bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philympics 2021: Prophage Predictions Perplex Programs
Authors: Roach Michael J. , McNair Katelyn , Michalczyk Maciej , Giles Sarah K , Inglis Laura K , Pargin Evan , Barylski Jakub , Roux Simon , Decewicz Przemysław , Edwards Robert A. 
Published: April 2022

Background Most bacterial genomes contain integrated bacteriophages—prophages—in various states of decay. Many are active and able to excise from the genome and replicate, while others are cryptic prophages, remnants of their former selves. Over the last two decades, many computational tools have been developed to identify the prophage components of bacterial genomes, and it is a particularly active area for the application of machine learning approaches. However, progress is hindered and comparisons thwarted because there are no manually curated bacterial genomes that can be used to test new prophage prediction algorithms. Methods We present a library of gold-standard bacterial genomes with manually curated prophage annotations, and a computational framework to compare the predictions from different algorithms. We use this suite to compare all extant stand-alone prophage prediction algorithms and identify their strengths and weaknesses. We provide a FAIR dataset for prophage identification, and demonstrate the accuracy, precision, recall, and f 1 score from the analysis of ten different algorithms for the prediction of prophages. Results We identified strengths and weaknesses between the prophage prediction tools. Several tools exhibit exceptional f 1 scores, while others have better recall at the expense of more false positives. The tools vary greatly in runtime performance with few exhibiting all desirable qualities for large-scale analyses. Conclusions Our library of gold-standard prophage annotations and benchmarking framework provide a valuable resource for exploring strengths and weaknesses of current and future prophage annotation tools. We discuss caveats and concerns in this analysis, how those concerns may be mitigated, and avenues for future improvements. This framework will help developers identify opportunities for improvement and test updates. It will also help users in determining the tools that are best suited for their analysis.
Ensuring sufficient service capacity for removals of long-acting reversible contraceptives: a mixed-method study of provider experiences in Senegal
Authors: Brunie Aurélie , Lydon Megan M. , Ndiaye Salif , Aw Fatou Ndiaté Rachel Sarr , Lebetkin Elena , Cartwright Alice , Brittingham Sarah , Dabo Marème , Dioh Etienne , Ndiaye Marème Mady Dia 
Published: April 2022

Background: As the number of implants and intrauterine devices (IUD) used in sub-Saharan Africa continues to grow, ensuring sufficient service capacity for removals is critical. This study describes public sector providers’ experiences with implant and IUD removals in two districts of Senegal. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with providers trained to insert implants and IUDs from all public facilities offering long-acting reversible contraceptives. Data collection elements included a survey with 55 providers and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with eight other providers. We performed descriptive analysis of survey responses and analyzed qualitative data thematically. Results: Nearly all providers surveyed were trained in both implant and IUD insertion and removal; 42% had received training in the last two years. Over 90% of providers felt confident inserting and removing implants and removing IUDs; 15% were not confident removing non-palpable implants and 27% IUDs with non-visible strings. Challenges causing providers to refer clients or postpone removals include lack of consumables (38%) for implants, and short duration of use for implants (35%) and IUDs (20%). Many providers reported counseling clients presenting for removals to keep their method (58% implant, 31% IUD), primarily to attempt managing side effects. Among providers with removal experience, 78% had ever received a removal client with a deeply-placed implant and 33% with an IUD with non-visible strings. Qualitative findings noted that providers were willing to remove implants and IUDs before their expiration date but first attempted treatment or counseling to manage side effects. Providers reported lack of equipment and supplies as challenges, and mixed success with difficult removals. Conclusions: Findings on provider capacity to perform insertions and regular removals are positive overall. Potential areas for improvement include availability of equipment and supplies, strengthening of counseling on side effects, and support for managing difficult removals.
Content of the “Geometric Modeling” Course for the “Mathematics and Computer Science” Training Program
Authors: Zaharov A. , Zakharova Y. 
Published: April 2022

In this paper has been considered the main content and distinctive features of the “Geometric Modeling” training course for the “Mathematics and Computer Science” training program 02.03.01 (“Mathematical and Computer Modeling” specialization).
The goal of the “Geometric Modeling” course study is the assimilation of mathematical methods for construction of geometric objects with complex curved shapes, and techniques for their computer visualization by using polygons of curves and surfaces. Methods for construction of structures’ curved shapes using spline representations, as well as techniques for construction of surfaces and volumetric geometries using motion operations and basic logical operations on geometric objects are considered. The spline representations include linear and bilinear splines, Hermite cubic splines and Hermite surfaces, natural cubic and bicubic interpolation splines, Bezier curves and surfaces, rational Bezier splines, B-splines and B-spline surfaces, NURBS-curves and NURBS-surfaces, transfinite interpolation methods, and splines of surfaces with triangular form. Logical operations for intersection of two spline curves, and intersection of two parametric surfaces are considered. The principles of scientific visualization and computer animation are considered in this course as well.
Some examples for visualization of initial data and results of curves and surfaces construction in two- and three-dimensional spaces through the software shell developed by authors and used by students while doing tests have been demonstrated. The software shell has a web interface with the WebGL library graphic support. Tasks for four practical studies in a computer classroom, as well as several variations of homework are represented.
The problems occurring in preparation materials for some course sections are discussed, as well as the practical importance of acquired knowledge for the further progress of students.
The paper may be interesting for teachers of “Geometric Modeling” and “Computer Graphics” courses aimed to students with a specialization in mathematics and information, as well as to those who independently develop software interfaces for algorithms of geometric modeling.
Factores psicológicos asociados al riesgo suicida en estudiantes universitarios de Honduras
Authors: Landa-Blanco Miguel , Urtecho-Osorto Óscar Rolando , Mercado Miguel , Aguilar-Chávez Ángel 
Published: April 2022

El riesgo suicida es definido como la posibilidad de que una persona atente deliberadamente contra su vida y se considera una conducta autodestructiva de causas multifactoriales. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar los factores psicológicos asociados al riesgo suicida en estudiantes universitarios. Esto se realizó por medio de un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1696 estudiantes de pregrado, 54.7 % correspondiente al sexo femenino y 43.6 % al masculino. Se aplicaron escalas para evaluar sentido de la vida, depresión, esperanza, soledad, apoyo interpersonal y riesgo suicida. Los resultados indicaron que el 50% de la muestra reportó nunca haber tenido pensamientos suicidas. Sin embargo, el 26.8 % tuvo un pensamiento pasajero al respecto; el 9.9 % planeó quitarse la vida, pero no lo intentó; el 5.8 % realizó un intento suicida sin intención real de concretar el acto, el 5 % hizo planes para quitarse la vida con intención real de concretar el acto; y el 2.4 % efectuó intentos suicidas con deseos de morir. Se evidenció que existe una relación inversa significativa entre el riesgo suicida y la esperanza, presencia y búsqueda de sentido de la vida y apoyo interpersonal. No obstante, los individuos con mayor riesgo suicida poseen puntajes más altos en soledad y depresión. Estos resultados se discuten desde sus implicaciones en el ejercicio clínico.
Menstruation and quality of life among female teenagers in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Faremi Funmilola Adenike , Olatubi Matthew Idowu , Adesiyan Olukemi O , Afolabi Opeyemi Olanike , Famakinwa Timothy Titilayo 
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims There is a lack of information about how premenstrual symptoms and menstrual symptoms affect the quality of life of adolescent girls in Nigeria and the coping strategies they adopt to manage them. The study aimed to identify premenstrual and menstrual symptoms among adolescents, as well as their effect on quality of life and the strategies adolescents adopt to cope with these symptoms. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design using multi-stage sampling was used to recruit 357 adolescent girls. Data were collected in 2019 using a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean quality of life score of participants was 41.31. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms and overall quality of life, general health, physical health and psychological domains of quality of life (P<0.01). The most used coping strategy during the menstrual and premenstrual periods was self-care. A significant relationship exists between coping strategies and quality of life (P<0.02). Conclusions The majority of the participants experienced premenstrual and menstrual symptoms that affected their quality of life. It is recommended that female adolescents are taught how to manage premenstrual and menstrual symptoms.
Barriers to engaging fathers in supporting exclusive breastfeeding by HIV positive mothers in Temeke, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Nkane Jane , Nyamhanga Tumaini , Mahiti Gladys 
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims The low rate of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been attributed to limited spousal support, and evidence shows that support from a male partner has a positive influence on HIV positive mothers' adherence to exclusive breastfeeding. There is a lack of research data on fathers' experiences of barriers to supporting their HIV-positive partners with exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. This paper reports the results of a study that aimed to explore barriers to fathers' engagement in supporting exclusive breastfeeding by HIV-positive mothers in an urban setting in Tanzania. Methods A qualitative case study design was used in Temeke Municipal Council, at clinics for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in four public health facilities. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 participants who took part in in-depth interviews. Data were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated from Kiswahili to English before being thematically analysed. Results Barriers to fathers' engagement in supporting exclusive breastfeeding included unstable income, inconvenient clinic hours, gender stereotypes, less emphasis on postpartum male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and stringent work regulations that provide very limited paternity leave. Conclusions This study has generated some insight into the main barriers to fathers' engagement in supporting exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with HIV. This knowledge can be applied to strengthen the role of fathers in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Antiretroviral therapy adherence among breastfeeding mothers at a health facility in north Malawi
Authors: Kanyimbo Beatrice , Kafulafula Ursula K , Chakhame Bertha 
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims Antiretroviral therapy adherence among breastfeeding mothers is essential in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. However, prevention of mother-to-child transmission remains a challenge after childbirth, with inadequate antiretroviral therapy adherence found in breastfeeding mothers. This study aimed to determine antiretroviral therapy adherence and associated factors among breastfeeding mothers at the Mzuzu Health Centre, Malawi. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Mzuzu Health Centre with 323 participants who were recruited using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted at both bivariate level using the chi-squared test and at multivariate level using a regression model. Results The overall antiretroviral therapy adherence rate was 55.1%. Forgetfulness (P<0.000), religious beliefs (P=0.020), access to an antiretroviral therapy clinic (P=0.007) and appointment dates (P=0.001) were significantly associated with antiretroviral therapy adherence. Conclusions Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was low and forgetfulness was the most significant factor affecting adherence. Therefore, efforts to improve antiretroviral therapy adherence should focus on promoting strategies to combat forgetfulness, such as reminders, mobile alerts and alarm clocks, and involving family members in reminding mothers to take medications.
Factors that characterise clinical decision making among midwifery students in Malawi
Authors: Sakala Betty , Chorwe-Sungani Genesis , Kafulafula Ursula , Kumbani Lily 
Published: April 2022

Background/Aims Professional knowledge and competencies related to decision making and lessons learnt during midwifery education influence midwives' clinical decision making. The midwifery curriculum for student midwives includes the decision-making process during nursing training and midwives are expected to apply this knowledge and skill during midwifery practice. Factors that positively or negatively affect clinical decision making among midwives in Malawi are not well understood. This study aimed to identify factors that characterise clinical decision making among midwifery students in Malawi. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that used quantitative methods underpinned by a positivist paradigm. Proportional stratified sampling was used to select 124 fourth year student midwives from two public universities. A questionnaire was used to gather data from respondents on how strongly they agreed or disagreed that certain factors affect clinical decision making. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and Pearson's chi-squared was calculated to determine differences in respondents' mean scores. Significance was set at P=0.05. Results Factors found to positively affect clinical decision making were skills and knowledge, collaboration with other health workers, confidence, supportive supervision, positive feedback, a conducive working environment, mentoring by senior midwives, availability of clear guidelines and frameworks, clinical reasoning and intuition. Respondents' mean scores on factors that positively or negatively affect clinical decision making varied significantly (P<0.001) in relation to age, institution and department. Conclusions Although students are taught about decision making during their training, there are factors that hinder their capability to implement the skill. Therefore, it is necessary for training institutions to find ways to evaluate students' clinical decision making both before and after they join the workforce to identify and bridge any gaps in knowledge.
An exploratory study of outpatient medication knowledge and satisfaction with medication counselling at selected hospital pharmacies in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Abdu-Aguye Samirah N. , Labaran Kamilu S. , Danjuma Nuhu M. , Mohammed Shafiu 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundMedication counselling is an important activity that improves patient therapeutic outcomes. After this activity has been carried out, patients should be satisfied with counselling, and possess adequate knowledge about their medications.ObjectivesTo describe outpatient/caregiver medication knowledge and satisfaction with medication counselling at the main outpatient pharmacies of eight public secondary and tertiary hospitals located in two states in Northwestern Nigeria.MethodsExit interviews were conducted from December 2019 to March 2020 with randomly sampled patients/caregivers who had just been dispensed one or more prescription medications from the main pharmacies of the hospitals. The questionnaire used contained 31 questions in three sections. The first section collected demographic information. The second section assessed respondents’ experiences and overall satisfaction with the counselling they had received. The last section evaluated respondents’ knowledge of one randomly selected prescription medication that had been dispensed to them. Data collected were coded and analyzed to generate descriptive statistics. To explore associations between respondent characteristics and overall satisfaction, non-parametric tests were used, and statistical significance set at p<0.05.ResultsA total of 684 patients/caregivers were interviewed. Majority of respondents agreed that the time spent (97.1%) and quantity of information (99.1%) provided during counselling was adequate. However, over 60% of them also agreed that dispensers did not assess their understanding of information provided or invite them to ask questions. Despite this, their average overall satisfaction with counselling on a 10-point scale was 8.6 ± 1.6. Over 90% of them also correctly identified the routes and frequency of administration of the prescribed medication selected for the knowledge assessment. Although, more than 60% of respondents did not know the duration of therapy or names of these medications.ConclusionRespondents’ satisfaction with medication counselling was fairly high even though they did not seem to know much about their medication.
Foeto-maternal complications associated with low birth weight: A prospective multicenter study in northern Ghana
Authors: Ahenkorah Benjamin , Sakyi Samuel Asamoah , Helegbe Gideon , Owiredu Eddie-Williams , Fondjo Linda Ahenkorah , Ofosu Winfred , Der Edmund Muonir , Amoani Benjamin , Larbi Amma Aboagyewa , Cheetham Susanna , Arthur-Johnson Priscilla , Kwablah Grant Jenny , Gyan Ben 
Published: April 2022

Objective
The study evaluated the socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric variables and foeto-maternal complications associated with low birth weight (LBW) in order to provide better treatment and management options.

Methods
The prospective study conducted from February, 2019 to June, 2020 recruited 312 primigravid pregnant women who reported for antenatal care in three tertiary referral hospitals in northern Ghana. Their socio-demographic, obstetric and adverse foeto-maternal outcome information were obtained with a well-structured questionnaire according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Participants’ blood samples were collected for haematological tests. Odds ratio [OR, 95% confidence interval (CI)] for the association between socio-demographic, obstetric characteristics, foeto-maternal complications and haematological tests in relation to LBW were assessed using logistic regression model.

Results
This study reported a LBW prevalence of 13.5%. Increasing maternal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 1st visit, before and after delivery significantly increased the odds of LBW. Preterm delivery (PTD<37 weeks) (COR = 9.92, 95% CI (4.87–2020), p<0.001), preeclampsia (PE) (COR = 5.94, 95% CI (2.96–11.94), p<0.001), blood transfusion (COR = 14.11, 95% CI (2.50–79.65), p = 0.003), caesarian delivery (COR = 3.86, 95% CI (1.96–7.58), p<0.001) and male sex neonates (COR = 2.25, 95%CI (1.14–4.47), P = 0.020) presented with increased odds of LBW. Increasing gestational age at delivery presented with 28% reduced odds of LBW (COR = 0.72, 95% CI (1.12–4.40), P = 0.023). Upon controlling for potential confounders in multivariate logistic regression, only gestational age at delivery (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI (0.47–0.96), P = 0.030) remained significantly associated with reduced odds of LBW.

Conclusion
This study found that high blood pressure at 1st visit, before and after delivery results in increased chances of delivering a baby with LBW. Furthermore, PTD<37 weeks, having PE in current pregnancy, and male sex potentiate the risk of LBW. On the other hand, increasing gestational age reduces the risk of LBW. Thus, we recommend that midwives should intensify education to pregnant women on the benefits of regular ANC visits to aid in the early detection of adverse foeto-maternal complications. We also recommend proper clinical management of pregnancies associated with an elevated blood pressure at registration. Also, maternal intrapartum blood pressure measurement could be used to predict LBW in low resourced settings.
Marina Aromsztam – rosyjski pedagog innowator
Authors: Jeleńska Weronika 
Published: April 2022

The article introduces the Russian pedagogue Marina Aromshtam, whose contribution to modern, post-Soviet pedagogy gives her a special significance in contemporary science. Her activity at school has been illustrated by examples of two outstanding works Like a Diary. Teachers’ Stories and When Angels Rest. The writer’s detailed biography helps to show in detail a number of changes and innovations which, thanks to her numerous articles and books, have influenced many people. Importantly, it has revived the practice of family reading, strongly involved parents in the education of their children, and has disseminated knowledge about the world among readers large and small. As a strong woman, she made significant changes in contemporary pedagogy and became a true patron of children’s education.
Translation Teasers
Authors: Clark David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article presents a fairly random selection of problems encountered over many years in dealing with Bible translations in languages of very diverse families in various distant lands. These include Russia, Thailand, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The issues discussed relate to natural phenomena such as landscape and seasons, flora and fauna, and also pronoun nuances, personal names and other aspects of social relations, as well as figurative language and idioms.