bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Canadian Children, 2000-2014: The Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active
Authors: Bettinger J , Scheifele D , Kellner J , Saux N Le , Embree J , Vanderkooi O , Martin I , Tyrrell G , Vaudry W , Halperin S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Before implementation of the first conjugate IPD vaccine program in 2002, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) accounted for most severe, invasive bacterial infections in Canadian children. Conjugate vaccine programs in children were implemented with the expectation that the burden of disease from IPD would improve.
OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in Canadian epidemiology of pediatric IPD before and after the implementation of conjugate pneumo-coccal vaccine programs.
DESIGN/METHODS: The Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT) captures all in- and out-patient lab-confirmed IPD cases presenting at its 12 tertiary care pediatric hospitals across Canada. Nurses abstract case details from the hospital chart onto a standardized report form. Case isolates are serotyped at a central reference laboratory. All participating centers have local ethics and/or administrative approvals.
RESULTS: From 2000-2014 IMPACT centers identified 3,328 IPD cases. Annual case numbers decreased by 48% (323 to 168) over this time period. Annually, vaccine preventable serotypes accounted for on average 89% (n=288) of cases in the pre-conjugate vaccine era (2000-2003) and 34% (n=56) in the post-13-valent conjugate vaccine era (2011-2014), with 73% (n=41/56) due to serotypes 19A, 3 and 6a. The age distribution of cases shifted upward over the time period with 16% (n=204) of cases occurring in children 5 years of age and older in the pre-vaccine era compared to 32% (n=217) in the post 13-valent vaccine era. This shift was due to decreases in cases occurring in children 0-4 years of age, rather than a significant increase in the number of cases occurring in older children. The most frequent presentation of IPD was radiologic-confirmed pneumonia (n=1119), with complicated pneumonia (pneumonia with empyema or pleural effusion) accounting for 36% (405/1119) of cases, followed by bacteremia only (n=919) and meningitis (n=532). The proportion of cases presenting with complicated pneumonia increased significantly (from 6% -24%; p&lt;0.0001) between the pre-conjugate and post 13-valent conjugate eras. The proportion of cases presenting with meningitis did not change over the time periods (15% pre-conjugate era vs. 16% post-13-valent conjugate era; p=0.46). However, the proportion of meningitis caused by vaccine preventable serotypes decreased significantly (from 85%-26%; p&lt;0.0001).
CONCLUSION: The epidemiology of pediatric IPD has changed with the introduction of conjugate vaccine programs. IPD has been reduced by almost 50% in the post-13-valent conjugate vaccine era and vaccine sero-types account for just one-third of cases. However, complicated pneumonia is seen more frequently in the post-13-valent conjugate vaccine era.
Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Entering Quebec Youth Protection Centers
Authors: Haley N , Lambert G , Gervais A , Tremblay C , Roy E , Frappier J-Y 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Every year between 4,000 and 5,000 adolescents reside in Quebec Youth Protection Centers (YPCs). Many of these adolescents use tobacco products and other psychotropic substances that impact their present and future well-being.
OBJECTIVES: Document the prevalence of tobacco use among youth residing in YPCs and identify associated factors. Describe the measures taken to implement policies for smoke-free environments in YPCs and promote smoking cessation counseling for youth in care.
DESIGN/METHODS: Between July 2008 and May 2009, adolescents aged 14-17 living in six YPCs across Quebec were recruited on a volunteer basis to participate in a surveillance study on health risk behaviors. Data on socio-demographics, lifetime substance use and sexual risk behaviors, as well as certain health consequences related to these behaviors were obtained during structured, face-to-face interviews. An analysis of factors associated with daily tobacco use was carried out.
RESULTS: Data regarding behaviors reported during the year prior to admission were collected among 499 participants (boys: 59%; median age: boys: 16; girls: 15). Lifetime tobacco use was reported by 93% of girls and 91% of boys (median age at first cigarette was 12 years). During the year prior to admission, 15% of youth reported no tobacco use, and 20% smoked occasionally. Two thirds (65%) reported daily tobacco use, with 36% of girls and 43% of boys smoking 10 or more cigarettes a day. In univariate analysis, factors significantly (p&lt;0.05) associated with daily smoking were: school failure or dropping out; family history of problematic alcohol or drug use; precocious initiation of alcohol use before age 13; history of regular use of alcohol or cannabis; problematic drug use (measured by DEP-ADO scale); having 6 or more lifetime sexual partners. Following dissemination of these results, measures were taken to develop a smoke-free policy and implementation plan for YPCs. Health professionals were trained to do brief interventions with all youth smokers entering care. In 2015 the YPC presented a brief to the provincial parlimentary committee on the Tobacco Act to support adoption of smoke-free policies for all health establishments in Québec.
CONCLUSION: Daily tobacco use is very prevalent among adolescents entering YPCs and the majority report problematic use of other psychoac-tive substances. Youth entering care merit screening for tobacco and drug use so that appropriate counseling can be initiated. Promoting policies that encourage smoke-free environments in child protection centers for both youth and the professionals working with them may greatly improve the chances for youth to live tobacco-free.
Development of A Novel Tool, The Owl-Sleep Inventory, for the Assessment of Sleep Disorders in Children With Comorbid Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Jaworski M , Chicoine M , Martello E , Godbout R , Belhumeur C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of sleep disorders in children with psychiatric illness is widely recognized and has a significant impact on families. Ascertainment of sleep disorders remains difficult in a fast-paced clinical setting, owing to the lack of short and efficient assessment tools.
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we tested a one-page parent-response behavioural questionnaire aimed at identifying patients for sleep clinic referral: the OWL-Sleep Inventory (OWL-SI : Godbout and Martello, 2009).
DESIGN/METHODS: The OWL-SI contains 9 questions scored 1 to 3: “never/rarely” (1 point), “sometimes” (2 points), “usually” (3 points), with a subjective cut-off of 16 points. We cross-referenced the OWL-SI against a longer, widely used and validated tool, the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ: Owens et al., 2000). Medical charts of 408 pediat-ric patients with primary psychiatric diagnosis referred to a specialized sleep clinic were reviewed. Within this group, 261 parents/caregivers had completed both the CSHQ and OWL-SI questionnaires between 2011 and mid-2015. The mean age of patients was 7.13±3.54 years (195 boys, 67 girls) and most were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, 46.6%) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, 25.6%). Internal consistency of the items for both the CSHQ and the OWL-SI was evaluated as well as the correlation between the two sleep measures.
RESULTS: Total scores for the OWL-SI and the CSHQ were significantly correlated (r=0.623, p&lt;0.001). The CSHQ successfully identified more than 98% of patients later confirmed by a clinician as having sleep disturbance, with a cut-off of 41. ASD and ADHD patients scored positively on the CSHQ (55.25 and 55.60). However, the OWL-SI identified only 53% of patients at a cut-off of 16, with mean scores of 16.17 and 15.25 for patients with ASD and ADHD respectively. When lowered to a cut-off of 11, the questionnaire was efficacious at identifying 95.4% of children needing specialized services referral.
CONCLUSION: Parental response to the novel tool OWL-SI correlated significantly with the CSHQ scores. Following this study, the cut-off for the OWL-SI was lowered to 11in order to commensurate with the widely used CSHQ and the answers “never” and “rarely” are scored separately as 0 and 1, respectively. Further studies assessing prospective validity will permit to determine the optimal cut-off score leading to referral.
Assessment of the Training Needs of Paediatric Residents in Developing a Curriculum in Gastroenterology
Authors: McNeil K , Rashid M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Well defined and focused objectives are essential for effective learning. Paediatric residents are expected to meet the educational objectives as set out by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). For rotation in paediatric gastroenterology, it is unclear how the objectives and list of key clinical conditions was originally developed and which of them are most important for general practice. With increasing educational commitments, residents have limited time to acquire all the essential skills needed for clinical practice.
OBJECTIVES: To identify topics in gastroenterology which are of most importance in general pediatric practice. This would enable development of a concise and focused curriculum for pediatric residents doing rotation in gastroenterology.
DESIGN/METHODS: All paediatricians in the four Canadian Atlantic provinces were surveyed with a mailed questionnaire. The list consisted of 14 clinical conditions from the current RCPSC objectives with additional 6 generated after input from regional paediatric gastroenterologists. Information was collected on demographics including type and duration of pediatric practice. The participants ranked the conditions on a 4 point Likert scale (from Not Important to Very Important).
RESULTS: Of the 234 subjects, 132 (56%) responded. Of these, 57.5% were female, 48.8% were academic and 48% were general pediatricians. The majority (73.2%) were in practice &gt;10 years and 75.6% felt that a rotation in gastroenterology should be mandatory in pediatric residency training. Celiac disease, gastroesophageal reflux and obesity were identified as Very Important conditions by 94.4%, 96.1% and 96.0% of the participants respectively. These are currently not in RCPSC list of clinical problems. Clinical situations encountered in long-term follow-up of survivors of liver transplantation (RCPSC objective) and chronic pancreatitis were considered Not Important by 61.3% and 58.3% of respondents respectively. Academic pediatricians placed significantly more importance on abdominal pain than non-academic pediatricians (p=0.029). Pediatricians in practice for &lt;10 years identified issues encountered in long-term follow-up of liver transplantation (p=0.039) and celiac disease (p=0.015) as significantly more important than those in practice longer. There were no significant differences between general paediatricians and specialists in cross analysis of all other variables studied.
CONCLUSION: Needs assessment for paediatric residency curriculum development is important as it can identify gaps in RCPSC objectives. Input from general pediatricians should be sought systematically and on an ongoing basis in order to keep the curriculum current and focused.
Mate-seeking behavior in the calanoid copepod Eodiaptomus japonicus
Authors: Liu Xin , Nakamoto Yusuke , Dur GaËl , Ban Syuhei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We present here the first report of the mate-seeking behaviors of the calanoid copepod Eodiaptomus japonicus. Analyses of three-dimensional (3D) recordings revealed that males exhibit both homo- and heterosexual pursuit patterns, with no obvious increase in swimming speed during seeking. Males appear to use hydromechanical signals to seek female locations and detect them from up to 6 mm away, mainly from below. Males always exhibit several small hops to adjust their position to an optimal for catching a mate. In homosexual encounters, the two individuals separate within 1 s, whereas the average copulation duration in heterosexual mating events persists for ∼2.9 min. Females display a shaking-off male behavior in all heterosexual pursuit events, indicating the existence of mate choice. This mate choice may result in enhanced offspring quality and decrease the pairing time thereby reducing predation risk.
Greenscreen: A simple method to remove artifactual signals and enrich for true peaks in genomic datasets including ChIP-seq data
Authors: Klasfeld Samantha , Roulé Thomas , Wagner Doris 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) is widely used to identify factor binding to genomic DNA and chromatin modifications. ChIP-seq data analysis is affected by genomic regions that generate ultra-high artifactual signals. To remove these signals from ChIP-seq data, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project developed comprehensive sets of regions defined by low mappability and ultra-high signals called blacklists for human, mouse (Mus musculus), nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). However, blacklists are not currently available for many model and nonmodel species. Here, we describe an alternative approach for removing false-positive peaks called greenscreen. Greenscreen is easy to implement, requires few input samples, and uses analysis tools frequently employed for ChIP-seq. Greenscreen removes artifactual signals as effectively as blacklists in Arabidopsis thaliana and human ChIP-seq dataset while covering less of the genome and dramatically improves ChIP-seq peak calling and downstream analyses. Greenscreen filtering reveals true factor binding overlap and occupancy changes in different genetic backgrounds or tissues. Because it is effective with as few as two inputs, greenscreen is readily adaptable for use in any species or genome build. Although developed for ChIP-seq, greenscreen also identifies artifactual signals from other genomic datasets including Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease. We present an improved ChIP-seq pipeline incorporating greenscreen that detects more true peaks than other methods.
An explanation of how mutant and wild-type mitochondria might stably co-exist in inherited mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Kowald Axel , Kemeth Felix P , Kirkwood Tom B L 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMitochondria are cellular organelles of crucial relevance for the survival of metazoan organisms. Damage to the mitochondrial DNA can give rise to a variety of mitochondrial diseases and is thought also to be involved in the aging process. The fate of mtDNA mutants is controlled by their synthesis as well as degradation and mathematical models can help to better understand this complex interplay. We present here a model that combines a replicative advantage for mtDNA mutants with selective degradation enabled by mitochondrial fission and fusion processes. The model not only shows that the cell has efficient means to deal with (many) types of mutants but, surprisingly, also predicts that under certain conditions a stable co-existence of mutant and wild-type mtDNAs is possible. We discuss how this new finding might explain how mitochondria can be at the heart of processes with such different phenotypes as mitochondrial diseases and aging.
How the Easter Egg Weevils Got Their Spots: Phylogenomics Reveals Müllerian Mimicry in Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae).
Authors: Van Dam Matthew H , Anzano Cabras Analyn , Lam Athena W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The evolutionary origins of mimicry in the Easter egg weevil, Pachyrhynchus, have fascinated researchers since first noted more than a century ago by Alfred Russel Wallace. Müllerian mimicry, or mimicry in which 2 or more distasteful species look similar, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Given the varied but discrete color patterns in Pachyrhynchus, this genus presents one of the best opportunities to study the evolution of both perfect and imperfect mimicry. We analyzed more than 10,000 UCE loci using a novel partitioning strategy to resolve the relationships of closely related species in the genus. Our results indicate that many of the mimetic color patterns observed in sympatric species are due to convergent evolution. We suggest that this convergence is driven by positive frequency-dependent selection. [Biogeography, discrete traits, frequency-dependent selection, mimicry, partitioning, Philippines, polymorphic, UCE.]
Returning complex genetic risk information to promote better health-related behaviors: a commentary of the literature and suggested next steps
Authors: Driver Morgan N , Kuo Sally I-Chun , Dick Danielle M 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGenome-wide association studies aim to identify genetic variants that are associated with a disease phenotype in order to enhance precision medicine efforts. Despite the excitement surrounding the promise of precision medicine and interest among the public in accessing personalized genetic information, there has been little effort dedicated to understanding how complex genetic risk information could be incorporated into clinical practice to inform prevention, screening, and treatment. In this article, we briefly summarize the literature on the impact of receiving genetic risk information on health-related behavior, discuss the limitations of these studies, and outline the challenges that will need to be overcome, along with suggested next steps for future studies, to understand the true promise of precision medicine. The current literature demonstrates that there is no consistent or strong evidence that receiving complex genetic risk information, such as polygenic risk scores, has an impact on behavior; however, there are a number of limitations that may impact the failure to find significant effects associated with receiving genetic feedback. Behavior change is a complex process and simply providing genetic risk information without incorporating a theoretical perspective on behavior change diminishes the potential impact of receiving genetic risk information on actual behavior change. Future studies and interventions which return genetic feedback should be designed using theoretical frameworks of behavior change models to improve the impact of receiving personalized genetic information.
Association of dengue virus non-structural-1 protein with disease severity: a brief review
Authors: Ghetia Charmi , Bhatt Puneet , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDengue virus (DENV) was discovered by P. M. Ashburn and Charles F. Craig in 1907. Evidence of dengue-like illness was observed before 1907 and DENV epidemics have been reported from different parts of the world since then, with increased morbidity rates every year. DENV typically causes a febrile illness that ranges from mild asymptomatic infection to fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and/or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Host mechanisms through which mild infection progresses to the fatal forms are still unknown. Few factors have been associated to aid severe disease acquisition, DENV non-structural 1 (NS1) protein being one of them. NS1 is a highly conserved glycoprotein among the Flavivirus and is often used as a biomarker for dengue diagnosis. This review focuses on assessing the role of NS1 in severe dengue. In this review, hospital-based studies on the association of dengue NS1 with severe dengue from all over the world have been assessed and analysed and the majority of the studies positively correlate high NS1 levels with DHF/DSS acquisition. The review also discusses a few experimental studies on NS1 that have shown it contributes to dengue pathogenesis. This review assesses the role of NS1 and disease severity from hospital-based studies and aims to provide better insights on the kinetics and dynamics of DENV infection with respect to NS1 for a better understanding of the role of NS1 in dengue.
Infectious Diseases Management in Wound Care Settings: Common Causative Organisms and Frequently Prescribed Antibiotics
Authors: Fukuta Yuriko , Chua Hubert , Phe Kady , Poythress E. Lee , Brown Cameron August 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Although all chronic wounds are colonized by microbes and not all wounds are infected, antibiotics are widely prescribed in wound care settings. Antibiotic misuse in wound care occurs for many reasons, including diagnostic uncertainty regarding the presence of a bacterial infection, insufficient clinician knowledge about when antibiotics are necessary, clinicians’ fear of achieving unfavorable patient outcomes, and patient demand. Understanding wound infection stages and proper wound assessment are essential to differentiate infected wounds from colonized wounds. Adequate knowledge of microbiology and commonly prescribed antibiotics in wound care settings is critical to optimize antimicrobial management. In this article, the authors review wound infection stages, host resistant factors, and microbial virulence factors that affect the progression of wound infection, specimen collection, common causative organisms, and commonly prescribed antibiotics in wound care settings.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To provide information about the management of infected wounds in wound care settings.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Identify a host factor that may predispose a patient to a wound infection as well as characteristics of each stage of wound infection.
2. Distinguish a common organism that causes early, acute wound infections and explain the preferred method for obtaining a wound specimen for culture.
3. Apply knowledge of commonly prescribed antibiotics in wound care settings.