bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature Properties and Characteristics of a Ferritic Steam-Piping Steel
Authors: Rankin A. W. , Reich W. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
With the considerable amount of turbine capacity now in operation and being built at the 1000 F and 1050 F levels, there is considerable incentive to develop a stronger ferritic steel for these temperatures. This paper presents a review of the high-temperature properties and manufacturing and heat-treating characteristics of a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy. The authors’ company is utilizing this composition for turbine shells, valve casings, and steam leads at both 1000 F and 1050 F. This paper presents the characteristics of the piping form of this alloy. Corresponding properties and operating experiences are also presented on the chromium-free molybdenum-vanadium steel which preceded the chromium-molybdenum-vanadium composition.
Effect of Temperature of Entrained Fluid on the Performance of Steam-Jet Ejectors
Authors: Holton W. C. , Schulz E. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An investigation of the performance of small commercial single and two-stage steam-jet ejectors handling air and steam at temperatures to 1000 F was conducted under the sponsorship of the Heat Exchange Institute. The results of tests are expressed in terms of “entrainment ratio,” which is the ratio of the flow rate of gas at a given temperature to that of the same gas at a base temperature. Entrainment ratio was found to be a linear function of temperature. The test results given appear to be independent of pressure and of design characteristics of the ejectors tested. Therefore the plot of the variation of entrainment ratio with temperature is, within the limits of the test accuracy, thought to be applicable to any ejector system.
High-Speed Braking
Authors: Eksergian C. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In contrast with the era when the railroad-car tread brake was adequate for all demands, the car brake of today must meet increases in speed of 33 per cent, axle load 25 per cent, inertia load 100 per cent, including 50 per cent overload, and deceleration 100 per cent. The advent of the “disk brake” has made it possible to meet these drastic requirements. This paper deals with the theoretical considerations as well as the practical application of the disk brake to modern railroad practice.
Recirculation in Cooling Towers
Authors: Lichtenstein Joseph 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
After defining recirculation, the paper shows it is a characteristic of the surroundings of a cooling-tower installation and must be considered by the user in his economic calculations and by the manufacturer for the proper selection of a cooling tower to reach a specified cold-water temperature. A knowledge of recirculation factors of installations can be obtained experimentally only by co-ordinated over-all tests on actual cooling-tower installations. The paper develops the methods and equations required for such tests to find the recirculation factor. It then shows how the cold-water temperature is affected by various degrees of recirculation, and how the size of a cooling tower would have to vary, if the cold-water temperature is fixed. Finally, the variation of cold-water temperatures with varying wet-bulb temperatures is studied for a series of fixed recirculation factors, and it is shown that if the recirculation factor increases with decreasing wet-bulb temperatures, a nearly constant cold-water temperature all year round may result.
Metastable Flow of Saturated Water
Authors: Bailey J. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the nature of the flow of saturated and nearly saturated water into regions where the pressure is less than the saturation pressure. It presents a method of computing the mass rate of flow through orifices and nozzles which is based on the rate of evaporation from a metastable liquid core into a surrounding ring of vapor. The flow rates for orifices are predicted accurately, and rates for nozzles are predicted to within 10 per cent. The analysis is based upon experimental investigations and is restricted to adiabatic flow conditions.
Modern Mercury-Unit Power-Plant Design
Authors: Hackett H. N. , Douglass Dwight 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper outlines briefly the general theory of mercury-binary cycle efficiency, how it works, and the more usual types of applications where it may be used. The use of the mercury-steam cycle as applied to topping plants is explained more completely with the relative capabilities of 140 psig mercury and 2300 psig steam for such service specifically compared. As a typical, as well as the most recent application of a mercury topping unit, the new 15,000-kw mercury-unit power-plant equipment recently installed at the South Meadow Station of the Hartford Electric Light Company is dealt with in considerable detail. In the manufacture of the mercury-boiler parts, factory prefabrication of relatively large mercury-furnace wall sections was successfully done for the first time. The new 15,000-kw mercury plant has been in operation since February 1, 1949, and for the month of February produced 20,000,000 kwhr of electric power at an average fuel rate of 10,200 Btu per net kwhr.
Project Study for the Mitigation of Marine Fouling
Authors: Patten I. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The growth of marine organisms with resultant fouling of aquatic vessels and tunnel structures, throughout the years, has presented the utility engineers with a problem the effect of which creates lower efficiencies and higher maintenance costs. Mitigation of such growth and fouling on several occasions has been studied by industrial engineers and biologists. The result of such studies indicates Mytilus are the most difficult to control. The paper is a résumé of experiments and the development of a chlorine program which to date has proved effective and economical.
History and Performance of the Oil-Refinery Steam-Electric Generating Stations of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Authors: Estcourt V. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Design and operating characteristics are given for the three 1400-psi 940 F steam-electric generating stations built by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company for furnishing process steam and electricity to the three adjacent oil refineries, in addition to generating firm power for its own transmission system. An analysis is made of a number of special problems peculiar to this sort of undertaking, and both the advantages and limitations are discussed and evaluated, with emphasis upon the factors which must be considered in order to gain the maximum benefits from such a joint venture. It is pointed out that this type of plant can deliver the refinery’s variable requirements for process steam without materially affecting the ability to generate firm power at high thermal efficiencies. However, high-sulphur fuels require higher exit-gas temperatures in order to avoid air-preheater corrosion, with resultant lower boiler efficiencies.
Heat-Rate Test Results of the 100,000-Kw Essex Turbine Generator
Authors: Renton Vinal S. , Neal Stanford 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A 3600-rpm, tandem compound, 100,000-kw turbine generator was recently installed at the Essex Generating Station of the Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey. Since it was, at that time, the largest machine of its type ever built, the first of a new class, and had initial steam conditions of 1250 psig and 1000 F, careful and extensive heat-rate tests were made jointly by the operating company and the manufacturer. The paper presents the results of the tests as an example of progress made in power-generating equipment.
High-Pressure Vessels in Coal-Hydrogenation Service
Authors: Donovan J. T. , Josenhans M. , Markovits J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The converters have to be built to resist 10,000 psi pressure and 1000 F temperature, complicated by hydrogen attack and H2S corrosion. The three different designs proposed by American manufacturers are compared, and the vessels accepted for the plant are described in detail. The German spirally wound construction is discussed, and its expected advantages are enumerated.
High-Pressure (10,300 Psi) Piping, Flanged Joints, Fittings, and Valves for Coal-Hydrogenation Service
Authors: Sandaker J. H. , Markovits J. A. , Bredtschneider K. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The high-pressure piping components used in the coal-hydrogenation process are described briefly. Some factors considered in design are given. In addition, a short discourse on future design for commercial-scale plants is included.
The Influence of Shape of Cross Section on the Flexural Fatigue Strength of Steel
Authors: Dolan T. J. , McClow J. H. , Craig W. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
It is not generally known or recognized that the flexural fatigue strength of a beam may be influenced to an appreciable extent by the shape of cross section of the member. In order to obtain further information on the magnitude of this shape effect, flexural fatigue tests were made employing four different shapes of cross section for each of two different steels. The results of these tests are compared and analyzed to clarify or explain some of the shape factors that may be of importance in affecting fatigue behavior. It is concluded that variations in residual stress or alterations of properties due to method of machining the different shapes play only a minor part in affecting the relative endurance limits. The susceptibility to localized inelastic action as governed by the shape of cross section and by the presence of “sore spots,” such as outward projecting corners, are tentatively believed to be the primary elements leading to the differences noted in flexural fatigue strengths.
Selection of Steam Conditions for No. 4 Unit—Riverside Generating Station
Authors: Dannettel R. C. , Harris G. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In the summer of 1948, the Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore ordered a 75,000kw-capability, 3600-rpm, straight-condensing unit for installation as No. 4 Unit in its Riverside Generating Station. This selection was made after consideration of units both for straight-condensing and reheat cycles and was based upon judgment that the nonreheat unit should be more economical in total dollar costs to the company during the life of the unit.
Experimental Technique in Pressure-Vessel Testing
Authors: Kooistra L. F. , Blaser R. U. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The latest designs of pressure vessels for high-pressure boiler service have been investigated by means of experimental stress analysis and hydraulic fatigue tests. Methods have been developed to measure strain on the inside as well as on the outside of pressure vessels under internal pressure. Pulsating hydraulic fatigue tests were conducted on full-scale high-pressure drums. Scale-model vessels of about one tenth actual size were similarly tested in a saturated-steam and water atmosphere of 2000 psi. The technique used in these tests, and the special apparatus built for the purpose are described.
Determination of ASME Nozzle Coefficients for Variable Nozzle External Dimensions
Authors: Folsom R. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Specifications for ASME long-radius nozzles do not include external dimensions. A series of tests have been made in an 8-in. pipe to determine the influence of the external nozzle diameter on pressures measured at several points downstream from the nozzle flange. The results are expressed in terms of per cent of the differential head measured at the standard corner tap locations.
Heat-Transfer Rates in Centrifugal Compressors and the Effect of Internal Liquid Cooling on Performance
Authors: Trumpler W. E. , Frederick R. W. , Trumpler P. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper makes a preliminary exploration of the cooling rates which may be obtained in the internal passages of a centrifugal compressor. A mechanism for such calculations is proposed, data are given and correlated, and the results are used for prediction of performance of a compressor pumping 7500 cfm air to 100 psi, assuming various cooling arrangements.
The Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Cyclically Loaded Bearings
Authors: Simons E. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The results of an experimental investigation of lubricating-film thicknesses in a journal bearing subjected to various loading conditions are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. General agreement with the theory has been found, except in the important cases of rotating and sinusoidally alternating loads applied at one half the frequency of shaft rotation. Here, instead of the theoretical eccentricity ratio of unity, finite film thicknesses have been observed. Free whirling in an unloaded bearing has been found to occur at slightly less than one half the shaft speed. High steady loads, high shaft speeds, and low lubricant viscosities have been found to inhibit journal whirl. The dependence of eccentricity ratio upon the extent of film rupture has been demonstrated for steady loads.
The Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchanger as Applied to an Oxygen Plant: Plate and Interrupted Strip-Fin Design
Authors: Simpelaar Clyde , Aronson David 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The construction and performance of high-efficiency (95 per cent) counterflow heat exchangers is reported. These exchangers are of the finned-plate type employing interrupted strip fins. Comparison is made between test-core results and performance of large-size units installed in a tonnage gaseous-oxygen plant. Heat-transfer results were in good agreement but measured pressure drops on the large-size units were considerably higher than predicted from test-core results, possibly due to losses at end connections. Successful development of the true counter-flow gas-to-gas exchanger adds flexibility to the design of low-pressure gas cycles as in oxygen plants, permitting the substitution of heat exchangers for regenerators.
Design of Regenerators for Gas-Turbine Service
Authors: Aronson David 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method for designing gas-turbine regenerators with particular reference to the condition of space being the principal limitation on design. For the plate-fin structure a procedure is given for arriving at maximum performance attainable in a given volume of regenerator core, and for calculating the fin patterns and plate spacings required to obtain such maximum performance. For the tubular-type regenerator a method of arriving at optimum tube spacings is presented.
Correlation of Plastic Deformation During Metal Cutting With Tensile Properties of the Work Material
Authors: Lapsley J. T. , Grassi R. C. , Thomsen E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An experimental correlation of plastic deformation occurring during metal cutting with the plastic deformation in tension of the work material; an analysis permitting comparison of these two states of strain is presented. Orthogonal cutting of seamless steel tubing was employed for feeds of 0.0025–0.0085 in. per revolution (ipr), and positive rake angles of 25–45 deg. Deformation and forces of cutting were obtained from chip measurement and from a tool dynamometer employing resistance strain gages. The agreement obtained indicates that the tensile properties of the work material may offer a useful index to metal-cutting performance.
Improved Nails: Their Driving Resistance, Withdrawal Resistance, and Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity
Authors: Stern E. George 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Approximately 3600 tests were performed on the driving resistance, withdrawal resistance, lateral load-carrying capacity, withdrawal, and deformation of 2, 2½, 3, 3½, and 4-in-long plain-shank, spirally grooved, and annularly grooved nails in southern yellow pine, white oak, and beech, in order to make available comparative test and design information on these nails. Data on nail properties, as influenced by nail type, size, point, shank pilot, steel composition, heat-treatment, cement coating, wood species, wood density, and annual rings of the wood are presented to help in determining the type of nail most suitable for specific applications. At a later date a report will be issued on the effects of change in moisture content and elapsed time after driving, on the foregoing test variables, since these factors could not be investigated until after the test planks had been air-seasoned. Such a study was made possible because all nails for tests on withdrawal resistance and lateral load-carrying capacity were driven at that time of test performance when oak and beech were green and pine was partially air-dry.
Possibilities of the Regenerative Steam Cycle at Temperatures Up to 1600 F
Authors: Knowlton P. H. , Hartwell R. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The regenerative-steam-cycle heat-rate gains that may be realized at temperatures up to 1600 F are presented in this paper. These gains are calculated for a theoretical cycle and also for a practical cycle wherein such losses as extraction-piping pressure drop, heater-terminal temperature differences, and the like, are considered. An economic evaluation of the anticipated turbine heat-rate differences for various throttle conditions is presented. This evaluation includes such factors as fuel costs, load characteristics, auxiliary-power requirements, boiler efficiencies, and annual fixed charges. A method of comparing the heat-rate gains due to higher steam temperatures with those made possible by resuperheating is provided.
Latest Technique for Quick Starts on Large Turbines and Boilers
Authors: Falkner J. C. , Napier D. W. , Kellstedt C. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The first quick starts made on the 1200-psi 900 F topping turbines at the Waterside Station were described in a paper presented in June, 1947. The purpose of the present paper is to review the high lights of the earlier presentation and to relate the developments since then.
Measurement of Temperatures in High-Velocity Steam
Authors: Murdock J. W. , Fiock E. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The demand for more accurate values of thermal efficiencies in modern steam power plants, together with the fact that the velocity of steam is often so high that the impact effect upon temperature-measuring instruments can no longer be neglected, has created a need for improved temperature instrumentation. Studies have been made of the performance, in moving air and steam, of various total-temperature-type wells suitable for use in steam at operating conditions. The instruments recommended for such applications, constructed so that the sensing element is surrounded by nearly stagnant steam, have temperature-recovery factors above 0.9, which do not change significantly with either the medium, its temperature, or its pressure. Although additional work remains to be done on reducing their sensitivity to flow direction and pattern, these wells, when installed in straight pipes through which steam is flowing at any velocity up to 725 fps, yield total enthalpies which are accurate to within 1 Btu per lb.
Relay Servomechanisms: The Shunt-Motor Servo With Inertia Load
Authors: Rogers T. A. , Hurty W. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper develops the theory of the shunt-motor relay servomechanism in terms of dimensionless motor parameters. Operating curves are drawn in the phase plane illustrating the effect of parameter changes on the stability of the servo for three forms of input signal. The first two forms of input signal, a step function and a uniform variation with time, have been discussed before and are included only for completeness. The third form of input signal, a sine function, is of most interest and is treated at greater length. The phase-plane curves, obtained from a differential analyzer, show three modes of operation which have been related to the servomechanism parameters by a relatively simple expression.
Does completion of radical hysterectomy improve oncological outcomes of women with clinical early-stage cervical cancer and intraoperative detection of nodal involvement?: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hu Cui , Xu Yu , Zhang Qianwen , Liu Qing , Du Yi , Jia Ya , He Yue-Dong , Zheng Ai , Xu Hui , Cui Shuang-Shuang , Tian Yong , Ran Lin , Ke Fengmei 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionThe management of women with clinical early-stage cervical cancer and lymph node involvement detected intraoperatively is heterogeneous and controversial. This paper presents the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the management of this specific population of patients. This proposed study aims to answer the question: does completion of radical hysterectomy improve the oncological outcomes of women with clinical early-stage cervical cancer and intraoperatively detected nodal involvement?Methods and analysisThis protocol is drafted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines, and the proposed study will be conducted in accordance with the standard guidelines of ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses’ and ‘Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology reporting guideline’. Comprehensive literature searches will be performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The screening of the eligible studies, the extraction of data of interest, and the quality assessment of the included studies will all be independently performed by different members of our team. The primary outcome of this proposed study will be comparing the risk of recurrence or death from cervical cancer and the risk of all-cause death in patients with two different treatments (completion of radical hysterectomy or abandonment of radical hysterectomy); the secondary outcome of this proposed study will be comparing the risk of the grade 3/4 toxicities associated with the two types of management. Given the clinical heterogeneity among the included studies, data on outcomes will be pooled by random-effects models. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic. The risk of bias for the included studies will be evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or the Cochrane collaboration’s tool. The grade of evidence will be evaluated by two independent members of our team using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required because there will no primary data collected. The findings of this proposed study will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021273527.