bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Female Dimension of Pogrom Violence, 1917–1921
Authors: Bemporad Elissa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Compared to previous pogroms, one of the discriminating features of the genocidal violence of the Russian Civil War was the pervasiveness of rape, which produced long-term consequences for the Jewish community as a whole. Anti-Bolshevik forces, in particular, employed rape as an instrument of war and ethnic cleansing, to punish an imagined Jewish enemy that threatened Ukrainian, Polish, or Russian national aspirations. Rape (and the fear thereof) had a devastating impact on Jewish demography. It promoted the rush for internal and external migration, as relocation from the place of trauma became a plausible way to prevent further sexual assault. The medical records that doctors compiled in the aftermath of the violence provide a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual violence. The experience of Jewish women during the pogroms of the civil war was not limited to victimhood. Women took part in rescue efforts, as aid workers, nurses, and midwives; they collected data about the violence; and as fighters some even participated in fending off the assault on the Jewish population by joining self-defense units. Women also experienced the writers’ calling, recording their unique encounter with violence during the civil war.
Headwinds from the North
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at English-taught university courses and programs in the Netherlands, a country where English proficiency is high and the internationalization of higher education through English is longstanding and widespread. It begins with the1992 Higher Education and Research Act, which laid out parameters for using other languages and preserving Dutch in the universities. Addressing the pros and cons of English in internationalization, it continues up to the present with repeated manifestos posted by professors and students, a series of reports and public meetings, and a failed court challenge, all informing the debate. It weighs the arguments on each side, focusing on the benefits of English to student diversity and employability versus the harms to academic quality and access and to the Dutch language as a vehicle for intellectual engagement and knowledge production. It ends with pending legislative proposals to find a better balance and a national consensus among the competing interests.
The Ancient World Got Along Without It Until the Rise of Christianity
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
How old is the concept of meaning, as used in such expressions as “the meaning of life”? This chapter and the next one make the point that it is of quite recent origin; there is nothing equivalent in the ancient world. The notion of meaning in the simple sense of “signification” or “thing signified,” as something to be investigated and explained, emerges in ancient Greece. The Jewish scriptures, lacking a verb that means “to mean” or “to signify,” speak exclusively of interpreting (Belshazzar to Daniel: “If you can read the writing and make known to me its interpretation . . .”). Ancient Greek features a verb that means “to give signs,” “to signify.” Both Plato and Aristotle elaborated fairly sophisticated theories of meaning, and their culture gave them rich terrain to explore, given the frequent references in Greek literature to oracles, divination, and interpretation. Aristotle used a participial form of the verb to denote “thing signified,” roughly equivalent to English meaning. But there is nothing equivalent to meaning as used in the expression “the meaning of life.”
Idealism and Romanticism
Authors: Cassedy Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the earliest instance of a phrase equivalent to the English “meaning of life”—der Sinn des Lebens in German, where the reference for the first time is to a single, all-encompassing meaning. Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788) reverted to the “book of nature” conceit to explain how God reveals truths to us: through his own creation (nature) as well as through men (Scripture). Nature allows us to discover Sinn in the world. A section of the chapter is devoted to this German word, often translated into English as meaning but differing considerably from that word. Sinn lacks the verbal quality of meaning and means also “sense”—as in the five senses and as in the “sense” of something. It tends to be vaguer than meaning and is more readily associated with mystery. Though it shows up plentifully in the works of Kant, the writer who most powerfully pushed it in the direction of its modern usage was the Romantic poet Novalis (1772–1801), probably the first to use the phrase der Sinn des Lebens (translated into English, misleadingly, as “the meaning of life”). In his works, we repeatedly find the world represented as containing signs or ciphers that invite us to discover a hidden sense or meaning. But the ambiguous and polyvalent word Sinn makes Novalis’s writing highly suggestive and challenges the reader who seeks a precise interpretation. Other figures in German Romanticism continue Novalis’s use of Sinn in ways that lack precision and suggest mystery.
Time, Grace, and Mythic Sensibility
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractExamining how Christ is presented in Mark leads into developing further key leitmotifs and focus primarily on the nature of time and the relationship between mythos and logos. This chapter argues that Christ as Logos and Christ as Mythos are profoundly, and unavoidably, intertwined in all Christological reflection. Through Scriptural exegesis, the grace that flows from encountering Christ as both mythos and logos, can be recognized as omnidirectional with respect to time. This argument will be used throughout the book to deconstruct some of the linear understandings that have dominated Christian theology. It opens the interweave of kairos and chronos to a liturgical understanding of time (to which ecclesial architecture bears witness and cultivates). This liturgical understanding draws upon both myth and rhythm and is explored through a parable by Luis Borges. It renders complex the relationship between the mythical and the historical Jesus Christ.
Creation as Triune Joy
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe argument of this chapter is that creation is a Trinitarian event, and as such divine eloquence. Attention to paid to the liturgical canticle of Benedicite. In creation the intra-Trinitarian rhythm of gifted loving is expressed in its creaturely manner, all things communicating a doxology both to the divine Creator and to each other. This circle of endless prayer constitutes the order of love. There is a comparison between this account of creation and the one offered by process theology, bringing out the Christomorphic character of the dynamics operating in this account. Love is the basis for the interchange of acknowledgements in which and through which divine expression is taken up within human expression. Human communication, it is argued, emerges from the communicative relations between language and land: mimesis being written into all things. Hidden with Christ in God, human creativity is a continual longing to belong.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Introduction sets out the book’s two key topics: (1) how prose writers in the nineteenth century turned to account the difficulties that attended writing about, and writing with, the sea, and (2) how their efforts enable a reassessment of marginalized literary techniques such as repetition and cliché. The Introduction explores the preference for marine materiality and literality over figurative representations of the sea in recent scholarship, noting its association with the idea that conventions such as the sublime, empty, or eternal sea took hold in the Romantic period. By contrast, a consideration of Romantic narratives of disappointment at sea shows a more self-conscious and critical approach to marine style and theme. The Introduction also offers an overview of how the authors discussed in the rest of the book fit together and summarizes the individual chapters.
Unsolved Seas and the Victorian Novel
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter attends to nineteenth-century texts where the sea lurks in the background—as the context for a sojourn or a crossing or a memory, or as a figurative element. The first part of the discussion shows how the Victorian novel’s sprawl and supposed formlessness were sometimes negotiated through marine objects, experiences, and metaphor. Particular attention is paid to a sea-shell metaphor used by George Eliot. The other sections examine three canonical Victorian novels: William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield, and Charlotte Brontë’s Villette. These texts reveal a set of authors who were to varying degrees attracted by the sea, unsure about the depth of their commitment to it, and interested in making imaginative use of that same irresolution. The chapter also contains a short discussion of Victorian sea-poetry, in which the more rigorous formal structures of verse discipline marine vagueness.
How Do Rationalism and Empiricism Provide Sound Foundations?
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The contrast between AI and HCAI is a continuation of the 2,000-year-old clash between Aristotle’s rationalism, based on logical analyses, and Leonardo da Vinci’s empiricism, based on sensory exploration of the world. Both are valuable and worthy of understanding. Both philosophies, rationalism and empiricism, offer valuable insights, so I apply rational thinking for its strengths, but I know that balancing it with an empirical outlook helps me see other possibilities, which use observational strategies. Watching users of technology has always led me to fresh insights, so I am drawn to usability studies, interviews, naturalistic observations, and repeated weeks-long case studies with users doing their work to complement the rationalist approach of controlled experiments in laboratory settings.
Intelligent Agents and Supertools
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Those who pursue the science goal build cognitive computers that they describe as smart, intelligent, knowledgeable, and capable of thinking. The resulting human-like products may carry out narrow tasks successfully, but these designs can exacerbate the distrust, fears, and anxiety that many users have about their computers. The innovation goal community believes that computers are best designed to be supertools that amplify, augment, empower, and enhance humans. Supertools suggest human control of potent devices that amplify human performance. The combined strategy could be to design familiar HCAI user interfaces with AI technologies for services such as text messaging suggestions and internal operations to transmit optimally across complex networks.
Social Robots and Active Appliances
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the many attempts by science goal advocates to build social robots over hundreds of years, which have attracted widespread interest. At the same time, active appliances, mobile devices, and kiosks are widespread consumer successes. Innovation goal champions prefer designs that are seen as steerable instruments, which increase flexibility or mobility, while being expendable in rescue, disaster, and military situations. The combined design could be to start with human-like services which have proven acceptance, such as voice-operated virtual assistants. These services could be embedded in active appliances which give users control of features that are important to them. Innovation goal thinking also leads to better than human performance in active appliances, such as using 4-wheeled or treaded robots to provide the mobility over rough terrain or floods, maneuverability in tight spaces, and heavy lifting capacity. Active appliances can also have superhuman sensors, such as infrared cameras or sensitive microphones, and specialized effectors, such as drills on Mars Rovers and cauterizing tools on surgical robots.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The fifteen recommendations for governance structures to create reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems will enable designers to translate widely discussed ethical principles into professional practices in large organizations with clear schedules. These recommendations are summarized in the four levels of governance structures: (1) reliable systems based on sound software engineering practices, (2) safety culture through business management strategies, (3) trustworthy certification by independent oversight, and (4) regulation by government agencies. Global efforts promote HCAI thinking and encourage policy decisions by governments, regional alliances, and internationial bodies. However, massive retraining and rethinking will be necessary over several decades to achieve a new synthesis that preserves individual rights, encourages economic development, preserves the environment, and limits the impact of malicious actors.
Introduction: Driving HCAI Forward
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The central ideas of this book are the HCAI framework, design metaphors, and governance structures. These ideas clarify how human-centered thinking will help bring the powerful AI algorithms into widespread use by way of reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems. AI’s expansion from a focus on algorithms to include user experience design methods is happening in practitioner and research communities, which now regularly discuss ethics, responsible AI, fairness, explainability, and other topics. New research directions include boosting citizen science, stopping misinformation, and finding new treatments and vaccines for major diseases. The growth of research groups, conferences, journals, and research funding is an indication of interest in HCAI.
Breach of Privilege
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to parliamentary reform and the art of representing the People—two topics that engaged Dickens’s fervent interest as a writer and reporter. It emphasizes the role played by the media in the passage of the Reform Act of 1832. Reporting the parliamentary debates remained an official breach of privilege until after Dickens’s death, though it was tolerated. The chapter asks how the private is made public in fiction and journalism from The Mirror of Parliament to Dickens’s parliamentary sketches. It offers a history of parliamentary reform intertwined with Dickens’s own family history, while examining the pressures on Parliament to offer a “mirror” of the nation. Next, it returns to Gurney’s Brachygraphy, showing how the unconscious satire of its practice texts concerning legitimate rule reverberated in Dickens’s fiction. The chapter ends with Dickens’s first contracted novel, Barnaby Rudge, a tale of the Gordon Riots of 1780. It reads this historical novel as both a response to parliamentary history and a re-presentation of events Dickens witnessed: the anti-Catholic riots leading to parliamentary reform. These events produced the “breach” birth of Dickens as a writer.
Vagabonds
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reads Oliver Twist (1837–9) as a tale of two Parliamentary Papers: the Poor Law Commission Report of 1834 and the Prisons Report of 1836. In so doing, it traces the convergence of domestic and colonial reform in Parliament in the period between the abolition of slavery in 1833 and emancipation in 1838—the period when British colonial slaves were controversially retained by their masters as “apprentices.” It begins with Stockdale v. Hansard, a case of libel arising from the Prisons Report, which was only resolved by the Parliamentary Papers Act of 1840. This trial coincided with the first installments of Oliver Twist in February 1837. To draw out connections between the blue books summarized in The Mirror of Parliament and Dickens’s emerging fiction, the chapter examines Oliver Twist in light of the parliamentary reports, with an eye for “vagabonds”: those who escaped their bonds as workers, prisoners, or slaves. It considers how Dickens’s disenfranchised characters are constructed from the tissues of parliamentary publications and brought to life by the novelist’s response to them. Finally, it stresses the transatlantic dimensions of Dickens’s early fiction—including the reference to cotton “twist” in Oliver’s name.
Introduction
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The first chapter discusses the subject of the book, ‘Hong Kong servicemen’, and explains the topic’s importance. It first defines terms such as ‘Hong Kong servicemen’, ‘Chinese’, ‘Eurasians’, and ‘Hongkongers’, and suggests the use of the term ‘Chinese’ often risks omitting the diversity of Hong Kong Chinese. It also highlights the diverse ethnic, cultural, and social backgrounds of the Hongkongers, who had a distinctive historical experience during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This chapter then puts the Hong Kong servicemen in the context of the age of New Imperialism (1870–1914), when multi-ethnic and multicultural colonial armed forces were the norm. It explains the reasons for the colonial empires to enlist the subject people in their armed forces, although the primary purpose of such a force was to police the colonial population. It also discusses the experience of other colonial soldiers, stressing that while many faced a similar problem of split loyalties to the colonial power and their people, their experience could differ considerably and should be studied case by case. The chapter then puts the Hong Kong servicemen in the context of modern Chinese history and the Chinese diaspora. It points out that Chinese nationalist narratives that stress unification and homogeneity have often overshadowed the historical experience of Hongkongers.
The Precursors, 1860–1880
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The second chapter covers the period from the establishment of the Canton Coolie Corps during the Second Opium War to the 1880s. The Canton Coolie Corps was the first unit of the British Army to be composed mainly of ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong. The coolies received some military training and served as porters for the British forces during the last phase of the Second Opium War, when the British forces operated in North China and eventually captured Peking. The performance of the Coolie Corps led to a discussion among the Hong Kong government, the War Office, and the Foreign Office over the feasibility of recruiting Hong Kong Chinese for military service from the 1860s to the 1880s. The discussion illuminates the contemporary British understanding of ‘Chinese’ from physique to mentality and reveals that the so-called ‘Sickman’ rhetoric did not exist among the British decision-makers when they discussed whether Chinese in Hong Kong should be recruited as colonial troops.
Hong Kong Resistance, 1942–1945
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the role played by the Hong Kong servicemen in the war against Japan after the fall of Hong Kong. It provides a brief discussion of the activities of the British Army Aid Group (BAAG), an underground resistance organisation that operated in Hong Kong and South China throughout the Pacific War. The BAAG helped communicate with the British Commonwealth prisoners of war in Hong Kong, and its intelligence allowed the Allied air forces in China to conduct a sustained air campaign against the Japanese in the area. The Hong Kong servicemen were of vital importance in the success of the BAAG, as they had the knowledge of the ground, the language, and the people in South China. The ex-servicemen were also essential in the running and administration of the organisation, as they were familiar with the British military organisational culture and were bilingual.
The Hong Kong Volunteer Company, 1944–1945
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the Hong Kong unit that fought in the Burma Campaign. After the fall of Hong Kong, around 700 Hong Kong Chinese servicemen reported to the BAAG, and 126 of them were organised as the China Unit and received additional military training. They were then flown to India and were renamed as the Hong Kong Volunteer Company, which became part of the Chindit Force that fought in Burma from March to July 1944. This chapter chronicles the experience of the unit using untapped Chinese, Japanese, and British archival sources. Also, it looks at the complex cultural, ethnic, and social backgrounds of the members of the unit, and discusses the tension between the men from such diverse backgrounds and the difficulty of commanding them in war. This chapter then discusses the Volunteer Company’s experience during the war’s final stage, when the unit was almost disintegrated because of the politics between Britain, the United States, and China over the war in China and Southeast Asia, as well as bureaucracy within the British military. The last section of the chapter looks at some of the veterans’ post-war lives.
Life for Service Personnel in Cold War Hong Kong, 1946–1997
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the life of soldiering in Cold War Hong Kong, discussing issues such as the source of recruitment, training, and terms of service. In particular, the issue of loyalty among the Hong Kong servicemen and the ways employed by the British to maintain it are discussed in detail. It points out that while the Hong Kong servicemen gradually achieved equality with their British colleagues, the British had always been careful in preventing the ranks of the Hong Kong servicemen from the infiltration of the Chinese Communists, Nationalists, and the triads (Chinese organised criminal gangs). The chapter then describes the experiences of the Hong Kong servicemen from the Korean War to the peacekeeping mission to Cyprus in 1993.
H. G. Wells’s ‘Theological Excursion’ and the Dialogue Novel
Authors: Hobson Suzanne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents H. G. Wells as the most famous case of a lapsed unbeliever in the interwar period and explores the impact of Wells’s ‘theological excursion’ on his wartime fiction. Wells conceived of an idiosyncratic version of ‘God’ that might explain, and offer consolation for, the existence of evil as seen in what would become its characteristic twentieth-century form in the First World War. Wells presented his theology in books of philosophy and novels which quickly became a target for Rationalist derision and ire. Wells responded in kind, answering his critics in letters to the Rationalist press and even including the most famous of his opponents as a character in The Undying Fire (1919). This chapter suggests that Wells’s argument with Rationalism gave direction and purpose to his literary experiments at this time. In Mr Britling Sees It Through (1916) and The Soul of a Bishop (1917) he moved decisively away from the example set by modernist fiction to a ‘spread-out’ form capable of addressing the paradox of evil. In The Undying Fire, he thought he had perfected both his fictional method and his theodicy. Described by Wells as a frank rewrite of the Book of Job, the novel presents Wells’s minimal theology in a form that no one could mistake for modernism.