bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the social and spatial impacts of Covid mitigation strategies in United Kingdom regions: synthetic data and dashboards
Authors: Wallace Rosalind , Franklin Rachel , Grant-Muller Susan , Heppenstall Alison , Houlden Victoria 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study advances understanding of the broader social and spatial impacts of COVID-19 restrictive measures, particularly how they may have impacted individuals and households and, in turn, the geographic areas in which these individuals and households are concentrated. Data are combined and linked to a novel individual-level synthetic dataset and an interactive dashboard is developed to assist with the identification and understanding of the social and spatial impacts of restrictions. To illustrate the utility of this approach, the analysis focuses on the impact of three restrictions within a defined spatial area: Yorkshire and Humberside (UK). Results highlight the additive nature of restriction impacts and suggest areas that may have the least future resilience as policy priority areas. This approach is transferable to other regions and the use of the dashboard allows rapid consideration and communication of the social and spatial nature of inequalities to researchers, practitioners and the general public.
Federated Learning Communication-Efficiency Framework via Corset Construction
Authors: Li Kaiju , Wang Hao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Federated learning (FL) can learn a shared global model across multiple client devices without breaching privacy requirements. But an essential challenge is that devices in FL usually have limited network bandwidth, resulting in inefficient communication as an important bottleneck for FL implementation. Current studies try to overcome this shortcoming by compressing the number of model update bits uploaded by every client. But they did not explore the underlying reason why redundant parameters are generated. In this paper, we propose Corset-Based Federated Learning framework (CBFL) —a novel FL communication framework from the perspective of redundancy data. Instead of training full datasets on a regular network model, CBFL trains a much smaller evolution network model on extracted corset, which intrinsically reduces the overall transmission bits and obtains efficient computation while maintaining a desirable model accuracy. In CBFL, a novel Fedcorset construction algorithm at selected clients and a further distributed model evolution scheme to fit the constructed corset are included. The training model size is dynamically adapted to the corset, either removing a fraction of unimportant or adding important connections at each communication iteration. Experimental results show that CBFL transfers about 13% of communication bits and saves around 56% computing time while having only 2% destination in model accuracy.
An evolutionary explanation for antibiotics’ association with increased colon cancer risk
Authors: Voskarides Konstantinos 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

More than 10 studies have confirmed the association of antibiotic overuse with colorectal cancer. The exact cause is unknown, but most authors hypothesize that disturbance of colon microbiota is the main culprit. In this commentary, an evolutionary explanation is proposed. It is well known that antibiotics can induce antibiotic resistance in bacteria through selection of mutators—DNA mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) strains. Mutators have an increased survival potential due to their high mutagenesis rate. Antibiotics can also cause stress in human cells. Selection of dMMR colon cells may be advantageous under this stress, mimicking selection of bacterial mutators. Concomitantly, mismatch repair deficiency is a common cause of cancer, this may explain the increased cancer risk after multiple cycles of oral antibiotics. This proposed rationale is described in detail, along with supporting evidence from the peer-reviewed literature and suggestions for testing hypothesis validity. Treatment schemes could be re-evaluated, considering toxicity and somatic selection mechanisms.

Lay Summary
The association of antibiotics with colon cancer is well established but of unknown cause. Under an evolutionary framework, antibiotics may select for stress-resistant cancerous cells that lack mechanisms for DNA mismatch repair (MMR). This mimics the selection of antibiotic resistant ‘mutators’—MMR-deficient micro-organisms—highly adaptive due to their increased mutagenesis rate.
Eutrophication in subtropical lakes reinforces the dominance of balanced-variation component in temporal bacterioplankton community heterogeneity by lessening stochastic processes
Authors: Jiao Congcong , Zhao Dayong , Zeng Jin , Wu Qinglong L 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnveiling the rules of bacterioplankton community assembly in anthropogenically disturbed lakes is a crucial issue in aquatic ecology. However, it is unclear how the ecological processes underlying the seasonally driven bacterioplankton community structure respond to varying degrees of lake eutrophication. We, therefore, collected water samples from three subtropical freshwater lakes with various trophic states (i.e. oligo-mesotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic states) on a quarterly basis between 2017 and 2018. To innovatively increase our understanding of bacterioplankton community assembly along the trophic state gradient, the total bacterioplankton community dissimilarity was subdivided into balanced variation in abundances and abundance gradients. The results indicated that balanced-variation component rather than abundance-gradient component dominated the total temporal β-diversity of bacterioplankton communities across all trophic categories. Ecological stochasticity contributed more to the overall bacterioplankton community assembly in the oligo-mesotrophic and mesotrophic lakes than in the eutrophic lake. The reduced bacterioplankton network complexity at the eutrophic level was closely associated with the enhancement of environmental filtering, showing that bacterioplankton communities in eutrophic lakes are likely to be less stable and more vulnerable to water quality degradation. Together, this study offers essential clues for biodiversity conservation in subtropical lakes under future intensified eutrophication.
Heterocyte production, gene expression, and phylogeography in Raphidiopsis (=Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii
Authors: Marques Laísa Corrêa Braga , Lima Joni Esrom , Pimentel Juliana da Silva Martins , Giani Alessandra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Raphidiopsis (=Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii was described as a subtropical-tropical cyanobacterium, later reported expanding into temperate regions. Heterocyte presence used to distinguish Cylindrospermopsis from the very similar Raphidiopsis, but recently the two genera were recognized as one and unified. This study aimed to investigate how heterocyte production is related to nitrogen (N) limitation in heterocytous and non-heterocytous strains of R.raciborskii. High N-concentrations did not inhibit heterocyte development in some strains, while prolonged N-starvation periods never stimulated production in others. RT-qPCR was used to examine the genetic background, through the expression patterns of nifH, ntcA and hetR. While gene expression increased under N-restriction, N-sufficiency did not suppress nifH transcripts as previously observed in other diazotrophyc cyanobacteria, suggesting that heterocyte production in R. raciborskii is not regulated by N-availability. Heterocytous and non-heterocytous strains were genotypically characterized to assess their phylogenetic relationships. In the phylogenetic tree, clusters were intermixed and confirmed Raphidiopsis and Cylindrospermopsis as the same genus. The tree supported previous findings of earlier splitting of American strains, while contesting the African origin hypothesis. The existence of two lines of Chinese strains, with distinct evolutionary patterns, is a significant addition that could lead to new hypotheses of the species biogeography.
The Nab2 RNA-binding protein patterns dendritic and axonal projections through a planar cell polarity-sensitive mechanism
Authors: Corgiat Edwin B , List Sara M , Rounds J Christopher , Yu Dehong , Chen Ping , Corbett Anita H , Moberg Kenneth H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
RNA-binding proteins support neurodevelopment by modulating numerous steps in post-transcriptional regulation, including splicing, export, translation, and turnover of mRNAs that can traffic into axons and dendrites. One such RNA-binding protein is ZC3H14, which is lost in an inherited intellectual disability. The Drosophila melanogaster ZC3H14 ortholog, Nab2, localizes to neuronal nuclei and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules and is required for olfactory memory and proper axon projection into brain mushroom bodies. Nab2 can act as a translational repressor in conjunction with the Fragile-X mental retardation protein homolog Fmr1 and shares target RNAs with the Fmr1-interacting RNA-binding protein Ataxin-2. However, neuronal signaling pathways regulated by Nab2 and their potential roles outside of mushroom body axons remain undefined. Here, we present an analysis of a brain proteomic dataset that indicates that multiple planar cell polarity proteins are affected by Nab2 loss, and couple this with genetic data that demonstrate that Nab2 has a previously unappreciated role in restricting the growth and branching of dendrites that elaborate from larval body-wall sensory neurons. Further analysis confirms that Nab2 loss sensitizes sensory dendrites to the genetic dose of planar cell polarity components and that Nab2-planar cell polarity genetic interactions are also observed during Nab2-dependent control of axon projection in the central nervous system mushroom bodies. Collectively, these data identify the conserved Nab2 RNA-binding protein as a likely component of post-transcriptional mechanisms that limit dendrite growth and branching in Drosophila sensory neurons and genetically link this role to the planar cell polarity pathway. Given that mammalian ZC3H14 localizes to dendritic spines and controls spine density in hippocampal neurons, these Nab2-planar cell polarity genetic data may highlight a conserved path through which Nab2/ZC3H14 loss affects morphogenesis of both axons and dendrites in diverse species.
Individual-based Modeling of Genome Evolution in Haplodiploid Organisms
Authors: Pracana Rodrigo , Burns Richard , Hammond Robert L. , Haller Benjamin C. , Wurm Yannick 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ants, bees, wasps, bark beetles, and other species have haploid males and diploid females. Although such haplodiploid species play key ecological roles and are threatened by environmental changes, no general framework exists for simulating their genetic evolution. Here, we use the SLiM simulation environment to build a novel model for individual-based forward simulation of genetic evolution in haplodiploids. We compare the fates of adaptive and deleterious mutations and find that selection on recessive mutations is more effective in haplodiploids than in diploids. Our open-source model will foster an understanding of the evolution of sociality and how ecologically important haplodiploid species may respond to changing environments.
Excision and reinsertion of Ac macrotransposons in maize
Authors: Wang Dafang , Yu Chuanhe , Zhang Jianbo , Peterson Thomas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eukaryotic Macrotransposons (MTns) can be formed by 2 nearby elements flanking a segment of host DNA. The maize Ac transposon can form Ac::MTns, but little is known about Ac::MTn transposition activities. Here, we studied 3 Ac::MTns at the maize p1 locus, each of which is composed of a segment of maize p1 genomic DNA (up to 15 kb) bounded by a fractured Ac element (fAc, 2039 bp), and a full-length Ac element in direct orientation. The resulting Ac::MTns are of 16, 16.5, and 22 kb total length. From these 3 Ac::MTns, we identified 10 independent cases of macrotransposition, and observed similar features of transposition between Ac::MTn and standard Ac/Ds, including characteristic excision footprints and insertion target site duplications. Nine out of the 10 Ac::MTn reinsertion targets were genetically linked to the donor sites, another similarity with Ac/Ds standard transposition. We also identified a MTn-like structure in the maize B73 reference genome and 5 NAM founder lines. The MTn in diverse lines is flanked by target site duplications, confirming the historic occurrence of MTn transposition during genome evolution. Our results show that Ac::MTns are capable of mobilizing segments of DNA long enough to include a typical full-length plant gene and in theory could erode gene colinearity in syntenic regions during plant genome evolution.
A review and narrative synthesis of community pharmacist-led interventions to tackle medicines for pain that are misused
Authors: Mills Verity G , Meaadi Jawza , Nazar Hamde , Obara Ilona 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To undertake a state-of-the-art review and narrative synthesis of current evidence investigating community pharmacist-led interventions addressing analgesic medication misuse. To achieve the objective, a systematic database search was undertaken during October and November 2020 across Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus. Community pharmacy interventions were mapped to the Behaviour Change Wheel to investigate the pharmacist and patient behaviours addressed by the interventions. Outcomes about process and effects were extracted. A risk of bias assessment was undertaken.

Key findings
Five studies undertaken in the USA and Northern Ireland were included. Brief Motivational Interviewing and Medication Therapy Management and the Opioid and Naloxone Education programme demonstrated positive process outcomes and feasibility in delivery. Intervention functions addressing patient and pharmacist behaviours across the studies included education, training, environmental restructuring and enablement. Restrictions were an additional intervention function targeting patient behaviour incorporated in one study. Pharmacist roles involved the identification of potential misusers/abusers, patient education, long-term management, prevention and referral. Low study numbers, non-experimental designs, high risk of bias, incomplete reporting of interventions and heterogeneous outcome measures limited evidence synthesis.

Summary
There is limited evidence of pharmacy interventions and their well-tested impact on pharmacists and patients. There is clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies. It is pragmatic to suggest that a systems-thinking approach is adopted to investigate the potential role of community pharmacists and engage all stakeholders in the design of a theory-informed intervention. More high-quality studies including larger population sizes undertaken for longer periods of time that are rigorously reported are needed to improve the evidence base.
Modelling articular cartilage: the relative motion of two adjacent poroviscoelastic layers
Authors: Whiteley Jonathan P , Brown Cameron P , Gaffney Eamonn A 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn skeletal joints two layers of adjacent cartilage are often in relative motion. The individual cartilage layers are often modelled as a poroviscoelastic material. To model the relative motion, noting the separation of scales between the pore level and the macroscale, a homogenization based on multiple scale asymptotic analysis has been used in this study to derive a macroscale model for the relative translation of two poroviscoelastic layers separated by a very thin layer of fluid. In particular the fluid layer thickness is essentially zero at the macroscale so that the two poroviscoelastic layers are effectively in contact and their interaction is captured in the derived model via a set of interfacial conditions, including a generalization of the Beavers–Joseph condition at the interface between a viscous fluid and a porous medium. In the simplifying context of a uniform geometry, constant fixed charge density, a Newtonian interstitial fluid and a viscoelastic scaffold, modelled via finite deformation theory, we present preliminary simulations that may be used to highlight predictions for how oscillatory relative movement of cartilage under load influences the peak force the cartilage experiences and the extent of the associated deformations. In addition to highlighting such cartilage mechanics, the systematic derivation of the macroscale models will enable the study of how nanoscale cartilage physics, such as the swelling pressure induced by fixed charges, manifests in cartilage mechanics at much higher lengthscales.
Nationalism, Populism, and Trade Agreements
Authors: Mansfield Edward D , Pevehouse Jon C W 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe rise of nationalist and populist movements throughout the world has led to concerns about the future of the liberal international economic order. Central to these worries is the belief that nationalist and populist publics and their leaders will reject open trade, which has been a cornerstone of the global order. Yet despite these fears, very little empirical research has been conducted on the links between either nationalism or populism and trade policy. In this paper, we argue that nationalism and populism are likely to discourage trade liberalization in democratic states, but that these forces will have little influence on trade policy in non-democracies. To test this argument, we focus on state involvement in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Based on a variety of tests, we find considerable support for our argument. Democracies with nationalist or populist governments are especially reluctant to join PTAs, but neither nationalism nor populism systematically influences whether non-democracies enter PTAs.
Comparison of the global prevalence and trend of human intestinal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli between healthcare and community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bezabih Yihienew M. , Bezabih Alemayehu , Dion Michel , Batard Eric , Teka Samson , Obole Abiy , Dessalegn Noah , Enyew Alelegn , Roujeinikova Anna , Alamneh Endalkachew , Mirkazemi Corinne , Peterson Gregory M. , Bezabhe Woldesellassie M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The widespread intestinal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) among both patients and healthy individuals is alarming. However, the global prevalence and trend of this MDR bacterium in healthcare settings remains undetermined. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a comparative meta-analysis of the prevalence in community and healthcare settings.

Methods
Our systematic review included 133 articles published between 1 January 2000 and 22 April 2021 and indexed in PubMed, EMBASE or Google Scholar. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to obtain the global pooled prevalence (community and healthcare settings). Subgroup meta-analyses were performed by grouping studies using the WHO regions and 5 year intervals of the study period.

Results
We found that 21.1% (95% CI, 19.1%–23.2%) of inpatients in healthcare settings and 17.6% (95% CI, 15.3%–19.8%) of healthy individuals worldwide carried ESBL E. coli in their intestine. The global carriage rate in healthcare settings increased 3-fold from 7% (95% CI, 3.7%–10.3%) in 2001–05 to 25.7% (95% CI, 19.5%–32.0%) in 2016–20, whereas in community settings it increased 10-fold from 2.6% (95% CI, 1.2%–4.0%) to 26.4% (95% CI, 17.0%–35.9%) over the same period.

Conclusions
The global and regional human intestinal ESBL E. coli carriage is increasing in both community and healthcare settings. Carriage rates were generally higher in healthcare than in community settings. Key relevant health organizations should perform surveillance and implement preventive measures to address the spread of ESBL E. coli in both settings.
Development of Multiplex PCR-based Protocols for Simultaneous Caterpillar Diagnosis of Three Spodoptera and One Mamestra Species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Park Su Ryeo , Lee Do Eun , Nam Hwa Yeun , Kim Juil , Lee Si Hyeock , Kim Ju Hyeon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Since many noctuid moth species are highly destructive crop pests, it is essential to establish proper management strategies, which primarily require accurate and rapid species identification. However, diagnosis of noctuid species in the field, particularly at the larval stage, is very difficult due to their morphological similarity and individual color variation. In particular, caterpillars of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), and Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are hard to be identified by morphology and frequently found on the same host crops in the same season, thus requiring a reliable species diagnosis method. To efficiently diagnose these species, we identified species-specific internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences and developed two molecular species diagnosis protocols using ITS1 markers. The first protocol was multiplex conventional PCR in conjunction with subsequent gel electrophoresis for species identification based on amplicon size. The second protocol was based on multiplex real-time PCR using fluorescent dye-labeled primers for single-step diagnosis. Template genomic DNA (gDNA) prepared by the DNA release method was also suitable for both protocols as the template prepared by DNA extraction. The two protocols enabled rapid and robust species diagnosis using a single multiplex PCR step. Depending on laboratory instrumentation, one of the two protocols can be easily adapted for species diagnosis of the four noctuid caterpillars in the field, which is essential for establishing proper management strategies. The multiplex real-time PCR protocol, in particular, will facilitate accurate diagnosis of the four species in a single step regardless of template gDNA quality.
Competition Law Enforcement and Household Inequality in the United Kingdom
Authors: Decker Christopher , Zac Amit , Casti Carola , von Moltke Amédée , Ezrachi Ariel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUsing a comprehensive database of all the decisions made under European and U.K. competition laws over the 15-year period to 2020, alongside households’ consumption and market data, we estimate the level and distribution of the savings from enforcement across the United Kingdom. We find that competition law enforcement generated greater proportional savings for lower- and average-income households relative to the wealthiest households. Our estimations indicate average savings of 2.5 percent of the annual household budget for the lowest-income households, 2.1 percent for the average household, and 1.8 percent for the highest-income household. While proportionally greater savings for lower- and average-income households from competition law are observed in most years, in some years, higher-income households saved more. Our results bring to light the variables that affect the distribution of savings. Among them are the enforcement tool applied, the sectors in which enforcement action took place, and the enforcement body. We further illustrate how the public enforcement of competition law affects economic disparity and could potentially be used in a more structured, transparent, and systematic way to address societal concerns about increasing inequality.