bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics Contributing to Zero Carbon Footprint
Authors: Strack Kurt Martin , Martinez Yardenia Lara , Passalacqua Herminio , Xu Xiayu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Fluid imaging technologies are used in a wide range of E&P applications. Among geophysical methods, electromagnetics (EM) determines subsurface resistivities and thus respond to fluid changes. On the path to zero CO2 footprint, the biggest potential for EM lies in monitoring geothermal, carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of hydrocarbon reservoirs. For EOR of hydrocarbon reservoirs, EM methods also increase the recovery factor. At the same time, usage of CO2 for flooding can help reaching zero carbon footprint faster.
In geothermal applications EM is a standard geophysical method. Monitoring is often carried out in compliance with induced seismicity monitoring to better understand the fluid movement inside the reservoir – here we suggest adding EM. For carbon capture applications, only recently EM methods have become of interest because there is a strong resistivity contrast between CO2 saturated fluid and normal reservoir fluids.
We designed a new EM acquisition architecture that combines novel technologies and addresses the need of calibrating surface and borehole data with each other. This is necessary to obtain reservoir scale parameters. We also add various borehole receivers to the system to improve image focus and resolution. Our array acquisition system applies multiple electromagnetic methods as well as microseismic in ONE layout. This reduces operational cost and provides synergy between the methods. In a production scenario, using multi-component EM allows resolving oil and water-bearing zones equally well, as well as obtaining fluid flow directions. The modular architecture allows a fit-for-purpose configuration tailored to specific exploration/monitoring targets (in terms of depth, frequency range, and sensitivity required). The entire system combines hardware with processing and 3D modeling/inversion software, streamlining the workflow for the different methods.
Acquiring and interpreting in combination with artificial intelligence and Cloud-based data transmission and quality assurance achieves near real-time operations. The biggest value is in faster operations and making decisions at a time when they can impact acquisition data quality. We use a multi-layered Cloud solution, for acquisition, processing, and interpretation. This acceleration then opens new doors for the breakthrough of this technology from exploration to production and monitoring. It also allows the application envelope to be enlarged to much noisier environments where real time feedback allows for better noise compensation methods.
Once all components are commercialized, this could become a real game changer by providing near real-time 3-dimensional subsurface images because of a reduction of operational cost and by reducing the carbon footprint per barrel produced.
Energy Transition Options for Offshore Vessels
Authors: Hollebrands Jeroen J. P. G. , Mestemaker Benny B. T. W. , Westhoeve Jan J. A. , Meijer-Buijs Annemarie A. , den Boer Leonard L. J. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The upcoming energy transition - necessitated by the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - will have a major impact on the offshore market. The future offshore fleet will have to comply with emission regulations and policies that become more stringent over time. Any new build ordered now, must comply to these tightening policies. It is therefore of great importance to make the right decisions on emission reduction technologies and preparing the vessel for future fuel options to keep the vessel compliant over time - as well as gain a competitive edge.
The offshore fleet has specific operational requirements that affect the feasibility of zero emission solutions: 1) safety is number one, operational robustness and redundancy are essential, 2) a large endurance is required and trading is global, 3) large load variations may occur and in harsh weather conditions. The Royal IHC cable-lay vessels (CLV) are designed to meet these requirements and are used as a basis in the following analysis. As a side note, an offshore vessel with fixed port of call is mentioned. Many different alternatives are currently presented as zero emission solutions. This paper highlights the different types of fuels and drives systems. The ones that are realistically feasible and ready to order now in an IHC Offshore vessel are explored in this document. 1) Low-sulphur marine gasoil (LSMGO) as base case. 2) Methanol in (dual fuel) combustion engines and fuel cells (with differentiation between LT-PEM and SOFC). 3) Hydrogen as fuel in fuel cells (LT-PEMFC) while taking into account the different storage methods proposed (liquefied, or stored in other medium such as methanol, LNG and ammonia).
The researched fuels all have different characteristics with significant implications on the design of the offshore vessel. This paper explains the consequence of the different combinations on the vessel design and operational profile based on implementation in the IHC CLV design. In addition, the paper further explains why these solutions are considered and why other potential solutions have been discarded.
Critical to the life cycle performance are the future policies. Several scenarios with varying fuel prices and emission costs are applied in the Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) tool. The real effect of these choices are thus considered for the entire life cycle of the product. The LCPA calculation results for different fuel types and different policy scenarios provide feedback on capital cost, operational expenses, and voyage expenses. While a CLV is taken as calculation basis, the results provide the audience a LCPA for emission reduction technologies and emission compliance and the effects of that on capital and operational expenses. The insights will be useful for the entire offshore fleet.
Preparation and Properties of Spray-Pyrolyzed Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Films as Perovskite Solar Cell Component to Meet the Oil & Gas Industry Needs on Renewable Energy
Authors: Jardim Verônica Quirino , Paes Herval Ramos , Alves Andrey Escala , Fernandes Thaís Maria De Souza 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
According to forecasts, oil will continue to dominate the world energy demand in the next years. The International Energy Agency estimates that over 50% of the technology needed to achieve zero net emissions by 2050 is still under development. Therefore, refineries are currently incorporating renewable energy sources to reduce environmental impact. This article aims to study titanium dioxide films for application in perovskite-based solar cells which have high conversion efficiency and low production cost.
The precursor solution for deposition of titanium dioxide films (TiO2) was prepared by dissolving titanium isopropoxide in a solution of nitric acid and deionized water. TiO2 films were deposited by the spray-pyrolysis technique, which is simple, economical, and feasible for large-scale production. The deposition temperature was fixed at 450°C to achieve the Anastase phase. Deposition parameters such as time, flow and solution concentration were varied to assess their impact upon the morphological, structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of TiO2 films.
The morphology of the spray-pyrolyzed films consisted of homogeneous crowds of small crystals. No cracks were found across film surface. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the Anatase crystal structure, necessary for perovskite solar cell applications. The crystallite size ranged from 27.23 to 32.51 nm. The concentration of the precursor solution affected the optical gap energy. The thickness did not show great influence since samples with similar thicknesses, 2.12 and 2.58μm, presented optical gap values of 3.15 and 3.36 eV, respectively. All deposited films exhibited semiconductor characteristics with activation energies for the electrical conduction process between 0.24 and 0.49 eV. The samples deposited from a solution ratio of 450:3.25:37 (H2O: HNO3: Ti(iOPR)4) showed high values of electrical conductivity at room temperature compared to the films deposited from diluted solutions.
This study demonstrates how TiO2 films can be produce by spray-pyrolysis under the deposition conditions needed to improve film characteristics. Thus, it contributes to the development of more efficient and durable perovskite solar cells to make them more accessible and attractive for mass production and industrial use. Additionally, TiO2 films have corrosion resistance and photocatalytic properties that could be of interest to the oil and gas industry.
Using Predicted Dynamic Properties to Perform Seismic Site Response Analyses on a Bay of Campeche Calcareous Soil Deposit
Authors: Taboada Victor Manuel , Cao Shuang Cindy , Cruz Roque Diego , Barrera Nabor Procoro , Flores Lopez Francisco Alonso 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study presents the influence of using predicted (calculated) normalized shear modulus (G/Gmax) and material damping ratio (D) curves on the design acceleration spectrum at the depth of maximum soil–pile interaction of a calcareous soil deposit in the Bay of Campeche.When comparing the predicted curves to the laboratory curves, it is concluded that due to limitations in the predicting models, the minimum confining pressure (σ’m) that must be used to get a good match with the laboratory curves is 150 kPa. After performing site response analyses for three shear wave velocity profiles and eight recorded acceleration time histories, the design acceleration spectrum was developed based on the envelope of the 24 calculated acceleration spectra. The acceleration amplitudes of the design spectrum in the short period range are slightly larger using the calculated curves than the laboratory curves. For periods longer than 0.27 seconds, the acceleration amplitudes of the design acceleration spectra are identical for practical purposes when both calculated and laboratory curves are used. Therefore, it is recommened to use the equations presented herein to calculate the curves of G/Gmax and D for calcareous soils in practice for preliminary and final seismic site response analyses. They can be especially useful in final evaluations of large or critical projects to calculate the curves when time and cost constraints make it impractical to perform direct experimental determinations of G/Gmax and D curves for each soil layer encountered in the soil deposit.
Calculation of the Collapse Rating of Individual Pipe Joints for OCTG Casing and Tubing
Authors: Filgueiras Pedro , Klever Frans J , Bellani Luca , Compare Michele , Almeida Gustavo , Ybarra Maria Beatriz , Oliveira Jonathas , Zio Enrico 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Commonly accepted procedures in the industry for calculating high collapse ratings of OCTG casing and tubing are described in Annexes G and H of API 5C3. Both approaches are limited to the analysis of historical data. Moreover, modern pipe dimensional mapping during production allows to provide properties specific to each individual pipe joint that were impossible before. In this paper, a method for calculating the collapse rating of each individual pipe produced is presented. In the developed method, the uncertainties on the quantification of each parameter are accounted for and the collapse rating of individual pipes is calculated to a pre-defined target reliability level (TRL). The statistical approach used to arrive at the collapse rating for a pipe joint is explained, and the consistency with the conventional method based on sample data is demonstrated. The developed method, therefore, enables practices long expected by the Oil & Gas industry, such as the clustering of the produced pipes based on their collapse performance. This allows the pipe manufacturer to assign high-performing pipes to the location of most severe loads in a well, while avoiding the delivery to the rig of the worst performing pipes.
A Review of Hydraulic Fracturing and Latest Developments in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Canbaz Celal Hakan , Palabiyik Yildiray , Hosgor Fatma Bahar , Atayev Hakmyrat , Ozyurtkan Mustafa Hakan , Aydin Hakki , Yurukcu Mesut , Boppana Narendra 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted and applied stimulation method in the unconventional oil and gas industry. With the increasing attention to unconventional reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing technologies have developed and improved more in the last few years. This study explores all applications of hydraulic fracturing methods to a great extent. It can be used as a guideline study, covering all the procedures and collected data for conventional reservoirs by considering the limited parameters of unconventional reservoirs.This paper intends to be a reference article containing all the aspects of the hydraulic fracturing method. A comprehensive study has been created by having a wide scope of examinations from the applied mechanisms to the technological materials conveyed from the different industries to utilize this technique efficiently. Furthermore, this study analyses the method, worldwide applications, advantages and disadvantages, and comparisons in different unconventional reservoirs. Various case studies that examine the challenges and pros & cons of hydraulic fracturing are included.Hydraulic fracturing is a promising stimulation technique that has been widely applied worldwide. It is challenging due to the tight and nanoporous nature, low permeability, complex geological structure, and in-situ stress field in unconventional reservoirs. Consequently, economic conditions and various parameters should be analyzed individually in each case for efficient applications. Therefore, this study provides the primary parameters and elaborate analysis of the techniques applied for a successful stimulation under SPECIFIC circumstances and provides a full spectrum of information needed for unconventional field developments. All the results are evaluated and detailed for each field case by providing the principles of applying hydraulic fracturing technologies.Many literature reviews provide different examples of hydraulic fraction methods; however, no study covers and links up both the main parameters and learnings from real cases worldwide. This study will fill this gap and illuminate the application of the hydraulic fracturing method.
Harnessing Offshore Wind: Using Mobile Floating Wind Units MOWUs and Energy Storage to Provide Clean Power to Production Installations
Authors: Ventrelli Saverio , Lund Per 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a novel concept that enables offshore operators to power their facilities with microgrids consisting of mobile offshore wind units (MOWUs). The MOWU consists of a floating unit anchored to the seabed. On the floating unit is a wind turbine with a generation capacity of 11-14MW. A battery energy storage solution (BESS) is included as part of the system, along with AC power distribution, transformers, switchboards, and a power management system (PMS).
The MOWU can connect to any offshore installation by means of a short length of subsea cable (up to several kilometers). The solution is scalable and can be adapted and deployed in the configuration needed to match the load profile and power needs of the host production (fixed or floating) or drilling facility. The primary objective of the concept is to reduce localized power production from existing onboard diesel and gas turbine generators. Initial estimates indicate that the improved energy mix with wind and energy storage combined can reduce carbon emissions by as much as 60-70% when compared to conventional generation with gas turbines, thus providing a technically sound solution to economically extend the field life of mature assets.
Optimisation of Oil Production with RCP Autonomous Inflow Control Devices in a Field in Offshore Malaysia, A Case Study with Shell Malaysia
Authors: Krishnan Thanushya , Sandhu Harwinder , Lai Chin-Lin , Konopczynski Michael , Moradi Mojtaba 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
During 2019 and 2020 the field operator conducted development campaigns in a thin oil rim carbonate reservoir offshore Malaysia. The horizontal development wells were expected to intersect heterogeneous formations with varying properties resulting in an uneven reservoir influx toward the wellbore. Oil production from these wells was expected to suffer severely from an early gas breakthrough. These challenges were recognized to be mitigated by deploying Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs), installed at reservoir interface along the horizontal section of the wells. The AICDs can manage the reservoir fluid influx entering the wellbore and therefore optimise the well performance.
To improve oil production and ultimate recovery, AICDs were incorporated in the lower completion design for the development wells. The Rate Controlled Production (RCP) AICD was chosen for this application. It is an active flow control device, delivering a variable flow restriction in response to the properties of the fluid and the rate of flow passing through it. This paper summarizes the integrated technical learnings from this project.
An integrated workflow was followed to design and deliver the AICD applications successfully for the operator in an offshore light oil reservoir with huge uncertainties in remaining oil thickness and reservoir properties. The wells with a horizontal length of ~6000 ft were drilled in a relatively thin oil formation. The well intersected different geological layers with different rock properties. The lower well completions comprised of RCP AICD valves, shrouded with debris filter screens with an in-situ gas lift system in the upper completions helping to lift the fluids to the surface. The wells were segmented into compartments with blank joints and swell packers and tailored AICD placements based on individual well's real-time log data to properly restrict the production of unwanted fluids. Through teamwork between the companies, the wells were successfully completed with AICDs.
The final modelling was performed just in the time span between reaching target depth and running the completion. Over two years of production, the wells completed with AICD not only have not seen any problem in terms of solid production, but they have also successfully exhibited limited GOR development which enabled oil production optimization. A PLT was also run recently in one of the wells to analyze further the zonal contribution of each section of the well and how AICD has effectively choked back the gas in selective zones.
The results show that the AICD completion ensured a balanced contribution from the entire 6000 ft long horizontal section in the well despite the heterogeneity of the carbonate reservoir and has potentially reduced the gas production significantly to enable more optimized oil production within gas offtake limits in the reservoir management plan.
Intelligent Hydrogen Gas Monitoring in Natural Gas/Hydrogen Blending
Authors: Davis Bryce , Stuart Daniel , Nieves Maldonado Mary , Kamavaram Venkat , Cheng Quan , Veedu Vinod 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen energy is a viable solution for reducing society's dependence on fossil fuels and decarbonizing several energy sectors such as solar, wind, and nuclear. One method actively being pursued to phase hydrogen into the energy sector is natural gas/hydrogen (NG/H2) blending. As the name suggests, NG/H2 blending integrates concentrations of hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines to reduce the carbon concentration of methane. This blending carries the hydrogen and natural gas mix to municipal utility scales for extraction and consumer end-use. However, there are potential risks transporting hydrogen using the existing natural gas pipeline network. These include leakage, gas buildup, hydrogen embrittlement, and explosion threats to property and life near natural gas transmission pipelines. If these are to be utilized, there will be a critical need to provide "real-time" hydrogen monitoring capabilities for NG/H2 blends throughout the Nation's natural gas transportation and storage infrastructure. Moreover, the US natural gas transportation system is expansive. It requires a complex sensor network that can continuously monitor, record, and notify specific NG/H2 conditions at various pipeline locations to operators and managers. This paper describes the limited scale work, development, and potential "real-time" hydrogen detection and monitoring in NG/H2 blends using an intelligent optical sensor system. The transport efficiency of the pipeline, safety aspects, and in particular, questions about the capability of existing and new infrastructure to safely use NG/H2 mixtures as fuel will be addressed in this paper.
Artificial Intelligence for Automating and Monitoring Safety, Efficiency and Productivity in Industrial Facilities
Authors: Shaji Harikrishnan Arangali , Bishnu Sumit Kumar , Mishra Tarun , Ramakrishna M. V. S. Siva , Krishna R. S. Nikhil , Thomas K. Renil , David Daniel Raj 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper delves into artificial intelligence (AI) based approaches to provide an automated approach to enhancing safety, efficiency, and productivity in modern industrial facilities, on a digital platform T-Pulse®. It explores the challenges and considerations to be taken when using such approaches to ensure that there are no errors for practical application. Broad examples are provided under each of the three categories to elaborate on the practical benefits of the same. Under AI approaches, both image processing models and numerical input models are covered based on the application. The image processing models are used to capture safety observations, resource utilization trends, milestone monitoring during maintenance activities, and automating the analysis of inspection data. In contrast, the numerical input models are used mainly from a process and planning optimization perspective.
Decarbonizing FPSO Power Plants: The Case for Combined Cycle and Electric-Motor Driven EMD Compression
Authors: Bowman Travis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Open (i.e., simple) cycle gas turbines (GTs) have been the preferred means of power generation on floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessels over the past two decades. GT-based packages offer several advantages over other widely used power solutions, such as gas engines and diesel gensets - including high power density, increased availability, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In recent years, however, with many offshore operators establishing targets for environmental footprint reductions, new pathways for decarbonization are being evaluated. Combined cycle (i.e., the addition of a steam bottoming cycle to an open cycle GT) is a concept that has been widely employed in onshore industrial applications and is now garnering more interest in the offshore segment.
This paper discusses the benefits combined cycle power plants can provide when compared to open cycle GTs and outlines installation and operability considerations for both greenfields and brownfields. In certain applications, the combined cycle power plant design may allow compression duties to be met with electric motors instead of gas turbines. Aside from operational advantages, such as increased availability and efficiency, and better turndown capabilities, this provides the added benefit of centralizing and optimizing emissions on the facility. It also enables more effective emissions monitoring and control.
The paper will also discuss how digital monitoring and control systems can be applied to ensure that gas turbines are running at optimal setpoints relative to ambient conditions and current power demand. In this way, all GTs in the power plant can be operated (collectively) in the most fuel-efficient manner, thus contributing to further emissions reductions.