bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent exposure to food and beverage marketing on social media by gender: a pilot study
Authors: Amson Ashley , Pauzé Elise , Remedios Lauren , Pritchard Meghan , Potvin Kent Monique 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjective:The objective of this research was to determine if, based on gender, adolescents were exposed to different marketing techniques that promoted food and beverages over social media.Design:A secondary analysis of adolescent boy (n 26) and girl (n 36) exposures (n 139) to food and beverage marketing was conducted. Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to compare the number, healthfulness and the marketing techniques of exposures viewed by boys and girls.Setting:Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Sixty-two adolescents aged 12–16 years.Results:Boys and girls were exposed to similar volumes of food marketing instances (median = 2 for both boys and girls, Mann–Whitney U = 237, P = 0·51) per 10-min period of social media use. More girls viewed products that were excessive in total fat compared to boys (67 % v. 35 %, P = 0·02). Boys were more likely to view instances of food marketing featuring a male as the dominant user (50 % v. 22 %, P = 0·03), appeals to achievement (42 % v. 17 %, P = 0·04), an influencer (42 % v. 14 %, P = 0·02) and appeals to athleticism (35 % v. 11 %, P = 0·03), whereas girls were more likely to view instances of food marketing featuring quizzes, surveys or polls (25 % v. 0 %, P = 0·01).Conclusions:Food and beverage companies utilise marketing techniques that differ based on gender. More research examining the relationship between digital food and beverage marketing and gender is required to inform the development of gender-sensitive policies aimed at protecting adolescents from unhealthy food marketing.
How international humanitarian law develops
Authors: Droege Cordula , Giorgou Eirini 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article takes a critical look at the development of international humanitarian law (IHL), from its early codification in the Hague and Geneva Conventions to the present day. It examines why and how IHL develops – through treaty, custom, interpretation and soft-law instruments, as well as the influence of jurisprudence and other branches of law. In doing so, it highlights some of the distinctive elements of IHL that set it apart from other bodies of law and explains how these elements influence IHL development. Turning to the present, it addresses some of the key arguments commonly heard against attempting any further development of IHL, by answering the following three key questions: Does IHL need to develop further? If so, how can this be achieved? And what are the prospects for such development in the near future? In answering these questions, the article argues that IHL will continue to develop in many ways, and that while the current environment does not appear propitious for new legally binding norms of IHL, they continue to be both necessary and possible.
What Mainly Drives the Interannual Climate Variability Over the Barents‐Kara Seas in Boreal Early Autumn?
Authors: Chang Le , Morioka Yushi , Behera Swadhin , Luo Jing‐Jia , Xu Haiming , Zhou Bing 
Published: November 2022

AbstractYear‐to‐year forecasts of the Arctic climate conditions have drawn much interest in recent decades. This study investigates the primary drivers responsible for interannual variations (without multi‐decadal trends) of air temperature at 2 m (T2m) and sea ice concentration (SIC) over the Barents‐Kara Seas (BKS) during September from 1950 to 2021. The Arctic Dipole (AD), a leading factor in the BKS variability, plays an important role via influencing large‐scale atmospheric circulations and local thermodynamical feedbacks (i.e., vapor and albedo feedbacks). During a negative AD phase, the positive surface air temperature advection anomalies warm up the BKS region and promote sea ice melting, which in turn maintains the below‐normal sea ice and warmer‐than‐normal conditions via positive vapor and albedo feedbacks. Moreover, our results suggest that the sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the midlatitudes of the North Atlantic in the preceding month could also be an important driver of the SIC variability over the BKS area. The anomalous temperature advections from the surface to the upper troposphere are accompanied by a Rossby wave‐type atmospheric response, which intensifies the energy exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere. Local SST anomalies associated with the surface heat flux anomalies further persist in the following month and influence sea ice variations due to their long‐lasting memory. A better understanding of the mechanisms of interannual climate variabilities over the BKS region in boreal early autumn is helpful to improving the Arctic regional climate predictions.
Evaluation of the Role of Silt Content on the Flocculation Behavior of Clay‐Silt Mixtures
Authors: Xu C. , Odum B. , Chen Y. , Yao P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe interactions and impacts of silt content on clay‐silt mixture flocculation processes and settling and floc properties were investigated from a series of laboratory experiments. The results demonstrate that the silt content in clay‐silt mixtures has an impact on the time‐evolution average floc size, peak floc size, and equilibrium floc size. Increasing the silt content reduces the floc strength, recovery factor, and average floc size. The silt fraction can present both cohesive and noncohesive characteristics in silt‐clay suspensions. The bulk concentration of clay‐silt mixtures was found to reasonably correlate with the average floc sizes under equilibrium conditions and with maximal floc sizes under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. The results also show that the flux‐settling velocities increase with increasing silt content. Specifically, the flux‐settling velocities are 0.66, 0.87, and 1.39 mm/s for mixing ratios of clay‐silt of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2.5, respectively, under equilibrium conditions. Under growth‐breakup‐reflocculation (G‐B‐R) conditions, the percentage changes in the flux‐settling velocities of flocs during the regrowth period are 22%, 41%, and 42% less than those under equilibrium conditions. Therefore, both the silt content and hydrodynamic conditions need to be taken into consideration when determining the flux‐settling velocities under variable shear conditions. The findings from this research provide better insight into the highly complex role of silt in the flocculation process of clay‐silt mixtures in natural water environments.
Fine‐Sediment Erosion and Sediment‐Ribbon Morphodynamics in Coarse‐Grained Immobile Beds
Authors: Trevisson Michele , Eiff Olivier 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn rivers, fine sediments are often transported over immobile coarse grains. With low sediment supply, they tend to aggregate in longitudinal ribbons. Yet, the long‐term evolution of such ribbons and the influence of immobile grains on the erosion of fine sediments are still not well understood. Flume experiments without sediment supply were therefore performed to investigate the erosion of an initially uniform fine‐sediment bed covering an immobile bed of staggered spheres through topographic and flow measurements. The topographic measurements yielded the spheres' protrusion above the fine sediment (P) and revealed long‐lived ribbons with ridges and troughs. The ridges are the main long‐term sediment source as the troughs are quickly eroded to a stable bed level resulting from the spheres' sheltering. The ridges stabilize with a spacing of 1.3 effective water depths, their number resulting from the integer number of wavelengths fitting into the effective channel width which excludes side‐wall accumulations. The ridges' erosion is damped by the local upflow of secondary current cells, which displaces the strongest sweep events above the bed. The upflow intensity is controlled by the ridges' height for low P, while for high P by the lateral roughness heterogeneity. The trends in erosion rates over ridges and troughs are similar and characterized by the following sequence of four regimes with increasing P: a drag sheltering, a turbulence‐enhancement, a wake‐interference sheltering, and a skimming‐flow sheltering regime. The critical P levels at the transitions are independent of the flow above the canopy, depending only on the geometrical configuration of the immobile bed.
Paleoproterozoic Plate Tectonics Recorded in the Northern Margin Orogen, North China Craton
Authors: Wu Chen , Wang Guosheng , Zhou Zhiguang , Haproff Peter J. , Zuza Andrew V. , Liu Wenyou 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe occurrence of plate tectonic processes on Earth during the Paleoproterozoic is supported by ca. 2.2–1.8 Ga subduction‐collision orogens associated with the assembly of the Columbia‐Nuna supercontinent. Subsequent supercontinent breakup is evidence by global ca. 1.8–1.6 Ga large igneous provinces. The North China craton is notable for containing Paleoproterozoic orogens along its margins, herein named the Northern Margin orogen, yet the nature and timing of orogenic and extensional processes of these orogens and their role in the supercontinent cycle remain unclear. In this contribution, we present new field observations, U‐Pb zircon and baddeleyite geochronology dates, and major/trace‐element and isotope geochemical analyses from the northern margin of the North China craton that detail its Paleoproterozoic tectonic and magmatic history. Specifically, we record the occurrence of ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga magmatic arc rocks, ca. 1.9–1.88 Ga tectonic mélange and mylonitic shear zones, and folded lower Paleoproterozoic strata. These rocks were affected by ca. 1.9–1.8 Ga granulite‐facies metamorphism and ca. 1.87–1.78 Ga post‐collisional, extension‐related magmatism along the cratonal northern margin. We interpret that the generation and emplacement of these rocks, and the coupled metamorphic and magmatic processes, were related to oceanic subduction and subsequent continent‐continent collision during the Paleoproterozoic. The occurrence of ca. 1.77–1.73 Ga mafic dykes and ca. 1.75 Ga mylonitic shear zones along the northern margin of the North China craton may have been related to a regional mantle plume event. Our results are consistent with modern style plate tectonics, including oceanic subduction‐related plate convergence and continent‐continent collision, operating in the Paleoproterozoic.
Effect of Ambient Humidity on the Elasticity and Deformation of Unweathered Granite
Authors: Li Y. , Leith K. , Perras M. A. , Loew S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMoisture variation has been noted as a driver of strains in both natural and anthropogenic bedrock environments. Similarly, increasing water content has been shown to reduce elastic stiffness in a variety of rock materials, though evidence for granites is limited. This study presents strains of an axially stressed (0.1 MPa) Herrnholz granite cylinder with ambient relative humidity alternating between 20% and 90% in a stepwise manner. At each ambient humidity level, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were determined by performing a series of load and unload cycles at 1–12 hr intervals. We observed that when the ambient humidity increased from 20% to 90%, Young's modulus declined by 13% on average, and nearly returned to the initial dry value when the ambient humidity was reduced to 20%. Poisson's ratio increased by 130% in response to the same humidity change, and approximately 60% of it was reversed when dried. These changes occurred linearly with a volumetric strain of up to 8 × 10−4 of the tested sample, equivalent to 24.5 MPa internal stress. This stress change is attributed to the generation of nanoscale adsorption stress, which includes surface adhesion pressure along pore walls and capillary pressures within characteristic pore spaces. Using a modified adsorption model, the two contributions were estimated to be 8.5 and 16 MPa, respectively. The agreement between laboratory‐derived and modeled stress change validates the proposed mechanism of adsorption‐induced strains and elastic property variations in unweathered granite.
The Impact of a Southern Ocean Cyclonic Eddy on Mesopelagic Micronekton
Authors: Della Penna Alice , Llort Joan , Moreau Sebastien , Patel Ramkrushnbhai , Kloser Rudy , Gaube Peter , Strutton Peter , Boyd Philip W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMesoscale eddies shape the foraging ecology of predators such as marine mammals and seabirds. A growing number of animal tracking studies show that predators alter their swimming, diving, and foraging behavior within mesoscale eddies. However, little is known about how Southern Ocean eddies influence the distribution of mesopelagic micronekton (fish, squid, and crustaceans), which are major prey items of megafauna. Studies in other oceanic regions have found that eddies can influence the abundance and community composition of micronekton. Here, we analyze acoustic observations from a 14‐day survey of a cyclonic mesoscale eddy, its surrounding waters, and the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) waters where the eddy formed. We report and interpret spatial patterns of acoustic backscatter at 18 and 75 kHz, proxies indicating combined changes in species, size, and abundance of micronekton. We find that the vertical distribution of acoustic backscatter matched the underwater light conditions characteristic of the eddy core, periphery, and surrounding waters, at scales smaller than 10 km. The median water‐column integrated acoustic backscatter values in the eddy core were only half of those measured in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone waters surrounding the eddy, but similar to those measured in the PFZ, where the eddy originated 27 days prior. These results suggest that, as for physical and chemical tracers, the eddy maintained its biological characteristics from its source waters creating a unique habitat compared to its surroundings.
Inferring Dynamic Fragmentation Through the Particle Size and Shape Distribution of a Rock Avalanche
Authors: Jin Kaiping , Xing Aiguo , Chang Wenbin , He Junyi , Gao Ge , Bilal Muhammad , Zhang Yanbo , Zhuang Yu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOn 28 August 2017, a large catastrophic rock avalanche occurred in Nayong, Guizhou Province, China. It claimed 35 lives and caused large property losses. The Nayong rock avalanche provides a rare opportunity to infer the dynamic fragmentation of rock masses from deposits. Field surveys combined with an uncrewed aerial vehicle image analysis system were performed to investigate the particle size and shape distribution along the runout path of the Nayong rock avalanche. The Weibull particle size distribution (PSD) model was tested and possesses the highest accuracy and capability over the entire range of the Nayong rock PSD, and it shows that the median size (D50) values of the particles range from 0.16 to 16.31 m along the runout path. Moreover, the evolution of D50 along the runout path confirms that the degree of rock fragmentation varies greatly in different regions. Additionally, the relative breakage (BR) of particles in the deposition area is 0.191. Particle R values increase significantly from 0.55 to 0.78 along the runout path, which indicates that the rock grinding (shape change) process continuously occurs throughout the avalanche path. The image analysis results confirm that the dominance of rock fragmentation and grinding alternates during granular flow transport. Based on these results, the classic fragmentation‐spreading model for long‐runout rock avalanches is optimized by taking into account the method by which grinding rocks increases the speed of avalanches.
CaTSM: A Pseudo‐Spectral Thermodynamically Consistent Model of Compressible Flows
Authors: Brown Justin M. , Dewar William , Radko Timour 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe introduce a pseudo‐spectral algorithm that includes full compressible dynamics with the intent of simulating near‐incompressible fluids, CaTSM (Compressible and Thermodynamically consistent Spectral Model). A semi‐implicit scheme is used to model acoustic waves in order to evolve the system efficiently for such fluids. We demonstrate the convergence properties of this numerical code for the case of a shock tube and for Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. A linear equation of state is also presented, which relates the specific volume of the fluid linearly to the potential temperature, salinity, and pressure. This permits the results to be easily compared to a Boussinesq framework in order to assess whether the Boussinesq approximation adequately represents the relevant exchange of energy to the problem of interest. One such application is included, that of the development of a single salt finger, and it is shown that the energetic behavior of the system is comparable to the typical canonical development of the problem for oceanographic parameters. However, for more compressible systems, the results change substantially even for low‐Mach number flows.
The Treatment of Uncertainty in Hydrometric Observations: A Probabilistic Description of Streamflow Records
Authors: de Oliveira Debora Y. , Vrugt Jasper A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce a relatively simple data‐driven method for the representation of the uncertainty in daily discharge records. The proposed method relies only on hourly discharge data and takes advantage of a nonparametric difference‐based estimator in the characterization of random errors in discharge time series. We illustrate with corrupted streamflow data that the nonparametric estimator provides an accurate characterization of the nature (homoscedastic or heteroscedastic) and magnitude of these errors. In addition, we demonstrate the practical usefulness of the estimator using discharge time series of 500+ watersheds of the Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large‐sample Studies data set. This analysis reveals that the magnitude of errors of aleatory nature in the investigated discharge records is rather small (less than 3% for 80% of the records). We then combine the effect of random errors and measurement frequency into a daily variance estimate, which serves as input to a streamflow generation approach. This procedure produces replicates of the discharge record which portray accurately the assigned streamflow uncertainty, preserve key statistical properties of the discharge record and are hydrologically realistic. The proposed method facilitates Bayesian analysis and supports tasks such as model diagnostics, data assimilation, uncertainty quantification and regionalization.
A Global Implementation of Single‐ and Dual‐Source Surface Energy Balance Models for Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration at 30‐m Resolution Using Google Earth Engine
Authors: Jaafar H. H. , Mourad R. M. , Kustas W. P. , Anderson M. C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) provides a robust connection between hydrological cycles and surface energy balance. Accurate and near‐daily ET estimation has utility in water resources, agricultural management applications, crop yields and drought monitoring. This study describes the implementation of an ET modeling system based on a Priestley‐Taylor version of the Two‐Source (soil and vegetation) Energy Balance Model (TSEB‐PT) within Google Earth Engine environment. TSEB‐PT performance was compared with the simpler single‐source HSEB (Hybrid Surface Energy Balance) ET model to assess relative advantages and disadvantages for operational application. Results were evaluated across multiple biomes and climatic zones across the US, Europe, and Australia in comparison with eddy covariance data from 30 flux tower sites. Both models produced similar results when considering all biomes at daily, weekly, and monthly timescales. Daily ET metrics for all sites combined yielded comparable results for both models, with a slightly lower root‐mean‐square error for TSEB‐PT (HSEB) of 1.2 (1.3) mm/d and a higher correlation (r) of 0.83 (0.80), but a larger mean percent bias error (MPBE = −9%) than HSEB (MPBE = 1%). TSEB‐PT performance was lowest for sites in warm summer humid continental and hot semi‐arid climates and in evergreen broadleaf forest cover, while HSEB showed lowest performance in tropical savanna hot semi‐arid climates and in savanna covers. Model performance was improved for both cropland and non‐cropland sites when TSEB‐PT and HSEB ET estimates were combined through simple averaging due to cancellation of opposing errors, showing a promise as potential tools for water resource management on a global scale.
MYC promotes immune-suppression in triple-negative breast cancer via inhibition of interferon signaling
Authors: Zimmerli Dario , Brambillasca Chiara S. , Talens Francien , Bhin Jinhyuk , Linstra Renske , Romanens Lou , Bhattacharya Arkajyoti , Joosten Stacey E. P. , Da Silva Ana Moises , Padrao Nuno , Wellenstein Max D. , Kersten Kelly , de Boo Mart , Roorda Maurits , Henneman Linda , de Bruijn Roebi , Annunziato Stefano , van der Burg Eline , Drenth Anne Paulien , Lutz Catrin , Endres Theresa , van de Ven Marieke , Eilers Martin , Wessels Lodewyk , de Visser Karin E. , Zwart Wilbert , Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , van Vugt Marcel A. T. M. , Jonkers Jos 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe limited efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients is attributed to sparse or unresponsive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, but the mechanisms that lead to a therapy resistant tumor immune microenvironment are incompletely known. Here we show a strong correlation between MYC expression and loss of immune signatures in human TNBC. In mouse models of TNBC proficient or deficient of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility gene (BRCA1), MYC overexpression dramatically decreases lymphocyte infiltration in tumors, along with immune signature remodelling. MYC-mediated suppression of inflammatory signalling induced by BRCA1/2 inactivation is confirmed in human TNBC cell lines. Moreover, MYC overexpression prevents the recruitment and activation of lymphocytes in both human and mouse TNBC co-culture models. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-sequencing reveals that MYC, together with its co-repressor MIZ1, directly binds promoters of multiple interferon-signalling genes, resulting in their downregulation. MYC overexpression thus counters tumor growth inhibition by a Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist via suppressing induction of interferon signalling. Together, our data reveal that MYC suppresses innate immunity and facilitates tumor immune escape, explaining the poor immunogenicity of MYC-overexpressing TNBCs.
Uncertainty-informed deep learning models enable high-confidence predictions for digital histopathology
Authors: Dolezal James M. , Srisuwananukorn Andrew , Karpeyev Dmitry , Ramesh Siddhi , Kochanny Sara , Cody Brittany , Mansfield Aaron S. , Rakshit Sagar , Bansal Radhika , Bois Melanie C. , Bungum Aaron O. , Schulte Jefree J. , Vokes Everett E. , Garassino Marina Chiara , Husain Aliya N. , Pearson Alexander T. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA model’s ability to express its own predictive uncertainty is an essential attribute for maintaining clinical user confidence as computational biomarkers are deployed into real-world medical settings. In the domain of cancer digital histopathology, we describe a clinically-oriented approach to uncertainty quantification for whole-slide images, estimating uncertainty using dropout and calculating thresholds on training data to establish cutoffs for low- and high-confidence predictions. We train models to identify lung adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma and show that high-confidence predictions outperform predictions without uncertainty, in both cross-validation and testing on two large external datasets spanning multiple institutions. Our testing strategy closely approximates real-world application, with predictions generated on unsupervised, unannotated slides using predetermined thresholds. Furthermore, we show that uncertainty thresholding remains reliable in the setting of domain shift, with accurate high-confidence predictions of adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma for out-of-distribution, non-lung cancer cohorts.