bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of adequacy of fruit and vegetable intake as a barrier to increasing consumption
Authors: Wellard‐Cole Lyndal , Watson Wendy L. , Hughes Clare , Tan Nina , Dibbs Jane , Edge Rhiannon , Dessaix Anita 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimTo investigate New South Wales adults' perceived adequacy of their fruit and vegetable consumption and to identify the barriers to consumption.MethodAn online cross‐sectional survey of a sample of adults in New South Wales (n = 1603) in February 2019 measured self‐reported fruit and vegetable intakes, perception of consumption adequacy and barriers to consumption. Proportions of participants whose reported consumption met the daily recommended serves of fruit and vegetables per day were calculated. Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests were used to explore differences between demographic characteristics and meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations. For those not meeting recommendations, Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests were used to explore perceived adequacy of intake as a potential barrier to consumption.ResultsThe sample included 52.7% women, 40.0% aged under 40 years and 28.6% over 59 years, 68.2% lived in a major city, and 32.6% were university educated. Overall, 64.8% of participants reported consuming adequate fruit and 12.4% reported consuming adequate vegetables. Of those consuming less than the guidelines, 21.3% perceived that they were eating enough fruit and 53.7% perceived they were eating enough vegetables. The most common barriers to eating more fruit were preference for other foods (29.6%), fruit spoiling too quickly (28.3%), and habit (27.0%). The most common barriers to eating more vegetables were the perception that they eat enough (26.8%), preference for other foods (21.9%), and habit (19.7%).ConclusionsGreater efforts are needed to support the public to eat adequate fruit and vegetables, consistent with dietary guidelines. Public education campaigns specifically targeting increasing vegetable consumption are required to address knowledge gaps, given a large proportion of our study population consumed inadequate levels of vegetables yet perceived their intake to be adequate.
New weapons to fight malaria transmission: A historical view
Authors: Huang Wei , Cha Sung‐Jae , Jacobs‐Lorena Marcelo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe stagnation of our fight against malaria in recent years, mainly due to the development of mosquito insecticide resistance, argues for the urgent development of new weapons. The dramatic evolution of molecular tools in the last few decades led to a better understanding of parasite–mosquito interactions and coalesced in the development of novel tools namely, mosquito transgenesis and paratransgenesis. Here we provide a historical view of the development of these new tools and point to some remaining challenges for their implementation in the field.
Role of suppressing GLT‐1 and xCT in ceftriaxone‐induced attenuation of relapse‐like alcohol drinking in alcohol‐preferring rats
Authors: Das Sujan C. , Althobaiti Yusuf S. , Hammad Alaa M. , Alasmari Fawaz , Sari Youssef 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlcohol dependence results in long‐lasting neuroadaptive changes in meso‐corticolimbic system, especially in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which drives relapse‐like ethanol drinking upon abstinence or withdrawal. Within NAc, altered glutamate homeostasis is one of the neuroadaptive changes caused by alcohol dependence. Accumbal glutamate homeostasis is tightly maintained through glutamate transporter 1 (GLT‐1) and cystine‐glutamate antiporter (xCT). But the role of GLT‐1 and xCT in relapse‐like ethanol drinking is poorly understood. Here, we used alcohol‐preferring (P) rats in relapse‐like ethanol drinking paradigm to (a) determine the effect of relapse‐like ethanol drinking on gene and protein expression of GLT‐1 and xCT in NAc, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively; (b) examine if glutamate uptake is affected by relapse‐like ethanol drinking in NAc, measured by radioactive glutamate uptake assay; (c) elucidate if upregulation of either/both GLT‐1 or/and xCT through ceftriaxone is/are required to attenuate relapse‐like ethanol drinking. The GLT‐1 or xCT protein expression was suppressed during ceftriaxone treatments through microinjection of GLT‐1/xCT anti‐sense vivo‐morpholinos. We found that relapse‐like ethanol drinking did not affect the gene and protein expression of GLT‐1 and xCT in NAc. The glutamate uptake was also unaltered. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) treatments during the last 5 days of abstinence attenuated relapse‐like ethanol drinking. The suppression of GLT‐1 or xCT expression prevented the ceftriaxone‐induced attenuation of relapse‐like ethanol drinking. These findings confirm that upregulation of both GLT‐1 and xCT within NAc is crucial for ceftriaxone‐mediated attenuation of relapse‐like ethanol drinking.
Growing alcohol use preceding death by suicide among women compared with men: age‐specific temporal trends, 2003–18
Authors: Lange Shannon , Kaplan Mark S. , Tran Alexander , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsIn the United States, until 2018 both the prevalence of heavy alcohol use and the suicide mortality rate increased among men and women; however, women had experienced a notably higher increase in both. As heavy alcohol use may have contributed to the observed sex disparity in the suicide mortality rate increase, the aim of the current study was to estimate the temporal trend of the sex‐ and age‐group‐specific proportion of suicides that were alcohol‐involved in the United States.DesignUsing restricted‐access data from the National Violent Death Reporting System, we performed joinpoint regression analyses to investigate temporal trends in the sex‐ and age‐group (young adults = 18–34 years; middle‐aged adults = 35–64 years; and older adults = 65+ years)‐specific proportion of suicides that were alcohol‐involved.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsA total of 115 202 suicide decedents 18+ years of age from 2003 to 2018.MeasurementsThe sex‐ and age‐group‐specific proportion of suicides that were alcohol‐involved, among all suicide decedent, for which the decedent had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) (a) ≥ 0.04 g/dl and (b) ≥ 0.08 g/dl.FindingsFor 2003–18, the proportion of suicides that were alcohol‐involved wherein the decedent had a BAC ≥ 0.08 g/day significantly increased on average annually for women of all age groups [young women: 2.80%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.86%, 3.75%; middle‐aged women: 2.20%, 95% CI = 1.20%, 3.21%; older women: 10.48%, 95% CI = 1.17%, 20.65%], while only middle‐aged men experienced a significant average annual percentage increase (0.81%, 95% CI = 0.003%, 1.62%).ConclusionIn the United States between 2003 and 2018, alcohol use preceding death by suicide increased among women compared with men.
Does recreational cannabis legalization change cannabis use patterns? Evidence from secondary school students in Uruguay
Authors: Rivera‐Aguirre Ariadne , Castillo‐Carniglia Alvaro , Laqueur Hannah S. , Rudolph Kara E. , Martins Silva S. , Ramírez Jessica , Queirolo Rosario , Cerdá Magdalena 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsIn 2013, Uruguay became the first country to legalize and regulate the production and distribution of cannabis for recreational use. We measured whether Uruguay's non‐commercial model of recreational cannabis legalization was associated with changes in the prevalence of risky and frequent cannabis use among secondary school students.DesignWe used data from repeated cross‐sectional surveys of secondary students in Uruguay and Chile (2007–2018). Using a difference‐in‐difference approach, we evaluated changes in the prevalence of past‐year, past‐month, any risky and frequent cannabis use following enactment (2014) and implementation (2016) of cannabis legalization among the full sample of secondary students and among students who reported past‐year/month use. We examined changes separately for students ages 12 to 17, and students for whom cannabis became legally accessible, ages 18 to 21.SettingUruguay and Chile (2007–2018).ParticipantsSecondary school students in 8th, 10th and 12th grade (n = 204 730).MeasurementsPast‐year and past‐month cannabis use; any risky cannabis use measured with the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST); and frequent cannabis use (10+ days in the past‐month).FindingsWe found a decrease in past‐year and past‐month use following enactment or implementation. Among students ages 18 to 21, post‐enactment, we observed a transitory increase in 2014 that decreased thereafter for: any risky use among those who reported past‐year use (prevalence difference [PD] = 13.5%; 95% CI: 2.0, 24.9), frequent use in the full sample (PD = 4.5%; 95% CI: 1.0, 8.1), and frequent use among those who reported past‐month use (PD = 16.8%; 95% CI: 1.9, 31.8).ConclusionThe legalization of recreational cannabis in Uruguay was not associated with overall increases in either past‐year/past‐month cannabis use or with multi‐year changes in any risky and frequent cannabis use among young people.
Assessing the impacts of alcohol outlets on crime as a natural experiment: agglomeration, churning and spatial effects
Authors: Gruenewald Paul J. , Sumetsky Natalie , Gaidus Andrew , Ponicki William , Lee Juliet P. , Mair Christina 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsRetail alcohol outlets appear to open in neighborhoods with low land and structure rents near sources of demand; they may ‘agglomerate’, open near to one another or ‘churn’, replace one another, over time. We used the turnover in numbers of outlets over time to measure agglomeration and churning and the impacts of openings and closings of outlets on neighborhood crime.DesignInterrupted quasi‐experiments using spatial panel population data from 3768 synthetic block areas over 6 years.SettingCity of Oakland, CA, USA.ParticipantsCity population.MeasurementsCensus‐based socio‐demographic estimates and counts of openings and closings of bars/pubs, restaurants and off‐premises outlets related to assault, burglary and robbery crime incidents across synthetic Census blocks. Bayesian space–time models were used to assess agglomeration and churning and measure impacts of openings/closings on crime.FindingsChurning was substantial; openings followed closings for all outlets [bars/pubs, relative risk (RR) = 50.9, 95% credible interval (CI) = 3.0–449.9; restaurants, RR = 3.1, CI = 1.5–6.1; off‐premises, RR = 23.5, CI = 2.0–129.8]. Bars/pub and restaurant openings agglomerated with other outlets (e.g., RR = 1.02, CI = 1.00–1.03 and RR = 1.01, CI = 1.00–1.01), but off‐premises outlets did not. Covarying out effects related to outlet densities, bar/pub openings were related to a 3.5% increase in assaults (RR = 1.04, CI = 1.01–1.06) and 6.9% increase in robberies (RR = 1.07, CI = 1.03–1.11). Restaurant openings were related to a 5.3% increase in burglaries (RR = 1.05, CI = 1.04–1.06). Openings and closings of off‐premises outlets were unrelated to all three crime types.ConclusionsRetail alcohol outlets appear to follow a pattern of opening near to one another and replacing each other over time. Bar, pub and restaurant openings appear to be related to increases in neighborhood crime.
EPO synthesis induced by HIF‐PHD inhibition is dependent on myofibroblast transdifferentiation and colocalizes with non‐injured nephron segments in murine kidney fibrosis
Authors: Kobayashi Hanako , Davidoff Olena , Pujari‐Palmer Shiuli , Drevin Malin , Haase Volker H. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimErythropoietin (EPO) is regulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐2. In the kidney, it is produced by cortico‐medullary perivascular interstitial cells, which transdifferentiate into collagen‐producing myofibroblasts in response to injury. Inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) dioxygenases (HIF‐PHIs) activate HIF‐2 and stimulate kidney and liver EPO synthesis in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined whether HIF‐PHIs can reactivate EPO synthesis in interstitial cells that have undergone myofibroblast transdifferentiation in established kidney fibrosis.MethodsWe investigated Epo transcription in myofibroblasts and characterized the histological distribution of kidney Epo transcripts by RNA in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence in mice with adenine nephropathy (AN) treated with HIF‐PHI molidustat. Lectin absorption chromatography was used to assess liver‐derived EPO. In addition, we examined kidney Epo transcription in Phd2 knockout mice with obstructive nephropathy.ResultsIn AN, molidustat‐induced Epo transcripts were not found in areas of fibrosis and did not colocalize with interstitial cells that expressed α‐smooth muscle actin, a marker of myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Epo transcription was associated with megalin‐expressing, kidney injury molecule 1‐negative nephron segments and contingent on residual renal function. Liver‐derived EPO did not contribute to serum EPO in molidustat‐treated mice. Epo transcription was not associated with myofibroblasts in Phd2 knockout mice with obstructive nephropathy.ConclusionsOur studies suggest that HIF‐PHIs do not reactivate Epo transcription in interstitial myofibroblasts and that their efficacy in inducing kidney EPO in CKD is dependent on the degree of myofibroblast formation, the preservation of renal parenchyma and the level of residual renal function.
Patients' perceptions of quality of care delivery by urology residents: A nationwide study
Authors: Mantica Guglielmo , Chierigo Francesco , Gallo Fabio , Cocci Andrea , Esperto Francesco , Patruno Giulio , Diminutto Alberto , Cerasuolo Mattia , Campi Riccardo , Barale Maurizio , Ragonese Mauro , Bettin Laura , Zanetti Stefano , Bianchi Lorenzo , Principi Emanuele , Puliatti Stefano , Cancrini Fabiana , Parnanzini Daniele , Bianchi Grazia , Grande Pietro , Primiceri Giulia , Cavacece Fernando , Schiralli Pasquale , Amparore Daniele , Farullo Giuseppe , Di Mauro Marina , Durante Jacopo , Baldesi Ramona , Carobbio Francesca , Russo Giorgio I , Luperto Elia , La Rocca Roberto , Cacciamani Giovanni E. ,   the Italian Residents Association of the Italian Urology Association Study Group
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveTo present the results of a nationwide survey among urological patients to evaluate their perception of the quality of care provided by residents.MethodsAn anonymous survey was distributed to patients who were referred to 22 Italian academic institutions. The survey aimed to investigate the professional figure of the urology resident as perceived by the patient.ResultsA total of 2587 patients were enrolled in this study. In all, 51.6% of patients were able to correctly identify a urology resident; however, almost 40% of respondents discriminated residents from fully trained urologists based exclusively on their young age. Overall, 98.2% patients rated the service provided by the resident as at least sufficient. Urology trainees were considered by more than 50% of the patients interviewed to have good communication skills, expertise and willingness. Overall, patients showed an excellent willingness to be managed by urology residents. The percentage of patients not available for this purpose showed an increasing trend that directly correlated with the difficulty of the procedure. Approximately 5–10% of patients were not willing to be managed by residents for simple procedures such as clinical visits, cystoscopy or sonography, and up to a third of patients were not prepared to undergo any surgical procedure performed by residents during steps in major surgery, even if the residents were adequately tutored.ConclusionsOur data showed that patients have a good willingness to be managed by residents during their training, especially for medium‐ to low‐difficulty procedures. Furthermore, the majority of patients interviewed rated the residents' care delivery as sufficient. Urology trainees were considered to have good communication skills, expertise and willingness.
Separation of powers in the UK social care system: A 50‐year perspective
Authors: Dowson Steve 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUK social care policy has “traditionally” sought to minimise organisational and sector boundaries through cooperation and partnership. This discussion paper argues that there is a case for a social care system based openly on separation of powers to address the conflicts of interest that inevitably exist between the actors—notably local authorities and service providers. Such systems, with “guardrails” to separate the actors, and “checks and balances” to keep them stable, have been developed over centuries in other spheres. Furthermore, if disabled people are to be considered as participants with rights, rather than mere recipients, they should be recognised as the third main actor in the system, also with powers that are protected and constrained. This paper takes a 50‐year retrospective view of these issues in terms of policy affecting people with learning disabilities, focusing on three policy episodes in the UK. First, the 1970s, with a system unbalanced by powerful medical professions, and an absence of self‐advocacy. Second, care management in the 1990s, which ducked the spirit of Sir Roy Griffiths' vision of a lively provider market. Third, the adoption and degradation of Personal Budgets. The learning from UK and international individualised funding programmes is too complex to be certain which ingredients are the keys to success. However, there are strong arguments, and substantial evidence, to suggest that Personal Budgets will not truly succeed until they are built on a structure that determines not only what councils and providers can and should do but also where they must not interfere.
Combination therapy with exenatide decreases the dapagliflozin‐induced changes in brain responses to anticipation and consumption of palatable food in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: van Ruiten Charlotte C. , Veltman Dick J. , Wijdeveld Madelief , ten Kulve Jennifer S , Kramer Mark H. H. , Nieuwdorp Max , IJzerman Richard G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsSodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors induce less weight loss than expected. This may be explained by sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor‐induced alterations in central reward‐ and satiety circuits, leading to increased appetite and food intake. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists reduce appetite and body weight because of direct and indirect effects on the brain. We investigated the separate and combined effects of dapagliflozin and exenatide on the brain in response to the anticipation and consumption of food in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsAs part of a larger study, this was a 16 week, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes were randomized (1:1:1:1) to dapagliflozin 10 mg with exenatide‐matched placebo, exenatide twice‐daily 10 μg with dapagliflozin‐matched placebo, dapagliflozin plus exenatide, or double placebo. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the effects of treatments on brain responses to the anticipation of food and food receipt were assessed after 10 days and 16 weeks.ResultsAfter 10 days, dapagliflozin increased activation in right amygdala and right caudate nucleus in response to the anticipation of food, and tended to decrease activation in right amygdala in response to actual food receipt. After 16 weeks, no changes in brain activation were observed with dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin plus exenatide reduced activation in right caudate nucleus and amygdala to the anticipation of food, and decreased activation in the right amygdala in response to food receipt after 16 weeks.ConclusionsThe dapagliflozin‐induced changes in brain activation may contribute to the discrepancy between observed and expected weight loss with dapagliflozin. Exenatide blunted the dapagliflozin‐induced changes in brain activation, which may contribute to the additional weight loss with combined treatment.
Real‐world outcomes of addition of insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) to glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) therapy in people with type 2 diabetes: The DELIVER‐G study
Authors: Bailey Timothy S. , Gill Jasvinder , Jones S. Merwyn , Shenoy Laxmi , Nicholls Charlie , Westerbacka Jukka 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsTo provide real‐world data on the addition of basal insulin (BI) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PWD2) suboptimally controlled with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) therapy. However, real‐world data on the addition of BI to GLP‐1RA therapy are limited.Materials and MethodsWe used a US electronic medical record data source (IBM® Explorys®) that includes approximately 4 million PWD2 to assess the real‐world impact of adding the second‐generation BI analogue insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) to GLP‐1RA therapy. Insulin‐naïve PWD2 receiving GLP‐1RAs who also received Gla‐300 between March 1, 2015 and September 30, 2019 were identified; participants were required to have data for ≥12 months before, and ≥6 months after, addition of Gla‐300.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of participants (N = 271) was 57.9 (10.8) years. Baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9.16% and was significantly reduced (−0.97 [SD 1.60]%; P < 0.0001) after addition of Gla‐300; a significant increase in the proportion of PWD2 achieving HbA1c control was observed after addition of Gla‐300 (HbA1c <7.0%: 4.80% vs. 22.14%, P < 0.0001; HbA1c <8.0%: 19.56% vs. 51.29%, P < 0.0001). The incidence of overall (8.49% vs. 9.59%; P = 0.513) and inpatient/emergency department (ED)‐associated hypoglycaemia (0.37% vs. 0.74%; P = 1.000), as well as overall (0.33 vs. 0.46 per person per year [PPPY]; P = 0.170) and inpatient/ED‐associated hypoglycaemia events (0.01 vs. 0.04 PPPY; P = 0.466) were similar before and after addition of Gla‐300.ConclusionsIn US real‐world clinical practice, adding Gla‐300 to GLP‐1RA significantly improved glycaemic control without significantly increasing hypoglycaemia in PWD2. Further research into the effect of adding Gla‐300 to GLP‐1RA therapy is warranted.