bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
670-P: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Case Report Showing the Clinical Relevance of RBC-Lifespan–Adjusted A1C
Authors: HIROTA YUSHI , XU YONGJIN , YAMAMOTO AKANE , MATSUOKA ATSUKO , DUNN TIMOTHY , OGAWA WATARU 
Published: May 2022

Laboratory A1C does not precisely reflect glycemic control in those with altered RBC lifespan and our aim was to evaluate an adjusted A1C, a glycemic measure that adjusts A1C to a reference RBC lifespan. By removing the individual RBC lifespan variation, adjusted A1C better reflects intracellular glucose exposure in RBCs and perhaps other organs susceptible to complications. Iron-deficiency anemia and treatment is known to affect RBC lifespan and therefore provides opportunity to evaluate the model.
The patient was a 53-year-old woman with iron-deficiency anemia and type 1 diabetes utilizing sensor-augmented pump therapy. Longitudinal A1C and CGM were evaluated with a novel kinetic model to estimate RBC lifespan and glucose uptake rate. During the six months before iron therapy, the RBC lifespan was estimated at 151 days and 93% of a reference glucose uptake. During six months of iron therapy, the RBC lifespan decreased to 122 days, while the RBC glucose uptake increased slightly to 101% of reference value. The RBC lifespan change explains the observed laboratory A1C change (Figure) and can be attribute to the iron therapy and supported by Hb, RDW and Ferritin data. The adjusted A1C based on these two different RBC lifespans agree with the stable CGM mean glucose of this patient. In this case study, we confirmed the clinical relevance of adjusted A1C to account for variations in RBC lifespan.

Disclosure
Y.Hirota: Speaker's Bureau; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Daiichi Sankyo, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kowa Company, Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Lilly, Medtronic, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited, Terumo Corporation. Y.Xu: Employee; Abbott Diabetes. A.Yamamoto: None. A.Matsuoka: None. T.Dunn: Employee; Abbott. W.Ogawa: Advisory Panel; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk, Other Relationship; Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Research Support; Abbott, Astellas Pharma Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Kowa Company, Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.

Funding
Abbott Diabetes Care
701-P: Time Features Improve Glucose Prediction
Authors: LOUIS MAXIME , ROMERO-UGALDE HECTOR M. , ADENIS ALICE , DAUDET LAURENT , TOURKI YOUSRA , HUNEKER ERIK 
Published: May 2022

Objective: We show how the use of time features in a deep learning model improves glucose prediction on T1D patients.
Method: Data of 139 adult T1D patients wearing DBLG1 System, from clinical trials NCT02987556 and NCT04190277, were used in this study. 70% of patients were used as a train set and 30% as a test set. The OHIO test database was used as an extra test set. In all cases, we only kept the data far from meals and physical activities.
The hour of the day may reflect the meal pattern and night/day differences. To consider this, we added (cos ((time in hour) / 24 * 2 pi) , (sin ((time in hour) / 24 * 2 pi) as input to the perceptron.
The day of the week may also reflect different behaviors. To consider this, we input a label for weekday vs. week-end.
We trained 2-layer perceptrons using past glucose levels (13 values with 5 minutes interval) and combinations of these time features to predict the glycemia at 45 minutes.
Results: On the clinical trials data, the baseline model achieved a 13.35% MARD and a 26.56 RMSE. When using the hour, we got a 13.2% MARD and 26.35 RMSE. When using the weekday label, we got a 13.32% MARD and an RMSE of 26.56. When using the hour and the weekday label, we obtained a 13.17% MARD and a 26.39 RMSE. We observe similar results on the Ohio data: the figure shows the clark grids for the baseline (left) and when using hour and weekday label (right) .
Conclusion: The use of the time of the day leads to great improvements on MARD and RMSE, as does, to a lesser extent, the use of the day of the week.

Disclosure
M.Louis: Employee; Diabeloop SA. H.M.Romero-ugalde: Employee; Diabeloop SA. A.Adenis: Employee; Diabeloop SA. L.Daudet: Employee; Diabeloop SA. Y.Tourki: Employee; Diabeloop SA. E.Huneker: Board Member; Diabeloop SA.
709-P: Persons with High-Risk Diabetes, Depression, and Stress Using a Digital Health Platform Experience an Improvement in Glycemic Management
Authors: HERSHCOVITZ YIFAT , TAMIR MICHAL , RITHOLZ MARILYN D. , MANEJWALA OMAR 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: As the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to grow worldwide, individuals struggle with how to integrate diabetes self-management into their lives. This is complicated by the high rate of depression and stress among persons with T2D. A multicondition behavior change-oriented digital therapeutic platform may alleviate the burdens faced by persons with comorbid diabetes and mental health conditions.
Objective: To investigate blood glucose levels outcomes in persons with T2D and comorbid depression and stress who used a multicondition digital therapeutic to manage their blood glucose levels.
Method: We performed a retrospective data analysis on the DarioTM database using users who activated the mobile app during 2019-2021 and who self-reported stress and depression in the App questionnaire. Participants who took at least 5 measurements at 1st and 12th month with Dario and who started with an average blood glucose &gt;180 mg/dL were termed “high-risk.” The ratios assessed were average blood glucose and high blood glucose (&gt;180 mg/dL) readings ratio over a year.
Results: The high-risk group of 491 users significantly reduced their average blood glucose by 13% (204±60 vs. 234±55) (P&lt;0.001) . A subset of high-risk users with type 2 (N=379) was also evaluated and significantly reduced their average blood glucose by 14% (P&lt;0.001) (201±66 vs. 233±53) . Moreover, their high glucose events ratio (&gt;180 mg/dL) was significantly reduced from 69.4% to 46.9% over a full year usage (P&lt;0.001) .
Conclusion: The use of a multicondition digital therapeutic platform may be associated with improved glucose management for persons with “high risk” glycemia who cope with depression and stress. The present study revealed that the digital multicondition platform has the potential to enhance self-care behaviors among people with diabetes that suffer from stress and depression.

Disclosure
Y.Hershcovitz: None. M.Tamir: None. M.D.Ritholz: Advisory Panel; DarioHealth Corp. O.Manejwala: Employee; DarioHealth Corp., Stock/Shareholder; DarioHealth Corp.
71-LB: Real-World Evidence of Arabic Digital Therapeutics for People Living with Type 2 Diabetes in Qatar
Authors: JANDALI NOOR , SAAD RAHMA 
Published: May 2022

Background: Around 17% of people in Qatar live with diabetes. This study reports on the impact of an Arabic digital therapeutics product, named Droobi Health™ (DH) on glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
Methods: DH provides participant with a 16-week digital behavior change program tailored for people with T2DM. The programs are based on DSME content and AADE7 guidelines for T2DM, with the content localized to be culturally relevant. The DH app gives participants access to chat with a real-human CDE, tracking tools for blood glucose, weight, food intake, and physical activity, and weekly lessons. Participants at primary healthcare centers with T2DM and a starting A1c equal to or greater than 8% were provided the DH intervention. A post-intervention A1C was measured after three months. This study presents results from 633 participants who completed follow-up A1c.
Results: The mean pre and post-intervention A1c for 633 participants was 9.67% and 8.76% respectively, showing a mean reduction of 0.91% (95% CI 0.73%-1.09%, P≤0.001) . For women, the use of DH was associated with a statistically significant A1c reduction of 0.73% (95% CI 0.42%-1.04%, P≤0.001) . For men, the use of DH was associated with a statistically significant A1c reduction of 0.99% (95% CI 0.75%-1.21%, P≤0.001) .
Conclusion: Based on the results, participants have improved glycemic control outcomes, particularly male participants, underscoring DH’s potential to deliver a clinically effective intervention for people with T2DM in Qatar and across the Middle East.

Disclosure
N. Jandali: Stock/Shareholder; Droobi LLC. R. Saad: Employee; Droobi LLC.
710-P: In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) , Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) Usage Does Not Alter Multiple Measures of Glycemic Variability (GV)
Authors: LEE YEE LIONG , MEHFOOZ AYESHA , WANG QI , CHOW LISA S. 
Published: May 2022

Background: The RCT data on CGMS and GV in patients with T2DM have used limited measure of GV metrics. In patients with T2DM on CGMS, we examined whether the use of blinded or unblinded CGMS will affect their GV across a broad swatch of metrics.
Methods: A randomized control study involving 40 subjects with T2DM was done [50% females, mean (SD) age 59 years (12.5) , BMI 34.kg/m2 (8.1) , mean (SD) screening HbA1c 7.59% (1.2) ]. Patients were randomized (1:1) to either 1 unblinded (Freestyle Libre) +1 blinded (Freestyle Libre Pro) CGMs or 2 blinded CGMS (Freestyle Libre Pro) for 16 weeks. Sensors were replaced every 2 weeks with an in-person visit. Multiple GV metrics were calculated from the blinded CGM at baseline (Week 0-Week2) and end-intervention (Week 14-16) . Participants randomized to the Unblinded/Blinded CGM group were instructed to use the CGM as they wished. Participants randomized to the Blinded CGM group were instructed to continue checking their fingerstick glucose as usual.
Measured GV metrics included the following: mean glucose, standard deviation (SD) , and coefficient of variation (CV) , continuous overlapping net glycemic action (CONGA) , liability Index, J-index, low and high blood glucose index (LBGI/HBGI) , glycemic risk assessment diabetes equation (GRADE) , mean of daily differences (MODD) , average daily risk range (ADRR) , mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) , mean of daily differences (MODD) , Area Under Curve (AUC) , time spent in range (TIR) , Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) , number of episodes below 55 and glycemic variability percentage (GVP) .
Results: In this study, we found that was no significant difference in all GV metrics between the blinded/ blinded CGMS group and unblinded/blinded CGMS group at baseline and end intervention.
Conclusion: The novelty of this study is the extensive analysis of GV across multiple metrics in patients with T2DM on CGMS and CGMS usage did not significantly alter GV.

Disclosure
Y.Lee: None. A.Mehfooz: None. Q.Wang: None. L.S.Chow: Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc.
72-LB: Blood Glucose Levels in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes Users of a Digital Therapeutic Platform by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: HERSHCOVITZ YIFAT , GERSHONI TAMAR , MANEJWALA OMAR 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Significant racial and ethnic disparities in care have been observed in type 2 diabetes, including impairments in diagnosis, access to care and outcomes. Complex social and cultural factors drive these disparities, some of which might be mitigated through digital approaches. Digital therapeutic platforms assist users in achieving and maintaining target blood glucose levels. This study examines by race/ethnicity the differences in blood glucose levels among users of a digital health platform over a year based on real-world data.
Method: A retrospective data study was performed on the Dario™ database. A group of Dario digital therapeutic users with type 2 diabetes started with average blood glucose above 180 mg/dL (“high-risk users”) and reported in the app ethnicity as one of the following: White, Latino, Black or Asian. This population was active during 2019-2021 and took &gt;3 blood glucose measurements in the first and 12th months. A Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the difference in average blood glucose level over a year.
Results: A group of 1000 users was analyzed, 736 (74%) White; 122 (12%) Latino; 103 (10%) Black, and 39 (4%) Asian. The average glucose level significantly reduced in all users and per ethnic group over a year: All users by 14% (230±58 vs. 197±47) (p&lt;0.001) ; respondents identifying as White reduced by 14% (229±58 vs. 197±47) ; Latino by 15% 237±59 vs. 202±48) (p&lt;0.001) ; Black by 15% (230±63 vs. 196±48) (p&lt;0.001) and Asian by 15% (229±55 vs.195±43) (p&lt;0.001) . Finally, no significant differences in average blood glucose reductions between the races/ethnicities in the first month and in 12th month were observed (p=0.384) .
Conclusion: Digital therapeutic platforms may promote behavior modification in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes to create sustainable outcomes. While treatment, as usual, is generally associated with disparate outcomes by race/ethnicity, the present study suggests that digital therapeutics may improve compliance and diabetes management and therefore address some of the disparities seen in diabetes care.

Disclosure
Y. Hershcovitz: None. T. Gershoni: None. O. Manejwala: Employee; DarioHealth Corp., Stock/Shareholder; DarioHealth Corp.
729-P: Relationship between Body Weight Change and Glycemic Control with Tirzepatide Treatment in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: PEDERSEN SUE , UMPIERREZ GUILLERMO E. , GIORGINO FRANCESCO , RODRÍGUEZ ÁNGEL , THIEU VIVIAN , SAPIN HELENE , LANDO LAURA FERNANDEZ , KARANIKAS CHRISANTHI A. , KILJANSKI JACEK I. 
Published: May 2022

Tirzepatide (TZP) , a novel, once weekly, dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, is being developed as a glucose lowering agent in type 2 diabetes (T2D) . In the SURPASS clinical trial program, TZP demonstrated significant HbA1c and body weight reductions vs. placebo and active comparators. This post-hoc analysis assessed the relationship between HbA1c and body weight reductions with TZP treatment (5, or 15 mg) . HbA1c and body weight data at 40 weeks (SURPASS-1, -2 and -5) and 52 weeks (SURPASS-3 and -4) were analyzed by trial, due to differences in design, background therapy, and baseline characteristics of participants. Across the trials, HbA1c reductions from baseline were observed in 96-99%, 98-99% and 94-99% of participants treated with TZP 5, and 15 mg, respectively. Moreover, 87-94%, 88-95% and 88-97%, respectively, also experienced weight loss. Significant correlations between HbA1c and body weight changes were observed with TZP in SURPASS-2, -3, -4 (all doses) and -5 (TZP 5 mg only) (statistically significant correlation coefficients ranged from 0.1438 to 0.3130 across studies; p≤0.038, for all doses) . Consistent reductions in HbA1c and body weight, even when used with medications associated with weight gain, were observed in the vast majority of participants treated with TZP at doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg.

Disclosure
S.Pedersen: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, HLS Therapeutics Inc., Janssen Global Services, LLC, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; AstraZeneca, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, HLS Therapeutics Inc., Janssen Global Services, LLC, Novo Nordisk, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Prometric, Speaker's Bureau; Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, HLS Therapeutics Inc., Janssen Global Services, LLC, Novo Nordisk. G.E.Umpierrez: Research Support; AstraZeneca, Dexcom, Inc., Novo Nordisk. F.Giorgino: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Lilly Diabetes, Sanofi, Research Support; Lilly Diabetes, Roche Diabetes Care, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Á.Rodríguez: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. V.Thieu: None. H.Sapin: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. L.Fernandez lando: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. C.A.Karanikas: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. J.I.Kiljanski: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company.

Funding
Eli Lilly and Company
737-P: Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) to Estimate the Effect of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular (CV) Outcomes in Race/Ethnicity Subgroups: Post Hoc Analysis of LEADER
Authors: CHEN DAVID , ABRAHAMSEN TRINE J. , DANG LAUREN E.E. , LAWSON JACK , PRATLEY RICHARD E. 
Published: May 2022

Important race/ethnicity subgroups at high risk of CV disease are underrepresented in type 2 diabetes CV outcomes trials, limiting the strength of conclusions drawn. Until data are available, TMLE may be more efficient than conventional analysis, giving a better estimation of treatment effects to support clinical decision-making. TMLE makes minimal assumptions on data distribution and prioritizes fitting the most salient parts of the data to the statistical estimand, thus producing more precise and less biased estimates. Relative cumulative risk (RR) of major adverse CV events at 4 years with liraglutide vs. placebo for race/ethnicity subgroups in LEADER was estimated by TMLE + super learner. Comparison to the original Cox regression hazard ratio (HR) and unadjusted Kaplan-Meier RR is shown. Although RR and HR are different estimands, for rare events and proportional hazards they can be numerically close. While the original HR was not significant in any race/ethnicity subgroups, TMLE led to statistically significant treatment effects in all but the ‘Black’ subgroup (Figure) . Statistical power to detect the full population RR in the ‘Black’ subgroup was 0.13 (vs. 0.70 in the ‘White’ subgroup) . These data provide reassurance on the beneficial effects of liraglutide vs. placebo on CV outcomes in underpowered race/ethnicity subgroups.

Disclosure
D.Chen: None. T.J.Abrahamsen: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S, Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. L.E.E.Dang: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. J.Lawson: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. R.E.Pratley: Other Relationship; Bayer AG, Corcept Therapeutics, Dexcom, Inc., Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Merck & Co., Inc., Metavention, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Poxel SA, Sanofi, Scohia Pharma Inc., Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Funding
Novo Nordisk A/S
745-P: Short-Acting Exenatide Added Three Times Daily to Insulin Therapy Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: JOHANSEN NICKLAS , DEJGAARD THOMAS F. , LUND ASGER , VILSBØLL TINA , ANDERSEN HENRIK U. , KNOP FILIP K. 
Published: May 2022

Average life expectancy in type 1 diabetes is reduced by more than a decade due to cardiovascular (CV) disease. Reduced insulin sensitivity as assessed by low values of estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) has been observed to correlate with increased risk of CV events. How short-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) influence eGDR in type 1 diabetes remains unknown. We analyzed eGDR post-hoc in a phase 2, double-blind, randomized (1:1) , clinical trial (NCT03017352) that evaluated the short-acting GLP-1RA exenatide μg added three times daily to insulin therapy as compared with placebo over 26 weeks of treatment in 1individuals with type 1 diabetes (76/32 men/women, age 50 (14) years (mean (standard deviation)) , diabetes duration 21 (12) years, BMI 28 (4) kg/m2, glycated hemoglobin A1c 8.2 (0.7) % / 66 (7) mmol/mol) . Exenatide significantly increased eGDR by 0.36 mg/kg/min (95 % confidence interval 0.03; 0.69, P = 0.032) (Table 1) as compared with placebo after 26 weeks’ treatment. Short-acting exenatide apparently improved insulin sensitivity in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control, alluding to potential CV benefits of this GLP-1RA in type 1 diabetes.

Disclosure
N.Johansen: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. T.F.Dejgaard: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk, Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk. A.Lund: Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk A/S. T.Vilsbøll: Consultant; AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eli Lilly and Company, Gilead Sciences, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. H.U.Andersen: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. F.K.Knop: Advisory Panel; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, ShouTi, Zucara Therapeutics, Consultant; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos A/S, Sanofi, ShouTi, Zealand Pharma A/S, Zucara Therapeutics, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Zealand Pharma A/S, Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Stock/Shareholder; Antag Therapeutics.

Funding
Partly funded by AstraZeneca
749-P: Clinically Relevant Predictors of Cardiovascular Events: Exploratory Analysis from the VERIFY Study of Initial Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: MATTHEWS DAVID R. , DEL PRATO STEFANO , PALDANIUS PAIVI M. , BADER GIOVANNI 
Published: May 2022

The VERIFY study of primary treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) , showed delayed glycemic failure (HbA1c ≥7.0% at two consecutive scheduled visits post randomization) with early combination of vildagliptin and metformin (EC) versus initial metformin monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM (HbA1c 6.5%-7.5%) . Throughout the 5-year study, 57 adjudicated cardiovascular (CV) events were collected but the study was not powered to test the hypothesis that EC was also able to decrease CV events. Here we explore whether simple clinical data at T2DM onset (Framingham risk equation, CV disease history [CVD-Hx]) could identify patients at risk of subsequent CV events. At baseline, Framingham risk score (FRS) was 14.9±9.2% and 220 (12.3%) patients had CVD-Hx. A significant higher risk in patients with CVD-Hx and FRS ≥20% was visually apparent on KM curves and log rank-test (p=0.001; Figure) . Baseline HbA1c, age and gender were not significantly associated with the CV outcome, whereas treatment failure within the first 3 years was significantly associated with a higher risk of CV events (HR [95% CI]: 3.1 [1.7, 5.6]; p=0.0001) . These analyses suggests that both CV risk stratification at onset of T2DM and early loss of glycemic control may identify patients at higher risk of subsequent CV events.

Disclosure
D.R.Matthews: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk A/S, Other Relationship; Novartis AG, Speaker's Bureau; Servier Laboratories. S.Del prato: Advisory Panel; Applied Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi, Consultant; Menarini Group, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi, Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. P.M.Paldanius: Consultant; Glyconics Ltd, UPM Biomedicals, Speaker's Bureau; Novartis AG, UPM Biomedicals. G.Bader: Employee; Novartis AG.

Funding
Novartis