bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NORM and hazard indices in soil and dates of palms groves in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Najm Mais M , Rejah Basim Khalaf , Husseini Sabah H 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the world’s oldest cultivated fruit crops and belongs to the Arecaceae family. It originated in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in 4000 BC. Large areas of palm groves in Iraq produce various types of dates for internal consumption and export. Their cultivation has spread and has become a significant crop in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and the Middle East. Date fruits are widely consumed in Iraq, and radiological monitoring of this crop is necessary as activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were measured in 12 soil samples and 12 date samples from 12 palm groves on the AL-Karkh side, west of Baghdad governorate, Iraq. Using gamma spectrometry HPGe detector, it was found that the average activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the soil samples for 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were 34 ± 1, 26 ± 7, 653 ± 121, and 4 ± 2 Bq kg−1, respectively. And on the date fruits sample were 1 ± 1, 1 ± 1, 310 ± 39, and 1 ± 1 Bq kg−1, respectively. Also, radiation hazard indicators were calculated. All results were within the recommended approximate values for UNSCEAR and below the safety standards of the IAEA.
Motor unit distribution and recruitment in spastic and non-spastic bilateral biceps brachii muscles of chronic stroke survivors
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Yen-Ting , Zhang Chuan , Zhou Ping , Li Sheng , Zhang Yingchun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective. This study aims to characterize the motor units (MUs) distribution and recruitment pattern in the spastic and non-spastic bilateral biceps brachii muscles (BBMs) of chronic stroke survivors. Approach. High-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) signals were collected from both spastic and non-spastic BBMs of fourteen chronic stroke subjects during isometric elbow flexion at 10%, 30%, 50% and 100% maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). By combining HD-sEMG decomposition and bioelectrical source imaging, MU innervation zones (MUIZs) of the decomposed MUs were first localized in the 3D space of spastic and non-spastic BBMs. The MU depth defined as the distance between the localized MUIZ and its normal projection on the skin surface was then normalized to the arm radius of each subject and averaged at given contraction level. The averaged MU depth at different contraction levels on a specific arm side (intra-side) and the bilateral depths under a specific contraction level (inter-side) were compared. Main results. The average depth of decomposed MUs increased with the contraction force and significant differences observed between 10% vs 50% (p < 0.0001), 10% vs 100% (p < 0.0001) and 30% vs 100% MVC (p = 0.0017) on the non-spastic side, indicating that larger MUs with higher recruitment threshold locate in deeper muscle regions. In contrast, no force-related difference in MU depth was observed on the spastic side, suggesting a disruption of orderly recruitment of MUs with increase of force level, or the MU denervation and the subsequent collateral reinnervation secondary to upper motor neuron lesions. Inter-side comparison demonstrated significant MU depth difference at 10% (p= 0.0048) and 100% force effort (p= 0.0026). Significance. This study represents the first effort to non-invasively characterize the MU distribution inside spastic and non-spastic bilateral BBM of chronic stroke patients by combining HD-sEMG recording, EMG signal decomposition and bioelectrical source imaging. The findings of this study advances our understanding regarding the neurophysiology of human muscles and the neuromuscular alterations following stroke. It may also offer important MU depth information for botulinum toxin injection in clinical post-stroke spasticity management.
A quantitative analysis of a generalized Hopfield model that stores and retrieves mismatched memory patterns
Authors: Leuzzi Luca , Patti Alberto , Ricci-Tersenghi Federico 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We study a class of Hopfield models where the memories are represented by a mixture of Gaussian and binary variables and the neurons are Ising spins. We study the properties of this family of models as the relative weight of the two kinds of variables in the patterns varies. We quantitatively determine how the retrieval phase squeezes toward zero as the memory patterns contain a larger fraction of mismatched variables. As the memory is purely Gaussian retrieval is lost for any positive storage capacity. It is shown that this comes about because of the spherical symmetry of the free energy in the Gaussian case. Introducing two different memory pattern overlaps between spin configurations and each contribution to the pattern from the two kinds of variables one can observe that the Gaussian parts of the patterns act as a noise, making retrieval more difficult. The basins of attraction of the states, the accuracy of the retrieval and the storage capacity are studied by means of Monte Carlo numerical simulations. We uncover that even in the limit where the network capacity shrinks to zero, the (few) retrieval states maintain a large basin of attraction and large overlaps with the mismatched patterns. So the network can be used for retrieval, but with a very small capacity.
Walking characteristics and collision avoidance strategy in bidirectional pedestrian flow: a study focused on the influence of social groups
Authors: Zhang Bosi , Gao Youmei , Han Yong , Liang Siyi , Chen Qiaolin , Yu Zhihong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The walking characteristics and collision avoidance strategies in bidirectional pedestrian flow with both individuals and groups under three different pedestrian densities were investigated experimentally in the present study. The results showed that pedestrians formed lanes in bidirectional flow, and the lane number basically increased with pedestrian density. In addition, the lane number was positively related to the number of groups in the first row of the two opposite crowds. Compared with the no-group experiments, the walking speed of pedestrians showed less difference in the experiments with groups. The fundamental diagram of the bidirectional pedestrian flow with groups under different pedestrian density conditions was calculated. Three types of collision avoidance strategies, detouring around conflicting pedestrians, passing through the conflicting group in the middle, and group splitting, were summarised based on the experimental results. The statistical results of the three collision avoidance strategies adopted by different size groups under the low, medium, and high pedestrian density conditions were obtained. It was found that the large group was more likely to split into subgroups when they encountered conflicting pedestrians, while the small group was more likely to detour around the conflicting pedestrians. For the same group size, the larger the pedestrian density, the higher the proportion of groups that would choose to split into subgroups during the collision avoidance process.
Addressing digitalization though out a prototyping framework for agile smart services development: the case of Livorno Port
Authors: Tardo A , Pagano P , Antonelli S , Rao S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the crucial challenges of maritime transport is digitalization through the implementation of proper IT solutions. Development and deployment of such solutions allows seaports to increase their overall efficiency, to lower costs and improve performance times of the intra-terminal operations, to improve information flow and decision-making and to decrease the environmental footprint by addressing the sustainability. Nevertheless, the digitalization levels are heterogeneous and depend on different factors, such as seaport size, cargo volumes and type, stakeholders’ needs, business models and investments. We propose a prototyping framework for agile smart service development relying on a set of standard and open-source technologies. The proposed framework is validated at The Port Network Authority of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea (Port of Livorno) and the transferability of research results is assessed against the Port of Singapore, the most important hub of the Asian region.
Experimental study on smoke flow behaviour under ships’ deck structures in early stages of fire
Authors: Kimura Arata , Oka Yasushi , Oka Hideyuki , Ota Susumu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In ships’ cargo spaces carrying vehicles, so called “vehicle spaces”, fire has sometimes taken place and safety measures against such fire is under discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Early detection of fire is one of the essential elements of such safety measures. Location of fire detectors affects swiftness of detection of fire, and in onshore buildings, fire detectors are generally installed directly on ceilings because there are no obstacles under ceilings and smoke spreads along the ceilings. On the other hand, structures below ceilings, i.e., decks, of vehicle spaces are quite different from those of onshore buildings due to strength members below a deck, such as stiffeners and web beams. The appropriate positions of smoke detectors in a vehicle space, including vertical positions of detectors from a ceiling, has not been well-understood, while the maximum coverage of a detector is determined by an international regulation. In this study, the effect of structures below the ceilings of vehicle spaces on detection of fire has been investigated and the appropriate positions of smoke detectors including vertical positions have been considered, in particular, for smouldering fire sources. For this purpose, a one-sixth scaled deck model was prepared to simulate a part of a vehicle space and fire experiments were conducted using a small-scaled fire source. The effect of the structure on a smoke flow beneath the ceiling was experimentally investigated under the condition that the flow had a weak driving force in a smouldering fire or an early stage of fire. In the experiment, the flow was visualized using a laser and the smoke density expressed with the extinction coefficient was also measured. In addition, a small flaming fire source was used during the experiment, to further investigate a possibility of detection in an early stage of fire. The vertical profiles of smoke density were measured using the laser transmissometer. Furthermore, a smoke flow was visualized using continuous wave laser. As the results, it is concluded that it is appropriate to install smoke detectors at the lower end of the longitudinal stiffener, instead of installing on the ceilings in vehicle spaces.
Standardization of Risk Assessment in Navigation
Authors: Froese Jens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Marine traffic safety assessed by quantitative instead of qualitative methods is increasingly required. There are mature methods available to conduct a quantitative risk assessment such as IWRAP [1], resulting in collision and grounding probabilities. There is, however, the difficulty to determine the so-called causation factor having an impact on the results but there is currently no reliable method to fix it. To globally collect relevant empirical data to allow a statical determination could make risk analysis results less questionable but comparable.
Wave-field prediction based on radar snapshots taken on a moving vessel
Authors: Law Yun Zhi , Santo Harrif , Chua Kie Hian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a framework that is capable of producing phase-resolved wave-field prediction in real-time based on radar measurements taken off a moving vessel. Phase-resolved wave prediction capability is essential in providing the operating environment that an autonomous vessel would encounter in order to plan for maneuvering and pathway. We use Higher Order Spectral (HOS) method to generate synthetic short-crested wave-field. Based on the snapshots of wave-field as would be obtained by an X-band radar mounted on a moving vessel, we perform wave-field reconstruction and propagation using a predictive model based on linear wave theory to produce predictions of encountered wave-field in real-time. Comparisons are made between the predicted encountered wave-field and the underlying synthetic wave-field, and reasonably good agreement can be achieved considering the use of low-order model. The wave prediction capability can be further evolved into the prediction of vessel motion and structural response.
From captain to button-presser: operators’ perspectives on navigating highly automated ferries
Authors: Veitch Erik , Christensen Kim Alexander , Log Markus , Valestrand Erik Thule , Lundheim Sigurd Hilmo , Nesse Martin , Alsos Ole Andreas , Steinert Martin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Teaming with Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the way seafarers work. We show that a new kind of seafaring is emerging, characterized by cooperation with AI systems. In this format of seafaring, navigation tasks are controlled automatically while human operators manage the automation, always “in the loop” and ready to take over control if necessary. Ideally, this arrangement sees improvements in overall system performance and safety. However, little is known today about how this format of work will unfold in real-world operations. We investigate this topic by interviewing operators (n = 5) on ferries recently outfitted with state-of-the-art automated navigation technology. We used a mixed-methods approach to analyze the case study interviews, combining quantitative text analysis with Grounded Theory qualitative analysis techniques. The results show that operators perceived a shift towards a backup role coincident with increasing agency of machine autonomy. This role shift was characterized by “button-pressing” to start the machine autonomy and subsequently intervening to stop it when things go wrong. We observed that this shift led to boredom, deskilling, stretched resources, and compromised organizational harmony – effects running counter to the intention of improved system performance and safety. Synthesizing the findings, we present (1) effects across three operational dimensions: (i) tasks, (ii) human-computer interaction, (iii) organization; and (2) a definition of collaborative (human-AI) seafaring. By identifying issues in the early implementation of highly automated ship navigation, we hope to guide designers of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASSs) away from potential pitfalls and towards development more in tune with real-world demands of collaborative work.
Abatement of GHG emissions onboard mobile offshore units
Authors: Ng Chunwee , Li Jizhao , Mishra Rakesh , Fagan Conn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) is setting clear and ambitious goals for the decarbonisation of the shipping industry through the introduction of new regulations like the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). However, these new regulations do not cover mobile offshore units like the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units that fall under the same maritime regime. To embrace sustainability in their corporate strategies and improve their public image, it is in the interest of existing oil and gas companies and operators to embark on a program of abating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through careful measurement and analysis. This paper is aimed at providing an overview of the typical FPSO’s GHG emissions that originates from sources such as power generation, flaring, leakages and tank venting. The paper goes in-depth concerning some potential abatement measures that can be taken to reduce such emissions. This is followed by a case study of an FPSO assessed for the voluntary DNV class notation, Abate, to discuss how a competent third-party like DNV can play a significant role in helping offshore oil and gas companies demonstrate and achieve abatement in GHG emissions from their assets.
Numerical visualisation on applying a five-stage multi-scaled square turbulence-generating grid to generating turbulence
Authors: Suzuki Hiroki 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study presents the numerical visualisation of turbulence generated by a five-stage square-type multi-scale turbulence grid. The present study applies a turbulence grid with an increased number of stages to five, in contrast to previous studies using multi-scale turbulence grids with four stages. For the present numerical visualisation, direct numerical analysis is used in this analysis. This analysis uses the high-order central difference schemes and the third-order Runge-Kutta scheme. In addition to the multi-scale turbulence grid with five stages, the present study also covers two turbulence grids with four stages for reference. By using the external force term in the governing equations, the present multi-scale turbulence grids were formed numerically in the computational domain. The spatial homogeneity of the downstream turbulence field is approached in this work. The turbulence generated by the turbulence grids with four stages is characterised by a flow structure with a doughnut-like instantaneous velocity figure in the downstream region. By examining contour diagrams of the streamwise instantaneous velocity, the present study can see that the spatial homogeneity of the turbulence field downstream is improved by increasing the number of stages for the turbulence grid.
Uncertainty analysis of velocity field calibration in wind tunnels based on GUM and MCM
Authors: Du Yufeng , Xiong Neng , Lin Jun 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The flow quality of wind tunnel is an important index to judge the performance of the wind tunnel, and it directly determines whether the aircraft can obtain high-quality test data, and directly relates to the ability of the wind tunnel to be applied to basic aerodynamic research. Velocity field calibration is necessary in flow field calibration and an important prerequisite for the accurate simulation of Mach number in wind tunnel tests. In this paper, the GUM method and the MCM method are used to compare and analyze the uncertainty of velocity field calibration of the high-speed wind tunnel, and the uncertainty of the Mach number in the range of 0.6 to 4 is solved. The uncertainty evaluation results of the two methods are basically the same, and are equivalent to the wind tunnel Mach number control accuracy value, which verifies the correctness of the evaluation results of the velocity field calibration uncertainty of high-speed wind tunnel, and the MCM method results verify the direct applicability of the GUM method for uncertainty evaluation in similar application scenarios.
Anticorrosive behavior assessment of electrodeposited zinc salicylate coating on carbon steel
Authors: Yuan Ronghui , Li Yan , Ye Xiangyu , Liu Furong , Tian Qiping , Wu Qiwang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study focuses on the evaluation of a novel composite coating obtained from zinc salicylate (ZnSal). Ion distributions of salicylic acid and zinc(II) were surveyed at various acidities, and pH 9.5 was selected for the direct current electrodeposition of ZnSal/K2SO4 on carbon steel substrate. The surface morpholgy of the ZnSal-steel coating was revealed by scanning electron microscopy, and compact deposited films with dendrite structures (specific surface area 247 m2 g−1, type-H3 BET hysteresis loop at relative pressures from 0.4 to 1.0) could be formed within 25-min plating time. NSST was conducted, and the test duration was 120 h. Preliminary assays were employed to assess its anticorrosive performance in salt spray, and the corrosion rate of the steel plates exhibited a nonlinear relationship with the exposure time. The results showed that the ZnSal-steel had a low corrosion rate <0.11 μm h−1, thereby increasing the potential of ZnSal composites on actual carbon steel for anticorrosive coatings.
GHz-pulsed source of entangled photons for reconfigurable quantum networks
Authors: Cabrejo-Ponce Meritxell , Spiess Christopher , Marques Muniz André Luiz , Ancsin Philippe , Steinlechner Fabian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEntanglement is a universal resource in quantum networks, yet entangled photon sources are typically custom-made for a specific use case. Versatility, both in terms of state modulation and tunability of the temporal properties of the photons, is the key to flexible network architectures and cryptographic primitives that go beyond quantum key distribution. Here, we report on a flexible source design that produces high-quality entanglement in continuous-wave and GHz-rate-pulsed operation modes. Utilizing off-the-shelf optical components, our approach uses a fiber-based Sagnac loop to generate polarization-entangled photons at telecom wavelength with high efficiency and fidelities above 0.99. Phase modulation up to GHz before entangled state generation is also possible for fast entangled state switching. We show phase modulation at 100 MHz with an average fidelity of 0.95. Furthermore, the source 60 nm spectral bandwidth is entirely compatible with fully reconfigurable wavelength-multiplexed quantum networks.
Optimal finite-time processes in weakly driven overdamped Brownian motion
Authors: Nazé Pierre , Deffner Sebastian , Bonança Marcus V S 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe complete physical understanding of the optimization of the thermodynamic work still is an important open problem in stochastic thermodynamics. We address this issue using the Hamiltonian approach of linear response theory in finite time and weak processes. We derive the Euler–Lagrange equation associated and discuss its main features, illustrating them using the paradigmatic example of driven Brownian motion in overdamped regime. We show that the optimal protocols obtained either coincide, in the appropriate limit, with the exact solutions by stochastic thermodynamics or can be even identical to them, presenting the well-known jumps. However, our approach reveals that jumps at the extremities of the process are a good optimization strategy in the regime of fast but weak processes for any driven system. Additionally, we show that fast-but-weak optimal protocols are time-reversal symmetric, a property that has until now remained hidden in the exact solutions far from equilibrium.