bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging characteristics of thoracolumbar spinal stenosis due to articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease in six large breed dogs
Authors: Padley Hannah Frances , Freeman Paul , Taylor‐Brown Frances , Mortier Jeremy R. , Genain Marie‐Aude 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have reported evidence that thoracolumbar articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease may be a cause of stenotic myelopathy in large breed dogs; however, detailed descriptions of imaging characteristics are currently lacking. The aim of this retrospective, multi‐center, case series report was to describe imaging findings in six large breed dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease causing vertebral canal stenosis. All dogs presented with progressive paraparesis, proprioceptive ataxia of the pelvic limbs, and neuroanatomical localization of T3‐L3 myelopathy. All dogs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracolumbar spine and had articular process malformations at T13‐L1 (three German Shepherd dogs (GSD) and a Boxer dog) or T12‐T13 (two mixed‐breed dogs). Five cases were managed surgically. Findings provided more detailed imaging descriptions and supported previously published studies indicating that maldevelopment of articular processes and secondary degenerative changes can be a cause of thoracolumbar spinal stenosis and myelopathy in large breed dogs. While uncommon, this condition should be included as a differential diagnosis for large breed dogs presenting with a T3‐L3 myelopathy.
Feasibility of low‐dose CT protocols for evaluating the sinonasal cavity and reducing radiation exposure in dogs
Authors: Lee Suhyun , Jang Seo‐Lyn , Kim Soyeon , Lee Juryeong , Hyeong Seongjae , Choi Jihye 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith the increasing use of radiation therapy for treatment of canine sinonasal neoplasia, there is a need for developing low‐dose CT protocols to help minimize radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to assess the trade‐off between image quality and reduced radiation exposure of a low‐dose CT technique in the canine sinonasal cavity. In this prospective, experimental study, CT images of the sinonasal cavities from 10 normal Beagles were acquired using high‐dose (130 kVp) or low‐dose (110 kVp, 80 kVp) protocol. Radiation dose and image quality were compared. Radiation exposure measured by the volume‐weighted CT dose index and dose–length product was reduced by 36% at 110 kVp and 74% at 80 kVp respectively, compared to the corresponding values at 130 kVp (P = 0.000). Low‐dose protocol resulted in higher image noise and reduced signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast‐to‐noise ratio than 130 kVp in most evaluated regions of interest (P < 0.05). CT numbers of the contrast‐enhanced structures were highest at 80 kVp (P = 0.000). Conspicuity of most sinonasal structures was similar for high dose and both lower dose protocols. The results of this study indicate that 80 or 110 kVp can be used for sinonasal CT examinations to reduce radiation exposure to the patient without compromising image quality.
Some Observations on Formal Models for Programming
Authors: Slade J. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The problems of linear and nonlinear programming are reviewed using a geometrical representation, with a general discussion of the various types of solutions arising to the problem of finding a maximum or minimum of a property z = f(x1, …, xn) when the variables xi are subject to a certain number of constraints. A special type of nonlinear programming is considered when the departure from linearity is due to a systematic drift toward a saturation level as is the case when profit actually decreases after the rate of production attains its optimum value. The mathematical model satisfying this requirement is one for which a linear factor dominates the profit function for small rates of production and a negative exponential for high rates of production. A solution with illustrative examples is presented to this problem.
Studies in Cold-Drawing: Part 3, Determination of Friction Coefficient
Authors: Majors H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Part 3 is a continuation of the studies in cold-drawing. Average coefficients of drawing friction were determined for forward and reversed drawing of 2S-O aluminum and SAE 1020 steel by Sachs’ theory and compared with measurements using SR-4 wire strain gages on the outer die surface to determine die pressures. Die profiles were determined by plastic castings. A series of dies were used to provide true reductions of rod area up to 0.76 at drawing speeds of 2 ipm.
Sulphur Dew-Point Corrosion in Exhaust Gases
Authors: Coit R. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Sulphur dew-point corrosion continues to be an important problem in steam-power stations and some gas-turbine applications. A series of corrosion tests is described in which it was found that the effects of this type of corrosion can be minimized by (a) use of certain corrosion-resistant alloys such as Hastelloy C, Carpenter No. 20, or Type 316 stainless steel; (b) the use of low-sulphur fuels; or (c) the maintenance of surface temperatures above the acid-water dew point. The tests indicate that none of the presently available coating materials can provide adequate low-temperature corrosion protection for heat-exchanger surfaces or compressor blading.
Design Features, Operating Experience, and Performance of 100,000-KW Reheat Installation at Potomac River Station
Authors: Cadwallader Lewis W. , Frederick Herbert S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the outstanding features, operating experience, manpower requirements, and performance record of a generating unit with a design capability of 100,000 kw and with steam conditions of 1800 psig pressure, 1050 F primary steam temperature, and 1000 F reheat steam temperature. This design capability of 100,000 kw is somewhat less than the national average of 124,000 kw for all reheat machines purchased in the last 6 years. The initial steam pressure and temperature have been surpassed by other installations, and condenser circulating-water temperature is relatively high, with maximum temperatures of 88 F and a 4-month average of 81 F for June to September, inclusive. Notwithstanding these basic limitations, the over-all thermal efficiency is averaging 37 per cent which is near optimum for conditions below the supercritical. The unit under discussion is the No. 3 unit in a station housing also two 90,000-kw non-reheat machines placed in operation in October, 1949, and June, 1950. The new No. 3 unit was placed in preliminary operation June 30, 1954, and became firm commercial capacity 2 weeks later on July 14, 1954. Unit No. 4, which is a duplicate of No. 3, is under construction and is scheduled for service early in 1956. There is a single boiler per turbine, and fuel used is pulverized coal. Light fuel oil is used for ignition.
Aerothermodynamic Considerations Involved in Turbocharging Four and Two-Cycle Diesel Engines
Authors: Birmann Rudolph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The turbocharged engine is, in effect, a compound engine in which the engine itself handles the high-pressure end of both compression and expansion, while the exhaust-turbine-driven compressor takes care of the low-pressure end. The turbocharger pressure ratio determines the division of work between high-pressure and low-pressure components, and the value of this pressure ratio governs, to a large extent, the values of all engine performance variables. In this paper the interrelationships between all of these variables are discussed, and curves are presented giving, numerically, the interdependence, one on the other, of turbocharger pressure ratio, thermal loading, specific fuel consumption, and turbocharger combined efficiency, with and without intercooling. The aerothermodynamic situation of the two-cycle engine is treated separately, with emphasis on the all-important flow-handling ability of the engine. This ability is defined by the concept of the “gas change process merit ratio,” and, by means of a series of curves, the specific engine air flow is given for different merit ratios and different turbocharger combined efficiencies for a range of turbocharger pressure ratios. Finally, for both two-cycle and four-cycle engines, the importance of good matching between engine air consumption characteristics and turbocharger air delivery characteristics is discussed, and as a criterion for this matching the engine operating line, as it appears superimposed on the compressor characteristic curves, is used.
Controlling Iron and Copper Pickup With Neutralizing Amines
Authors: Ristroph J. D. , Yorkgitis E. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cyclohexylamine and morpholine were fed to minimize pickup of iron and copper by controlling pH in the steam-feedwater cycle of a high-pressure, reheat, controlled-circulation boiler. During treatment with either amine, average iron and copper concentrations throughout the system were less than 0.01 ppm. Sampling methods and analytical techniques using improved indicators for iron and copper are described, and the effect of sample acidification is discussed.
Hydrazine as an Oxygen Scavenger—A Progress Report on Tests at Springdale Station
Authors: Baker M. D. , Marcy V. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Hydrazine has been fed on a trial basis to a 1350-psi boiler at Springdale Station of West Penn Power Company since April, 1954. Preliminary observations on the use of this chemical for removing oxygen are given in the paper.
Investigations Into Blade-Root Fixings of High-Temperature Steels
Authors: Siegfried W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The progress in mechanical engineering which has led in the past few years to much lighter designs of aircraft and land vehicles can be attributed to improvements in the materials used and to a much better adaptation of structural design to these materials. In cases where the temperature is low in aircraft and land conveyances, the engineer’s main problem has been alternating stresses. In applications where steels are used at high temperatures similar problems exist, but our knowledge is here less firmly founded than in the domain of alternating stress at room temperature. The test results described in the paper, however, point to a similar line of advance as has been followed in automobile and aircraft engineering. Here, too, it is important not only to develop better materials but also to improve designs if the strength properties of these materials are to be utilized fully. It has developed that an improvement in creep properties at high temperatures can only be attained, as a rule, at the price of an increase in embrittlement and sensitivity to notching. These considerations are particularly important in the attachment of blade roots to turbine disks. A large number of tests have been made with the aim of throwing some light on these problems and obtaining a clearer idea of the basic connection between structural design and strength.
Notes on Some Recently Published Experiments on Orifice Meters
Authors: Buckingham Edgar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Dr. Buckingham presents a procedure for plotting orifice coefficient data which results in straight lines over a considerable range of conditions. By relating the slopes and intercepts of these lines to size ratio and the Reynolds number parameters, it is possible to represent the coefficients for a wide range of sizes and rates by two linear equations. By applying this procedure to several available sets of data he has determined the limits of applicability of the equations. Furthermore, he shows that the mechanical finish of the orifice-plate surface and orifice edge affect both the slope and intercept of the lines resulting from the initial plottings.
Plasticity Equations and Their Application to Working of Metals in the Work-Hardening Range
Authors: Thomsen E. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A review of equations applicable to general states of stress in forming problems is presented. Theoretical solutions for the particular case of cold-extruding 2S-O aluminum in an inverted extrusion process with negligible external friction are compared with experimental results. It is shown that the solution obtained by the work-of-deformation method yields good estimates of extrusion pressures if a constant flow stress for the equivalent uniform strain in a compression test is used in the calculations, but that the solution gives an incorrect estimate of distribution of stress and metal movement. The slip-line method of solution for plane strain, on the other hand, yields good agreement for the specific case investigated for both extrusion pressure and stress distribution, if the flow stress for an equivalent uniform deformation in a compression or tension test is chosen. The solutions available using the latter method do not, however, fully account for the observed metal movement.
Biaxial Plastic Stress-Strain Relations of a Mild Steel for Variable Stress Ratios
Authors: Marin Joseph , Hu L. W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The main objective in the study reported in this paper was to provide further experimental checks on the validity of the simple flow theory of plasticity. In this investigation, biaxial stresses were produced by subjecting tubular specimens to internal pressure and axial tension. The tests were made on specimens machined from cold-drawn seamless-steel tubing. Most of the tests were performed under variable biaxial-stress ratios but in order to provide the necessary control data and basic biaxial strength properties, a series of constant stress-ratio tests also was conducted. Eight different types of variable stress-ratio tests were devised to determine the validity of the simple flow theory. The results of these tests do not support the theory. A test also was made to check the validity of the distortion-energy criterion as used in the simple flow theory. The differences between the theoretical and experimental results for this test were too great to be explained as due to experimental error or material anisotropy. A special variable stress-ratio test also was conducted to compare certain requirements of both the slip and simple flow theory. The results from this test were in poor agreement with the simple flow theory and in approximate agreement with the slip theory. An investigation was made to determine the validity of the so-called “loading function” as required by the various plasticity theories. These test results do not agree with the concept of the isotropic expansion of loading functions.
Approximate Solution to Thermal-Shock Problems in Plates, Hollow Spheres, and Cylinders With Heat Transfer at Two Surfaces
Authors: Mendelson A. , Manson S. S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An approximate method for computing transient thermal stresses in hollow cylinders, plates, and hollow spheres is presented. The method makes use of polynomial approximations to the temperature distribution by means of which the partial differential equation of the problem is reduced to a set of first-order ordinary differential equations. Nonuniform initial temperature distribution and heat transfer from both surfaces can be treated without difficulty making possible the practical solution of problems with relatively little labor for which an exact solution requires a great expenditure of labor and time. Several examples are presented and compare favorably with more accurate solutions.
A Practical Approach to the Problem of Stall Flutter
Authors: Wang Chi-Teh , Vaccaro R. J. , De Santo D. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A method is presented in this paper whereby the real part of the dynamic moment derivative may be obtained from a flutter test on a single blade oscillating in torsion alone in the stall region. These data may be used to predict the critical flutter velocity and frequency of a blade with the same geometrical properties oscillating with two degrees of freedom and having arbitrary elastic and inertial properties. It is possible that the present method can be used to predict the flutter speed and frequency of a cantilever blade by either a representative section or a Rayleigh-type analysis.
The Flow in a Vee-Gutter Cascade
Authors: Cornell W. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A theory is presented, yielding the wake shape, the total pressure loss, and the drag force of two-dimensional vee-gutter profiles in unstaggered cascade array, for incompressible, steady, potential flow directed normal to the cascade axis. The results, for all gutter-included angle and blockage ratio, are compared to two and three-dimensional experimental results, showing good agreement. Approximate theories are presented, valid at high blockage ratio and either at small or large gutter angle.
A Three-Dimensional Spherical Pitot Probe
Authors: Lee J. C. , Ash J. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The conventional method of applying the five-hole spherical pitot probe to three-dimensional flow measurements consists of either adjusting the probe until its axis points in the flow direction, or yawing the probe until the meridian plane passing through the center orifice contains the flow angle, and then making use of two-dimensional calibration curves for the flow determination in this plane. Both methods require adjustment of the probe, which, in general, is quite difficult to accomplish if the probe is mounted upon a rotating impeller. To avoid this difficulty a five-hole, three-dimensional spherical pitot probe has been developed and calibrated to measure static pressure and the magnitude and direction of the velocity vector for any arbitrary flow angle without adjustment of the probe.
A New Method of Evaluating Dynamic Response of Counterflow and Parallel-Flow Heat Exchangers
Authors: Paynter H. M. , Takahashi Yasundo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
From the exact solutions for the frequency response of counterflow and parallel-flow heat exchangers, successive parameters are calculated which give direct information for the heat exchangers regarding transient responses as well as frequency responses. The numerical evaluations of the parameters from the design data of heat exchangers are generally very simple, although the formulas themselves appear somewhat involved. Good coincidence with measured transient responses is demonstrated on an example.
Long-Shoe Block Brake With Floating Anchor
Authors: Spotts M. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is beneficial for a brake or clutch with an internal shoe to be self-aligning and thereby affected in the least possible manner by an eccentricity of the drum or other dimensional variations in the parts of the assembly. This is achieved by connecting one end of the shoe to a floating link. In addition, the proportions should be arranged so as to cause the wear to be distributed as evenly as possible for all points of the lining. These desirable qualities can be achieved by means of the simple design equation presented here.
The Effects of High-Frequency Vibrations in Grinding
Authors: Colwell L. V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This investigation was made for the purpose of exploring possible effects of vibration in grinding including those conditions which do not cause “chatter.” As one possible approach to the problem, vibrations were induced artificially between the workpiece and the grinding wheel by vibrating specimens with an ultrasonic transducer. The results of the investigation definitely demonstrate that small vibrations at high frequencies can improve surface finish, can reduce temperature in the ground surface, can reduce the incidence of thermal cracks, and can minimize the effects of variations in hardness within a grinding wheel. The investigation indicates the possibility of applying high-frequency and even ultrasonic vibrations to selected operations to improve the grinding process. It would also appear to explain some of the well-known characteristics of grinding associated with the use by precision-grinder operators of sound or noise as an indication of the process.
Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region of a Pipe
Authors: Ross Donald 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an analytical solution for the turbulent boundary-layer flow in the entrance region of a pipe. The equations yield the relative momentum thickness at any station within ten diameters of the entrance, and from this the pressure drop and head loss are calculated. The ratio of these quantities to the corresponding values for fully developed pipe flow are found to be practically independent of Reynolds number. Comparison of the theoretical expressions with the few data that are available shows good agreement, confirming the formulas for design applications.
Finite Journal Bearings With Arbitrary Position of Source
Authors: Fedor J. V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
By using different mathematical methods, Muskat and Morgan’s theory of force-feed lubrication (2, 3) is put in a compact, convenient form. The first derivative is neglected in the solution of Reynolds homogeneous equation to gain mathematical simplicity for the pressure distribution. Sommerfeld boundary conditions are used and no restriction on length of bearing is made. Explicit equations are derived for the characteristics of finite journal-bearing systems. Values calculated compare with published results when the source is at the crown of the bearing. It is estimated that the solution will give satisfactory results for eccentricity ratios up to 0.4. For relatively short bearings the eccentricity ratio can be extended to higher values.
High-Temperature Stability of Insulating and Refractory Castables in Reducing and Oxidizing Atmospheres
Authors: Vogrin C. M. , Heep H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the installation of a castable lining in a regenerator of a fluid catalytic-cracking unit in 1946, the authors’ company became particularly interested in the use of castables as a means for temperature reduction and erosion protection. Encouraged by successful service coupled with the growing acceptance by industry of castables, it was decided to investigate the possible application of castable linings for services involving temperatures up to 2400 F in a reducing atmosphere of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, and H2O. In the course of the test program, the investigation was broadened to include applications which require protection not only against heat, but also corrosion and erosion. The paper reviews the test program and the results achieved.
Streamlined Pitot-Tube Bar for Measuring Water Flow in Large Pipe
Authors: Numachi F. , Murai H. , Abe S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
With the aim of measuring flow through pipes of large diameter, a “streamlined pitot-tube bar” was devised. Basic studies, both theoretical and experimental, were carried out in a preliminary way on the cross-sectional form of the bar in order to obtain the best results. Based on the sectional form finally selected, a full-size model was prepared and tested, from which the pitot coefficient and other pertinent data were obtained. Two actual pitottube bars of 60 mm chord and 2 m length were constructed and used in measuring the flow in the main pipe of the pump installed at the Numazawanuma storage system hydroelectric station.