bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rolle von Vitamin D als Präventionsmaßnahme in der
COVID-19 Pandemie
Authors: Bischoff-Ferrari Heike A. 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungAktuell ist die Beweislage zu Vitamin D und COVID-19 als vielversprechend, jedoch
aufgrund fehlender Daten einer grossen randomisierter Interventionsstudie, als
nicht umfänglich belegt zu werten. Mehrere kleinere Interventionsstudien
bei COVID-19 Patientinnen und Patienten zeigen gemischte Resultate mit einem
Signal, dass die einmalige hohe Bolusgabe von Vitamin D eine neutrale Wirkung
hat und hingegen kleinere Dosierungen von Calcifediol in mehrtägigen
Intervallen das Risiko einer Intensivmedizin-Behandlung und Mortalität
vermindern könnten. Gleichzeitig zeigt die Literatur anhand grosser
Beobachtungsstudien ein starkes Signal, dass Menschen mit einem Vitamin D Mangel
eine höhere Anfälligkeit bezüglich einer COVID-19
Infektion und auch ein erhöhtes Risiko für schwere
Verläufe und Mortalität haben. Diese epidemiologischen Studien
bieten jedoch keinen Kausalitätsanspruch. Insbesondere auch weil ein
Vitamin D-Mangel häufiger bei Menschen mit Übergewicht und
chronischen Erkrankungen wie Diabetes und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen vorkommt,
und diese Faktoren das Risikoprofil für schwerere Verläufe der
COVID-19 Infektion abbilden. Auf der mechanistischen Ebene ist Vitamin D ein
etablierter Faktor der Immunmodulation, mit Hinweisen, dass eine gute Vitamin
D-Versorgung im Rahmen der COVID-19 Infektion die starke Inflammationsreaktion
«Zytokin-Sturm» vermindert. Nicht COVID-spezifisch, aber eine
Wirkung von Vitamin D auf akute Entzündungen unterstützend, fand
eine 2021 publizierte Meta-Analyse von 46 randomisierten klinischen Studien,
dass die tägliche Gabe von Vitamin D verglichen zu Placebo, das Risiko
jeglicher akuter Atemwegsinfekte um 20 Prozent vermindert. Nimmt man diese
Beweislage in der aktuellen Krisensituation einer globalen Pandemie-Situation
auf, unterstützt eine umsichtige Risiko-Benefit Analyse, dass eine
unmittelbare Volksgesundheitliche Empfehlung zur täglichen Einnahme von
Vitamin D als präventive Maßnahme im Rahmen der COVID-Pandemie
sinnvoll ist. Dies ist analog zu den heutigen Empfehlungen zur Vitamin
D-Supplementation zu sehen, da zudem in den Hochrisiko-Populationen durch die
Infektion ein Zusatzrisiko eingeführt wird für die Entwicklung
von Sarkopenie und Osteoporose. Ökonomisch und vom Risiko her ist die
Maßnahme zudem begründet mit der kostengünstigen breiten
Verfügbarkeit und dem hohen Sicherheitsprofil einer täglichen
Gabe von Vitamin D.
Gestörte Geweberegeneration durch entzündliche
Prozesse bei Alterung, Seneszenz und degenerativen Erkrankungen –
Interaktionen mit dem COVID-19-induzierten Zytokin-Sturm des angeborenen
Immunsystems
Authors: Jakob Franz , Herrmann Marietta 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungEntzündung ist Bestandteil einer jeglichen Geweberegeneration. Verletzung
und Schädigung von Geweben - inklusive exogene virale und bakterielle
Infektionen - induzieren eine frühe pro-inflammatorische Phase, die
durch Aktivierung von residenten und aus dem peripheren Blut und Knochenmark
rekrutierten Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems weiter propagiert wird. Diese
Phase dient auch dem Clearing der Umgebung von vorgeschädigten Zellen
und cell debris. Um eine erfolgreiche Geweberegeneration zu erreichen ist es
essentiell, die Auflösung der Entzündung durch zeitgerechte
Einleitung einer anti-inflammatorischen Phase der Geweberegeneration zu
ermöglichen. Dieser Phase kann dann die Gewebeneubildung folgen, am
Beispiel der Frakturheilung als „Modeling“ bezeichnet. Das
schnell gebildete neue Gewebe wird in der letzten Phase der Regeneration an die
physikalischen Bedingungen im Gewebeverband angepasst, bei der Frakturheilung
„Remodeling“ genannt. Kann die zeitgerechte Auflösung
der Entzündung nicht erfolgen, verhindert die persistierende
Entzündung das Eintreten in die Phase der Gewebeneubildung und damit die
erfolgreiche Regeneration. Es erfolgt dann entweder als
„Notlösung“ eine Narbenheilung oder im Falle weiter
ausufernder Entzündung eine Zerstörung des Gewebes. Die mit dem
Alter sich verschlechternde Regenerationskapazität vieler Gewebe
inklusive Knochen, Muskel und Sehnen ist unter anderem eine Folge der
subklinischen chronischen Entzündung von Geweben, die Alterung
(„Inflammaging“) propagiert. Die Entzündung im
Mikromillieu involviert neben den gewebe-typischen Zellen und deren adulten
Progenitoren auch die Zellen des gewebeeigenen (residenten) angeborenen
Immunsystems, allen voran Makrophagen. Auch diese unterliegen
Alters-assoziierten Veränderungen wie Zellalterung und eine gesteigerte
Suszeptibilität für pro-inflammatorische Überreaktionen.
Chronische Inflammation mündet letztlich in die zelluläre
Seneszenz, die begleitet ist von einem Seneszenz-assoziierten sekretorischen
Phänotyp (SASP) mit hoher Produktion von Interleukinen 1, 6, 8, und
anderen Zytokinen. Solange solche Zellen nicht in den geregelten Zelltod gehen,
unterhalten sie die chronische Entzündung und damit die Voraussetzungen
für insuffiziente Geweberegeneration. Eine COVID-19 Infektion triggert
und unterhält identische inflammatorische Mechanismen und induziert
zusätzlich Seneszenz. Dies kann in der Summe zu einem Zytokin-Sturm
führen, der in einem circulus vitiosus eine zerstörerische
Hyperinflammation unterhält und der umso schwerwiegender
ausfällt je höher die Vorlast an seneszenten Zellen ist, wie das
in den COVID-Risikopopulationen der Fall ist. Deren Zusammensetzung
überlappt sehr stark mit unseren Risikopopulationen für
degenerative muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen wie Osteoporose und Sarkopenie.
Synthesis of Aryloxiranes and Arylcyclopropanes via Deprotonation of Benzyl Chlorides
Authors: Loska Rafał , Mąkosza Mieczysław , Kisiel Kacper 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUpon the action of strong bases at low temperature, benzyl chloride and its ring-substituted derivatives undergo deprotonation at the benzylic position and the produced carbanions react with aldehydes, ketones and Michael acceptors to form aryl oxiranes and cyclopropanes.
Cognitive control strategies in hearing impairment
Authors: Capizzi Mariagrazia , Lovato Andrea , Visalli Antonino , De Filippis Cosimo , Vallesi Antonino 
Published: February 2022

Objective
The present study investigated the impact of hearing impairment on the implementation of proactive and reactive cognitive control strategies across the ageing process.

Methods
31 hearing-impaired (HI) individuals with one cochlear implant and 41 normal-hearing (NH) listeners of different ages performed the AX–CPT, a well-validated task to measure proactive and reactive cognitive control strategies. Data from both accuracy and response times (RTs) were analysed by mixed effect models that considered trial type, group, age and their interactions.

Results
Both accuracy and RT analyses showed significant interactions between trial type, group and age. Specifically, with ageing, the NH group had lower performance on AY and BX trials (i.e. the most conflicting trial types of the AX–CPT associated with proactive and reactive control). Conversely, HI participants yielded higher performance on the same trial types at older ages. However, for the HI group only, the accuracy benefits observed for AY and BX trials were coupled with an age-related RT increase on both trial types (i.e. speed accuracy trade-off).

Conclusion
The present findings show a different utilisation of cognitive control strategies in HI participants as compared to NH listeners, at both younger and older ages.
Ultra-high precision passive particle sorting chip coupling inertial microfluidics and single row micropillar arrays
Authors: Ji Miaomiao , Duan Junping , Zang Wenxuan , Luo Zhongbao , Qu Zeng , Li Xiaohong , Zhang Binzhen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this work, we propose a chip for high-throughput and high-precision particle sorting through coupled inertial microfluidics and a single-row micropillar array. The effect of a single-row micropillar array arrangement on the separation effect was studied in order to optimize the structure. The micropillar array was set to be 1/4 away from the outlet. The offset single row micropillar array can achieve higher precision sorting effect after optimization. Compared with cascaded deterministic lateral displacement arrays to the outer spiral, this structure not only reduces the chip size, but also has a lower blocking probability. In addition, the problem of flow resistance mismatch is avoided. Our chip sorting efficiency is higher in comparison with pure inertial microfluidic chip. Our chip successfully completely separated a small amount of 20 μm particles from the mixture of 5 μm particles and 20 μm particles through experiments, and the separation efficiency was close to 100%. Our chip structure has simple processing technology and low cost, which is suitable for the high-precision separation of two different particle sizes. High flux can be achieved by using passive separation technology. The chip can withstand a maximum flow rate of 9.4 m s−1. In general, it provides a new idea for ultra-high precision particle separation and microfluidic chip manufacturing at high flow rates.
Shannon entropy of resonant scattered state in the e–C60 elastic collision
Authors: Sarswat Shruti , R Aiswarya , Jose Jobin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Resonance is a remarkable feature in elastic scattering and the resonant states of e–C60 scattering are benchmarked using Shannon entropy in the present work. The resonant wavefunction, total cross-section, partial cross-sections, and scattering phase shifts are calculated for the e–C60 scattering to review the localization properties owing to resonance. Three different model interaction potentials are used in the paper to simulate the environment of the C60 shell; annular square well, Gaussian annular square well, and Lorentzian potential. This paper aims to establish a relationship between the Shannon entropy and resonant properties linked with e + C60 scattering. This work introduces the Shannon entropy as an indicator of resonance in elastic scattering and it unveils the susceptibility of entropic properties to the nature of the model potential.
Stability of cycling behaviour near a heteroclinic network model of Rock–Paper–Scissors–Lizard–Spock
Authors: Postlethwaite Claire M , Rucklidge Alastair M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The well-known game of Rock–Paper–Scissors can be used as a simple model of competition between three species. When modelled in continuous time using differential equations, the resulting system contains a heteroclinic cycle between the three equilibrium solutions representing the existence of only a single species. The game can be extended in a symmetric fashion by the addition of two further strategies (‘Lizard’ and ‘Spock’): now each strategy is dominant over two of the remaining four strategies, and is dominated by the remaining two. The differential equation model contains a set of coupled heteroclinic cycles forming a heteroclinic network. In this paper we carefully consider the dynamics near this heteroclinic network. We develop a technique to use a previously defined definition of stability (known as fragmentary asymptotic stability) in numerical continuation software. We are able to identify regions of parameter space in which arbitrarily long periodic sequences of visits are made to the neighbourhoods of the equilibria, which form a complicated pattern in parameter space.
Microscopic patterns in the 2D phase-field-crystal model
Authors: Martine-La Boissonière Gabriel , Choksi Rustum , Lessard Jean-Philippe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Using the recently developed theory of rigorously validated numerics, we address the phase-field-crystal model at the microscopic (atomistic) level. We show the existence of critical points and local minimizers associated with ‘classical’ candidates, grain boundaries, and localized patterns. We further address the dynamical relationships between the observed patterns for fixed parameters and across parameter space, then formulate several conjectures on the dynamical connections (or orbits) between steady states.
Turnpike in Lipschitz—nonlinear optimal control
Authors: Esteve-Yagüe Carlos , Geshkovski Borjan , Pighin Dario , Zuazua Enrique 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present a new proof of the turnpike property for nonlinear optimal control problems, when the running target is a steady control-state pair of the underlying system. Our strategy combines the construction of quasi-turnpike controls via controllability, and a bootstrap argument, and does not rely on analyzing the optimality system or linearization techniques. This in turn allows us to address several optimal control problems for finite-dimensional, control-affine systems with globally Lipschitz (possibly nonsmooth) nonlinearities, without any smallness conditions on the initial data or the running target. These results are motivated by applications in machine learning through deep residual neural networks, which may be fit within our setting. We show that our methodology is applicable to controlled PDEs as well, such as the semilinear wave and heat equation with a globally Lipschitz nonlinearity, once again without any smallness assumptions.
First experimental exploration of real-time cardiorespiratory motion management for future stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation treatments on the MR-linac
Authors: Akdag O , Borman P T S , Woodhead P , Uijtewaal P , Mandija S , Van Asselen B , Verhoeff J J C , Raaymakers B W , Fast M F 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. Stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR) is a novel, non-invasive treatment for refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT). The VT isthmus is subject to both respiratory and cardiac motion. Rapid cardiac motion presents a unique challenge. In this study, we provide first experimental evidence for real-time cardiorespiratory motion-mitigated MRI-guided STAR on the 1.5 T Unity MR-linac (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) aimed at simultaneously compensating cardiac and respiratory motions. Approach. A real-time cardiorespiratory motion-mitigated radiotherapy workflow was developed on the Unity MR-linac in research mode. A 15-beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment plan (1 × 25 Gy) was created in Monaco v.5.40.01 (Elekta AB) for the Quasar MRI4D phantom (ModusQA, London, ON). A film dosimetry insert was moved by combining either artificial (cos4, 70 bpm, 10 mm peak-to-peak) or subject-derived (59 average bpm, 15.3 mm peak-to-peak) cardiac motion with respiratory (sin, 12 bpm, 20 mm peak-to-peak) motion. A balanced 2D cine MRI sequence (13 Hz, field-of-view = 400 × 207 mm2, resolution = 3 × 3 × 15 mm3) was developed to estimate cardiorespiratory motion. Cardiorespiratory motion was estimated by rigid registration and then deconvoluted into cardiac and respiratory components. For beam gating, the cardiac component was used, whereas the respiratory component was used for MLC-tracking. In-silico dose accumulation experiments were performed on three patient data sets to simulate the dosimetric effect of cardiac motion on VT targets. Main results. Experimentally, a duty cycle of 57% was achieved when simultaneously applying respiratory MLC-tracking and cardiac gating. Using film, excellent agreement was observed compared to a static reference delivery, resulting in a 1%/1 mm gamma pass rate of 99%. The end-to-end gating latency was 126 ms on the Unity MR-linac. Simulations showed that cardiac motion decreased the target's D98% dose between 0.1 and 1.3 Gy, with gating providing effective mitigation. Significance. Real-time MRI-guided cardiorespiratory motion management greatly reduces motion-induced dosimetric uncertainty and warrants further research and development for potential future use in STAR.
Effects of mixed TeO2-B2O3 glass formers on optical and radiation shielding properties of 70[xTeO2+(1−x)B2O3]+15Na2O + 15K2O glass system
Authors: Shuhaimi S A , Sayyed M I , Hila F C , Anis A L , Iskandar S M , Zaid M H M , Azlan M N , Nazrin S N , Yusof N N , Hisam R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the present work, the optical properties and gamma-ray shielding properties of 70[xTeO2 + (1−x)B2O3] + 15Na2O + 15K2O glasses have been investigated. The optical band gap

(

E

o
p
t

)

showed an initial decrease for x ≤ 10 mol% and then increased for x >10 mol%, which is suggested to be related to the changes in concentration of non-bridging oxygen (NBO). Urbach energy

(

E

u

)

behaves inversely with

E

o
p
t

.

Within the same region, refractive index (n) also exhibited an off-trend pattern that signified polarizability difference led by alteration in bridging oxygen and NBO concentration. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) derived from interpolation of EPICS2017 in ENDF/B-VIII were in good agreement with generated values of XCOM and showed a decreasing trend with increasing gamma photon energy from 59.5 keV to 1333 keV. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) also showed a decreasing trend with the increase in energies from 59.5 to 1333 keV, which indicates that the prepared TeO2-B2O3-Na2O-K2O glasses can effectively shield the low energy photons, while this ability to shield the photons becomes weaker with increasing energy. The results revealed that the sample with no TeO2 has a relatively higher mean free path (MFP) compared to other samples, and the addition of TeO2 highly affects the MFP values. Thus, the glass with no TeO2 requires a much higher thickness than the remaining glasses to attenuate the photons and to provide sufficient protection from radiation.
Stellar evolution confronts axion models
Authors: Di Luzio Luca , Fedele Marco , Giannotti Maurizio , Mescia Federico , Nardi Enrico 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Axion production from astrophysical bodies is a topic in
continuous development, because of theoretical progress in the estimate of stellar emission rates
and, especially, because of improved stellar observations.
We carry out a comprehensive analysis of the most informative
astrophysics data, revisiting the bounds on axion couplings to photons,
nucleons and electrons, and reassessing the significance of
various hints of anomalous stellar energy losses.
We confront the performance of various theoretical constructions in
accounting for these hints, while complying
with the observational limits on axion couplings.
We identify the most favorable models, and the regions in the mass/couplings parameter space which are preferred by the global fit. Finally, we scrutinize the discovery potential for such models at upcoming helioscopes, namely IAXO and its scaled versions.
Azimuthal controlling of electromagnetically induced phase grating in five-level quantum systems
Authors: Jiang Jinlan , Shen Shuifa , Kang Dongbiao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we suggest a theoretical model for creating a two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetically induced phase grating in a five-level quantum system interacting with a weak probe light, two coupling standing light in the x and y directions and a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) field. By derivation of the Maxwell’s wave equation, we obtain the dynamic response of the probe light in the quantum system. Then, we perform the analytical solution of the probe susceptibility for obtaining the linear and nonlinear properties of the medium. By numerical calculations, we discuss the amplitude and phase modulations and Fraunhofer diffraction patterns of the probe light in different parametric conditions. We show that by adjusting the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the LG light a 2D grating is observed. Moreover, we find that the probe energy can be transferred from zero order to high order of direction when we change the OAM number of LG light. Our proposed model may have potential applications in fundamental research and quantum information processing based on OAM light in quantum systems.
Constraining the Parameterized Neutron Star Equation of State with Astronomical Observations
Authors: Singha Jaikhomba , Mullai Vaneshwar S. , Kumar Ankit 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We utilize the phenomenologically parameterized piecewise polytropic equations of state to study various neutron star properties. We investigate the compliance of these equations of state with several astronomical observations. We also demonstrate that the theoretical estimates of the fractional moment of inertia cannot explain all the pulsar glitches observed. We model the crust as a solid spheroidal shell to calculate the fractional moment of inertia of fast-spinning neutron stars. We also show that the braking index obtained in a simple magnetic dipole radiation model with a varying moment of inertia deviates significantly from the observed data. Future developments in both theory and observations may allow us to use the fractional moment of inertia and braking index as observational constraints for neutron star equation of state.
Classifying Galaxy Morphologies with Few-shot Learning
Authors: Zhang Zhirui , Zou Zhiqiang , Li Nan , Chen Yanli 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The taxonomy of galaxy morphology is critical in astrophysics as the morphological properties are powerful tracers of galaxy evolution. With the upcoming Large-scale Imaging Surveys, billions of galaxy images challenge astronomers to accomplish the classification task by applying traditional methods or human inspection. Consequently, machine learning, in particular supervised deep learning, has been widely employed to classify galaxy morphologies recently due to its exceptional automation, efficiency, and accuracy. However, supervised deep learning requires extensive training sets, which causes considerable workloads; also, the results are strongly dependent on the characteristics of training sets, which leads to biased outcomes potentially. In this study, we attempt Few-shot Learning to bypass the two issues. Our research adopts the data set from the Galaxy Zoo Challenge Project on Kaggle, and we divide it into five categories according to the corresponding truth table. By classifying the above data set utilizing few-shot learning based on Siamese Networks and supervised deep learning based on AlexNet, VGG_16, and ResNet_50 trained with different volumes of training sets separately, we find that few-shot learning achieves the highest accuracy in most cases, and the most significant improvement is 21% compared to AlexNet when the training sets contain 1000 images. In addition, to guarantee the accuracy is no less than 90%, few-shot learning needs ∼6300 images for training, while ResNet_50 requires ∼13,000 images. Considering the advantages stated above, foreseeably, few-shot learning is suitable for the taxonomy of galaxy morphology and even for identifying rare astrophysical objects, despite limited training sets consisting of observational data only.