bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Ma Chunyan , Gamarra Jorge , Svärd Michael , Younesi Reza , Forsberg Kerstin 
Published: July 2022

To drive the transition to a climate-neutral economy, industry will need a sustainable and secure supply of key technology metals, which are essential for large-scale renewable energy production and storage as well as the electrification of mobility. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an increasingly important role for various energy storage systems. The current and future LIB technologies will require materials that are predicted to have a high supply risk in the future. In light of this, recycling has been put forward as a key strategy next to primary mining and critical raw material substitution.
Great efforts are currently being made to develop smart and sustainable processes for recycling LIB materials from end-of life batteries and production scrap. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) are two common LIB electrode materials. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered as green solvents in recycling of LIB materials due to their biodegradability and low toxicity combined with good leachability of metal oxides.
In this work, a new process for recycling and direct re-synthesis of NMC111 and LCO is presented. The process is based on leaching using a sustainable DES. Water is used as cosolvent to tune the properties of the DES. Leaching kinetics and mechanisms are determined. The chosen DES shows excellent leaching ability and fast leaching rate at low temperature compared with those DESs reported in the literature. After the leaching step, a new approach is applied to recover the metals from the DES leachate. This approach shows an overall high recovery efficiency and the solid product proves to be a good precursor for direct re-synthesis of new electrode materials. To conclude, this work presents a novel, green, effective and closed-loop metal recovery strategy for recycling LIB materials.
Characterization of Used A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack
Authors: Ramirez-Meyers Katrina , Whitacre Jay 
Published: July 2022

As the battery market grows, developing a battery waste management economy becomes imperative. After primary use, the main options for discarded batteries are recycling, refurbishment, reuse, or disposal. Recycling involves extracting valuables materials from ground-up battery cells, while reuse and refurbishment involve direct use of packs or their components, with or without maintenance adjustments. Recycling and disposal are the most common battery waste pathways, while reuse and refurbishment practices require further understanding of battery degradation before being implemented on a large scale. Furthermore, relatively high recycling costs are motivation to pursue more cost-efficient recycling methods like direct recycling.
This work expands on previous studies on the statistical distribution of the state-of-health (SOH) of used LiFePO4 (LFP) cells extracted from a hybrid-bus battery pack.1 We characterize samples from used and pristine A123 M1-A and M1-B 26650 cells using XRD and SEM. We will compare the cell materials’ morphologies and structure to their electrochemical performance in two diagnostic tests: a constant-current cycling test and an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test.
Preliminary data have been collected from used M1-A cells that demonstrated starkly different states-of-health during electrochemical testing—ranging in residual capacities from 2.2 Ah to 0.30 Ah. The low-SOH M1-A cell had severe anode delamination and morphological cracks in the center of the cylinder cross-section. Cathode delamination in the cell also increased towards the center of the cylinder. The high-SOH M1-A cell’s electrodes had a consistent morphology throughout the cell, but delamination was worst at the center of the cylinder’s cross-section.
In this presentation, we will summarize our x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data for the cells described in Table 1. We will also discuss technical pathways for direct recycling of active materials from LFP battery waste.

Ramirez-Meyers and J. Whitacre. “(Invited) Statistical Distribution and Feasibility for Re-Use of A123 LiFePO4 Cells from a Hybrid-Bus Battery Pack.” ECS Meeting Abstracts, no. 6, p. 1052. IOP Publishing, 2020.

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(Digital Presentation) Printed Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Monitoring Human Performance Markers during Human Spaceflight
Authors: Cordeiro Milton , Koehne Jessica E. 
Published: July 2022

Additive manufacturing technologies are being explored by NASA for the in-space manufacturing of sensors and electronics. Additive manufacturing directly addresses the logistic challenge for long-duration human spaceflight missions while also offering a high degree of customization and tailorability. To ensure the health and safety of crew members during long duration missions, it can be advantageous to develop human health diagnostic tools that can be manufactured during those missions. Here we report the development of a wearable and fully printed electrochemical sensor for the detection of human performance markers in sweat.1 The sensor’s fabrication is complimentary with in-space manufacturing for an on-demand and hands-free fabrication and is comprised of commercial and custom carbon, gold and silver inks on a polyimide substrate to make a flexible, 3-electrode electrochemical sensor, shown in Figure 1. Sensor readout is performed using standard electrochemical procedures via a miniaturized, custom potentiostat. The initial prototyped printed electrochemical sensors demonstrate good electrochemical performance and high mechanical stability while also displaying low batch to batch variability. Our goal is to create a highly adaptable and versatile approach that utilizes fabrication processes consistent with in-space manufacturing, thus enabling the manufacture of point-of-care devices during flight.
Reference

Brasier, N. & Eckstein, J. Sweat as a Source of Next-Generation Digital Biomarkers. Digit. Biomarkers
3, 155–165 (2019).

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(Digital Presentation) Soft Robot for Heat Source Detection Using Shape Memory Gel
Authors: Aoyama Hibiki , Ogawa Jun , Watanabe Yosuke , Shiblee Nahin Islam , Khosla Ajit , Kawakami Masaru , Furukawa Hidemitsu 
Published: July 2022

Currently, there are Collaborative robots (cobots) that use multiple robots to solve a single, simple task, such as finding survivors in rubble or monitoring the environment during a disaster. [1] Such robots are moved by vibration motors and communicate with nearby robots via infrared communication for control.
In this study, we develop a soft robot that can search for heat sources and solve simple tasks using only a simple structure without any sensors. This soft robot can move by simply vibrating and has a mechanism to switch its motion mode when the temperature of the ground surface or the air changes. The robot is equipped with shape-memory gel [1], which softens and increases the friction rate as the temperature rises, and hardens and decreases the friction rate as the temperature decreases. The shape-memory gel has the property of remaining stationary when the temperature on the ground or in the air rises, and operating when it falls. In our experiments, we measured the absorption of vibration, friction rate, and tackiness in order to verify the effectiveness of controlling the motion of the shape memory gel by temperature. It was confirmed that the vibration was absorbed when the shape memory gel became warm and soft. In the measurement of friction rate and tackiness by temperature, it was confirmed that both friction rate and tackiness increased by increasing the temperature. As a result, the effectiveness of the shape-memory gel was confirmed by temperature. Next, we fabricated a soft robot as shown in Fig. 1 and conducted experiments to see if its motion changed depending on temperature. In the future, we will conduct experiments to see if the soft robot can be used to solve simple tasks such as transporting plants to sunlight.
Reference:
[1] Michael Rubenstein, Christian Ahler, Radhika Nagpal Kilobot, “A low cost scalable robot system for collective behaviors” 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6224638
[2] Ahmed, Aamir, Sandeep Arya, Vinay Gupta, Hidemitsu Furukawa, and Ajit Khosla. "4D printing: Fundamentals, materials, applications and challenges." Polymer (2021): 123926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123926

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Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
Authors: Bekyarova Elena 
Published: July 2022

Carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant academic and industrial interest as promising candidates for the development of batteries with enhanced capacity and charging capabilities. This study presents the design of graphene materials with capacity beyond 1,000 mAh/g. The graphene materials were chemically modified for enhanced capacity and the structure was engineered for fast ion transport. The materials were optimized for the fabrication of anodes for lithium ion batteries. The graphene anodes were assembled in full cells with Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) cathodes in both coin and pouch cell configurations. The performance of the graphene batteries was verified using charge-discharge tests at different current density ranging from C/5 to 10C. The developed graphene batteries demonstrated energy density of 400 Wh/kg at 1C and exceeded 250 Wh/kg at 10C. The power density ranges from 250 to 2,500 W/kg. The batteries showed good cycling stability and retained their energy density for 500 cycles at 1C. The batteries have reduced footprint because of the increased graphene anode density, which exceed two times that of graphite. The competitive advantages of the developed technology are high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities (light, small footprint), high power density, safe operation, fast charging, and long cycle life. The processes are scalable and can be tailored for conformable batteries.
Acknowledgement: Carbon Solutions Inc, acknowledges support under the SBIR programs of Army and Air Force.
(Invited) Nanotechnology for Industrial Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Nazar Linda 
Published: July 2022

Nanomaterials are expected to play important roles in the realization of our future society, expected to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society through ensuring smart materials to enable sustainability of water, air, and materials; and energy materials and devices to enable renewable energy production and energy saving. These have enormous industrial/commercial ramifications.
Our society needs to mitigate or ideally reverse global climate change caused by anthropogenetic CO2 emissions resulting from our fossil-fuel-fed society. Electrification, which encourages and enables a circular society is an important part of the solution. It leads to urgent needs for new nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for improved solar cells, batteries, electrolyzers, and the fuel cell components that are needed to support a hydrogen economy. As a prime example, Li-ion batteries, for which the Nobel Prize was awarded in 2019, are the most popular rechargeable batteries today and have become the main power source not only for everyday needs such as portable electronic devices but also for larger-scale applications that will become indispensable society in the very near future.
Although enormous effort has been devoted to improving the electrochemical performance of a large number of Li-based materials, today’s rechargeable batteries have energy densities that remain below theoretical values, and still have far-from-optimal longevity and safety. None of the current rechargeable batteries can meet all the challenging requirements for our energy-storage needs, so the race is on to develop next-generation Li-based systems that encapsulate the desired characteristics of high energy density, low cost, and improved safety. Success in this arena would have tremendous impact on a wide range of technologies ranging from EVs (land and marine), to drones, airplanes, robots, and grid-scale energy storage.
The use of nanotechnology─which has progressed tremendously and continues to establish new ground─is vital to address the significant challenges that next-generation batteries present. These materials challenges remain whether the batteries operate on the basis of typical intercalation chemistry or conversion chemistry. Some of these challenges -as will be covered in this presentation - lie in the development of (a) nanomaterials that can withstand significant volume changes and bond rearrangements during conversion redox reactions, (b) nanocoatings that form protective layers on either the positive or negative electrode to stabilize the electrode–electrolyte interface at either high or low voltage, and (c) nanotechnologies to engineer solid–solid interfaces in all-solid-state batteries. Nanotechnology enables materials scientists to bring novel functions to all battery components that cannot be achieved by conventional approaches. This topic will be the central focus of this presentation.
(Digital Presentation) Graphenated Carbon Nanotube Based MEMS Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Dan , Hall Timothy , Inman Maria , Taylor E. Jennings , Bento Serpa Rafael Bento , Parker Charles B. , Glass Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2022

The inherent advantages of MEMS (micro-electromechanical system) technology, including small size and cost-effective fabrication, make it ideal for numerous applications in a wide range of industries ranging from defense, automotive, medical, to consumer industries. For applications that require self-powered MEMS electronics, an integrated energy storage device is required. Due to their small size, excellent cycle life and high-power density, miniature supercapacitors are an excellent choice for such an integrated energy storage device. The development of electrode materials and electrode fabrication processes for supercapacitors are thus critical for the practical applications of MEMS technology in electronics.
In this presentation, Faraday Technology Inc. and Duke University will discuss a novel 3D graphenated carbon nanotube (g-CNT) network with pseudocapacitive coatings as the electrode materials for fabricating high energy density MEMS supercapacitors. The g-CNT has a high surface area three-dimensional framework of the CNTs coupled with the high edge density of graphene (Figure 1 A), which represents a potential maximum in both charge density and surface area, and thus provide the enhanced capacitance.
An innovative electrophoretic deposition (EPD) manufacturing process, based on the use of pulsed electric fields, has been developed for controlled, reproducible, and scalable deposition of g-CNTs on interdigitated electrodes (Figure 1 B). In addition, pseudocapacitive coatings (such as MnO2) have been electrodeposited on the g-CNT coated electrode to further increasing supercapacitor energy density. Figure 1 C shows no redox peaks, which is important for using this structure as a supercapacitor application. The square shape of the cyclic voltammogram shows that ions experience free flow through the 3-D g-CNT structure. The Charge/Discharge curves (Figure 1 D) indicate the areal energy density of g-CNT/MnO2 coated electrodes (either 50 or 100 cyclic voltametric deposition cycles) are 45 and 93 times higher than g-CNT coated electrodes, respectively.
In summary, a scalable manufacturing process for fabricating g-CNT network with pseudocapacitive coatings as electrodes has been demonstrated and shown great potential in producing high energy density MEMS supercapacitors for energy harvesting applications.

Acknowledgements: The financial support of DOD DMEA STTR program through grant No. HQ0727-21-P-0029 is acknowledged and National Institutes of Health under award number 1R21EY031271 is acknowledged. The information, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. 80NSSC19K1027, the views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

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(Invited) All-Carbon Nanotube Photovoltaic Device Employing Energy Hierarchy
Authors: Oyibo Gideon , Barrett Thomas , Jois Sharadh , Blackburn Jeff , Lee Ji Ung 
Published: July 2022

The use of an energy funnel or hierarchy to efficiently transfer photoexcitations is not new. In photosynthetic systems, whether in plants, algae, or photosynthetic bacteria, to achieve high efficiency, special light-harvesting protein complexes convert sunlight to excitons. High efficiency is achieved by temporarily storing excitons in these complexes before shuttling them to the reaction center where the conversion to usable energy takes place. For added efficiency, photosynthetic systems have adopted an energy hierarchy that funnels excitations from the light-harvesting complexes to the reaction center.
The use of an energy funnel to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic devices, however, has not been widely adopted, due in part to limited materials compatibility and energy landscape. An energy funnel can absorb over a broad solar spectrum while minimizing the volume of material needed to construct a device, which can reduce the dark leakage current. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide an ideal system to explore this new feature since a single material system can provide a wide range of energy levels. Depending on the diameter, excitonic levels in CNTs span from the visible to near-infrared spectrum. Furthermore, the device design can take advantage of the high aspect ratio of CNTs, to efficiently transport both free carriers and excitons along the nanotube.
Here, we describe our efforts to develop photovoltaic p-n diodes using energy hierarchy. We use a network of CNTs in a p-n junction configuration where the transport is mostly along the CNTs. To form the p-n junction, we use buried split gates that are biased independently to form the p- and n-doped regions. The use of split gates is an extension of our earlier studies on single CNT p-n diodes.
We use different chirality CNTs to implement the energy hierarchy. Specifically, the network is structured to funnel excitons by placing larger bandgap semiconducting nanotubes on top of smaller bandgap CNTs. We discuss features that show enhanced exciton to photocurrent generation in these devices compared to devices without the energy hierarchy.
(Invited) DNA Sequencing with Carbon Nanotube Electronics
Authors: Collins Philip G 
Published: July 2022

Nanoscale materials and devices provide new opportunities to monitor and understand biomolecules. This presentation will review novel devices in which single molecules of DNA polymerase have been joined to single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) transistors.
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that convert single-stranded DNA into double-stranded helices. This biochemical process is the primary step in DNA replication, amplification, and most sequencing technologies. When one of these polymerases is attached to a SWNT transistor, the enzyme’s native activity is simultaneously transduced into a high-resolution electrical signal [1]. Each time the enzyme works its way down a DNA strand, it generates a nucleotide-by-nucleotide signal that encodes the DNA sequence.
This hybrid, biofunctional device is the key element for developing a new, electronic DNA sequencing technology. As a solid-state, manufacturable element, the SWNT transistors provide exciting possibilities for high-density, high-throughput, and low cost sequencing solutions. In addition, the technique is easily generalized to DNA polymerases with specialized properties. Proof-of-principle measurements have been accomplished with DNA polymerases from five different organisms, including the highly processive polymerase of φ29 phage and the high-temperature polymerase Thermus aquaticus (Taq), which is the foundation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and commercial DNA amplification. The SWNT transistor technique operates equally well at room temperature and the elevated PCR temperature of 72 °C, which opens opportunities for novel, high-temperature sequencing strategies with Taq or similar thermostable polymerases.
[1] T. J. Olsen et. al., JACS
135, 7855 (2013); O. T. Gul et. al., Biosensors
6, 29 (2016)
(Invited) Real-Time Detection of Insulin Secreted By Pancreatic β-Cells Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Sensors
Authors: Bisker Gili 
Published: July 2022

Quantification of insulin is essential for diabetes research in general, and for the study of pancreatic β-cell function in particular. Fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) find many applications as optical nanosensors for biomolecules, proteins, and enzyme, with real-time feedback on target analyte binding1–4. Herein, fluorescent SWCNT are used for the recognition and real-time quantification of insulin5. Two approaches for rendering the SWCNT sensors for insulin are compared, using surface functionalization with either a natural insulin aptamer with known affinity to insulin, or a synthetic lipid-PEG, both of which show a modulation of the emitted fluorescence in response to insulin. Although the PEGylated-lipid has no prior affinity to insulin, its response to insulin is more stable and reproducible compared to the insulin aptamer-SWCNTs. The SWCNT sensors successfully detect and quantify insulin secreted by β-cells within the complex environment of the conditioned media, and the results are found to be in agreement with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay5. This novel analytical tool for real time quantification of insulin secreted by β-cells provides new opportunities for rapid assessment of β-cell function.
(1) Bisker, G.; Dong, J.; Park, H. D.; Iverson, N. M.; Ahn, J.; Nelson, J. T.; Landry, M. P.; Kruss, S.; Strano, M. S. Protein-Targeted Corona Phase Molecular Recognition. Nat. Commun.
2016, 7, 1–14.
(2) Bisker, G.; Bakh, N. A.; Lee, M. A.; Ahn, J.; Park, M.; O’Connell, E. B.; Iverson, N. M.; Strano, M. S. Insulin Detection Using a Corona Phase Molecular Recognition Site on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Sensors
2018, 8 (2), 367–377.
(3) Amir, D.; Hendler-Neumark, A.; Wulf, V.; Ehrlich, R.; Bisker, G. Oncometabolite Fingerprinting Using Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Adv. Mater. Interfaces
2021.
(4) Wulf, V.; Slor, G.; Rathee, P.; Amir, R. J.; Bisker, G. Dendron-Polymer Hybrids as Tailorable Coronae of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube. ChemRxiv
2021. https://doi.org/10.26434/ChemRxiv.14452785.V1.
(5) Ehrlich, R.; Hendler‐Neumark, A.; Wulf, V.; Amir, D.; Bisker, G. Optical Nanosensors for Real‐Time Feedback on Insulin Secretion by Β‐Cells. Small
2021, 17 (30), 2101660.