bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MIGHTEE-H i: the H i size–mass relation over the last billion years
Authors: Rajohnson Sambatriniaina H A , Frank Bradley S , Ponomareva Anastasia A , Maddox Natasha , Kraan-Korteweg Renée C , Jarvis Matt J , Adams Elizabeth A K , Oosterloo Tom , Baes Maarten , Spekkens Kristine , Adams Nathan J , Glowacki Marcin , Kurapati Sushma , Prandoni Isabella , Heywood Ian , Collier Jordan D , Sekhar Srikrishna , Taylor Russ 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We present the observed H i size–mass relation of 204 galaxies from the MIGHTEE Survey Early Science data. The high sensitivity of MeerKAT allows us to detect galaxies spanning more than 4 orders of magnitude in H i mass, ranging from dwarf galaxies to massive spirals, and including all morphological types. This is the first time the relation has been explored on a blind homogeneous data set that extends over a previously unexplored redshift range of 0 &lt; z &lt; 0.084, i.e. a period of around one billion years in cosmic time. The sample follows the same tight logarithmic relation derived from previous work, between the diameter ($D_{\rm H\, \small {\rm I}}$) and the mass ($M_{\rm H\, \small {\rm I}}$) of H i discs. We measure a slope of 0.501 ± 0.008, an intercept of $-3.252^{+0.073}_{-0.074}$, and an observed scatter of 0.057 dex. For the first time, we quantify the intrinsic scatter of 0.054 ± 0.003 dex (${\sim } 10 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), which provides a constraint for cosmological simulations of galaxy formation and evolution. We derive the relation as a function of galaxy type and find that their intrinsic scatters and slopes are consistent within the errors. We also calculate the $D_{\rm H\, \small {\rm I}}{ \!-\! }M_{\rm H\, \small {\rm I}}$ relation for two redshift bins and do not find any evidence for evolution with redshift. These results suggest that over a period of one billion years in look-back time, galaxy discs have not undergone significant evolution in their gas distribution and mean surface mass density, indicating a lack of dependence on both morphological type and redshift.
Angular dependence of coherent radio emission from magnetars with multipolar magnetic fields
Authors: Yamasaki Shotaro , Ekşi Kazım Yavuz , Göğüş Ersin 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The recent detection of a fast radio burst (FRB) from a Galactic magnetar secured the fact that neutron stars (NSs) with superstrong magnetic fields are capable of producing these extremely bright coherent radio bursts. One of the leading mechanisms to explain the origin of such coherent radio emission is the curvature radiation process within the dipolar magnetic field structure. It has, however, already been demonstrated that magnetars likely have a more complex magnetic field topology. Here, we critically investigate curvature radio emission in the presence of inclined dipolar and quadrupolar (‘quadrudipolar’) magnetic fields and show that such field structures differ in their angular characteristics from a purely dipolar case. We analytically show that the shape of open field lines can be modified significantly depending on both the ratio of quadrupole to dipole field strength and their inclination angle at the NS surface. This creates multiple points along each magnetic field line that coincide with the observer’s line of sight, and may explain the complex spectral and temporal structure of the observed FRBs. We also find that in quadrudipole, the radio beam can take a wider angular range and the beamwidth can be wider than that in pure dipole. This may explain why the pulse width of the transient radio pulsation from magnetars is as large as that of ordinary radio pulsars.
A novel in vitro 3D model of the human bone marrow to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity testing
Authors: Vernon Alexander R , Pemberton Roy M , Morse H Ruth 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The regulatory 2D in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is part of a battery of tests, used to test for genotoxicity of new and existing compounds before they are assessed in vivo (ICH S2). The 2D MN assay consists of a monolayer of cells, whereas the in vivo bone marrow (BM) setting comprises a multicellular environment within a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Although the in vitro MN assay follows a robust protocol set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to comply with regulatory bodies, some compounds have been identified as negative genotoxicants within the in vitro MN assay but marginally positive when assessed in vivo. The glucocorticoids, which are weakly positive in vivo, have generally been suggested to pose no long-term carcinogenic risk; however, for novel compounds of unknown activity, improved prediction of genotoxicity is imperative. To help address this observation, we describe a novel 3D in vitro assay which aims to replicate the results seen within the in vivo BM microenvironment. AlgiMatrix scaffolds were optimized for seeding with HS-5 human BM stromal cells as a BM microenvironment, to which the human lymphoblast cell line TK6 was added. An MN assay was performed aligning with the 2D regulatory assay protocol. Utilizing this novel 3D in vitro model of the BM, known genotoxicants (mitomycin C, etoposide, and paclitaxel), a negative control (caffeine), and in vivo positive glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and prednisolone) were investigated for the induction of MN. It was found, in agreement with historical in vivo data, that the model could accurately predict the in vivo outcome of the glucocorticoids, unlike the regulatory 2D in vitro MN assay. These preliminary results suggest our 3D MN assay may better predict the outcome of in vivo MN tests, compared with the standard 2D assay.
Risk of end-stage kidney disease in kidney transplant recipients versus patients with native chronic kidney disease: multicentre unmatched and propensity-score matched analyses
Authors: De Nicola Luca , Serra Raffaele , Provenzano Michele , Minutolo Roberto , Michael Ashour , Ielapi Nicola , Federico Stefano , Carrano Rosa , Bellizzi Vincenzo , Garofalo Carlo , Iodice Carmela , Borrelli Silvio , Grandaliano Giuseppe , Stallone Giovanni , Gesualdo Loreto , Chiodini Paolo , Andreucci Michele 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
In kidney transplant recipients (KTR), the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) risk dependent on the risk factors acting in native chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined.

Methods
We compared risk and determinants of ESKD between 757 adult KTR and 1940 patients with native CKD before and after propensity-score (PS) analysis matched for unmodifiable risk factors [(age, sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)].

Results
In unmatched cohorts, eGFR was lower in CKD versus KTR (45.9 ± 11.3 versus 59.2 ± 13.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, P &lt; 0.001). During a median follow-up of 5.4 years, the unadjusted cumulative incidence of ESKD was consistently lower in unmatched KTR versus CKD. Conversely, in PS-matched analysis, the risk of ESKD in KTR was 78% lower versus CKD at 1 year of follow-up while progressively increased over time resulting similar to that of native CKD patients after 5 years and 2.3-fold higher than that observed in CKD at 10 years. R2 analysis in unmatched patients showed that the proportion of the outcome variance explained by traditional ESKD determinants was smaller in KTR versus native CKD (31% versus 70%). After PS matching, the risk of ESKD [hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI)] was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (1.02, 1.01–1.02), phosphorus (1.31, 1.05–1.64), 24-h proteinuria (1.11, 1.05–1.17) and haemoglobin (0.85, 0.78–0.93) irrespective of KTR status. Similar data were obtained after matching also for modifiable risk factors.

Conclusions
In KTR, when compared with matched native CKD patients, the risk of ESKD is lower in the first 5 years and higher later on. Traditional determinants of ESKD account for one-third of the variability of time-to-graft failure.
Packaging Characteristics of Top-Selling Cigars in the United States, 2018
Authors: Giovenco Daniel P , Spillane Torra E , Talbot Eugene , Wackowski Olivia A , Audrain-McGovern Janet , Ganz Ollie , Delnevo Cristine D 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco product packaging is an influential industry marketing tool, but research on cigar packaging characteristics is limited. This study leveraged a pack archive of the top-selling, mass-market cigar products in the US and their corresponding sales data to assess the prevalence of common pack features in the marketplace.

Methods
The 50 cigar products with the highest national unit sales in 2018 were identified using Nielsen’s Scantrack data. A content analysis captured common packaging features within four domains: physical, textual, graphical, and promotional elements. Descriptive statistics, weighted by each pack’s 2018 unit sales, documented the market share of pack characteristics overall and by brand.

Results
Products in the sample constituted 62% of all convenience store cigar sales in 2018. Black & Mild, the most popular brand, did not display warning labels on its single stick, cellophane-wrapped products, which constituted nearly all of its sales (96.3%). Resealable foil pouches were the most common packaging style across other brands, and were most often sold in predominantly red, green, or silver packaging. Common flavor categories included concept (eg, “Jazz”, 32.4%), fruit (15.7%), and sweet (14.5%). Prepricing (eg, “2 for 99 cents”) was a popular promotional strategy, appearing on 74% of all packs sold.

Conclusions
Cigar packaging features such as small pack sizes, innovative materials, flavor names, bright colors, and cost-saving promotions are prevalent among the top-selling products. Stronger packaging-focused policies at the federal and local levels may help reduce appeal and potentially curb cigar use.

Implications
Sales of mass-market cigars in the US have remained strong over the past decade, propelled by lax product regulations. This study demonstrated that cigar packaging features that may enhance consumer appeal, such as small pack sizes, flavor names, sensory descriptors, bright colors, and cost-saving promotions, are prevalent among the top-selling products. Stronger packaging-focused policies at the federal and local levels may help curb cigar use, reduce youth appeal, and potentially minimize existing disparities in cigar use.
MIR164b represses iron uptake by regulating the NAC domain transcription factor5-Nuclear Factor Y, Subunit A8 module in Arabidopsis
Authors: Du Qingguo , Lv Wenshuai , Guo Yu , Yang Juan , Wang Shanhong , Li Wen-Xue 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recent findings have revealed the important roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the secondary responses to oxidative damage caused by iron (Fe) excess. However, the functional importance of miRNAs in plant responses to Fe deficiency remains to be explored. Here, we show that the expression level of miR164 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots was repressed by Fe deficiency. Primary root length, lateral root number, ferric reductase activity, and mRNA abundance of IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) and FERRIC REDUCTION OXIDASE2 (FRO2) were higher in the mir164b mutant than in the wild-type (WT) under Fe-deficient conditions. Analysis of the Fe concentrations and ferric reductase activities in the roots of miR164 knockdown transgenic plants showed that members of the miR164 family had different functions in Fe-deficiency responses. Promoter::GUS analysis showed that NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) domain transcription factor5 (NAC5) is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels under Fe-deficient conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing NAC5 were more tolerant of Fe deficiency than the WT. NAC5 has transactivation activity and directly transactivates the expression of Nuclear Factor Y, Subunit A8 (NFYA8), as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Like overexpression of NAC5, overexpression of NFYA8 increases primary root length, lateral root number, ferric reductase activity, and mRNA abundance of IRT1 and FRO2 under Fe-deficient conditions. Thus, MIR164b is important for Fe-deficiency responses by its regulation of the NAC5–NFYA8 module.
Why Do Firms Borrow Directly from Nonbanks?
Authors: Chernenko Sergey , Erel Isil , Prilmeier Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Analyzing hand-collected credit agreements for a sample of middle-market firms over 2010–2015, we find that one-third of all loans are directly extended by nonbank financial intermediaries. Two-thirds of such nonbank lending can be attributed to bank regulations that constrain banks’ ability to lend to unprofitable and highly levered borrowers. Firms with negative EBITDA and debt/EBITDA greater than six are 32$\%$ and 15$\%$ more likely to borrow from nonbanks. These firms pay significantly higher interest rates, especially following the 2013 leveraged loan guidance revisions. Nonbank borrowers also receive different nonprice terms compared to firms borrowing from banks.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Impact of Neonatal Activation of Nuclear Receptor CAR (Nr1i3) on Cyp2 Gene Expression in Adult Mouse Liver
Authors: Shin Aram , Waxman David J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Perinatal exposure to environmental chemicals is proposed to reprogram development and alter disease susceptibility later in life. Supporting this, neonatal activation of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) (Nr1i3) by TCPOBOP was previously reported to induce persistent expression of mouse hepatic Cyp2 genes into adulthood, and was attributed to long-term epigenetic memory of the early life exposure. Here, we confirm that the same high-dose neonatal TCPOBOP exposure studied previously (3 mg/kg, 15x ED50) does indeed induce prolonged (12 weeks) increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression; however, we show that the persistence of expression can be fully explained by the persistence of residual TCPOBOP in liver tissue. When the long-term presence of TCPOBOP in tissue was eliminated by decreasing the neonatal TCPOBOP dose 22-fold (0.67× ED50), strong neonatal increases in hepatic Cyp2 expression were still obtained but did not persist into adulthood. Furthermore, the neonatal ED50-range TCPOBOP exposure did not sensitize mice to a subsequent, low-dose TCPOBOP treatment. In contrast, neonatal treatment with phenobarbital, a short half-life (t1/2 = 8 h) agonist of CAR and PXR (Nr1i2), induced high-level neonatal activation of Cyp2 genes and also altered their responsiveness to low-dose phenobarbital exposure at adulthood by either increasing (Cyp2b10) or decreasing (Cyp2c55) expression. Thus, neonatal xenobiotic exposure can reprogram hepatic Cyp2 genes and alter their responsiveness to exposures later in life. These findings highlight the need to carefully consider xenobiotic dose, half-life, and persistence in tissue when evaluating the long-term effects of early life environmental chemical exposures.
What Test Did I Have? Patient Uncertainty About Prenatal Genetic Screening
Authors: Parobek Christian M. , Has Phinnara , Lorenzi Paula , Russo Melissa L. , Clark Melissa A. , Lewkowitz Adam K. 
Published: March 2022

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;225:341–342)
Pregnant patients may not always understand the specific genetic test they have undergone. This study asked patients who had undergone prenatal genetic screening to identify the testing they had performed.
Sociodemographic Missed-care Predictors for Pediatric Orthopaedic Telemedicine During COVID-19
Authors: Tartarilla Ashley B. , Tennermann Nicole , Melvin Patrice , Ward Valerie L. , Bauer Andrea S. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Increased telehealth services may not benefit communities already lacking access to care. Race, socioeconomic status, and insurance type are known to predict missed-care opportunities (MCO) in health care. We examined differences in pediatric orthopaedic telemedicine MCOs during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with MCOs of in-person visits in a prepandemic time frame. We hypothesized that groups with known health disparities would experience higher rates of pediatric orthopedic telemedicine MCOs.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed pediatric orthopaedic telemedicine MCOs during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown (March-May 2020) and in-person pediatric orthopaedic visit MCOs during a nonpandemic timeframe (March-May 2019). We examined predictors of MCOs including race, ethnicity, language, insurance status, and other socioeconomic determinants of health.

Results:
There were 1448 telemedicine appointments in the pandemic cohort and 8053 in-person appointments in the prepandemic cohort. Rates of telemedicine MCOs (12.5%; n=181) were significantly lower than in-person MCOs (19.5%; n=1566; P<0.001). Telemedicine appointments with public insurance or without insurance (P<0.001) and being Black or Hispanic/Latinx (P=0.003) were associated with MCOs. There were significant differences between in-person MCOs and telemedicine MCOs among all predictors studied, except for orthopaedic subspecialty team and patient’s social vulnerability index.

Conclusions:
Patients with telemedicine appointments during the COVID-19 pandemic were less likely to experience MCOs than patients with in-person visits during the nonpandemic timeframe. However, when controlling for socioeconomic factors including race, ethnicity, and insurance type, disparities found for in-person visits persisted with the shift to telemedicine. Pediatric orthopaedists should be aware that the use of telemedicine does not necessarily improve access for our most vulnerable patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Single-Surgeon Versus Dual-Surgeon Strategy in Spinal Tumor Surgery
Authors: Lubelski Daniel , Alomari Safwan , Pennington Zach , Lo Larry , Witham Timothy , Theodore Nicholas , Sciubba Daniel M. , Bydon Ali 
Published: March 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to compare the outcomes of spinal tumor surgery between dual-surgeon and single-surgeon approach.

Summary of Background Data:
Perioperative adverse outcomes may be improved with 2 attending surgeons in spinal deformity cases. It is unclear if this advantage may be seen in spinal oncology operations.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review identified 24 patients who underwent spinal tumor surgery by two attending surgeons between January 1, 2016, and April 30, 2020 at a single tertiary care institution. 1:1 matching was then performed to identify 24 patients who underwent spinal tumor operations of similar complexity by a single attending surgeon. Postoperative outcomes were collected.

Results:
Cases in the dual-surgeon group had significantly lower total operative time (601 vs. 683 minutes), reduced estimated blood loss (956 vs. 1780 ml), and were less likely to have an intraoperative blood transfusion (41.7% vs. 75.0%). The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak and wound infection did not significantly differ between groups, nor were there differences in total length of hospital stay, discharge disposition, 6-month emergency room visit, readmission, and reoperation rates.

Conclusion:
Dual-surgeon strategy in spinal tumors surgery may lead to decreased operative time and estimated blood loss. These benefits may have clinical and cost implications, but should be weighed against the impact of resident and fellow training.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Implant-based versus Autologous Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Broyles Justin M. , Balk Ethan M. , Adam Gaelen P. , Cao Wangnan , Bhuma Monika Reddy , Mehta Shivani , Dominici Laura S. , Pusic Andrea L. , Saldanha Ian J. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
For women undergoing breast reconstruction after mastectomy, the comparative benefits and harms of implant-based reconstruction (IBR) and autologous reconstruction (AR) are not well known. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of IBR versus AR after mastectomy for breast cancer.

Methods:
We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies from inception to March 23, 2021. We assessed the risk of bias of individual studies and strength of evidence (SoE) of our findings using standard methods.

Results:
We screened 15,936 citations and included 40 studies (two randomized controlled trials and 38 adjusted nonrandomized comparative studies). Compared with patients who undergo IBR, those who undergo AR experience clinically significant better sexual well-being [summary adjusted mean difference (adjMD) 5.8, 95% CI 3.4–8.2; three studies] and satisfaction with breasts (summary adjMD 8.1, 95% CI 6.1–10.1; three studies) (moderate SoE for both outcomes). AR was associated with a greater risk of venous thromboembolism (moderate SoE), but IBR was associated with a greater risk of reconstructive failure (moderate SoE) and seroma (low SoE) in long-term follow-up (1.5–4 years). Other outcomes were comparable between groups, or the evidence was insufficient to merit conclusions.

Conclusions:
Most evidence regarding IBR versus AR is of low or moderate SoE. AR is probably associated with better sexual well-being and satisfaction with breasts and lower risks of seroma and long-term reconstructive failure but a higher risk of thromboembolic events. New high-quality research is needed to address the important research gaps.
Cardiorenal protective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in salt-sensitive Dahl rats
Authors: Ito Hiromasa , Okamoto Ryuji , Ali Yusuf , Zhe Ye , Katayama Kan , Ito Masaaki , Dohi Kaoru 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
The kidney plays a central role in regulating the salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) by governing sodium excretion and reabsorption via renal sodium transporters. We hypothesized that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade can synergistically reduce renal sodium reabsorption by beneficially effects on these transporters, leading to lower BP and ameliorating renal and cardiac damage.

Methods and results:
Dahl salt-sensitive rats were treated orally for 8weeks with a normal salt diet (0.3% NaCl), a high-salt diet (8% NaCl), high-salt diet with ipragliflozin (0.04%), high-salt diet with losartan (0.05%) or high-salt diet with a combination of ipragliflozin and losartan. The combination treatment significantly reduced BP and increased daily urine sodium excretion compared with losartan or ipragliflozin monotherapy, leading to greater improvement in BP salt sensitivity than ipragliflozin monotherapy. The combination treatment significantly ameliorated glomerulosclerosis and reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy compared with losartan or ipragliflozin monotherapy. The protein expression levels of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) and Na+-K+-CI− cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) in the kidney were significantly decreased with losartan monotherapy and combination treatment, but not with ipragliflozin monotherapy.

Conclusion:
Inhibition of SGLT2 in combination with an angiotensin II receptor blocker effectively improved BP salt sensitivity by reducing renal expression levels of sodium transporters including NHE3 and NKCC2, which eventually led to improvement of BP salt sensitivity and cardiorenal protection.