bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feedback Processing During Probabilistic Learning in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Gul Asiya , Baron Lauren , Arbel Yael 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine feedback processing within the context of probabilistic learning in children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD).Method:The probabilistic category learning task required 28 children ages 8–13 years old to classify novel cartoon animals that differed in five binary features into one of two categories. Performance feedback guided incremental learning of the stimuli classifications. Feedback processing was compared between children with DLD and age-matched children with typical development (TD) by measuring the magnitude of feedback-related event-related potentials. Additionally, the likelihood of each group to repeat a classification of a stimulus following positive feedback (“stay” behavior) and change a classification following negative feedback (“switch” behavior) served as a measure of the consequence of feedback processing.Results:Children with DLD achieved lower classification accuracy on all learning outcomes compared to their peers with TD. Children with DLD were less likely than those with TD to demonstrate “stay” behavior or to repeat a correct response following positive feedback. “Switch” behavior or changing an incorrect response following negative feedback was found to be at chance level in both groups. Electrophysiological data indicated that children with DLD had a smaller feedback-related negativity effect (i.e., smaller differential processing of positive and negative feedback) when compared to children with TD. Although no differences were found between the two groups in the amplitude of the P3a, strong positive correlations were found between “stay/switch” behavior and the P3a for children in the TD group only.Conclusions:Children with DLD do not appear to benefit from incremental corrective feedback to the same extent as their peers with TD. Processing differences are captured in the initial stages of feedback evaluation and in translating information carried by the feedback to inform future actions.
A mini-chemical scheme with net reactions for 3D general circulation models
Authors: Tsai Shang-Min , Lee Elspeth K. H. , Pierrehumbert Raymond 
Published: May 2022

Context. Growing evidence has indicated that the global composition distribution plays an indisputable role in interpreting observational data. Three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs) with a reliable treatment of chemistry and clouds are particularly crucial in preparing for upcoming observations. In attempts to achieve 3D chemistry-climate modeling, the challenge mainly lies in the expensive computing power required for treating a large number of chemical species and reactions.
Aims. Motivated by the need for a robust and computationally efficient chemical scheme, we devise a mini-chemical network with a minimal number of species and reactions for H2-dominated atmospheres.
Methods. We apply a novel technique to simplify the chemical network from a full kinetics model, VULCAN, by replacing a large number of intermediate reactions with net reactions. The number of chemical species is cut down from 67 to 12, with the major species of thermal and observational importance retained, including H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H2, NH3, and HCN. The size of the total reactions is also greatly reduced, from ~800 to 20. We validated the mini-chemical scheme by verifying the temporal evolution and benchmarking the predicted compositions in four exoplanet atmospheres (GJ 1214b, GJ 436b, HD 189733b, and HD 209458b) against the full kinetics of VULCAN.
Results. The mini-network reproduces the chemical timescales and composition distributions of the full kinetics well within an order of magnitude for the major species in the pressure range of 1 bar–0.1 mbar across various metallicities and carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratios.
Conclusions. We have developed and validated a mini-chemical scheme using net reactions to significantly simplify a large chemical network. The small scale of the mini-chemical scheme permits simple use and fast computation, which is optimal for implementation in a 3D GCM or a retrieval framework. We focus on the thermochemical kinetics of net reactions in this paper and address photochemistry in a follow-up paper.
Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) as a Hearing Aid Outcome Measure
Authors: Surr Rauna K. , Kolb Jennifer A. , Cord Mary T. , Garrus Nancy P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study assessed the effects of hearing aids on the perception of tinnitus using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). THI benefit scores (unaided-aided) were examined in relation to hearing aid benefit as measured with the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) inventory. The THI benefit was also related to the users' ratings of overall satisfaction with their hearing aids. Thirty-four novice hearing aid users with complaints of hearing loss and tinnitus participated in the study. Outcome measures were obtained 6 weeks after the hearing aid fittings. The results showed that hearing aid use reduced tinnitus handicap significantly, but, typically, the effect was small. The association between overall satisfaction ratings and THI benefit scores was weak. In contrast, the overall satisfaction ratings were strongly related to benefit on the speech subscales (average of Ease of Communication, Reverberation, and Background Noise) but not on the Aversiveness subscale of the APHAB. The weak relationship observed between THI benefit and benefit on the speech subscales of the APHAB suggested that the two inventories were not redundant. The results of the study suggest that the THI can make a useful contribution to the overall profile of hearing aid benefit for new hearing aid users with tinnitus.
Abbreviations: AA&SC = Army Audiology and Speech Center, APHAB = Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit, AV = Aversiveness of Sounds subscale, BN = Background Noise subscale, C = Catastrophic subscale, cd = critical difference, E = Emotional subscale, EC = Ease of Communication subscale, E = Emotional subscale, F = functional subscale, RV = Reverberation subscale, THI = Tinnitus Handicap Inventory
Self-triggering topology for high-power nanosecond pulse generators based on avalanche transistors Marx bank circuits and linear transformer driver
Authors: Deng Zichen , Yuan Qi , Ding Weidong , Wang Yanan , Ren Linyuan , Wan Zhenbo 
Published: May 2022

In recent years, several novel avalanche transistor-based power synthesis topologies have been proposed to improve the output performance of pulse generators based on avalanche transistors. The most promising is the topology based on avalanche transistors Marx Bank Circuits (MBCs) and linear transformer driver (LTD). However, it suffers from the same problems as other semiconductor switch-based LTD generators. The greater the number of LTD modules, the higher the requirements for synchronization and drive capability of the trigger system. This paper proposes a new self-triggering topology for pulse generators based on avalanche transistors MBCs and LTD, which significantly simplifies the entire generator's requirement for trigger system synchronization and driving capability. First, the circuit topology and its operation principle are introduced. Then, three prototypes with one trigger LTD module and three self-triggering LTD modules are developed. The output characteristics are experimentally investigated. The results verify the feasibility of the proposed topology. Finally, the output amplitude and the rise time are 3.35 kV/3.7 ns, 4.12 kV/3.7 ns, and 4.88 kV/4.0 ns on a 25 Ω resistive load, respectively. All generators can operate at 1 kHz. The topology proposed in the article maximally simplifies the requirements for synchronization and drive capability of the trigger system for generators based on avalanche transistor MBCs and LTD.
Transient learning degrees of freedom for introducing function in materials
Authors: Hagh Varda F. , Nagel Sidney R. , Liu Andrea J. , Manning M. Lisa , Corwin Eric I. 
Published: May 2022

Significance
Many protocols used in material design and training have a common theme: they introduce new degrees of freedom, often by relaxing away existing constraints, and then evolve these degrees of freedom based on a rule that leads the material to a desired state at which point these new degrees of freedom are frozen out. By creating a unifying framework for these protocols, we can now understand that some protocols work better than others because the choice of new degrees of freedom matters. For instance, introducing particle sizes as degrees of freedom to the minimization of a jammed particle packing can lead to a highly stable state, whereas particle stiffnesses do not have nearly the same impact.
Autophagy induced by taurolidine protects against polymicrobial sepsis by promoting both host resistance and disease tolerance
Authors: Huang Jie , Ita Michael , Zhou Huiting , Zhao He , Hassan Fara , Bai Zhenjiang , O’Leary D. Peter , Li Yiping , Redmond H. Paul , Wang Jiang Huai , Wang Jian 
Published: May 2022

Significance
Disease resistance and tolerance are evolutionarily conserved yet distinct defense strategies that protect the host against microbial infection. Here, we report that taurolidine administered before the start of infection confers protection against polymicrobial sepsis by promoting resistance and tolerance. Notably, taurolidine given after the onset of infection also rescues mice from sepsis-associated lethality by enhancing disease tolerance to organ damage. This protection relies on an intact autophagy pathway, as taurolidine fails to protect autophagy-deficient mice against microbial sepsis. Specifically, taurolidine induces light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, but not xenophagy, in macrophages, resulting in an augmented bactericidal activity with enhanced cellular resistance to infection. These results highlight the importance of autophagy induction for taurolidine-augmented host resistance and disease tolerance and subsequent protection.
A long range sighting and terrestrial refraction
Authors: Giudici Sergio 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The sighting of a distant island fixed on a digital image allowed us to measure the refraction coefficient and probe terrestrial refraction models. The measurement has been proposed to first-year students of Physics on behalf of the geometrical optics course held at Pisa University. The argument is inspired by a passage from Snell’s seminal treatise on geodesy raising the issue of terrestrial refraction, and it is developed in learning by doing context in which students are solicited to (re)construct a theory and compare measurements with simulation.
Parameter identification for elliptic boundary value problems: an abstract framework and applications
Authors: Hoffmann Heiko , Wald Anne , Nguyen Tram Thi Ngoc 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Parameter identification problems for partial differential equations are an important subclass of inverse problems. The parameter-to-state map, which maps the parameter of interest to the respective solution of the PDE or state of the system, plays the central role in the (usually nonlinear) forward operator. Consequently, one is interested in well-definedness and further analytic properties such as continuity and differentiability of this operator w.r.t. the parameter in order to make sure that techniques from inverse problems theory may be successfully applied to solve the inverse problem. In this work, we present a general functional analytic framework suited for the study of a huge class of parameter identification problems including a variety of elliptic boundary value problems with Dirichlet, Neumann, Robin or mixed boundary conditions in Hilbert and Banach spaces and possibly complex-valued parameters. In particular, we show that the corresponding parameter-to-state operators fulfill, under suitable conditions, the tangential cone condition, which is often postulated for numerical solution techniques. This framework particularly covers the inverse medium problem and an inverse problem that arises in terahertz tomography.
Imaging conductivity from current density magnitude using neural networks*
Authors: Jin Bangti , Li Xiyao , Lu Xiliang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractConductivity imaging represents one of the most important tasks in medical imaging. In this work we develop a neural network based reconstruction technique for imaging the conductivity from the magnitude of the internal current density. It is achieved by formulating the problem as a relaxed weighted least-gradient problem, and then approximating its minimizer by standard fully connected feedforward neural networks. We derive bounds on two components of the generalization error, i.e., approximation error and statistical error, explicitly in terms of properties of the neural networks (e.g., depth, total number of parameters, and the bound of the network parameters). We illustrate the performance and distinct features of the approach on several numerical experiments. Numerically, it is observed that the approach enjoys remarkable robustness with respect to the presence of data noise.
Barriers to macroscopic superfluidity and insulation in a 2D Aubry–André model
Authors: Johnstone Dean , Öhberg Patrik , Duncan Callum W 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study the ground state phases of interacting bosons in the presence of a 2D Aubry–André (AA) potential. By using a mean-field percolation analysis, we focus on several superlattice and quasicrystalline regimes of the 2D AA model, including generalisations that account for a tilting or skewing of the potential. We show that barriers to the onset of macroscopic phases naturally arise from weakly modulated domains in the 2D AA model. This leads to the formation of extended crossover domains, in which the macroscopic properties are dominated by a minority of the system. The phase diagrams then exhibit substantially different features when compared against crystalline systems, including a lobe-like or wave-like appearance of the Bose glass, sharp extrusions and thin, percolating clusters. By studying the 2D AA model across multiple regimes, we have shown that these extended crossover domains are not distinct to a small set of parameters.
Tuning the electronic structure of layered Co-based serpentine nanosheets for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Yang Baopeng , Zhang Ning 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As low-cost and abundant catalysts, layered cobalt-based hydroxides that are composed of Co–OH octahedron slabs have promising prospect in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the layered hydrotalcite and brucite structure hydroxides usually possess inferior activity and poor stability. Herein, we developed layered cobalt-based serpentine nanosheets with a tuned electronic structure and stable active phase by using Ge–O and Si–O tetrahedron slabs to coordinate with Co–(O)OH octahedron slabs for efficient OER. Theoretical calculations reveal that Co–(O)OH octahedron slabs that coordinate with Ge–O tetrahedron slabs possess an optimal electronic structure and smaller reaction energy barriers for OER. Inspired by the calculations, the layered Co3Ge2O5(OH)4, Co3Si2O5(OH)4 and brucite Co(OH)2 nanosheets are synthesized. The coordination of Ge–O tetrahedron decreases the size and crystallinity of Co–(O)OH octahedron slabs, simultaneously enhancing the stability of Co–(O)OH octahedron slabs during OER, thus improving the activity and stability. As a result, Co3Ge2O5(OH)4 nanosheets present an outstanding OER activity (overpotential is 287 mV at 10 mA cm–1, lower than that of Co3Si2O5(OH)4 and Co(OH)2) and a remarkable stability for water splitting (working continuously more than 100 h without decay, much higher than that of Co(OH)2 (<36 h)). The solar driven water splitting process achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of 98.8%, and the solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency is 7.2%. Such a strategy of tuning the electronic structure of Co–O(OH) octahedron by coordination with a Ge–O tetrahedron offers an effective method for designing highly efficient Co-based electrocatalysts.
A novel designed 3D multi-microhole plasma jet device driven by nanosecond pulse at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Liu Zhijie , Wang Sitao , Pang Bolun , Gao Yuting , Li Qiaosong , Xu Dehui , Liu Dingxin , Zhou Renwu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A novel designed three-dimensional (3D) multi-microhole helium plasma jet device excited by nanosecond pulse is developed in atmospheric air. Systematical investigations about the discharge characteristics are carried out to get insights into the formation mechanisms of 3D plasma jets. Results show that the 3D plasma jets originated from the branching of a single ionization wave to present a hexagonal-like structure including bottom jet (BJ) and side jets (SJ1 and SJ2). The BJ always keeps a stable performance while the SJ displays a remarkably turbulent mode. The dynamic evolution, and the propagation velocity and distance for BJ and SJ demonstrate significant differences, with a delay effect between BJ and SJ bullets propagation being observed. The optical emission spectra show that 3D jets possess a high yield of the spatial distribution of reactive species in jet plumes. The formation mechanism of 3D jets is determined by the hydrodynamic (He flow distribution) and electrical interactions (distribution of electric field force) in the discharge tube emerging from individual holes with different radial directions. The direct treatment of water using this developed underwater 3D plasma device results in the production of plasma activated water with a lower pH value, higher conductivity, and greater concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, compared to the indirect treatment. Especially, the concentration of H2O2 can remarkably increase 141 folds from 1.43 to 202.12 μM within 5 min after the direct 3D plasma treatment. This novel-designed 3D jets-based technique is a promising platform for 3D application scenarios, especially in the case of underwater microbubble discharge, which is of great significance for water activation in emerging applications.
Time-resolved electron energy distribution functions at the substrate during a HiPIMS discharge with cathode voltage reversal
Authors: Huber Wolfgang , Houlahan Thomas , Jeckell Zachary , Barlaz David , Haehnlein Ian , Jurczyk Brian , Ruzic David N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The time-dependent plasma properties of a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering plasma are investigated which include a positive ‘kick’ pulse on the sputtering target 2 μs after the main negative pulse, this reversing the voltage on the cathode. At a substrate 15 cm distant from the magnetron, the time-dependent electron energy distribution function (EEDF), plasma potential, potential commute time and plasma diffusion properties are measured using a single Langmuir probe. Results show that the positive pulse on the target expels plasma and raises the plasma potential across the chamber on the order of 1 to 2 μs, which is the time scale of the electron diffusion. The EEDF at the substrate fits a Druyvesteyn distribution during the main negative pulse rising slightly in average energy over time. The distribution is still Druyvesteyn and at the very start of the positive pulse, but then loses the higher energy electrons and drops in average electron energy as the positive pulse progresses. A Boltzmann equation solver, BOLSIG+, was used to predict the EEDF at the substrate during the positive pulse and it agrees best with the measurements assuming a value of 0.2 Td for the E/N (electric field/gas number density).
Chaotic dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensate induced by density-dependent gauge field
Authors: Chen Lei , Zhu Qizhong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this work we study the effect of density-dependent gauge field on the collective dynamics of a harmonically trapped Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), beyond the linear response regime. The density-dependent gauge field, as a backaction of the condensate, can in turn affect the condensate dynamics, resulting in highly nonlinear equations of motion. The dipole and breathing oscillations of the condensate along the direction of gauge field are coupled by this field. We find that, in the presence of this coupling, the collective motion of a quasi-one-dimensional condensate is still regular, i.e., periodic or quasiperiodic. In contrast, for a quasi-two-dimensional condensate, the collective dynamics of the condensate can become chaotic, when the density-dependent gauge field is strong. The mechanism is that the gauge field can also induce a Hall effect, manifested as an additional coupling between dipole and breathing oscillations in perpendicular direction, and chaotic motion is resulted from the interplay between these oscillations. Our findings reveal an important effect of dynamical gauge field on the nonlinear dynamics of a BEC.
Scissors mode and effects of the low-lying E1 excitations on the dipole distributions in 175Lu
Authors: Tabar E , Yakut H , Hoşgör G , Kemah E 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The low-lying magnetic (M1) and electric (E1) dipole modes in well-deformed odd-proton 175Lu have been investigated in the framework of the Rotational, Translational, and Galilean Invariant-Quasiparticle Phonon Nuclear Model (RTGI-QPNM) for the first time. In this model, the single-particle basis obtained from an axially symmetric Woods-Saxon potential, E1 and M1 excitations are assumed to be generated by isovector dipole-dipole and spin-spin interactions between nucleons, respectively. It also includes the restoration forces for breaking the Rotational, Translational and Galilean symmetries of the nuclear Hamiltonian. The transition probabilities, radiation widths and the structure for both M1 and E1 transitions in 175Lu have been calculated. The theory has satisfactorily reproduced the observed fragmentation in dipole spectra. However, the individual dipole strength of the states is higher than the experimental ones, which may be attributed to the lack of multiphonon configurations in the model used. Besides, the predicted total dipole radiation width and its reduced value are almost twice the experimental data. This difference is a well-known phenomenon for odd-mass deformed nuclei, called ‘missing strength’, arising in the Nuclear Resonance Flouracanse experiment due to the high-level densities.