bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Subsurface Trickle and Furrow Irrigation on Plastic-mulched and Bare Soil for Tomato Production
Authors: Bogle Clyde R. , Hartz Timothy K. , Nunez Carlos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Subsurface trickle and furrow irrigation of fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), with or without plastic mulch, were compared for three consecutive growing seasons. Plots were irrigated when available soil water was 40% depleted. Marketable tomato yield was 22% greater for plants grown with trickle irrigation than with furrow irrigation. Use of black plastic mulch resulted in 31% and 16% greater marketable tomato yield in Spring 1983 and 1984, than similar bare-soil (unmulched) treatments, respectively. In Fall 1983, use of white/black (top/bottom) laminated plastic mulch reduced yields by 12% compared to similar unmulched treatments. Total water (irrigation plus precipitation) applied to furrow-irrigated plots nearly equalled pan evaporation (Epan). Trickle-irrigated plots received < 45% of Epan in all seasons, resulting in increased water-use efficiency with drip irrigation. Trickle irrigation as applied did not affect soluble salts concentration in the soils.
Crop Productivity and Morphology of Petunia and Geranium in Response to Low Night Temperature
Authors: Merritt Richard H. , Kohl Harry C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Petunia hybrida ‘Snow Cloud’ and Pelargonium × hortorum ‘Red Elite’ and ‘Cardinal Orbit’ were grown to anthesis at day air temperatures of 27° ± 3°C (9 hr) and either 7° ± 3° or 18° ± 3° night air temperatures (15 hr). Petunia crop productivity (CP, grams of dry matter produced per square meter of crop) and crop productivity efficiency (CPE, percentage of photosynthetic photon flux incident on the crop stored in the form of crop dry matter) were the same at both temperature regimes from canopy closure to anthesis, but anthesis was delayed 10 days at 7°. Petunias grown at 7° had four more basal branches and were only one-third the height of petunias grown at 18° (12 vs. 37 cm). CP and CPE were 20% lower for geraniums grown at 7° compared to CP and CPE for geraniums grown at 18°. The geraniums grown at 7° flowered 3 weeks later, were more compact, and were 16 to 19 cm shorter than geraniums grown at 18°.
Hydrology of Horticultural Substrates: II. Predicting Physical Properties of Media in Containers
Authors: Milks Robert R. , Fonteno William C. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Handling and preparing growing media can have pronounced effects on the “intensity variables” bulk density and equilibrium volume wetness through changes in pore size distribution. These changes in turn affect the container “capacity variables”: the absolute amounts of medium, air, and water in a container. A nonlinear moisture retention function was combined with container geometry in an equilibrium capacity variable (ECV) model that provided accurate predictions of total porosity, container capacity, air space, unavailable water, available water, and solid fraction for several container-medium combinations.
Hydrology of Horticultural Substrates: III. Predicting Air and Water Content of Limited-volume Plug Cells
Authors: Milks Robert R. , Fonteno William C. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants grown in small containers often show limited growth due to low levels of aeration and water holding capacity in the medium. These levels can be changed by management practices such as medium compaction, medium wetness at time of container filling, container height and volume, peat : vermiculite ratio, particle size, and the use of a wetting agent. A modified equilibrium capacity variable model was applied to an investigation of media-container interactions for short containers (<5 cm tall). Predicted volume percentages for total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC), air space (AS), unavailable water (UW), and available water (AW) were developed from measured moisture retention data and container geometry. AS increased with: 1) increased particle size, 2) increased media moisture at time of container filling, 3) decreased medium compaction, 4) increased wetting agent concentration, 5) decreased ratio of peat : vermiculite, and 6) increased container height. Increased percent AW resulted from smaller particle size, increased media moisture at time of container filling, decreased container compaction, decreased wetting agent concentration, increased ratio of peat : vermiculite and decreased container height.
Economic Analyses of Space Management Practices In High-density Pecan Groves
Authors: Witt Harvey J. , Allison John R. , Daniell Jeff W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A growth equation and a yield relationship were calculated to estimate space requirements and yields of two pecan cultivars (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. The resulting estimates were used with pruning cost estimates in a simulation model to determine the orchard space management practice that maximizes income over time. The income maximizing spacings were 10.7 × 10.7 m and 13.7 × 13.7 m for the precocious ‘Desirable’ and the non-precocious ‘Stuart’, respectively. Annual pruning after the canopy closed produced the highest income for both cultivars.
Herbicide Treatment of Container-grown ‘Gloria’ Azaleas and ‘Merritt Supreme’ Hydrangeas
Authors: Moore Barbara Auxier , Larson Roy A. , Skroch Walter A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormant budded plants of ‘Gloria’ azaleas (Rhododendron obtusum, Planch) and ‘Merritt Supreme’ hydrangeas [Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.], and vegetative summer stock of ‘Gloria’ azaleas, were treated with various rates of chlorimuron, imazaquin, oxyfluorfen, and chloramben. Chlorimuron minimally injured both greenhouse crop species, but 0.14 kg a.i./ha was necessary to provide >70% preemergence control of the broadleaf weed species in peat-based or bark-based soilless media. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanquinalis (L.) Scop.], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Pennsylvania bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex. Willd.), common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.], yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), and creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) were the weed species tested. Imazaquin provided excellent control of all weed species at 0.56 kg a.i./ha for 14 weeks, but was phytotoxic to vegetative azaleas in both growing media. No difference in damage was detected when applications were made immediately after repotting and pinching or after 1 month of growth. Oxyfluorfen provided excellent control of all weed species for 4 weeks at 2.2 kg a.i./ha and, on all species except chickweed, for 14 weeks at 4.5 kg a.i./ha with no phytotoxicity to azaleas or hydrangeas for media drench applications. Chloramben drench and foliar spray applications at 6.7 kg a.i./ha injured vegetative azaleas regardless of application time. Foliar and drench applications of chloramben at 3.4 kg a.i./ha produced slight to moderate injury on vegetative azaleas. More injury resulted when applications were delayed until 4 weeks after pinching. Chloramben was not toxic to either dormant-budded species. Chemical names used: 2-((4[4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine-2yl)amino carbonvl]amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid, ethyl ester (chlorimuron); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methyl-ethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (imazaquin); (2-chIoro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifIuoromethyl) benzene (oxyfluorfen); 3-amino-2,5-dichloro-benzoic acid (chloramben).
Harvest Method and Sulfur Dioxide Influence the Postharvest Quality of ‘Noble’ and ‘Stover’ Wine Grapes
Authors: Sims Charles A. , Johnson Richard P. , Bates Robert P. , Moore Linda F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hand- and machine-harvested ‘Stover’ (a white Euvitis hybrid) and ‘Noble’ (a red Vitis rotundofolia cultivar) grapes were either treated with 100 mg SO2/kg (applied as potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5) or not treated and held at ambient temperature (≈25°C) for 0, 24, and 48 hr after harvest. Raw fruit and wine quality from each treatment were evaluated. ‘Noble’ grapes of all treatments held for 24 hr had developed signs of microbial spoilage, and the machine-harvested grapes held without SO2 had the most. However, only the machine-harvested ‘Stover’ grapes held without SO2 had began to deteriorate during 24 hr. Grapes of both cultivars had deteriorated after 48 hr, but SO2 limited the deterioration of both machine- and hand-harvested grapes. In general, machine-harvested grapes deteriorated to a greater extent than hand-harvested grapes. Wines made from ‘Noble’ grapes that had been held for 0 or 24 hr had similar quality, but machine-harvested ‘Stover’ grapes held for 0 to 24 hr without SO2 produced a poorer wine than the other treatments. Wines from machine-harvested grapes held for 48 hr had poorer quality than wines from hand-harvested grapes. Postharvest additions of SO2 improved the quality of wine from machine-harvested but not hand-harvested fruit held for 48 hr.
Wound Healing and Weight Loss of Sweet Potatoes Harvested at Several Soil Temperatures
Authors: Walter William M. , Hammett Larry K. , Giesbrecht Francis G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots of three sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] cultivars, Centennial, Jewel, and Pope, were harvested at three soil temperature ranges, cured for 1 to 7 days at 30°C and 90% to 95% RH, and stored at 13° to 13.5° and 90% and 95% RH. Wound healing during curing was evaluated using a rapid color test and histochemical methods. The color test was a good indicator of the lignification phase of wound healing for ‘Centennial’ and ‘Jewel’, and a fair indicator for ‘Pope’. Wound healing rates for the cultivars were similar. Roots harvested from the warmest soils (22° to 25°) had higher color scores (most wound lignification) up to 3 days of curing. After 5 days, there were ≈2.7 layers of lignified cells and one layer of wound periderm. After 16 weeks of storage, roots harvested at soil temperatures of 10° to 12° and 22° to 25° had lost more weight and developed more rots than did roots harvested at 15° to 17°, despite the fact that wound healing progress was similar. Thus, factors other than wound healing strongly influence storage stability.
Pecan Production Responds to Root Carbohydrates and Rootstock
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The problematic alternate-bearing characteristic of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] has prompted an investigation of the role of rootstock and carbohydrate concentrations in tree organs in relation to nut production. Six years of data on the influence of open-pollinated pecan rootstocks on in-shell nut production by 80- year-old trees of ‘Stuart’ of ‘Schley’ scion cultivars provide evidence that rootstocks may influence yield, yield efficiency, and alternate bearing and that yield is closely associated with January root starch concentrations. Several “superior” trees, possessing greater-than-average nut yields and less-than-average alternate-bearing intensity, were identified as candidates for improved pecan rootstocks, indicating a projected frequency of ≈5% for the occurrence of superior rootstocks.
Development Rate during Four Phases of Chrysanthemum Growth as Determined by Preceding and Prevailing Temperatures
Authors: Karlsson M. G. , Heins R. D. , Erwin J. E. , Berghage R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Time required to complete four developmental phases in chrysanthemum ‘Bright Golden Anne’ (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) was determined under greenhouse conditions at constant temperature setpoints of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 20 day/16C night. The four developmental phases were: I—start of short days to visible bud (2-mm-diameter terminal flower bud), II—visible bud to disbud (10-mm-diameter terminal flower bud), III—disbud to color (flower bud showing first color), and IV—color to flower. Plants either remained at the same temperature during all four phases or were moved to one other constant temperature regime after phase I, II, or III. Fastest development during all phases occurred at 20 day/16C night or constant 20C. Temperature of previous phases had less of an effect on future phases as plant development progressed. Low temperature (10C) during phase I delayed development in phase II, and high temperature (30C) during phase I and II delayed development during phase III. The length of each phase could be predicted based on the temperature preceding and during the phase. Optimum temperatures for fastest development during the four phases were calculated as 21.3, 20.3, 23.1, and 19.1C, respectively.
Paclobutrazol, Gibberellin, and Cytokinin Effects on Growth, Development, and Histology of Apple Pedicels and Fruits
Authors: Privé Jean-Pierre , Elfving D. C. , Proctor J. T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of the plant growth regulators (PGR) gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7; 25, 50, and 150 mg·liter−1), BA (25 mg·liter−1), and GA4+7 + BA (Promalin; 25 mg·liter−1) on pedicel growth and fruit development of ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees previously treated with foliar- or soil-applied paclobutrazol (PBZ) were examined. By full bloom, pedicels had completed the elongation growth phase regardless of treatment. Pedicel length was very sensitive to PBZ treatment since it was reduced logarithmically in response to dose. No differences in pedicel diameters were found. PBZ decreased fruit fresh weight, dry weight, and fruit length and diameter in both ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ trees. The adverse effects of PBZ carryover on fruit-quality factors such as size and pedicel length were not overcome with GA4+7 (25 or 50 mg·liter−1), BA, or Promalin (25 mg·liter−1) applied when the king-bloom was in full bloom. Reversal of PBZ-induced pedicel length inhibition was only observed with GA4+7 (150 mg·liter−1) applied prior to the main period of pedicel elongation. BA alone had no effect on any fruit growth parameters. PBZ reduced pedicel and fruit cell length, while GA4+7 (150 mg·liter−1) applied at 2 weeks before full bloom increased pedicel cell length. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chIorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); (1α,2β4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-l,10-dicarboxylic acid l,4a-lactone (GA4+7).
Carbohydrate Changes of Easter Lilies during Growth in Normal and Reduced Irradiance Environments
Authors: Miller William B. , Langhans Robert W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in carbohydrate types and quantities in the bulbs, stems, leaves, and buds of Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’) forced under ambient or reduced irradiance conditions were investigated. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that sucrose is the dominant soluble carbohydrate in bulb tissues, with glucose, fructose, and mannose present at significantly lower concentrations. During growth of the flowering shoot, mother bulb reserves are preferentially used regardless of greenhouse irradiance. Beginning 40 days after planting, there was a steady decrease in mother bulb starch concentration until anthesis, 70 days later. Increased bulb sucrose, glucose, mannose, and fructose concentrations were correlated with the induction of starch breakdown and carbohydrate export. Under natural greenhouse irradiance conditions, daughter bulb carbohydrate reserves were not used, as starch and soluble carbohydrate concentrations remained constant. Irradiance reductions of 50% to 85% significantly reduced total carbohydrate concentration in leaves and floral buds and induced export from the daughter bulb, as evidenced by elevated levels of daughter bulb soluble carbohydrates and reductions in starch concentration. Dark-grown plants exhibited similar daughter bulb carbohydrate metabolism patterns as plants grown in full sun: starch was not hydrolyzed and soluble carbohydrates did not increase in concentration. Collectively, these results suggest 1) bulb export metabolism is characterized by elevated soluble carbohydrate concentrations, 2) there is a minimum irradiance requirement for carbohydrate export processes from the daughter bulb, and 3) reductions in greenhouse irradiance result in reduced carbohydrate levels in Easter lily leaves and flower buds.
Spectrophotometric Measurement of Leached Phenolic Compounds as an Indicator of Freeze Damage
Authors: Chalker-Scott L. , Fuchigami L. H. , Harber R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rhododendron leaf disks (Rhododendron L., cv. Jean Marie de Montague) release water-soluble phenolic compounds when subjected to lethal freezing stress. Following low-temperature exposure, the levels of phenolic compounds leached from the disks are assessed by spectrophotometric measurement (260 nm). The increase in phenolics is highly correlated with other viability tests—electrolyte leakage, visual browning, ethane production, and TTC reduction have r values of 0.99, 0.99, 0.95, and −0.88, respectively. Chemical names used: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC).
Inheritance of Potassium Efficiency, Sodium Substitution Capacity, and Sodium Accumulation in Tomatoes Grown Under Low-potassium Stress
Authors: Figdore Scott S. , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One hundred tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) strains were grown under low-K stress (0.071 mm K) in the absence and presence of added Na to identify strain differences in efficient K use, efficient substitution of Na for K, and upper leaf Na accumulation. Five strains, selected as representing extreme differences for K efficiency and Na substitution capacity, were used as parents to create a series of F1, F2, and backcross generations to study the inheritance of K efficiency, Na substitution, and upper leaf Na accumulation of tomatoes grown under low-K stress. Reciprocal differences in the F1 generation were relatively unimportant in the inheritance of K efficiency, Na substitution capacity, and Na accumulation. K efficiency in the absence of Na was a trait of low heritability, with highly significant additive, dominance, and additive × additive epistatic effects. Na substitution capacity was highly heritable, with highly significant additive and dominance effects. Na accumulation also was highly heritable, with highly significant additive effects. Moderately high correlations were observed between Na accumulation and Na substitution capacity within genetically segregating generations.
Combining Ability Analyses of Fruit Yield and Quality in Near-homozygous Lines Derived from Cucumber
Authors: Fredrick Linda R. , Staub Jack E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Combining ability estimates for characters relating to yield and fruit quality were undertaken to determine if lines derived from Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. (hardwickii) could be used in the development of higher-yielding commercial cucumbers. General and specific combining ability estimates were obtained in a North Carolina Design II experiment for nine near-homozygous processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines, five of which were derived from hardwickii germplasm. Lines were evaluated under two planting densities (29,000 and 58,000 plants/ha) for three harvests, and environments sampled were two planting times (2 weeks apart within the same year). Traits evaluated included fruit number per plant, primary lateral branch number, percentage of pistillate flowers, days to anthesis, fruit length, and fruit length : diameter (L:D) ratio. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were significant at both planting densities for all traits when combined over planting times, except for fruit L:D ratio at the higher density. Specific combining ability mean squares were significant for days to anthesis. Of the lines evaluated, WI 2963 and 4H261 produced the greatest GCA female and male effects, respectively, for three harvest yield and primary lateral branch number, but the lowest effects for fruit size. Our results suggest that further selection within these high-performance hardwickii derivatives for fruit shape will produce lines that perform well at a high planting density when crossed with sativus lines having good general combining ability.
Morphogenic Responses to Propagule Trimming, Spectral Irradiance, and Photoperiod of Grapevine Shoots Recultured in Vitro
Authors: Chée R. , Pool R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In an effort to improve grapevine micropropagation, shoot proliferation and rooting in response to explant preparation and incubation conditions were investigated. The explants were three- to four-node shoots (15 mm) of the Vitis hybrid ‘Remaily Seedless’ cultured in vitro. The factors considered were white light of diverse spectral irradiance distributions, blue light, red light, 10-hr light/14-hr dark and 16-hr light/8-hr dark photoperiods, and leaf and/or apex removal from the explant. In white light and short days, leaf and/or apex removal did not affect shoot production; however, more shoots of at least three nodes, the desired size for micropropagation, were produced when leaves were retained. Shoot production was significantly greater in blue than in red light. Differences in shoot production in white lights of various spectral irradiance distributions were attributed to differences in blue : red irradiance ratios. Shoot production was greater with ratios of 0.6 to 0.9 than with lower and higher ratios. A greater percentage of subcultured shoots rooted in long days and red light than in blue or white light. The number of roots produced per shoot, and total root length, were also greater in red light.
Root-zone Temperature Affects Water Status and Growth of Red Maple
Authors: Graves William R. , Dana Michael N. , Joly Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) plants were evaluated for their responses to 5 weeks of constant root-zone temperatures from 18 to 36C. Shoot lengths of plants grown with 18 to 30C root zones did not differ significantly from one another at any time during the study, and shoot dry weights of these plants were similar. However, after 21 days of exposure, shoot length of plants grown with roots at 36C was significantly less than that of plants with roots grown at 30C and below. Leaf area was greatest among plants with roots at 24C, and mean shoot and root dry weights of plants in the 36C treatment were 57% and 68% less, respectively, than those for plants with roots at 30C. Leaf diffusive resistance of plants grown at 36C was five times greater than for plants with root zones at 30C or below. Shoot water potential decreased with increasing temperature, but increased solute concentration in leaves of 36C-grown plants probably contributed to turgor maintenance.