bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food animals as reservoirs and potential sources of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes: Focus on intensive pig farming in South Africa
Authors: Abdalla Shima E. , Abia Akebe L.K. , Amoako Daniel G. , Perrett Keith , Bester Linda A. , Essack Sabiha Y. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal diseases in both developed and developing countries. Healthy asymptomatic animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic DEC, which may enter the food chain via the weak points in hygiene practices.Aim: We investigated the prevalence of DEC along the pig production continuum from farm-to-fork.Methods: A total of 417 samples were collected from specific points along the pig production system, that is, farm, transport, abattoir and food. E. coli was isolated and enumerated using Colilert. Ten isolates from each Quanti-tray were selected randomly and phenotypically identified using eosin methylene blue agar selective media. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the species and to classify them into the various diarrheagenic pathotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined against a panel of 20 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and EUCAST guideline.Results: The final sample size consisted of 1044 isolates, of which 45.40% (474/1044) were DEC and 73% (762/1044) were multidrug-resistant. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) was the most predominant DEC at all the sampling sites.Conclusion: The presence of DEC in food animal production environments and food of animal origin could serve as reservoirs for transmitting these bacteria to humans, especially in occupationally exposed workers and via food. Adherence to good hygienic practices along the pig production continuum is essential for mitigating the risk of transmission and infection, and ensuring food safety.
Prevalence and Determinants of Stress of Informal Caregiving
Authors: Fasiku Mojirola Martina , Akande Oluwatosin Wuraola , Bolarinwa Oladimeji Akeem , Akande Tanimola M. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Caring for patients in the hospital can cause a lot of stress for the caregivers, especially those who are involved with informal caregiving such as family members. Little is known in Nigeria on the stress of informal caregiving in the hospital environment. This study assessed the informal caregivers' stress level and their determinants in a tertiary hospital in Ilorin, Nigeria.

Methodology:
This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Between September and October 2019, using a simple random sampling method, data were collected from 400 informal caregivers of patients in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital with interviewer-administered questionnaire which included socio-demographic characteristics, Caregivers Strain index (CSI) and caregivers' stress from institution and other factors index (CSIOI). Analysis was performed, and prevalence and determinants of stress of informal caregiving were presented using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The majority, 381 (95.2%) of the informal caregivers, reported great stress levels using CSI, while 227 (56.7%) experienced a great level of stress with the CSIOI. Predictors of caregiver stress were perception that staying around was stressful (odds ratio [OR] - 17.5, P < 0.001), felt their patients will not be well cared for if not around (OR - 6.1, P < 0.001), staying at the hospital for >30 days (OR - 2.6, P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
The informal caregivers experienced a great level of stress taking care of their patients on admission in the hospital. It is, therefore, expedient that issues surrounding the comfort of the informal caregivers as they care for their patients should be included in hospital policies.
Internal Splintage of Acute Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation Using Polyester Suture
Authors: Adebayo Arojuraye Soliudeen , Abolaji Alabi Ibrahim , Usman Mustapha Ibrahim 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Various surgical options have been described for acute acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) disruption. Dynamic fixation of these fractures is the most favoured option. However, no single modality of treatment has been adjudged to be the best option so far.

Purpose:
The goal of this study was to present the outcome of internal splintage of acute ACJ disruption using polyester suture without clavicle drilling in our setting.

Patients and Methods:
This prospective study was done at the National Orthopedic Hospital, Dala, Kano, on those with acute ACJ injuries between January 2016 and June 2021. Forty five patients (36 males and 9 females) had internal splintage of acute ACJ disruption using polyester-5 suture loops around the coracoid process and clavicle without bone drilling.

Results:
The average age of the patients in this study was 31.51 ± 11.43 years, while the age group with highest frequency was 21–30 years, accounting for 17 (37.8%) of all the patients. The mean pre-operative and post-operative disability (QuickDASH) scores were 80.08 ± 10.75 and 3.23 ± 3.58, respectively. There was a significant difference between pre-operative and post-operative QuickDASH scores with P < 0.001.

Conclusion:
Internal splintage of acute ACJ dislocation using polyester-5 suture loop without bone drilling is effective and safe.
Analisis Manajemen Risiko Pengguna Sewa Guna Usaha (Leasing) di Indonesia
Authors: Gurning Febby Ayu Syahputri , Ritonga Sonia , Meianti Ardhia , Batubara Maryam 
Published: February 2022

Leasing or leasing is actually an improvisation ofconventional legal system called leasing. Leasing company business in Indonesia is better known as leasing. Company main activities leasing is engaged in financing for the purposes of capital goods desired by customers. Financing here means if a customer needs capital goods such as heavy equipment, office equipment, cars by renting or buying on credit can be obtained from the leasing company. Leases are actually wider than understanding of lease purchase, because there is a business lease in the form of a finance lease (with option) and operating lease (without option). Rent for business too is one of the high risk avoidance measures that are currently being implemented realized by existing entrepreneurs, so there needs to be more understanding clear on the risks that arise in leasing activities. This study used qualitative research methods. The purpose of this research is to analyze the risk of leasing users, especially in Indonesia.
Keywoard : Leasing, risk management
Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Konsumen Dalam Membeli Polis Asuransi Jiwasraya
Authors: Asiah Siti , Aslami Nuri 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This investigation intends to decide the elements that impact buyer conduct in purchasing extra security approaches. These variables are social, individual, mental, item, premium and advancement factors. This investigation was directed at PT. (Persero) Asuransi Jiwasraya Pekanbaru City, where the populace is all purchasers of disaster protection strategies in 2013 upwards of 500 individuals and upwards of 100 individuals were taken as tests. Gathering information utilizing a survey/poll and the testing strategy is a purposive examining method. The information examination utilized was enlightening, to be specific information investigation by gathering information and afterward explaining dependent on gatherings and classes, then, at that point, classified and portrayed by hypotheses pertinent to this exploration. The consequences of the review show that social, individual, mental, item and charge factors will be factors that extraordinarily impact the acquisition of disaster protection approaches dependent on respondents' reactions. Other than that, of these elements, the most predominant or the most compelling on buyer buying choices in purchasing extra security approaches are item factors comprising of convictions/perspectives and advantages/benefits.
Keywords: Insurance Consumer Behavior and Policy Purchase
Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Asuransi Syariah
Authors: Sari Aida Malan , Aslami Nuri 
Published: February 2022

This article contains a Sharia Insurance Marketing Communication Strategy which focuses on the stages of developing effective marketing communications, namely determining the target audience, setting communication goals, designing messages, selecting media, selecting message sources, determining the promotional mix. and determine the marketing mix strategy. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with data analysis techniques using the Interactive model of Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman. The results showed that a marketing communication strategy that prioritizes two-way communication with customers to sell their products in order to gain influence, trust, and actions such as direct feedback can have a positive impact. development of effective marketing communications. to achieve the goals that have been set and can be implemented properly.
Keywords: marketing strategy, marketing communication, sharia insurance
METODE EKLEKTIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Hakim Azizul 
Published: February 2022

This paper discusses the basic teaching principles by examining the development of Arabic teaching methods and systems. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses. Based on this fact, the mixed method implies selection and amalgamation. However, the merger is not meant to combine all existing methods at once but to take advantage of the advantages of certain methods. In this paper, the author discusses mixed methods in learning Arabic.
Knowing this material is especially important for Arabic language teachers or lecturers to streamline the teaching and learning process by using the most suitable methods for various purposes.
The main problem that the author discusses in this paper is the background and basic concepts of the mixed method, the steps for its use, and its advantages and disadvantages.
This paper concludes that the mixed method is a language teaching method that combines several methods. The mixed-method does not have a special form that is completely different from other methods because it is the result of selecting and combining several methods that are considered relevant for learning. The advantages of the mixed method are more varied learning activities and the ability of students to use foreign languages ​​more evenly. The drawback is that using the mixed method will have problems with the willingness of teachers and students and the allocation of time.
¿Es ético canonizar la globalización?
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier 
Published: February 2022

Este artículo analiza la etapa final del capitalismo, la globalización, en cuanto a sus beneficios para con la mayor parte de la humanidad. Cuestiona este proceso de mundialización cuyo principio es la exclusión de la mayoría. Explica cómo el neoliberalismo planifica la economía a partir del mercado mundial desde un cálculo económico que monetiza todos los valores humanos. Asume que una ideología y un modelo económico hay que juzgarlos por sus efectos humanos y, en este sentido, la inequidad, la miseria y la corrupción son los tres grandes motivos del descontento general.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 52, No. 583, 1997: 383-402.
El mundo laboral de las mujeres en la microempresa
Authors: Martínez Julia Evelin 
Published: February 2022

Este artículo expone la situación de desigualdad que enfrenta la mujer en el sector informal como propietaria o empleada de unidades económicas microempresariales. Este hecho trae consigo graves implicaciones en términos de equidad y posibilidades reales para el desarrollo socioeconómico del país, lo cual se evidencia en un ingreso mensual promedio menor que el del hombre que realiza la misma actividad; menor cobertura al sistema de seguridad social; la doble jornada de trabajo, ya que también tiene que realizar labores de domesticidad, etc. Por tanto, hace una reflexión sobre el futuro del sector informal dentro de la economía neoliberal salvadorefia y enfatiza la necesidad de incorporar, dentro de este sector, un enfoque de género.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 52, No. 583, 1997: 403-416.
Fecal secretory immunoglobulin a, human ß defensin-2, and calprotectin levels in preterm neonates who consumes breast milk only, formula milk only, and combination
Authors: Eko Sulistijono  , Putri Primawardani  , Rusdian N. Ningsih  , Bernardinus P.A. Pradipta  
Published: February 2022

Background: Secretory immunoglobulin A, human ß-defensin2 and calprotectin play an essential role in digestive system defense. This study aims to assess fecal SIgA, hBD-2, and calprotectin in preterm neonates (as inflammation marker) with different feeding patterns.
Method: This study was cohort designed included 39 preterm neonates, which were categorized into breast milk only, formula milk only, and combination. Fecal SIgA, hBD-2, and calprotectin measured by ELISA.
Results: Fecal SIga in the breast milk only group were significantly higher (p<0.005). Fecal HBD-2 and calprotectin in the formula milk only group were highest but not significantly different (p=0.463) with the combination group.
Conclusion: Fecal SIgA levels that consumed breast milk only were significantly higher. Fecal HBD-2 and calprotectin levels that consumed formula milk only were highest but not significantly different from the combination group.
Mechanical ventilation practice of pediatric patients with Covid-19 in Indonesian tertiary hospital
Authors: Kurniawan Taufiq Kadafi  , Erviani Maulidya  , William Prayogo Susanto  , Saptadi Yuliarto  
Published: February 2022

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) in children tend to have milder clinical manifestation. However, some develop critical conditions and require mechanical ventilation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Various modalities are recommended for mechanical ventilation, such as High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), or invasive ventilation with intubation. This study aims to describe the clinical feature, ventilation modalities usage, and the outcome of children with critical COVID-19.
Methods: This is a retrospective study in COVID-19 children with respiratory distress who were treated in the COVID-19 isolation PICU room of Saiful Anwar General Hospital for one year. The data was gained from the medical record and analyzed descriptively. Data were analyzed using Ms. Excel for Windows.
Results: A total of 51 children with COVID-19 were admitted to Saiful Anwar general Hospital in one year period, with 12 of them in critical condition and 6 children require mechanical ventilation. The main signs developed were fever and dyspnea. Invasive mechanical ventilation applicated in 5 patients, and only 1 patient received Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV). The mean of PEEP used in invasive ventilation is 7-9 cmH2O, lower than ESPNIC’s recommendation of 8-10 cmH2O. Length of ventilator usage is 2-21 days, with 2 patients passed away, both with a comorbid and organ system injury.
Conclusion: The mechanical ventilation setting must be determined individually based on the patients’ condition, despite several guidelines providing the recommendation.
Relationship of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in breast milk colostrum with the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
Authors: Anik Puryatni  , Prasetya Ismail  , Fireka Juniantika  , Bayu Kurniawan  
Published: February 2022

Background: Colostrum contains various bioactive compounds that have various roles and potentials in preventing the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). EGF and IGF-1 are growth factors found in breast milk colostrum in the form of polypeptides that play a role in regulating and stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between EGF and IGF-1 levels in breast milk colostrum with the occurrence of NEC in neonates.
Methods: This analytical observational study was conducted at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang during June-August 2019 on mothers and neonates who were breastfed. Maternal colostrum was collected at 72 hours postpartum, while NEC incidence in infants was determined prospectively. EGF and IGF-1 levels in colostrum were examined using the ELISA method. The data were processed by SPSS 21 program and analyzed using Spearman’s test and logistic regression.
Results: 24 mother and baby pair samples were included in the study. The mean level of EGF in maternal colostrum was 466±304 ng/ml, and the mean level of IGF-1 was 1.99±0.96 ng/ml with no significant difference in levels based on gestational age. There is a strong negative correlation between the levels of EGF (r = -0.630; p=0.001) and IGF-1 (r = -0.646; p=0.001) on the occurrence of NEC. With the regression test, there was no significant effect between the levels of IGF-1 (p=0.995) and EGF (p=0.997) on NEC occurrence.
Conclusion: EGF and IGF-1 levels have a significant relationship to the occurrence of NEC. The higher levels of EGF and IGF-1 contained in breast milk colostrum reduced the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.
Antibiotic Solutions for Surgical Irrigation
Authors: Darvesh Nazia , Butcher Robyn 
Published: February 2022

During surgery, wounds can be washed out, or irrigated, using antibiotic, antiseptic, or saline solutions to prevent infections; the evidence in this report found over 20 different antibiotic solutions used across trials.
Most studies showed that antibiotic irrigation solutions were better or no different compared to using antiseptic, saline, or no irrigation; however, a small number of studies indicated otherwise. One study reported in a systematic review showed fewer infections and complications for antiseptic compared to a triple antibiotic solution, while another study included in the same systematic review found a higher percentage of implant loss when a triple antibiotic solution was compared to antiseptic; data were poorly reported in these studies.
Bacitracin-specific evidence was found in 2 studies; 1 study reported in 1 systematic review showed a higher percentage of infection when bacitracin irrigation was compared to cefazolin and saline irrigation; however, this was not statistically significant. Another study showed no differences in infections requiring surgical intervention or in hospitalization when bacitracin irrigation was compared to no irrigation.
One guideline recommends that wound irrigation and intracavity lavage should not be conducted during surgery, and that applying antibiotics before wound closure should only be done as part of a research trial.
Due to the mixed findings across studies, high-quality research is needed to clarify the role of antibiotic irrigation during surgery. Because guideline recommendations about wound irrigation, specifically, are based on research published before 2008, updated guidelines to include research from more current studies are needed to reflect current practice.
TRATAMENTO DOS EFLUENTES DA AULA DE QUÍMICA ANALÍTICA DA UECE/FAEC A PARTIR DA PRODUÇÃO DE CARVÃO ATIVADO DE BORRA DE CAFÉ
Authors: Lima Jessyca Nayara Mascarenhas , Lacerda Junior Orivaldo da Silva  , Siqueira Júnior Francisco Elton , Amâncio José  Miranda  , Rosendo Maria Carolaine Aurélio Fernandes , Siqueira Sebastiana Vieira 
Published: February 2022

O presente estudo tem por objetivo o tratamento dos efluentes gerados nas aulas de Química Analítica com filtração com carvão ativado a partir da borra de café residual no Campus da UECE/FAEC. Foi preparado carvão ativado utilizando ativante químico NaOH e calcinado a 550 oC o carvão foi caracterizado por difração de raios-X e FTIR. Os resultados de DRX demonstraram um material com característica amorfo, já o FTIR confirmou vibrações em torno de 1600 e 1400 cm-1 referente ao estiramento de ligações C-C e C=C de aromáticos ou de anéis de ligninas, típicos de material carbonáceo. A partir dos ensaios de adsorção para três tipos de efluentes, os resultados demonstraram que o carvão foi eficiente para os efluentes dos frascos 1 e 3 com rendimento de 99% com reciclo de reuso de 5 vezes, sem perda de adsorção.
A 41-year (1979–2019) passive microwave derived lake ice phenology data record of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Cai Yu , Duguay Claude R. , Ke Chang-Qing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Seasonal ice cover is one of the important attributes of lakes at middle and high latitude regions. The annual freeze-up and break-up dates and the durations of ice cover (i.e., lake ice phenology) are sensitive to the weather and climate, and hence can be used as an indicator of climate variability and change. The Calibrated Enhanced Resolution Brightness Temperature (CETB) dataset available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) provides an alternate source of passive microwave brightness temperature (TB) measurements for the determination of lake ice phenology on a 3.125 km grid. This study used Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), Special Sensor Microwave Image (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) data from the CETB dataset to extract the ice phenology for 56 lakes across the Northern Hemisphere from 1979 to 2019. According to the differences in TB between lake ice and open water, a threshold algorithm based on the moving t test method was applied to determine the lake ice status for grids located at least 6.25 km away from the lake shore, and the ice phenology dates for each lake were then extracted. When ice phenology could be extracted from more than one satellite over overlapping periods, results from the satellite offering the largest number of observations were prioritized. The lake ice phenology results showed strong agreement with an existing product derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-2) data (2002 to 2015), with mean absolute errors of ice dates ranging from 2 to 4 days. Compared to near-shore in-situ observations, the lake ice results, while different in terms of spatial coverage, still showed overall consistencies. The produced lake ice record also displayed significant consistencies when compared to a historical record of annual maximum ice cover of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. From 1979 to 2019, the average complete freezing duration and ice cover duration for lakes forming a complete ice cover on an annual basis were 153 and 161 days, respectively. The lake ice phenology dataset – a new climate data record (CDR) – will provide valuable information to the user community about the changing ice cover of lakes in the last four decades. The dataset is available at https://www.pangaea.de/tok/c8fc0eab3d30777fc38979ad514217b6b7e86a65 (Cai et al., 2021).