bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Application to Auditory Neuroscience
Authors: Cacace Anthony T. , Tasciyan Talin , Cousins Joseph P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFunctional imaging based on magnetic resonance methods is a new research frontier for exploring a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) functions, including information processing in sensory, motor, cognitive, and linguistic systems. Being able to localize and study human brain function in vivo, in relatively high resolution and in a noninvasive manner, makes this a technique of unparalleled importance. In order to appreciate and fully understand this area of investigation, a tutorial covering basic aspects of this methodology is presented. We introduce functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) by providing an overview of the studies of different sensory systems in response to modality-specific stimuli, followed by an outline of other areas that have potential clinical relevance to the medical, cognitive, and communicative sciences. The discussion then focuses on the basic principles of magnetic resonance methods including magnetic resonance imaging, MR spectroscopy, fMRI, and the potential role that MR technology may play in understanding a wide range of auditory functions within the CNS, including tinnitus-related activity. Because the content of the material found herein might be unfamiliar to some, we provide a broad range of background and review articles to serve as a technical resource.
Abbreviations: AL = anterior lateral, BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent, Cho = choline, CL = caudal lateral, CNS = central nervous system, CR = creatine, EEG = electroencephalography, EPI = echo planar imaging, ER = event related, ETS = echo-time shifting, fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging, FOV = field of view, G = Gauss, GET = gaze-evoked tinnitus, GRE = gradient-recalled echo, MEG = magnetoencephalography, ml = myo-inositol, ML = medial lateral, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, MRS = magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NAA = N-acetylaspartate, NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance, PET = positron emission tomography, PRESTO = principles of echo shifting with a train of observations, RF = radio frequency, ROI = regions of interest, SE = spin echo, STEAM = short-TE stimulated echo acquisition mode, Τ = Tesla, TE = echo time, TR = repetition time
Excitation polarization-independent photo-induced restoration of inversion symmetry in Td-WTe2
Authors: Aoki Ryota , Uchida Kento , Tanaka Koichiro 
Published: April 2022

Td-WTe2 is a topologically nontrivial material and exhibits a variety of physical properties, such as giant unsaturated magnetoresistance and the unconventional thermoelectric effect, due to its topological nature. It is also known to exhibit ultrafast topological phase transitions that restore its inversion symmetry by intense terahertz and mid-infrared pulses, and these properties demonstrate the possibility of ultrafast control of devices based on topological properties. Recently, a novel photo-induced topological phase transition by using polarization-controlled infrared excitation has been proposed, which is expected to control the material topology by rearranging the atomic orbitals near the Weyl point. To examine this topological phase transition, we experimentally studied the excitation-polarization dependence of the infrared-induced phase dynamics in a thin-layer of Td-WTe2. Time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements showed that SHG intensity decreases after the infrared pump regardless of the polarization. Polarization-resolved infrared pump–probe measurements indicated that the polarization-selected excited state relaxes quite rapidly (i.e., within 10–40 fs). Considering these experimental results, we conclude that it is difficult to control the photo-induced phase transition through orbital-selective excitation owing to the rapid loss of carrier distribution created by polarization-selective excitation in thin-layer Td-WTe2 under our experimental condition. These results indicate that the suppression of the electron scattering process is crucial for experimentally realizing the photo-induced phase transition based on the polarization selection rule of the materials.
On almost Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorems
Authors: Lee Ho , Nungesser Ernesto , Stalker John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We show assuming small data that massless solutions to the reflection symmetric Einstein–Vlasov system with Bianchi VII0 symmetry which are not locally rotational symmetric, can be arbitrarily close to and will remain close to isotropy as regards to the shear. However in general the shear will not tend to zero and the Hubble normalised Weyl curvature will blow up. This generalises the work (Nilsson et al 2000 Class. Quantum Grav.
17 3119–34; Wainwright et al 1999 Class. Quantum Grav.
16 2577–98), which considered a non-tilted radiation fluid to the massless Vlasov case. This represents another example of the fact that almost Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorems do not hold in general and that collisionless matter behaves differently than a perfect fluid.
Interpreting non-semielliptical complex bands
Authors: DeGrendele Christopher J , Kazakov Jonathan A , Reuter Matthew G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Complex band structure (CBS) emerges when translational symmetry is broken and material states with complex wavevectors become admissible. The resulting complex bands continuously connect conventional bands and their shapes are directly related to measurable physical quantities. To date, interpretations of complex bands usually assume they are semielliptical because this is the shape produced by the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) model. However, numerous studies have reported CBSs with distinctly non-semielliptical shapes, including loops (essentially deformed, asymmetric semiellipses), spikes, and vertical lines. The primary goal of this work is to explore the phenomenology of these shapes such that deeper physical insight can be obtained from a qualitative inspection of a material’s CBS. By using several variations on the SSH model, we find that (i) vertical lines are unphysical numerical artifacts, (ii) spikes indicate perfectly evanescent states in the material that couple adjacent layers but do not transfer amplitude, and (iii) asymmetric loops result from hybridization. Secondarily, we also develop a strategy for eliminating any unphysical vertical lines from calculations, thereby improving computational techniques for CBS.
KOH activated nitrogen and oxygen co-doped tubular carbon clusters as anode material for boosted potassium-ion storage capability
Authors: Zhang Ying , Tao Jie , Zhang Chenglin , Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have become a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) due to their abundant resources, low cost, and excellent conductivity. However, among carbon materials, the sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior cycle life severely restrict their commercial development as KIBs anodes. It is still a huge challenge to develop carbon materials with various structural advantages and ideal electrochemical properties. Therefore, it is imperative to find a carbon material with heteroatom doping and suitable nanostructure to achieve excellent electrochemical performance. Benefiting from a Na2SO4 template-assisted method and KOH activation process, the KOH activated nitrogen and oxygen co-doped tubular carbon (KNOCTC) material with a porous structure exhibits an impressive reversible capacity of 343 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and an improved cyclability of 137 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 3000 cycles with almost no capacity decay. The kinetic analysis indicates that the storage mechanism in KNOCTC is attributed to the pseudocapacitive process during cycling. Furthermore, the new synthesis route of KNOCTC provides a new opportunity to explore carbon-based potassium storage anode materials with high capacity and cycling performance.
TiN nanobridge Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs on SiN-buffered Si
Authors: Faley M I , Fiadziushkin H , Frohn B , Schüffelgen P , Dunin-Borkowski R E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We report the fabrication and properties of titanium nitride (TiN) nanobridge Josephson junctions (nJJs) and nanoscale superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs) on SiN-buffered Si substrates. The superior corrosion resistance, large coherence length, suitable superconducting transition temperature and highly selective reactive ion etching (RIE) of TiN compared to e-beam resists and the SiN buffer layer allow for reproducible preparation and result in long-term stability of the TiN nJJs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals a columnar structure of the TiN film on an amorphous SiN buffer layer. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy reveals the variable thickness shape of the nJJs. A combination of wet etching in 20% potassium hydroxide and RIE is used for bulk nanomachining of nanoSQUID cantilevers. More than 20 oscillations of the V(B) dependence of the nanoSQUIDs with a period of ∼6 mT and hysteresis-free I(V) characteristics (CVCs) of the all-TiN nJJs are observed at 4.2 K. CVCs of the low-I
c all-TiN nJJs follow theoretical predictions for dirty superconductors down to ∼10 mK, with the critical current saturated below ∼0.6 K. These results pave the way for superconducting electronics based on nJJs operating non-hysteretically at 4.2 K, as well as for all-TiN qubits operating at sub-100 mK temperatures.
Stimulated Raman scattering induced dark pulse and microcomb generation in the mid-infrared
Authors: Liu Mulong , Huang Huimin , Lu Zhizhou , Zhou Wenquan , Wang Yuanyuan , Cai Yanan , Zhao Wei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We demonstrate that strong stimulated Raman scattering in silicon and germanium microresonators can induce stable and breathing dark pulses generation circumventing traditional complex approaches such as pump modulation and mode coupling. Although multi-photon absorption shows a small influence on the detuning value for stable dark pulse excitation, the concomitant free carrier will assist dark pulse excitation and broaden the excitation area of dark pulse thus making it easier to capture stable pulse. Furthermore, dark breather dynamics in Si and Ge are also observed, which shows distinct properties from the dark soliton breathers dominated solely by Kerr effect. Finally, we show that octave spanning mid-infrared (MIR) microcomb can be generated combining with high-order dispersion engineering, which in turn affects the breathing dynamics of dark pulses. Our findings provide another way for the initiation of dark pulses in group IV materials and broadband MIR microcomb generation for spectroscopy applications.
Electronic and optical properties of lead halide perovskite (MAPbX3) (X = I, Br, and Cl) by first principles calculations
Authors: Thatribud Abdulmutta , Rassamesard Areefen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the size of the halide atoms in the perovskite structure is critical to optoelectric device performance. To understand the electronic and optical properties affected by the different electronegativity of the halide anions (with X = I, Br, and Cl) on the lead halide perovskite CH3NH3PbX3 (MAPbX3), were explored by density functional theory. Band structures were determined by using GGA and TB09. Optical spectra were simulated based on BSE and RPA. The influence of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) on the systems was also considered. The energy gap (Eg) of MAPbI3 is lower than that of the other two systems. Using TB09 with SOC provides a good estimate of Eg compared to the experimental values. Using RPA-TB09 provides absorption spectra that are similar to the experimental results. MAPbCl3 spectra show a strong blue shift than those of the other two. As the atomic size of the halides increases, the lattice parameters and energy gaps increase. Moreover, as the electronegativity of the halides increases, the absorption spectra shift to high energy. The inclusion of SOC provides computational results that are close to the experimental data. We have found that RPA-TB09 provides computational results that are close to the experimental data.
On Cherenkov excitation of electromagnetic waves by vortex travelling in Josephson sandwich
Authors: Malishevskii A S , Uryupin S A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The intensities of two types of Cherenkov waves arising at the motion of a solitary vortex along a Josephson sandwich are compared. These waves arise in the tail part of the vortex or are emitted deep into the medium surrounding the sandwich. The vortex velocities at which one of these two types of waves excited by the Cherenkov mechanism dominates are determined.
Hopf and quasi-periodic Hopf bifurcations and deterministic coherence in coupled Duffing-Holmes and Van der Pol oscillators: the Arnol’d resonance web
Authors: Megam Ngouonkadi E B , Kabong Nono M , Fotsin H B , Ekonde Sone M , Yemele D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A survey on coupled Van der Pol (VDP) and Duffing-Holmes (DH) oscillators, a model widely encountered in various branches of Physics and engineering is done. A bifurcation analysis of the model is presented when both unidirectional and mutual couplings are considered. It is found that stable, unstable and chaotic behaviors appear in the models. Using the method of charts of dynamics regimes in parameter planes, numerical study of the parameters space of the initial differential equations is done. Results from both approaches are compared and discussed. Features of the bifurcation picture are discussed when varying control parameters and analysis of slow-flow equations is presented. We show that the local bifurcation transition from an invariant one-torus (IT1) to an invariant two-torus (IT2) is caused by a Neimark-Saker (NS) bifurcation, also known as a one dimension-higher quasi-periodic Hopf (QH) bifurcation, these by analysing the graph of Lyapunov exponents. We observe that in the mutual coupling case, a complex structure generally-called Arnold’s resonance web phenomenon appears. Numerical simulations are compared to experimental measurements to illustrate the above behaviors. We also note the birth of coherence resonance in the slave oscillator for a certain coupling strength in the case of unidirectional coupling. We also analyze the effect of the coupling strength on the generalized synchronization between the master system and the slave system in the case of unidirectional coupling, through the concept of mutual false nearest neighbors. It allows us to understand when and how closeness in response space implies closeness in driving space.
Botanical pesticides, a potential ethnobotany Karo Regency to support food safety of the horticultural product
Authors: Sidauruk L , Panjaitan E , Sipayung P , Hutauruk S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The use of plants as materials to control pests was known by traditional communities before the introduction of synthetic pesticides. The use of botanical pesticides has received important attention along with the negative impacts of using synthetic pesticides on health and environment. In the world, Indonesia is the seventh-largest country with the number of species of plant. There are estimated more than 20,000 spesies and 25 percent of them are flowering plants. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of several native plants of Karo Regency, that have the potential as botanical pesticides to control pests in horticultural crops. Botanical pesticides are made by extraction methods, and indicator plants for observing pest attacks are potatoes. The results based on the inventory and exploration at Karo Regency, there are 12 species of plants that are most often used by farmers as botanical pesticides to control pests in horticultural crops from family Meliaceae, Solanaceae, Caricaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Botanical pesticide significantly reduced pest attack on plants, reduced population of Myzus pesicae and Phthorimaea operculella and increase potato yield. The most effective of botanical pesticides to control pests on potato plants were tobacco leaf extract, lemongrass extract, and soursop leaf extract, respectively.
The linkage among the agribusiness system cassava industrialization in trenggalek regency, east java, indonesia
Authors: Roidah I S , Setiawati E , Laily D W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The development of agricultural industrialization of cassava is not much running with the maximum because of the unprecedented synchronization between consumer wishes and goods produced by manufacturers. The purpose of this research was to analyze the elements’ linkages among agribusiness subsystems to encourage the success of cassava industrialization. The results showed that the linkage between agribusiness subsystems of cassava had not been applied optimally. It was because the cassava commodity was still positioned as a side crop by farmers. In addition, the industrialization of cassava required the coordination and linkage of the information that has been upstream and downstream. Thus, the input subsystem, production subsystem, and marketing subsystem must be observed by farmers to increase income.
Study on mechanism of sidewall roughness scattering in slot optical waveguides by FDTD simulation
Authors: Wang Yu , Xu Yameng , Hu Kangyong , Zhu Xuyang , Kong Mei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The slot optical waveguide is different from the conventional solid-core optical waveguide in both structure and features and has many unique and important applications. However, serious sidewall roughness scattering (SRS) loss limits the performance of the devices based on it. So far, the mechanism of the SRS in the slot waveguide is still not clear, and it seems not reasonable to analyze it directly by the Bragg diffraction condition. In this paper, through finite-difference time-domain simulation, we demonstrate that the regimes of the SRS and backscattering in the slot waveguide are the same as those of the solid-core waveguide, and the conditions of the diffraction radiation caused by the outer and the inner sidewalls are the same. The rationality of these conclusions are explained by taking the slot waveguide as a whole. The scattering regimes revealed and verified in this paper will benefit the suppression of the SRS loss and the utilization of the slot waveguide.
Multi-frequency coherent perfect absorption in the one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic structure
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wan Baofei , Zhang Hao , Zhang Haifeng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A controllable multi-frequency absorption structure predicated on a one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic crystals (MFPCs) that achieves coherent perfect absorption is designed and further analyzed by utilizing the transfer matrix method. By introducing the filter structures to the MFPC and using the gradient descent optimization algorithms to optimize its layer parameters, the multi-frequency coherent absorption curve is obtained. The suggested MFPC brings out about six absorption peaks whose absorptance can be higher than 0.99 at the same time under the transverse electric mode. Moreover, the absorptance can be regulated from 0.99 to less than 0.1 by merely changing the phase deviation between the two incident waves to the front and rear surfaces. Besides, the studied results demonstrate that the intensity of coherent absorption and the position of absorption peaks can be adapted by altering the magnetic field and the thicknesses of ferrite layers. It follows that the absorption peaks can cover most frequency points from 58.6 to 65.9 THz via changing the thicknesses of the external magnetic field and ferrite layers. Moreover, the structure also has the potential for wide-angle absorption. This research furnishes a significant reference for the design of the multi-frequency absorption optoelectronic device and phase sensor.
Investigation of the microstructure of TC1/1060/6061 explosive composites based on experiments and numerical simulations
Authors: Yuan Jiaxin , Shao Fei , Bai Linyue , Zhang Hongwei , Xu Qian , Gao Lei , Ma Qingna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this study, the microstructure of TC1/1060/6061 composites manufactured by explosive welding was investigated using experiments and numerical simulations. The results showed that the two interfaces of the TC1/1060/6061 composites exhibited an overall linear bonding interface without defects such as macroscopic cracks or pores. A melting layer caused by the adiabatic compression of air was observed, and the overall welding quality of the composites was good. There were no intermetallic compounds observed at the TC1/1060 interface, and the diffusion area was short, which formed a metallurgical bond. After heat treatment, the grains on the base plate and interlayer side of the composites formed a cubic recrystallized texture, while the grains on the flyer plate side developed a fine-grained structure. The microhardness of the base plate and flyer plate was higher closer to the interface due to the process hardening effect, while the microhardness of the interlayer remained stable. The formation process of these two interfaces was analyzed by numerical simulations, and jetting was observed at the 1060/6061 interface. The TC1/1060 interface in the numerical simulations showed a linear morphology, and the 1060/6061 interface showed a microwave morphology.
Polyploidy on islands – concerted evolution and gene loss amid chromosomal stasis
Authors: Joshi Prashant , Ansari Helal , Dickson Rowan , Ellison Nicholas W , Skema Cynthia , Tate Jennifer A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Polyploidy is an important process that often generates genomic diversity within lineages, but it can also cause changes that result in loss of genomic material. Island lineages, while often polyploid, typically show chromosomal stasis but have not been investigated in detail regarding smaller-scale gene loss. Our aim was to investigate post-polyploidization genome dynamics in a chromosomally stable lineage of Malvaceae endemic to New Zealand.

Methods
We determined chromosome numbers and used fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize 18S and 5S rDNA. Gene sequencing of 18S rDNA, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) with intervening 5.8S rDNA, and a low-copy nuclear gene, GBSSI-1, was undertaken to determine if gene loss occurred in the New Zealand lineage following polyploidy.

Key Results
The chromosome number for all species investigated was 2n = 42, with the first published report for the monotypic Australian genus Asterotrichion. The five species investigated all had two 5S rDNA signals localized interstitially on the long arm of one of the largest chromosome pairs. All species, except Plagianthus regius, had two 18S rDNA signals localized proximally on the short arm of one of the smallest chromosome pairs. Plagianthus regius had two additional 18S rDNA signals on a separate chromosome, giving a total of four. Sequencing of nuclear ribosomal 18S rDNA and the ITS cistron indicated loss of historical ribosomal repeats. Phylogenetic analysis of a low-copy nuclear gene, GBSSI-1, indicated that some lineages maintained three copies of the locus, while others have lost one or two copies.

Conclusions
Although island endemic lineages show chromosomal stasis, with no additional changes in chromosome number, they may undergo smaller-scale processes of gene loss and concerted evolution ultimately leading to further genome restructuring and downsizing.