bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE USE OF GOOGLE CLASSROOM IN ENGLISH LEARNING AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN MANDAU SUB-DISTRICT
Authors: Simatupang Hilmer Marulitua , Jismulatif Jismulatif , Dahnilsyah Dahnilsyah 
Published: September 2022

This research aimed to explore the teachers’ perceptions on the use of Google Classroom in English learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Mandau sub-district. There were 41 English 41 English teachers who have used Google Classroom from 8 public senior high schools chosen as samples. This study used a quantitative method that employed questionnaire to collect the data consisting of 20 statements. Using SPSS 25, the quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The results show that the use of Google Classroom is considered very helpful during the pandemic with mean value 4.28 (very high). In the learning process, the use of Google Classroom is considered very practical, showing the mean value 4.02 (high). In the teams of ease of learning, Google Classroom is considered easy to learn the features and uses with a mean value of 4.27 (very high). The teachers are satisfied with Google Classroom as indicated by the mean value of 4.29 (very high). Therefore, the teachers felt that using Google Classroom in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic was effective because the application was a good way or alternative way to do the learning activity and made it easier to teach English during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ANALISA SUSEPTIBILITAS MAGNETIK DAN KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT PADA TANAH PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT
Authors: Hutauruk Marisayani , Sinuraya Salomo 
Published: September 2022

The study of soil carried out from oil palm plantation soils at Garuda sakti street, Tapung, Kampar, Riau has been implemented since November 2019 to March 2020. This study aims to determine magnetic susceptibility, mass susceptibility, magnetic degree and to identify soil compositions and the content of heavy metals in the soils and to analyse the influence of content of heavy metals to the magnetic susceptibility. The samples were taken about one hundred points, then the samples were dried, cleaned, mashed and sifted. Magnetic susceptibility was measured using the Probe Magnetic Pasco PS-2162. Magnetic particles were separated from samples using the NdFeB magnet and identification of soil composition and the content of heavy metals were carried out using the XRF. The result shows that the value of magnetic susceptibility, mass susceptibility, magnetic degree are fluctuated and the compositon of the soils are Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Fe, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn S, Cl, Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ag, Eu, Re and Pb and proved that soil has been contaminated by heavy metals such as V, Cr, Al, Fe, Ti and Sr from the soils until increase the Magnetic susceptibility of that soils.
Educating Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Nepal: Exploring Realities and Challenges fromTeachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Niure Dhruba Prasad , Shrestha Madhav Kumar 
Published: September 2022

This study aims at exploring the realities and challenges that have been taking place for years while providing educational servicesto students with intellectual disabilities in Nepal. Interpretive-constructivist paradigm accompanied by phenomenological research design was usedto carry out this research. Eight teachers teaching to thestudents with intellectual disabilities were chosen from four special schools (two from each) located within Kathmandu valley by using purposive sampling method, and then all sample teachers were interviewed by using in-depth interview technique to collate credible and authenticinformation required for the study. Study results reveal that a number of attempts such as special education services in a separate setting, distinct structure of curriculum, community-based instruction, etc. had been made to optimize the access of these students to educational program. Nevertheless, thestudents with intellectual disabilitieswere not receiving quality educational services because of various challenges such as inadequate training to teachers, poor expectations from children, insufficient resources, etc. These students, therefore, should be taught in an inclusive educational setting byproviding community-based services based on the severity of their disability.
Science Diplomacy: An Overview in the Global and National Context
Authors: Shrestha Sunil B. , Parajuli Laxmi K. , Shrestha Marina Vaidya 
Published: September 2022

Science Diplomacy seeks avenues for strengthening humanity and consolidating the existing inter-nation relationships through academic and industrial collaboration between nations on various scientific and technological frontiers. Science and technology are effective tools for addressing global challenges and cross-boundary disputes amicably by promoting international scientific collaboration to harness the potentials of partner countries. In this perspective, we revisit the global developments in science diplomacy and with a particular focus on Nepal, we explore how science diplomacy has been vital for establishing scientific collaborations. The paper also highlights the effort and the role played by the Nepali diaspora for enhancing scientific collaboration and technology transfer between Nepal and the scientifically advanced nations. While further strengthening diplomatic ties that Nepal currently enjoys with friends worldwide, we discuss various policy measures that can leverage scientific output in the country by encompassing scientific and technological collaboration as an integral part of foreign policy. We believe that this paper can also serve as a useful reference to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and combat global challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and pandemics through science diplomacy and cooperation.
Web scraping Instagram Pre and During Covid-19: Examining customer engagement on Australian SMEs accounts
Authors: Nguyen Viet Hoang , Sukunesan Suku , Huynh Minh 
Published: September 2022

Instagram has gained the attention of hundreds of millions of users and evolved quickly into a critical customer engagement tool for businesses worldwide, more so during Covid-19. Impacts of Covid-19 have fundamentally changed the market, and therefore, this paper explores the relationship between Instagram practices and the engagement of 20 Australian SMEs (Small medium enterprises) pre and during Covid-19. This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) How should user-generated content (UGC) and call to act content (CTA) be included as Instagram posts? (2) How to use #Hashtags and @Tagging in Instagram posts to keep a campaign going? (3) How Instagram can be utilised to mitigate the effect of Covid-19? Findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between the number of UGCs to Instagram engagement, while CTA content performance recorded a mixed result. However, both UGCs and CTA positively affect the engagement when used to build a virtual community and engage with followers rather than redirecting customers to online selling locations. Also, diversity in @Tagging and #Hashtag uses are found to be effective drivers of engagement. The results imply that addressing the Covid-19 related concerns of followers while showing genuine brand social responsibility can be rewarded by extra engagement.
Desain Perlindungan Hukum Pada Pelayanan Perizinan Berbasis Standar Pelayanan Partisipatif Satu Pintu
Authors: Sirajuddin Sirajuddin 
Published: September 2022

The Constitution guarantees the right for services, so that the government is obliged to provide protection guarantee and legal certainty to each citizen in the government and public services. Ironically, the right for services is often taken away by the egoism of the state elites and the fading professionality among the government apparatus as the providers of services. Therefore, it is interesting to study a proper design of legal protection to the license service recipients based on one-stop participatory licensing service standard after the enactment of the Law on Job Creation. This study employed a juridical normative approach. The results showed that the legal protection to the citizens in providing the licenses is still covered by cost uncertainty, service time, and low satisfaction among the citizens to the licensing service. As a result, it needs a strategy to strengthen the fulfillment of right for services by encouraging changes regulations into responsive and progressive ones with transparency and professionality of service and accompanied by cultural formation among the service apparatus ending in the legal protection to the licensing service recipients so that one-stop participatory service standard may be attained
High Strain Rate Deformation Phenomena in Explosive Powder Compaction and Cold Gas Spraying
Authors: Schmidt T. , Gärtner F. , Kreye H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In cold gas spraying, the powder is not molten before impact on the substrate. The bonding of the coating only depends on powder characteristics and impact conditions. To optimize coating microstructure and properties, spray conditions have to be tuned for a particular powder. The optimization procedure usually requires a systematic variation of spray conditions and an analysis of the sprayed coatings which is time consuming and costly. Therefore, alternative test methods which are less expensive and operate with similar load mechanisms on powder particles have to be developed. High strain rate deformation can be easily studied by explosive powder compaction. In this method, the powder is loaded by a shock wave and deformed under high strain rates. The bonding conditions of powder particles should be similar to those obtained in cold spraying. By a special design, shock loading in explosive powder compaction can cover a wide energy range in one single experiment. Therefore, the method appears feasible to determine the energy input required for successful bonding of particles. To evaluate the capability of the method, microstructural features of particle/particle interfaces are investigated and compared to those of cold sprayed coatings. In addition, the results can supply more information concerning the bonding mechanisms in cold gas spraying.
Particle-Substrate Interactions in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying
Authors: Zhang D. , Shipway P.H. , McCartney D.G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aluminium powder of 99.7wt% purity and in the nominal particle size range –75+15µm has been sprayed onto a range of substrates by cold gas dynamic spraying (cold spraying). The substrates examined include metals with a range of hardness, polymers and ceramics. The substrate surfaces had very low roughness before deposition of aluminium in an attempt to separate effects of mechanical bonding from other forms of bonding. The cross-sectional area of a single track of aluminium sprayed onto the substrate was taken as a measure of the ease of initiation of deposition, assuming that once a coating had begun to deposit onto a substrate, its growth would occur at a constant rate regardless of substrate type. It has been shown that initiation of deposition depends critically upon substrate type. For metals where initiation was not easy, then small aluminium particles were seen to be deposited preferentially to large ones (due to their higher impact velocities); these may have acted as an interlayer to promote further building of the coating. A number of phenomena have been observed following spraying onto various substrates, such as substrate melting, substrate and particle deformation and evidence for the formation of a metal-jet (akin to that seen in explosive welding). Such phenomena have been related to the processes occurring during impact of the particles on the substrate. Generally, initiation of aluminium deposition was seen to be poor for non-metallic materials (where no metallic bonding between the particle and substrate was possible) and for very soft metals (in the case of tin, melting of the substrate was observed). Metallic substrates harder than the aluminium particles generally promoted deposition, although deposition onto aluminium alloy was difficult due to the presence of a tenacious oxide layer. Initiation was seen to be rapid on hard metallic substrates, even when deformation of the substrate was not visible.
Plasma-Sprayed Ceramic Coatings for Molten Metal Environments
Authors: Hollis Kendall J. , Peters Marla I. , Bartram Brian D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Coating porosity is an important parameter to optimize for plasma-sprayed ceramics which are intended for service in molten metal environments. Too much porosity and the coatings may be infiltrated by the molten metal causing corrosive attack of the substrate or destruction of the coating upon solidification of the metal. Too little porosity and the coating may fail due to its inability to absorb thermal strains. This study describes the testing and analysis of tungsten rods coated with aluminum oxide, yttria-stabilized zirconia, yttrium oxide, and erbium oxide deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying. The samples were immersed in molten aluminum and analyzed after immersion. One of the ceramic materials used, yttrium oxide, was heat treated at 1000°C and 2000°C and analyzed by X-ray diffractography and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Slight changes in crystal structure and significant changes in porosity were observed after heat treatments.
Erosion Resistance of Arc Spray Composite Coatings at High Temperature on Boiler Tubes of Pulverized Coal Fired Power Station
Authors: Shi-ning Ma , Jun-zhi Hu , Xue-rong Chen , Chang-qing Li , Qian Liu , Hai Jiang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several novel cored wires for producing Fe3Al intermetallic coating, Fe3Al/WC intermetallic coating, FeCrAl/WC intermetallic coating and FeCrNi/WC intermetallic coating by arc spraying were developed. The erosion wastage at high temperature of coatings was researched with different impingement angles and temperatures. The results indicated that impingement angle and temperature greatly affected FeCrAl/WC coating and Fe3Al/WC coating in erosion wastage. At the same time, the FeCrAl/WC coating had little effects on different temperature while impingement angle was 90° and different impingement angle while temperature was 650°C. As compared with water wall tube material (G20 steel) of power station boiler, the erosion resistance at high temperature of Fe3Al coating, Fe3Al/WC coating and FeCrAl/WC coating was higher. The erosion resistance rate of Fe3Al coating was 1.4~2.91 times of that of G20 steel when temperature was 650°C and particle was polygonal silica. At the same time, the erosion resistance rates of Fe3Al/WC coating and FeCrAl/WC coating was 1.4~3.06 and 1.94~2.89 times respectively. The results indicated that erosive condition of high temperature flue gas and fly ash mixture in boiler tube of pulverized coal fired power station could be solved with Fe3Al coating, Fe3Al/WC coating and FeCrAl/WC coating.
Assessing the Feasibility of using Diamond as a Reinforced Phase in Metal Matrix Composite Coatings
Authors: Richardson Andrea.F. , Neville Anne , Wilson John I.B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are seeing increased use in tribological applications where hardness, toughness and wear resistance are required. Already such qualities have been included within composite coatings by methods such as electrochemical deposition. In this study the feasibility of including diamond as the hard phase in MMC’s using thermal spraying processes has been investigated. In this work the application specifically targeted is that of hard facing for sub sea drill bits, where the coatings experience a harsh environment of high stress abrasion, erosion and corrosion. The coatings were investigated in terms of their microstructure (light microscope, SEM), their elemental composition using EDX and XRD to identify retention of diamond and phases in the coatings, their hardness and abrasion resistance. Preliminary results show that it is possible to produce a hard facing diamond composite coating with good distribution of the diamond phase and little degradation of the diamond during the spraying and that diamond MMCs (DMMC) have potential for improving durability in drill bits. Diamond/metal powder mixture is sprayed onto the surface using an oxyacetylene torch.
The Influence of Matrix Phase Viscosity on the Plasma-Spray Deposition of Silicon-Nitride Composite Coatings
Authors: Bao Y. , Gawne D.T. , Zhang T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Non-oxide ceramics, such as silicon nitride, have a unique combination of high strength, toughness, wear resistance, thermal and chemical stability. However, the use of these materials as thick protective coatings on engineering components has been severely restricted by their decomposition behavior. Silicon nitride, for instance, does not melt but decomposes at ~1900oC and so thermal spraying of pure silicon nitride powder is impracticable. A limited amount of research has been carried out on depositing silicon nitride in various metallic or ceramic matrix materials but none have produced adequate coating microstructures or coating properties. This paper concerns the design of oxide matrix systems for silicon nitride composite coatings. A quantitative model is developed for the viscous flow of two-phase feedstock particles on impact with the substrate and is applied to the deposition of silicon nitride – ceramic matrix coatings. A number of matrix systems are investigated including a series of yttria-alumina and yttria-alumina -silica compositions. The research shows that the oxide matrices successfully protect the silicon nitride from decomposition but that the matrix composition and particle loading have a critical influence on splat flow and coating quality.
A Parametric Study of an HVOF Process for the Deposition of Nanostructured WC-Co Coatings
Authors: Bartuli C. , Valente T. , Cipri F. , Bemporad E. , Tului M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nanocrystalline WC-Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel from commercial nanostructured composite powders. Processing parameters were optimized for maximal retention of the nanocrystalline size and for minimal decarburation of the ceramic reinforcement. Thermo-chemical and gas-dynamical properties of gas and particles flows within the combustion flame were identified in various operating conditions by CFD simulation. Significant improvements of coatings mechanical properties were evidenced: a decrease of the friction coefficient was measured for the nanostructured coatings, together with an increase of microhardness and fracture toughness.
Protection of Steel Components Against Marine Corrosion by Thermally Sprayed Anodic Coatings
Authors: Schiefler M.F.O. , Gärtner F. , Voyer J. , Kirsten A. , Kreye H. , Buschinelli A.J.A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is well known that thermally sprayed aluminum and aluminum alloys can be used to protect low-alloyed steel against marine corrosion in offshore applications. The efficiency and service life of this protection can be, however, severely limited by the amount and distribution of defects, which are usually present in coating microstructures. In thermal spraying, microstructures and properties are strongly influenced by the type of spray system used for the production of coatings. To investigate the influence of defects like pores, oxides and cracks on the corrosion performance, coatings were processed by conventional thermal spray techniques, such as Flame Spraying (FS) and Arc Spraying (AS). In addition, the more recently introduced High Velocity Combustion Wire (HVCW) spraying technique was used, which, due to higher particle velocities, results in lower porosity and finer coating microstructures as compared to conventional processes. The influence of spray conditions and related microstructures on the performance in corrosion tests was investigated for protective coatings of Al99.5, AlMg5 and Al - 30 wt. % W2C. The resistance against corrosion was analyzed by different electrochemical methods, such as corrosion potential monitoring, polarization resistance and potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements. Additionally, the microstructures of the coatings were examined before and after the electrochemical tests. The results from these tests are correlated and attributed to the different microstructures obtained by the various spray techniques and different compositions of the feedstock material.
Tribological Testing of High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) Sprayed Composite Cermet Coatings Using Ball on Disk Configuration
Authors: Aw P.K. , Tan B.H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thermal sprayed (HVOF) cermet coatings (WC-17Ni) with and without solid lubricant (PTFE) were deposited on steel disks for sliding wear evaluation using the ball on disk configuration. Alumina (Al2O3) balls were slid against coated disks. The coated disks were ground and lapped to roughness of 0.3µm Ra and 0.05µm Ra respectively. A significant reduction in the average coefficient of friction was observed when solid lubricant was incorporated into the cermet coating. There were reductions in average coefficients of friction from 0.84 to 0.55 for ground disks and from 0.65 to 0.48 for lapped disks. These represented reductions in coefficient of friction of 34.5% and 26% by incorporating solid lubricant into the ground disks and lapped disks respectively. The inclusion of solid lubricant in the coating also resulted in significant reduction in the average specific wear rate for both the ball and disk. Abrasive wear was the predominant wear mechanism observed on the worn samples’ surfaces using optical microscopy. A conceptual wear mechanism with the introduction of solid lubricant into the cermet composite coating was proposed. A hypothesis on the formation of lubricating PTFE films on contacting surfaces during sliding wear was supported with elemental mapping by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersion X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis of worn ball surfaces after sliding against disk counterfaces deposited with composite cermet coating containing solid lubricant. The EDX mapping showed a homogenous distribution of fluorine element across the surfaces analyzed.
Design of HVOF Sprayed Tungsten Carbide Coatings for Best Sliding Wear and Fatigue Life Characteristics
Authors: Isaac R.V. , Savarimuthu J. , Shadley J.R. , Rybicki E.F. , Emery W.A. , Kalivas W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
HVOF sprayed tungsten carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings are finding increasing acceptance for replacement of electroplated chromium on aircraft landing gear parts. In order to replace chrome plating by an HVOF WC coating, the latter should exhibit wear and fatigue characteristics at least as good as those of chrome plating. Sliding wear performance and fatigue life of tungsten carbide coated parts depend on morphology and phase composition of the coating which in turn depend on spray parameters such as powder characteristics, powder feed rate, gas flow rates, and spray distance. A Design of Experiments (DOE) approach for a Jet Kote™ HVOF spray system was used to identify optimal spray parameters for WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr coatings based on best sliding wear and best fatigue characteristics. Best sliding wear was defined as minimum block loss in the standard ASTM-G77 wear test in which a rotating WC coated ring is tested against a stationary Al-Ni-Bz block. Best fatigue characteristics were defined as compressive residual stresses in the coating in the range 250 to 450 MPa. Spray parameters found to strongly affect wear were powder feed rate, oxygen flow rate, powder size, and a powder type-powder size interaction. Spray parameters strongly affecting residual stresses include powder type, hydrogen flow rate, and powder feed rate. Some spray parameters were found to be orthogonal with respect to wear behavior and residual stress. This means some parameters can be adjusted to maximize one performance criterion (wear or residual stress) without adversely affecting the other.