bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Stage of Maturity, Storage, and Cultivar on Some Quality Attributes of Tomatoes1
Authors: Al-Shaibani Ali M. H. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cvs. Jet Star and Floramerica) were harvested at various maturity stages and ripened at 20°C and 80% relative humidity. Differences in pH between field-ripened and storage-ripened fruits of either cultivar were not significant. Ascorbic acid of ‘Jet Star’ fruits increased slightly during ripening both on and off the plant; ‘Floramerica’ fruits showed no changes in ascorbic acid content during ripening. Field-ripened fruits had significantly higher ascorbic acid than storage-ripened fruits. The β-carotene content significantly increased with ripening for both cultivars, with no significant differences between field- and storage-ripened fruits. Fruits of ‘Jet Star’ contained more β-carotene than ‘Floramerica’ fruits. Total sugars increased during ripening up to the firm ripe stage. Total sugar content of field-ripened fruits was significantly higher than storage-ripened fruits in ‘Jet Star’ but not in ‘Floramerica’. Fruits harvested in the breaker stage retained the highest total sugar content during storage.
Controlling Sprout Growth in Shade Trees by Trunk Injection1
Authors: Roberts B. R. , Wuertz D. E. , Brown G. K. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
American elm (Ulmus americana L.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) trees were injected in May or June 1974 and 1975 with water solutions of 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (Maleic hydrazide, MH) and butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide). Measurements in 1977 showed sprout length to be significantly reduced by both chemicals applied in 1974. Of the 1975 treatments, only MH-treated sycamore still showed significant sprout length reduction 3 growing seasons after injection. Between April and June 1977, MH and the sodium sait of 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac) were injected into the trunks of previously topped American sycamore, silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), red oak (Querem rubra L.), shamel ash (Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.)Lingelsh), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.). Both chemicals significantly reduced regrowth, but high concentrations were generally more effective than were low concentrations of the same chemical. However, high concentrations of dikegulac were likely to cause unfavorable foliar appearance, including leaf distortion and dieback. Regrowth control was generally similar for a species treated with the same chemical at different geographical locations. Average injection cost for a single treatment is estimated at $2 to $3 per tree.
Diallel Analysis of Early Competition between Sweet Corn and Four Weed Species1
Authors: Campbell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The early competitive relationships of sweet corn (Zea mays L.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) during the first 4 weeks of growth were studied in the greenhouse using a modified diallel analysis. Heights of individual plants at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after seeding were measured as well as dry weights at 4 weeks. Analyses indicate that sweet corn was the most competitive species. Barnyardgrass offered the most competition to sweet corn relative to the other weed species which offered much less competition to sweet corn and comparable competition to each other. Competitive relationships remained fairly constant over time with perhaps a slight increase in the competitive ability of crabgrass. A slight increase in compatibility between sweet corn and barnyardgrass, and between crabgrass and pigweed occurred during the 4th week of growth.
The Effect of Maturity and Environment on Phenolic Compounds and Oxidative Browning in Carrots1,2,3
Authors: Chubey B. B. , Nylund R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Study of influence of maturity and environmental factors showed that early seeded carrots were more prone to browning than late seeded carrots. Immature carrots were more susceptible to browning and were lower in phenols than mature carrots. Those grown in sandy soil had a higher phenolic content than those from clay soils but did not differ significantly in susceptibility to browning. Total phenols increased during storage and were highest at a storage temperature of 50 F. Susceptibility to browning increased during the first month of storage. No direct relationships were found between potential browning and total or oxidizable phenols.
Premature Heading of Broccoli Cultivars as Affected by Transplant Size1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Mack H. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Broccoli cultivars differed greatly in their tendency for premature heading and total loss from this factor and from culls. Per cent premature heads was increased by the use of large transplant sizes in the 9 cultivars studied; total loss was generally, but less, affected in the same way. Significant interactions were found between varieties and plant size in both premature heading and total loss. Transplanting date affected premature heading and total loss in one of the 2 years it was considered. Nitrogen levels, included in one experiment, did not cause significant effects.
Soil Moisture Effects on the Rooting and Early Development of Strawberry Runners1
Authors: Collins W. B. , Smith C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rooting of strawberry runner tips was studied in relation to soil moisture tension in the rooting medium and soil moisture supplies to the mother plants. In the first weeks of runner establishment the rate and amount of top growth was controlled largely by the moisture supply to the mother plant. Growth was decreased as moisture stress on the mother plant was increased. For the most part, root habit of the runner was independent of influence from the mother plant. Variations in soil moisture tension in the rooting medium had little influence on top growth of the runner except for leaf area but did influence root growth significantly. Secondary root growth was restricted by both very wet and very dry soil conditions. The results confirmed that the initial number of main roots formed and their penetration was independent of moisture tension in the rooting medium. Organic matter additions to the rooting medium did not influence moisture effects appreciably.
The Cause of Bent Neck in Cut Roses1
Authors: Burdett A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Neck bending in cut roses, cv. ‘Forever Yours’, was shown to be the result of wilting in the pedicel tissue. Four possible mechanisms to account for this occurrence in cut blooms and its absence in intact flowers were investigated experimentally. Both a decline in the diffusion pressure deficit of the tissues and an increase in the stem flow resistance of cut blooms were found to be involved. The increase in water flow resistance was shown to coincide with the appearance of a material plugging the vessels. The role of micro-organisms in the deposition of this material is discussed in relation to the data presented. Compared with those held in water, cut blooms placed in a solution of the bacterio- and fungi-static agent 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate showed a lower frequency of vessel plugging, a lower stem flow resistance and lasted twice as long prior to the development of bent neck.
Seed Dormancy of Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)1,2
Authors: Hogue E. J. , LaCroix L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For prompt germination the seed of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) required 9 to 12 weeks of after-ripening at a temperature of 5° C. When fruit and endocarp were removed, 50–60% of the non-after-ripened seed germinated. Complete germination was obtained by removing the endocarp and the seed coats. The germination inhibition appeared to be related to non-leachable inhibitors in both of these structures, and their influence was almost entirely restricted to the radicle end of the embryo. Kinetin was very effective in breaking the dormancy linked to the seed coats but did not influence dormancy when the endocarp was present.
The Influence of Succinamic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Fruit Ripening of the ‘Windsor’ Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Kenworthy A. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 1967 and 1968 to determine the influence of succinamic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (SADH) on fruit ripening of the ‘Windsor’ sweet cherry. Foliar sprays of 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm of SADH were applied to mature ‘Windsor’ trees. SADH promoted anthocyanin development by two weeks and sugar development by one week without significantly reducing fruit firmness. Treated fruits, however, were smaller than non-treated fruits of comparable color and sugar content. Fruit respiratory activity was not affected by SADH treatment.
It is postulated that SADH acts directly on the enzyme systems concerned with anthocyanin and sugar biosynthesis rather than acting at the hormonal level to advance the general physiological maturity of the fruit.
Isolation and Identification of a Growth Inhibitor in Spur Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A sample of freeze-dried apricot buds collected during December, 1968, and January, 1969, was extracted with 80% methanol. The extract was partitioned into 3 phases: water, neutral acetate, and acidic ether. The acidic ether phase contained most of the inhibitor that was present in the methanolic extract. Thus, further purification and identification was done with this fraction exclusively.
The similarity of Rf values of abscisic acid and of the apricot bud inhibitor when TL-cochromatographed using 10 different solvent systems, the equal retention times of their methylated derivatives when gas chromatographed, the congruency of their ultraviolet light spectra, and their inhibition of growth of apricot seedlings indicate that the apricot bud inhibitor is similar, if not identical, to abscisic acid.
Genetic and Environmental Modification of Determinate Plant Habit in Cucumbers1
Authors: George William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The standard plant habit in cucumbers is indeterminate (vine). A determinate form in which the shoot apex stops growing after producing a given number of leaves has the genotype de/de. Two determinate lines, one with low and the other with high leaf numbers were developed from this form. The difference in leaf number of these lines is due to a single gene which modifies the expression of de. The line with low leaf number has the genotype de/de, In(de)/In(de) and the line with high leaf number de/de, in(de)/in(de). Gene In(de) also reduces plant height by shortening internode length. Winter conditions of short daylength, low light intensity and low temperature decrease leaf number and plant height in both lines.
Temperature and the Self-Incompatibility Reaction in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Ascher Peter D. , Peloquin S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Compatibly- and incompatibly-pollinated detached styles of Lilium longiflorum were incubated for various time periods at 39°, 31°, 24°, 19° and 12.5°C to elucidate the effect of high and low temperatures on the self-incompatibility reaction. High temperatures during pollen tube growth prevented the incompatibility reaction, as incompatible pollen tubes reached lengths similar to those of campatible tubes in styles incubated at 39° and 31°C. Between 12 and 24 hr post-pollination the rate of compatible tube growth at 24°C (room temp) doubled while the rate of incompatible tubes continued unchanged. Incompatible pollen tube growth decelerated after 2 days at 19°C resulting in a significant difference between compatible and incompatible tube length 3 days after pollination. In styles incubated at 12.5°C the lengths of compatible and incompatible pollen tubes did not differ significantly until 6 days after pollination when incompatible tubes were shorter. The self-incompatibility reaction occurred at low temperatures, for growth of incompatible tubes was restricted to lengths typical of those grown at room temperature.
Effects of Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Biochemical Changes in Apricot and Peach Fruit1,2
Authors: Wankier B. N. , Salunkhe D. K. , Campbell W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The firmness, pericarp color, total pectins, total sugars, free reducing sugars, pH, titratable acidity, organic acids, amino acids, and tannins were analyzed in apricots, Prunus armeniaca L. cvs. Moorpark and Large Early Montgamet and in peaches, Prunus persica L. cv. Elberta. Fruit was stored under varying CO2 concentrations and 5.0% 02. Results of these treatments were compared to those obtained with conventional refrigerated storage fruit.
The data indicated that firmness, total pectins, titratable acidity, total sugars, and tannins decreased with duration of storage time. However, they usually decreased at a slower rate in CA-stored fruit than in refrigerator-stored fruit. Color, pH, and free reducing sugars increased with storage time, but the organic and amino acids content varied erratically with the treatment and length of storage time. The organic acids were generally depleted as storage was extended. Succinic acid occurred only under elevated CO2 concns. increasing the CO2 accelerated accumulation of succinic acid and the depletion of malic acid. Increased CO2 caused alanine to accumulate and aspartic acid to decrease.
Apricot fruit appeared to benefit most when stored in 2.5% CO2. Under this CO2 cone, fruit did not develop detrimental effects as rapidly as at other concns. of CO2 tested. Peach fruit did not appear to be satisfactorily stored under the conditions of this experiment.
A Maturity Index for Blueberries Using Light Transmittance1
Authors: Dekazos Elias D. , Birth Gerald S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light transmittance curves of intact blueberries, ‘Wolcott’ and ‘Bluecrop’ cul-tivars4, were recorded in the visible and infrared with the ASCO Biospect5 and correlated with anthocyanin content. Correlation coefficients were computed for a large number of possible maturity indexes to determine the optimum index. In all cases the index involves the measurement of the optical density of the intact fruit at 2 wavelengths and computation of the optical density difference. From the ‘Wolcott’ blueberry correlation data, the highest correlations, 0.925 and 0.967, were found in the infrared region between ∆OD(760–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per berry and between ∆OD(760–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per g fresh weight of tissue, respectively. For the ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry, the highest correlations, 0.933 and 0.916, were found in the infrared region between ∆OD(740–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per berry and between ∆OD(740–800 nm) vs anthocyanin content per g fresh weight of tissue, respectively. Thus, optical density difference measurements of individual intact fruits afford a reliable maturity index for blueberries.
Effects of Succinic Acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide and Phosphorus Treatments on Rhododendron Flowering and Growth1
Authors: Ryan G. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of 0.75 or 1.0% succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) on Rhododendron cv. Humming Bird resulted in 5- to 15-fold increases in the number of flower buds the first year, and applications the second year at 1.0 and 1.25% gave up to 5-fold increases. Treatments that significantly increased flower initiation the second year on field grown ‘Cynthia’ plants were preplant incorporation of treble phosphate, a root drench of dilute H3PO4, and 2 applications of 1% Alar. Combinations of Alar and P treatments resulted in increases approximately equal to the sum of the 2 treatments applied separately. Effects of Alar on growth of ‘Cynthia’ plants were a 15–20% reduction in length of the first flush shoots that were elongating at the time of application, and up to 80% reduction in the number of second flush shoots.
Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Snap Beans: Breeding and Nature of Resistance1
Authors: Fassuliotis George , Deakin J. R. , Hoffman J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bush type snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (cotton strain) are being developed by using PI-165426 as the resistant parent. PI-165426 (resistant), ‘Black Valentine’ (susceptible) and F5 breeding line B3864 (resistant) were inoculated with second-stage larvae. There were no significant differences in larval penetration of roots. Root tips showed slight swellings at infection loci of resistant and susceptible plants. Necrosis was evident in the resistant lines 4 days after inoculation. Histological studies of early infections showed that resistance was due to absence of adequate giant cell development and to hypersensitive reaction within the infected portion of the root. When soil temperature was changed from 16 to 28°C, galling, female development, and egg mass production in the resistant plants were increased.
Fertilizer-Plant Population Studies for Once-Over Tomato Harvest1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Dunton E. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth rate of several tomato cultivars, indexed by stem diameter measurements, was not influenced by broadcasting 50–100–100 lb./A fertilizer, by sidedressing 60 to 80 lb N, or by increasing the plant population from 5,800 to 23,200 plants/A in either single or dual rows at 2 locations.
Broadcasting 5–10–10 fertilizer prior to planting increased total yields, but the earliest maximum yield of marketable fruit was delayed. Sidedressing N also delayed the earliest maximum yield.
Fertilizer application did not influence fruit size, but size was reduced at high plant populations and at later harvests. The once-over maximum yield was increased at a high plant population when spacing between dual rows was 18 or 24 inches.
Growth and Fruiting of Peach in Sand Culture as Affected by Boron and a Fritted Form of Trace Elements1
Authors: Kamali Abdul R. , Childers Norman F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Boron shortage resulted in limited growth, terminal dieback, pronounced bark lenticels and bark splitting; waxy, thick, brittle foliage; early defoliation; early leaf development after dormancy; fewer flower buds; longer blooming period; reduced pollen viability; poor fruit set and quality; fruit cracking and dry brown corky spots adjacent to the pit. Boron excess caused leaf distortion, shoot dieback, pit splitting, and leaf bud mortality after dormancy; increased break of lateral shoots; fewer flower buds; reduced pollen viability and fruit set; and faded flowers and anthers. Correction of B shortage or excess resulted in normal growth, flower bud formation, pollen viability, and fruit set and quality.
Based on growth response, symptom expression and fruiting, the B content of peach leaves can be correlated in the following manner: severe deficiency, less than 10 ppm; deficient, 11 to 17 ppm; low, 18 to 30 ppm; optimum, 31 to 59 ppm; high, 60 to 80 ppm; and excess, 81 to 155 ppm. There was a positive correlation between mean B content of leaves and that of the fruits. The symptoms of B injury suggested the following classification of the B status in the fruits; deficient, less than 10 ppm; normal, 11 to 29 ppm; and excess, 44 to 124 ppm. An application of fritted trace elements3 at the rate of 20–160 lb/A to sand in the crocks gave good vegetative growth the first season but was inadequate to support normal growth and fruiting the second season. An additional application of 40 or more lb/A near the end of the second growing season afforded normal growth, fruiting and fruit quality for the third season.
Role of Cellulase in Abscission of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Pollard J. E. , Biggs R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The concept of cellulolytic enzymes being involved in abscission has been confirmed and extended in this study to include the fruits of ‘Calamondin’ (Citrus madurensis Lour.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Data have been presented which demonstrate that an increase in cellulase activity is associated with natural and chemically accelerated abscission of citrus fruits. Ethylene, the most effective accelerant of abscission studied, shortened the time for attainment of measurable increases in cellulase activity preceding separation and shortened the time between detectable increases in cellulase activity and attainment of high cellulase activity. Pectinase did not seem to be a major factor associated with abscission of ‘Calamondin’ and ‘Valencia’ fruit.
The effect of inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis on abscission of ‘Calamondin’ and ‘Valencia’ fruit was determined and cycloheximide was found to inhibit both abscission and increased cellulase activity. Cellulase-containing proteins extracted from tissues immediately surrounding and including abscission zones were separated electrophoretically and the appearance of a new protein band with carboxymethyl-cellulase activity was noted in this tissue during abscission.
Growth of Tomato Plants and Fruit Production in High Humidity and at High Temperature1
Authors: Lipton W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes grown in Tucson, Ariz., in a closed, humid greenhouse, compared with those grown in a normal, vented one, lacked vigor in spring, were prone to high-temperature injury in summer, and had poor fruit-set in both seasons. Elongation of plants in the humid house during early growth exceeded that in the normal house only when RH was near 100%. Occurrence of microbial diseases of leaves or fruits was insignificant.
High humidity reduced fruit quality in summer but not in spring. High humidity induced uneven coloration, cracking, and surface dullness. These defects reduced yields of marketable fruit an estimated 56%. ‘Large Red Cherry’ and ‘Floradel’ grew reasonably well in a high-humidity, high-temperature environment but 9 other cultivars did not.
The results of these experiments are relevant to crop production in environments found in closed greenhouses designed for coastal desert areas and in open fields in the tropics.
Stigmatic Exudate: A Potential Carrier of Exogenous Substances into the Style of Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Ascher Peter D. , Drewlow Lyndon W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The exudate produced on the stigma of mature flowers of L. longiflorum Thunb. did not adversely affect pollen tube growth or the self-compatibility reaction when injected into lily styles before, 6, or 12 hr after pollination. Stigmatic exudate diluted with an equal volume of distilled water before addition to the style had no effect on pollen tube growth when injection occurred before or 6 hr after pollination. Although injection of exudate alone 24 hr after pollination or injection of diluted exudate 12 or 24 hr after pollination retarded pollen tube growth, the addition of exudate or diluted exudate did not obscure the self-incompatibility reaction. Stigmatic exudate appears to be an excellent milieu in which to carry exogenous materials into the environment of pollen tubes of L. longiflorum growing in vivo.
Yield of Cabbage in Relation to Nitrogen and Water Supply1
Authors: Thomas J. R. , Namken L. N. , Brown R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cabbage yields were significantly related to the frequency of irrigation, evapotranspiration (ET) and the rate of N fertilization. Irrigating when the mean soil water suction in the upper 24 inches of soil approached 1.6 bars insured an adequate supply of soil water. The N-ET-marketable cabbage yield surface showed that yields did not change greatly for many combinations of ET and N. Yield isoquants suggest possible combinations of N and ET which will produce the same yield.