bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Feminist Theory of Mental Content
Authors: Maitra Keya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA feminist theory of content allows us to appreciate the nuanced role that historical and sociocultural forces play in shaping the content of many of our terms. This chapter first shows how the classic articulation of externalism in literature is ineffective for feminist purposes. It then identifies two important ingredients that a feminist theory of content requires, namely, accounts of how the social and physical world shape content and what is required to transform that content. The final part of the argument develops the first approximation of a feminist theory of content drawing from Ruth Garrett Millikan’s “consumer” account of meaning and mental representation. Using as an example José Jorge Mendoza’s analysis of how the history of US immigration and citizenship law has shaped the term “whiteness,” this chapter argues that feminist theorizing and activism stand to benefit from the possibility of a feminist theory of mental content that makes explicit how the contents of many terms with social and political import are determined and held stable.
Embodiments of Sex and Gender
Authors: Jackson Gabrielle Benette 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feminists of embodiment embrace the idea that sex and gender are bodily practices, constituted by the social forces of history, society, ideology, and culture. But how do social forces form bodily behavior into the regular arrangements intelligible as feminine or masculine (gender), female or male (sex)? This chapter argues that in place of answers to this question, currently, there are metaphors—“the metaphors of speaking surfaces.” These metaphors entail a false dilemma, trading individual agency for an increasingly complex tale of sex and gender. The chapter suggests moving away from the metaphors of speaking surfaces and toward precise descriptions of sex and gender that employ the notion of “bodily agency,” a personal-level phenomenon, wherein the body both responds to social forces and projects a social milieu.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The introduction lays out the chief contours of Frances Willard’s life and her importance as a historical figure. Emphasizing what she called “Do Everything” reform, Willard led the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) between 1879 until her death in 1898, turning it into one of the largest women’s organizations in the world. Lionized in the years after her death as perhaps the most iconic nineteenth-century woman, many aspects of Willard’s historical legacy have been lost with the passing of time. The chapter underscores the importance of Willard’s Christian faith, noting that she was one of the most important figures in nineteenth-century American Methodism. The chapter also calls attention to Willard’s importance as a figure in American religious history, particularly in relationship to recovering the importance of women’s history for interpreting Willard’s era.
“Dawn of Woman’s Day”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the continuing evolution of Frances Willard’s views on woman suffrage by the end of the 1880s. Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Willard played key roles in establishing the International Council of Women and the National Council of Women in 1888. Serving as inaugural president of the National Council of Women, Willard helped forge a broader movement of women’s clubs that emerged by the end of the decade. The chapter also explores tensions between Willard and leaders of the woman suffrage movement who objected to Willard’s insistence in tying together suffrage and temperance with support of the Prohibition Party. It also explores Willard’s deepening progressivism through the influence of Edward Bellamy and his popular 1888 novel, Looking Backward.
“Gospel Socialism”
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at Frances Willard’s career around the time of her fiftieth birthday at the end of the 1880s. Drawn into a movement called Christian socialism, Willard became a close colleague of Episcopal priest W. D. P. Bliss and an associate editor of his Christian socialist newspaper, The Dawn. Showing the influence of the British social critic John Ruskin, Willard’s growing stress on Christian socialism put her at odds with various factions in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The chapter highlights the culmination of her feud with J. Ellen Foster over Willard’s endorsement of the Prohibition Party. This feud led Foster in 1889 to create a new woman’s temperance organization, the Nonpartisan WCTU.
One Lord Jesus Christ
Authors: Cockayne Joshua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 seeks to offer a model for understanding the claim that the Church is the body of Christ. After considering Gregory of Nyssa’s reflections on the Church as the body of Christ, the chapter seeks to offer a philosophical model which can help elucidate his claims. It argues that recent work on the nature of extended cognition in the philosophy of mind can help to shed light on the relation between the one Church and the one body of Christ. As both Richard Cross and James Arcadi have shown, this philosophical literature (which seeks to show that cognition can be extended beyond the human brain into external artefacts) can help provide models for understanding both the Incarnation and the Eucharist. Here, both Cross’ and Arcadi’s incarnational metaphysics are developed to explain how the Church might be thought of as the body of Christ. However, unlike the Eucharist and the Incarnation, the doctrine of the Church does not think of Christ as extended into some artefact or tangible object, but into a social body. To give a metaphysics of the Church as the body of Christ, then, the chapter builds on work in socially extended cognition, which seeks to show the ways in which minds are extended into other minds. This can provide one model for thinking about how the Church as a group agent might participate in the body of Christ.
One Bread, One Cup
Authors: Cockayne Joshua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Whereas baptism is a once in a lifetime sign of our membership in the one Church, the Eucharist stands a perpetual sign of our membership into the body. Chapter 5 argues that the Eucharist is central to our understanding of how we participate in the one body of the Church by sharing the body of Christ in the one bread. First, drawing from recent work in social psychology, it reflects on the significance of shared experiences and ritualized movement for community cohesion, arguing that this might play a role in the outward forms of unity in the Church. While these accounts can explain the psychological mechanisms behind the Eucharist as a human ritual, and thereby provide some explanation of how the Spirit enacts unity through the sacraments of the Church, an account which is solely psychological risks locating unity in the wrong place. Secondly, then, the chapter offers an account of the Eucharist as unitive through the real presence of Christ. Here, it develops a discussion from the American Reformed theologian John Williamson Nevin as he seeks to emphasize the importance of Christ’s presence in the Eucharist for uniting the Church.
A Provisional Conception of Human Flourishing
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter specifies and defends the conception of human flourishing that is to be incorporated into the perfectionist principles of justice. The author rejects several prominent conceptions of human flourishing that have been defended by previous perfectionists (namely, Christian, Confucian and Aristotelian conceptions) on the grounds that they are subject to reasonable disagreement and so are not legitimate sources of political reasons under conditions of reasonable pluralism, even if true. Instead, the author defends a more free-standing conception that holds that, at least for political purposes, human flourishing consists in the enjoyment of moral, intellectual and artistic excellence. It is stressed that this is a provisional free-standing conception of human flourishing: it is a reasonable approximation, but it is open to refinement and revision as a result of a broader process of philosophical inquiry into the nature of human flourishing. This conception is then defended against two objections: that the selection of moral, intellectual and artistic excellence is arbitrary, since no mention is made of the deeper feature that explains why all and only these excellences contribute to human flourishing; and that enjoyment and excellence are not strictly necessary conditions of human flourishing because excellence devoid of enjoyment and enjoyment devoid of excellence can both contribute to human flourishing.
Measures
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this introductory chapter the authors outline the study of measure theory, a topic that spans Chapters 1–3 and most of Chapter 4. First the chapter introduces positive measure spaces and Lebesgue integration on them. It then proves several fundamental convergence theorems. It next covers various topics, which include Lp-spaces, the inner product, the “Little” Riesz representation theorem, and the Lebesgue–Radon–Nikodym theorem, and provides a first look at the Hilbert space. It then explains complex measures, notions of convergence, convergence on a finite measure space, distribution function, and Egoroff’s theorem. It also explores the distribution function of a measurable function, and the truncation of a function. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Construction of measures
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce a powerful technique due to Caratheodory for constructing positive measures from primitive objects called semi-measures on semi-algebras. In contrast to σ-algebras, which are normally “big” and intangible, semi-algebras are often “small” and concrete. We use this method to construct the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measures, a special case of which is the Lebesgue measure, which is roughly the “length measure” on the real line, and it covers the structure of measurable sets. We apply Caratheodory’s extension theorem to construct the product of two positive measure spaces and prove the theorems of Fubini and Tonelli. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Banach algebras
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the study of Banach algebras, and sets the tone for the discussion that continues later in Chapters 11–13. We present and investigate the spectrum of elements in Banach algebras. We next discuss commutative Banach algebras as well as the Gelfand representation. We define C*-algebras and use the foregoing to prove the celebrated commutative Gelfand–Naimark theorem characterizing commutative C*-algebras. The continuous operational calculus of normal elements in C*-algebras is then introduced and explored. The chapter also provides a short discussion on the Arens products on the double dual of a Banach algebra. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Von Neumann algebras
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Continuing on from Chapter 11, Chapter 12 furthers the discussion of C*-algebras. This chapter is devoted to a particular class of C*-algebras called von Neumann algebras. The chapter presents the two great foundations of von Neumann algebra theory, which are the double commutant theorem of von Neumann and the density theorem of Kaplansky with respect to the strong operator topology. In addition, it discusses the polar decomposition of operators, W*-algebras, Hilbert–Schmidt operators, and trace-class operators. It then explores the topics of commutative von Neumann algebras, as well as the enveloping von Neumann algebra of a C*-algebra. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Postmodern Macroeconomics
Authors: Beenstock Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractApplied macroeconomics during the last quarter of a century has undergone a postmodernist revolution. Data are not used to test models, but to infer the parameters of DSGE models using methods such as calibration, under the assumption that the model is ‘true’. This revolution was intended as a response to the Lucas critique. Lucas contended that econometricians were rejecting too many “good models.” It is ironic, therefore, that the spread of calibration has led to the acceptance of too many “bad models.” These bad models led central bankers astray, and contributed to the eventual adoption of zero interest policy. The emergence of the New Abnormal cannot be disconnected from the spread of postmodernism in applied macroeconomics. Modernist (frequentist) methods have recently been developed to test models empirically based on indirect inference. These methods strongly reject DSGE models, such as the seminal Smets-Wouters model.
The Racial Artist Confronts the Blacklist
Authors: De Santis Christopher C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hughes struggled throughout his career with an early decision to make a living solely as a writer, discovering that an international literary reputation was no panacea for the personal economic impact that racism, prejudice, and discrimination had on his basic, material existence. Passionate about Black theatre, he found many doors closed to him in his attempts to place dramas about Black life. Publishing companies balked at bringing out work about racial violence that might make White readers uncomfortable. Some libraries in the United States refused to stock books by Black authors. Film studios were slow to hire Black writers. And the lecture circuit, depending as it does on social interaction, was often closed to Black speakers out of deference to racist fears of social integration. Hughes chronicled these struggles in interviews and speaking engagements during the 1950s, promoting liberal legislation and support for civil rights organizations such as the NAACP in holding the United States accountable for its compromised democratic ideals.
The Era of Transparency
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter outlines the overall theme of the study. It builds on the question: Why should one be interested in transparency, and why now? The chapter discusses the intellectual roots of transparency, extending to the Enlightenment philosophers, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Jeremy Bentham. It also analyses transparency’s current nature as a ‘magic concept’, labelled by positive spin, over-exclusive and flexible meaning, consensus implication, and fashionableness. It is argued that transparency as an ideal still attempts to resolve many of the same issues as was the case when it was first introduced in the era of Enlightenment. The chapter updates these issues to the present day. However, no clear line of succession from that era until today can be identified. The chapter also briefly introduces the main arguments of the book, describes the theme and research context of the book, and presents its parts and chapters.
Transparency as a Medium
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter introduces the theoretical framework of the study. It concentrates on the question of why we use the term ‘transparency’ specifically when we refer to abstractions which lack physical appearance, such as governance. The chapter suggests that transparency as a concept is so appealing because it builds on the conceptual metaphor of ‘understanding is seeing’. However, as a governance ideal, transparency is more complex. It covertly oscillates between practices that reveal governance as it is to the governed (hostility towards representation; ‘iconoclasm’), and practices that create appearances of governance (reliance on representation; ‘iconophily’). In the book, this duality is referred to as ‘icono-ambivalence’. The chapter also introduces the concepts of ‘the hand at work’ (human influence in representation) and ‘the chagrin over mediation’ (the uncertainty of the extent and nature of such influence). It is argued that its metaphorical character makes transparency normatively attractive.
Transparency and Law
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses the ways in which the ideal of transparency is manifested in law. The discussion does not concentrate on any particular legal system but is general in nature. It is argued that to create structures of accountability, the transparency metaphor in law both relies on and attempts to bridge the premised distance between the governor and the governed. It is not clear, however, how law can make the state visible for that purpose. Documentation is argued to be vital. Furthermore, transparency as a legal ideal is analysed through the lens of ‘technocratic translations’, namely the ways in which the ideal is concretized in legal practice: through access to documents, the attendance of the public, and communication. These translations are contrasted with legal versions of unauthorized exposure: information leaking and whistleblowing. It is argued that in law, too, transparency needs to be controlled to create legitimacy.
The Truth-Legitimacy Trade-off
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter concludes the discussion of the book and presents the main argument of the book, namely the truth-legitimacy trade-off in transparency. What is meant by that is the following: In the most general terms, transparency promises legitimacy by allowing access to truth. An entity, for example the state, is expected to be transparent to its audience, for example to its citizens, to be considered legitimate. However, contrary to the promise of transparency, the audience cannot enjoy the legitimacy of the entity and access the ‘naked truth’ about it at the same time. Depending on the intentionality of showing, these two values of transparency are subject to a tacit either-or logic: The audience can enjoy either legitimacy through intentional transparency and filtered visibilities, or access truth through unintentional transparency practices and unfiltered visibilities. The chapter revisits the transparency myth and asks whether transparency can uphold its status in modern society.
Dictator
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The imperium and auspices of the Dictator are not as such greater than those of the Consuls; his superiority is grounded in the principle that in his presence, all other magistrates are rendered incapable of exercising their powers other than at his discretion. The Dictator’s ability to forbid the Consuls to come into his presence with their lictors leaves them unable to act in an official capacity, since a magistrate without his lictors is essentially reduced, if only temporarily, to the status of a privatus. (Greek sources generally understand the matter correctly, although sometimes giving the misleading impression that other magistracies are terminated under a dictatorship.) The Dictator derives his title from dictare (“to speak with force or effect”), and is perceived to be endowed with a near-magical ability to shape events in the Romans’ favor. On the evidence of officials with the title dictator in several Latin communities, the Roman Dictator probably originated in an amalgamation of two distinct officials of the pre-republican period: a military commander (magister populi) and a civilian “Speaker” (dictator) charged with ritual pronouncements. The Dictator’s term of office was originally not limited to a particular time but defined solely in augural terms, as a function of the validity of his auspices; a time limit could only be established by including it in the wording of his ritual appointment (dictio). At all times, his term constitutionally only ended with his abdication.
Dictator Interregni Caussa
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The designation interregni caussa applied by the Capitoline Fasti to the second dictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus in 217 bc in reality belongs to his (attested but undated) first dictatorship, and should be assigned to the consular year 223/2. The Consuls of that year, C. Flaminius and L. Furius Philus, having been found vitio creati (elected under flawed auspices) by the College of Augurs, were required by the Senate to abdicate, so as to allow a complete renewal of the auspices through the process of an interregnum. Flaminius refused to abdicate, issuing public statements accusing the Augurs of falsifying their findings to the benefit of his political enemies, and dismissing auspices as fraud and nonsense. The charge (also frequently levied by moderns) of using the auspices and augury as a means to sabotage Flaminius’ career runs counter to the evidence of the sources. Fabius’ appointment as Dictator was designed to force Flaminius to comply; Fabius resolved the situation in a face-saving manner for Flaminius by making him his Magister Equitum, which required his prior resignation as Consul. The subsequent interregnum caused a change in the beginning of the consular year from May 1 to March 15.
What Are Books for? Darcy’s Library, Crabbe’s The Library, and Shillito’s The Country Book-Club
Authors: Stafford Fiona 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The appearance of libraries in Romantic-period literature raises questions about the very purpose of books and reading. Jane Austen’s observation of attitudes towards private libraries in her fiction opens avenues into understanding the social significance of books in the period. Taking a cue from Austen, the chapter compares key poems by George Crabbe and Charles Shillito in relation to the widening social sphere of reading, book discussion, and acquisition in the period. General awareness of literature was heightened by the expansion of provincial book clubs, private libraries, and bibliomania, which were in turn reflected in writing of the period. Books were valued not just for the intellectual, entertaining, or aesthetic quality of the contents but also as status symbols and prompts for sociability. Exploration of the social dimensions of books and reading within poems of the period has important implications for traditional definitions of the figure of the Romantic poet.
Margaret Oliphant’s ‘The Library Window’
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In ‘The Library Window’ (1896) Margaret Oliphant collapses time past and present, personal retrospection, and the re-enactment of ancient legend. The tale’s many references to a lightly disguised St Andrews, which Oliphant knew well, concentrate on the university’s King James Library. St Andrews’s role at the forefront of women’s education complicates the picture in a tale often read as a feminist protest against women’s exclusion. Rather, the story ruminates upon the contrast between the unproductive solitude of the male scholarly life and the creative imagination of a young girl stimulated by the interplay between her reading of books and the domestic rituals of daily life. Over almost half a century of reviewing, Oliphant had accumulated a large personal library, but always wrote in the midst of family life. The story’s discreet references to Oliphant’s extensive reading pays quiet testimony to the part played by personal libraries in nineteenth-century women’s writing.