: Higher feed intake and better piglet growth by maintaining the eubiosis around weaning through the settlement of an optimal, stable and diversified microflora.
277 Live Animal Mitochondrial Markers During the Feedlot Phase are Related to Meat Quality in Angus but not Brahman Steers
Authors: Semanchik Pier L , Wesolowski Lauren T , Simons Jessica L , Guy Chloey , Earnhardt Audrey L , Perry George A , Long Charles R , Law Dustin , Neuendorff Don A , Randel Ron D , Machado Tanner , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mitochondrial activity correlates with meat product quality post-harvest but little is known about the relationships between live animal mitochondria and product quality at slaughter. To test the hypothesis that live animal skeletal muscle mitochondrial markers would be correlated with longissimus Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) post-harvest, longissimus thoracis (LT) and trapezius (TRAP) samples were collected from Brahman and Angus steers (n = 36 per breed) during the grazing growth phase (GP) and after 120 days on feed (FP). Samples were analyzed for mitochondrial enzyme activities via colorimetry and for oxidative phosphorylation (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities via high-resolution respirometry. Relationships between mitochondrial variables and WBSF were determined using PROC CORR in SAS (v9.4). Within Angus in GP, LT mitochondrial volume density as measured by citrate synthase activity (CS) was positively correlated with WBSF (P=0.009). In FP, Angus LT intrinsic (relative to CS) P with complex I (PCI) and maximal E with complexes I and II (ECI+II) were positively correlated with WBSF (P≤0.05), while the contribution of maximal P with complexes I and II (PCI+II) to maximal E (flux control ratio, FCRPCI+II) was negatively correlated with WBSF (P=0.03). Also in FP, Angus TRAP integrative (relative to mg tissue) PCI, PCI+II, and ECI+II and FCRPCI were negatively correlated with WBSF (P≤0.02), while the FCR for electron transfer through complex II only (FCRECII) was positively correlated with WBSF (P=0.007). In Brahman, no mitochondrial markers correlated with WBSF during either GP or FP. Post-harvest meat tenderness is related to live animal skeletal muscle mitochondrial markers when evaluated close to slaughter in Angus but not in Brahman steers.
284 Gut and Skeletal Muscle Control the Effect of low Protein Diets on Feed Intake and Thermal Radiation of Broilers During Experimentally Induced Heat Stress
Authors: Sutton Julia , Habibi Mohammad , Shili Cedrick n , Beker Ali , Burch-Konda Jacob , Salak-Johnson Janeen L , Foote Andrew P , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of low protein diets on feed intake (FI), heat production and markers of FI and thermogenesis regulation in broilers under experimentally induced heat stress. Two-hundred-day-old broiler chicks were weight-matched and assigned into 36 pens (5-6 chicks/pen) followed by assigning them into two treatments (18 pens/treatment): 1) thermoneutral (TN), 2) heat stress (HS). Within each treatment, the pens were randomized to receive two diets (9 pens/diet): 1) normal protein (NP), 2) low protein (LP). The study lasted 6 weeks with 2 weeks of acclimation and 4 weeks of data collection. On week 6, birds were euthanized, and blood and tissue samples collected. All data were analyzed with either GLM or mixed procedure (SPSS). The student’s t-test was used to separate means between NP and LP diets within each treatment. There was no difference in average daily gain between NP and LP diets in the TN group, but LP decreased that during HS (P&lt; 0.05). In TN condition, LP tended to increase the average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to NP (P&lt; 0.1), while during HS, LP was not different from NP in terms of ADFI (P&gt;0.05). In TN condition, LP had a higher thermal radiation than NP, but LP had less thermal radiation than NP during HS (P&lt; 0.05). In support of ADFI data, LP had a greater ghrelin transcript in the duodenum than NP in TN condition (P&lt; 0.05). However, during HS, LP tended to decrease the plasma ghrelin concentration compared with NP (P&lt; 0.1). Unlike TN condition, LP had a decreased muscle sirtuin and cytochrome c oxidase transcript than NP during HS (P&lt; 0.05). Our data provide evidence that low protein diets mitigate the negative outcome of heat stress by reducing feed intake and heat production, which are regulated through genes expressed in the gut and skeletal muscle.
317 Importance and Difficulty of Measuring Complete Greenhouse gas Flux from Diverse Beef Production Systems
Authors: Erickson Galen E , Watson Andrea K , Suyker Andy , Xiong Yijie , Okalebo Jane 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cattle naturally respire CO2 from energy and rumen metabolism, and produce enteric CH4 from rumen fermentation. In addition, N2O is produced from soils used for agricultural production following precipitation events. These three gases need to be more accurately quantified in beef production systems to model greenhouse gas (GHG) flux and establish effective mitigation strategies. Most models assume CO2 respiration equals carbon uptake by soil when cattle are fed harvested feeds or during grazing. Therefore, CH4 or N2O release is the net contribution from beef production, while ignoring respired CO2. Recent evidence suggests carbon uptake in soils within grazing systems may offset much of the GHG emissions during beef production. However, total flux is difficult to measure in open, extensive systems including pasture and feedlot pens. Using methods of eddy covariance, footprint modeling, and satellite GPS data on cattle location during grazing, we have estimated CO2 and CH4 production from grazing cattle independent of the pasture (soil and plant) to get accurate fluxes. Regardless of whether the beef industry is already net zero, focus on mitigating enteric methane production is warranted. Three primary methods are used for evaluating CH4: in vitro techniques, calorimetry head boxes, or pen chambers. The most robust system for quantification of enteric methane is pen chambers, which allows for cattle performance to be evaluated simultaneously. Many new additives are being evaluated, but not yet approved for use in food animals. Use of pen-based chambers has a limitation with large numbers of animals that cannot enter the food chain. More focus is required to find suitable methane mitigation strategies from novel feed additives and evaluate changes in productivity and ensuring no residues. Whenever possible, increasing speed of approval for those additives that are effective and pose no risk for food safety will be critical for ruminant production.