bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating productivity and nutritive value of Marandu palisadegrass using a proximal canopy reflectance sensor
Authors: Pezzopane José Ricardo Macedo , de Campos Bernardi Alberto Carlos , Bosi Cristiam , Sengling Orlando , Bonani Willian Lucas , Brunetti Henrique Bauab , Santos Patricia Menezes 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In intensive livestock production systems, estimating forage production and its nutritive value can assist farmers in optimizing pasture management, stocking rate, and feed supplementation to animals. In this study, we aimed to use vegetation indices, determined using a proximal canopy reflectance sensor, to estimate the forage mass, crude protein content, and nitrogen in live forage of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha). Pasture canopy reflectance was measured at three wavelengths (670, 720, and 760 nm) using a Crop Circle device equipped with an ACS-430 sensor. Total forage mass, plant-part composition, leaf area index (LAI), and crude protein content were assessed during 14 growth cycles in a pasture under four management regimes, comprising different combinations of two N fertilization rates and two irrigation schedules. For each forage assessment, pasture canopy reflectance data were used to calculate the following vegetation indices: normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference red edge, simple ratio index (SRI), modified simple ratio, and chlorophyll index. In addition, we also performed analyses of the linear and exponential regressions between vegetation indices and total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, LAI, crude protein content, and nitrogen in live forage. The best estimates were achieved for total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, and nitrogen in live forage using SRI (R2 values between 0.72 and 0.79). When estimating pasture productive variables (total forage mass, leaf + stem mass, leaf mass, and LAI) from SRI, the equations showed R2 values between 0.69 (leaf mass) and 0.74 (LAI) and relative errors ranging from 19% to 21%. For each of the water and nitrogen supply conditions evaluated, this index facilitated the monitoring of forage mass time series and nitrogen in live forage and the extraction of this nutrient by the pasture.
Predicting incidence of hepatitis E using machine learning in Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Cheng Xiaoqing , Liu Wendong , Zhang Xuefeng , Wang Minghao , Bao Changjun , Wu Tianxing 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Hepatitis E is an increasingly serious worldwide public health problem that has attracted extensive attention. It is necessary to accurately predict the incidence of hepatitis E to better plan ahead for future medical care. In this study, we developed a Bi-LSTM model that incorporated meteorological factors to predict the prevalence of hepatitis E. The hepatitis E data used in this study are collected from January 2005 to March 2017 by Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. ARIMA, GBDT, SVM, LSTM and Bi-LSTM models are adopted in this study. The data from January 2009 to September 2014 are used as the training set to fit models, and data from October 2014 to March 2017 are used as the testing set to evaluate the predicting accuracy of different models. Selecting models and evaluating the effectiveness of the models are based on mean absolute per cent error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). A total of 44 923 cases of hepatitis E are detected in Jiangsu Province from January 2005 to March 2017. The average monthly incidence rate is 0.35 per 100 000 persons in Jiangsu Province. Incorporating meteorological factors of temperature, water vapour pressure, and rainfall as a combination into the Bi-LSTM Model achieved the state-of-the-art performance in predicting the monthly incidence of hepatitis E, in which RMSE is 0.044, MAPE is 11.88%, and MAE is 0.0377. The Bi-LSTM model with the meteorological factors of temperature, water vapour pressure, and rainfall can fully extract the linear and non-linear information in the hepatitis E incidence data, and has significantly improved the interpretability, learning ability, generalisability and prediction accuracy.
Aggregate elasticity of substitution between skills: estimates from a macroeconomic approach
Authors: Jerzmanowski Michał , Tamura Robert 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe estimate the elasticity of substitution between high-skill and low-skill workers using panel data from 32 countries during 1970–2015. Most existing estimates, which are based only on US microdata, find a value close to 1.6. We bring international data together with a theory-informed macro-approach to provide new evidence on this important macroeconomic parameter. Using the macro-approach, we find that the elasticity of substitution between tertiary-educated workers and those with lower education levels falls between 1.7 and 2.6, which is higher than previous estimates but within a plausible range. In some specifications, estimated elasticity is above the value required for strong skill-bias of technology, suggesting strong skill-bias is possible.
Superior orders and the International Criminal Court: Justice delivered
or justice denied
Authors: Garraway Charles 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Sous le titre «Ordre hiérarchique et ordre de la loi», l'article 33 du
Statut de la Cour pénale internationale règle la réponse à donner à celui
qui, ayant commis un aime de guene, invoque un ordre de son supérieur comme
défense:
«1. Le fait qu'un crime relevant de la compétence de la Cour a été
commis sur ordre d'un gouvernement ou d'un supérieur, militaire ou civil,
n'exonère pas la personne qui l'a commis de sa responsabilité pénale, à
moins que:
a) Cette personne n'ait eu l'obligation légale d'obéir aux ordres du
gouvernement ou du supérieur en question;
b) Cette personne n'ait pas su que l'ordre était illégal; et
c) L'ordre n'ait pas été manifestement illégal.»
2. Aux fins du présent article, l'ordre de commettre un génocide ou un
crime contre l'humanité est manifestement illégal.»
L'auteurfait la démonstration que la solution du Statut de Rome est tout
à fait compatible avec le droit international en vigueur et, notamment, avec
la jurisprudence établie par le Tribunal de Nuremberg. Après avoir examiné
le développement de la notion à travers l'histoire, l'article étudie de plus
près les débats qui ont abouti à l'adoption de l'article 33 du Statut tel
qu'il se présente aujourd'hui. De l'avis de l'auteur, cette solution est
suffisamment restrictive pour permettre au juge de trancher d'une maniere
qui sera perçue comme juste et équitable.
The ICRC and civil-military relations in armed conflict
Authors: Studer Meinrad 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Dans un nombre croissant de conflits les forces armées et les
organisations humanitaires sont appelées à agir parallèlement. Leur
objectifs sont toutefois distincts: contribuer à la résolution politique et
militaire du conflit, d'une part, et alléger les conséquences du conflit sur
les populations victimes, d'autre part. En conséquence, l'action humanitaire
du CICR est régie par les principes d'impartialité, de neutralité et
d'indépendance. Il doit mener ses activités indépendamment de tout objectif
et considération politique ou militaire, avec pour seul critère les besoins
des victimes. Les forces armées de leur côté demeurent soumises au pouvoir
politique qui fixe le cadre de leur mission et les objectifs à atteindre, y
inclus le recours à la force. — L'auteur arrive aux trois conclusions
suivantes:
• L'objet premier des opérations militaires doit être d'instaurer et de
préserver la paix et la sécurité, et de contribuer ainsi à un règlement
politique du conflit.
• L'action humanitaire n'a pas pour objet de régler le conflit, mais
bien de protéger la dignité humaine et de sauver des vies. Elle devrait se
dérouler parallèlement à un processus politique qui, en prenant en compte
les causes sous-jacentes du conflit, cherche à déboucher sur un règlement
politique.
• Les organisations humanitaires doivent préserver leur indépendance de
décision et d'action, tout en maintenant une consultation étroite avec les
forces armées.
The ICRC in Asia: Special challenges?
Authors: Monod Jean-Michel 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
L'Asie est un continent immense, d'une diversité étonnante, qui ne
permet pas de généralisation superficielle. Toutefois, l'action humanitaire
du CICR dans les différentes régions de l'Asie a rencontré des réactions et
des obstacles semblables, tant pendant la guerre froide que depuis la fin de
celle-ci. L'auteur (qui dirige les activités opérationnelles du CICR en
Asie) passe en revue les différentes situations de conflit qui ont nécessité
des opérations de protection et d'assistance du CICR — de la guerre de Corée
au conflit à Timor-Est. Il conclut que le respect du droit international
humanitaire dans les conflits en Asie n'est ni meilleur ni pire qu'ailleurs
dans le monde. En revanche, un sentiment de souveraineté exacerbé et une
méfiance instinctive vis-à-vis d'une organisation humanitaire telle que le
CICR — perçue comme appartenant au monde occidental — ne facilitent pas le
contact. L'auteur en appelle aux humanitaires pour qu'ils fassent preuve
d'une meilleure écoute et d'une empathie pour les différentes civilisations
et cultures d'Asie, afin d'être mieux acceptés, le moment venu.
Refugee law and international humanitarian law: parallels, lessons and
looking ahead: A non-governmental organization's view
Authors: Brett Rachel , Lester Eve 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Un parallèle conceptuel existe entre le droit international des réfugiés
et le droit international humanitaire. Tous deux ont pour origine la
nécessité d'assurer une protection aux individus se trouvant sur le
territoire d'un État dont ils ne sont pas des ressortissants. Tous deux sont
en outre dotés d'une institution qui a pour mandat d'assurer protection et
assistance aux personnes relevant de leur champ d'application. De plus en
plus, des réfugiés et d'autres groupes sont déplacés en raison de conflits
internes ou de troubles civils. Pourtant, la relation qui existe entre les
deux domaines du droit international et la capacité du droit international
humanitaire de compléter, renforcer et favoriser le développement ou
l'interprétation du droit des réfugiés n'ont pas évolué de manière à
répondre aux situations sur le terrain. Le moment est venu d'engager un
réexamen approfondi.
Globalization and the future of humanitarian action. New priorities for
the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement?
Authors: Ali Ali Said 
Published: July 2022

We are all aware that we are passing through a phase characterized by
rapid changes involving concepts that transcend cultures and utilize
mechanisms that some societies may be unable to understand. Since the end of
the Cold War, which had troubled international relations for more than fifty
years, the parameters of contemporary international relations have evolved
within the framework of the concept of globalization.
I do not think that anyone questions the political, economic, social or
cultural impact of globalization. The present differences of opinion concern
assessment of the extent of the adverse consequences of this impact on human
society, and especially on communities in the Third World, many of which are
still living in backward conditions.
Heteronanostructural metal oxide-based gas microsensors
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang Yingyi , Liu Yinhang , Wang Shuqi , Li Tie , Feng Simin , Qin Sujie , Zhang Ting 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe development of high-performance, portable and miniaturized gas sensors has aroused increasing interest in the fields of environmental monitoring, security, medical diagnosis, and agriculture. Among different detection tools, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemiresistive gas sensors are the most popular choice in commercial applications and have the advantages of high stability, low cost, and high sensitivity. One of the most important ways to further enhance the sensor performance is to construct MOS-based nanoscale heterojunctions (heteronanostructural MOSs) from MOS nanomaterials. However, the sensing mechanism of heteronanostructural MOS-based sensors is different from that of single MOS-based gas sensors in that it is fairly complex. The performance of the sensors is influenced by various parameters, including the physical and chemical properties of the sensing materials (e.g., grain size, density of defects, and oxygen vacancies of materials), working temperatures, and device structures. This review introduces several concepts in the design of high-performance gas sensors by analyzing the sensing mechanism of heteronanostructural MOS-based sensors. In addition, the influence of the geometric device structure determined by the interconnection between the sensing materials and the working electrodes is discussed. To systematically investigate the sensing behavior of the sensor, the general sensing mechanism of three typical types of geometric device structures based on different heteronanostructural materials are introduced and discussed in this review. This review will provide guidelines for readers studying the sensing mechanism of gas sensors and designing high-performance gas sensors in the future.
The hexokinase “HKDC1” interaction with the mitochondria is essential for liver cancer progression
Authors: Khan Md. Wasim , Terry Alexander R. , Priyadarshini Medha , Ilievski Vladimir , Farooq Zeenat , Guzman Grace , Cordoba-Chacon Jose , Ben-Sahra Issam , Wicksteed Barton , Layden Brian T. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLiver cancer (LC) is the fourth leading cause of death from cancer malignancies. Recently, a putative fifth hexokinase, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), was shown to have significant overexpression in LC compared to healthy liver tissue. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo tools, we examined the role of HKDC1 in LC development and progression. Importantly, HKDC1 ablation stops LC development and progression via its action at the mitochondria by promoting metabolic reprogramming and a shift of glucose flux away from the TCA cycle. HKDC1 ablation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in less cellular energy, which cannot be compensated by enhanced glucose uptake. Moreover, we show that the interaction of HKDC1 with the mitochondria is essential for its role in LC progression, and without this interaction, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs. As HKDC1 is highly expressed in LC cells, but only to a minimal degree in hepatocytes under normal conditions, targeting HKDC1, specifically its interaction with the mitochondria, may represent a highly selective approach to target cancer cells in LC.
PAK6 promotes homologous-recombination to enhance chemoresistance to oxaliplatin through ATR/CHK1 signaling in gastric cancer
Authors: Huang Weicai , Han Zhen , Sun Zepang , Feng Hao , Zhao Liying , Yuan Qingyu , Chen Chuanli , Yu Shitong , Hu Yanfeng , Yu Jiang , Liu Hao , Li Guoxin , Jiang Yuming 
Published: July 2022

AbstractChemoresistance remains the primary challenge of clinical treatment of gastric cancer (GC), making the biomarkers of chemoresistance crucial for treatment decision. Our previous study has reported that p21-actived kinase 6 (PAK6) is a prognostic factor for selecting which patients with GC are resistant to 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy. However, the mechanistic role of PAK6 in chemosensitivity remains unknown. The present study identified PAK6 as an important modulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) and chemosensitivity in GC. Analysis of specimens from patients revealed significant associations between the expression of PAK6 and poorer stages, deeper invasion, more lymph node metastases, higher recurrence rates, and resistance to oxaliplatin. Cells exhibited chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin after knockdown of PAK6, but showed more resistant to oxaliplatin when overexpressing PAK6. Functionally, PAK6 mediates cancer chemoresistance by enhancing homologous recombination (HR) to facilitate the DNA double-strand break repair. Mechanistically, PAK6 moves into nucleus to promote the activation of ATR, thereby further activating downstream repair protein CHK1 and recruiting RAD51 from cytoplasm to the DNA damaged site to repair the broken DNA in GC. Activation of ATR is the necessary step for PAK6 mediated HR repair to protect GC cells from oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis, and ATR inhibitor (AZD6738) could block the PAK6-mediated HR repair, thereby reversing the resistance to oxaliplatin and even promoting the sensitivity to oxaliplatin regardless of high expression of PAK6. In conclusion, these findings indicate a novel regulatory mechanism of PAK6 in modulating the DDR and chemoresistance in GC and provide a reversal suggestion in clinical decision.
A modular spring-loaded actuator for mechanical activation of membrane proteins
Authors: Mills A. , Aissaoui N. , Maurel D. , Elezgaray J. , Morvan F. , Vasseur J. J. , Margeat E. , Quast R. B. , Lai Kee-Him J. , Saint N. , Benistant C. , Nord A. , Pedaci F. , Bellot G. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHow cells respond to mechanical forces by converting them into biological signals underlie crucial cellular processes. Our understanding of mechanotransduction has been hindered by technical barriers, including limitations in our ability to effectively apply low range piconewton forces to specific mechanoreceptors on cell membranes without laborious and repetitive trials. To overcome these challenges we introduce the Nano-winch, a robust, easily assembled, programmable DNA origami-based molecular actuator. The Nano-winch is designed to manipulate multiple mechanoreceptors in parallel by exerting fine-tuned, low- piconewton forces in autonomous and remotely activated modes via adjustable single- and double-stranded DNA linkages, respectively. Nano-winches in autonomous mode can land and operate on the cell surface. Targeting the device to integrin stimulated detectable downstream phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, an indication that Nano-winches can be applied to study cellular mechanical processes. Remote activation mode allowed finer extension control and greater force exertion. We united remotely activated Nano-winches with single-channel bilayer experiments to directly observe the opening of a channel by mechanical force in the force responsive gated channel protein, BtuB. This customizable origami provides an instrument-free approach that can be applied to control and explore a diversity of mechanotransduction circuits on living cells.
Rates and drivers of aboveground carbon accumulation in global monoculture plantation forests
Authors: Bukoski Jacob J. , Cook-Patton Susan C. , Melikov Cyril , Ban Hongyi , Chen Jessica L. , Goldman Elizabeth D. , Harris Nancy L. , Potts Matthew D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRestoring forest cover is a key action for mitigating climate change. Although monoculture plantations dominate existing commitments to restore forest cover, we lack a synthetic view of how carbon accumulates in these systems. Here, we assemble a global database of 4756 field-plot measurements from monoculture plantations across all forested continents. With these data, we model carbon accumulation in aboveground live tree biomass and examine the biological, environmental, and human drivers that influence this growth. Our results identify four-fold variation in carbon accumulation rates across tree genera, plant functional types, and biomes, as well as the key mediators (e.g., genus of tree, endemism of species, prior land use) of variation in these rates. Our nonlinear growth models advance our understanding of carbon accumulation in forests relative to mean annual rates, particularly during the next few decades that are critical for mitigating climate change.
Confinement anisotropy drives polar organization of two DNA molecules interacting in a nanoscale cavity
Authors: Liu Zezhou , Capaldi Xavier , Zeng Lili , Zhang Yuning , Reyes-Lamothe Rodrigo , Reisner Walter 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere is growing appreciation for the role phase transition based phenomena play in biological systems. In particular, self-avoiding polymer chains are predicted to undergo a unique confinement dependent demixing transition as the anisotropy of the confined space is increased. This phenomenon may be relevant for understanding how interactions between multiple dsDNA molecules can induce self-organized structure in prokaryotes. While recent in vivo experiments and Monte Carlo simulations have delivered essential insights into this phenomenon and its relation to bacteria, there are fundamental questions remaining concerning how segregated polymer states arise, the role of confinement anisotropy and the nature of the dynamics in the segregated states. To address these questions, we introduce an artificial nanofluidic model to quantify the interactions of multiple dsDNA molecules in cavities with controlled anisotropy. We find that two dsDNA molecules of equal size confined in an elliptical cavity will spontaneously demix and orient along the cavity poles as cavity eccentricity is increased; the two chains will then swap pole positions with a frequency that decreases with increasing cavity eccentricity. In addition, we explore a system consisting of a large dsDNA molecule and a plasmid molecule. We find that the plasmid is excluded from the larger molecule and will exhibit a preference for the ellipse poles, giving rise to a non-uniform spatial distribution in the cavity that may help explain the non-uniform plasmid distribution observed during in vivo imaging of high-copy number plasmids in bacteria.
De novo determination of mosquitocidal Cry11Aa and Cry11Ba structures from naturally-occurring nanocrystals
Authors: Tetreau Guillaume , Sawaya Michael R. , De Zitter Elke , Andreeva Elena A. , Banneville Anne-Sophie , Schibrowsky Natalie A. , Coquelle Nicolas , Brewster Aaron S. , Grünbein Marie Luise , Kovacs Gabriela Nass , Hunter Mark S. , Kloos Marco , Sierra Raymond G. , Schiro Giorgio , Qiao Pei , Stricker Myriam , Bideshi Dennis , Young Iris D. , Zala Ninon , Engilberge Sylvain , Gorel Alexander , Signor Luca , Teulon Jean-Marie , Hilpert Mario , Foucar Lutz , Bielecki Johan , Bean Richard , de Wijn Raphael , Sato Tokushi , Kirkwood Henry , Letrun Romain , Batyuk Alexander , Snigireva Irina , Fenel Daphna , Schubert Robin , Canfield Ethan J. , Alba Mario M. , Laporte Frédéric , Després Laurence , Bacia Maria , Roux Amandine , Chapelle Christian , Riobé François , Maury Olivier , Ling Wai Li , Boutet Sébastien , Mancuso Adrian , Gutsche Irina , Girard Eric , Barends Thomas R. M. , Pellequer Jean-Luc , Park Hyun-Woo , Laganowsky Arthur D. , Rodriguez Jose , Burghammer Manfred , Shoeman Robert L. , Doak R. Bruce , Weik Martin , Sauter Nicholas K. , Federici Brian , Cascio Duilio , Schlichting Ilme , Colletier Jacques-Philippe 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCry11Aa and Cry11Ba are the two most potent toxins produced by mosquitocidalBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensisandjegathesan, respectively. The toxins naturally crystallize within the host; however, the crystals are too small for structure determination at synchrotron sources. Therefore, we applied serial femtosecond crystallography at X-ray free electron lasers to in vivo-grown nanocrystals of these toxins. The structure of Cry11Aa was determinedde novousing the single-wavelength anomalous dispersion method, which in turn enabled the determination of the Cry11Ba structure by molecular replacement. The two structures reveal a new pattern for in vivo crystallization of Cry toxins, whereby each of their three domains packs with a symmetrically identical domain, and a cleavable crystal packing motif is located within the protoxin rather than at the termini. The diversity of in vivo crystallization patterns suggests explanations for their varied levels of toxicity and rational approaches to improve these toxins for mosquito control.