bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Old Five’
Authors: Patton David F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the Christian Social Union (CSU), the Free Democratic Party (FDP), and the Greens, i.e. the former ‘Bonn parties’, had arisen in West Germany and been shaped by its institutions and norms. After unification, these ‘old five’ were joined by the ‘new two’, in the form of the Left Party and the Alternative for Germany (AfD). Even though unification lies more than three decades back, the ‘old five’ show disproportionate strength in the West, while the ‘new two’ show strength in the East. The former comprise the political centre; the latter are on the ideological wings. The ‘old five’ are the political mainstream; the ‘new two’ are the populist challengers. The former have governed at the national level; the newcomers have not. Since 1990, the ‘old five’ have confronted an increasingly volatile electorate, electoral and organizational weakness in the East, a more fragmented party system, and populism. While the five as a group have lost vote share, certain parties have fared much better than others. This chapter introduces the five parties—first the longstanding catch-all parties and then the two smaller niche parties—and examines their development and prospects.
The Merkel Era
Authors: Lankowski Carl 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter on the energy transition in Germany is a case-study of building consensus for change. That process rested on the opportunity given by electoral rules and demography for the articulation of a clear green vision in Germany’s competitive multi-party system. Bündnis 90-Die Grünen fulfilled that role, compelling other parties to adjust. Their vision was amplified by the European Union (EU), which elaborated a policy framework that encouraged Europe’s most highly industrialized country to embark on an ambitious decarbonization programme. This required inspired political leadership, which came in the person of Angela Merkel. Building her reputation as environment minister pushing successfully for adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, her chancellorship was marked by commitment to the European project. Germany’s adjustment to the post-carbon world would be enabled and channelled through the EU. Germany’s Energiewende has been re-framed as a local expression of the European decarbonization project.
Jewish Life and Politics in Post-War Germany
Authors: Cronin Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the major developments in Germany’s Jewish community since the late 1970s, which saw the beginnings of a new self-confidence. It explores media events and social developments, including the ‘Fassbinder affair’ of 1985 and the migration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Germany since 1990. It also considers how life for Jews in Germany has changed over the past four decades. While the threat posed by the far Right has been a persistent problem, the federal government’s treatment of Germany’s Jewish minority, as well as attitudes held in society more generally, have been the subject of intense debate. In that respect, little has changed between the late 1970s and the early 2020s. The development of two parallel trends: a burgeoning Holocaust memory culture alongside calls for Germany to ‘draw a line under’ its Nazi past are also analysed.
German Literature, Theatre, and Film since 1990
Authors: Braun Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAfter decades of mutual distancing of politics and art, the political space opened up in a fundamental way in 1989/90. The events of the fall of the Wall and reunification entered literature and film as a theme, but what is political about them is now measured by aesthetic strategies and historically-reflected narratives. The author appears as an unreliable contemporary witness, the licence to fictions of memory decouples good stories from bad history, the literary business multiplies the symbolic capital of attention. This essay summarizes significant phenomena of literature, theatre, and film since 1990. First, it deals with the debates ignited by public and autobiographical texts of authors (e.g. the first all-German literary controversy about Christa Wolf). Secondly, it deals with the discussion about the great German novel with its claim to national representation (e.g. Günter Grass’s Ein weites Feld). Third, the vocabulary of nation and unity largely disappears from political poetry after 1990. Fourth, in the field of drama, a re-theatricalization with post-dramatic means occurs (chorus and compassion dramaturgy in Elfriede Jelinek). And fifth, in German film, politics returns as classic genre cinema in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) comedies and in films about well-known figures from contemporary German history.
The Governmental System and Political History of the GDR
Authors: Glaeßner Gert-Joachim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 1949, five years after the end of the Second World War, the joint military regime over defeated Germany came to an end and two German states were founded, the Federal Republic and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Both were part and parcel of the larger strategies of the two main powers, US and USSR. The foundation of two separate, semi-sovereign states in Germany was the result of the final collapse of the anti-war coalition. The political system established in East Germany reflected the interests of the Soviet Union to build a cordon sanitaire of socialist states in Eastern Europe, including the eastern part of Germany. From the early days until its end in 1990, the GDR remained a political system not of its own right but as a vassal of the Soviet Union. This chapter describes the development of the political system in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, the later GDR, which began immediately after the end of the war and laid the very foundations of a Stalinist regime, which, despite various changes, political turmoil, and ambivalent attempts of reforming the political, economic, and social system, was never overcome in the forty years the GDR existed. The ruling communist party, theSocialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED), was concerned with directing and controlling state and society. Its self-proclaimed omnipotence was not restricted simply to the state organization and the governmental system but included the economy, education, culture, and the way ordinary people could conduct their everyday life.
Transcranial brain stimulation and functional MRI
Authors: Windischberger Christian , Tik Martin , Thielscher Axel , Siebner Hartwig R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) complements non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) in multiple ways. Task or resting-state data acquired before NTBS can be used to identify or individualize stimulation targets. Individual network connectivity patterns have already been associated with differences in the treatment response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and might be useful biomarkers for future personalized NTBS treatments. FMRI has also been used to characterize the aftereffects of stimulation on brain activity. This approach revealed effects in remote brain regions that are not directly targeted by NTMS. These remote network effects show a complex dependency on stimulation parameters and brain state. Finally, applying NTBS online during fMRI allows for the direct assessment of immediate stimulation effects, but online fMRI is technically more challenging. Online combinations of NTBS with fMRI have confirmed that NTBS induces changes in brain activity at the network level and might be useful to reveal the individual dependency of the induced activity changes on the NTBS stimulation dose. This may be particularly relevant for NTBS targeting nonmotor brain areas.
Conservation after conflict
Authors: Johnson Jessica S. , Lione Brian Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Iraqi Institute for the Conservation of Antiquities and Heritage is a case study in how international cultural heritage professionals (archaeologists, conservators, architects, engineers) have been working to support the post-war recovery and redevelopment of the cultural heritage community in Iraq through a variety of educational and practical projects. Founded in 2008 with US government funding, and in collaboration with Iraqi government entities, the project has navigated the evolving public and heritage diplomacy environment over more than a decade. By working in the country, adapting educational programmes to on-the-ground realities, collaborating and partnering with governmental and academic Iraqi cultural heritage professionals in an constantly evolving political and cultural situation (often in crisis), the authors have supported (along with many others) capacity-building and sustainability of the Iraqi Institute for more than a decade.
De-centring museums in Indigenous community engagement
Authors: Osorio Sunnucks Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Museums have been critiqued for upholding colonial networks and asymmetrical power relationships, but critical museologies and Indigenous community action have resulted in interruptions to dominant paradigms. This chapter introduces some models that have been used to frame these developments, including the ‘contact zone’, noting, however, that multilingual world museologies outside of anglophone publications have frequently been overlooked. In the case of archaeological material ‘allochronism’ has often alienated contemporary people from their own histories and collections, de-politicizing their display through the spectacle of exotic and distant civilizations. How museums manipulate time and history is examined in this chapter with specific reference to the Maya. There have been few museum projects about the pre-contact Maya that position historical cultures within contemporary Maya theoretical frameworks. Two projects in which contemporary ancestral knowledge in the Yucatan is incorporated into museums with pre-contact Maya collections are presented here, highlighting how Indigenous archaeologies can overturn interpretational frameworks.
Photographic practices in museum archaeology
Authors: Klamm Stefanie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of photographs as working objects in archaeological museums by elaborating on practices with and on them in a historical focus. It explores these themes with reference to case studies of German (classical) archaeology, including the Antikensammlung (Collection of Classical Antiquities), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. First, it will address the very physical engagement with photographs by annotating, retouching, and cutting. Further, it focuses on the functions of photographs in archaeological exhibition displays in the past and today. It discusses how photo archives in archaeology are by no means innocent places: naming and cataloguing of photographs give evidence of the contested history of archaeology and its difficult heritage—a concern which transfers to the digital realm. Colonial legacies, for instance in classifying artefacts and in reference systems, continue into a digital image file’s metadata. In conclusion, the chapter reflects what happens to those collections of analogue photographs nowadays if they are subject to historization and digitization.
Introduction
Authors: Stevenson Alice 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the rationale for a volume devoted to Museum Archaeology and argues that it is the concept of ‘archaeological context’ that provides a disciplinary centre. This entails a shift from curation of single objects to the curation of relationships among objects, archives, fieldsites, and people. Museum Archaeology can and should be a critical awareness of the histories and agencies that form assemblages, a reflexive practice for ongoing archaeological documentation and analysis, and a responsive, sensitive, and community-engaged approach to interpretation and access. How these principles are developed through the volume is presented here, alongside a summary of the seven themed sections: (A) collecting, categorizing, and challenging histories; (B) contemporary agencies of curation and communities of practice; (C) locating museums and collections; (D) alternative materialities: beyond finds; (E) fieldwork in the museum; (F) exhibitionary cultures; and (G) expanding and transcending the museum: social justice and digital frontiers.
Affective museums
Authors: Bezerra Marcia , Ferreira Luzia Gomes 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practices of artefact collection by members of local communities living around archaeological sites. These phenomena have been traditionally studied through perspectives that emphasize preservation and physical conservation of patrimonial assets meaning those practices have generally been seen as acts of destruction. However, we argue that such practices would be better understood seen as sensitive acts. We look at such practices in local communities of the Brazilian Amazon, where collectors gather artefacts to create small collections. These are formed by a combination of archaeological objects, photographs, and personal belongings that, ultimately, end up forming ‘affective museums’. Nevertheless, there is a discrepancy between these practices and those adopted by museums, and national heritage legislation. We argue that a more sensitive analysis contributes to ensuring that the epistemic violence that ignores and erases other modes of thought will not be perpetuated within the discipline of archaeology and museums.
Participatory Action Research and the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Dawson Marcelle C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical overview of participatory action research (PAR) as a means of studying political participation. Amidst growing concern that “parachute-style” research was further disempowering the communities it intended to uplift, there was a turn in the 1970s towards more participatory modes of research that recognized the importance of local knowledge and insights in shaping social change. In addressing the central tenets and underlying philosophies of PAR, this chapter emphasizes everyday politics as a legitimate site for the development of contemporary political subjectivities. Moreover, it suggests that PAR is, itself, a form of political participation in that it has the potential to bring about durable social change by amplifying the agency of research participants. In closing, the chapter addresses the intersection between PAR and Indigenous research methods, and briefly considers the implications of the decolonial turn for the study of political participation.
Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the Study of Political Participation
Authors: Nunes Ana I. , Henn Matt 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we reflect on earlier sections of the book that address core theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches in the study of political participation, and consider the notion that the so-called quantitative–qualitative divide in this academic field is neither inevitable nor to be preferred. Taking as a starting point that it is possible to construct a bridge between quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we consider the potential value to be gained by adopting mixed methods approaches when studying how people choose to engage in politics. Such mixed methods approaches to research are flexible and pragmatic, reflecting the nature of the questions to be studied as well as the context in which such a project is to be conducted. Drawing upon a range of examples from the field, we address matters of ontology, epistemology, and methodology, as well as different methodological movements, before focusing on the purposes, forms, and sequences of the mixed methods approach (such as concurrent, transformative, and sequential mixed methods).
Political Consumerism and Lifestyle Activism
Authors: Lorenzini Jasmine , Forno Francesca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Political consumerism and lifestyle activism contribute to social change in Western democracies. Acts such as buying organic food, exchanging clothes, or cycling to work are part of contemporary action repertoires. Today, these forms of political participation define what it means to be a citizen. Yet, few studies question underpinning understandings of social change and democratic decision-making processes at the core of these forms of political participation. In this chapter, we ask: What are the mechanisms and procedural understandings of social change associated with political consumerism and lifestyle activism? First, we discuss how these forms of participation contribute to contemporary action repertoires. Then, we analyze mechanisms associated with social change and conceptions of collective decision-making processes. We argue that political consumerism and lifestyle activism are associated with unequal political participation and that they lack a procedural understanding of democracy that allows the inclusion of different segments of society in decision-making processes.
Institutional Context and Political Participation
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter engages with the notions of institutions and the political context with a view to retracing long-term scholarly developments as well as furthering a new reading of the relationship between institutions and the political context on the one hand and political participation on the other. In particular, the chapter puts a strong emphasis on a research agenda that focusses on fields of politics, embedding institutions and the political context in an analysis that also considers how they can be changed by political participation itself. Drawing on a large volume of empirical research about typically contentious fields such as migration, ethnicity, unemployment, youth, and precarity, the strongest argument is that scholarship is going beyond a conflict-ridden approach that is ubiquitous both within the neo-liberal and the neo-Marxist camp. Many fields of politics may depend upon norms and institutions in the policy sphere intersecting with bottom-up participation in the public sphere.
Political Participation across Cultures
Authors: Deutsch Franziska 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter examines the role of culture, understood as a common or shared system of orientation, as a context for political participation. Focusing on value patterns as an important characteristic that differentiates cultures, it reviews three empirical, dimensional approaches to the study of cultural values and their impact on political participation: Hofstede (2001, 2010, 2011), Schwartz (1999, 2006, 2008), and Inglehart and Welzel (2005). Using representative survey data from the European Values Study and World Values Survey (EVS/WVS 2017-2020), illustrative empirical evidence complements this overview. It is argued that while often overlooked, culture provides a fruitful approach to the study of political participation across contexts and should be included more systematically in comparative research.
Age, Generation, and Political Participation
Authors: Serra Laura , Smets Kaat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the role played by age and generations in explaining political participation. While age-related characteristics are a commonly remarked upon feature in studies of participation, the importance of age as a determinant of political attitudes and behaviors has become increasingly striking over the years, generating renewed scholarly interest in the matter. Age is thought to affect not only whether someone participates in politics, but also the ways in which they participate and the value sets that influence these decisions. This chapter outlines these dynamics by reviewing the literature on the development of political orientations and assessing the role played by socializing agents in driving participation patterns. It further examines how stable these patterns are across the areas of turnout, unconventional or alternative forms of participation, and political values. Finally, the chapter discusses the methodological difficulties arising from attempting to untangle the effects of aging, cohorts, and periods.
Race, Ethnicity, and Political Participation
Authors: Abrajano Marisa , Leighley Jan E. , Markarian G. Agustin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides recent data on group differences in voter turnout and political participation of African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans in the United States and discusses advances in our understanding of the processes (e.g., mobilization, legal reforms, experiences of minorities with the carceral state) and mechanisms (e.g., resources, group consciousness, identity) that account for such differences. Our review supports the argument that political participation of marginalized groups reflects the costs and benefits imposed by the broader political and historical contexts in addition to the typical individual-level factors considered in standard participation models. Thus, generalizing our understanding of race, ethnicity, and participation across different political systems and social contexts requires a nuanced understanding of country-specific histories and efforts to draw broad, systematic, comparative conclusions regarding race and ethnicity as determinants of participation can be highly problematic.
Identity, Emotions, and Political Participation
Authors: Jasper James M. , Zhelnina Anna 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAbstract: This chapter examines the interplay of collective identities and emotions in a variety of processes involving participation: avoiding it, engaging others, continuing and making strategic decisions, and disengaging from it. The term “collective identity” refers to how individuals feel and think about groups. Collective identities are emotional as much as they are cognitive: they involve feelings about the ingroups and outgroups, but also shape many other emotions that people experience. Group pride, hate for opponents, compassion for others, yearning for our strategic objectives, shock at threats to our groups: these are abiding emotions that are symbolically elaborated and embodied in arguments, ideologies, and books as part of even the most “rational” of thinking–feeling processes. A full range of emotions is at play in political action, both directed at groups and shaped by group identities, as individuals move in and out of political participation.
Macro-Level Effects of Political Participation
Authors: Andrews Kenneth T. , Janko Erica , Vo Austin T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abstract: What are the macro-social effects of mass political participation? This chapter integrates insights from scholarship on voting, civic associations, social movements, public policy, culture, and political institutions to theorize the ways that macro changes may be shaped by mass political participation. Focus is placed on empirical evidence across three main domains: policy, culture, and institutions. Mass political participation exerts influence indirectly on the formation of policy proposals and adoption through the media agenda, interest groups, and elected officials. Voting and other forms of participation in institutional politics can impact political culture by shaping political legitimacy, trust, and public opinion, and generate new modes of political expression. Democratization efforts supported by civil society institutions also work to shape the integration or fragmentation of a polity and the development of state capacity. This chapter concludes by identifying an opportunity for future scholarship to consider the independent and joint effects of different types of mass political participation.