bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS
Authors: Aslam Areeba , Khadija Syyeda , Aslam Aneeqa , Shaukat Sadia , Irshad Ayesha , Tariq Swera 
Published: March 2022

PCOS(Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years (18-30year ).It is a condition that affects ovulation and the ovaries.Many fluid-filled sacs develop inside the ovaries in PCOS.These are follicles,each of which contains an immature egg.The egg is never mature enough to cause ovulation to occur. Important alterations in ovarian vascularization at the level of introvarian arteries occur in PCOS patients. Objective: Is colour Doppler ultrasonography is helpful in evaluation of PCOS. Method: An electronic database search with data range from 1999-2021 was performed(Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer).28 articles were found.All studies fully available evaluating PCOS ondoppler ultrasound. Results: Performance of Doppler ultrasound diagnosis was evaluated. PCOS patients had decreased ovarian artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and SD ratios and increased uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and SD ratios. Conclusion: It is concluded that lowest ovarian stromal resistance levels were found in the patients than the controls.
Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students
Authors: Zaheer Maha , Fatima Noor , Riaz Usman , Haseeb Narmeen 
Published: March 2022

To determine the association between heavy bag lifting with posture among secondary school students. METHODS: This study was a cross sectional survey. Based on sample of convenience, total 380 Students of both gendersbelonging to Beaconhouse School System, KIPS School System,Educators School and The Punjab School System were included with an age 14 to 17 years (school grade 9 to 12). The data was collected using the Reedco scale and Grimmer’s Questionnaire for assessment of posture and, use of heavy bags andits associated pain, respectively. RESULTS: The majority of participants in this consisted of young adults above 12 years (39%) and below 12years (34%) with male predominant (54%). 370 students out of 380 were carrying heavy bags. The types of bags they mostly carry were backpacks (51%), satchel (34%) and others (15%). 48% of these students never used lockers and 40% of them often use locker 55% of them never use waist belt to carry bag. Most of the students 48% spend 11 to 20 minutes for carrying bag per day.61% of them carry extra load (water bottles, lunch boxes, guide books) with them also. Out of 380 students 246 had pain in different body regions due to heavy bags 64% had neck pain and 53% had upper back pain while 19% had shoulder pain. Out of 184 students that carry bag from 11 to 20 minutes, 115 had poor neck posture, 133 had poor shoulder posture 25 had poor head posture and 5 had poor upper back pain and that carry from 21 to 30 minutes out of 167 students 122 had bad neck posture and 132 had poor shoulder posture 50 had poor head posture 105 had poor upper back posture. CONCLUSION: There was found significant association between heavy bag lifting and poor posture with related pain in regions of cervical followed by upper back in secondary school students.
Rough justice? An analysis of the European Commission’s new fining guidelines
Authors: Völcker Sven B. 
Published: March 2022

In June 2006, the Commission published its new “Guidelines on the method of setting fines” (the ‘2006 Guidelines’), superseding its earlier guidelines dating back to 1998. The 2006 Guidelines mark a significant change in methodology, replacing the previous ‘lump sum’ approach with one more closely tied to the undertaking’s sales in the affected markets. The 2006 Guidelines also place greater emphasis on the infringement’s duration and provide for significant fine increases for recidivism. These changes do not appear to have been motivated by judicial censure, but rather by the Commission’s own realization that the previous approach lacked consistency and transparency, and that it may not have set the right kinds of incentives to discontinue anticompetitive conduct.
Only the 2006 Guidelines’ application in practice will show to what extent they achieve their aims. As a result of the change in methodology, the Commission and the courts will likely have to address a number of novel questions, such as the Commission’s discretion in determining the ‘gravity factor’, the calculation of the ‘value of sales’ affected by the infringement, the appropriateness of the last year of the infringement as the relevant reference year, and the application of the multipliers for recidivism and deterrence. More fundamentally, one could question whether (i) the 2006 Guidelines will not result in disproportionately higher fines on multi-product companies; (ii) the Guidelines set the right incentives to terminate anticompetitive conduct in some situations; (iii) the Guidelines will result in a net gain in transparency and predictability given the impact of multipliers whose application is subject to wide Commission discretion; (iv) the Commission has not bound its discretion too much in other respects; and (v) the Guidelines will not undermine other Commission policies, namely the leniency programme and its plans for a system of direct settlements.
Plate tectonics in Luxembourg: The ménage à trois between EC law, international law and the European Convention on Human Rights following the UN sanctions cases
Authors: Kunoy Bjørn , Dawes Anthony 
Published: March 2022

In a series of judgments over the last few years, the CFI declined jurisdiction to determine whether EC regulations which transposed UN Security Council resolutions into the EC legal order were contrary to fundamental rights. These judgments thus called into question the traditional relationship between European law and international law and the oft–repeated mantra that the EC Treaty has established a complete system of legal remedies. However, on appeal in Kadi and Al Barakaat, the ECJ overturned the CFI’s findings and reinstated the “traditional” position of the Community Courts
This article analyses the reasons for the CFI’s apparent break with previous orthodoxy and the justifications put forward by the CFI to support such a move. It starts by briefly recalling how fundamental rights were introduced by the ECJ into the EC legal order. It then discusses the interaction between the Community Courts and the European Court of Human Rights and how the ECJ’s judgment in Kadi and Al Barakaat takes this interaction a step further. Finally, the article reviews the traditional relationship between EC law and international law, how the CFI’s judgments modified that relationship in relation to UN law, and why the ECJ was right to reject such a change.
The questionable basis of the Common European Sales Law: The role of an optional instrument in jurisdictional competition
Authors: Posner Eric A. 
Published: March 2022

The Common European Sales Law is designed as an optional instrument that European parties engaged in cross-border transactions could choose for their transactions in preference to national law. The goal is to increase cross-border transactions and perhaps to enhance European identity. But the CESL is unlikely to achieve these goals. It raises transaction costs while producing few if any benefits; it is unlikely to spur beneficial jurisdictional competition; its consumer protection provisions will make it unattractive for businesses; and its impact on European identity is likely to be small.
OKUL YERİ SEÇİMİNDE KULLANILAN KRİTERLERİN ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ PROSESİ YÖNTEMİYLE ÖNEMLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: KELEŞ Nuh 
Published: March 2022

İnsanlar çocukluktan itibaren yetişkinliğe ve sonrasına kadar birçok seviyede eğitim sektörüne bir üye olarak katılımda bulunurlar. Eğitim sektörünün önemli unsurlarından bir tanesi okul öncesi, ilkokul, ortaokul, lise ve üniversite gibi çeşitli seviyelerde hizmetler sunan okullardır. Okullar dünyadaki ve toplumlardaki sosyal, çevresel, kültürel, teknolojik ve ekonomik gelişmeleri eğitim ve öğretim yöntemleriyle dinamik bir şekilde yeni nesillere aktarırlar. Bunun için kurulacak okulların yerlerinin nerede belirleneceği önemli bir karar haline gelmektedir. Kamu ve özel sektör tarafından okul yeri seçimi yapılırken kapsamlı bir planla çeşitli kriterlere göre seçim yapılması önemlidir.
Okul yeri seçiminde birden fazla alternatif olduğundan doğru bir şekilde karar vermek için birden fazla kritere göre değerlendirme yapmak mümkündür. Bu çalışma, ilgili literatürdeki kuruluş yeri seçimi çalışmaları arasında daha önce okul yeri seçiminde kullanılacak kriter önem ağırlıklarını belirlemeye odaklanan bir çalışmaya rastlanılmaması motivasyonuyla yapılmaktadır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada okul yerlerinin seçiminde kullanılacak kriterlerin önem ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bunun için önemli kararlarda karar vericilere yardımcı olarak etkin bir şekilde kullanıma sevk eden çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden AHP yöntemi bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. İlgili literatürden 8 kriter seçildikten sonra 28 iki yönlü ikili karşılaştırma yapılmış ve kriter karşılaştırma yanıtları alınmıştır. Kriter ağırlıklarının belirlenmesi için alanında uzman 17 kişiyle görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. AHP yönteminin hesaplama aşamalarına ve tutarlı yanıtlara göre en yüksek önemi %24,13 ağırlığıyla ‘gürültü seviyesi’ kriteri almış, devamında %18,7 ağırlığıyla nüfus kriteri gelmiş ve son sırada ise %4,68 ağırlığıyla alanın boyutu ve şekli yer almıştır. Elde edilen bulgular alanında uzmanlara, araştırmacılara ve karar vericilere bilgi olarak sunulmuştur.
NOVAS ESTATÍSTICAS SOBRE O CONSUMO DO GOVERNO: COMPRAS DE BENS MENSURADAS COM BASE EM NOTAS FISCAIS ELETRÔNICAS
Authors: Scaramussa Pereira Denis , Guerra Ferreira de Castro Saulo de Souza 
Published: March 2022

A presente monografia, a partir da reflexão sobre a lacuna de conhecimento existente acerca da mensuração das compras públicas para uso em comércio exterior, apresenta metodologia e resultados que permitiram construir novas estatísticas descritivas sobre o consumo de bens pelo governo, na totalidade de seus entes, a partir de Notas Fiscais Eletrônicas – (NF-e). As estatísticas foram construídas diretamente na categoria base do comércio exterior de bens no Brasil, a Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), e, além do valor comprado, revelam as quantidades compradas, preço médio e coeficientes sobre a participação de bens importados no valor do consumo governamental, para os cerca de 10.300 códigos da NCM.
Ao desenvolver o trabalho, criou-se o mapeamento mais universalizante do consumo de bens pelo governo, em seu maior nível de desagregação. As novas informações gerencias contribuem à transparência do gasto governamental, bem como à contabilidade pública e à área de políticas públicas em geral.
Evaluasi Sistem Penyimpanan Obat Berdasarkan Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek M Manado
Authors: Ranti Yanti Paula , Mongi Jeane , Sambou Christel , Karauwan Ferdy 
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengevaluasi sistem penyimpanan Obat di apotek M Manado berdasarkan petunjuk teknis standar kefarmasian di apotik tahun 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang bersifat deskriptif, yang bertujuan untuk melihat sistem penyimpanan obat di Apotek M Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyimpanan obat di Apotek M Manado belum sepenuhnya sesuai dengan Petunjuk Teknis Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek tahun 2019,dapat dilihat dari hasil persentase sebesar 69,57% yang sesuai . Salah satunya dapat dilihat dari penyimpanan obat LASA/NORUM yang tidak sesuai,walaupun obat terletak dalam kelompok abjad yang sama harus diselingi dengan minimal dua obat dengan kategori LASA/NORUM diantara atau tengahnya .Banyaknya nama obat membuat medication error didasarkan pada penampilan yang mirip atau suara ketika ditulis atau diucapkan atau juga telah diidentifikasi memiliki potensi yang membingungkan.
Peneiras que cirandam: pareceres pedagógicos e produção das infâncias na educação infantil
Authors: Uecker Taciana , Possa Leandra Bôer , Segat Taciana Camera 
Published: March 2022

Este artigo busca mostrar, a partir da análise de pareceres pedagógicos produzidos em uma escola de Educação Infantil/creche no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, os modos que são narradas as crianças através de saberes que movimentam a atuação dos professores para a produção da criança neste espaço que tem se consolidado em uma cultura escolarizada. Ao analisar estes pareceres pedagógicos temos por objetivo referenciar a importância da formação de professores e da sua participação na construção de uma – ou muitas - cultura própria da Educação Infantil no contexto da Educação Básica e para a produção da criança na contemporaneidade. A analogia metodológica que colocamos em funcionamento é a da peneira que pela movimentação faz processar pelo passar/cair os elementos descartáveis para fazer surgir o elemento valioso. Um cirandar em que se selecionam, pelos saberes que circulam no ambiente escolar, pelo movimento de peneiração, processos de enquadramento e de produção das crianças. Conclui-se o artigo apontando a necessidade de, nos contextos escolares da Educação Infantil, a produção de saberes que projetam uma cultura educacional para Educação Infantil.
Worse pre-admission quality of life is a strong predictor of mortality in critically ill patients
Authors: Özyılmaz Ezgi , Özkan Kuşçu Özlem , Karakoç Emre , Boz Aslı , Orhan Tıraşçı Gülşah , Güzel Rengin , Seydaoğlu Gülşah 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether quality of life (QoL) before intensive care unit (ICU) admission could predict ICU mortality in critically ill patients.
Patients and methods: Between January 2019 and April 2019, a total of 105 ICU patients (54 males, 51 females; mean age: 58 years; range, 18 to 91 years) from two ICUs of a tertiary care hospital were included in this cross-sectional, prospective study. Pre-admission QoL was measured by the Short Form (SF)-12- Physical Component Scores (PCS) and Mental Component Scores (MCS) and EuroQoL five-dimension, five-level scale (EQ-5D-5L) within 24 h of ICU admission and mortality rates were estimated.
Results: The overall mortality rate was 28.5%. Pre-admission QoL was worse in the non-survivors independent from age, sex, socioeconomic and education status, and comorbidities. During the hospitalization, the rate of sepsis and ventilator/hospital-acquired pneumonia were similar among the two groups (p>0.05). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, education status, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores showed that pre-admission functional status as assessed by the SF-12 MCS (odds ratio [OR]: 14,2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-79.0), SF-12 PCS (OR: 10.6; 95% CI: 1.8-62.7), and EQ-5D-5L (OR: 8.0; 95% CI: 1.5-44.5) were found to be independently associated with mortality.
Conclusion: Worse pre-admission QoL is a strong predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. The SF-12 and EQ-5D-5L scores are both valuable tools for this assessment. Not only the physical status, but also the mental status before ICU admission should be evaluated in terms of QoL to better utilize ICU resources.
Using cluster and rest redistribution set structures as alternatives to resistance training prescription method based on velocity loss thresholds
Authors: Jukic Ivan , Helms Eric R. , McGuigan Michael R. , García-Ramos Amador 
Published: March 2022

Background
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cluster (CS), rest redistribution (RR) and traditional (TS) set configurations on acute neuromuscular performance, and to determine the viability of using CS and RR as alternatives to training prescription based on velocity loss (VL).

Methods
Thirty-one resistance-trained men performed, in a randomised order, three experimental sessions consisting of the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) exercises performed against the 10-repetition maximum load using CS (three sets of six repetitions; 30 s of intra-set rest every two repetitions; 3 min of inter-set rest), RR (9 sets of two repetitions; 45 s of inter-set rest), and TS (3 sets of 6 repetitions; 3 min of inter-set rest), set configurations.

Results
Linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed that participants had significantly lower VL (p = 0.0005) during CS and RR than TS. Generalised mixed-effects model analysis yielded significant main effects of set structure (p < 0.0001; RR > CS > TS), exercise (p < 0.0001; SQ > BP), and set number (p = 0.0006; Set 1 > Set 2 > Set 3) for maintaining repetition velocity above a 20% VL threshold.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that CS and RR are effective at reducing the overall fatigue-included decrease in velocity compared to TS and allow the majority of repetitions to be completed with less than 20% VL. Therefore, both CS and RR can be used to manage fatigue during resistance training, and as alternatives to training prescription method based on 20% VL threshold.
Properties and Effect of Fresh Concentrated Extract of Garlic on Different Bacteria and Fungi
Authors: Acosta Rodríguez Ismael , Contreras Briones Dalila , Tovar Oviedo Juana , Turrubiartes Martínez Edgar A. , C. Pacheco Castillo Nancy , Rodríguez Pérez Adriana , Cárdenas González Juan Fernando , Manuel Martínez Juárez Víctor 
Published: March 2022

Aims: Study some characteristics of fresh concentrated extract of garlic (FCEG) and analyze its effect on the growth of different bacteria and fungi.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Faculty of Chemical Sciences. Autonomous University of San Luís Potosí, S.L.P., between march and November 2020.
Methodology: To obtain the FCEG, 15 heads of raw garlic, previously peeled, were ground in a mortar and the suspension obtained was filtered through gauze, pressing to obtain a greater amount of filtrate, and kept covered at 4oC. For the study of some of their characteristics, the yeast Candida albicans was used. Petri dishes containing Sabouraud dextrose agar were inoculated with 1 x 106 yeasts/mL and 50 µL of FCEG, and were incubated at 28oC for 5 days, comparing growth with respect to a control without FCEG (all inhibition experiments described below were performed with the same protocol), while for the study of antifungal properties analyzed the effect of the extract on different strains of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.
Results: Some of the factors that modify antifungal activity of FCEG are dilution, incubation temperature, protein concentration, half-life, capping and uncapping of tubes, and treatment with activated carbon. Regarding the growth inhibition analyses, it was found that all the species analyzed were susceptible to FCEG, among which the following stand out: the the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, causing systemic mycoses, the yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and C. albicans, as well as different species of Dermatophytes, Aspergillus, and bacteria.
Conclusion: FCEG shows a good antimicrobial effect against a wide variety of bacteria, yeast, and fungal species, which makes its application in medical therapy and agriculture, as well as being cheap, easy to obtain and does not cause side effects, although more studies are required for its therapeutic application.
Comparison of Microscopy, Boeck and Drbolav’s Stool Culture Medium and Bichro-latex Antibody Test with A Reference Elisa Antigen Test for E. histolytica Diagnosis in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: E. O. Onosakponome, , C. E. Ohanu , C. U. Nyenke 
Published: March 2022

Objective: Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by E.histolytica, accurate diagnosis of E. histolytica is important in the treatment of amoebiasis and to avoid preventable costs. The study objective is to compare different diagnostic methods used in the diagnosis of amoebiasis for detection of E.histolytica parasite.
Materials and Methods: Faecal and serum specimens of 200 patients defined as symptomatic (diarrhea and dysentery) and asymptomatic (a case history of E.histolytica infection) was used for the study .Stool specimen was examined with microscopy, cultured in Boeck and drbolav’s medium and anti-E. histolytica antibodies were investigated using a latex slide test. Stool samples were also examined by immunoassay methods for specific antigens which is the reference standard for comparison.
Result: Two hundred (200) samples examined for E.histolytica parasite 12(6.0%) were positive in in microscopy,34(17%) in bichro-latex antibody test and 6(3.0%) in Boeck and drbolav’s culture medium. The three test methods showed significant detection of E.histolytica parasite(p<0.05). Microscropic method detected 100% of E.histolytica infection in symptomatic patients and Boeck and Drbohlav’s culture medium detected 33.3%. However, the method of diagnosis is not associated with the diagnosis E.histolytica infection in asymptomatic and symptomatic Patients(p>0.05).The diagnostic precision of the microscopy diagnostic method showed that sensitivity was 40.2%, specificity was 82.3%, PPV 39.6% and NPV 70.4% .The sensitivity was 86.6%, specificity was 70.6% PPV 87.6% and NPV 75.6% for bichro-latex antibody test and The sensitivity was 20.6 %, specificity was 50.6 %, PPV 34.6%, NPV 61.2% for Boeck and Drbohlav’s culture medium
Conclusion: The result from the comparison of the three diagnostic methods for E.histolytica parasite indicate high sensitivity and specificity for bichro-latex antibody test when compared with the other methods. however, in areas were molecular technology such as Polymerase chain reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay is not available, bichro-latex antibody assay is recommended. although,microscopic examination can be used in diagnosis of amoebiasis in geographical areas with technological limitation in health.
Coffee Consumption Reduces Gout Risk Independently of Serum Uric Acid Levels: Mendelian Randomization Analyses Across Ancestry Populations
Authors: Shirai Yuya , Nakayama Akiyoshi , Kawamura Yusuke , Toyoda Yu , Nakatochi Masahiro , Shimizu Seiko , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Okada Yukinori , Matsuo Hirotaka ,   Japan Gout Genomics Consortium (Japan Gout)
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveThe effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid (SUA) levels and gout risk are controversial. There have hitherto been no reports based on Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of its effects that consider pleiotropy. Here, we evaluated the effects of coffee consumption across ancestry populations, taking pleiotropy into account.MethodsWe performed the first MR analyses for coffee consumption on SUA levels and gout, considering pleiotropy. We used the following summary statistics of genome‐wide association studies from a Japanese population: habitual coffee consumption (152,634 subjects), gout (3053 cases and 4554 controls), and SUA levels (121,745 subjects). In addition to fixed‐effect inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta‐analysis, we performed a robust evaluation of heterogeneity and removed several instruments for reasons of possible pleiotropy. Previous European datasets were also reevaluated while heterogeneity was considered.ResultsHabitual coffee consumption was significantly and inversely associated with gout (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.16‐0.51, P = 1.9 × 10−5) in random‐effect IVW (Phet = 5.5 × 10−19). Excluding pleiotropic instruments, the protective effect on gout was confirmed in fixed‐effect IVW analysis (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58‐0.97, P = 0.026) without heterogeneity (Phet = 0.39). However, we observed no significance in the previous European datasets when heterogeneity was considered. Associations were not observed between coffee consumption and SUA levels in either ancestry in MR analyses that considered pleiotropy. Multivariable MR analysis showed that increased coffee consumption significantly reduced gout risk, even after adjusting for SUA levels (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31‐0.81, P = 0.0046).ConclusionWith pleiotropy taken into account, our MR analyses revealed that coffee consumption can causally reduce gout risk, and that it may reduce gout risk independently of SUA levels.