bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-management as a Foundation of Arctic Exceptionalism: Strengthening the Bonds between the Indigenous and Westphalian Worlds
Authors: Zellen Barry Scott 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Successful collaboration between the Indigenous peoples and the sovereign states of Arctic North America has helped to stabilize the Arctic region, fostering meaningful Indigenous participation in the governance of their homeland through the introduction of new institutions of self-governance at the municipal, tribal and territorial levels, and successful diplomatic collaborations at the international level through the Arctic Council. Undergirding each of these pillars of Indigenous participation in Arctic governance is a mutuality of commitment to the principle of co-management of the Arctic that has united Indigenous peoples and the state across Arctic North America. Co-management has become so widely and reciprocally embraced by tribal peoples and states alike that it now provides a stable foundation bridging the Indigenous, transnational world with the Westphalian world of states and statecraft. This stability and the reciprocal and over time increasingly balanced relationship between sovereign states and Indigenous stakeholders has yielded a widely recognized spirit of international collaboration often referred to as Arctic exceptionalism. Along the way, co-management has transformed into both a mechanism of, and powerful paradigm for, trans-Arctic diplomacy that fosters not only greater domestic unity between tribe and state, but between states as well, catapulting mechanisms designed for domestic resource management to the international stage. Arctic exceptionalism has come under recent strain from the renewal of great power competition in the Arctic. As Arctic competition between states rises, the multitude of co-management systems and the multi-level, inter-governmental and inter-organizational relationships they have nurtured across the region can help to neutralize new threats from intensifying inter-state tensions.
Appraising the Modus of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Arctic Marine Biodiversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction under the Umbrella of the BBNJ Treaty
Authors: Hasan Sabrina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Arctic Ocean (AO) is opening the door for commercial activities due to the opening of previously inaccessible areas which has attracted the concern of the protection of the Arctic marine biodiversity through the effective implementation of legally binding instruments that will be influential to the implementation of scientific cooperation between Arctic and Non-Arctic States. Moreover, diplomatic issues among the Arctic States along with the gaps in the laws and regulations regarding Arctic Ocean governance have raised the concern to come up with an effective legal regime for the conservation and sustainable use of Arctic marine biodiversity. Though there are some applicable legal instruments in existence, the rapid changes in the AO and increased human activities have called for a stronger one. Now the question is whether that regime shall be within national or regional framework and how the upcoming internationally legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Treaty) can be an influential and effective instrument to promote the conservation and sustainable use of Arctic marine biodiversity which are beyond national jurisdiction. Therefore, the paper highlights the existing issues concerning Arctic marine biodiversity of the areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and analyses these concerns regarding how the conservation and sustainable use of Arctic marine biodiversity can be promoted under the BBNJ treaty.
The Polluter-Pays Principle in a Transboundary Context – the Case of Arctic Ocean Continental Shelf Oil Production
Authors: Savov Ognyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In terms of international law, States are obliged to abstain from causing significant transboundary harm. Part of this obligation is the enforcement of the polluter-pays principle. Although acknowledged by States, its extraterritorial application is the exception rather than the rule. The purpose of this article is to consider how, in the absence of a regional regime catering for the transboundary pollution victims, the Arctic Ocean littoral States adhere to those obligations while engaged in Arctic Ocean continental shelf oil production.
An Ecological Reading of Sovereignty Claims in Antarctica
Authors: Flores Carolina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty has “frozen” the controversies over sovereignty in Antarctica. However, the seven States claiming sovereignty over the continent still have an important role in the Antarctic Treaty System. One of the areas where they show leadership is in environmental protection, which is a pivotal principle of Antarctica’s regime since the adoption of the Environmental Protocol in 1991. Their active role cannot be explained under a Westphalian interpretation of sovereignty, where states have absolute power over the exploitation of their natural resources. Notwithstanding, under a human-based interpretation of sovereignty, the conduct of the Claimant States may have a clearer explanation.
This article will look into the practices of the Claimant States over the Antarctic to understand if and how their sovereignty claims may be linked to environmental protection.
The Impact of the BBNJ Agreement on the Legal Framework for the Governance of the Central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Nishimoto Kentaro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The negotiations on the development of an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (“BBNJ Agreement”) could have a major impact on the governance of the Central Arctic Ocean, depending on how the BBNJ Agreement structures its relationship with relevant regional instruments, frameworks, and bodies, and whether the agreement will recognise any special rights or interests for ‘adjacent States’ in the governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Given the regulatory gaps in Arctic Ocean governance, the BBNJ Agreement has a potential gap-filling role. The BBNJ process could either stimulate the development of a regional regulatory framework for the CAO or shift the regional approach prevalent in many aspects of Arctic Ocean governance to a more globally oriented approach by adding a global layer of governance.
Sharing Arctic Science: Applying the Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind in the Arctic
Authors: Dervovic Medy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Addressing climate change effectively and efficiently requires a more in-depth understanding of its impacts and the interrelationships between climate patterns around the world. Given the magnitude of climatic and oceanic changes in the Arctic, marine scientific research in this region is of particular interest to humankind as it would improve mitigation and remediation strategies. The application of the Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind principles to Arctic Science aims at enhancing international scientific cooperation in the Arctic and generalizing the sharing of Arctic Scientific Data and Results. Despite exhibiting inherent conceptual limitations, both concepts show potential to legally and inclusively frame the Sharing of Arctic Science for the benefit of humankind. Moreover, this application contributes to the debate on a sui generis concept reflecting the need to face future challenges of climate change for the sake of humankind.
Incorporating Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Science under the Law of the Sea via the Arctic Ocean Governance
Authors: Seta Makoto 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As indicated in Goal 14 of the Sustainable Development Goals, the international community tackles marine biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. However, the information on such biodiversity and ecosystems is limited compared to terrestrial conservation. Therefore, global ocean governance needs to acquire such knowledge and situate this knowledge into the decision-making process. In more recent contexts, the scientific approach is gaining acceptance. Meanwhile, the international movement towards human rights protection has gained strength and respect for diversity has also been confirmed. In this tendency, it is natural that the international community seeks to incorporate the ecological knowledge derived from the experience of various actors, so-called Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), into the global ocean governance. This tendency is quite strong in the Arctic, where scientific evidence has not accumulated, and many people live with TEK. Therefore, the framework to harmonise science with TEK in the Arctic Ocean is a worthy model for the rest of waters in the globe. For this purpose, the paper examined three agreements: the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Co-operation (Science Agreement), the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (CAOFA), and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, a universal treaty.
Different Models of Forbearance and Mortgage Enforcement Proceedings
Authors: Visser Irene , Breedeveld Jamie A. , Hasnaoui Yassine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The international credit crisis of 2008–2013 changed the legal landscape of mortgage enforcement proceedings in Europe dramatically. The growing influence of the international right to housing, the increasing attention towards homeowner protection, the renewed policies towards mortgage financing and the changes in national legislation, make the study of these proceedings relevant and interesting. Moreover, the phase between default of the mortgage debtor and the actual start of these proceedings is becoming more and more relevant because of these developments. Nonetheless, this phase is quite underresearched, especially from a comparative legal research point of view. Our comparative study therefore takes a different approach than classical comparative studies on mortgage enforcement procedures. With this project, we investigate the approaches of mortgage lenders after the mortgage debtor is in default with his mortgage obligations. These approaches can be based on legislation, self-regulation or agreements with the mortgagor. The aim of this project is to discover how these regulations function in practice. This paper provides an introduction to this emerging legal comparative research project on, what we call, default resolution approaches in Europe. We explain the main interests involved in default resolution approaches and the dimensions that should be taken into account in our study. We then sketch our comparative framework for further research.
Nontheoretical Presuppositions in Science and Scholarship: Critique of an Uncritical Critique
Authors: van Haeften Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Introduction to the translation of “De niet-theoretische voor-oordeelen in de wetenschap: Critiek op een oncritische critiek” by Herman Dooyeweerd (1938), Philosophia Reformata 3 (4), pp. 193–201.
Sodium Bicarbonate and Acetic Acid: An Effective Anaesthetic for Three Spotted Tilapia, Oreochromis andersonii Fingerlings
Authors: Haihambo Wilhelm , Gabriel Ndakalimwe Naftal 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to study the effectiveness of different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) combined with acetic acid (vinegar) in three spotted tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii) fingerlings. Fingerlings (body weight 0.82 ± 0.00 g, and body length of 3.91 ± 0.03 cm) were subjected to three concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (30 g/L, 40 g/L and 60 g/L) combined with three concentrations of acetic acid (30 ml/L, 45 ml/L and 60 ml/L), each replicated five times to assess the anaesthesia induction and recovery time. Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid induced anaesthesia in three spotted tilapia fingerlings regardless of the concentration used. However, high concentrations induced anaesthesia within a short period of time. Meanwhile, the full recovery time increased with concentration combinations. In essence, low concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and acetic could be recommended for anaesthetizing three spotted tilapia fingerlings. However, more studies on sodium bicarbonate and acetic acids as anaesthetics in aquaculture and fisheries is deemed necessary.
Pediatric Aortic Injury From a BB Gun Injury Requiring Emergent Thoracotomy
Authors: Sunderland Michaelia , Lafranchise Elizabeth , Durrant Audrey 
Published: April 2022

Background The leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population is unintentional injury. Emergent thoracotomies are rarely performed in pediatric patients, especially in the very young pediatric population. We present a case of a 10-year-old male who survived emergent clamshell thoracotomy for penetrating chest trauma. Summary Our patient sustained aortic lacerations after being shot with an air-powered rifle. Thoracotomy was performed in the emergency department. The incision was extended to a clamshell thoracotomy for repair of the aortic lacerations. He survived and made a full recovery. Conclusion This case is one of the youngest reported survivors of an emergent thoracotomy. Air-powered gun injuries can be life-threatening despite their perception as safe toys for children. Surprisingly, there is very little regulation on sale of air guns to minors in the United States. Increased public awareness and regulation of sale may prevent unintentional injury in this population.
Performance-Based Assessment of Trauma Systems: Estimates for the State of Ohio
Authors: Parikh Priti P. , Parikh Pratik , Hirpara Sagarkumar , Vaishnav Monit , Sebastian Susan , McCarthy Mary C. , Jansen Jan , Winchell Robert J. 
Published: April 2022

Objectives There are no widely accepted metrics to determine the optimal number and geographic distribution of trauma centers (TCs). We propose a Performance-based Assessment of Trauma System (PBATS) model to optimize the number and distribution of TCs in a region using key performance metrics. Methods The proposed PBATS approach relies on well-established mathematical programming approach to minimize the number of level I (LI) and level II (LII) TCs required in a region, constrained by prespecified system-related under-triage (srUT) and over-triage (srOT) rates and TC volume. To illustrate PBATS, we collected 6002 matched (linked) records from the 2012 Ohio Trauma and EMS registries. The PBATS-suggested network was compared to the 2012 Ohio network and also to the configuration proposed by the Needs-Based Assessment of Trauma System (NBATS) tool. Results For this data, PBATS suggested 14 LI/II TCs with a slightly different geographic distribution compared to the 2012 network with 21 LI and LII TC, for the same srUT≈.2 and srOT≈.52. To achieve UT ≤ .05, PBATS suggested 23 LI/II TCs with a significantly different distribution. The NBATS suggested fewer TCs (12 LI/II) than the Ohio 2012 network. Conclusion The PBATS approach can generate a geographically optimized network of TCs to achieve prespecified performance characteristics such as srUT rate, srOT rate, and TC volume. Such a solution may provide a useful data-driven standard, which can be used to drive incremental system changes and guide policy decisions.
The Homeless Population: Medical Refugees in a Mature Trauma System
Authors: Skicki Edward J. , Morgan Madison , Brown Catherine , Bresz Kellie , Bradburn Eric 
Published: April 2022

Introduction On any given day, there are >550,000 homeless persons in the United States. Little research has examined the relationship between the homeless population and traumatic injuries. We hypothesized that homeless trauma patients have a higher mortality compared to those who are not homeless. Methods The Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database was retrospectively queried from 2003-2018 for all adult (age ≥15) patients admitted to trauma centers in Pennsylvania. Homelessness was defined as homeless on admission or homeless as their discharge status. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and clinical variables were compared between homeless and non-homeless patients. Logistic regression was used to control for age, gender, injury severity, injury type, admission Glasgow Coma Scale, and systolic blood pressure to assess morbidity and mortality. Results 773 patients were identified upon query. Homeless trauma patients were more likely to be male, younger, black, and of Hispanic ethnicity. Compared to non-homeless, they were more likely to have a positive drug screen or mental illness at the time of injury. They were not more significantly injured than their counterparts; however, in adjusted analysis, the homeless had significantly higher odds of both complications (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.11; 95%CI: 2.64-3.66, P < .001) and mortality (AOR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.29-2.50, P = .001). Conclusion Although homeless patients were not more severely injured than the general trauma population, they had significantly higher odds of both complications and mortality. This population represents a very vulnerable community in need of medical intervention and injury prevention programs.
Psychosocial factors associated with mother–infant bonding in Indonesian samples
Authors: Minayati Kusuma , ismail Raden Irawati , Muskananfola Fiona Valerie , Nugraheni Teresia Putri Widia , Chairunnisa Shafira , Wiriadinata Nathaniel Evan Raphaela , Sugiyanto Michael , Clarissa Angelina , Pradana Kent , Wiguna Tjhin 
Published: April 2022

Background: Mother–infant bonding is an important factor that supports an infant’s socio-emotional development. Therefore, every family member should acknowledge these processes, especially in an extended family set-up like in Indonesia. The general study objective was to predict several socio-demographic factors associated with mother–infant bonding in Indonesian samples. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The participants included 168 mothers who had infants aged 0 to 36 months and willingly joined the study by signing the informed consent form. The Indonesian version of mother–infant bonding scale and a socio-demographic questionnaire were administered to all mothers. Logistic regression was applied to identify the socio-demographic factors that had any association with the mother–infant bonding scale. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program version 21 for Mac. Results: The study showed that 13.1% of the participants were categorized as having a moderate-to-high level of impaired mother–infant bonding. Logistic regression analysis showed that vaginal or normal delivery mode was 4.07 (95% CI [1.27, 13.09]) times more likely to exhibit low levels of impaired mother–infant bonding compared to a cesarean section. The model explained 18.6% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in impaired mother–infant bonding and accurately classified 86.9% of cases. Conclusion: The findings support prior studies that have been conducted in several countries. Psychoeducation on supporting mother–infant bonding may consist of several topics, such as the advantages of vaginal delivery mode and the importance of family support. It may be delivered in the early adulthood period and, hopefully, basic knowledge during those periods may help strengthen the understanding of mother–infant dyad issues among all family members.
A readability model of letters with various letter size, luminance contrast and adaptation luminance levels for seniors
Authors: Akashi Y , Kuno Y , Murakami K , Inatani M , Aoki T 
Published: April 2022

In ageing societies, it is necessary to make the visual environment more appropriate for the elderly so that they can maintain visual performance as long as possible. To this end, we aimed at developing guidelines to determine appropriate adaptation luminance and luminance contrast for given letter sizes for the elderly. In this study, we first measured the contrast sensitivities of older participants. Second, we conducted an experiment in which the same participants evaluated the degrees of readability of Japanese sentences with various letter sizes, luminance contrasts and adaptation luminances. Based on the evaluations, we developed a readability model consisting of equal-readability-level contour lines that represent the average of older peoples’ readability scores. From the model, we found we could improve readability by increasing adaptation luminance while the adaptation luminance was lower than 200 cd/m2. However, an increase in luminance contrast became more helpful to improve readability than an increase in adaptation luminance when the adaptation luminance was higher than 200 cd/m2. We also found large individual deviations in readability evaluation among older participants depending on the contrast sensitivity. We divided the participants into three groups based on their contrast sensitivity levels and compared readability models among the three groups.
The ethical and legal considerations of young people and their parents using a hospital patient portal: Hospital Ethics Committee members perspectives
Authors: Sipanoun Pippa , Wray Jo , Oulton Kate , Gibson Faith 
Published: April 2022

Background In April 2019, our hospital transitioned to an electronic patient record system and patient portal (MyGOSH). MyGOSH enables young people aged 12 years or older and their parents to access results, documentation, appointments, and to communicate with their care team. Aims A focus group was conducted to explore the ethical and legal considerations of young people and their parents using a patient portal from the perspective of hospital Ethics Committee members. Participants and research context Members of the hospital Paediatric Bioethics Centre were recruited ( n = 7). Written informed consent was provided by all participants. Research design The focus group discussion was recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Ethical considerations Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee (REC) Approval was granted by London Southeast REC (IRAS Project ID: 248793; REC Reference: 18/LO/1945). Results Four themes, and sub-themes, were identified: (1) granting access – complexities of assessing competence/capacity, exclusion from MyGOSH due to non-disclosure of diagnosis, and truth-telling; (2) inequalities resulting in inequities – complexities of inequity in access; (3) responding to change – providing support and managing expectations; (4) engagement, empowerment and understanding – data safety, empowering young people to take ownership of their health data, a one-size fits all system may not meet the needs of all families, and early engagement with young people/parents. Discussion Giving families portal access can increase engagement, empowering them to be more involved in care, yet poses challenges for all. Complexities exist in the assessment for portal access, and supporting and managing user expectations whilst providing an equitable service. Conclusions Ongoing support is required for all stakeholders following patient portal implementation to navigate the ethical and legal complexities, and to promote equity and portal utility for patient benefit.