bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entlasten! Aber wie? Wege im Dschungel der Möglichkeiten
Authors: Riedel Nadine , Peichl Andreas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLiving costs in Germany have surged since Russia’s attack on Ukraine. In this article, we discuss pros and cons of different government policies to protect affected citizens. There is a vast domain of possible relief options, each coming with its own trade-offs and design pitfalls. Information gaps in German public administration render desirable options like income and energy-use-contingent transfers administratively infeasible. These frictions should be addressed — if not for the present, then for the next crisis. With regard to other options, governments must be mindful to design policies that are well-targeted to people in need and that do not distort incentives to reduce energy consumption. Possibilities for that do exist.
New Approach to Privacy-Preserving Clinical Decision Support Systems for HIV Treatment
Authors: Spini Gabriele , Mancini Emiliano , Attema Thomas , Abspoel Mark , de Gier Jan , Fehr Serge , Veugen Thijs , van Heesch Maran , Worm Daniël , De Luca Andrea , Cramer Ronald , Sloot Peter M.A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundHIV treatment prescription is a complex process. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are a category of health information technologies that can assist clinicians to choose optimal treatments based on clinical trials and expert knowledge. The usability of some CDSSs for HIV treatment would be significantly improved by using the knowledge obtained by treating other patients. This knowledge, however, is mainly contained in patient records, whose usage is restricted due to privacy and confidentiality constraints.MethodsA treatment effectiveness measure, containing valuable information for HIV treatment prescription, was defined and a method to extract this measure from patient records was developed. This method uses an advanced cryptographic technology, known as secure Multiparty Computation (henceforth referred to as MPC), to preserve the privacy of the patient records and the confidentiality of the clinicians’ decisions.FindingsOur solution enables to compute an effectiveness measure of an HIV treatment, the average time-to-treatment-failure, while preserving privacy. Experimental results show that our solution, although at proof-of-concept stage, has good efficiency and provides a result to a query within 24 min for a dataset of realistic size.InterpretationThis paper presents a novel and efficient approach HIV clinical decision support systems, that harnesses the potential and insights acquired from treatment data, while preserving the privacy of patient records and the confidentiality of clinician decisions.
Chelating Agents Assisted Rapid Synthesis of High Purity BiFeO3: Remarkable Optical, Electrical, and Magnetic Characteristics
Authors: Wahba Mohammed Ahmed , Yakout Saad Mabrouk , Youssef A. M. , Sharmoukh Walid , sayed A. M. El , Khalil M. Sh. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this study, we presented two reliable methods, the sol–gel and autocombustion, to synthesis a high purity BiFeO3 single phase with low calcination time using glycine as chelating agent. The glycine-autocombustion method produced a high purity BiFeO3 phase using either low or high concentrations of the reactants (Bi(NO3)3 + Fe(NO3)3), while the glycine-sol–gel method delivered a high purity BiFeO3 phase using low concentrations of reactants. In the case of using tartaric acid and urea as chelating agents, mixtures of BiFeO3 and Bi25FeO40 phases were formed. The morphology, size, and porosity of the particles were obviously changed by varying the synthesis method and chelating agents. The high purity BiFeO3 samples exhibit a visible light band gap of 2.05 eV with long absorption tail extending to the infrared region, suggesting the suitability of the synthesized powders in the solar photocatalytic applications. A weak hysteresis ferromagnetic loop was observed for BiFeO3 (glycine method) and BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 (urea method) with large contribution from the paramagnetic behavior. On contrast, robust ferromagnetic loops were found for BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 sample synthesized by tartaric acid with saturation magnetization reaching to 2.5 emu/g. Remarkably, the pure single phase BiFeO3 powders synthesized by sol–gel and auto-combustion methods using glycine possess room temperature dielectric constant values of 622 and 845 respectively at a frequency of 42 Hz. In the case of BiFeO3 powders prepared by using tartaric acid, the dielectric constant exhibits values of 401 and 1118 for sol–gel and auto-combustion assisted samples, at the same frequency, respectively. At low frequency, the values of the real part of the complex permittivity tend to be zero which confirms a negligibly small contribution of the electrode effect.
Drawing lessons from PISA: Qatar’s use of PISA results
Authors: AlKaabi Nouf Abdullah , Al-Maadeed Najlaa , Romanowski Michael H. , Sellami Abdellatif 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWorldwide, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has emerged as a valid and reliable benchmark for assessing students’ performance and for gaining significant influence over educational policy and decision-making. Since 2001, Qatar has engaged in massive educational reform, with high expectations for improving students’ achievement. Although significant growth has occurred in Qatar’s education system, students’ performance in PISA is still lagging. The purpose of this article is to examine PISA against the backdrop of Qatar’s education system. It addresses PISA’s objectives and limitations and identifies two common factors in high-achieving countries, teachers, and assessment. These factors are analyzed to determine how Qatar is developing in these areas, compared with other nations, raising issues that should be considered when using PISA to create policy. Finally, several recommendations are offered for policy makers.
Blood lead monitoring in a former mining area in Euskirchen, Germany: results of a representative random sample in 3- to 17-year-old children and minors
Authors: Bertram Jens , Ramolla Christian , Esser André , Schettgen Thomas , Fohn Nina , Steib Jasmina , Kraus Thomas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Heavy metal residues in former mining areas can pose a burden to the local environment and population even decades after closure of the mining sites. In the North Rhine-Westphalian (Germany) communities of Mechernich and Kall, both parts of the district of Euskirchen, lead residues are a source of health concerns for local residents. A statistically representative collective of both communities depending on sex, age, and area of residence was created, mirroring the local underage population. The blood lead levels (BLL) of 182 children and minors in the two adjacent communities were assessed via ICP-MSMS. The results were compared to German lead reference values, valid for the general underage population. In total, 32 (17.6%) of the subjects investigated exceeded the according reference values of 15 µg/L and 20 µg/L, respectively, depending on sex and age, thus pointing out an additional lead burden affecting children in the area. Potential lead sources contributing to the BLL were evaluated using a questionnaire. Factors that showed significant impact on the BLL were, other than age, sex, height, and weight, the factors occupancy, time spend in the garden, garden hand-to-mouth contact, consumption frequency of homegrown products, and lifestyle factors. The data presented enable both residents and the local authorities to further reduce lead exposure and to take appropriate personal and public action.
Abatement of the ecotoxicological risk of landfill leachate by heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation
Authors: Hussain Sajid , Aneggi Eleonora , Comuzzi Clara , Baderna Diego , Zuccaccia Daniele , Trovarelli Alessandro , Goi Daniele 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLandfill leachates are highly contaminated liquid waste, and their treatment and detoxification are a challenging task. The current system of ecotoxicological risk assessment is complex and time-consuming. It is of fundamental importance to develop simpler and faster tools for the evaluation of the treated liquid waste and for an easier preliminary screening of the most active catalytic formulation/reaction conditions of the Fenton-like process. Here, several analytical techniques have been used for the assessment of the reduction of toxicity of the landfill leachate after Fenton process over copper-zirconia catalyst (ZrCu). Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and absorbable organic halogens (AOX) analysis have been coupled to achieve further insight into the degradation of contaminants. In addition, for the first time, the qualitative abatement of organic compounds is monitored through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis, providing a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment. Spectroscopic techniques reveal that the Fenton process induces a significant abatement of the aromatic and halogen compounds (51%) in the landfill leachate with a reduction of the toxicity that has been confirmed by ecotoxicological test with algae. These results validate the investigated tool for a simple rapid preliminary evaluation of the detoxification efficacy.
Numerical Investigation of Burden Distribution in Hydrogen Blast Furnace
Authors: Li Jing , Kuang Shibo , Zou Ruiping , Yu Aibing 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen injection is a promising technology currently under development to reduce CO2 emissions in ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs). Therefore, hydrogen BF is studied by a recent process model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It focuses on the effect of peripheral opening extent (POE), which represents the coke amount near the furnace wall. The simulations consider a 380 m3 BF operated with hydrogen injection through both shaft and hearth tuyeres. The overall performance of the BF is analyzed in terms of the inner states. It shows that increasing POE hinders the pre-reduction and pre-heating roles of shaft-injected hydrogen (SIH) but improves the CO indirect reduction rate. An optimum peripheral opening extent can be identified to achieve a maximum hot metal (HM) temperature, relatively low bed pressure, and good gas utilization. The interaction between SIH flow rate and burden distribution is also quantified. It shows that the increase in SIH flow rate slows down the CO indirect reduction rate but enhances the H2 indirect reduction rate. These opposite trends account for the less variation of HM temperature with POE as the SIH flow rate increases. This variation becomes trivial at relatively large SIH flow rates and small POEs. Overall, the POE affects the cohesive zones more than the SIH flow rate. However, under the conditions considered, both variables cannot significantly improve the penetration of the shaft injection, the effect of which is generally confined within the peripheral region.
Testing phaeophytinization as an index of ozone stress in trees
Authors: Agathokleous Evgenios , Kitao Mitsutoshi , Koike Takayoshi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGround-level ozone pollution is a menace for vegetation in the northern hemisphere, limiting photosynthetic pigments and suppressing photosynthesis in trees and other types of plants. Phaeophytinization is the process of converting chlorophylls into phaeophytins, for example by acidification. Ozone is a highly oxidizing molecule and well known to degrade chlorophylls; however, the effect of ozone on phaeophytinization in leaves of higher plants is largely unknown. To reveal ozone effect on phaeophytinization and evaluate the potential of phaeophytinization as an index of ozone stress in trees, the absorbance at the optical density of 665 nm was measured before (OD665) and after (OD665a) acidification in three independent experiments with nearly 30 conditions of ozone exposure. Both current ambient and elevated ozone widely affected phaeophytinization, as indicated by decreases or increases in the phaeophytinization quotient OD665/OD665a. These effects were commonly moderate to large in magnitude and practically significant, and occurred even in ozone-asymptomatic leaves. It emerges that the ozone effect on phaeophytinization is bimodal, likely depending on the intensity of ozone stress. These results indicate a promising feature of OD665/OD665a as a thorough index of ozone stress in the future, but further studies are needed to reveal the underlying biochemical mechanisms of the bimodal effect on phaeophytinization.
Precise measurement of sound speed in hydrogel tissue-mimicking material by a through-transmission method
Authors: Elmina Bernadette Carolina Fritzie , Baik Kyungmin , Kim Sung Mok , Kim Yong Tae 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe water immersion through-transmission method is widely used owing to its simplicity and high precision in measuring sound speed. However, when measuring the sound speed of a compound material whose host medium is water, such as hydrogel tissue-mimicking material (TMM), the reproducibility and reliability of the measurements obtained under the state of water immersion method were found to be low. To solve this problem, the application of contact transmission method instead of the water immersion method was examined in this study. Unlike the water immersion method, the direct-contact method requires stability in target stiffness, which is difficult in TMM hydrogels due to their low-stiffness properties. Therefore, it is important to find a material that acts as a propagation medium, maintains thickness, and prevents percentage change of the material component in TMM. As a propagation medium, it is necessary for the material to have a low attenuation coefficient value to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Among the investigated candidate materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected, owing to its lowest signal attenuation value compared to other candidate materials. A measuring jig was designed and manufactured with this material. The sound speeds of agar and gelatin TMMs were measured by the conventional water immersion through-transmission method and the proposed indirect contact-type method for comparison. In the case of the conventional water immersion method, as the measurement was repeated, the measured sound speeds showed a decreasing trend. By contrast, the indirect contact-type measurements using the PMMA jig showed relatively high reproducibility and reliability.
Ocular Surface Ion Transport and Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Lindgren Ethan S. , Cil Onur , Verkman Alan S. , Pasricha Neel D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To review the role of ocular surface epithelial (corneal and conjunctival) ion transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of dry eye disease (DED).

Recent Findings
Currently, anti-inflammatory agents are the mainstay of DED treatment, though there are several agents in development that target ion transport proteins on the ocular surface, acting by pro-secretory or anti-absorptive mechanisms to increase the tear fluid film volume. Activation or inhibition of selected ion transporters can alter tear fluid osmolality, driving water transport onto the ocular surface via osmosis. Several ion transporters have been proposed as potential therapeutic targets for DED, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).

Summary
Ocular surface epithelial cell ion transporters are promising targets for pro-secretory and anti-absorptive therapies of DED.
Childhood dental caries experience in northern Spain: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fernández-Bonet Jon , Marichalar-Mendia Xabier , Lertxundi-Manterola Aitana 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to describe the caries experience in primary and permanent dentition of schoolchildren from a sample taken in public schools in Bilbao, to identify the most vulnerable child population, and compare them with the findings obtained by the Children’s Dental Care Programme in the region of the Basque Country (Spain).

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using a representative sample (n = 1682) of children from 5-year-old early childhood education classes and the first- and second-year elementary classes in public schools in Bilbao. The dependent variable was the caries experience determined through oral examinations carried out by a single dentist. On the other hand, independent variables were measured through questionnaires completed by families, with help from teachers as appropriate. In the statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests, as well as two logistic regressions, were performed, and the significance level was set at α = 0.05 for decision making.

Results
The mean (SD) values of dft, DMFT, DMFS and DMFT of first permanent molars scores were 1.25 ± 2.20, 0.16 ± 0.61, 0.20 ± 0.90 and 0.15 ± 0.57, respectively. Compared to the findings in the most recent PADI report, the schoolchildren in our sample had slightly greater experience of dental caries in primary dentition and much greater experience in permanent dentition.

Conclusion
The dft index of the primary dentition for the current sample is 1.25, while the DMFT index for the permanent dentition is 0.16. Among pupils in early childhood and elementary education in public schools in Bilbao, children from families with low socioeconomic status and educational attainment are most vulnerable to developing caries.
Self-regulatory Processes in Problematic Pornography Use
Authors: Büsche Kjell , Stark Rudolf , Brand Matthias , Antons Stephanie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Purpose of Review
A core symptom of problematic pornography use (PPU) is the repeated failure to control sexual impulses resulting in pornography use; however, the field of self-regulation research has rarely been applied to PPU.

Recent Findings
Various goals can underly the use of online pornography. These goals can conflict with other self-regulatory goals a person holds, which leads to moments of self-control. The outcome of such self-control moments depends on multiple internal factors, including the strength of the desire to use pornography, whether a person perceives a conflict with their behaviour, and the motivation to resist their desire, as well as external, situational factors. Findings on the contribution of volition towards self-regulation in PPU are inconclusive.

Summary
More research is needed to further explore what influences moments of self-control, specifically in PPU. The proposed model of self-control moments can be used to derive research questions for further studies as well as to develop prevention and intervention approaches.
How Does High-Speed Rail Impact the Industry Structure? Evidence from China
Authors: Hu Ming-yu , Xu Jing 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe economic implications of high-speed rail (HSR) cannot be overlooked in China. This paper studies the impact of HSR on the advancement and rationalization of industrial structure and the tertiary industry aggregation through theoretical derivation and multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) by improving the theoretical framework and empirical methods according to the characteristics of China's HSR and economic development. From analyses on urban heterogeneity and inter-industry spillover effects, the transmission mechanism and expressions of the industrial structure are also discussed. The findings show that HSR promotes tertiary industry aggregation and contributes to the transformation of the industrial structure from the primary to secondary and tertiary industry sectors, as well as realizing industrial structure advancement but irrationalization. Furthermore, HSR has a more significant influence on tertiary industry aggregation in large cities and high-density cities. Additionally, the aggregation of the transportation, warehousing, and postal sectors has been reduced, with a significant spillover effect on neighboring cities, proving the siphon effect and conduction mechanism, resulting in a structural shift in the tertiary industry, from basic to advanced sectors. The movement of human resources is a key mediator in the economic impact of HSR.
Performance of pure OME and various HVO–OME fuel blends as alternative fuels for a diesel engine
Authors: Holzer Alexander , Günthner Michael , Jung Philipp 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSince the potential for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels is limited, suitable CO2-neutral fuels are required for applications which cannot reasonably be electrified, and therefore still rely on internal combustion engines in the future. Potential fuel candidates for CI engines are either paraffinic diesel fuels or new fuels like POMDME (polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether, short “OME”). Besides, also blends of these two types of fuels might be of interest. While many studies have been conducted on OME blends with fossil diesel fuel, the research on HVO–OME blends has been less extensive to date.In the current work, pure OME and HVO–OME blends are investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. The test results of the various fuel blend formulations are compared and evaluated, particularly with regard to soot-NOx trade-off behavior. The primary objective of the study is to examine whether the major potential of blending these two fuels is already largely exploited at low OME content, or if significant additional emission reduction potential can still be found with higher content blends, but still without the need to switch to pure OME operation. Furthermore, the fuel blend which is best suited for the realization of an ultra-low emission concept under the current technical conditions should be identified. In addition, three different injector designs were tested for operation on pure OME3-5, differing both in hydraulic flow and in the number of injection holes as well as their layout. The optimum configuration is evaluated with regard to emissions, normalized heat release and indicated efficiency.
Interaction of convective plasma and small-scale magnetic fields in the lower solar atmosphere
Authors: Vargas Domínguez Santiago , Utz Dominik 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the following short review we will outline some of the possible interaction processes of lower solar atmospheric plasma with the embedded small-scale solar magnetic fields. After introducing the topic, important types of small-scale solar magnetic field elements are outlined to then focus on their creation and evolution, and finally end up describing foremost processes these magnetic fields are involved in, such as the reconnection of magnetic field lines and the creation of magneto-hydrodynamic waves. The occurrence and global coverage in the solar atmosphere of such small-scale phenomena surpass on average those of the more explosive and intense events, mainly related to solar active regions and, therefore, their key role as building blocks of solar activity even during the weaker phases of the 11-year solar cycle. In particular, understanding the finest ingredients of solar activity from the lower to the upper solar atmosphere could be determinant to fully understand the heating of the solar corona, which stands out as one of the most intriguing problems in astrophysics nowadays.