bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminism Without Metaphysics
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This essay argues for a deflationary answer to the question “What is it to be a woman?” What do women have in common beyond being women? Gender is a social kind; human sex difference is the material ground of systems of gender. That is, gender systems serve to enable male control of female reproductive capacities. This explains the fact that most women are female, but it does not entail that all women are female or that all females are women. To clarify this position, the essay draws an analogy between the kind &lt;woman&gt; and the kind &lt;parent&gt;. While it is difficult to come up with necessary and sufficient conditions for being a parent, the social institution of parenting has its material ground in biological facts about human reproduction together with facts about infantile dependency. Saying this does not entail that all and only biological progenitors are parents.
Coping with pressure
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents SJT scenarios on coping with pressure. New doctors have to cope with taking responsibility for patients for the first time and managing the logistical difficulties that inevitably face those working in a complex environment. It can be difficult to balance these responsibilities and do so without cutting corners. Questions within this chapter will explore your resilience and ability to work under pressure. Through your responses, you will need to demonstrate a willingness to remain flexible, manage ambiguity, and adapt to changing circumstances.
The diffusion of generativist ideas
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes on aspects of the early days of the theory of generative grammar, that is the late 1950s and the 1960s. MIT faculty and students used every means at their disposal at the time to diffuse their ideas to a wide audience: publishing books, journal articles, anthology chapters, and technical reports; aiding the writing of textbooks; giving conference talks; teaching at LSA Institutes; and hosting numerous visitors to MIT. All of these measures contributed to the rapid success of the theory. To read some of the critical literature, however, the early MIT linguists formed an elitist in-group possessed of a ‘private knowledge’, talking only to each other by means of inaccessible ‘underground’ publications and thereby erecting a barrier between themselves and the outside world of linguistics. But their tactics for reaching out to the linguistics community as a whole overshadowed any elitist behavior. And in particular, there was no significant ‘underground’ literature to obstruct the acceptance of the new theory.
The contested LSA presidential election of 1970
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn a drama unprecedented in LSA history, in 1970 the official candidate for the office of President was challenged and defeated. Dwight Bolinger allowed his name to be put in opposition to Martin Joos’s and received close to seventy percent of the votes. Two factors played major roles in this drama. On the one hand, Martin Joos’s behavior was becoming increasingly erratic. But there was more to the opposition to Joos than his unpleasant personality. It appears to be the case that most of the younger members of the LSA—sociolinguists and generative grammarians alike—voted overwhelmingly for Bolinger. I would say that for them Joos represented the post-Bloomfieldian establishment, which showed little interest in either linguistic variation or fleshing out the formal properties of universal grammar respectively. The fact that Bolinger himself was neither social variationist nor generativist was irrelevant.
Perceptions of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores early modern discourses about translation. It challenges the idea that there is necessarily a correlation between translation, secondariness, and womankind which transcends countries and periods, suggesting that we need to move away from essentialist concepts of femininity and look more closely at particular historical and national conditions. First, it considers in detail the evidence for early modern England and points to some of the difficulties in making pronouncements on discourse, such as the interpretative challenges of reading paratextual material given new insights from work on the history and materiality of the book. The chapter argues that even when translation was conceptualized as inferior to ‘original’ writing this does not mean that it was also viewed as feminine or became in practice a feminine activity. The chapter then turns to Germany and demonstrates that translation does not appear to have been regarded as a second-rate or specifically female activity in these politically fragmented states. From Luther’s Bible onwards, translation was closely aligned to political and nationalist aims; by the seventeenth century, with the country decimated by the Thirty Years’ War, most literary men turned their hand at some point to translation and saw it as a crucial part of efforts to regenerate German culture and promote the concept of German nationhood.
Conditions for Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the circumstances which enabled women to produce translations and seeks to ascertain how far these circumstances were different for men and women. It begins by questioning the traditional idea of the translatress as subordinate woman who can access translation more easily than other intellectual pursuits and often translates in the service of a father, brother, or husband. Recent research on England suggests that there was not a fine distinction between women’s literary work and men’s literary work in this period and that women and men often produced translations within the same settings and networks. At first glance, it may seem that women in the German states had fewer opportunities to engage in literary pursuits in this way and were indeed more likely to fit the ‘subordinate woman’ model. However, by the seventeenth century increasing numbers were able and encouraged to engage in intellectual activities alongside men. Exposure to education and involvement in literary societies often appears to have been a matter of social class rather than gender. Finally, it is striking that many of their translations were produced in collaboration with others, affording them agency through a form of authorship which was common and valued at the time. There appears to have been a particularly distinctive culture of collaboration in Germany, but hints in the literature suggest collaborative practices were widespread across Europe and need to be explored further if we are properly to understand the circumstances in which women translators worked.
Beauty and Her Sisters in the Nineteenth Century and After
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter challenges the still-influential twentieth-century critical tradition that depends on linking the aesthetic to political or economic power as always overblown and currently largely irrelevant, especially when compared to the complexity and sophistication of treatments of the topic of beauty in the nineteenth century. Starting from an analysis of a short work by Alfred Tennyson that lays out the complicated (sisterly) connections linking beauty, knowledge, and ethical judgment, and including discussion of Hegel, William Morris, and other poets and philosophers, it traces unresolved ambivalences in our own day back to earlier periods, and demonstrates the ongoing relevance of these earlier formulations.
Setting the scene
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of “elementary particle” and “fundamental force.” It reviews the paradigms to describe particle interactions (forces, potentials, and fields) both in classical and quantum mechanics. It then presents the fundamental constituents of matter (leptons, quarks, force mediators) and their basic properties. Emphasis is placed not only on the success of the Standard Model but also on the many questions that are still unanswered. Finally, the chapter explains the rationale behind the system of units in physics (metric and natural systems) and introduce the most popular system in our field: (Lorentz–Heaviside) natural units. We give rules, suggestions, and examples to handle both the SI and the natural unit systems
Accelerators and colliders
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter opens with static accelerators and, in particular, Cockcroft–Walton devices, because of their important industrial and medical applications. The founding principle of modern AC accelerators – the phase stability principle – is introduced in the simplest case: the linacs. The most general case is presented while describing synchrotrons, the workhorse of modern particle and nuclear physics. This discussion includes also weak and strong focusing and the concept of emittance. Colliders are introduced and the enormous advantages of these machines are explained. Collider detectors are illustrated starting from the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. In this way, the concepts of trigger, hadronic, and electromagnetic calorimeters, and particle identification are introduced. These examples include contemporary techniques for the reconstruction of jets, like particle flow and 4D tracking.
Symmetries and anti-matter
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains why symmetries play a pivotal role in particle and nuclear physics. It discussed continuous and discrete symmetries in quantum mechanics and clarifies the origin of momentum and angular momentum conservation (the first Noether theorem). Among discrete symmetries, it details inversions: parity, C-parity, and T-parity. The empirical determination of the pion parity is illustrated by an ingenious experiment by Chinowsky and Steinberger. The chapter qualitatively explains the origin of antimatter, resorting to the CPT theorem. The first concept of relativistic quantum mechanics introduced in this book is the Dirac equation, which is presented here together with many examples that illustrate its features. The chapter clarifies the concept of spinor, a particularly difficult concept for novices to grasp.
The electroweak theory
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions is described here. The unified theory (electroweak theory) is presented starting from the V-A in analogy with QED and QCD since it is based on the SU(2)xU(1) gauge group. We emphasize the experimental confirmations of such a great achievement: the discovery of neutral currents by the Gargamelle experiment and the on-shell observation of the W and Z bosons at CERN. The chapter provides readers with modern tools for the production of neutrino beams and the identification of high-mass particles at hadron colliders. Finally, precision electroweak physics, where the existence of new particles can be inferred by quantum corrections, is introduced. This statement is substantiated with an amazing finding from the Large Electron–Positron (LEP) collider: the number of light-active neutrinos cannot be greater than three.
The Shape of Time
Authors: Brooks Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Balzac’s novels are deeply embedded in history and processes of historical change, in particular the movement from aristocratic worth based on land to the new capitalist cash nexus. Political election is simply another way to make it in the new world. The experience of Victurnien d’Esgrignon in The Collection of Antiquities dramatizes the passage from aristocratic to bourgeois dominance, and the need for the old nobility to restore its fortunes though marriage to the bourgeoisie. Balzac’s capacity to situate his characters and actions within historical time, and to demonstrate how they cannot be understood outside their historical determinants.
The Refuge Of Second Selves
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In order to survive, several of the characters in King Lear must develop second selves: part disguise and part new identities. These second selves emerge in Act II. Second selves begin as refuge but can become possibilities for exploring who else a person can be. But becoming a second self requires giving up much of the old self, an issue for many forms of suffering. Edgar gives up the most to become his second self, Poor Tom. By contrast, Lear clings to as many of his royal prerogatives as he can, but in his increasing madness becomes a second self. As the props that held up Lear’s identity are stripped away, his cry of ‘O, reason not the need!’ expresses what identity requires at any age, and the losses that old age inflicts. The author reflects on both his father’s losses and his own.
The Lost, The Mad, And The Image Of Horror
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The storm breaks, and as Lear and his party lose each other on the heath, the refrain of ‘Who’s there?’ expresses their uncertainty about others’ identities and their own. Lear’s rant against the storm ends with his famous assertion that he is more sinned against than sinning, but is he? Kent’s generous response is that human nature cannot carry so much affliction; that offers solace. Lear distinguishes between the suffering caused by the rain and cold and the ‘tempest in my mind’. The author considers when the tempest in an ill person’s mind incurs more suffering than the disease itself. Apparently mad, Lear gives his most politically charged speeches on the fate of ‘poor naked wretches’. Act III ends with the horror of Cornwall and Regan blinding Gloucester, and the unmatched heroism of the servant who tries to stop them, demonstrating what being true to oneself might actually mean.
How King Lear Helps
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How can the pile of bodies at the end of King Lear console the vulnerable reader? Vulnerable reading finds at least four sources of solace in Shakespeare’s tragedy: the play’s words, its story, the consolation of being able to go elsewhere and experience a vicarious life in that space, and what can be called transcendence, which involves the question of who the gods are in King Lear. The chapter considers each of these sources of consolation: who might be consoled by remembering which lines from the play; how the story can be retold in different words, to address different times, places, and needs; how spending time in the elsewhere of the play can enable a return that is better equipped; and King Lear as a form of secular scripture that depends on religious language and imagery, but also accepts the force of Lear’s repeated nothing.
Blessed Little Room
Authors: Federico Annette 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the experience of teaching David Copperfield in the spring of 2020 under the conditions imposed by Covid-19, this chapter explores the phenomenological dimension of reading. Young David Copperfield, in great distress, read the old novels that belonged to his father in the little room at the top of his house “as if for life.” His ordeal was transformed into an adventure through the way he read, and influenced his attitude toward other choices in his life—including choosing the person he marries. Reading and loving someone are reaches of the imagination. To read and to love require trust and faith. In our books and our loves, we gain proximity to something elementary that might warm us against the harsh winds of an indifferent world.
Imagined Insecurities in Imagined Communities
Authors: Magcamit Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Introducing the concept of ethnoreligious othering, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book’s theoretical framework and methodological design that captures the underlying dynamics and processes through which the first stage of internal and intrastate conflicts is set in motion: the manufacturing of ethnoreligious others as security threats. The chapter presents Southeast Asia as a “natural laboratory” for the systematic and comprehensive investigation of ethnoreligious otherings and the passionate conflicts they inspire using interpretive and comparative process-tracing approaches. It offers snapshots of the long-standing clashes between ethnoreligious communities in Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines, to foreground the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in the eruption and protraction of protracted violent conflicts. These often-ignored “non-material” and “non-rational” elements, the chapter asserts, are crucial to the reinvention and renegotiation of the ethnoreligious others’ state of being and position within such pluralistic polities and the subsequent conflicts that ignite.
Ethnoreligious Otherings and Passionate Conflicts: Emotions, Symbols, and Perceptions
Authors: Magcamit Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rather than assuming that every modern state and society is a unitary and rational actor, Chapter 2 opens with a discussion of what psychology tells us about how people think and what sociology tells us about social life. Accordingly, complementary theories and propositions on security, religion, and nationalism, and emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, are synthesized to develop the ethnoreligious othering framework. The model incorporates these factors at individual, group and state level of analysis to allow a more holistic but still nuanced, accurate, and systematic method for explaining ethnoreligious otherings and violent protracted conflicts. It consists of and proceeds in three interdependent stages: cultivation of hostile emotions of ethnoreligious nationalism; securitization of ethnoreligious others using hostile symbolic predispositions; and sacralization of hostile perceptions of ethnoreligious identity, homeland, and territorial nation-state. The chapter claims that conflicts are bound to re-emerge and remain entrenched if these mechanisms and elements are disregarded.
Dinner with an Ex-terrorist Bomber in Jakarta: Otherings and Conflicts in Indonesia
Authors: Magcamit Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Indonesian Muslims need more Islam in our lives, not less, because Islam is what makes us who we are as Indonesians,” declared an ex-terrorist bomber from Jakarta. Indeed, as Chapter 3 reveals, distinctive forms of ethnoreligious nationalism remain integral to the conception of “Indonesianness.” Applying the ethnoreligious othering framework, Chaper 3 examines the conflicts involving Muslim and Christian communities in Indonesia by analyzing the emotive, symbolic, and perceptual mechanisms behind these events. It begins with a discussion of how the hostile emotions cultivated from ethnoreligious nationalism can rally the members into actions against other forms of identity and homeland. It then investigates how the securitization of ethnoreligious others reconstructs the security contexts enveloping the country’s pluralistic polity. The chapter concludes by explaining how the Indonesian Muslims’ successful implantation of their ethnoreligious substructures into the state’s security superstructures sacralizes their preferred version of “Indonesian” identity, homeland, and nation-state.
Fateful Terror and 9/11
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how America faced the most systemic and dangerous terrorist threat it had ever encountered, even though the nation was no stranger to the problem of terrorism. It cites the threat, epitomized by the Beirut bombing on 18 April 1983, which furnished a persuasive reason for the continued existence of the still-troubled CIA. It also emphasizes how Islamic terrorism proved to be a fateful issue as close to 3,000 Americans died on 11 September 2001, when terrorists hijacked planes to attack New York City’s Twin Towers and the Pentagon. The chapter reviews the reasons for the 9/11 attack, and for the CIA’s failure to anticipate it, giving some attention to the analysis of counterterrorism official Michael Scheuer.
Obama’s CIA and the Death of bin Laden
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses how President Barack Obama, who trod the moral high ground, proclaimed his devotion to the rule of law, and banned the use of torture. It describes how President Obama was keen to demonstrate his devotion to national security by utilizing the CIA and how he felt the need to show toughness. It discusses Obama’s enthusiasm for assassination through drone strikes and the manner of Osama bin Laden’s killing in 2011. The chapter describes the CIA’s successful fight for its slice of the intelligence budget when there was a decline in general funding. It mentions the CIA’s failure to foresee the Arab Spring, the problems of cyber warfare and Edward Snowden’s whistleblowing, the continuing debate on the agency’s past use of torture, and the its renewed focus on spying and analysis.
Outside the Box
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 8 explores the woman leader’s decision-making in relation to areas of law for which a gender perspective is rarely adopted, or often done too superficially. This chapter begins with a critique of the tendency for women’s rights activism to focus on a narrow subset of women’s concerns. Subsequently, Presidents Aquino, Kumaratunga, Macapagal Arroyo and Megawati are studied in relation to a particular legal or policy domain. For President Aquino, it was the laying of the foundations for Filipino democracy and the wider scope afforded for the participation of local and international non-governmental organizations and activists in decision-making processes. For President Kumaratunga, it was her attempts to resolve the ethnic conflict. For President Macapagal Arroyo, it was the pursuit of economic reforms, often in the name of development and poverty alleviation. For President Megawati, it was a series of labour rights reforms. The analysis set out here seeks to neither suggest that the reforms were entirely beneficial nor limiting for women. Rather, the goal is to offer a fair analysis of a particular issue on the political agenda that implicated women’s lives and that could be addressed with a gendered lens. The chapter leaves readers with a fuller appreciation of the extent to which the four president’s policies impacted men and women in similar and dissimilar ways that are often ignored from a gendered audit.
MESH AND MEASURE IN EARLY GENERAL RELATIVITY
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEinstein’s first full exposition of general relativity, published in 1916, did not treat coordinates and the reference of motion in a clear, consistent manner. In some places, Einstein asserted that the coordinates were devoid of a priori metric significance; in others he used them to determine the behavior of clocks and rulers in a gravitational field. Many of Einstein’s readers were confused, and some of them questioned his cardinal predictions regarding the gravitational redshift, the curving of light rays, and the relativistic precession of the Kepler motion, because the results seemed to depend on the choice of coordinates. Weyl, Eddington, Laue, and Beck deflected this criticism and removed all obscurities through a more geometric understanding of the new space–time and a careful attention to the conditions of measurement. They confirmed Einstein’s mature view that the choice of coordinates should be completely indifferent to the relations between measurable quantities.