bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
199 Characterizing Digestion Traits of Corn Bran Products from Corn Wet Milling
Authors: Xiong Jiehua , Suntara Chanon , Sjostrand Rebecca , Spore Tyler , Youngers Maggie , Stock Rick , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald Jim C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of new bran products are necessary for continual improvement of wet milling feeds used by the cattle industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate 3 novel corn bran products from Cargill Corn Milling on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion in beef cattle. Eight ruminally fistulated beef steers were utilized in a 4×4 replicated Latin Square design with 4 dietary treatments and 4 periods (21 d in length for each period with 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of collection). Four treatment diets were bran products (Bran A/B/C) included at 70% of diet dry matter (DM) with 25% steam flaked corn (SFC), and an internal control (SFC control) diet consisted of 70% SFC and 25% Sweet Bran, with 5% wheat straw in all 4 diets. The SFC control exhibited the greatest DM, organic matter (OM) and starch digestibility (P ≤ 0.06), and the least neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (P &lt; 0.01). When 3 bran products each included at 70%, there was no difference in DM or OM intake and digestibility. Starch and NDF digestibility were greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for bran A fed steers, least for bran C with bran B intermediate. Bran products had minimal effect on energy digestibility, ruminal pH, rumination activity and jugular vein blood parameters. Total ruminal VFAs concentration was greatest (P = 0.04) for SFC control, with no difference among bran A, B and C fed steers. Acetate: Propionate ratio was least (P &lt; 0.01) for SFC control fed steers, greatest for bran A with bran B and C being intermediate. Digestion trait differences existed among different corn bran products, of which feeding bran A resulted in better digestion of starch and NDF, and greater starch content of bran B and C resulted in greater ruminal propionate production.
207 Polyclonal Antibodies Inhibit Growth of Key Cellulolytic Rumen Bacterial Species
Authors: Tondini Sara M , Mackie Roderick I , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to develop efficacious polyclonal antibodies to inhibit growth of targeted cellulolytic rumen bacterial species. Many rumen microorganisms have overlapping functions, so inhibiting the activity of targeted bacterial species may help elucidate their dynamic contributions to rumen fermentation. Egg-derived, polyclonal antibodies were developed against whole-cell cultures of Ruminococcus albus 7 (anti-RA7), Ruminococcus albus 8 (anti-RA8), and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 (anti-FS85). Antibodies were added to a cellobiose-containing growth medium of pure cultures of the 3 targeted species. Antibody efficacy was determined via an inoculation time (0 and 4 h) and dose response. Antibody doses included: 0 (CON), 0.013 (LO), 1.3 (MD), 13 (HI) mg antibody per 10 mL of medium. Each targeted species inoculated at 0 h with HI of their respective antibody had decreased (P &lt; 0.01) final optical density and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration after a 52-h growth period when compared with CON or LO. Live/dead stains of R. albus 7 and F. succinogenes S85 dosed at 0 h with HI of their respective antibody indicated a decrease (≥ 96%; P &lt; 0.05) of live bacterial cells during mid-log phase compared with CON or LO. Addition of HI of anti-FS85 at 0 h in F. succinogenes S85 cultures reduced (P &lt; 0.01) total substrate disappearance over 52 h by at least 48% when compared with CON or LO. Cross-reactivity was assessed by adding HI at 0 h to non-targeted bacterial species. Addition of anti-RA8 or anti-RA7 to F. succinogenes S85 cultures did not affect (P ≥ 0.45) total VFA accumulation after 52 h incubation. Overall, polyclonal antibodies were more efficacious at inhibiting growth of targeted cellulolytic bacteria than non-targeted bacteria. Specific polyclonal antibodies can be used to further characterize functional contributions of bacterial species to rumen fermentation.
209 Effects of Biochar in Finishing Beef Cattle Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Heil Holly A , Troyer Braden , McPhillips Levi J , Sperber Jessica L , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate impacts of biochar on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Experiment 1 (initial BW = 329 kg ± 19 kg) utilized biochar sourced from pistachio shells (VGrid Energy Systems) in a 70% corn, 20% distillers grains, and 5% corn residue diet. Experiment 2 (initial BW = 386 kg ± 19 kg) utilized biochar sourced from ponderosa pine wood waste (Vital Ag) in a 40% corn, 40% Sweet Bran, and 15% corn silage diet. Both experiments evaluated 2 treatments: control (CON) diet containing no biochar and biochar (BIO) replacing 1% of dietary corn. Pen was the experimental unit with 8 steers per pen and 8 replications. Four replications rotated through a two-chamber emissions barn in 5-d cycles to measure CH4 and CO2 emissions. Cattle performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and body weight block as fixed effects and emissions data analyzed as repeated measure. There were no statistical differences in experiment 1 for CH4, g/d (P = 0.75) and g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.99) or CO2 as g/d (P = 0.94) and g/kg DMI (P = 0.88). No impact on cattle performance or carcass characteristics were observed (final BW, DMI, average daily gain, gain to feed, hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, USDA quality grade, 12th rib fat; P ≥ 0.21). In experiment 2, there were no statistical differences between treatments for CH4, g/d (P = 0.78) and g/kg DMI (P = 0.84) or CO2, g/d (P = 0.50) and g/kg DMI (P = 0.52). Supplementing biochar at 1% of diet DM did not impact CH4 and CO2 emissions from finishing beef cattle. Cattle performance and carcass characteristics were not impacted by biochar in experiment 1.
211 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Two Beef Systems from Birth to Slaughter in Eastern Nebraska
Authors: McPhillips Levi J , Carlson Zachary , MacDonald Jim C , Suyker Andy , Awada Tala , Watson Andrea K , Okalebo Jane , Xiong Yijie , Dangal Shree , Heil Holly A , Stowell Rick , Erickson Galen E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions from a conventional (CONV) pasture-based cattle production system with cows wintered on corn residue and summer grazing of brome pasture was compared with partial-confinement system (ALT) with cows and calves in a drylot during the summer and grazed cover crops and corn residue over the fall and winter. Four groups of 20 cows were in each system. Eddy covariance methods were used to measure emissions from grazed areas (corn residue and pasture) and pen chambers were used to measure emissions from feedlot pens (cows and calves). Cattle from the CONV system produced more CH4 and CO2 but produced more beef per cow exposed (321 and 303 kg HCW for CONV and ALT, respectively). Measured CH4 and modeled N2O emissions totaled 7.5 ± 0.3 and 7.4 ± 0.3 kg CO2e kg-1 HCW for CONV and ALT production, respectively. There was a measured uptake of 233 g C m-2 and 98 g C m-2 from brome pasture and cover crop, respectively. Accounting for CH4 and N2O emissions using global warming potential (GWP) of 23 and 298 resulted in a net sink of 0.7 ± 0.2 kg CO2e kg-1 HCW for CONV and source of 16.7 ± 1.5 kg CO2e kg-1 HCW for ALT. The same calculation using global warming potential (GWP) of 4 and 234 resulted in a net sink of 10.9 ± 1.0 kg CO2e kg-1 HCW for CONV and source of 7.1 ± 1.5 kg CO2e kg-1 HCW for ALT. Carbon sequestration from perennial grasslands in the CONV was enough to offset all emissions and biogenic CO2 and the annual forage grazed in the ALT system offset 33 to 72% of systems emissions depending on GWP metric used.
226 Evaluation of a Low-Moisture, Molasses-Based Block Containing Organic Trace Minerals and a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Culture in Newly Weaned Beef Steer Calves
Authors: Hamilton Thomas G , Rusche Warren C , Walker Julie , Wright Cody , Smith Zachary K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance responses and hepatic trace mineral status of newly weaned steer calves offered a molasses-based “stress” tub. Steers [n = 46; body weight (BW) = 240; SEM = 1.0 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. On d -1 all steers were stratified by initial BW and allotted to pens (n = 4 to 5 steers per pen; 5 pens/treatment).Treatments were: 1) No “stress” tub (Con) or 2) Ad libitum access to a “stress” tub (Stress Tub; Purina Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) for the first 21-d (Tub). Steers were allotted to their study pens within 36-h of weaning and the “stress” tub was introduced approximately 24-h post arrival. Tub disappearance was monitored daily. Liver biopsies (n = 2 steers/pen) were collected on d 7, 21, and 42 for determination of Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn. From d 1 to 21 and d 1 to 42 steers from in the Tub treatment consumed greater (P ≤ 0.01) amounts of Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn. A treatment × day interaction for hepatic concentrations of Co (P = 0.09), Cu (P = 0.01), and Zn (P = 0.01) were noted. On d 7, steers from Tub had greater (P≤0.01) hepatic Co, Cu, and Zn . On d 21, steers from Tub had greater (P ≤ 0.01) hepatic Co and Cu. On d 42 steers from Tub had greater (P = 0.01) hepatic concentrations of Cu. During the initial 21-d of the experiment gain efficiency was enhanced (P = 0.03) by 25.0% in steers from Tub compared with Con. Cumulative ADG, DMI, dietary NE utilization, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.14). It is concluded that stress tubs do not influence overall growth performance or NE value of the diet during a 42-d period. Stress tub consumption increased hepatic mineral stores during the initial 21-d and enhanced Cu status of calves throughout the 42-d receiving period.
223 Proteomic Analysis Reveals Differential Tissue Responses to Road Transportation in Beef Steers
Authors: Deters Erin L , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six Angus-cross steers (324 ± 36 kg) were used to assess the effects of long-duration road transport on protein profiles of liver and skeletal muscle. Steers were randomly assigned to treatments (initiated on d 0): control (CON) = no transit with ad libitum access to feed, deprivation (DEPR) = no transit with no feed or water for 18 h, or transit (TRANS) = road transport with no feed or water for 18 h (1,790 km). Liver and muscle (longissimus dorsi) samples were collected from all steers immediately after treatment termination. Following extraction for total metabolite analysis, tissue protein fractions were submitted to the Protein Facility at Iowa State University for protein identification via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantification via chemical labeling with isobaric mass tags. Data were analyzed with MetaboAnalystR package v.3.0. Proteins were considered differentially abundant if the t-test P-value was ≤ 0.1 and the absolute value of change between treatments (fold change) was ≥ 1.2. In the liver, several proteins involved in energy metabolism were less abundant for DEPR or TRANS compared with CON. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase, an enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis, was less abundant in TRANS compared with CON or DEPR. Several proteins involved in inflammation and innate immunity were more abundant in TRANS compared with CON. In the muscle, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, a regulator of inflammation and insulin resistance, was more abundant in TRANS compared with CON or DEPR. Several proteins involved in antioxidant defense (Mn-superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase) were less abundant in TRANS compared with DEPR. These data suggest some, but not all, physiological changes associated with long-duration transport can be attributed to feed deprivation. The physical exertion required during transport appears to affect oxidative stress in the muscle, which could impact local and systemic inflammation and nutrient metabolism.
227 Diet and Management Strategies to Mitigate Decreased Feed Intake Associated with Terminal Implant Administration in Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Kelly Alexandria M , Smith Zachary K , Wright Cody , Gonda Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Terminal implant administration in beef steers often leads to decreased feed intake, leading to less growth. Our objective was to identify diet and management changes that can mitigate this decreased intake. Single-sourced Angus x Simmental steers [n = 27, initial BW = 385.1kg (SD 30.8)] were enrolled in a completely randomized trial to assess the effects of animal movement and dietary net energy for gain (NEg) reduction on feed intake. Steers were implanted with Synovex Choice (100 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol benzoate; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) and re-implanted 88 d later with Synovex Plus (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol benzoate). Steers had been consuming the finishing diet for approximately 88 d at the time of re-implanting. Steers were allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) remained on a 1.43 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved a shorter distance between the pen and working facility (0.43km), 2) remained on a 1.43 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved a longer distance (1.05km) to simulate movement in a larger feedlot and 3) fed a 1.32 Mcal/kg NEg diet and moved 1.05km between the pen and working facility. Individual feed and water intake was collected with Insentec feeders and waterers. Individual rumination data was collected with SenseHub Beef (AllFlex Livestock Intelligence). There was no significant difference in feed intake among treatments (P = 0.26) for 14 d after re-implant. There was significant difference in rumination among treatments (P = 0.03), with treatment 1 having the greatest minutes of rumination overall. Treatment 1 had significantly greater minutes of rumination than Treatment 3 (P = 0.04) and tended to have greater minutes of rumination than Treatment 2 (P = 0.08). Decreasing NEg of the diet did not mitigate feed intake depression but travelling a greater distance did negatively impact rumination for 14 d after re-implanting.
233 Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle Genetics for Beef
Authors: Carvalho Pedro H V , Felix Tara L , Jaborek Jerad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The contribution of dairy steers to the U.S. fed beef supply has increased over the last 2 decades. In part, due to declining beef cow numbers and increased use of sexed dairy semen to produce genetically superior replacement heifers from the best dairy cows in the herd. Raising dairy cattle for beef production offers unique opportunities and challenges when compared with feeding native beef cattle. Dairy steers offer predictable and uniform feedlot performance (ADG, DMI, G:F) as a group, and improved quality grades compared with their native beef counterparts. However, dairy steers yield less red meat compared with native beef cattle due to a greater ratio of bone to muscle, internal fat, organ size, and gastrointestinal tract weight. Dairy steers present carcass size problems in the beef packing industry, with Holstein carcasses being too long and Jersey carcasses being light weight. Beef × dairy crossbreeding strategies are being implemented on some dairy farms to increase the income generated from bull calves and to improve the feed efficiency and yield of beef produced from the U.S. dairy herd. This new model of beef production from the dairy herd is not without its challenges. Early beef × dairy crossbreeding efforts have demonstrated variable results. Successful adoption of beef × dairy crossbreeding in the cattle industry will depend on the proper selection of beef sires that excel in calving ease, growth, muscling, and marbling traits to complement the challenges realized with dairy genetics involved in beef production.
247 Effects of Feeding Frequency During Lactation on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Silva Junior Sudario Roberto , Manu Hayford , Swartz Drew , Baidoo Samuel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding frequency on sow and litter performance during lactation. At d 109 of gestation, a total of 300 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; BW 245± 3.2 kg; parity 2.54 ± 0.21); were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The treatments were: sows fed twice daily at 0730 and 1530 h (T1) or 3 times daily at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T2). Sows were fed a corn-soybean meal- containing 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg and 1.03% SID Lys. Sow BW and BF measurements were recorded at d 109 and at weaning. Litters were cross-fostered within treatments within 24-h after farrowing, and litter weights were collected at 12-h post-farrow, and again at weaning. Normality of the data set was checked using proc univariate procedure of SAS and analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05, and a trend as 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. An individual sow and a litter were the experimental unit. Comparisons were performed with Student’s t-test at 5% of significance. No evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for treatment differences were observed in sow BW, BF, total born, mummified fetuses, stillbirth rate, and litter or piglet weight gain during lactation. Sows fed twice daily had a greater (9.8 % vs. 11.2 %) (P &lt; 0.05) pre-weaning mortality during lactation period than sows fed 3 times daily. In conclusion, feeding sows 3 times daily exhibited the potential to reduce the pre-weaning mortality rate by 1.4% during lactation.
248 Relationships Between Sow and Litter Parameters and Sow Rectal Temperature at the End of Farrowing
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
There is evidence that sow rectal temperature during farrowing may be associated with farrowing duration and difficulty, and stillbirth rates. However, factors affecting sow temperature during parturition have not been well quantified. The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between sow and litter parameters and sow rectal temperature at the end of farrowing. Data (1005 sows/litters) were from 5 studies conducted on the same commercial farrowing facility with the same management. Independent variables included sow parity, use of farrowing induction, number of piglets born alive, litter weight, farrowing duration (on a sub-sample of 289 litters), and room temperature at the start of farrowing. Sow temperature at the end of farrowing averaged 38.5 ± 0.53°C. Data were analyzed using PROC REG of SAS. Models accounted for the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of continuous independent variables, and/or the categorical effect of farrowing induction. Sow rectal temperature at the start of farrowing had a positive relationship with sow temperature at the end of farrowing and the greatest R2 value (0.33; Table 1). Individually, sow parity, farrowing duration, and induction were related (P ≤ 0.05) to sow rectal temperature at the end of farrowing. However, these factors explained a small proportion of the variation (R2 ≤ 0.05) in sow temperature. For the multivariate model, only room temperature and sow rectal temperature at the start of farrowing were related (P ≤ 0.05) to temperature at the end of farrowing, explaining 34% of the variation. In conclusion, these results suggest that sow temperature at the start of farrowing had the greatest influence on temperature at the end and that other factors (sow parity, farrowing duration, farrowing induction, and room temperature) were relatively unimportant.
250 Associations Between Sow and Litter Parameters and Piglet Birth Weight and the Within-Litter Coefficient of Variation of Piglet Birth Weight
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate associations between sow, litter, and piglet parameters and both piglet birth weight (BW), and within-litter coefficient of variation of piglet birth weight (CV). Data (1,005 sows/litters, 12,857 piglets) were from 5 studies conducted on the same commercial farrowing facility using the same management. Independent variables included sow parity, use of farrowing induction, number of piglets born alive, litter weight, BW (for analysis of CV), and piglet sex (for analysis of BW) and birth order (for analysis of BW; on a sub-sample of 289 litters/3,643 piglets). Data were analyzed using PROC REG of SAS. Models accounted for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of each independent variable. The BW and CV averaged 1.49 ± 0.271 kg and 19.5 ± 6.69%, respectively. All independent variables were related (P ≤ 0.05) to BW (Table 1), with litter size having the strongest relationship (R2 = 0.11), and all other variables having weak relationships (R2 ≤ 0.01). All independent variables were related (P ≤ 0.05) to CV, with the exception of farrowing induction. Litter size explained the greatest amount of variation (R2 = 0.17), followed by litter weight and average piglet birth weight (R2 = 0.10 and 0.07, respectively). Other variables each explained a relatively small proportion (R2 ≤ 0.05) of variation in CV. Multivariate models including all significant (P ≤ 0.05) variables explained 13 and 22% of the variation in BW and CV, respectively. In conclusion, the primary variable associated with both BW and CV was litter size. Increases in litter size were associated with reductions in BW and increases in CV. Other variables showed weak relationships. However, even when all of these variables were accounted for, there was a large proportion of variation in both BW and CV that was not explained.
255 Impact of Water Flow Rate on Finishing Pig Performance Under Commercial Conditions
Authors: Miller Hannah E , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A survey of South Dakota pork producers in 2019 reported that 68% had water flow rates above the recommended rate of 500-1,000 mL/min. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of water flow rate on finishing pig performance during from June to September in a commercial barn. A total of 1,227 mixed sex pigs (61 ± 4.38 kg) at 8-weeks post-wean were utilized in an 84-d trial with 26 pigs/pen and 2 cup waterers/pen. Pens were assigned to 1 of 3 water flow rates (high, medium, low) based on the 3-hole diameter of the water nipples (2.0, 1.0, 0.80 mm; n = 16 pens/setting). Individual pen water flow rate, water disappearance, BW, and feed disappearance were recorded every 2 weeks. Carcass data was collected at the conclusion of the trial. Water flow rates averaged 1,565±96, 1,115±265, and 605±203 mL/min for high, medium, and low flow rates, respectively. Ambient temperature ranged from 4 to 37 °C. There was no difference in growth performance based on means separation test. Due to variability of water flow rate within a setting, data was further analyzed using regression with flow rate as the independent variable. There was a positive quadratic relationship (P &lt; 0.05) for daily water disappearance (adjR2 =0.87) and daily gain (adjR2 =0.11) with water flow rate and a tendency for positive linear relationship between final BW (P = 0.07, adj. R2 = 0.06) and flow rate. Feed conversion had a negative cubic relationship with water flow rate (P &lt; 0.05, adj. R2 = 0.20) and no relationship between hot carcass weight or average daily feed intake and water flow rate. The low R2 values associated with pig performance and high association with water disappearance suggest that excess water flow rate has a low impact on finishing pig performance but contributes to water wastage and its associated costs.