bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordinated phrases as dvandvas
Authors: Nishimaki Kazuya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is generally accepted that coordinated compounds known as dvandvas are attested in some languages but not in others. For instance, they are very common in Japanese (e.g. dan-zyo ‘lit. male-female = male and female’) but unattested in English (e.g. * male-female), which instead requires phrasal coordination. The present paper uses Competition Theory to explore where this cross-linguistic variation comes from, focusing on the unattestedness of dvandvas in English. This theory assumes that cross-linguistic variations occur when morphology and syntax compete to realize an underlying structure; languages are classified into two types in a macroparametric manner, depending on whether they prefer morphological or syntactic realization. Taking a competition-theoretic approach, this paper claims that the unattestedness reflects the nature of English as a particular type of language, which is determined by a macroparameter. Furthermore, Competition Theory predicts that dvandvas have phrasal counterparts in English. The correctness of this prediction will be verified by observing that a particular type of coordinated phrase exhibits the defining property of a dvandva regardless of their different surface forms. It will be proposed that the relevant type is derived in a specific way, which results in its dvandva status.
Inclusion and mobility in the multilingual region of Vojvodina
Authors: Dobos Edgár , Nagy Noémi , Vizi Balázs 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
International and internal mobility can result in both linguistic diversity and forced migration due to intended homogenisation efforts (e.g. “ethnic unmixing” in the successor states of former Yugoslavia). International minority rights instruments scarcely address the questions of mobility and multilingualism. Vojvodina is expected to be a multilingual region in Serbia, an EU-candidate state, according to the laws on language use. Recent migratory trends in Vojvodina – within Serbia and from Serbia to Hungary and other EU states – have changed the “identity landscape” of a region that possesses deeply anchored multinational–multilingual traditions. An important question, therefore, is how existing legal provisions on language rights could offer protection to minority language speakers. International actors also promote the respect for and protection of minority language rights, reflected in the broad political and normative commitments made by Serbia within the context of EU-accession process. However, this political objective is often not achieved, a frequently observed obstacle being that local authorities see any attempt at implementing those language rights more as a burden than an opportunity. This chapter addresses questions such as: How is the legal framework implemented in practice (de iure vs. de facto use of minority languages)? What influence may international norms have on language rights regime? What influence do kin-state policies have?
Migrants’ attitudes towards community interpreting
Authors: Pokorn Nike K. , Čibej Jaka 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The aim of the chapter is to describe the attitude of different groups of migrants to community interpreting and the role of community interpreting in the inclusion process. The role of public-service translation and interpreting and attitudes towards community interpreting were studied in three groups of migrants in Slovenia: short-term (those who stay in the host country from one to 12 months), medium-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for a minimum of one year, but for a limited period of time), and long-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for the rest of their lives). The study covers 65 migrants from different language backgrounds (18 different L1s were identified) who intended to stay in the host country for various periods of time. First, the language profiles of migrants were defined on the basis of a questionnaire, then semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 short-term, 9 medium-term and 18 long-term migrants. The results show that migrants, regardless of their country of origin, the status of their L1, their level of education and their intended length of stay in the host country, had a rather negative attitude towards interpreting. They were reluctant to use interpreters because they doubted the accuracy of this mediated transfer due to the fact that public-service institutions tend to employ unqualified interpreters for the languages of new migrants. In addition, migrants, regardless of the level of their education, gender and language background, mainly considered this mediation strategy to be a hindrance to their independence. However, they expressed the need to use interpreters and translators in the early stages of their stay in the host country, especially in high-risk situations such as multilingual encounters in health-care, court and police settings.
The language choices of exchange students
Authors: Fiedler Sabine , Brosch Cyril Robert 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Erasmus Programme is the flagship of the EU’s academic exchange programmes. Taking as a point of departure that language proficiency is a key factor of a successful stay abroad, this research focuses on exchange students’ language learning and language choices. It draws on data collected between autumn 2015 and spring 2018 by means of online questionnaires and interviews with more than 500 participants. A major finding is that a large majority of exchange students consider learning the language of the host country an important incentive for their stay. In practice, however, student enthusiasm is often stymied by a lack of adequate language courses and/or poor organisation, leading to students spending most of their time with other exchange students, as opposed to with locals. Countries with popular languages, especially English and French, performed very well in raising linguistic proficiency, while the results in other countries, especially those with less widely spoken languages, where the language of instruction is usually English, varied significantly. The chapter also includes a discussion of the Online Linguistic Support (OLS). It concludes by addressing the question of how the potential of the Erasmus Programme can be better exploited to support multilingualism and language diversity.
Effectiveness of policy measures and language dynamics
Authors: Templin Torsten , Wickström Bengt-Arne , Gazzola Michele 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The effect of a given language policy can be very different in the short, medium and long run. We illustrate this, looking at the effects of language planning on inclusion given different mobility patterns. The choice is between different status and acquisition planning measures. This choice gives rise to different degrees of inclusion (in the form of bilingualism) given the costs of the policy and the linguistic environment. In a mobility/inclusion trade-off, a higher level of inclusion can be reached for a given amount of migration through a well-designed language policy. Different scenarios require different policy measures in the cost-effectiveness analysis. The effects of status and acquisition planning are modelled in a dynamic setting, where language learning depends on compulsory measures as well as voluntary decisions by the individuals involved based on their individual cost-benefit calculations (or those of their parents). The effects on inclusion are simulated in various scenarios when language skills are transferred from one generation to the next. The scenarios include migration of majority-language speakers into a region with a strong minority language (Spanish-speakers migrating into the Basque Country) and migration of speakers of a ‘foreign’ language into a country with enclaves of speakers of this language (Spanish-speakers in the USA).
The ontology of the linguistic territoriality principle
Authors: Morales-Gálvez Sergi , De Schutter Helder , Stojanović Nenad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The linguistic territoriality principle is popular both among theorists and practitioners of language policy. But its precise content is notoriously vague. A plethora of different meanings have been attached to it, leading to conceptual and normative confusion. This chapter proposes a novel conceptualization of this principle, in order to operationalize it both for theory and practice. It elaborates a proper definition of the LTP, illustrates its numerous versions and offers a state-of-the-art overview of justifications for and critiques of the LTP. The chapter works out, in short, a full ontology of the LTP, against the background of notions of mobility and inclusion. Our main research question is the following: what is at the conceptual and moral core of the territoriality principle? What are the crucial notions that need to be present in order to meaningfully speak of linguistic territoriality, and why do these notions matter morally? To address these questions, we offer and discuss two metrics that could constitute the core of the LTP: the linguistic coerciveness metric and the linguistic diversity metric. We argue that, although the coerciveness metric is relevant, the diversity metric is at the conceptual core of territoriality, such that we ought to understand linguistic territoriality as fundamentally characterized by linguistic monism, or monolingualism. Finally, we draw implications that such a view of LTP might have for the key concepts of mobility and inclusion.
Complexity in language matters
Authors: Civico Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Agent-based modelling belongs to the wider category of computational modelling and is used to replicate real-world social or physical systems and simulate their behaviour in a computer environment, with a view to studying the rules that govern them. Although agent-based modelling has quickly gained recognition in the natural sciences, social scientists only started to explore its potential in the last few decades. This trend has gained momentum over the last ten years, and applications of agent-based modelling to the social sciences have been steadily increasing. Researchers dealing with complex phenomena (in both the social and natural sciences) are increasingly switching from purely analytical (i.e. mathematical) approaches (which often attempt to find a ‘closed-form solution’ to a problem) to computation-based approaches (which rely on algorithms and simulations). Whereas applications of analytical methods to study language-related issues have a long-standing tradition, systematic adoption of a complexity-based view of language matters and application of computational methods have yet to establish themselves. However, recent research in language studies shows attempts to address the complexity of language-related issues in a more systematic way. Particular attention is devoted to the fact that such issues involve numerous agents and variables, and causal links between these variables are often non-linear. Although it may be challenging to model such systems through equations, agent-based modelling offers a natural solution, in that it provides an easy way of replicating various degrees of diversity in a computer environment. These models can then be run many times with various settings to study the system’s short-term and long-term behaviour and the way it responds to different initial conditions. Agent-based modelling lends itself very well both to studies that investigate the nature and functioning of languages and to sociolinguistic studies that focus on language-mediated interactions between individuals.
Multilingualism and consumer protection
Authors: Kaddous Christine , Marcus Laura 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the various language requirements in EU consumer law. The research conducted in this European project revealed that there is no general rule in the matter to guide the EU legislature. Requirements as to the use of languages vary from one field to another. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union also reflects this main finding.
As linguistic competences remain largely in the hands of the Member States, multilingualism is often at the origin of conflicts in the dichotomy between EU economic integration and Member States’ sovereignty. National linguistic requirements may conflict with EU law (primary and/or secondary legislation), unless accepted on the basis of reasonable justifications according to EU law.
This chapter first proposes to classify the language requirements in EU consumer law on the basis of the objectives pursued by different legislations. This classification may allow Member States to adopt and adapt their national regulations in accordance with predetermined EU language criteria.
The second proposal made in this chapter is to promote multilingualism in EU consumer legislation. This may be achieved by developing an EU policy to increase awareness of the importance of multilingualism as an objective to be promoted in its own right within the EU (and not only as a tool accompanying the achievement of economic objectives). Developing such a policy may foster mobility and inclusion of EU consumers, including EU economic operators and citizens in general.
Reliability improvement of gas discharge tube by suppressing the formation of short-circuit pathways
Authors: CHENG Lingyun , XIANG Nianwen , LI Kejie , CHEN Weijiang , BIAN Kai , YANG Jin , XU Zongqi , HAN Congying , GU Hongyang , YANG Chun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
After cumulative discharge of gas discharge tube (GDT), it is easy to form a short circuit pathway between the two electrodes, which increases the failure risk and causes severe influences on the protected object. To reduce the failure risk of GDT and improve cumulative discharge times before failure, this work aims to suppress the formation of two short-circuit pathways by optimizing the tube wall structure, the electrode materials and the electrode structure. A total of five improved GDT samples are designed by focusing on the insulation resistance change that occurs after the improvement; then, by combining these designs with the microscopic morphology changes inside the cavity and the differences in deposition composition, the reasons for the differences in the GDT failure risk are also analyzed. The experimental results show that compared with GDT of traditional structure and material, the method of adding grooves at both ends of the tube wall can effectively block the deposition pathway of the tube wall, and the cumulative discharge time before device failure is increased by 149%. On this basis, when the iron-nickel electrode is replaced with a tungsten-copper electrode, the difference in the electrode’s surface splash characteristics further extends the discharge time before failure by 183%. In addition, when compared with the traditional electrode structure, the method of adding an annular structure at the electrode edge to block the splashing pathway for the particles on the electrode surface shows no positive effect, and the cumulative discharge time before the failure of the two structures is reduced by 22.8% and 49.7%, respectively. Among these improved structures, the samples with grooves at both ends of the tube wall and tungsten-copper as their electrode material have the lowest failure risk.
Solvability of a critical semilinear problem with the spectral Neumann fractional Laplacian
Authors: Ustinov N. 
Published: January 2022

Sufficient conditions are provided for the existence of a ground state solution for the problem generated by the fractional Sobolev inequality in

Ω
∈

C
2

:

\Omega \in C^2:

(
−
Δ

)

S
p

s

u
(
x
)
+
u
(
x
)
=

u

2
s
∗

−
1

(
x
)

(-\Delta )_{Sp}^s u(x) + u(x) = u^{2^*_s-1}(x)

. Here

(
−
Δ

)

S
p

s

(-\Delta )_{Sp}^s

stands for the

s
s

th power of the conventional Neumann Laplacian in

Ω
⋐

R

n

\Omega \Subset \mathbb {R}^n

,

n
≥
3

n \geq 3

,

s
∈
(
0
,
1
)

s \in (0, 1)

,

2
s
∗

=
2
n

/

(
n
−
2
s
)

2^*_s = 2n/(n-2s)

. For the local case where

s
=
1

s = 1

, corresponding results were obtained earlier for the Neumann Laplacian and Neumann

p
p

-Laplacian operators.
A note on the centralizer of a subalgebra of the Steinberg algebra
Authors: Hazrat R. , Li Huanhuan 
Published: January 2022

For an ample Hausdorff groupoid

G

\mathcal {G}

, and the Steinberg algebra

A
R

(

G

)

A_R(\mathcal {G})

with coefficients in the commutative ring

R
R

with unit, the centralizer is described for the subalgebra

A
R

(
U
)

A_R(U)

with

U
U

an open closed invariant subset of the unit space of

G

\mathcal {G}

. In particular, it is shown that the algebra of the interior of the isotropy is indeed the centralizer of the diagonal subalgebra of the Steinberg algebra. This will unify several results in the literature, and the corresponding results for Leavitt path algebras follow.
Psychological Predictors of Self-reported COVID-19 Outcomes: Results From a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ayling Kieran , Jia Ru , Coupland Carol , Chalder Trudie , Massey Adam , Broadbent Elizabeth , Vedhara Kavita 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Previous research has shown that psychological factors, such as stress and social support, are associated with greater susceptibility to viral respiratory illnesses and more severe symptoms. During the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a well-documented deterioration in psychological well-being and increased social isolation. This raises questions as to whether those experiencing psychological adversity during the pandemic are more at risk of contracting and/or experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.

Purpose
To examine the relationship between psychological factors and the risk of COVID-19 self-reported infection and the symptomatic experience of SARS-CoV-2 (indicated by the number and severity of symptoms).

Methods
As part of a longitudinal prospective observational cohort study, 1,087 adults completed validated measures of psychological well-being during April 2020 and self-reported incidence of COVID-19 infection and symptom experience across the pandemic through to December 2020. Regression models were used to explore these relationships controlling for demographic and occupational factors.

Results
Greater psychological distress during the early phase of the pandemic was significantly associated with subsequent self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the experience of a greater number and more severe symptoms.

Conclusions
COVID-19 infection and symptoms may be more common among those experiencing elevated psychological distress. Further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations is needed.
Alpha-Tri: a deep neural network for scoring the similarity between predicted and measured spectra improves peptide identification of DIA data
Authors: Song Jian , Yu Changbin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Motivation
Peptide identification of data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry applying the peptide-centric approach heavily relies on the spectral library matching, such as the fragment intensity similarity. If the intensity similarity is calculated through all possible fragment ions of a targeted peptide instead of just a few fragment ions provided by the spectral library, the matching will be more comprehensive and reliable, and thus the identification will be more confident. In addition, the emergence of high precision spectrum predictors, like Prosit, also makes it possible to capitalize on the predicted spectrum, which contains all possible fragment ion intensities, to calculate the intensity similarity for DIA data.

Results
In this work, we propose Alpha-Tri, a neural-network-based model to calculate intensity similarity as a post-processing score using the predicted spectrum, measured spectrum and correlation spectrum (triple-spectrum). The predicted spectrum is generated by Prosit, the measured spectrum is retrieved from the apex of the chromatograms of all possible fragment ions and the correlation spectrum is used to indicate the present probabilities of these fragment ions as the link between the precursor and its fragment ions is lost in DIA. By adopting a data-driven method, Alpha-Tri is able to learn the intensity similarity from the triple-spectrum. This learned value is appended to initial scores from DIA-NN, allowing the ensuing statistical validation tool to report more peptides at the same false discovery rate (FDR). In our evaluation of the HeLa dataset with gradient lengths ranging from 0.5 to 2 h, Alpha-Tri delivered 3.0–7.2% gains in peptide detections at 1% FDR. On LFQbench dataset, a mixed-species dataset with known ratios, Alpha-Tri identified more peptides and proteins fell within the valid ratio ranges by up to 8.6% and 7.6%, respectively, compared with DIA-NN solely.

Availability and implementation
The original datasets for benchmarks are downloaded from the ProteomeXchange with the identifiers PXD005573, PXD000954 and PXD002952. Source code is available at https://github.com/YuAirLab/Alpha-Tri.
Deletion of Orc4 during oogenesis severely reduces polar body extrusion and blocks zygotic DNA replication
Authors: Nguyen Hieu , Wu Hongwen , Ung Anna , Yamazaki Yukiko , Fogelgren Ben , Ward W Steven 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Origin recognition complex subunit 4 (ORC4) is a DNA-binding protein required for DNA replication. During oocyte maturation, after the last oocyte DNA replication step and before zygotic DNA replication, the oocyte undergoes two meiotic cell divisions in which half the DNA is ejected in much smaller polar bodies. We previously demonstrated that ORC4 forms a cytoplasmic cage around the DNA that is ejected in both polar body extrusion (PBE) events. Here, we used ZP3 activated Cre to delete exon 7 of Orc4 during oogenesis to test how it affected both predicted functions of ORC4: its recently discovered role in PBE and its well-known role in DNA synthesis. Orc4 deletion severely reduced PBE. Almost half of Orc4-depleted germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes cultured in vitro were arrested before anaphase I (48%), and only 25% produced normal first polar bodies. This supports the role of ORC4 in PBE and suggests that transcription of the full-length Orc4 during oogenesis is required for efficient PBE. Orc4 deletion also abolished zygotic DNA synthesis. Fewer Orc4-depleted oocytes developed to the metaphase II (MII) stage, and after activation these oocytes were arrested at the two-cell stage without undergoing DNA synthesis. This confirms that transcription of full-length Orc4 after the primary follicle stage is required for zygotic DNA replication. The data also suggest that MII oocytes do not have a replication licensing checkpoint as cytokinesis progressed without DNA synthesis. Together, the data confirm that oocyte ORC4 is important for both PBE and zygotic DNA synthesis.