bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and CO2 useful for polyurethanes
Authors: Cortés Natalia , Echeverri David A. , Gomez Jhonny F. , Rios Luis A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA new bifunctional biobased molecule, the carbonated methyl ester of ricinoleic acid maleate (CME‐RAM), useful for polyurethanes, was obtained from castor oil and CO2. This molecule bears carbonate and maleate functionalities that can participate, respectively, in aza‐Michael and aminolysis reactions. Maleate moieties are strong Michael acceptors and they were introduced into the fatty molecule using mild conditions. The synthetic steps include maleinization of castor oil followed by the simultaneous esterification and transesterification at 60°C. The subsequent stages were the epoxidation with acidic resins and the carbonation with CO2. The best results for epoxidation were obtained using Amberlite IR‐120 as catalyst at 48°C (84% conversion of double bonds). The carbonation of the oxirane ring with CO2 at 130°C, 6 MPa CO2 and 6 h reaction afforded 98% conversion of epoxides. It was demonstrated that aza‐Michael reaction of maleate groups was faster than aminolysis of carbonate groups, using hexylamine as a model molecule. CME‐RAM was oligomerized with ethylenediamine and used in the formulation of a conventional rigid polyurethane. Petrochemical polyol and isocyanate can be partially replaced by this bio‐based oligomer, producing a rigid material with a high percentage of green component and good mechanical properties.
Orientational uniaxial stretching of proton conducting perfluorinated membranes
Authors: Primachenko Oleg N. , Kulvelis Yuri V. , Marinenko Elena A. , Gofman Iosif V. , Lebedev Vasily T. , Kononova Svetlana V. , Kuklin Alexander I. , Ivankov Oleksandr I. , Soloviov Dmytro V. , Chenneviere Alexis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Aquivion®‐type perfluorinated proton conducting membranes were studied subjected to a specially developed technique of uniaxial orientational stretching. Membranes were prepared from copolymer produced by aqueous‐emulsion copolymerization and by pressing the melt copolymer precursor or by casting a solution of copolymer in sulfonyl alkaline form in dimethylformamide. The possibilities of the regulation of electrochemical and physical–chemical properties of Aquivion®‐type membranes using the method of orientational stretching are demonstrated. Proton conductivity rises in the stretching direction due to the straightening of the pathways for protons in membranes found by small‐angle neutron scattering technique.
Temporomandibular joint shape in anthropoid primates varies widely and is patterned by size and phylogeny
Authors: Terhune Claire E. , Mitchell D. Rex , Cooke Siobhán B. , Kirchhoff Claire A. , Massey Jason S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe temporomandibular joint is the direct interface between the mandible and the cranium and is critical for transmitting joint reaction forces and determining mandibular range of motion. As a consequence, understanding variation in the morphology of this joint and how it relates to other aspects of craniofacial form is important for better understanding masticatory function. Here, we present a detailed three‐dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis of the cranial component of this joint, the glenoid fossa, across a sample of 17 anthropoid primates, and we evaluate covariation between the glenoid and the cranium and mandible. We find high levels of intraspecific variation in glenoid shape that is likely linked to sexual dimorphism and joint remodeling, and we identify differences in mean glenoid shape across taxonomic groups and in relation to size. Analyses of covariation reveal strong relationships between glenoid shape and a variety of aspects of cranial and mandibular form. Our findings suggest that intraspecific variation in glenoid shape in primates could further be reflective of high levels of functional flexibility in the masticatory apparatus, as has also been suggested for primate jaw kinematics and muscle activation patterns. Conversely, interspecific differences likely reflect larger scale differences between species in body size and/or masticatory function. Results of the covariation analyses dovetail with those examining covariation in the cranium of canids and may be indicative of larger patterns across mammals.
Integrative data reuse at scientifically significant sites: Case studies at Yellowstone National Park and the La Brea Tar Pits
Authors: Thomer Andrea K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractScientifically significant sites are the source of, and long‐term repository for, considerable amounts of data—particularly in the natural sciences. However, the unique data practices of the researchers and resource managers at these sites have been relatively understudied. Through case studies of two scientifically significant sites (the hot springs at Yellowstone National Park and the fossil deposits at the La Brea Tar Pits), I developed rich descriptions of site‐based research and data curation, and high‐level data models of information classes needed to support integrative data reuse. Each framework treats the geospatial site and its changing natural characteristics as a distinct class of information; more commonly considered information classes such as observational and sampling data, and project metadata, are defined in relation to the site itself. This work contributes (a) case studies of the values and data needs for researchers and resource managers at scientifically significant sites, (b) an information framework to support integrative reuse at these sites, and (c) a discussion of data practices at scientifically significant sites.
Help them pass a stormy road: A preliminary study of emotional memory management training on executive functions and difficulties in emotional regulation in adolescents
Authors: Hoseini Faride Sadat , Alimoradi Khadije , Jamshidi Fateme 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the effect of an emotional memory management programme on executive functions and difficulties in emotional regulation in adolescents. A semi‐experimental (pretest–post‐test design with a control group) research design was used in this study. The population of this study consisted of all adolescent boys in Bushehr, southern Iran, who were studying during 2015. Initially, the eighth grade was randomly selected using the availability sampling method and considering the sample homogeneity principle. Two classes were then randomly allocated to experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Data were collected using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Stroop test, the Wisconsin card sorting test and the continuous performance test. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The results showed that our preliminary study was influential on the different domains of difficulties in emotional regulation (impulse control difficulties, non‐acceptance of emotional responses and lack of emotional clarity), cognitive flexibility, cognitive inhibition and cognitive impulsivity. This preliminary study showed reduced difficulty in emotional regulation and improved adolescents' cognitive flexibility, inhibition and impulsivity.
Factors affecting frequency of child maltreatment in South Korea
Authors: Park Jisun , Cho Joon Tag 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA substantial proportion of children suffer multiple episodes of maltreatment over a prolonged period. The cumulative risk of maltreatment is critical to understanding both the nature and effects of victimisation. However, limited studies have investigated the frequency of child maltreatment and the factors influencing its recurrence. This study explored detailed characteristics of non‐sexual child maltreatment in South Korea and determined the factors predicting multiple incidents of child maltreatment using data from investigation and trial records of child maltreatment‐related cases from 2010 to 2015. Based on 440 such cases, the authors examined the characteristics of victims and perpetrators and the features of maltreatment employing the ordered logit model analysis. Child maltreatment was more frequent among children living with the perpetrator and those living with stepparents. The higher the age of the victim, the more frequent the maltreatment. Child maltreatment was also more frequent when the offender was a female. Among the types of maltreatment, emotional abuse and neglect were the most frequent forms of child maltreatment. By identifying various factors influencing the frequency of child maltreatment, the findings can contribute towards protecting children from ongoing maltreatment.Key Practitioner Messages

Practitioners need to understand where and how child maltreatment is occurring, so that they may introduce effective interventions.
The frequency of child maltreatment rose significantly when the victims lived with a stepparent and when the case involved emotional abuse and neglect.
It is imperative to prevent damage to children from ongoing emotional abuse and neglect, especially since it is mostly overlooked compared to physical abuse.
Isolated bilateral clavicular fracture: A case report
Authors: Mishra Aman , Acharya Kshitiz , Timilsina Aakarshan , Thapa Sital , Timilsina Krishna , Bhandari Prawesh Singh , Uprety Suresh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBilateral clavicle fractures are uncommon and are mostly associated with polytrauma. The presence of concurrent serious injuries diverts the doctor's attention and causes the clavicular injury to be overlooked. Our report presents a 39‐year‐old male patient with bilateral clavicle fracture whom we managed surgically by open reduction and internal fixation.
Cost‐effectiveness of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine plus nab‐paclitaxel in borderline resectable/locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Ingram Myles A. , Lauren Brianna N. , Pumpalova Yoanna , Park Jiheum , Lim Francesca , Bates Susan E. , Kastrinos Fay , Manji Gulam A. , Kong Chung Yin , Hur Chin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe 2020 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus nab‐paclitaxel (G‐nP) for borderline resectable/locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BR/LA PDAC).AimThe purpose of our study was to compare treatment outcomes, toxicity profiles, costs, and quality‐of‐life measures between these two treatments to further inform clinical decision‐making.Methods and ResultsWe developed a decision‐analytic mathematical model to compare the total cost and health outcomes of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX against G‐nP over 12 years. The model inputs were estimated using clinical trial data and published literature. The primary endpoint was incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) with a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000 per quality‐adjusted‐life‐year (QALY). Secondary endpoints included overall (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), total cost of care, QALYs, PDAC resection rate, and monthly treatment‐related adverse events (TRAE) costs (USD). FOLFIRINOX was the cost‐effective strategy, with an ICER of $60856.47 per QALY when compared to G‐nP. G‐nP had an ICER of $44639.71 per QALY when compared to natural history. For clinical outcomes, more patients underwent an “R0” resection with FOLFIRINOX compared to G‐nP (84.9 vs. 81.0%), but FOLFIRINOX had higher TRAE costs than G‐nP ($10905.19 vs. $4894.11). A one‐way sensitivity analysis found that the ICER of FOLFIRINOX exceeded the threshold when TRAE costs were higher or PDAC recurrence rates were lower.ConclusionOur modeling analysis suggests that FOLFIRNOX is the cost‐effective treatment compared to G‐nP for BR/LA PDAC despite having a higher cost of total care due to TRAE costs. Trial data with sufficient follow‐up are needed to confirm our findings.
In‐Situ Growth of Mn3O4 Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Dots‐Derived Carbon Skeleton as Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Song Tian‐Bing , Huang Zun‐Hui , Niu Xiao‐Qing , Zhang Xi‐Rong , Wei Ji‐Shi , Xiong Huan‐Ming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMn3O4 is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) which is a new type of low cost, eco‐friendly, high security energy storage system, while those previously reported electrochemical capacities of Mn3O4 are far from its theoretical value. In this work, Mn3O4 nanoparticles and nitrogen‐doped carbon dots (NCDs) are synthesized together through an in‐situ hydrothermal route, and then calcined to be a nanocomposite in which Mn3O4 nanoparticles are anchored on a nitrogen‐doped carbon skeleton (designated as Mn3O4/NCDs). Although the carbon content is only 3.9 wt.% in the Mn3O4/NCDs, the NCDs‐derived carbon skeleton provides an electrically conductive network and a stable structure. Such a special nanocomposite has a large specific surface area, plenty of active sites, excellent hydrophilicity and good electronic conductivity. Owing to these structural merits, the Mn3O4/NCDs electrode exhibits a preeminent specific capacity of 443.6 mAh g−1 and 123.3 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.1 and 1.5 A g−1 in ZIBs, respectively, which are far beyond the bare Mn3O4 nanoparticles synthesized under the similar condition. The electrochemical measurement results prove that carbon dots, as a new type of carbon nanomaterials, have strong ability to modify and improve the performance of existing electrode materials, which may push these electrode materials forward to practical applications.
Boost converter load estimation by a sliding mode approach
Authors: Corradini Maria Letizia , Ippoliti Gianluca , Orlando Giuseppe 
Published: February 2022

SummaryThe control system for a boost converter with load uncertainties has been considered. A discontinuous boost converter model is considered taking into account also the inductor parasitic resistance and the diode threshold voltage. Exploiting the dynamics, internal and external, of the converter, a sliding mode regulator of the voltage has been designed by a change of coordinates. The load has been estimated by a sliding mode observer. The proposed solution has been numerically tested using a powerful software simulation platform.
Criteria for follow‐up of thyroid nodules diagnosed as follicular neoplasm without molecular testing – The experience of a high‐volume thyroid centre in Japan
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Suzuki Ayana , Kawakami Makoto , Kudo Takumi , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundClinical management of follicular neoplasms (FNs) using molecular testing of thyroid‐aspirated materials is not routinely performed in Japan. This article aims to identify low‐risk FN nodules that can be followed up without molecular testing.MethodsThe relationship between preoperative findings, factors influencing surgical decision, and the risk of malignancy (ROM) was examined in 356 thyroid nodules with cytological diagnosis of FN at Kuma Hospital from January to December 2020.ResultsROMs of FN with cytology results favouring malignancy (41.2%) were significantly higher than those favouring benign (7.7%) or borderline (8.2%) (p < .001). Moreover, ROMs of FN with ultrasonography results of high suspicion (54.5%) were significantly higher than those with low (4.5%) or intermediate suspicion (0%) (p < .0001). There was a large difference in overall ROM in tumours bordering 30 mm in size (<30 mm; 3.6%, ≥30 mm; 20.0%). ROMs of FNs with a tumour volume doubling rate (TVDR) of 1.0/year or more (28.6%) were higher than those of FNs with a lower TVDR (9.9%) (p < .05). The ROMs of FNs with or without one or more of the following four findings suggestive of malignancy: cytological findings favouring malignancy, ultrasonography findings of high suspicion, tumour size ≥30 mm, and TV‐DR ≥1.0/year, were 14.6% and 1.0%, respectively.ConclusionFNs with no cytological findings favouring malignancy, no ultrasonography findings of high suspicion, tumour size <30 mm and TV‐DR <1.0/year, are considered low risk and can be followed up without the need for molecular testing.
From Biomass to the KarrikinsviaSelective Catalytic Oxidation of Hemicellulose‐Derived Butyl Xylosides and Glucosides
Authors: Xiao Ganyuan , Su Gerard , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Westwood Nicholas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMembers of the karrikin family of bioactive small molecules are known to promote germination of a range of plants following large scale fires. As a result, they are relevant and interesting compounds. This report describes their synthesis from a biomass‐derived product stream. During work to fractionate biomass with the goal of obtaining high quality lignins, an interesting co‐product stream derived from the hemicellulose in the biomass, was obtained. Whilst many applications of this co‐product stream can be proposed, in this case the major monosaccharides have been converted to relevant karrikins in short reaction sequences. Key results include a highly selective catalytic oxidation reaction, conversion of the resulting ketone to a butenolide by two alternative approaches, a selective acetal reductive opening reaction, X‐ray crystallographic analysis of two compounds and detailed comparison of the final products with previous literature reports. Only through successful use of all the components generated during biomass refining, can economic sustainability be potentially achieved.
Covariation in width and depth in bedrock rivers
Authors: Wright Morgan , Venditti Jeremy G. , Li Tingan , Hurson Max , Chartrand Shawn , Rennie Colin , Church Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe width and depth of rivers are generally inversely related. For a given discharge, wider rivers tend to be shallower than narrower rivers, which are correspondingly deeper. This is particularly true in bedrock and mixed bedrock–alluvial channels, where deep pools occur downstream of lateral constrictions, downstream of which the channel becomes wider and shallower. However, covariation of width and depth in bedrock and mixed bedrock–alluvial rivers has never been explored due to the lack of field measurements. Here we present a 375 km survey of width and depth measurements in the Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, which alternates irregularly among alluvial (no bedrock exposed on either bank), bedrock‐constrained (bedrock exposed on one bank), and bedrock‐bound (bedrock exposed on both banks) sections. We find that bedrock‐bound reaches have the deepest and narrowest sections, followed by bedrock‐constrained reaches and alluvial reaches, which feature the shallowest and widest sections of channel. There is an inverse relation between width and depth for all the channels, with alluvial channels having the highest correlation between these two variables, and thus the greatest covariance. We further explore the relation between width and depth and the downstream hydraulic geometry of 42 individual bedrock‐bound canyons. There is an inverse relation between canyon width and depth, with substantial variation within individual canyons. The downstream hydraulic geometry for these bedrock‐bound canyons does not follow that typical of alluvial channels; depth is the only variable that adjusts substantially as a response to increasing discharge and upstream basin area.
Provisional consensus on the nomenclature and operational definition of dementia at a young age, a Delphi study
Authors: van de Veen Dennis , Bakker Christian , Peetoom Kirsten , Pijnenburg Yolande , Papma Janne ,   the PRECODE study group, de Vugt Marjolein , Koopmans Raymond 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesDementia at a young age differs from late onset dementia in pathology and care needs. This requires further research to improve the understanding of this group, support and service provision. Aim of current study is to reach consensus on the terminology and operational definition (i.e., age‐related criteria and possible causes) of dementia at a young age, to aid further research.MethodsA classical Delphi technique was used to transform opinions into group consensus by using an online survey. In three rounds statements regarding (1) terminology, (2) age‐related criteria, and (3) aetiologies that can be considered as causes of dementia at a young age were sent to international experts in the field to give their opinions and additional comments on the statements.ResultsForty‐four experts responded and full consensus was reached on 22 out of 35 statements. Young‐onset dementia emerged as the term of preference. Provisional consensus was found for the use of age 65 at symptom onset as preferred cut‐off age. Consensus was reached on the inclusion of 15 out of 22 aetiologies and categories of aetiologies as potential cause for dementia at a young age.ConclusionsA clear term and operational definition have been reached. Although beneficial for conducting future research to gain more insight in pathology and care needs of young people living with dementia, still consensus about some details is lacking. To reach consensus about these details and implications for use in research and clinical practice, the organisation of an in person consensus meeting is advised.
The impact of National Centralised Drug Procurement policy on the use of policy‐related original and generic drugs in China
Authors: Yang Ying , Hu Runhu , Geng Xin , Mao Lining , Wen Xiaotong , Wang Zhaolun , Hao Siyu , Cui Dan , Mao Zongfu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the effects of the first round of National Centralised Drug Procurement pilot (so‐called ‘4+7’ policy) on the use of policy‐related original and generic drugs.MethodsThis study used drug purchasing order data from the Centralised Drug Procurement Survey in Shenzhen 2019, covering 24 months from January 2018 to December 2019. ‘4+7’ policy‐related drugs were selected as study samples, including 25 drugs in the ‘4+7’ procurement list and 69 alternative drugs that have an alternative relationship with ‘4+7’ List drugs in clinical use. ‘4+7’ List drugs were then divided into bid‐winning and bid‐non‐winning products according to the bidding results. Included drugs were sorted into original and generic drugs. Purchase volume, expenditures, and daily costs were selected as outcome variables, and were measured using Defined Daily Doses (DDDs), Chinese Yuan (CNY), and Defined Daily Drug cost (DDDc). A single‐group Interrupted Time Series analysis was adopted to quantify policy effect.ResultsAfter policy intervention, the overall policy‐related original drugs significantly decreased by 0.39 CNY (95% CI: −0.62 to −0.17, p < 0.01) in DDDc, 5949.36 thousand DDDs (95% CI: −8276.67 to −3622.05, p < 0.001) in volume, and 31,575.08 thousand CNY (95% CI: −41,812.68 to −21,337.49, p < 0.001) in expenditures. The volume proportion of generic drugs increased from 78.6% to 91.0%, and the expenditure proportion of increased from 30.9% to 49.8%.Conclusion‘4+7’ policy promoted the substitution use of domestic generics against original branded drugs and played positive effects on drug price cut and medication burden reduction. The proportion of original branded drugs and generics that passed generic consistency evaluation significantly increased after policy intervention, indicating the improvement of the overall quality level of drug use in China.