bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shelter from the storm: How perceived extreme event experience and government trust shape public support for climate change mitigation policy in the United States
Authors: Giordono Leanne , Zanocco Chad , Peterson Holly , Boudet Hilary 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs emergency managers and other government and nongovernmental organizations in the United States cope with a variety of catastrophic events, including unprecedented natural disasters and a global pandemic, the role of government trust in responding to and addressing the threat from such events has gained attention among policy and public administration scholars. How changes in government trust following extreme events may influence public support for government‐led climate policy is an unknown, yet potentially important, dimension of climate mitigation policy preference formation. To address this gap, we analyze cross‐sectional survey responses (n = 1756) collected from 10 communities that experienced extreme weather events. We find that perceptions of event‐related harm are positively associated with an increase in self‐reported local government trust following an extreme weather event, and that increases in local and federal government trust are associated with higher levels of support for climate change mitigation policy. Our findings have implications for emergency managers, policymakers, and policy scholars as they consider how interactions with various levels of government during and after extreme events shapes public support for climate policy.
Recursive state estimation for multi‐rate time‐varying systems with multiplicative noises: Dealing with sensor resolutions
Authors: Shen Yuxuan , Wang Zidong , Liu Hongjian , Dong Hongli , Yi Xiaojian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this article, the recursive state estimation problem is investigated for a class of multi‐rate systems with multiplicative noises where the measurement outputs are collected from sensors with certain resolutions. Due to the existence of the sensor resolution, the actual measurement output of the sensor might deviate from its true value and such a deviation, if not adequately taken into account, would lead to serious degradation of the estimation performance, and we are therefore motivated to develop an effective state estimation algorithm that is insensitive to the sensor‐resolution‐induced measurement distortions. The aim of the considered estimation problem is to design a state estimator such that an upper bound on the estimation error covariance is first guaranteed and then minimized by properly choosing the estimator gain. Moreover, a simulation example with application background on moving target tracking problem is presented to verify the validity of the developed recursive state estimation algorithm.
Size‐Selective Transfer of Lipid Nanoparticle‐Based Drug Carriers Across the Blood Brain Barrier Via Vascular Occlusions Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Khalin Igor , Adarsh Nagappanpillai , Schifferer Martina , Wehn Antonia , Groschup Bernhard , Misgeld Thomas , Klymchenko Andrey , Plesnila Nikolaus 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe current lack of understanding about how nanocarriers cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) in the healthy and injured brain is hindering the clinical translation of nanoscale brain‐targeted drug‐delivery systems. Here, the bio‐distribution of lipid nano‐emulsion droplets (LNDs) of two sizes (30 and 80 nm) in the mouse brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is investigated. The highly fluorescent LNDs are prepared by loading them with octadecyl rhodamine B and a bulky hydrophobic counter‐ion, tetraphenylborate. Using in vivo two‐photon and confocal imaging, the circulation kinetics and bio‐distribution of LNDs in the healthy and injured mouse brain are studied. It is found that after TBI, LNDs of both sizes accumulate at vascular occlusions, where specifically 30 nm LNDs extravasate into the brain parenchyma and reach neurons. The vascular occlusions are not associated with bleedings, but instead are surrounded by processes of activated microglia, suggesting a specific opening of the BBB. Finally, correlative light‐electron microscopy reveals 30 nm LNDs in endothelial vesicles, while 80 nm particles remain in the vessel lumen, indicating size‐selective vesicular transport across the BBB via vascular occlusions. The data suggest that microvascular occlusions serve as “gates” for the transport of nanocarriers across the BBB.
In Situ Synthesis of Lipid Analogues Leading to Artificial Cell Growth and Division
Authors: Zhang Mingrui , Zhang Ying , Mu Wei , Dong Mingdong , Han Xiaojun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe bottom‐up construction of an artificial cell model system starting from inanimate components helps people better understand the working mechanism of cells. Phospholipids are natural components of the cell membrane system, which are widely used to construct artificial cells. However, it is difficult to synthesize natural phospholipids in situ. Chemically synthesized lipid analogues are similar in structure to natural phospholipids, so they can be used to mimic phospholipids to build vesicles. Here, four methods of the chemical synthesis of lipid analogues (including enzyme reactions, click chemistry reactions, native chemical ligation reactions, imine condensation and decomposition reactions) are described. The construction of artificial cells based on the lipid analogues, and their growth and division are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field of construction and division of artificial cells based on lipid analogues are proposed.
Asteroid-Generated Tsunamis: A Review
Authors: Berger Marsha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe study ocean waves caused by an asteroid airburst located over the ocean. The concern is that the waves would damage distant coastal cities. Simple qualitative analysis suggests that the wave energy is proportional to the ocean depth and the strength and speed of the blast. Computational simulations using GeoClaw and the shallow water equations show that explosions from realistic asteroids do not endanger distant cities. We explore the validity of the shallow water, Boussinesq, and linearized Euler equations to model these water waves.
An Iterative Thresholding Method for Topology Optimization for the Navier–Stokes Flow
Authors: Leng Haitao , Wang Dong , Chen Huangxin , Wang Xiao-Ping 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe develop an efficient iterative thresholding method for topology optimization for the Navier–Stokes flow. The method is proposed to minimize an objective energy functional which consists of the potential power in the fluid and a fluid-solid interface perimeter penalization. The perimeter is approximated by a nonlocal energy, subject to a fluid volume constraint and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation. The method is an iterative scheme which alternates two steps: (1) solving a system containing the Brinkman equation and an adjoint system, and (2) convolution and thresholding. Various numerical experiments in both two and three dimensions are given to show the performance of the proposed method.
Some Case Studies in Environmental and Industrial Mathematics
Authors: Bermúdez Alfredo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis presentation deals with four case studies in environmental and industrial mathematics developed by the mathematical engineering research group (mat+i) from the University of Santiago de Compostela and the Technological Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITMATI). The first case involves environmental fluid mechanics: optimizing the location of submarine outfalls on the coast. This work, related to shallow water equations with variable depth, led us to develop a theory for numerical treatment of source terms in nonlinear first order hyperbolic balance laws. More recently, these techniques have been applied to solve Euler equations with source terms arising from numerical simulation of gas transportation networks when topography via gravity force is considered in the model. The last two problems concerns electromagnetism. One of them is related to nondestructive testing of car parts by using magnetic nanoparticles (the so-called magnetic particle inspection, MPI): mathematical modelling of magnetic hysteresis to simulate demagnetization. Finally, we present a mathematical procedure to reduce the computing time needed to achieve the stationary state of an induction electric machine when using transient numerical simulation.
Modelling Our Sense of Smell
Authors: Conca Carlos 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe first step in our sensing of smell is the conversion of chemical odorants into electrical signals. This happens when odorants stimulate ion channels along cilia, which are long thin cylindrical structures in our olfactory system. Determining how the ion channels are distributed along the length of a cilium is beyond current experimental methods. Here we describe how this can be approached as a mathematical inverse problem. Identification of specific functions of receptor neuron arrays is a major challenge today in both Mathematics and Biosciences. In this paper, two integral equations based mathematical models are studied for the inverse problem of determining the distribution of ion channels in cilia of olfactory neurons from experimental data.
Scaling Banana Bacterial Wilt Management Through Single Diseased Stem Removal in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Kikulwe Enoch , Asindu Marsy , Ocimati Walter , Ajambo Susan , Tinzaara William , Iradukunda Francois , Blomme Guy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractXanthomonas wilt (XW) of banana caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) is an important emerging and non-curable infectious disease which can cause up to 100% yield loss. At the start of the XW epidemic, complete uprooting of diseased mats (CMU) was recommended. There was little adoption of CMU, especially by women farmers, because it was labor-intensive and it sacrificed banana production for up to 2 years. CMU assumed that infection on a single plant would systemically spread to all plants in a mat. However, field experiments showed that Xvm did not spread systemically in a mat and that latent infections occurred. As a result, not all shoots on an infected plant show symptoms. This led to the idea of removing only the visibly infected banana plants, referred to as single diseased stem removal (SDSR). The SDSR package comprises three innovations: (1) regularly cutting symptomatic stems at ground level, (2) sterilizing cutting tools with fire, and (3) early male bud removal using a forked stick. The SDSR package was promoted jointly with a set of complementary practices: (i) avoiding infections by browsing animals, (ii) using clean planting materials, (iii) bending leaves at the petiole level when intercropping in infected fields, (iv) training on disease recognition and epidemiology, and (v) demand-specific extension and knowledge sharing. Several approaches that have been used for scaling out XW management technologies are documented in this chapter. This review looks at the process, practices, challenges, lessons learned, and future policy implications associated with scaling of XW management practices.
Toolbox for Working with Root, Tuber, and Banana Seed Systems
Authors: Andrade-Piedra Jorge L. , Garrett Karen A. , Delaquis Erik , Almekinders Conny J. M. , McEwan Margaret A. , Kilwinger Fleur B. M. , Mayanja Sarah , Mulugo Lucy , Navarrete Israel , Omondi Aman Bonaventure , Rajendran Srinivasulu , Kumar P. Lava 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRoot, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops are critical for global food security. They are vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) sharing common features: low reproductive rates, bulky planting materials, and vulnerability to accumulating and spreading pathogens and pests through seed. These crops are difficult to breed, so new varieties may be released slowly relative to new emerging threats. VPC seed systems are complex and face several challenges: poor-quality seed of existing varieties, low adoption rates of improved varieties, and slow varietal turnover, limiting yield increases and farmers’ ability to adapt to new threats and opportunities. Addressing these challenges requires first identifying key knowledge gaps on seed systems to guide research for development in a holistic and coherent way. Working together across 10 crops and 26 countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America, the CGIAR seed systems research community has developed a “Toolbox for Working with Root, Tuber, and Banana Seed Systems,” which introduces 11 tools and a glossary to address four major gaps: (1) capturing the demand characteristics of different types of farmers; (2) identifying effective seed delivery pathways; (3) ensuring seed health and stopping the spread of disease; and (4) designing effective policies and regulations. We describe the toolbox and its creation and validation across 76 crop-and-country use cases, and illustrate how the tools, applied individually or in combination, are addressing the key knowledge gaps in RT&B seed systems. The tool developers are actively working to scale the toolbox, including identifying new partners and models for collaboration, developing new tools, and supporting new applications in VPCs, as well as for fruit, vegetable, grain, and pulse seed systems.
Innovation Models to Deliver Value at Scale: The RTB Program
Authors: Hambly Helen , Friedmann Michael , Proietti Claudio , Polar Vivian , Fernandes Sarah , Thiele Graham 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCollaborative programs that facilitate innovation to deliver value at scale require attention to effective program design, management, governance, and leadership. The CGIAR has experimented with different collaborative program design options over its 50-year history, most recently with the CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) implemented from 2012 to 2021. This chapter examines the structure and processes of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB). It unpacks the constituent institutional innovations that underpinned the RTB program, their key design principles, how they evolved over the 10 years of the program, the innovations achieved, and the outcomes to which they contributed. Turbulence and transformations in the CGIAR system influenced the CRPs’ emergence, design, and delivery. In this chapter, we discuss the RTB approach to collaborative governance and management as complex institutional innovations operating within this broader, dynamic system. This includes attention to opportunities, limitations, and other contextual factors influencing RTB’s work. Institutional innovations include stakeholder consultations and priority setting, a portfolio organized by aggregated innovations, or clusters of activities, articulated flagship projects, incentive funding, a dynamic interactive communication ability, and programmatic embedding of strategic and integrated gender research. RTB’s design, governance, and management innovations added value to the combined achievements of the participating centers in science and research for development outcomes, described in the following chapters.
Spacing statistics of energy spectra: random matrices, black hole thermalization, and echoes
Authors: Saraswat Krishan , Afshordi Niayesh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recent advances in AdS/CFT holography have suggested that the near-horizon dynamics of black holes can be described by random matrix systems. We study how the energy spectrum of a system with a generic random Hamiltonian matrix affects its early and late time thermalization behaviour using the spectral form factor (which captures the time-dependence of two-point correlation functions). We introduce a simple statistical framework for generating random spectra in terms of the nearest neighbor spacing statistics of energy eigenvalues, enabling us to compute the averaged spectral form factor in a closed form. This helps to easily illustrate how the spectral form factor changes with different choices of nearest neighbor statistics ranging from the Poisson to Wigner surmise statistics. We suggest that it is possible to have late time oscillations in random matrix models involving β-ensembles (generalizing classical Gaussian ensembles). We also study the form factor of randomly coupled oscillator systems and show that at weak coupling, such systems exhibit regular decaying oscillations in the spectral form factor making them interesting toy models for gravitational wave echoes. We speculate on the holographic interpretation of a system of coupled oscillators, and suggest that they describe the thermalization behaviour of a black hole geometry with a membrane that cuts off the geometry at the stretched horizon.
Entropy of Hawking radiation for two-sided hyperscaling violating black branes
Authors: Omidi Farzad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we study the von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation SR for a d + 2-dimensional Hyperscaling Violating (HV) black brane which is coupled to two Minkowski spacetimes as the thermal baths. We consider two different situations for the matter fields: first, they are described by a CFTd+2 whose central charge c is very large. Second, they are described by a d+2 dimensional HV QFT which has a holographic gravitational theory that is a HV geometry at zero temperature. For both cases, we calculate the Page curve of the Hawking radiation as well as the Page time tPage. For the first case, SR grows linearly with time before the Page time and saturates after this time. Moreover, tPage is proportional to $$ \frac{2{S}_{\mathrm{th}}}{cT} $$

2

S
th

cT

, where Sth and T are the thermal entropy and temperature of the black brane. For the second case, when the hyperscaling violation exponent θm of the matter fields is zero, the results are very similar to those for the first case. However, when θm ≠ 0, the entropy of Hawking radiation grows exponentially before tPage and saturates after this time. Furthermore, the Page time is proportional to log $$ \left(\frac{1}{G_{\mathrm{N},\mathrm{r}}}\right) $$

1

G

N
,
r

, where GN,r is the renormalized Newton’s constant. It was also observed that for both cases, tPage is a decreasing and an increasing function of the dynamical exponent z and hyperscaling violation exponent θ of the black brane geometry, respectively. Moreover, for the second case, tPage is independent of zm, and for θm ≠ 0, it is a decreasing function of θm.
Conflicting Cultural and Religious Views on Cosmesis: The Modern Women’s Dilemma
Authors: Khattab Nada Raafat , Abdelraouf Noha , Ashour Tarek 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundWomen from countries with conflicting views on cosmesis may avoid these procedures for the fear of being rejected by the community. Understanding the motives that drive patients from these countries to seek cosmetic procedures helps discern possible causes of postoperative dissatisfaction, which can be prevented by careful selection of patients and individualizing their management protocols.ObjectivesThis study helps identify the factors that affect Egyptian Muslim women’s attitude toward cosmetic procedures. The main factors tested were female gender role stress (FGRS), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and religious attitude. The secondary factors investigated were health evaluation, life satisfaction, self-satisfaction, social media use, TV exposure, spouse/friends/family influence, and internalization of beauty standards.MethodsWomen willing to undergo cosmetic procedures were compared with those who were not. A survey exploring demographics and the different motives were posted for the public online.ResultsAmong 502 participants, 288 were willing to undergo cosmetic procedures and 214 were not. Our findings showed a statistically significant difference for the degree of BDD, FGRS, and religiousness between willing and unwilling groups. Moreover, greater pressure from partner to change appearance, influence of friends and family on opinion regarding beauty of oneself, internalization of beauty standards, and lower ratings of life and self-satisfaction showed statistically significant association with willingness to undergo cosmetic treatment.ConclusionBDD, FGRS, and religious attitude are among the highest predictors of the willingness of women to undergo cosmetic procedures together with many other factors. This study is the first of its kind to evaluate several unexplored motives and opens the door for future research.Level of Evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authorswww.springer.com/00266.
Transport Patterns and Potential Sources of Atmospheric Pollution during the XXIV Olympic Winter Games Period
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Pan Xiaole , Tian Yu , Liu Hang , Chen Xueshun , Ge Baozhu , Wang Zhe , Tang Xiao , Lei Shandong , Yao Weijie , Ren Yuanzhe , Tian Yongli , Li Jie , Fu Pingqing , Xin Jinyuan , Sun Yele , Cao Junji , Wang Zifa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe attainment of suitable ambient air quality standards is a matter of great concern for successfully hosting the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (OWG). Transport patterns and potential sources of pollutants in Zhangjiakou (ZJK) were investigated using pollutant monitoring datasets and a dispersion model. The PM2.5 concentration during February in ZJK has increased slightly (28%) from 2018 to 2021, mostly owing to the shift of main potential source regions of west-central Inner Mongolia and Mongolian areas (2015–18) to the North China Plain and northern Shanxi Province (NCPS) after 2018. Using CO as an indicator, the relative contributions of the different regions to the receptor site (ZJK) were evaluated based on the source-receptor-relationship method (SRR) and an emission inventory. We found that the relative contribution of pollutants from NCPS increased from 33% to 68% during 2019–21. Central Inner Mongolia (CIM) also has an important impact on ZJK under unfavorable weather conditions. This study demonstrated that the effect of pollution control measures in the NCPS and CIM should be strengthened to ensure that the air quality meets the standard during the XXIV OWG.