bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning identifies ecological selectivity patterns across the end-Permian mass extinction
Authors: Foster William J. , Ayzel Georgy , Münchmeyer Jannes , Rettelbach Tabea , Kitzmann Niklas H. , Isson Terry T. , Mutti Maria , Aberhan Martin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe end-Permian mass extinction occurred alongside a large swath of environmental changes that are often invoked as extinction mechanisms, even when a direct link is lacking. One way to elucidate the cause(s) of a mass extinction is to investigate extinction selectivity, as it can reveal critical information on organismic traits as key determinants of extinction and survival. Here we show that machine learning algorithms, specifically gradient boosted decision trees, can be used to identify determinants of extinction as well as to predict extinction risk. To understand which factors led to the end-Permian mass extinction during an extreme global warming event, we quantified the ecological selectivity of marine extinctions in the well-studied South China region. We find that extinction selectivity varies between different groups of organisms and that a synergy of multiple environmental stressors best explains the overall end-Permian extinction selectivity pattern. Extinction risk was greater for genera that had a low species richness, narrow bathymetric ranges limited to deep-water habitats, a stationary mode of life, a siliceous skeleton, or, less critically, calcitic skeletons. These selective losses directly link the extinctions to the environmental effects of rapid injections of carbon dioxide into the ocean–atmosphere system, specifically the combined effects of expanded oxygen minimum zones, rapid warming, and potentially ocean acidification.
Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) as extreme distribution indicator of two Neotropical fruit fly parasitoids in irrigated drylands of Argentina
Authors: Núñez-Campero Segundo R. , González Carlos , Rull Juan , Ovruski Sergio M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe figitidGanaspis pelleranoiand the braconidDoryctobracon areolatus(Hym: Braconidae, Opiinae) are wide-ranging (from Florida, USA to Argentina) fruit fly parasitoids with tropical and subtropical distribution with a wet and temperate climate. In Argentina, both parasitoid species are thought to be restricted to the subtropical rainforests of the northwest and northeast, locally known as ‘Yungas’ and ‘Paranaense’ forests, respectively. However, these species recently have been recorded at the Monte and Thistle of the Prepuna eco-region, an arid region of central-western Argentina. Despite the extreme environmental conditions, anthropic artificial irrigation seems to be playing a fundamental role in fostering the presence and persistence of these species. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) models were developed to assess the suitability of these areas to harbor both species. The present work is a first approach to identify suitable areas for the distribution of these two fruit fly biological control agents in the American continent; based on 19 bioclimatic variables. Furthermore, the models resulting from including the new records in the ‘Monte’ eco-region suggest that local populations may become adapted to particular micro-environmental conditions generated by artificial irrigation. Models revealed that these artificial oases are suitable forG. pelleranoibut seem to be unsuitable forD. areolatus. This first and new approach to the area suitability of these species invites to produce models that reflect actual distribution including more records of presence in oases with similar conditions, thus decreasing the bias of the model generated by over reliance on areas with higher humidity (forest), which correspond to the distribution known before the inclusion of the new records.
Multistakeholder initiatives and their prospects for sustainability: the farmer perspective
Authors: Hoffelmeyer Michaela , Conner David , Strube Johann , Hatanaka Maki , Konefal Jason , Glenna Leland 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTo promote sustainability, multistakeholder initiatives (MSIs) are an emerging form of private governance that brings together diverse stakeholders across the agrifood system to advance sustainable agriculture practices. Previous research on MSIs focuses on the organization and structure of various MSIs through coordinator and management perspectives. In this paper, we examine farmers' experiences of participating in a leading MSI metrics program for U.S. agriculture, Field to Market. Through survey and interview methodology, this paper examines farmers' motivations, perceived benefits and power dynamics within Field to Market's metrics program. We find that although being open to sharing sustainability metrics with buyers, farmers struggled to gain tangible benefits. The majority of farmers considered themselves ‘already sustainable’ in that they made economically efficient farming decisions. As such, participating in Field to Market resulted in little to no changes in farming practices. Because MSI metrics programs work to assist farmers in becoming aware of inefficiencies and encourage changes, the lack of utilizing data generated from the sustainability metrics highlights a significant shortfall of this MSI metrics program. Farmers also perceived buyers as the primary beneficiaries of sustainability metrics since the buyers could now make claims about the sustainability of their products. Additionally, our findings provide nuance related to economic benefits as farmers broadly conceptualized the primary economic benefits as continuing a relationship with buyers who were now asking farmers to join the metrics program and report data. Although the metrics program appears ‘voluntary,’ farmers perceived few other options when asked to report data since sharing data became an apparent baseline for doing business. This paper contributes an understanding of farmers' experiences of engaging with an MSI metrics program, which helps to illuminate the potential implications of these newly emerging approaches to promoting sustainability. Our findings demonstrate that proponents of this newly emerging approach to promoting sustainability may want to consider the distribution of benefits and the power dynamics embedded in these programs since these programs may carry unintended consequences as they are scaled up. Finally, we posit several additional avenues for future research to further elucidate the potential social implications of MSI metrics programs.
New technologies and legal justification: The United Kingdom’s use of drones in self-defence
Authors: Birdsall Andrea 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article examines the United Kingdom’s use of drones in an act of self-defence in a counter-terrorism operation. The government justified the targeted killing of a UK citizen in Syria – a country with which it was not at war at the time – with reference to existing laws and norms. In doing so, it contested a number of established concepts to justify its conduct as lawful activity. The article argues that modern weapons such as drones, which are used to address novel threats, lead to legal justification that in turn has the potential to create new laws. In this way, the intersection of norms, warfare and new technologies becomes a productive site of political contestation. The contribution of the article is twofold: empirically, it contributes to debates on targeted killing and discussions surrounding the meaning and interpretation of ‘imminence’ in the context of preventive self-defence in the United Kingdom; and theoretically, it adds to the constructivist literature by examining norm contestation and resulting normativity in this area. The article concludes that the legal justification in this particular instance has important implications for other emerging technologies that require discussions about how states justify their actions to conform with existing legal and normative frameworks.
Optimized Mass and Stiffness Matrices for Accurate and Efficient 3D Acoustic Wave Modeling
Authors: Ogunbo J. N. , Shin C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNumerical modeling of the 3D acoustic wave equation regularly faces a trade‐off between accuracy and efficiency. Usually, an improved computational efficiency leads to a compromised numerical accuracy, in which the numerical dispersion error increases. Such a trade‐off is commonly reported for the finite difference methods, and the consistent, lumped, eclectic finite element matrices, and the high‐order spectral element methods. Therefore, we present a methodology that simultaneously optimizes both the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the finite element method for modeling the 3D acoustic wave equation in the frequency domain. The numerical dispersion objective function is derived and minimized for a tri‐linear interpolation function of a cube element in terms of the mass and the stiffness matrices. With four grid points per wavelength sampling, for less than 0.5% error in velocities, the optimized modeled solutions outperform the results from extant approaches. Numerical experiments with the homogeneous, 3D unbounded 2‐layer and the 3D Society of Exploration Geophysicists salt velocity models reveal that the optimized accuracy is persistent across all source‐receiver offsets, a performance observably absent from other finite element matrices. The optimized matrices are not only useful for numerical modeling, but are also readily available for accurate computation of the sensitivity matrices of the density and the bulk modulus parameters for the multi‐parameterization inversion.
Process Controls on Flood Seasonality in Brazil
Authors: Chagas Vinícius B. P. , Chaffe Pedro L. B. , Blöschl Günter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA coincidence in the timing of floods and their drivers can be used as a proxy for the causality of flood generation. Here, we investigate the relationship between the seasonality of floods, maximum annual rainfall, and maximum annual soil moisture data of 886 basins in Brazil for 1980–2015 to shed light on process controls of flood generation. Floods tend to occur at the same time of year as soil moisture peaks and lag behind rainfall peaks by 3 weeks. In Amazonia, central and northern Brazil, flood timing is more correlated with the timing of soil moisture peaks than with that of rainfall peaks, which is interpreted as resulting from high subsurface water storage capacities. In southern and southeastern Brazil, on the other hand, flood timing is highly correlated with both soil moisture and rainfall because of low subsurface water storage capacities. These findings can support flood forecasting and climate impact studies.
Paleosecular Variations During the Last Glacial Period From Tengchong Qinghai Lake, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiang , Zhang Tingwei , Zhang Enlou , Toney Jaime , Zhou Qixian , Xie Yixuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn recent years, the evolution of the magnetic flux lobes in terms of location and intensity has been attributed to paleosecular variation of the geomagnetic field, reflecting outer‐core fluid convection close to the core‐mantle boundary. However, most results were based on observational data for the past 400 years supplemented by sparse archeomagnetic studies with data for approximately 3 kyr. In this paper, we construct a relative paleointensity (RPI) record and an inclination record spanning the past ∼90 kyr based on two cores from Tengchong Qinghai Lake (Yunnan Province, China), a closed crater lake that formed in the late Pleistocene. The evolution of flux lobes and the non‐dipole field can be assessed on a much longer time scale. Although the concentration and domain state of magnetic grains in the cores vary significantly, the RPI record is still representative of geomagnetic field features in the region of Yunnan Province, China. The contrasting trends in RPI with the records for eastern China since the late Holocene indicate the southeastward migration of the Siberian flux lobe. During the last glacial period, the RPI records of Tengchong Qinghai Lake and the North Atlantic Ocean show opposite trends, denoting the diverse and strong influence of the two flux lobe systems. The strong reverse flux lobe in the North Atlantic Ocean strengthened the non‐dipole field, while the weak normal flux lobe in Tengchong weakened the non‐dipole field.
Influence of 3D Earth Structure on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in the Russian Arctic
Authors: Li Tanghua , Khan Nicole S. , Baranskaya Alisa V. , Shaw Timothy A. , Peltier W. Richard , Stuhne Gordan R. , Wu Patrick , Horton Benjamin P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnalyses of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and deglacial relative sea‐level (RSL) change in the Russian Arctic deliver important insights into the Earth's viscosity structure and the deglaciation history of the Eurasian ice sheet complex. Here, we validate the 1D GIA models ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) and ICE‐7G_NA (VM7) and select new 3D GIA models in the Russian Arctic against a quality‐controlled deglacial RSL database of >500 sea‐level data points from 24 regions. Both 1D models correspond to the RSL data along the southern coast of the Barents Sea and Franz Josef Land from ∼11 ka BP to present but show notable misfits (>50 m at 10 ka BP) with the White Sea data. We find 3D model predictions of deglacial RSL resolve most of the misfits with the observed data for the White Sea while retaining comparable fits in other regions of the Russian Arctic. Our results further reveal: (a) RSL in the western Russian Arctic is sensitive to elastic lithosphere with lateral thickness variation and 3D viscosity structure in the upper mantle; and (b) RSL in the whole Russian Arctic is less sensitive to 3D viscosity structure in the lower mantle compared to the upper mantle. The 3D models reveal a compromise in the upper mantle between the background viscosity and scaling factor to best fit the RSL data, which needs to be considered in future 3D GIA studies.
Intensity and Duration of Nitrogen Addition Jointly Alter Soil Nutrient Availability in a Temperate Grassland
Authors: Niu Guoxiang , Wang Yinliu , Wang Ruzhen , Ning Qiushi , Guan Huiling , Yang Junjie , Lu Xiankai , Han Xingguo , Huang Jianhui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIncreasing N input can alter soil nutrient availability and influence plant growth. Previous studies focused on N addition effects on N and P availability, while less on other mineral nutrients. Besides, how N addition duration affects nutrient availability has remained unclear. Based on a simulative N deposition experiment in a typical steppe with four N addition levels (0, 2, 10, and 50 g m−2 yr−1) under three N addition duration (2, 5, and 10 years), we determined contents of 10 mineral nutrients in surface soils. In the 0–10 cm soil, short‐term N addition (2‐year) significantly increased exchangeable Ca (+7.2%) and decreased exchangeable Mg (−22.5%) as compared with the control, while decreased available Fe, Cu, and Zn, but increased Mn remarkably (+80.4%). Medium‐term N addition (5‐year) significantly raised soil total N and available Fe, Mn and Cu, while decreased total P and exchangeable Ca, Na and Mg. The response patterns of these nutrients were largely similar in the 10–20 cm soil, but were weaker and significant only at high N inputs (50 g m−2 yr−1). Long‐term N addition (10‐year) significantly decreased contents of total base cations (K, Ca, Na, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) by an average of 32.1% and 20.4%, respectively, across the two soil depths. Influences of pH and plant growth on micronutrients showed remarkable differences among different duration of N addition. These findings indicate that intensity and duration of N addition jointly alter soil nutrient availability and this should be considered in soil nutrient‐cycling modeling.
From Left Slip to Transpression: Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of the North Altyn Fault, NW Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Gao Shibao , Cowgill Eric , Wu Lei , Lin Xiubin , Cheng Xiaogan , Yang Rong , Soares Cleber , Ketcham Richard A. , An Kaixuan , Gong Junfeng , Song Xingtong , Tang Jianchao , Chen Hanlin , Yang Shufeng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Cenozoic North Altyn Fault (NAF) is a major splay of the Altyn Tagh Fault along the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, but its role in the development of this plateau margin in response to the India‐Eurasia collision is highly debated. Here, we investigate fault geometry, kinematics, and shortening magnitude along the westernmost 120 km of the NAF. Seismic surveys reveal minimal Cenozoic shortening in the subsurface of the Southeast Tarim Basin and support for large‐scale (>120 km) left slip on the NAF. Based on the satellite imagery, two new faults are identified to define the northern boundary of the NAF system, which together with the NAF to the south constitute a narrow transpressional shear zone comprised of three basement‐cored, fault‐bound slivers. Fission track data and thermal modeling indicate that the NAF zone experienced broad reburial during early Cenozoic that was locally interrupted by ∼40 to 35 Ma exhumation proximal to the NAF, followed by widespread but heterogeneous exhumation since ∼17 to 15 Ma associated with ∼9 to 11 km of total shortening across the NAF system via thick‐skinned faulting. We conclude that the NAF initiated as a left‐slip fault at ∼40 to 35 Ma and then became transpressional at ∼17 to 15 Ma during the middle‐Miocene reorganization of the Altyn Tagh Fault system. We find no evidence to support prior inferences of large‐scale (∼100 km) underthrusting of the Tarim Basin beneath the Tibetan Plateau along the NAF.
The Challenges of Simulating SWE Beneath Forest Canopies are Reduced by Data Assimilation of Snow Depth
Authors: Smyth Eric J. , Raleigh Mark S. , Small Eric E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntermittent snow depth observations can be leveraged with data assimilation (DA) to improve model estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) at the point scale. A key consideration for scaling assimilation to the basin scale is its performance at forested locations—where canopy‐snow interactions affect snow accumulation and melt, yet are difficult to model and parameterize. We implement a particle filter (PF) technique to assimilate intermittent snow depth observations into the Flexible Snow Model, and validate model outputs against snow density and SWE measurements across adjacent forest and open sites, at two locations with different climates and forest structures. Assimilation reduces snow depth error by 70%–90%, density error by 5%–30%, and SWE error by 50%–70% at forest locations (relative to controls). The PF simulates the seasonal evolution of the snowpack under forest canopy, including where interception losses decrease SWE in the forest during accumulation, and shading reduces melt during the ablation season (relative to open sites). Model outputs are sensitive to canopy‐related parameters, but DA reduces the range in snow depth and SWE estimates resulting from variations or uncertainties in these parameters by over 50%. These results demonstrate that the importance of accurately measuring, estimating, or calibrating canopy‐related parameters is reduced when snow depth observations are assimilated. Finally, we assimilate remotely sensed snow depth observations at 50 m resolution across the East River Basin, Colorado (1,000 km2). Across elevations, the PF increases estimated precipitation at forested sites by ∼15% relative to open sites, likely compensating for excessive sublimation of intercepted snow.
A Co‐Spectral Budget Model Links Turbulent Eddies to Suspended Sediment Concentration in Channel Flows
Authors: Li Shuolin , Bragg Andrew D. , Katul Gabriel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration remains a subject of active research given its relevance to a plethora of problems in hydraulics, hydrology, ecology, and water quality control. Many of the classical theories developed over the course of 90 years represent the effects of turbulence on suspended sediments (SS) using an effective mixing length or eddy diffusivity without explicitly accounting for the energetics of turbulent eddies across scales. To address this gap, the turbulent flux of sediments is derived using a co‐spectral budget (CSB) model that can be imminently used in SS and other fine particle transport models. The CSB closes the pressure‐redistribution effect using a spectral linear Rotta scheme modified to include isotropization of production and interactions between turbulent eddies and sediment grains through a modified scale‐dependent de‐correlation time. The result is a formulation similar in complexity to the widely used Rouse's equation but with all characteristic scales, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number effects derived from well‐established spectral shapes of the vertical velocity and accepted constants from turbulence models. Finally, the proposed CSB model can recover Prandtl's and Rouse's equations under restricted conditions.
Insular cortex corticotropin-releasing factor integrates stress signaling with social affective behavior
Authors: Rieger Nathaniel S. , Varela Juan A. , Ng Alexandra J. , Granata Lauren , Djerdjaj Anthony , Brenhouse Heather C. , Christianson John P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractImpairments in identifying and responding to the emotions of others manifest in a variety of psychopathologies. Therefore, elaborating the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin social responses to social emotions, or social affective behavior, is a translationally important goal. The insular cortex is consistently implicated in stress-related social and anxiety disorders, which are associated with diminished ability to make and use inferences about the emotions of others to guide behavior. We investigated how corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuromodulator evoked upon exposure to stressed conspecifics, influenced the insula. We hypothesized that social affective behavior requires CRF signaling in the insular cortex in order to detect stress in social interactions. In acute slices from male and female rats, CRF depolarized insular pyramidal neurons. In males, but not females, CRF suppressed presynaptic GABAergic inhibition leading to greater excitatory synaptic efficacy in a CRF receptor 1 (CRF1)- and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)-dependent fashion. In males only, insular CRF increased social investigation, and CRF1 and CB1 antagonists interfered with social interactions with stressed conspecifics. To investigate the molecular and cellular basis for the effect of CRF we examined insular CRF1 and CB1 mRNAs and found greater total insula CRF1 mRNA in females but greater CRF1 and CB1 mRNA colocalization in male insular cortex glutamatergic neurons that suggest complex, sex-specific organization of CRF and endocannabinoid systems. Together these results reveal a new mechanism by which stress and affect contribute to social affective behavior.