bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Steps Forward and One Step Back?: US, EU and China’s Bilateral Antitrust Cooperation and International Trade
Authors: Wang Xiaoye , Wu Qianlan 
Published: May 2022

Greater antitrust enforcement is argued to have positive correlations with the promotion of international trade. By 2019, the US, the EU and China, as global trade powers, have formed and strengthened bilateral antitrust cooperation to seek greater enforcement. However, the impact of such development on international trade has remained underexamined. The article argues that irrespective of their different legal forces, the US-EU, US-China and EU-China antitrust cooperation share convergences at the optimum and minimum levels. Based on the case study of the US, the EU and China’s regulations of the international Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panel cartel, the article illustrates that as the effects doctrine continues to serve as the main normative value underpinning antitrust cooperation, matured competition regimes lack the incentive to share information with new regimes, competition regimes converge to apply comity restrictively and the consultation mechanism plays a limited role in holding the sides accountable under bilateral cooperation. Consequently, international antitrust remains fragmented, positing restraints to trade. The article calls for reconsideration of the effects doctrine as part of the transnational normative repertoire shaping bilateral antitrust cooperation and for devising policy tools to guarantee minimum information exchange among agencies.
US, EU, China, International Antitrust, Bilateral Cooperation, Exchange of Information, Confidentiality, Comity, Consultation
Addressing Legitimacy Concerns in Antitrust Private Litigation Involving China’s State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Cahill Dermot , Wang Jing 
Published: May 2022

China’s Anti-Monopoly Act (AML) incorporated key antitrust provisions inspired by EU antitrust concepts into China’s law in 2007. By analysing leading post-2007 antitrust cases heard before China’s courts taken by private parties challenging State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) anti-competitive activities, the authors argue in this significant and original contribution that, despite the AML's enactment, China’s Judiciary has not accepted antitrust Legitimacy. Leading antitrust cases challenging SOEs anti-competitive activities, taken by either consumers or enterprises are analysed, highlighting the contrast with how EU antitrust jurisprudence deals with similar matters. The analysis illustrates how China’s courts have applied key antitrust concepts (such as abuse of dominant position, prohibition of market-sharing; price-fixing; etc.) in a questionable manner. Given that the understanding of such concepts are accepted in over 125 jurisdictions, this raises major questions about the Legitimacy and Effectiveness of antitrust principles in the legal system of the world’s most dynamic economy.
That there is an antitrust Legitimacy and Effectiveness problem to be addressed has been recently partially recognized by the State in China, with the putting forward of reform proposals by its antitrust regulator (the State Administration of Markets Regulator (SAMR)) in 2020 in an effort to get major State agencies to recognize the primacy of antitrust. However, these reform proposals omitted reference to the Judiciary’s role in antitrust enforcement against SOEs, even though they play a large role in the economy. The article demonstrates how the reform proposals, which appeared in October 2021 in the AML Amendment Bill 2021, will not solve the private antitrust enforcement Legitimacy problems identified by the authors in cases involving SOEs. Several suggestions to overcome judicial deference to SOEs’ overly robust anti-competitive practices are proposed by the authors, including soft measures that in the long run may be more effective than legislative change. The article also discusses the need for the AML to incorporate a single economic entity test and a collective dominance test in order to give the courts dealing with allegations of SOE anti-competitive behaviour a more comprehensive conceptual toolbox to assist the courts make findings of dominance. Without movement also on the judicial side, the authors conclude that the Legitimacy of antitrust principles will continue to be in question inside China’s legal framework, and consequently the Effectiveness of private antitrust remedies will continue to be weak in one of the world’s largest economies. *
Anti-Monopoly Act 2007, Competition Law, China Antitrust, Abuse of Dominance, Price-Fixing, SAMR, SOEs, private antitrust enforcement, Court of Justice, Anti-Monopoly Amendment Bill
China’s Fair Competition Review System: A Single Case Study
Authors: Lyu Shuping , Buts Caroline , Jegers Marc 
Published: May 2022

The case study methodology has proved to be a useful empirical tool for competition policy evaluation. However, as far as China’s Fair Competition Review System (FCRS) is concerned, empirical studies are scarce. This article aims to partly fill this gap by thoroughly studying the first litigation case in light of three questions: (1) does China’s FCRS contribute to a competitive market?; (2) does it face challenges regarding implementation, including judicial proceedings?; and (3) how to tackle these challenges? We find that China’s FCRS promotes a competitive market to some extent, but diverse issues need to be tackled in the coming years. Some policymakers still lack understanding of the system. Public antitrust enforcement also faces understanding and capability problems to fully implement the FCRS. The review standards are not specific enough. Regarding judicial scrutiny of the FCRS, we note that also judges lack knowledge of the FCRS, especially in primary courts. Court jurisdictions for filing administrative monopoly litigation are not of high enough rank. In addition, the nature of the FCRS brings up doubts when entering into litigation as the case has to be connected with the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML). Consequently, we formulate several suggestions for improvement: First, strengthening competition advocacy and FCRS training for policymakers, antitrust enforcement officials, and judges. Second, establishing disciplinary and incentive mechanisms. Third, increasing enforcement capacity. Fourth, specifying industry-specific review standards. In terms of judicial scrutiny, in addition to the training for judges, we also propose to reform the administrative proceeding system, adding corresponding clauses connected to Chapter V of the AML and the FCRS into the Administrative Procedure Law. Abstract administrative actions should also have the possibility to initiate litigation in the near future, and administrative monopoly cases should be filed at least to an intermediate court or intellectual property court, rather than to a primary court. The establishment of a dedicated competition court could also add value. Last, we recommend upgrading the FCRS to proper law.
China, Fair Competition Review System, Evaluation, Case study, Administrative monopoly
Printing Conflicts in the Middle East (Political Geographic Review)
Authors: Singh Manvender 
Published: May 2022

MiddleEastis aregionwithgeographicalirony. With strong geographicelements and having both physical and non-physical diversepotentials, this region shouldbe politicallypowerful. In fact, Middle East seems like"a hostage held region," where its strategicand potential geographical conditions havetriggered the presenceof foreignforcesinthe region with various political and economical interests fromtimetotime. The presence ofPersian Empire, which later on followed byOttomanTurkeyto the era of France Political Forces of Napoleon, alltried to rulethe region. Likewise, during the First and the Second World War, this area was significantly strategic because itplayed aroleinthe victory of allied countries, asa militarybaseandlogistic track. The region became more significant when oil fields were discovered in the 1940s. This had invited more foreign forces to come particularly the United Statesand the European countries. Conflict of interests of world power in the Middle East continues to put its hegemony until the present days. Variousforeign interestsinthe region,more or less, initiated conflicts in the politics of the region, particularly creating dilemma in the integration of all Arab countries.
Repeated compound adverbs
Authors: Tansykbayeva В. A. 
Published: May 2022

The article discusses the types of analytical method, their word-forming abilities and functions. It is known that the analytical method of creating complex words performs a very productive function in linguistics. The article describes the features of the method of repetition in the formation of complex adverbs of the word-forming system. In the study of complex adverbs, the theory of repeated words in linguistics was taken as a basis. Despite the fact that repeated words were studied in science comprehensively, in word-forming systems of parts of speech, complex words were not fully studied. In the word-forming system of adverbs of the modern Kazakh language, complex repeated adverbs created by the method of repetition are defined, and their features are presented.Complex adverbs created by repeating the same root word in different forms have also been defined. On the basis of compound adverbs conisting of two words, their types are indicated.
PENYULUHAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN KESEHATAN SEBAGAI “SCREENING TEST” PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR PADA MASYARAKAT DUSUN TOGIHORO, DESA KUSURI KECAMATAN TOBELO BARAT
Authors: Blandina Olivia Asih , Ohoiwutun Ludyana Veronika , Bungan Jeversan , Hohedu Ribka , Kundiman Marselino 
Published: May 2022

Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan selama 1 hari pada masyarakat di Dusun Togihoro, Desa Kusuri, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit tidak menular dan melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan sebagai bentuk “screening test” untuk mendeteksi dini kadar asam urat, gula darah dan koleterol. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa Program Studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pemeriksaan kesehatan. Tahapan pelaksanaan diawali dengan penyuluhan tentang penyakit tidak menular (PTM) yang disampaikan oleh dosen program studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo, yang dilanjutkan dengan diskusi dan tanya jawab. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksanaan kesehatan yang mencakup pemeriksaan kadar asam urat, gula darah dan kolesterol. Hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan tentang penyakit tidak menular (PTM) dibandingkan sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan. Hasil pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah warga Dusun Togihoro, Desa Kusuri, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat menderita penyakit tidak menular seperti Kolesterol, Asam Urat, dan Diabetes.
BUDIDAYA SAYURAN ORGANIK PADA PEKARANGAN RUMAH DI DESA WARI INO, KECAMATAN TOBELO
Authors: Kastanja Ariance , Patty Zeth , Kaboru Rian Ritno 
Published: May 2022

Pelatihan budidaya sayuran organik dilaksanakan bagi kelompok ibu rumah tangga di desa Wari Ino dengan memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan, dengan luaran yang dicapai adalah konsep pemberdayaan dan model budidaya pekarangan yang diadopsi oleh masyarakat khususnya ibu-ibu rumah tangga. Permasalahan yang dihadapi anggota adalah rendahnya pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan karena rendahnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan budidaya sayuran organik. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan budidaya sayuran pada lahan pekarangan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah bertambahnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan anggota dalam pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan, serta tiap anggota sudah memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan rumah dengan menanam berbagai jenis tanaman sayuran.
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN HAND SANITIZER ALAMI BERBASIS MINYAK KAYU PUTIH DI DESA PASSO, KECAMATAN BAGUALA, KOTA AMBON
Authors: Grace Sipahelut Sophia , Novalin Lawalata Vita , Lumbang Tobing Marchel 
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam membuat hand sanitizer berbasis minyak kayu putih di Desa Passo Kecamatan Teluk Ambon Baguala Kota Ambon. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah masyarakat Desa Passo, sedangkan metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pelatihan. Kegiatan ini berjalan dengan baik dan lancar serta memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat Desa Passo Kecamatan Baguala Kota Ambon. Partisipasi peserta dalam kegiatan ini juga baik, terlihat dari antusiasme peserta dalam mengikuti kegiatan ini mulai dari kegiatan penyuluhan sampai pelatihan. Melalui kegiatan penyuluhan, masyarakat memperoleh ilmu dan pengetahuan mengenai kandungan minyak kayu putih dan pemanfaatannya, keuntungan dan kerugian hand sanitizer, teknologi sederhana pembuatan hand sanitizer berbahan alam minyak kayu putih. Masyarakat lebih mengerti pentingnya pembuatan hand sanitizer berbahan alam. Pelaksanaan pelatihan dan praktek yang diberikan mampu meningkatkan keterampilan masyarakat dalam membuat hand sanitizer dengan penambahan minyak kayu putih sebagai pengganti alkohol.
PENYULUHAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN SAYURAN BAGI TIM PKK DI DESA MAKETE KECAMATAN GALELA BARAT, KABUPATEN HALMAHERA UTARA
Authors: Patty Zeth , Yeane Kastanja Ariance 
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan Pengabdian Msyarakat yang dilakukan di Desa Makete, Kecamatan Gaelala Barat ini bertujuan untuk memberi pengetahuan dan ketrampilan bagi tim PKK tentang budidaya tanaman sayuran secara organik yang baik. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan tentang budidaya tanaman sayuran disertai pembuatan demplot sayuran. Peserta kegiatan ini adalah tim PKK Desa Makete yang berjumlah 27 orang, yang telah mencoba menanam sayuran secara tradisional. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa telah meningkatnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan Tim PKK Desa Makete yang membudidayakan sayuran,. Selain itu juga terjadi perubahan pemahaman dalam teknik budidaya seperti yang dilakukan selama ini
PENYULUHAN DAN DETEKSI DINI FAKTOR RISIKO PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR PADA MASYARAKAT DESA HERO INO KECAMATAN TOBELO BARAT
Authors: Asih Blandina Olivia , Nur Fitria Pipit , Tjingaisa Yurensi Felni , Yulianti Hohedu Ribka , Veronika Ohoiwutun Ludyana 
Published: May 2022

Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan selama satu hari pada masyarakat Desa Hero Ino Kecamatan Tobelo Barat, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat Desa Hero Ino tentang pennyakit tidak menular (ptm) dan melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan untuk mendeteksi dini kadar asam urat, gula darah dan koleterol. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh dosen Program Studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pemeriksaan kesehatan. Tahapan pelaksanaan diawali dengan penyuluhan tentang penyakit asam urat, kolesterol, dan gula darah yang disampaikan oleh dosen program studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo, yang dilanjutkan dengan diskusi dan tanya jawab.. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksanaan kesehatan yang mencakup pemeriksaan kadar asam urat, gula darah dan kolesterol. Hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Hero Ino mengalami peningkatan tentang faktor resiko penyakit tidak menular dibandingkan sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan. Hasil pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Hero Ino, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat memiliki kadar kolesterol tinggi sebanyak 12 orang, asam urat tinggi 15 orang, dan gula darah tinggi 1 orang.
PENYULUHAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN SISWA SMA MERAH PUTIH DI DOKULAMO KECAMATAN GALELA BARAT
Authors: Cabu Roberto , Christin Fika Elfira 
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan penyuluhan yang telah dilaksanakan di SMU Merah Putih Dokulamo Kecamatan Galela Barat Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat melalui proses membangun kesadaran sehingga dapat membantu mencegah penyebaran covid-19 di lingkungan sekolah, khususnya pada pelajar dan guru. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan tanya jawab. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa siswa dan guru di SMU Merah Putih Dokulamo telah memiliki pengetahuan yang terkait dengan perilaku hidup sehat yang meliputi kebiasaan mencuci tangan, menggunakan jamban sekolah, memberantas jentik nyamuk secara rutin, membuang sampah secara teratur serta mengikuti kegiatan olahraga
Harper and Its Aftermath
Authors: Rakowski Eric 
Published: May 2022

In Davis v. Michigan Department of Treasury, the Supreme Court ruled that states may not tax the pensions of former federal workers without imposing a like tax on the retirement income of former state employees. Noting that Michigan had agreed to refund the state income taxes Paul Davis had paid on his federal pension over the years in controversy, the Court stated that he was entitled to a refund. It then remanded the case to allow the Michigan courts and state lawmakers to determine how state and federal retirees were to be treated equally in the future-both taxed according to the same schedule or exempted from tax-and to resolve the thousands of refund claims by federal pensioners that had been or might be filed.Davis provoked a whirlwind of activity in state courts and legislatures across the country, because two dozen states taxed state retirement income more lightly than federal pensions, contrary to the Supreme Court's understanding of the doctrine of intergovernmental tax immunity. Davis left no doubt that states must equalize the taxation of federal and state retirees following the issuance of the Court's opinion. But the Court's bare mention of Michigan's concession to refund Davis's taxes failed to answer clearly the question of whether states owed some form of retroactive relief to all similarly situated federal retirees who had paid higher taxes than had state pensioners. Not surprisingly, in view of the number of courts that issued rulings, the enormous sums at stake, and the confusion swirling around the Supreme Court's recent retroactivity rulings, state courts disagreed over whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause mandates a remedy for past wrongs. Many, including Virginia's Supreme Court, concluded that Davis established a requirement of equal treatment solely for the future. Accordingly, they refused to order refunds to federal retirees or to impose a retroactive tax on state pensions to secure equality after the fact.
Creating Complex Monsters: Joint Operating Agreements and The Logical Invalidity of Treasury Regulation 1.502-1(b)
Authors: Jones Darryll K. 
Published: May 2022

For McKenzieA familiar mathematical axiom holds that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Indeed, in most any human endeavor simplicity should be encouraged and complexity discouraged. Modem armies, for example, adhere to acronyms intended to remind leaders and followers alike to strive for simplicity in an effort to conserve energy and avoid misunderstandings. It can be stated intuitively that complexity inevitably excludes understanding in a certain portion of the intended audience. Those who engineer complexity understand it best, but understanding decreases as one moves farther from the source until the thing engineered is not understood at all. More importantly, complexity causes unnecessary expense, it results in a diversion of resources, and, by the weight of its own process, obscures the original goal to the ultimate extent that the goal is deemed unworthy of achievement.The Internal Revenue Code has never been hailed as an example of the mathematical axiom concerning the shortest distance between the status quo and a desirable result. In fairness though, complexity in the Code is often in response to other factors, including complexity in financial transactions. The latter complexity is not necessarily without purpose. It is often employed, for example, to provide assurances between trading partners who do not trust one another or, as is the wont of lawyers, in an exercise in overkill designed to anticipate every possible contingency. Complexity is also sometimes used in an effort to shield, hide, or recharacterize the nature of income generated by a particular transaction. Thus, in its own complexity, the Code is often necessarily designed to root out the true character of a given transaction. Sometimes the Code is designed to allow a narrow way to achieve a desirable goal and simultaneously avoid undesirable side effects. All of this, in simple terms, is only to say that whenever a particular provision or regulatory requirement is characterized by, fosters, encourages, or condones complexity, there ought to be an apparent and sound justification.
Rethinking the Risk of Defined Contribution Plans
Authors: Jefferson Regina T. 
Published: May 2022

In response to pension funding failures and concern that abuses in the private pension system were denying benefits to many workers, Congress passed the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). ERISA has several specific objectives: to ensure that workers receive pension benefits after they satisfy certain minimum requirements, to ensure that sufficient funds are set aside to pay promised pension benefits, to ensure that workers receive adequate information about their employee benefit plans, and to set higher standards of conduct for those managing employee benefits and pension funds. ERISA has been successful in accomplishing many of its goals. Today employees vest earlier, more plans are adequately funded, and plan participants are more knowledgeable about their retirement benefits. Moreover, since the passage of ERISA, increased participation and contribution rates in private pension plans have caused the average income of retired individuals to be comparable to that of the rest of the population.
Utopian Visions Toward a Grand Unified Global Income Tax
Authors: Ordower Henry 
Published: May 2022

A grand unified global income tax (GUGIT) may prove as elusive as the grand unified theory (GUT) that physicists have sought for many years. Yet, just as recent discoveries bring physicists closer to a GUT, developments in the international financial and tax worlds may move a GUGIT into imaginable reach. Since the discussions of a global unified corporate tax base in the early 1990s, significant and often surprising changes have taken place in the financial and tax worlds. Several of those changes include: (1) the European Union (EU) expanded eastward to include many of the former Soviet satellite countries; (2) seventeen member states of the EU, including several from the eastward expansion, eliminated their national currencies in favor of a single common currency; (3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) shamed and coerced many tax havens into cooperating in the exchange of information in tax matters; (4) Switzerland and Liechtenstein began to negotiate limitations on the protection they offered to foreign investors under their financial institution secrecy laws; (5) Russia’s suspension of payments on its sovereign debt in 1998 driving the failure of major investment pools and their managers and the subprime crisis in the United States in 2007 leading to the financial crisis in 2008 threatened to undermine the world economy and brought the concept of systemic risk to prominence; (6) in the United States, the 2008 financial crisis led to enactment of systemic risk–focused regulation of the economy; (7) the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted a proposed rule to converge and convert financial reporting in the United States from generally accepted accounting principles to International Financial Reporting Standards; and (8) the European Commission (EC) took the first definitive step toward cross-border combined income tax reporting in the EU. While barriers to development of a working GUGIT may be just as formidable as barriers to discovery of a GUT, this paper argues that each step toward a GUGIT is a step toward tax transparency, distributional fairness, and public acceptance of the legitimacy of the income tax system.