bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CPTA, Temperature, and Genotype on Carotene Synthesis in Carrot Leaves1
Authors: Rhodes B. B. , Hall C. V. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In leaves of carrot (Daucus carota L.) treated with 120 ppm 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA), increased lycopene levels were found. Significant amounts of carotenes tentatively identified as gamma- and delta- were also found. Alpha- and beta-carotene levels were reduced. The effect of CPTA was modified by temperature and genotype. The data suggest that lycopene is a precursor of the carotenes mentioned and that alpha-ionone cyclase has a higher optimum temperature than beta-ionone cyclase.
Floral Stalk Topple: A Disorder of Hyacinthus orientalis L. and Its Control1
Authors: Shoub J. , De Hertogh A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Floral stalk topple, a disorder of greenhouse-forced hyacinths was investigated using ‘Pink Pearl’, a non-topple type, and ‘Blue Giant’, topple-prone type. The total floral stalk of ‘Blue Giant’ was longer than ‘Pink Pearl’. The ratio of the scape to inflorescence of ‘Pink Pearl’ was 1.0 while that of ‘Blue Giant’ was 1.8. Anatomical sections revealed that ‘Pink Pearl’ had shorter and narrower pith cells in the scape than ‘Blue Giant’. The cellular arrangement of the pith and cortex showed that, in contrast to ‘Blue Giant’, those of ‘Pink Pearl’ were tightly interwoven with very few intercellular spaces. Soil drenches of ancymidol at 2 or 4 mg/15 cm pot reduced the incidence of stem topple in ‘Blue Giant’. Ancymidol modified cell sizes and shapes and reduced the floral stalk length and scape to inflorescence ratio. It appears that floral stalk topple is related both to the anatomical structure of the cultivar and its floral stalk characteristics.
Soil Warming with Power Plant Waste Heat in Greenhouses1
Authors: Boersma L. , Rykbost K. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A subsurface soil warming system consisting of parallel line heat sources, buried 52 cm deep and 122 cm apart, simulating a proposed arrangement for the use of power plant waste heat, was installed in a plastic covered greenhouse. Soil warming with a heat source temperature of about 36°C increased soil temperatures substantialy but had little effect on the air temperature.
Breeding Turnips for Resistance to the Turnip Aphid1
Authors: Barnes W. Carroll , Cuthbert Frank P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recurrent selection in progeny of crosses involving ‘Purple Top White Globe’, ‘Raab Salad’, and ‘Shogoin’ turnip (Brassica campestris L. Rapifera group) resulted in considerable progress towards developing cold tolerant and turnip aphid resistant turnips. The aphid resistance seemed to be based on nonpreference and possibly antibiosis and tolerance.
Arsenic and Lead Content of Expressed Florida Grapefruit Oil as Related to Cultural Sprays1
Authors: Kesterson J. W. , Braddock R. J. , Koo R. C. J. , Reese R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) sprays applied to grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) accelerate fruit maturity but do not contribute to the As and Pb content of the peel oil. The physicochemical properties of the expressed oils are influenced by this induced maturity but would occur naturally in the course of normal fruit maturation.
Yield and Tree Growth of Seven ‘Valencia’ Orange Type Cultivars on Four Rootstocks1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Valencia’ cultivars (‘Campbell’ old line, ‘Campbell’ nucellar, ‘Frost’ nucellar, ‘Olinda’, ‘Cutter’, ‘Wood’, and ‘Chapman’) were budded on rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni Hort ex Tan.) and ‘Willowleaf (C. delicosa Tenore) mandarins.
The first 5 were California cultivars with buds imported from the USDA Sub Tropical Fruit Station, Indio. The ‘Wood’ and ‘Chapman’ were local cultivars. All cultivars were disease free, excepting stubborn. Trees were planted in October 1959 near Peoria, Arizona and at 2 other locations.
‘Campbell’ old line produced highest yield at all locations. Fruit shape and quality were satisfactory, and tree growth vigorous. Up to 1966, trees on rough lemon rootstocks had the highest yield. Between 1968 and 1971, no difference in yield on trunk growth existed between trees on rough lemon, and ‘Willowleaf’ mandarin rootstocks. Lowest yield trees were on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin.
Improving Fruit Size and Breaking Alternate Bearing in ‘Wilking’ Mandarins by Ethephon and Other Agents1
Authors: Galliani S. , Monselise S. P. , Goren R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 200 ppm, and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 350 ppm, sprayed on fruitlets 1 cm in diameter, caused satisfactory thinning of heavily loaded ‘Wilking’ mandarin trees (Citrus reticulata Blanco) without significant decrease of yield in kg per tree. Individual fruit size was increased 64% with ethephon and by 48% with NAA, increasing profit by about 30% in both cases as compared with hand thinned controls. A summer pruning treatment had similar effects but the increase in fruit size was smaller. Ethephon reduced alternation of bearing and resulted in satisfactory yields the following year on 57% of the treated trees.
Cytokinin Activity in the Xylem Sap and Extracts of MM 106 Apple Rootstocks1
Authors: Greene D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cytokinin activity from purified xylem sap of ‘McIntosh’ apple trees on Malling Merton 106 (MM 106) rootstocks and from ethanol extracts of MM 106 rootstocks was determined using the soybean callus bioassay. Activity declined in the xylem sap by the third day after removal of the top of the tree. Over 2/3 of the cytokinin activity in young MM 106 rootstocks was found in the young leaves and actively growing stems. Shoots and leaves may be an important source and/or sink for cytokinins in apple trees.
Responses of ‘Diamond’ Grapes to Irrigation Frequency with and without Cover Crop1
Authors: Stevenson D. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four- to 6-year old ‘Diamond’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on sandy soil showed modest yield responses to frequent irrigations that sustained soil water suctions within narrow ranges from near zero (post-irrigation) to no higher than about 70 centibars for the driest treatment. At any given frequency cover crop depressed yields slightly as compared with cultivation. Titratable acidity and sugar levels of fruits were affected little or not at all.
Undergraduate Education in Plant and Soil Sciences at the University of Massachusetts1
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Emino Everett R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Undergraduate interest in courses and curriculum in the agricultural sciences, including horticulture and plant and soil sciences (1), is at an all time high. Enrollment in agriculture in member institutions of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges more than doubled from 1963 to 19743. This paper describes changes that have been made in the Department of Plant and Soil Science at the University of Massachusetts to serve our students and provides a vehicle for future changes in undergraduate horticultural education. Hopefully, other departments will report on their undergraduate activities so that others may benefit from their experience.
Effect of Hand Baits and Ground Sprays on Pine Vole Activity1
Authors: Byers R. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pine vole, Microtus pinetorum LeConte, activity was reduced to very low levels with [(chloro-4-phenyl)-l-phenyl-1] acetyl-2-dioxo-l-3 indane (Chlorophacinone, CPN) ground cover spray at .2 kg/ha (.2 lb. per acre) and a CPN wax-grain pellet applied in two applications of 11.2 kg/ha (10 lb. per acre) each. Inadequate control of voles was obtained with traditional zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) treated apple and oat hand baits, CPN treated cracked com, CPN wax blocks, CPN apple baits, and 2-diphenylacetyl-l,3-indandone (Diphacinone, DPN) meal pellets. Ground cover sprays of ethyl 4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl isopropylphosphor-amdate (Nemacur) or methyl N′ N′-dimethyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxamimidate (Vydate) also did not give adequate vole control.
Photo-promotion of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Harvested Apples1
Authors: Bishop Richard C. , Klein Richard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Continuous fluorescent light did not shorten the induction period for anthocyanin synthesis in detached, green-mature ‘McIntosh’ apples, but after induction there was a proportionality between flux and synthesis. The optimum wavelength for anthocyanin synthesis is 440 nm; red light was additive. Ability of apples previously stored in air to synthesize anthocyanin under lights decreased sigmoidally with storage time; apples from controlled atmosphere (CA) storage showed no time-dependent decrease in synthetic ability but, if transferred to regular storage, they exhibited the same decline as did apples from regular storage. Cultivars differed in amounts of anthocyanin produced when illuminated. A fluorescent lamp for anthocyanin production in skins of mature, detached apples should emit a high intensity of blue and a low intensity of red radiation.
Influence of Benomyl and Oil on Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Laboratory and field application methods of (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2 benzimidazolecarbamate) (benomyl) and oil were evaluated for their influence on net photosynthesis of leaves of potted apple trees. Superior 70-second viscosity oil applied as a dip caused a significant reduction in net photosynthesis of young leaves at both the 1.26 ml and 2.52 ml/liter levels, with the greater reduction at the higher level. Benomyl alone or in combination with oil had no influence on net photosynthesis. Spray application in the laboratory or by commercial field sprayers had no effect on net photosynthesis of fully expanded leaves.
Changes of Amino Acid Composition of Peach Proteins during Maturation1
Authors: Jen J. J. , Graham C. S. , Skelton B. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The changes of amino acid compositions of peach proteins from the Alcohol Insoluble Solids of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. Redhaven and Redskin at 5 stages of maturation were investigated by gas-liquid chromatography. Most amino acids in the peach proteins showed gradual increases, as percent of total amino acid, throughout the maturation periods except aspartic acid in both peach cultivars and arginine in the ‘Redskin’ peaches. The amino acid profiles of the ripe fruits from both cultivars were nearly identical.
A Device for Measuring the Removal Force of Peaches1
Authors: Reid J. T. , Daniell J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A device was designed to permit accurate and rapid measurement of the abscission or removal force of peaches when used with a mechanical force gauge. To handle fruit of different sizes, small and large units were constructed. A detail drawing of the two units is shown. This instrument was used to study the physiology of abscission, chemicals for thinning, and chemicals for uniform ripening of peaches for mechanical harvesting as related to the removal force.
Quality of Processed Tomato Products from Ethephon-ripened Fruit1
Authors: Russo Louis , Dougherty R. H. , Dostal H. C. , Wilcox G. E. , Nelson P. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at 2.9 kg/ha to plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum MilUwhen 20-30% of the fruit were ripe, did not appreciably affect pH, total acidity, exterior color of the fruit, or consistency of the processed products. Organoleptic analyses of tomato juice indicated no differences in flavor between samples from ethephon-treated and untreated fruit. Chromatographic separation of fruit carotenoids showed that treated fruit synthesized more lycopene than controls.
Effect of Chronological Age on Composition and Firmness of Raw and Processed Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Scott L. E. , Bouwkamp John C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were sampled bi-weekly during the period of storage root development Although the root weight increased nearly 8-fold during the sampling period there was only a 35% increase in the number of roots. Alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) and % dry matter generally showed a slight increase throughout the season and specific gravity a slight decrease. Total sugars and reducing sugars failed to show a trend. In contrast, the processed roots tended to become softer as the season progressed. Firmness was related to chronological age of roots rather than harvest date. The later the planting the higher were total and reducing sugars but planting date had no consistent effect on other raw product attributes.
Effects of Salts and Application Methods on English Ivy1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Na2SO4, K2SO4, NaCl, KCl or CaCl2 at concentrations of 0.25N were applied daily as a soil drench or foliar spray to established plants of English ivy (Hedera helix L.). Marginal leaf necrosis developed after 28 days on plants drenched with Cl salts although necrosis was evident after 7 days and the injury was more severe on plants sprayed with Cl salts. Shoot dry weights of plants treated with Cl salts were significantly less than those of control or spray SO4 treatments. Leaf necrosis was not evident on plants drenched with SO4 salts, but shoot dry weights were significantly less than those of plants sprayed with SO4 salts or water. Shoot Na was greater from spray-applied Na salts compared to soil-treatments while shoot Cl was greater in soil-treated plants compared to spray Cl treatments. Shoot Cl generally corresponded with the severity of plant injury whereas shoot Na did not.
‘Brouwer’s Beauty’ Pieris, A New Interspecific Hybrid1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pieris floribunda Pursh (Benth. & Hook.) and P. japonica (Thunb.) D. Don are popular ornamentals in the U.S. where they have been grown commercially for over 100 years. Interest in these species has increased in the past decade and several new cultivars have been released. Most of these have been selections within P. japonica or its close allies: P. taiwanensis Hayata, P. formosa (Wall.) D. Don, and P. forrestii Harrow. Unfortunately, most of these cultivars lack cold hardiness (USDA zone 5 and below) and they are susceptible to lacebug, Stepanitus takeyai Drake and Maa (syn. S. globulifera). Winter hardiness and lacebug resistance are characteristic of P. floribunda, but this species, in contrast with the others, is almost impossible to root from cuttings. An interspecific hybrid of P. floribunda and P. japonica could lead to a recombinant having the best ornamental features of both parents, but controlled pollinations between these species have been unsuccessful. Several recent attempts by the author resulted in no seed production or seed that failed to produce viable offspring.
World Food Crisis
Authors: Freiberg S. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What happens in the next few years may well determine the course of human history for a long time. All nations must share in trying to resolve the food-population problem or else nations which export food, such as the U.S. and Canada, numbers 1 and 2 in food exports, will be faced with the decision of whether to institute the drastic action of triage which the Paddock Brothers talk about in their book Famine-1975 and decide which nations would receive food and which would not. The U.S. must take its fair share of its burden in solving the food population problem.
Florida’s Junior Citrus Institute
Authors: Crocker T. E. , Jackson L. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Florida has a unique training program for 4-H youths with interest in citrus. Extension specialists in the Department of Fruit Crops, county extension personnel and industry leaders cooperate in an annual Junior Citrus Institute held at 4-H Camp Cloverleaf near Lake Placid. Here, outstanding 4-H members spend a week learning horticultural operations such as fertilizing, spraying, pruning and cultivation, as well as nursery practices.
Photographic Estimation of Plant Size1
Authors: Sydnor T. D. , Fretz T. A. , Crean D. E. , Cobbs M. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A nondestructive photographic technique for measuring plant size is described. Photographs were taken of the sides and top of the plant with Kodak Direct Positive Panchromatic Film and photographic density was determined using a Beckman Model RB Analatrol resulting in a permanent measure of plant size. The results were highly correlated both to fresh and dry weight and provided a nondestructive alternative to weighing plants.
Chlormequat and Aldicarb Reduce Whitefly Infestation on Poinsettia1
Authors: Fischer Steven J. , Shanks James B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increasing levels of the systemic insecticide 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoy)oxime (aldicarb) and a plant growth retardant (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) reduced the mean population of whitefly on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Chlormequat was effective only with the low level or with no aldicarb.
Experimental Hydroponic Germination and Growth of Turfgrass Seedlings1
Authors: Spomer L. Art 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A method utilizing small, bouyant particles in a floating mat for the hydroponic germination and growth of small plants is described. The bouyant mat supports the seeds and small plants on the culture solution surface and allows easy, non-destructive removal of the plants analysis and re-insertion. This method was used successfully to germinate and grow seedlings of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)
Electromagnetic Seed Treatment Increases Germination of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.1
Authors: Maronek Dale M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exposure of golden-rain tree seeds to an electromagnetic field of 100 gauss for 4.3 sec partially substitutes for cold stratification if applied after seed scarification. Germination was increased from 56 to 97%, when electromagnetic treatment was applied following scarification and before 84 days of cold stratification.
Nutrient Levels in Horticultural Crops
Authors: Senti F. R. , Rizek R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In another paper, Dr. Spiher has discussed the background for the GRAS regulation on the composition of new crop varieties which was adopted by FDA in 1971. In 1972 a task group was formed to identify the nutrients and toxic constituents which should be considered for monitoring in specific food crops (Table 1). I should like to discuss the criteria proposed by the task group for determining which nutrients and which food crops, as contributors of these nutrients, should be considered for monitoring. I shall also present background information prepared for consideration by the task group in application of these criteria and recommendations made by the task group on nutrients and food crops to be monitored.
Gras Legislation: Viewpoints of a Professional Horticulturist and plant Breeder
Authors: Gabelman W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant breeding is a long-term program in which useful genetic variability in plants is brought together systematically to meet the needs of mankind. The tools of the plant breeder are genetic variability, controlled matings, selection pressure and phenotypic fixation in a form (the cultivar) useful to the ultimate user. The procedure is planned much as any engineer would plan an invention or an architect a new building.
Insect Pollinators of Onion in New York State1
Authors: Caron Dewey M. , Lederhouse Robert C. , Morse Roger A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Honey bees and drone flies are the most common insects found on flowering onions in New York State; 1216 other insects, representing many species, were collected from 3 areas in the state. Dialictus sp. and Halictus sp. (Apoidea) and 3 Diptera species are common pollinators. The observed species are compared with those on onions in the western states.
Effect of Injury and Relative Humidity during Curing on Weight and Volume Loss of Sweet Potatoes during Curing and Storage1
Authors: Kushman L. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Weight and volume losses of roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Centennial) during curing were reduced by increasing relative humidity (RH) from 80 to 90, 90 to 97, but not from 97 to 100%. Loss of skin increased loss of weight at all RH but significantly only at 80% RH. Loss of weight during storage was about the same for injured and non-injured roots unless weight loss during curing was high (above 6%), which resulted in a high loss during storage. Loss of weight during curing was highly and positively correlated with subsequent development of decay. During curing RH should be near saturation but during storage RH should not exceed 90%.
On Selecting a Department Chairman
Authors: Childers Norman F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The system of selecting and appointing a department chairman (or head, or chief) in agricultural colleges over the country has been changing. At this writing there are 11 horticulture department headships open in the U.S. There apparently is increased difficulty in finding qualified and, at least, semiexperienced candidates who will accept a department chairmanship. Are the posts as attractive as they were? Does a department chairman have the security, the delegated responsibility, freedom, and incentive to act that he once had?
Humidity in Horticulture1
Authors: Grierson W. , Wardowski W. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Humidity as related to horticulture is discussed in terms of: ways of expressing humidity levels; physical properties of water vapor; and temperature-humidity and air circulation-humidity interactions. The role of humidity in transpiration, killing freezes, and storage and transport of fruits and vegetables is discussed. Also given are sources of information on methods of recording and controlling humidity in postharvest applications.
Moisture Relations in Transplanted Container Plants1
Authors: Costello L. , Paul J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Container-grown plants of sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were transplanted to the Held and soil moisture tension of the transplanted rootball was recorded following transplantation and irrigation. Tension in the transplanted rootball increased more rapidly than in the control or in the soil adjacent to the rootball. Greater moisture loss from the transplant is attributed to loss of available water from the rootball as a result of drainage by the field soil profile following irrigation. To avoid moisture stress irrigation frequency of a new transplant may need to be even greater than required had it remained in the container.
Tetrazolium Reduction in Citrus Cold Hardening1
Authors: Yelenosky G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction measures glucose equivalents of substances diffusing from plant tissues. Amounts of diffusing substances are greater from cold-hardened than unhardened citrus. These differences are colorimetrically distinguishable and identify citrus plants exposed to low temp in controlled environment studies.
Apple Tree Response to Dichlobenil1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Greene D. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Annual applications of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) from 1969 to 1974 at 17.93 (twice the registered rate) and 22.41 kg/ha reduced trunk circumference increase of young ‘McIntosh’ apple trees for 5 consecutive years. However, the effect of these rates on terminal growth was slight. At rates of 13.44 and 17.93 kg/ha, dicholbenil increased leaf nitrogen only slightly.