bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1987
Authors: Halfhill J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse-grown zinnias naturally infested with green peach aphid were sprayed 4 times during bloom with cyromazine primarily to detect phytotoxic effects. The foliage and bloom of each of the 4 replicates were sprayed to run-off (153 liters/ha) with a CO2-pressurized hand sprayer through a D2-25 Teejet nozzle operating at 415 kilopascals. The plants were potted in a 1:1 peat moss-sand mixture and were subirrigated as needed to maintain 75% soil moisture. Relative humidity in the greenhouse varied from 40 to 50%. The temperature mode was 20°C (range, 18-30°C). The 16-h photoperiod was supplemented with fluorescent lighting to provide a minimum of 5400 Lux at the plant level. Efficacy was determined by counting the aphids on samples of 10 leaves taken randomly from the uppermost 10% of the foliage 2 d after the final treatment. Phytotoxicity was determined by assessing injury to the bloom and foliage 5 d after the final treatment. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Honeylocust Spider Mite, FT. Collins, 1986
Authors: Zimmerman Rick J. , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A nursery planting of 15-20-ft honeylocust trees located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm was used in the studies. Individual plots consisted of single trees arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. On 8 Jul and 4 Aug, trees were sprayed with a compressed air sprayer to run-off. Plots were sampled by randomly selecting 1 leaf from each cardinal point of treated trees and counting all mites on the leaflet pairs 3-5. Eriophyid mites were counted on the first evaluation date only. A severe hailstorm 3 Aug caused approximately 50% defoliation.
Control of Pine Needle Scale with Spray Oils, Ft. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Bergey Liz , Patrick Darryl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were located at the City of Ft. Collins Timberline Road nursery. Trees were 12-15 ft high and had an advanced infestation of pine needle scale. Plots were single branches and plot design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Applications of oil were made using a hand-operated mister applied to individual branches to run-off. Applications against the first generation of the pine needle scale were made 25 May, shortly after settled scales were noted on older needles. Evaluations of mortality were made by examining 10 older needles 1 inch and 3 inches back from the new growth on 13 Jul, at the end of the first generation. A second application was made 4 Aug on 6 previously untreated terminals of the trees. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Recently settled scales from the second generation were observed on current season growth. Evaluations were made 28 Sep by counting all scales on 3 terminals of each treated branch.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Colorado Blue Spruce in Berks County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fourteen treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 5-6-ft Colorado blue spruce Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 6 Apr to 4-tree replicates. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at 2 rates as follows: 74.3 gal/acre (225 ml/tree) and 148.6 gal/acre (450 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed; air temperature, 65°F; 68% RH; water pH 5.0; skies were clear and sunny. Posttreatment counts were made 21 Sep. Each replicate was evaluated by counting and recording the number of new (1988) galls formed on each replicate.
Surface Activity of Benzoylphenyl Urea Formulations, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of 3 formulated chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas), triflumuron (25% W, alsystin), chlorfluazuron (25% W, CGA 112913) and UC 84572 (24.5% F), against nymphal stages of the German cockroach. Aqueous spray suspensions of various concentrations were applied to 4- x 4-inch (103 cm2) tempered masonite panels at a rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (0.42 ml/103 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3½-inch (225.8 cm2) plastic boxes, lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral and equipped with ventilated lids to prevent escape. Treated panels were introduced within 6 h of treatment and placed on the bottom at one end of the box with food and water positioned on top of the treated panel. A 20-inch2 cardboard tent, placed at the other end of the box, served as harborage. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to the compounds during daily food and water consumption. Twenty late fourth stage nymphs were released into the confinement with the appropriate panel type; each treatment was replicated 4 times, for a total of 80 insects. The insects were maintained here until all had reached adulthood or died. Response variables evaluated in this study were insects dying during a molt event; insects surviving the molt to adulthood, but affected by exposure to the chitin inhibitor; and the combined mortality from molt inhibition and those adults dying within 1 wk of eclosion.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies With Experimental Ear Tags, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S, M. , Knapp F, W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experimental organophosphate ear tags (YT-802B1 and YT-607C3) were compared with 4 commercially available ear tags (Optimizer, Maxcon Super, Tomahawk, and Terminator) for efficacy against horn flies and face flies on beef cattle. Treatment effectiveness of all tags was compared against 3 untreated herds. Herd size ranged from 35 to 60 adults/ herd, and all herds were located within 30 miles of one another. Cattle were treated between 7 and 9 Jun 1988. Horn flies were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animal.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies with Experimental Diflubenzuron Boluses, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S. M. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two bolus formulations of 4.75 g (9.7% AI) flaked and powdered diflubenzuron were administered to beef cattle to test the formulations’ efficacy against horn flies and face flies. Commercially available Vigilante and methoprene boluses were used as standard treatments. Experimental diflubenzuron and Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle at the rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight. Methoprene boluses were administered at a rate of 1 bolus/300 kg body weight. Herd size ranged from 20 to 48 adults/herd, and all herds were located within 30 miles of one another. Two similar untreated herds were observed for comparison of treatment effectiveness. All treatments were administered between 20 and 24 May 1988. Horn fly numbers were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals.
Leaf Disk Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. , East D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 beds and were bordered by 1 bed of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psl operated at 3 mph, Fully expanded cabbage leaves were randomly collected from each plot 2 h after spray applications, In the laboratory 1-inch-diam disks were cut from the leaves and placed on top of filter paper in 5Va-oz creamer cups with tight fitting lids (holes were punched in the lids to allow for air flow), Ten larvae were placed In each cup, Two bioasiays were run; once with early (second and third) instars and once with late (fourth and fifth) instars. Each treatment was replicated 5 times, Mortality was recorded at 24 h intervals, Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit a coordinated response when probed. After 72 h, disks were removed from the cups with early Instar larvae and passed through a Ll-Cor leaf area meter to determine amount of disk remaining, Data were summarized and subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean separation, Data for leaf consumption are reported as means and standard deviations.
Control of CM With Insect Growth Regulators, 1988
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was conducted on 32-yr-old ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Kelseyville, Calif. Six treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 500 gal/acre. Materials were applied to coincide with CM oviposition and eclosion, based on a 1 degree-day accumulation from CM biofix (18 Mar). Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 mature fruit/replicate on 28 Jul.
Postharvest Outbreaks of Spider Mites on Cherry, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. , Murphy J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to 15-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Hart, Mich. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug by a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. 50 leaf samples from each tree were taken randomly from the outer and inner canopy on 15 Aug as a precount before application and on 24 Aug, and 2 and 8 Sep. Mite counts were made from these leaves by brushing them in a mite-brushing machine and examining the resulting plates with a stereomicroscope and recording the number of mite eggs and active stages.
Sweet Cherry, Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1988
Authors: Reidl H. , Schearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two IGRs and 3 neurotoxic insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against WTLM and for selectivity to phytophagous and predatory mites in an 8-yr-old cherry orchard. Sprays were timed to the beginning of egg laying (22 Jun; Dimilin, fenoxycarb), peak flight (30 Jun; Thiodan, Pydrin) and appearance of sap-feeding mines (Vydate). All treatments were applied only once during the second flight. Sprays were applied until run-off by handgun operating at 200 psi. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Leaf amples (50/tree, 200/treatment) were taken at random before application and after the third and fourth flight and examined for sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines. Mite counts were taken by dislodging mites from leaves onto a glass plate with a mite brushing machine and examining them under a stereomicroscope.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 4 times on 6 x 6 (36-tree) or 4 x 13 (52-tree) plots. Two 6 x 6 plots were left untreated in each variety. Sprays were applied with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer at a rate of 500 gal/acre. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each plot and from 8 trees within each control plot, for a total of 16 trees/treatment/variety. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count/fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. Two 4 x 4 (16-tree) plots in each variety were sprayed with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer using 0.7% 455 spray oil + 6 pt Ethion to evaluate phytotoxic effects as measured by leaf drop counts. Four central trees in each plot were raked clean under the canopy and around the skirt. At weekly intervals fallen leaves were counted and then the area was raked clean again. Eight trees in the unsprayed plots of each variety were counted as controls.
Postbloom Control of CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to randomized 1-acre plots. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments of 333 gal/acre were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 8 Jun. Twenty-five leaves or fruit were examined from the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces or on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 leaf or fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 7.5, all treatments included 2 pt of Buffer PS resulting in pH 6.5 for the tank mix. All treatments included a tank mix of manganese, zinc, and copper applied as foliar nutritionals.
Control of Chinese Rose Beetle, 1988:
Authors: Tsutsumi L. H. Arita , Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy tests were conducted from February to March at the University of Hawaii College of Agriculture at Hilo, Hawaii. Snap beans were sown (4/pot) 5.0 cm deep in 6-inch plastic pots containing a potting mixture of 1:2:1 vermiculite, perlite, and peat. Bean plants were grown in a greenhouse for 10 d before experimental use. Insecticides were applied until run-off with a compressed-CO2, sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. After treatment plants were air dried and placed in a wooden cage (38 by 38 by 61.2 cm) with 10 field-collected Chinese rose beetles. Mortality counts were taken and folier damage was visually assessed at 1, 3, and 5 DAT. Foliar damage was rated as follows: 0, no damage; 1, 25% damage; 2, 50% damage; 3, 75% damage; and 4, 100% damage.
Control of Dbm, 1988:
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Buker D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 14 Dec 1987. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide; 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with blue plastic mulch on 25 Nov 1987; mulch was perforated on 11 Dec. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice/week (0.75-1.00 inches/acre). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) wide by 40 ft long. A 10-ft-long section of untreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one untreated bed and a 6-ft alleyway. Teflubenzuron (CME 13406) (0.03 lb [AI]/acre) efficacy and residual activity were evaluated using 3 treatment intervals, applications made weekly, once every 2 wk, and once every 3 wk. Weekly applications of Lannate + Dipel, Pydrin, and CME 13406 were made on 10 dates: 14, 21, and 27 Jan; 3, 10, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 9, and 16 Mar. Treatments of CME 13406 at 2- and 3-wk intervals were applied on 5 dates (21 Jan, 3 and 17 Feb, and 2 and 16 Mar) and 3 dates (21 Jan, 10 Feb, and 2 Mar), respectively. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4 #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. Sample plants were chosen from among the center 30 plants in the two middle rows in each treatment plot. The numbers of small, medium, and large DBM larvae and pupae were recorded on 8 plants/replicate, 32 plants/treatment, on 11 dates. Foliar damage was rated on 8 plants/replicate on 4 and 11 Mar and on 24 plants/replicate on 21 Mar using a 1-6 scale (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined on 21 Mar based on ratings ≤3.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Coker 916' wheat was planted on 15 Oct 1988 at Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Soil type was Mountview silt loam, 2 - 5% slope. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 7 ft × 30 ft separated from each other by 2 ft alleys. Blocks were separated by 8 ft alleys. Pre-treatment counts of cereal leaf beetle larvae (CLBL) averaged 5.22 larvae/stem. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 May using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. CLBL counts were made from 20 randomly selected wheat stems at 7 and 14 DAT. A 3 ft × 30 ft area was harvested from each plot on 8 Jul for yield determination and adjusted to 15.8% moisture.
Residual Activity of Insecticides for Sod Webworm Control, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on Kentucky bluegrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Three insecticides were applied to 5 × 5 ft plots on 25 May, 8 Jun, 22 Jun, 6 Jul and 20 Jul. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%). Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions were as follows: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3—5%; soil pH, 6.2—6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was generally below field capacity. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. The granular formulation was applied with a hand-held shaker. Immediately following insecticide applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch water. In addition, the test area received 1.0 inch irrigated water/wk, 9.11 inches of rain fell between 25 May and 19 Jul, and there were 0.16 inch during the 7-d post-treatment period. On 20 Jul, two 39 oz coffee cans with the ends removed were placed in each plot and 3 late-instar sod webworm larvae were introduced into each can. An organdy fabric cover was used to contain webworms and exclude natural enemies. Residual insecticide activity was evaluated by recording the number of surviving webworm larvae on 27 Jul, 7 d after their introduction. The experiment was analyzed as a CRD with 2 replications.
Late Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Powers P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen treatments were applied 28 Aug on a golf course fairway in Ossipee, NH. Treatments were applied early morning and immediately watered in after application with 0.3 in. water. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft repeated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a watering can at a spray volume of 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granules were applied using a homemade salt shaker. Sample size consisted of five, 4.25 in. cup cutter plugs from each plot. Live grubs were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Plots were rated on 5 Oct 38 DAT. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperatures at 1 inch, 76°F, soil temperature at 3 inch 2°F; thatch depth (natural), 0.25 inch; soil pH, 5.2; thatch pH, 5.6; slope, 0%; soil texture (loam), sand 53%, silt 37%; clay 10%; soil organic matter, 9.1%; soil moisture, 23.6%; post treatment precipitation, 4.8 inch rain. Pretreatment grub counts averaged 40 grubs/ft2.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several turf insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 4 May. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 52°; amount of thatch, 0.6-1.0 inch; water pH 6.7; soil pH, 5.3; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 3 hr after application and 0.3 inch rainfall 24 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 38 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site One on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft3 count.
Phallaenopsis Mite Control, 1988-1989
Authors: Marutani M. , McConnell J. , Muniappan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Young seedlings of dendrobiums were naturally infested with false spider mites in 2 inch pots at the Agriculture Experiment Station, Mangilao, Guam. The pots were treated with miticides to runoff using hand-held mist sprayers on 23 Dec '88 and 4 Jan '89. Mite population was determined by counting the number of live adults and nymphs on 2 leaves/plant. There were 4 replicates/treatment. Observations on mite populations were made 2 d prior to first spraying, 3 d after first spraying, 11 d after first spraying, and 2 d after second spraying.
Tropical Foliage Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Margosan-O and Sunspray 6 E Plus, 1989
Authors: Locke J. C. , Larew H. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 5 tropical foliage crops commonly used in interiorscape plantings. These included: Aglaonema (A. commutatum cv. commutatum), Dieffenbachia (D. maculata cv. Perfection), Dracaena (D. marginata), Fiscus (F. benjamina) and Parlor palm (Chamaedorea elegans 'Bella'). Evaluations were made with a series of product concentrations applied repeatedly in both greenhouse and interiorscape environments. Greenhouse trials were treated at weekly intervals with a total of 6 applications and interiorscape trials were treated at 2-wk intervals with a total of 4 applications. The products were applied to both upper and lower leaf surfaces to runoff using a low pressure, hand-held sprayer. Five individual plants grown in 4- or 5-inch pots were used for each treatment rate. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made approximately one wk after the final treatment application.