bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro‐morphology of the retina of the light‐adapted African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Derbalah Amira , El‐Gendy Samir A. A. , Alsafy Mohamed A. M. , Elghoul Mahmoud 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe current study aimed to investigate the ultrastructure of the retinal photoreceptors of the African catfish and to demonstrate their adaptation to nocturnal or diurnal visions or by the two ways. The eyes of eight adult catfish were collected during the daytime, and the retinae were separated and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The photoreceptors' layer appeared in contact with the retina's pigmented epithelium. Two photoreceptors were detected in cones and hidden rods. Cones predominate in light‐adapted retinae. The outer segments of cones appeared between the retinal pigmented epithelium protrusions, which indicates the movement of melanosomes away from the photoreceptors as a retinomotor response of the catfish. The two types of retinal tapetum were in between cones. The first type, the cored granules, were large, spherical, and had black peripheral parts and central lucent parts, and contained some granules. The second type was Guanine crystallites of tapetum lucidum, which were small electron‐lucent, and their shape varied from spherical to rectangular. Melanosomes vary in shape from spherical to elliptical. The Müller cells were darkly stained elongated cells that measured about 5.5–8.5 μm in length and 2.2–2.5 μm in width, and their microvilli appeared between the inner segments of the rods and cones. Müller cell processes were extended from the photoreceptor layer to the inner limiting membrane. Zonula occludentes appeared between the Müller cell processes and the internal segment of the rods and cones. African catfish have eyes which are adapted not only for nocturnal but also for daytime light.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on TB services at ART programmes in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a multi‐cohort survey
Authors: Marti Mariana , Zürcher Kathrin , Enane Leslie A. , Diero Lameck , Marcy Olivier , Tiendrebeogo Thierry , Yotebieng Marcel , Twizere Christelle , Khusuwan Suwimon , Yunihastuti Evy , Reubenson Gary , Shah N. Sarita , Egger Matthias , Ballif Marie , Fenner Lukas ,   the IeDEA global consortium
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionCOVID‐19 stretched healthcare systems to their limits, particularly in settings with a pre‐existing high burden of infectious diseases, including HIV and tuberculosis (TB). We studied the impact of COVID‐19 on TB services at antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics in low‐ and middle‐income countries.MethodsWe surveyed ART clinics providing TB services in the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium in Africa and the Asia‐Pacific until July 2021 (TB diagnoses until the end of 2021). We collected site‐level data using standardized questionnaires.ResultsOf 46 participating ART clinics, 32 (70%) were in Africa and 14 (30%) in the Asia‐Pacific; 52% provided tertiary care. Most clinics (85%) reported disrupted routine HIV care services during the pandemic, both in Africa (84%) and the Asia‐Pacific (86%). The most frequently reported impacts were on staff (52%) and resource shortages (37%; protective clothing, face masks and disinfectants). Restrictions in TB health services were observed in 12 clinics (26%), mainly reduced access to TB diagnosis and postponed follow‐up visits (6/12, 50% each), and restrictions in TB laboratory services (22%). Restrictions of TB services were addressed by dispensing TB drugs for longer periods than usual (7/12, 58%), providing telehealth services (3/12, 25%) and with changes in directly observed therapy (DOT) (e.g. virtual DOT, 3/12). The number of TB diagnoses at participating clinics decreased by 21% in 2020 compared to 2019; the decline was more pronounced in tertiary than primary/secondary clinics (24% vs. 12%) and in sites from the Asia‐Pacific compared to Africa (46% vs. 14%). In 2021, TB diagnoses continued to decline in Africa (–8%) but not in the Asia‐Pacific (+62%) compared to 2020. During the pandemic, new infection control measures were introduced or intensified at the clinics, including wearing face masks, hand sanitation and patient triage.ConclusionsThe COVID‐19 pandemic led to staff shortages, reduced access to TB care and delays in follow‐up visits for people with TB across IeDEA sites in Africa and the Asia‐Pacific. Increased efforts are needed to restore and secure ongoing access to essential TB services in these contexts.
Detection of Cerebral Microbleeds in MR Images Using a Single‐Stage Triplanar Ensemble Detection Network (TPE‐Det)
Authors: Lee Haejoon , Kim Jun‐Ho , Lee Seul , Jung Kyu‐Jin , Kim Woo‐Ram , Noh Young , Kim Eung Yeop , Kang Koung Mi , Sohn Chul‐Ho , Lee Dong Young , Al‐masni Mohammed A. , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundCerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are microscopic brain hemorrhages with implications for various diseases. Automated detection of CMBs is a challenging task due to their wide distribution throughout the brain, small size, and visual similarity to their mimics. For this reason, most of the previously proposed methods have been accomplished through two distinct stages, which may lead to difficulties in integrating them into clinical workflows.PurposeTo develop a clinically feasible end‐to‐end CMBs detection network with a single‐stage structure utilizing 3D information. This study proposes triplanar ensemble detection network (TPE‐Det), ensembling 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based detection networks on axial, sagittal, and coronal planes.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsTwo datasets (DS1 and DS2) were used: 1) 116 patients with 367 CMBs and 12 patients without CMBs for training, validation, and testing (70.39 ± 9.30 years, 68 women, 60 men, DS1); 2) 58 subjects with 148 microbleeds and 21 subjects without CMBs only for testing (76.13 ± 7.89 years, 47 women, 32 men, DS2).Field Strength/SequenceA 3 T field strength and 3D GRE sequence scan for SWI reconstructions.AssessmentThe sensitivity, FPavg (false‐positive per subject), and precision measures were computed and analyzed with statistical analysis.Statistical TestsA paired t‐test was performed to investigate the improvement of detection performance by the suggested ensembling technique in this study. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe proposed TPE‐Det detected CMBs on the DS1 testing set with a sensitivity of 96.05% and an FPavg of 0.88, presenting statistically significant improvement. Even when the testing on DS2 was performed without retraining, the proposed model provided a sensitivity of 85.03% and an FPavg of 0.55. The precision was significantly higher than the other models.Data ConclusionThe ensembling of multidimensional networks significantly improves precision, suggesting that this new approach could increase the benefits of detecting lesions in the clinic.Evidence Level1Technical EfficacyStage 2
Network meta‐interpolation: Effect modification adjustment in network meta‐analysis using subgroup analyses
Authors: Harari Ofir , Soltanifar Mohsen , Cappelleri Joseph C. , Verhoek Andre , Ouwens Mario , Daly Caitlin , Heeg Bart 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEffect modification (EM) may cause bias in network meta‐analysis (NMA). Existing population adjustment NMA methods use individual patient data to adjust for EM but disregard available subgroup information from aggregated data in the evidence network. Additionally, these methods often rely on the shared effect modification (SEM) assumption. In this paper, we propose Network Meta‐Interpolation (NMI): a method using subgroup analyses to adjust for EM that does not assume SEM. NMI balances effect modifiers across studies by turning treatment effect (TE) estimates at the subgroup‐ and study level into TE and standard errors at EM values common to all studies. In an extensive simulation study, we simulate two evidence networks consisting of four treatments, and assess the impact of departure from the SEM assumption, variable EM correlation across trials, trial sample size and network size. NMI was compared to standard NMA, network meta‐regression (NMR) and Multilevel NMR (ML‐NMR) in terms of estimation accuracy and credible interval (CrI) coverage. In the base case non‐SEM dataset, NMI achieved the highest estimation accuracy with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.228, followed by standard NMA (0.241), ML‐NMR (0.447) and NMR (0.541). In the SEM dataset, NMI was again the most accurate method with RMSE of 0.222, followed by ML‐NMR (0.255). CrI coverage followed a similar pattern. NMI's dominance in terms of estimation accuracy and CrI coverage appeared to be consistent across all scenarios. NMI represents an effective option for NMA in the presence of study imbalance and available subgroup data.
Impact of myometrium invasion on survival outcomes following cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS‐HIPEC)
Authors: Mangieri Christopher W. , Valenzuela Cristian D. , Solsky Ian B. , Erali Richard A. , Votanopoulos Konstantinos I. , Shen Perry , Levine Edward A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionCytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS‐HIPEC) is an effective surgical intervention for peritoneal surface malignancy. The effect of myometrium invasion on outcomes is unknown.MethodsRetrospective review of our institutional registry with analysis of CRS‐HIPEC cases involving a hysterectomy. Compared cases with myometrium invasion versus those without invasion. Primary outcome was survival as measured by overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Secondary outcome was the evaluation of risk factors for myometrium invasion based on multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 126 cases of CRS‐HIPEC involving a hysterectomy were identified. Ninety‐seven cases (76.9%) had no myometrium invasion and the remaining 29 cases (23.1%) had malignant invasion. The presence of myometrial invasion was a significant negative survival prognostic factor. The OS was halved with mean survival times of 2.8 (±2.3) versus 5.8 (±4.7) years for cases with and without invasion, respectively (p = 0.002). Five‐year OS rates were also inferior with myometrium invasion at 17.4% versus 53.8% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.181, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.057–0.580, p = 0.002). A similar trend was present with DFS with mean survival times of 1.4 (±0.9) versus 3.7 (±3.9) years for noninvasion and invasion cases (p = 0.009). The 5‐year DFS rates were 0% versus 34.8% (OR = 0.652, 95% CI: 0.549–0.775, p = 0.004). Secondary analysis significantly associated several risk factors with myometrium invasion to include lymph node positivity (OR = 2.539, 95% CI: 1.074–6.003, p = 0.012), colorectal primary tumors (OR = 2.248, 95% CI: 1.094–5.161, p = 0.035), and high‐grade tumors (OR = 2.160, 95% CI: 1.080–4.820, p = 0.038).ConclusionMyometrium invasion is a significant negative prognostic factor for survival following CRS‐HIPEC. Several risk factors are potentially predictive of identifying those at high‐risk for myometrium invasion.
Time to Local Recurrence as a Predictor of Survival in Adult Head and Neck Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Jiang Ke , Cai Shao‐Hui , Ou Bi‐Yi , Du Ding‐fu , Guan Yuan‐Xiang , Chen Shu‐Wei , Liang Yao 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the impact of the time interval from surgical resection to local recurrence (TTLR) on clinical outcomes in head and neck soft tissue sarcoma (HNSTS).MethodsA total of 401 patients who underwent R0 resection for primary HNSTS were included in this study. Patients with local recurrence as the first event after their initial resection were divided into early local recurrence (ELR) or late local recurrence (LLR) groups according to TTLR. Multiple survival analyses were performed to identify the independent prognostic predictors of overall survival (OS) and survival after local recurrence (SAR).ResultsTwo hundred and nine of the 401 patients (52.1%) developed local recurrence during a median follow‐up period of 134.6 months. Patients in the ELR group had a shorter median OS time (35.0 vs. 120.6, p < 0.001) and lower 5‐year OS rate (47.7% vs. 80.9%, p < 0.001) than those in the LLR group. Moreover, the ELR group exhibited worse SAR (p = 0.001) than the LLR group, and multivariate analyses demonstrated TTLR as an independent prognostic factor for SAR (p = 0.048) and OS (p = 0.004). Additionally, re‐resection significantly prolonged SAR than other salvage interventions or no treatment (p < 0.001).ConclusionIn patients with HNSTS, ELR after R0 resection presents adverse effects on OS and SAR than those with LLR, and TTLR could serve as a promising predictor for survival. Salvage therapies, especially the re‐resection could improve SAR and should be recommended when there are surgical indications after recurrence.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 133:2174–2182, 2023
Further Development of the Short‐Pulse Petawatt Laser: Trends, Technologies, and Bottlenecks
Authors: Li Zhaoyang , Leng Yuxin , Li Ruxin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe petawatt (PW) laser has experienced a rapid development in the past two decades, and tens of giant facilities have been constructed worldwide. After realizing 10–100 PW, it seems to be close to some sort of engineering limit but its focused peak intensity still is much lower than the Schwinger limit, and therefore some technology improvements or innovations become indispensable for further increasing the peak power as well as the focused peak intensity. By quick reviewing the development of the PW laser in history, it is shown that reducing the pulse duration to near a single optical cycle is a feasible (easy and cheap) choice for this purpose. Here, technologies for the optical‐cycle pulse generation, ultrabroadband amplification, and capability boosting that aim to provide possible approaches for optical‐cycle PW lasers are briefly reviewed and discussed. Meanwhile, key bottlenecks that challenge the current as well as the future short‐pulse PW lasers and their possible solutions are summarized and discussed. This technology review aims to provide a possible roadmap for the next‐stage development of the short‐pulse PW laser.
Dynamic Transmissive Metasurface for Broadband Phase‐Only Modulation Based on Phase‐Change Materials
Authors: Zhuo Shaobin , Li Yan , Zhao Annan , Li Yu‐Ru , Yao Shunyu , Zhang Mingjie , Feng Tianhua , Li Zhaohui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDynamic metasurfaces provide exciting opportunities for spatial light modulation with ultra‐compact footprint and high resolution. Designs reported so far typically suffer from efficiency problem due to the strong coupling between amplitude and phase modulation. Huygens metasurface design eliminates the back propagation with interference of dual resonances, offering a potential solution for phase‐only modulation. However, the intrinsic dispersion mismatch between the dual modes restricts this design to a highly limited bandwidth. Here, a dynamic phase‐change metasurface design that enables transmissive phase modulation covering over 240° with high‐level transmisstance maintained over 0.8 and a large operation bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from 1516 to 1596 nm, is presented. To verify the potential usage of this design, a multi‐state phase‐change control scheme that enables quasi‐continuous phase modulation is further provided. The key feature of this design is the leverage of congener Huygens concept. Judicious incorporation of lossless phase‐change material (PCM) with congener Huygens metasurface allows wideband holding of Huygens condition, which provides a perfect platform to simultaneously address the efficiency and bandwidth problems. This novel feature represents a meaningful step forward to integrate spatial light modulation.
Monolithically Integrated Extended Cavity Diode Laser with 32 kHz 3 dB Linewidth Emitting at 1064 nm
Authors: Wenzel Sten , Brox Olaf , Casa Pietro Della , Wenzel Hans , Arar Bassem , Kreutzmann Sabrina , Weyers Markus , Knigge Andrea , Wicht Andreas , Tränkle Günther 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe spectral linewidth of semiconductor lasers is a crucial performance parameter in a growing number of applications. A common method to improve the coherence of the laser relies on increasing the optical cavity length by an extended section without gain material. Here, this extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) concept is realized in a monolithic device at 1064 nm wavelength. This is accomplished by applying a two‐step epitaxy in the aluminum gallium arsenide material system to selectively remove the active layers in a specific section of the chip. The extended passive section decreases the 3 dB linewidth to 32 kHz at 1 ms integration time. A direct comparison between the performance of the monolithic ECDL and a distributed Bragg reflector laser from the same wafer demonstrates the feasibility of the approach. The results in terms of frequency noise, side mode suppression ratio, injection current threshold, and slope efficiency show that the passive section reduces the laser linewidth while the additional interfaces within the laser cavity created by the manufacturing process do not deteriorate the electro‐optical properties or frequency stability. This opens the possibility for the realization of gallium arsenide based photonic integrated circuits by monolithically combining active and low‐loss passive waveguides.
Evaluating the effects of environmental aging on the pitting corrosion of steam turbine blade steels
Authors: Aldhous Philip , Akid Robert , Leiva‐Garcia Rafael , Zhou Shengqi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA flow loop has been setup to allow simulation of operating conditions in a steam turbine during transitions in water chemistry between on‐load (deaerated) and off‐load (aerated) environments. Electrochemical noise measurements were performed to establish the critical chloride concentration for pitting of 403 12Cr stainless steel. The results were confirmed by comparative measurements of corrosion potential and visual observation of pitting. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to quantify changes in the passive film due to transient environmental conditions. The critical chloride concentration for pitting with/without pre‐exposure to on‐load conditions has been measured and the impact of environmental aging is discussed.
Synergistic, Orthogonal, and Antagonistic Photochemistry for Light‐Induced 3D Printing
Authors: Hobich Jan , Blasco Eva , Wegener Martin , Mutlu Hatice , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract3D printing techniques are often based on light‐induced chemical reactions, driven by the fascinating and powerful possibilities to control light in space and time. To date, these approaches are usually restricted to a single color of light, which does not do justice to light as an entire spectrum of distinct wavelengths. It is possible to further tap into the vast potential of light‐induced 3D printing by introducing a second color of light. While the complexity of photochemical interactions in two‐color systems is greatly increased, it concomitantly allows for enhanced control over manufacturing speed and resolution. In general, three types of two‐color interactions can be distinguished, i.e., synergistic, orthogonal, and antagonistic. In recent years, intriguing printing techniques with superior potential for the fabrication of 3D structures are emerging that require two colors of light. Their future development potential is vast yet needs to be critically underpinned by an advance in complex tunable photochemical reaction systems. The current perspective will thus explore the potential for using synergistic, orthogonal, and antagonistic photochemistries in 3D printing.
Environmental Impact of Polymer Fiber Manufacture
Authors: Amarakoon Manul , Alenezi Hussain , Homer‐Vanniasinkam Shervanthi , Edirisinghe Mohan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis review focuses on the effects on the environment due to the production of polymer‐solvent solutions and the manufacture of polymeric fibers of thicknesses from a nanometer up to a millimeter using these solutions. The most common polymeric fiber manufacture methods are reviewed based on their effects on the environment, particularly from the use of hazardous materials and energy consumption. Published literature is utilized to analyze and quantify energy consumption of the manufacturing methods electrospinning, phase separation, self‐assembly, template synthesis, drawing and pressurized gyration. The results show that during the manufacturing stage of the lifecycle of polymeric fibers, pressurized gyration is more environmentally efficient primarily due to its mass‐producing features and fast processing of polymeric solutions into fibers, it also works best with water‐based solutions. Further green alternatives are described such as the use of sustainable polymers and solvents to enhance the environmental benefit. Overall, it is shown that the most effective method of curbing the environmental impact of manufacturing polymeric fibers is the use of nontoxic, water‐soluble polymers along with the evasion of toxic solvents.
Density of composite places in function fields and applications to real holomorphy rings
Authors: Becker Eberhard , Kuhlmann Franz‐Viktor , Kuhlmann Katarzyna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGiven an algebraic function field and a place ℘ on K, we prove that the places that are composite with extensions of ℘ to finite extensions of K lie dense in the space of all places of F, in a strong sense. We apply the result to the case of any real closed field and the fixed place on R being its natural (finest) real place. This leads to a new description of the real holomorphy ring of F, which can be seen as an analog to a certain refinement of Artin's solution of Hilbert's 17th problem. We also determine the relation between the topological space of all ‐places of F (places with residue field contained in ), its subspace of all ‐places of F that are composite with the natural ‐place of R, and the topological space of all R‐rational places. Further results about these spaces as well as various classes of relative real holomorphy rings are proven. At the conclusion of the paper, the theory of real spectra of rings will be applied to interpret basic concepts from that angle and to show that the space has only finitely many topological components.
Surface‐Compartmentalized Micelles by Stereocomplex‐Driven Self‐Assembly
Authors: Schaller Roman , Hils Christian , Karg Matthias , Schmalz Holger 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe unique corona structure of surface‐compartmentalized micelles (Janus micelles, patchy micelles) opens highly relevant applications, e.g. as efficient particulate surfactants for emulsion stabilization or compatibilization of polymer blends. Here, stereocomplex‐driven self‐assembly (SCDSA) as a facile route to micelles with a semicrystalline stereocomplex (SC) core and a patch‐like microphase separated corona, employing diblock copolymers with enantiomeric poly(L‐lactide)/poly(D‐lactide) blocks and highly incompatible corona‐forming blocks (polystyrene (PS), poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate)) is introduced. The spherical patchy SC micelles feature a narrow size distribution and show a compartmentalized, shamrock‐like corona structure. Compared to SC micelles with a homogeneous PS corona the patchy micelles have a significantly higher interfacial activity attributable to the synergistic combination of an amphiphilic corona with the Pickering effect of nanoparticles. The patchy micelles are successfully employed in the stabilization of emulsions, underlining their application potential.