bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kindness to Animals: The Dharma Most Available to All
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Every major philosophical statement of dharma in the epics includes kindness to all beings. The Ramayana opens with the author’s lament for a bird and ends with a dog asking for justice. The Mahabharata opens with princes unjustly beating a dog and ends with a king protecting a dog. Powerless humans may not be able to perform other types of common (sāmānya) dharma but anyone can refrain from mistreating an animal, bird, or insect. This chapter analyses dialogues that provide animal perspectives, such as those of hunted birds and deer, mistreated cows and oxen, and compares three discussions of mistreating and eating animals—by a kṣatriya, a shūdra, and a vaishya. It concludes with what may be compared to a bacterium’s-eye-view of the universe.
Bhaktas Responding to the Epics: Kabir, Jnaneshwara, Raidas, Mira, Rahim, and Tulsidas
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that bhakta poets, both saguṇa and nirguṇa, draw from the epics their critique of categories such as gender and varṇa, and their emphasis on love as the path to liberation. Bhaktas include epic characters in their devotional ancestry, and derive their philosophical frameworksand many of their idioms and images of knowledge and devotion from the epics. I analyse Tulsidas’s depiction of Kagabhushundi in the Ramcharitmanas as a rewriting of the Markandeya episode in the Mahabharata, and his Hanuman in the Chalisa as the embodiment of intellect, drawing on Valmiki’s similar portrayal. The chapter concludes with Raidas’s rewriting of an image from the Gita to construct a reciprocal idea of how individual selves and divine self may know one another.
Empire Unbound
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
European empires were typically represented in bright color-coded maps during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, conveying to viewers the expanse of European power across the globe. Despite this familiar image of a world divided up into neat imperial territories, the reality of empire-building often told a different story. Empire Unbound argues that European empires were never the bounded, stable entities that imperialists imagined. In examining Mediterranean empire-building in a comparative context, this book argues that the era of “new imperialism” fostered connections and synergies between regional powers that influenced the trajectories of imperial states in fundamental ways. Breaking with conventional national approaches, Gavin Murray-Miller traces the development of France’s North African empire, noting how empire-building relied upon transnational networks and cooperation with Muslim elites across borders just as much as military conquest. By looking at the interconnected relationships linking the French, British, Italian, and Ottoman empires from the 1880s through the First World War, Empire Unbound proposes a new spatial framework for imperial studies, noting how migrations, extraterritorial legal regimes, and cross-border interactions both abetted and frustrated imperial designs at the turn of the century.
Introduction
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of how European powers took control of the Mediterranean during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It argues that empires should not be examined as isolated political formations. Rather, imperial acquisition in the Mediterranean revealed the interconnected histories of the French, British, Ottoman, Italian, and Spanish empires. In taking note of these connections, the book calls for a re-examination of the familiar metropole–colony relationship, insisting that empires reflected various scales and genres of rule that defied neat, territorialized borders. These processes both abetted and frustrated empire-building in the region, revealing the tensions and dynamic relationships that guided imperial acquisition during the period.
Territorialization and Mobility in the Mediterranean
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While imperial powers came to favor territorialized models of imperial rule in the late nineteenth century, the Muslim Mediterranean remained a highly mobile world that defied neat imperial jurisdictions. Chapter 2 traces the various social and cultural ties that bound Islamic societies together, noting how education, Sufi religious networks, pilgrimage, and migration all served to create an interconnected Muslim world that spanned borders. Colonial officials found that enforcing imperial forms of sovereignty required disciplining cross-border flows and revising existing legal and cultural identities that posed an obstacle to European imperium. This chapter examines the problems that Algerian émigré communities in the Ottoman Empire posed for French administrators. As Algerian politics migrated into Syria, French colonial authorities became conscious of the impact that anti-colonial criticism vocalized by émigrés could have on France’s reputation and standing in the Near East. While French authorities attempted to clamp down on migrations abroad, it was difficult to deny that the Algerian exodus had been one of French making. The government’s attempt to control Algerian Islam and restrict its scope of influence produced new trans-imperial movements that could be just as threatening to French imperial interests as Algerian natives relocated elsewhere and took up oppositional politics.
Fragile Empires
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Trans-imperial activism could easily translate into forms of trans-politics, as Chapter 5 reveals. In the years after 1908, Pan-Islamism, Ottomanism, and imperial nationalism all brought into sharp relief the many cross-border connections linking the French Empire to territories beyond its frontiers. Moreover, these various movements generated ripple effects that rattled every part of the French Empire. Ottoman expatriate communities were invested in politics back home, entailing that the Young Turk revolution of 1908 was played out in Parisian newspaper offices and banquet halls as events unfolded in Istanbul. French military advances into Morocco occurring at the same time encouraged the formation of radical paramilitary organizations operating from Cairo to Fez that would increasingly spur Pan-Islamic platforms attractive to Algerians and Tunisians. Italy’s invasion of Ottoman Libya in 1911 produced a militarized conflict that spilled over into neighboring French colonies, generating humanitarian campaigns and political debates that were linked to wider international events. These details testified to the imperial and popular politics that grew out of cross-border connections forged through migration and Muslim social networks. The forms of trans-politics that emerged in the early twentieth century exposed the porous nature of imperial borders as well as the emotional and ideological ties that challenged territorialized notions of sovereignty and state jurisdiction. As movements converged and spread, France’s North African empire appeared to be unravelling.
Imagining French North Africa
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In meeting the challenges posed by trans-imperial agitation, critics and colonial officials placed a greater emphasis on promoting ideas of a distinct “French North Africa” as a geographic and territorialized entity bounded by political borders. This vision of an integrated French space found expression in magazines and academic conferences during the early twentieth century, presenting an imaginative imperial geography that countered the cross-border ties and flows characterizing the Muslim Mediterranean. Imagining French North Africa proved, however, eminently easier than giving this entity administrative shape, as this chapter indicates. Internal power rivalries among colonial officials and competing opinions regarding how to govern North African populations presented insurmountable stumbling blocks. Although cross-border collaboration existed among Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, attempting to transform these informal relationships into an operative policy of colonial governance proved elusive, resulting in ambiguities as to what a “French North Africa” constituted.
Imperial Entanglements and the Making of the Post-Ottoman Mediterranean
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The final chapter focuses on how France and Britain attempted to combat Pan-Islamic mobilization during the war years. French authorities carefully monitored the international situation and were inclined to work in conjunction with Britain to thwart anti-colonial movements. Officials employed journalists and local spokesmen to encourage imperial loyalties and reiterate the idea that France was indeed a “Muslim power” working in the interests of its colonial subjects. This chapter gives special attention to French efforts in Syria and the activities of the Syrian émigré community in Paris. Émigré activists played a definitive role in shaping French policy in the region as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. As they worked to secure a Syrian nation-state under French protection, it was evident that imperialists were coming to imagine a new territorial regime in the Mediterranean region, one which favored bounded nations and colonies that would subvert calls for Islamic unity. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, France and Britain would establish mandate states in the eastern Mediterranean, finalizing the “re-spatialization” of the Muslim Mediterranean. Once a territory defined by forms of layered sovereignty and trans-bordered social and cultural ties, by 1924 the region was characterized by a new geopolitical landscape consisting of bounded imperial enclaves and nation-states. This transformation marked the end of a long process of empire-building in the region as European and Muslim powers attempted to impose new models of authority and sovereignty on a decentered, mobile world.
Seeing Like a Surveyor
Authors: Innes Joanna 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Two of the founding fathers of ‘political arithmetic’, William Petty and Gregory King, trained and practised as surveyors. Surveyors’ practical experience, skills and organizational know-how all fitted them well to be social observers, in turn giving them a basis for positioning themselves as improvers or reformers. This chapter starts by considering some of the many ways in which surveyors contributed to social knowledge and schemes for improvement in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It then turns to the career of a surveyor of no great eminence, Matthew Phillips (c.1775–1850), who experimented with a variety of ways of pressing upon the great and powerful his vision of the predicament of the country, with some modest success (he founded with friends the society that ultimately became the reasonably influential Labourers’ Friend Society). His efforts illustrate both the opportunities open to surveyors in particular, and more generally the mix of opportunities and challenges facing middling-status would-be reformers in early nineteenth-century Britain.
Another Look at Victorian University Reform
Authors: Trainor Richard 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Exeter College provides an appropriate case study for a reassessment of an important episode in nineteenth-century British reform: the attempted transformation of England’s ancient universities, long-time strongholds of religious exclusion, indifference to research and lackadaisical approaches to teaching. One of Oxford’s larger colleges by the start of Victoria’s reign, modestly endowed Exeter undertook a spectacular building programme in the 1850s. Yet Exeter appears at first to have had only modest intellectual ambitions and to have been a stronghold of the defence of clergy privilege. In the 1850s, Exeter forged ahead of more prominent Oxford colleges in statutory reform, with positive academic results. Although that lead concealed half-hearted enthusiasm for religious reform—an ambiguity which produced internal conflict in the 1870s—by the end of the century further changes in its statutes had facilitated Exeter’s emergence as one of Oxford’s centres of advanced secular research. Likewise, whilst paucity of scholarships and consequent limits to changing student social composition restricted improvements in student attainment in the College, teaching there was much more serious in Edwardian times than it had been in the early 1800s. The Exeter case suggests that, in Oxford and Cambridge, internal factors such as rising academic seriousness among Fellows played important parts, in producing reform, alongside external forces such as national political pressure, rising Nonconformist influence, and the social broadening of the public schools. Moreover, the large extent of change at Exeter College, despite its initial inhibitions and the lingering presence there of aspects of the old regime, indicates the substantial albeit incomplete nature of nineteenth-century reform in the ancient English universities.
J.B. Mays and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
J.B. Mays (1914–1987) was one of the most influential students of juvenile delinquency in Britain in the 1950s and early 1960s. Most of his work on delinquency was done on Merseyside, and especially Liverpool Riverside, the older heart of the city, first as a boy’s club leader, then as Warden of the Liverpool University Settlement, and eventually as an academic sociologist. He became the first Eleanor Rathbone Professor of Sociology at the University of Liverpool. This chapter considers the reasons for his influence but also the reasons why his work was not always enthusiastically received. It also suggests why Mays became increasingly pessimistic about the chances of ‘reforming’ delinquents who did not reform themselves; why he became increasingly a critic of British popular, that is, youthful working-class culture; and what were the consequences of this for his own work.
Ladies in a Lords’ House
Authors: Sutherland Duncan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Although the House of Lords excluded women as members until 1958, it has since been asserted that in many ways the Lords suits women better than the House of Commons. Yet women peers have received only minimal attention in the wealth of academic work on women in politics. This chapter provides the first examination of women’s experiences and contributions in Parliament’s Upper House over sixty years of their membership. It discusses what opportunities or challenges the House’s method of recruitment has offered women, explores how women have adapted to the House’s distinct culture (and vice-versa), and finally highlights areas where women peers have made a notable impact over the years. This chapter aims to complement both the author’s previous account of women’s admission to the Lords and Brian Harrison’s study of early women MPs, touching upon some of the same themes which the latter work considered.
‘An Evil Document’
Authors: May Alex 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Between 1901 and 1961 the Football League enforced a maximum wage in football in England and Wales, alongside a contract system (‘retain-and-transfer’) which severely constrained professional footballers’ freedom to move between clubs. Several attempts to end these restraints were made, and ingenious ways to circumvent them were found, before in 1961 a well-orchestrated campaign by the Professional Footballers’ Association led to the abolition of the maximum wage. The campaign for greater freedom of contract was less successful, longer-lasting, and still incomplete. This chapter examines both the history of footballers’ contracts and some of the consequences of reform, including spiralling wages, a massive acceleration in differentiation between players and clubs, the erosion of competition, and the concentration of resources and talent in a handful of ‘big’ clubs.
Introduction
Authors: Pfaff-Czarnecka Joanna , Thieme Susan , Kölbel Andrea 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This volume captures dynamic transformations in the realm of higher education in South Asia by analysing student mobilities and mobilizations. It comprises empirically rich and analytically innovative inquiries by sociologists, anthropologists, geographers, and political science scholars engaged in interdisciplinary and multi-scalar approaches, comparisons, and theorizations. It is a first attempt to map out diverse kinds of mobilities—especially their spatial, social, and political dimensions—and to demonstrate how they challenge established constellations and manifold boundaries in the realm of higher education. This volume reveals that mobilities and mobilizations are closely intertwined and instigate social reconfigurations. It combines national and international perspectives with thorough observations of dynamics in localized university spaces while embedding them in global and transnational processes. The inquiries into ongoing transformations pay particular attention to inequality, power differentials, diversity, identity, and belonging. These challenges are analysed against the backdrop of democratic education, exclusionary forces, and students’ self-reflexivity.
Global visions, national students
Authors: Pradhan Uma 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses Nepal’s first education policy to discuss the ways in which ideas of mobility are envisioned in the discursive spaces of policy narratives. This policy, outlined in the Report of the Nepal National Education Planning Commission (NNEPC), positioned education as a means of acquiring knowledge outside the boundaries of the nation-state. In doing so, the NNEPC imagined higher education as a site to transform both the individual and the nation. Such a policy narrative, on the one hand, located mobility as a foundation of modernity, replacing a world of stagnation. On the other hand, such a narrative is invariably connected with the imagination of ‘elsewhere’. The analysis presented in this chapter emphasizes the importance of a historical perspective to appreciate education-related mobility that continues to underpin higher education practices in contemporary Nepal. By investigating these connections, this chapter adds to the existing literature on the imagination of mobility in policies.
Untold stories of international students at Jawaharlal Nehru University
Authors: Baumann Claudia 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter adds insight into student mobility by looking at one university. It overcomes the fixation on data aggregated on national level and the obsession with major host and source countries. I first look at admission procedures for international students at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), showing how universities develop mechanisms to steer their global connectedness. I contrast this institutional setting with students’ perspectives highlighting the role that global imaginaries play. First, it becomes clear that with increasing student mobility, the university has become an important social arena where border transcending movements are continuously negotiated. Second, the place specific analysis of student mobility makes historical routes, unintended singularities, and new paths in student mobility visible. The chapter helps to understand the part that universities in the Global South play in shaping processes of reshuffling mobilities and mobilizations and processes of globalization at large.
Between knowledge, activism, and the global market
Authors: Reetz Dietrich 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Against the background of a prominent role of Islam in the South Asian region, which also includes Afghanistan, this chapter looks at the engagement of international Muslim students, with the traditional and more conservative Islamic University, or Daru’l Uloom Deoband, in North India, on one side, and, the modernist and more political International Islamic University in Islamabad (IIUI), Pakistan, on the other. Their engagements are analysed from the perspectives of participation, motivation, and mobilization and their experiences during their studies. Enrolment and graduation of international students reflected their spatial and religious mobilities while their life experiences there contributed to their social and political mobilities. The students’ religious motivations drove them to come to South Asia to pursue their social and political projects based on particular interpretations of Islam. In addition, their religious and political mobilities contributed to transnational social and economic networking feeding into world-making from the ‘Global South’.
Democracy’s National Cornerstones
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows, at great length and for the first time, the considerable relevance for English public discourse of the intertwined issues of parity and equality in Church and State. Parity and equality were identified with two quintessentially democratic precepts whose damaging repercussions on England were not just religious and political but broadly societal. The former—founded on the abolition of priesthood—led to the latter—premised on the removal of all financial and political distinctions as well as of differences of status and merit between people. These endeavours thrived on the populace’s discontent at being kept under the yoke of obedience by their superiors in what was still a patriarchal society. As in previous chapters, here too a common thread in the narrative is the constant and much variegated criticism addressed at the ‘many-headed multitude’ as democratic agent and major cause of serious troubles for national stability. Sundry writers criticized democracy for dismissing the traditional hierarchies informing relationships between prince and subject, rich and poor, master and servant, as well as man and woman. This redefinition of political, economic, social, and gender dynamics in anti-patriarchalist directions was an assault on all notions of superiority and inferiority within the societal universe of early modern England and Europe. In fact, democracy was portrayed as a reality where, amongst other things, nobles were slaughtered; plebeian mechanics from all walks of life were put in charge of political and ecclesiastical affairs; demagoguery flourished; and intellectual activities died.
Conclusion
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Besides succinctly presenting the novel findings of the book, the Conclusion stimulates new considerations vis-à-vis anti-democracy both in the early modern context and afterwards. In particular, it argues how in Elizabethan and early Stuart England—despite the fact that almost nobody was a democrat—democracy was everywhere. Reflections on democracy conditioned people’s thinking about the common good; prompted much debate on the nature of political and ecclesiastical government as well as on individuals’ moral values and intellectual capacities; and produced a plethora of explanations as to why democracy had to be avoided if society was to be preserved. Discussions about democracy defined the constitutional landscape of State and Church in ways not recognized in the historiographical mainstream. Democracy was thus a major bugbear of the authorities and an important barometer of the ideological mood between the 1570s and the 1640s. The Conclusion underlines that a change occurred in the 1640s, when some authors began to view democracy in a more positive light. This situation was concomitant with the advancement of new notions of popular sovereignty, whereby democracy was associated with representation. Direct popular rule, though, remained the bane of political analysis: its procedures were now identified with those of the Polybian ‘ochlocracy’. Ultimately, the profound mistrust manifested towards the lower orders, which time and again blocked their access to politics, evinces a major feature of the history of Western democracy: its being a chronicle of the stuttered extensions with which new categories of individuals were by degree admitted to be part of the democratic ‘people’.