bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk of melanoma with rasagiline compared with other antiparkinsonian medications: A retrospective cohort study in the United States medicare database
Authors: Johannes Catherine B. , Saltus Catherine W. , Kaye James A. , Calingaert Brian , Kaplan Sigal , Gordon Mark Forrest , Andrews Elizabeth B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeCompare the risk of melanoma between initiators of rasagiline or other antiparkinsonian drugs (APDs) in a Parkinson's disease (PD) population.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in the US Medicare claims research database (2006–2015) in adults aged ≥65 years with PD claims. Other APD initiators were randomly matched (4:1) to rasagiline initiators on age, sex, and cohort entry year. Cutaneous melanoma events were identified by a validated claims algorithm. Incidence rates (IRs), incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and Cox‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for melanoma comparing rasagiline with other APD initiators were calculated and analyzed by duration of study medication use and cumulative dose of rasagiline. Potential indicators of surveillance bias were explored.ResultsAmong 23 708 rasagiline initiators and 96 552 matched APD initiators, the crude IR of melanoma/100 000 person‐years was 334.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 291.5–381.6) and 208.2 (95% CI, 190.1–227.5), respectively (crude IRR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.36–1.89). The adjusted HR was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.14–1.65) and increased with longer rasagiline exposure and higher cumulative rasagiline doses. Rasagiline initiators more frequently had dermatologist visits or skin biopsies before cohort entry than APD initiators and had a higher incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer during follow‐up (crude IRR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.35–1.54).ConclusionsA small increased incidence of melanoma with exposure to rasagiline compared with other APDs was observed. Although the pattern with dose and duration is consistent with a hypothesized biologic effect, the increased skin cancer surveillance among rasagiline users suggests surveillance bias as a contributing explanation for the observed results.
Re‐imagining belonging to Brazil: Active immobility in times of crisis
Authors: Robins Daniel 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper uses qualitative data conducted in São Paulo, Brazil with those who possessed the capability to emigrate yet had chosen to remain in place. It explores the strategies these ‘stayers’ employed to create and reproduce a sense of belonging to place in the midst of political disruption and alienation. This is in the context of Brazil's lava jato (car wash) political corruption scandal which culminated in the election of President Bolsonaro and affected many Brazilian citizens' sense of belonging. Particular attention is paid to the way articulations of subnational and supranational scales of belonging relate to the national. Belonging at the national scale remains salient but through a process of interpolation with affective, local, urban and cosmopolitan forms of belonging. Immobility thus becomes an active practice through the (re)imagining and re‐scaling of a sense of belonging. Developing this concept of ‘active’ immobility recognises immobility as a phenomenon that is driven by individual and structural elements that are as diverse and dynamic as those that affect mobility. The paper contributes to debates about the relationship between forms of local national and cosmopolitan belonging.
Placement of KANI® plate inside the chest wall for rib fixation: Prevention for organ injuries caused by crossed rib edges and plate claws
Authors: Uebayashi Asuka , Takanashi Yusuke , Oka Mikako , Mizuno Kiyomichi , Kawase Akikazu , Funai Kazuhito 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe claw‐type titanium plate has been successfully applied to manage a flail chest. However, rare and life‐threatening organ injury occurs due to an insufficient claw bend. We report an ingenuity of surgical fixation using KANI® plates (USCI Japan, Tokyo, Japan) in a flail chest. A 60‐year‐old man with a severe flail chest underwent a surgical rib fixation. He had multiple rib fractures accompanied by dislocation and protruding crossed rib edges; we assumed a possibility of lung injury during a standard procedure in which the KANI® plates would be placed from outside the chest wall. Therefore, we placed KANI® plates inside the chest wall to ensure sufficient claw bend and to cover crossed rib edges to prevent organ injuries. We propose that our new ingenuity provides a safe and tight rib fixation in rib fractures with protruding crossed rib edges which the standard method cannot flatten.
A modified least angle regression algorithm for interaction selection with heredity
Authors: Kim Woosung , Kim Seonghyeon , Na Myung Hwan , Kim Yongdai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn many practical problems, the main effects alone may not be enough to capture the relationship between the response and predictors, and the interaction effects are often of interest to scientific researchers. In considering a regression model with main effects and all possible two‐way interaction effects, which we call the two‐way interaction model, there is an important challenge—computational burden. One way to reduce the aforementioned problems is to consider the heredity constraint between the main and interaction effects. The heredity constraint assumes that a given interaction effect is significant only when the corresponding main effects are significant. Various sparse penalized methods to reflect the heredity constraint have been proposed, but those algorithms are still computationally demanding and can be applied to data where the dimension of the main effects is only few hundreds. In this paper, we propose a modification of the LARS algorithm for selecting interaction effects under the heredity constraint, which can be applied to high‐dimensional data. Our numerical studies confirm that the proposed modified LARS algorithm is much faster and spends less memory than its competitors but has comparable prediction accuracies when the dimension of covariates is large.
Eliminating Graphite Exfoliation with an Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Stable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Junhua , Ma Keni , Lian Xueyu , Shi Qitao , Wang Jiaqi , Chen Zhujie , Guo Lingli , Liu Yu , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Sun Jingyu , Yang Ruizhi , Choi Jin‐Ho , Rümmeli Mark H. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlthough graphite materials with desirable comprehensive properties dominate the anode market of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), their low capacity during fast charging precludes further commercialization. In the present work, natural graphite (G) is reported not only to suffer from low capacity during fast charging, but also from charge failure after many charging cycles. Using different characterization techniques, severe graphite exfoliation, and continuously increasing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are demonstrated as reasons for the failure of G samples. An ultrathin artificial SEI is proposed, addressing these problems effectively and ensuring extremely stable operation of the graphite anode, with a capacity retention of ≈97.5% after 400 cycles at 1 C. Such an artificial SEI modification strategy provides a universal approach to tailoring and designing better anode materials for next‐generation LIBs with high energy densities.
Transparent and Highly Flexible Hierarchically Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces Suppress Bacterial Attachment and Thrombosis Under Static and Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Khan Shadman , Jarad Noor Abu , Ladouceur Liane , Rachwalski Kenneth , Bot Veronica , Shakeri Amid , Maclachlan Roderick , Sakib Sadman , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Brown Eric D. , Soleymani Leyla , Didar Tohid F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe surface fouling of biomedical devices has been an ongoing issue in healthcare. Bacterial and blood adhesion in particular, severely impede the performance of such tools, leading to poor patient outcomes. Various structural and chemical modifications have been shown to reduce fouling, but all existing strategies lack the combination of physical, chemical, and economic traits necessary for widespread use. Herein, a lubricant infused, hierarchically micro‐ and nanostructured polydimethylsiloxane surface is presented. The surface is easy to produce and exhibits the high flexibility and optical transparency necessary for incorporation into various biomedical tools. Tests involving two clinically relevant, priority pathogens show up to a 98.5% reduction in the biofilm formation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With blood, the surface reduces staining by 95% and suppresses thrombin generation to background levels. Furthermore, the surface shows applicability within applications such as catheters, extracorporeal circuits, and microfluidic devices, through its effectiveness in dynamic conditions. The perfusion of bacterial media shows up to 96.5% reduction in bacterial adhesion. Similarly, a 95.8% reduction in fibrin networks is observed following whole blood perfusion. This substrate stands to hold high applicability within biomedical systems as a means to prevent fouling, thus improving performance.
Starch‐Based Coatings for Food Preservation: A Review
Authors: Luciano Carla Giovana , Caicedo Chacon Wilson Daniel , Valencia Germán Ayala 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStarch‐based coatings (SC) are materials used to extend the shelf life and preserve the quality of foods during storage. Several approaches such as panning, fluidized bed, dipping, and spraying can be used to apply SC on foods. In general, SC are produced using gelatinized starch in water, in the presence of plasticizers, however, mixtures of starches with other macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids also have been investigated aiming to manufacture SC with improved physicochemical properties. Recently, SC containing antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds have been used to reduce lipid oxidation, ripening, and microbial growth in foods. This review article focuses on the analysis of the state of the art available in the 10 last years and is related to the production and food application of SC. It is expected that this review can elucidate the recent trends of SC, encouraging future studies to expand the production and application of SC in the food sector.
Hybrid Differential Software Testing
Authors: Noller Yannic 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDifferential software testing is important for software quality assurance as it aims to automatically generate test inputs that reveal behavioral differences in software. Detecting regression bugs in software evolution, analyzing side-channels in programs, maximizing the execution cost of a program over multiple executions, and evaluating the robustness of neural networks are instances of differential software analysis to generate diverging executions of program paths. The key challenge thereby is to simultaneously reason about multiple program paths, often across program variants, in an efficient way. Existing work in differential testing is often not (specifically) directed to reveal a different behavior or is limited to a subset of the search space. This work proposes the concept of Hybrid Differential Software Testing (HyDiff) as a hybrid analysis technique to generate difference revealing inputs. HyDiff consists of two components that operate in a parallel setup: (1) a search-based technique that inexpensively generates inputs and (2) a systematic exploration technique to also exercise deeper program behaviors. HyDiff’s search-based component uses differential fuzzing directed by differential heuristics. HyDiff’s systematic exploration component is based on differential dynamic symbolic execution that allows to incorporate concrete inputs in its analysis. HyDiff is evaluated experimentally with applications specific for differential testing. The results show that HyDiff is effective in all considered categories and outperforms its components in isolation.
The Colonial Legacies of Copper Dependence: Inequality and Bifurcated Social Protection in Zambia
Authors: Wolkenhauer Anna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that colonial legacies influence social protection systems in Africa until the present. It focusses on Zambia where the dependence on copper exports has shaped not only social questions since independence but also the state’s ability to respond to them. It explains how the concentration of economic activity along the so-called Line of Rail has created a centre–periphery divide that spilled over into the unequal ability of citizens to exercise voice, as well as a bifurcated social protection system, where demand-driven social insurance exists in the centres, while supply-driven social assistance targets the peripheries. In the new millennium, the latter have been significantly expanded but this does not address the underlying economic structure that continues to limit the social policy capacity of the state.
Class-Based Communities: The Postcolonial Reform of School Education in South Africa
Authors: Veit Alex 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWhen the African National Congress (ANC) assumed governmental powers in South Africa in 1994, it needed to confront the enormous educational disparities created by apartheid and colonial rule. However, remaining true to the ideals of the democratic struggle while also following neoliberal prescriptions of fiscal austerity presented a massive contradiction. To appease anxious white middle-class parents and offer new opportunities to its non-white constituency, the new government adopted the language of communitarianism, popular throughout the Anglophone world. The concept of community-run schools served to reconcile the contradictory demands of economic neoliberalism and political deracialisation. However, the poor and overwhelmingly non-white population was effectively still excluded from the elite, formerly white schools.
Between Economics and Education: How International Organisations Changed the View on Education
Authors: Niemann Dennis , Krogmann David , Martens Kerstin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we examine international organizations (IOs) that work in the educational sector and analyse how education as a field of activity has spread across and within IOs. We show how the vertical interdependence regarding the dissemination of ideas by IOs is increasingly manifested. We trace the general development of the IO population in the policy field of education to underscore that IOs whose mandates were not originally concerned with education entered the field of education. In this context, particularly IOs with economic policy backgrounds expanded into education policy. We illustrate how these economic IOs changed the way education is viewed today and which ideas regarding education dominate in global discourse, as exemplified by the cases of the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Social Protection in Mozambique from the 1990s to the 2000s
Authors: de Camargo Penteado Sarah Kassim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Mozambican state has had a long history of a cash transfer programme dating back to 1992. It targeted primarily the elderly, in a move to protect these and their families from extreme poverty. After urban riots broke out in 2008 against cuts in fuel subsidies and general unhappiness with the outcomes of the structural adjustments of the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations (UN), and World Bank analysed, designed, proposed, and funded the scaling up of the food subsidies programme and alternatives. Although there was a division of labour between international organisations, not all were on board with the cash transfer programmes, which led to weaknesses and a fragmented approach to the new programmes.
Labour Market Segmentation, Regulation of Non-Standard Employment, and the Influence of the EU
Authors: Dingeldey Irene , Gerlitz Jean-Yves 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn wake of the 1970s energy crisis, labour markets in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries changed considerably: deindustrialisation, low economic growth, and high structural unemployment challenged the standard employment relationship (SER), and a flexibilisation of employment was promoted. Tertiarisation and increasing female labour market participation fuelled the spread of non-standard forms of employment (NSER) such as part-time and temporary work. Since the 1990s, EU member countries aligned their NSER regulation to that of the SER, while in other OECD countries, NSERs remained un(der)regulated. The chapter illustrates the transformation of labour markets and the development of NSER regulation for selected countries, relying on national Labour Force Surveys and the Cambridge Labour Regulation Index. It tells the story of how membership in a supranational organisation has shaped national labour legislation.
Pathways to Family Policy in Half a Century of Population Control: International Paradigms and National Programmes
Authors: Böger Tobias , Drobnič Sonja , Huinink Johannes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe size, structure, and productivity of populations have been major issues in politics since the emergence of the state in history. When the now-developed countries experienced the first wave of fertility decline, they reacted with population policy, including family policy, to counteract the looming reduction of national populations. After World War II, the opposite fear of global overpopulation started to dominate international discourse and population control became a model for national development. In our chapter, we ask whether this paradigm left room for a family policy. We analyse three major UN population conferences as platforms of interdependence and sketch how the two contrasting cases of China and Kenya have signalled commitment, criticism, or distance from global norms and whether their national policies mimicked global models.
Economic Interdependencies and Social Expenditures Revisited
Authors: Düpont Nils , Mossig Ivo , Lischka Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDriving the third wave of globalisation, foreign direct investments (FDI) gained momentum since the mid-1980s. Given that FDIs are unevenly distributed across the globe, this chapter reviews the globalist perspective that an internationalisation of the economy threatens the welfare state. We confront it with descriptive statistics, looking at FDIs and public social expenditure in 70 countries from 1995 to 2015. Our tentative results suggest that different modes of market integration—whether a country is a net recipient or sender of FDIs—trigger two processes: rich countries with a surplus of outward stocks rather compensate their citizens whereas FDI inward stocks help less developed countries to grow and fund social policies.
Standard-Setting in Colonial Labour Regulation and the Great Depression
Authors: Fechner Heiner 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Great Depression (1929–1939) can be seen as an international turning point in labour regulation in the colonies of European imperial powers in Sub-Sahara Africa. The context of the Great Depression essentially marked the beginning of the end of the era of post-slavery labour “market-making”, witnessing the move away from forced labour, first steps towards protection of employees and changes in form, length, administrative and penal framing of individual labour relations. The article traces the main features of labour-related legislation and its changes, reflecting modes of production, racial labour relations, the changing role of colonial administration and the contribution of the International Labour Organisation to legal developments especially in British, French and German Sub-Sahara colonies.
The Formation of a National Capital Stock and the Pension Systems in South Korea and Malaysia
Authors: Kuhlmann Johanna , Nullmeier Frank 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe advantage of building a pension system is not limited to the social security of older people, but can also serve other political, societal, or economic functions. This chapter examines such an interdependence of policy areas by illuminating the relationship between expansive social policy and the export strategy of developmental states, focusing on South Korea and Malaysia. In both countries, contribution-based pension systems—a social insurance scheme in South Korea, and a provident fund in Malaysia—have become a cornerstone of economic development. By accumulating large amounts of money within their pension systems, the governments of both countries have been able to use this money for economic investments within their generally export-oriented economies, thus demonstrating that social policy and international economic interdependence are mutually supportive.
The “Great Recession” and Pension Policy Change in European Countries
Authors: Brosig Magnus , Hinrichs Karl 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the wake of the “Great Recession” and its severe fiscal implications, many European countries enacted significant pension reforms aimed at reducing public spending and limiting contribution rates. Unlike most changes carried out before, they were implemented swiftly and without building a broad political and social consensus, usually being suggested or even mandated by inter- and supranational organisations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the European Union (EU). While some of these cuts were at least partly revoked during the following years of economic recovery, European welfare states still tend to face lower “pension burdens” in the upcoming decades than had been expected during the 2000s. Financial sustainability, however, puts adequacy at risk for present and future retirees, many of whom no longer achieve sufficient working careers anyway.
Trade and Immigration: How International Factors Shaped Social Policy in Argentina
Authors: Cortina Escudero Martín 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, trade and migration are considered to be two key factors that shaped social policy development in Argentina over the period 1880–1955. Trade is regarded here as an important factor because it shaped both the agro-export model in the late nineteenth century and the import-substitution industrialised economy in the 1930s and that these economic models led to different social policy systems. In addition, migration is considered to be a paramount factor for social policy development because, on the one hand, immigrants and domestic migrants had a significant influence on the political arena, and on the other hand, education and health policies were aimed at shaping a society, which had been altered by immigration.
Variations on Bismarck: Translations of Social Health Insurance in Post-Communist Healthcare Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe—The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Interdependencies
Authors: Kaminska Monika Ewa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the 1990s, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (except for Latvia) moved away from tax-based financing of healthcare in favour of social health insurance (SHI). This paradigmatic change was domestically driven; the World Bank’s recommendations to retain tax-based healthcare financing were ignored. Yet, in defining the institutional set-up of the emerging SHI systems, CEE countries did rely on the expertise of international organisations as well as experts from Western Europe (mainly Germany and France). The external advisors tailored their recommendations to the diverse national contexts, which facilitated policy learning. Consequently, rather than strictly following the Bismarckian blueprint, CEE healthcare systems have developed into hybrids, combining Bismarckian, Beveridgean and private healthcare elements, thus diverging from Western European points of reference as well as among each other.