bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Nutrient Status of ‘Convexa’ Holly Cuttings during Intermittent Mist Propagation as Influenced by Exogenous Auxin Application
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Wright Robert D. , Schaffer Henry E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardwood stem cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Convexa’, treated with and without indolebutyric acid (IBA), were inserted into a perlite rooting medium and misted with deionized water during intermittent mist propagation in a controlled-environment chamber. Initially, and at weekly intervals for 6 weeks, leaves, upper stems (portion of stem above rooting medium), and lower stems (portion of stem in rooting medium) were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. At the conclusion of the study, both nontreated and IBA-treated cuttings showed a slight increase in dry weight with detectable but slight leaching of N and K and no detectable leaching of P, Ca, and Mg. Mineral nutrient mobilization to the lower stem was not detected during root initiation for nontreated and IBA-treated cuttings. Following root initiation and later budbreak on the upper stem, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were all mobililized from the leaves of nontreated and IBA-treated cuttings to the upper stem, whereas only N, P, and K were mobilized to the lower stem of IBA-treated cuttings. For nontreated cuttings, all nutrients were mobilized from the lower stem to the upper stem, while for IBA-treated cuttings only Ca and Mg were mobilized from the lower stem to the upper stem. Root development as influenced by IBA treatment and budbreak on the upper stem had a strong influence on mineral nutrient mobilization.
Effects of the Basal Medium on Growth of Immature Tomato Embryos in Vitro
Authors: Neal Catherine A. , Topoleski Leonard D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Embryos of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were excised 15 days after pollination and cultured on 20 different media to test a broad range of concentrations of salts, sucrose, and organic supplements on growth and development. Embryo growth and morphological development on 6 of the experimental media were better than on Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) revised tissue culture medium. Salt and sucrose levels were significant in their effects on growth, as was the interaction of salts with vitamins and amino acids. The medium with high salts, high sucrose, and low vitamins and amino acids was superior to any of the other treatments.
Cherry Fruit Growth: Localization of Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase and Inhibitors in the Seed
Authors: Valpuesta Victoriano , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The distribution of indoleacetic acid (IAA) oxidase activity was determined in seeds of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) fruits in mid-Stage II of development, 32 days after full bloom. The greatest activity was found in the integument tissue. No IAA oxidase activity was detected in the embryo or endosperm. When polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVP) was added to the extraction buffer (0.2 m acetate, pH 4.0), a trace of activity was detected in the embryo, but not in the endosperm. Inhibitors of IAA oxidase were coextracted with the enzyme and occurred in the greatest quantity in the integument tissue, an intermediate level in the embryo, and only a trace in the endosperm. The inhibitor from the integument and embryo tissues exhibited different kinetics when increasing concentrations were assayed against IAA oxidase isolated from the integuments. The possible significance of IAA oxidase and inhibitor distribution in the seed is discussed in relation to sour cherry fruit growth.
Effects of Anaerobic Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Ethanol Production and Postharvest Quality of ‘Carlos’ Grapes
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Ballinger Walter E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ethanol concentration of ‘Carlos’ grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) increased linearly with time (1 to 4 hours) and exponentially with temperature (0° to 30°C) during exposure to an anaerobic N2 or CO2 atmosphere. Ethanol loss from grapes placed in air after 4 hours in CO2 was dependent on the concentration of ethanol accumulated during anaerobiosis. Fruit quality was unaffected by 0° exposure to an anaerobic CO2 atmosphere for up to 72 hours after 6 hours in CO2 at 30°. However, 30 hours in a CO2 atmosphere at 30° reduced fruit quality. An equation was derived to calculate ethanol accumulation during cooling of warm fruit under anaerobic atmospheres.
Rapid and Specific Staining for Routes of Liquid Entry into Cucumber Fruit
Authors: Daeschel M.A. , Fleming H.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure is described for studying routes of liquid entry into and movement within pickling cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Chipper). The internal gases of the fruit are exchanged with oxygen in a closed container. Fruit are then covered with 0.5% aqueous safranin O and allowed to stand for a few hours. Liquid was shown to enter the fruit through epidermal regions of greatest stomatal density, which are near placental tissue. The dye solution then moved through intercellular spaces and cell walls of placental and other mesocarp tissues and vascular elements. The stain facilitated delineation of stomata and visual observation of routes of liquid movement. Liquid entrance apparently is induced due to a partial vacuum created within the O2-exchanged and liquid-submerged fruit.
The Relationship of Radicle Length to Chilling Sensitivity of Pregerminated Pepper Seed
Authors: Irwin Christine Cayer , Price Hugh C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seeds of pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Staddon’s Select) with radicles from 0 to 8.6 mm in length were examined for their sensitivity to 0°C exposure by means of a low temperature emergence assay. If seeds were unchilled, radicle length and time to 50% emergence were inversely related. After 4 days at 0°, seeds with long radicles emerged as slowly as seeds with short radicles. Percent emergence after 4 days at 0° was greatly reduced for seeds with long radicles. Seeds with long radicles had a higher rate of respiration and a lower amount of glucose equivalents than seeds with short radicles. The faster depletion of food reserves in seeds with long radicles may contribute to their slowed emergence in cold soil.
Relationships of Parental Combining Ability and Testcross Segregation to Breeding Productivity in Tomato
Authors: Peirce L.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crosses between 6 inbreds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and each of 2 hybrid testers, and progenies derived from them by single seed descent (SSD), were grown in replicated trials in 1980 and 1981. Early yield, total yield, and fruit size means of the inbred parents were found to be correlated with estimates of general combining ability (GCA); strong relationships also were found among midparent, GCA, and testcross means and means of SSD derived lines. These relationships were especially evident for fruit size, a trait of moderately high heritability. GCA was correlated with progeny segregation for fruit size and for early yield; but only for fruit size was a significant correlation found between testcross segregation and similar data for SSD progenies.
The Influence of Environment on Apple Tree Growth, Leaf Wax Formation, and Foliar Absorption
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of environmental conditions on tree growth and cuticular covering of leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was investigated in relation to spary uptake. Various interactions between environmental factors influenced growth responses. Under cooler temperatures (20°C), 75% shade reduced shoot growth and leaf number; however, under warmer temperatures (25°), shading had no effect. High soil water potential (−13 KPa) and 75% shade significantly reduced total leaf area per tree, while under low soil water potential (−33 KPa), shading had little effect. The dry weight of total leaves per tree decreased 46% as soil water potential decreased under full-sun conditions. Under shade, a decrease in soil water potential resulted in a 20% decrease in dry weight. Total stem dry weight decreased as temperature increased under full-sun conditions; however, temperature had little effect on stem dry weight in plants grown under shade. Under 75% shade, an increase in temperature decreased total specific leaf weight (SLW), while under full sun there was no temperature effect. SLW of newly formed leaves was not influenced by environmental interactions. Leaf epicuticular wax quantity increased as soil water potential decreased. A decrease in soil water potential increased the proportion of alkanes and wax esters in extracted leaf waxes. Alkane content also increased as temperature increased. The different environmental growing conditions influenced the photosynthetic mechanism and masked the effect of prometryn, a triazine herbicide, thereby rendering it unreliable as a method for determining foliar absorption.
Response of Grapevines to Fluoride under Field Conditions
Authors: Murray Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz) were fumigated in open-top chambers with hydrogen fluoride for 64 days at mean atmospheric fluoride concentrations of 0.17 or 0.28 μgHFm-3. Other grapevines grown under ambient conditions in the vineyard or maintained in control chambers were exposed to 0.13 or 0.05 μgHFm-3, respectively. Leaves of grapevines exposed to 0.28, 0.17, 0.13, or 0.05 μgHFm-3 accumulated up to 85, 55, 20, or 11 μgFg-1, respectively. Foliar necrosis was observed on plants exposed to 0.28 μgHFm-3, but no injury symptoms were observed at 0.17 μgHFm-3 or in control plants. Grapevines growing under ambient conditions had significantly greater mean bunch weight, peduncle weight, number of grapes per bunch, and leaf protein levels than the fumigated treatments. However, these differences may be associated with a chamber effect rather than with an effect of fluoride on grapevines. No significant differences were found between treatments for grape potential alcohol content, fruit acids, number of bunches or grapes per vine, fresh weight of grapes, or leaf chlorophyll content, despite foliar fluoride concentrations in the highest fluoride fumigation level reaching 85 μgFg-1. No evidence was found of significant fluoride accumulation in berries or canes.
Storage Responses of Four Apple Cultivars to a “Rapid CA” Procedure in Commercial Controlled-atmosphere Facilities
Authors: Lau O.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Commercial applications of a “rapid CA” procedure (short loading time and rapid reduction of storage O2 to 2.5%) significantly improved retention of flesh firmness and juice acidity in controlled-atmosphere (CA)-stored apples from a wide range of production regimes. ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’ apples responded more to the rapid CA procedure than did ‘Spartan’ or ‘Delicious’ apples. Rapid CA maintained fruit firmness of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Spartan’ apples picked over a wide range of maturities and reduced the susceptibility of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples to bruising.
Ammonium Adsorption on a Pine-bark Growing Medium
Authors: Foster W.J. , Wright R.D. , Alley M.M. , Yeager T.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pine bark was shown to adsorb 1.5 mg of N/g of bark when NH4 solutions were leached through the bark. Increasing pH of bark increased adsorbed NH4. At pH 3.3, only NH4 was adsorbed to bark particles when a fertilizer solution containing NH4, Ca, K, and Mg was applied. However, adsorption of NH4 and other cations increased as pH was increased from 3.8 to 5.8. These data indicate that 2 types of sites exist for the adsorption of NH4 to pine bark. One site is effective at lower pH; the other is active as pH increases. Daily application of 2.5 cm of water containing 50 ppm NH4 required 20 days for equilibration to occur so as to satisfy all binding sites. Thus, incorporation of NH4 into a pine-bark medium prior to planting may be advisable to prevent low N levels from occurring in the container solution due to NH4 binding when plants are first planted and fertilized.
Net CO2 Assimilation Characteristics of Walnut Leaves under Field and Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Tombesi A. , DeJong T.M. , Ryugo K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The CO2 assimilation characteristics of walnut leaves (Juglans regia L.) were measured on excised branches using controlled, open-system, infrared gas analysis techniques in the laboratory and on large bearing trees with a CO2 depletion method in the field. The mean maximum rate of net CO2 assimilation measured by both techniques was 1.3 nM CO2 cm-2s-l on a leaf area basis of 6.0 nm CO2 mg N-1s-1 on a leaf nitrogen basis. Leaves approached light saturation at 600-800 µEs-1m-2, and exhibited an otpimum range for CO2 assimilation at 18 to 26°C. CO2 assimilation increased linearly with increases in intercellular CO2 concentrations between 60-250 µl liter-1. The daily pattern of field CO2 assimilation was highly correlated with leaf conductance to H2O but exhibited a midday depression that was independent of the daily pattern of incident photosynthetic photon flux density at the surface of the leaves.
Inflorescence and Floral Development in Pelargonium X hortorum
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Armitage Allan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Floral initiation and development in the hybrid geranium, Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Inflorescence initiation was marked by a raising of the apex followed by the formation of convex flower primordia. In floral development, 5 sepal primordia were delimited, closely followed by 5 petal primordia. Imbricate sepals enclosed the floral apex during later developmental stages. Five antesepalous, then 5 antepetalous stamen primordia were initiated. Five gynoecial primordia arose, forming a pentagonal ridge, carpellary lobes, and eventually an elongate style with stigma. Three of the antepetalous stamen primordia developed into filaform starninodia.
Seasonal Changes in Specific Leaf Weight, Net Photosynthesis, and Chlorophyll Content of Peach Leaves as Affected by Light Penetration and Canopy Position
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Choma Marini Michele 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diffuse photon flux density of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured throughout the season in peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. cv. Harken] trained to an open center. Penetration of PAR generally decreased as shoot extension continued through the season. PAR was greater at the tree periphery and center than midway between the 2 points. PAR also decreased from the upper levels to the lower levels of the tree canopy. Specific leaf weight (SLW) at all positions increased from early June until August. SLW generally followed the same pattern as PAR, with lowest SLW developing midway between the tree periphery and center. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was greatest for peripheral leaves, lowest for leaves midway into the tree, and intermediate for leaves from the tree center. Pn and SLW were linearly correlated. Leaves developing at different distances from the tree center had similar stomatal resistances. There was no consistent influence of canopy position on chlorophyll content, but interior leaves tended to have greater chlorophyll content than peripheral leaves.
Influence of Time of Summer Pruning and Limb Orientation on Growth and Flowering of Vigorous ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Myers S.C. , Ferree D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of apple [Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Prince Delicious/Malling (M) 9] planted in 1974 on a 1.52 x 3.05 m spacing exceeded the allotted space by 40% at the initiation of the study in 1979. Trees were unpruned (control) and pruned on July 3, August 3, or September 3 in 1979 and 1980. Pruning decreased limb and trunk cross-sectional area. Horizontal limb cross-sectional area increase was less than that of vertical limbs. Pruning increased spur leaf numbers, area, and size on the 1978 limb section but only July and August pruning prevented the decline in spur numbers occurring on control limbs. July pruning increased bloom per cluster but decreased total bloom on the 1978 limb sections. August and September pruning were most efficient in maintaining tree height while all pruning treatments maintained tree spread.
Effects of Dormant and Summer Pruning, Disbudding, and Growth Retardants on Growth, Flower Bud Formation, and Fruiting of Young Apple Trees
Authors: Mika Augustyn , Grochowska Maria J. , Karaszewska Alicja , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer pruning, dormant pruning, and growth-regulator treatments were applied for 5 years on newly planted ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Melba’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Alnarp 2 and Mailing 26 rootstocks. All forms of pruning reduced tree growth and yield. Light-to-moderate pruning was the best treatment for forming tree canopies. The reported stimulative effect of summer pruning on flower bud formation was not supported by this research. Pinching shoot tips led to a new secondary growth and inhibited rather than stimulated flower bud formation.
Relationship of Daily Growth and Development of Peach Leaves and Fruit to Environmental Factors
Authors: Haun Joseph R. , Coston D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure was developed for detecting daily changes in the rate of growth and development of leaves and fruit of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Quantitative morphological stages of leaf and fruit development were determined for 3 cultivars, transformed into growth rates, and used as dependent variables for regression on a variety of daily environmental variables: maximum and minimum temperature, degree hours, precipitation, solar radiation, estimated soil moisture (Thornthwaite method), 1- to 3-day lags of these variables, quadratic and cubic transformations, and selected 2-variable products of the basic variables. Prediction equations performed well in tests from different years, locations, and cultivars. Maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and age were the most important variables for the leaf growth prediction equation. In the fruit growth prediction equation, maximum and minimum temperature, soil moisture, and age were most important.
The Use of Temporary Trees in a Hedgerow Planting of Peach Trees
Authors: Mitchell P.D. , Chalmers D.J. , van Heek L.A.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardwood cuttings of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were taken in July and planted in November at 2 levels of spacing (2 x 1 m and 4 x 1 m). Alternate rows at the 2 x 1 m spacing were considered to be temporary and pruned to minimize competition with the permanent trees. All trees cropped in 2nd leaf. Individual trees at 2 x 1 m were more fruitful and yielded 19 MT ha-1 of canning size fruit compared to 7 MT ha-1 from the 4 x 1 m planting. In 3rd and 4th leaf, the permanent trees at the 2 x 1 m spacing continued to be more fruitful than their 4 x 1 m counterparts. By the 5th leaf, however, yield per tree was greater at the 4 x 1 m spacing. Results show that the temporary trees should have been removed prior to 5th leaf before severe pruning of the permanent trees became necessary.
Prediction of Sweet Corn Field Emergence by Conductivity and Cold Tests
Authors: Waters Luther , Blanchette Bonnie L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field-emergence trials and laboratory seed-quality tests were conducted on 45 seed lots of 13 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Results from standard laboratory germination tests were not correlated with field emergence in 4 field trials. Cold tests conducted in sterile sand and on rolled towels were correlated highly with field emergence. Electrolyte leakage tests conducted on individual seeds with the ASA-610 Automatic Seed Analyzer were superior to bulk-seed measurements with a conductivity meter. By combining the seedling-growth cold test (total seedling dry weight) with the Automatic Seed Analyzer test, multiple correlation values with field emergence ranged from 0.70 to 0.80.
Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Lime Sources on Yield, Fruit Quality, and Elemental Uptake of Tomato
Authors: Mullins Charles A. , Wolt Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Better Boy and Walter) were grown on an acid soil (pH 4.9) with initially low Ca and Mg levels which was limed with Ca(OH)2 and MgO in varied mole ratios. In 1980, marketable fruit yields were lower with the 100% Ca(OH)2 or 100% MgO lime ratio. In 1981, lime source had no effect on marketable fruit yields. Fruit blossom-end rot was most severe when no Ca was applied, while cracking appeared more severe with high levels of Ca application. Leaf Ca and fruit pH were higher for ‘Walter’ than for ‘Better Boy’. The Ca to Mg mole ratio of leaf tissue sampled at early fruiting was a good indicator of the Ca-Mg status of tomato in 1980, when highest fruit yields were obtained over a relatively narrow range of the leaf Ca to Mg mole ratio, with both Ca and Mg deficiency limiting yields. The leaf Ca to Mg mole ratio was well-correlated with the soil test Ca to Mg mole ratio during a given year, but the relationships were different between years. Yield and elemental uptake by tomato relative to levels of Ca and Mg application varied between years as a consequence of the differing climatic conditions in a hot, dry year (1980) versus a cooler, moister year (1981).
A Method for Studying the Three-dimensional Distribution of Roots Grown in an Artificial Medium
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method is described for studying the 3-dimensional distribution of roots grown in a medium consisting of small pieces of glass. After growing to a desired size, the plant is sacrificed by evaporating all water from the media with flowing air. To visualize the undisturbed root system, an immersion oil with the same refractive index as the glass is added to the glass container in which the plant was grown.
Growth and Composition of Radish under Various Regimes of Nitrogen Nutrition
Authors: Barker A.V. , Laplante Joan F. , Damon R.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In greenhouse studies with radish (Raphanus sativus L.), KNO3, (NH4)2SO4, urea, dried sewage sludge, and dried cow manure were applied at 200, 400, and 800 mgN/1,200 g soil with 0 or 10 ppm of nitrapyrin. Soil analysis for pH, and indicated that nitrification was inhibited throughout the growth (38 days) of the plants. Nitrogen deficiency limited plant growth at the 2 low rates of application of organic fertilizers. With the ammoniacal fertilizers, toxicity restricted root and shoot growth at the highest rate of N and especially in the presence of nitrapyrin relative to the KNO3 regimes. An interaction of nitrapyrin with the organic fertilizers limited root growth. This restriction was attributed partially to toxicity. Some indication of nitrapyrin toxicity was suggested by plant foliar appearance with the organic fertilizers but not with the inorganic sources. Ca and Mg concentrations varied with treatment, with increased rate of N and nitrapyrin addition sharply restricting their accumulation, especially with the ammoniacal and organic fertilizers. Percentage of K in the plants changed in a reciprocal manner to that of Ca or Mg. Compositional changes suggested that toxicity was a major factor causing a limitation of growth with the combination of nitrapyrin with ammoniacal or organic fertilizers.