bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Awardee Talk: Muddy Environmental Conditions Increase Net Energy Requirements and Decrease Cow and Heifer Body Weight and Body Condition During Late Gestation
Authors: Nickles Kirsten , Relling Alejandro E , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Winter and spring precipitation are expected to increase 20-30% by the end of the century in the Midwest, U.S. As a result, cows in this region are exposed to muddy conditions in pastures during late gestation. Two experiments were completed with multiparous cows and primiparous heifers to determine the energetic cost of mud during late gestation. In the first experiment, multiparous Angus cows (n = 8/treatment) were paired based on initial body weight (BW). One cow from each pair was randomly assigned to either the mud (MUD) or control (CON) treatment. Cows were housed and fed individually from d 213 to 269 of gestation. Each pair was fed to meet requirements for maintenance and gestation. In the second experiment, primiparous Angus heifers (n = 9/treatment) were paired based on initial BW. One heifer from each pair was randomly assigned to either the MUD or CON treatment. Heifers were housed and fed individually from d 196 to 266 of gestation. Each pair was fed to meet requirements for maintenance, growth, and gestation. Data in both experiments were analyzed as randomized complete block designs with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). Although cows consumed the same amount of dry matter, cows in the MUD treatment weighed 37.4 kg less than the CON treatment (P &lt; 0.01) and were 1.5 body condition score (BCS) units less (P &lt; 0.01) by d 269 of gestation. Similarly, heifers in the MUD treatment weighed 43.5 kg less than the CON treatment (P &lt; 0.01) and were 1.8 BCS units less (P &lt; 0.01) by d 266 of gestation. In both experiments, however, calf birth weight was similar (P = 0.34). Although cows and heifers housed in mud were in a negative energy balance, they prioritized fetal growth and mobilized body tissues to meet the energetic demands of gestation.
66 Utilizing Third Generation Sequencing to Identify Pathogen Outbreaks Rapidly and Accurately
Authors: Neujahr Alison , Loy Duan , Loy J Dustin , Brodersen Bruce , Fernando Samodha 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The temporal trend of novel pathogen identification has increased over the last decade, with viruses being the main contributor to the increase. Currently, the NAHLN provides veterinary surveillance and testing procedures for high consequence animal diseases, where in many cases, the detection of these diseases is based on real-time PCR assay (ASF, CSF, FMD, and IAV-S) or pathogen specific antibodies using ELISA methods (PRV). However, genetic shift and drift in virus genomes can lead to failure in detection of novel or emerging pathogens. Therefore, with the current trend of increased viral disease emergence, novel methods are needed to accurately and rapidly identify and characterize viral pathogens independent of knowing genomic information. In this study, we developed a novel diagnostic approach to identifying swine pathogens, using surrogate viruses. We implemented the use of Oxford Nanopore MinION Technology to detect long read sequences in real time. Surrogate viruses were used in place of common pathogens such as African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever, Pseudorabies, Foot and Mouth Disease, and Influenza A to investigate rapid detection limits. To increase the complexity of a sample, both DNA and RNA viruses were spiked into tissues were analyzed using Oxford Nanopore MinION Technology. This method can detect both DNA and RNA viruses simultaneously without prior knowledge. Additionally, as sequences can be detected real-time, we were able to confidently detect viral pathogens within a sample within 30 min. Additionally, we have established a library preparation and sequencing protocol as well as an informatic pipeline that could allow clinics and diagnostics centers to identify pathogens in less than 10 hours.
79 Determination of Optimal Timing of Marketing for Carcass Quality Measurements in Gilts Administered Improves
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Debbie , Mellencamp Martha , Pollmann Steve , Pantoja Lucina Galina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gilts immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) have reported improvements in carcass characteristics including increased belly weights and thickness, and increased loin intramuscular fat (IMF) compared with controls. The objective was to determine the optimal market timing post second dose (PSD) for anti-GNRF-treated gilts for carcass characteristics. Treatments were arranged as a 2×4 factorial: control vs anti-GnRF (d7 and 77; d0 = 8 wk of age) and marketing time PSD anti-GnRF: (first cut: 10 heaviest gilts; last cut: remaining gilts): d18 and 39 PSD; d25 and 46 PSD; d32 and 53 PSD; and d39 and 60 PSD. Pen (n=120) was the experimental unit (12-18 pens per treatment; 21 gilts per pen). Carcass data were determined from 107-188 gilts per treatment per day PSD with primal data collected from 39-54 carcasses per treatment per day PSD. At 25 wks of age, 52.5±0.05% of control gilts vs. 0.92±0.01% of anti-GnRF gilts were cycling based on ovarian structures. Regardless of cut, anti-GnRF increased (P ≤0.05) HCW, backfat, and belly depth. Loin depth and belly weights were greater (P ≤0.05) in second cut anti-GnRF gilts compared with control. Calculated percent lean was decreased in both marketing events in anti-GnRF gilts compared with control. While belly yield was similar, iodine value was decreased in anti-GnRF gilts compared with control, regardless of marketing event. Trimmed loins were lighter (P = 0.02) in second cut anti-GnRF gilts, but had greater (( P &lt; 0.01) IMF compared with control gilts. Shear force was similar between treatments. Use of anti-GnRF in gilts results in heavier carcasses and several primal weights. The time PSD to market anti-GnRF-treated gilts does not appear to impact carcass quality indicating that it is best to focus on optimal timing based on performance traits.
74 Characterizing Pork Color Shelf Life: Foundational Visual and Biochemical Bases of Pork Discoloration
Authors: Harsh Bailey 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Poor color stability limits meat shelf life, and poses an economic challenge to processors and retailers, and contributes to food waste. The US pork industry has only a limited understanding of fresh pork discoloration, with most inferences about discolored pork being extrapolated from beef discoloration studies. Despite substantial research into consumer perception, biochemical mechanisms, and economic impact of fresh beef discoloration, little is known regarding fresh pork color stability. This is problematic because of substantial differences in pork and beef myoglobin as well as discoloration traits. While discoloration in beef typically presents as a brown hue, fresh pork discoloration displays a wider range of hues, with differences in intensity and extent of discoloration. Pork-specific discoloration thresholds, as they relate to consumer acceptability, have not been defined and likely differ from beef due to the variety of discoloration hue, intensity, and extent combinations. Once discoloration in pork products has been characterized, biochemical, metabolomics, and proteomic changes between color stable and color labile products will provide information regarding a mechanistic basis for pork discoloration. Further, despite research into pre- and post-slaughter interventions to slow discoloration, it is not currently possible to predict at d 1 postmortem the inherent color persistence of pork entering the retail case 10 to 21 d later. Fundamental color stability research in pork, ranging from applied consumer perceptions to mechanistic traits, is needed to develop technologies and interventions to improve case life of color labile cuts, decrease discoloration-based profit losses, and reduce food waste.
95 Carbohydrase Mixture Supplementation to High Fiber Diets on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Diets for Gestating Sows Compared with Growing Pigs
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Patterson Rob , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) between gestating sows and growing pigs fed a high fiber (NDF = 17.5%) diet with or without supplemental carbohydrase mixture (CM). Forty-five gestating sows (parity 0 to 5; BW 187 ± 28 kg) and 27 growing pigs (initial BW 35.7 ± 3.32 kg) were allotted to 3 levels of CM inclusion (‘0’ ‘0.08’ and ‘0.10’%). Sows were fed once daily at 2.2 kg/d and grower pigs provided feed at 5% of BW to reflect ad libitum feed access. Titanium (0.3%) was the indigestible marker, and feces were collected for 4 d following a 10-d adaption period. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of animal category (gestating sow or grower pig) and CM supplementation. Dietary CM supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of all nutrients except for NDF with tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for increase in arabinose and glucose digestibility. There were no differences between the 0.08% and 0.1% CM inclusion levels (Table 1). Regardless of enzyme supplementation, ATTD of calcium and phosphorus were higher in the grower pigs (P &lt; 0.01). Sows displayed increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of NDF, xylose, glucose, total NSP with tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for ADF and arabinose in comparison to grower pigs. An interaction was detected (P = 0.036) where ATTD of phosphorus increased with 0.08 and 0.10% CM inclusion in grower pigs and only with 0.10% in sows. Dietary CM supplementation can increase ATTD of nutrients, NSP, and energy in high fibrous diets. Lastly, sows have higher digestibility of dietary fiber in comparison to grower pigs irrespective of enzyme supplementation.
101 Evaluation of Vitamin D on Performance and Bone Mineral Density in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Smith Leah , Gourley Gene , Sparks Chris , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D3 (vitD) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) requirements for finisher pig performance and bone density. Seventy-two pigs (62 ± 11.1 kg BW) were allotted to 36 pens (n = 2 pigs/pen) and across 4 dietary treatments (n = 9 pens/trt) for 51 d. Corn-soybean meal mash diet treatments were: 1) Diet containing 75 IU/kg vitD; 2) Diet containing 150 IU/kg vitD (NRC requirement); 3) Diet containing 750 IU/kg vitD; and 4) As 1 plus 0.0125% 25-OHD to achieve total diet equivalent of 750 IU/kg vitD. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance recorded at the start and end of the study to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F. Serum 25-OHD concentrations were determined on d 42. On d 51, one pig per pen was euthanized and bone mineral density determined on the rib, tibia and fibula. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. Overall, ADG did not differ between treatments 1 through 4 (1.26, 1.31, 1.34, 1.27 kg/d, respectively (P &gt; 0.05). Further, ADFI did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). However, G:F tended to increase as dietary vitD concentrations increased (0.34, 0.36, 0.37 and 0.35, respectively, P = 0.068). Rib, fibula and tibia bone mineral density did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Serum 25-OHD concentrations were 9.9, 11.9, 23.3 and 36.6 ng/mL for treatments 1-4, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, vitamin D3 deficiency was not achieved with treatment 1 in finishing and all treatments had equal pig performance and bone mineral density. Further, 0.0125% 25-OHD provided equal performance and bone density to 750 IU/kg of vitamin D3.
115 Effects of a Chronic Lipopolysaccharide Challenge on Growth Performance and Immune Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Differing Sources of Dietary Zinc
Authors: Harshman Jared A , Carter Scott D , Aparachita Pornpim , Scaff Taw , van de Ligt Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of zinc source on growth performance and immune response during a chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Each study utilized 180 pigs (5.2 kg, 18-21 d) in a 42-d experiment. Pigs were allocated to pens (10 pigs/pen; 5 pens/trt) and pens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments on d 0. Three dietary treatments consisted of the addition of 100 ppm of added zinc from 3 sources (ZnHydroxyCl, ZnSO4, and ZnO). On d 29, 31, 33 and 35 of the study, challenged pigs were injected intramuscularly with LPS (10 ug/kg BW). Additionally, a control group was fed ZnHydroxyCl without receiving LPS. Pigs and feeders were weighed to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Blood samples, BW, and rectal temperature (RT) were taken before the first LPS injection and 3 h post-injection on d 36. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no experiment by treatment interactions (P &gt; 0.10). Prior to LPS challenge (d 0–28), there were no effects (P &gt; 0.10) of treatment on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Pigs receiving LPS had lower G:F, and greater RT and TNF-α during d 28-36 compared with non-challenged pigs (P &lt; 0.01). Within the LPS-challenged pigs, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG or ADFI among treatments (d 28-36, 0-42); however, pigs fed ZnHydroxyCl were more efficient (P &lt; 0.02). RT and TNF-α at h 0 were similar (P &gt; 0.10) among treatments. On d 36, 3 h following the last LPS injection, pigs fed ZnHydroxyCl had lower RT and TNF-α, followed by ZnO, then ZnSO4 (P &lt; 0.10.) These data suggest that of the sources fed, pigs fed ZnHydroxyCl had greater performance and a lower immune response during a health challenge.
123 Superdosing Phytase Fed During Transition Phase in Sows Increased Piglet Weight Gain
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Weber Tom , Wilcock Pete , Yague Antonio Palomo , Alonso Irene 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Farrowing and lactation periods require a high demand for nutrients. Superdose (≥1500 FTU/kg) of phytase may increase the nutritive value of diets and improve litter performance. The objective of this study was to determine whether the superdosing of phytase (Quantum Blue; AB Vista) in the peripartum diet affects sow and piglet productivity and serum biomarkers (urea, cortisol, and calcium). A total of 54 sows, Topigs TN70 (27 control group, 27 superdosing group) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to the treatments. The control lactation diet was a mixed-cereal and soybean meal-based, formulated to meet sow’s requirement with 500 FTU/kg phytase inclusion. The superdosing diet, was supplemented with a further 2,000 FTU/kg phytase to give a total of 2,500 FTU/kg. Peripartum treatment diets were provided from 10 d before farrowing until 10 d after, after which a common standard lactation was fed. Piglets were weaned at 26 d of age. Data were analyzed with ANOVA evaluating the effects of phytase dose and parity using the fit model platform in JMP15.1. Significant treatment means were separated using Student’s t-tests, with significance accepted at P ≤ 0.05. Birth weights of piglets were significantly affected by parity, with piglets born from parity 1 or 4+ sows being around 180g lighter in weight (P &lt; 0.01) than piglets born from parity 2 or 3. The superdosing treatment increased piglet weight at weaning by 490g/weaned piglet (P &lt; 0.01). Cortisol levels were greater (3.7 vs. 1.3 µg/dl, P &lt; 0.01) at farrowing compared with 10d post-farrowing. Urea concentrations were 37% higher in the superdosing treatment at farrowing compared with control (P = 0.02). It can be concluded that the use of phytase at superdosing levels can be used in peripartum diets to improve piglet weight gain during lactation which is linked with greater utilization of nutrients that has been associated with greater phytate breakdown.
138 Effects of Wheat Middlings Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of wheat middlings inclusion rate on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 1,750 pigs (initial BW = 6.0 kg), placed in pens with 35 pigs each, were used in a 39-d trial. There were 5 treatments consisting of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% wheat middlings. Corn and a fermented soybean meal product (ME-Pro, Prairie AquaTech, Brookings, SD) were replaced by wheat middlings to achieve the desired levels, whereas soybean meal inclusion rate was constant across treatments. Diets were not balanced for net energy. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 18 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 18 to 39. There were 10 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 18, and 39 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 18, there was a linear (P = 0.041) reduction in ADG with increasing levels of wheat middlings; however, the differences were small (ranging from maximum 288 to minimum 275 g/d). This response was driven by a tendency (P = 0.096) for a linear ADFI response and a quadratic (P = 0.023) G:F response. From d 18 to 39, there was a linear (P = 0.016) G:F response, where pigs previously fed high levels of wheat middlings had improved G:F. Overall (d 0 to 39), there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for differences on growth performance. In conclusion, pigs fed high levels of wheat middlings had slightly decreased performance from d 0 to 18, but no evidence for differences were observed in the overall nursery period.
144 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 15- to 23-Kg Maternal Barrows
Authors: Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Estrada Jorge , Peterson Beau , Hanson Andrea , Cast Wayne R , Wells Danielle , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,125 barrows (L02 ′ L03, initially 15.4 kg ± 0.003) were used in a 14-d study. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by location in the barn, and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments that contained 1.05, 1.16, 1.23, 1.29, 1.39, and 1.52% of dietary SID Lys. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg, with treatments achieved by increasing the inclusion of synthetic lysine. There were 9 pens per treatment and 25 barrows per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; linear, P &lt; 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Although no model provided better fit to the ADG data compared with the linear model, the greatest improvement in growth rate was observed as SID Lys increased from 1.05 to 1.41%. The best-fitting models for G:F were QP and BLL. The QP and BLL models estimated the plateau or breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 1.45% (95% CI: 1.21 to &gt;1.52%) and 1.41% (95% CI: 1.40 to 1.42%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate (P &gt; 0.10). Increasing SID Lys concentration increased (linear; P &lt; 0.05) the grams of SID Lys intake per kg of gain. In the current trial, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 15- to 23-kg maternal barrows ranged from 1.41 to 1.46%, depending on the statistical model.
162 Investigating Strategies to Manage Feed Supply Chain Disruptions on Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Miller Kayla A , Johnson Erika M , Matchan Stacie , Goehring Devin , Ross Jason W , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the likelihood of a foreign animal disease outbreak, the U.S. pork industry may face supply chain disruptions, including those to feed delivery. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate feeding strategies to prolonged feed availability in group housed finishing pigs and assess impacts on pig performance. 1,407 mixed sex pigs (92±11 kg BW) were blocked by initial average BW to pens and assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (n =12 pens/treatment, 22 pigs/pen) over a 21-d test period. Treatments were fed for 14 d (P1) and thereafter all pens returned to ad libitum access to a standard commercial diet for 7 d (P2). Treatments included: 1) Pens fed ad libitum (CON); 2) Pens fed at 1.45x ME maintenance requirement daily (1.45x); 3) Pens fed 2x ME maintenance requirement daily (2x); 4) Tightened feeders to lowest setting, fed ad libitum (Closed); and 5) Whole corn kernels, fed ad libitum (Corn). The P1 and P2 BW and feed disappearance were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and least squares means values reported by treatment. Compared with CON, 1.45x, 2x, Closed and Corn treatments significantly reduced P1 ADG (1.09 vs 0.02, 0.34, 0.72, 0.41 kg/d, respectively), ADFI (3.21 vs. 1.42, 1.90, 2.49, 2.40 kg/d, respectively) and G:F (P &lt; 0.05). During P2, ADG and G:F were both increased (P &lt; 0.05) compared with CON across all treatments. However, ADFI increased only from the CON in the 2x, Closed and Corn diets (P &lt; 0.05). Overall (d 0-21), all strategies attenuated BW, ADG and ADFI (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with CON. However, G:F was only reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in 1.45x and Corn, but not 2x and Closed (P &gt; 0.05) from the CON. In conclusion, implementing management strategies to conserve feed maintained marginal pig growth.
158 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs That Were Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Xue Pengcheng , Lu Ning , Pilcher Chad M , Frederick Brent , McGhee Molly L , Li Qingyun , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 1,092 pigs (PIC 800 × Camborough) were used to investigate the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys on growth performance in 4 experiments covering body weight ranges of 25-45 kg (Exp. 1), 45-73 kg (Exp. 2), 74-91 kg (Exp. 3), and 98-120 kg (Exp. 4). Pigs were placed in 1 room and divided into 2 groups with 42 pens/group and 13 pigs/pen (6 or 7 gilts and 7 or 6 barrows, balanced among treatments). Group 1 was used in Exp. 1 and 3; group 2 was used in Exp. 2 and 4. At the beginning of each trial, on-trial pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments (85.0, 90.0, 95.0, 100.0, 107.5, or 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. In Exp. 2 to 4, the competing nonlinear models did not fit the data or improve the fitness compared with the linear models. Greater SID Lys linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain in Exp. 1 and 3 (Table 1). Increasing SID Lys tended to increase gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P &lt; 0.10) in Exp. 1, and broken-line linear and broken-line quadratic models estimated the maximum G:F at 99.9 and 98.5% SID Lys, respectively. In Exp. 2 and 3, increasing SID Lys also increased G:F (linear, P &lt; 0.10). Growth performance did not differ among treatments in Exp. 4. Results indicated that the optimum SID Lys concentration for 25 to 45 kg PIC 800 pigs was between 98.5 and 99.9% of PIC SID Lys recommendations. More research is needed to validate the optimum SID Lys concentrations for pigs above 45 kg.