bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of glucose addition and water table manipulation on peat quality of drained peatland forests with different management practices
Authors: Aaltonen Heidi , Zhu Xudan , Khatun Rikta , Laurén Annamari (Ari) , Palviainen Marjo , Könönen Mari , Peltomaa Elina , Berninger Frank , Köster Kajar , Ojala Anne , Pumpanen Jukka 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPeatlands are globally significant C storage because waterlogged conditions slow down organic matter (OM) decomposition. Changes in the water table (WT) because of global warming or drainage, consecutive vegetation succession, and enhanced root exudation causing priming may transform peatlands from C sinks to sources. We studied how glucose addition, WT, and forest harvesting affect the chemical composition of peat and decomposition rate by incubating peat columns collected from drained clear‐cut (CC) and forested (FD) peatlands. Columns were divided into high or low WT, and half were labeled with 13C to study the priming effect on peat decomposition and peat chemical quality. We measured CO2 fluxes, peat OM, and water quality. There was no detectable priming effect after glucose addition. Lowering of the WT led to increased CO2 efflux, which during the measurements averaged between 39 and 291 μg m–2 s–1. Low WT also decreased the proportion of water‐soluble OM in CC areas but not in FD areas. The proportion of recalcitrant OM in surface peat was higher in forest than in clear cut. Forest management also affected the quality of dissolved OM in soil water, with CC showing higher concentrations of recalcitrant compounds. Decomposition and OM quality were governed by forest management practices and WT manipulation. In the future, the C sink capacity of forested peatlands will be regulated by changes in WT level, forest management, and quality of OM.
Path to sustainable development: Does digital economy matter in manufacturing green total factor productivity?
Authors: Hao Xiaoli , Wang Xinhui , Wu Haitao , Hao Yu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the context of the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic and China's “digital power” strategy, the realization of a green shift of manufacturing has become a necessary condition to promote the economy, and the digital factor has increasingly become a new driving force. The DEA‐Malmquist index and entropy method were used to measure the manufacturing green total factor productivity (GTFP) and the level of digital economy level from 2011 to 2018, respectively. This study then explored the impact of digital economy on manufacturing GTFP based on the system generalized method of moments (GMM) model, as well as the adjustment effects of talent aggregation and financial scale according to the moderating model. This research came to four conclusions. (1) The digital economy can significantly improve the manufacturing GTFP of China, and the influence shows the characteristic of a “marginal increase”; (2) notably, the perspective of manufacturing GTFP decomposition indicates that the digital economy exerts a significant positive effect on manufacturing technical efficiency during the current period but obviously hinders technical progress; (3) interestingly, a mechanistic test showed that the two dimensions of innovation environment—talent aggregation (0.385) and financial scale (0.359)—play critical moderating roles in the influencing process; and (4) the influence has evident regional heterogeneity—it is significantly positive in the east and negative in the central region and west. Finally, corresponding policy suggestions are suggested.
Temperature Effect on Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Acetylene Pyrolysis
Authors: Gao He , Tang Hao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe detailed chemical reaction mechanism of high temperature pyrolysis is constructed through the comparison of various current reaction mechanisms and sub‐models. This mechanism can better predict the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Through path analysis, the interrelationship of the growth mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is expounded. And the important contribution pathways of five‐membered/six‐membered rings at high temperatures are investigated. Through component flux analysis and sensitivity analysis, the results show that the main formation path of the external five‐membered ring is the acetylene addition of naphthalene. Its stability decreases with increasing temperature and is the main introduction route of molecular curvature during low temperature pyrolysis. However, the embedded five‐membered ring obtained by benzene cycloaddition is less affected by temperature and is the most important chemical reaction process introduced by high temperature molecular curvature. The hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition mechanism still plays a dominant role at different temperatures and is a classical pathway for the formation of six‐membered rings. By cooperating with multiple reaction mechanisms, the formation mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at different temperatures can be well predicted.
Computational Studies on Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for Precision Oncology
Authors: Srivastava Ruby 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAfter decades of technological research, the basic understanding of Antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) has resulted in the development of therapeutic agents for cancer patients. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of only nine FDA‐approved ADCs (Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(6):327‐344) by computational methods, while many more ADCs are in preclinical and clinical development. The biological and Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) risk prediction for cytotoxic payloads is estimated to predict their bioavailability as drugs for the treatment of cancer patients. Other potential targets for the cytotoxic payloads are accessed by SwissTargetPrediction. Docking for the optimized structures of drugs and linkers are carried out by AutoDock tools. CABS‐flex 2.0 web server is used for Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of antigens and antibodies (IgG1, IgG4) and potential binding pockets for antibodies are searched by the PrankWeb server. HDOCK web server is used to find the docking of (Antigens‐ Antibodies‐ (linker‐payloads)) complexes. Protein‐ligand interaction profiler (PLIP) web server is used to find the noncovalent interactions in ADCs. Results indicated higher toxicity for the studied payloads, yet drug likeliness is observed for all studied cytotoxic payloads. The predicted targets for the payloads are mostly phosphodiesterase and protease electrochemical transporter. Strong Hydrogen bond Interactions have been observed for the ADCs. The cytotoxic payloads showed a specific binding location for the target antigens. Hopefully, these studies will help to improve the design patterns and facilitate the optimal allocation of ADCs for precision oncology in the future.
Synthesis of Thiosulfonates by I2/TBHP‐mediated the Ring‐opening/coupling Reaction of Benzothiazole
Authors: Chen Tianpeng , Tao Yuhui , Wu Ziliang , Xu Xiaoliang , Cheng Dongping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA novel I2/TBHP (tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide)‐mediated the ring‐opening/coupling reaction of benzothiazole with sulfonyl hydrazides is disclosed. Various aryl, heteraryl and alkyl sulfonyl hydrazides are applied for the reaction and the corresponding thiosulfonates are obtained in moderate to good yields. It provides a mild and convenient way for the synthesis of thiosulfonates.
A Triple Therapeutic Strategy with Antiexosomal Iron Efflux for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy and Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Yu , Chen Qinjun , Song Haolin , Zhang Yiwen , Chen Hongyi , Liu Peixin , Sun Tao , Jiang Chen 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFerroptosis is a form of regulated cell death which can not only kill tumor cells but also enhance immunogenicity of tumor cells, and it is evidenced to be involved in a variety of tumor treatments, especially in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor cell‐derived exosomes are reported to influence the progression and metastasis process of tumors. In the process of ferroptosis, exosomes are also demonstrated as mediators to export iron under high intracellular iron concentration and resist ferroptosis. Under this regard, the combined application of ferroptosis inducer and the inhibitor of iron‐containing exosomes may enhance the ferroptosis. Herein, biocompatible hybrid nanoparticles composed of the iron oxide nanoparticles, polymers with oxaliplatin attached, and siProminin2 are constructed. The siProminin2 mediated exosomal inhibition can restore the intracellular iron concentration, which can also inhibit the secretion of tumor cell‐derived exosomes. The combination of immunotherapy with oxaliplatin, ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy and inhibition of tumor cell‐derived exosomes can enhance the immune activation effects. The nanoparticles represent an excellent triple therapeutic strategy for enhancing ferroptosis‐based cancer therapy and immunotherapy.
Potential for prediction of psychosis and bipolar disorder in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: a longitudinal register study of all people born in Finland in 1987
Authors: Lång Ulla , Ramsay Hugh , Yates Kathryn , Veijola Juha , Gyllenberg David , Clarke Mary C. , Leacy Finbarr P. , Gissler Mika , Kelleher Ian 
Published: September 2022

Current strategies to predict psychosis identify only a small proportion of individuals at risk. Additional strategies are needed to increase capacity for pre­diction and prevention of serious mental illness, ideally during childhood and adolescence. One possible approach would be to investigate systems in which psychosis risk factors are concentrated during childhood. One notable such system is represented by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). Although psychotic disorders are uncommon in CAMHS, many risk factors for psychosis are highly prevalent in young people who enter this system. We hypothesized, therefore, that youth attending CAMHS would be a high‐risk group for psychosis if followed into adulthood and, furthermore, that CAMHS systems would capture a substantial proportion of future psychosis cases. We constructed a total population cohort study of all Finns born in 1987 (N=55,875), linking together extensive register data on health care contacts from birth through age 28 years. We identified all individuals diagnosed with a psychotic or bipolar disorder by age 28 (N=1,785). The risk of psychosis/bipolar disorder by age 28 years was 1.8% for individuals who had not attended CAMHS during childhood or adolescence, whereas it was 12.8% for those with a history of any outpatient CAMHS contact (odds ratio, OR=7.9, 95% CI: 7.2‐8.7). Furthermore, the risk of psychosis/bipolar disorder by age 28 years was 2.3% for individuals without a history of inpatient CAMHS admission, whereas it was 24.0% for those with a history of inpatient CAMHS admission (OR=13.3, 95% CI: 11.9‐14.9), and 36.5% for those with a history of inpatient CAMHS admission in adolescence (age 13‐17 years) (OR=24.2, 95% CI: 21.2‐27.6). Individuals who attended CAMHS but received no mental disorder diagnosis had an equally high risk of subsequently developing a psychosis/bipolar disorder as individuals who did receive a diagnosis (OR=0.9, 99.5% CI: 0.7‐1.1). Compared to other CAMHS attendees, individuals who developed psychosis or bipolar disorder were more likely to have had an initial CAMHS diagnosis of depressive or other mood disorder (OR=2.3, 99.5% CI: 1.6‐3.0) and disruptive behaviour disorder (OR=1.7, 99.5% CI: 1.2‐2.5). Of all psychosis/bipolar diagnoses by age 28 years, 50.2% occurred in individuals who had, at some point in childhood or adolescence, attended CAMHS, indicating that CAMHS represent not only a high‐risk but also a high‐capacity system for prediction of psychosis/bipolar disorder. These findings suggest an enormous, untapped potential for large‐scale psychosis/bipolar disorder prediction and prevention research within existing specialist CAMHS.
Introduction to Development Engineering
Authors: Agnihotri Anustubh , Madon Temina , Gadgil Ashok J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTechnological change has always played a role in shaping human progress. From the power loom to the mobile phone, new technologies have continuously influenced how social and economic activities are organized—sometimes for better and sometimes for worse. Agricultural technologies, for example, have increased the efficiency of agricultural production and catalyzed the restructuring of economies (Bustos et al., 2016). At the same time, these innovations have degraded the environment and, in some cases, fueled inequality (Foster and Rosenzweig, 2008; Pingali, 2012). Information technology has played a catalytic role in social development, enabling collective action and inclusive political movements (Enikolopov et al., 2020; Manacorda & Tesei, 2020); yet it has also fueled political violence and perhaps even genocide (Pierskalla & Hollenbach, 2013; Fink, 2018).
Customised E-Learning Platforms
Authors: Pitchford Nicola 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMore than 617 million children and adolescents lack the basic reading and mathematics skills required to live healthy and productive lives. Malawi ranks particularly poorly, with an average pupil to teacher ratio of 77:1 and a 50% dropout rate among primary school children. Established in 2013, the Unlocking Talent initiative uses e-Learning technology to help overcome educational challenges. It equips touch-screen tablets with customisable software that delivers lessons through multisensory experiences (e.g. pictures, sound, video and animation). Throughout Malawi, small groups of students in public primary schools have accessed these tablets during weekly sessions on-site. This case study describes a series of evaluations of this e-Learning technology in Malawi, conducted in tandem with experiments in other countries (including the United Kingdom, Brazil, South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia). Following a pilot evaluation to assess the feasibility of e-Learning in raising learning outcomes, multiple large-scale randomised control trials were conducted. Learning gains hold across multiple cohorts of children and across different countries, generating more than a 3-month advantage in basic mathematics and more than a 4-month advantage in basic reading on average. The intervention also bridges gender gaps in mathematics skills attainment in Malawi.
Digital Networking and the Case of Youth Unemployment in South Africa
Authors: Shaw Patrick , Wheeler Laurel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSouth Africa has one of the highest rates of youth unemployment and under-employment around the world, despite having a relatively large formal sector. This is driven, in part, by frictions in labor markets, including lack of information about job applicants’ skills, limited access to job training, and employers’ reliance on referrals through professional networks for hiring. This case study explores whether the online platform LinkedIn can be used to improve the employment outcomes of disadvantaged youth in South Africa. Researchers worked with an NGO, the Harambee Youth Employment Accelerator, to develop a training for young workseekers in the use of LinkedIn for job search, applications, and networking for referrals. This intervention was randomized across 30 cohorts of youth, with more than 1600 students enrolled in the study. The research team worked with LinkedIn engineers to access data generated by the platform. The evaluation finds that participants exposed to the LinkedIn training (the “treated” participants) were 10% more likely than the control group to find immediate employment, an effect that persisted for at least a year after job readiness training.
Amplifying Worker Voice with Technology and Organizational Incentives
Authors: Adhvaryu Achyuta , Gade Smit , Gandhi Piyush , Garg Lavanya , Kabra Mansi , Nanda Ankita , Nyshadham Anant , Patil Arvind , Pimoli Mamta 
Published: September 2022

AbstractEconomic development can be driven by large, high-performing firms that provide safe, dignified jobs with living wages. The garment manufacturing industry is a large, economically important sector concentrated in low- and middle-income countries; however, it has been characterized by persistent neglect of workers’ concerns and working conditions. This case study explores whether digital communication platforms, combined with improvements in management, can empower garment factory workers to voice their concerns and have their grievances addressed. We describe a series of randomized experiments testing the effectiveness of different grievance reporting solutions, finding that access to an anonymous complaint service improves worker satisfaction and reduces absenteeism. However, these simple solutions do not adequately address issues around management trust, accountability, and quality. An ongoing experiment explores whether grievance reporting technology, combined with team-based performance incentives for management, can further improve outcomes for workers.
Stopping Arsenic Poisoning in India
Authors: Gadgil Ashok J. , Amrose Susan , Hernandez Dana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the 1980s, most households of rural India and Bangladesh switched from surface sources for their drinking water – which was causing high incidence of diarrheal disease – to groundwater extracted by hand pumps. However, for tens of millions of people, this groundwater contained high levels of arsenic, which has led to what the WHO has called the “largest mass poisoning of a population in history.” This case study describes the development of ElectroChemical Arsenic Remediation (ECAR), which is a technology that uses iron electrodes to oxidize and remove aqueous arsenic from drinking water. Pilot evaluation of ECAR began in 2011, with a 100 L reactor at a school in Amirabad. However, political tensions in Amirabad caused the subsequent 600 L reactor pilot to be relocated to a school in Dhapdhapi. The findings from this pilot enabled the construction of a 10,000-liter per day (LPD) ECAR plant at Dhapdhapi. During this scaling up process, technical and contextual challenges were encountered and overcome, including those arising from intermittent power supply and a hot/humid climate. Additionally, implementation challenges included training of local operators, ensuring continuity of knowledge within the team, revisiting and correcting early mistakes, and additional engineering work needed during commissioning. The 10,000 LPD plant has been successful both technically and financially. However, after the handoff of the ECAR technology and plant to the local partner, Livpure in 2016, no widespread replication of ECAR plants in the region has occurred. The engineering science behind ECAR continues to be an active area of research, with ongoing projects investigating the implementation of next-generation ECAR technologies in rural California and the Philippines.
Sensing Change: Measuring Cookstove Adoption with Internet-of-Things Sensors
Authors: Wilson Daniel L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBy 2012, the civil war in Darfur, Sudan, had been ongoing for 9 years. The war had displaced missions of people and concentrated them into camps for internally-displaced people. This put immense strain on the local availability of woody biomass used for cooking. Women are primarily responsible for collecting fuelwood, and it was estimated that a 7-hour round trip was necessary to collect sufficient firewood for 2 or 3 days, causing great physical hardship to the women and exposing them to extreme risk of sexual violence as they ventured outside the safety of the camps. The Berkeley-Darfur Stove had been demonstrated to reduce fuel use by roughly 50%. However, recall error and social-desirability bias makes evaluating stove use through surveys challenging. This case study chronicles the integration of low-cost temperature sensors into the Berkeley-Darfur Stove to measure actual use (in contrast to self-reported use), as well as the challenges associated with conducting fieldwork and processing large datasets. Based on this work, it was determined that at least 75% of the women who received the Berkeley-Darfur Stove for free actually adopted it for routine use. Additionally, it was (serendipitously) found that just the act of conducting follow-up surveys had a significant positive impact on adoption. In-person surveys were also conducted, and no correlation was found between the stated use frequency of the cookstoves and the measured use frequency (as determined by the sensors), likely due to the social-desirability bias. This work has launched a variety of ventures including the development of data processing software, improved sensor design, and—most recently—the founding of Geocene, a company focused on expanding the application of remote sensors and providing consulting for companies building Internet of Things (IoT) products.
Reimagining Excreta as a Resource: Recovering Nitrogen from Urine in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Tarpeh William A. , Clark Brandon D. , Nelson Kara L. , Orner Kevin D. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOnly 10–15% of Nairobi’s informal settlements are sewered, and these sewer pipes are often broken or clogged. In addition to posing a threat to human health, human waste contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can wreak ecological harm when improperly discharged. However, nitrogen and phosphorus are also key ingredients for fertilizers used in agricultural food production. This case study follows the development of ElectroSan, a pre-revenue process engineering spinoff that focuses on novel processes for converting urine into valuable products. The two primary technologies ElectroSan uses to extract nitrogen from urine are ion exchange and electrochemical stripping. The efficacy of these technologies (primarily ion exchange) was investigated through field trials enabled by a partnership with Sanergy in Nairobi, Kenya. Through experimentation and market analyses, Dowex Mac 3 was identified as the most suitable resin for nitrogen recovery. Additionally, this process could produce ammonium sulfate fertilizer at a lower cost to competing products and also had the advantages of providing a steady, local supply of fertilizer that could be applied by fertigation. This approach thus avoided local ecosystem damage from improper disposal, created local economic opportunities, and partially closed the nutrient cycle locally. Life cycle and techno-economic assessments (in the context of San Francisco, CA) found that the sulfuric acid used for regeneration of the resin represented 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and energy input (embedded energy from the manufacturing process). Providing insights into the importance of partnerships, being adaptive with assumptions, and the realities of conducting fieldwork, the ElectroSan research project continues to explore the valorization of urine and has expanded to new contexts, including other parts of Kenya (with Sanivation) and Dakar, Senegal (with Delvic Sanitation Initiatives).