bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase Relationships of the Gd-Zn System
Authors: Saccone A. , Cardinale A. M. , Delfino S. , Ferro R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Gd-Zn system has been studied by performing differential thermal analysis (DTA) in closed crucibles, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray examination (XRD). Eight intermetallic phases were found: GdZn, cubic, cP2-CsCl type, congruent melting at 1020 °C, GdZn2, orthorhombic, oI12-CeCu2 type, congruent melting at 1010 °C, GdZn3, orthorhombic, oP16-YZn3 type, peritectic decomposition at 905 °C, Gd3Zn11, orthorhombic, oI28-La3Al11 type, peritectic decomposition at 880 °C, Gd13Zn58, hexagonal, hP142-Gd13Zn58 type, melting point at 920 °C, Gd3Zn22, tetragonal, tI100-Pu3Zn22 type, peritectic decomposition at about 910 °C, Gd2Zn17, high temperature (H.T.) form, rhombohedral, hR57-Th2Zn17 type and low temperature (L.T.) form, hexagonal, hP38-Th2Ni17 type, congruent melting at 935 °C and GdZn12 tetragonal, tI26-ThMn12 type, peritectic decomposition at 660 °C. Five eutectic reactions occur at 780 °C and 27 at% Zn ((αGd) + GdZn), at 945 °C and 59 at% Zn (GdZn + GdZn2), at 875 °C and 77 at% Zn (GdZn3 + Gd3Zn11), at 885 °C and 84 at% Zn (Gd13Zn58 + Gd3Zn22) and finally at 400 °C and 99.5 at% Zn (GdZn12 + (Zn)). A catatectic equilibrium was found in the Gd-rich end. The results are discussed and compared with those for the other rare earthzinc (R-Zn) systems. A brief outline of the general alloying behaviour of the 12th group elements (Zn, Cd and Hg) with the rare earth metals is also presented.
Creep Behavior ofγ-TiAl-Based Alloys with Fully Lamellar Microstore
Authors: Chatterjee Anita , Clemens Helmut , Mecking Heinrich , Dehm Gerhard , Arzt Eduard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecent investigations have demonstrated that the interface spacing in fully lamellar microstructures has a major influence on the creep behavior of γ-TiAl-based alloys. In this paper, the dependence of the creep properties on interface spacing in fully lamellar Ti-46.5 at.% Al-4 at.% (Cr, Nb,Ta, B) sheet material was studied. Creep tests were conducted over a temperature range of 700 to 800 °C and at stresses between 100 and 260 MPa. The results indicate that the primary creep strain as well as the minimum creep rate decrease with decreasing interface spacing. A model which considers the limitation of the free dislocation path by stored dislocations as well as by geometrical obstacles was applied to explain the role of the interface spacing on both the primary creep strain and secondary creep rate. The applicability of the model has been verified by comparing calculated creep curves with experimentally obtained ones.
Microstructure, magnetic properties and magnetic hardening in 2 : 17 Sm–Co magnets
Authors: Tang W. , Zhang Y. , Hadjipanayis G. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A comprehensive and systematic study has been made on Sm(Co, Fe, M, L)z magnets (M = Cu or Ni, and L = Zr or Ti) to completely understand the effects of composition and processing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of magnets. Ti-containing magnets do not have a lamellar phase but exhibit only a cellular microstructure, resulting in a much lower coercivity (below 10 kOe). Ni-containing magnets exhibit a perfect cellular/lamellar microstructure, but without a large domain wall energy gradient at the interface of the 2 : 17 and 1 : 5 phases, leading to a low coercivity. Only in the magnets containing both Cu and Zr, a uniform and stable cellular/lamellar microstructure with a high domain wall energy gradient across the 1 : 5 phase is formed, resulting in high coercivity. These results indicate that the conditions for effective magnetic hardening are: (1) Formation of a cellular/lamellar microstructure, and (2) establishment of a domain wall energy gradient at the cell boundaries. Based on all of these experimental results, the magnetization reversal mechanism of 2 : 17 Sm–Co magnets can be explained by both the domain wall pinning and nucleation models. The nucleation mechanism holds at any temperature in the Cu-rich magnets, and only above the Curie temperature of the 1 : 5 phase in the alloys with the lower Cu content. In these cases, the 2 : 17 cells become magnetically decoupled.
Micromagnetism and microstructure – tailoring of high-performance permanent magnets
Authors: Goll Damgar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The magnetic properties of hard magnetic materials are closely connected to their microstructure. The complexity of this correlation is demonstrated for the two most promising permanent magnet (pm) materials at present, namely nanocrystalline RE2Fe14B (RE = Nd,Pr) and nanostructured Sm2(Co, Cu, Fe, Zr)17. In both cases the detailed analysis of the microstructure – property interaction by means of different high-resolution electron microscopy techniques, hysteresis loop measurements and the theory of micromagnetism results in a quantitative interpretation of the occurring hardening mechanisms, enabling a quite specific tailoring of optimized magnetic properties up to elevated temperatures.
Thermal critical phenomena and crossover between critical regimes in ferromagnets with long-range interactions
Authors: Kaul S. N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this brief review, an attempt has been made to bring out clearly the role of long-range interactions (such as dipole – dipole interactions or isotropic exchange interactions decaying with interspin distance ‘r’ as J(r) ~ r
–(d+σ) (0 < σ < 2), where ‘d’ is the space dimensionality) (i) in determining the thermodynamic properties of ferromagnets (in which the electrons responsible for magnetism are either localized or itinerant) in the asymptotic critical region, (ii) in causing a crossover from one critical regime to the other, and (iii) in stabilizing long-range magnetic order in site-diluted and/or bond-diluted ferromagnets with composition just above the percolation threshold. In the process, a number of long-standing/puzzling issues concerning the nature of magnetic order, static critical phenomena and crossover scenario in a wide variety of ferromagnetic systems have been resolved.
Magneto-optical studies of flux pinning in high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Joss Ch. , Albrecht J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Quantitative magneto-optical imaging of magnetic flux distributions has developed in a powerful tool for the analysis of the local transport properties of superconductors. It allows a model-independent determination of the current density distribution of thin films and, thus, the local current density through individual defects. Also, local metastable properties are detectable, such as the local electric field distribution E with a high sensitivity down to 10–12 V/m caused by thermally activated flux creep. Based on these tools, in this paper we present a systematic comparison of vortex pinning, vortex movement and current transfer of two kinds of planar defects which are typically present in high-temperature superconducting thin films: low-angle grain boundaries and antiphase boundaries. Special attention is drawn to the local magnetic field dependence of the critical current density and to the spatial distribution of E, giving insight into the collective behavior of vortices at planar defects.
Atomic transport in amorphous metals
Authors: Egami T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A novel mechanism of atomic transport in amorphous metallic alloys, or metallic glasses, is proposed based upon the fluctuations in the local structure. The proposed mechanism is very different from those in crystalline solids and from the free volume model, and is characterized by the bond-exchange action triggered by the local topological instability of the atomic environment. The implications of this mechanism on the liquid fragility and bulk metallic glass formation are discussed.
The Verwey transition in magnetite as studied by means of definite impurity doping
Authors: Walzl F. , Brabers J. H. V. J. , Brabers V. A. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effect of low-dose cation doping (0:005 < x < 0:08) of magnetite single crystals, Fe3–xMxO4 (M = Ni,Mg, Co, Al, Ti, Ga), has been studied by means of the magnetic after-effect (MAE) spectroscopy with respect to (i) the Verwey transition, (ii) the low-temperature (4 K < T < 125 K ≃ T
V) charge transport mechanisms and (iii) the zero-crossing of the crystal anisotropy. The observed low-temperature shifting of the transition (T
V) is in fair agreement with previous conductivity measurements. Variations of the MAE spectra clearly indicate the low-temperature tunnelling (4 K < T < 35 K) to be far more affected by smallest impurity doping than variable long-range hopping (50 K < T < 125 K) – this outstanding sensibility of the tunnelling processes against impurities or any other defects is also true when compared with the corresponding T
V shifting. All samples undergo a doping-induced temperature splitting, ΔT
VC, between the Verwey transition (spontaneous jump of the susceptibility at T
V) and the zero-crossing of the crystal anisotropy (giving rise to a delayed susceptibility maximum) – in contrast to perfectly stoichiometric Fe3O4 single crystals where both effects are coincident. This range of temperature-splitting ΔT
VC, found to be extremely large in the case of Co2+ doping, is characterized by destabilized magnetic domain structures due to locally disordered anisotropy distribution in the lattice.
Dilatometric study of the effect of soluble boron on the continuous and isothermal austenite decomposition in 0.15C–1.6Mn steel
Authors: Geissler J. , Mesplont C. , Vandeputte S. , De Cooman B. C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effect of soluble boron on the phase transformations during either cooling and/or isothermal holding has been studied by means of dilatometry. Significant differences in the transformation behaviour were found for all austenite phase transformation reactions. In particular, the morphologies of ferrite and bainite were strongly affected by B alloying. The kinetics was studied in detail for the austenite decomposition reactions. Soluble B was found to be very effective in suppressing the carbide formation. It was also found to interact with the Mn partitioning to the austenite. As a result, the presence of Mn-rich regions in the final microstructures decreased strongly the Ac1 temperature during reheating. Isothermal transformations in the 450–660 °C temperature range showed that the incubation times for ferrite and pearlite formations were increased. The soluble B was found to affect strongly the nucleation rate. The growth kinetics was slower due to a solute drag effect caused by the partitioning of Mn. The kinetics of bainite formation was not affected by the presence of soluble B. Upper bainite was found to be acicular ferrite in the CMnB steel as a result of the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite on TiN precipitates.
Magnetoplasticity
Authors: Kostorz Gernot , Müllner Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy and twinned microstructure are at the origin of the appreciable magnetic-field-induced strains found in some ferromagnetic thermoelastic martensites. The change of magnetization across the twinning plane leads to a force on the twinning dislocations when a magnetic field is applied. The sensitivity of this basic microscopic mechanism not only to crystallographic and magnetic properties of the material, but also to microstructural details, leads to a large variance in the macroscopically attainable magnetic-field-induced strains, while the maximum strain is fixed for any given martensite structure. The magnetic-field-induced deformation of Ni–Mn–Ga single crystals was studied in uniaxial (“static”) and rotating (“dynamic”) magnetic fields. The spatial and orientational distribution of martensite domains, twin thickness and mutual interactions between twinning dislocations all contribute to the macroscopic result.
Phase transformations in creep resistant MgYNdScMn alloy
Authors: Stulíková Ivana , Smola Bohumil , Pelcová Jitka , Vlach Martin , Mordike Barry L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mg-4 wt.% Y-2 wt.% Nd-1 wt.% Sc-1 wt.% Mn alloy was squeeze-cast. It benefited from the addition of Nd which decreased the solubility of Y in Mg, as is known from WE alloys. Isochronal annealing of the alloy showed relative resistivity changes similar to those obtained in other Mg–R.E. –Sc –Mn alloys (R.E. – rare-earth element). The resistivity decrease observed is due to the complex precipitation process, namely a combination of decomposition sequences in the Mg–Y–Nd, Mg–R.E. –Mn, and Mn–Sc systems. The increase in the resistivity on isochronal annealing up to temperatures over 500 °C is due to the re-solution of the phases in the first two systems. The Mn2Sc phase coarsens only during this annealing treatment. The creep resistance of the alloy at high temperatures is better than that of low Sc content Mg alloys with Yand Gd in the T5 condition and also than that of WE alloys in the T6 condition.
Vacancies in plastically deformed copper
Authors: Zehetbauer M. , Schafler E. , Ungár T. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In discussing hardening characteristics in terms of crystalline lattice defects, in most cases the properties and kinetics of dislocations and their arrangement have been considered. However, during plastic deformation also vacancies and/or vacancy-type defects are produced in very high densities which are typically close to those of vacancies in thermal equilibrium at the melting point. This paper presents measurements of deformation-induced vacancies in deformed copper which have been achieved by combined evaluation of resistometry, calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The density of vacancies during and after severe plastic deformation (SPD) deformation is found to be markedly higher than in cases of conventional deformation and/or coarse-grained material, which is attributed to the particular conditions of SPD, i. e., the enhanced hydrostatic pressure as well as the changes in the deformation path. The use of synchrotron radiation allows to apply the XPA method for in-situ deformation monitoring of intrinsic structural parameters. This also includes deformation-induced vacancies, evaluated by the diffuse background of Bragg peak profiles.
Determination of phases of complex scattering amplitudes and two-particle structure factors by investigating diffractograms of thin amorphous foils
Authors: Thesing A. , Kohl H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this study we analyse diffractograms of elastically filtered images of thin amorphous foils of carbon, silicon and germanium using the weak object approximation. The use of this approximation leads to a contrast transfer function containing a phase η(u) depending on the spatial frequency u. Furthermore, the derivative of this phase is included in the envelope function of the contrast transfer function. The phase can be attributed to the breakdown of the first-order Born approximation leading to complex scattering amplitudes characterized by this phase η(u).
We analyse contrast transfer characteristics to determine the phase of complex scattering amplitudes of carbon, silicon and germanium as a function of spatial frequency and to measure the two-particle structure factor of the corresponding amorphous specimens. The contrast transfer characteristics were calculated from diffractograms of focal series of elastically filtered images.
The phases measured show a decay with increasing spatial frequency and additional oscillations. The results for the two-particle structure factor also decay with increasing spatial frequency and contain low local maxima. Both can be attributed to voids or inhomogeneities within the amorphous structure.
Electron energy-loss spectrometry for metals:some thoughts beyond microanalysis
Authors: Schattschneider P. , Hébert C. , Stöger-Pollach M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The established technique of electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) in the electron microscope has surpassed the task of chemical microanalysis. Some aspects of EELS, such as low energy losses for optical studies, have a long tradition and we see them re-emerge after a long period of oblivion. Other aspects such as coherence of inelastically scattered electrons are now much better understood and can be used to advantage. Many applications of EELS can and will profit from the enormous progress in instrumentation and computing capacity. In this paper we discuss some unconventional examples of EELS beyond chemical microanalysis.
Structural domains in antiferromagnetic LaFeO3 thin films
Authors: Seo Jin Won , Dieker Christel , Fompeyrine Jean , Siegwart Heinz , Locquet Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We have grown epitaxial LaFeO3 thin films on different oxide substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and investigated them using transmission electron microscopy. The films reveal structural domains that strongly depend on the substrate material, substrate orientation, and the film thickness. On (001) perovskite substrates of SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, the long c-axis of the orthorhombic unit cell was found always to lie in-plane parallel to one of the <100> axes of the perovskite forming 90° rotational twins with the rotation axis parallel to the [110] axis of LaFeO3 and to the substrate normal. In contrast, MgO and MgAl2O4 substrates lead to the in-plane and the out-of-plane orientation of the c-axis and give rise to smaller domains. The results are discussed with respect to the correlation between the crystallographic and the antiferromagnetic structure of LaFeO3.
Mixed (Sr1 − x
Ca
x
)33Bi24Al48O141 fullerenoids: the defect structure analysed by (S)TEM techniques
Authors: Lebedev Oleg I. , Bals Sara , Tendeloo Gustaaf Van , Etienne Snoeck G. , Retoux Richard , Boudin Sophie , Hervieu Maryvonne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
(Sr1−x
Ca
x
)33Bi24+δ
Al48O141+3δ/2 fullerenoid solid solutions have been synthesized and the effect of partial substitution of Sr by Ca has been characterized by (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, applying different imaging methods. Most of the defects commonly observed in face centered cubic compounds, have also been observed in (Sr1−x
Ca
x
)33Bi24+δ
Al48O141+3δ/2. Based on purely geometrical and topological models, structural presentations for the coherent twin boundaries and stacking faults have been constructed on the basis of complex spherical “Al84O210” units. The results are compared to defects observed in the crystallite fullerite C60.
Cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy at Mo/Si multilayer stacks
Authors: Höche Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Using a Mo/Si multilayer stack, capabilities and limits of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with respect to thin film analysis are pointed out. Image processing is shown to provide non-subjective criteria for the determination of layer thicknesses. In comparison to measurements by X-ray reflectometry, an integrating method capable of determining multilayer periodicities, preparation and observation artefacts in transmission electron microscopy is discussed. Special emphasis is placed on cleavage as a powerful method for TEM sample preparation, its advantages and disadvantages.
Microstructure and properties of surface-treated Timetal 834
Authors: Moskalewicz Tomasz , Czyrska-Filemonowicz Aleksandra 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Microstructure as well as micro-mechanical and tribological properties of hard surface layers formed on Timetal 834 alloy during its nitridation or oxynitridation under glow discharge were investigated. The tests show that both layers exhibited higher microhardness and Young’s modulus as well as much better wear resistance than the untreated alloy.
The microstructure investigations, performed by light microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy methods, show that improved micro-mechanical and tribological properties of surface-treated alloy are related to the presence of a multiphase micro/nanostructure containing several sublayers with different morphologies and composition.
Opportunities and Challenges in Memory Activism: The Case of the Mittenwald Protest Campaign (2002–2009)
Authors: Mikulová Soňa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article examines how memory activism can contribute to the democratizing of history through the example of a specific protest campaign in which activist historians among other groups and civil society actors attacked the dominant narrative of the “clean Wehrmacht” represented by a veteran association of Mountain Troops. It interrogates the Public History approaches of the activists and their impact on the local level of the Bavarian town of Mittenwald, where the protests took place between 2002 and 2009, in order to find out how participatory their construction of an alternative historical narrative actually was. Although memory activism has obvious benefits especially in dealing with painful pasts, the article also reveals its limits, as such benefits are contingent on the extent to which historian activists share their authority and the way they deal with public, as well as their own, emotions.
Clinical characteristics of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes in pediatric age: an observational study
Authors: Bouça Bruno , Nogueira Andreia , Caetano Joana , Cardoso Rita , Dinis Isabel , Mirante Alice 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PAS) are characterized by the association of two or more autoimmune diseases (AID) and are classified into four types. PAS type 1 is more frequently manifested in childhood, but the prevalence of other PAS in children, less described in the literature, seems to be underestimated.

Methods
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PAS in a selected pediatric population of 879 children with Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1), autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), and Addison’s disease (AD) followed in our hospital for 10 years and describe and classify the manifestations of different PAS.

Results
We diagnosed 35 children with PAS, most fulfilled criteria for PAS type 3 (65.7%), and AITD was the AID more frequently detected (74.3%). PAS type 1 was not diagnosed in our sample. Patients with PAS manifested DM1 and AITD at a younger age than children with monoglandular pathology (7.7 vs. 9.3 years, p=0.04 and 7.7 vs. 13.1 years, p<0.01).

Conclusions
This is the first study that analyzes the prevalence of different types of PAS in a pediatric population followed by endocrine pathologies, namely DM1, AD, and AITD. As PAS manifestations are often preceded by a long latency period characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, we reinforce the need to value these markers for timely diagnosis and to screen PAS in patients with AD throughout their lives.
Star complements for ±2 in signed graphs
Authors: Mulas Raffaella , Stanić Zoran 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this article, we investigate connected signed graphs which have a connected star complement for both

−
2

-2

and 2 (i.e. simultaneously for the two eigenvalues), where

−
2

-2

(resp. 2) is the least (largest) eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a signed graph under consideration. We determine all such star complements and their maximal extensions (again, relative to both eigenvalues). As an application, we provide a new proof of the result which identifies all signed graphs that have no eigenvalues other than

−
2

-2

and 2.