bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crossing Boundaries
Authors: Callard Caroline 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Ghosts are doomed to wander; they cannot find rest and reach the world beyond. Prisoners on the surface of the earth, they are also geographers. The borders that apparitions make visible are not only vertical, the ones that separate the infra-world from the terrestrial, they also run across the surface of the globe. The chapter follows here the two dimensions of those ghostly circulations: apparitions linked to the crucial moment of the funeral, poorly buried dead (especially in context of war), and finally dead who are far from home and Christianity. We will see how ghosts follow the exploration of the globe and have been present since the early days of European colonisation, either to reassure or to punish.
“No Country for Old Men”
Authors: Pratt John , Hosoi Yoko 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Gresham Sykes’s “pains of imprisonment” – one of the most enduring themes of The Society of Captives – have become a touchstone for understanding prison life way beyond the initial location of his research in a U.S. men’s maximum-security prison. He characterized these pains as taking the form of “the deprivation of freedom, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy” and, perhaps most fundamentally, “the deprivation of security” – since this latter posed the most immediate existential threat to everyday existence. But in the early twenty-first century, such typologies are unlikely to have the same fit because of the changing nature of prison demographics. In these respects, the pains of growing numbers of elderly prisoners necessitate both revisions and extensions to Sykes’s “pains”, as regards the prison experience itself and, thereafter, life beyond prison.
“I’m in a Federal Prison, and I’ve Never Felt More Free”
Authors: Bucerius Sandra M. , Berardi Luca , Haggerty Kevin D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Gresham Sykes famously identified five key deprivations of imprisonment, understood as characteristic of prison life. Recent work has extended this analysis to the distinctive pains endured by female prisoners, although little consideration has been given to the question of how incarcerated women relate to prison vis-à-vis their past traumatic experiences. This chapter foregrounds the experiences of Indigenous women serving sentences in a women’s federal prison in Alberta, Canada. We ask: How do our participants experience prison in the context of their life histories in a settler-colonial society, and how might Sykes’s five pains of imprisonment map onto their experiences? Our findings suggest that Sykes’s formulation is certainly part of the story relating to their distinctive pains, but often only a small part. The women we interviewed consistently offered countervailing narratives about their relationship to prison, and to pain more generally, that need to be understood in the context of settler colonialism. We offer cautions about the generalizability of Sykes’s “pains” framing while also contributing to our evolving understanding of the experiential dimension of settler colonialism in Canada.
The Real Human
Authors: Simon Jonathan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
One of the most striking constructions in Gresham Sykes’s germinal study of the prison social order, The Society of Captives, is the “real man”; the figure who exemplifies the personal virtues of self-possession and coolness under stress, while seeking to check the viciousness of others and protect the collective interest in survival. In this chapter I offer a reconstruction of the “real man” and seek to free it from the structural functionalism of Sykes’s analytic strategy and the presumptive Whiteness, masculinity, and heterosexual normativity of its values. While a great deal in the era of mass incarceration has transformed the prison social order that Sykes described, the values associated with the “real man” remain a starting point for exploring sociologically the struggle to sustain humanity and dignity under conditions of incarceration. The assault on humanity intrinsic even in the rehabilitative prison of the mid-20th century has intensified in the era of mass incarceration; total control has replaced forms of accommodation. Ironically this changes on of Sykes’s most striking conclusions, his observation that the “real man’s” commitment to dignity helps maintain accommodation with the authorities. Today the effort of prisoners to embody their real humanity has become a radical and effective challenge to the prison regime, as exemplified in California’s successful prison hunger strike in 2013.
Measurement of diffuse scattering
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes the development of methods to record X-ray diffuse scattering, from early work using photographic film, 1D position-sensitive wire detectors and then various 2D area detectors such as image plates, CCDs and single photon counting hybrid pixel detectors. A description is given of artefacts that these may introduced and how these can be avoided or removed. X-rays generated in the home laboratory as well as synchrotron sources are covered. The chapter also describes how diffuse neutron scattering may be recorded at two different spallation neutron sources using time-of-flight spectroscopy. This includes a discussion of elastic and inelastic scattering.
Displacements in one dimension
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While chapters 2 and 3 covered the development of theory for occupancy or substitutional disorder, in this chapter analogous models are described for treating atomic displacements. A simple 1D perturbed regular lattice using Gaussian variables is described and an expression for the diffracted intensity is derived. This is used to interpret the diffraction pattern of a real example -- dibromodecane/urea inclusion compound.
Automatic refinement of a Monte Carlo model
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Although, in earlier chapters, convincing results were obtained using MC simulation for a variety of quite different systems, the crucial step of comparing the observed and calculated patterns was performed visually and decisions regarding the adjustment of the model parameters relied heavily on the experience of the investigator. In this chapter an automatic least-squares refinement of a Monte Carlo model is demonstrated in which quantitative comparison of observed and calculated patters are made and model parameters updated automatically. The differentials used to form the least-squares matrix are obtained numerically from the difference of two complete MC simulations for each parameter, making the process very computer intensive but quite feasible using parallel processing. The example used for the study was an iron carbonyl, Fe3(CO)12.
Further applications of the automatic Monte Carlo method
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Two contrasting further examples of the use of the automatic MC method are described. The first (benzil, C14H10O2) has been known for a long time to exhibit strong diffuse scattering. However the structure is basically a perfectly ordinary ordered structure and its diffuse scattering is purely thermal in origin. The second example (ClMe, C14H12ClN) is closely related to the MeCl example described earlier. With four molecular orientations possible in each molecular site and with large local relaxational displacements accompanying the disorder ClMe represents a much more complex problem. A key feature of the model was a size-effect parameter applied to one of the strongest inter-molecular spring constants. It was this size-effect that resulted in the highly asymmetric observed diffuse peaks. (120 words).
Pair distribution functions (PDF, 3D-PDF and 3D-ΔPDF )
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Following the success of the powder PDF method as a probe of local structure in all kinds of disordered materials the chapter describes the development of three dimensional single crystal PDF methods (3D-PDF and 3D-ΔPDF). The limitations of powder PDF that result from the powder induced orientational averaging are explored by comparing what the method can achieve compared to single crystal diffuse scattering analysis for a well known example. The 3D-ΔPDF method is demonstrated by a study of ionic correlations in sodium-intercalated V2O5. 3D-ΔPDF provides a significant advance in the study of diffuse scattering and disorder. One of the main reasons is that ΔPDF maps can be generated directly from the observed data and are generally much easier to interpret than the diffuse scattering itself.
Introduction
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The South Korean economy, an industrial powerhouse, has achieved advanced nation status in many aspects. However, today Korea is facing challenges on multiple fronts that are radically different from those seen in the early stages of industrialization. It has been struggling with unprecedented socioeconomic problems amid mounting social discontent in recent years, well before the pandemic crisis began in 2020. The aim of this book is to address the new challenges that face a country even after successful industrialization. This introductory chapter begins with the background narrative and motivation of the book, highlighting how this book is uniquely differentiated from the existing ones on the South Korean economy. It then features a range of high-impact questions and issues under the main themes that are explored in the book. Finally, it lays out a road map for the rest of the book with an overview of the main points in each chapter.
Female Genital Mutilation
Authors: Proudman Charlotte 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Female genital mutilation (FGM) has garnered significant media, political, and legal attention in the UK. Despite criminalising the practice in 1985, FGM continues undetected and often underground. This book provides a unique insight into survivors’ attitudes towards FGM as well as the criminalisation of a culturally embedded practice. Some of the narratives might be deeply uncomfortable, as women sympathise and even uphold the practice, whilst others viscerally describe the trauma and pain that they endured. Digging deeper into efforts to eliminate FGM, professionals at the coalface of the end FGM movement provide their views on whether the practice can ever be eradicated. This book explores the key themes that emerged from the well-publicised criminal trials in the UK and the barriers that prevent the law from working effectively. One of the obstacles that is examined further is the legal double standard in criminalising FGM whilst permitting female genital cosmetic surgery, which incites hostility and anger amongst FGM-performing communities. Whilst ending FGM is imperative, this book reflects on the unintended consequences that stem from punitive efforts to criminalise a practice performed by often Black, migrant communities. Women describe their experiences of racism and Islamophobia in a context of police surveillance and hyperbolic media narratives. To encourage the abandonment of FGM, this book shows that the law needs to be accompanied by education initiatives at a grassroot level.
The Global Lab
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Global Lab maps out the political, institutional, and ethical coordinates of a new experimental movement operating across the Global South. It tells the story of how a group of organizations, foundations, and corporations are increasingly using developing countries, local communities, and refugee camps as live laboratories to experiment with untested technologies, biometric humanitarian solutions, new drugs, and radical methodologies for social change. The book asks where and how this movement works, laying bare the human, ethical, philosophical, and political consequences of its practices. The Global Lab takes the reader through Silicon Valley, Africa, and Asia to understand the tangible and transformative implications of experimentation, following a set of main protagonists, from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to experimental economists known as the randomistas, to humanitarian organizations and pharmaceutical companies. Deeply entrenched in contemporary experimental practice, these actors form a movement inspired by core logics emanating out of Silicon Valley about the need for fast-paced radical change and societal disruption, technological innovation as progress, and the privatization and commercialization of the human mind and body. Ultimately, the book examines the inequality of experimentation that is found in the erection of imaginary walls between us and them, and the imagined universal and often unquestioned value of scientific and technological progress in the name of development.
The Silicon Valley Way
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how key ideas, beliefs, and epistemologies of the experimental movement are inspired by contemporary Silicon Valley startup culture. Increasingly, the dominant and transformative ideas that shape our societies today do not emanate from Washington, Brussels, or Beijing. Instead, they are greatly informed by key Silicon Valley actors including the ‘frightful five’ of Google, Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Facebook. While politics failed to transform humanity, as the saying goes, the dream is that computers just might. More than a geographical space, Silicon Valley is affiliated with a set of core ideologies and beliefs about society, progress, knowledge, and human life, giving way to at least five key notions: urgency, experimentation and failure, radical change, commercialization, and individualization. Despite their obvious differences, the diverse organizations, foundations, and corporations explored in the book are bound together and greatly shaped by these. The chapter explores these different notions, showing how the book’s different actors are shaped by them in their discourses and actions.
Noninvasive ventilation of air transported infants with respiratory distress in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Roy Shelden D , Alnaji Fuad , Reddy Deepti N , Barrowman Nick J , Sheffield Holden A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Since 2016, use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in Nunavut for air transport in select patients has become common practice. This study examines the outcomes of patients transferred by air from the Qikiqtaaluk Region during air transport. We examined intubation rates, adverse events during transfer, and respiratory parameters at departure and upon arrival.

Methods
This was a retrospective review from September 2016 to December 2019 including patients under 2 years of age transferred by air on nCPAP from the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut.

Results
Data were collected for 40 transfers involving 34 unique patients. Six transfers were from remote communities in Nunavut to Iqaluit, and 33 transfers were from Iqaluit to CHEO. The primary outcome measure was whether the patient required intubation during transport, or urgent intubation upon arrival to CHEO. The median nCPAP setting during transport was 6 cm H2O (5–7 cm H2O) and at arrival to CHEO was 6 cm H2O (6–7 cm H2O). Six of the 33 (18.2%) patients required intubation during their hospital stay and five (15.2%) in a controlled ICU setting. There were no discernible adverse events that occurred during transport for 28 patients (84.5%). Four patients (12.1%) required a brief period of bag-mask ventilation and one patient had an episode of bradycardia.

Conclusions
nCPAP on air transport is a safe and useful method for providing ventilatory support to infants and young children with respiratory distress.
Food quality impacts on reproductive traits, development and fatty acid composition of the freshwater calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus sp.
Authors: Titocci Jessica , Fink Patrick 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The nutritional quality of phytoplankton is essential for the fitness of herbivorous zooplankton and for efficient carbon fluxes in pelagic ecosystems. In freshwater lakes, cladocerans and calanoid copepods are the main pelagic herbivores in terms of both numbers and grazing impact. However, most studies focused on the easily cultivable cladocerans, while only few studies addressed the impact of the diet on freshwater calanoid copepods due to their more complex life cycle. We here supplied five different phytoplankton diets to the freshwater calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus sp. to investigate their dietary quality for the copepods’ fitness traits over the copepod’s entire life cycle. While all tested diets supported comparable reproductive success in adults, egg production, hatching success and survival rate differed markedly between diets. In the offspring generation, diet affected developmental and reproductive periods, size at first reproduction and clutch size. Eudiaptomus body fatty acid composition only partially reflected their diet, indicating that the copepods are able to selectively accumulate and interconvert certain essential fatty acids. This capability may allow them to cope with nutritional deficiencies and may thus be interpreted as an ecological adaptation strategy to the fluctuating environmental conditions and resource availabilities in freshwater plankton.
Perceived movement of nonrigid motion patterns
Authors: Koerfer Krischan , Lappe Markus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Nonrigid materials such as liquids or smoke deform over time. Little is known about the visual perception of nonrigid motion other than that many motion cues associated with rigid motion perception are not reliable for nonrigid motion. Nonrigid motion patterns lack clear borders and their movement can be inconsistent with the motion of their parts. We developed a novel stimulus that creates a nonrigid vortex motion pattern in a random dot distribution and decouples the movement of the vortex from the first-order motion of the dots. We presented three moving vortices that entailed consecutively fewer motion cues, eliminating occlusion, motion borders, and velocity field gradients in the process. Subjects were well able to report the end position and travel path in all cases, showing that nonrigid motion is perceived through an analysis of the temporal evolution of visual motion patterns and does not require borders or speed differences. Adding a coherent global motion did not hamper perception, but adding local noise did, indicating that the visual system uses mid-level features that are on a local scale. We also found that participants judged the movement of the nonrigid motion patterns slower than a rigid control, revealing that speed perception was based on a combination of motion of the parts and movement of the pattern. We propose that the visual system uses the temporal evolution of a motion pattern for the perception of nonrigid motion and suggest a plausible mechanism based on the curl of the motion field.
Sporadic, late-onset, and multistage diseases
Authors: Webster Anthony J , Clarke Robert 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Multistage disease processes are often characterized by a linear relationship between the log of incidence rates and the log of age. Examples include sequences of somatic mutations, that can cause cancer, and have recently been linked with a range of non-malignant diseases. Using a Weibull distribution to model diseases that occur through an ordered sequence of stages, and another model where stages can occur in any order, we characterized the age-related onset of disease in UK Biobank data. Despite their different underlying assumptions, both models accurately described the incidence of over 450 diseases, demonstrating that multistage disease processes cannot be inferred from this data alone. The parametric models provided unique insights into age-related disease, that conventional studies of relative risks cannot. The rate at which disease risk increases with age was used to distinguish between “sporadic” diseases, with an initially low and slowly increasing risk, and “late-onset” diseases whose negligible risk when young rapidly increases with age. “Relative aging rates” were introduced to quantify how risk factors modify age-related risk, finding the effective age-at-risk of sporadic diseases is strongly modified by common risk factors. Relative aging rates are ideal for risk-stratification, allowing the identification of ages with equivalent-risk in groups with different exposures. Most importantly, our results suggest that a substantial burden of sporadic diseases can be substantially delayed or avoided by early lifestyle interventions.
Accuracy of power Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Conticini Edoardo , Falsetti Paolo , Grazzini Silvia , Baldi Caterina , D’Alessandro Roberto , Al Khayyat Suhel Gabriele , Biasi Giovanni , Bellisai Francesca , Bardelli Marco , Gentileschi Stefano , Garcia-Gonzalez Estrella , Volpi Nila , Barbagli Stefano , Fabbroni Marta , d’Alessandro Miriana , Bargagli Elena , Cantarini Luca , Frediani Bruno 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objectives
No clear-cut guidelines exist for the use of imaging procedures for the diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) score in IIM patients compared with a control group and its usefulness during follow-up.

Methods
All patients evaluated in the Vasculitis and Myositis Clinic, Rheumatology Unit, University of Siena were prospectively collected. All patients underwent US examination of both thighs in axial and longitudinal scans, which were also performed twice (T1) or three times (T2).

Results
Forty-five patients with IIM (median [interquartile range] age 55 [45–66] years; 35 female) were enrolled. Receiver operating characteristic curves distinguished patients and controls based on ∑power Doppler (PD), ∑oedema, ∑atrophy and CRP. The best cut-off value for ∑PD was 0.5, ∑oedema 1.5, ∑atrophy 0.5 and CRP 0.22 mg/dl. In a logistic regression analysis, the variables that most influenced diagnosis of IIM were ∑PD and ∑oedema (P = 0.017 and P = 0.013, respectively). ∑Oedema was lower at T1 (P = 0.0108) and T2 (P = 0.0012) than at T0. Likewise, ∑PD was lower at T1 (P = 0.0294) and T2 (P = 0.0420) than at T0. Physician global assessment was lower at T1 (P = 0.0349) and T2 (P = 0.0035) than at baseline.

Conclusion
Our findings show that PDUS is a reliable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis between inflammatory and non-inflammatory myopathies. Moreover, PDUS can be employed also during the follow-up of patients with IIM. A reduction in disease activity, measured by physician global assessment, led to a concomitant decrease in both oedema and PD, which was directly correlated with their rate of change. This underlines the close link between clinical assessment and PDUS findings, not only at diagnosis but also during monitoring.