bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
26 Complementary Roles for Genetic Selection and Population Dynamics in Enhancing Livestock Sustainability
Authors: White Robin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over the past several years, there has been considerable international dialog surrounding the importance of enhancing the sustainability of global food production systems to meet the demands of the growing global population. Internationally, sustainable food production systems are defined as those which contribute to food and nutrition security while safeguarding the economic, social, cultural, and environmental bases of food production for future generations. Although animal agriculture often has strong cultural roots around the world, there are challenges related to the environmental impacts of animal products, the social acceptability of production practices, and the affordability of animal-source foods which present opportunities for improvement. Historical advancements in the affordability and environmental footprints of animal-source foods highlight the tremendous impacts of genetic selection for enhanced productivity on animal-source food sustainability metrics. Continued emphasis on genetic selection as a tool to address sustainability objectives may be an essential strategy to continue enhancing the role of animal source foods in contributing to a sustainable and secure global food system. However, systems dynamics modeling demonstrates trade-offs between the rate of genetic progress and aspects of sustainability like environmental impact and social acceptance. These trade-offs are largely driven by the generation interval and assumptions surrounding the fate of animals culled either early in life or during mid-career due to undesirable genetics. Exploring alternative production systems which make better use of cull animal populations presents a strategy to address some of these trade-offs. To better explore these factors in tandem, the objectives of this work are to review the historical improvements in animal genetic merit and the impact on sustainability of animal-source foods; to explore future selection strategies and how they may support continued sustainability enhancement; and to highlight the complementary roles of population dynamics and genetic selection in enhancing livestock sustainability.
30 Origins, Timing and Introgression of Domestic Geese Revealed by Whole Genome Data
Authors: Qu Lujiang , Wen Junhui 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Geese are one of the most important poultry around the world. For the origin of geese, the current generally accepted hypothesis is that the European domestic geese were originated from the greylag goose (Anser anser), and the Chinese domestic geese have two origins, most breeds of which originated from the swan goose (Anser cygnoides), and the Yili goose originated from the greylag geese. In order to explain the origin and demographic history of geese, we selected 14 goose breeds from Europe and China and wild populations of swan goose and greylag goose, whole genome resequencing data were obtained for 74 samples. Population structure analysis and phylogenetic trees showed that the wild ancestor of the Chinese domestic geese except for Yili was the swan goose, and the wild ancestor of the Chinese Yili geese and European domestic geese was the greylag goose. Analysis of the demographic history suggests that the domestication of the Chinese geese occurred about 3499 years ago and that of the European geese happened about 7552 years ago. Furthermore, there is gene flow found between the domestic geese and their wild ancestors. Analysis of introgression showed that Yili geese had been introgressed by the Chinese domestic geese, and the body size of Yili geese could be influenced by the introgression events of some growth-related genes including IGF-1. Our study provides evidence for the origin of geese at the genome-wide level, and advances the understanding of the history of goose domestication and the traits affected by introgression events.
44 Evaluation of Prenatal Transportation Stress on Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity After Modified-Live Viral BVDV Vaccination in Brahman Calves
Authors: Earnhardt Audrey L , Wellman Catherine L , Falkenberg Shollie M , Long Charles R , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether prenatal transportation stress (PNS) affects the immune response of Brahman calves after vaccination against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). Mature Brahman cows inseminated to a single Brahman sire in 2018 were assigned to either Control (n=35; not transported) or PNS (n=37; 2h of transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140±5 d of gestation). Of the calves born in 2019, 11 Control and 12 PNS calves were studied for vaccine treatment (VAX). Temperament score, body weight, and blood samples were obtained from calves prior to weaning (D-28), prior to first BoviShield vaccine (D+35), and after second BoviShield vaccine (D+98). Serum cortisol was determined by RIA. Humoral immune response was evaluated by virus neutralization (VN) assays using serum collected at respective timepoints post-vaccination. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was evaluated using a novel PrimeFlow RNA assay that incorporates cell surface marker staining with intracellular RNA expression of cytokines on blood samples obtained at D+35 and D+98. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS. Only total WBC and absolute lymphocytes were increased with PNS (P&lt; 0.05), while lymphocytes were also decreased with VAX (P&lt; 0.05). There was no PNS effect on the VN or CMI results, serum cortisol concentration, or temperament score. VAX tended (P=0.06) to reduce serum cortisol, as well as resulted in an increase in VN titers (P&lt; 0.01) and frequency of interferon-γ mRNA expression in the CD4+ population (P&lt; 0.01), but not in CD25+ population (P=0.26). Interaction between sampling day and VAX resulted in more drastic increase (P&lt; 0.05) from D+35 to D+98 in VN titers, CD4+ population frequency of interferon-γ mRNA expression, and CD25+ population mean fluorescent intensity. Vaccine treatment positively affected humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; however prenatal transportation stress did not negatively impact response of Brahman calves to immunization against BVDV.
64 Effects of L-Carnitine Dietary Supplementation on the Quality of Buck Semen Collected During non-Breeding Season
Authors: Brown Jalani , Holmes Bryanna , Hunter Lazar , Woodard Joshua , Johnson Allana , Xiaoling Ma , Schauston Miller , Kouakou Brou , Moawad Adel R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) has potential impact on goat breeding. Reduced fertility in goats following AI is mostly associated with semen quality, which is influenced by breed, collection methods, freezing procedures, and the male diet. L-carnitine (LC) plays an integral role in sperm metabolism by supplying energy through β-oxidation to enhance sperm motility. L-carnitine is also important for fatty acid metabolism and acts as an antioxidant. Positive impact of dietary supplementation with LC on sperm quality and fertility has been reported in many species; however, no studies have been conducted on goats. The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of LC on the quality of goat semen collected by electroejaculation during non-breeding season. Six mature Alpine bucks were randomly assigned into two groups, namely control (three bucks were fed a regular diet without LC supplementation), and treatment (three bucks were fed the normal diet plus 0.0022 g/kg of BW, LC). Each feeding trial last for 60 days from January to March (the non-breeding season). Semen was collected from the bucks once/week by electroejaculation and evaluated for its physical characters. Sperm motility, concentrations, viability, membrane integrity, and abnormalities were also examined. Results showed that colors of the samples collected from the two groups were white to yellow and the consistency ranged from watery to creamy. Percentage of live spermatozoa (69.7%) was greater (P≤ 0.05) in LC group than control (50.1%). However, no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed in semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, abnormalities, and membrane integrity between the two groups. In conclusion, supplementing bucks LC during non-breeding season enhanced sperm viability. Further experiments are in progress to evaluate the effects of LC on reproductive variables and the levels of reproductive hormones such as testosterone, FSH, and LH in the blood of male goats.
57 Evaluation of Virginiamycin Inclusion in the Diets of Feedlot Steers: Interplay between Rumen pH and Liver Health
Authors: Rivera Madeline E , Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the beef cattle system, liver abscesses are the most common liver abnormality and are the leading cause for condemnations at slaughter. Virginiamycin (VM) has been used to prevent sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and subsequently control liver abscess incidence. This study observed the interrelationship between VM inclusion (240 mg/hd/d), ruminal pH dynamics, and hepatic blood metabolites over a 150-d feeding trial. Housed in a Calan gate system, 120 Angus crossbred steers (291 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: no VM (T000); VM for the last 50 d (T001); VM for the last 100 d (T011); VM for the first 50 d (T100); VM for the first 100 d (T110); and VM for 150 d (T111). Steers were orally administered 2 indwelling smaXtec rumen pH and temperature recording boluses on d -4 and d 84. On d -7, 28, 56, 84, 112 and 140, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture and all plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of albumin, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total protein using an automated blood analyzer (Carysta High Volume Chemistry Analyzer; Zoetis). Haptoglobin (HPT) was measured following a colorimetric method based on peroxidase activity. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model with the pen as a random effect and animals within treatment as the subject. Results indicated that VM did not convalesce hepatic function (P &gt; 0.05), but HPT had increased concentrations on d 84 for VM excluded treatments (42.75 vs. 93.25 mg/L). Comparatively, T111 tended to have less time under pH 5.8 (2.50 h/d) when compared with T001, T100, and T000 (5.27; 4.94; and 4.23 h/d, respectively; P = 0.107). Therefore, VM should be fed from the growing phase to slaughter to capture the full potential of the product on animal health status.
401 Cooperative Extension in Indigenous Communities: Perspectives of 1862 and 1994 Extension Educators
Authors: Hartmann Katie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The mission of Land Grant Institutions (LGIs) and Cooperative Extension has always included the concept of educational access. Indeed, there is an Extension office in or near all of the 3,000 counties in the US and serving nearly 100% of US counties. However, Extension has not served all communities equitably, in both their access to agricultural resources and in the kinds of programs that they provide. An important example of these inequities can be seen in Indigenous communities, where Extension is underfunded and unable to provide equitable support. Despite these challenges, there are Extension educators from 1862 and 1994 LGIs that collaborate with Indigenous communities. These educators have valuable experience and insight that is critical to capture if Extension is going to encourage and support others in this work. These insights will help current and future collaborations to be successful and inform Extension of the systemic changes that need to be made to equitably serve Indigenous and other marginalized communities.
67 Importance of Animal-Sourced Foods and Barriers to Their Adoption Globally
Authors: Adesogan Adegbola T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Globally, over 200 million children experience physical and mental underdevelopment due to a variety of reasons, particularly inadequate nutrition. In low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), hidden hunger, a condition in which diets are deficient in micronutrients essential for physical and mental development, is a common problem. Compared to plant-source foods, animal-source foods (ASF) contain higher quality and more bioavailable forms of several essential micronutrients as well as essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher quality protein. Due to the critical role these macro and micronutrients play in children's cognitive and physical development, ASF should be a vital component of their diets. Studies have demonstrated compelling evidence on the potential of ASF consumption by infants, children, pregnant, and lactating women to aid cognitive development of children. However, the evidence, is not conclusive, as some studies, especially those with confounding factors, showed no positive relationship between ASF consumption and cognitive development. Due to logistical, methodological and ethical difficulties, most studies that examined the effect of ASF on cognitive development are retrospective observational studies that do not enable effective separation of confounding factors. Producing conclusive evidence that can influence nutrition policy and guidelines will require large-scale, controlled interventional studies, preferably across countries or cultures. Unfortunately, per capita consumption of ASF, especially by infants, children, and mothers, in LMIC is very low compared to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. This is due to multiple and complex factors. First, there is the issue of unaffordability, which is due to a large extent to the low livestock productivity among smallholders who are the main livestock producers in LMIC. Even when ASF is affordable, there are many socio-economic, cultural, and religious barriers that limit ASF consumption by children and women. To prevent cognitive impairment among children in LMIC, concerted multisectoral approaches are needed. These should aim to improve livestock productivity in LMIC, generate robust policy-influencing evidence about their dietary importance and raise awareness about the value of ASF in the diet.
69 Animal Sourced Foods Role in Sustainable Nutrition
Authors: Thoma Greg , Kim Daesoo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Amid growing concern regarding the food system are calls to reduce or eliminate animal sourced foods (ASF) from human diets. Despite the green revolution and consequent increase in crop yields, nutrient deficiencies are still problematic, particularly in developing regions. In the US, ASF provide 24% of energy, 48% of protein, approximately 50% of the essential amino acids and essential fatty acids as well as the micronutrients (White and Hall, 2017). This presentation introduces a framework for evaluation and discusses remaining knowledge gaps regarding the role of ASF in sustainable food systems that provide nutritious diets. Lifecycle assessment (LCA) was used to provide an accounting of environmental and sustainability characteristics of food production systems. LCA has an explicit goal the identification of tradeoffs between stages in the supply chain and tradeoffs across environmental dimensions. In a published study (Kim et al., 2020) using a hybrid lifecycle assessment technique, it was shown that while vegetarian diets resulted in lower environmental impacts across several environmental categories, that the US non-vegetarian recommended dietary guidelines led to increases for many categories. This is driven by the increased consumption of less calorically dense foods and changes in the patterns of food loss and waste. Ongoing studies of US beef production systems are providing insight into factors behind the variability in sustainability driven by practice and location. One management practice receiving attention is Adaptively Managed Paddocks (AMP). Sequestration estimates were combined with process model simulations of cow calf finishing operations. One system used conventional grain finishing and the other used grass finishing. The potential mitigation of GHG emissions from the potential sequestration is significant. Complete assessment of the role of ASF in healthy diets from sustainable food systems requires a full understanding of the benefits and costs of alternatives and informed decisions based on understanding of tradeoffs.
85 Automated Walk-Over Weighing System: Methods to Track Daily Body Mass and Growth in Grazing Steers
Authors: Parsons Ira L , Karisch Brandi B , Webb Stephen L , Proctor Mike , Stone Amanda E E , Street Garrett M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Body weight (BW) is a critical component for monitoring animal weight gain, body condition, nutritional status. Remote animal weighing systems facilitate frequent collection of animal BW, however, datasets often contain spurious data. The objective of this study was to describe the utility of using a remote Walk-over-Weigh system and subsequent methods for data cleaning. Beef steers (n = 10) were tagged with Electronic RFID tags (EID) in an improved pasture (~12.1 hectares) containing Bermuda and Tall Fescue and inter-seeded with Annual Ryegrass and grazed from Feb. – Dec. 2020. Static chute weights (n = 80) were collected monthly, and a WOW system placed by the water to remotely collect BW (n = 5,466). Data were first loaded into Program R and scanned for spurious data using each of 2 primary approaches, 1) the whole herd and individual means ± 1 standard deviation (SD) calculated daily or over the entire trial and 2) each of 3 data smoothing algorithms, which included a quadratic growth model, cubic splines, and polynomial regression. Then, data with spurious observations removed were paired with static chute weights and fitted to a linear model to measure accuracy (mean bias) and precision (R2) of WOW data. Whole herd mean ± 1SD and individual daily mean ± 1SD identified 1,204 and 1,516 spurious data, with mean bias of -12.46 and -15.37 KG and R2 of 0.90 and 0.68, respectively. Smoothing functions identified 1,707, 4,684, and 4,776 spurious points, with a mean bias of 13.61, -19.78, and 12.58 KG, and R2 of 0.94, 0.70, and 0.87 for quadratic growth models, cubic splines, and polynomial regression, respectively. These results indicate the utility of using a simple WOW system to collect data for measuring growth curves and using weight data in a real-time fashion to make management and marketing decisions.
83 Impacts of Heifer Post-Weaning Intake Classification on Performance Measurements of Lactating and non-Lactating two-, Five- and Eight-Year-old Angus Beef Females
Authors: Wellnitz-Eiseman Krista , Parsons Cory , Dafoe Julia , Wyffels Samuel , Boss Darrin L , DelCurto Tim , Van Emon Megan L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Data used in these studies were part of another project described by Parsons et al. (2021). These studies evaluated heifer post-weaning intake classification on performance measurements of two-, five- and eight-year-old lactating or non-lactating Angus females. We analyzed intake and production data of 57 pregnant, non-lactating (Study 1) and 54 lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) females. Heifer post-weaning intake was calculated over 80 test days following weaning using GrowSafe units. Heifers were categorized based on intake as low (&lt; -0.05 SD from the mean), average (± 0.05 SD from the mean), or high ( &gt; 0.50 SD from the mean) within year. Non-lactating females showed an age effect (P ≤ 0.05) for cow body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI) rate (grams/minute), and time spent at the feeder (minutes/day). Intake rate was greater in five- and eight-year-old cows compared with two-year-old cows, and eight-year-old cows spent more time at the feeder than two- and five-year-old cows. Cow BW for non-lactating cows was significant for age (P &lt; 0.001), intake classification (P = 0.03) and showed a tendency for age*intake interaction (P = 0.10), with older cows weighing more than younger cows. Milk production expressed as kilograms and grams per kilogram of BW of the cow had an age*intake (P &lt; 0.001) effect. Two-year-olds with low and average intake classifications had greater milk production (P &lt; 0.001) and milk produced as grams per kilogram of BW (P &lt; 0.001) than two-year-old cows with high intake classifications. Additionally, five-year-old cows with average and high intake classifications had greater milk production (P &lt; 0.001) and grams of milk produced per kilogram of BW (P &lt; 0.001) compared with five-year-old cows classified as low intake. In summary, heifer post-weaning intake classification had minor impacts on performance measurements in three age classes of beef females at two different production levels.
81 Effects of Hurricane-Related Stress During Gestation on Replacement Heifer (Bos Taurus) Development in a Limited-Resource Beef cow-Calf System
Authors: Fernandez Rachel , Elder Kasey A , Odhiambo John F , Green Kiana , Dunn Rachel , Coble Derrick 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a limited resource cow-calf operation, obtaining puberty in heifers is one of the main concerns for long-term productivity. Although nutritional factors have a large role in heifer development, environmental factors are sometimes overlooked until a catastrophic event such as a hurricane occurs. For this project, two heifer groups, born in the same herd at different intervals, were compared: Group 1(experienced catastrophic hurricane event in 3rd trimester of their fetal development) and Group 2 (no adverse event during gestation). The groups were weighed four similar time points during development: at 12 months of age (Period 1, pre-pubertal), 13-14 months (Period 2, puberty), pre-breeding (Period 3), and at the end of breeding (Period 4). The blood cortisol, glucose, and progesterone concentrations were compared between the groups during their pre-pubertal period. Group comparisons were performed using mixed procedures of SAS. Data are presented as means ±SEM. Group mean differences were declared significant at P &lt; 0.05. We observed a significant (P &lt; 0.01) Group by Period effect on heifer body weight (655.2± 14.2 vs. 747.3 ±15.4, for Groups 1 and 2, respectively). Overall, Group 1 was lighter than Group 2 in periods 1 and 2, but there was no difference thereafter. There were significant group differences in glucose (60.5± 8.8 vs 95.3±11.5, mg/dL for groups 1 and 2 respectively, P&lt; 0.01) and progesterone (62.2±12.6 vs 124.0± 13.8, pg./mL for groups 1 and 2, respectively, P&lt; 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in cortisol concentrations (P&lt; 0.48). Therefore, catastrophic weather events such as hurricanes that are common throughout the world might have a negative impact on heifer development, as observed in this project. This observation warrants further investigation. Funding agency: USDA- NIFA CBG #2021-38821-34599