bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic evaluation of integrated services for non-communicable diseases and HIV: costs and client outcomes in rural Malawi
Authors: Wroe Emily B , Mailosi Bright , Price Natalie , Kachimanga Chiyembekezo , Shah Adarsh , Kalanga Noel , Dunbar Elizabeth L , Nazimera Lawrence , Gizaw Mahlet , Boudreaux Chantelle , Dullie Luckson , Neba Liberty , McBain Ryan K 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the costs and client outcomes associated with integrating screening and treatment for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) into HIV services in a rural and remote part in southeastern Africa.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPrimary and secondary level health facilities in Neno District, Malawi.ParticipantsNew adult enrollees in Integrated Chronic Care Clinics (IC3) between July 2016 and June 2017.Main outcome measuresWe quantified the annualised total and per capita economic cost (US$2017) of integrated chronic care, using activity-based costing from a health system perspective. We also measured enrolment, retention and mortality over the same period. Furthermore, we measured clinical outcomes for HIV (viral load), hypertension (controlled blood pressure), diabetes (average blood glucose), asthma (asthma severity) and epilepsy (seizure frequency).ResultsThe annualised total cost of providing integrated HIV and NCD care was $2 461 901 to provide care to 9471 enrollees, or $260 per capita. This compared with $2 138 907 for standalone HIV services received by 6541 individuals, or $327 per capita. Over the 12-month period, 1970 new clients were enrolled in IC3, with a retention rate of 80%. Among clients with HIV, 81% achieved an undetectable viral load within their first year of enrolment. Significant improvements were observed among clinical outcomes for clients enrolled with hypertension, asthma and epilepsy (p<0.05, in all instances), but not for diabetes (p>0.05).ConclusionsIC3 is one of the largest examples of fully integrated HIV and NCD care. Integrating screening and treatment for chronic health conditions into Malawi’s HIV platform appears to be a financially feasible approach associated with several positive clinical outcomes.
Parental experience of an early developmental surveillance programme for autism within Australian general practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Eapen Valsamma , Winata Teresa , Gilbert Melissa , Nair Radhika , Khan Feroza , Lucien Abbie , Islam Raisa , Masi Anne , Lam-Cassettari Christa , Mendoza Diaz Antonio , Dissanayake Cheryl , Karlov Lisa , Descallar Joseph , Eastwood John , Hasan Iqbal , Jalaludin Bin , Kohlhoff Jane , Liaw Siaw-Teng , Lingam Raghu , Ong Natalie , Tam Chun Wah Michael , Woolfenden Susan , Barbaro Josephine 
Published: November 2022

ObjectivesImplementing support and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental conditions including autism. This study examined parents’/caregivers’ experiences and perceptions about a digital developmental surveillance pathway for autism, the autism surveillance pathway (ASP), and usual care, the surveillance as usual (SaU) pathway, in the primary healthcare general practice setting.DesignThis qualitative study involves using a convenience selection process of the full sample of parents/caregivers that participated in the main programme, ‘General Practice Surveillance for Autism’, a cluster-randomised controlled trial study. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded using NVivo V.12 software. An inductive thematic interpretive approach was adopted and data were analysed thematically.ParticipantsTwelve parents/caregivers of children with or without a developmental condition/autism (who participated in the main programme) in South Western Sydney and Melbourne were interviewed.SettingsAll interviews were completed over the phone.ResultsThere were seven major themes and 20 subthemes that included positive experiences, such as pre-existing patient–doctor relationships and their perceptions on the importance of knowing and accessing early support/services. Barriers or challenges experienced while using the SaU pathway included long waiting periods, poor communication and lack of action plans, complexity associated with navigating the healthcare system and lack of understanding by general practitioners (GPs). Common suggestions for improvement included greater awareness/education for parents/carers and the availability of accessible resources on child development for parents/caregivers.ConclusionThe findings support the use of digital screening tools for developmental surveillance, including for autism, using opportunistic contacts in the general practice setting.Trial registration numberANZCTR (ACTRN12619001200178).
Experts’ views on how to design a tobacco control fund in the UK
Authors: Hilton Shona , Smith Marissa J , Buckton Christina H , Patterson Chris 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveTo explore expert views on the potential value, and approaches to establishing and administering a tobacco control fund in the UK.DesignSemistructured interviews and follow-up discussion groups.SubjectsTwenty-four UK and international experts on tobacco control regulation, public health, economics or law from the academic, public, private and third sector.MethodsParticipants considered the relative merit of (1) general excise tax on retail tobacco sales; (2) ring-fenced hypothecation of excise taxes on retail tobacco sales; and (3) a direct levy on tobacco manufacturers. Preliminary synthesis of interview findings was deliberated on in two follow-up discussion groups to identify key considerations for policy design.ResultMost experts agreed that a ring-fenced tobacco control fund would be a valuable method of raising predictable and reliable funds from tobacco producers either using either companies’ sales volume or market share as a way to establish the proportion they should pay. Experts predominantly recommended that a fund in the UK should be administered by a government body with devolved nation input and with an independent advisory group. They typically indicated that funding should be allocated yearly with a distribution at local, regional and national levels to support smoking prevention and cessation rather than treatment activities with priority given to measures that tackle smoking-related inequalities.ConclusionThere was overwhelming agreement by experts on the need to establish a tobacco control fund to help meet the proposed government tobacco-free targets to reduce adult smoking prevalence to 5% by 2030 (England) and 2034 (Scotland).
Income and economic productivity loss associated with comorbidity: longitudinal analysis of linked individual-level data for a whole country
Authors: Sigglekow Finn , Wilson Nick , Blakely Tony 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveTo estimate the income loss from having two or more diseases, over and above the independent and separate effects of having a single disease.MethodsWe used linked health income data from 2006–2007 to 2015–2016 for 25–64 years, for the entire New Zealand population. Fixed effects OLS regression was used to estimate within-individual income loss for diseases separately, and to estimate if having two or more diseases together resulted in reduced (subadditive) or additional (superadditive) income impacts (relative to adding together the income impacts for each disease when experienced singly).ResultsOf the 169 comorbidity pairs for both sexes, 28 (17%) had a statistically significant superadditive (n=14) or subadditive (n=14) effect of having two diseases. The combined total income gain from deleting all diseases and comorbidities was US$2.269 billion (95% CI US$$2.125 to US$2.389 billion), or a 3.61% (95% CI 3.38% to 3.80%) increase in income. Of this, 8.8% or US$200 million (95% CI US$193 to US$207 million) was attributable to a tendency for comorbidity interactions to increase income loss more than expected for common disease pairings.ConclusionsThis national longitudinal study found that disease is associated with income loss, but most of this impact is due to the distinct and independent impact of separate diseases. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for two or more diseases to disproportionately increase income loss more than the summed impacts of each of these diseases if experienced singly.
Differential involvement of germline pathogenic variants in breast cancer genes between DCIS and low-grade invasive cancers
Authors: Evans D Gareth , Sithambaram Siva , van Veen Elke Maria , Burghel George J , Schlecht Helene , Harkness Elaine F , Byers Helen , Ellingford Jamie M , Gandhi Ashu , Howell Sacha J , Howell Anthony , Forde Claire , Lalloo Fiona , Newman William G , Smith Miriam Jane , Woodward Emma Roisin 
Published: November 2022

PurposeTo investigate frequency of germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and grade 1 invasive breast cancer (G1BC).MethodsWe undertookBRCA1/2analysis in 311 women with DCIS and 392 with G1BC and extended panel testing (non-BRCA1/2) in 176/311 with DCIS and 156/392 with G1BC. We investigated PV detection by age at diagnosis, Manchester Score (MS), DCIS grade and receptor status.Results30/311 (9.6%) with DCIS and 16/392 with G1BC (4.1%) had aBRCA1/2PV (p=0.003), and 24/176-(13.6%) and 7/156-(4.5%), respectively, a non-BRCA1/2PV (p=0.004). Increasing MS was associated with increased likelihood ofBRCA1/2PV in both DCIS and G1BC, although the 10% threshold was not predictive for G1GB. 13/32 (40.6%) DCIS and 0/17 with G1BC <40 years had a non-BRCA1/2 PV (p<0.001). 0/16 DCIS G1 had a PV. For G2 and G3 DCIS, PV rates were 10/98 (BRCA1/2) and 9/90 (non-BRCA1/2), and 8/47 (BRCA1/2) and 8/45 (non-BRCA1/2), respectively. 6/9BRCA1and 3/26BRCA2-associated DCIS were oestrogen receptor negative-(p=0.003). G1BC population testing showed no increased PV rate (OR=1.16, 95% CI 0.28 to 4.80).ConclusionDCIS is more likely to be associated with bothBRCA1/2and non-BRCA1/2PVs than G1BC. Extended panel testing ought to be offered in young-onset DCIS where PV detection rates are highest.
Characterization of the Wager shear zone, Nunavut, Canada: Insights from microstructures and geochronology
Authors: Therriault Isabelle , Larson Kyle P. , Steenkamp Holly M. , Apen Francisco E. , Graziani Riccardo , Soret Mathieu , Guilmette Carl , Cottle John M. 
Published: November 2022

The Wager shear zone is an ∼450-km long zone of high strain hosted within Proterozoic and Archean rocks of the Rae domain in northwestern Hudson Bay, Nunavut. New field mapping and microstructural analyzes, combined with titanite and apatite geochronology, define the style, kinematics, and timing of Proterozoic ductile deformation. The results indicate that the Wager shear zone accommodated high-temperature deformation between ca. 1.75 and 1.74 Ga with post-kinematic cooling through apatite U–Pb closure (425–530 °C) at ca. 1705 Ma. These new data show that the Wager shear zone was last active later than inferred in previous work, at a time when the western Churchill Province was undergoing lithospheric delamination and exhumation following the terminal collisional events in the western portion of the Trans-Hudson Orogen.
The role of Pryce’s spin and coordinate operators in the theory of massive Dirac fermions
Authors: Cotăescu Ion I. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIt is shown that the components of Pryce’s spin operator of Dirac’s theory are SU(2) generators of a representation carried by the space of Pauli’s spinors determining the polarization of the plane wave solutions of Dirac’s equation. These operators are conserved via Noether’s theorem such that new conserved polarization operators can be defined for various polarizations. The corresponding one-particle operators of quantum theory are derived showing how these are related to the isometry generators of the massive Dirac fermions of any polarization, including momentum-dependent ones. In this manner, the problem of separating conserved spin and orbital angular momentum operators is solved naturally. Moreover, the operator proposed by Pryce as a mass-center coordinate is studied, showing that after quantization, this becomes in fact the dipole one-particle operator. As an example, the quantities determining the principal one-particle operators are derived for the first time in a momentum-helicity basis.
Searching for tetraquark through weak decays of b-baryons
Authors: Huang Fei , Xing Ye , Xu Ji 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAfter the experimental observation of charged and neutral $$Z_c(3900)$$

Z
c

(
3900
)

, it is of prime importance to pursue searches for additional production modes of these exotic states. In this work, we investigate the possibility to study the $$Z_c(3900)$$

Z
c

(
3900
)

through weak decays of b-baryons at the LHCb. Decay amplitudes for various processes have been parametrized in terms of the SU(3) irreducible nonperturbative amplitudes. A number of relations for the partial decay widths are deduced from these results. The decay widths of $$\Lambda _b^0\rightarrow \Lambda ^0 Z_c^0(3900)$$

Λ
b
0

→

Λ
0

Z
c
0

(
3900
)

, $$\Xi _b^- \rightarrow \Sigma ^- Z_{c}^0(3900)$$

Ξ
b
-

→

Σ
-

Z

c

0

(
3900
)

and $$\Xi _b^0 \rightarrow \Lambda ^0 Z_{c}^0(3900)$$

Ξ
b
0

→

Λ
0

Z

c

0

(
3900
)

have also been calculated from which some relevant partial decay widths of b-baryons could be estimated. The results presented in this paper can be tested experimentally at hadron colliders in the future.
Young death assemblages with limited time-averaging in rocky and
Posidonia oceanica
habitats in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Albano Paolo G. , Hua Quan , Kaufman Darrell S. , Zuschin Martin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Death assemblages (DAs) are increasingly recognized as a valuable source to reconstruct past ecological baselines, due to the accumulation of skeletal material of non-contemporaneous cohorts. We here quantify the age and time-averaging of DAs on shallow subtidal (5–25 m) rocky substrates and in meadows of
Posidonia oceanica
in the eastern Mediterranean. We show that such DAs are very young – median ages 9–56 years – with limited time-averaging, one to two orders of magnitude less than on even nearby soft substrates. On rocky substrates, out-of-habitat transport is likely the main cause of loss of older shells. In
Posidonia oceanica
meadows, the root and rhizome system creates a dense structure – the
matte
– that quickly entangles and buries shells and limits the potential for bioturbation. The
matte
is, however, a peculiar feature of
Posidonia oceanica
, and age and time-averaging in meadows of other seagrass species may be different. The young age of DAs in these habitats requires a careful consideration of their appropriateness as baselines. The large difference in DA age between soft substrates, subject to numerous studies, and hard and seagrass substrates, rarely inspected with geochronological techniques, implies that DA dating is important for studies aiming at using DAs as baselines.
Soluções Baseadas na Natureza como instrumento de melhoria da arborização urbana, auxiliando na construção de cidades sensíveis à água e resilientes às mudanças climáticas
Authors: Marchioni Mariana , Raimondi Anita , Silva Juliana Caroline de Alencar da , Yazaki Luiz Fernando Orsini de Lima , Velasco Giuliana Del Nero , Brazolin Sérgio , Silva Filho Carlos Alberto da , Becciu Gianfranco 
Published: November 2022

Diante do contexto de mudanças climáticas, torna-se cada vez mais imperativa a adoção de estratégias para a construção de paisagens mais resilientes, que consigam responder aos eventos climáticos extremos, como as chuvas intensas e os períodos de estiagem prolongados, que já podem ser observados e segundo às previsões serão ainda mais críticos nas próximas décadas. O conceito de cidades sensíveis à água estabelece os princípios para a construção de um ambiente urbano saudável, onde sejam agregados serviços ecossistêmicos, desempenhado pelos elementos naturais, ao território e a sua comunidade. A arborização urbana é essencial nesse processo, já que atua na manutenção de diversos processos de regulação, de provisão, culturais e de suporte. Apesar de sua importância a arborização urbana encontra nas grandes cidades um ambiente altamente adverso ao seu desenvolvimento, principalmente no que se refere à disponibilidade hídrica, de nutrientes e de espaço para o seu crescimento adequado, sendo a queda das árvores urbanas durante chuvas intensas responsável por danos ao patrimônio e às pessoas. O pivotamento, ou seja, a queda com o soerguimento de todo o sistema radicular, é causado pelo desenvolvimento inadequado do sistema radicular, que em áreas urbanas se dá devido principalmente a compactação do solo dos passeios públicos ou calçadas; a má distribuição da umidade por todo o volume de solo abaixo do calçamento também contribui para limitar o desenvolvimento das raízes, somado a isso temos muitas vezes a escolha inadequada de espécies que não observa as características do local. As áreas dos canteiros, responsáveis pela captação das águas das chuvas, não são suficientes para coletar um volume de água que permita um ambiente adequado desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e da árvore como um todo. Pavimentos permeáveis, que permitem a infiltração da água no solo e armazenam parte das águas pluviais, podem potencializar um habitat favorável ao desenvolvimento vegetal. Neste estudo foram simulados os processos hidrológicos nos passeios públicos com diferentes configurações com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da implantação de pavimentação permeável na disponibilidade hídrica como instrumento da manutenção da arborização urbana. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade do uso destes sistemas para aumentar a disponibilidade hídrica no solo para mantenimento da arborização urbana.
Lipoprotein(a) in Youth and Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adulthood
Authors: Raitakari Olli , Kartiosuo Noora , Pahkala Katja , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Bazzano Lydia A. , Chen Wei , Urbina Elaine M. , Jacobs David R. , Sinaiko Alan , Steinberger Julia , Burns Trudy , Daniels Stephen R. , Venn Alison , Woo Jessica G. , Dwyer Terry , Juonala Markus , Viikari Jorma 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease outcomes with unknown mechanisms. We examined its potential role in identifying youths who are at increased risk of developing adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

Methods:
Lp(a) levels measured in youth 9 to 24 years of age were linked to adult ASCVD and carotid intima-media thickness in the YFS (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study), in which 95 of the original 3596 participants (2.7%) recruited as children have been diagnosed with ASCVD at a median of 47 years of age. Results observed in YFS were replicated with the use of data for White participants from the BHS (Bogalusa Heart Study). In BHS, 587 White individuals had data on youth Lp(a) (measured at 8–17 years of age) and information on adult events, including 15 cases and 572 noncases. Analyses were performed with the use of Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results:
In YFS, those who had been exposed to high Lp(a) level in youth [defined as Lp(a) ≥30 mg/dL] had ≈2 times greater risk of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals (hazard ratio, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4–2.6]). Youth risk factors, including Lp(a), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking, were all independently associated with higher risk. In BHS, in an age- and sex-adjusted model, White individuals who had been exposed to high Lp(a) had 2.5 times greater risk (95% CI, 0.9–6.8) of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals. When also adjusted for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index, the risk associated with high Lp(a) remained unchanged (hazard ratio, 2.4 [95% CI, 0.8–7.3]). In a multivariable model for pooled data, individuals exposed to high Lp(a) had 2.0 times greater risk (95% CI, 1.0–3.7) of developing adult ASCVD compared with nonexposed individuals. No association was detected between youth Lp(a) and adult carotid artery thickness in either cohort or pooled data.

Conclusions:
Elevated Lp(a) level identified in youth is a risk factor for adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes but not for increased carotid intima-media thickness.
Distinct Mechanisms of β-Arrestin–Biased Agonist and Blocker of AT1R in Preventing Aortic Aneurysm and Associated Mortality
Authors: Jara Zaira Palomino , Harford Terri J. , Singh Khuraijam Dhanachandra , Desnoyer Russell , Kumar Avinash , Srinivasan Dasarathy , Karnik Sadashiva S. 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a “silent killer” human disease with no effective treatment. Although the therapeutic potential of various pharmacological agents have been evaluated, there are no reports of β-arrestin–biased AT1R (angiotensin-II type-1 receptor) agonist (TRV027) used to prevent the progression of AA.

Methods:
We tested the hypothesis that TRV027 infusion in AngII (angiotensin II)-induced mouse model of AA prevents AA. High–fat-diet–fed ApoE (apolipoprotein E gene)-null mice were infused with AngII to induce AA and co-infused with TRV027 and a clinically used AT1R blocker Olmesartan to prevent AA. Aortas explanted from different ligand infusion groups were compared with assess different grades of AA or lack of AA.

Results:
AngII produced AA in ≈67% male mice with significant mortality associated with AA rupture. We observed ≈13% mortality due to aortic arch dissection without aneurysm in male mice. AngII-induced AA and mortality was prevented by co-infusion of TRV027 or Olmesartan, but through different mechanisms. In TRV027 co-infused mice aortic wall thickness, elastin content, new DNA, and protein synthesis were higher than untreated and Olmesartan co-infused mice. Co-infusion with both TRV027 and Olmesartan prevented endoplasmic reticulum stress, fibrosis, and vasomotor hyper responsiveness.

Conclusions:
TRV027-engaged AT1R prevented AA and associated mortality by distinct molecular mechanisms compared with the AT1R blocker, Olmesartan. Developing novel β-arrestin–biased AT1R ligands may yield promising drugs to combat AA.
What Time is Not
Authors: Seissl Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In one of the most famous but equally obscure passages in the Timaeus, Plato describes the generation of time and the heavens. The “moving image of eternity” (37d5) is commonly read as Plato’s most general characterisation of time. Rémi Brague famously challenged the traditional interpretation on linguistic grounds by claiming that Plato actually did not conceive of time as an image (εἰκών) but rather as a number (ἀριθμός). In this paper, I shall claim that this controversy is by no means a modern one. The traditional interpretation is mostly owed to Plato’s most prominent reader, Plotinus, who famously conceives of time in relation to eternity (Enn. III.7.13.24-25). Brague’s alternative reading, however, is anticipated by Simplicius’ attempt to refute the Plotinian interpretation, as I shall show. According to my reconstruction, Simplicius’ reading of the Timaeus not only shows why the traditional interpretation falls short, but it also offers a systematic argument that bolsters Brague’s alternative reading. Finally, I shall show that this is consistent with Plato’s text. It shall become clear that current interpretative problems are essentially prefigured in the late ancient debate.