bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility Journey - Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Pipelines to Transport Hydrogen – Natural Gas Blends
Authors: Esmaeely Saba N. , Finneran Shane , Podnar McMahan Tara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Transformation and decarbonization of existing energy systems are a key part of global energy transition efforts to meet targets set in the COP21 Paris Agreement. The feasibility of transitioning existing natural gas networks to hydrogen or hydrogen-natural gas (H2 – NG) blends, is being evaluated by many natural gas operators as part of their decarbonization strategy.
It is recognized that the transportation of hydrogen or blended hydrogen and natural gas presents potential challenges that should be considered and assessed before exposing an existing system to hydrogen transport. One of the first steps in such assessment is conducting a high-level study of the existing network feasibility for the transitioning purpose. Such high-level studies include the material and equipment compatibility of the network with H2 to determine an acceptable range of H2 concentration (H2%) that could safely be added to the blend with modest levels of investment and system modifications. The network feasibility is investigated from different aspects including material integrity, equipment accuracy and functionality, chemical compatibility, end use as well as storage and handling.
A thorough feasibility study assesses the entirety of the gas supply value chain, from injection to end-use compatibility and is based upon the operator’s hydrogen strategy and roadmap, which details the network capacity of handling hydrogen safely with a detail of necessary modifications.
This paper provides an overview of the factors that should be considered throughout a hydrogen feasibility assessment and addresses additional aspects of the overall hydrogen journey that may be evaluated along the way.
Overcoming Material and Test Variability Challenges in In-Situ Material Verification
Authors: Safari Loaliyan Soheil , Rizwan-I-Haque Intisar , Salamat Yasamin , Lacy Ryan , Mahmoudabadbozchelou Mohammadamin , Bellemare Simon , Powers Buddy , Eagar Tom 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In-situ material property verification for oil and gas pipelines presents challenges and opportunities. One challenge is to limit undue increase in testing and maintenance costs which inherently occur if a generic conservative approach is used in the implementation of the new regulation requirements. This paper provides statistical data as well as case studies showing that measurements below the expected grade are not uncommon. Engineering analyses should allow for identifying outliers that present an actual risk while not overly increasing the industrywide maintenance efforts. Here, the data from in-situ material verification at more than one thousand field excavations are fit to a normal distribution curve. Further analysis is provided for data points where an expected grade was provided as part of the field project. From 491 pipes with provided expected grade, there are several data points below the expected grade, but only three samples show a deviation of more than 8% below the minimum requirement. For samples with an expected grade of X52, the distribution from nondestructive testing is very similar to published distributions of laboratory test results, which also showed measurements slightly below the expected grade. Further analysis on pipe populations provides insight into how comparative analysis may help build confidence in verifying grade.
Long Seam Characterization by Means of a Phased Array Based Inline Inspection
Authors: Haro Victor , Traeumner Katja , Jung Christina , Kopp Gerhard , Urrea M. Santiago 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pipelines can show imperfections at the longitudinal weld. These imperfections are often introduced by the welding process in the pipe mill and can differ from mill to mill and welding technology. Some of those imperfections are acceptable variations within the manufacturing specifications of the longitudinal seam, either on the internal or external weld trim or cap. Others may exceed acceptable tolerances and introduce a risk for safe operation. In addition, sometimes radial offsets, misalignment, peaking and flat spots can occur. All those variations can lead to signals wrongly classified as crack-like defects, leading to unnecessary repair activities or shading of real flaws.
A phased array based ILI tool can map and accurately measure localized wall thicknesses and surface variations. Phased array elements typically have a width of 0.4 mm (16 mils) to 0.8 mm (32 mils), which enables high circumferential resolution compared to the latest generation of traditional single sensor ultrasonic tools of 2 mm (79 mils), while the ILI industry standard has a circumferential resolution around 4 mm (158 mils). This increase in resolution can be used to reconstruct the inner surface, the wall thickness and outer surface of the long seam itself and the vicinity. This includes misalignment, the weld cap height and width, potential trim issues, and similar effects.
The authors will show and explain the robustness of the measurement methodology based on laboratory/test data and real-world pipeline inspection. Furthermore, the benefit of knowing accurately the local seam wall thickness will be discussed, as a higher wall thickness reduces the severity of defects. For a selected set of anomalies, it can be shown that a significant number that may exceed acceptable limits (actionable anomalies) can be treated as non-critical considering the ILI measured local WT.
Finally, the authors show how the gathered data can be used to build 3D models and perform simulations with different flaws to further optimize the inspection tool and utilize the phased array tool to its maximum benefit.
Nineteen Years of Successful Use of Austenitic Stainless-Steel Pipelines for Oilfield Water Services
Authors: Gareau Frank , Ilbagi Arash , Dew Brian , Collins Craig 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technology to cost effectively design, construct, operate, and maintain ASTM A269 TP316L/TP316 stainless-steel pipelines for oilfield saltwater service and freshwater service was developed between 2002 and 2004.
The first installations were austenitic pipe installed within discontinued, corroded carbon steel pipelines. Primary goals were to identify a cost-effective solution for a pipe-in-pipe application. After 2004, free-standing austenitic pipeline were installed in trenches. It was determined that coils of 316L/316 tubing in lengths of 2000 meters (6500 feet) were cost effective and readily available as line pipe material to simplify the field installation and joining practices. It was also determined that internal coatings, external coatings, and cathodic protection (except for risers) were not required for corrosion protection.
Highlights from the engineering assessments and the examination of 17 cut-out samples of in-service piping will be presented to demonstrate the suitability of 316L/316 for oilfield water applications. Boundary limitations for temperature, transported fluid composition, and soil composition were defined to ensure that corrosion and stress corrosion cracking would not occur. Mechanical design and joining methods and concepts were adopted from ASME B31.3 because existing pipeline codes (e.g. CSA Z662) did not, and currently do not address this material for oilfield pipelines.
Between 2002 and 2010, 90 pipelines for freshwater service and 55 pipelines for saltwater service were installed. A review in 2021 indicated that none of the installed pipelines have experienced leaks or failures associated due to in-service degradation. Two leaks have occurred during this 19-year period; one leak was attributed to installation wear and one leak was attributed to poor installation of a mechanical fitting. Material suitability was also verified via examination of cut-out pipe/fitting samples, and the use of stainless-steel corrosion coupons for 13 years. A comparison to other materials of construction indicates that the 316L/316 pipelines performed better.
This case history will address the successful design, construction, operation, and maintenance of austenitic stainless-steel pipelines during the 2002 to 2021 period.
Structured, Systematic Threat Based Approach to Evaluate and Improve Data Quality to Facilitate Digital Transformation
Authors: Tomar Pushpendra , Kruse Betsy , Hasan Samah , Kondratyuk Sergiy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pipeline operators are rapidly and increasingly moving towards digital transformation in order to harvest efficiencies and achieve higher levels of reliability and safety. Fueled by advances in technology such as cloud computing and machine learning, data is considered a key asset, and pipeline operations are increasingly driven by information and analytics. However, successfully achieving a digital transformation toward reliable and high-quality data requires mature processes for obtaining, managing, evaluating, and continuously improving data quality.
During a review of pipeline risk assessment results, a pipeline operator (Operator) found that risk results for a particular pipeline were driven by the mainline coating type being listed as “un-coated.” However, further review of the records showed that the pipeline, in fact, was coated.
One of the Operator’s foundational principles is ‘data as an asset’. Thus, the Operator understands the critical impact of such data inconsistencies across many potential receptors, from financial impacts to public safety. Additionally, mature processes enhance confidence in prioritizing the “right work.”
Data quality is essential for the use of historical data, interoperability across various data systems, and generation of useful analytics. The data quality process maturity (Process maturity) evaluation aims to assess all processes, capabilities, and governance required for ensuring high data quality. As a result, the Operator decided to rigorously evaluate their data quality and the maturity of data quality processes.
The data quality assessment involved creating a comprehensive list of data elements required to assess a particular threat, prioritizing data elements, and documenting data storage by the source system. The data quality was then evaluated using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), establishing a baseline.
An organization’s Process maturity varies from level one (Initial) to level five (Optimized). The Process maturity of the Operator was assessed on five evaluation areas: Governance, Organization & People, Data Standards, Requirements & Metrics, Process Efficiency, Technology & Tools. Results of the evaluation led to the identification of actionable gaps.
The process, as developed, leverages guidance provided in ISO (8000-8) [3] for data quality assessment and DNVGL-RP-0497 [4] for Process maturity evaluation. This paper presents a step-by-step approach developed for and successfully employed by the Operator as applied to pipeline integrity threats.
Challenging Inspection Methodologies and Benefits – Recommended Scenarios for UT, MFL, and Robotics
Authors: Collins Mick , Lee Rod , Vasileff Calvin , Kobelak Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As pipeline and energy storage infrastructure worldwide continues to age, viable assessment options for critical assets are becoming increasingly important to ensure the stable delivery of energy. Many assets are complex and require creative inspection solutions.
This paper discusses robotic inspection technologies for pipelines and storage tanks that are challenging to inspect with traditional methods. We will provide an overview of the following:
• A pipeline inspection project in South Korea using robotic Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) inspection technology. This unique MFL crawler technology can operate within a flowing gas environment, capable of crawling wirelessly into and out of a hot tap. The system has a full array of high-resolution MFL sensors, a live feed high-definition camera, and laser deformation detection.
• A multi-tank inspection program in the USA using robotic technology with ultrasonic (UT) sensors. This system can inspect a tank floor while the tank remains in service.
These projects and their unique challenges will be discussed to illustrate the importance of deploying the right technology for specific applications. We will also demonstrate that utilizing these systems reduced the overall engineering costs associated with traditional inspection technologies. Additionally, the benefits and values from understanding the integrity conditions of these critical elements of energy infrastructure will be shared to provide guidance on selecting appropriate inspection methods to acquire the breadth and quality of data that can assist operators in making informed decisions for their asset integrity programs. This ensures more reliable energy distribution, reduces environmental impact, and improves safety.
Operators should consider the type of inspection technology that will not only meet regulatory standards but provide all information required to contribute to a well-rounded asset integrity maintenance program. Inspection of those assets is key to ensuring that pre-emptive maintenance is possible, and the costs associated with adverse events avoided.
Know Your Enemy – Improvements in Managing the Threat of Hard Spots
Authors: Tran Khanh , Slater Simon , Edwards Jason 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Operators of gas and liquid pipelines are expected to manage the threats associated with hard spots as part of their Integrity Management Plan (IMP). Over the past two years, a considerable amount of work has been completed to assess hard spots and characterize exactly what these features are, and how they can be managed. There is a significant body of data from ILI and metallurgical verification to develop a more complete understanding of the threat from hard spots. A hard spot is a localized increase in hardness compared to the surrounding base metal, which is defined in API 5L as an area larger than two inches in any direction and a hardness greater than 327 HBW [1]. Hard spots have been observed on EFW and DSAW pipes of various grades. The data collected confirms that there are different types of hard spots, which vary depending on the specific thermal cycles that create them. In the majority of cases, hard spots are introduced during the plate or pipe manufacturing process, and therefore can be related to specific pipe types, batches or manufacturers. It follows that understanding the types of pipes present within a pipeline system can help with susceptibility analysis and threat management. This fits with updated regulatory requirements driving the industry to verify material properties and attributes to support integrity management, when they are not evidenced by traceable, verifiable and complete (TVC) records. This paper discusses the processes used to assess, characterize and size hard spots, providing the information needed to make informed integrity decisions. Examples of different types of hard spots will be presented and discussed in relation to the various pipe types that can be differentiated using ILI-based material property verification. The paper will demonstrate how a close collaborative approach between operators and vendors can yield significant improvements in technology, processes and the integrity management plan.
Aqua-Plyometric Exercises-Induced Changes in Muscle Strength, Bone Mineral Properties, and Physical Fitness in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A 12-Week, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Elnaggar Ragab K. , Elfakharany Mahmoud S. 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: To determine whether a 12-week, lower body-targeted aqua-plyometric (AquaPlyo) exercise program could improve muscle strength, bone mineral properties, and physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was adopted and included 48 patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (age: 12–18 y). Patients were assigned to undergo either AquaPlyo exercises (AquaPlyo group, n = 24) or standard exercises (control group, n = 24). The outcome measures were assessed pretreatment and posttreatment and included concentric quadriceps peak torque, bone mineral properties (areal bone mineral density [BMD], volumetric BMD, bone mineral content, and BMD Z score), and physical fitness. Results: A significant posttreatment increase in the concentric quadriceps peak torque was detected in the AquaPlyo group compared with the control group (either at an angular velocity of 90°/s [right side: P = .016, left side: P = .025] or 180°/s [right side: P = .007, left side: P = .029]). Besides, a considerably greater improvement in the areal BMD (P = .0006), volumetric BMD (P = .027), bone mineral content (P = .002), and BMD Z score (P = .0004) was observed in the AquaPlyo group. Moreover, a remarkably greater rise in the physical fitness (P < .001) was revealed in the AquaPlyo group. Conclusion: AquaPlyo training can efficiently enhance muscle strength, improve bone mineral properties, and boost physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Unusual presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome due toMycobacterium marinuminfection of hand
Authors: Pai G Mithun , Bhat Anil K , M Acharya Ashwath , Reddy Shreya Pulli 
Published: December 2022

We report a case of a fisherman presenting with a rare and unusual carpal tunnel syndrome due toMycobacterium marinuminfection of the hand and wrist. The infection resulted in severe pain, paresthesia and restriction of movement in the hand.Flexor tenosynovectomy, followed by histological and microbiological studies, indicated the presence of atypical mycobacteria. The patient was started on a combination antimicrobial therapy for 6 months. The patient regained full range of motion and returned to perform daily activities with ease.Diagnosis ofM. marinuminfection of the hand is challenging as the presentation mimics other conditions and may have nonspecific histological findings. This atypical mycobacterium may also show resistance to commonly used antitubercular drugs. Hand surgeons should maintain a high index of suspicion ofM. marinumand adopt a multiteam approach to prevent delay in diagnosis for successful treatment.
Quantifying burden of intravitreal injections: questionnaire assessment of life impact of treatment by intravitreal injections (QUALITII)
Authors: Wang Rui , McClard Cynthia K , Laswell Stephen , Mahmoudzadeh Raziyeh , Salabati Mirataollah , Ammar Michael , Vannavong Jordyn , Aziz Aamir A , Ewald Amy , Calvanese Allison V , Lehman Erik B , Fried Sagit , Windham Victoria , Strutt Adriana , Saroj Namrata , Khanani Arshad Mohammad , Eichenbaum David A , Regillo Carl , Wykoff Charles Clifton 
Published: December 2022

AimTo quantify the areas of burden experienced by patients requiring repeated intravitreal injections (IVI) in the management of exudative retinal diseases.MethodsThe validated Questionnaire to Assess Life Impact of Treatment by Intravitreal Injections survey was administered to patients at four retina clinical practices across four US states. The primary outcome measure was Treatment Burden Score (TBS), a single score assessing overall burden.ResultsOf 1416 (n=657 age-related macular degeneration; n=360 diabetic macular oedema/diabetic retinopathy; n=221 retinal vein occlusion; n=178 other/uncertain) patients, 55% were women with an average age of 70 years. Patients most frequently reported receiving IVI every 4–5 weeks (40%). The mean TBS was 16.1±9.2 (range 1–48; scale of 1–54), and the TBS was higher in patients with diabetic macular oedema and/or diabetic retinopathy (DMO/DR) (17.1) compared with those with age-related macular degeneration (15.5) or retinal venous occlusive (15.3) (p=0.028). Though the mean level of discomfort was quite low (1.86) (scale 0–6), 50% of patients reported experiencing side effects more than half of the visits. Patients having received fewer than 5 IVI reported higher mean anxiety levels before (p=0.026), during (p=0.050) and after (p=0.016) treatment compared with patients having received more than 50 IVI. After the procedure, 42% of patients reported restrictions from usual activities due to discomfort. Patients reported a high mean satisfaction rating of 5.46 (scale 0–6) with the care of their diseases.ConclusionsThe mean TBS was moderate and highest among patients with DMO/DR. Patients with more total injections reported lower levels of discomfort and anxiety but higher disruption to daily life. Despite the challenges related to IVI, the overall satisfaction with treatment remained high.
Emergent universe: tensor perturbations within the CSL framework
Authors: Palermo Octavio , Ocampo Martin Miguel , Bengochea Gabriel R. , León Gabriel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe calculate the primordial power spectrum of tensor perturbations, within the emergent universe scenario, incorporating a version of the Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model as a mechanism capable of: breaking the initial symmetries of the system, generating the perturbations, and also achieving the quantum-to-classical transition of such perturbations. We analyze how the CSL model modifies the characteristics of the B-mode CMB polarization power spectrum, and we explore their differences with current predictions from the standard concordance cosmological model. We have found that, regardless of the CSL mechanism, a confirmed detection of primordial B-modes that fits to a high degree of precision the shape of the spectrum predicted from the concordance $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM model, would rule out one of the distinguishing features of the emergent universe. Namely, achieving a best fit to the data consistent with the suppression observed in the low multipoles of the angular power spectrum of the temperature anisotropy of the CMB. On the contrary, a confirmed detection that accurately exhibits a suppression of the low multipoles in the B-modes, would be a new feature that could be considered as a favorable evidence for the emergent scenario. In addition, we have been able to establish an upper bound on the collapse parameter of the specific CSL model used.
Music of the Spheres: Quantum Field Theory at the Introductory Level
Authors: Redmount Ian H. 
Published: December 2022

Quantum field theory has formed the conceptual framework of most of physics for more than sixty years. It incorporates a complete revision of our conception of the nature of matter and existence itself. Yet it is rarely taught, or even mentioned, in introductory physics — from high school, college, and university survey courses through upper-division “modern physics” courses. This omission is not necessary: This paper describes an approach through which the fundamental concepts and consequent insights of quantum field theory can be grasped, building upon familiar notions from classical and quantum mechanics.