bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding pandemic entrepreneurship as a unique form of crisis entrepreneurship
Authors: Behr Rachael , Storr Virgil H. 
Published: November 2022

PurposeThere is a large literature about crisis entrepreneurship, spanning from necessity, natural disaster and long-term conflict entrepreneurship. This paper situates pandemic entrepreneurship as a unique form of crisis entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilize the Kirznerian and Schumpeterian theories of entrepreneurship to understand pandemic entrepreneurship. Using evidence from the US COVID-19 pandemic, the authors argue that pandemics impact both the “identification” and “action” moments of entrepreneurship.FindingsThe Kirznerian identification moment becomes much more uncertain for entrepreneurs because of fluctuating conditions, such as public health conditions, new potential variants of the virus causing the pandemic, shifting government mandates and rules and so forth. The Schumpeterian action moment becomes more challenging because of the necessity of physical distancing and because, generally, all crises raise the cost of entrepreneurial action. That said, the authors still document considerable entrepreneurship during pandemics as entrepreneurs adapt to the increased uncertainty and costs by rely upon local and customary knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThis research finds that entrepreneurs, depending upon the crisis, face differing constraints. Specifically in times of pandemic, entrepreneurs face difficulty recognizing opportunities because of shifting conditions and acting upon opportunities because of financial and political constraints. This research thus implies that there are large opportunities for alleviation of such constraints if there were to be future variants or pandemics.Practical implicationsPractically speaking, this research affects how people study entrepreneurship. By recognizing the differing constraints that pandemic entrepreneurs face, the authors can better understand the last several years, and can also prepare better policy wise for future pandemics or further variants of COVID-19.Social implicationsSocially, entrepreneurship can be a large factor in recovery from disasters and crises. By recognizing and perhaps alleviating constraints that pandemic entrepreneurs face, future crises could have better responses and recoveries.Originality/valueAlthough several studies have examined entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 pandemic, the extant literature on pandemic entrepreneurship remains relatively underdeveloped and has not yet focused on what distinguishes pandemic entrepreneurship from other forms of crisis entrepreneurship. The authors highlight what pandemic entrepreneurship has in common with other forms of crisis entrepreneurship and pinpoint the various ways that is distinct.
Common and lifestyle‐specific traits of mycorrhizal root metabolome reflect ecological strategies of plant–mycorrhizal interactions
Authors: Xia Mengxue , Suseela Vidya , McCormack M. Luke , Kennedy Peter G. , Tharayil Nishanth 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Mycorrhizas are widespread below‐ground symbioses formed between plant roots and soil fungi. This plant–fungal partnership impacts terrestrial ecosystems by mediating plant performance and biogeochemical processes. The influence of mycorrhizas on plant and ecosystem functioning is ultimately driven by the biological processes that regulate plant–mycorrhizal interactions. Although convergent patterns in morphological and genetic traits of mycorrhizas have been well‐documented and reflect key selection forces that shape the biology of mycorrhizas, generalizable traits of mycorrhizal‐associated root metabolome, which are more intimately linked to plant and ecosystem functioning, remain unexplored.

Here, we compared mycorrhizal‐associated metabolome alterations across multiple plant–mycorrhizal fungus combinations. Specifically, we inoculated a phylogenetically diverse set of temperate tree species with either arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi (the two major mycorrhizal lifestyles). Using comprehensive metabolomics approaches, we then assessed the metabolome in mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal roots and the corresponding leaves.

Comparing across multiple plant–mycorrhizal fungus combinations, our data revealed metabolite alterations unique to mycorrhizal lifestyle as well as those common across plant–fungus combinations irrespective of lifestyles. Roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated different sets of carbohydrates, reflecting unique carbon allocation strategies for mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal roots accumulated cyclic polyols (e.g. inositols) inaccessible to their fungal partners, suggesting tight regulation of carbon partitioning. Such accumulation did not occur in ectomycorrhizal‐colonized roots, which instead accrued acyclic polyols (e.g. mannitol and arabitol) that were undetected in non‐mycorrhizal roots and likely of fungal origin. Mycorrhizas also altered specialized metabolism, featuring frequent increases in flavan‐3‐ols (e.g. catechins, gallocatechins, and their oligomers) but decreases in flavanols irrespective of mycorrhizal lifestyles, suggesting tactical reconfiguration of specialized metabolites to both facilitate and restrain the symbiont. These characteristic metabolite alterations were largely root specific and were not mirrored in leaves.

Synthesis. Using multiple plant–mycorrhizal systems and metabolomics approaches, our study demonstrates that part of the metabolite alterations occurring during root–mycorrhizal interactions were relatively common across plant–mycorrhizal systems, with implications for both carbon partitioning and tissue protection strategies important for successful symbiosis. These generalizable patterns appear robust to the phylogenetic history of host plants and thus may be widespread in land plants.
Energy Poverty: Measurement and Governance in Europe and Lessons for Australia
Authors: Chandrashekeran Sangeetha , Noka Viktoria , Bouzarovski Stefan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn Australia there is limited understanding of the scale and nature of energy hardship or poverty. Energy poverty remains a concept with no clear definition and therefore no clear objectives, targets, metrics for data collection nor institutions to monitor and report on. Europe, in the last decade, has gone from limited public recognition of, and policy action on, energy poverty, to now having sophisticated quantitative measurement and monitoring tools, and institutional governance arrangements that promote transparency and accountability. In this paper, drawing on the European experience, we focus attention upon the measures and indicators of energy poverty and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We propose institutional options for understanding and tackling these problems in the context of Australia's energy transition.
Children, COVID, and confusion: How frontline workers cope with the challenges of vaccine mandates
Authors: Harvey Jake , Attwell Katie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith the emergence of COVID‐19, many governments around the world co‐oped non‐health actors into enforcing comprehensive mandatory vaccination policies. Implementing these policies can be challenging, creating irreconcilable goals and problems with knowledge and understanding of areas outside the implementers’ direct field of expertise or scope of work. We know very little about how such frontline workers cope with these challenges associated with implementing policies whose goals lie well outside their remit (which we describe as generating exogenous policy pressures), and what this means for the operation of the policies. This article uses policies in place prior to the pandemic to fill this gap. It examines attitudes and experiences of frontline childcare educators who implement Australia's No Jab, No Play childhood vaccine mandate policies within the states of New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria. Through qualitative analysis of interview and focus group data, we find that these frontline workers cope with moral conflict, confusion, and a lack of knowledge by moving against clients: they rigidly follow the rules beyond legislative requirements, and sometimes break them, generating a new coping category we call ‘rigid rule breaking’. However, their need to employ coping strategies is informed by the extent to which government has designed the policy to coerce the behaviour of the providers, families, or both. The implementation of more coercive variants of No Jab, No Play policies deviates more from what legislators intended, while providers given scope to make their own decisions about enrolling unvaccinated children report satisfaction in their decision‐making.Points for practitioners
Australian state mandatory vaccination policies generally require childcare providers to exclude unvaccinated children.
Street level bureaucrats face pressures when implementing coercive policies exogenous to their remit.
They may simplify policy implementation in ways that counter governments’ goals.
Actors given more discretion about passing on coercion to policy targets demonstrate better understanding and ownership of policies.
Some cognitive transformations about the dynamics of desistance
Authors: Giordano Peggy C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article explores the role of cognitive transformations in the process of desistance from crime. Based on our own and others’ subsequent research, clearly, some aspects of our initial theorizing warrant revisiting and adjustment. The discussion describes changes to ideas about the sequencing of various types of cognitive shifts, suggests the importance of emotional processes in tandem with changes in perspective, and highlights the need to move out of the comfort zone of crime itself when thinking about redefinitions that support desistance. Yet, a consistent notion remains that social and broader structural factors are deeply implicated—directly and indirectly—in all aspects of the change process. This includes the important area of “derailments” from a pattern of forward progress, where additional processual research is needed. The discussion concludes with the argument that individualistic policies and programs centered on cognitive deficits requiring correction are likely to be limited in their effectiveness.
Neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB modulates peripheral mitochondrial fragmentation to improve thermoresistance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wong Shi Quan , Ryan Catherine J. , Bonal Dennis M. , Mills Joslyn , Lapierre Louis R. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTranscription factor EB (TFEB) is a conserved master transcriptional activator of autophagy and lysosomal genes that modulates organismal lifespan regulation and stress resistance. As neurons can coordinate organism‐wide processes, we investigated the role of neuronal TFEB in stress resistance and longevity. To this end, the Caenorhabditis elegans TFEB ortholog, hlh‐30, was rescued panneuronally in hlh‐30 loss of function mutants. While important in the long lifespan of daf‐2 animals, neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB was not sufficient to restore normal lifespan in short‐lived hlh‐30 mutants. However, neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB rescue mediated robust improvements in the heat stress resistance of wildtype but not daf‐2 animals. Notably, these mechanisms can be uncoupled, as neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB requires DAF‐16/FOXO to regulate longevity but not thermoresistance. Through further transcriptomics profiling and functional analysis, we discovered that neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB modulates neurotransmission through the hitherto uncharacterized protein W06A11.1 by inducing peripheral mitochondrial fragmentation and organismal heat stress resistance in a non‐cell autonomous manner. Taken together, this study uncovers a novel mechanism of heat stress protection mediated by neuronal HLH‐30/TFEB.
Root and canal morphology of maxillary second molars in a Black South African subpopulation using cone‐beam computed tomography and two classifications
Authors: Buchanan Glynn Dale , Gamieldien Mohamed Yasin , Fabris‐Rotelli Inger , Van Schoor Albert , Uys Andre 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study investigated the root and canal morphology of maxillary second molars in a Black South African population using high‐resolution cone‐beam computed tomography. In total, 386 maxillary second molar teeth were evaluated and described according to the classifications of Vertucci (with the additions of Sert and Bayirli), as well as Ahmed et al. Root number, fusions and canal morphology were recorded. Relationships between morphology, sex and age were assessed using Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05). Maxillary second molars were predominantly three‐rooted (96.1%), with root fusion observed in 14%. No relationships between sex, age and canal morphology were found. Additional canals were observed in 67.4% of mesiobuccal roots. The Ahmed et al. classification provided a better overall description of the morphology. In this population, maxillary second molar teeth exhibited a diversity of root and canal morphology. Complex variations may render endodontic management more difficult and increase the possibility of missed anatomy.
Dignity, conscience and religious pluralism in healthcare: An argument for a presumption in favour of respect for religious belief
Authors: Kirchhoffer David G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractReligious pluralism in healthcare means that conflicts regarding appropriate treatment can occur because of convictions of patients and healthcare workers alike. This contribution argues for a presumption in favour of respect for religious belief on the basis that such convictions are judgements of conscience, and respect for conscience is core to what it means to respect human dignity. The human person is a subject in relation to all that is. Human dignity refers to the worth of human persons as members of the species with capacities of reason and free choice that enable the realisation of dignity as self‐worth through morally good behaviour. Conscience is both a feature of inherent dignity and necessary for acquiring dignity as self‐worth. Conscience enables a person to identify objective values and disvalues for human flourishing, the rational capacity to reason about the relative importance of these values and the right way to achieve them and the judgement of the good end and the right means. Human persons are bound to follow their conscience because this is their subjective relationship to objective truth. Religious convictions are decisions of conscience because they are subjective judgements about objective truth. The presumption of respect for religious belief is limited by the normative dimension of human dignity such that a person's beliefs may be overridden if they objectively violate inherent dignity or morally legitimate acquired dignity.
Critique of autonomy‐based arguments against legalising assisted dying
Authors: Petersen Thomas Søbirk , Dige Morten 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present and critically investigate a type of argument against legalising assisted dying on request (ADR) for patients who are terminally ill and experiencing suffering. This type of argument has several variants. These—which we call ‘autonomy‐based arguments’ against legalising ADR—invoke different specifications of the premise that we ought not to respect requests for assistance in dying made by terminally ill and suffering patients because the basic conditions of autonomy cannot be met in scenarios where such requests are made. Specifically, it is argued either (1) that as a result of pain, anxiety or desperation, terminally ill patients are not competent decision makers or (2) that legalisation of ADR would lead to social pressure or in other ways change the patient's context of choice in ways that make such requests nonautonomous. We argue that these types of arguments are problematic in light both of empirical studies and the fact that we usually judge that it is morally right to respect the wishes and decisions of dying people even if they suffer.
Disruption of Mitochondrial‐associated ER membranes by HIV‐1 tat protein contributes to premature brain aging
Authors: Arjona Sterling P. , Allen Charles N. S. , Santerre Maryline , Gross Scott , Soboloff Jonathan , Booze Rosemarie , Sawaya Bassel E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionMitochondrial‐associated ER membranes (MAMs) control many cellular functions, including calcium and lipid exchange, intracellular trafficking, and mitochondrial biogenesis. The disruption of these functions contributes to neurocognitive disorders, such as spatial memory impairment and premature brain aging. Using neuronal cells, we demonstrated that HIV‐1 Tat protein deregulates the mitochondria.Methods& ResultsTo determine the mechanisms, we used a neuronal cell line and showed that Tat‐induced changes in expression and interactions of both MAM‐associated proteins and MAM tethering proteins. The addition of HIV‐1 Tat protein alters expression levels of PTPIP51 and VAPB proteins in the MAM fraction but not the whole cell. Phosphorylation of PTPIP51 protein regulates its subcellular localization and function. We demonstrated that the Tat protein promotes PTPIP51 phosphorylation on tyrosine residues and prevents its binding to VAPB. Treatment of the cells with a kinase inhibitor restores the PTPIP51‐VAPB interaction and overcomes the effect of Tat.ConclusionThese results suggest that Tat disrupts the MAM, through the induction of PTPIP51 phosphorylation, leading to ROS accumulation, mitochondrial stress, and altered movement. Hence, we concluded that interfering in the MAM‐associated cellular pathways contributes to spatial memory impairment and premature brain aging often observed in HIV‐1‐infected patients.
Acupuncture promotes nerve repair through the benign regulation of mTOR‐mediated neuronal autophagy in traumatic brain injury rats
Authors: Zhao Sisi , Wang Shiqi , Cao Luxi , Zeng Hai , Lin Shujun , Lin Zhuowen , Chen Minan , Zhu Mingmin , Pang Zhao , Zhang Yimin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimsRecent investigations have already proved the neuroprotective efficacy of acupuncture in clinical practice in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since growing evidence has suggested that neuronal autophagy was involved in multiple stages of TBI, this study aims to clarify the autophagy mediating mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of acupuncture in TBI rats.MethodsThree experiments were carried out to detect changes in neuronal autophagy and identify the potential molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of acupuncture for TBI treatment. Feeney's free‐falling epidural impingement method was used to establish the moderate TBI rat model; modified neurological severity scoring (mNSS) was used for neurological recovery evaluation. Nissl and HE staining were used to examine the histopathological changes. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the LC3‐positive cell rate. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the morphology and quantity of autophagosomes. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expressions of LC3, p62, beclin1, mTOR, ULK1, p‐mTOR, and p‐ULK1. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used for gene expressions analysis of LC3 mRNA and p62 mRNA. Co‐immunoprecipitation (CO‐IP) method was used to identify the protein interaction of mTOR and ULK1.ResultsOn Day 3 after TBI, acupuncture accelerated the removal of damaged cellular structures by promoting neuronal autophagy; on Day 7 and Day 14 after TBI, acupuncture inhibited neuronal autophagy, preventing excessive autophagy and thus alleviated nerve damage. In addition, the simultaneous treatment with 3‐MA or rapamycin at different stages after TBI attenuated the effect of acupuncture.ConclusionAcupuncture has a benign regulatory effect on neuronal autophagy in different stages of TBI, possibly through the mTOR/ULK1 pathway.
Assessment of the fracture properties of adhesively bonded joints submitted to fatigue loads using the Arcan fixture
Authors: Bernolin C. , Stamoulis G. , Bidaud P. , Dagorn N. , Albouy W. , Thévenet D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn the present study, the crack propagation behavior under cyclic loading of an epoxy‐based adhesive was investigated by the means of an Arcan device, in the mixed‐mode plane I+II. The strain energy release rate (SERR) was calculated through an inverse identification method using a Finite Element (FE) modeling. The evolution of the cracked surfaces revealed three main stages during the tests. It was found that under fatigue loading, the crack propagated at a value of SERR per cycle lower than the values of the critical SERR calculated under monotonic loads. The evolutions of the crack propagation rate against the SERR are also provided to highlight the effects of the mixed‐mode ratio on fatigue crack propagation.
Tens of thousands of migrating hoverflies found dead on a strandline in the South of France
Authors: Fisler Lisa , Marcacci Gabriel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Knowledge on insect migration is scattered, and we are only starting to grasp the extent and ecological impacts of their massive seasonal bioflows. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are one group of insects which partake in these long‐distance journeys, which are thought to have important ecological consequences including pollination, biocontrol and nutrient transfer.
Yet, few sightings of mass spring migration have been documented so far. Here, we report observations of tens of thousands of dead insects on a strandline in the South of France in mid‐May 2022.
Hoverflies represented 77% of all dead flying insects found on the strandline and most individuals belonged to the species Episyrphus balteatus and Eupeodes corollae, which are species known to exhibit migratory behaviour.
We assume that strong winds or a localised storm were the cause behind their stranding. Putative flight origins for these insects are north‐eastern Catalonia or the Balearic Islands.
This rarely documented observation enabled us to highlight the scope of hoverfly migration in spring and to discuss some of the challenges they face along their migratory route.
Backlash for high self‐promotion at hiring depends on candidates' gender and age
Authors: Krings Franciska , Manoharan Saranya , Mendes de Oliveira Alissone 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrevious research has shown that evaluators react negatively to intense, high levels of self‐promotion during the interview, in particular when displayed by female candidates, presumably because these behaviors violate the female gender stereotype of being modest and putting others first. We expand this focus on a single social category and examine the joint effects of gender and age on reactions to high self‐promotion/low modesty, as both gender and age stereotypes contain normative expectations regarding assertiveness and humility. Results of our experimental study point out two groups at risk of backlash, older women and younger men. While both older female and younger male candidates engaging in high self‐promotion were seen as competent, they were regarded as less interpersonally warm, received lower interview performance ratings, and were less likely to be hired. These results provide evidence for the importance of applying an intersectional lens on the effects of self‐promotion at hiring. Their implications for theory and practice as well as recommendations for future research are discussed.