bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 4D-Var method with flow-dependent background covariances for the shallow-water equations
Authors: Paulin Daniel , Jasra Ajay , Beskos Alexandros , Crisan Dan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe 4D-Var method for filtering partially observed nonlinear chaotic dynamical systems consists of finding the maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimator of the initial condition of the system given observations over a time window, and propagating it forward to the current time via the model dynamics. This method forms the basis of most currently operational weather forecasting systems. In practice the optimisation becomes infeasible if the time window is too long due to the non-convexity of the cost function, the effect of model errors, and the limited precision of the ODE solvers. Hence the window has to be kept sufficiently short, and the observations in the previous windows can be taken into account via a Gaussian background (prior) distribution. The choice of the background covariance matrix is an important question that has received much attention in the literature. In this paper, we define the background covariances in a principled manner, based on observations in the previousbassimilation windows, for a parameter$$b\ge 1$$b≥1. The method is at mostbtimes more computationally expensive than using fixed background covariances, requires little tuning, and greatly improves the accuracy of 4D-Var. As a concrete example, we focus on the shallow-water equations. The proposed method is compared against state-of-the-art approaches in data assimilation and is shown to perform favourably on simulated data. We also illustrate our approach on data from the recent tsunami of 2011 in Fukushima, Japan.
Localizing, describing, interpreting: effects of different audio text structures on attributing meaning to digital pictures
Authors: Glaser Manuela , Knoos Manuel , Schwan Stephan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBased on previous research on multimedia learning and text comprehension, an eye-tracking study was conducted to examine the influence of audio text coherence on visual attention and memory in a multimedia learning situation with a focus on picture comprehension. Audio text coherence was manipulated by the type of LDI structure, that is, whether localization, description, and interpretation followed in immediate succession for each pictorial detail or whether localizations and description of details were separated from their interpretation. Results show that with a LDI integrated structure compared to a LDI separated structure the referred-to picture elements were fixated longer during interpretation parts, and linkages between descriptions and interpretations were better recalled and recognized. The effects on recall and recognition of linkages were fully mediated by fixation times. This pattern of results can be explained by an interplay between audio text coherence and dual coding processes. It points out the importance of local coherence and the provision of localization information in audio explanations as well as visual attention to allow for dual coding processes that can be used to better attribute meaning to picture details. Practical implications for the design of educational videos, audio texts on websites, and audio guides are discussed.
A Spectrum of Open Social Innovation Within Social Enterprise
Authors: Tuckerman Lauren , Roberts Julie , Whittam Geoff 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe concept of ‘open social innovation’ (OSI) has not yet been fully understood, particularly in relation to social enterprises (SEs). This paper explores the use of OSI as a means of achieving social change through two in-depth, longitudinal, qualitative case studies with Scottish SEs. The researcher undertook participant observation for a year as well as conducting interviews and reviewing documents of the case study organizations. We build on Wikhamn (2013) by conceptualizing two approaches to OSI: ‘controlled’ which is closely connected to market-based attitudes, and ‘libre’ which is connected to the knowledge commons. Each approach has ramifications for how SEs achieve social change: either through exploitation of intellectual property as a means of income generation or freely revealing to accelerate social impact. The ways in which SEs manage OSI could thus determine the impact they can have on tackling some of society’s most challenging social problems.
The use of experimental vignettes in studying police procedural justice: a systematic review
Authors: Nivette Amy , Nägel Christof , Stan Andrada 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The current review assesses the methodological characteristics of between-subjects experiments, in particular documenting the scenarios and treatments described in each vignette, the extent to which confounds are embedded or accounted for in the design, and the analytic approach to estimating direct and interaction effects.

Methods
We conducted a pre-registered systematic review of 20 publications containing 20 independent studies and 23 vignette scenarios.

Results
We find that the majority of studies rely on non-probability convenience sampling, manipulate a combination of procedural justice elements at positive and negative extremes, but often do not address potential confounds or threats to internal validity. The procedural justice manipulations that combine different elements show relatively consistent associations with a range of attitudinal outcomes, whereas the results for manipulations that test individual components of procedural justice (e.g., voice) are more mixed.

Conclusions
Based on our review, we recommend that future studies using text-based vignettes disaggregate different elements of procedural justice in manipulations, and include a gradient of treatment or behavior (including control) to avoid comparing extremes, to incorporate potential confounders as either fixed covariates or manipulations, and to formally assess the information equivalence assumption using placebo tests.
Subjective Freedom of Speech: Why Do Citizens Think They Cannot Speak Freely?
Authors: Menzner Jan , Traunmüller Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe provide the first systematic research into the origins of subjective freedom of speech in Germany. Relying on the GLES 2021 Cross-Section Pre-Election Survey, which includes a newly designed survey item on subjective freedom of speech, we evaluate a whole range of plausible candidate hypotheses. First, we contribute to cumulative research by testing the explanatory factors in Gibson (1993)—citizens’ social class, their political involvement and political preferences, and their personality dispositions—for the German case. Second, we move beyond the state of the art and test three new hypotheses that reflect more recent political developments and arguments in the free speech debate: the role of social media, increasing political and social polarization, and the rise of populism. Importantly, all hypothesis tests reported in this paper have been preregistered prior to data collection. Our results reveal that three explanatory factors are significantly, consistently, and substantively related to subjective free speech in Germany: political preferences, populist attitudes, and identification with the Alternative for Germany party.
Interdependentes Entscheiden in der Unterrichtsplanung – Entwicklung eines generischen Rahmenmodells und eines vignettenbasierten Fähigkeitstests
Authors: Scholl Daniel , Küth Simon , Schüle Christoph 
Published: August 2022

ZusammenfassungDidaktische Ansätze, Studien des Decision-Making-Paradigmas und gegenwärtige Kompetenzmodelle erachten die wechselseitige Verknüpfung aller Planungsentscheidungen (Interdependenz) als wichtige Anforderung an die Unterrichtsplanung. Ein generisches Rahmenmodell und einen Test für interdependentes Planungsentscheiden gibt es allerdings noch nicht. Deshalb wird in diesem Beitrag zunächst ein zweidimensionales Rahmenmodell vorgeschlagen, in dem die entsprechende kognitive Operation (1) formal als konditionales, begrenztes und potenziell unbegrenztes interdependentes Entscheiden und (2) inhaltlich als wechselseitige Verknüpfung intentionalen, thematischen, methodischen und medialen Entscheidens spezifiziert wird. Anschließend wird die Entwicklung eines raschhomogenen, standardisierten Vignettentests mit akzeptablen Reliabilitäten und ersten Validierungsbefunden berichtet. Die Pilotierungsstichprobe umfasst N = 547 Teilnehmer*innen, davon 313 angehende und praktizierende Lehrkräfte.
A system leverage points approach to governance for sustainable development
Authors: Bolton Mitzi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGovernments are inherently responsible for citizens' well-being. Given that achieving sustainable development ["Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs"—(WCED in Our common future, Oxford University Press, New York, 1987)] is core to the attainment and maintenance of citizens' well-being, and increasingly understood to require major transformations in integrated social, technological and ecological systems (Sachs et al. in The decade of action for the sustainable development goals: sustainable development report 2021, Cambridge, 2021), it follows that governments have a significant role in shaping transformations. Muted progress on long-standing social, environmental, and economic challenges alongside spiralling public budgets and intergenerational debt suggests, however, that public governance systems are inadequate to facilitate the transformations urgently required. Conceptualising the practice of public decision-making as a complex system, this paper investigates whether known influences on public decision-makers can be linked to Meadows’ (Leverage points: places to intervene in a system, Sustainability Institute, North Charleston, 1999) leverage point framework. Finding meaningful connections, it further explores how the leverage point framework can be employed to engage decision-making influences as enablers of desirable public outcomes. It is contended that shifting decision-makers’ focus one step beyond currently prevalent leverage points will set in motion the transformations in governance required to facilitate sustainable development.
Is the Smartphone Friend and Foe? Benefits and Costs of Self-reported Smartphone Use for Important Life Domains in a Representative German Sample
Authors: Roos Yannick , Wrzus Cornelia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSmartphones are ubiquitous today, yet opinions differ as to whether the benefits or downsides of smartphone use predominate. Using the age-representative ‘Innovation Sample’ of the German Socio-Economic Panel study (N = 5,131, age M = 52.26, 17–96 years), this study examined associations between self-reported smartphone use and three life domains: individual well-being (psychological well-being, sleep); interpersonal relationships (social isolation, network size); and work (working hours, job satisfaction). For younger adults, increased smartphone use was associated with higher psychological well-being and longer sleep. In middle and late adulthood, moderate smartphone use was associated with the highest psychological well-being, and increased smartphone use was associated with less sleep. The more adults used the communicative functions of their smartphone, the more close friends they reported – irrespective of age. Employed adults who used work-related functions of their smartphone reported working more overtime and in the evening. Exploratory structural equation model trees examined non-linear combinations of smartphone use and demographic characteristics as moderators of these associations, but observed only few replicable patterns. The generally small associations might indicate that differences in ‘normal ranges’ of smartphone use are less consequential for the broad population than often assumed. We discuss challenges and future approaches for research on consequences of smartphone use.
Left-behind youth are not always bad! Relations between teacher autonomy support, narcissism, and prosocial behavior
Authors: Lan Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPrior research has widely demonstrated that children who remain in their original communities after one or both biological parents migrated (i.e., left-behind children) confront salient emotional and behavioral difficulties; however, an insufficient amount of research has been devoted to understanding their prosocial behavior. The current study extended prior research by comparing the prosocial behavior between left-behind children and their non-left-behind peers. Subsequently, this study examined the individual variations (i.e., narcissism and left-behind status) of the correlation between teacher autonomy support and prosocial behavior in a combined sample of left-behind and non-left-behind children. 738 youth (Nleft-behind = 246, Meanage = 15.77, 53.6% girls; Nnon-left-behind = 492, Meanage = 15.91, 55.1% girls) participated in the present research and completed a packet of well-established questionnaires. The results, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, showed that the prosocial behavior of left-behind children did not significantly differ from that of non-left-behind children. Furthermore, the results based on linear regression analysis exhibited teacher autonomy support was positively related to prosocial behavior, and high narcissism buffered against the adverse effect of low teacher autonomy support on left-behind children’s prosocial behavior. The current study indicates that creating an autonomy-supportive atmosphere at school and facilitating left-behind children’s narcissism are paramount to promoting their prosocial tendencies.
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis after COVID-19 pneumonia: a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Bauer Ulrike , Pavlova Desislava , Abbassi Rami , Lahmer Tobias , Geisler Fabian , Schmid Roland M. , Ehmer Ursula 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSecondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients (SC-CIP) is a rare disease characterized by chronic cholestasis. The underlying pathophysiology of SC-CIP is not fully understood, and prognosis in severe cases remains poor with liver transplantation remaining the only curative treatment option. There is a growing amount of literature describing patients with chronic cholangiopathy after COVID-19 infection. The vast majority of the patients described in these reports were male and had a poor outcome. While the exact percentage of patients with COVID-19-related SC-CIP cannot be estimated accurately due to a lack of larger studies, an increase in patients with long-term complications of chronic cholestatic liver disease after severe COVID19-pneumonia can be expected in the upcoming years. Treatment options remain limited and further research is needed to improve the dismal prognosis of SC-CIP. Here, we present the cases of two patients who developed SC-CIP after prolonged intensive care unit stay due to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Both patients required invasive ventilation for 31 and 141 days, respectively, as well as extra-corporal membrane oxygenation for 23 and 87 days. The patients suffered from jaundice and severe pruritus, and typical features of SC-CIP were present by MRCP and ERC. Repeated removal of biliary casts resulted in some alleviation of their clinical symptoms, but cholestasis parameters remain elevated. Furthermore, an increased liver stiffness was indicative of advanced fibrosis in both patients. In addition to these two case reports, we provide a concise review of the literature of SC-CIP after COVID-19 infection and discuss risk factors, treatment options and prognosis.
New paleoecological perspectives on Late Pleistocene Neanderthals in northern Balkans: the rodent assemblages from Smolućka cave (Serbia)
Authors: Jovanović Mihailo , Bogićević Katarina , Nenadić Draženko , Agustí Jordi , Sánchez-Bandera Christian , López-García Juan Manuel , Blain Hugues-Alexandre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the Late Pleistocene, the Balkans came to be an important region with many isolated areas, enabling fauna, alongside Neanderthals, to thrive in the area. This work is focused on paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes that occurred in the northern Balkan Peninsula with a special focus on fossil record from Smolućka cave aging from MIS 5 to MIS 3. Based on available data, an attempt has been made to establish a synthetic chronological context for the faunal assemblages recovered from Smolućka cave. Tentative attribution of layer 5 to MIS 5 relies on the interstadial pattern of our reconstructions, with favorable climate conditions for a large diversity of species and with mean annual temperature (MAT) reaching up to 3 °C higher than present values and abundant rainfall in the area. Cold conditions for MIS 4 are not present in Smolućka, although layer 4 (late MIS 5 or early MIS 4) shows somewhat dryer and cooler climate when compared with other layers. Layers 3z and 3 (MIS 3) are characterized by temperate and humid conditions together with a complex system of mosaic habitats with high environmental heterogeny but generally favorable conditions for a large diversity of life. Although still not fully chronologically constrained, Smolućka cave presents an interesting opportunity for future research, in the time period when only Neanderthals occupied the Balkans and thrived in local conditions. The transition between the Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans has not yet been established but can be expected in future research.
Data modalities, consumer attributes and recommendation performance in the fashion industry
Authors: Sysko-Romańczuk Sylwia , Zaborek Piotr , Wróblewska Anna , Dąbrowski Jacek , Tkachuk Sergiy 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates determinants of recommendation systems’ performance in an online experiment in a large European Internet footwear store. By combining transactional data and archival customer records, a unique database was compiled from which proxy variables were extracted to represent dimensions of consumer loyalty and shopping involvement. These variables were combined in regression analysis with technical characteristics of two types of algorithms employed for generating recommendations: the EMDE algorithm, relying on the LSH method, and the industry-standard CF-RS. Statistical analysis reveals that recommendations are more successful when visual data modality is combined with behavioural data. Better recommendation performance was found to be associated with lower levels of consumer involvement in shopping, as well as higher levels of trust and engagement with the vendor. Experience with the vendor showed a negative correlation with recommendation performance through both its main effect and by its interactions with other consumer-related variables.
Time-Dependant Microstructural Evolution and Tribological Behaviour of a 26 wt% Cr White Cast Iron Subjected to a Destabilization Heat Treatment
Authors: Nayak U. Pranav , Mücklich Frank , Guitar María Agustina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
By employing destabilization heat treatments (HT), it is possible to create microstructures possessing different fractions of carbides, martensite, and austenite, which lead to varying tribological responses in abrasion-resistant high-chromium white cast irons. In the current work, the destabilization temperature was kept constant at 980 °C, whereas the time was varied from 0 to 90 min. As a result, the microstructure of the 26 wt% Cr white cast iron had a mixture of M23C6 secondary carbides (SC), martensite, and a decrease in the amount of retained austenite (RA) with increasing destabilization holding time. The microstructures as well as their tribological characteristics were evaluated by combining confocal laser scanning microscopy, SEM, XRD, and EBSD, together with dry-sliding linear reciprocating wear tests. Results show that the volume fraction of SC were statistically comparable in samples destabilized for 0 and 90 min, although the average size was almost two-fold in the latter. This had direct implications on the wear properties where a decrease of up to 50% in the wear rate of destabilized samples compared to the non-treated material was observed. Furthermore, the sample with the lowest increase in the matrix hardness (~ 20% higher than non-treated), showed the highest wear resistance. This was attributed to a favourable distribution of the RA (~ 10%) and SC volume fraction (~ 5%), in combination with the harder martensitic matrix. Finally, the results obtained from this study shed light on the ability to alter the HT parameters to tune the microstructure depending upon the application prerequisite.

Graphical Abstract
Has the pandemic made us more digitally literate?
Authors: Pawlicka Aleksandra , Tomaszewska Renata , Krause Ewa , Jaroszewska-Choraś Dagmara , Pawlicki Marek , Choraś Michał 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDigital literacy has been included in the set of the eight key competences, which are necessary to enjoy life to the full in the twenty-first century. According to the previous studies, women tend to possess lower digital competence than men; the older the person, the lower the level of digital literacy. To date, Polish citizens in general have worse skills than the European average. This may lead to people being socially excluded and vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, especially in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires them to work, study and shop using the Internet. The study concerned Polish women who work at universities, as scientists and teachers. Their perceived level of their digital literacy has been studied in the broad campaign, along with their awareness of the cybersecurity matters. Then, the collected results were processed with an association rules mining algorithm, uncovering the factors related to the shifts in them.
Development of an effective completion schedule for a petroleum reservoir with strong aquifer to control water production
Authors: Azamipour Vahid , Assareh Mehdi , Eshraghi Rana 
Published: August 2022

AbstractsA reasonable solution, to deal with oil field water problem, is to minimize the amount of water associated with oil production using effective completion lengths. This work presents an effective method to optimize wells’ completion lengths in an oil reservoir with a strong aquifer. The suggested technique is formulated as a constrained optimization problem that defines a NPV objective function and a set of existing field/facility constraints. An effective algorithm translates the completion lengths to connections number in the dynamic simulation model. In this approach, a genetic algorithm (GA), an adaptive version of simulated annealing (ASA) and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) hybridized with polytope technique are applied to maximize NPV. A comparison is given for their performances in a strong water-drive reservoir where the combinatorial effects of wells’ completion lengths (decision variables) should be addressed. Optimizing the lengths of completions leads to an increased production period, total oil production, retarding water breakthrough, reducing total water production, and finally increasing ultimate recovery. The results showed that total oil production by GA, ASA and PSO algorithm is increased by 11.0%, 2.40% and 2.22%, respectively, related to the initial case. Total water productions are decreased by GA, 9.82%, by ASA 2.11%, and by PSO 1.82% relative to the initial schedule. The best performance belongs to the GA algorithm. Moreover, the average watercut of all wells is decreased through the optimization process. Besides, based on the numerical simulation, closing the worst connections with high watercut decreases total water production, and improves oil recovery, maximum well productivity, and NPV (oil–water ratio is increased 18.2%). Most connections are placed in the layers where water coning can occur later (considering near-well-bore permeability) and slightly far from full water zone.