bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TURING DEGREES AND KEISLER’S ORDER
Authors: MALLIARIS MARYANTHE , SHELAH SAHARON 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere is a Turing functional
$\Phi $
taking
$A^\prime $
to a theory
$T_A$
whose complexity is exactly that of the jump of A, and which has the property that
$A \leq _T B$
if and only if
$T_A \trianglelefteq T_B$
in Keisler’s order. In fact, by more elaborate means and related theories, we may keep the complexity at the level of A without using the jump.
Mango phenology and fruit fly population dynamics in the transition zone of Ghana
Authors: Narveh Awarikabey Ernestina , Afun Jakpasu Victor Kofi , Osekre Enoch Adjei , Billah Maxwell Kelvin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCrop phenological studies are vital in the formulation of effective integrated pest management packages. A 2-year phenological study spanning 2017–2019 was conducted in eight mango orchards in the transition zone of Ghana, to determine the relationship between the aggregation of culprit fruit fly species and the phenology of the mango crop. A total of 160 shoots were tagged and observed weekly for the plant's developmental processes using the Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie mango phenological scale as a guide. Fruit fly monitoring was conducted with two para pheromone attractants (methyl eugenol and terpinyl acetate) in 32 improvised traps. Host fruits sampled at colour break and ripe stages were incubated to identify culprit species. Significant infestation levels were assessed with one way analysis of variance. Three culprit species (Bactrocera dorsalis, Ceratitis cosyra and Ceratitis ditissima) emerged from incubated fruits. Co-infestation between B. dorsalis and C. cosyra was observed mostly at colour break. A residual population of B. dorsalis was observed throughout the crop cycle but peaked at the colour break phenological stage in May and early June, and dropped in August (at post-harvest). The interaction among fruit fly species, season, fruit source and phenological stage of the fruit was significant (P = 0.016). C. cosyra appeared at the beginning of anthesis, increased during flowering to fruit set and peaked in April when fruits were nearing maturity and green. It is therefore important that management practices are implemented throughout the phenological cycle of the crop but intensified from anthesis to post-harvest to reduce pest populations and damage.
Audit of middle-ear surgery outcomes in a tertiary referral Australian teaching hospital
Authors: Shah S , Ahmadzada S , Hitos K , da Cruz M 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to audit middle-ear surgical procedures, provide a record of Australian experiences and allow comparisons with other published audits.MethodA retrospective continuous series audit was conducted on 274 patients who underwent tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy and stapedotomy surgery at Westmead Hospital, Sydney. All consecutive surgical procedures, performed by multiple operators at various stages of training but under the care of a single surgeon, were included.ResultsGraft uptake was 86.9 per cent in tympanoplasty. Well healed cavities were seen in 72 per cent of mastoidectomies. Although 42 per cent of the patients had one or more co-morbidities, this did not influence the outcome. Hearing improvement was dramatic in stapedotomy and minimally changed in mastoidectomy. Post-operative complications were minimal.ConclusionAll forms of middle-ear surgery were effective in achieving their surgical goals. Aural discharge and inflammatory diseases were well controlled with tympanoplasty and mastoid surgery.
The old gods as a live possibility: on the rational feasibility of non-doxastic paganism
Authors: Palmqvist Carl-Johan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPagan revivalism is a growing trend in the contemporary religious landscape. Is it possible to be a neopagan without disregarding the demands of reason? While outright belief in the old gods seems out of the question, I argue that polytheism represents a live epistemic possibility, and that non-doxastic paganism is therefore a viable option. However, the rational, non-doxastic neopagan should only commit to general polytheism, rather than a detailed, specific pagan pantheon (such as the Greek or Old Norse). I also suggest that the ancient pagan conception of the divine as radically immanent must be rejected.
Politicised Bureaucrats: Conflicting Loyalties, Professionalism and the Law in the Making of Public Services
Authors: Andreetta Sophie , Kolloch Annalena 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOver recent years, public servants from across the world, from French nurses and Belgian social workers to Beninese judges, have been protesting their governments. These protests, some even overt, have erupted in response to specific policies imposed on them or needing to be enforced by them. This Special Issue, however, delves into diverse processes, strategies, actions and practices adopted by civil servants in delivering or administering a public service, be that health care, education, welfare and the like, by extension, seeking to redefine the state or the experience of the state (as a body of institutions, services, public policies, etc.) at the micro-level. Often daily practices of public servants when administering public services directly or indirectly challenge and undermine such legal and policy directives of the government that defy their own idea(l)s of stateness. These findings are drawn from recent works on the making of stateness, which explore the day-to-day work of public servants, especially their interaction with users and their exercise of discretion in implementing public policies. The studies focus on how public servants critically engage with the state and interrogate its policies, mainly to instil (or prevent) political change. A critical engagement with the conflicting loyalties of individual bureaucrats will expand our current understanding of street-level bureaucracies. That also entails observing and analysing their ambivalent responses to new governmental injunctions on a day-to-day basis and their attempts to reinterpret and redefine professionalism as they navigate their conflicting loyalties.
Crime wars: Operational perspectives on criminal armed groups in Mexico and Brazil
Authors: Sullivan John P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractViolent conflicts involving non-State armed groups challenge conventional perceptions of war and armed conflict. Criminal enterprises (transnational organized criminal groups including gangs and cartels) are involved in violent competition for both profit and territorial control in many parts of the world. This paper examines the situation in Mexico and Brazil as case studies to assess the legal challenges to criminal armed violence when criminal groups battle among themselves and the State. The paper focuses on the operational challenges and considerations facing police, military, and security forces and justice institutions to illuminate the legal challenges.
Opening Pandora's box: The case of Mexico and the threshold of non-international armed conflicts
Authors: Padin Juan Francisco 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article addresses the situation of Mexican cartels in relation to the applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL). The analysis starts with a theoretical examination of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia criteria on intensity of violence and level of organization established for assessing the existence of an organized armed group in the context of a non-international armed conflict. The article further examines legal and non-legal literature with the purpose of providing elements to consider the rightness of applying IHL to criminal organizations, also considering similar scenarios in Latin America. The aim of this assessment is to provide additional elements for the consideration of whether IHL is suitable when addressing confrontations between certain criminal gangs and States. Additionally, the article assesses how the commercial purposes of these groups affect their organization and the nature of the violence in which they engage.
Harvesting vulnerability: The challenges of organ trafficking in armed conflict
Authors: Martial Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractArmed conflicts leave populations vulnerable to organ trafficking, a criminal enterprise with little international regulation when viewed separately from human trafficking. The Council of Europe's Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs is the only instrument to contemplate the responsibility of actors involved in organ trafficking, but traffickers may go unpunished due to its limited scope. Yet in armed conflict, international humanitarian law offers additional protection. The rules protecting the living and the dead against ill-treatment provide the basic level of protection necessary to consider the international responsibility of organ trafficking networks and the individual criminal responsibility of their members.
Nitrogen Isotopes of Sinking Particles Reveal the Seasonal Transition of the Nitrogen Source for Phytoplankton
Authors: Yoshikawa Chisato , Ogawa Nanako O. , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Makabe Akiko , Matsui Yohei , Sasai Yoshikazu , Wakita Masahide , Honda Makio C. , Mino Yoshihisa , Aita Maki N. , Fujiki Tetsuichi , Nunoura Takuro , Harada Naomi , Ohkouchi Naohiko 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the high‐productivity subarctic ocean, phytoplankton growth is assumed to rely mainly on nitrate, based on snapshot observations conducted in spring or summer. However, the year‐round utilization of nitrate and ammonium by phytoplankton remains unexplored. Here, we show the seasonal transition of the dominant nitrogen source for phytoplankton by using the nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of nitrate, ammonium, and sinking particles in the northwestern North Pacific. To decouple the combined effects of nitrogen sources for phytoplankton and subsequent trophic transfers in δ15N of sinking particles, we used compound‐specific δ15N analysis of amino acids (δ15NAA) in sinking particles. The seasonal change in δ15NAA revealed that most of the seasonal variation in δ15N of sinking particles arose from changes in the availability of nitrogenous nutrients in the euphotic layer. The δ15N of sinking particles suggested that the dominant nitrogen source for phytoplankton switches from nitrate to ammonium in autumn.
Late Quaternary Slip Rates for the Hyde and Dunstan Faults, Southern New Zealand: Implications for Strain Migration in a Slowly Deforming Continental Plate Margin
Authors: Griffin Jonathan D. , Stirling Mark W. , Wilcken Klaus M. , Barrell David J. A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractReverse faulting in Otago, southern New Zealand, accommodates distributed tectonic convergence on the eastern side of the Australian‐Pacific plate boundary. Paleoearthquake records from some of the faults in the region show highly variable earthquake recurrence times, with long periods of quiescence separated by periods of earthquake activity. Here we develop a longer‐term context for these records, using cosmogenic radionuclide dating of faulted alluvial fan surfaces to characterize the late Quaternary slip rates on two significant faults within the system, the Hyde and Dunstan faults. We determine an average slip rate of 0.24 mm/yr (0.19–0.29 mm/yr at 95% confidence) for the Hyde Fault since about 115 ka, and an average slip rate of 0.16 mm/yr (0.12–0.21 mm/yr) for the Dunstan Fault since about 320 ka. Both faults show increases in slip rate of a factor of three to five times the average long‐term rate over timescales of 10 kyr. Increases in slip rate are out of phase on the two faults, supporting a hypothesis that strain is shared within the fault system over timescales on the order of 10 kyr. Over longer timescales, on the order of 100 kyr, slip rates can be well‐approximated by a linear fit, providing an upper limit on the variability of fault slip rates with time.
ABCB1 variants and sex affect serotonin transporter occupancy in the brain
Authors: Silberbauer Leo R. , Rischka Lucas , Vraka Chrysoula , Hartmann Annette M. , Godbersen Godber Mathis , Philippe Cécile , Pacher Daniel , Nics Lukas , Klöbl Manfred , Unterholzner Jakob , Stimpfl Thomas , Wadsak Wolfgang , Hahn Andreas , Hacker Marcus , Rujescu Dan , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert , Gryglewski Gregor 
Published: September 2022

AbstractStrategies to personalize psychopharmacological treatment promise to improve efficacy and tolerability. We measured serotonin transporter occupancy immediately after infusion of the widely prescribed P-glycoprotein substrate citalopram and assessed to what extent variants of the ABCB1 gene affect drug target engagement in the brain in vivo. A total of 79 participants (39 female) including 31 patients with major depression and 48 healthy volunteers underwent two PET/MRI scans with the tracer [11C]DASB and placebo-controlled infusion of citalopram (8 mg) in a cross-over design. We tested the effect of six ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found lower SERT occupancy in ABCB1 rs2235015 minor allele carriers (n = 26, MAF = 0.18) compared to major allele homozygotes (t73 = 2.73, pFWE < 0.05) as well as in men compared to women (t73 = 3.33, pFWE < 0.05). These effects were robust to correction for citalopram plasma concentration, age and diagnosis. From occupancy we derived the ratio of occupied to unoccupied SERT, because in theory this measure is equal to the product of drug affinity and concentration at target sites. A model combining genotype with basic clinical variables, predicted that, at the same dosage, occupied to unoccupied SERT ratio was −14.48 ± 5.38% lower in rs2235015 minor allele carriers, +19.10 ± 6.95% higher in women, −4.83 ± 2.70% lower per 10 kg bodyweight, and −2.68 ± 3.07% lower per 10 years of age. Our results support the exploration of clinical algorithms with adjustment of initial citalopram dosing and highlight the potential of imaging-genetics for precision pharmacotherapy in psychiatry.
Cell-type specific synaptic plasticity in dorsal striatum is associated with punishment-resistance compulsive-like cocaine self-administration in mice
Authors: Pascoli Vincent , Hiver Agnès , Li Yue , Harada Masaya , Esmaeili Vahid , Lüscher Christian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAddiction-related compulsion-like behavior can be modeled in rodents with drug self-administration (SA) despite harmful consequences. Recent studies suggest that the potentiation of glutamatergic transmission at the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to dorsal striatum (DS) synapses drives the transition from controlled to compulsion-like SA. However, the timing of the induction of this synaptic plasticity remains elusive. Here, mice were first allowed to intravenously self-administer cocaine. When mice had to endure a risk of electrical foot shock, only a fraction persevered in cocaine SA. In these persevering mice, we recorded high A/N ratios (AMPA-R/NMDA-R: α-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) in both types of spiny projection neurons (i.e., D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-expressing SPNs). By contrast, when we prepared slices at the end of the acquisition period, in all mice, the A/N was high in D1R- but not D2R-SPNs. These results indicate that the transition to compulsion-like cocaine SA emerges during the punishment sessions, where synapses onto D2R-SPNs are strengthened. In renouncing individuals, the cocaine-evoked strengthening in D1R-SPNs is lost. Our study thus reveals the cell-type specific sequence of the induction of plasticity that eventually may cause compulsion-like SA.
Tobacco carcinogen induces tryptophan metabolism and immune suppression via induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
Authors: Liang Fan , Wang Gui-Zhen , Wang Yan , Yang Ya-Ning , Wen Zhe-Sheng , Chen Dong-Ni , Fang Wen-Feng , Zhang Bin , Yang Lu , Zhang Chen , Han Si-Chong , Yang Fu-Ying , Wang Di , Liang Li-Jun , Wang Zheng , Zhao Yong , Wang Chang-Li , Zhang Li , Zhou Guang-Biao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the enzyme that catabolizes tryptophan (Trp) metabolism to promote regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppress CD8+ T cells, is regulated by several intrinsic signaling pathways. Here, we found that tobacco smoke, a major public health concern that kills 8 million people each year worldwide, induced IDO1 in normal and malignant lung epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The carcinogen nicotine-derived nitrosaminoketone (NNK) was the tobacco compound that upregulated IDO1 via activation of the transcription factor c-Jun, which has a binding site for the IDO1 promoter. The NNK receptor α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) was required for NNK-induced c-Jun activation and IDO1 upregulation. In A/J mice, NNK reduced CD8+ T cells and increased Tregs. Clinically, smoker patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibited high IDO1 levels and low Trp/kynurenine (Kyn) ratios. In NSCLC patients, smokers with lower IDO1 responded better to anti-PD1 antibody treatment than those with higher IDO1. These data indicate that tobacco smoke induces IDO1 to catabolize Trp metabolism and immune suppression to promote carcinogenesis, and lower IDO1 might be a potential biomarker for anti-PD1 antibodies in smoker patients, whereas IDO1-high smoker patients might benefit from IDO1 inhibitors in combination with anti-PD1 antibodies.
Multiomics approach reveals the ubiquitination-specific processes hijacked by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xu Gang , Wu Yezi , Xiao Tongyang , Qi Furong , Fan Lujie , Zhang Shengyuan , Zhou Jian , He Yanhua , Gao Xiang , Zeng Hongxiang , Li Yunfei , Zhang Zheng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic that seriously threatens health and socioeconomic development, but the existed antiviral drugs and vaccines still cannot yet halt the spread of the epidemic. Therefore, a comprehensive and profound understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is urgently needed to explore effective therapeutic targets. Here, we conducted a multiomics study of SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and ubiquitinomic. Multiomics analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells activated strong innate immune response, including interferon and inflammatory responses. Ubiquitinomic further reveals the underlying mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 disrupting the host innate immune response. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found to be ubiquitinated during infection despite the fact that SARS-CoV-2 itself didn’t code any E3 ligase, and that ubiquitination at three sites on the Spike protein could significantly enhance viral infection. Further screening of the E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) library revealed four E3 ligases influencing SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus providing several new antiviral targets. This multiomics combined with high-throughput screening study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 not only modulates innate immunity, but also promotes viral infection, by hijacking ubiquitination-specific processes, highlighting potential antiviral and anti-inflammation targets.
Identification of trypsin-degrading commensals in the large intestine
Authors: Li Youxian , Watanabe Eiichiro , Kawashima Yusuke , Plichta Damian R. , Wang Zhujun , Ujike Makoto , Ang Qi Yan , Wu Runrun , Furuichi Munehiro , Takeshita Kozue , Yoshida Koji , Nishiyama Keita , Kearney Sean M. , Suda Wataru , Hattori Masahira , Sasajima Satoshi , Matsunaga Takahiro , Zhang Xiaoxi , Watanabe Kazuto , Fujishiro Jun , Norman Jason M. , Olle Bernat , Matsuyama Shutoku , Namkoong Ho , Uwamino Yoshifumi , Ishii Makoto , Fukunaga Koichi , Hasegawa Naoki , Ohara Osamu , Xavier Ramnik J. , Atarashi Koji , Honda Kenya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIncreased levels of proteases, such as trypsin, in the distal intestine have been implicated in intestinal pathological conditions1–3. However, the players and mechanisms that underlie protease regulation in the intestinal lumen have remained unclear. Here we show that Paraprevotella strains isolated from the faecal microbiome of healthy human donors are potent trypsin-degrading commensals. Mechanistically, Paraprevotella recruit trypsin to the bacterial surface through type IX secretion system-dependent polysaccharide-anchoring proteins to promote trypsin autolysis. Paraprevotella colonization protects IgA from trypsin degradation and enhances the effectiveness of oral vaccines against Citrobacter rodentium. Moreover, Paraprevotella colonization inhibits lethal infection with murine hepatitis virus-2, a mouse coronavirus that is dependent on trypsin and trypsin-like proteases for entry into host cells4,5. Consistently, carriage of putative genes involved in trypsin degradation in the gut microbiome was associated with reduced severity of diarrhoea in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, trypsin-degrading commensal colonization may contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and protection from pathogen infection.
Gut–brain circuits for fat preference
Authors: Li Mengtong , Tan Hwei-Ee , Lu Zhengyuan , Tsang Katherine S. , Chung Ashley J. , Zuker Charles S. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe perception of fat evokes strong appetitive and consummatory responses1. Here we show that fat stimuli can induce behavioural attraction even in the absence of a functional taste system2,3. We demonstrate that fat acts after ingestion via the gut–brain axis to drive preference for fat. Using single-cell data, we identified the vagal neurons responding to intestinal delivery of fat, and showed that genetic silencing of this gut-to-brain circuit abolished the development of fat preference. Next, we compared the gut-to-brain pathways driving preference for fat versus sugar4, and uncovered two parallel systems, one functioning as a general sensor of essential nutrients, responding to intestinal stimulation with sugar, fat and amino acids, whereas the other is activated only by fat stimuli. Finally, we engineered mice lacking candidate receptors to detect the presence of intestinal fat, and validated their role as the mediators of gut-to-brain fat-evoked responses. Together, these findings reveal distinct cells and receptors that use the gut–brain axis as a fundamental conduit for the development of fat preference.