bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Biofilm Formation and Encrustation on Urinary Implants: (Bio)molecular and Physical Research Approaches
Authors: Abou-Hassan Ali , Barros Alexandre A. , Buchholz Noor , Carugo Dario , Clavica Francesco , Mergulhao Filipe , Zheng Shaokai 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStents and catheters are used to facilitate urine drainage within the urinary system. When such sterile implants are inserted into the urinary tract, ions, macromolecules and bacteria from urine, blood or underlying tissues accumulate on their surface. We presented a brief but comprehensive overview of future research strategies in the prevention of urinary device encrustation with an emphasis on biodegradability, molecular, microbiological and physical research approaches. The large and strongly associated field of stent coatings and tissue engineering is outlined elsewhere in this book. There is still plenty of room for future investigations in the fields of material science, surface science, and biomedical engineering to improve and create the most effective urinary implants. In an era where material science, robotics and artificial intelligence have undergone great progress, futuristic ideas may become a reality. These ideas include the creation of multifunctional programmable intelligent urinary implants (core and surface) capable to adapt to the complex biological and physiological environment through sensing or by algorithms from artificial intelligence included in the implant. Urinary implants are at the crossroads of several scientific disciplines, and progress will only be achieved if scientists and physicians collaborate using basic and applied scientific approaches.
Ten Steps to Strategic Planning for the Urinary Stents of the Future
Authors: Soria Federico 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to present all the current knowledge related to urinary stents. As well as to describe the future lines of research and improvement that are needed in this field of knowledge. To this end, a decalogue is described in which the main lines of research are addressed, as well as the needs for improvement of urinary stents. This research pathway must begin with an adequate understanding the side effects and complications related to urinary stents. Another very important factor is to describe the proper indication for the use of urinary stents, because if it is possible to correct their use, their adverse effects will be avoided. This is currently complicated by the lack of medical consensus on this issue. It is clear that urology needs a great deal of development of biodegradable biomaterials and coatings, which prevent biofilm formation and stent encrustation. This is one of the most important fields of development for the years to come, due to the obvious hostility of urine to current biomaterials. The development of new and improved stent designs, as well as the ability of stents to deliver drugs into the urinary tract, are also much needed lines of research.
Interpreting the Scriptures
Authors: Hart Matthew J , Hill Daniel J 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the thesis that God intends that sin occur might be inferred from the Christian Scriptures. It discusses some schemata of propositions that might be so inferred, and considers how much evidence an instance of each would provide for the thesis. It is concluded that what is really desired is an instance of (P*):

(P*) God chooses to bring it about that a [sin] occur in order that a [state of affairs that can obtain only in virtue of the sin’s occurring] should obtain.

An objection from divine simplicity against God’s having discrete intentions is considered towards the end of the chapter.
Completing R4 using O(d, d)
Authors: Wulff Linus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The tree-level string effective action is known to contain quartic Riemann terms with coefficient ζ(3)α′3. In the case of the type II string this is the first α′ correction. We use the requirement that the action reduced on a d-torus should have an O(d, d) symmetry to find the B-field couplings up to fifth order in fields. The answer turns out to have a surprisingly intricate structure.
Mounting evidence for a 95 GeV Higgs boson
Authors: Biekötter T. , Heinemeyer S. , Weiglein G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 2018 CMS reported an excess in the light Higgs-boson search in the diphoton decay mode at about 95 GeV based on Run 1 and first year Run 2 data. The combined local significance of the excess was 2.8 σ. The excess is compatible with the limits obtained in the ATLAS searches from the diphoton search channel. Recently, CMS reported another local excess with a significance of 3.1 σ in the light Higgs-boson search in the di-tau final state, which is compatible with the interpretation of a Higgs boson with a mass of about 95 GeV. We show that the observed results can be interpreted as manifestations of a Higgs boson in the Two-Higgs Doublet Model with an additional real singlet (N2HDM). We find that the lightest Higgs boson of the N2HDM can fit both excesses simultaneously, while the second-lightest state is such that it satisfies the Higgs-boson measurements at 125 GeV, and the full Higgs-boson sector is compatible with all Higgs exclusion bounds from the searches at LEP, the Tevatron and the LHC as well as with other theoretical and experimental constraints. Finally, we demonstrate that it is furthermore possible to accommodate the excesses observed by CMS in the two search channels together with a local 2.3 σ excess in the $$ b\overline{b} $$
b

b
¯

final state observed at LEP in the same mass range.
Dissipation rate and exposure risk of trifloxystrobin in dry climatic field environments
Authors: Malhat Farag , Saber El-Sayed , Anagnostopoulos Chris , Amin Alaa Sayed , Abdeen Ahmed , Hussien Mohamed , Shokr Shokr Abdel Salam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe investigation of the magnitude of residues after application of a pesticide is important to ensure consumer safety and is also a regulatory requirement to grant authorization. To address those issues, the behavior of trifloxystrobin residues was investigated in outdoor strawberry and cucumber cultivations, following the recommended and more critical agricultural practices under Egyptian dry climatic conditions. Fruits were collected at several pre-harvest intervals and analyzed with the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction protocol followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantitation of the method was 0.001 mg kg−1. When trifloxystrobin was applied on the field, the half-lives were 2.4 days in cucumbers and 6.2 days in strawberries. Risk assessment showed that chronic and acute dietary exposure to residues following the investigated agricultural patterns are of no concern to consumers.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reveals evidence of antagonistic pleiotropy in the regulation of the aging process
Authors: Salminen Antero 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis is a well-known evolutionary theory to explain the aging process. It proposes that while a particular gene may possess beneficial effects during development, it can exert deleterious properties in the aging process. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has a significant role during embryogenesis, but later in life, it promotes several age-related degenerative processes. For instance, AhR factor (i) controls the pluripotency of stem cells and the stemness of cancer stem cells, (ii) it enhances the differentiation of embryonal stem cells, especially AhR signaling modulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells, (iii) it also stimulates the differentiation of immunosuppressive Tregs, Bregs, and M2 macrophages, and finally, (iv) AhR signaling participates in the differentiation of many peripheral tissues. On the other hand, AhR signaling is involved in many processes promoting cellular senescence and pathological processes, e.g., osteoporosis, vascular dysfunction, and the age-related remodeling of the immune system. Moreover, it inhibits autophagy and aggravates extracellular matrix degeneration. AhR signaling also stimulates oxidative stress, promotes excessive sphingolipid synthesis, and disturbs energy metabolism by catabolizing NAD+ degradation. The antagonistic pleiotropy of AhR signaling is based on the complex and diverse connections with major signaling pathways in a context-dependent manner. The major regulatory steps include, (i) a specific ligand-dependent activation, (ii) modulation of both genetic and non-genetic responses, (iii) a competition and crosstalk with several transcription factors, such as ARNT, HIF-1α, E2F1, and NF-κB, and (iv) the epigenetic regulation of target genes with binding partners. Thus, not only mTOR signaling but also the AhR factor demonstrates antagonistic pleiotropy in the regulation of the aging process.
Metal artifacts and artifact reduction of neurovascular coils in photon-counting detector CT versus energy-integrating detector CT — in vitro comparison of a standard brain imaging protocol
Authors: Schmitt Niclas , Wucherpfennig Lena , Rotkopf Lukas T. , Sawall Stefan , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Bendszus Martin , Möhlenbruch Markus A. , Schlemmer Heinz-Peter , Vollherbst Dominik F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objectives
Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) is a promising new technique for CT imaging. The aim of the present study was the in vitro comparison of coil-related artifacts in PCD-CT and conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) using a comparable standard brain imaging protocol before and after metal artifact reduction (MAR).

Methods
A nidus-shaped rubber latex, resembling an aneurysm of the cerebral arteries, was filled with neurovascular platinum coils and inserted into a brain imaging phantom. Image acquisition and reconstruction were repeatedly performed for PCD-CT and EID-CT (n = 10, respectively) using a standard brain imaging protocol. Moreover, linear interpolation MAR was performed for PCD-CT and EID-CT images. The degree of artifacts was analyzed quantitatively (standard deviation in a donut-shaped region of interest) and qualitatively (5-point scale analysis).

Results
Quantitative and qualitative analysis demonstrated a lower degree of metal artifacts in the EID-CT images compared to the total-energy PCD-CT images (e.g., 82.99 ± 7.89 Hounsfield units (HU) versus 90.35 ± 6.28 HU; p < 0.001) with no qualitative difference between the high-energy bin PCD-CT images and the EID-CT images (4.18 ± 0.37 and 3.70 ± 0.64; p = 0.575). After MAR, artifacts were more profoundly reduced in the PCD-CT images compared to the EID-CT images in both analyses (e.g., 2.35 ± 0.43 and 3.18 ± 0.34; p < 0.001).

Conclusion
PCD-CT in combination with MAR have the potential to provide an improved option for reduction of coil-related artifacts in cerebral imaging in this in vitro study.

Key Points
• Photon-counting detector CT produces more artifacts compared to energy-integrating detector CT without metal artifact reduction in cerebral in vitro imaging after neurovascular coil-embolization.
• Spectral information of PCD-CT provides the potential for new post-processing techniques, since the coil-related artifacts were lower in PCD-CT images compared to EID-CT images after linear interpolation metal artifact reduction in this in vitro study.
Ultrasound-based “CEUS-Bosniak”classification for cystic renal lesions: an 8-year clinical experience
Authors: Herms Elena , Weirich Gregor , Maurer Tobias , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Preuss Stephanie , Sauter Andreas , Heck Matthias , Gärtner Anita , Hauner Katharina , Autenrieth Michael , Kübler Hubert P. , Holzapfel Konstantin , Schwarz-Boeger Ulrike , Heemann Uwe , Slotta-Huspenina Julia , Stock Konrad Friedrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Renal cysts comprise benign and malignant entities. Risk assessment profits from CT/MRI imaging using the Bosniak classification. While Bosniak-IIF, -III, and -IV cover complex cyst variants, Bosniak-IIF and -III stand out due to notorious overestimation. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is promising to overcome this deficit but warrants standardization. This study addresses the benefits of a combined CEUS and CT/MRI evaluation of renal cysts. The study provides a realistic account of kidney tumor boards' intricacies in trying to validate renal cysts.

Methods
247 patients were examined over 8 years. CEUS lesions were graded according to CEUS-Bosniak (IIF, III, IV). 55 lesions were resected, CEUS-Bosniak- and CT/MRI-Bosniak-classification were correlated with histopathological diagnosis. Interobserver agreement between the classifications was evaluated statistically. 105 lesions were followed by ultrasound, and change in CEUS-Bosniak-types and lesion size were documented.

Results
146 patients (156 lesions) were included. CEUS classified 67 lesions as CEUS-Bosniak-IIF, 44 as CEUS-Bosniak-III, and 45 as CEUS-Bosniak-IV. Histopathology of 55 resected lesions revealed benign cysts in all CEUS-Bosniak-IIF lesions (2/2), 40% of CEUS-Bosniak-III and 8% of CEUS-Bosniak-IV, whereas malignancy was uncovered in 60% of CEUS-Bosniak-III and 92% of CEUS-Bosniak-IV. Overall, CEUS-Bosniak-types matched CT/MRI-Bosniak types in 58% (fair agreement, κ = 0.28). CEUS-Bosniak resulted in higher stages than CT/MRI-Bosniak (40%). Ultrasound follow-up of 105 lesions detected no relevant differences between CEUS-Bosniak-types concerning cysts size. 99% of lesions showed the same CEUS-Bosniak-type.

Conclusion
The CEUS-Bosniak classification is an essential tool in clinical practice to differentiate and monitor renal cystic lesions and empowers diagnostic work-up and patient care.
Reconstruction of the deterministic turbulent boundary layer for the study of aerofoil self-noise mechanisms
Authors: Chong T. P. , Juknevicius A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the experimental aeroacoustics, it is always a challenge to study the far-field radiation and near field hydrodynamics simultaneously, and be able to firmly establish the causality between them. The main objective of this paper is to present an experimental technique that can exploit the deterministic turbulent boundary layer generated under a base flow of either mildly separated or laminar boundary layer to either disrupt an existing acoustic scattering mechanism, or reconstruct a new acoustic scattering scenario to enable the ensemble-averaging and wavelet analysis to study the aerofoil trailing edge noise source mechanisms in the spatial, temporal and frequency domains. One of the main attractions of this technique is that the experimental tool does not need to be extremely high fidelity as a priori in order to fully capture the pseudo time-resolved boundary layer instability or turbulent structures. In one of the case studies presented here, roll-up vortices of the order of $$\sim$$
∼
kHz can be captured accurately by a 15-Hz PIV. A single hot-wire probe is also demonstrated to be capable of reconstructing the turbulent/coherent structures in a spatio−temporal domain. The proposed experimental technique can be extended to other self-noise scenarios when the aerofoil trailing edge is subjected to different flow control treatments, such as the porous structure, surface texture, or finlet, whose mechanisms are largely not understood very well at present.
Graphical abstract
Genetic and modifiable risk factors combine multiplicatively in common disease
Authors: Pang Shichao , Yengo Loic , Nelson Christopher P. , Bourier Felix , Zeng Lingyao , Li Ling , Kessler Thorsten , Erdmann Jeanette , Mägi Reedik , Läll Kristi , Metspalu Andres , Mueller-Myhsok Bertram , Samani Nilesh J. , Visscher Peter M. , Schunkert Heribert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
The joint contribution of genetic and environmental exposures to noncommunicable diseases is not well characterized.

Objectives
We modeled the cumulative effects of common risk alleles and their prevalence variations with classical risk factors.

Methods
We analyzed mathematically and statistically numbers and effect sizes of established risk alleles for coronary artery disease (CAD) and other conditions.

Results
In UK Biobank, risk alleles counts in the lowest (175.4) and highest decile (205.7) of the distribution differed by only 16.9%, which nevertheless increased CAD prevalence 3.4-fold (p < 0.01). Irrespective of the affected gene, a single risk allele multiplied the effects of all others carried by a person, resulting in a 2.9-fold stronger effect size in the top versus the bottom decile (p < 0.01) and an exponential increase in risk (R > 0.94). Classical risk factors shifted effect sizes to the steep upslope of the logarithmic function linking risk allele numbers with CAD prevalence. Similar phenomena were observed in the Estonian Biobank and for risk alleles affecting diabetes mellitus, breast and prostate cancer.

Conclusions
Alleles predisposing to common diseases can be carried safely in large numbers, but few additional ones lead to sharp risk increments. Here, we describe exponential functions by which risk alleles combine interchangeably but multiplicatively with each other and with modifiable risk factors to affect prevalence. Our data suggest that the biological systems underlying these diseases are modulated by hundreds of genes but become only fragile when a narrow window of total risk, irrespective of its genetic or environmental origins, has been passed.

Graphical Abstract
Weighted average ensemble-based semantic segmentation in biological electron microscopy images
Authors: Shaga Devan Kavitha , Kestler Hans A. , Read Clarissa , Walther Paul 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSemantic segmentation of electron microscopy images using deep learning methods is a valuable tool for the detailed analysis of organelles and cell structures. However, these methods require a large amount of labeled ground truth data that is often unavailable. To address this limitation, we present a weighted average ensemble model that can automatically segment biological structures in electron microscopy images when trained with only a small dataset. Thus, we exploit the fact that a combination of diverse base-learners is able to outperform one single segmentation model. Our experiments with seven different biological electron microscopy datasets demonstrate quantitative and qualitative improvements. We show that the Grad-CAM method can be used to interpret and verify the prediction of our model. Compared with a standard U-Net, the performance of our method is superior for all tested datasets. Furthermore, our model leverages a limited number of labeled training data to segment the electron microscopy images and therefore has a high potential for automated biological applications.
Getting Beyond Pros and Cons: Results of a Stakeholder Needs Assessment on Physician Assisted Dying in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Frolic Andrea , Murray Leslie , Swinton Marilyn , Miller Paul 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis study assessed the attitudes and needs of physicians and health professional staff at a tertiary care hospital in Canada regarding the introduction of physician assisted dying (PAD) during 2015–16. This research aimed to develop an understanding of the wishes, concerns and hopes of stakeholders related to handling requests for PAD; to determine what supports/structures/resources health care professionals (HCP) require in order to ensure high quality and compassionate care for patients requesting PAD, and a supportive environment for all healthcare providers across the moral spectrum. This study constituted a mixed methods design with a qualitative descriptive approach for the study’s qualitative component. A total of 303 HCPs working in a tertiary care hospital completed an online survey and 64 HCPs working in hospital units with high mortality rates participated in 8 focus group discussions. Both focus group and survey data coalesced around several themes to support the implementation of PAD following the decriminalization of this practice: the importance of high quality care; honoring moral diversity; supporting values (such as autonomy, privacy, beneficence); and developing resources, including collaboration with palliative care, education, policies and a specialized team. This study provided the foundational evidence to support the development of the PAD program described in other papers in this collection, and can be a model for gathering evidence from stakeholders to inform the implementation of PAD in any healthcare organization.
Behavioral Specialization of Workers of the Leafcutter Ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with an External Bacterial Layer
Authors: Fladerer Johannes-Paul , Bucar Franz 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLeafcutter ants live in symbiosis with fungi they grow for food and different bacteria they use for protection against fungal parasites. Some workers are covered with a layer of bacteria like Pseudonocardia, but the behavior of these workers has been the subject of little research. In order to obtain a clearer understanding of this phenomenon in Acromyrmex octospinosus, two experiments were conducted with majors, minors, workers with little bacterial layer and workers with a well-developed bacterial layer. In a first step, scan sampling was used to distinguish the preferred location of workers with bacterial coats, compared to the preferences of their nestmates. Finally, 21 behavior patterns of workers with a bacterial layer on their integument were investigated through focal observations and compared to the behavior of their nestmates. Our findings suggest that workers covered with a high amount of Pseudonocardia differ from their sisters in their preference of location, in that they significantly prefer the bottom part of the nest and cannot be found outside the fungus chamber in the feeding area or the waste area. Additionally, these ants show more fungus grooming and are groomed by nestmates more often than the other workers. These results suggest that workers with an external bacterial layer evolved behavioral specialization.
In Vitro Effects of Acitretin on Human Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Cai Aojie , Liu Nana , Lin Zehong , Li Xiao , Wang Jingmin , Wu Ye , Gao Kai , Jiang Yuwu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAcitretin is an oral drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration that is commonly used to treat psoriasis. In recent years, acitretin has been identified as a candidate drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, but its role in neuronal development is still unclear. In this study, the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was used as a model to study neuronal differentiation. We found that acitretin effectively promoted the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells into neuronal cells and upregulated the expression of the neuronal marker β-III tubulin and the mature neuronal marker NFH. Differentially expressed genes were identified by RNA sequencing and analyzed by bioinformatics approaches. The results showed that genes associated with neuron development-related pathways, such as SSPO and KCNT1, had significant changes in expression. Analysis showed that PRKCA and CAMK2B may play important roles in the process by which acitretin promotes neurodevelopment. Through whole-cell patch clamping and a microelectrode array assay, we found that acitretin-treated neurons generated electrical spikes similar to those generated by mature neurons. This study provided evidence to support an accessible and safe model of neuron-like cells and verified that acitretin can promote the differentiation of neurons and has the potential to treat brain tumors and neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.