bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oz and the Musical
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Musical adaptations of L. Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz highlight the utopian performance of American identity. The symbolic national mythology of The Wizard of Oz, the “American fairy tale,” is manifestly embodied and participatory when translated into the conventions and expressive gestures of the “American art form,” the musical. These performances evoke an American utopia implying inclusions and exclusions related to race, class, gender, childhood, and disability. In the 1903 Broadway extravaganza based on The Wizard of Oz, ethnic specialty acts and minstrel tropes portray Oz as a carnival of theatrical performance, reflecting the diversity of the United States at the turn of the century. These performances simultaneously destabilize and reinforce racial lines and gender norms. In the MGM film adaptation of 1939, the conservatism of the 1930s family musical is subverted by the musical’s queer camp and ethnic theatrical traditions. Audiences’ reception of these elements results in multivalent cultural meanings. The stage and screen versions of The Wiz (1975 and 1978), use Black performance traditions to stake a claim on the American fairy tale for African Americans. The soul aesthetic contributes to this musical’s concept of home and importance in the Black community. Wicked (2003) allegorizes difference, exporting performative Americanism for a global audience and staging the ideas of goodness and wickedness in the gendered performances of its diva witches. Finally, continued negotiations and contestations of American place and identity are musically and choreographically enacted in community theater performances, home Oz play, and themed environments.
Introduction
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Wizard of Oz has served as the basis for several popular American musicals with the result that Oz and musicals have defined each other. Oz and musicals are utopian performances of America, with implications for who belongs in the American performance based on age, gender, race, and disability. The figure of the humbug of the Wizard serves as a guiding principle, in which performance is conscious and necessary for navigating American life. In parallel, divas and witches are models of feminine empowerment in performance. Fairy tale tropes collude with gestures of musical theater, such as the “I want” song, in the expression of a theatrical American dream. Utopian performances destabilize the notions of home and Oz as representations of an American ideal in stage and screen musicals as well as in home, school, and community performances. The author’s personal reflections and interviews with others inform the close readings of the musicals.
Wicked
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Broadway musical Wicked combines the big feelings of the megamusical with metatheatrical musical comedy to explore questions of goodness, wickedness, gender, and performance in twenty-first-century America. Based on Gregory Maguire’s novel, which retells the story of The Wizard of Oz from the perspective of the Wicked Witch of the West, it engages with a feminine politics and American utopianism speaking to a core audience of young women. Elphaba, the Wicked Witch, becomes the protagonist of the musical, singing powerfully the types of musical theater songs, such as “I want” songs, that express complexity of character and motivation. Metaphors of difference represent and complicate American ideals of tolerance in domestic and international productions of the musical.
“And Then There Was Oz Again”
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Musical theater conventions shape make-believe play and performance with Oz at home, in school theater productions, at community events, and in themed environments. These are participatory performances in which children and adults transform local spaces by reenacting Oz, often in the form of a musical. In Oz play, a common practice after television broadcasts of the MGM film, the home becomes both the theater and the Land of Oz. Oz musicals are an important part of the school and community theater repertoire, where reflexive performances transform the Oz repertoire, its characters, and the possibility of who is included in the American utopia. Themed environments and community events use the conventions of Oz and musical theater in local expressions of the American fairy tale and its American performances.
Epilogue
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Wizard of Oz and musicals serve as partial guides to each other. They to speak to American modes of performance and utopianism in the twenty-first century, which has been characterized by fraudulent leadership in the form of Trumpism, a nefarious form of humbug. The reopening of Wicked was emblematic of the return of Broadway after the closing of theaters during the COVID-19 pandemic. An Oz-themed meme parodying Hamilton further evidences the continuing influence of Oz in musical theater culture. Similar uses of Oz in political cartoons have a history going back to a William Randolph Hearst caricature as the Scarecrow from the Oz extravaganza of the early twentieth century. What Oz and musicals teach about “acting American” is as important as ever when it comes to questions about who is included or excluded in the American fairy tale and the American utopia.
Democracy as Therapy
Authors: Chettiar Teri 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first chapter focuses on the crucial set of developments in interwar and WWII British medicine and psychiatry that made it possible to forge a new, and much more proximate, relationship between the politics of democratic citizenship and the private world of intimate emotional relationships. It focuses especially on key areas of wartime psychiatric activity that established a broad range of social applications for British psychiatry in guiding post-WWII reconstruction. These included the world’s first “therapeutic community” at Northfield military hospital; the development of new social psychological techniques for officer selection and enemy interrogation; and research using German POWs that investigated the psychological appeal of Nazi ideology. The book’s opening chapter sheds light on the roots of a profoundly influential departure in the environmental politics of the family during the mid-twentieth century decades that resisted biological or hereditarian determinism.
Coda. Yeats’s Epitaphs
Authors: Quin Jack 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The coda considers engraving and epitaphs as Yeats’s final experiment in sculptural analogies for poetry. This includes an 1891 love poem to Maud Gonne, his deliberative naming of the Rising leaders in “Easter, 1916,” multiple versions of “To be Carved on a Stone at Thoor Ballylee,” and his self-epitaph in the final lines of “Under Ben Bulben.” Yeats’s analogy of writing as carving invites comparison with Wordsworth’s Essays upon Epitaphs, John Ruskin’s lecture on engraving as “the Art of the Scratch,” and Walter Pater’s essay on “Style.” In an echo of poems discussed previously in the monograph, the “epitaphic” verses under consideration reflect on the practice of engraving, and what remains or endures beyond the grave. Yeats’s reserve and economy of language in poems written to be engraved suggests a mode of writing that is distinct from the elegy, as Wordsworth asserts in his essays.
The New Preemption
Authors: Briffault Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed heightened conflict between American cities and their states. Even as some cities are actively pursuing progressive agendas on workplace equity, environmental regulation, anti-discrimination, public health, and the treatment of immigrants, their states have veered right. These states have not only rejected progressive policies at the state level but have moved aggressively to preempt city action. This ‘new preemption’ is distinctively deregulatory, ideological, and—in some cases—punitive. The new preemption highlights the failure of American federalism to recognize cities. It also illustrates the tension within federalism theory as to whether federalism is about the protection of the specific polities that constitute the federal union or represents a broader commitment to subsidiarity. The new preemption underscores how American federalism, despite the subsidiarity rhetoric often used by the Supreme Court, is a commitment to the states per se. The new preemption also provides an opportunity to consider the role of subnational constitutions in protecting cities. American states have their own constitutions, and many have ‘home rule’ provisions that offer some protection to their cities. To the extent these constitutions create a kind of intrastate federalism, they are based on the subsidiarity model. In federal systems in which cities something other than constitutive components of the federal union constitutional recognition of cities is likely to resemble the softer subsidiarity-type protections found in American state constitutions and may be achieved through the constitutions (or equivalent rules) of the subnational units that make up the federal structure.
Competition, trade war, and its modern causes
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter shows the often seamless transition from economic competition to political rivalry. It shows that even peaceful ‘creative destruction’ may lead to widespread human suffering. It describes how predatory trade wars and European colonialism since 1500 led to exploitation, mass murder, and slavery. It shows how industrialization increased the demand for slaves, namely in the cotton industry. It describes important changes in the history of ideas about trade, from mercantilism to free trade theory. It analyses whether modern imperialism, which started around 1870, was mainly driven by capitalist interests, as argued by Marxist-Leninist writers, or by power politics. It concludes that political rivalries rather than commercial interests were the decisive factor, and that technological supremacy enabled the aggressors to act ruthlessly. It deals with President Wilson’s policy before the USA entered the First World War and with the writings of John A. Hobson, Rudolf Hilferding, Rosa Luxemburg, and Vladimir I. Lenin.
‘Sanctions’, ‘trade war’, and ‘economic warfare’
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter defines the terms economic sanction, trade war, and economic warfare. It describes the motives behind them and the instruments employed. It highlights the sanctions regimes of the United Nations, the United States, and the European Union. It shows that every armed conflict has its economic dimension. Regarding ‘economic warfare’, it distinguishes three meanings of the term: armed conflict started for economic goals, war against the enemy’s economic potential during armed conflict, and war against an adversary’s economic potential without armed conflict. It shows that war for economic goals has been rare in the past 120 years, and how in the First and Second World Wars war was waged against the enemy’s economy and trade. It warns not to speak lightly of the third kind of economic warfare, the one without armed conflict, since that would inflate the term and poison international relations. Still, economic warfare may be waged in peace, if there are interstate, polemical, and strategic dimensions in what is going on. Examples given pro and contra are the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The most blatant current example of economic warfare without armed conflict is the sanctions against Russia because of its war of aggression in Ukraine.
Trade wars, economic warfare, and the law
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter describes the rules in force of international law concerning sanctions, trade war, and economic warfare as practised until 1945. It deals with the UN Charter, the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the San Remo Manual on the Law for Armed Conflict at Sea, the judgement by the International Court of Justice with regard to US measures against Nicaragua, and the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains the principles of most-favoured-nation and of national treatment and examines the state of the law regarding trade restrictions for reasons of national security. It describes the WTO procedures for settling trade disputes and reports the criticism of WTO practice and the cause for WTO reform. It highlights the positions of the United States and the European Union regarding reform and regarding Chinese behaviour that may violate the letter or the spirit of the WTO regime.
Inclusive Growth without Structural Transformation?
Authors: Firpo Sergio , Pieri Renan , Nogueira Rafaela 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Through a fast process of urbanization, Brazil, until the beginning of the 1990s, a country with most workers in the agricultural sector, went through a strong process of structural transformation that lasted almost four decades until its economic opening at the beginning of the 1990s. For the same period, income inequality remained practically stable and at high levels, only falling at the end of the 1990s. This chapter analyses the Brazilian experience in three periods from a historical point of view: 1950–1964, 1964–1994, and 1994–2011. This analysis brings evidence that the combination of an import substitution system based on tariff and non-tariff barriers to foreign products, combined with low investment in human capital, made the structural transformation process not correlated with inclusive growth.
The Developer’s Dilemma
Authors: Alisjahbana Armida Salsiah , Sen Kunal , Sumner Andy , Yusuf Arief 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter pulls together the book’s chapters, each examining the developer’s dilemma or ‘Kuznetsian tension’ between structural transformation and income inequality. Developing countries seek inclusive economic growth that improves the living standards of all, especially the poor. What are the types or ‘varieties’ of structural transformation that have been experienced in developing countries? What inequality dynamics are associated with each variety of structural transformation? What policies have been utilized to manage trade-offs between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth? The different chapters discuss these questions, while employing a common analytical framework and a set of common datasets. The intellectual contribution of the book is to provide a comparative analysis of the relationship between structural transformation, income inequality, and inclusive growth; to do so empirically at regional and national levels; and to draw conclusions from the cases on the varieties of structural transformation, their inequality dynamics, and the policies have been employed to mediate the developer’s dilemma.
Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature
Authors: Ross Kelly 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSlavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature argues for the existence of deep, often unexamined, interconnections between genre and race by tracing how surveillance migrates from the literature of slavery to crime, gothic, and detective fiction. Attending to the long history of surveillance and policing of African Americans, the book challenges the traditional conception of surveillance as a top-down enterprise, equally addressing the tactics of sousveillance (watching from below) that enslaved people and their allies used to resist, escape, or merely survive racial subjugation. Examining the dialectic of racialized surveillance and sousveillance from fugitive slave narratives to fictional genres focused on crime and detection, the book shows how these genres share a thematic concern with the surveillance of racialized bodies and formal experimentation with ways of telling a story in which certain information is either rendered visible or kept hidden. Through close readings of understudied fugitive slave narratives published in the 1820s and 1830s, as well as texts by Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Frederick Douglass, Hannah Crafts, and Harriet Jacobs, Ross analyzes the different ways white and Black authors take up these issues in their writing—from calming white fears of enslaved rebellion to abolishing slavery—and demonstrates how literary representations ultimately destabilize any clear-cut opposition between watching from above and below. In so doing, the book demonstrates the importance of race to surveillance studies and claims a greater role for the impact of surveillance on literary expression in the United States during the era of slavery.
White Oversight inThe Confessions of Nat Turner, Benito Cereno,andThe Heroic Slave
Authors: Ross Kelly 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter delineates “white oversight”: a racialized worldview that has epistemological power but assumes white invisibility. White oversight’s failure to see the reality of the Black gaze has potentially lethal consequences in the case of enslaved rebellion. The Confessions of Nat Turner, Herman Melville’s Benito Cereno, and Frederick Douglass’s The Heroic Slave all grapple with the shattering effects of the destruction of white oversight, which subtends reconstructions of the past, stabilizing historical narratives. Enslaved rebellion temporarily upends the power dynamics of watching, a reversal these authors register in their portrayals of the contingencies of veillance. When white surveillants recognize that they are not “safely” invisible, but are also objects of scrutiny, the dialectic of white surveillance and Black sousveillance breaks down, causing a rupture in narrative form.
Contested Sovereignty in Preventive Border Control
Authors: Mitsilegas Valsamis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores attempts by states, and by the European Union, to create a hostile environment against those who are viewed as assisting migrants, and in particular lawyers, civil society organisations, and non-governmental organisations. The chapter demonstrates how state responses stem from the fact that the intervention of non-state actors in migration management is deemed as a threat to state sovereignty. The chapter addresses the uses and abuses of criminal law, including treating humanitarian action as human smuggling, in order to target civil society. It also highlights attempts to establish an environment of obedience by requiring compliance with a series of administrative and legal requirements. The chapter casts light on the negative consequences of the evolution of the hostile environment for the protection of human rights and the rule of law.
A Mundane Spectacle? (In)visibility, Normalisation, and State Power in the UK’s Migrant Escorting Contract
Authors: Bosworth Mary , Singler Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses how deportation works in practice in the UK. Drawing on first-hand ethnographic observations of deportations and conversations with staff charged with removing foreign nationals from prisons and immigration removal centres, it sketches out the process in its entirety. By illuminating the sheer variety of private sector involvement, from the food provided in the vans to the airport, to the security companies who protect the deportation agents on the ground in Kabul, Mogadishu, and Baghdad, this chapter seeks to widen our understanding of the nature, scale, and implications of outsourcing border control. As we will show, the messy, everyday, nature of deportation is often hard to explain or understand, and the impact of its privatisation is not straightforward. Despite contracting out much of the logistics of enforced removal, the state remains present in the figure of the border force agent or immigration enforcement officer at the port, in the immigration officer on a charter flight, and in the human rights monitors who scrutinise all stages of the process. It is also the state that authorises, cancels, and delays movements.
Outsourcing Deterrence
Authors: Vogl Anthea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores government outsourcing of asylum seeker welfare services, surveillance, and reporting functions to non-government organisations (NGOs). It focuses on Australia, where the government has outsourced the delivery of core welfare services for asylum seekers living in the community to NGOs. The outsourced welfare services have been appraised as ‘starving out’ asylum seekers and deploying deprivation as a means of deterrence. The government-contracted NGOs are also required to report on asylum seekers who are in breach of Australia’s Asylum Seeker Code of Behaviour, which prohibits actions such as spitting, swearing, and spreading rumours. The chapter argues that the Australian government’s outsourcing of refugee welfare services co-opts and captures NGOs as direct partners in immigration control and deterrence. Further, it analyses state capture of the NGOs as exemplifying the alliance between care and immigration control involved in humanitarian forms of governance at the border. By virtue of contractual outsourcing, the Australian government has both created new sites of discretion and control over asylum seekers and constrained the capacity of NGOs to contest government policy, instead involving them in the enforcement of sovereign borders as a condition for providing support and assistance.
Dry, Aligning, Dilute, Active Matter
Authors: Chaté Hugues , Mahault Benoît 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dry, aligning, dilute, active matter (DADAM) refers to a corner of the multidimensional, fast-growing field of active matter. This corner has both historical and theoretical importance for the entire field. This chapter first describes this particular status of DADAM. We then provide an overview of our current knowledge of DADAM. For convenience, we first describe the phenomenology of simple active particle models representing the basic DADAM classes, limiting ourselves to two spatial dimensions, where most work has been performed. Then we discuss the continuous hydrodynamic theories derived from these models using the Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau approach. We show in particular that they are largely faithful to the microscopic level, albeit qualitatively. Finally, we come back to the nodal situation of DADAM within active matter studies and provide perspectives on how one can expand DADAM knowledge into various directions, approaching more realistic and more complex situations in a controlled way.
Why Walking Is Easier Than Pointing: Hydrodynamics of Dry Active Matter
Authors: Toner John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although human beings have known about the phenomenon of “flocking”- that is, the coherent movement of large numbers of creatures (flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of woolly mammoths, etc.)- since prehistoric times, it is only in the last two decades that we have begun to truly understand this phenomenon. In particular, the surprising fact that a very large collection of organisms in two dimensions cannot all point in the same direction, but can quite easily move in the same direction, can now be explained. In these lectures, I’ll review one of the principal theoretical tools that made this possible: hydrodynamics. My intention is both to elucidate flocking- or, to use the specific technical mouthful, “polar ordered dry active fluids”-, and to use flocking as an illustration of how to use the hydrodynamic approach on new and unfamiliar systems.