bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building on the Indigenous
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines and illustrates the theory and practice of marriage therapy in use by the author in his marital therapy process across two regions of Africa. The approach is grounded on an inclusive theoretical perspective inspired by the notion of the conditions for a healthy marriage as understood in Africa and the place of the role theory approach in intervening between opposing parties. The theme developed is that a viable contemporary African marriage therapy practice derives from its indigenous model. As a background to the entire discussion, an account of the theoretical underpinnings of the whole practice is offered. A summary of four key approaches to marriage therapy in the West is undertaken to put in clearer context the underlying differences between marital therapies as practiced in the West and the indigenous model influencing the author’s own practice.
Psychological Processes and Rituals of Hope-Healing Communities in Contemporary Africa
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter reports on the psychological processes and rituals of hope-healing communities organized by religious ministers in two regions of Africa. The chapter gives narrative accounts of the key hope-generating processes incorporated into the eight-stage structure of their practice. The chapter presents new concepts and highlights the psychological healing factors in these communities intended to help people cope with the devastating conditions in today’s Africa. The chapter is framed against the background of the enduring grim and disappointing conditions of the African experience in the past 40 years, during which persistent economic depressions and ethnic, military, and armed civil conflicts have continued to bedevil the many nations that make up the continent. Through a process of sharing rituals, song, and dance and in identifying with others, life takes on greater meaning and significance for participants and hope, fueled by a spiritual and humanistic resonance, points the way toward self-healing.
What Can We Do About Our (Untrustworthy) Literature?
Authors: Pashler Harold , Harris Christine R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The primary focus of the replication movement has been on changing research and analysis practices to enhance the reliability of future research. Much less discussed is what should be done with existing scientific literatures, which are increasingly regarded with suspicion but cannot feasibly be rechecked in their entirety. The problem is vexing because criteria once seen as sufficient markers of validity (such as multiple published “conceptual replications”) are now recognized as wholly unconvincing. We suggest that the discipline needs to adopt a strong truth-in-labeling standard, admitting that all findings not yet confirmed in well-powered preregistered studies need to be regarded as preliminary and merely suggestive. Adopting this conservative standard will help alleviate the catastrophic drop in the public reputation of behavioral science that has begun in recent years, and will focus incentives and resources on finding out what portion of our supposed knowledge base is real and what is not.
Accuracy and Completeness in the Dissemination of Classic Findings in Social Psychology
Authors: Wilder David A. , Cuthbert Thomas E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eight classic social psychological experiments were identified on the basis of the attention given to them in social psychology textbooks written for undergraduates. Comparisons were made between the original publications and their presentations in the texts. Secondary reports of the methods and findings were generally accurate, albeit often incomplete. There were, however, several examples of misreported findings and conclusions. In addition, data were collected on students’ retention of the findings from these experiments following completion of social psychology courses. Implications were discussed for both the accuracy of reporting study findings and the extent to which students retained that information.
Stimulus Sampling and Research Integrity
Authors: Cummings James J. , Reeves Byron 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Much of behavioral science asks a sample of people to respond to a sample of stimuli in two or more different conditions. Concerns about the best ways to sample people to ensure the integrity of research are important and increasingly common. There is much less discussion, however, about stimulus sampling issues that also may significantly impact research quality. Research may have representative subjects in large enough numbers to enable the generalizability of results to other people, but often there is no corresponding concern about whether the representativeness of stimuli will generalize to other possible collections of similar material or to how different stimuli will affect the replicability of research. This chapter is about the consequences of underinvesting in stimulus sampling. We first link problems in stimulus sampling to other integrity issues in this volume. Next, we discuss why stimulus sampling issues are important, noting how changes in technology are influencing how stimuli can be used in research. A review of a sample literature (media psychology) is then presented followed by a discussion of solutions that could make stimulus samples better.
A Lawyer’s Lawyer
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses Bushrod’s legal career before his appointment to the Supreme Court. His practice dealt mostly with appeals in Virginia’s Supreme Court of Appeals, and hence the chapter goes into detail about the judges of that court, Bushrod’s published reports of the cases decided there, some of his cases, and the lawyers who appeared regularly in them. The most important of those lawyers was John Marshall, who worked with and against Bushrod. While two of the earlier chapters talk about Marshall’s relationship with Bushrod, this is the chapter where that partnership comes into the foreground. The chapter concludes by describing how Bushrod lost his sight in one eye.
Master of Mount Vernon
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 chronicles Justice Washington’s domestic life as the owner of Mount Vernon after he moved to the estate in 1802. The first part details his collaboration with Chief Justice Marshall on an official biography of George Washington, based on Bushrod’s inheritance of his uncle’s papers. The second part talks about the justice’s management of the estate and its slow decline, due in part to the cost of running America’s greatest tourist attraction. The final part looks at daily life for the Washington family, the enslaved people who lived on the estate, and the free Blacks who called Mount Vernon home.
Southern Gentlemen Understand
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 covers Washington’s complex relationship with slavery. First, the chapter looks at the slavery cases that he decided as a judge. Second, the discussion turns to his tenure as the president of the American Colonization Society, which advocated for gradual emancipation and the establishment of a free Black nation in Liberia. Third, the chapter looks at the justice’s controversial sale of enslaved people from Mount Vernon in 1821 and his defense of that sale, which provides a unique window into the thinking of a slaveowner and the anti-slavery criticism that he received in the press.
General Introduction
Authors: Horder Jeremy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book considers the extent to which, if at all, legislatures and social media platforms should ban or place restrictions on the spread false and misleading electoral and political information. The key distinction, around which the arguments of the book revolve, is a distinction between electoral participation disinformation and political viewpoint disinformation. I argue that whilst it is legitimate to ban or restrict the spread of disinformation about how to participate in elections, it is not acceptable to ban or restrict the spread of false or misleading political viewpoint disinformation as such. Someone denied their vote, or deterred from voting by false information about the voting procedure, has suffered a rights violation (just like someone who is the victim of hate speech). By contrast, someone who is simply persuaded to accept false political claims (about a particular candidate, or a party, for example) has not suffered such a violation, even if the latter’s acceptance of the claims leads them, say, to vote in a way that they might not otherwise have done. The spread of false and misleading political information is strongly associated with highly partisan and emotionally charged forms of politics. Accordingly, to accept that engaging in this kind of politics is legitimate—and it is—entails adopting a tolerant attitude to the spread of political viewpoint disinformation. However, such a tolerant attitude is inappropriate in the case of electoral participation disinformation, disinformation that undermines a key non-partisan feature of the democratic state.
Political Disinformation: Law, Elections, and Partisan Politics
Authors: Horder Jeremy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains why the dissemination of political viewpoint disinformation should be tolerated, and not subject to restriction (a fortiori, when restriction takes the form of criminal penalties), and why spreading electoral participation disinformation should not be tolerated and should in fact be made subject to criminal penalties. Unlike electoral participation information, political viewpoint disinformation often forms part of authentic but hyper-partisan, often populist political narratives that, unlike many mainstream political narratives, engage a range people in adversarial political argument who might otherwise be politically apathetic. Mainstream politicians should thus not seek to skew the political agenda in their favour by using law or regulation to stifle political viewpoint misinformation, wherever it comes from. In any event, the regulatory and (even more so) the criminal process are unsuited to litigation over political viewpoint matters.
Online Disinformation: Between Free Speech and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Horder Jeremy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 is focused on the specific issue of political disinformation online. The discussion is set in the context of a distinction between having a legal doctrine of toleration, and demonstrating a tolerant moral outlook. An attitude of legal and moral intolerance towards political viewpoint disinformation is characteristic only of authoritarian or militant democratic regimes. So, on the one hand, it is argued that, as well as following the legal doctrine of toleration, internet platforms should generally adopt a tolerant moral outlook towards political viewpoint disinformation. However, they should nonetheless seek to encourage sceptical or enquiring engagement on the part of users with potentially false and misleading (or anonymous) content. On the other hand, platforms ought positively to be intolerant of hate speech, intimidatory speech, incitement to commit crimes, and other harmful content such as electoral participation disinformation. What we find is that, influenced by First Amendment thinking, the major internet platforms in fact often adopt a more sophisticated and nuanced approach to these issues than the governments that seek to regulate them.
Election Fraud and Adjudication: UK Law and Beyond
Authors: Horder Jeremy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The main focus of Chapter 4, in terms of the powers of the courts to address electoral wrongdoing, is section 115 of the Representation of the People Act 1983, which prohibits the use of a ‘fraudulent device or contrivance’ to induce an elector to give or refrain from giving his or her vote. A key question is, how widely was the prohibition intended to extend? Consistent with the theme developed throughout the book, the answer to that question will be that the prohibition was concerned with electoral participation fraud, and not with political viewpoint fraud. Having shown how the historical context demonstrates that this was so, the chapter examines the merits and demerits of expanding the scope of section 115-type offences to cover political viewpoint fraud or disinformation. It is argued that such an expansion is wrong in principle. In that regard, the focus is not so much on the substantive political case for tolerating the dissemination of political viewpoint fraud, but on an argument that such an expansion wrongly places the judiciary in a position in which they have to take an overtly political approach to adjudication, in determining the applicability of criminal sanctions. To that end, there is consideration of case law development in England, and in Canada and Australia, analysing the different approaches that have been taken.
Charles Williams and the Word of Co-inherence
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite the common assertion that ‘co-inherence’ runs through his entire literary output, this chapter presents evidence that Williams first used the word in January 1939, having found the term in Prestige’s God in Patristic Thought (1936). A few weeks later, Williams outlined the principles of his new Company of the Co-inherence. The chapter considers the emergence of the idea of co-inherence from Williams’ concepts of romantic love, exchange, and substitution. It is argued that the Christological trajectory of these earlier ideas means that co-inherence is basically Christological, concerning the mutual permeation of two natures in Christ and the consequent interpenetration of human beings in the life of Christ at the same time as in each other. Williams is thus using co-inherence in an analogical way. What appears to be missing is any firm grasp on the concept that human beings co-inhere or dwell in the fellowship of the Trinity.
Romantic Love and the Arthurian Myth
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBoth Lewis and Williams integrate romantic love with the Arthurian legend, but within different world views. Williams’ presentation interweaves a story of love with his theory of transmutation of energy, as well as with the achieving of the Holy Grail and so mystical union with God. In his spiritual geography, he draws on the Kabbala, which offers gateways to divine glory. Achieving the Grail is a consciousness in which one can know the world as sacrament of the glory of God, or ‘co-inherence’. Lewis, however, places this within a strict hierarchy deriving from Christian Neoplatonism, and interprets Williams’ poems through a scheme of active principles and passive recipients. Convergence appears with Lewis’ identification in Williams’ poems of a union of two ways of approach to God. Like Williams, Lewis regards this as ‘co-inherence’, but only later does he conclude that the ‘positive’ way finds the immanence of God’s glory everywhere.
From Equilibrium to Exchange
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn his sequence of novels Williams explores the path from the idea of ‘exchange’ to ‘substitution’, and finally to ‘co-inherence’. This chapter shows how the first four novels each take a central symbol around which the plot revolves: successively these are the Arthurian Holy Grail, the Stone of Solomon, the Eagle—archetype of Truth—and the Dance of the cosmos. The predominant idea is the desirability of holding an equilibrium within the movements of time, space, and events. The idea also appears in notes by Williams for a lecture on Gerard Manley Hopkins at about the same time. However, it fails to resolve Williams’ often-discussed question as to whether evil is part of the ‘Necessity’ or ‘Destiny’ of creation. Through the vocabulary of his novels Williams appears to be searching for a comprehensive term for his vision of the world, and this is to be finally satisfied in ‘co-inherence’.
Co-inherence and Relations in the Trinity
Authors: Fiddes Paul S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe final chapter offers a study of the word ‘co-inherence’ in English-speaking theology before proposing a way in which differences between Lewis and Williams might be resolved. It recalls that Williams uses kabbalistic imagery to evoke a world in which God’s glory is immanent, while Lewis draws on Christian Neoplatonism to emphasize divine transcendence. An investigation of the term ‘co-inherence’ in modern trinitarian theology shows that these viewpoints might converge, though this is not a conclusion Williams and Lewis reached. The chapter argues that approaching co-inherence as a pattern of diverse relations in God, strengthened by the idea that ‘persons’ in the Trinity are not subjects but ‘relations’, can provide a context for what Williams and Lewis wanted to express, both about analogies between the human and the divine, and about actual engagement in God. If co-inherence is participating in relations, Williams and Lewis can stand on common ground.
Country case study 6: Saudi Arabia
Authors: Som Lalita 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Reliance on SOEs as pioneers of national infrastructure projects and as actors with diverse developmental mandates has remained an important policy lever in the MENA region. The Saudi growth model is based on ‘islands of efficiency’—SOEs that are drastically better than the rest of the Saudi State and significantly more efficient than the average emerging market SOEs. These islands of efficiency were strategic sectors notably in the areas of public service delivery, infrastructure provision, monetary and financial regulation, and public security. These islands of efficiency have been role models for the rest of the MENA region. Saudi State is quite heterogeneous, consisting of patrimonial fiefdoms in some parts and efficient modern bureaucracies in others. Apart from the exceptional, exemplar SOEs, the rest of the Saudi State provides a significant share of the rentier resource distribution to the Saudi populace. The under-performance of significant parts of the Saudi system has fed the need for islands of efficiency; conversely, the presence of these islands has lowered the pressure to reform the overall system.
“When we feel the truth of a commonplace”
Authors: Yousef Nancy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the interdependence between figurative form, emotional inflection, and philosophical conceptualization in George Eliot’s Middlemarch and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. It brings into focus the close interdependence of form and concept shaping how the philosopher and the novelist imagine the challenges of everyday conversation and exchange. Eliot and Wittgenstein both give primacy to the affective, and ethical manifestations of issues typically addressed by epistemology, resituating the language of inwardness within relational settings. Reading them together makes it possible to see how their conceptual emphases depend on remarkably similar formal and structural elements, including the use of multiple voices, tonal inflections, and digressions. The formal and methodological affinities between the philosopher and the novelist compel a reassessment of the authoritative exposition of psychic interiority offered by the philosophically inflected voice of Eliot’s principal narrator in Middlemarch. This chapter proposes a “resolute reading” of Middlemarch according to which the novel challenges its reader to relinquish the beautifully articulated hypotheses of existential egoism that the narrator persistently offers, and to attend instead to the ethical challenges embedded in the dynamics of expression, response, conversation, and its avoidance that comprise the novel’s main events.
British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580-1750
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive study of the thousands of Britons captured and enslaved in North Africa in the early modern period, charting their lives from capture to eventual liberation, death in Barbary, or for a lucky few, escape. It outlines the character of Barbary’s government and society, the world of the corsairs, and the wider context of Mediterranean slavery. Using letters from slaves and accounts by former slaves, the book describes the trauma of the slave market, the lives of galley-slaves and labourers, and the fate of female captives. It explores the significance of their faith for some captives, especially puritans, but shows how a significant minority apostatized and accepted Islam, seduced by promises or hoping to ease their conditions. For them, and for other Britons who joined the corsairs voluntarily, identity became fluid and multilayered. The book also explores in depth how ransoms were raised by families and by state-sponsored charitable collections, and how redemptions were organized by merchants, consuls, and other intermediaries. Most families were too poor to raise a ransom, and the state came under intense pressure to intervene. The book shows how from the mid-seventeenth century, the state practised a form of ‘gunboat diplomacy’ that eventually curbed the corsairs. The Barbary corsairs posed a threat to all European powers, and the book places the British story within the wider context of Mediterranean slavery, which saw Moors and Christians as both captors and captives.
Raising Ransoms
Authors: Capp Bernard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides the first in-depth exploration of how ransom funds were raised in England, and the roles played by families and friends, merchants, local magistrates, the Church, and the state. It begins by showing how families learned of the fate of their loved ones, and the nature of contacts between Barbary and Britain. Captives of higher status often had the contacts and resources to negotiate ransoms privately. The poor, by contrast, depended on help from others. But who was responsible for providing it, and how? The chapter explores how wives, armed with a ‘brief’, were permitted to roam the country begging alms towards a ransom, or for their own relief. The state refused to pay ransoms to those it saw as pirates. But it became involved at arm’s length, issuing nationwide ‘general briefs’ which provided for charitable collections in every parish church. This system, introduced in 1624, was replaced in the civil war era by a surcharge on customs, the ‘Algiers duty’, but was revived after the Restoration. The chapter ends by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of both arrangements, and compares their record against the performance of the systems developed in continental Europe.