bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Did Your Mother Ever Die?”
Authors: Wasserman Fredda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There I sat in the hospital waiting room, stunned, disoriented, suspended in disbelief. I was twenty-eight years old, the only child of my precious mama who had not been seriously ill a day in her life. A physician, whom I had never met before, had just informed me that my mother had died. I wasn’t prepared for this. On the contrary. Only thirty minutes before, I had been at her hospital bedside rejoicing over how well she was recovering from her sudden heart attack. I vividly recall the myriad of emotional and visceral sensations I experienced during those pivotal seventy-two hours which led up to the moment that was to change my life forever.
“In Sickness and in Health, ’ Til Death Do Us Part”
Authors: Forstein Marshall 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
My husband died from prostate cancer after a five-year struggle, ending with an acute crisis leading to a precipitous death. After thirty-eight years, this was an incalculable loss, and the loss and grief that ensued was very personal, unlike the deaths of many hundreds of patients I lost to AIDS or to other deaths in my family that were painful in a different way. Four months into grieving, I was diagnosed with esophageal cancer and began a very intensive treatment including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. My grief about my loss was stilled while I dealt with the prospect of my two grown boys potentially losing their other father within a year. The fear of having them deal with these two losses, one after the other, was more devastating than the thought of my own death. Grief is a beast in the simplest of losses; this felt like the universe was being cruel. After treatment, scans, and blood tests, all of us on hold while awaiting the outcome of pathology and testing, I appeared to have been extraordinarily fortunate in having the prospect of surviving, even being cured. What I hadn’t anticipated was the vehemence with which the grief on hold roared back more powerful than I could imagine, confusing the multiple losses of my husband and what this cancer means for me and my family. As this story comes to print, I am aware that grief and loss are different but inextricably related to each other.
For Better or for Worse
Authors: Miller Joan Heller , Miller Ken 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After fifteen years of marriage, life felt fulfilled with three young children, family and friends, and busy careers, along with a good dose of stress. Then Joan developed worsening fatigue and shortness of breath, bruising, severe pain, and high fever, leading to the diagnosis of acute leukemia with a slim chance of survival. Overnight, she became “Miller, J” the “acute leuk in room 263,” and Ken went from being an experienced cancer doctor to a scared husband, navigating unimaginable conflicting roles. Treatments were traumatic, and the journey toward recovery was punctuated by a depression for Joan that was also life-threatening. Finding meaning and purpose led to personal growth and professional commitment to advocate for global psycho-oncology support and bereavement services for patients and their families.
Life Is Loss (. . . and How I Tolerated It when I Became a House Officer)
Authors: Stein Cy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It was not until my internship and residency program, at age thirty-two, that I suffered the greatest loss of my life. This involved what I perceived as a complete loss of agency due to my perception of a catastrophic diminution in my status as a valued member of society and my inability to derive much pleasure in life when my days and nights were devoted solely to working and sleeping. My unrelenting schedule and the acute and chronic sleep deprivation caused marital problems and robbed me of any quality time with our new baby. When I express these thoughts to many physicians who are my contemporaries, they are incredulous. “But,” many of my flabbergasted contemporaries will insist, “internship and residency were where I learned so much, and where I acquired the technical skills and ways of thinking that allowed me to become a practicing physician. It was an invaluable experience that cannot not be replicated. And if this experience were to be modified in any way, God help us all!”
Mourning and Restoration
Authors: Blinderman Craig D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unfathomable loss and grief. In the early months of the pandemic, when New York City was its epicenter, the loss of one patient highlighted for me what we have all lost. The pandemic has helped me to clearly see how everything is interconnected and woven into every moment. Our past experiences cannot be separated out of how we encounter each other, our patients, and ourselves. In this chapter, I bring these past experiences and reflections to help clarify who is it that is experiencing this loss and how this shapes the loss and the lessons it can bring. How can we allow loss to awaken our concern for injustice? How do we create the spaciousness necessary for mourning our losses? And how can we begin the difficult and necessary work of restoring ourselves and the world to a more just and compassionate place?
Conclusion Loss
Authors: Loscalzo Matthew , Forstein Marshall , Klein Linda A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Loss and Grief: Personal Stories of Doctors and Other Health Care Professionals presents unflinching, deeply personal stories by doctors and other health care professionals, who did not take the “escape” of writing about walking in our patient’s shoes. They had the audacity to walk in their own shoes. A consistent theme was that professional training/identity offered no immunity/direction for a loss that is deeply personal. The professional veneer was too thin to be instructive or protective. This was a surprise. Perhaps, it should not have been. The psychological barriers for individuals who cannot share their own losses and distress with colleagues, reflects a society that denies the impact of loss and minimizes the emotional components of vulnerabilities. It does not have to be this way. It is our hope that such openly shared feelings of isolation and suffering will humanize the loss experience, ignite prospective discussions, and illuminate opportunities for education, research and interventions to prepare us for multiple loss experiences endemic to life. Paradoxically, in some of the most supportive health systems, the very professionals who compassionately care for patients feel so alone when they experience their own losses. Perhaps our most immediate goal could be to create an infrastructure within health care to best support professionals manage the relentless professional stream of losses and personal suffering? Ultimately, we must accept that if doctors and other health care professionals are not at the vanguard of making a world filled with loss and grief more realistic, loving, and kind, who will be?
Neuropathology of Tremors
Authors: Shill Holly 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The neuropathology of tremor is increasingly being investigated. Pathology can be examined to explore the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. The clinical findings of mild cerebellar impairments, including gait and limb ataxia, in essential tremor has prompted an interest in examining cerebellar pathology with findings of changes in the Purkinje cell layer and climbing fibers. Purkinje cell loss has been reported as well as axonal changes prompting consideration that essential tremor may be a neurodegenerative condition. Other tremor types have pathological findings that allow one to begin to understanding the underpinnings of tremor.
Genetics of Tremors
Authors: Haugarvoll Kristoffer , Ross Owen A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter of the textbook Tremors reviews the contribution of genetics to both isolated tremor, such as essential tremor (ET) and combined tremor syndromes, including tremors syndromes associated with dystonia, Parkinson disease (PD), and ataxia. The chapter builds on the revised criteria for classifying tremor disorders published by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society in 2018. Clinical characteristics of tremor syndromes are used to group the genetic etiologies in order to provide clinicians with a framework to identify possible genetic etiologies in individual patients. The genetics of ET are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on future developments that may finally shed more light on the elusive etiologies of this common disorder.
Tremor in Medicine and Other Secondary Tremors
Authors: Patel Margi , Caughman Christopher Y. , Factor Stewart A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter on secondary tremors covers tremors that are commonly encountered but often underrecognized. Such tremors are caused by drugs, toxins, metabolic conditions, systemic diseases, and lesions in the central nervous system. The chapter systematically discusses the most common offenders in the mentioned categories. It also reviews clinical characteristics and possible mechanisms of action for each type, wherever defined. Additionally, a short review of diagnostic approaches for identifying tremor etiology, including laboratory tests, is discussed. Recommendations for treatment strategies are also made for each tremor category. Videos and MRI brain scan images are included for visual learning purposes, exemplifying some tremor categories.
Essential Tremor
Authors: Elble Rodger J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Essential tremor is a neurological syndrome consisting of bilateral upper extremity action tremor of at least three years duration, with or without tremor in other locations, most commonly the head and voice, and there are no other associated neurological abnormalities. Essential tremor plus is the classification used for patients meeting the criteria for essential tremor except for exhibiting other signs or symptoms of uncertain clinical significance. A complex additive polygenic heritability of at least 75% appears to underly most cases of essential tremor, and only a few rare Mendelian dominant mutations have been found. Patients with essential tremor may eventually develop other neurological signs of more complex tremor syndromes such as tremor-predominant parkinsonism, dystonic tremor, and tremor-ataxia. Propranolol, primidone and topiramate are the only medications with double-blind placebo-controlled proof of efficacy, which is inadequate in most patients with moderate-severe tremor. Stereotactic surgery is the most effective treatment, but many aspects of deep brain stimulation, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound and radiosurgery are still investigational.
Tremor, Dystonia, and Dystonic Tremor
Authors: Jinnah H. A. , Shaikh Aasef G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tremor is defined as a disorder of rhythmical oscillations of a body region, while dystonia is defined as a disorder of involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. Although tremor and dystonia are distinct movement disorders, there are multiple areas of overlap. One area of overlap is the many cohort studies that have shown that tremor and dystonia frequently co-exist. Another area of overlap is the concept of “dystonic tremor,” which has evolved over the years. The third area of overlap involves several disorders which some experts consider subtypes of tremor and others consider subtypes of dystonia. These include task-specific tremors such as writer’s tremor, isolated head tremors, isolated voice tremors, and others. The fourth area of overlap is the impact of many studies describing misdiagnosis of tremor or dystonia, because their clinical features are sometimes difficult to distinguish. The final area of overlap involves evidence that tremor and dystonia share certain biological mechanisms. This chapter reviews these overlapping areas, along with the ongoing debates regarding nosology and mechanism.
Tremor and Ataxia
Authors: Yang Chen-Ya , Kuo Sheng-Han 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tremor and ataxia, two very disabling symptoms leading to uncoordinated movements, are considered as distinctive movement disorders phenomenology. However, recent advances in the neuropathology, animal models, and physiology have indicated that these two symptoms are both related to the dysfunctional cerebellum and its connected network. In addition, tremor and ataxia can co-occur in certain cerebellar disorders, and the symptomatic treatment for tremor and ataxia poses a separate set of challenges. In this chapter, we will review the common ataxia disorders with tremor. We aim at highlighting the symptomatology, the distinct anatomy, the diagnostic approaches, and the evidence for existing therapeutic options. We will discuss the overlapping physiology and brain circuitries for these diseases.
Myorhythmia
Authors: Vial Felipe , Hallett Mark 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter will provide an overview of how myorhythmia, a particular type of tremor according to Movement Disorder Society criteria, has been described in the literature over time and how this concept encompasses other syndromes that share a slow, rhythmic, or semi-rhythmic activation of a muscle group. We discuss the phenomenology of myorhythmia by providing the definitions and descriptions by different authors, as well as the current knowledge of the pathology underlying this movement. Regarding the etiology, we discuss the most common causes with a special emphasis on Whipple disease and cerebrovascular disease. Finally, we conclude by emphasizing the need to agree on a standard definition for myorhythmia and give a proposal based on this review.
Functional Tremor
Authors: Schwingenschuh Petra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Functional tremor accounts for more than 50% of patients with functional movement disorders (FMD) and belongs to the spectrum of functional neurological disorders (FND). This chapter discusses how the diagnosis is made based on positive signs from history and clinical examination. It further describes how electrophysiological tremor recordings can be useful to complement the clinical findings in challenging cases. This chapter also reviews the evidence for cooccurrence of functional tremor with other movement disorders, which produces another layer of complexity in the workup of these patients. There has been remarkable progress in the management of patients with FMD in the last decade and this chapter finally summarizes the findings of clinical trials with a focus on functional tremor. Video content illustrating the key positive clinical features of functional tremors is included.
Diversity and Inclusivity in Parkinson Disease and Essential Tremor
Authors: Zesiewicz Theresa A. , Dohse Nicolas , Gooch Clifton L. , Bezchlibynk Yarema B. , Ghanekar Shaila 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite millions of people being affected by tremor worldwide, information regarding tremor patients’ ethnicity and racial diversity is limited. We examined diversity and inclusivity in two diseases, essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson disease (PD), primarily in the United States. There is little information regarding regional and ethnic differences of ET, although several studies suggest that Blacks are less likely to be affected by PD than Whites. Blacks appear to have less chance of being diagnosed with PD, reduced access to outpatient care, and less chance of being treated with newer PD medications. Black patients with PD may also be less likely to undergo DBS than White patients. There appears to be a disproportionate lack of minority representation in PD clinical trials. Education regarding ET and PD is essential so that first line healthcare providers can make appropriate referrals to specialists. Greater diversity and inclusion of non-White ET and PD patients is needed in clinical research, and better and more equal access to healthcare is vital and long overdue.
Treatment of Tremor
Authors: Dash Deepa , Mestre Tiago A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tremor is one of the most prevalent movement disorders and can lead to significant disability and negatively impact quality of life. Treatment of tremors should be tailored based on the degree of disability and the risk-benefit assessment of the therapeutic option and the patient’s preference. There is a wide array of treatment options for tremors that include pharmacological interventions, chemo-denervation in the form of botulinum toxin, and surgical procedures like lesional surgery and deep brain stimulation. The most evidence supports the management of essential tremor. Ongoing research explores novel medications, non-invasive neuromodulation, and brain stimulation techniques, which may become part of clinical practice. This chapter will review available treatment options and the supporting evidence for pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, and non-pharmacological non-surgical interventions with a focus on common tremor syndromes.
History and examination
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are many types of eating disorder, and they may present in different ways. This chapter begins with a basic overview of the signs and symptoms for each condition, then goes on to detail how to take a history from a patient suspected of having an eating disorder. Examinations and investigations are then presented, with BMI for both adults and children covered.
Anorexia nervosa
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex disease that affects multiple systems. This chapter begins by covering the epidemiology of the disease, and details the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural risk factors. The presentation of the condition is examined, including clinical features and methods for taking a history. Differential diagnosis is outlined, and physical examination and laboratory investigations are explained. Diagnostic criteria are then given. The chapter then moves on to the neurobiological changes associated with AN, and an overview of treatments, both psychological, outpatient, and inpatient. Complications, comorbidities are then outlined, and finally prognosis is discussed.
Rumination disorder
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rumination disorder (RD) is characterised by the effortless regurgitation of undigested food. Although it is a classified as two separate disorders (functional duodenal and as a feeding and eating disorder) this chapter is concerned with the second type. This chapter covers the epidemiology of the disease, and biological, psychological, and socio-cultural risk factors for developing rumination disorder. Presentation and clinical features are listed, and taking a history is explained, alongside potential differential diagnoses. Examination and investigations are discussed, and the diagnostic criteria are outlined. Psychological and potential pharmacological interventions are presented, with the importance of the multidisciplinary team. Complications, comorbidities, and prognosis are all included.
Emerging eating disorder diagnoses
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the epidemiology, risk factors, presentation, and treatment for eating disorders that have not, or currently do not, have formal diagnostic criteria under the DSM or ICD. It covers emetophobia, which is currently classified as an anxiety disorder, but is often associated with food restriction; diabulimia, where the deliberate omission of insulin therapy in those with Type 1 Diabetes is used to reduce weight; ‘drunkorexia’ where compensatory food restriction or vomiting is used to counteract the calories associated with alcohol consumption; muscle dysmorphia; and orthorexia and its association with obsessive compulsive disorder.
Comorbidities
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the comorbidities associated with eating and feeding disorders. It starts with the presentation, diagnosis, and subtypes of mood disorders, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It goes on to personality disorders, and alcohol and substance abuse, including withdrawal symptoms and conditions for admission for detox. It also covers autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, including various presentations, diagnosis, and management.
Acute emergency care
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sometimes eating disorders may result in acute presentation in a hospital setting. This chapter covers acute emergency care of the patient with an eating disorder. It begins with refeeding syndrome, covering the physiology and clinical features, then goes onto the MARSIPAN (management of really sick patients with anorexia nervosa) guidelines for adult and junior patients. It contains the risk assessment, tests that should be performed, locations for admission, and management in different settings. It then explains the presentation, investigations, and management of hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypothermia.
Historical development
Authors: Bebbington Paul , Kuipers Elizabeth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Social factors are crucial to the genesis, maintenance, and outcome of psychiatric disorders. In the first chapter, the authors provide an account of the history of social psychiatry. They identify early thinking about mental disorder, and link it to subsequent developments originating in the scientific traditions of the West. They argue that social psychiatry is a history of ideas about the social understanding and causation of mental ill health, and that these ideas are capable of assessment and refutation. They emphasize the central importance of its scientific basis, and assert that progress has been the result of an insistence on the development of a rigorous set of definitions, methods, and assessment tools. These are necessary in order to capture both hypothesized independent variables (social measures of various sorts, such as life events, family relationships, and social support), and dependent variables (measures of mental disorder or of specific mental symptoms or attributes). Such measures must be valid and reliable. Consequently, it has been possible to establish accurate case finding and to identify specific types of social influence. It has also been possible to formulate causal hypotheses and investigate mechanisms of action. By clarifying the effect of social factors on the emergence of acute episodes of disorder and on the process of recovery, social psychiatry has, in turn, enabled the progression of targeted social and psychological interventions.