bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is attention? Adverbialist theories
Authors: Mole Christopher , Henry Aaron 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article presents theories of attention that attempt to derive their answer to the question of what attention is from their answers to the question of what it is for some activity to be done attentively. Such theories provide a distinctive account of the difficulties that are faced by the attempt to locate processes in the brain by which the phenomena of attention can be explained. Their account does not share the pessimism of theories suggesting that the concept of attention is defective. Instead it reconstrues the explanatory relationship between attention and the processes that constitute it, in a way that is illustrated here by considering the relationship between attention and the processes that are identified by the biased competition theory. After considering some of the ways in which an adverbialist approach might be developed, the article concludes by suggesting some possible solutions to a problem concerning distraction, by which prominent adverbialist theories of attention have been dogged.This article is categorized under:Psychology > AttentionPhilosophy > MetaphysicsPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
A hopeless pursuit? National efforts to promote small modular nuclear reactors and revive nuclear power
Authors: Thomas Stephen , Ramana M. V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNuclear power plant construction has historically been challenged by problems of high cost, cost escalation, and construction delays. The newest set of large reactor projects have also been overbudget and overtime. This has prompted interest in new reactor technologies that proponents claim would not suffer these problems, specifically small modular reactors (SMRs), a class that encompasses a wide range of technologies. This article examines national efforts in three countries, Canada, the UK, and the United States, which are pursuing SMRs vigorously and where the government has funded their development generously. We compare the different strategies and foci of these national strategies, analyzing the various forms of support offered by the separate agencies of the government, and the private companies that are trying to develop SMRs. We also offer an overview of the different types of reactor technologies being pursued in these different countries. Following these, we outline the main challenge confronting SMR technologies: their ability to generate electricity in an economically competitive manner, highlighting the problems resulting from economies of scale being lost. By examining the experience so far, we find that even designs based on well‐tested technology cannot be deployed till after 2030 and the more radical designs might never be.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Economics > Research and Development
Policy and Economics > Regional and International Strategies
Energy and Power Systems > Energy Infrastructure
Adsorptive decontamination of doxycycline hydrochloride via Prosopis juliflora activated carbon: Parameter optimization and disposal study
Authors: Kaur Gurleenjot , Singh Neetu , Rajor Anita 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study deals with the removal of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) antibiotic, from aqueous environment by using Prosopis juliflora activated carbon (PJAC). PJAC was synthesized by chemical activation and pyrolysis of Prosopis juliflora. It was characterized by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM–EDX), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter were evaluated as 320.45 m2/g, 0.176 cm3/g, and 2.65 nm, respectively. Different functional groups (O–H, C–O, C=C, C–N, and C–C) present on PJAC promoted the adsorption of DOX. The influence of various adsorption parameters suggested by central composite design (CCD) model was determined using response surface methodology (RSM), and interactive effects of these were optimized. The thermodynamic and kinetic studies performed at optimized conditions, exhibited that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The experimental data were well described with Langmuir, Redlich–Peterson, and Freundlich isotherm models while kinetics data were well described by pseudo second order. The excellent interactions between the PJAC and DOX resulted maximum adsorption capacity as 57.11 mg/g. The adsorption mechanisms was dominated by
‐
interactions and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, almost complete encapsulation of DOX was achieved by stabilization of exhausted PJAC.Practitioner Points

A wild harmful plant Prosopis juliflora was used to synthesize a low‐cost and eco‐friendly bio‐sorbent PJAC.
Adsorptive ability of PJAC was quantified for adsorption of DOX antibiotic from its aqueous solution.
DOX uptake on PJAC was mainly governed by л‐л EDA interactions and hydrogen bonding.
Recent Developments in Japan’s International Peace Cooperation Under the Second Abe Government 2012–2020
Authors: Fujishige Hiromi Nagata , Uesugi Yuji , Honda Tomoaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter will consider the noteworthy changes in Japan’s peacekeeping policy under the second Abe administration (2012–2020), with special emphasis on the period between 2013 and 2017. Since its outset in the early 1990s, Japan’s peacekeeping policy had been gradually shaped by the trends of “integration” and the “robustness” in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs), but various problems remained unsolved, especially in terms of “robustness.” With the return of Prime Minister Abe at the end of 2012, reforms to follow the trend of “robustness” were carried out as part of his all-inclusive renovation of Japan’s security policy, namely the Peace and Security Legislation, to resolve numerous long-standing problems in the field. With this in mind, this chapter starts by considering new developments in Japan’s security policy as a whole before examining how these sweeping reforms transformed the quality of Japan’s peacekeeping, paying special attention to the newly added roles, such as the “coming-to-aid” duty. This chapter will also trace moves toward “integration,” especially regarding the “All Japan” approach.
Cambodia: Japan’s First UNPKO Contribution
Authors: Fujishige Hiromi Nagata , Uesugi Yuji , Honda Tomoaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractParticipation in the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia from 1992 to 1993 was the landmark case in the history of Japan’s peacekeeping policy as the first military contribution based on the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act, established in June 1992. However, lingering hostility in the field seriously troubled the deployment because it generated various problems, such as a serious gap between official policy and actual situation on the ground. The contradictions led to the shocking loss of two Japanese personnel on duty. Harsh reality of Cambodia generated the Self-Defense Forces’ (SDF’s) informal adaptation of “robustness”—that is, de facto patrols—in the absence of formal legal authority. These bitter experiences sowed the seeds of the Government of Japan (GoJ) eventual pursuit of “robustness” 23 years later by the second Abe administration as part of the 2015 Peace and Security Legislation. The experience in Cambodia also led to the development of “integration” in Japan’s peacekeeping efforts, especially in terms of direct Japan Engineering Groups (JEG) support to local community through civil construction works. The local people appreciated both the JEG’s skills and their friendly attitude. This was a successful experience not only for the JEG, but also for the GoJ, which was laying the foundation for Japan’s pursuit of greater “integration.”
East Timor: Adapting to “Integration” and Responding to “Robustness”
Authors: Fujishige Hiromi Nagata , Uesugi Yuji , Honda Tomoaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we will examine the Self-Defense Forces’ (SDF’s) participation in the UN missions in East Timor, or Timor-Leste in Portuguese. Here we pay special heed to the Japanese peacekeepers’ activities in the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor and the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor from the early to mid-2000s. These United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) aimed to support independence and statebuilding in East Timor by combining peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Similar to the case of Cambodia, the Japanese delegation put the greatest emphasis on engineering, which was a good fit with the goals of these UNPKOs. In East Timor, the Japan Engineering Groups engaged in civil engineering works, not only to support the UN missions but also as direct bilateral assistance to local residents in close collaboration with Japan’s ODA (the “All Japan” approach). Meanwhile, the strict constraints in the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act were highlighted again, especially in terms of the protection of Japanese nationals, when the SDF rescued Japanese citizens during a 2002 riot. In addition to military deployment, civilian police personnel also contributed to the United Nations Mission in East Timor in preparation for the referendum on independence in 1999. Similar contributions were made to resume statebuilding assistance to the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste after the recurrence of violence in 2006.
Haiti: The Development of “Seamless” Assistance from Disaster Relief to UNPKOs
Authors: Fujishige Hiromi Nagata , Uesugi Yuji , Honda Tomoaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we will examine Japan’s response to a complex crisis in Haiti, in which a natural disaster and civil unrest were compounded. Persistent insecurity and confusion in Haiti, albeit under the presence of an ongoing United Nations Peacekeeping Operation (UNPKO), further deteriorated after the great earthquake in 2010. This challenge unexpectedly propelled Japan’s move toward closer “integration,” since several layers of civil-military cooperation rapidly developed to cope with the complicated emergency in post-earthquake Haiti. First, the Government of Japan (GoJ) deployed a civilian medical team and the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) emergency medical assistance unit (hereafter, the SDF medical unit) under the Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) Act. Following the SDF medical unit’s JDR work, the Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) carried on with medical assistance. Second, once emergency medical support ended, an SDF contingent was dispatched under the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act. The Japan Engineering Groups’ (JEG’s) engagement in reconstruction served as a useful opportunity for the GoJ to refine the “All Japan” approach, further encouraging Japan’s inclination toward “integration.” Meanwhile, the experience in Haiti shed light on the gap in the legal assumptions between the JDR Act and the PKO Act, since neither of them anticipated the protection of civil JDR teams in insecurity.
Measuring neutrino dynamics in NMSSM with a right-handed sneutrino LSP at the ILC
Authors: Liu Yi , Moretti Stefano , Waltari Harri 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We study the possibility of measuring neutrino Yukawa couplings in the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with right-handed neutrinos (NMSSMr) when the lightest right-handed sneutrino is the Dark Matter (DM) candidate, by exploiting a ‘dijet + dilepton + Missing Transverse Energy’ (MET or "Image missing") signature. We show that, contrary to the miminal realisation of Supersymmetry (SUSY), the MSSM, wherein the DM candidate is typically a much heavier (fermionic) neutralino state, this extended model of SUSY offers one with a much lighter (bosonic) state as DM that can then be produced at the next generation of e+e− colliders with energies up to 500 GeV or so. The ensuing signal, energing from chargino pair production and subsequent decay, is extremely pure so it also affords one with the possibility of extracting the Yukawa parameters of the (s)neutrino sector. Altogether, our results serve the purpose of motivating searches for light DM signals at such machines, where the DM candidate can have a mass around the Electro-Weak (EW) scale.
Likelihood analysis of the flavour anomalies and g – 2 in the general two Higgs doublet model
Authors: Athron Peter , Balazs Csaba , Gonzalo Tomás E. , Jacob Douglas , Mahmoudi Farvah , Sierra Cristian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We present a likelihood analysis of the general two Higgs doublet model, using the most important currently measured flavour observables, in view of the anomalies in charged current tree-level and neutral current one-loop rare decays of B mesons in b → cl$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

and b → sμ+μ− transitions, respectively. We corroborate that the model explains the latter and it is able to simultaneously fit the experimental values of the R(D) charged current ratio at 1σ, but it can not accommodate the D* charmed meson observables R(D*) and FL(D*). We find that the fitted values for the angular observables in b → sμ+μ− transitions exhibit better agreement with the general two Higgs double model in comparison to the SM. We also make predictions for future collider observables BR(t → ch), BR(h → bs), BR(h → τμ), BR(Bs → τ+τ−), BR(B+ → K+τ+τ−) and the flavour violating decays of the τ lepton, BR(τ → 3μ) and BR(τ → μγ). The model predicts values of BR(t → ch), BR(Bs → τ+τ−) and BR(B+ → K+τ+τ−) that are out of reach of future experiments, but its predictions for BR(h → bs) and BR(h → τμ) are within the future sensitivity of the HL-LHC or the ILC. We also find that the predictions for the τ → 3μ and τ → μγ decays are well within the projected limits of the Belle II experiment. Finally, using the latest measurement of the Fermilab Muon g − 2 Collaboration, we performed a simultaneous fit to ∆aμ constrained by the charged anomalies, finding solutions at the 1σ level. Once the neutral anomalies are included, however, a simultaneous explanation is unfeasible.
General bounds on holographic complexity
Authors: Engelhardt Netta , Folkestad Åsmund 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We prove a positive volume theorem for asymptotically AdS spacetimes: the maximal volume slice has nonnegative vacuum-subtracted volume, and the vacuum-subtracted volume vanishes if and only if the spacetime is identically pure AdS. Under the Complexity=Volume proposal, this constitutes a positive holographic complexity theorem. The result features a number of parallels with the positive energy theorem, including the assumption of an energy condition that excludes false vacuum decay (the AdS weak energy condition). Our proof is rigorously established in broad generality in four bulk dimensions, and we provide strong evidence in favor of a generalization to arbitrary dimensions. Our techniques also yield a holographic proof of Lloyd’s bound for a class of bulk spacetimes. We further establish a partial rigidity result for wormholes: wormholes with a given throat size are more complex than AdS-Schwarzschild with the same throat size.
Towards the black hole uniqueness: transverse deformations of the extremal Reissner-Nordström-(A)dS horizon
Authors: Kolanowski Maciej 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We study all transverse deformations of the extremal Reissner-Nordström–(A)dS horizon in the Einstein-Maxwell theory. No symmetry assumptions are needed. It is shown, that for the generic values of a charge, the only allowed deformation is spherically symmetric. However, it is shown that for fine-tuned values of the charge, the space of deformations is larger, yet still finite-dimensional.
Hankel, Toeplitz, and Hermitian-Toeplitz Determinants for Certain Close-to-convex Functions
Authors: Allu Vasudevarao , Lecko Adam , Thomas Derek K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLet f be analytic in $$\mathbb {D}=\{z\in \mathbb {C}:|z|<1\}$$

D
=
{
z
∈
C
:
|
z
|
<
1
}

, and be given by $$f(z)=z+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{n}$$

f

(
z
)

=
z
+

∑

n
=
2

∞

a
n

z
n

. We give sharp bounds for the second Hankel determinant, some Toeplitz, and some Hermitian-Toeplitz determinants of functions in the class of Ozaki close-to-convex functions, together with a sharp bound for the Zalcman functional $$J_{2,3}(f).$$

J

2
,
3

(
f
)

.
The Canonical Module of GT-Varieties and the Normal Bundle of RL-Varieties
Authors: Colarte-Gómez Liena , Miró-Roig Rosa M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we study the geometry of GT-varieties $$X_{d}$$

X
d

with group a finite cyclic group $$\Gamma \subset {{\,\mathrm{GL}\,}}(n+1,\mathbb {K})$$

Γ
⊂

GL

(
n
+
1
,
K
)

of order d. We prove that the homogeneous ideal $${{\,\mathrm{I}\,}}(X_{d})$$

I

(

X
d

)

of $$X_{d}$$

X
d

is generated by binomials of degree at most 3 and we provide examples reaching this bound. We give a combinatorial description of the canonical module of the homogeneous coordinate ring of $$X_{d}$$

X
d

and we show that it is generated by monomial invariants of $$\Gamma $$
Γ
of degree d and 2d. This allows us to characterize the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the homogeneous coordinate ring of $$X_d$$

X
d

. Finally, we compute the cohomology table of the normal bundle of the so-called RL-varieties. They are projections of the Veronese variety $$\nu _{d}(\mathbb {P}^{n}) \subset \mathbb {P}^{\left( {\begin{array}{c}n+d\\ n\end{array}}\right) -1}$$

ν
d

(

P

n

)

⊂

P

n
+
d

n

-
1

which naturally arise from level GT-varieties.
Allogeneic platelet-derived growth factors local injection in treatment of tennis elbow: a prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Kandil Mahmoud Ibrahim , Ahmed Abdel-Salam Abdel-Aleem , Eldesouky Rasha Shaker , Eltregy Sherif 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of local injection of allogeneic platelet-derived growth factors in treatment of patients with tennis elbow.

Patients and methods
This study included 120 tennis elbow patients randomly divided into two groups. The patients were locally injected with allogeneic growth factors (treatment group) or with normal saline (control group). The outcomes were assessed using Patient-Related Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) and quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (qDASH) scales. The clinical outcomes were accordingly classified as excellent, good and poor. The patient’s satisfaction and adverse effects were also recorded.

Results
There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the age, gender, dominant arm or the pre-injection scores. At three month follow-up, the reductions in the mean PRTEE and qDASH scores were 88.7% and 70.6% in the treatment group versus 21.8% and 14.9% in the control group, respectively. At the last follow-up, the outcomes in the treatment group were excellent in 85% of patients and good in 15%, versus 8% and 32% in the control group. Overall, 95% were satisfied in the treatment group compared to 25% in control group. Forty patients in the treatment group experienced mild transient post-injection pain.

Conclusion
This study strongly suggests that local injection of allogeneic platelet-derived growth factors could be a promising safe treatment option for tennis elbow with significant pain relief, functional improvement and patient’s satisfaction. Yet, additional larger studies are needed to assess the durability of these outcomes.
Fine mapping with epigenetic information and 3D structure
Authors: Orozco Gisela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince 2005, thousands of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been published, identifying hundreds of thousands of genetic variants that increase risk of complex traits such as autoimmune diseases. This wealth of data has the potential to improve patient care, through personalized medicine and the identification of novel drug targets. However, the potential of GWAS for clinical translation has not been fully achieved yet, due to the fact that the functional interpretation of risk variants and the identification of causal variants and genes are challenging. The past decade has seen the development of great advances that are facilitating the overcoming of these limitations, by utilizing a plethora of genomics and epigenomics tools to map and characterize regulatory elements and chromatin interactions, which can be used to fine map GWAS loci, and advance our understanding of the biological mechanisms that cause disease.
Variants in CDH23 cause a broad spectrum of hearing loss: from non-syndromic to syndromic hearing loss as well as from congenital to age-related hearing loss
Authors: Usami Shin-ichi , Isaka Yuichi , Miyagawa Maiko , Nishio Shin-ya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractVariants in the CDH23 gene are known to be responsible for both syndromic hearing loss (Usher syndrome type ID: USH1D) and non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNB12). Our series of studies demonstrated that CDH23 variants cause a broad range of phenotypes of non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNB12); from congenital profound hearing loss to late-onset high-frequency-involved progressive hearing loss. In this study, based on the genetic and clinical data from more than 10,000 patients, the mutational spectrum, clinical characteristics and genotype/phenotype correlations were evaluated. The present results reconfirmed that the variants in CDH23 are an important cause of non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, we showed that the mutational spectrum in the Japanese population, which is probably representative of the East Asian population in general, as well as frequent CDH23 variants that might be due to some founder effects. The present study demonstrated CDH23 variants cause a broad range of phenotypes, from non-syndromic to syndromic hearing loss as well as from congenital to age-related hearing loss. Genotype (variant combinations) and phenotype (association with retinal pigmentosa, onset age) are shown to be well correlated and are thought to be related to the residual function defined by the CDH23 variants.
Ensemble deep learning for the prediction of proficiency at a virtual simulator for robot-assisted surgery
Authors: Moglia Andrea , Morelli Luca , D’Ischia Roberto , Fatucchi Lorenzo Maria , Pucci Valentina , Berchiolli Raffaella , Ferrari Mauro , Cuschieri Alfred 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to enhance patient safety in surgery, and all its aspects, including education and training, will derive considerable benefit from AI. In the present study, deep-learning models were used to predict the rates of proficiency acquisition in robot-assisted surgery (RAS), thereby providing surgical programs directors information on the levels of the innate ability of trainees to facilitate the implementation of flexible personalized training.

Methods
176 medical students, without prior experience with surgical simulators, were trained to reach proficiency in five tasks on a virtual simulator for RAS. Ensemble deep neural networks (DNN) models were developed and compared with other ensemble AI algorithms, i.e., random forests and gradient boosted regression trees (GBRT).

Results
DNN models achieved a higher accuracy than random forests and GBRT in predicting time to proficiency, 0.84 vs. 0.70 and 0.77, respectively (Peg board 2), 0.83 vs. 0.79 and 0.78 (Ring walk 2), 0.81 vs 0.81 and 0.80 (Match board 1), 0.79 vs. 0.75 and 0.71 (Ring and rail 2), and 0.87 vs. 0.86 and 0.84 (Thread the rings 2). Ensemble DNN models outperformed random forests and GBRT in predicting number of attempts to proficiency, with an accuracy of 0.87 vs. 0.86 and 0.83, respectively (Peg board 2), 0.89 vs. 0.88 and 0.89 (Ring walk 2), 0.91 vs. 0.89 and 0.89 (Match board 1), 0.89 vs. 0.87 and 0.83 (Ring and rail 2), and 0.96 vs. 0.94 and 0.94 (Thread the rings 2).

Conclusions
Ensemble DNN models can identify at an early stage the acquisition rates of surgical technical proficiency of trainees and identify those struggling to reach the required expected proficiency level.