bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Dietitian Experts’ Role in Khartoum State Hospitals-Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Abuagla Mona Abdelgadir 
Published: January 2022

Background: Nutrition is a major lifestyle factor in health promotion, prevention and treatment of several population health issues [1]. There are some published studies that show the benefits associated with nutrition interventions provided by dietitians but there is still a need for studies that go beyond the intervention approach to explore these roles teams [2]. In this study out of a total of 227 dietitians in Khartoum state government hospitals, only 42 participated in the electronic questionnaire. The majority (31.0%) of these dietitians were aged between 40-49 years with 93.10% experienced between 6-10 years, Also, most of them (52.4%) have post-graduate studies and have a good awareness of their field of specialization. However, they pointed out that there are some obstacles to work, such as working components (31.1%).
Objectives: The main ejective of this study was to assess the dietitian experts’ role in Khartoum hospital state, The specific objectives was to assess the dietitians role, services provided, dietitian knowledge in Khartoum hospitals state, to assess the level of performance of dietitian experts and their specializations, and whether there are any impediments to doing so.
Study design (method used): The researcher(s) adopted a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study. An online electronic questionnaire was sent to a dietitians in government hospitals in Khartoum state in the period from September 18 to October 18, 2021, as a data collection tool to identify the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, services provided, and Knowledge assessment After the approval of the head of the department at the Ministry of Health, the electronic questionnaire was sent to the dietitians in hospitals through Google, then the data was analyzed using the SPSS program and placed in the tables.
Sampling: The questionnaire targeted all dietitians experts in government hospitals in Khartoum state (227) but the number that completed the questionnaire was 42.
Problem Statement: There are not many studies that explain the role and importance of dietitian in hospitals and some performance problems, so I wanted to shed light on these aspects.
Hypotheses: Due to my work for several years in Khartoum state hospitals, I expect that the nutritionist will have the scientific information that would enable them to perform, but they lack the possibility of having work tools to help that.
Setting: The research was conducted in the state of Khartoum, which is the capital of Sudan and inhabited by about 8 million people, representing the various cultures and races in Sudan. The nutrition departments are affiliated to the Hospital Administration at the Ministry of Health, which has close to 54 of government hospitals, which providing service for 24 hours, including general and specialized hospitals [3,4].
Participants: The number of dietitians in government hospitals was approximately 227, and only 42 of them participated in completing the questionnaire.
Effects of Temperature, Pressure and Physico-Chemical Characteristics on the Atomization and Disintegration of Jatropha Oil and its Formulations
Authors: Téré Dabilgou , Augustin Zongo S. , Boubou Bagre , Guy Christian Tubreoumya , Sayouba Sandwidi , Kayaba Haro , Tizane Daho , Jean Koulidiati , Oumar Sanogo , Belkacem Zeghmati , Antoine Bere 
Published: January 2022

The physicochemical characteristics of vegetable oils, the atomization and the particle size of the spray are fundamental aspects for the simulation of their combustion on burners.
In this study, the influence of temperature and pressure on the disintegration of the jet of jatropha oil and its mixture with gas oil was simulated on a Riello Gulliver burner with power ranging from 22.5 to 35.6 KW. The disintegration and dispersion conditions of the droplets from the burner were determined using the average Sauter diameter by equations and mathematical functions. The results showed that there is a minimum temperature and pressure (130°C and 14 bar, respectively) from which it is possible to obtain an adequate disintegration of jatropha oil and its mixtures with diesel with suitable selected type of burner. These simulation results are consistent with results obtained experimentally and show satisfactory disintegration conditions at low pressure.
Controllable Generation of Antiferromagnetic Skyrmions in Synthetic Antiferromagnets with Thermal Effect
Authors: Chen Ruyi , Cui Qirui , Han Lei , Xue Xiaotian , Liang Jinghua , Bai Hua , Zhou Yongjian , Pan Feng , Yang Hongxin , Song Cheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions have gained unprecedented attention for their potential applications in spintronic devices, such as non‐volatile memory, energy‐efficient, and non‐von Neumann devices. In particular, skyrmions in synthetic antiferromagnets (SAF) are believed to overcome the fundamental limitations of the widely studied ferromagnetic skyrmions in terms of size and effective current‐induced manipulation. Recently, several methods have been proposed to stabilize SAF skyrmions, however, the controllable creation and manipulation of skyrmions in SAF remains a challenge. Here, the generation, manipulation, and current‐driven dynamics of SAF skyrmions are studied by a thermal induced integrated device. The thermal created SAF skyrmion provides a prerequisite for the subsequent current‐driven dynamics research where apparent inhibition of skyrmion Hall effect is observed due to the effectively compensated topological charge. In addition, by tuning the heating current, the density of skyrmions in SAF can be effectively manipulated, which is a key factor for utilizing SAF skyrmions toward practical spintronic devices.
The complex Y‐chromosomal history of gorillas
Authors: Städele Veronika , Arandjelovic Mimi , Nixon Stuart , Bergl Richard A. , Bradley Brenda J. , Breuer Thomas , Cameron Kenneth N. , Guschanski Katerina , Head Josephine , Kyungu Jean C. , Masi Shelly , Morgan David B. , Reed Patricia , Robbins Martha M. , Sanz Crickette , Smith Vincent , Stokes Emma J. , Thalmann Olaf , Todd Angelique , Vigilant Linda 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStudies of the evolutionary relationships among gorilla populations using autosomal and mitochondrial sequences suggest that male‐mediated gene flow may have been important in the past, but data on the Y‐chromosomal relationships among the gorilla subspecies are limited. Here, we genotyped blood and noninvasively collected fecal samples from 12 captives and 257 wild male gorillas of known origin representing all four subspecies (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, G. g. diehli, G. beringei beringei, and G. b. graueri) at 10 Y‐linked microsatellite loci resulting in 102 unique Y‐haplotypes for 224 individuals. We found that western lowland gorilla (G. g. gorilla) haplotypes were consistently more diverse than any other subspecies for all measures of diversity and comprised several genetically distinct groups. However, these did not correspond to geographical proximity and some closely related haplotypes were found several hundred kilometers apart. Similarly, our broad sampling of eastern gorillas revealed that mountain (G. b. beringei) and Grauer's (G. b. graueri) gorilla Y‐chromosomal haplotypes did not form distinct clusters. These observations suggest structure in the ancestral population with subsequent mixing of differentiated haplotypes by male dispersal for western lowland gorillas, and postisolation migration or incomplete lineage sorting due to short divergence times for eastern gorillas.
Pharmacokinetic‐based failure of a detergent virucidal for severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nasal infections: A preclinical study and randomized controlled trial
Authors: Esther Charles R. , Kimura Kyle S. , Mikami Yu , Edwards Caitlin E. , Das Suman R. , Freeman Michael H. , Strickland Britton A. , Brown Hunter M. , Wessinger Bronson C. , Gupta Veerain C. , Von Wahlde Kate , Sheng Quanhu , Huang Li Ching , Bacon Daniel R. , Kimple Adam J. , Ceppe Agathe S. , Kato Takafumi , Pickles Raymond J. , Randell Scott H. , Baric Ralph S. , Turner Justin H. , Boucher Richard C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe nose is the portal for severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, suggesting the nose as a target for topical antiviral therapies. The purpose of this study was to assess both the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of a detergent‐based virucidal agent, Johnson and Johnson's Baby Shampoo (J&J), in SARS‐CoV‐2–infected subjects.MethodsSubjects were randomized into three treatment groups: (1) twice daily nasal irrigation with J&J in hypertonic saline, (2) hypertonic saline alone, and (3) no intervention. Complementary in vitro experiments were performed in cultured human nasal epithelia. The primary outcome measure in the clinical trial was change in SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load over 21 days. Secondary outcomes included symptom scores and change in daily temperature. Outcome measures for in vitro studies included change in viral titers.ResultsSeventy‐two subjects completed the clinical study (n = 24 per group). Despite demonstrated safety and robust efficacy in in vitro virucidal assays, J&J irrigations had no impact on viral titers or symptom scores in treated subjects relative to controls. Similar findings were observed administering J&J to infected cultured human airway epithelia using protocols mimicking the clinical trial regimen. Additional studies of cultured human nasal epithelia demonstrated that lack of efficacy reflected pharmacokinetic failure, with the most virucidal J&J detergent components rapidly absorbed from nasal surfaces.ConclusionIn this randomized clinical trial of subjects with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a topical detergent‐based virucidal agent had no effect on viral load or symptom scores. Complementary in vitro studies confirmed a lack of efficacy, reflective of pharmacokinetic failure and rapid absorption from nasal surfaces.
Bimetallic Palladium/Cobalt Catalysis for Enantioselective Allylic C−H Alkylation via a Transient Chiral Nucleophile Strategy
Authors: Wang Hongkai , Xu Yang , Zhang Fangqing , Liu Yangbin , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAn asymmetric allylic C−H functionalization has been developed by making use of transient chiral nucleophiles, as well as bimetallic synergistic catalysis with an achiral Pd0 catalyst and a chiral N,N′‐dioxide‐CoII complex. A variety of β‐ketoesters and N‐Boc oxindoles coupled with allylbenzenes and aliphatic terminal alkenes were well tolerated, furnishing the desired allylic alkylation products in high yields (up to 99 %) with excellent regioselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
Structures of Silver Fingers and a Pathway to Their Genotoxicity
Authors: Kluska Katarzyna , Veronesi Giulia , Deniaud Aurélien , Hajdu Bálint , Gyurcsik Béla , Bal Wojciech , Krężel Artur 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecently, we demonstrated that AgI can directly replace ZnII in zinc fingers (ZFs). The cooperative binding of AgI to ZFs leads to a thermodynamically irreversible formation of silver clusters destroying the native ZF structure. Thus, a reported loss of biological function of ZF proteins is a likely consequence of such replacement. Here, we report an X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study of AgnSn clusters formed in ZFs to probe their structural features. Selective probing of the local environment around AgI by XAS showed the predominance of digonal AgI coordination to two sulfur donors, coordinated with an average Ag−S distance at 2.41 Å. No Ag−N bonds were present. A mixed AgS2/AgS3 geometry was found solely in the CCCH AgI−ZF. We also show that cooperative replacement of ZnII ions with the studied Ag2S2 clusters occurred in a three‐ZF transcription factor protein 1MEY#, leading to a dissociation of 1MEY# from the complex with its cognate DNA.
Anion–π Catalysis Enabled by the Mechanical Bond**
Authors: Maynard John R. J. , Galmés Bartomeu , Stergiou Athanasios D. , Symes Mark D. , Frontera Antonio , Goldup Stephen M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe report a series of rotaxane‐based anion–π catalysts in which the mechanical bond between a bipyridine macrocycle and an axle containing an NDI unit is intrinsic to the activity observed, including a [3]rotaxane that catalyses an otherwise disfavoured Michael addition in >60 fold selectivity over a competing decarboxylation pathway that dominates under Brønsted base conditions. The results are rationalized by detailed experimental investigations, electrochemical and computational analysis.
Amyloid‐Templated Palladium Nanoparticles for Water Purification by Electroreduction
Authors: Teng Jie , Peydayesh Mohammad , Lu Jiandong , Zhou Jiangtao , Benedek Peter , Schäublin Robin E. , You Shijie , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: January 2022

AbstractElectrocatalysis offers great promise for water purification but is limited by low active area and high uncontrollability of electrocatalysts. To overcome these constraints, we propose hybrid bulk electrodes by synthesizing and binding a Pd nanocatalyst (nano‐Pd) to the electrodes via amyloid fibrils (AFs). The AFs template is effective for controlling the nucleation, growth, and assembly of nano‐Pd on the electrode. In addition, the three‐dimensional hierarchically porous nanostructure of AFs is beneficial for loading high‐density nano‐Pd with a large active area. The novel hybrid cathodes exhibit superior electroreduction performance for the detoxification of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), 4‐chlorophenol, and trichloroacetic acid in wastewater and drinking water. This study provides a proof‐of‐concept design of an AFs‐templated nano‐Pd‐based hybrid electrode, which constitutes a paradigm shift in electrocatalytic water purification, and broadens the horizon of its potential engineered applications.
Molecular Dipole‐Induced Photoredox Catalysis for Hydrogen Evolution over Self‐Assembled Naphthalimide Nanoribbons
Authors: Lin Huan , Wang Junhui , Zhao Jiwu , Zhuang Yan , Liu Bingqian , Zhu Yujiao , Jia Huaping , Wu Kaifeng , Shen Jinni , Fu Xianzhi , Zhang Xuming , Long Jinlin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractD‐π‐A type 4‐((9‐phenylcarbazol‐3‐yl)ethynyl)‐N‐dodecyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide (CZNI) with a large dipole moment of 8.49 D and A‐π‐A type bis[(4,4′‐1,8‐naphthalimide)‐N‐dodecyl]ethyne (NINI) with a negligible dipole moment of 0.28 D, were smartly designed and synthesized to demonstrate the evidence of a molecular dipole as the dominant mechanism for controlling charge separation of organic semiconductors. In aqueous solution, these two novel naphthalimides can self‐assemble to form nanoribbons (NRs) that present significantly different traces of exciton dissociation dynamics. Upon photoexcitation of NINI‐NRs, no charge‐separated excitons (CSEs) are formed due to the large exciton binding energy, accordingly there is no hydrogen evolution. On the contrary, in the photoexcited CZNI‐NRs, the initial bound Frenkel excitons are dissociated to long‐lived CSEs after undergoing ultrafast charge transfer within ca. 1.25 ps and charge separation within less than 5.0 ps. Finally, these free electrons were injected into Pt co‐catalysts for reducing protons to H2 at a rate of ca. 417 μmol h−1 g−1, correspondingly an apparent quantum efficiency of ca. 1.3 % can be achieved at 400 nm.
Engineering Olefin‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoenzymatic Reduction of CO2
Authors: Zhao Zhengfeng , Zheng Dong , Guo Menglei , Yu Jiangyue , Zhang Sainan , Zhang Zhenjie , Chen Yao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is of profound significance concerning the global energy and environmental crisis to develop new techniques that can reduce and convert CO2. To address this challenge, we built a new type of artificial photoenzymatic system for CO2 reduction, using a rationally designed mesoporous olefin‐linked covalent organic framework (COF) as the porous solid carrier for co‐immobilizing formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and Rh‐based electron mediator. By adjusting the incorporating content of the Rh electronic mediator, which facilitates the regeneration of nicotinamide cofactor (NADH) from NAD+, the apparent quantum yield can reach as high as 9.17±0.44 %, surpassing all reported NADH‐regenerated photocatalysts constructed by crystalline framework materials. Finally, the assembled photocatalyst–enzyme coupled system can selectively convert CO2 to formic acid with high efficiency and good reusability. This work demonstrates the first example using COFs to immobilize enzymes for artificial photosynthesis systems that utilize solar energy to produce value‐added chemicals.
Autism service preferences of parents/guardians and autistic adults in five countries
Authors: Cascio M. Ariel , Racine Eric 
Published: January 2022

AbstractScholars and activists debate whether people on the autism spectrum should access autism‐specific services or general/inclusive/mainstream services. This article presents quantitative results from a mixed‐methods survey of autistic adults and parents/guardians of autistic people in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. Respondents reported categories of services used (autism‐specific, mixed‐disability, or general/inclusive/mainstream), satisfaction, and overall service preference. Most respondents preferred autism‐specific services, followed by different categories of services for different service types. Demographic factors had little influence on overall service preferences. No significant differences were found between adults' and parents/guardians' overall service preferences. For parents/guardians, using autism‐specific services was associated with a preference for autism‐specific services. There were significant associations between the services respondents reported having previously used and their overall service preference. Parents/guardians in Italy and France reported lower satisfaction with many services. These results suggest that a preference for autism‐specific services pervades different groups. While most respondents did endorse autism‐specific services, the strong secondary preference for different service categories encourages providers and policy makers to attend to diverse needs. While satisfaction was generally middling to high, there remain areas for improvement, especially in general job training services. General services can use a Universal Design approach and collaborate with autism‐specific and mixed‐disability services to increase accessibility to diverse populations. The influence of previous service use on preferences suggests that providers can leverage strengths of existing services, leverage and create connections, and ask users about previous experiences to better address their expectations.Lay SummaryThis study asked autistic adults and parents/guardians of autistic people what they think about autism services. Most parents/guardians and adults liked services that focus on autism, but many parents/guardians and adults liked them for some things and not others. All services can ask people about services they used in the past and learn from the strengths of good services through Universal Design and working with other services.
Analyzing and Mitigating Water Utility System Vulnerabilities
Authors: Davies Augustus W. , Dubow Joel B. , Collins George , Borky John M. 
Published: January 2022

Key TakeawaysWater distribution and wastewater systems are vulnerable to physical attacks and cyberattacks.Security is critical for remote telemetry units (RTUs) because they can be a target for malicious service disruptions.Changes to present‐day RTU designs to improve effectiveness, situational awareness, and response times should minimize potential exploitation.
Progress in the development of naturally derived active metabolites‐based drugs: Potential therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mani Renuka , sha Sulthana Ahmed , Muthusamy Ganesan , Elangovan Namasivayam 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is an extensive age‐associated neurodegenerative disorder. In spite of wide‐ranging progress in understanding the AD pathology for the past 50 years, clinical trials based on the hypothesis of amyloid‐beta (Aβ) have reserved worsening particularly at late‐stage human trials. Consequently, very few old drugs are presently used for AD with inadequate clinical consequences and various side effects. We focus on widespread pharmacological and beneficial principles for existing as well as future drugs. Multitargeting approaches by means of general antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms allied with particular receptor and/or enzyme‐mediated actions in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. The plant kingdom comprises a vast range of species with an incredible diversity of bioactive metabolites with diverse chemical scaffolds. In recent times, an increasing body of facts recommended the use of phytochemicals to decelerate AD's onset and progression. The definitive goal of AD investigation is to avert the onset of neurodegeneration, thereby allowing successful aging devoid of cognitive decline. At this point, we discussed the neurological protective role of natural products and naturally derived therapeutic agents for AD from various natural polyphenolic compounds and medicinal plants. In conclusion, medicinal plants act as a chief source of different bioactive constituents.
Highly Efficient, Dendrite‐Free Zinc Electrodeposition in Mild Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries through Indium‐Based Substrates
Authors: Tribbia Michele , Glenneberg Jens , Zampardi Giorgia , La Mantia Fabio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuasi‐neutral aqueous zinc‐ion (Zn‐ion) batteries are nowadays among the most promising energy storage devices for smart‐grid applications. However, their practical use remains hindered by the low Zn electrodeposition efficiency at the negative electrode, which is especially reduced due to the parasitic evolution of gaseous hydrogen. Indium is a non‐toxic metal showing poor hydrogen evolution kinetics, but it is also very expensive. Therefore, an optimized mixture of bismuth and indium particles has been used as the substrate for the Zn electrodeposition and dissolution reaction to increase its reversibility and its efficiency in a quasi‐neutral ZnSO4 solution. This strategy not only allowed to prolong the cycle life of a full Zn‐ion cell of 10 times at 0.5 C due to the suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction, as proved by the operando DEMS analysis, but also led to very homogeneous zinc deposits over prolonged cycling at realistic charge and current densities.
Dual Activities of Oxidation and Oxidative Decarboxylation by Flavoenzymes
Authors: Trisrivirat Duangthip , Sutthaphirom Chalermroj , Pimviriyakul Panu , Chaiyen Pimchai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSpecific flavoenzyme oxidases catalyze oxidative decarboxylation in addition to their classical oxidation reactions in the same active sites. The mechanisms underlying oxidative decarboxylation by these enzymes and how they control their two activities are not clearly known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of four enzymes from the l‐amino acid oxidase and l‐hydroxy acid oxidase families, including l‐tryptophan 2‐monooxygenase, l‐phenylalanine 2‐oxidase and l‐lysine oxidase/monooxygenase and lactate monooxygenase which catalyze substrate oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation. Apart from specific interactions to allow substrate oxidation by the flavin cofactor, specific binding of oxidized product in the active sites appears to be important for enabling subsequent decarboxylation by these enzymes. Based on recent findings of l‐lysine oxidase/monooxygenase, we propose that nucleophilic attack of H2O2 on the imino acid product is the mechanism enabling oxidative decarboxylation.