bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Modern Drama at the Universities
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This is the first history of Oxford and Cambridge drama in the Tudor and Stuart period. It guides the reader through the theatrical experiences of students at university in early modern England, following them on the journey from schoolboys to scholars to graduates in the workplace. Early Modern Drama at the Universities is structured to make the subject as accessible as possible, mitigating the difficulties of this sizeable and complex body of evidence. The hundreds of plays we have inherited from Oxford and Cambridge are steeped in Classical culture, and the academic establishment’s bias against print culture means that most evidence remains in manuscript form. Opening up these plays to a wider readership, this study carves three main roads into the corpus, introducing key institutions, intertexts, and individuals. For the first time we can see the extent to which institutional culture made the drama what it is: pedagogically-inspired, homosocial, and self-reflexive. Early Modern Drama at the Universities argues that it was primarily on a college level that students lived, worked, and proved themselves to the community, and that if we are to understand university drama as a whole, we must create it from the building blocks of individual college histories.
Scholar-soldiers Take on Roman Comedy
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
One character type, the boastful, vainglorious buffoon, appears again and again on the university stage. The term for this stock character, miles gloriosus (or ‘braggart soldier’), comes from the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus from c.206 bc, which features Pyrgopolynices, a blustering man of words pretending to be a brave man of action. Chapter 3 argues that this ironic contrast between word and action is an important reason why this particular character flourished in the university environment: scholars enjoyed pushing wordplay to extremes and satirizing the academic business of rhetorical eloquence. Keen to enjoy more of the braggart’s entertaining personality, students set about writing new speeches for him (usually in Latin, aping Plautus’ own style) and creating new scenes in which he could appear. Together, the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century milites gloriosi represent an important example of the neo-Latin (‘new-Latin’) tradition which dominated creative writing at the universities, and academic culture at large, during the early modern period.
University Drama in Print
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 illuminates attitudes towards the idea of the printed play at Oxford and Cambridge, explaining why publishing one’s work was an unusual thing to do. Those plays which made it into print are discussed here against the backdrop of a pre-existing bias against print culture and the assumption that a play which originates in academe was not suitable for and devalued by the world of commerce. By contrast, the tradition of circulation by manuscript, which operated through a peer-to-peer system of private networks, suffered no such stigma. This chapter investigates the reactions which university men had to seeing their work in print, sometimes without their consent, and the ways in which they attempted to curate or rescue their reputations as scholars. The different points of view offered by figures such as Abraham Cowley, Jasper Heywood, William Alabaster, Matthew Gwinne, and Peter Hausted nuance our understanding of what academic drama was or should be.
Bounded Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Two tendencies emerged out of the Citizenship Amendment Act 2003: a hyphenated citizenship associated with the NRC, which made citizenship contingent on conditions of descent specific to the state of Assam and national citizenship associated with the CAA which made religion a distinguishability principle in the creation of bounded citizenship. This chapter examines the discursive frameworks surrounding the CAA, the different figuration of the ‘illegal migrant’ when compared to the NRC, the idea of national citizenship based on the concept of a homeland, and the assertion of parliamentary sovereignty through law-making powers of the Parliament. Through a detailed examination of the debates in the Constituent Assembly on the question ‘who is an Indian citizen’, and the debates in the Parliament in December 2019 on the CAA, this chapter discusses the ideological framing of citizenship in the constituent moment and how it was interpreted in 2019. In doing so, the chapter also examines ideas of popular sovereignty, the question of the source of law-making powers of the Parliament and its limits. It explores the notion of power as it elaborates itself through populism and plays out in everyday politics driven by the political rationality of the ruling class.
‘The one who calls you is trustworthy’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the trustworthiness of God, together with human trust in the God who, through Christ, has revealed God’s trustworthiness in a radically unexpected way. It considers the risks involved both for God, who must trust humanity ‘therapeutically’ to respond to the Christ event, and for human beings, who must trust that God has done a ‘new thing’, put their trust in Jesus Christ as God’s son, and trust themselves not to fail in trust. It considers the implications of the trust relationship variously for Jews and gentiles, and its relation to covenant and law. It investigates the relationships between trust and belief, trust and reliance, and divine trust and omniscience. The final section explores how a number of New Testament writers draw on a scriptural vision of God as creator which puts care, and the trust intrinsic to it, at the heart of the divine‒human relationship. It shows how Genesis is often invoked to affirm that Christ, as the one who pre-exists with God and participates in creation, is trustworthy as God is trustworthy, and exists in the same relationship of trust and care with the faithful as does Godself. These passages have a strong eschatological orientation, affirming that trust in God and Christ will ultimately restore humanity, and, with humanity, creation as a whole to the divine‒human relationship for which it was created. This restoration is not only humanity’s, but creation’s best hope for itself in the present time.
‘The righteousness of God has been revealed … through the pistis of Jesus Christ, for all who trust’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a model of atonement out of Paul’s language of trust and mediation. It argues that such a model should ideally show how it offers human beings release from the power of both sin and the suffering caused by sin. For Paul, both suffering and sin are linked with the failure of trust, and are addressed by the trust and trustworthiness of Christ to God and to humanity, which enables him to mediate between them. To recognize that Christ’s trust in God is vindicated, however, human beings also need the revelation of the resurrection. This model of atonement does not, so far, explain why Christ had to die, but it is argued that Christ had to allow himself to be arrested because to have evaded arrest would have been to fail to trust God and deny the person he was. Furthermore, from a post-resurrection perspective, Christ allows himself to die so that human beings can die ‘with’ him to the power of sin and suffering, and in his exalted life he travels ‘with’ them on this journey. Christ’s death and resurrection also change human beings’ sense of what is possible for them through trust. Contemporary psychology and accounts of the rehabilitation of ex-offenders through trust help to show how this model might work to release people from the power of suffering and sin. Finally, this chapter considers how other people, Christlike, can act as mediators between suffering humanity and Christ.
‘Your trust has saved you’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns attention to those who put their trust in Jesus in his earthly life. Through an anti-ableist reading of Jesus’ healings and other stories, it argues that no one who encounters Jesus in his earthly life fully or adequately understands who he is. Multiple stories about the disciples show that even Jesus’ closest followers regularly fail in understanding and trust. There is, though, no sign that for the gospel writers the inadequacy of human trust is a deal-breaker in the divine‒human relationship at any time before the end. The gospels offer a compassionate vision, in which any trust response to Jesus is a starting-point which can bring people into a life-giving relationship with God. The story of the last night of Jesus’ life raises the possibility that even Jesus’ trust in God is not unshakeable. It is argued that Jesus’ trust in God does not waver in Gethsemane, but that his trust in himself to be faithful may. If so, he responds by submitting to God’s will, replacing self-trust with trust and obedience to God. Finally, this chapter considers whether the gospels as narratives seek to foster trust, and reflects on the ways in which the birth narratives highlight the significance of human beings as collaborators in the new divine‒human trust relationship.
‘This saying is trustworthy’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns from relational to propositional trust: trust that something is the case. Propositional trust is little discussed in philosophy, and is almost absent from discussions of divine‒human trust, but it invites attention at a time when what can be known, or reasonably believed, about the divine, and on what basis, is increasingly debated. Propositional belief has a role to play as one of the foundations of trust, and when people commit themselves and their future to God and Christ. In New Testament writings, it is implicit wherever God acts with therapeutic trust, and is involved in the process of belief formation. It occurs where the faithful are called to trust that they will live with Christ in the eschatological future; where people are called to trust that Jesus is the Son of God; and where the faithful are invited to trust that the teachings they have inherited are true. Propositional trust is also important when we are considering whether a given account of divine‒human trust is trustworthy, whether it has the capacity to engage us and illuminate our experience, and whether, on that basis, we are willing to commit ourselves and entrust the future to it. Four test cases are proposed to see how propositional trust might, for people in different situations, offer a route to trust in God and Christ, and consider its relationship with doubt and scepticism. Finally, this chapter reflects on the role of propositional trust in the dialogue between history and theology.
Camps and Borderlands
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
After arriving in West Bengal, the Dalit peasant refugees were first taken to various refugee camps scattered across the state. The chapter begins with a description of the refugee camps as ‘spaces of hospitality’ and as sites for renegotiating old identities and forming new ones. These were not ‘spaces of exception’ where refugees could be reduced to ‘bare life’, but rather locations where we observed remarkable signs of agency of these displaced people, and expressions of their righteous indignation against the failings of the state and its local functionaries. The chapter shows how their resistance was initiated at the grassroots level by Dalit camp leaders, who organised themselves into Bastuhara Samitis. A major feature of this refugee resistance was the leading role taken by the women residents of the camps. But the very logic of their movement also prevented them from raising the caste question, as they came under wider political influences. The major resistance of the Dalit refugees was to the government’s rehabilitation plan of dispersal, and here they needed the support and mediation of mainstream opposition parties. And that put constraints on their autonomy and agency. It also looks at the struggles and self-rehabilitation endeavours of those Dalit refugees who settled in the border districts of Nadia and 24-Parganas.
State and Rehabilitation
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at the evolution of a state policy of rehabilitation for the post-1950 Dalit peasant refugees in West Bengal. It critically examines the political debates which ultimately led to the evolution of a rehabilitation policy that was premised on an erroneous assumption of the paucity of reclaimable land in West Bengal. So, the refugees were to be dispersed, first to the neighbouring states of Bihar and Orissa, which were reluctant to accept them, and then to the Andaman Islands and Dandakaranya, where they were seen as units of productive labour required to implement developmental projects. It shows that the state government was reluctant about dispersal through coercion, but Union Ministers Morarji Desai and Mehr Chand Khanna did not want to wait, as the refugees were causing continuous drainage on the state exchequer. It examines the divergent positions of various political parties, as well as interactions between the state and central governments.
Varṇa: Defined by Birth or by Action?
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Examining different ways of defining varṇa, this chapter begins with the young mixed-varna ascetic [later called Shravana Kumar] in the Ramayana whom Dasharatha kills by accident, and his vaishya father and shūdra mother, all of whom are defined as brāhmaṇas by action. The chapter examines a variety of mixed messages about shūdra characters in context—Vidura, Ekalavya, Shabari, Shambuka, Sanjaya, and the shūdra hunter (Shiva in disguise) who offers his urine to test sage Uttanka. The chapter then analyses debates between several characters that reveal the mixed nature of all action, all bodies, and all ancestry. Bhakta poets use these examples and ideas as tools to contest oppression, thus Surdas cites epic stories such as that of Krishna eating at Vidura’s house as evidence that the highest bonds are those of love.
Citizens, Rulers, and Non-Violence
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Studying debates between characters about a ruler’s dharma with regard to violence, this chapter asks whether forgiveness and non-violence should be applied in the same ways in personal and political contexts. It focuses on citizens’ voices, protests, and role in choosing kings, and contests some commentators’ view of Yudhishthira as the hero of the Mahabharata and the embodiment of dharma. Examining little-studied episodes, this chapter suggests that Yudhishthira’s repressed envy of Arjuna erupts at crucial moments, and that his addictive, suicidal behaviour parallels Duryodhana’s, leading his teachers, including Vyasa and Krishna, to criticize his folly and his excessive attachment to non-violence regardless of its consequences. This chapter begins the discussion of a ruler’s obligation to treat animals justly.
Calculus Set Free
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Calculus Set Free: Infinitesimals to the Rescue is a single-variable calculus textbook that incorporates the use of infinitesimals, and more generally the hyperreal numbers. The infinitesimal methods and notation herein were developed with beginning calculus students in mind, resulting in exposition that is more intuitive as well as many calculational procedures that are easier to perform, as compared to both traditional calculus textbooks and earlier attempts at including infinitesimals in calculus. Arithmetic of hyperreal numbers, levels of hyperreal numbers, and approximation in the hyperreals lead to a definition of limit. Limit computations are based directly on that definition. Computation-style proofs of derivative rules use an approximation formula called the “local linearity formula.” The definite integral is developed through the idea of finding area using infinitely many subintervals and right-hand endpoints; the resulting “omega sums” are much easier than Riemann sums as a result of the “sum of powers approximation formula,” which also anticipates the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus by its resemblance to the antiderivative power rule. The limit comparison test is replaced by the “level comparison test,” which is so widely applicable and computationally simple that strategy for testing series is noticeably less difficult. Although infinitesimal methods are used for any mathematical process involving a limit, the remainder of the text uses the standard methods of calculus. Organization is similar to other college-level calculus texts. Features include ample marginal notes, examples, illustrations, and answers to odd-numbered exercises.
Introduction
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Laser radiation is an intense coherent light field that is characterized by its high monochromatic brightness and high photon degeneracy. Thus, it is capable of generating various stimulated scattering effects and a series of multiphoton excitation-induced opto-physical and opto-chemical effects. There are two parallel theoretical regimes. The first regime is the semiclassical theory that treats light as a classical electromagnetic field described by Maxwell’s equations. The second regime is the quantum electrodynamic theory, which treats light as an assembly of photons obeying Bose–Einstein statistics. Both regimes can be complementarily adopted to describe the interaction of light radiation with matter.
About Light Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses light scattering and its effects. There are two major types of light scattering effects. The first type is known as molecular scattering in an optically pure medium, and includes molecular Rayleigh scattering, Brillouin scattering, and Raman scattering. The second type is Mie scattering from the impurity particles suspended in a homogeneous optical medium. When excited by intense laser radiation, all these various types of spontaneous scattering effects could become corresponding stimulated scattering with high directionality and high monochromatic brightness. It is worth noting that, in general, the physical mechanisms for stimulated scattering effects are different from those for spontaneous scattering effects.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is based on a gain mechanism provided by the pump light reflection from the induced hypersonic acoustic Bragg grating in a continuous net optical medium. The mathematic formulation of SBS generation is based on the solutions of the coupled wave equations that describe the pump field-induced hypersonic acoustic field and the reaction of the acoustic field to the optical field. In experiments, SBS is generally generated along the backward direction, with a longest gain length and a maximum frequency shift that is determined by the speed of the forward hypersonic acoustic wave. SBS generation requires a narrower pump spectral linewidth and start-delay due to the inertia of the collective acoustic motion of scattering molecules.
Optical Phase-Conjugation Properties of Backward Stimulated Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The backward output beam of stimulated scattering (including SRS, SBS, SRBS, and SMS) can exhibit the optical phase-conjugation (OPC) property under appropriate pump conditions (i.e. high enough pump intensity and long enough gain length). This peculiar property ensures that the backward stimulated scattering (BSS) beam is capable of overcoming the aberration influences from the scattering medium and/or the propagation medium. Based on such a capability, the BSS device can be adopted as an OPC reflector in a high-brightness laser oscillator and/or laser amplifier system. It also can be adopted in a laser auto-aiming/auto-tracking system and a laser weapon system.
Multiphoton Nonlinear Optical Effects
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There is a variety of novel optical materials exhibiting a superior multiphoton reactivity working in appropriate spectral ranges. These materials have been employed to carry out the fundamental research of multiphoton excitation processes, as well as to explore various advanced applications, such as multiphoton excitation-based upconversion lasing, optical power limiting (for protecting human eyes or optical sensors), optical stabilization (for smoothing the intensity spatiotemporal fluctuations), optical reshaping (for reshaping the spatiotemporal structures of the light), optical 3D data storage (with a volume density up to ~ 1012 bits/cm3), and optical 3D microfabrication of the products with a size or structure less than several microns.
Kinky in the Digital Age
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Once a secretive and hidden practice, kinky sex is visible like never before, represented in songs, books, and Hollywood movies. Yet away from these fantastical representations of sensationalized sex, kink is practiced by ordinary people in communities and imbued with psychological meaning for their social identities. This book focuses on the social worlds of gay and bisexual men who engage in kink, and it reveals the dynamic interplay of sexual desires and social meaning that constitutes contemporary kink cultures. Melding psychological and sociological theories, this book documents significant changes in kink narratives among people immersed in kink communities while highlighting the diverse ways in which non-community members engage in kinky sexual practice. Drawing on longitudinal data from 74 in-depth interviews with gay and bisexual men, in addition to ethnographic observations with several kink communities and events over a period of 6 years, the book provides a groundbreaking account of how the internet has transformed the experiences of kink for gay men as well as the communities in which it is practiced. Rejecting a binary of online versus “real life,” this book shows how the digital is increasingly a part of kink communities and subcultures. The second half of the book examines the emergence of pup play as a kink activity and its consolidation as a community and subculture that enables people to explore kink in more playful ways.
What Is Kink?
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the complexities in defining kink are explored. The chapter describes kink’s history as a pathological sexual practice, moving toward an understanding of kink as a sexual and social identity. In doing this, various terminologies related to kink are discussed, including bondage/discipline, domination/submission, sadism/masochism, to argue for the movement toward viewing kink as the overarching term. After establishing terms, contemporary definitions of kink are explored, and these are framed alongside participants’ understandings of kink. Participants identify blurred boundaries between what they view as kinky and non-kinky. Contemporary definitions of kink are drawn together with participant narratives to explore a new working definition of kink.
Consolidating Pup Communities and Reflections on Change
Authors: Wignall Liam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the developments of the pup subculture during a 6-year period and the impact of increased media and cultural popularity, using follow-up interviews with participants from a pup play study. There was a notable shift in how participants interacted with pup play, with some no longer identifying as pups or engaging in pup play. Instead, pup play provided a platform for participants to explore kink interests and their sexuality more generally, speaking fondly of their time identifying with pup play. In this chapter, participants discuss the increased popularity of pup play and how this may impact on the subculture.