bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Media and Controiled-release Fertilizers on Rooting and Leaf Nutrient Composition of Juniperus conferta and Ligustrum japonicum Cuttings1
Authors: Johnson Charles R. , Hamilton David F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Semi-hardwood cuttings of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. and Juniperus conferta Pari, were propagated in sand or sand-peat (1:1 volume/volume and top-dressed with 18-6-12 or 14-14-14 Osmocote (18N—2.6P—10.OK and 14N—6.OP—16.6K, respectively). Percent rooting was improved by Osmocote after 8 weeks although all L. japonicum cuttings were rooted after 12 weeks. Fresh weight of roots and dry weight of tops were improved by Osmocote treatment. N and P levels of leaf tissue increased with Osmocote top dressing compared to unfertilized controls. Percent rooting was initially superior in sand but after 10 weeks all cuttings were rooted and root development was greater in sand-peat.
Influence of Nutrition on Cold Tolerance of ‘Redcoat’ Strawberries1
Authors: Zurawicz E. , Stushnoff C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cold stress resistance of ‘Redcoat’ strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) grown under several fall fertilization nutrient regimes was determined by artificial freezing. Stress resistance was determined at the onset of acclimation, October 15, and in midwinter with fully hardened plants. The least tolerant plants during the onset of acclimation were those with nutrient deficiencies, those with high N and low P and K and those with a high imbalance of K, whereas the most tolerant plants resulted from fertilizer applications of balanced NPK and balanced NPK plus high P (1:2:1). Fully hardened plants, artificially frozen to -9°C, -11° and -13° crown temperature showed similar stress responses to fertilization except that plants given high N plus P and K were more tolerant than in the October freeze test. Tissue analyses showed that plants with the highest ratio of P/K in crown and root tissues were also the most resistant to cold stress.
Freeze Protection of Peaches by Evaporative Cooling in the Post-rest, Pre-bloom Period1
Authors: Lipe W. N. , Wilke O. , Newton O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaporative cooling of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) trees in the post-rest, pre-bloom period effectively delayed bud development and bloom and resulted in partial crop protection from 1974 through 1976. Winter rest was completed for ‘Dixie Red’ peach by mid-December each year and following rest, 5444 growing degree hours Celsius (GDH°C) above 7.2°C were required to reach first bloom. Untreated peaches reached 100% open bloom by April 1 each year and the average last freeze date was April 5. The use of 43.6 ha-cm/ha (17 acre- inches) of water from January 1 to March 1 resulted in an increase in fruit set in 1976 from 24 to 206 fruits per tree. Bloom was delayed from 10 to 15 days during the 3 years studied which resulted in a high percentage of buds remaining in a cold-resistant stage past the killing freeze.
Yield of Young Muscadine Grapes as Affected by Cane Pruning1
Authors: Lane R. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ten cultivars of muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia, Michx., were pruned to canes (25 cm) or conventional 3-bud spurs. During the first 5 years of production, significant differences in yield for the cane method were obtained with ‘Cowart’, ‘Higgins’ and ‘Hunt’. The yield of other cultivars was significantly increased in some years by cane pruning. Increased yield with cane pruning was correlated with vine size increase.
Light and Temperature Effects on the Growth and Flowering of Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem1
Authors: Lopes L. C. , Weiler T. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth and flowering of bleeding heart were promoted by 14 to 24 hour photoperiods or light interruptions in the middle of the night. Cold treatment of crowns promoted growth and flowering at short photoperiods. Light at 9 klx promoted growth and inflorescence formation, but greater intensities were required to achieve anthesis. Growing temperatures of 15-22.5°C were most desirable.
Fruit Numbers, Fruit Size, and Yield Relationships in ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Forshey C. G. , Elfving D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 3 ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards, yield was positively related to fruit numbers, but negatively related to fruit size. Increases in fruit size from thinning were proportionately less than decreases in fruit numbers. Fruit thinning increased the percentage of larger fruits, but reductions in yield were such that the actual number of large fruits was either unchanged or reduced.
Soil Water Use and Apparent Root Efficiencies of Citrus Trees on Four Rootstocks1
Authors: Castle W. S. , Krezdorn A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pattern of soil water extraction by ‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata Blanco) trees on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck), and ‘Rusk’ citrange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. × C. sinensis) rootstocks was studied using the neutron moderation method. Root distribution data from a previous study of the same trees were used to compare to water extraction data and to calculate “apparent root efficiencies.” Soil water loss was significantly correlated to feeder root dry weight. The general pattern of moisture extraction showed that the largest water losses initially occurred at the surface with increasing contributions from deeper roots as water from the surface layers was depleted. Roots at each depth and from each rootstock were not equally efficient. The adaptability of trees on the 4 rootstocks to the soil of the experiment site appeared to be related to their respective root distributions and efficiencies.
Identification and Distribution of Soluble Saccharides in Pickling Cucumber Plants and their Fate in Fermentation1
Authors: Pharr D. M. , Sox H. N. , Smart E. L. , Lower R. L. , Fleming H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of Cucumis sativus L. contained predominantly, non-reducing sugars which included verbascose, stachyose, raffinose and sucrose. Glucose and fructose were also present. The major sugars of fruit were glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Stachyose was present in small fruit (5 to 7 g fresh weight), but no soluble galactose-containing saccharides were found in larger fruit. Other plant parts also contained the raffinose saccharides. The identities of these sugars were established by partial enzymatic hydrolysis and paper chromatographic examination of the hydrolytic products. Four species of lactic acid bacteria from cucumber fermentations were able to ferment stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, melibiose, galactose, glucose, and fructose.
Relations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization to Nutrient Composition of the Petiole and Growth of Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) were supplied with N, P, and K in factorial combinations from vegetative through bearing stages. An increase in N fertilization increased the stem growth rate at the vegetative stage only, but it increased the petiole weight at vegetative as well as bearing stages. K fertilization increased the stem growth rate at the bearing stage, but it did not affect petiole weight. P fertilization increased stem growth rate and increased petiole weight at the vegetative stage only. An increase in N fertilization resulted in increased petiole concentration of N and in decreased petiole concentrations of moisture, K, P, and Ca. P fertilization resulted in increased petiole concentrations of P, moisture, Ca, and Mg. K fertilization resulted in increased petiole concentrations of K and moisture, and in decreased concentrations of N, Ca, and Mg. The relationship between petiole dry weight and N concentrations was determined at 3 rates of P fertilization.
Effect of Method of Propagation and Scion Cultivar on the Root System of ‘Milam’ Rootstock1
Authors: Castle William S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root samples were obtained from 9-year-old trees of 3 citrus scions propagated on ‘Milam’ (a possible Citrus jambhiri Lush, hybrid) cuttings and seedlings. The root distribution and root density of trees on cuttings compared favorably with that of trees on seedlings, the usual commercial method of rootstock propagation. Significant factors affecting their respective root systems were method of propagation, scion, and soil depth; one interaction, propagation × depth, was significant. Trees on cuttings had a significantly larger total feeder root weight and surface root density than trees on seedlings.
Aluminum-induced Calcium Deficiency in Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Horton B. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Total nutrient content, uptake rates, and distribution were determined for seedlings of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 222, 666, and 2000 µm Al. Generally, total nutrient content decreased in the peach seedling organs as Al concentration increased. The responses obtained with increased Al concentration were linear with some nutrients and curvilinear with others and varied with plant organ. As Al concentration increased, the uptake rates for P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Mn decreased but those for K and Fe increased. Aluminum did not alter the translocation of most nutrients; however, a greater percentage of the absorbed Ca accumulated in the leaves than in the roots or stems. Thus, aluminum toxicity in peaches may be related to a reduction in Ca uptake rate and not to inhibition in translocation of Ca.
Characteristics of Red Maple Progenies from Different Geographic Areas1
Authors: Townsend Alden M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variation analysis showed significant variation among red maple (Acer rubrum L.) progenies grown from seed collected throughout the species’ natural range with respect to height, diameter, autumn color, winter injury, earliness of flusing and cessation of growth. Northern progenies showed slowest growth, most reddish autumn color, earliest flushing and budset, and least winter injury. Most traits were significantly correlated with several geographic and climatic variables, and genetic and phenotypic correlations among traits indicated that multiple-trait selection could be effective.
Inheritance of Resistance to Mechanical Damage and Transverse Cotyledon Cracking in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Colored and white seeded inbred bean lines resistant to mechanical damage (MD) and transverse cotyledon cracking (TVC) were crossed with 2 susceptible white seeded snap bean cultivars. Resistance to both MD and TVC was inherited quantitatively although colored segregants were more resistant than white-seeded segregants, MD and TVC resistant white-seeded selections were obtained. Broad-sense heritability varied from 55 to 79% for MD and 53 to 93% for TVC; narrow-sense heritability resistance varied from 22 to 73% for MD and from 22 to 58% for TVC. Severe selection pressure for MD resistance on bulked F3 seed was shown to be a simple and practical method to obtain resistance.
Identification of ABA Stereoisomers in French Prune Seeds and Association of ABA with Ethylene-enhanced Prune Abscission1
Authors: Shaybany B. , Weinbaum S. A. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excised fruiting branches of French prune (Prunus domestica L.) were treated with 15 μl/liter ethylene (ETH), which inhibited fresh weight increase and caused abscission of immature fruit. Inhibition of fresh weight accumulation was much greater 30 days after full bloom than 44 days after full bloom. Abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit pericarp and seed was extracted, purified for determination by gas chromatography, and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ETH treatment significantly increased ABA concentration of pericarp and seed. The inhibition of growth by ETH was similar for pericarp and seed while the increase in ABA was much greater in pericarp than in seed. The trans, trans-ABA was detected only in the seed and the cis, trans-ABA: trans, trans-ABA ratio was reduced by ETH.
Pollen Ultrastructure of Strawberry and other Small-fruit Crops1
Authors: Maas John L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy studies were made on pollen samples from several small fruit crops: 3 selections of blueberry (Vaccinium), 4 Vitis spp. (V. vinifera L., V. cinerea Engelm., V. rupestris Scheele, and V. amurensis Rupr.), 2 cultivars of raspberry (Rubus), 5 cultivars of blackberry (Rubus), and several species and ploidy levels of strawberry (Fragaria) including 54 cultivars of F. × ananassa Duch., as well as pollen of Duchesnea and Potentilla.
Pollen size and exine characteristics were similar for 4 grape species examined. Polyploid blueberry selections were separable from the diploid selection by pollen grain size. Raspberry and blackberry pollen differed in size, exine ridging or reticulation, and presence of borderless or collared pores. Strawberry pollen is characterized by exine ridging and absence of pores. Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa could be categorized into 4 groups according to exine ridge patterns. Cultivars exhibited broad longitudinal ridges or were characterized by less prominant to indistinct ridges. One cultivar was unique in that anastomosing ridges were present between adjacent ridges.
Pollen grains of diploid F. vesca L., F. vesca fma. semperflorens Duch., and F. nubicola Lindl, ex Lacaita; a tetraploid clone of F. vesca; the hexaploid F. moschata Duch.; and octoploid F. × ananassa, F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., and F. virginiana Duch. are broadly elliptical, tricolporate and moderately to prominently ridged. Size of pollen and prominance of exine ridges appeared to correspond with ploidy level. Pollen of F. nipponica Mak. differed in that grains are subprolate to sphaeroidal and exine is ornamented with minute, rounded to subconical verrucae arranged in rows. Pollen of the related genera Duchesnea and Potentilla were very similar morphologically to those of octoploid Fragaria spp., except that pollen of D. indica (Andr.) Focke are larger and the exine of P. recta L. exhibits an extremely minute pore structure.
Ethylene and Fruit Loosening from Combinations of Citrus Abscission Chemicals1
Authors: Holm R. E. , Wilson W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two and 3-way combinations of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release), cycloheximide (Acti-Aid), and chlorothalonil (Sweep) were extensively evaluated for fruit abscission and ethylene production responses on ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). The combinations interact synergistically resulting in far greater fruit loosening than would be expected from additive effects of the individual chemicals. The 3-way combinations of Release plus Acti-Aid plus Sweep consistently gave better fruit abscission than the 2-way combinations of Release plus Acti-Aid and required 25% to 50% less abscission chemical compared to individual abscission chemical usage. Increased fruit abscission activity of the chemical combinations resulted from greater peak fruit ethylene production and higher sustained ethylene levels during the treatment period. Distinct fruit loosening and retightening phases were characterized and shown to be correlated with internal fruit ethylene levels.
Influence of Ambient Humidity and Root Zone Shielding on Tomato Seedling Growth1
Authors: Mitchell C. A. , Hoff J. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low ambient humidity reduced growth and increased H2O consumption by seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kokomo) grown in well-watered peat pellets. Shielding the root medium with a thin, flexible plastic sleeve prevented growth reduction, which appeared to be largely the result of root zone evaporative cooling. Low inlet relative humidity (5%) depressed root temperature of unjacked peat pellets –7° to –9°C. Root zone shielding reduced the temperature depressions of both humidity treatments to –4°. Of various growth parameters observed, root growth was most dramatically improved by shielding at either level of humidity.
Improving Quality and Prolonging Vase Life of Bud Cut Flowers by Pretreatment with Thiabendazole1
Authors: Apelbaum A. , Katchansky M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Immersing the cut stem of flowers for 24-72 hours in a solution containing thiabendazole and sucrose facilitated opening, improved quality, and prolonged vase life of bud cut carnations, mini-carnations and chrysanthemum harvested at the bud stage, and of gladiolus, mini-gladiolus, snapdragons and gypsophila harvested considerably earlier than recommended commercially. This treatment was shown to be more effective than 8-hydroxy-quinoline, in all cases, and more effective than silver nitrate treatment in the case of gypsophila. The flowers treated with thiabendazole were larger and heavier, and retained their decorative value for a longer time. Adding 8-hydroxyquinoline to thiabendazole solutions to form the “TOG” formula improved the effectiveness of the treatment for commercial use and allowed re-usage of the solution several times.
Enhanced Rooting of Woody Plant Cuttings by Mycorrhizal Fungi1
Authors: Linderman R. G. , Call C. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When inoculum of ectomycorrhizal fungi was added to the rooting medium, the percentage of rooted cuttings and the root volumes on cuttings of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng.) and huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum Parsh) were significantly greater than those of the uninoculated controls. This enhanced rooting occurred before or in the absence of any mycorrhizal association. In some tests, inoculum of one fungus enhanced rooting of one cultivar of bearberry, but not another, suggesting a specific interaction between the cultivar and the fungus. Of the 13 fungi tested, only Thelephora terrestris Ehrh. ex Fr. formed ectendomycorrhizae in the propagation bed, although several others did so under other conditions.
Some Effects of Potassium Deficiency on Water Relations of French Prune1,2
Authors: Evans Philip S. , Uriu Kiyoto , Pearson James R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In chlorotic, K-deficient leaves of prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. Agen), leaf water potentials were greater and transpiration less than in green, K-sufficient leaves. These results bring into question the role of leaf desiccation as the primary factor in the browning of K-deficient leaves.
Effects of GA3 on Puffing and Levels of GA-like Substances and ABA in the Peel of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshu Marc.)1
Authors: Kuraoka Tadayuki , Iwasaki Kazuo , Ishii Takaaki 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
GA3 was applied to satsuma mandarin fruit at the concn of 100 ppm 25 and 35 days before harvest. The percentage puffy fruit was greater in the untreated than in both treated plots at harvest time. Chlorophyll was more abundant in the peel of treated fruits than in those of the untreated. GA-like substances in the peel decreased rapidly in untreated fruit in early September, then leveled off toward maturity. They increased more than 40 times in the flavedo of treated fruit as compared with the control. ABA content in the untreated peel increased gradually during early fruit enlargement and then increased rapidly to a very high value during maturity. The ABA content in the peel of GA3-treated fruit did not increase at the same rate as the control. Sugar content in the peel was depressed by GA3 application.
Variability of Phosphorus Uptake and Translocation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Phosphorus Stress1
Authors: Lindgren Dale T. , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Excised roots were used for evaluating methods and in identifying differences in rates of P absorption by 59 lines of Phaseolus vulgaris. Large variations in P absorption rates between lines were noted. Although the P absorption rate was negatively correlated with root dry weight, it was possible to isolate lines with similar excised root dry weights which displayed large differences in P absorption rates. Rates of P absorption by the terminal 3.5 cm root segment satisfactorily expressed P absorption by other portions of the root system. The rate of P absorption by excised roots was influenced by the amount of P in the solution in which plants were cultured prior to root excision. As the pretreatment P level increased from 3 to 31 mg/plant, P absorption by excised roots decreased and as the P level increased from 31 to 62 mg/plant, P absorption by excised roots leveled off. Rates of P absorption by excised roots also varied with the age of the plant. However, relative values between efficient and inefficient lines remained constant at each plant age. Variance for P absorption by excised roots due to environment was high. Narrow sense heritability estimates derived from parent offspring regression in families of efficient × inefficient lines were estimated to be about 40%. Data on P uptake by excised roots did not predict P uptake and translocation in intact plants. A reliable standardized technique for intact plant ion absorption studies is necessary to make accurate comparisons between plants.
Resistance to Anthracnose in Diploid and Polyploid Watermelons1
Authors: Henderson Warren R. , Jenkins S. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crosses were made between diploids and tetraploids of C5, a sister line of ‘Sweet Princess’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] which was resistant to anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata var. orbiculare, S. F. Jenkins & Winstead races 1 and 3) and ‘Sugar Baby’ (SB) susceptible to anthracnose. There was no significant difference in anthracnose resistance among C5 (2x, 3x, 4x,), nor among SB (2x, 3x, 4x). The diploid hybrid SB(2x) × C5(2x) was similar in resistance to its tetraploid hybrid, SB(4x) × C5(4x). C5(2x) × SB(2x) was slightly less resistant than its reciprocal hybrid SB(2x) x C5(2x). The triploid seedless hybrid, C5(4x) × SB(2x) (ArArar), was significantly more resistant than its “reciprocal” hybrid, SB(4x) × C5(2x), (Ararar).
Carbon Flux in Apple Trees: The Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Rates1
Authors: Seeley Earl J. , Kammereck R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of light intensity and leaf temperature on the net photosynthetic rate of rapidly growing ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoots were determined in a temperature range (-1.6 to 44°C) broader than previously reported. Under saturating light conditions the rate of CO2 uptake increased with leaf temperature to 2.7 g CO2 m2hr-1 at 25°. Optimum temperature decreased as the light intensity decreased, indicating a relationship between temperature and light saturation levels. At 25 to 30° the light saturation point was equivalent to 86 W/m2 of incident electromagnetic energy at wavelengths of 400 to 750 nm. At temperatures higher than the optimum, the rate of carbon dioxide uptake decreased rapidly. At 47 to 50° and high light intensities, the rate of carbon dioxide uptake was 0.3 to 0.5 g CO2 m-2hr-l.
Association between Soluble Solids/Acid Content and Days from Full Bloom of Three Red Strains of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Law Rome’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Kirk H. J. , Todd H. G. , Hale S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit pH, inflection point pH, % acid content at inflection point pH, and % acid content at pH 8.1 were unpredictable based on days from full bloom and were not useful as maturity indices for 3 red strains of ‘Delicious’ or ‘Law Rome’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Soluble solids content of the red strains of ‘Delicious’ could not be predicted consistently. Soluble solids/% acid (SS/A) at pH 8.1 values were the most predictable for all red strains of ‘Delicious’ with apparent optimum fruit quality within the 40 to 50 range index. None of these parameters were reliable for ‘Law Rome’ fruits.