bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations: a systematic review
Authors: Lokot Michelle , Bou-Orm Ibrahim , Zreik Thurayya , Kik Nour , Fuhr Daniela C , El Masri Rozane , Meagher Kristen , Smith James , Asmar Michele Kosremelli , McKee Martin , Roberts Bayard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Health system governance has been recognized as critical to strengthening healthcare responses in settings with conflict-affected populations. The aim of this review was to examine existing evidence on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations globally. The specific objectives were (1) to describe the characteristics of the eligible studies; (2) to describe the principles of health system governance; (3) to examine evidence on barriers and facilitators for stronger health system governance; and (4) to analyse the quality of available evidence. A systematic review methodology was used following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria. We searched six academic databases and used grey literature sources. We included papers reporting empirical findings on health system governance among populations affected by armed conflict, including refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced populations, conflict-affected non-displaced populations and post-conflict populations. Data were analysed according to the study objectives and informed primarily by a governance framework from the literature. Quality appraisal was conducted using an adapted version of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Of the 6511 papers identified through database searches, 34 studies met eligibility criteria. Few studies provided a theoretical framework or definition for governance. The most frequently identifiable governance principles related to participation and coordination, followed by equity and inclusiveness and intelligence and information. The least frequently identifiable governance principles related to rule of law, ethics and responsiveness. Across studies, the most common facilitators of governance were collaboration between stakeholders, bottom-up and community-based governance structures, inclusive policies and longer-term vision. The most common barriers related to poor coordination, mistrust, lack of a harmonized health response, lack of clarity on stakeholder responsibilities, financial support and donor influence. This review highlights the need for more theoretically informed empirical research on health system governance in settings with conflict-affected populations that draws on existing frameworks for governance.
Influence and Implications of the Molecular Paradigm of Nitric Oxide Underlying Inflammatory Reactions of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dog: A Major Hallmark of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Rana Tanmoy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a pleiotropic free radical messenger molecule, is responsible for the various cellular function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. It plays a major role in the maintenance of perfusion, regulation of microvascular, epithelial permeability, and immune functions. Nitric oxide exerts its beneficial effect on the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). But the accelerated production of NO triggers activation of the inducible form of the NO synthase enzyme (iNOS) that leads to damages of the intestinal membrane. Nitric oxide synthase enzyme is responsible for the higher production of NO from l-arginine and causes an inflammatory condition in the intestinal epithelium. Nitric oxide induces nitrative DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage in the cellular system. Accelerated production of NO enhances iNOS activity that is associated with cytotoxicity and apoptosis of gastrointestinal epithelial cells in the dog. Chronic inflammation leads to angiogenesis that is modulated by the immune system in IBD. Chronic inflammation is a major risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. Nitric oxide participates in mucosal inflammation in the intestine through invigoration of NO synthase enzyme. The intrinsic complex mechanism is correlated with the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and is also correlated with the expression of iNOS, enzymatic activity and NO production. Nitric oxide employs a significant role in modulating epithelial permeability with accelerated immune response in acute colitis. But the enormous generation of NO causes adverse effects on the mucosal cell during the inflammatory process in IBD. In this review, a complex episode of NO generation with altered biochemical pathways was assessed for the regulation of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease of dogs. This review is a unique compilation of the role of NO in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease of dogs.
Nitric oxide plays a key role in modulating cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. This review seeks to explore the characteristics of NO as a major hallmark of canine inflammatory bowel diseases.
The gender pay gap: How FIFA dropped the ball
Authors: Poppelwell-Scevak Claire 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The pursuit for equal pay has been a struggle for those striving for gender equality. This struggle is no different in football, where female players face an uphill battle in gaining equal remuneration. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has remained markedly silent on the issue of the pay gap. However, FIFA’s recent adoption of an extensive human rights framework explicitly includes gender equality, and thus, equal pay. This article examines how FIFA’s new human rights framework and investment programs can support efforts to close the pay gap. The investment in and revenue from the men’s and women’s World Cup tournaments will be examined to illustrate both the pay gap’s existence and the difficulties in addressing it. This article argues this human rights framework is a positive step towards gender equality; however, it must be embedded in FIFA’s governing bodies before equal pay can be remedied. While FIFA may be responsible for the World Cup prize money, FIFA’s member associations are accountable for distributing money to the players. Considering this, this article looks to the Australian member association, Football Australia (FA), as an example of the difficulties facing member associations that try to close the pay gap nationally. On this basis, this article finds that due to the dynamics between FIFA and its member associations, pay parity cannot be achieved by a member association when its purse strings are controlled by FIFA.
Energy retrofitting strategies for office buildings in hot arid climate
Authors: Rached Ehab , Anber Maha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The building sector consumes ~30% of the primary energy consumption. Energy retrofitting of buildings contributes greatly to reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research aims at revealing the potential energy savings resulting from applying energy retrofitting strategies to office buildings in hot arid climate. The study is applied on Cairo, Egypt, representing the hot arid climate. The case study building was selected to be an existing office building with an area of 12 000 m2. The energy simulation software used is the DesignBuilder software. The suggested retrofitting strategies are upgrading the lighting systems to use LED lights, upgrading the air conditioning performance, using external shading devices, improving AC efficiency, improving the building’s air tightness and improving the R-value of the building envelope by using insulation for exterior walls and roof and substituting the existing window glazing. Those strategies were applied to the building for evaluating their potential for achieving energy savings. The conclusion of the applied study was that by combining the most effective strategies has resulted in annual energy consumption reduction by 86%.
Molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of polygenetic antifungal drug resistance in msh2 mismatch repair mutants of Cryptococcus
Authors: Albehaijani Samah H. I. , Macreadie Ian , Morrissey C. Orla , Boyce Kylie J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Fungal infections are common life-threatening diseases amongst immunodeficient individuals. Invasive fungal disease is commonly treated with an azole antifungal agent, resulting in selection pressure and the emergence of drug resistance. Antifungal resistance is associated with higher mortality rates and treatment failure, making the current clinical management of fungal disease very challenging. Clinical isolates from a variety of fungi have been shown to contain mutations in the MSH2 gene, encoding a component of the DNA mismatch repair pathway. Mutation of MSH2 results in an elevated mutation rate that can increase the opportunity for selectively advantageous mutations to occur, accelerating the development of antifungal resistance.

Objectives
To characterize the molecular mechanisms causing the microevolutionary emergence of antifungal resistance in msh2 mismatch repair mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Methods
The mechanisms resulting in the emergence of antifungal resistance were investigated using WGS, characterization of deletion mutants and measuring ploidy changes.

Results
The genomes of resistant strains did not possess mutations in ERG11 or other genes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Antifungal resistance was due to small contributions from mutations in many genes. MSH2 does not directly affect ploidy changes.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence that resistance to fluconazole can evolve independently of ERG11 mutations. A common microevolutionary route to the emergence of antifungal resistance involves the accumulation of mutations that alter stress signalling, cellular efflux, membrane trafficking, epigenetic modification and aneuploidy. This complex pattern of microevolution highlights the significant challenges posed both to diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant fungal pathogens.
Profile analysis of adverse events after boron neutron capture therapy for head and neck cancer: a sub-analysis of the JHN002 study
Authors: Hirose Katsumi , Sato Mariko , Kato Takahiro , Takayama Kanako , Suzuki Motohisa , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Seto Ichiro , Kikuchi Yasuhiro , Murakami Masao , Takai Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to outline the course and profile of adverse events specific to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for head and neck cancer. This was a sub-analysis of the phase II JHN002 trial. Patients received 400 mg/kg borofalan(10B), followed by neutron irradiation. The course of adverse events after BNCT was documented in the JHN002 Look Up study. Patients were grouped into face/front (FF), face/lateral (FL) and neck (N) beam groups according to the point of skin incidence of the epithermal neutron beam axis, and the profile of adverse events dependent on beam incidence position was examined. The courses of adverse events in eight recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (R-SCC) and 13 recurrent or locally advanced non-SCC cases were analyzed. Median interval to complete recovery was 23 days (interquartile range (IQR), 14–48 days) for oral mucositis, 40 days (IQR, 24–56 days) for dermatitis, 58 days (IQR, 53–80 days) for dysgeusia and 156 days (IQR, 82–163 days) for alopecia. In the FF beam group, parotitis (P = 0.007) was less frequent, while oral mucositis (P = 0.032), fatigue (P = 0.002), conjunctivitis (P = 0.001), epistaxis (P = 0.001) and abdominal discomfort (P = 0.029) tended to be more frequent than in the FL and N beam groups. Courses and irradiation site-specific profiles of adverse events in BNCT for head and neck cancer were identified. This profile may be useful for considering interventions to prevent exacerbation of treatment-related adverse events on BNCT.
Automatic detection of low surface brightness galaxies from Sloan Digital Sky Survey images
Authors: Yi Zhenping , Li Jia , Du Wei , Liu Meng , Liang Zengxu , Xing Yongguang , Pan Jingchang , Bu Yude , Kong Xiaoming , Wu Hong 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTLow surface brightness (LSB) galaxies are galaxies with central surface brightness fainter than the night sky. Due to the faint nature of LSB galaxies and the comparable sky background, it is difficult to search LSB galaxies automatically and efficiently from large sky survey. In this study, we established the low surface brightness galaxies autodetect (LSBG-AD) model, which is a data-driven model for end-to-end detection of LSB galaxies from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) images. Object-detection techniques based on deep learning are applied to the SDSS field images to identify LSB galaxies and estimate their coordinates at the same time. Applying LSBG-AD to 1120 SDSS images, we detected 1197 LSB galaxy candidates, of which 1081 samples are already known and 116 samples are newly found candidates. The B-band central surface brightness of the candidates searched by the model ranges from 22 to 24 mag arcsec−2, quite consistent with the surface brightness distribution of the standard sample. A total of 96.46 per cent of LSB galaxy candidates have an axial ratio (b/a) greater than 0.3, and 92.04 per cent of them have $fracDev\_r$ &lt; 0.4, which is also consistent with the standard sample. The results show that the LSBG-AD model learns the features of LSB galaxies of the training samples well, and can be used to search LSB galaxies without using photometric parameters. Next, this method will be used to develop efficient algorithms to detect LSB galaxies from massive images of the next-generation observatories.
Three-dimensional weak gravitational lensing of the 21-cm radiation background
Authors: Lozano Torres Jose Agustin , Schäfer Björn Malte 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We study weak gravitational lensing by the cosmic large-scale structure of the 21-cm radiation background in the 3D weak-lensing formalism. The interplay between source distance measured at finite resolution, visibility, and lensing terms is analysed in detail and the resulting total covariance Cℓ(k, k′) is derived. The effect of lensing correlates different multipoles through convolution, breaking the statistical homogeneity of the 21-cm radiation background. This homogeneity breaking can be exploited to reconstruct the lensing field $\hat{\phi }_{\rm \ell m}(\kappa)$ and noise-lensing reconstruction $N_{\ell }^{\hat{\phi }}$ by means of quadratic estimators. The effects related to the actual measurement process (redshift precision and visibility terms) change drastically the values of the off-diagonal terms of the total covariance Cℓ(k, k′). It is expected that the detection of lensing effects on a 21-cm radiation background will require sensitive studies and high-resolution observations by future low-frequency radio arrays such as the SKA survey.
Destroying the Village in Order to Save It: Collateral Damage in the Battle Over Lyme Disease
Authors: Boyce Ross M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A federal court recently dismissed the case against the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) brought by a group of patients with Lyme disease. While the outcome represented an important victory of the IDSA, I argue that it should also serve as a turning point in our approach to patients with “chronic” Lyme disease, many of whom experience substantial symptoms and suffer an emotional burden due to the uncertainty of their diagnosis. As the incidence of Lyme disease continues to increase and the geographic range of the vector expands, infectious disease specialists—experts in history taking, physical examination, and diagnosis—should play a leading role, not only to combat pervasive misinformation, but more importantly to benefit patients.
Chris Wickham on ‘The Economic Logic of Medieval Societies’: A Response
Authors: Ghosh Shami 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chris Wickham’s theory regarding the feudal economy is predicated on the continuing existence and numerical majority of peasant producers with direct access to their means of subsistence. While his theory holds good for the period up to c.1200, after that point, the numbers of those without direct access to their full means of subsistence increased so much that their impact on the economy has to be considered in any explanatory model. Furthermore, subsistence needs to be understood not only as what is needed for biological survival, but also what is needed for social survival and reproduction. Because of the extent of market demand and dependence in the period after c.1200, the economic logic of societies in core regions during this period does not accord well with the model Wickham proposes. It is also, however, not to be understood as capitalist, proto-capitalist, or necessarily leading towards capitalism. This period needs to be understood on its own terms as neither feudal nor capitalist.
The Experiences of Nursing Students While Caring for Patients at Risk for Suicide: A Descriptive Phenomenology
Authors: Zohn Jennifer H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nurses have many opportunities to screen patients and intervene to prevent patient suicide. This study used Moustakas’ transcendental descriptive phenomenology method to generate a description of the experiences of student nurses while caring for patients at risk for suicide. Fourteen bachelor of science in nursing graduates with experience in caring for suicidal patients were recruited from two universities and interviewed once. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed, and five themes were identified. In nursing education, greater and earlier emphasis on suicide prevention and crisis intervention may help prepare nurses for their vital role. These findings have implications for nursing education, nursing practice, and patient health outcomes.
Self-Reported Use of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Is Highly Accurate Among Sexual Health Clinic Patients in New York City
Authors: Qasmieh Saba , Nash Denis , Gandhi Monica , Rozen Elliot , Okochi Hideaki , Goldstein Harris , Herold Betsy C. , Jamison Kelly , Pathela Preeti 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In New York City, 91% of sexually transmitted infection clinic patients reported preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use that matched the detection of PrEP in their serum. Self-report had 80% sensitivity and 96% specificity (κ = 0.79) compared with measured PrEP. Our findings suggest that self-report may be a valid indicator of PrEP uptake.
Use of Microscope-Integrated Near-Infrared Fluorescence for Enhancing Deep Lymphatic Vessel Detection during Supermicrosurgical Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Mito Daisuke , Wang Yu-Ming , Wu Shao-Chun , Lin Wei-Che , Tsai Pei-Yu , Hsieh Ching-Hua , Yang Johnson Chia-Shen 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The default setting of microscope-integrated near-infrared fluorescence (MINIRF) using indocyanine green for locating superficial lymphatic vessels during lymphaticovenous anastomosis was limited to less than or equal to 70 percent intensity. The authors investigated whether maximizing the MINIRF intensity setting could increase the number of deep lymphatic vessels being found, thereby increasing the total number of lymphatic vessels for lymphaticovenous anastomosis.

Methods:
This longitudinal cohort study enrolled 94 patients (86 female and eight male patients) with lower limb lymphedema. Superficial lymphatic vessels were identified with the MINIRF default setting, before maximal intensity was used for deep lymphatic vessel detection. Primary/secondary endpoints included the number of superficial and deep lymphatic vessels identified. No control was used. Demographic data, intraoperative findings [including superficial and deep (indocyanine green–enhanced and non–indocyanine green–enhanced) lymphatic vessels], and severity of lymphosclerosis were recorded. Data in three regions of the lower limb (i.e., foot/above ankle, below knee, and thigh) were compared.

Results:
A total of 481 lymphatic vessels were identified, comprising 260 superficial and 221 deep lymphatic vessels. The median number of lymphatic vessels found per patient was five (interquartile range, four to six), and the median lymphatic vessel size was 0.63 mm (interquartile range, 0.5 to 0.8 mm). No difference was found in number (p = 0.360), size (p = 0.215), or severity of lymphosclerosis (p = 0.226) between the overall superficial and deep lymphatic vessels in the three lower limb regions.

Conclusions:
Deep lymphatic vessel detection can be aided by maximizing MINIRF intensity. These deep lymphatic vessels are comparable to superficial lymphatic vessels in number, size, and functionality, making them potentially valuable for lymphedema improvement.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, II.
Unusual Illustration of Richter Transformation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Liu Yiyan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A man with history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in remission had multiple rapidly growing lumps in recent 2 months. FDG PET/CT demonstrated disseminated FDG-avid nodal and extranodal lesions including those in unusual locations such as the nasopharynx, salivary glands, lungs, gastric wall, peritoneum, bones, and muscles. Subsequent biopsy of the right axillary mass showed absolute lymphocytosis with focus of large B-cell lymphoma. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping demonstrated κ-restricted CLL and B-cell lymphoma, consistent with Richter transformation of CLL. FDG PET/CT images of this case illustrated the most severe and most disseminated nodal and extranodal involvements of Richter transformation in CLL.
Three-Dimensional Tarsal Plate Reconstruction Using Lower Lateral Cartilage of the Nose
Authors: Gümüş Nazim 
Published: March 2022

Background
Many types of graft tissue have been used to reconstruct the posterior lamella of the eyelids in cases of full-thickness defect, lid retraction, and loss of lower lid stability. In this study, lower lateral cartilage of the nose was used for the reconstruction of posterior lamella of the eyelids, which mimics the tarsal plate in shape, thickness, and size.

Material and Methods
This study included 10 patients who underwent lid reconstruction to support tarsal plate strength and repair full-thickness defects of the eyelids due to tumor excision and trauma. While anterior lamella was reconstructed with local or regional flaps, posterior lamella was repaired by using either chondromucosal or chondral graft of the lower lateral cartilage of the nose. Graft harvesting was performed on the inner surface of the alar rim by turning it inside out.

Results
Cartilage grafts were sufficient to reconstruct the tarsal plate in all of the patients having eyelid defects of various sizes. In 3 patients, horizontal half of the eyelid was defective, in 3 patients 3/4, and in 2 patients 4/5 of the lids were missing. The inferior eyelid was totally reconstructed in 1 patient. Surgical outcomes provided good lid symmetry and esthetics, patient satisfaction, and proper lid function without any nasal deformity, incision scar, or discomfort.

Conclusions
Ala graft provides a thin, pliable, and curved cartilage for the eyelid reconstruction. It has a high similarity with the anatomy of the tarsal plate, making it adaptable to the convex surface of the eyeball, and making 3 dimensional repair possible.