bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Biodegradable Plastics and their Applications: A Mini Review
Authors: Kharb Jyoteshna , Saharan Ritu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rising concern towards health and environmental menace caused by plastic wastes has fascinated scientists and chemists to find out greener and sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. The conventional plastics are produced from crude oil and fossil fuels and ever-increasing demand of plastics results in depletion of these natural resources. Moreover, due to non-biodegradable in nature they persist in environment for a long time. A novel, eco-friendly and sustainable substitute to the traditional petro based plastic is biodegradable plastic which can be obtained from renewable and biogenic raw materials such as biomass, starch, wood pulp and vegetable oils. The utilization of renewable sources, their similar applications as conventional plastics, biodegradability, nontoxic properties and high recyclability are the major advantages for the use of biodegradable plastics. They are used for a large variety of applications in various sectors such as, packing, textiles, consumer goods, agriculture and horticulture, automotive and transport, coatings and adhesives, construction, electrical and electronics, medical, food packaging etc. In this mini review various biodegradable plastics, their attainable properties and applications in a wide variety of fields are summarized.
Thermohydraulic Management of Batteries with the help of the Peltier Cell for Automotive and Space Applications
Authors: Rapaka Sreeja , Bobba Naga Sai Nandan , Penigandla Geetesh Sai , Dondapati Raja Sekhar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The main challenge that the researchers have been facing these days is the thermohydraulic management of electrical and electronic devices since it plays a very crucial role in the efficiency of these devices. The same cause has been affecting the performance of automotive and space batteries. The temperature rise in the batteries has been affecting the life of the battery as well. For better performance and a long-life battery, the necessity of battery thermal management is important. In this paper, we are proposing a method to manage the high temperature with the help of Peltier cells attached to the battery. The cooling side of the Peltier cell will control the heat dissipated from the battery and the heating side of the Peltier cell will be optimized by the hydraulic pipes. As TECs (Thermoelectric Cooler) is a viable use in this technological growing world, we have been using them as our main thermal manager by using the cold side of the module. The Peltier cells are also been using in the formation of ice in the refrigerator and other applications where major low temperatures are required. With the effective usage of the Peltier cells, this paper proposes a method to manage the heat emitting from the battery.
Vibration signal analysis of a rotor-bearing system through wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Sathujoda Prabhakar , Bhalla Neelanchali Asija 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vibration analysis is widely used for the monitoring of the health of rotating machinery. There are different methods to interpret the vibration signals like time-domain analysis and frequency domain analysis, where the conventional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method is applied. FFT has been used successfully to extract stationary parameters from the frequency domain data. Complex machines normally consist of many parts and their vibration response contains many non-stationary signals and nonlinear signals. The objective of this research is to explore the feasibility of utilizing the wavelet transform (WT) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to efficiently decompose the sophisticated vibration signals of a rotor-bearing system into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions so that the fault characteristics of the rotor-bearing system can be analysed. A test rig of a rotor-bearing system was used to perform the experiments, and the vibration signals were recorded through NI-DAQ system. Vibration signals received from the test rig were analyzed using MATLAB software to present the useful information. The analysis result showed that the proposed approach is capable of diagnosing the faults of the rotor-bearing system.
A proximate analysis of soil corrosivity to water pipelines in the Manohara Town Planning area of Kathmandu Valley using a probabilistic approach
Authors: Regmi Shrawan K , Dahal Kumar P , Bhattarai Jagadeesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe facts of early non-performance of iron-based underground water pipes of the Kathmandu Valley (Nepal) are mostly due to the corrosive nature of the surrounding soil factors. A comparatively high percentage of the damage to the water pipelines in Nepal is anticipated, compared with the data reported in the developed countries. For the reasons, the quantitative data analysis of six kinds of the corrosive soil factors (i.e., moisture-holding capacity, pH, electrochemical resistivity, redox potential, Cl−, and SO42−ions) of 15 specimens, sampled from the Manohara Town Planning (MTP) area, was carried out using a novel probabilistic model, which is based on the internationally accepted standards (i.e., ASTM, NACE, AASTHO) with some modifications. The corrosivity of each soil factor was categorized into four corrosive groups (CGs) based on the conventionally applied classification methods. The experimentally obtained data of the soil factors were then used for proximate analysis using a new non-deterministic (probabilistic) model to classify the corrosive sub-groups (CSGs) of the soil specimens. This model would be a meritorious method to assess the soil corrosion condition of any area of the country, where the engineers and technologists could be applied pertinent methods or materials for the buried-pipe works in the future.
Numerical analysis of origami-ending crash tubes
Authors: Farooq Haris , Kumar Manoj 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A crash tube is an essential component in assuring the safety of a vehicle. In a low-speed accident, crash tubes avoid damage to passengers and goods. They are mounted at the vehicle's front end and are designed to disperse kinetic energy and lessen impact loads during a collision. A novel origami-ending crash tube (OET) is presented in this study. FEA tool ABAQUS EXPLICIT was used for validation, design, and simulation studies. The dihedral angle and thickness of the tube were varied to optimize the crashworthiness. Crashworthiness measures, like mean force, specific energy absorbed, and peak force, were used to conduct comparative investigations. A dihedral angle of 1650 was found to optimize all the crashworthiness parameters, and a thickness of 2mm was found to be significant for better crashworthiness of the tube. OETs are suitable for engineering applications due to substantial improvements in the structure's crashworthiness.
On the Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties for Copper in Sodium Carbonate and Potassium Carbonate
Authors: shukla Arpita , Noyel Victoria S. , Manivannan R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study investigates sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate as oxidizers for copper (Cu) chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). The dissolution study was conducted to estimate etch rate (ER) in the entire odd pH range for both the suggested oxidizers. The etch rate decreases as the pH increases from acidic to alkaline region. The effect of change in temperature of the working solution on Cu dissolution is also investigated. Based on the experiment conducted and the values obtained, the enthalpy (ΔHact) and entropy (ΔSact) of both the system were calculated. The contact angle was measured to further examine the surficial synergy between the oxidizers and the exposed Cu surface.
Investigation of flexural properties in 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Ansari Anis A. , Kamil M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymers and their advancements have been remarkably addressed in the past few decades. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has added a new dimension to the polymer composite industry. This article is intended to explore the AM technique, in particular, fused deposition modeling (FDM), to highlight the effect of various printing parameters on flexural properties. Flexural specimens were prepared as per ASTM D790 standard with a Nylon-based matrix (Onyx) and continuous fibers, such as glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, and carbon fiber using Markforged Mark Two 3D printer. After analysis of the results, it was observed that the flexural properties are highly influenced by the print parameters. Fiber type and isotropic fiber angles were found as the most influencing parameters for flexural strength and modulus responses. After reinforcement, the flexural strength was increased by 76.4% for Kevlar fiber, 129.8% for glass fiber, and 230.1% for carbon fiber. This work will provide the researchers in the 3D printing domain to gain an insight into the characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites.
Geomechanics impact due to in-situ and induced stresses during drilling of horizontal and highly deviated coal bed methane wells
Authors: Dani Kamal Chandra , Gupta Dharmendra Kumar , Sharma Pushpa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hydrocarbon exploration is the arduous task. Urgency of hydrocarbon and avengement of technology push operators to recover the unexplored unconventional hydrocarbon like coal bed methane (CBM) which has been discontinued. Limitations such as misunderstanding of geomechanical stress, formation behaviours- abrasiveness, mud properties etc; impaired the drilling performance and leads to well failure. Therefore, wellbore stability due to geomechanical stresses is considered as one of the major stages in well planning and required extensive study. The dominant elements of fascinating the CBM extraction are cost and the currently available technology and poor understanding of reservoir as compare to conventional reservoir. CBM wells fails due to exceeding the limit of tensile and shear strength which includes wellbore collapse, pipe sticking, caving, loss circulation and leads to ruin the operator’s money and time. The stress regimes in induced, in-situ stresses are natural and cannot be change; however study of these stresses and implementation of findings are essential to implement while planning the well and monitoring stresses behaviour during drilling of highly deviate or horizontal wells are key element to successfully develop the coal bed methane reservoir. Effect of geomechanical stresses are experienced while drilling horizontal and highly deviated wells. By considering the effects of in-situ and induced stresses; suitable operational window can be design to reduce the CBM wellbore failure. The present work analyse the geomechanical in-situ and induced stresses which are contributing towards instability of wellbore along with matrix shrinkage effect, outcome of this study can be utilized for the efficient planning of failure-free wellbore operating envelopes for CBM wells.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Al6061 Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Singh Pawandeep , Gupta Vivudh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the dry sliding wear behaviour of Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites reinforced with B4C (3 wt.%) and eggshell ash (3, 6, 9 and 12 wt.%) fabricated through the stir casting process. A four factors and five-level central composite design (CCD) were used for experiments through response surface methodology. The factors considered for design were eggshell ash (0-12 wt.%), load (10-50 N), sliding speed (0.8-4 m/s) and sliding distance (300-1500 m). The experiments were performed using a pin-on-disc tribometer according to the ASTM G99 standard at room temperature for 30 combinations. Based on experimental results, a regression model was developed to predict the wear rate, and its adequacy was checked with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and confirmation tests. The ANOVA results showed that sliding speed was the most significant factor followed by the load, which significantly influences the response. Wear rate increased with the increase in load and sliding distance, whereas it decreased with the increase in wt.% of eggshell ash and sliding speed. The increase in wear rate with the increase in load can be caused by the increase in tip pressure, and in case of sliding distance it may be due to increase in contact time. Whereas, decrease in wear rate with the increase in sliding speed can be caused by the decrease in contact time and higher wt.% of eggshell also reduced the wear rate and it may be due to the increase in composites hardness.
Fabrication And Characterisation of AA6063-T6/SiC/Waste Bone Powder Using Electromagnetic Stir Casting
Authors: Sharma Ojasvi , Gupta Prateek , Kumar Tarun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electromagnetic stir casting (EMSC) is a highly effective process to produce the metal matrix composite (MMC) because of the uniform mixing of reinforcement with the matrix. The current research is to investigate AA6063-T6/2wt%SiC/5wt%WBP hybrid composite using Microstructure analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Tensile strength and Hardness. Stirring time and speed is kept as constant parameter. Microstructure analysis reveals that there is uniform distribution of reinforcement in AA6063-T6 hybrid composite and no voids were observed. FESEM analysis shows that reinforcement have a good bonding with a small porosity. XRD analysis indicates that there are no unwanted contaminants found and Al3Ca shows the highest peak followed by Al2(CO3)3 and CaSiO3. It was concluded that mechanical properties are improved on adding the reinforcement, tensile strength by 22.4% and hardness by 31%.
Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy with CFA and SiC
Authors: Mayana Pachakhan , Kavyasree G , Lakshmi Narasimhulu P , Althaf Hussain SG , Maheshwar Reddy E , Syman N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From early history, builders, manufacturers, and engineers continued to develop composites of wide assortments of materials. Furthermore, chemical upheaval changed the composite development of plastics such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, etc., and reinforcement was reinforced essential to provide strength and rigidity. At present composites finds many applications in every aspects of day to day life. The utilization of raw materials like coal, baggase and agricultural wastes are used in large scales in industries for power generation and food production. The utilization of these fuels causing huge environmental pollution liberating in the form of ashes. These ashes can be utilized in effective way for manufacturing and structural applications with their incorporation in polymer matrix composites. To enhance the mechanical properties and in reducing the manufacturing cost, these industrial wastes plays a major role. The present research work mainly focuses on the influence of Coal Fly Ash (CFA), Silicon Carbide (SiC) and a mixture of CFA & SiC as filler materials on the mechanical behavior of Epoxy Glass fiber composite. Various types of composites are fabricated by manual hand lay-up process with varying weight percentages of the filler materials and epoxy resin as matrix material. The filler materials weight proportions are taken as 5%, 10% and 15%. The prepared composites are cut into tests specimen as per the ASTM standards of mechanical characterization. The mechanical properties of the composites (like Tensile strength (ASTM D3039/D3039M: 2017), Flexural strength (ASTM D790: 2015), Impact strength (ASTM D 229 el: 2019), Interlaminar shear strength (ASTM D2240: 2015), Hardness (ASTM D2240: 2015)) are determined by using corresponding testing machines and it is observed that the properties exhibited by the composites are enhanced with the incorporation of CFA, SiC & mixture of CFA and SiC when compared with the unfilled composites. So, these composites are considered a multifunctional composite material where the individual fillers are used in some applications and the combined proportions are used in different applications. They replace the existing materials that are very high in cost and cause more pollution at the time of manufacturing. These composites give the ability to improve and increase the efficiency, autonomy, and life expectancy of a structure.
Fatigue strength of copper and mild steel single lap joints bonded with epoxy-alumina nanocomposite adhesive
Authors: Dinesh Ram S , Shukla Dharmendra Kumar , Gupta Aman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An In-situ polymerization technique was used to create an epoxy nano-alumina composite adhesive. Ultrasonication was used to achieve the distribution of nano-alumina particles in an epoxy matrix containing weight percentage 0.5,1,1.5 and 2% nanoparticles. Single lap joints with adherents of Copper-Copper (CC), Mild Steel-Mild Steel (MM) and Copper-Mild Steel (CM) were prepared following ASTM D1002 standards. Lap shear strength tests in tension of bonded joint samples (CC, MM, and CM) were conducted on UTM at 1.27 mm/min cross head travel rate. The fatigue strength of bonded specimens was tested at a stress ratio of R 0.1 and a frequency 5HZ by following ASTM D3166 standards. Stress amplitudes of fatigue test were taken at 70%, 65%, 60% and 55% of shear strength of corresponding single lap joints. Six samples were tested to calculate the average number of cycles to failure. For each combination of joints shear strength and fatigue life were increased with an increase in wt.% but maximum increment was obtained at 1.5 wt.% of nanoparticles addition. An increment of 40% for CC joints, 66% for MM joints and 47% for CM joints was obtained in nanocomposite’s shear static strength containing 1.5 wt.% nanoparticles over neat epoxy joints. Increment in fatigue life of CC, MM, and CM joints at 1.5 wt.% of spherical nanoparticle inclusions was 401%, 500%, and 409% respectively.
Optimization of Various Percentage of Fibers in Fiber Reinforced Composite Material Leaf Springs in Vehicles
Authors: Aggarwal Shivam , Aggarwal M. L. , Verma Krishan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA spring steel leaf spring is commonly used for suspension system in all types of loading vehicles due to its good stiffness and fatigue strength. Today, spring steel leaf springs are used in majority of applications but they are heavy in weight, poor in terms of gets corrosion resistance and average in ride comfort. Fiber reinforced composite material leaf spring represents a key application of composite materials in the field of automotive vehicles due to improved ride comfort and light in weight. Stiffness, fatigue life and damping capacity are the critical parameter of fiber reinforced composite leaf springs. CAE software and experimental analysis have been mainly used for design and analysis for composite material leaf springs. Saman Jolaiy et.al. [2021] focused on the damping characteristics of the composite leaf springs and worked out that fabrication of composite leaf spring with viscoelastic core(2mm) decreases the damping ratio of the leaf spring system, which results in a smooth ride. Few studies evaluated the stress distribution, deflection and fatigue life assessment of composite leaf springs reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers or combination of carbon lass and carbon fibers. The main objective of the present work is to optimize various percentage of fiber reinforced composite material leaf springs along with insertion of viscous core. The optimized results thus obtained show that the fiber reinforced composite leaf springs with viscous core can be a good replacement of spring steel leaf springs with overall weight reduction and better damping characteristics. Replacing spring steel leaf springs with fiber reinforced composite leaf springs will improve safety, comfort, high elastic strain energy storage capacity and durability.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Carbon and Boron Nitride nanotubes: Tensile and Compressive Behavior
Authors: Bedi Deepa , Sharma Aditya , Sharma Sumit , Tiwari S.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the mechanical properties of Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are studied systematically by using molecular dynamics simulations. CNTs are considered semi-metallic, whereas the BNNTs, of the large band gap, are considered to be insulators, regarding the difference in the electrical properties of CNTs and BNNTs; comparing the mechanical properties of both nanotubes offers great scientific significance for their prospective applications. The simulations were carried out with the help of a Large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS) and were based on the Airebo and Tersoffs force fields for C-C interaction in CNTs and B-N interaction in BNNTs, respectively. Failure behavior of armchair and zigzag CNTs and BNNTs under tensile and compressive loading has been predicted and observed that for both the nanotubes the armchair nanotubes showed higher tensile and compressive strength as compared to zigzag nanotubes. The maximum tensile and compressive strength for CNTs is 205 GPa and 35.62 GPa respectively and for BNNTs are 159 GPa and 24.81 GPa respectively. CNTs are identified as axially stronger and stiffer than BNNTs for the same diameter under identical loading conditions.
Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Hamelia Patens leaves as natural dye
Authors: Vardan  , Kumar Dr.Manoj , Garg Dr.Sangeeta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), a 3rd generation solar cell has gained huge attention in the field of solar photovoltaics as a substitute for the silicon solar cell. The performance of the DSSC mainly depends on all the important components such as transparent conductive oxide substrate, cathode, photo-anode, dye, and electrolyte. Additionally, sensitizing dyes also perform a vital role in the absorption of light and the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy in DSSC. However, its efficiency is low and it consumes good amount of energy in manufacturing. In this respect scientists and researcher are more focus on how to improve its efficacy and production cost to make it economically viable. For this purpose, in this present work we have the natural dyes from Hamelia patens plant’s leaf which is available throughout the year for the fabrication of DSSC at low temperature. Semiconductor film electrode, ZnO has been synthesized via. chemical bath deposition process, which is anchored on the FTO glass substrate. Various characterizations techniques such as UV-vis absorption, FTIR were done for the extracted natural dye. XRD and FE-SEM were also performed for crystallinity and morphological analysis of ZnO material. XRD data reveals the formation of hexagonal ZnO (JCPDS card no. 01-082-9744 where 2θ° at 31.799, 34.454, 36.289, 47.586 corresponds to (100), (002), (011), (012) respectively). Using the ZnO and natural dyes, a sandwiched type DSSC has been fabricated and various parameter such as power conversion efficiency, Voc (open circuit voltage), Isc (short circuit current) has also been measured for continuous 3 days. DSSCs which is fabricated by using natural dye extracted from Hamelia patens leaves (sample 1) shows Voc = 132.2 and Isc = .065 mA.