bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , McCutcheon T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two species of entomogenous nematode were applied 24 Aug to a golf course fairway for control of Japanese beetle. Plot size was 10 by 10 ft and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Treatments were applied in 2 liters water with a sprinkling can and irrigated immediately with 11.3 liters water (pH 6.49). Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 80°F; ground surface RH, 65%; sunny during application with 0.25 inches of rain about 4 h after application; soil temperature (2 inches), 76°F; soil moisture, 23.5%; soil pH, 6.2; organic matter, 5.3%. Thatch layer varied from one-eighth to three-quarters inches (not compressed). Rainfall during the trial period at 35 and 49 DAT and 6.15 and 6.60 inches, respectively. Treatments were evaluated by sampling 4 locations in each plot using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Leafcurl Ash Aphid Control Experiments, ft. Collins, 1986
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Wawrzynski Robert P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ash trees, 6-7 ft high in 5-gal nursery cans, were heavily infested with leafcurl ash aphid, seriously deforming all of the new growth. Plots were located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm in Ft. Collins. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 11 Jun. Foliar applications were made using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer to point of run-off. Metasystox-R soil treatments were applied as a soil drench in 1 gal water/nursery can. Treatments were evaluated 5 and 10 DAT by removing 2 infested leaf clusters/tree and counting all aphids.
Purple-Leaf Sand Cherry, Peachtree Borer Control, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purple-leaf sand cherry trees (0.5-1.0 m tall) infested with peachtree borer and growing in a research plot at Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center, were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for reducing establishment of peachtree borer larvae. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to spray 4 replicates of 4 plants each for each treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Spray applications were made 19 Jun under sunny skies, 26°C, and no breeze. Each plant received 70 ml of finished spray on its lower trunk and limbs. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 24 Sep by examining the base of each plant for exudate and frass.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Insecticidal Soap and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Berks County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 5-7-ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 6 Apr to 4-tree replicates. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at 2 rates as follows: 74.3 gal/acre (225 ml/tree) and 148.6 gal/acre (450 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; 68% RH; water pH 5.0; and skies were clear and sunny. At 33 DAT (9 May) counts were completed on each tree. Each replicate was evaluated by completing 4 15-s counts and recording the total number of flocked females.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Douglas-Fir Christmas Tree Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plantation-grown, 1.5-2-m dryland Douglas-fir located in Washington County, Oreg., were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering eggs and motile SSM. Six trees were selected for each treatment on 4 May in a completely randomized design (current year growth was 2.5-7.5 cm). A CO2 sprayer with 3 hollow cone nozzles was used to apply treatments at the rate of 100 gal solution/acre at 80 psi. Air temperature was 67°F, clear skies with no rain for several days after treatment. Four 10-cm branch tips from the lower two-thirds of each tree were sampled for efficacy evaluations. The previous season’s growth was measured on 11 and 26 May; current growth was measured on 26 May and 9 Jun. Motile SSM and eggs were estimated by stereomicroscope.
Effects of Simulated Acid Bain on Methoxychlor Deposits, Delaware County, 1987
Authors: Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old potted trees of a single elm clone, Ulmus (hybrid ‘970’), growing under lathhouse conditions were sprayed with methoxychlor and moved to a greenhouse where they were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments to determine effects on insecticidal deposits. Methoxychlor was applied at 0.5%; there were 3 SAR treatments (none; pH 3.0; pH 4.2); and tests consisted 3 replicates each. Trees were sprayed with methoxychlor to run-off on 3 Sep (20°C, 40% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a number 5500 adjustable cone-tip nozzle opened one-half turn from full-closed at 206.8 kilopascals (kPa) pressure. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2SO4 and 1 part HNO3 and were applied through (β-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diam, revolving at 2.4 revolutions/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 4 Sep and continued for 18.5 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) in 35 min (47 cm; 18.5 inches total). At 0, 7, 21, 42, 83, and 132 DAT, 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for testing.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae and Eggs with Spray Oils, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Zimmerman Rick J. , Patrick Darryl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluations were made of Scalecide foliar spray oil for control of elm leaf beetle eggs and larvae. Larval evaluations were made by counting larvae on 5 branch terminals/treatment on 24 Jun. Foliar applications were made immediately following the count by spraying until run-off. Very hot, dry conditions existed at the time of treatment. At 4 DAT, the marked terminals were counted again. Mortality was corrected by using Abbott’s formula. Evaluations of spray oils against egg stages were done in a similar manner. Twelve recently laid egg masses for each treatment were marked and sprays were applied 28 Jul. After all eggs had hatched, egg masses were removed and examined in the laboratory.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control in Forests by Foliar Sprays, 1988
Authors: McClure Mark S. , Merrill Clarence G. , Souto Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Hurd State Park located in East Hampton, Middlesex County, Conn., to determine the effectiveness of foliar sprays applied by mist blower for controlling hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock. In September, trees were heavily infested and beginning to show injury, indicated by discolored foliage and dead branches. Trees were sprayed with 2 pesticides at the labeled rate and at 10 times the labeled rate on 6 Sep when all adelgids were aestivating first-instar nymphs. All treatments were applied with a John Bean Model 100F Rotomist equipped with 3 D-7 hollow-cone nozzles in sufficient volume to cover the foliage and branches completely but not excessively. Each tree received approximately 20 liters of spray mix. Treatments were applied to each of 5 hemlocks that ranged from 15 to 25 m high. Four branches were sampled from heights of 5 m and 15 m from each of the 5 sprayed trees and from 5 unsprayed trees on 20 Sep. Branches were examined microscopically, and the first 100 adelgids encountered on each branch were recorded as dead or alive; 4,000 adelgids were examined for each treatment. Each branch was also evaluated for thoroughness of coverage with pesticide; both treatments leave a characteristic sheen on foliage which makes sprayed branches easily distinguishable from unsprayed ones. Sprayed trees were examined on 20 Sep and on 25 Oct for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Summer Acaricide Test, 1988
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was carried out in an 18-yr-old block of ‘Yellow Delicious’ apple trees. Treatments were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Application dates were 7 Jun (Plots 1-4); 30 Jun (Plots 1, 3) and 15 Jul (Plots 1, 2, 4). The single-tree plots, replicated 4 times, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Polvram as needed. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) or x + 1 prior to ANOVA and comparison of means. The sampling method was as follows: ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree.
Field Trials of Fenoxycarb, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluations of 4 protocols were conducted in the Munsyana Homes, a multifamily public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Treatment protocols (TP), in which initial applications were followed by reapplications after 2 months were as follows; TP-1, 0.5% Dursban ME (chlorpyrifos, 1 M) alone in both treatments; TP-2, 0.5% Dursban ME plus 0.187% fenoxycarb initially, retreated with 0.0625% fenoxycarb alone; TP-3, 1.0% Safrotin (propetamphos, 4 EC) plus 0.187% fenoxycarb initially, retreated with 1.0% Safrotin plus 0.0625% fenoxycarb; and TP-4, 0.2% Demon (cypermethrin, 40 W) plus 0.187% fenoxycarb, retreated with 0.2% Demon plus 0.0625% fenoxycarb. Sprays were applied using 3.8-liter compressed-air sprayers equipped with MulTee-Jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated with approximately 0.5 gal spray/unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Performance of the TPs was monitored for 6 months following the initial applications. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each TP was replicated in 11-14 apartments, but the sample size for posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or the lack of resident cooperation. To determine efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment counts; negative percent reductions were converted to zero before analysis. Additionally, sticky traps (Raid Roach Traps) were placed in the apartments overnight at each sampling to monitor the frequency of morphogenetically deformed adults exhibiting juvenoid-induced twisting of wings, which is highly correlated with sterility. Arcsine Vp transformed data were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls sequential range test (p = 0.05) to determine.
Residual Life of Fenoxycarb and Hydroprene on Two Surfaces, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Comparative tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of the juvenoids fenoxycarb (2 EC) and hydroprene (5 EC) against the German cockroach when applied to either tempered masonite hardboard or 1%-inch thick (4.13 cm) concrete block. Spray dilutions of 0.125% fenoxycarb or 0.13% hydroprene were applied to 4- by 4-inch (103 cm2) panels of each surface at a rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (0.42 ml/103 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments for residual aging. Aging periods evaluated were Id and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 wk. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3V2-inch (225.8 cm2) plastic boxes that had sides lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral and that were equipped with ventilated, friction fitted lids to prevent escape. A juvenoid-treated panel was placed on the bottom at one end of the box with food and water positioned on top of the treated panel. A 20-inch2 cardboard tent, placed at the other end of the box, served as harborage. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to the juvenoid during daily food and water consumption. At each aging period, 20 early fifth (final) stage nymphs were released into the confined area with the appropriate panel type. The insects were maintained in confinement until all had reached adulthood or died. Each aging period and panel type combination was replicated 6 times, for a total of 120 insects/treatment combination.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Dairy Heifers with Insecticidal Ear Tags, 1988
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear tag efficacy trials were conducted on pastured herds (15-50 head/herd) of dairy heifers in Howard and Carroll counties, Md. Four herds were not tagged and served as controls. During the first 3 wk of May, cattle in Herds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were tagged with 2 Atroban or Terminator tags. Cattle in Herd 3 were tagged with 2 Atroban tags the third week in June. These herds were monitored for face flies and horn flies from June through September. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of the number of face flies/face and horn flies/side on 15 animals in each herd.
Response to Dipel 2X, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
DBM larvae were collected from research plots at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, in 1987 and a laboratory culture was initiated and maintained on cabbage leaf tissue. Larvae from the F16 laboratory generation were removed from the culture, 8 d after hatching at 250°C. Bioassays to determine response to Dipel 2X were conducted by dipping 6.5-cm cabbage leaf disks in various concentrations of Dipel 2X and distilled water solutions for 5 s and allowing the disks to dry for 2 h. Ten larvae were placed on each of 4 replicates of leaf disks at each treatment level. Larval response in terms of mortality was recorded at 24 h intervals as determined by noting the lack of coordinated response when probed. Data from the 72-h counts was analyzed by probit analysis.
Registered and Experimental Acaricides, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 24-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A delayed-dormant spray of Pydrin 2.4 EC (1 pt/acre) was applied in late March. An application of Mitac 50 W (3 lb/acre) and Guthion 50 W (2 lb/acre) was made in June to suppress pear psylla (Psylla pyricola), pear rust mite (Epitremerus pyri), and codling moth (Cydia pomonella). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Acaricides were tested 3 times; at petal fall (PF), 25 Apr; at a low threshold (LT) of 0.5-1.0 mites/leaf, 23 Jul; and at a high threshold (HT) of 2.0-5.0 mites/leaf, 9 Aug. Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them onto glass plates with a mite-brushing machine, and counting mites.
Residual Control, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature Bartlett pear trees (25 yr old) were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate residual life of Abamectin and amitraz for control of PP nymphs. Leaves were collected from trees at intervals after applications. Ten circular 2.2-cm diam disks were punched from leaves and floated on wet paper towelling in 15-crn plastic Petri dishes for each treatment at each postapplication interval. Ten PP nymphs were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and a photo period of 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting dead and live nymphs after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure on the disks. Tests were conducted with leaves collected at 1, 7, 14, and 21 DAT. The series was repeated 3 times. For the 2 May run leaves were selected from spurs, for the 13 Jun run duplicate samples were tested from spurs and growing shoots (the distal fully expanded leaf), and for the 1 Aug run leaves were selected at random from all structures of test trees. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott’s formula, and mean, and 95% confidence limits were calculated.
Pear Psylla Control, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 3-tree plots (10 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 by 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were 4 Apr (BB, bud burst), 20 Apr (WB, white bud), 10 May (PF, petal fall), 27 May, 3 Jun, 10 Jun, 13 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 14 Jul, and 27 Jul. Approximately 2.4 gal of spray was applied to each tree (185 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 7 Jun counts were made by sampling 5 spur and 5 distal leaves from each tree. On 29 Jun and thereafter 10 distal leaves from each tree were sampled.
Evaluation for PP, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted in a 3-acre block of primarily ‘Bartlett’ pear trees near Arendtsville, Pa. Plot size was approximately 1 acre except for control trees. Five ‘Bartlett’ trees were randomly selected within each plot for monitoring. Control trees were five 3-tree plots of ‘Bartletts’ located in an adjacent pear block. Chemicals were applied as complete sprays to both sides of trees with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Application dates and rates were as follows 5 Apr (BB, bud burst); 22 Apr (WB, white bud); 10 May (PF, petal fall); and 2 Jun (IC, first cover). Treatments were evaluated for control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur leaves/tree.
Peach Insecticide Broad-Spectrum Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to 3-yr-old ‘Red Haven’ peach trees at Fennville, Mich. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design with replications consisting of a single tree. Treatments were applied by a 32TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 2 May (pink); 10 and 23 May; 4, 17 and 29 Jun; 10 and 22 Jul; and 4 and 16 Aug. Terminal evaluations for early season OFM and GPA involved examining 100 terminals/tree for a total of 400 terminals/treatment. Early season broad-spectrum evaluations involved examining 50 fruit/replicate, or a total of 200 peaches/treatment, and categorizing the damage according to the pest. Late season broad-spectrum evaluations consisted of evaluating 25 peaches/tree or 100/treatment for damage.
Flea Beetle and Sawfly Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied on 23 May to 23- by 23-ft plots in a crop-year lowbush blueberry field at Gray, Maine. A second application of Dylox (8 oz) and M-one (both rates) was made on 2 Jun. There were 3 replications in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer at 35 psi with 4 flat spray 800067 Teejet nozzles. Plants showed 85-90% bloom and 10% fruit set at treatment on 23 May and 5-10% bloom and 90% fruit set on 2 Jun. On dates indicated in the table, 5 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. About 1.9 inches of rain was recorded between 23 and 26 May.
Field and Bioassay Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the adult Japanese beetle, tarnished plant bug, meadow spittlebug, and strawberry sap beetle. A 10-yr-old experimental raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this study. Replicates consisted of 18-ft2 areas, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 5 Jul and 26 Jul, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. For the field evaluation readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken immediately before insecticides were applied; at 4 h after treatment; and at 2, 3, and 6 DAT. The bioassay evaluation began 26 Jul, after the insecticides had dried on foliage. Five leaves were sampled from each replicate and placed in 1-gal round ice cream containers. In the bioassay, 10 adult tarnished plant bugs, 10 meadow spittlebugs, and 10 strawberrry sap beetles were added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated foliage. At 3 DAT a Japanese beetle bioassay of treated foliage was begun and the number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Grapefruit, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A completely randomized block design with single tree plots replicated 4 times was used with buffer trees sprayed to prevent possible mite reinfestation. Treatments of 235 gal/acre were applied on 15 Jun with a high pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi. CRM were counted in 2-1 cm2 using a 10 X hand lens on opposite sites of 25 fruit selected at random from each tree. There were 100 fruit/treatment. Cumulative mite days after treatment and percent fruit russet was determined after 10 wk.
Citrus Flat Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Butler M. D. , Draeger E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several miticides were evaluated for their ability to control citrus flat mite on oranges in Yuma, Ariz. The orchard had sandy loam soil; pH 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. Applications were made 24 Aug. Temperatures at the time of application were 87-101°F, relative humidity peaked at 38% and wind was 3-5 mph. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a John Beam sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of 225 gal/acre. The experimental design was completely random with single-tree plots and 4 replications. Mite counts were made on the basis of 40-fruit samples, 10 from each plot.
Pesticide Efficacy Against TCM in Florida, 1988
Authors: Childrers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were diluted and applied with a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 17 May. About 2.3 gal (334 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.9. Twenty leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals before and after spraying. Each 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. The count on each leaf was recorded as one observation.