bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of skin defects in loquats based on grayscale features combined with reflectance, absorbance, and Kubelka–Munk spectra
Authors: Li Bin , Han Zhaoyang , Wang Qiu , Yang Akun , Liu Yande 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSkin defects are one of the main problems that occur during postharvest grading and processing of loquat, leading to deterioration of loquat, reducing the economic value of the commodity, and causing food quality and safety problems. Improving the identification rate of skin defects in loquat can reduce the economic loss caused by transportation and storage. In this paper, hyperspectral imaging technology was used to collect the reflectance (R), absorbance (A), and Kubelka–Munk (KM) spectra of loquat with skin defects for classification of defects types. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to obtain the characteristic wavelength images. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), uninformative variables elimination (UVE), and Monte Carlo combined with uninformative variables elimination (MCUVE) were used to reduce the dimension of spectral data to obtain the characteristic wavelength. The spectral data and grayscale features were used to establish the spectral model (SPEC) and grayscale features combined with spectral model (MIX). Extreme learning machine (ELM), least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM), and k‐nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm were applied to establish a classification model for skin defects in loquat. Comparing the model classification results of the three spectral parameters combined image features, it was found that the A‐CARS‐MIX‐ELM model had the highest accuracy, with a classification accuracy of 98.18%. The number of selected characteristic spectra was 37, accounting for 21.02% of the total spectral number of the whole band. In the online detection process of a large number of fruits, we usually need to improve the detection speed on the premise of high‐precision detection. In this case, the R‐SPA‐MIX‐ELM model can be selected, and the classification accuracy is 94.55%. The number of selected spectra is 10, accounting for 5.68% of the number of wavelengths in the whole band. Consequently, it also provides a theoretical reference for the rapid, nondestructive, and high‐precision fruit online detection technology in the future.
Engineering the Morphologies of Block Copolymer Particles from the Confined Self‐assembly within Emulsion Droplets†
Authors: Hu Dengwen , Chang Xiaohua , Zhu Yutian 
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive SummaryBlock copolymers (BCPs) can automatically assemble into various regulated nanoparticles when they are confined within the emulsion droplet because of the structural frustration of polymer chains and the soft template effect of the oil/water interface. In the past few years, great efforts have been made to regulate the morphologies of the resulting BCP particles. In this review article, various strategies for tuning oil/water interfacial properties to engineer the as‐formed BCP particles were summarized. Then, the comprehensive scenarios of the applications of the resulting BCP particles were discussed. Finally, the future tendency and challenge of the self‐assembly of BCPs confined in emulsion droplet were suggested.
The EAS approach for graphical selection consistency in vector autoregression models
Authors: Williams Jonathan P. , Xie Yuying , Hannig Jan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAs evidenced by various recent and significant papers within the frequentist literature, along with numerous applications in macroeconomics, genomics, and neuroscience, there continues to be substantial interest in understanding the theoretical estimation properties of high‐dimensional vector autoregression (VAR) models. To date, however, while Bayesian VAR (BVAR) models have been developed and studied empirically (primarily in the econometrics literature), there exist very few theoretical investigations of the repeated‐sampling properties for BVAR models in the literature, and there exist no generalized fiducial investigations of VAR models. In this direction, we construct methodology via the ‐admissible subsets (EAS) approach for inference based on a generalized fiducial distribution of relative model probabilities over all sets of active/inactive components (graphs) of the VAR transition matrix. We provide a mathematical proof of pairwise and strong graphical selection consistency for the EAS approach for stable VAR(1) models, and demonstrate empirically that it is an effective strategy in high‐dimensional settings.
Recent Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for the Treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection and COVID‐19
Authors: Ghosh Arun K. , Mishevich Jennifer L. , Mesecar Andrew , Mitsuya Hiroaki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCOVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, continues to be a major public health crisis around the globe. Development of vaccines and the first cluster of antiviral drugs has brought promise and hope for prevention and treatment of severe coronavirus disease. However, continued development of newer, safer, and more effective antiviral drugs are critically important to combat COVID‐19 and counter the looming pathogenic variants. Studies of the coronavirus life cycle revealed several important biochemical targets for drug development. In the present review, we focus on recent drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts in small molecule drug discovery, including the development of nirmatrelvir that targets viral protein synthesis and remdesivir and molnupiravir that target viral RdRp. These are recent FDA approved drugs for the treatment of COVID‐19.
Autophagic flux restoration of senescent T cells improves antitumor activity of TCR‐engineered T cells
Authors: Zhang Chaoting , Sun Yizhe , Li Shance , Shen Luyan , Teng Xia , Xiao Yefei , Zhou Ping , Lu Zheming 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectivesAlthough adoptive cell therapy with T‐cell receptor‐engineered T cells (TCR‐Ts) has mediated effective antitumor responses in several cancers, senescence of T cells could impair the therapeutic effect of TCR‐Ts. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the characteristics of senescent TCR‐Ts and how to subsequently improve their antitumor effect. Here, we focused on the influence of autophagy on TCR‐Ts, since autophagy is tightly associated with the regulation of T‐cell activation, proliferation and differentiation.MethodsWe first evaluated autophagy level of senescent TCR‐Ts, and then the senescent TCR‐Ts were expanded in vitro for 7 days with and without spermidine treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the proliferative potential, phenotypical characteristics and functionality of the propagated senescent TCR‐Ts were analysed in vitro and in vivo after 7‐day ex vivo expansion.ResultsWe found that autophagic flux of senescent TCR‐T cells was significantly impaired. The restoration of autophagic flux via spermidine treatment reduced the expression of inhibitory immunoreceptors (PD‐1, TIM‐3 or LAG‐3), enhanced proliferation and effector functions and subsequently demonstrated the superior in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of TCR‐Ts.ConclusionThese data suggest that spermidine treatment presents an opportunity to improve the antitumor effect of TCR‐Ts for the treatment of solid tumors.
CD44v6 chimeric antigen receptor T cell specificity towards AML with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations
Authors: Tang Ling , Huang Hongming , Tang Yutong , Li Qing , Wang Jue , Li Dengju , Zhong Zhaodong , Zou Ping , You Yong , Cao Yang , Kong Yingjie , Guo Anyuan , Zhou Shu , Li Huimin , Meng Fankai , Xiao Yi , Zhu Xiaojian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundChimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has thus far been elusive, in part due to target restriction and phenotypic heterogeneity of AML cells. Mutations of the FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) genes are common driver mutations that present with a poor prognosis in AML patients. We found that AML patients with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations had higher expression of CD44 isoform 6 (CD44v6) compared to normal specimens. Therefore, we intended to demonstrate CD44v6 could be a specific option for AML with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations.MethodsInternal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations of FLT3 (FLT3/ITD) knock‐in clone and DNMT3A‐R882H mutant clones of SKM‐1 cells were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 and lentiviral transfection, respectively. CD44v6 CAR‐T cells were constructed by transfecting T cells with lentivirus containing CD44v6 CAR. CD44v6 expression in AML cell lines, AML patients and healthy donors was evaluated by flow cytometry. DNA methylation assays were used to analyse the mechanisms of FLT3 and DNMT3A mutations affecting CD44v6 expression.ResultsAberrant overexpression of CD44v6 was observed in AML cell lines with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations compared to the wild‐type SKM‐1 or K562 cells. AML patients with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations had higher expression of CD44v6 compared to normal specimens. Then we constructed CD44v6 CAR‐T cells and found that CD44v6 CAR‐T specifically lysed CD44v6+ cells, accompanied by cytokines release. No significant killing effect was observed from CD44v6‐ AML cells and normal cells after co‐culture with CD44v6 CAR‐T. These results were also observed in vivo. Furthermore, we found that FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations induced CD44v6 overexpression by downregulating the CpG methylation of CD44 promoter.ConclusionsCollectively, CD44v6 is a promising target of CAR‐T for AML patients with FLT3 or DNMT3A mutations.
Benzo[c][1,2]thiazine‐Based Analogs in the Inverse Electron Demand [4+2] Hetero Diels‐Alder Reaction with Glycals: Access to Tetracyclic Fused Galactose and Fucose Derivatives
Authors: Biagiotti Giacomo , Legnani Laura , Aresta Giusi , Chiacchio Maria A. , Richichi Barbara 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe synthesis and reactivity in an [4+2] inverse electron demand hetero Diels‐Alder reaction (ihDA) of an original class of electron‐poor heterodienes, the N‐substituted‐1H‐benzo[c][1,2]thiazin‐4‐one‐2,2‐dioxides, are described. These are highly reactive electrophiles that allow easy access to unprecedented benzo‐thiazine glyco‐fused derivatives in a remarkably selective way, even when using acetylated glycals, previously unexplored within this version of ihDA. DFT calculations support the experimental data, and moreover show that acetylated dienophiles can easily react making cycloadditions feasible.
Synthesis of Non‐anomeric Spiro‐Fused Bicyclic Sugar Derivatives by Light‐Mediated 1,5‐Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Process
Authors: Aghi Anjali , Singh Baghel Akanksha , Kumar Amit 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe report a metal‐free, diastereoselective approach for the syntheses of conformationally locked spiro bicyclic sugars bearing a quaternary center at C5 position. The oxazoline‐containing spiro‐bicyclic system has been built in one step from easily synthesizable C6‐glycosylimidates under visible light conditions. The overall transformation proceeds with the formation of an intramolecular C−N bond through the activation of appropriately positioned C−H bond via in situ generation of an imidate nitrogen radical followed by an intramolecular 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in the presence of NaI/PIDA reagents. Mild reaction conditions, green source of energy, broad substrate scope, scale‐up synthesis, and high reaction yields are some of the key features of the developed protocol.
Highly Selective Catalyst‐Free Oxidative Synthesis of N‐Formamides from C2‐ and C3‐Feedstocks
Authors: Gokhale Tejas A. , Gulhane Sanjivani C. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe application of bio‐derived feedstocks as building blocks in organic syntheses holds great value with goals of high product yield and minimizing carbon loss. As contribution to this effort, present work explores 5 different C2‐ and C3‐feedstocks (derived from biomass and conventional sources) such as glycerol (GLY), 1,3‐dihydroxyacetone (DHA), ethylene glycol (EG), glycolic acid (GLYAC) and glyoxal (GLYOX) as carbon sources for highly selective, catalyst‐free oxidative synthesis of N‐formamides from primary and secondary amines. Both DHA and GLYOX showed the best carbon efficiency through carbon source: amine ratio of 1 : 2, resulting in 100 % selectivity of N‐formanilide with tert‐butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) as the oxidant. GLYOX was applied further for synthesizing a N‐formamide library of 21 substrates exemplifying substantial yields ranging from 68–98 %. Moreover, pilot scalability of this methodology achieved a yield of 87 % and 72 % for aniline substrate at 5‐gram scale using GLYOX and DHA respectively in 24 hours.
Detecting changes in mixed‐sampling rate data sequences
Authors: Lowther Aaron Paul , Killick Rebecca , Eckley Idris Arthur 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDifferent environmental variables are often monitored using different sampling rates; examples include half‐hourly weather station measurements, daily data, and six‐day satellite data. Further when researchers want to combine the data into a single analysis this often requires data aggregation or down‐scaling. When one is seeking to identify changes within multivariate data, the aggregation and/or down‐scaling processes obscure the changes we seek. In this article, we propose a novel changepoint detection algorithm which can analyze multiple time series for co‐occurring changepoints with potentially different sampling rates, without requiring preprocessing to a standard sampling scale. We demonstrate the algorithm on synthetic data before providing an example identifying simultaneous changes in multiple variables at a location on the Greenland ice sheet using synthetic aperture radar and weather station data.
Review on recent advances in two‐dimensional nanomaterials‐based cathodes for lithium‐sulfur batteries
Authors: Xu Hongyuan , Kong Zhao , Siegenthaler James , Zheng Bocong , Tong Yihong , Li Jiawei , Schuelke Thomas , Fan Qi Hua , Wang Keliang , Xu Hui , Jin Hong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWith the advantages of superior energy density, lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been considered as one of the promising next‐generation batteries. However, some key issues, such as the shuttle effect of the intermediate lithium polysulfides, poor conductivity of the sulfur, Li2S and Li2S2, and huge volume variation during charge/discharge process, have hindered its development. In this respect, a variety of nanomaterials have been used to overcome the above‐mentioned defects. Among them, two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials present unique merits for enhancing the electrochemical performance of LSBs owing to their unique structural properties. Nevertheless, the variation of 2D nanomaterials used in LSBs is rarely discussed. Herein, this work systematically reviews the state‐of‐the‐art progress in LSB cathode development through 2D materials such as graphene, MXenes, 2D compounds, and so forth. With a comprehensive analysis, the challenges and perspectives for 2D nanomaterials in LSBs application are proposed and discussed.
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An Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid and Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid Does Not Conform to Additivity in Northern Leopard Frogs Exposed Through Metamorphosis
Authors: Hoskins Tyler D. , Allmon Elizabeth B. , Flynn R. Wesley , Lee Linda S. , Choi Youn , Hoverman Jason T. , Sepúlveda Maria S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals associated with adverse health effects. At aqueous film–forming foam sites, they occur as mixtures, with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) commonly co-occurring in the highest concentrations. Although PFOS and PFHxS toxicities have been studied, few studies have tested their potential interaction. Using Rana pipiens, the present study compared toxicities of a 1:1 PFOS:PFHxS mixture to PFOS and PFHxS individually with the prediction that responses would be additive. Gosner stage 25 (GS 25) tadpoles were exposed through metamorphosis (GS 46) to 0.5 and 1 ppb PFOS or PFHxS alone or to a mixture of 0.5 ppb PFOS and 0.5 ppb PFHxS. Tadpoles were weighed and measured (snout-vent length [SVL]) at day 31, metamorphic climax (GS 42), and GS 46. These values were used to calculate the scaled mass index (SMI), a measure of body condition. Body burdens were quantified on day 31 and at GS 46. The PFOS and PFHxS body burdens were elevated relative to controls at GS 46. No effects were observed on survival, SVL, or mass. Single PFAS effects included a 17% reduction in SMI at day 31 (0.5 ppb PFHxS) and a 1.1-day longer metamorphic period (1 ppb PFHxS) relative to controls. Mixture results deviated from additivity—SMIs were higher than expected on day 31 and lower than expected at GS 42. In addition, time to GS 42 in the PFAS mixture exceeded expected additivity by 12 days. Results from a chronic exposure to a 1:1 PFOS:PFHxS mixture resulted in changes in body condition and length of metamorphosis that deviated from additivity. More PFAS mixture toxicity studies conducted at relevant ratios and concentrations are needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3007–3016. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Fish Fingerprinting: Identifying Crude Oil Pollutants using Bicyclic Sesquiterpanes (Bicyclanes) in the Tissues of Exposed Fish
Authors: Spilsbury Francis D. , Scarlett Alan G. , Rowland Steven J. , Nelson Robert K. , Spaak Gemma , Grice Kliti , Gagnon Marthe Monique 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the possibility of identifying the source oils of exposed fish using ratios of bicyclic sesquiterpane (bicyclane) chemical biomarkers. In the event of an oil spill, identification of source oil(s) for assessment, or for litigation purposes, typically uses diagnostic ratios of chemical biomarkers to produce characteristic oil “fingerprints.” Although this has been applied in identifying oil residues in sediments, water, and sessile filtering organisms, so far as we are aware this has never been successfully demonstrated for oil-exposed fish. In a 35-day laboratory trial, juvenile Lates calcarifer (barramundi or Asian seabass) were exposed, via the diet (1% w/w), to either a heavy fuel oil or to Montara, an Australian medium crude oil. Two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were then used to measure selected ratios of the bicyclanes to examine whether the ratios were statistically reproducibly conserved in the fish tissues. Six diagnostic bicyclane ratios showed high correlation (r2 &gt; 0.98) with those of each of the two source oils. A linear discriminatory analysis model showed that nine different petroleum products could be reproducibly discriminated using these bicyclane ratios. The model was then used to correctly identify the bicyclane profiles of each of the two exposure oils in the adipose tissue extracts of each of the 18 fish fed oil-enriched diets. From our initial study, bicyclane biomarkers appear to show good potential for providing reliable forensic fingerprints of the sources of oil contamination of exposed fish. Further research is needed to investigate the minimum exposure times required for bicyclane bioaccumulation to achieve detectable concentrations in fish adipose tissues and to determine bicyclane depuration rates once exposure to oil has ceased. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:7–18. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Validation of an SH-SY5Y Cell–Based Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay for Water Quality Assessment
Authors: Lee Jungeun , Huchthausen Julia , Schlichting Rita , Scholz Stefan , Henneberger Luise , Escher Beate I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition assay has been frequently applied for environmental monitoring to capture insecticides such as organothiophosphates (OTPs) and carbamates. However, natural organic matter such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) co-extracted with solid-phase extraction from environmental samples can produce false-negative AChE inhibition in free enzyme-based AChE assays. We evaluated whether disturbance by DOC can be alleviated in a cell-based AChE assay using differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The exposure duration was set at an optimum of 3 h considering the effects of OTPs and carbamates. Because loss to the airspace was expected for the more volatile OTPs (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and parathion), the chemical loss in this bioassay setup was investigated using solid-phase microextraction followed by chemical analysis. The three OTPs were relatively well retained (loss &lt;34%) during 3 h of exposure in the 384-well plate, but higher losses occurred on prolonged exposure, accompanied by slight cross-contamination of adjacent wells. Inhibition of AChE by paraoxon-ethyl was not altered in the presence of up to 68 mgc/L Aldrich humic acid used as surrogate for DOC. Binary mixtures of paraoxon-ethyl and water extracts showed concentration-additive effects. These experiments confirmed that the matrix in water extracts does not disturb the assay, unlike purified enzyme-based AChE assays. The cell-based AChE assay proved to be suitable for testing water samples with effect concentrations causing 50% inhibition of AChE at relative enrichments of 0.5–10 in river water samples, which were distinctly lower than corresponding cytotoxicity, confirming the high sensitivity of the cell-based AChE inhibition assay and its relevance for water quality monitoring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3046–3057. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Pesticides in the environment can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, natural organic matter such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be co-extracted from the environmental samples and can interfere with the AChE inhibition assays that use purified enzymes. We confirmed that there was no bias by DOC in our cell-based AChE inhibition assay. In addition, loss of well-known AChE inhibitors to the airspace was evaluated, and it was shown that the 3-h AChE inhibition assay can be run without substantial loss of chemicals.
Soils, agriculture, and land use in island socio‐ecosystems: Three case studies from Southeastern Polynesia
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Kahn Jennifer G. , Chadwick Oliver A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe availability of nutrient‐rich soils capable of supporting intensive cultivation was a key factor in the relative vulnerability and resilience of traditional Polynesian societies, whose economies were based on agricultural production. We tested the hypothesis that geological age was a key controlling factor in determining the nutrient status of island soils, extensively sampling soils on two islands and a small archipelago in southeastern Polynesia: Mo‘orea (1.5–1.72 Ma), Maupiti (3.9–4.5 Ma), and the Gambier Islands (5.6–6.3 Ma). Rather than supporting a hypothesis of island age primarily determining soil fertility, our results indicate that topographic relief, the presence of active slope processes such as landslides and mass wasting, and rainfall are more important controlling factors. Rejuvenation of soil nutrients due to mass wasting, in particular, appears to be the most important factor contributing to soil fertility. Our field surveys also provide archaeological evidence showing that precontact Polynesians were finely attuned to local soil properties, targeting high soil fertility areas for agriculture and reserving lower fertility areas for other land use practices.