bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A public health framework for reducing stigma: the example of weight stigma
Authors: Harwood Alison , Carter Drew , Eliott Jaklin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe examine stigma and how it operates, then develop a novel framework to classify the range of positions that are conceptually possible regarding how stigma ought to be handled from a public health perspective. In the case of weight stigma, the possible positions range from encouraging the intentional use of weight stigma as an obesity prevention and reduction strategy to arguing not only that this is harmful but that weight stigma, independent of obesity, needs to be actively challenged and reduced. Using weight stigma as an illustrative example, we draw on prior theoretical work on stigma mechanisms and intervention strategies to develop a framework for improving the understanding, evaluation, and planning of anti-stigma interventions. This framework has the potential to help public health actors to map out how protest, contact, education, and regulation strategies can be used to reduce direct discrimination, structural discrimination, and internalized stigma (self-stigma).
Metabolic Switching of Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells Creates Super Mitochondria in Rescuing Ischemic Neurons
Authors: Gorsky Anna , Monsour Molly , Nguyen Hung , Castelli Vanessa , Lee Jea-Young , Borlongan Cesar V. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTransfer of healthy mitochondria from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to ischemic neurons represents a potent stroke therapeutic. MSCs were grown under ambient conditions (nMSCs) or a metabolic switching paradigm by alternating galactose and glucose in medium (sMSCs) and then assayed for oxygen consumption rates using the Seahorse technology. Subsequently, primary neurons were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and then co-cultured with either nMSCs or sMSCs. Compared to nMSCs, sMSCs displayed higher basal energy production, larger spare respiratory capacity, greater ATP production, and decreased proton leak. Co-culture of OGD-exposed neurons with sMSCs conferred greater cell viability, enhanced cell metabolism, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxidative species mRNA, and elevated mitochondria ATP mRNA than those cultured with nMSCs. Metabolic switching produces “super” mitochondria that may underlie the therapeutic benefit of using sMSCs to treat ischemic cells.
Seasonal Dynamics of Faunal Diversity and Population Ecology in an Estuarine Seagrass Bed
Authors: Pullen Micaela , Gerber Derek , Thomsen Mads Solgaard , Flanagan Sarah P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Biodiversity is important for communities to be resilient to a changing world, but patterns of diversity fluctuate naturally over time. Understanding these shifts — and the species driving community dynamics — is crucial for informing future ecological research and conservation management plans. We investigated the impacts of seasonality, small-scale changes in seagrass cover, and small-scale spatial location on the epifaunal communities occupying a temperate seagrass bed in the South Island of New Zealand. By sampling epifaunal communities using a fine-mesh push net two to three times per season for 1 year, and using a combination of multivariate and hierarchical diversity analyses, we discovered that season, seagrass cover, and the location within the bay, and their interactions, explained 88.5% of the variation in community composition. Community composition and abundances, but not numbers, of species changed over seasons. The most common taxa were commercially important Caridean shrimp and juvenile flounder (Rhombosolea spp.), and both decreased in abundance in summer (shrimp: 1.40/m2 in winter to 0.80/m2 in summer; flounder: 0.15/m2 in winter to 0.01/m2 in summer). Other commercially important species were captured as juveniles, including blue cod (Parapercis colias), kahawai (Arripis trutta), and whitebait (Galaxias spp.). The only adult fish captured in the study were two pipefish species (Stigmatopora nigra and Leptonotus elevatus), which had distinctly seasonal breeding patterns, with reproductively active adults most likely to be found in the spring and fall. Our study highlights the importance of estimating biodiversity parameters based on sampling throughout the year, as some species will be overlooked. We demonstrate that the temperate estuarine seagrass-affiliated animal communities differ in response to season and fine-scale local environments, causing fluctuations in biodiversity throughout the year.
Xylanase from thermotolerant Bacillus haynesii strain, synthesis, characterization, optimization using Box-Behnken Design, and biobleaching activity
Authors: Bakry Mohamed M. , Salem Salem S. , Atta Hossam M. , El-Gamal Mamdouh S. , Fouda Amr 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe economic value of xylanolytic enzymes is derived from their use in a variety of industrial processes, which necessitates a cost-effective manufacturing procedure. In the current study, forty bacterial isolates were isolated from water samples and investigate their efficacy to producing xylanase enzyme. The most potent bacterial isolate was identified by sequencing and amplifications of 16Sr RNA gene as Bacillus haynesii strain K6. The impacts of various culture conditions on the productivity of xylane were examined. Data showed that the highest xylanase production was achieved at pH 7, in presence of 3 g/L xylan, 5 g/L peptone, and incubated at 40 °C for 24 h. The Box-Behnken model was used to find the best parameters for the relevant variables, and the results revealed an increase in xylanase production with values of 35.02 U/mL. The maximum precipitation of xylanase from the optimized culture was attained by ammonium sulfate (60%) followed by purification using dialysis and sephadex G100 column chromatography. The purified xylanase had a 12-fold enrichment, with a specific activity of 84 U/mg and a molecular weight approximately 439 KDa determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/mass spectrometry. The amino acid analysis of the purified xylanase enzyme revealed the presence of 15 amino acids, with the highest concentrations of 1940 and 1520 mg/L for proline and cysteine, respectively. Finally, the physical properties of wastepaper pulp were improved after treatment with xylanase enzyme. The whiteness and softness of xylanase-treated wastepaper were improved with percentages of 34.6% and 16.2%, respectively. Therefore, we recommend the use of xylanase enzyme in the bleaching process as it is a biologically synthetic material, safe, and suitable for industrial use, and it reduces the use of harmful chemicals.
Response of mechanical and optoelectronic properties for InPxAsySb1–x–y/InAs system to composition
Authors: Degheidy A. R. , Abuali A. M. , Elkenany Elkenany. B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe compositional dependence of optical, mechanical, thermal properties, and lattice vibrations of InPxAsySb1–x–y quaternary semiconductor alloys lattice-matched to InAs substrate has been studied. In this study, the physical properties of the binary elements InAs, InSb, and InP that make up the quaternary alloy were employed. Under the virtual crystal approximation (VCA), the empirical pseudo-potential model (EPM) was used to carry out the research. Our findings are in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical values. In the literature, the composition effect on the optical, mechanical and thermal properties of the InPxAsySb1–x–y/InAs system has not been thoroughly investigated. As a result, we focused on these properties as a function of composition.
School in the time of Covid
Authors: Dasgupta Shamik 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article argues that extended school closures during the Covid-19 pandemic were a moral catastrophe. It focuses on closures in the United States of America and discusses their effect on the pandemic (or lack thereof), their harmful effects on children, and other morally relevant factors. It concludes by discussing how these closures came to pass and suggests that the root cause was structural, not individual: the relevant decision-makers were working in an institutional setting that stacked the deck heavily in favor of extended closures.
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome—diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Schwaab Juliana , Lübke Johannes , Reiter Andreas , Metzgeroth Georgia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSustained elevation of eosinophils above 5 × 109 /l in peripheral blood (PB) should prompt further investigation. Clonal eosinophilia accounts for the much smaller proportion of eosinophilias (< 10%), but exclusion of such a neoplasia is prognostically and therapeutically relevant. Molecular genetic analysis from PB, cytogenetics from bone marrow, and bone marrow histology are primarily used to exclude clonal eosinophilia. Far more common is reactive eosinophilia, the cause of which may be drugs, allergies, solid tumors, lymphomas, worm infections, autoimmune diseases, or idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Because of the diverse organ infiltration patterns in eosinophilia, a specific search for possible organ involvement (including heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, etc.) should be performed, depending on the patient’s symptoms. The diagnosis of HES is made when organ infiltration with consecutive dysfunction is diagnosed in persistent eosinophilia after exclusion of other causes. Therapeutically, oral corticosteroids (OSC) are used in HES. This can also be helpful in the differential diagnosis, as patients with clonal eosinophilia are usually not expected to achieve remission with OCS. When OCS requirements are high, other immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate [MTX], cyclophosphamide) and the interleukin (IL)-5 antagonist mepolizumab are used. In clonal eosinophilia, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the first-line therapy, depending on the underlying genetic alteration.
Interaction of Radiotherapy and Hyperthermia with the Immune System: a Brief Current Overview
Authors: Sengedorj Azzaya , Hader Michael , Frey Benjamin , Fietkau Rainer , Ott Oliver J. , Gaipl Udo S. , Rückert Michael 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review focuses on the opposing effects on the immune system of radiotherapy (RT) and the consequences for combined cancer treatment strategies of RT with immunotherapies, including hyperthermia (HT). How RT and HT might affect cancer stem cell populations is also briefly outlined in this context.

Recent Findings

RT is one of the crucial standard cancer therapies. Most patients with solid tumors receive RT for curative and palliative purposes in the course of their disease. RT achieves a local tumor control by inducing DNA damage which can lead to tumor cell death. In recent years, it has become evident that RT does not only have local effects, but also systemic effects which involves induction of anti-tumor immunity and possible alteration of the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment. Though, often RT alone is not able to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses since the effects of RT on the immune system can be both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive.

Summary

RT with additional therapies such as HT and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are promising approaches to induce anti-tumor immunity effectively. HT is not only a potent sensitizer for RT, but it might also improve the efficacy of RT and certain chemotherapeutic agents (CT) by additionally sensitizing resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs).

Graphical abstract
»Heimtückische Schleifen, Parabeln, Zykloiden, Kardioiden, Spiralen«
Authors: Lückl Julia 
Published: July 2022

Zusammenfassung»People suffering from Vertigo should be warned that some locations are impressive.« Dieses Zitat aus dem Tourguide des Schweizer CERN-Instituts stellt Thomas Lehr seinem dystopischen Roman42voran und gibt damit einen zentralen Hinweis auf sein poetisches Programm: Schwindelerregend sind nicht nur die erzählten Orte, sondern der Roman induziert auch ein Gefühl des Schwindels und der Verstörung, das aus einem Zusammenspiel aus Inhalt, Form und Stil generiert wird und Handlungs- und Erzählebene parallel führt. Während die Figuren auf der Handlungsebene einen apokalyptischen Zeitstillstand erleben, in dem sich nur mehr 70 sogenannte Chronifizierte bewegen können, wird dieses Gefühl derChronifizierungauch über metaleptisches und unzuverlässiges Erzählen performativ erzeugt und induziert. Neben diesen in der Literaturwissenschaft bereits viel beforschten Erzähltechniken wird im Rahmen dieses Beitrags auch eine weitere Analysekategorie entworfen, die hier alsViskositätdes Textes bezeichnet wird. Zahlreiche philosophische und physikalische Exkurse, ekphrastische Erzählpassagen und auch die überaus verschachtelte, wuchernde Syntax tragen zu dem erschwerten Fortkommen in Lehrs Roman bei, was den Eindruck des Feststeckens, der Zähflüssigkeit vermittelt und damit – in meiner Terminologie – die Viskosität des Textes erhöht. Zu der verstörenden Wirkung des Romans trägt darüber hinaus auch die Gestaltung des Erzählraumes, insbesondere die typografischen Besonderheiten, entscheidend bei. In Summe bewirken die verschiedenen Mittel des Erzählens und der Textgestaltung die Performativität dieses Romans – das Induzieren des Schwindels, vor dem bereits in dem vorangestellten Zitat gewarnt wird.
Quantifying the sources of heterogeneity of fertility preferences in China
Authors: Lu Rui , Stulp Gert , Gauthier Anne H. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThere are no unanimous estimates on fertility preferences in China; they vary considerably across studies. Understanding this cross-study heterogeneity of reported preferred family size will contribute to the debates on the uncertainty of fertility in China. This paper quantified how much heterogeneity in aggregate-level fertility preferences can be explained by taking into account the demographic characteristics of the sample, its geographical location, and the measurement of fertility preferences. We retrieved 124 estimates of average preferred family size from 94 publications (from the year 2001 and onwards) in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI) and used mixed-effect meta-regression model to investigate heterogeneity. We found that the average preferred number of children in China since 2001 ranged from 0.91 to 2.88, with an average of 1.70 (SD = 0.26). Demographic differences accounted for 23%, human geographic regionalization for 21%, and the measurement of fertility preferences for 13% of the between-study variation. Sample characteristics (demographic and regional differences) and the measurement of fertility preferences together accounted for 46% of the variation in average preferred fertility. The averaged preferred family size varies by different characteristics and measurement. This study also points out whether particular groups have higher or lower preferences. It helps researchers to put estimates from fertility preferences from single studies in perspective. Moreover, this study can help resolve why researchers have such different outlooks on the future fertility of China.
Climate Resilient Development Pathways in Global Drylands
Authors: Stringer Lindsay C. , Simpson Nicholas P. , Schipper E. Lisa F. , Eriksen Siri H. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group II Report on Adaptation, Impacts and Vulnerability identifies the urgent need to embark upon Climate Resilient Development Pathways. Climate Resilient Development acknowledges that adaptation needs to be undertaken together with mitigation and development, in joined-up, inclusive, just and equitable ways, across multiple arenas of engagement. In highly vulnerable systems with complex development contexts, such as drylands, where globally, warming is already exceeding that of humid areas, urgent action is vital, as the window of opportunity for Climate Resilient Development is rapidly closing. This paper considers challenges and opportunities in charting Climate Resilient Development Pathways in the world’s drylands. It highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement and partnership building to harness diverse knowledge sources, situating equity and justice concerns at the core of decision making and actions such as land restoration. It notes that while technological solutions offer potential to advance Climate Resilient Development, they need to be developed in an inclusive manner and used in ways that do not undermine Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge or exacerbate inequalities. Many of the challenges to Climate Resilient Development go beyond technology to include highly contextual differences in understanding, environment, institutions and access to finance. Adequate assessment of trade-offs in Climate Resilient Development actions in drylands remains vital to the framing of Climate Resilient Development Pathways for different groups. The paper concludes by identifying major urgent research gaps considering upscaling, stakeholder responsibilities and governance, the magnitude of investment that is necessary, and the need for appropriate monitoring, evaluation and learning.
RE-MAKING ANIMAL BODIES IN THE ARTS OF EARLY CHINA AND NORTH ASIA: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE STEPPE
Authors: Andreeva Petya 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Iron-Age Eurasian nomads created and circulated elaborate metalworks embellished with images of entwined, abbreviated, or contorted zoomorphic anatomies. This approach to zoomorphism has entered scholarly discourse under the blanket name “animal style,” a term often used to describe a vast corpus of zoomorphic images associated with the arts of steppe pastoralists. Numerous Warring States burials across the Ordos Loop indicate the transmission and adaptation of steppe-inspired zoomorphism into the funerary cultures of China's northern zone (beifang diqu 北方地區) and the Eastern Steppe more broadly. In the Han dynasty, animal-style images seem to have been transmitted even more widely, reaching China's southern periphery at the Kingdom of Nanyue 南越 and Lelang 樂浪 in the northern Korean peninsula. The Xianbei hegemony in the post-Han period marked a new trajectory for these designs, which reached Kofun Japan in the fifth century. Thus, the original trans-steppe visual formula underwent significant regional and local translations on a material and conceptual level to fit already established Chinese design strategies, techniques, and conceptions of animality. In this essay, I explore the regional alterations applied to the “supra” animal-style visuality in the Chinese northern periphery and other regions of Chinese political influence in North and Central Asia. In so doing, I seek to understand the swift entry of nomadic visual tropes, namely a specific “pars-pro-toto” device, into the visual vocabulary of early Chinese craftsmen from the Eastern Zhou to the Northern dynasties.
Interpretation of fossil embryos requires reasonable assessment of developmental age
Authors: Deeming D. Charles , Kundrát Martin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDinosaur embryos cause a lot of excitement in the scientific literature and are often widely reported because of the general public's interest in dinosaur biology. Well-preserved, articulated oviraptorosaur embryos in eggs are usually interpreted as representing a stage of development close to hatching because of their large size and good level of skeletal ossification. Based on this evidence, a recent report suggested that the position of the one embryo's head was reminiscent of an avian-like hatching position. Here we explore how the developmental stage of well-preserved oviraptorosaur embryos can be estimated, rather than assumed. This will help in our understanding of their developmental biology and its evolutionary consequences. Using quantitative methods and comparison with modern crocodilian embryos, we show that all articulated oviraptorosaur embryos are small relative to the egg and most likely at a stage of development equivalent to around 50%–60% of the developmental period, that is, not even close to hatching. This conclusion is supported by the fact that many elements of the crocodilian skeleton are well ossified many weeks before hatching and the position of oviraptorosaur embryos’ heads was also comparable to a crocodilian embryo many days before hatching. Misunderstandings about the stage of the developmental biology of these well-preserved oviraptorosaur embryos hampers our understanding of the true nature of their reproductive biology. We urge a more conservative approach to their interpretation. This is important, because misunderstandings in the minds of the public about dinosaur biology are hard to counter once poorly evidenced ideas have been reported around the world.
The importance of effective moisture and landscape controls on diatom assemblages and primary production in Roche Lake, British Columbia, Canada over the past ca. 1800 years
Authors: Mushet Graham R. , Reinhardt Eduard G. , Cumming Brian F. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLakes in the semiarid Southern Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada are vulnerable to future climate-driven changes in water quantity and quality. However, few long-term monitoring records exist to assess the effects of varying hydroclimate conditions on lake function. We present a high-resolution multiproxy paleolimnological record containing subfossil diatoms, μXRF via ITRAX, and chlorophyll-athat spans the past 1800 years from Roche Lake in south-central British Columbia. Generalized additive models indicate that the diatom assemblages were associated with changes in lake level and the accompanying effects of atmospheric forcing on lake thermal structure, and that these forcing mechanisms had a weak relationship with primary production. We infer two pronounced arid periods between ca. AD 600–950 and ca. AD 1730–1950 that correspond to evidence of reduced lake mixing and enhanced anoxia, but variable patterns in primary production. Synthesis of regional proxy records suggests that inferences of moist but possibly warm conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly may have occurred because of a complex interaction between prolonged La Niña-like conditions and higher radiative forcing. Overall, lakes in this region are sensitive to changes in hydroclimate generated by interactions between external forcing and Pacific Ocean–atmosphere processes, and the resulting changes in aridity may have potentially negative consequences on salmonid habitat.