bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicotine dependence and quitting stages of smokers in Nepal: A community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Timilsina Janaki Kumari , Bhatta Bimala , Devkota Amrit 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionNicotine dependence is an addiction to tobacco products caused by the chemical nicotine present in tobacco. 80% of premature deaths due to nicotine dependence come from low-and middle-income countries. Since most of the public health studies have focused solely on psychological and behavioral factors associated with tobacco smoking, this study aims to assess the nicotine dependence and stages of change of quitting smoking.MethodologyA community based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 smokers aged 15–69 years in Bharatpur metropolitan, Nepal. A semi-structured and validated questionnaire was used during the face-to-face interviews. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed using the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the associations between variables at the significance level α = 0.05.ResultIn the study population, the mean score of FTND was 5.15 ± 2.34. 33.9% participants had a high level of nicotine dependence and nearly half of the participants felt difficulty to refrain smoking even in No-smoking areas. Almost three out of ten respondents were prepared for smoking cessation. It was found that age group 20–39 years were more likely to have nicotine dependence (AOR 3.308, 95% CI = 1.039–10.534), those who initiated smoking before age of 15 were associated with a greater risk of nicotine dependence (AOR 3.68, 95% CI = 1.826–7.446), participants spending more on tobacco products (more than Rs 2400 monthly) were associated with an increased risk of nicotine dependence (AOR 4.47, 95% CI = 2.225–8.991), those who initiated smoking due to mental stress were more likely to have nicotine addiction (AOR 2.522, 95% CI = 1.004–6.028), and those who had no thought of quitting smoking were more associated with nicotine dependence (AOR 4.935, 95% CI = 1.458–16.699).ConclusionOur study showed that high level of nicotine dependence is a major public health problem in low-and middle-income countries like Nepal. It also highlights that effective smoking cessation programs should be developed considering the level of nicotine dependence with more focus on early interventions of its associated factors.
Continuous Arrhythmia Monitoring in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Left Ventricular Noncompaction
Authors: Jefferies John L. , Spar David S. , Chaouki A. Sami , Khoury Philip R. , Casson Paula , Czosek Richard J. 
Published: April 2022

Patients with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) are at risk of clinically significant arrhythmias and sudden death. We evaluated whether implantable loop recorders could detect significant arrhythmias that might be missed in these patients during annual Holter monitoring.
Selected pediatric and adult patients with LVNC who consented to implantable loop recorder placement were monitored for 3 years (study duration, 10 April 2014–9 December 2019). Fourteen subjects were included (age range, 6.5–36.4 yr; 8 males). Of 13 patients who remained after one device extrusion, one underwent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. Four patients (31%) had significant arrhythmias: atrial tachycardia (n=2), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (n=1), and atrial fibrillation (n=1). All 4 events were clinically asymptomatic and not associated with left ventricular ejection fraction. In addition, a high frequency of benign arrhythmic patterns was detected.
Implantable loop recorders enable continuous, long-term detection of important subclinical arrhythmias in selected patients who have LVNC. These devices may prove to be most valuable in patients who have LVNC and moderate or greater ventricular dysfunction.
Is styrene competitive for dopamine receptor binding?
Authors: De Santis Emiliano , Minicozzi Velia , Rossi Giancarlo , Stellato Francesco , Morante Silvia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The potential role of styrene oxide in altering the dopaminergic pathway in the ear is investigated by means of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. We estimate the binding affinity of both styrene oxide and dopamine to the dopaminergic receptor DrD2 by computing the free-energy difference, ∆G, between the configuration where the ligand is bound to the receptor and the situation in which it is “infinitely” far away from it. The results show that the styrene oxide has a somewhat lower affinity for binding with respect to dopamine, which, however, may not be enough to prevent exogenous high concentration styrene oxide to compete with endogenous dopamine for DrD2 binding.
Prenatal diagnosis of ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome ‒ a case report with literature review
Authors: Savukyne Egle , Machtejeviene Egle , Bajeruniene Kotryna , Asmoniene Virginija 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia clefting (EEC) syndrome is a rare genetic anomaly described as ectrodactyly (hands and feet), ectodermal dysplasia, and facial cleft with an incidence of around 1 in 90,000 in the population. This syndrome belongs to the TP63 gene’s mutation family. Ectrodactyly is described as the absence of the central toes or fingers or parts of these appendages. Ectodermal dysplasia usually includes changes in the skin, teeth, hair, nails, endocrine glands, nasolacrimal ducts, genitourinary system, conductive hearing loss.

Case presentation
This is a unique case of a 40-year-old second gravida, suspected of having a sporadic form of EEC syndrome. Routine transabdominal ultrasound at 14 weeks of gestation revealed malformation of the limbs. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound at 16 weeks showed a fetus with ectrodactyly of right hand and foot and cleft palate presence. Diagnostic amniocentesis was performed at 17 weeks of gestation. A molecular genetics test using the Sanger sequencing method from amniotic fluid was performed by scanning TP63 gene sequences and revealed a heterozygous pathogenic variant in TP63. The patient decided on feticide.

Conclusions
The heredity of the syndrome is autosomal dominant with high variable expression. More than 300 clinical cases of this syndrome are described in the literature, including both sexes, but the actual etiology is unknown.
Design and analysis of a multiple notched UWB-BPF based on microstrip-to-CPW transition
Authors: Ghazali Abu Nasar , Sazid Mohd , Pal Srikanta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The manuscript presents a broadside coupled ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with quasi-elliptic response having multiple transmission zeros (TZs) in/out of the UWB spectrum. Developed on a low cost substrate (FR4), the basic geometry consists of a short-circuited co-planar waveguide (CPW) in ground coupled to the back-to-back arranged microstrip lines on the top. This broadband balun architecture leads to a 3rd order bandpass filter (BPF) with good quasi-elliptic frequency characteristics. Later, split ring resonators (SRRs) and folded SRRs (FSRRs) are placed adjacent to the input/output (I/O) feeding lines to develop the multiple in/out band TZs. The proposed structure is fabricated and measured for its frequency characteristics. The notched-BPF occupies an area of 21.6 × 16 mm2.
Calcium oxide addition and ultrasonic pretreatment-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of granatum for adsorption of lead
Authors: Geng Jinfeng , Tang Xiangchao , Xu Jie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydrochar is a promising adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals, but the low surface area limits the removal efficiency and practical application. Therefore, improving the surface area of the hydrochar is critical to increasing the adsorbent removal. In this study, the ultrasonic pretreatment of biomass (10‒30 min) and CaO addition (5‒15%) were adopted to assist the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of granatum at 220°C. The properties of the modified hydrochar and the removal efficiency for Pb2+ in the aqueous solution were investigated. Results showed that the porosity of hydrochar was obviously improved by the CaO addition, and the largest surface area of 21.86 m2·g−1 was obtained during HTC with 15% CaO addition. Meanwhile, the functional groups of ‒OH and C═O increased and the pH of the hydrochar increased from weakly acidic to alkaline by CaO addition. The Pb2+ adsorption capacity of raw hydrochar was 10.03 mg·g−1, and it was enhanced by 80.76‒171.58% after CaO addition. The ultrasonic pretreatment of granatum had little effect on the characteristics of hydrochar except to improve the surface area from 8.27 to 9.06 m2·g−1, resulting in a 1.30‒6.78% increase in the adsorption capacity.
Impact of Obesity on Bone Metabolism in Children
Authors: Korkmaz Hüseyin Anıl , Özkan Behzat 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease that can increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, hypertension, and other health problems that affect the musculoskeletal system. There is a complex interaction between obesity and bone metabolism. In children with obesity, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway causes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes via osteoblasts, in which results in low bone mass and osteoporosis. Systemic inflammation in obesity has negative effects on bone metabolism. An increase in the number and size of adipose tissue and adipocytokines secreted from adipocytes affect the bone mass of the whole body with hormonal and biochemical effects. The skeletal effects of obesity are mediated by higher oxidative stress and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Osteoporosis due to obesity has increased morbidity and mortality in recent years, resulting in important health problems in developed and developing countries.
Anglicismos coloquiales en la toponimia española
Authors: Lillo Antonio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
English is the source of many of the colloquial, unofficial names we use for towns, cities, regions and the like in Spain today. Yet, due to the special (some might even say marginal) linguistic status of proper names and the ever-changing, fluid nature of informal Spanish, the importance and extent of this particular kind of influence of English on the Spanish lexicon have gone unnoticed in studies on Anglicisms. Based on a corpus of European Spanish tweets containing colloquial alternatives for traditional place names, this article examines some two hundred unconventional toponyms borrowed from or somehow inspired by English. Not surprisingly, only a few of these toponyms qualify as genuine Anglicisms. Most are faux-English pronunciations, spellings or names translated, often quite badly, from Spanish. The inherent oddity and humour of these loanwords, be they authentic or faux, hinge on an incongruity between their anglicised forms and the cultural affiliation of their referents and serve to create a sense of social closeness between participants in conversation.
An Uncertain Secularisation: Reproductive Rights in Contemporary Italy
Authors: Hanafin Patrick 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The area of reproductive politics in Italy demonstrates both a process of secularisation and desecularisation. On the one hand the highly conservative Assisted Reproduction Act of 2004 has been challenged in the courts leading to a resecularisation of this area of law. On the other hand the Abortion Act of 1978 has been descularised by the high usage by doctors of the conscientious objection clause of the Act. This article looks at this parallel movement of both secularisation and desecularisation.
Law’s Dark Clarity: Hugo and the ‘Misery’ of Legal Categorizations
Authors: Vazquez Melisa Liana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Laws punish delinquents after having made them such, and yet this is not inevitable. At work in this phenomenon is a melding of ‘ought’ and ‘is’ in which the law renders criminal behavior perpetually determinative by recognizing only a duty to abide by statutes while simultaneously losing site of the magma of meanings and behaviors that constitute human lives. Using the core of Hugo’s epic Les Misérables as a kind of mirroring illustration, this paper will explore how categorical rigidity and blindness to the changing contours of identity and subjectivity constitute one dark side of the law. Hugo’s work demonstrates the importance of literature as a parallel narrative that can illuminate law’s limitations, specifically, its tendency to conceal through certainty, ignoring the actual possibilities of becoming for the subjects it is charged to rule and protect. I will argue that in Les Misérables we can see an inversion in the order of priority between narrative commitment and social criticism, specifically a meta-legal criticism that has specific insights regarding how law obfuscates the ought/is divide and, in so doing, loses legitimacy and collapses in on itself. Issues of human dignity, social responsibility and the very purpose and legitimacy of law can be constructively addressed through parallel analysis of Hugo’s world of ‘the wretched’ and those the law renders wretched even today.
Effects of alum, soda ash, and carbon dioxide on 40–50 year old concrete wastewater tanks
Authors: Maundu Mutua , Ouma Linda , Maingi Francis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Concrete is among the foremost used construction materials around the world, however, there is limited information to determine how aging concrete is affected by chemicals. Concrete is used in the construction of domestic and industrial infrastructure including walls, beams, roof slabs, pipes and drainage systems. With increasing industrialization, chemicals are continuously released contributing to concrete degradation. Sulfuric acid is one of the most detrimental chemicals to concrete, yet it is commonly used in most industries. The effects of carbon dioxide, alum, and soda ash on 40–50 year old concrete structures were determined. Results showed the presence of Fe3+ ions with a mean concentration of 3.24 ± 0.02 mg/L in the residuum on the alum tank. This was due to the slightly acidic alum solution reacting with calcium hydroxide and iron in the concrete matrix over years thus depriving concrete of its binding power. The high amount of soda ash, a strong base, corrodes the concrete walls and surfaces hence creating cracks on the concrete matrix. Carbonation effects brought about by carbon dioxide were also observed at the time of the study.
The “Digital Turn” in Transitional Justice Research: Evaluating Image and Text as Data in the Western Balkans
Authors: Kostovicova Denisa , Kerr Rachel , Sokolić Ivor , Fairey Tiffany , Redwood Henry , Subotić Jelena 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe “digital turn” has transformed the landscape of transitional justice research. A wealth of data has been created through social media channels, and new digitisation tools have made existing data more easily accessible. This article discusses the ethical and methodological dimensions of using digital data and novel technologies in transitional justice research based on innovative research using digital archives, digitised transcripts, social media (Facebook) content and digital images. The authors review and evaluate how, in each of these domains, new digital technologies have enabled scholars to expand empirical evidence to understand the mechanics of transitional justice by analysing how data is produced and curated, to interrogate ethical dilemmas involved in those processes and to shift the focus from the ability of transitional justice to fulfil normative goals to how transitional justice is enacted and articulated as a process.
Working Class Women’s Activism in Socialist Yugoslavia: An Exploration of Archives from Varaždin, Croatia
Authors: Bonfiglioli Chiara , Žerić Sara 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The authors address working class women’s activism in socialist Yugoslavia, focusing on archives produced at both factory and municipal levels by local društva žena or aktivi žena (women’s societies/sections) in the industrial town of Varaždin, Croatia. Their critical exploration of archival sources produced between the mid-1950s and the late 1980s has enabled the authors to challenge dominant interpretations of women’s activism during state socialism, particularly the idea that no relevant activism existed after the dissolution of the Antifascist Women’s Front (AFŽ) in 1953. To counter that view the authors highlight the continuities between the AFŽ and subsequent women’s organizations, the Union of Women’s Societies (SŽD) and the Conference for the Social Activity of Women (KDAŽ), in terms both of discursive narratives and of biographical trajectories. They argue that local archival collections provide new and differentiated insights into past gender and labour conflicts and into working class women’s activism.
Practical Application of the New Homogeneity Screening Procedure Added to ASTM E1921-20 and Appendix X5 Inhomogeneous Data Treatment
Authors: Hall J. Brian , Lucon Enrico , Server William 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2019, the ASTM E08.07.06 subcommittee added a homogeneity screening procedure to ASTM E1921, Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range. The screening procedure is intended to determine if the data set may be representative of a macroscopically inhomogeneous material. If the material fails the screening criterion, the subcommittee added Appendix X5, “Treatment of Potentially Inhomogeneous Data Sets,” to enable more accurate assessment of the material. Several existing large fracture toughness data sets of reactor pressure vessel low alloy steel plates, forgings, and welds were assembled to evaluate the homogeneity screening procedure and the Appendix X5 treatment methods. Several subsets of data from each of the large data sets were separately evaluated. The small data subsets are intended to approximate the number of specimens generally tested for an irradiated material (typically less than 20). The data set is screened and, if found inhomogeneous, treated according to the procedure in Appendix X5 that applies to small subsets of data. The results from the various subsets are compared with the parent large data set to assess the ability of the least conservative data subsets to bound the full data set. It is shown that, depending on the screening outcome, different margin adjustments than those recommended in ASTM E1921-20 can be used to provide results that bound a high percentage of the data. In addition, the experience presented in interpreting and using the procedures for the various data subsets has provided valuable insight for future applications.
The Retinal Basis of Light Aversion in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Caval-Holme Franklin S. , Aranda Marcos L. , Chen Andy Q. , Tiriac Alexandre , Zhang Yizhen , Smith Benjamin , Birnbaumer Lutz , Schmidt Tiffany M. , Feller Marla B. 
Published: April 2022

Aversive responses to bright light (photoaversion) require signaling from the eye to the brain. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) encode absolute light intensity and are thought to provide the light signals for photoaversion. Consistent with this, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion before the developmental onset of image vision, and melanopsin deletion abolishes photoaversion in neonates. It is not well understood how the population of ipRGCs, which constitutes multiple physiologically distinct types (denoted M1-M6 in mouse), encodes light stimuli to produce an aversive response. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that M1 ipRGCs that lack the Brn3b transcription factor drive photoaversion in neonatal mice. First, neonatal mice lacking TRPC6 and TRPC7 ion channels failed to turn away from bright light, while two photon Ca2+imaging of their acutely isolated retinas revealed reduced photosensitivity in M1 ipRGCs, but not other ipRGC types. Second, mice in which all ipRGC types except for Brn3b-negative M1 ipRGCs are ablated exhibited normal photoaversion. Third, pharmacological blockade or genetic knockout of gap junction channels expressed by ipRGCs, which reduces the light sensitivity of M2-M6 ipRGCs in the neonatal retina, had small effects on photoaversion only at the brightest light intensities. Finally, M1s were not strongly depolarized by spontaneous retinal waves, a robust source of activity in the developing retina that depolarizes all other ipRGC types. M1s therefore constitute a separate information channel between the neonatal retina and brain that could ensure behavioral responses to light but not spontaneous retinal waves.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAt an early stage of development, before the maturation of photoreceptor input to the retina, neonatal mice exhibit photoaversion. On exposure to bright light, they turn away and emit ultrasonic vocalizations, a cue to their parents to return them to the nest. Neonatal photoaversion is mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a small percentage of the retinal ganglion cell population that express the photopigment melanopsin and depolarize directly in response to light. This study shows that photoaversion is mediated by a subset of ipRGCs, called M1-ipRGCs. Moreover, M1-ipRGCs have reduced responses to retinal waves, providing a mechanism by which the mouse distinguishes light stimulation from developmental patterns of spontaneous activity.
Isolating the Neural Substrates of Visually Guided Attention Orienting in Humans
Authors: McDonald John J. , Tay Daniel , Prime David J. , Hillyard Steven A. 
Published: April 2022

The neural processes that enable healthy humans to orient attention to sudden visual events are poorly understood because they are tightly intertwined with purely sensory processes. Here we isolated visually guided orienting activity from sensory activity using event-related potentials (ERPs). By recording ERPs to a lateral stimulus and comparing waveforms obtained under conditions of attention and inattention, we identified an early positive deflection over the ipsilateral visual cortex that was associated with the covert orienting of visual attention to the stimulus. Across five experiments with male and female adult participants, this ipsilateral visual orienting activity (VOA) could be distinguished from purely sensory-evoked activity and from other top-down spatial attention effects. The VOA was linked with behavioral measures of orienting, being significantly larger when the stimulus was detected rapidly than when it was detected more slowly, and its presence was independent of saccadic eye movements toward the targets. The VOA appears to be a specific neural index of the visually guided orienting of attention to a stimulus that appears abruptly in an otherwise uncluttered visual field.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe study of visual attention orienting has been an important impetus for the field of cognitive neuroscience. Seminal reaction-time studies demonstrated that a suddenly appearing visual stimulus attracts attention involuntarily, but the neural processes associated with visually guided attention orienting have been difficult to isolate because they are intertwined with sensory processes that trigger the orienting. Here, we disentangled orienting activity from sensory activity using scalp recordings of event-related electrical activity in the human brain. A specific neural index of visually guided attention orienting was identified. Surprisingly, whereas peripheral sensory stimulation is processed initially and predominantly by the contralateral visual cortex, this electrophysiological index of visual orienting was recorded over the cerebral hemisphere that was ipsilateral to the attention-capturing stimulus.