bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1987
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Planting in June was preferred but high rainfall during that month delayed seeding until 13 Jul when soybean seed was row planted at 10 seeds/ft. Plot size was 75 ft × 7 rows (32-inch row spacing). Treatments are described in the tables and were applied between 0700 and 0900 hours (&lt;5 mph wind) on 20 Sep when plants were VlO-13, R5-6. Up to this time, insect pest populations were too low to evaluate insecticide efficacy. Insecticides were applied with a COa-pressurized (20 psi) 4-nozzle boom sprayer. Nozzle tips were flat-fan LF (80 degrees) and delivered 15 gal finished spray/acre. In each plot 9 ft of row was sampled with a vertical beat sheet on dates recorded in the tables. Samples were brushed from the beat sheet to plastic bags and the contents were frozen and then thawed later for identification and enumeration.
Secondary Pest Buildup in Response to Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Showier A. T. , Reagan T. E. , Rester D. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of plant cane (2 replications) and first-stubble (2 replications) crop sugarcane at Lanaux Plantation near Kilona, La., for evaluation of buildup of secondary pest infestation of the yellow sugarcane aphid. Each plot consisted of a minimum of 30 rows of sugarcane; the size of the plots ranged from 1.8 to 2.4 acres. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 60-ft swath widths (10 rows) at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation/acre/application. The first application of insecticides was begun after internodes were visible and Diatraea saccharalis infestation exceeded 5% of the stalks with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (13 Jul). The second application was made on 17 Aug when that level of D. saccharalis infestation was again detected in Guthion-treated plots. The number of aphids was evaluated by randomly sampling 20 plants weekly and removing a leaf from the upper portion of each plant.
Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1987
Authors: Ring D. R. , Browning H. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots of 4 rows (1.5-m centers) × 19.8 m (0.012 ha) l of 2nd ratoon sugarcane, clone 'TCP81-3072,' were located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, Tex. A buffer of 3.0 m of standing cane was left between plots. Spray concentrations were applied in a randomized block design at 70 psi in 7.6 liters of water (25.6 liters water/ha) using a ground sprayer with a 6.1- imboom with 1 nozzle on either side and the top of each row of sugarcane. Nozzles on the sides of the cane were lowered 0.9 m into the canopy and directed toward the plants. Formulations of San 353 and 354 were applied immediately prior to applications of conventional insecticides. Prespray counts of bored jinternodes and stalks containing infested leaf sheaths (25 stalks/plot) were made 26 Aug and 9 Sep, respectively. Treatments were applied to all plots on 11 Sep and on 18 Sep to plots of treatments with leaf sheath infestations exceeding 10% (current action threshold), 3 days after the initial treatment. Posttreatment counts of infested leaf sheaths were made on 14, 21, and 25 Sep and 2 and 8 Oct, whereas bored internodes were estimated on 8 Oct. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and least-squares means due to significant pretreatment means.
Combined Insecticide Efficacy When Applied at Two Plant Stages Against Banded Sunflower Moth Larvae, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Warnes Dennis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study, to compare efficacy of insecticides applied at different plant stages for banded sunflower moth (BSM) larvae control, was located at the West Central Experiment Station, Morris, Minn. Plots were 4 30-inch rows × 30 ft planted 7 May, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied at 2 stages of sunflower growth. Applications were made using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Insecticide was broadcast in 25 gal/acre total material. Heads were collected from 20 ft row, dried, and thoroughly smashed. An uncleaned sample was removed for the BSM count; the remainder were cleaned. Both were weighed and recorded. BSM counts were taken on 200 seeds/uncleaned subsample. BSM infestation levels were low. All treatments were equal and superior to the untreated check. There were no differences in yield in this trial.
Low Dosage Control of Sunflower Beetle Larvae with 3 Pyrethroids, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holder Bobby 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field near Ada, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 25 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The low concentrations of insecticide applied were obtained by serial dilution using clean containers. No additional sticker or emulsifiers were used. Application was with a handheld C02 sprayer at 40 psi, using 17 gal/acre of total material. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were taken on the same 10 plants in each plot. Percent reduction was calculated and treated statistically as indicated in the table.
Soil Insecticides for Control of Insects Feeding on Flue-Cured Tohacco Foliage, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of various soil insecticides was evaluated for the control of insects feeding on tobacco foliage at Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted 1 in plots of 40 × 12 ft (3 rows) on 19 May. The soil was a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam (pH 5.8, 3% organic matter). Pretransplant soil treatments were applied, incorporated by double disking, and bedded up on 7 May (ambient temperature, 90-95°F; soil temperature 82-88°F). Granular formulations were broadcast with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a push cart. The liquid formulations were applied with a COa-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre through Spraying Systems 8002LP tips at 25 psi. Temik treatments were applied over the bedded row in a 12-inch band with a Gandy applicator and incorporated with a rotary tiller on 15 May. The season was dry (0.34, 1.10, 1.95, and 1.72 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively), but the crop was irrigated 5 times (1.3 inches, 24 Jun and 15 Jul; 1.5 inches, 23 and 28 Jul; and 1 inch, 7 Aug) to maintain proper growth. Moderate populations of the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum solanacearum were present in all test plots. Every 1-2 wk from transplanting to the completion of harvest, the most abundant insect pests were sampled in the center row of each plot. Counts included tobacco flea beetles on 10 plants/plot; flea beetle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot on the first 2 observation dates and on the top leaf at least 6 inches long on the 3rd and 4th dates; green peach aphids between the 4th and 6th lateral veins on the right side of 4 upper leaves at least 6 inches long on 10 plants/plot; and tobacco and tomato hornworms together on all plants on the center row of each plot. Tobacco was harvested from each plot, cured, weighed, and graded to determine return in $/acre. Aphid counts were transformed to log10(X + 1) before analysis, but actual means are shown. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and significant means were separated by DMRT.
Early-Season Insect Control with Transplant Water Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Burley and dark tobacco were transplanted on 12 and 21 May, respectively, at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Plots were 4 rows × 450 ft for the dark tobacco and 4 rows × 240 ft for the burley tobacco. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 42-inch spacing between rows. Plants were spaced 18 ,.nd 36 inches within rows for burley and dark tobacco, respectively. Orthene at different rates was applied in the transplant water at the time of setting. Soil type for the dark tobacco was Montview silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.1. Soil type for the burley tobacco was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope, pH 6.3. Total rainfall for the growing season was 10.92 inches, and 2.45 inches of that amount fell during a 6-wk period after transplanting. All plots were sprayed with &lt; orthene at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre on 17 Jun for hornworms. Flea beetle damage was reported as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the 5th leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Hornworm larvae were counted on 100 plants/plot on 16 Jun. Burley and dark tobacco were harvested on 12 and 24 Aug, respectively.
Aphid Control in Winter Wheat with Spring-Applied Foliar Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Buntin G. D. , Sisk L. R. , Kinard D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected foliar insecticides were evaluated for control of aphids during the grain-filling phase of wheat growth. Plots were established 10 miles southwest of Plains, Ga., on 29 Oct. Seed was planted in 8-inch rows at 90 lb of seed/acre using a Tye grain drill. Plots measuring 7 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer equipped with no. 4 flat-fan nozzles, which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Plots were treated at anthesis on 1 Apr. Aphids were sampled on 23 Apr by counting all aphids on the grain head and flag leaf of 10 randomly selected tillers/plot. Plots were harvested on 29 May by threshing with a small-bundle thresher all grain heads in 2 adjacent 1.1-yd sections of row. Yield was adjusted to 13.5% moisture i content.
Greenbug Control with Magnum Seed Treatment on Winter Wheat, 1986
Authors: Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Walgenbach D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Winter wheat plots were planted near Nunda, S. Dak. (loam soil type) on 12 Sep with a grain drill with double disk openers. Thimet was applied to the seed furrow via a grass seeder attachment on the 4iain drill. Plots (1.8 × 15 m) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Precipitation following planting was extreme; 12.8 cm of rain fell during the first week after planting. On 2 Oct a 0.9- × 0.9-m cage was placed over a portion of each plot, and greenbugs were released into these ;ages and allowed to infest the wheat plants (2-leaf stage). The greenbugs were obtained from the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory in Brookings, S. Dak. (R. Kieckhefer). Each cage received all the greenbugs that were infesting a single sorghum plant that had been growing in the greenhouse. The average number of aphids infested/cage was 350. On 10 Oct the number of aphids/plant was counted on 10 plants in each plot (40/treatment). At this time, the plants were in the 2- to 3-leaf stage. Aphids were again counted on 20 Oct (10 plants/plot), and the plants at this time were in the 3- to 4-leaf stage. Analysis of covariance was used to account for differences in initial infestation levels.
Annual White Grub Control in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1987
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were applied to 5- × 10-ft plots on a golf course in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster County), on 5 Aug. Granular formulations were combined with 13.5 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were hand shaken over plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 28 psi and a spray rate of 4 gal/1000 sq ft spray rate. To ensure uniformity among plots, 13.5 oz of Milorganite were also applied over plots receiving liquid formulations and over untreated checks. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.75 inches of water. An additional 3.75 inches of rainfall occurred during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 days after application (19 Aug) by removing 2 sections of sod, 1-sq-ft × 4 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Summer Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder County, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The lough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted (m a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; soil temperature, 64°F; RH 77%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 36.2% sand, 47.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 13.0%; soil pH 5.7; % organic matter, 3.7; water pH, slightly acidic; 9.0 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The experimental area was not irrigated after treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 32 days later (2 Oct). Six sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of northern masked chafer grubs/sq ft was recorded.
Spring Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Asiatic Garden Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder County, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (27 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature, 60°F; RH 50%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 38.2% and, 43.6% silt, 18.2% clay; soil moisture, 8.5%; soil pH 6.5; % organic matter, 2.8; water pH, slightly acidic; 3.0 inches of rainfall was recorded over the Posttreatment period. The experimental area was not irrigated after treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 24 days later (21 May). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of northern masked chafer and Asiatic garden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded. An average of 17.7 northern masked chafer grubs and Asiatic garden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded on 27 Apr.
Control of Sod Webworm in Bluegrass Turf, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Hellman E. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test site was a 3-yr-old pure stand of A34 Kentucky bluegrass located near Goldsboro, Caroline County, Md. Turf damage at time of treatment on 19 Aug was heavy, and webworms averaged 20-25/sq ft. Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied by hand shaker can, and all liquid treatments were applied by sprinkling can in 1.5 gal of water. All applications were made in 2 directions across each plot. A half inch of rain fell during the test period. Three drops of Ambush 2E in 2 gal of water was used as an irritant to bring the webworms to the surface where they were counted. The sample area was a 2.8-sq-ft steel ring randomly placed in each plot.
Fall Control of Annual White Grubs Using Artificial Infestations, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W. , Boston Steven L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plugs of bluegrass turf were cut with a standard 6-inch cup cutter and potted into 6-inch-diam × 6-inch-deep plastic pots on 17 Sep. Larvae of the southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala immaculata, were placed into these pots at the rate of 4/pot. Pots were dampened to ensure survival of turf. Treatments were applied 21 Sep to pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Pots were placed in a 5- × 5-ft plot with treatments applied to this area. Liquid treatments were applied with an R&D Systems CO2 pistol belt sprayer with Delavan LF-3 nozzles calibrated to deliver 30 gal of dilute spray/acre at 30 psi. Granular treatments were applied with a shaker bottle to apply the product evently over the treatment area. Clay granules were added to granular treatments to a uniform weight of 30 g to ensure even distribution of the products. Approximately 0.5 inches of water was applied with sprinklers to the plots within 2 h of application. Additionally, 0.5 inches was applied 25 Sep; 1 inch of rainfall occurred on 28 Sep. The split-rate trial of DZN AG500 had one-half labeled rate (1.98 lb (AI)/acre) applied on 21 Sep, and again on 28 Sep. As the soil was already wet from the inch of rain fall during the previous 24-h period, only 0.25 inches was applied to the DZN split-rate treatments. Data were taken on 24 Sep (72 h), 28 Sep (1 wk), and 5 Oct (2 wk). Sample cores were carefully torn apart, and all grubs recovered from each replicate. The number of living and dead grubs were recorded. The summary % dead figure represents all replicates over all 3 time periods; a total of 36 grubs is used in calculating the summary % dead.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with a Granular Insecticide and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, Newark, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Oftanol 5G and 2 species of entomogenous nematodes were applied to a golf course rough at the Newark Country Club on 25 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The rough consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (25%), annual bluegrass (60%), and broadleaf weeds (15%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular material was applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. The nematodes, a dessicated and undessicated formulation of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (strain NC 25) and undessicated formulation of Heterrhabditis sp. (strain Hp 88), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. At treatment time (20 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature, 81°F (1 inch), 76°F (3 inches); soil pH 7.0; water pH 6.8; organic matter, 5.3%; soil moisture, 7.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 11.8%, medium sand 26.7%, fine sand, 38.5%, very fine sand, 17.2%, silt and clay, 5.8%; thatch was —0.25 inches deep. One-half inch of irrigation was applied after treatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 2 Oct by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Labeled and Experimental Insecticides on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 19 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature, 65°F (1 inch), 62°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.9; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.4%; soil moisture, 20.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 15.0%, medium sand, 40.3%, fine sand, 29.4%, very fine sand, 10.0% and silt and clay, 4.7%; thatch was unevenly distributed, but &lt;0.5 inches deep. One-half inch of rain fell within 24 h of treatment and 0.1 inches fell within 24 h posttreatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 29 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Efficacy of Lannate and Ambush Used with Bivert for Green Peach Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum cuttings were direct stuck in 0.41-m2 plots with 36 cuttings/plot. Plants were inoculated with aphids following first pinch, and populations were allowed to build for 1 mo. Pretreatment and 1-wk posttreatment counts were made on 10 cuttings/plot. Treatments were applied after cuttings were taken for counts. A total of 4 weekly treatments were applied to runoff with a Hudson hand-held sprayer at 30 psi; treatments were replicated in 3 plots.
Effects of 4 Horticultural Oils on Feeding and Oviposition by Liriomyza Trifolii, 1987
Authors: Larew H. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five 3-wk-old Iceberg' ohrysanthemums were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 plants each, and all but 3 leaves near the middle of the stem were removed from each plant. Plants were sprayed with water, 2% (vol/vol) Sunspray 6E, 2% (vol/vol) of an experimental light-weight oil (Sun Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa.), 2% (vol/vol) Ortho Volck Oil Spray, or 2% (vol/vol) Natur'l Oil. After the plants dried they were all placed in a cage with 50-75 adult L. trifolii for 24 h. After exposure, the feeding punctures (stipples) were counted and leaf area was measured. Leaves were then cleared and stained for egg counts. Both stipple and egg counts were calculated on a per 100 cm2 leaf area basis so that comparisons between plants with different leaf areas could be made.
Flea Beetle Control in Dichondra, 1987
Authors: Garcia J. M. , Ali A. D. , Gay Ralph 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a dichondra seed farm in Clarksburg, Calif. The test was a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Plot size was 5 × 5 sq ft. The plots were covered with cages constructed from frames with 4 5-ft × 6- inch × 1-inch wooden sides. The upper surface of each frame was lined with white organdy cloth to contain the beetle population. Treatments were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Pretreatment beetle density was determined on 30 Jun from 2 4.5- × 5.5-inch yellow sticky cards hung inside the cage from the organdy cloth. Posttreatment beetle densities were determined in the same manner on 7 and 14 Jul.