bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular, behavioural and morphological comparisons of sperm adaptations in a fish with alternative reproductive tactics
Authors: Kvarnemo Charlotta , Green Leon , Svensson Ola , Lindström Kai , Schöld Sofie , Griful‐Dones Martina , Havenhand Jonathan N. , Leder Erica H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn species with alternative reproductive tactics, there is much empirical support that parasitically spawning males have larger testes and greater sperm numbers as an evolved response to a higher degree of sperm competition, but support for higher sperm performance (motility, longevity and speed) by such males is inconsistent. We used the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) to test whether sperm performance differed between breeding‐coloured males (small testes, large mucus‐filled sperm‐duct glands; build nests lined with sperm‐containing mucus, provide care) and parasitic sneaker‐morph males (no breeding colouration, large testes, rudimentary sperm‐duct glands; no nest, no care). We compared motility (per cent motile sperm), velocity, longevity of sperm, gene expression of testes and sperm morphometrics between the two morphs. We also tested if sperm‐duct gland contents affected sperm performance. We found a clear difference in gene expression of testes between the male morphs with 109 transcripts differentially expressed between the morphs. Notably, several mucin genes were upregulated in breeding‐coloured males and two ATP‐related genes were upregulated in sneaker‐morph males. There was a partial evidence of higher sperm velocity in sneaker‐morph males, but no difference in sperm motility. Presence of sperm‐duct gland contents significantly increased sperm velocity, and nonsignificantly tended to increase sperm motility, but equally so for the two morphs. The sand goby has remarkably long‐lived sperm, with only small or no decline in motility and velocity over time (5 min vs. 22 h), but again, this was equally true for both morphs. Sperm length (head, flagella, total and flagella‐to‐head ratio) did not differ between morphs and did not correlate with sperm velocity for either morph. Thus, other than a clear difference in testes gene expression, we found only modest differences between the two male morphs, confirming previous findings that increased sperm performance as an adaptation to sperm competition is not a primary target of evolution.
Early as compared to late initiation of twice‐weekly hemodialysis and short‐term survival among end‐stage renal disease patients
Authors: Panaput Thanachai , Domrongkitchaiporn Somnuek , Thinkhamrop Bandit , Sirivongs Dhavee , Praderm Laksamon , Anukulanantachai Jirasak , Kanokkantapong Chavasak , Tungkasereerak Pakorn , Pongskul Cholatip , Anutrakulchai Sirirat , Keobounma Thathsalang , Narenpitak Surapong , Intarawongchot Pisith , Suwattanasin Amarit , Tatiyanupanwong Sajja , Niwattayakul Kannika 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe impact of timing of hemodialysis (HD) for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with twice‐weekly HD remains unclear. We aimed to determine the effects of late initiation of HD on short‐term mortality and hospitalization.MethodsA multicenter cohort study was conducted in 11 HD centers in Northeastern Thailand (HEmodialysis Network of the NorthEastern Thailand study group). We recruited adult ESRD patients who were treated with twice‐weekly HD for more than 3 months and had data on eGFR at HD initiation. Clinical and laboratory values at the time of recruitment were recorded. Late and early (eGFR at start <5 and >5 ml/min/1.73 m2) initiations were defined. Outcomes were disease‐related death (excluding any accidental deaths) and first hospitalization. Data analysis was performed by multivariable cox‐regression analysis.FindingsA total of 407 patients who had data on eGFR at HD initiation (303 in late group and 104 in early group) were included for analysis. There were 56.8% male with a mean age of 55 years. During the 15.1 months of follow‐up, there were 27 (6.6%) disease‐related deaths. The 1‐year survival rate was similar among late and early initiation groups. The incidence density of first hospitalization in the late group was significantly lower than those in the early group (HR adjusted, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40–0.99, p = 0.047). Among 303 patients who were in the late start group, patients with diabetes had a higher mortality rate (HR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.40–8.70, p = 0.007) when compared to non‐diabetic patients.DiscussionEarly initiation of HD at eGFR >5 ml/min/1.73 m2 had no short‐term survival benefit compared to the late group in ESRD patients treated with twice‐weekly HD for at least 3 months in a resource‐limited setting. A survival benefit from an early start of HD was found among diabetic patients.
Personalized medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: Perspectives on Asia
Authors: Park Su Hyun , Park Sang Hyoung 
Published: June 2022

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases are chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with variable disease courses and complications, which in some cases can result in significant morbidities and disabilities. Etiologies remain unclear due to complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Considering the heterogeneity of inflammatory bowel diseases, personalized approaches in diagnosing and managing affected patients would be beneficial in maximizing treatment efficacies and minimizing adverse events. Personalized medicine may also help to stratify patients with a high risk of progression and inflammatory bowel disease‐related complications and identify sub‐phenotypic mechanisms to facilitate drug discovery and the development of new treatments. In Asia, with a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, studies have shown that patients of Asian ethnicity differ from their Western counterparts in terms of genetic and clinical aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, personalized medicine may differ for patients of Asian ethnicity with inflammatory bowel diseases. We reviewed and summarized current evidence concerning personalized medicine for the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and its possible role from an Asian perspective.
Early reattenders to the paediatric emergency department: A prospective cohort study and multivariate analysis
Authors: Stokle Matthew , Tinker Rory J , Munro Samuel P , Mullen Niall 
Published: June 2022

AimsThe rate of unplanned reattendances is used as an indicator of the quality of care delivered in a paediatric emergency department (PED). With early reattendance in the UK well above the national target of 1–5%, we aimed to identify the factors which predict unplanned early reattendance to the PED.MethodsThis is a prospective, single‐centre cohort study undertaken over 12 months. Data were collected on all patients who reattended the PED within 7 days of their initial visit as well as for a comparative cohort of patients with no visit in the preceding or subsequent 7 days. Multiple patient and departmental variables were recorded and analysed using a multivariate regression model.ResultsThere were a total of 19 420 index visits to the PED, of which 1461 patients had an unscheduled reattendance within 7 days – a rate of 7.5%. Factors associated with unplanned but related reattendance include young age and diagnosis with a respiratory or other medical illness. Interestingly, the grade of clinician appeared to be relevant with patients seen by junior members of the medical team less likely to reattend. Acuity of illness was not a significant factor. A substantial number of unplanned early reattenders (36.3%) would have been missed had a time period of 72 h been used rather than 7 days.ConclusionsThis study identifies the typical patient who will have an unplanned, related early reattendance to a PED. This study also supports the use of a 7‐day time period when using early reattendance as a performance indicator.
Addressing Black men's oral health through community engaged research and workforce recruitment
Authors: Smith Patrick D. , Murray Marcus , Hoffman La Shawn , Ester Todd V. , Kohli Richie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundRacism negatively affects the life experiences and subsequent health of Black men, including oral disease prevalence and outcomes. Few examples in the literature discuss how racism may affect successful, unsuccessful, and non‐attempts to address Black men's oral health.AimsThis commentary describes anti‐racism approaches to address Black men's oral health through community‐based participatory research, oral health promotion, and workforce recruitment.Materials and MethodsStakeholders from two organizations and one dental school share their experiences and key insights on how to strengthen efforts while minimizing the influence of racism on Black men's participation.ResultsCommon insights identified were a need to engage a diverse range of Black men within varying social and economic contexts, race and gender concordance among program leaders and participants, and the value of partnership to reach Black men in places where they feel comfortable and supported.Discussion and ConclusionThese examples stress the imperative of addressing racism among Black men in the development and improvement of targeted oral health interventions. They also emphasize the value of commitment from institutional leadership, relationship building with Black men, and the empowerment of Black men to lead program development and implementation efforts.
American Indian/Alaska Native, Black, and Hispanic dentists' experiences of discrimination
Authors: Fleming Eleanor , Mertz Elizabeth , Jura Matthew , Kottek Aubri , Gates Paul 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveLittle is known about the scope and role of discriminatory experiences in dentistry. The purpose of this study is to document the experiences that American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), Black, and Hispanic dentists have had with discrimination.MethodsThis study reports data from a 2012 nationally representative study of dentists documenting experiences with discrimination during their dental careers or during dental school by the setting of the discrimination, the providers' education, and geographic location. This study does not differentiate between levels of discrimination and focuses holisticly on the experience of any discrimination.ResultsSeventy‐two percent of surveyed dentists reported any experience with discrimination in a dental setting. The experiences varied by race/ethnicity, with 49% of AI/AN, 86% Black, and 59% of Hispanic dentists reporting any discriminatory experiences. Racial/ethnic discrimination was reported two times greater than any other type.ConclusionsExperiences with racial/ethnic discrimination are prevalent among AI/AN, Black, and Hispanic dentists, suggesting that as a profession work is needed to end discrimination and foster belonging.
A student‐led qualitative study to explore dental undergraduates' understanding, experiences, and responses to racism in a dental school
Authors: Ahmadifard Arefeh , Forouhi Sara , Waterhouse Paula , Muirhead Vanessa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis qualitative study explored dental student participants' understanding of racism, their experiences, and responses to racism in dental school, and the impacts of their experiences.MethodsAn interpretative phenomenological analysis design recruited students from the undergraduate dental degree and the BSc in Oral Health Science course at a UK dental school in December 2020. Two students and a qualitative researcher facilitated the online focus groups. A topic guide including scenario questions guided the discussions that lasted an average of 2 h. The recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsTwenty‐five participants took part in five focus groups. Several themes emerged related to participants' experiences and reactions. They described a spectrum of racist encounters ranging from more subtle forms, such as stereotyping and microaggression to racial mocking. They were concerned about professionalism, not knowing how and when to respond to patients' racist behavior. They described gender discrimination and intersectional biases but felt compelled to put patients' interests first. They were unsure about how to respond to stereotyping or racism from staff because of perceived imbalances in the staff‐patient‐student triad relationship. They expressed fears of gaslighting and despondency. They also felt that the COVID‐19 pandemic and anonymity from virtual learning environments enabled racist behavior.ConclusionThis study revealed a complex triad relationship between participants, staff and patients, and experience of intersectionality and three levels of racism: interpersonal, structural, and institutional. It highlighted the need for further research to develop actions including structural policies and equality and diversity training.
Racial and oral health equity in dental school curricula
Authors: Demopoulos Christina A. , Kohli Richie , Dhar Sohini , Raju Karen 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the current efforts to move dental school curriculum beyond diversity and inclusion toward an anti‐racism approach to racial equity.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, an electronic Qualtrics survey was sent to 67 Dental School Associate Deans/Deans of Academic Affairs and 15 Dental Public Health (DPH) Residency Program Directors. Survey topics included oral health equity, Critical Race Theory (CRT), racism and the physiologic impacts of racism on oral health. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate frequencies.ResultsOverall response rate was 31.7% (DPH = 6, predoctoral Dental = 20). The majority of respondents that answered the question stated that the educational program offered instruction in oral health equity (96.2%), racism (75%), and the physiologic impacts of racism on oral health (83.3%). Only 17.4% of the respondents stated that the educational program offered instruction in CRT. The main barriers to providing the instruction was limited faculty trained in the topics to offer the instruction or there was limited time to offer additional content in the curriculum.ConclusionsFindings demonstrate that oral health equity, racism and the physiologic impacts of racism are being discussed in dental education to some extent, but there is limited instruction in CRT. More robust efforts are needed to ensure dental students and DPH residents are competent in providing anti‐racist and unbiased health care; there should be an incorporation of anti‐racism standards in the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA)'s predoctoral and Advanced Education Program standards.
Phylogeography and cryptic species structure of a locally adapted parasite in New Zealand
Authors: Feijen Frida , Zajac Natalia , Vorburger Christoph , Blasco‐Costa Isabel , Jokela Jukka 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe phylogeographic patterns of many taxa on New Zealand's South Island are characterized by disjunct distributions that have been attributed to Pleistocene climatic cycles and the formation of the Southern Alps. Pleistocene glaciation has been implicated in shaping the contemporary genetic differentiation between populations of the aquatic snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. We investigated whether similar phylogeographic patterns exist for the snail's locally adapted trematode parasite, Atriophallophorus winterbourni. We found evidence for a barrier to gene‐flow in sympatry between cryptic, but ecologically divergent species. When focusing on the most common of these species, disjunct geographic distributions are found for mitochondrial lineages that diverged during the Pleistocene. The boundary between these distributions is found in the central part of the South Island and is reinforced by low cross‐alpine migration. Further support for a vicariant origin of the phylogeographic pattern was found when assessing nuclear multilocus SNP data. Nuclear and mitochondrial population differentiation was concordant in pattern, except for populations in a potential secondary contact zone. Additionally, we found larger than expected differentiation between nuclear‐ and mitochondrial‐based empirical Bayes FST estimates (global FST: 0.02 vs. 0.39 for nuclear and mitochondrial data, respectively). Population subdivision is theoretically expected to be stronger for mitochondrial genomes due to a smaller effective population size, but the strong difference here, together with mitonuclear discordance in a putative contact zone, is potentially indicative of divergent gene flow of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
Investigating key factors underlying neurodegeneration linked to alpha‐synuclein spread
Authors: Pang Cindy C. C. , Sørensen Maja H. , Lee Krit , Luk Kelvin C. , Trojanowski John Q. , Lee Virginia M. Y. , Noble Wendy , Chang Raymond C. C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimsIt has long been considered that accumulation of pathological alpha‐synuclein (aSyn) leads to synaptic/neuronal loss which then results in behavioural and cognitive dysfunction. To investigate this claim, we investigated effects downstream of aSyn preformed fibrils (PFFs) and 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), because aSyn PFFs induce spreading/accumulation of aSyn, and 6‐OHDA rapidly causes local neuronal loss.MethodsWe injected mouse aSyn PFFs into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of Sprague–Dawley rats. We investigated spread of pathological aSyn, phosphorylation of aSyn and tau, oxidative stress, synaptic/neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction 60, 90 and 120 days after injection. Similarly, we injected 6‐OHDA into the MFB and examined the same parameters 1 and 3 weeks after injection.ResultsFollowing aSyn PFF injection, phosphorylated aSyn was found distant from the injection site in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. However, despite neuron loss being evident close to the site of injection in the substantia nigra at 120 days post injection, there were no other neurodegeneration‐associated features associated with aSyn including synaptic loss. In contrast, 6‐OHDA caused severe neuronal loss in the substantia nigra at 3 weeks post injection that was accompanied by phosphorylation of aSyn and tau, oxidative stress, loss of synaptic proteins, cognitive and motor dysfunction.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that spread/replication and slow accumulation of pathological aSyn may not be sufficient to induce neurodegenerative changes. In contrast, oxidative stress responses in addition to aSyn accumulation were associated with other Parkinson's disease (PD)‐associated abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction. Our results may be important when considering why only some PD patients develop dementia.
Will treating progressive myopia overwhelm the eye care workforce? A workforce modelling study
Authors: Lingham Gareth , Loughman James , Kuzmenko Stella , Biba Matilda , Flitcroft Daniel Ian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeTreatments for myopia progression are now available, but implementing these into clinical practice will place a burden on the eye care workforce. This study estimated the full‐time equivalent (FTE) workforce required to implement myopia control treatments in the UK and Ireland.MethodsTo estimate the number of 6‐ to 21‐year‐olds with myopia, two models utilising separate data sources were developed. The examination‐based model used: (1) the number of primary care eye examinations conducted annually and (2) the proportion of these that are for myopic young people. The prevalence‐based model used epidemiological data on the age‐specific prevalence of myopia. The proportion of myopic young people progressing ≥0.25 dioptres (D)/year or ≥0.50 D/year was obtained from Irish electronic health records and the recommended review schedule from clinical management guidelines.ResultsUsing the examination and prevalence models, respectively, the estimated number of young people with myopia was 2,469,943 and 2,235,713. The extra workforce required to provide comprehensive myopia management for this target population was estimated at 226–317 FTE at the 0.50 D/year threshold and 433–630 FTE at the 0.25 D/year threshold. Extra visits required for myopia control treatment represented approximately 2.6% of current primary eye care examinations versus 13.6% of hospital examinations.ConclusionsImplementing new myopia control treatments in primary care settings over the medium‐term is unlikely to overwhelm the eye care workforce completely. Further increases to workforce, upskilling of current workforce and tools to reduce chair time will help to ensure sustainability of the eye care workforce into the future.
In vivo evaluation of facial papule dermatoses with reflectance confocal microscopy in children
Authors: Chen Lixin , Wang Ying , Gao Xibo , Qin Bei , Lian Jia , Ren Min , Zhang Wanxing , Wei Ran , Li Qinfeng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundMolluscum contagiosum (MC), milia, keratosis pilaris (KP), verruca plana (VP), seborrheic keratosis (SK), and juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) are common papule dermatoses on the face of children that have a similar appearance. In vivo evaluation of facial papule dermatoses with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is helpful in the diagnosis of these ambiguous lesions in children. The purpose of this study was to clarify the RCM characteristics of MC, milia, KP, VP, SK, and JXG and explore the clinical application value of RCM for these common facial papule dermatoses.MethodsWe recruited 113 patients referred for unequivocal facial papule dermatosis, including 21 patients with MC, 17 patients with milia, 19 patients with KP, 36 patients with VP, 8 patients with SK, and 12 patients with JXG. We evaluated the characteristics and distinguishing features of the six kinds of facial papule dermatoses using RCM.ResultsThe main RCM features of the six dermatoses included a well‐demarcated border of the lesion area. MC, milia and KP all manifested cyst‐like structures, and their distinguishing features were the location of the cystic structures and the refractive index of the contents. Although VP, SK, and JXG did not have obvious cystoid structures, VP was typically characterized by uniformly distributed petal‐like structures with a medium‐to‐high refractive index in the epidermis. With regard to SK, the characteristic features were an obviously thickened epidermis and cobblestone‐like structures. JXG was mainly characterized by multiple large round and ovoid cells with a foamy cytoplasm, and discoid‐shaped multinucleated large cells were diffusely distributed in the dermis.ConclusionRCM allows the real‐time visualization of major key diagnostic and distinguishing features of common facial papule dermatoses in children, including MC, milia, KP, VP, SK, and JXG.