bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
120 Reproductive Performance, Early Embryo Survival, Fetal Characteristics, and Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles of Sows Fed Linoleic or α-Linolenic Acid
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Lin Xi , van Heugten Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the potential reproductive benefits of supplementing sows with linoleic (LA) or α-linolenic acid (α-LA) throughout the preceding lactation and subsequent gestation until 30 d post-rebreeding. Thirty-three second parity sows were allotted to either a control (0.88% LA, 0.10% α-LA), high LA (3.3% LA, 0.10% α-LA,) or high α-LA (0.88% LA, 0.60% α-LA) diet fed throughout lactation and early gestation. At 30 d post-breeding, a subset of sows (n = 18) was harvested to determine embryo survival and fatty acid composition of reproductive and fetal tissues. Number of pigs weaned per litter (P = 0.77) and litter average daily gain (P = 0.34) did not differ among treatments; however, litters from sows supplemented with LA tended to be heavier at weaning (P = 0.09; 55.3, 61.3, and 57.1 kg for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively). Sows supplemented with LA had higher embryo survival (P &lt; 0.01; 57.2, 79.5, and 58.7% for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively), heavier feto-placental units (P &lt; 0.01; 210.3, 279.4 and 235.0 g for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively), and elevated volume of allantoic fluid (P &lt; 0.01; 185.9, 247.9, and 200.8 mL for control, LA, and α-LA, respectively). Concentrations of EFA increased in maternal serum by the dietary EFA supplemented (P &lt; 0.05). Supplementation of LA did not impact linoleic acid or arachidonic acid concentrations in endometrium, chorioallantoic membrane, or fetus; however, α-LA increased (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of α-linoleic acid in chorioallantoic membrane and eicosapentaenoic acid in serum and endometrium. Supplementation of LA, but not α-LA, throughout lactation and early subsequent gestation was beneficial for embryo survival. The lesser influence of dietary LA and α-LA in fetal tissues may be associated with the intake, transfer, and metabolism of EFA in the chorioallantoic membrane and endometrium.
133 Effects of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate Supplementation on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Choi Hyunjun , Chen Ying , Longo Flavio , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9 ± 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to 8 treatments (6 pigs/pen, n = 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial BW as a block and fed for 41 d in 3 phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BD + antibiotic, 3) BD + 0.30% sodium benzoate, 4) BD + 0.40% sodium benzoate, 5) BD + 0.60% sodium benzoate, 6) BD + 0.25% benzoic acid, 7) BD + 0.35% benzoic acid, and 8) BD + 0.50% benzoic acid. Diets contained nutrients meeting the requirement. Growth performance and fecal score were measured for each phase. Pigs representing each pen were euthanized to collect stomach and intestinal digesta to measure pH, and urine to measure pH and hippuric acid content. Data were analyzed using contrasts in Proc MIXED and slope ratio in Proc GLM of SAS. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic response (P &lt; 0.05, max at 339 g/d) on ADG and linear increase (P &lt; 0.05, 514 to 578 g/d) in ADFI. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic response on ADG (P = 0.094, max at 323 g/d), but no difference in ADFI. Urine pH linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05, 7.5 to 5.7) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing both supplemental sodium benzoate and benzoic acid linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) hippuric acid content in urine (3.0 to 10.4 and 3.0 to 9.2 g/L, respectively). With the slope-ratio assay using ADG and urine hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the estimates of bioavailability of benzoic acids were not different between sources. In conclusion, supplementation of sodium benzoate and benzoic acid increased growth performance without differences in efficacy between the sources.
128 Effects of Feeding a Whole-Cell Inactivated Pichia guilliermondii Yeast in Sow and/or Pig Diets on Progeny Nursery and Grow-Finish Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Jones Daniel B , Asmus Matthew D , Gourley Gene , Bruder Emily 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 1260 weaned pigs (PIC 359x1050) from 358 sows were used to determine effects of feeding sows and/or their progeny a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondii as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) on nursery and grow-finish growth performance and carcass characteristics. Sows were fed either a basal gestation/lactation control (CON) diet or CON fortified with 0.1% (0.91 kg/ton) WCY throughout gestation and lactation. Progeny were fed either a CON diet, or CON fortified with 0.15% (1.36 kg/ton) WCY in the nursery period and 0.05% (0.45 kg/ton) WCY in grow-finish. Pigs were allotted (21 pigs/pen, 15 pens/treatment) to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial design. For the nursery period (d0-42 post-weaning), there was no difference in ADG or ADFI (P &gt; 0.05). However, pigs fed WCY in the nursery had lower G:F than pigs fed CON (P = 0.029). Livability of nursery pigs produced from CON fed sows was 92.22% and trended to improve to 94.23% for pigs produced by WCY fed sows (P = 0.157). During the grow-finish period, pigs from sows fed WCY had greater overall ADG (d0-end; 0.89 kg/d vs. 0.92 kg/d), ADFI (2.19 kg/d vs. 2.24 kg/d), and final body weight (BW; 133.97 kg vs. 136.04 kg) compared with pigs from CON fed sows (P &lt; 0.016). A greater hot carcass weight (HCW; 98.51 kg vs. 100.48 kg) and carcass yield percentage was observed for pigs produced from WCY fed sows compared with pigs produced by sows fed CON (P &lt; 0.023). Livability during the grow-finish period was 95.09% for pigs from CON fed sows and trended to increase to 96.92% for pigs produced from WCY fed sows (P = 0.146). In conclusion, feeding sows WCY contributed to improving their progeny’s grow-finish ADG, ADFI, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield percentage. Additionally, a trend for improved combined wean-to-finish livability of 3.84% from sows fed WCY may be meaningful.
135 Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Fed Antibiotic-Free Diets with Spray Dried Bovine Plasma as an Alternative for Use of High Levels of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Campbell Joy , Crenshaw Joe , Landero Jose , Young Malachy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The study was designed to evaluate if feeding spray dried bovine plasma (SDP) in low Zn diets would maintain similar growth performance compared with a high Zn diet, as an alternative to high levels of supplemental zinc oxide. Pigs (1,548 Camborough F1 female x 800 boar line; PIC Canada) were weaned at 20 ± 1 d of age (body weight: 5.6 ± 0.2 kg), divided within gender, and allotted to a randomized block design using 48 pens in 2 rooms with 31, 32, or 33 pigs per pen. Feeding phases (P) were (P1) d 0-7, (P2) d 7-21, and (P3) d 21-49. Feed treatments were: 1) positive control (PC) with high supplemental zinc (P1, 3000; P2, 2000, and P3 150 ppm); 2) negative control (NC) with low zinc (P1-P3, 150 ppm); 3) NC + 5% SDP P1; and 4) NC + 5% SDP P1, 2.5% SDP P2. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Contrast statements were used to test effects of Zn supplementation (PC vs NC) or SDP inclusion in low Zn diets vs the PC or NC diets. Overall, from d 0 to 49, ADFI and ADG was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for pigs fed PC than for NC and SDP treatments. Pigs fed SDP had greater ADG and ADFI than NC pigs (P ≤ 0.02). At d 49, pigs fed the PC high zinc diets weighed 1.6 kg more (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed the NC low Zn diets. Supplementation of SDP in low Zn diets increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and final BW by 0.55-0.59 kg compared with the NC diets. Supplementation of low zinc diets with SDP improved growth performance but resulted in lower final BW compared with the PC diets containing high zinc.
139 Effects of Wheat Middlings Inclusion Rate and Diet form on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 2,520 mixed sex pigs (initial BW = 5.6 kg) were used in a 41-d trial to evaluate the effects of wheat middlings inclusion rate and diet form on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Pen of pigs (36 pigs/pen) were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of wheat middlings (0 or 15%) and diet form (pellet or crumble). An additional treatment was added to the factorial design to evaluate the addition of wheat middlings outside of the crumble. To create the crumble diets, all ingredients were pelleted, crumbled, and then mixed with corn and soybean meal to create the dietary treatments, with the exception of wheat middlings in treatment 5, which was added alongside corn and soybean meal outside of the crumble. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 21 to 41. There were 14 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 21, and 41 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for interactive effects. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F. However, in the subsequent period, when pigs were fed a common diet, pigs previously fed the crumble diets had improved (P &lt; 0.01) performance. Overall (d 0 to 41), pigs fed crumble diets had greatr (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI and decreased (P &lt; 0.01) G:F. Pigs fed 0 or 15% wheat middlings had similar (P &gt; 0.10) growth performance, regardless of wheat middlings being incorporated in the crumble or not. In conclusion, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved performance initially but not in the overall nursery period and there was no negative impact of feeding 15% wheat middlings.
145 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 12- to 23-Kg Boars and Gilts
Authors: Lima Gustavo , Castro Gabriel , Ribeiro Neidilania , Silva Anália , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Orlando Uislei A , Silva Caio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery boars and gilts. A total of 1,920 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 12.1±1.34kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments containing 1.10, 1.16, 1.29, 1.42, and 1.48% SID Lys (corresponding to 85, 90, 100, 110 and 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were 6 split gender pens/treatment and 32 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). There was no evidence of linear or quadratic SID Lys concentration by gender interaction. Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, &lt; 0.01). The QP, BLL, and BLQ had similar fit for the ADG and G:F. In the QP model, 95% and 100% of the ADG were at 1.18 and 1.36% of SID Lys, respectively, and 1.17 and 1.35% for G:F. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.20% (95% CI: 1.06-1.35%) and 1.22% SID Lys (95% CI: 0.97-1.47%), for ADG, respectively. For G:F, the BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 1.20% (95% CI: 1.07-1.33%) and 1.20% (95% CI: 1.03-1.38%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary ME level at 3,300 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 12- to 23-kg boars and gilts ranged from 1.20-1.36%, depending on the statistical model.
143 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 13- to 23-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Xue Pengcheng , Lu Ning , Pilcher Chad M , Frederick Brent , McGhee Molly L , Li Qingyun , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 546 pigs (PIC 800 × Camborough, initially 12.6 ± 0.56 kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments that contained 1.10, 1.16, 1.23, 1.29, 1.39, or 1.49% SID Lys (corresponding to 85.0, 90.0, 95.0, 100.0, 107.5, or 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,450 kcal/kg net energy (NE). There were 7 pens/treatment and 13 pigs/pen (6 or 7 gilts and 7 or 6 barrows, balanced among treatments). Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration increased average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P = 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; linear, P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Although the best fitting model for G:F was linear, the greatest improvement in efficiency was observed as SID Lys increased from 1.10 to 1.23%. The best-fitting models for ADG were BLL and BLQ. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint of SID Lys at 1.26% (95.4% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.29%) and 1.23% (95.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.28%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary NE at 2,450 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 13 – 23 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars ranged from 1.23 to 1.26%, depending on the statistical model.
149 Effect of Dietary Structural Fiber and Fermentable Protein on Growth Performance in Post-Weaning Pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , Paredes Sandra , Newcomb Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Excessive protein fermentation in the hind gut is harmful to piglet gut health. Addition of fermentable fiber has been used as a mitigating strategy. However, the impact of structural fiber (STR) and its interactive effect with fermentable protein (FP) are less studied. In the present study, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement setting, 240 weaned pigs with initial body weight of 6.9 ± 1.1 kg (6 mixed sex pigs/pen, 10 pens/treatment) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to 1 of the following diets: low STR, low FP (control); low STR, high FP; high STR, low FP or high STR, high FP diet. A standard corn-soy based nursery diet was used as control. The treatment diets were supplemented with either oat hulls to increase STR or canola meal to increase FP level. Experimental diets were fed during the first 3 weeks post-weaning and followed by a common diet for the rest of nursery phase. Data was analyzed by general linear model in R. In summary, STR significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) during week 1 (P &lt; 0.05) and in the entire nursery phase (P = 0.01) and tended to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI) during these periods (P &lt; 0.10) (Table 1). Interaction effect tended to be different (P &lt; 0.10) on ADG and ADFI during week 3 post-weaning, with pigs fed with high STR, high FP diet having higher ADG and ADFI numerically compared with the same level FP but lower STR treatment. An interaction effect was observed on gain:feed (G:F) for entire nursery phase (P = 0.05), where high STR, low FP diet resulted in numerically highest G:F. Conclusively, high STR improves performance during entire nursery phase and when dietary FP is high, increasing STR may alleviate the negative impact on performance.
142 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 11- to 25-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 337 High Index Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Zaragoza Luis E , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,116 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 11.1±0.11 kg) were used in a 21-d study. The pigs were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments that contained 1.13, 1.26, 1.32, 1.38, and 1.51% of dietary SID Lys (corresponding to 90, 100, 105, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,385 Kcal of NE/kg. There were 9 mixed gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG, linear, P = 0.001) and gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.011, Table 1). Although the best fitting model for ADG was the linear, the greatest improvement was observed as SID Lys level increased from 1.13 to 1.32%. The best-fitting models for G:F were BLL, BLQ, and QP. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.31% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%) and 1.30% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%), respectively. The QP model estimated the maximum G:F at 1.44% (95% CI: 1.35 to &gt;1.51%), with 98.7% of maximum G:F achieved at 1.30%. Increasing dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced removal and mortality rate (linear, P = 0.061). In conclusion, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 11- to 25-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 1.30 to 1.44%, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.
154 Impact of Post-Breeding Feeding Level on the Reproductive Performance of Sows
Authors: Anderson Brooke , Paz Ximena , Porta Alina , Rosero David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of feeding sows different feed levels during the first 7 d of gestation on the reproductive performance of sows. A total of 483 sows (Camborough, PIC) were used, equally balanced by parity (3-10) and body condition score (BCS) and placed on 1 of 2 treatments after breeding. Treatments consisted of: 1) feed a common level of 1.81 kg/d regardless of BCS from breeding to d 7, then feed levels were adjusted according to BCS thereafter; and 2) adjustment of feed level at breeding according to BCS. Sows were fed either 3.63, 2.72, 2.04, or 1.59 kg/d according to their BCS (1-5), respectively. Body condition, measured by the sow caliper, was reassessed, and feed levels were adjusted as needed on d 45 and 90 of gestation. Diets consisted of a standard milo and wheat midds based gestation diet which met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for nutrient levels. Feeding thin (BCS 1, 2) pregnant sows elevated feed levels from breeding to d 7 of gestation tended to reduce the return rate (% sows that returned to estrus: bred) (P = 0.098; 8.85 vs. 3.68%, respectively); but not the farrow rate (% sows that farrowed: bred; P = 0.265, 87.61 vs. 91.91%, respectively). There was no difference in litter size at farrowing (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, feeding weaned sows according to body condition compared with feeding 1.81 kg/d during the first 7 d of gestation decreased the number of thin sows returning to estrus.
152 Effects of Feeding Levels in Early Gestation on PIC Terminal Sows and Litter Performance
Authors: Ribas Juliana , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Brun Nevton , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing feeding levels for terminal line sows during early gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 615 PIC L65 (213.3 kg ± 1.51) parity 1 to 3 sows were randomly assigned at weaning to 1 of 4 treatments within parity in a randomized complete block design with body weight blocks. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 85, 100, 120, or 150% of the NRC (2012) maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) requirement calculated as MEm, kcal/d = 100×(body weight, kg)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-wheat-based diet with 3,018 kcal of ME/kg and 0.63% standardized ileal digestible lysine was used. Treatments were applied from d 5 to 30 of gestation, after which they were fed according to body condition until moved to the farrowing room. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Average caliper score at weaning was 14.4 across treatments and average feed allowances were 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.8 kg/d for the 85, 100, 120, and 150% treatments, respectively. Increasing feed allowances increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) weight change (-1.9, 2.3, 4.9 and 7.9 kg, respectively) and caliper score change (0.0, 0.2, 0.7, 0.7 units, respectively) from weaning to d 30 of gestation. There was no evidence for treatment effects on farrowing rate, caliper score at farrowing, total born, stillborn rate, average piglet birth weight, or piglet throughput. In summary, increasing feed allowances to meet 85 to 150% of the MEm requirements during early gestation on terminal line sows resulted in increased weight and caliper change without impact in performance. Body weight seems to be more sensitive to changes in feeding levels than caliper scores up to d 30 of gestation.