bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantify and Commit to Sustainability
Authors: Srinivasan Hariharan , Menon Vimal , Al Hamdan Mohammed , George Lege , Al-Saleh Ahmid , Ujainia Vishal 
Published: February 2022

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is a worldwide concern and emissions with fossil fuel are increasingly questioned. As Schlumberger, we have committed ourselves in Paris agreement for setting science-based targets to reduce our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on all the 3 scopes of carbon emissions. This is also a part of Schlumberger's vision towards Net Zero emissions which will help in the transition to a sustainable future.
Our CEO Olivier Le Peuch said, "Schlumberger seeks to lead positive, measurable changes in GHG emissions within the industry to help reduce climate change". Energy industry has a key role to play in reducing the effects of climate change. Schlumberger takes pride in technology leadership paired with social and environmental responsibility. Today along with Schlumberger, world's iconic companies like Microsoft, Shell and BP have also committed for Carbon reduction, Carbon negative and Net Zero. Schlumberger is proud to say that it is the first Company in Upstream Exploration & Production Services to set an Ambition to achieve Net zero by the year 2050. In June 2021, we announced that this reduction will be achieved by reducing 30% on Scope 1 and 2 by 2025, 50% on Scope 1 and 2; 30% in Scope 3 by 2030 and Net Zero by 2050. The reduction of carbon emissions starts with the quantification of carbon emissions and this project is in line with the company's commitment to Net Zero. The project focuses on Scope 3 Emissions which has never been done in a systematic way in the past.
Middle East Center of Reliability and Efficiency (MCRE) in Dammam is one of the pioneers to kick start this quantification of GHG emissions to show that we can make a significant impact towards setting this target. For this to happen, we quantified emissions for specific Technologies related to Scope 3 to benchmark our baselines so that we can put a plan to reduce them. This project established Carbon footprint as an Assessment tool to Simulate Emissions. The tool will provide a competitive advantage in terms of Sustainable Development for Schlumberger and other Oil & Gas industries worldwide.
Novel Integrated Behind Casing Opportunity Maturation Workflow
Authors: Razali Nur Farhana Mohd , Ashqar Ayham 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To appraise remaining behind casing opportunities in brown field after years of production, and depletion of main perforation intervals. Offshore environment is challenging and ensuring the presence of hydrocarbon requires significant investment, which is not always viable due to the economical additional reservoirs margin. A novel multidisciplinary workflow is developed to add assurance in apprising the remaining opportunities within the Idle wells prior to progress towards plug and abandonment.
Limited data availability and economics allowed the development of a workflow to reduce uncertainty and ensure the presence of hydrocarbon when no cased hole saturation logging is justifiable. The workflow starts by relooking into the open hole logs to identify additional or marginal reservoirs. A complication index is assigned to each which refers to the easiness of the planned additional perf and the success ratio based on open hole data. A complete study to nearby wells production and the water oil contact movement is carried out based on the assigned complexity index. Opportunities were then ranked against the economics of additional perforation, cement bond logs were used to identify behind casing channeling especially when a gas or water contact is interpreted.
The workflow which integrates the reservoir static and dynamic sand aligns petrophysics, dynamic model, history match and contact movement is developed to mitigate any behind casing opportunity consequent to no cased hole logging possibility, and to minimize the risk of not encountering hydrocarbon due to the long production. Any misleading allocation, potential risk (sand, wax, gravel pack, other completion accessories), predict future production based on location of new perf, plan for simulation or production enhancement job, remedial job, identify potential fault (unseen) at limited pressure data block, The workflow is proven to be successful to derisk the presence of hydrocarbon and to identify the most promising hydrocarbon bearing formations, with positive results as perforations are carried out where hydrocarbon are flew.
This novel, comprehensive and integrated workflow generated a reliable tool to identify remaining potential trapped behind casing and possible risks of fluid type, current contact, impurities and well completion. The workflow is developed to generalizes the methodology to assess remained hydrocarbon within idle or high water cut wells, with risk reduced because each discipline contributed to the assessment with the potential risk associated with their discipline. Proper plan is together, capturing all possible risks and ensuring capturing the remained hydrocarbon.
Extending the Operational Limits to Target Mega Reach Interventions with Coiled Tubing: A study of the First 40,000 ft Long CT String Deployment Using Uniquely Engineered Energy Transportation Solutions
Authors: Kaul Karan , Dupouy Nicolas , Jimenez Jose , Ottolina Renny 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Coiled Tubing (CT) industry has been growing and constantly pushing the boundaries of established operational limits. This is in line with well drilling paradigm shifts in the middle east. The latest well developments in exploration and well construction demand the deployment of new intervention equipment and technologies to cover the full length of the pay zones. Drilling horizontal wells that push length boundaries, requires new engineered transportation solutions and logistics for independently moving, spotting, and operating CT reels with large Outer Diameter (OD) spools and strings to service mega reach reservoirs.
An operator requiring an offshore CT intervention into 40,000 ft deep wells from the artificial islands of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), encountered challenging crane and transportation limitations to lift heavy 2-3/8" CT reel weighing approx. 200,000 lb. This, combined with a desire to improve operational efficiency in moving from well to well and eliminating large mechanical lifts, led to the design of a custom-engineered transportation solution for the large diameter and heavy CT spool.
This resulted in a cost reduction for cranes and avoided previously lengthy operations potentially taking several days to move the limited availability heavy 500T cranes onto and around the island. In addition, equipment rental and associated operating costs of all the service companies involved in the operation were reduced and allowed tighter timelines to be achieved.
Innovative technology application, custom processes, and an engineered analysis of the transportation and operation were combined to provide the operator with a successful solution for CT reel movement from shore to the artificial island along with the operational execution using the same asset.
Real-Time Hybrid Coiled Tubing Services Improved Confidence and Reliability for Delivering a Successful Zonal Isolation Intervention
Authors: Luppina Salvatore , Mangione Alessandro , Imbò Pasquale , Spagnolo Salvatore , Cappuccio Pasquale , Pollio Pasquale , Fortunato Gianluca , Santin Yoanne , Ridenti Manuel , Caldarelli Riccardo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The well (Figure 1) of the case study presented in this paper is an oil producer from carbonate reservoir located in Southern Europe.
Reservoir is characterized by a complex fracture network that increases the difficulties of production optimization actions, as for example water shut off interventions.
This well is completed with a 4-1/2" liner extending to a 4-1/2" slotted liner inside a 6" open hole (OH).
During the production time, the Water Cut (WC) has increased steadily finally reaching 94%, preventing the well from producing naturally.
Log acquisition and interpretation, with Production Logging Tool (PLT) and Spectral Noise Logging (SNL), have shown that the water was coming from a fractures network laying behind the liner, to enter the top of the slotted liner despite swellable packers A and B. The lack of accessibility to this fractures network was therefore posing a challenge for an effective placement of a sealant gel.
Computerized Performance Monitoring System for Turboexpander Brake Compressor
Authors: Goryachikh Vadim , Alghamdi Fahad , Takrouni Abdulrahman 
Published: February 2022

Extended Abstract
Natural gas liquid (NGL) production facilities, typically, utilize turbo-expander-brake compressor (TE) to generate cold for C2+ separation from the natural gas by isentropic expansion of feed stream and use energy generated by expansion to compress residue gas.
Experience shows that during operational phase TE can exposed to operation outside of design window that may lead to machine integrity loss and consequent impact on production. At the same time, there is a lack of performance indicators that help operator to monitor operating window of the machine and proactively identify performance deterioration.
For instance, TE brake compressor side is always equipped with anti-surge protection system, including surge deviation alarms and trip. However, there is often gap in monitoring deviation from stonewall region. At the same time, in some of the designs (2x50% machines) likelihood of running brake compressor in stonewall is high during one machine trip or train start-up, turndown operating modes.
Enhancing Indoor Air Quality and Tackling COVID - 19 Virus
Authors: Al Awadhi Ibrahim , Sharma Ashok , Karim Twana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective/Scope
One of the main concerns of Oil & Gas Plants and associated Buildings is how to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and tackling viruses. IAQ can be affected, or may become under high risk by some of nearby gases, microbial contaminates or energy stressor that affect the HSE condition. This paper presents the main factors that been considered to provide practical solutions to achieve high IAQ and tackling viruses (such as COVID-19).

Methods, Procedures, Process
IAQ refers to the air quality within and around the plants/buildings. IAQ can usually be affected, or may become under high risk by nearby gases, particulates, microbial contaminates or any mass that affect 100% HSE. Inadequate air quality in building will increase the risk and impact on transferring viruses to people (such as COVID and Flue) and equipment performance (such as equipment failure, components corrosion and short circuits on control board). Survey and data was recorded to evaluate air quality performance in atmosphere instead of assuming it. Accordingly, the impact of inadequate IAQ was studied and evaluated.

Results, Observations & Conclusions
The international standard set a good IAQ in respect of gas concentration and human who works inside buildings in a way that less than 50% people should not detect any odor, 25% should not experience discomfort, 10% should not suffer from mucosal irritation and 5% should not experience annoyance. Study concluded that inadequate IAQ inside the building will affect people performance/health and installed equipment performance. In addition, improper HVAC system operation will be become breeding site for odor causing mold and bacteria, specifically on cooling coil. Hence, several technics were studied to improve IAQ, by installing Ultraviolet (UV) light to stop growing bacterial inside the HVAC system, installing chemical filter in air intakes to remove atmospheric dust, gases and bacteria by 100%, upgrading filtration efficiency to MERV-13 or highest achievable to capture at least 75 – 95% of airborne particles between 0.3 and 1.0 micron, increase outdoor air ventilation and temperature/humidity control.
The performance of HVAC system and quality of air inside building were monitored by simulating IAQ based on ISO 16890, filters life cycle, energy consumption, and the results were found 100% satisfactory and provided solutions that are now successfully implemented in all new and some of the existing buildings.

Novel/Additive Information
There are several buildings with similar issues and these approach/technics now being adopted in new constructed/existing buildings to protect human and asset integrity, which will support ADNOC Way by sustaining safe environment operation, lower health risk, reduce of equipment failure, reduce maintenance cost and 100% HSE. There are numbers of occupied buildings across the world were surrounded by aggressive gases/pollution with poor IAQ and above approaches it can be followed to realize larger benefits.
Implementation of Remote Activated Liner Shoe in UAE Onshore Wells - A Case Study
Authors: Elkasrawi Ahmed , Keerthivasan Vijay Kumar , Mehus Cathrine , Abdelghany Moetaz , Gjedrem Bjørnar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The liner shoe is a critical component of the lower completion architecture, allowing for auto-filling of the liner and enabling circulation during deployment, followed by closure to provide a closed system. Advancements in completion technologies have resulted in the development of an intelligent electronic liner shoe (ELS) that can be remotely operated without the need for intervention or pumping trigger devices downhole.
The electronic liner shoe suited for deployment on 4½-in. liner was developed based on specific requirements from a major operator in the middle east. The electronic liner shoe was qualified per ISO 14998/API 19AC requirements up to 280°F. Additionally, the electronics module incorporated in the tool was vibration and shock tested at temperature. After an extensive qualification test program and thorough pre-job qualification and planning, candidate wells were chosen for the initial deployment of the ELS in Onshore wells. The ELS was first deployed in November 2020 in the Bab field in UAE.
This paper highlights the excellent deployment performance using ELS for the onshore field development in UAE. This paper also presents the operational considerations for programming the remote activation mechanism, pre-job risk analysis, technology qualification, and post-job lessons from the first installation, resulting in the ELS’ successful deployment in six additional wells in the onshore fields. The paper also shares the unique benefits the ELS provided the operator towards enhancing operational efficiency, as well as reducing risk and costs associated with running liners.
Low Viscosity Polymer Free Acid Retarded System, a Novel Alternative to Emulsified Acid: Successful Application in West Kuwait Field
Authors: Al-Sabea Salem Hamad , Abu-Eida Abdullah , Patra Milan , AlEidi Mohammad Naji , Ambrosi Giuseppe , Khandelwal Nakul , Gaur Rishika , Matar Khaled , Al wazzan Abdulatif , Vasquez Julio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Acid systems are widely recognized by the oil and gas industry as an attractive class of fluids for the efficient stimulation of carbonate reservoirs. One of the major challenges in carbonate acidizing treatments is adjusting the convective transport of acid deep into the reservoir while achieving a minimum rock face dissolution. Conventional emulsified acids are hindered by several limitations; low stability at high temperatures, a high viscosity that limits pumping rate due to frictional losses, the potential of formation damage, and the difficulty to achieve homogenous field-scale mixing. This paper highlights the successful application of an engineered low-viscosity retarded acid system without the need for gelation by a polymer or surfactant or emulsification by diesel.
An acid stimulation job using a new innovative retarded acid system has been performed in a West Kuwait field well. The proposed acid system combines the use of a strong mineral acid (i.e. hydrochloric acid "HCl") with a non-damaging retarding agent that allows deeper penetration of the live HCl acid into the formation, resulting in a more effective stimulation treatment. The retardation behavior testing includes dissolution experiments, compatibility testing, coreflood study, and corrosion rate testing (conducted at 200°F).
The on-job implementation included the use of a packer to pinpoint fluid pumping (pre-flush) at the point of interest, followed by the customized novel retarded acid system for improving conductivity at perforations and effective reservoir stimulation. This acid system is characterized by having a low-viscosity and high thermal stability system that can be mixed on the fly. This approach addresses the main challenges of emulsified acid systems and offers a cost-effective solution to cover a wide range of applications in matrix acid stimulation and high-temperature conditions that require a chemically retarded acid system.
The application of this novel acid retarded system is a fit-for-purpose solution to optimize the return on investment by maximizing the well production and extending the lifetime of the treatment effect. This new system also offers excellent scale inhibition and iron control properties which eliminates the need for any acid remedial work, making it an economical approach over other conventional acid systems.
The paper presents results obtained after stimulating the carbonate reservoir and describes the lessons learned from the job planning and execution phases, which can be considered as a best practice for application in similar challenges in other fields. Proper candidate selection, best available placement technique, and lab-tested formulation of novel retarded acid system resulted in achieving 1700 BOPD of oil production (27% higher than expected).
Three-dimensional craniofacial changes with maxillary expansion in young adult patients with different craniofacial morphology
Authors: Almaqrami Bushra Sufyan , Ngan Peter , Alhammadi Maged Sultan , Al-Somairi Majedh Abdo Ali , Xiong Hui , Hong H. 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
Skeletally mature patients with transverse deficiency are best treated with surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (RPE) procedure. Recent studies have shown that microimplant-assisted RPE (MARPE) appliances can be effective in achieving skeletal expansion in young adults. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the skeletal and dental alveolar changes in response to treatment with MARPE appliances in three types of anteroposterior skeletal malocclusions using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans.

Material and Methods:
Seventy-eight subjects diagnosed with maxillary transverse deficiency and treated with the MARPE appliance (mean age of 22.9 ± 4.2 years) were divided into skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions with 26 subjects in each group. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT scans were used for superimposition to examine the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes following maxillary expansion treatment.

Results:
Significant lateral separation of the maxilla was found at the levels of the nasal floor, interzygomatic bones, and the inferior palatine margin of the alveolar process (P < 0.05) in the whole sample. Most of the sagittal and vertical variables change significantly in the whole sample and each studied group separately. Intergroup comparisons revealed no significant differences among the three skeletal classes except for the left frontozygomatic angle, left maxillary inclination angle, and torque in the first and second premolars. In Class III patients, the maxilla moved forward significantly in most of the cases (eight of 26 cases) (0.88°, P < 0.05) and the mandible moved downward and backward improving the anteroposterior skeletal relationship. Significant differences were also found in the vertical measurements (N-Me, MMP, and MP/SN, P < 0.05) in all three types of anteroposterior malocclusions.

Conclusion:
Maxillary expansion with the MARPE appliance in young adult patients induced different skeletal and dentoalveolar changes in the anteroposterior and vertical dimensions in each skeletal malocclusion with no significant difference among the three skeletal classes.
Single and double hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction – A prospective, comparative cohort study
Authors: Chillemi Marco , Abu-Mukh Assala , Tei Matteo M. , Pace Valerio , Bartoli Matteo , Cerulli Giuliano , Placella Giacomo 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
Excellent knee stability is necessary to achieve good postoperative clinical results in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, there is little evidence in the literature regarding hamstring graft choice for ACL reconstruction. Our study intended to debate the best autograft choice for this procedure. We aimed to examine the functional and biomechanical outcomes of three different autografts used in ACL reconstruction, namely, Semitendinosus and Gracilis quadrupled (STGR) autograft, tripled or quadrupled ST autograft, and tripled Gracilis tendon autograft (GR).

Methods:
We conducted an observational, comparative, prospective cohort on 248 ACL reconstructed patients spanning 2 years (2009–2010) and evaluated the primary outcome with KT-1000 knee arthrometer and secondary outcomes with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner ctivity cale, and Lysholm score.

Results:
The data suggest a statistically significant increase in IKDC score and Lysholm score in the GR group – standing for better subjective outcomes like pain – compared to the STGR and ST groups (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0034, respectively) and statistically non-significant differences between the STGR and ST groups for all evaluated parameters. KT-1000 side-to-side evaluation demonstrates that STGR autograft offers less structural knee laxity compared to GR autograft in ACL reconstruction (P = 0.044).

Conclusion:
The study found that STGR autograft offers more stability to the knee compared to the GR autograft alone yet is associated with inferior subjective outcomes compared to the GR group. GR autograft is a valid substitute for ACL reconstruction, especially in patients presenting with hyperlaxity or demanding lower functional performance.
CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TOXIC METABOLITES OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS MICROMYCETES
Authors: Потатуркина-Нестерова Н.И. , Немова И.С. , Артамонова М.Н. , Хитрова А.С. 
Published: February 2022

В эксперименте кролики получали per os фильтрат плесневых грибов Aspergillus fl avus F-1118 в количестве, соответствующем lg LD50 на 1 кг массы животного. Фильтрат содержал микотоксины, продуцируемые данными аспергиллами, его токсичность составила lg 1,5±0,2 LD50. У животных развивался дисбиоз кишечника, проявлявшийся депрессией кишечной нормофлоры. Количество таких представителей облигатной микробиоты, как бактероиды снижалось до lg 3,6±0,98/г; бифидобактерий – до lg 1,5±0,68/г, лактобактерий – до lg 1,8±0,36/г (в контроле lg 6,8±0,45/г; lg 6,2±0,57/г lg 2,8±0,8/г соответственно; р < 0,05). Выявленные изменения облигатной микробиоты сопровождалось увеличением спектра и количественных показателей условно патогенных видов. После отмены поступления токсического фильтрата в организм животных происходило постепенное восстановление микробиоценоза кишечника.
In the experiment, rabbits received per os fi ltrate of mold fungi Aspergillus fl avus F-1118 in an amount corresponding to lg LD50 per 1 kg of animal weight. The fi ltrate contained the mycotoxins produced by these Aspergillus, its toxicity has made lg 1.5±0,2 LD50. Animals develop intestinal dysbiosis, manifested by depression of the intestinal normofl ora. The number of such representatives of obligate microbiota as bacteroids decreased to l g3.6±0.98/g; bifi dobacteria – to lg 1.5±0.68/g, lactobacteria – to lg 1.8±0.36/g (in the control of lg 6.8±0.45/g; lg 6.2±0.57/g lg 2.8±0.8/g, respectively; p < 0.05). The detected changes in the obligate microbiota were accompanied by an increase in the spectrum and quantitative indicators of conditionally pathogenic species. After the removal of the toxic fi ltrate from the animals, the intestinal microbiocenosis was gradually restored.