bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatization
Authors: Mehta Urvakhsh Meherwan , Chaturvedi Santosh K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMedically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are particularly common presentations in primary care settings. They lie on a severity spectrum, with significant overlaps with other functional somatic syndromes, psychiatric diagnoses like depression and anxiety, and general medical conditions. Typically, symptoms present with either no identifiable medical aetiology, or are disproportionate to the cause, with associated distress and preoccupations, health-related anxiety, and help-seeking behaviours. Cultural factors are known to shape shared mental representations about interpreting such symptom experiences and are therefore vital determinants of health and illness reporting. The nosology of MUS has been debated, deliberated, and transformed several times over the last century. Several models have been proposed to understand the pathogenesis of MUS based on the complex interaction of developmental, personality, cognitive–perceptual, cultural, and emotional processes within a bio-psycho-socio-cultural framework. Effective and sensitive communication of socio-culturally grounded and individualized illness formulations that link the individual’s belief systems, diagnosis, and treatment options are key to managing MUS. Medications are used to treat severe symptoms or comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Psychotherapy that targets coping, help-seeking behaviours, and real-world functioning is also effective.
Social and cultural factors in perinatal mental health
Authors: Varma Deepthi Satheesa , Kukreti Prerna , Chandra Prabha S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the social and cultural factors that contribute to the perinatal mental health of women in diverse settings. It also includes the various risk factors for poor perinatal mental health such as psychological and psychiatric risk factors, obstetric risk factors, and social risk factors, including intimate partner violence and trauma. How family, traditional practices during pregnancy and the postpartum period serve as a risk, as well as a protective factor, for women who experience perinatal or postpartum depression or anxiety is also discussed. Explanatory models to understand the impact of trauma on peripartum mental health and sociocultural determinants of help-seeking behaviours is also presented. The chapter concludes by discussing several prevention interventions that have been proven to be successful in improving perinatal mental health in women worldwide.
A contemporary view of suicide
Authors: de Leo Diego , Giannotti Andrea Vieccelli 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe concept of intentionality is of fundamental importance when defining the act of suicide as it clearly distinguishes it from other ways of dying. Rates of suicide vary across different cultures and societies and age groups, as well as over time, and are strongly influenced by a number of social factors. Rates of suicide attempts are much higher and, again, are strongly affected by social factors. Economic factors play a major role in rates of suicide as do socio-economic factors and gender. Methods chosen for the act of suicide depend upon availability of means and vary across countries. Prevention of suicide is an important strategy and nations need to have policies for this. At an individual level, support and resilience can help reduce the likelihood of suicide.
Sexual diversity
Authors: Bagga Harjit , Kalra Gurvinder 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHistorically, diversity in human sexuality, such as same-sex attraction (or the older term, ‘homosexuality’), was steeped in psychopathology, but is now accepted as a healthy variation of the human experience. This chapter aims to explore this evolving area through a review of its history in psychiatry to present-day best practice suggestions for clinicians. Commonly used terminology in the field will be reviewed, and the current research to understand the aetiology, prevalence, and cultural factors associated with sexual diversity as worldwide phenomenon will be explored. Changes in diagnostic nomenclature and the underpinning influences in these processes will be discussed. Finally, commonly co-occurring mental health issues and current best practice guidelines to support this cohort clinically will be presented.
Intellectual disability
Authors: Jesu Amala Jovia Maria , Gangadharan Satheesh Kumar , Bhaumik Sabyasachi , Alexander Regi T. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIrrespective of geographical, cultural, and socio-economic variations, about 1–2% of the general population have an intellectual disability (ID). Although diagnostic labels of and societal outlook towards this group have changed over time, there are enduring challenges about how they are integrated into mainstream society. While the Western world today focuses on this social integration, low- and middle-income countries face more fundamental issues ranging from diagnostic recognition to the provision of the very basic of support around health and social care. People with ID have not only a high prevalence of physical and mental health problems but also a high rate of preventable deaths. Some of the key reasons for this are discussed in this chapter, along with potential ways of addressing this inequity. Given the shortage of specialist expertise and difficulties in accessing basic resources in some parts of the world, the approaches that have been successful have relied on empowering parents, up-skilling staff working in non-government organizations, and using community support workers. The primary focus of these initiatives is to deliver a model of care that is accessible to the community where people with ID live.
Public mental health
Authors: Campion Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMental disorder and poor mental well-being result in broad impacts on physical health, risk behaviours such as smoking, self-harm and suicide, life expectancy, social functioning, education, employment, inequalities, and quality of life. Effective evidence based public mental health (PMH) interventions exist to treat mental disorder, prevent associated impacts, prevent mental disorder from arising, and promote mental well-being and resilience. However, even before the COVID-19 pandemic, only a minority of people with a mental disorder received any treatment, which is far less in low- and middle-income countries. Far fewer received interventions to address associated impacts, while there is negligible provision of interventions to prevent mental disorder, and promote mental well-being or resilience. This implementation failure has further widened since COVID-19 and results in broad impacts, associated economic costs, and population-scale suffering, and represents a systematic contravention of the right to health. There are various reasons for the implementation failure, which are important to address to improve population coverage. Coverage of effective PMH interventions at the population level can be improved in several ways, including by mental health needs assessment, PMH practice, PMH training, improved population knowledge about mental health, settings-based approaches, integrated approaches, use of the internet and phones, maximizing existing resources, particular interventions, application of relevant regulation and legislation, adopting a human rights approach, and research focused on improving implementation. This will result in broad impacts across health, education, employment, and social interaction, with associated economic returns, even in the short term. The economic cost of the PMH intervention implementation gap and economic benefits of PMH interventions also makes improved coverage a key part of sustainable economic development.
Social prescribing
Authors: Burn Wendy , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn many countries social prescribing has become of major interest in both primary and secondary care of patients with psychiatric disorders. Social prescribing is defined as referring patients with psychiatric illnesses to a range of local and largely non-clinical services. This chapter reviews the data from some countries where social prescribing is relatively better established. Using community link workers (also known as community navigators) patients are directed and supported to attend community organizations so that they receive informal and, if needed, formal help. A number of activities have been described and there is research evidence to support the usefulness of some of these. The evidence from different countries reflects specific approaches that can be helpful in improving engagement. Various models exist for social prescribing and have been described in literature. Research evidence indicates that, embedded in primary care, such approaches can reduce the number and duration of admissions.
Tele-mental health
Authors: Hariman Keith 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn broad terms, tele-mental health is the delivery of psychiatric intervention from a distance. The modalities of delivery typically involve real-time videoconferencing or pre-recorded video, which will be the main discussion of this chapter. This technology has been gradually evolving over the past 50 years or so, and there has been research demonstrating its benefits in terms of clinical efficacy, cost-efficiency, and acceptability. This chapter will introduce the research on telepsychiatry, discuss special settings and population groups that might particularly benefit from telepsychiatry, and describe the training required. The challenges in its implementation, along with potential problems related to regulation and confidentiality, will also be detailed. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on telepsychiatry, which may prove to be the tipping point needed for the more widespread adoption of the technology.
Psychopharmacology and social psychiatry
Authors: Werneke Ursula 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The advent of modern psychopharmacology has shaped modern psychiatry like no other event. For the first time, it became possible to treat severe mental disorders effectively and at a scale. It also allowed mental disorders to be seen in a different light. There were repercussions for society as a whole. This chapter is about milestones in psychopharmacology and their impact on society. It will first look at psychiatry before the advent of psychopharmacology. Then, it will examine the social impact of psychopharmacology in five case studies. These case studies concern chlorpromazine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, olanzapine, and amphetamines and other central stimulants. Finally, the chapter will give an outlook on future developments in psychopharmacology and their potential impact on society.
Leisure activities
Authors: Sukhanova Ekaterina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsing the theoretical framework of a semiotics approach to art production and perception, this chapter focuses on art as a type of leisure activity whose dialogical mechanisms make it a powerful tool in counteracting stigma, including self-stigmatization. Creative works by patients provide a key source of information in the diagnostic process. Furthermore, working with patient art aids the clinician in gaining a better understanding of the preserved aspects of a patient’s personality and establishes a stronger therapeutic alliance. At the community level, outsider art is a powerful tool in anti-stigma campaigns. Many medical schools are now incorporating the arts and humanities in holistically conceived medical curricula to enhance cultural competence and effective communication skills. Connecting spectators to meaning just as it connects the artists to collectivity, art fosters cooperative communication in which the dignity and individuality of a mental health patient may be reaffirmed.
Resilience, mental health, and migration
Authors: Raghavan Raghu , Brown Brian , Coope Jonathan , Sivakami Muthusamy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter will explore mental health and resilience in the context of migration. The notion of resilience has received increasing attention recently as a way of making sense of how people cope with adverse events and hardship, and as a possible protective variable that makes mental health difficulties less likely. At a time when health care providers and policymakers are attempting to come to terms with the high levels of inter- and intranational movement of people in the early twenty-first century, it is appropriate to consider what resilience offers as a way of making sense of the psychological and psychiatric issues raised by migration and what it means for health care providers and migrants themselves. This chapter will therefore review the literature that has addressed resilience and migration, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. We describe the life experiences and resilience of internal migrant communities in low-income neighbourhoods in India, and the insights on resilience and migration in responding to the mental health needs of individuals and families who have migrated. In addition to different ‘idioms of distress’ it is proposed that it is important to be attentive to the different ‘eudaemonic idioms’ through which different cultural groups express the factors that are significant to them in maintaining happiness and promoting coping.
Integrative community therapy
Authors: Barreto Adalberto , Camarotti Henriqueta , Hugon Nicole 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntegrative community therapy (ICT) emerged from within a Favela in Fortaleza, inside the ‘4 Varas’ project, as a response to the suffering of a displaced population experiencing extreme precariousness and poor mental health. Thus, a methodology for group facilitation was born, structured by rules and a stable sequence of steps. From these local roots, ICT has adapted to a variety of contexts around the world. The authors describe the principles, objectives, and development of ICT, including how it achieves its goals and helping to develop sound self-esteem, rebuilding damaged social bonds, and restoring cultural values. It acts as a resilience space for both individuals and community. The latest developments in ICT research are discussed. The studies confirm that ICT is relevant in primary care, prevention, and rehabilitation, and physical and mental health promotion. It improves the relationships between the population and professionals. Urgent public policy action is required that considers specific medical and psychosocial intervention which will improve public and population health.
Deinstitutionalization in the UK
Authors: Craig Tom J. , McCarthy Jane 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the evolution of deinstitutionalization and community care in the UK for adults suffering from severe mental illness and intellectual disability. Deinstitutionalization was driven by awareness that the impersonal, regimented care in the hospital asylums was as disabling as the disorders they sought to contain. It was encouraged by psychiatric optimism in light of new pharmacological and psychosocial treatments which showed that most patients could be safely managed in the community and so maintain or regain social, occupational, and leisure function. Overall, this has been a successful enterprise with improvements in quality of life and personal satisfaction for many. But it is not a cheaper alternative to hospital care, and services still struggle with the balance between encouraging independence and managing risk. Institutions still exist and, indeed have been growing, for forensic services and in the non-statutory sector.
Mental health legislation and social rights
Authors: Kelly Brendan D. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMental illness is commonly associated with denial of social rights, despite the advent of ‘community care’ in many countries. There are several potential ways to address these issues: political activism to build more just societies; expansion of social support to reach those most in need; reform of mental health services to ensure minimum standards of care; and revision of mental health legislation to accord with international standards such as the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. India’s new mental health legislation, the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, was commenced on 29 May 2018 and is the first piece of major mental health law that seeks explicitly to comply with the Convention. The legislation includes both specific provisions relating to delivery of mental health care and broader provisions centred on a range of rights, including social rights. Most significantly, the 2017 Act provides a legally binding right to mental health care to the entire population of India, which includes 1.3 billion people or one-sixth of Earth’s population. Other key social rights in the legislation relate to housing, community living, and ‘a right to live with dignity’. The extent to which this ambitious legislation will succeed in protecting and promoting the social rights of the mentally ill has yet to be seen. Clearly, adequate resources and training of more mental health professionals are both essential if social rights and social inclusion are to become realities for the mentally ill and their families in India and around the world.
Mental health care in Eastern Europe and the Balkans
Authors: Lecic-Tosevski Dusica , Milosavljevic Maja 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEastern European and the Balkan countries have historical geographical, political, and economical specificities. Health care systems, including mental health care, in these countries is going through significant transition, which began after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. Deinstitutionalization, trans-institutionalization, and destigmatization, accompanied by community mental health care, are the main characteristics of this transition. The introduction of health policies with national strategies, an insufficient portion of gross domestic product allocated to health systems, and privatization have marked the period. Advantages of the mental health care systems of the countries of this region are the well-developed mental health services in primary health care, open access for patients, a large number of well-educated mental health professionals, and an individualized psychosocial approach in treatment. The main challenge for health care systems in Eastern European and Balkan countries is to find a way to bridge development policies, national strategies, funds supporting mental health care, and the development of community care.
Psychological treatments in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Fernández Diego Asturias , Poulter Daniel , Gnanapragasam Sam N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Major barriers and challenges exist that prevent the provision of psychological treatments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A shortage of resources often means that focus shifts towards pharmacological treatments. Psychological treatments are not easily available or accessible. Cultural differences in the perception of mental illness and of psychological treatments also play a role. The evidence for treatments invariably emerges from high-income countries (HICs), thereby adding to the challenges of determining the applicability of ego-based treatments. The mental health gap remains very high around the world, and is even more so in LMICs. This chapter examines the current evidence related to the availability, access, and effectiveness of different psychological interventions across LMICs. Psychological treatments and approaches are considered a mainstay of mental health treatment in HICs. However, there is emerging interest in psychological treatment modalities and approaches in LMICs. This chapter explores the current evidence in LMICs related to different schools of psychological interventions such as psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy and religious/shamanistic therapies. It also considers the related facilitators and barriers to availability, access and efficacy, including consideration of cultural context.
Mental health in the Middle East
Authors: Okasha Tarek 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPsychiatry is the branch of medicine that most prominently incorporates the humanities and social sciences in its scientific base and in its treatment of illness. It also attempts to explain the full range of human behaviour, including behaviour associated with mental illness. Psychiatry has often needed to go well beyond the world of natural science into the philosophical realm. Mental health providers in developed countries are increasingly treating patients whose backgrounds are much different from their own, so it is important for them to understand cultural belief systems, including religious thought and practice, and social norms within the society that relate to mental health and illness. The understanding and interpretation of many psychiatric symptomatology by both patients and their relatives can depend greatly on their upbringing, education, and society.
The localization of PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN1 at the division site depends on the microtubule-binding proteins TANGLED1 and AUXIN-INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURES9 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mills Alison M , Morris Victoria H , Rasmussen Carolyn G 
Published: August 2022

AbstractProper plant growth and development require spatial coordination of cell divisions. Two unrelated microtubule-binding proteins, TANGLED1 (TAN1) and AUXIN-INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURES9 (AIR9), are together required for normal growth and division plane orientation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The tan1 air9 double mutant has synthetic growth and division plane orientation defects, while single mutants lack obvious defects. Here we show that the division site-localized protein, PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN1 (POK1), was aberrantly lost from the division site during metaphase and telophase in the tan1 air9 mutant. Since TAN1 and POK1 interact via the first 132 amino acids of TAN1 (TAN11–132), we assessed the localization and function of TAN11–132 in the tan1 air9 double mutant. TAN11–132 rescued tan1 air9 mutant phenotypes and localized to the division site during telophase. However, replacing six amino-acid residues within TAN11–132, which disrupted the POK1–TAN1 interaction in the yeast-two-hybrid system, caused loss of both rescue and division site localization of TAN11–132 in the tan1 air9 mutant. Full-length TAN1 with the same alanine substitutions had defects in phragmoplast guidance and reduced TAN1 and POK1 localization at the division site but rescued most tan1 air9 mutant phenotypes. Together, these data suggest that TAN1 and AIR9 are required for POK1 localization, and yet unknown proteins may stabilize TAN1–POK1 interactions.
New Oral Form for ALS Drug
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: August 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved an oral suspension form of edaravone (Radicava ORS) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Edaravone should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning either by mouth or through a feeding tube. Feeding tubes should be flushed before and after drug administration.