bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Potting Media, Temperature, and Concentration of Ancymidol on Growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.1
Authors: Bonaminio Vincent P. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Influence of temperature, media and concentration of ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-[p-methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol) on the growth and flowering of selected cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium were studied. As day/night temperature increased or decreased from 22/18°C length of time required for the plants to come into flower increased. Stem elongation and leaf area decreased while fresh weight increased as temperatures decreased from 30/26° to 18/14°. Ancymidol applied at a concentration of 0.25 mg/pot of aqueous drench was sufficient to control height of plants grown in most media except pine bark humus. Incorporation of river sand, greenhouse soil or Ca(OH)2 into pine bark humus increased ancymidol's effectiveness. Increasing growth regulator concentration also resulted in adequate height control for plants grown in pine bark humus.
Carbohydrate Fractions of American Holly, Ilex opaca Ait. Leaves as Affected by Tissue Preparation, Leaf Maturation and Time of Day1
Authors: Balge R. C. , Dunham C. W. , Liebhardt W. C. , Svec L. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf samples of Ilex opaca ‘Miss Helen’ were collected over a 2-month period and analyzed on a mg/g basis for total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNSC), individual ethanol soluble sugars (IESS), total ethanol soluble sugars (TESS) and apparent storage carbohydrates (ASC). Samples were preserved for analysis by 4 methods: 1) liquid nitrogen killed freeze-dried (NFD); 2) liquid nitrogen killed oven-dried (NOD); 3) oven-dried (OD) and 4) ambient air-dried (AD). The samples showed significant decreases in TNSC between the NFD and NOD, NOD and OD and OD and AD methods; a significant decrease in TESS with the NOD and OD methods and a further significant decrease in TESS with the AD method. A significant increase in ASC was noted with the AD method. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the IESS revealed a significant decrease in D-fructose and D-galactose with the AD method, a significant decrease in α-D and β-D glucose with the OD method and an additional decrease in both sugars with the AD method. Sucrose was undetectable with the NOD method, and was significantly decreased with the OD and AD methods. TNSC, TESS and ASC all decreased significantly with leaf maturation and expansion. Time of day of sampling showed no significant differences in any carbohydrate fraction.
Effect of Daminozide and Ethephon on Yield and Quality of Erect Blackberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Nelson G. S. , Cooper P. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) applied to ‘Raven’ blackberries at 4000 ppm and to ‘Raven’ and ‘Brazos’ at 2000 ppm between full bloom and first color development and at 2000 ppm in a multiple application applied at full bloom, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks after full bloom resulted in reduced berry size and yield with no beneficial effects on fruit quality. (2-Chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to the same cultivare at 1000 ppm 4 days prior to the first harvest increased the amount of fruit mechanically harvested on the first harvest. Ethephon treatment improved color but resulted in mechanically harvested fruit having lower soluble solids and acidity.
The Role of Ancymidol in Clerodendrum Flower Initiation and Development1
Authors: Koranski David S. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Beck G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. plants untreated and treated with a 0.3 mg drench of ancymidol (a-cyclopropyl-a-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidmemethanol) flowered under a 12 hr photoperiod and were mostly vegetative under a 15 hr photoperiod. Initiation of flower parts was 8 days earlier in ancymidol treated than untreated plants. Although ancymidol hastened the initiation of flower parts, untreated plants flowered at nearly the same time as treated ones. The shoot apex remained vegetative and axillary buds flowered in treated and some untreated plants. In untreated plants, flower induction in the axillaries was apparent at 12 days and only sepal and petal primorida were present at 16 days after the initiation of the experiment when the plants were 9 cm tall. In treated plants, induction was apparent 4 days after treatment; flower development was accelerated; and at 16 days all flower parts were differentiating.
Effect of pH on Foliar Absorption of Rubidium Compounds by Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Reed David W. , Tukey H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar absorption of RbCl, RbNO3 and Rb2SO4 by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Giant No. 4 Indianapolis White was greatest at pH 2, at which there was considerable leaf damage, but changed little at pH 3-10. Absorption of RbCl was greater than RbNO3 or Rb2SO4 regardless of pH. Absorption of Rb and phosphate as Rb phosphate was minimal at pH 3-6, but was greatly increased at pH 7-10. These results may be explained by the degree of drying and crystallization of the applied compounds on the leaf surface.
Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Pot Chrysanthemums in Response to Supplemental HPS Radiation and Split-night Temperatures
Authors: Hicklenton P. R. , McRae K. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat. cvs. Yellow Paragon and Copper Ann, when grown as pot plants, produced more flowering stem breaks and greater flower weight in crops planted in January and February (spring) than in those grown under similar greenhouse conditions in October and November (fall). Spring crops also showed longer vegetative dry weight, shorter stem breaks, and earlier flower development. Supplemental high-pressure sodium (HPS) irradiation resulted in a larger increase in flower weight and number of flowering breaks in the fall than in the spring. Flower development was hastened by HPS irradiation only in the fall. Split-night temperatures did not delay flowering and resulted in a relatively small reduction in flower weight and number of flowering breaks in the spring. Unacceptable delays and degradation of flower quality occurred with this treatment in the fall and HPS was only partly successful in restoring acceptable quality and time to harvest.
Relationship of Seed Germination and Respiration during Stratification with Cultivar Chilling Requirement in Peach
Authors: Chang Stella , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed germination and respiration of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were evaluated as potential preselection indices for predicting bud chilling requirement. Low chilling lines (Ã650 hours) germinated significantly earlier than high chilling lines, with an average r of 0.91 between cultivar chilling requirement and mean days to 80% germination at 4°C in 2 experiments. Based on germination behavior, differentiation between lines exhibiting small differences in chilling requirement was not feasible but separation into low and high chilling categories was possible. Removal of the testa resulted in earlier germination among all lines, but the order of germination remained consistent. An r of 0.84 was obtained between cultivar chilling requirement and mean days to 80% germination at 4°C using seeds with the testa removed. Respiration rate of seeds from 4 lines varying in bud chilling requirement with intact testa rose gradually during stratification. Seeds with the testa removed exhibited a rapidly increasing respiration rate during stratification. Respiration rate of seeds from low chilling lines exhibited a higher mean respiration rate than seeds from high chilling lines in seeds with the testa removed.
Factors Affecting in Vitro Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Asexual Embryos of Theobroma cacao
Authors: Wright Daniel C. , Kononowicz Andrzej K. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asexual embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) were grown for 45 days in a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium with sucrose concentration increased stepwise from 3% to 27% and supplemented with various concentrations of MS salts, inorganic and organic nitrogen (casein hydrolysate), phosphorus, potassium, coconut water, 6-benzylamino purine (BA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Embryo growth decreased but fatty acid accumulation per gram dry weight was unaffected when total salt concentrations were less than full-strength MS levels. Growth and fatty acid accumulation was inhibited as total salt concentrations were increased from 1 × to 8 × full-strength MS levels. Eliminating inorganic nitrogen, organic nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus from the medium tended to reduce embryo growth and fatty acid accumulation. None of the growth-regulating substances used increased fatty acid accumulation, but high concentrations of BA (10 and 100 ppm) or NAA (100 ppm) were inhibitory; there was little response to GA or ABA. An increase in total fatty acids in all experiments was associated with increased mole percentage of oleic and stearic acids and decreased linoleic and linolenic acids.
Variability in Culinary Quality, Component Interrelationships, and Breeding Implications in Navy and Pinto Beans
Authors: Ghaderi A. , Hosfield G. L. , Adams M. W. , Uebersax M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the extent of genetic variations and the interrelationships of several quality traits of cultivars of navy and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown at 3 locations in Michigan. The measured traits were seed weight, initial weight of solids, surface color of dry and processed beans (L, aL, bL), weight of soaked beans, hydration ratio, clumps, splits, texture, washed and drained weight, and processed bean moisture. Significant cultivar differences were observed for most of the traits in both classes of beans. Location effects were highly significant for all traits. Certain traits showed significant cultivar × location interactions. Phenotypic correlation coefficients among pairs of characters indicated that, with few exceptions, there were low assocations among quality characters. Principal component analysis confirmed the independence of traits. A selection strategy based on a tandem selection procedure followed by construction of selection indices was suggested.
Interference of Triacontanol Activity by Chemical Constituents Present in Experimental and Field Sprayers
Authors: Ries Stanley K. , Wert Violet F. , Biernbaum John A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inconsistent yield increases in the United States have prevented recommending triacontanol (TRIA) for commercial application. Based on tests over several years, TRIA is recommended for use on many vegetable and agronomic crops in most provinces in the People's Republic of China. Their formulations were shown either to be less effective or no better than the colloidal dispersion developed by the Procter and Gamble Co. TRIA dispersions passed through 2 standard field sprayers and 3 of 5 experimental small-plot sprayers lost at least 37 % of their activity as measured by the increase in maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth. Hexane extracts of water passed through sprayers and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing contained more than 5 μg/liter of di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate. This phthalate ester, as well as other phthalates, decreased activity of both the colloidal dispersion and emulsion formulations of TRIA at phthalate concentrations of 5 μg/liter or more. Phthalate esters are common in the environment, including water of developed countries, and are important constituents of the PVC tubing used on most American field and small-plot sprayers. Sprayers equipped with other types of hoses did not inactivate TRIA as measured by the growth of maize seedlings.
Cold Acclimation and Dormancy of Amelanchier alnifolia
Authors: Kaurin Ase , Stushnoff Cecil , Junttila Olavi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormancy (absence of budbreak) in Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., was greatest from 1 September to 13 October 1981 in ‘Smoky’ and from 1 September to 27 October 1981 in ‘Pembina’. About 576 hours for ‘Smoky’ and 696 hours for ‘Pembina’ at 0° to 7°C, were required to break bud dormancy. One week of additional chilling (3°) had little effect during deep rest, but had a significant effect when the rest requirement was nearly satisfied. Flower bud hardening began in early September and attained –44° LT50 for florets on 30 October. Vascular connective tissue at the base of the bud was less hardy than floral primordia, throughout the dormant season. Flower buds dehardened from –60° to –30° after exposure to 20° for 7 days, to –14° after exposure to 20° for 14 days. No low-temperature exotherms were detected.
Ultrastructure of Zinc-induced Iron Deficiency in Mesophyll Chloroplasts of Spinach and Tomato
Authors: Rufner Robyn , Barker Allen V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies of plant micronutrient uptake and translocation have indicated that excess Zn induces leaf chlorosis associated with Fe deficiency. Leaves from Spinacia oleracea L. and Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill, grown with Hoag-land's No. 1 and minor element nutrient solutions minus Fe or with additional Zn (0.17 mm) exhibited symptoms of Fe deficiency as interveinal chlorotic bleaching for spinach and interveinal chlorotic mottling for tomato. Similarly, the ultrastructure of spinach and tomato leaf chloroplasts from plants grown with additional Zn corresponded to the altered structural integrity representative of Fe-deficient chloroplasts for each plant species. Supplemental Fe (0.19 mm) added to the nutrient supply alleviated the effects of excess Zn as illustrated by a dark green leaf and an enhanced grana-fretwork system of mesophyll chloroplasts of spinach and tomato. These results constitute morphological evidence of Zn-induced Fe deficiency.
Leaf Anatomy of Red Raspberry Transferred from Culture to Soil
Authors: Donnelly D. J. , Vidaver W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The leaf anatomy of an aseptically cultured red raspberry clone (Rubus idaeus L.) was studied before and after transfer to soil under controlled environmental conditions. Leaves of plantlets formed in culture were smaller, thinner, had a less compact arrangement of palisade and mesophyll cells, and an altered palisade cell shape compared to leaves formed on plants in soil. The number of epidermal hairs, especialy the filiform type, was lower in vitro and the distribution of colleters was affected. Trichome number was greater in new leaves formed after transplantation and greatest in greenhouse- and field-grown control plant leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were present in the leaves of in vitro plantlets and more numerous in the leaves formed on plants in soil. Stomata were fixed open, slightly raised, and occurred on the upper leaf surface of in vitro plantlets with many on the periphery of the leaf. Amphistomatous and the peripheral stomatal condition persisted in new leaves formed during the first month when cultured plantlets were transferred to soil at 3 or 6 klx. However, new leaves, like all greenhouse and field-control plant leaves, had few adaxial stomata at 9 klx and peripheral leaf stomata were rare. Anatomy of new leaves formed during the first month after transplanting in soil at 3, 6, or 9 klx was similar to those in culture. Parenchyma tissue was less compact than in control plant leaves and palisade cell shape remained abnormal. More than half the leaves from culture died within the first month of transferring plantlets to soil. Some survived for almost 3 months. Reduced trichome numbers, almost complete lack of filiform trichomes, and presence of peripheral and adaxial as well as unprotected, open, abaxial stomata would all contribute to transplant shock and water loss in cultured plantlets transferred to soil. New leaves of transplants, formed during the first month in soil, had transitional leaf anatomy and surface features. With time, in the soil environment, the appearance of subsequently formed leaves approached that of controls.
Endogenous Content of a Leaf Substance(s) Associated with Rooting Ability of Avocado Cuttings
Authors: Raviv M. , Reuveni O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root promotion activity in avocado leaf extracts was determined by the mung bean bioassay. Ten different clones representing a wide range of rooting abilities were compared. Following chromatography of methanol extracts in 8 isoprapanol : 2 water (v/v), a positive correlation was found between rooting ability of avocado cuttings and a mung bean rooting promoter at Rf 0.9–1.0 of the chromatograms. The same zone inhibited the straight growth of wheat coleoptile.
Effects of Some Postharvest and Storage Treatments on the Incidence of Flesh Browning in Controlled-atmosphere-stored ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Lau O. L. , Hall J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Results from a 4-year study indicate that flesh browning in CA-stored ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a low-temperature disorder. Little or no flesh browning occurred at storage temperatures of 2°C or higher. Prestorage treatments which reduced flesh browning were dips in calcium and diphenylamine solutions, delays at 20° prior to storage, and exposure to 38°. Gibberellic acid dips had no effect on the disorder. Less flesh browning was found in a 1% CO2 than in a 1.7% CO2 atmosphere at −0.5°, but little effect was observed from CO2 concentration at a 2° storage temperature. The disorder was more prevalent with advanced maturity of the fruit. Regression analysis of variables evaluated at or before harvest showed that increased fruit size, and to a lesser extent the presence of watercore, were important factors in development of flesh browning.
Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Photosynthesis, and Leaf Conductance in Selected Pistacia Species
Authors: Lin Tzong-Shyan , Crane Julian C. , Ryugo Kay , Polito Vito S. , DeJong Ted M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf morphology of Pistacia atlantica Desf., P. chinensis Bunge, P. integerrima Stewart, P. khinjuk Stocks, P. lentiscus L., P. mexicana HBK, P. mutica F.&P., P. vera L., and P. weinmannifolia Poisson were compared. P. lentiscus, P. mexicana, and P. weinmannifolia were hypostomatic while the other species were amphistomatic. Leaves of P. vera, which are oriented randomly, appeared to be isolateral, while leaves of the other species are dorsiventral and are oriented horizontally. Differences in the length and density of the ab- and adaxial palisade cells and in the shape of the spongy parenchyma cells were noted among species. In an effort to relate structure to function, the daily patterns of carbon dioxide assimilation rate, A, and leaflet conductance, g, to water vapor among P. atlantica, P. integerrima, and P. vera were determined under field conditions. The mean maximum Pn rates were 2.1, 1.0, and 2.0 nmol CO2 cm−2 s−1, respectively.
Quantification of Free ABA and Free and Conjugated IAA in Strawberry Achene and Receptacle Tissue during Fruit Development
Authors: Archbold D. D. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Indoleacetic acid (IAA) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in extracts of achene and receptacle tissue of ‘Midway’ strawberry (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.). Free, ester-conjugated, and amide-conjugated IAA present in both tissues from anthesis to maturity were quantified by a double-standard isotope dilution method using 14C-IAA and 14C-indolebutyric acid (14C-IBA) as internal standards. Whole fruit at anthesis contained 6.2 μg/g dry weight free IAA, 2.0 μg/g dry weight ester-conjugated IAA, and no detectable amide-linked IAA. Maximum concentrations of free IAA in achenes were 1.2 times higher than those in receptacle tissue; maxima occurred simultaneously in the 2 tissues 14 days after anthesis. The maximum concentration of ester-conjugated IAA in achene tissue 8 days after anthesis was 17.5 times higher than that in receptacle tissue 17 days after anthesis. A high concentration of amide-conjugated IAA was found in achene tissue at 11 days and again at maturity. Maximum concentrations in achenes were 34 times greater than those in receptacle tissue. Correlations between growth rate and levels of free or conjugated auxin were nonsignificant. Abscisic acid (ABA) was detected in whole fruit at anthesis by electron-capture gas chromatography. The concentration in the achenes declined until midway through development, then increased as fruit approached maturity. The total quantities in both achenes and receptacle increased as fruit ripened. The ratio of free IAA to free ABA changed during fruit development but was not well-correlated with fruit growth rate.
A Revised Tissue Culture Medium for Shoot Multiplication of Rhododendron
Authors: Anderson Wilbur C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Revision of the Murashige-Skoog (MS) 1962 inorganic formula was necessary for the successful culture of rhododendron cultivars. A bioassay system was developed to assess the effects of modifying the MS formula. Inorganic revisions included reduction of nitrogen from 60 to 14.7 mm and potassium from 20 to 4.7 mm. Phosphorus was adjusted to 2.75 mm. Iron concentration was doubled to 200 μm and iodine was reduced to 1.8 μm. These changes reduced the salinity of the inorganics from 5.2 to 2.2 mmho cm−1. General growth regulator concentrations for shoot proliferation are 1 mg/liter 3-aceticindole acid (I A A) and 5 mg/liter N6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP), but these concentrations vary among cultivars.
Genetic Analysis of Betacyanine, Betaxanthine, and Sucrose Concentrations in Roots of Table Beet
Authors: Watson James F. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variation in pigment and sucrose concentrations of beet roots was investigated in a diallel cross among 9 inbred table beet lines. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for betacyanine, betaxanthine, and sucrose concentrations. Specific combining ability was significant for pigment concentrations but not percentage of sucrose. Cross × location interactions were significant and were in all cases due to the interactions of GCA with locations. Interactions of both GC A and SCA with years were detected for betacyanine and betaxanthine concentrations. Dominance, predominantly in the direction of higher percentage of sucrose, was ambidirectional for pigment concentrations. The average dominance level was in the partial range for all traits. Epistasis was not detected for percentage of sucrose, and was found for pigment concentrations only in crosses derived from one of the parents. Genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations between betacyanine and betaxanthine concentrations were strongly positive. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were not significant between percentage of sucrose and pigment concentrations.
The Response of Three Sweet Potato Cultivars to Varying Levels of Nitrogen
Authors: Constantin R. J. , Jones L. G. , Hammett H. L. , Hernandez T. P. , Kahlich C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars that varied in vine length were compared at 5 N levels. Increasing N levels increased weight and the percentage of No. 1 grade roots of all cultivars. Vine length did not have a linear effect on yield. The long-vine ‘Centennial’ out-yielded the other cultivars, followed by the short-vine ‘L3-243’ and the intermediate-vine length ‘Goldrush’. N applications linearly increased dry matter, carotenoid (fresh and processed), protein content, and reduced fiber content of all cultivars. Cultivars varied significantly for each quality variable studied with the exception of protein content (fresh wt basis), including dry matter, carotenoids, fiber, firmness, and split roots after processing. N applications had no influence on soil P, K, Ca, Mg, or pH. Organic matter content of the soil was increased slightly by increased N applications, probably as a result of excessive vine growth, which was incorporated into the soil after harvest.