bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 35mm Solution: Photography, Scientists, and Whales
Authors: Nutch Frank 
Published: January 2022

The field technique of photographic identification enabled scientists to individually identify and follow cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) through their life-cycle. Photographic identification relies on portable, highquality photographic equipment and the naturally occurring markings of individual whales. Being able to identify cetacea individually has enabled scientists to engage in long-term field studies comparable to field studies of land mammals. Further, carrying out long-term field studies has contributed to an exponential growth of scientific knowledge of cetacea and has significantly altered the public’s connection(s) to scientists and cetacea.
This article is based on interviews, published material, and observations made by the author at different research settings. It describes how photography and the use of naturally occurring markings of individual cetacea combined to produce photographic identification as a research technique.
As a study within the sociology of science and scientific knowledge, this article highlights the emergent character of scientific research; that is, the emergent confluence of cumulative knowledge, theory, method, and empirical observation.
In horses with osteoarthritis is treatment with intra-articular polyacrylamide gel more likely to reduce the severity of clinical signs associated with lameness when compared to treatment with intra-articular corticosteroid?
Authors: Bowkett-Pritchard Constance 
Published: January 2022

PICO question
In horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis, is treatment with intra-articular polyacrylamide gel more likely to reduce the severity of clinical signs associated with lameness when compared to treatment with intra-articular corticosteroid?

Clinical bottom line
Category of research question
Treatment
The number and type of study designs reviewed
Twelve studies; four case series, three uncontrolled prospective studies, one non-blinded, non-randomised control trial, one non-blinded randomised control trial, two systematic reviews and one systematic review and meta-analysis
Strength of evidence
Weak
Outcomes reported
Studies examined: Clinical signs relating to lameness after use of corticosteroid or polyacrylamide gel to treat osteoarthritis; improvement in lameness and treatment success (including return to work in some papers)
Conclusion
It is not possible to recommend one treatment over the other given the absence of studies which provide direct comparison. This highlights the need for further controlled and comparative studies

How to apply this evidence in practice
The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.
Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
Analisis Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Berbasis Konstruktivisme di MAN 1 Pamekasan
Authors: Nurlaila Nurlaila , Muassomah Muassomah 
Published: January 2022

Arabic learning is a subject that is rarely sought after by students so they find it difficult to understand. Therefore, teachers are required to choose the right approach in learning. This study intends to analyze and describe the Arabic learning process based on the constructivism approach and the inhibiting factors of this learning process. So that researcher in this study choses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. The data obtained were analyzed using interactive analysis. The results of this study stated that the constructivist learning model applied in Arabic learning at MAN 1 Pamekasan was a Learning Cycle Model. However, learning Arabic by using a constructivism approach in this school has not run optimally which is marked by the lack of student activity in learning activities, due to several factors, its are differences in the characteristics of each student, limited time to deliver learning material, lack of student interest in learning Arabic , the educational background of students before entering MAN 1 Pamekasan, the number of students in each class was uneven, there were many errors in the worksheet books, and the lack of facilities and pre-learning tools.
Keywords: Learning; Arabic Language; Constructivism; Learning Strategies
Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Edmodo dalam Evaluasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Hijriyatun Hijriyatun , Sutaman Sutaman , Fitriani Laily 
Published: January 2022

Evaluasi dilakukan guru untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat kemampuan peserta didik dalam menyerap suatu pelajaran yang disampaikan oleh guru, dengan melakukan evaluasi guru bisa mengambil langkah selanjutnya agar pembelajaran bisa dilakukan dengan maksimal. masalah muncul ketika diera pandemic covid 19 yang mengharuskan belajar dilakukan dari rumah dan melalui internet. Evaluasi pun harus dilakukan secara online. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran bagaimana kegiatan evaluasi dilakukan pada masa pandemic covid 19, khususnya evaluasi pembelajaran bahasa arab menggunakan aplikasi Edmodo. Lokasi penelitian adalah Mts Negeri 1 Pasuruan. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat eksploratif dengan metode penelitian deskriptif, Sumber data utama dalam penelitian ialah siswa Mts Negeri 1 Pasuruan dengan jumlah sebanyak 120 orang responden. Evaluasi menggunakan edmodo merupakan salah satu solusi untuk guru bahasa arab dalam melakukan evaluasi pembelajaran bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan teknologi digital, terlebih diera pandemic covid 19. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa evaluasi dengan memanfaatkan edmodo membuat guru lebih mudah memantau hasil pembelajaran yang diterima oleh peserta didik dalam belajar bahasa arab.
Kata kunci : Evaluasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab, E Learning, Edmodo, Pandemi Covid 19
Mortalidad de pacientes con infección severa por SARS – CoV2 en ventilación mecánica de una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital general de Lima
Authors: Fernández Merjildo Diana , Lévano Díaz Lady , Cieza Zevallos Javier , Zegarra Piérola Jaime 
Published: January 2022

Objetivo: Estimar la mortalidad y describir las intervenciones terapéuticas en pacientes con infección severa por SARS CoV-2 en ventilación mecánica de una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte analítica retrospectiva. Se incluyeron 105 pacientes con infección severa por SARS – CoV2 en ventilación mecánica invasiva que ingresaron con el diagnóstico de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda a la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Cayetano Heredia de marzo a octubre del 2020. Resultados: La mortalidad global de los pacientes en ventilación mecánica invasiva fue 38%; el 79% fueron varones, la edad promedio fue 49,8 ± 13 años, el 65% no tuvo comorbilidades, el APACHE II fue 12±6, el SOFA 5±3; cursaron con linfopenia; con niveles séricos de ferritina, deshidrogenasa láctica y proteína C reactiva altas, el 30% recibió hidroxicloroquina, el 32% azitromicina, el 47% ceftriaxona y el 27% hidroxicloroquina más azitromicina. La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en varones (p=0,03), mayores de 50 años (p=0,004), con puntaje APACHE II (p=0,005) y SOFA (p=0,0009) altos, y con el uso de hidroxicloroquina (p=0,001), azitromicina (p=0,03), e hidroxicloroquina más azitromicina (p=0,001); no hubo diferencia significativa con el uso de corticoides e ivermectina. Conclusiones: La mortalidad en los pacientes con infección severa por SARS – CoV2 en ventilación mecánica invasiva fue significadamente mayor en varones mayores de 50 años, con puntaje APACHE II y SOFA altos, con el uso de hidroxicloroquina, azitromicina y la combinación de los mismos.
The Role of Life Skills Training In Developing An Attitude of Authentic Leadership In Public Health Specialists: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study In Poland
Authors: Jaworski Mariusz , Panczyk Mariusz , Cieślak Ilona , Baranowska Agata , Brukało Katarzyna , Grzebieluch Jolanta , Kwaśniewska Magdalena , Urbaniak Monika , Zarzeczna-Baran Marzena , Zyska Aleksandra , Gotlib Joanna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Effective healthcare decision making involves the use of decision-making skills (DMS). DMS are considered to be crucial life skills conditioning proper group social functioning (i.e. support authentic leadership skills - ALS) and increasing one's chances of success and wellbeing in life. Nonetheless, the number of scientific papers addressing the role of LS in developing ALS in PH specialists is limited. Aim of the study was to develop a theoretical model to determine the role of selected LS in developing authentic leadership skills in public health specialists.Methods: The study was conducted from January 16 through February 28, 2018. In total, 653 students undertaking in-service training in Master's degree programs were qualified for the study, and complete data sets were obtained from 329 students ( response rate 50.38% ). The error margin was 3.17% (95% confidence level). The data were collected by means of a paper questionnaire. Four research tools were used in the study: The Authentic Leadership Self-Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ), The Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), The Youth Leadership Life Skills Development (YLLSD).Results: Two subgroups were identified among the public health specialists in the study: 1) the extra social skills training group (N = 113), and 2) the no extra social skills training group (N = 216). Both groups of the study participants did not differ significantly in age (M [SD]: 25.0 [3.89] vs. 25.0 [3.66]; t = 0.068, P = 0.946). On the other hand, clear differences were observed in the case of the respondents' participation in voluntary service. The respondents from the extra SST group declared participation in voluntary activities less frequently than the respondents from the no extra SST group (48.7 vs. 31.9%). Both calculated measures (CMIN = 15.020, df = 8 and CMIN/DF = 1.88) point to the empirical confirmation of the model. Conclusions: A course aimed at strengthening authentic leadership competences should be modular, focus on self-improvement and critical reflection, as well as spread over time so as to enable and encourage each participant to grow and flourish at their own pace.
SADLN: Self-Attention Based Deep Learning Network of Integrating Multi-omics Data for Cancer Subtype Recognition
Authors: Gong Ping , Sun Qiuwen , Cheng Lei , Zhang Zhiyuan , Ge Shuguang , Chen Jie , Zhang Longzhen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Integrating multi-omics data for cancer subtype recognition is an important task in bioinformatics. Recently, deep learning has applied to recognize the subtype of cancers. However, existing studies almost integrate the multi-omics data simply by concatenation as the single data and then learn a latent low-dimensional representation through deep learning model, which didn't considering the distributes differently of omics data. Moreover, these methods ignore the relationship of samples. Results :In order to tackle these problems, we proposed SADLN: a self-attention based deep learning network of integrating multi-omics data for cancer subtype recognition. SADLN combined encoder, self-attention, decoder, and discriminator into a unified framework, which can not only integrate multi-omics data but also adaptively model the sample’s relationship for learning a accurately latent low-dimensional representation. With the integrated representation learned from the network, SADLN used Gaussian Mixture Model to identify cancer subtypes. Experiments on ten cancer datasets of TCGA demonstrated the advantages of SADLN compared to ten methods. Conclusions: The Self-Attention Based Deep Learning Network (SADLN) is a effective method of integrate multi-omics data for cancer subtype recognition.
Domain patterns with paired soliton walls stabilized by polar surface interactions in a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Basnet Bijaya , Rajabi Mojtaba , Wang Hao , Thapa Kamal , Paul Sanjoy , Lavrentovich Oleg 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Surface interactions are responsible for many properties of condensed matter, ranging from crystal faceting to the kinetics of phase transitions. Usually, these interactions are polar along the normal to the interface and apolar within the interface. Here we demonstrate that polar in-plane surface interactions produce stable domain structures in the bulk of a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal. Monodomains form in micron-thick cells, while thicker cells feature quasiperiodic stripes of an alternating uniform electric polarization, separated by domain walls, within which the polarization rotates by 180°. The surface polarity makes these walls paired with a total rotation by 360°. Analysis of the domain structures allows one to determine the polar contribution to the surface anchoring potential. The 360° pairs of domain walls resemble domain walls in cosmology models with biased vacuums and ferromagnets in an external magnetic field. The polarity-biased ferroelectric structures are highly susceptible to weak electric fields and could lead to applications in advanced electro-optics, sorting of polar inclusions, sensing, memory, and grating devices.
Stable Cellulose Separator Based on Sodium Chloride for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Kung Do Chun Nam , Kang Sang Wook 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, we fabricated porous membrane based on cellulose acetate by adding NaCl for a low cost and pro-environmental process. We succeeded in manufacturing the cellulose acetate (CA)/NaCl composites with small micro-sized pores for stable separator. NaCl existed as ionic aggregates in CA polymer and disrupts the interaction between CA chains. Thus, the CA/NaCl composites were plasticized. Plasticized regions of the CA/NaCl composites became small micro-sized pore, applying hydrostatic force at 8 bar. The pore morphology of surface and cross section of the CA/NaCl composites were confirmed by SEM. The small micro-sized pores were measured by water flux. In addition, the interaction between NaCl and functional group of CA was measured by using FT-IR spectroscopy. TGA was used to identify for thermostability of the CA/NaCl composites matrix.
Small Private Online Course Based Flipped Classroom Approach for Supporting Undergraduate Medical Technology Students on Immunology Study
Authors: Loharungsikul Somying , Eumbunnapong Kawitsara , Nilsook Prachyanun , Panjaburee Patcharin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Small private online course (SPOC) combined with the flipped classroomis established in higher education as an innovative tool for improvingstudents’ learning efficiency.To investigate the impact of the SPOC-based flipped classroomapproach, we implemented this reform pedagogy on anbasic immunology course for medical technology students.
Methods
The undergraduate medical technology students of Mahidol Universityenrolled SPOC platform for self-active online learning in the detection of immunological reactions and applications and then attended the face-to-face teaching activity in the classroom. The learning improvement was evaluated by conceptual test (CT)throughout this reform curriculum. Furthermore, students were required to fill in a questionnaire to reflect their perceptions and motivations.
Results
A significant increase in the overall score data of the mid- and the post-conceptual test was found. The result indicated that SPOC based flipped classroom method improved university students’learning knowledge in the detection of immunology reactions and applications. From the perception and motivation questionnaires, students had a positive attitude in which they had more practical and meaningful activities with this reform course. Students revealed that better interest and enjoyment with less anxiety could induce them to connect the topic to their career in the future.
Conclusions
TheSPOC-based flipped classroom approach effectively encouraged students’learning improvement and positively impacted their learning perceptions and motivations on fundamental immunology study in the field of medical technology education.
Laser-Ablative Aqueous Synthesis and Characterization of Elemental Boron Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Pastukhov Andrei , Belyaev Iaroslav , Bulmahn Julia , Zelepukin Ivan , Popov Anton , Zavestovskaya Irina , Klimentov Sergei , Deyev Sergey , Prasad Paras , Kabashin Andrei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Boron-based nanoformulations look very promising for biomedical applications, including photo- and boron neutron capture therapies, but the fabrication of non-toxic water-dispersible boron (B) nanoparticles (NPs), which contain the highest boron atom concentration, is difficult using currently available chemical and plasma synthesis methods. Here, we demonstrate purely aqueous synthesis of clean boron NPs by methods of femtosecond laser ablation from a solid boron target in water, thus free of any toxic organic solvents, and characterize their properties. We show that despite highly oxidizing water ambience, the laser-ablative synthesis process follows an unusual scenario leading to the formation of elemental boron NPs together with boric acid (H3BO3) as an oxidation by-product, which acts to stabilize the elemental boron NPs dispersion. It was found that the formed NPs are spherical and composed of crystalline core covered by a thin sub-oxide shell, while their mean size is about 50 nm. We then demonstrate the purification of boron NPs from residual boric acid in deionized water, followed by their coating with polyethylene glycol to improve colloidal stability and biocompatibility. The synthesized NPs demonstrate low toxicity. They exhibit relatively strong absorption over a broad spectral range, in the NIR window of relative tissue transparency, promising their use as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging and sensitizers of phototherapy, in addition to their promise for neutron capture therapy. This combined potential ability of generating imaging and therapy functionalities makes laser-synthesized B NPs a very promising multifunctional agent for biomedical applications.
Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Three Indian Soils: Method Development and Validation Using Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arijita , Pardeshi Anita , Nerpagar Apurva , Banerjee Kaushik 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper aimed to develop an effective multiresidue extraction method in three major soil types, namely i) new alluvial soil (NAS); ii) red lateritic soil (RS) and iii) black soil (BS) in the Indian subcontinent for determining the residues of pesticides from various chemical classes. To establish an effective pre-treatment process, an ethyl acetate-based extraction method with a freezing out cleanup step was employed. The analysis was performed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validation experiments were performed on 220 GC-amenable pesticides by spiking all soil samples. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory in matrix-matched standards and yielded the coefficients of determination (R2) ≥0.99 for approximately 98% of the target analytes in all matrices. At 10 ng/g, the recoveries of the spiked pesticides were in the range of 70–120%, with associated precision-RSD values ≤20% for approximately 85%, 88.6% and 89% of the compounds for BS, RS and NAS respectively. At the higher spiking levels of 20 and 50 ng/g, average recoveries and RSDs readily met the validation criteria of all the studied pesticides. Overall, the method holds potential as a suitable procedure for multiresidue analysis in soils for safety evaluation and risk assessment purposes.
The Association Between Climate Factors and Scrub Typhus Incidence in South Korea in 2001–2019
Authors: Seo Donghee , Choi Yoon-Jung , Hong Yun-Chul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Global warming has compromised human health by increasing the incidence of infectious diseases. Scientific evidence is required to expand the knowledge of the association between meteorological factors and the incidence of infectious diseases. Our study focused on meteorological factors such as ambient temperature (AT), humidity, and scrub typhus incidence.Objective: We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of AT and relative humidity (RH) elevation on scrub typhus incidence in South Korea.Method: Meteorological variables were combined with scrub typhus cases reported from 2001 to 2019 in South Korea. A generalized additive model was used to explore the nonlinearity of the lagged association between meteorological variables and weekly scrub typhus incidence. To explore the long-term association between meteorological factors and scrub typhus incidence, the difference between annual mean AT or the annual number of heatwave days during 2001 to 2019 and those of the period 1971–2000 were linearly regressed on annual cumulative scrub typhus incidence.Results: Association between weekly scrub typhus incidence and mean temperature or relative humidity with 15 weeks lags showed V- or U- shaped relationship. Above the threshold temperature (14.9°C to 17.0°C), scrub typhus incidence increased by 1.85% (95% CI: 1.5, 2.2) per 0.1°C elevation in mean temperature with 15 weeks lags. Scrub typhus incidence increased by 3.7% (95% CI: 2.7%, 4.8%) and 2.5% (95% CI: 1.6%, 3.3%) per 0.1°C increase in annual mean temperature and per one day increase in heat wave days.Conclusion: Mean AT elevation and RH increase in summer were associated with an increased incidence of scrub typhus in the fall. Increases in annual mean AT and annual number of heatwave days were associated with an increase in the incidence rate during 2001–2019.
Identification and Pathogenicity of Hepatitis E Virus From Laboratory Bama Miniature Pigs
Authors: Liu Baoyuan , Chen Yiyang , Zhang Meimei , Chen Tianxiang , Zhang Yuan , Danba Zhaxi , Xu Shixuan , Zhao Qin , Zhou En-Min 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic. In this study, HEV infection in laboratory Bama miniature pigs in Sichuan Province of China was investigated. Firstly, one hundred rectal swabs were collected for HEV RNA testing, and chose positive samples for sequence analysis. Concurrently, for pathogenicity study, six healthy Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into two groups of 3 pigs each. A total of 500 µL of HEV stock (positive fecal samples identified in this study) was inoculated intravenously into each pig in the experimental group, and the three pigs in the other group served as negative controls. Serum and fecal samples were collected at 1 to 10 weeks post-inoculation (wpi) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA detection, respectively. During necropsies, liver lesions and HEV antigen in liver were observed at 10 wpi.
Results
The rate of fecal sample HEV RNA-positivity was 12% (12/100). Sequence comparisons indicated that partial ORF1 and ORF2 gene sequences of this isolate shared highest identities with corresponding sequences of genotype 4a HEV isolates (81.4%-96.1% and 89.9%-97.1%, respectively). Phylogenetic tree analysis further demonstrated that sequences of this isolate clustered together with sub-genotype 4a HEV isolate sequences. Experimentally, the pathogenicity of Bama miniature pigs infected with this isolate exhibited viremia, fecal virus shedding, seroconversion, ALT level increasing, liver lesions and HEV antigen in liver.
Conclusions
This is the first study to confirm that HEV is currently circulating in laboratory Bama miniature pigs in China and this isolate can successfully infect Bama miniature pigs experimentally. More importantly, this study suggested HEV screening of laboratory pigs should be conducted to prevent research personnel from acquiring zoonotic HEV infections.