bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
346 Feeding Hempseed Cake Alters the Bovine gut, Respiratory and Reproductive Microbiota
Authors: Winders Thomas , Holman Devin , Schmidt Kaycie , Smith David J , Neville Bryan W , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Amat Samat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A growing number of studies have investigated the viability of feeding hemp by-products as livestock feedstuffs; however, their impact on livestock microbiomes remains unexplored. Here, we evaluated the effects of feeding hempseed cake (HSC) on the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive microbiota in beef heifers. Angus-crossbred heifers [19-months old; initial body weight (BW) = 494 ± 10 kg] were fed a corn-based finishing diet (10% forage) containing either 20% HSC (n = 15) or 20% corn distillers grains (Control, n = 16) for 111 days until slaughter. Individual feed intake, feeding behavior and BW were measured throughout the study. Rumen fluid and deep nasopharyngeal swabs (days 0 7, 42, 70 and 98), and vaginal and uterine swabs (at slaughter) were collected, and the microbiota assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. HSC feeding resulted in reduced average daily gain (P = 0.05) without influencing feed intake and feeding behavior (P &gt; 0.05) (reported elsewhere). Sampling time had a significant effect on both ruminal (PERMANOVA: R2 = 0.39; P &lt; 0.001) and nasopharyngeal (R2 = 0.18; P &lt; 0.001) microbial community structure. There was also a significant effect of diet on the ruminal (d7– 98; 0.06 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.12; P &lt; 0.05), nasopharyngeal (d 42; R2= 0.18; P &lt; 0.001), and vaginal (R2 = 0.06; P &lt; 0.01) microbiota. Although microbial richness in the rumen, nasopharynx, vagina, and uterus was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by HSC feeding, microbial diversity (Shannon diversity) was increased in the rumen (d42-98) but reduced in the uterus of HSC heifers (P &lt; 0.05). The relative abundance of five ruminal genera was enriched, while five vaginal genera were reduced in HSC heifers (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, the results of our longitudinal study suggest that feeding hemp by-products can alter the bovine gut, respiratory and reproductive microbiota.
355 Growth Performance of Neonatal Holstein Heifer Calves fed Milk Containing Essential oil Blend and/or Encapsulated Butyrate
Authors: Liu Ting , Zhihao Luo , Li Peng , Wu Jianping , Casper David P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous research demonstrated the growth promoting benefits of an essential oil/oligosaccharide blend (EO; Stay Strong, Ralco, Inc.) or an encapsulated sodium butyrate (C4; Ultramix GF, Adisseo, Inc.) fed to neonatal calves. The possibility exists the technologies are additive based on individual mechanisms of action. The objective was to evaluate EO and C4 alone or combined when fed to Holstein heifer calves raised on a commercial Chinese dairy operation. Sixty-four heifers were blocked by calving day and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (N=16/treatment) using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) Control: CN; milk fed 3x/d; 2) EO added to the milk at the rate of 1.50 g/d; 3) C4 added to the milk at 1.70 g/d; and 4) EO&C4: EO and C4 added to the milk at the rates of 1.5 and 1.70 g/d, respectively. Calves were fed whole milk using an increasing/decreasing feeding program with weaning on d 60 and a 70-d experiment. Calf birth body weight (BW) was found to be a significant (P &lt; 0.01) covariate with calves fed EO, C4, and EO&C4 demonstrating greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW (41.9, 47.0, 46.6, and 48.0 kg for CN, EO, C4, and EO&C4, respectively) gains and average daily gains (602.0,670.5, 665.7, and 683.7 g/d). compared with calves fed CN. Calf starter intake was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed C4 compared with calves fed CN with calves fed EO and EO&C4 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.10). Calves fed EO and C4 demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.05) total blood serum volatile fatty acid concentrations (9.75, 12.91, 11.22, 10.89 µM) compared with calves fed CN with calves fed EO&C4 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.10). Calves fed EO, C4, and EO&CN demonstrated greater growth performance, but the combination did not further improve growth performance.
354 Evaluation of Protein Encapsulated fat (PEF) Alternatives for Neonatal Calves
Authors: Casper David P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Protein encapsulated fats (PEF) are routinely used in the manufacture of calf milk replacers. The use of PEF improves fat mixability to ensure the milk replacer (MR) when mixed and fed is a homogenous solution for neonatal calves. A new alternative PEF has been developed that improves mixability and solubility to ensure a homogenous solution. The alternative PEF is hypothesized to potentially improve growth performance (average daily gain, feed intake and/or feed efficiency) of neonatal calves. The objective was to evaluate standard and alternative PEF when fed to Holstein calves. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (N=20/treatment) using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) Control: STD fat source; 2) PEF: alternative PEF fat source based on choice white grease. The MR were 22:20 (crude protein: CP:fat) amino acid balance and fed 2x/d along with a 22% CP calf starter (CS) and free choice water. The MR were fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1-14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15-35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36-42 to facilitate weaning at 42 d with ad libitum calf starter fed for the remaining days of the 56 d study. Calves fed STD and PEF were similar (P &gt; 0.10) in BW gain (37.4 and 35.9 kg for STD and PEF, respectively), average daily gain (679.8 and 652.7 g/d), CS intake (0.69 and 0.67 kg/d), total DMI (1.19 and 1.17 kg/d) and feed conversion (0.559 and 0.543 kg/kd). No differences (P &gt; 0.10) were detected in frame measurements and fecal scores among treatments. Encapsulated fat sources can be used to manufacture milk replacers that result in similar growth performance, but potentially at a cheaper cost.
367 Characterization of the Seminal Microbiota in Beef Bulls Subjected to Different Rate of Gains Using 16S Rrna Gene Sequencing and Culturomics
Authors: Webb Emily M , Holman Devin , Schmidt Kaycie , Crouse Matthew S , Dahlen Carl R , Cushman Robert A , Snider Alex P , McCarthy Kacie L , Amat Samat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the existence of a microbial community in bovine semen, and that this seminal microbiota may influence not only the male reproductive health, but also female and offspring health through microbial transfer. In this study, we evaluated seminal microbiota in beef bulls (BW= 503±7.2 kg) fed a common diet to achieve moderate (1.13 kg/d) or high (1.80 kg/d) rates of weight gain. Semen samples were collected at day 0 and day 112 of dietary intervention (n = 19 per group), and post-breeding (n = 6) using electroejaculation and the microbiota assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantification of total bacteria by qPCR, and viable bacteria culturing. A complex and dynamic microbiota was detected in the semen, and the community structure changed significantly over the course of the study (R 2 = 0.126, P &lt; 0.001) but remained unaffected by the dietary treatment (P &gt; 0.05). Microbial richness (number of ASVs) increased from d0 (253 ± 12) to d112 (293 ± 14) while diversity (Shannon index) was reduced (P &lt; 0.05). Twenty-seven bacterial phyla were identified across all samples, with Fusobacteriota (36.3%), Bacteroidetes (30.4%), Firmicutes (17.1%) and Actinobacteriota (14.9%) being the most predominant phyla. Total bacterial load declined over time (P &lt; 0.05). Diet had no effect on alpha diversity metrics, microbial composition, or total bacterial concentration (P &gt; 0.05). A total of 364 bacterial isolates were recovered under aerobic (n = 220) and anaerobic (n = 144) culturing conditions. These isolates represented 48 different genera within the Firmicutes (60%), Proteobacteria (25%), Actinobacteria (9%), Bacteroidetes (4%) and Fusobacteriota (2%) phyla. Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Enterococcus and Arthrobacter were the predominant genera. Overall, our results suggest that bovine semen harbors a rich and complex microbiota which changes over time but appears to be resilient to differential gains achieved via common diet.
381 Awardee Talk: Increasing the Sustainability of Beef Cattle Production Through Internationalization
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Intelligent societies are built through education. Wisdom gained through scientific knowledge and discourse is necessary for spreading reliable information and building consensus among citizens of the six continents on earth. Internationalization empowers the fostering and discovery of novel techniques and resources that could solve contemporary issues assailing humankind’s prosperity, including sustainability, environmental pollution, and hunger. A community might have found solutions to problems other communities face; however, our failures of globalization postpone their resolution. Animal science is not immune to these failures. Livestock production could incorporate know-how from other communities, borrowing from experiences of student and faculty exchange and study abroad programs. The tremendous evolutionary aspects of ruminants’ digestive system allow them to thrive in diverse and sometimes inhospitable ecosystems and convert human-inedible resources into high-quality animal products for human consumption. Humankind relies on ruminants for energy and protein consumption, wool, and draft power. This symbiotic relationship has led to extreme production systems due to economy-of-scale factors and the availability of resources in some countries. But, other countries have relied on rustic, low-intrusive production systems that are more amenable to the environment and more conducive to sustainability. Therefore, breaking the boundaries across nations through international partnership programs will lead to sharing scientific knowledge and enhancing management programs essential to the long-term continuation of this human-ruminant symbiotic relationship within responsible animal welfare programs. Besides improving the communication among societies and spreading scientific advancements, such internationalization programs will shape students, i.e., the workforce of the future, into citizens of the world with accurate and helpful information about the language, culture, problems, and needs of other civilizations and how to enrich our likelihood and theirs. As a result, leaders of the many different nations worldwide can, once again, expand the frontiers of scientific knowledge in seeking sustainable, responsible, and affordable animal agriculture activities.
385 Investigating Inclusiveness within the Department of Animal Science
Authors: Carlson Kelsi , Bundy Jennifer M , Johnson Anna K , Smalley Scott , Martin Michael J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) have become important topics for discussion in Animal Science Departments across the nation. The need for DEI-awareness programming has increased as student populations become more diverse. Therefore, the objective of this work was to understand how included students felt in the Department of Animal Science. A survey instrument using Qualtrics was developed and distributed to 1,047 undergraduate and graduate students. A total of 436 participants completed at least a portion of the survey (response rate = 41.6%). Information will be presented descriptively. Approximately 56%, 29%, and 15% of participants came from rural, suburban, and urban areas, respectively. Additionally, 36% reported having no previous livestock experience. Participants were asked to rank their perceived level of inclusion in different facets of the department when starting in the major. Approximately 11%, 14%, and 13% felt that they were not included in class, with peers, and with faculty, respectively, when starting their degree program. Conversely, 24%, 22% and 26% felt very included in class, with peers, and with faculty, respectively, upon entering the major. Juniors, seniors, and graduates were asked to rank their level of inclusion in the same three areas after being in the department for at least two years. Only 2%, 10%, and 5% of these students reported feeling not included in class, with peers, and with faculty, respectively. Roughly 39%, 34%, and 39% of experienced students felt very included in class, with peers, and with faculty, respectively. Although inclusion feelings improved in mature students, there is still concern some students still do not feel that they belonged. Further analysis is needed to identify student attributes that do not feel included throughout the degree program and to identify tools that could help improve inclusion.
386 Reflection on Reflections: How Students Experience Reflection Assignments?
Authors: Paudyal Sushil , Walker William , Sean Kao , Wiegert Jeffrey , Dunlap Kathrin , Donaldson Jonan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reflection exercises provide students with opportunities for deep learning. The objective was to evaluate students' experiences during multiple reflection assignments to identify strengths and weaknesses of the activity and identify evidence-based strategies for improvement. A total of 21 students reflected every week during a semester long group project in an Animal Science Capstone course. The final reflection assignment included evaluation of the previous weekly reflection assignments. For this study, the final reflection assignments were collected and a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted with strengths, weaknesses, learning theories involved, and student wishes as major theme categories. The reflections were coded in MAXQDA. Network maps were created with Girvan-Newman cluster analyses in the UCINET and NetDraw software. We identified 9 clusters(Q=0.741) from correlations of the codes at p &lt; 0.01(Fig.1). Node sizes indicated betweeness centrality values. In the cluster with the highest correlations, students thought they were able to track progress, develop critical thinking, and develop self-awareness but expressed that distinct prompts with less frequent submissions would be more effective. Students reported reflection activities were helpful to maintain focus on the project but indicated that support for self-evaluation and a structured format would help them. To be more consistent, students focused on reporting weekly activities rather than reflecting on them. Although students briefly acknowledged theoretical aspects of learning including; knowledge construction, schema building, and perspective taking, students struggled with lack of reflection skills and not being able to perform metacognition. Overall, students enjoyed the process, took the assignment as stress relief and self-care, appreciated peer support, and attributed self-realization, change in beliefs and assumptions to reflection assignments. Some students failed to make connections, and considered lack of relevance and scaffolding which, could be addressed using structured goal setting, as well as constantly recalling and recapping the activities.
213 from Conception to Birth: The Role of Minerals on Beef Cattle Fetal Programming
Authors: Diniz Wellison , Menezes Ana Clara Baião , McCarthy Kacie L , Hall Jean , Caton Joel S , Dahlen Carl R , Ward Alison K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fetal adaptations to nutrition in utero lead to long-term effects on fetal growth and postnatal performance. Although required in minute amounts, minerals play an essential role in fetal programming, likely through epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, changes in the embryonic and fetal epigenome modulate gene transcription and, consequently, the differentiation, growth, and development of cells and tissues. Despite the growing knowledge in nutritional epigenetics and gene expression, literature on the implications of minerals on the (epi)genome and fetal development is still scarce. Our research investigates fetal and postnatal offspring outcomes in response to maternal nutrition throughout the periconceptual period of pregnancy using a beef cattle model. We have reported placental adaptations through changes in gene expression in beef heifers supplemented with vitamins and minerals (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) during the first 83 days of pregnancy. We found coordinated crosstalk between fetal-maternal tissues and a fine-tuned regulation of placental genes involved with nutrient transport, tissue function and differentiation. Interestingly, the concentrations of minerals and amino acids in the allantoic and amniotic fluids and maternal serum were also affected. Furthermore, genes were differentially expressed in the fetal brain, liver, and muscle in response to the maternal diet. The nutrient-sensing PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was over-represented in muscle and cerebrum, whereas mineral and lipid metabolism were identified in the liver. A second study showed that providing supranutritional maternal selenium supplementation (105 mg of Se/wk as Se yeast) during different trimesters of gestation increased Se concentration in the whole blood and muscle of newborn calves. Likewise, calves born to dams supplemented in the last trimester had increased expression of myogenic genes. Altogether, these findings reinforce the implications of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on fetal programming. However, further studies are still required to understand the regulatory mechanisms and postnatal effects.
35 Young Scholar Award Talk: Computing Strategies for National Beef Cattle Evaluations
Authors: Bermann Matias , Lourenco Daniela , Misztal Ignacy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The constantly growing size of the national beef cattle evaluations datasets creates computational challenges to estimate breeding values and their accuracies under the single-step methodology timely and in a robust way. This study aims to present strategies for making weekly national single-step beef cattle evaluations computationally feasible. The process for estimating breeding values in single-step can be divided into two parts. In the first part, hereafter called genomic setup, the genotype file is read, and the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix is calculated using the Algorithm for Proven and Young (APY). The genotype file is read in a stream-unformatted format, and the markers are stored bit-wise. A residual polygenic effect can be fitted with an algorithm whose computing cost is constant with the number of genotyped animals. The calculation of is done using parallel computing and optimized matrix algebra procedures. The second part estimates breeding values by iteration on data with a block diagonal preconditioner. Finally, the accuracy of the estimated breeding values is calculated by combining the pedigree and genomic information in terms of effective daughter contributions. For an Angus dataset with 10 million animals in the pedigree and 500,000 genotypes, the genomic setup took 4 hours. With the same dataset, solutions for a three-trait model with maternal effects including birth weight, weaning weight, and post-weaning gain were obtained after 12 hours. The approximation of the accuracies of breeding values took less than one hour. Our results show that weekly national beef cattle evaluations are computationally feasible.
391 Young Scholar Award Talk: Supplementation of Oligosaccharide-Based Polymer Enhanced Growth and Disease Resistance of Weaned Pigs by Modulating Intestinal Integrity and Systemic Immunity
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Jinno Cynthia N , Kovanda Lauren L , Li Xunde , Bravo David , Cox Eric , Liu Yanhong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oligosaccharides have been reported to possess ETEC receptor activity for bacterial adhesions; thus, additional supplementation may efficiently prevent enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrhea. Moreover, grafted polymers that combine multiple substances have been proposed for their potential synergistic effects on preventing human and animal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to investigate dietary supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer on growth performance, diarrhea severity, intestinal health, and systemic immunity of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) when compared with in-feed antibiotics. Forty-eight pigs (7.23 ± 1.11 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 12 replicate pigs per treatment. The four dietary treatments were a nursery basal diet (CON), and 3 additional diets supplemented with 50 mg/kg antibiotics (Carbadox; CAR), 10 or 20 mg/kg of oligosaccharide-based polymer (OBP). The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0)]. All pigs were orally inoculated with 3mL of F18 ETEC for 3 consecutive days from d 0 post-inoculation (PI). Growth performance and diarrhea severity were measured throughout the experiment. Blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal mucosa samples were collected during the peak infection period (d 2 and d 5 PI) and recovery period (d 11 PI). Pigs in CAR or OBP treatment groups had greater (P&lt;0.05) body weight on d 5 or d 11 PI than pigs in the CON group, respectively. Supplementation of CAR or OBP enhanced (P&lt;0.05) feed efficiency from d 0 to 5 PI and reduced (P&lt;0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment, compared with pigs in the CON group. Pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P&lt;0.05) neutrophil counts and serum haptoglobin concentration compared to pigs in the CON group on d 2 and 5 PI. Pigs in OBP reduced (P&lt;0.05) total coliforms in mesenteric lymph nodes on d 5 and 11 PI, whereas pigs in CAR or OBP groups had reduced (P&lt;0.05) total coliforms in the spleen on d 11 PI compared with pigs in the CON group. On d 5 PI, pigs in the OBP group had greater (P&lt;0.05) gene expression of ZO1 in jejunal mucosa, but less (P&lt;0.05) mRNA expression of IL1B, IL6, and TNF in ileal mucosa, in comparison with pigs in the CON group. On d 11 PI, supplementation of CAR or OBP up-regulated (P&lt;0.05) gene expression of CLDN1 in jejunal mucosa, but OBP reduced (P&lt;0.05) IL6 gene expression in ileal mucosa compared to pigs in the CON group. In conclusion, supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer improved growth performance, alleviated diarrhea severity, and enhanced gut health in weaned pigs infected with ETEC F18 in a manner similar to in-feed antibiotics.