bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Data Recorded in a Walk-Around VSP in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Beck Byron , Al-Enazi Falah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Two walk-around VSPs were recorded in an oil well in the Arabian Gulf: a deep setting with the aim of characterizing fractures within carbonate reservoirs, and a shallow setting designed to investigate the cause of a lost-circulation zone. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the walk-around VSP interpretation.
Fracture characterisation was achieved by analyzing shear-wave splitting from a sequence of shear-wave generators. The paper will give a brief outline of the theory and method of assessing azimuthal anisotropy through shear-wave splitting analysis, followed by a review of the processed VSP data submitted by the VSP contractor in the form of Excel data. The walk-around VSP data interpretation is then presented for both the target carbonate oil and gas reservoirs and a shallow lost-circulation zone. Several cores were taken across the reservoir interval and fracture analysis of the cores is compared to the results of the walk-around VSP interpretation.
Two fracture properties were defined: density and azimuth. The variation of fracture density with depth was interpreted from the walk-around VSP data using the ratio of transverse to radial shear wave amplitudes as a proxy for fracture density. Both seismic wave modes provided information on the fracture azimuth, obtained through measurement of the fast shear direction and the azimuth of P-wave first arrivals. Fracture analysis of cores from two discrete reservoir intervals confirmed the value of the deep setting walk-around VSP data as well as the accuracy of the interpretation. Strong azimuthal anisotropy in the shallow setting walk-around VSP data was interpreted to indicate a zone of high fracture density, in which the fractures were oriented parallel to the regional stress field and the fracture zone coincided precisely with the lost circulation layer.
The shear-wave splitting data recorded in these walk-around VSPs provided robust measurements of azimuthal anisotropy over a long well-bore interval. This could be interpreted in terms of natural fracture density and azimuth, both in the main producing reservoir and in a shallow lost circulation zone. The results corroborated and extended the fracture characterization interpretation available from more restricted core data.
Resin Systems as Evolving Solution Within the Industry to Replace the Conventional Remedial Cementing while Eliminating the Sustained Casing Pressure SCP
Authors: Ali Wajid , Al-Turki Faisal Abdullah , Abbas Athman , Al-Yami Abdullah Saleh , Wagle Vikrant , Dahmoush Abdullateef Ahmed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Sustained casing pressure (SCP) has been a major challenge in terms of well integrity management, all around the world. Cement is the main element that provides isolation and protection for the well. The cause for pressure build-up in most cases is a compromise of cement sheath integrity that allows fluids to migrate through micro-channels from the formation to the surface. This paper presents lab work and field application that support the efficiency and reliability of an innovative resin system in enhancing the wellbore integrity.
This paper presents the development for potential wellbore isolation issues for casings utilizing surface treatments. Due to the solids-free nature and enhanced bonding characteristics, the resin system was utilized. The preparation for this job was unique due to the extremely limited injectivity rate, it was not possible to perform the job by utilizing the conventional cementing equipment, hence a specialized high-pressure pump with-having a very low pump rate capability was utilized for this unique pumping methodology. Multiple treatments were mixed and pumped as planned to achieve the desired set of results. Lab testing included thickening time tests, rheology, contamination, and compatibility testing.
Globally, conventional cement systems are often ineffective in potential remedial operations because of the high concentration of solids present within these systems. Therefore, the resin system is the best choice for this kind of potential remediation. The carefully timed setting ensured the optimum penetration and placement before the resin cured up and ensured the potential channel got permanently sealed. The proposed solution in this paper can add great value to restore the well's integrity and to save the rig's operational cost globally.
The resin system is evolving as an emerging solution within the industry, replacing conventional cement in many potential crucial remedial applications. This paper highlights the necessary laboratory testing, field execution procedures, and treatment evaluation methods so that this technology can be a critical resource for such potential remedial operations in the future.
In-Situ Oil Carbon Density Characterization for Enhanced Reservoir Saturation Monitoring Using Carbon-Oxygen Logs
Authors: Eltaher Yahia , Ma Shouxiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) log is the most commonly used measurement for reservoir saturation monitoring (RSM), especially in fresh water and mixed salinity environments. In interpreting C/O logs, oil carbon density (OCD) is a required input parameter, where a single averaging number from such as oil pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) tests is commonly used. An in-situ determined OCD, taking into account OCD variety areally as well as vertically across a reservoir, would improve the accuracy of CO RSM, the objective of this paper.
In a previously published work, regions of different OCDs are identified based on available crude oil PVT data across the reservoir, and each of the regions is assigned a corresponding average OCD. Although this coarse regioning can provide improvements in determinations of oil saturation (So) from C/O logs, it can be further enhanced by taking into account variations of OCD across each region. In this paper, we discuss a new approach intended to increase the accuracy of the calculated So from C/O logging data, through the integration of a continuous oil density curve into the C/O data processing workflow. The new approach utilizes oil viscosity acquired from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, in addition to temperature logs and PVT data, to develop a localized relationship between oil viscosity and oil density. The application of the optimum correlation shall yield an accurate oil density log, which is then used as a modular dynamic input of OCD in C/O data processing.
The new workflow was applied to several wells across a heavy oil carbonate reservoir, with proven vertical change in oil properties. The comparison of the new with the original saturation profile, obtained by using the conventional C/O data interpretation workflow, showed a significant increase in accuracy. Where the new approach induced a better match to openhole – resistivity derived – water saturation log across heavy oil, with both good and moderate porosities, unperforated zones. Unlike the original data processing scheme which has usually over-estimated water saturation across the same zones, because of the lack of the required sensitivity towards the heavy hydrocarbon fraction. This new technique has been proven to closely capture the changes in reservoir oil properties, increasing the accuracy of water saturation profiling across reservoirs with varying oil properties, thus provides a means to maximize the benefit of C/O logging across reservoirs of varying hydrocarbon properties and optimize oilfield development.
Damage Mechanism of High-Density Mn3O4/ BaSO4 Based Workover Fluids in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Alotaibi Nouf , Lawson-Jack Awoye , Smith Kern , Olaoluwa Salako , Chinea Gonzalo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the formation damage mechanisms on carbonate porous media due to the effect of solids (high-density Mn3O4 and BaSO4 weighting materials) and other particles dispersed in workover fluids. Barite (BaSO4) and Manganese Tetroxide (Mn3O4) are both highly dense compounds (4.5 – 4.8 g/cm3) with particle size of approximately 50 and 5 microns (μm) respectively, which can significantly impact permeability due to solids invasion.
A formation damage lab simulator was utilized to take selected core samples up to reservoir conditions. Initially, XRD/XRF and a baseline CT scan of the reservoir core plugs were conducted prior to core flooding. Differential pressures along core samples were measured at controlled flowrates during nitrogen gas flooding carried out before and after the workover fluid application and also, after removal of the filter cake formed by the workover fluid. Darcy's equation was used to calculate permeability values, and core plug CT scans post-floods were used to assist with the interpretation of the associated formation damage mechanism.
This study shows that the presence of solids inside the porous media physically plugging fluid pathways and a thick external filter cake due to high fluid filtration are the main mechanisms that contributed to the reduced return permeability observed on the core plug samples. The internal filter cake associated with the penetration of filtrate and solid particles into the pores had a greater effect on the observed permeability reduction compared to that of the external filter cake. The characteristics of the filter cake is strongly controlled by the mud particle type, size, and concentration. The combination of Manganese Tetroxide (Mn3O4) based workover fluid filter cake and the carbonate rock sample's face had low permeability causing a larger pressure drop and a lower productivity compared to the Barite (BaSO4) based filter cake in interaction with the same rock type. The permeability of the filter cake was lowered with decreased filtration.
Circular Economy Applied to Synthetic Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Giubertoni Matteo , Affede Luca , Carpineta Gabriele 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Circular economy has become in the last decades one of the major subjects of debate for corporations around the globe. The ever-growing attention towards the environment and a more sustainable exploitation of the resources of the planet have led the major Oil Companies worldwide to reconsider their internal processes and approaches to business. In this context, the efforts aimed at identifying and implementing initiatives and operative processes pertinent to the concept of circular economy triggered to reconsider Synthetic (low-toxic) Oil-Based drilling fluids (muds) as one of the main actors in terms of successful operative circular initiatives in the oil business. Thanks to their inherent durability in time and scarce tendency to degrade, Synthetic Oil Based Muds unfold many opportunities of recycling and re-use which could not be possible with other drilling fluids systems. In this regard, a correct management of Oil Based drilling fluids which permits treatment, storage, and re-utilization in new wells of the same field or new projects, can significantly reduce the CO2 emissions related to drilling fluids life cycle.
The aim of this paper is to quantitatively show the results that can be achieved in terms of reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases by the recycling of Synthetic Oil Based drilling fluids thanks to a considerable volume requirement decrease in relation to drilling operations, and the correlated utilization of resources.
Estimation of the Static Young's Modulus for Sandstone Reservoirs Using Support Vector Regression
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Abdulhamid , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Al Shehri Dhafer 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The static Young's Modulus (Estatic) is an important parameter affecting the design of different aspects related to oil and gas producing wells. It is significantly changing based on the type of the formation, and hence, an accurate method of identifying Estatic is required. This study evaluates the performance of support vector regression (SVR) for prediction of the Estatic. The SVR model was learned to evaluate the Estatic from the well logs of the bulk formation density in addition to compressional and shear transit time. It was learned and tested on 592 training datasets of the inputs and their corresponding Estatic, these datasets were obtained from a sandstone formation in Well-A. The learned SVR model was then validated on 38 data points from Well-B, the performance of the optimized SVR on predicting the Estatic for the validation data was also compared with these of the early optimized artificial neural networks (ANN) and functional neural networks (FNN). As a result, all machine learning models showed high precision in predicting the Estatic for the validation data where Estatic was estimated with average absolute percentage errors of 3.80%, 2.54, and 2.03% and correlation coefficients of 0.991, 0.997, and 0.999 using the optimized ANN, FNN, and SVR models, respectively. This result shows the high accuracy of the SVR on predicting the Estatic.
COVID-19! Business as Usual in the Rigless Operations: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: BinZiad Abdullah , Al-Subaii Abdullah , Alharthi Saleh , Alotaibi Abdulmajeed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Last year, the oil and gas industry was hit with one of the biggest challenges in the history of the industry — COVID-19. This has been a pandemic no one imagined would cripple the whole world and threaten our very existence. It caused an imbalance to the oil supply and demand where the global oil market had more than it could use or store, which drove oil prices to a record low. Despite this, projects in development have to be completed to accommodate the future rise in demand that is expected to occur after the pandemic. This paper will showcase how the rigless operations in Saudi Arabia in the oil and gas fields managed to continue with their activities toward tackling this challenge by capitalizing on two main principles. The first principle was business continuity management; preparing a strategic and operational framework to actively increase resilience to prevent suspension of the rigless operations or services, and thereby fulfilling the industry demand and preventing a cash flow interruption to the stakeholders. The second principle was the risk management process (RMP); identifying, monitoring, and managing all risks related to COVID-19, which minimized, and in some cases eliminated, its impact on the rigless operations.
Both principles were the main pillars to first preserve lives and second to assure business continuity, which resulted in the continuation of the rigless operation and the profitability under the COVID-19 challenge for the company. COVID-19 was a risk no one accounted for. It was a true test to business continuity management and the risk management process. The integration of both processes in the oil industry, and specifically in rigless operations for the first time due to this pandemic, was essential to overcome the COVID-19 crises in addition to tailoring specific steps to address this challenge. Therefore, the rigless operations continued with planned activities while preserving people's lives.
Risk Assessments to Improve Workplace Compliance and Safety
Authors: Boyd Leah , Mills Laura , Jacintho Andrea , Martinez Gus 
Published: February 2022

Extended Abstract
For companies with work sites around the globe, assessing risks is challenging—particularly since many sites in different countries must adhere to different rules and regulations. This paper reviews a novel template developed by Siemens Energy to assess risks on a "level playing field" for each of its manufacturing centers, offices, and in-field work locations. The risk assessment template allows facilities to be ranked based upon their environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks as well as ISO requirements incorporating quality and EHS standards.
The Use of Health Management Programs for the Contractors Workforce
Authors: Alzain Hassan , Abu Qurain Ali , Al-Jaafari Abdulrahman , Hall Jason 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper aims to detail key success factors in understanding the effective principles of managing the health and well-being of the contractor workforce during and post pandemics, specifically for organizations in the oil, gas and energy industry. Furthermore, it shall provide insights and guidance on how to maintain and enhance contractor workforce experience, particularly during and post the COVID-19 pandemic; detailing the benefits of having well-established health management programs designed specifically for the contractor workforce.
The social determinants of health (SDH) can be defined as the social and economic conditions in which people are born, grow, live, learn, work and age. They are nonmedical factors that influence a vast range of health conditions; affecting individuals' overall quality-of-life. Economic policies, social norms and political systems are all examples of forces and factors that shape daily life conditions and affect human health (ODPHP, n.d.; WHO, n.d.a). SDH also encompasses education, employment, socioeconomic status, access to health care, social support as well as neighborhood and physical environment (Artiga and Hinton, 2018). SDH have a crucial influence on health disparities and inequities – "the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries" (CDC, 2020).
A well-known key factor in the emergence and perpetuation of health disparities is housing. Several researchers from a diverse array of disciplines explored the various aspects of the association between housing, health and well-being. They endeavored to comprehensively elucidate the major pathways through which housing conditions can negatively impact health equity, with a focus on the broad spectrum of hazardous exposures, their accumulated impact and their historical production. As reported by Rolfe et al. (2020), there is compelling evidence of poor physical health consequences of toxins within homes, damp and mold, cold indoor temperatures, overcrowding, and safety factors. Beyond the aforementioned impacts of physical aspects of housing on physical health, poor housing conditions have also been linked with high risks of poor mental health and well-being (Pevalin et al., 2017).
Implementation of Selective Laser Melting Technology in Development of Rotary Percussion Drilling Tool
Authors: Li Bodong , Zhan Guodong David , Xu Jianhui , Tu Yulin , Suo Zhongwei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing, also known as metal 3D printing, offers alternative ways to produce complex components without design constraints compared with traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. As a sub-category of metal additive manufacturing, selective laser melting (SLM) provides many advantages including high as-printed material density, good mechanical properties, and short production cycle, etc. This paper discusses the technical insights on implementation of SLM technology in development of a rotary percussion drilling tool – hydro-efflux hammer. The objective is to improve the quality and reliability of core components of the hydro-efflux hammer through optimized manufacturing workflow with SLM, for enhanced tool performance and extended tool life.
Safest Available Technology to Reduce the Blowout Probability in High-H2S and High-Pressure Drilling and Completions Applications While Using a Surface BOP
Authors: Kabdolov Altynbek , Feltracco Davide , Dupal Ken , Jones Reese , Zausa Fabrizio , Gandini Gabriele , Caia Alessandro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
With the goal to exhibit leadership in industry process safety, North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC), Eni, and Kinetic Pressure Control have collaborated to evaluate the feasibility and potential process safety benefits from use of the Kinetic Blowout Stopper (K-BOS®) technology in High-H2S and high-pressure drilling and completions and intervention applications from artificial islands in Kashagan field. The study focused on efforts to detect any showstoppers for the application of K-BOS, quantify the reduction in the blowout probability due to its application, and summarize the information currently available about the technology.
Using the Eni proprietary e-wise™ fault tree analysis approach, a quantitative risk assessment was performed to compare the probability of a blowout in Kashagan field using conventional BOP systems to the probability of a blowout with the K-BOS added to the stack. The study also reviewed OEM provided operating procedures, a risk assessment for running the equipment, as well as a feasibility study regarding any height restrictions in the BOP stack and the position of the K-BOS in the stack. The impact of alternative equipment for risk reduction such as additional redundancy was also assessed.
The application of the 13 5/8" 10M K-BOS system during reservoir drilling, completion and intervention operations significantly reduces the probability of a blowout by at least an order of magnitude. For drilling operations in the most challenging Rim portion of the reservoir, the blowout probability decreases by more than 90% and the residual value is below the blowout frequency for Producing Wells.
The improved shearing/sealing capacity and reduced closure time provided by the K-BOS enable a reduced likelihood of a blowout and enhance the risk profile for the oil and gas industry.
Big Data Integration Framework for Processing Petrophysical Data
Authors: Alblushi Maryam , Nasser Khalid , Readean Mohammad , Ghamdi Ahmed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Since the introduction of the first electrical resistivity well log by Marcel and Conrad Schlumberger in 1927, the field of petrophysical well logging experienced significant technological advancements [3]. One of the new technologies was Logging While Drilling (LWD), which allows for real time data streaming and acquisition from the initial drilling depth to the target depth. The target depth sometimes reaches more than 25,000 feet, resulting in wealth of captured data [7]. As special logging probes scan given subsurface intervals, a long list of diverse readings is collected as functions of either depth or time [4]. Unfortunately, most of the obtained data cannot be used as is; several processing, calibration and interpretation activities must be performed on the stored raw data to extract useful insights about the penetrated formations [5].
While these data processing activities are plausible for one particular hydrocarbon reservoir using conventional processing techniques, performing field-wide petrophysical studies can be a real challenge. However, big data technologies can be seen as a potential solution as petrophysical data satisfies the main characteristics of big data. Such characteristics include the high volume, velocity, extreme variety of measurement types and formats, and the uncertain veracity of data attained from several vendors and sensors.
In this paper, we first review the major challenges limiting geoscientists, geophysicists and petroleum engineers from fully exploiting petrophysical data. Then, we propose a big data-based framework which can help overcome some of these challenges by capitalizing on advanced processing techniques. Finally, we discuss the results of applying the framework on a defined business case.