bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role expectations and shared accountability: A framework for school governance
Authors: Unda Luisa A. , Gong Zhiyun , Benati Kelly , Loh Chin Moi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis research examines how perceptions of shared accountability for performance arise in a context of role expectations and interpersonal exchanges. We use the education context to view accountability as involving elements of board's and management's role expectations, history of their relationship, and leadership governance mechanisms. Using Frink and Klimoski's accountability role theory model, we explore governance roles, accountability practices, and school performance. We analyze interview data related to board chairs, board members, and principals/heads of Australian independent schools. We find that role expectations as well as the interpersonal exchanges (i.e., board/chair–principal relationship) shape accountability perceptions regarding school performance. The findings offer insights into the links between role expectations, interpersonal factors, and accountability practices. We point to the need of having a shared accountability model between the board and the principal, which may lead to improvement in performance within the school context.
Long‐term soil warming alters fine root dynamics and morphology, and their ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a temperate forest soil
Authors: Kwatcho Kengdo Steve , Peršoh Derek , Schindlbacher Andreas , Heinzle Jakob , Tian Ye , Wanek Wolfgang , Borken Werner 
Published: March 2022

AbstractClimate warming is predicted to affect temperate forests severely, but the response of fine roots, key to plant nutrition, water uptake, soil carbon, and nutrient cycling is unclear. Understanding how fine roots will respond to increasing temperature is a prerequisite for predicting the functioning of forests in a warmer climate. We studied the response of fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal and root‐associated bacterial communities to soil warming by 4°C in a mixed spruce‐beech forest in the Austrian Limestone Alps after 8 and 14 years of soil warming, respectively. Fine root biomass (FRB) and fine root production were 17% and 128% higher in the warmed plots, respectively, after 14 years. The increase in FRB (13%) was not significant after 8 years of treatment, whereas specific root length, specific root area, and root tip density were significantly higher in warmed plots at both sampling occasions. Soil warming did not affect EcM exploration types and diversity, but changed their community composition, with an increase in the relative abundance of Cenoccocum at 0–10 cm soil depth, a drought‐stress‐tolerant genus, and an increase in short‐ and long‐distance exploration types like Sebacina and Boletus at 10–20 cm soil depth. Warming increased the root‐associated bacterial diversity but did not affect their community composition. Soil warming did not affect nutrient concentrations of fine roots, though we found indications of limited soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) availability. Our findings suggest that, in the studied ecosystem, global warming could persistently increase soil carbon inputs due to accelerated fine root growth and turnover, and could simultaneously alter fine root morphology and EcM fungal community composition toward improved nutrient foraging.
Ecological traits underlying interspecific variation in climate matching of birds
Authors: Viana Duarte S. , Chase Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimThe abundances and distributions of some species are more closely matched to variations in climate than others. Species traits that might influence how well the distribution and abundance of a species are matched to climatic variation include life history (e.g., body size and dispersal ability), ecology (e.g., habitat specialization and territoriality) and demography (e.g., population size). Here, we used a survey of bird abundances across the USA to assess the extent to which species abundances and distributions are predicted by climate (i.e., climate matching) and how species traits relate to interspecific variation in climate matching.LocationUSA.Time period1983–2018.Major taxa studiedBirds.MethodsSpecies abundances were obtained from the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Climate matching was estimated as the predictive performance of species–climate models fitted using boosted regression trees and generalized additive models and modelled as a function of species traits.ResultsSpecies traits explained 56% of the variation in climate matching among species. Intermediate‐sized species were more well matched to climate than smaller or larger species, as were species that lived primarily in forested compared with open habitats, species that were locally more abundant and species that were more territorial. Alternatively, species that were more specialized or had high variability in abundance among sites were less well matched to climate. We also found that species classified as “near threatened” were more well matched to climate, suggesting that these species might be more vulnerable to climate change. However, species classified as “vulnerable” were more decoupled from climate than those of “least concern”, possibly owing to ecological drift associated with progressive population declines.Main conclusionsOur findings provide an ecological basis for understanding the extent to which species abundances and distributions match broad climatic gradients, which can provide the groundwork to improve our ability to predict distributions under global change.
The biomechanical efficacy of a dressing with a soft cellulose fluff core in protecting prone surgical patients from chest injuries on the operating table
Authors: Lustig Maayan , Gefen Amit 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPressure ulcers are soft‐tissue damage associated with tissue exposure to sustained deformations and stress concentrations. In patients who are proned for ventilation or surgery, such damage may occur in the superficial chest tissues that are compressed between the rib cage and the support surface. Prophylactic dressings have been previously proven as generally effective for pressure ulcer prevention. In this study, our goal was to develop a novel computational modelling framework to investigate the biomechanical efficacy of a dressing with a soft cellulose fluff core in protecting proned surgical patients from chest pressure ulcers occurring on the operating table, due to body fixation by the Relton‐Hall frame. We compared the levels of mechanical compressive stresses developing in the soft chest tissues, above the sternum and ribs, due to the trunk weight, whilst the body is supported by the Relton‐Hall frame pads, with versus without the prophylactically applied bilateral dressings. The protective efficacy index for the extremely high stresses, above the 95th‐percentile, were 40.5%, 25.6% and 24.2% for skin, adipose and muscle, respectively, indicating that the dressings dispersed elevated soft‐tissue stresses. The current results provide additional support for using soft cellulose fluff core dressings for pressure ulcer prophylaxis, including during surgery.
Morphological evolution of PbTiO3 microstructures synthesized by topochemical microcrystal conversion
Authors: Na Yonghyeon , Kwon Jayoon , Nahm Sahn , Jeong Young Hun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPbTiO3 (PT) microstructures were fabricated by topochemical microcrystal conversion (TMC) and their morphological evolution was investigated with variation of synthesis temperature and relative molar ratio of reactants. Using molten salt synthesis, Aurivillius phase of PbBi4Ti4O15 (PBiT) synthesized at 1050°C was prepared as precursor. Large plate‐like PT microstructures with lengths of hundreds of micrometer were optimally obtained when the relative ratio (x) of (PbCO3)2·Pb(OH)2 to PBiT in reactants was 6. In addition, relatively homogeneous PT platelets were achieved at the annealing temperature of 1050°C by TMC; these materials are probably suitable for use in templated grain growth. However, a Pb‐deficient secondary phase of PbTi3O7 formed in cases of low x values of less than 4 and low annealing temperatures of less than 1050°C. The porous PT pellets, orthogonally assembled by numerous PT platelets, were achieved by increasing temperature to 1100°C. Further increase in temperature to 1150°C could lead to partial formation of denser PT blocks.
Augmented reality technology in language learning: Ameta‐analysis
Authors: Cai Ying , Pan Zilong , Liu Min 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundAs a recently emerging innovative technology, augmented reality (AR) has become a popular tool for language learning. However, to date, very few meta‐analytical studies has been conducted on AR in this field to understand its effectiveness on language learning.ObjectivesThis meta‐analysis was conducted to systematically synthesize the findings from primary studies published between 2008 and 2020 to establish the effects of AR on language learning gains and students' motivation.MethodsThe 21 studies met all the inclusion criteria were included in the meta‐analysis to extract effect size statistics. The robust variance estimation (RVE) technique using the “Robumeta” R‐package was adopted to estimate the pooled effect size. Given the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, a mixed‐effects meta‐regression model was estimated to examine any association between the effectiveness of AR technologies and moderator variables.Results and conclusionThe pooled effect‐size estimate was 0.93 for language gains and 0.42 for motivation, which indicates that AR applications have a large effect on learners' language gains and a small to medium effect on learners' motivation. The moderator analysis results suggested that learners' educational levels and intervention durations are significant moderating factors that impact the effect of AR on learners' motivation. In particular, elementary school students in this meta‐analysis study experienced a large measurable effect in terms of both language gains and motivation. Additionally, exposure to AR applications for up to 1 week is especially effective for enhancing learners' motivation.Major takeawaysThe findings of this meta‐analysis study demonstrated how AR applications can be utilized in language teaching and learning contexts, and how language educators could adopt AR technologies in classrooms to promote learners' language gains and motivation.
Mechanisms for establishing primary and secondary endosymbiosis in Paramecium
Authors: Fujishima Masahiro , Kodama Yuuki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPrimary (eukaryote and procaryote) and secondary (eukaryote and eukaryote) endosymbioses are driving forces in eukaryotic cell evolution. These phenomena are still contributing to acquire new cell structures and functions. To understand mechanisms for establishment of each endosymbiosis, experiments that can induce endosymbiosis synchronously by mixing symbionts isolated from symbiont‐bearing host cells and symbiont‐free host cells are indispensable. Recent progress on endosymbiosis using Paramecium and their endonuclear symbiotic bacteria Holospora or symbiotic green alga Chlorella has been remarkable, providing excellent opportunities for elucidating host–symbiont interactions. These organisms are now becoming model organisms to know the mechanisms for establishing primary and secondary endosymbioses. Based on experiments of many researchers, we introduce how these endosymbionts escape from the host lysosomal fusion, how they migrate in the host cytoplasm to localize specific locations within the host, how their species specificity and strain specificity of the host cells are controlled, how their life cycles are controlled, how they escape from the host cell to infect more young host cell, how they affect the host viability and gene expression, what kind of substances are needed in these phenomena, and what changes had been induced in the symbiont and the host genomes.
Age, growth and reproductive biology of a widespread coral reef fish, yellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831)
Authors: Samejima Shota , Tachihara Katsunori 
Published: March 2022

AbstractYellowfin goatfish Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) is a widely distributed commercial fish in the Indo‐Pacific. The authors examined the age, growth, sexual maturity and spawning season of M. vanicolensis around Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan, based on sectioned otolith and gonadal histology. Monthly changes in the appearance of an opaque edge indicate the annual formation of otolith bands. This fish shows sexual size dimorphism due to the faster growth and larger size of females compared to males. The von Bertalanffy growth functions were Lt = 31.0{1 – exp(−0.39(t + 1.62))} for females and Lt = 28.3{1 – exp(−0.42(t + 1.45))} for males. This species has a short life span, with a maximum age of 7.75 years, and reaches maturity in its first year of life. Observed fork lengths at 50% maturity were 19.4 cm for female and 16.2 cm for male. The main spawning season occurs from May to October. The authors compared their findings with those of previous studies on the life‐history characteristics of M. vanicolensis. Spawning season, growth and maturity size differed from those found in previous studies in areas with genetic continuity. Differences in life‐history traits between genetically continuous populations suggest a high degree of environmental adaptability for this species, which may be one of the reasons for its widespread distribution.
Crucial roles of a novel exoskeletal‐derived lectin in innate immunity of the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense
Authors: Du Juan , Yue Kaidi , Peng Yanxin , Ning Qianji 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAs important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C‐type lectins play crucial roles in the crustacean innate immune system. In this study, a novel C‐type lectin, designated as MnLec1, was obtained from the exoskeleton of the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense for the first time. The full‐length cDNA of MnLec1 was 1329 bp with an open reading frame of 774 bp. The predicted MnLec1 protein contains a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain with an EPN/LND motif and one Ca2+ binding site‐2. MnLec1 transcripts were widely detected in the tested tissues of M. nipponense and significantly up‐regulated after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. The recombinant MnLec1 protein was found to have a wide spectrum of binding activities towards various microorganisms, agglutinate two kinds of Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and A. hydrophila) in a Ca2+‐independent manner. What's more, the survivability of prawns was significantly down‐regulated after RNAi of MnLec1 when infected with A. hydrophila. Collectively, these findings suggest that MnLec1 from the exoskeleton might function as a PRR and play a crucial role in immune defense against invading pathogens in M. nipponense.
Evidence of low vitamin D intakes in the Australian population points to a need for data‐driven nutrition policy for improving population vitamin D status
Authors: Dunlop Eleanor , Boorman Julie L. , Hambridge Tracy L. , McNeill Jessica , James Anthony P. , Kiely Mairead , Nowson Caryl A. , Rangan Anna , Cunningham Judy , Adorno Paul , Atyeo Paul , Black Lucinda J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundNearly one in four Australian adults is vitamin D deficient (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] < 50 nmol L–1) and current vitamin D intakes in the Australian population are unknown. Internationally, vitamin D intakes are commonly below recommendations, although estimates generally rely on food composition data that do not include 25(OH)D. We aimed to estimate usual vitamin D intakes in the Australian population.MethodsNationally representative food consumption data were collected for Australians aged ≥ 2 years (n = 12,153) as part of the cross‐sectional 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey (AHS). New analytical vitamin D food composition data for vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D2 and 25(OH)D2 were mapped to foods and beverages that were commonly consumed by AHS participants. Usual vitamin D intakes (µg day–1) by sex and age group were estimated using the National Cancer Institute method.ResultsAssuming a 25(OH)D bioactivity factor of 1, mean daily intakes of vitamin D ranged between 1.84 and 3.25 µg day–1. Compared to the estimated average requirement of 10 µg day–1 recommended by the Institute of Medicine, more than 95% of people had inadequate vitamin D intakes. We estimated that no participant exceeded the Institute of Medicine's Upper Level of Intake (63–100 µg day–1, depending on age group).ConclusionsUsual vitamin D intakes in Australia are low. This evidence, paired with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Australia, suggests that data‐driven nutrition policy is required to safely increase dietary intakes of vitamin D and improve vitamin D status at the population level.
Serving Summer Meals During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Case Study of 2 Summer Food Service Program Sponsors in Maryland
Authors: Lu Stacy V. , Gross Julia , Harper Kaitlyn M. , Medina‐Perez Karen , Wilson Michael J. , Gross Susan M. 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) provides free and nutritious meals to children under age 18 during out‐of‐school times. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, Maryland sponsors served over 9.5 million meals to children through an expanded version of the SFSP. This study aimed to explore and compare the factors that enabled 2 SFSP sponsors in Maryland to dramatically increase meals distribution during the pandemic.METHODSSponsors were selected based on their responses in the larger study and demographic characteristics of the area in which they served. Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted over Zoom—4 interviews with Sponsor A (3 interviews with the sponsor, 1 interview with their vendor) and 1 interview with Sponsor B. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively and deductively. Participation data from 2019 and 2020 were obtained from the Maryland State Department of Education and analyzed.RESULTSDespite their differences in organization type and geographic region, they identified similar facilitators to their success—communication with the community and utilization of the United States Department of Agriculture‐issued waivers.CONCLUSIONSStrengthening community communication networks and permanently integrating more flexibility into regulation of the SFSP may increase meals participation during future out‐of‐school times.
Inulin supplementation induces expression of hypothalamic antioxidant defence genes in weaned piglets
Authors: Yang Can , Lu Hang , Li Enkai , Oladele Paul , Ajuwon Kolapo M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFibre plays an important role in diluting dietary energy density. Fibre is also implicated in the regulation of appetite, perhaps through direct effects in the brain. However, there is little information on this effect in pigs. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of fibre type in regulating the expression of genes involved in appetite control, inflammation and antioxidant defence in the hypothalamus of weaned piglets. A total of 64 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows at 37 days old were blocked by body weight and allotted to two dietary treatments, supplementation with either 0.25% cellulose (Solka‐Floc) or inulin (INU) for 28 days, after which animals were killed for analysis. Pigs fed INU had a tendency (p = 0.06) for reduced feed intake in the first week, although this effect disappeared in subsequent weeks. Pigs supplemented with INU had lower expression of dopamine (dopamine receptor D2), serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B), free fatty acid (GPR43) and neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 receptors in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05). Expression of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in the hypothalamus also tended (p = 0.09) to be lower for pigs fed INU. The abundance of antioxidant defence genes, superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and catalase, were greater (p < 0.05) but that of a proinflammatory gene, interleukin 1β, was lower (p < 0.05) in the hypothalamus of pigs fed INU. Therefore, consumption of INU causes downregulation of inflammation in the hypothalamus and regulation of the abundance of serotonin or dopamine receptors, and may also increase antioxidant defence through upregulation of SOD and catalase in weaned piglets.
Validation of questionnaires for restless legs syndrome in the general population: the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT)
Authors: Filosa James , Omland Petter Moe , Hagen Knut , Langsrud Knut , Brenner Eiliv , Knutsen Andreas Jarlalein , Drange Ole Kristian , Bruvik Gravdahl Gøril , Stjern Marit , Engstrøm Morten , Sand Trond 
Published: March 2022

SummaryQuestionnaires for restless legs syndrome have rarely been validated against face‐to‐face interviews in the general population. We aimed to validate the modified Norwegian, seven‐item Cambridge‐Hopkins restless legs syndrome questionnaire and a single diagnostic question for restless legs syndrome. We also aimed to stratify validity at 65 years of age. Among a random sample of 1,201 participants from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study, 232 (19%) agreed to participate, out of whom 221 had complete data for analyses. Participants completed the questionnaires for restless legs syndrome immediately before attending a face‐to‐face interview using the latest diagnostic criteria. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa statistic (κ) of questionnaire‐ versus interview‐based diagnoses. We found acceptable validity of the seven‐item modified Cambridge‐Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for restless legs syndrome (κ = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.51) and good validity of the single diagnostic question (κ = 0.47, 95% CI 0.35–0.58). We also found good validity through the combination of modified Cambridge‐Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for restless legs syndrome items 2 and 5, while item 1 or 2 alone showed only acceptable validity. The single diagnostic question was significantly more valid among those aged <65 years (κ = 0.60 versus κ = 0.26). Both single‐ and two‐item questionnaire‐based diagnoses overestimated interview‐based restless legs syndrome prevalence. The seven‐item modified Cambridge‐Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for restless legs syndrome will be useful for epidemiological studies although low sensitivity may cause underestimation of true restless legs syndrome prevalence in the general population, especially among elderly. Brief questionnaire‐based diagnoses of up to three items seem best utilised as an initial screen. Future studies should identify brief and even more valid questionnaire‐based diagnoses for restless legs syndrome in order to estimate prevalence accurately in large epidemiological studies.
Ruin lust in George Gissing's Veranilda
Authors: Reeves Gareth A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRuinenlust (‘ruin lust’) or ruin aesthetics is a prominent feature of George Gissing's unfinished historical novel, Veranilda (1904), which is set in sixth‐century Italy and contains many memorable images of ruins. Drawing on the work of Georg Simmel, Rose Macaulay, Brian Dillon, and others, this article argues that, by examining these images in relation to the novel's characters' psychological states and motives, the thematic significance of decadence and anti‐imperialism is heightened. The article closes by considering the unfinished nature of Veranilda, arguing, with reference to Susan Stewart's The Ruins Lesson: Meaning and Material in Western Culture (2020), that the novel itself can be appreciated as a kind of ruin. In doing so, it aims to shed light on an underexplored aspect of Gissing's work.