bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rule of Law
Authors: Thio Li-ann 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rule of law is a universally accepted prescription for constitutional government, although what it entails is contested. Formal conceptions focus on clear rules and due process, while “thicker” conceptions espouse some theory of substantive justice, which invites disagreement and controversy. Hellenic and biblical streams of Western legal thought drew explicit links between the rule of law and a higher law beyond state promulgated law. The latter served as the source of substantive justice and an objective reference point from which to evaluate a legal system. The higher law idea has become unfashionable in an age of legal positivism, realism, and postmodernism, driven by metaphysical skepticism and rejection of law’s autonomy from politics. Nonetheless, the rule of law requires a theory of law, whether founded on religious or humanist premises. This chapter asks whether the rule of law can be apprehended and implemented, detached from its sacred roots. It argues that Christianity has much to contribute toward understanding the higher law/rule of law before and after the secularist project of severing law from its religious roots, in addressing questions of legal foundations, the moral content, and the authority of law. This provides the basis for evaluating the rule of law’s humanist “secular shoots” and how this might undermine rule-of-law values and liberties it seeks to secure. In a plural age, it is appropriate to revisit the religious foundations of the rule of law, to present a competing alternative to dominant conceptions that conflate the rule of law with liberalism.
Christology
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter proceeds in four parts: first, an outline of the basic principles of Christology as they were framed at the Council of Chalcedon in 451; second, an account of contemporary theological critiques of liberalism, especially of what the twentieth-century political theorist John Rawls called “political liberalism”; third, a section on the theological meaning of the kingship of Christ, including the Pauline concept of “restoring all things in Christ,” which is the most common intersection for reflections on constitutional law and Christology; and finally, the 2016 event of the enthronement of Christ as king of Poland as a case study of postsecular engagements of Christology with constitutional theory. Throughout the chapter the Chalcedonian adverbs (without confusion, change, division, or separation) used to explain the relationship between the divinity and humanity of Christ are applied analogously to the relationship between church and state.
Subsidiarity
Authors: Benson Iain T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Subsidiarity addresses the ordering of relations between the local and the wider aspects—family, community, and state, province, or federation. It addresses the limits of law and policies, acts as a check and balance on the state, and contributes to a preference for the organic and diverse. A constitution ordered by subsidiarity has a better frame for the rule of law and protects against the rule by technology. Subsidiarity is an organizing principle of Roman Catholic social thought but originates in classical philosophy and is found in the Western legal tradition. Explicitly or implicitly, constitutional law orders the reach of law and its influence on the nexus of families and associations that make up civil society. This ordering of law determines in part whether life is viewed as organic or as technological, quantitative, and mechanistic. The principle, along with the related one of solidarity, is more than simply de-centralization and orders a society toward justice and the common good. The principle seeks to ensure larger or less proximate aspects of society assist the smaller and the more local aspects to undertake their proper functions and realize those ends proper to their true natures rather than submerge or control them improperly. The South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms and local governance initiatives in the United Kingdom provide current examples of subsidiarity.
Eschatology
Authors: Farrow Douglas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A Christian approach to constitutionalism requires, inter alia, the correlation of law with liberty, authority with modesty, autonomy with theonomy, dignity with vocation, teleology with eschatology. This work of correlation occurs within a context governed by a covenant narrative and by the eucharistic economy of gift and gratitude. Justice is thus ordered to its ground in God and, just so, to the happiness that all humans by nature seek. Pursuit of a well-ordered liberty, liberty capable of proper regard for both body and soul and for the person in community, depends at the constitutional level on linking the rule of law to the supremacy of God and to the grateful acknowledgment of divine gifts. The greater operation of liberty in and through law, it is here argued, is a function of this linkage and acknowledgment.
Revolutionary Contagion and International Politics
Authors: Nelson Chad E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhen do leaders fear that a revolution elsewhere will spread to their own polities, and what are the international effects of this fear? This book develops and tests the domestic contagion effects theory. According to the theory, fear of contagion is driven more by the characteristics of the host rather than by the activities of the infecting agents. In other words, leaders will fear revolutionary contagion when they have significant revolutionary opposition movements that share the same ideological affinity of the revolution. Whether the revolutionary state merely serves as a model for revolution or whether it also acts as a platform, attempting to spread revolution abroad, is not the crucial distinction. When leaders have a fear of contagion, it will have a profound effect on international politics, prompting hostility toward the revolutionary state and cooperation with states that have similar fears, sometimes in contrast to geopolitical pressures. Cases spanning the reaction to the democratic American Revolution and the Dutch Patriot Revolt, the wave of liberal revolutions in Europe in 1820–21, the Russian communist and Italian fascist revolutions, and the Iranian Islamist revolution in the Middle East largely, though not uniformly, support the theory. This book advances our understanding of when, why, and how much states with different domestic ideologies affect international relations. In certain periods in international relations, one simply cannot make sense of international politics—patterns of alliances and wars—without considering the fear of contagion.
Liberal Revolutions and the Concert of Europe
Authors: Nelson Chad E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter contrasts with the previous one. In the cases discussed in both chapters, there were revolutions in states not acting as a platform to spread revolution, but in the cases discussed in this chapter, all the great powers—France, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain—perceived they had a significant revolutionary movement of the same character as the revolutions. As the domestic contagion effects theory expects, there were contagion fears that decisively affected foreign policy: states were hostile toward the revolutions and cooperative with each other. They forswore opportunities to use revolutions in Spain, Portugal, Naples, Piedmont, and Greece as a means to enhance their geopolitical standing in order to prevent possible revolutionary contagion.
Modalities for Community Participation in Implementing the UNESCO ICH Convention
Authors: Aikawa-Faure Noriko 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICHC) is the first example of an international cultural heritage treaty that acknowledges the need for community involvement to such a high degree. This principle emerged from the landmark 1999 UNESCO/Smithsonian Institution Conference, A Global Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore: Local Empowerment and International Cooperation. It was further endorsed by the Turin Round Table, where experts discussed the definition of the term “intangible cultural heritage” and by the Rio Expert Meeting that identified the priority domain to be included in the future instrument, which was fed finally into the ICHC. This chapter examines how this concept of community involvement in the safeguarding of the ICH was enshrined by the experts at their meetings and how it was subsequently watered down by the representatives of UNESCO member states at the intergovernmental meetings that drafted the ICHC and its operational directives.
The “ICH Movement” in China
Authors: Mei Xiao , Xiao Yang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Along with the Kunqu Art (昆曲艺术) and Guqin Art (古琴艺术), over 10 kinds of Chinese traditional music genres have been accepted into the Representative List of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. Considering this a national honor, the central government in China soon established a series of policies for the preservation of ICH. Next, local governments from cities and provinces started to support these policies. The country institutionalized an ICH system from county, city, and province level to state level. Government officials, academics and intellectuals, NGOs, mass media, commercial institutions, and culture bearers began to reconsider musical traditions in terms of their complexity from an ICH perspective, and actively engaged in the safeguarding and promotion of ICH in different ways over the past decade, which we may call the “ICH movement in China.” This chapter focuses on 11 kinds of music genres to observe what role the government played in classifying the extreme abundance of Chinese traditional music forms and qualifying them as ICH at different grades. What are the actual effects of various safeguarding policies and acts that have been carried out by different levels of government? What kind of dynamic relationships exist between the different forces in shaping this ICH movement and the future of traditional music in China? Based on their research data, the authors discuss some sensitive but core issues about Chinese traditional music vis-à-vis the ICH movement.
There Is No Price for That
Authors: Elizabeth Clark Logan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An increase in financial activity after UNESCO recognition of the Danza del Rabinal Achí, an Achí-Mayan dance-drama declared a Masterpiece of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2005, elicited concerns from both the dancers and the community of Rabinal, Guatemala, that the resulting increase in economic activity surrounding the dance would desecrate its spiritual essence. This chapter examines the relationship between economic value and social values after UNESCO ICH safeguarding intervention to analyze the resulting changes in the dance and its role in Rabinal. The author employs the action theory of value to consider the value systems of the practitioners of this dance drama, the Guatemalan government, and UNESCO, concluding that UNESCO recognition resulted not in the alteration of local values, but rather in the translation of one type of value to another, and, consequentially, greater agency for the dance practitioners. The author proposes that this process may be used to assess the effectiveness of governmental safeguarding efforts on the terms of the practitioners, rather than from the value structure of the interveners, to determine the necessity (or lack thereof) of outside intervention in future efforts toward cultural safeguarding.
Archives, Technology, Communities, and Sustainability
Authors: Seeger Anthony 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Audiovisual archives can contribute significantly to efforts to safeguard, sustain, and revive music and other elements of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), especially in the digital era. But their usefulness is limited by the quality of the documentation in their collections. The “tragedy of Humpty Dumpty” in the title is that different kinds of documents of a performance are almost impossible to “put back together again,” like Humpty Dumpty after he fell off the wall. This chapter discusses weaknesses in the documentation of performances and some of the challenges of repatriating archival collections to their originating communities. Then it describes how digitization and the internet have transformed audiovisual archiving in the twenty-first century. They have enabled a massive growth of community-generated archives that counter hegemonic histories, mobilize communities, and facilitate the sharing of knowledge over long distances on diverse platforms and social media. Although the six traditional aspects of audiovisual archives—institutional affiliation, acquisition, organization, preservation, access, and distribution— remain, the emerging digital opportunities have altered how they function. Online archives, however, face their own specific challenges. For today’s recordings and collections to survive for use by future generations, new digital strategies for preservation and long-term access will need to be developed and implemented so that they may contribute to shaping a musical, archival, and sustainable future for the world’s music and other ICH.
Working Musically Through Crisis
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Contributors to this volume have been invited to reflect on the theory and practice of music as intangible cultural heritage (ICH)—as conceived and enacted through the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage—from various vantage points around the world. Moreover, authors have been tasked with assessing how resulting efforts toward heritage safeguarding can in turn promote music sustainability, however that might be conceptualized in local contexts. Haiti, while considerably less active in UNESCO initiatives than many other nations, offers a particularly fruitful location from which to engage with these conversations, in raising several critical challenges to the Convention’s mission and to applications of heritage management more generally. In this chapter, the author’s objectives in thinking through approaches to ICH safeguarding in Haiti are to briefly (1) cite selected UNESCO-related efforts and observe what has resulted from these missions to date; and (2) consider locally grounded conceptions of patrimony and support for its continuance, particularly as (3) interpreted through two starkly different yet in some ways interlinked case studies that present their own complexities to this conversation: the case of Haiti’s classical music, and the case of Haiti’s drums of Vodou. With this context established, the author reflects more on the political and economic constraints, environmental circumstances, and realities of day-to-day life that make heritage safeguarding both urgent and yet extremely difficult to achieve. The chapter then turns toward broader conceptions of music sustainability and imagines what musically sustainable futures in Haiti—which are reframed in terms of regenerative processes—might be. While the space allotted here is clearly insufficient to examine in great detail Haiti’s ICH and cultural sustainability issues, it is hoped that this chapter will serve as an introduction to assist others in launching more in-depth studies.
Becoming a Cyber Sovereign
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines how China’s policies around cyber sovereignty, or the sovereign control of data generated in or by a nation, are transforming global data governance. China has implemented numerous domestic data localization policies—in essence, storage requirements forcing data to be stored on government servers. Paired with prohibitive market access requirements, data localization laws incentivize foreign firms to store their data in China. Chinese regulators export these standards through engagement in international organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Wuzhen World Internet Summit, the 3GPP, and others. Through field research, industry interviews, and analysis of policy documents, this chapter demonstrates how Chinese regulations structure the legal trafficking of consumer data and extend Chinese sovereignty beyond the nation’s current borders.
Home
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
US consumers are addicted to low-cost products, especially those sold by Chinese companies. However, low-profit-margin consumer products often lack reliable data security. Using case studies of connected (or “smart”) devices ranging from sex toys and home security systems to refrigerators and baby monitors, Chapter 9 argues that cheap consumer products lead to international data security failures. Such “data accidents,” as these failures are often portrayed, emerge from the tightly interconnected, fast-moving, low-margin US-China consumer products landscape, which leaves consumers and their most intimate data vulnerable to exploitation by US firms, Chinese firms, and the Chinese government. With the advent of platform-driven consumer products, new standards for data privacy and security are emerging through national and international standards-setting bodies, corporate standards-setting, and industry associations; however, broader transformations to the consumer landscape are necessary to thwart data trafficking through data accidents.
Episcopian Divinity in Restoration Cambridge
Authors: Fornecker Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers a refinement of the historiographical tradition identified in Chapter 1. In this perspective, the long tenure of Joseph Beaumont as Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge from 1674 to 1699 serves as evidence for an Anglo-Dutch Arminian convergence, which allegedly came to characterize English Arminian views by the close of the century. However, through an analysis of Beaumont’s Latin manuscript lectures on Christian liberty, this chapter shows that Beaumont’s portrayal as an exemplar of a developing Anglo-Dutch Arminian convergence is deeply problematic. Beaumont’s treatment of Episcopius brims with disdain—a point made all the more noteworthy given Beaumont’s adherence to key tenets of an Arminian soteriology. Beaumont’s association of Episcopius with radical dissent thus serves to confirm that an Arminian conformist rejection of Episcopian divinity was in full force at the highest tier of theological discourse in England by the mid-1670s.
The Trojan Horse Unboweled
Authors: Fornecker Samuel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a previously unexamined Latin correspondence between the Remonstrant, Jean Le Clerc, and an important mediating figure between the academic, political, and theological worlds of Edwards and Waterland, William Nicholls. Nicholls’s Defensio Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ (1708) precipitated a range of transmarine correspondences, among which can be found an exchange between Nicholls and Le Clerc. That exchange sheds significant light on the main lines of anti-Remonstrant sentiment which found expression among the lower clergy. Furthermore, this correspondence yields surprising insights into the anti-Remonstrant campaign fueled, in the Lower House, by the polemical activity of Jonathan Edwards. Given that Nicholls’s Defensio was a work later commended, by no less a figure than Daniel Waterland, as a preservative against Remonstrant errors, the Nicholls–Le Clerc exchange opens a fascinating window onto divergent trajectories of English and Dutch Arminian traditions, and reveals the surprising transmarine alignments that were facilitated and reinforced by English anti-Remonstrant polemic.
The Gun Dilemma
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Contemporary gun controversies are deeply rooted in our history, yet much of that history is unknown, ignored, or distorted. This is all the more important because a new gun rights movement is pressing to expand the definition of gun rights well beyond the standard set by the Supreme Court in its landmark, controversial Heller ruling from 2008. This “gun rights 2.0” movement has spread to a series of contemporary gun controversies. Their efforts have found a receptive audience among a new generation of very conservative federal judges cultivated in part for their professed adherence to the doctrine of constitutional Originalism and fealty to an expansive reading of gun rights. Drawing on new information sources, this book examines those gun controversies in the light of our gun history and contemporary policy environment, covering gun policy areas including assault weapons, ammunition magazines, silencers, public gun brandishing and display, and the emergent Second Amendment sanctuary movement. Revealing and illuminating as that history is, the author argues that we should not be straitjacketed by that history, but rather informed by it as the nation struggles with how to frame its gun policies.
The Sound of Silencers
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The author’s experience with a silencer-fitted weapon provides the introduction to the history and consequences of gun silencers, also called “suppressors.” A little-noticed but concerted effort to roll back state and federal silence regulation frames this examination of the history, justification, and consequences of silencer regulation, which spread across the states from the time of its invention in the early 1900s, culminating in a nationwide registration system enacted in 1934. Deregulation advocates argue for less regulated access to silencers as a means to protect the hearing of shooters and bystanders. Yet firearms noise also serves a safety function. Also excavated is the seemingly lost history behind the movement to regulate silencers from a century ago. Various means for protecting shooter hearing are examined in the light of this debate.
Religious Ideological Fixation
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Premodern ideologies were predominantly “religious”. Like all ideologies, they combine factual claims about the world with prescribed codes of proper behavior in it. The chapter unravels the various threads that are woven together in the making of the religious phenomena. First, the religious phenomena were built around pervasive beliefs in occult forces and hidden agencies, which had to be dealt and negotiated with. Second, in larger-scale and complex agricultural and state societies, religion expanded into and merged with morality. Third, religion is a deeply collective phenomenon, because of the innate human conformity to socially inherited ideas and practices, and because of religion’s close connection to group identity and survival. Adherence to the traditionalist mythical narratives of the religious system is attributable to their warm emotional resonance, evocative archetypes and narrative forms, and other human cognitive proclivities or biases. Individuals and societies can be more or less religious, with modernity in particular marking a real and deep turning point in this regard. However, the religious phenomena—in traditionalist, modernist or “New Age” forms—appear to have sufficiently deep roots in the human psyche to render Nietzsche’s proclamation of the Death of God somewhat exaggerated.