bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaining insights in datasets in the shade of “garbage in, garbage out” rationale: Feature space distribution fitting
Authors: Canbek Gürol 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article emphasizes comprehending the “Garbage In, Garbage Out” (GIGO) rationale and ensuring the dataset quality in Machine Learning (ML) applications to achieve high and generalizable performance. An initial step should be added in an ML workflow where researchers evaluate the insights gained by quantitative analysis of the datasets sample and feature spaces. This study contributes towards achieving such a goal by suggesting a technique to quantify datasets in terms of feature frequency distribution characteristics. Hence a unique insight is provided into how the features in the available dataset samples are frequent. The technique was demonstrated in 11 benign and malign (malware) Android application datasets belonging to six academic Android mobile malware classification studies. The permissions requested by applications such as CALL_PHONE compose a relatively high‐dimensional binary feature space. The results showed that the distributions fit well into two of the four long right‐tail statistical distributions: log‐normal, exponential, power law, and Poisson. Precisely, log‐normal was the most exhibited statistical distribution except the two malign datasets that were in exponential. This study also explores statistical distribution fit/unfit feature analysis that enhances the insights in feature space. Finally, the study compiles phenomena examples in the literature exhibiting these statistical distributions that should be considered for interpreting the fitted distributions. In conclusion, conducting well‐formed statistical methods provides a clear understanding of the datasets and intra‐class and inter‐class differences before proceeding with selecting features and building a classifier model. Feature distribution characteristics should be one to analyze beforehand.This article is categorized under:
Technologies > Data Preprocessing
Technologies > Classification
Technologies > Machine Learning
Large and Small Solids: A Journey Through Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Feldmann Claus 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOn the occasion to celebrate 130 years of ZAAC, we summarize about 20 years of our journey through inorganic chemistry with “large” solids (single‐crystalline compounds) and “small” solids (nanomaterials). This includes the syntheses (water, polyols, ethers, liquid ammonia, ionic liquids) and structures (crystal structure and nanostructure) as well as the respective properties (especially bonding and stability, luminescence, catalysis and photocatalysis, imaging and drug delivery). Specific examples of large and small solids comprise metal‐oxide nanoparticles, base‐metal nanoparticles, hollow nanospheres, polyhalides and halogen‐rich metal halides, carbonyl and cluster compounds, as well as inorganic‐organic hybrid nanoparticles.
Emotional Modeling with Spatial Games
Authors: Barachini Franz , Stary Christian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe describe the relationship between social norms and emotions and the role of jealousy in socioeconomic conflicts. We capture the different types of jealousy exemplifying socio-emotional behavior. A short overview of state-of-the-art modeling is presented to capture the social environment of actors or agents. The methodology for a deterministic approach for modeling jealousy is presented. In the deterministic spatial game, we investigate the conditions for a single defector to invade a population of cooperators. We investigate the impact on defectors when invaded by cooperators. Finally, we present our findings from respective experiments.
An elasto-plastic biphasic model of the compression of multicellular aggregates: the influence of fluid on stress and deformation
Authors: Di Stefano Salvatore , Giammarini Alessandro , Giverso Chiara , Grillo Alfio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe present a mathematical model of the compression of multicellular aggregates, and we specialise it to a compression-release test that is well known in the biological literature. Within the adopted mechanical setting, a multicellular aggregate is studied as a biphasic system consisting of a soft solid porous medium saturated with an interstitial fluid. In particular, together with the deformation of the considered aggregate, the characterisation of the model outlined in this work relies on four fundamental features. First, by assuming the interstitial fluid to be macroscopically inviscid and to evolve according to the Darcian regime, we resolve its flow and determine the associated time dependent pressure distribution. Second, we focus our attention on the remodelling of the compressed aggregate, that is, on the rearrangement of its internal structure in response to the external loads applied to it. Specifically, we look at the way in which such a rearrangement is induced by the considered experiment and at how it affects the mechanical behaviour of the aggregate. Moreover, we introduce a remodelling-dependent permeability tensor with the purpose of visualising a more direct influence of remodelling on the dynamics of the aggregate’s interstitial fluid. Finally, we resolve the interactions exchanged between the aggregate and the compressive apparatus. This task necessitates the formulation of an appropriate contact problem, thereby calling for the description of the evolution of the area through which the aggregate and the apparatus exchange mechanical interactions. In particular, the continuity conditions to be applied on such a contact area are discussed. Our numerical simulations show the role played by the different phenomena accounted for in the model and the overall dynamics of the aggregate within the considered experiment.
The impact of TV series on tourism performance: the case of Game of Thrones
Authors: Contu Giulia , Pau Sara 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTV series and cinema productions are considered one of the most recent and promising instruments to promote tourist destinations and to increase tourist flows. However, a few papers analyze empirically their impact on tourist choices. We contribute to the scarce literature by investigating the impact of one of the most successful TV series of all times: Game of Thrones (GoT). The series was internationally broadcasted and filmed around the world. We focus on fourteen filming locations in three different countries: Spain, Croatia and Malta. To estimate how much of their recent tourism performance is due to the visibility obtained through GoT, we use county-level panel data in the years 2007–2019 and apply an event study design as methodology. We deal with the issue of treatment effect heterogeneity over time and across counties by adopting an interaction-weighted estimator which focuses on season-specific treatment effect. The results show a positive and persistent impact of GoT on tourism performance, on both new tourist arrivals and overnight stays, and are not driven by spillover effects. Overall, findings confirm the ability of TV productions to boost the tourist flows in the filming locations.
Characterisation of new anti-O157 bacteriophages of bovine origin representing three genera
Authors: Sváb Domonkos , Falgenhauer Linda , Papp Viktória , Rohde Manfred , Chakraborty Trinad , Tóth István 
Published: March 2022

AbstractShiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains of the serogroup O157 are foodborne pathogens associated with severe clinical disease. As antibiotics are counter-indicated for treatment of these infections, they represent prime candidates for targeted application of bacteriophages to reduce infection burden. In this study, we characterised lytic bacteriophages representing three phage genera for activity against E. coli O157 strains. The phages vb_EcoM_bov9_1 (Tequatrovirus), vb_EcoM_bov11CS3 (Vequintavirus), and vb_EcoS_bov25_1D (Dhillonvirus) showed effective lysis of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli EHEC O157:H7 strains, while also exhibiting activity against other strains of the O157 serogroup, as well as of the ‘big six’ (STEC) serogroups, albeit with lower efficiency. They had a burst size of 293, 127 and 18 per cell and a latent period of 35, 5 and 30 min, respectively. In situ challenge experiments using the O157 Sakai strain on minced beef showed a reduction by 2–3-fold when treated with phages at a 0.1 MOI (multiplicity of infection), and approximately 1 log reduction when exposed to MOI values of 10 and 100. A cocktail of the phages, applied at 10 × and 100 × MOI showed 2 to 3 log reduction when samples were treated at room temperature, and all treatments at 37 °C with 100 × MOI resulted in a 5 to 6 log reduction in cell count. Our results indicate that the phages vb_EcoM_bov9_1 and vb_EcoM_bov11CS3, which have higher burst sizes, are promising candidates for biocontrol experiments aimed at the eradication of E. coli O157 strains in animals or foodstuff.
Porous matrix materials in optical sensing of gaseous oxygen
Authors: Dalfen I. , Borisov S. M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe review provides comparison of porous materials that act as a matrix for luminescent oxygen indicators. These include silica-gels, sol–gel materials based on silica and organically modified silica (Ormosils), aerogels, electrospun polymeric nanofibers, metal–organic frameworks, anodized alumina, and various other microstructured sensor matrices. The influence of material structure and composition on the efficiency of oxygen quenching and dynamic response times is compared and the advantages and disadvantages of the materials are summarized to give a guide for design and practical application of sensors with desired sensitivity and response time.
Graphical abstract
Measurements of Quantum Hamiltonians with Locally-Biased Classical Shadows
Authors: Hadfield Charles , Bravyi Sergey , Raymond Rudy , Mezzacapo Antonio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObtaining precise estimates of quantum observables is a crucial step of variational quantum algorithms. We consider the problem of estimating expectation values of quantum Hamiltonians, obtained on states prepared on a quantum computer. We propose a novel estimator for this task, which is locally optimised with knowledge of the Hamiltonian and a classical approximation to the underlying quantum state. Our estimator is based on the concept of classical shadows of a quantum state, and has the important property of not adding to the circuit depth for the state preparation. We test its performance numerically for molecular Hamiltonians of increasing size, finding a sizable reduction in variance with respect to current measurement protocols that do not increase circuit depths.
Comparison of cardiac volumetry using real-time MRI during free-breathing with standard cine MRI during breath-hold in children
Authors: Röwer Lena Maria , Radke Karl Ludger , Hußmann Janina , Malik Halima , Uelwer Tobias , Voit Dirk , Frahm Jens , Wittsack Hans-Joerg , Harmeling Stefan , Pillekamp Frank , Klee Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background

Cardiac real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) provides high-quality images even during free-breathing. Difficulties in post-processing impede its use in clinical routine.

Objective
To demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative analysis of cardiac free-breathing RT-MRI and to compare image quality and volumetry during free-breathing RT-MRI in pediatric patients to standard breath-hold cine MRI.

Materials and methods
Pediatric patients (n = 22) received cardiac RT-MRI volumetry during free breathing (1.5 T; short axis; 30 frames per s) in addition to standard breath-hold cine imaging in end-expiration. Real-time images were binned retrospectively based on electrocardiography and respiratory bellows. Image quality and volumetry were compared using the European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance registry score, structure visibility rating, linear regression and Bland–Altman analyses.

Results
Additional time for binning of real-time images was 2 min. For both techniques, image quality was rated good to excellent. RT-MRI was significantly more robust against artifacts (P < 0.01). Linear regression revealed good correlations for the ventricular volumes. Bland–Altman plots showed a good limit of agreement (LoA) for end-diastolic volume (left ventricle [LV]: LoA -0.1 ± 2.7 ml/m2, right ventricle [RV]: LoA -1.9 ± 3.4 ml/m2), end-systolic volume (LV: LoA 0.4 ± 1.9 ml/m2, RV: LoA 0.6 ± 2.0 ml/m2), stroke volume (LV: LoA -0.5 ± 2.3 ml/m2, RV: LoA -2.6 ± 3.3 ml/m2) and ejection fraction (LV: LoA -0.5 ± 1.6%, RV: LoA -2.1 ± 2.8%).

Conclusion
Compared to standard cine MRI with breath hold, RT-MRI during free breathing with retrospective respiratory binning offers good image quality, reduced image artifacts enabling fast quantitative evaluations of ventricular volumes in clinical practice under physiological conditions.
Interpretation of Emergency CT Scans of the Head in Trauma: Neurosurgeon vs Radiologist
Authors: Parag Priyashini , Hardcastle Timothy Craig 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity across all ages in all countries. Management of the patient with TBI is time critical. Emergency computed tomography (CT) scans of the head are often assessed by neurosurgeons and patient management plans are implemented before the final radiological report is released in hospitals, particularly where there is a shortage of radiologists in LMIC. The aims of this study were to identify discrepancies in the interpretation of CT scans of the head in patients with isolated head injury between the neurosurgeon and radiologist and to assess if these differences impacted patient management.MethodsThis 6‐month long prospective observational study was performed at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. The study population comprised 347 patients with isolated head injury who had a CT scan of the head performed on admission. The neurosurgeons’ initial CT scan interpretation and the final radiological report were compared.ResultsOut of 347 CT head scans, the neurosurgeons correctly interpreted 318 cases. Of the 29 incorrectly interpreted cases, there were 17 false negatives and 12 cases with mismatching abnormalities. The concordance rate was 91.64% (95% CI 88.73–94.55) with a kappa of 0.78. An accuracy rate of 95.33% (95% CI 92.63–97.26) was achieved by the neurosurgeon. No patient was negatively impacted by any neurosurgical error in misinterpretation.ConclusionsIn the interpretation of CT head scans in trauma, there is good neurosurgical and radiological interobserver agreement without negative patient impact. The neurosurgeons’ interpretation of CT scans of the head in TBI is safe especially when radiology reports are not timeously available.
Pharmacokinetics of metronomic temozolomide in cerebrospinal fluid of children with malignant central nervous system tumors
Authors: Büsker Sören , Jäger Walter , Poschner Stefan , Mayr Lisa , Al Jalali Valentin , Gojo Johannes , Azizi Amedeo A. , Ullah Sami , Bilal Muhammad , El Tabei Lobna , Fuhr Uwe , Peyrl Andreas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Although temozolomide is widely used in the treatment of childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors, information on its pharmacokinetic profile in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is sparse. This study aimed at investigating whether measurable and clinically relevant concentrations of temozolomide are reached and maintained in CSF for continuous oral administration in pediatric patients. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to quantify CSF penetration of temozolomide.

Methods
Eleven pediatric CNS tumor patients (aged 4–14 years) treated with oral temozolomide using a metronomic schedule (24–77 mg/m2/day) were included. Temozolomide concentrations in 28 plasma samples and 64 CSF samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations were performed using non-linear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM 7.4.2).

Results
Median temozolomide concentrations in plasma and CSF were 0.96 (range 0.24–5.99) µg/ml and 0.37 (0.06–1.76) µg/ml, respectively. A two-compartment model (central/plasma [1], CSF [2]) with first-order absorption, first-order elimination, and a transit compartment between CSF and plasma adequately described the data. Population mean estimates for clearance (CL) and the volume of distribution in the central compartment (Vc) were 3.29 L/h (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.58–3.95) and 10.5 L (8.17–14.32), respectively. Based on simulations, we found a median area under the concentration vs. time curve ratio (AUCCSF / AUCplasma ratio) of 37%.

Conclusion
Metronomic oral temozolomide penetrates into the CSF in pediatric patients, with even higher concentration levels compared to adults.
Lysine and homoarginine are closely interrelated metabolites in the rat
Authors: Baskal Svetlana , Dimina Laurianne , Tsikas Stefanos A. , Mosoni Laurent , Remond Didier , Mariotti François , Tsikas Dimitrios 
Published: March 2022

AbstractL-Lysine (Lys) andL-arginine (Arg), but notL-homoarginine (hArg), are proteinogenic amino acids. In healthy humans, oral administration of hArg increased the plasma concentration of Lys, suggesting Lys as a metabolite of hArg. In humans and animals, hArg is biosynthesized from Arg and Lys by arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). In vitro, recombinant human arginase and bovine liver arginase I hydrolyzed hArg to Lys, suggesting Lys as a metabolite of hArg. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in blood concentrations of hArg and Lys in old rats fed for 4 months with varied controlled experimental diets could suggest interconversion of these amino acids. Blood samples (n = 253) were taken before (T0) and after 2 months (T2) and 4 months (T4) of the experiment. Plasma concentrations of Lys and hArg were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The plasma hArg concentration markedly correlated with the plasma Lys concentration at all timepoints (r ≥ 0.7,P < 0.0001). Further analysis demonstrated that hArg and Lys are closely and specifically associated independently of experimental time/rat age and diet, suggesting that hArg and Lys are mutual metabolites in old rats. Based on the plasma concentration changes, the median yield of hArg from Lys was determined to be 0.17% at T0 and each 0.27% at T2 and T4. With a circulating concentration of about 3 µM, hArg a major metabolite of Lys in healthy humans. hArg supplementation is currently investigated as a cardioprotective means to improve impaired hArg synthesis. Present knowledge suggests that Lys rather than hArg supplementation may be even more favorable.
Personalized workflows in reconstructive dentistry—current possibilities and future opportunities
Authors: Joda Tim , Zitzmann Nicola U. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe increasing collection of health data coupled with continuous IT advances have enabled precision medicine with personalized workflows. Traditionally, dentistry has lagged behind general medicine in the integration of new technologies: So what is the status quo of precision dentistry? The primary focus of this review is to provide a current overview of personalized workflows in the discipline of reconstructive dentistry (prosthodontics) and to highlight the disruptive potential of novel technologies for dentistry; the possible impact on society is also critically discussed.Material and methodsNarrative literature review.ResultsNarrative literature review.ConclusionsIn the near future, artificial intelligence (AI) will increase diagnostic accuracy, simplify treatment planning, and thus contribute to the development of personalized reconstructive workflows by analyzing e-health data to promote decision-making on an individual patient basis. Dental education will also benefit from AI systems for personalized curricula considering the individual students’ skills. Augmented reality (AR) will facilitate communication with patients and improve clinical workflows through the use of visually guided protocols. Tele-dentistry will enable opportunities for remote contact among dental professionals and facilitate remote patient consultations and post-treatment follow-up using digital devices. Finally, a personalized digital dental passport encoded using blockchain technology could enable prosthetic rehabilitation using 3D-printed dental biomaterials.Clinical significanceOverall, AI can be seen as the door-opener and driving force for the evolution from evidence-based prosthodontics to personalized reconstructive dentistry encompassing a synoptic approach with prosthetic and implant workflows. Nevertheless, ethical concerns need to be solved and international guidelines for data management and computing power must be established prior to a widespread routine implementation.
DSC analysis of cryopreservation on the structure of porcine aortic biograft as a function of storage time
Authors: Lőrinczy Dénes , Fazekas Gábor 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe utilization of cryopreserved human allografts is a recommended option in the septic vascular surgical field, if autologous graft is not available. These grafts are subjected to deep freezing and stored at − 80 °C until further utilization. The goal of our investigation was to determine the effect of cryopreservation on the structure of vessel wall as a function of storage time, using freshly excised porcine aortic grafts. The samples were subjected to deep freezing and cryopreservation at − 80 °C. Following immediately, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after cryopreservation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and routine histological examination were performed, comparing the structure of frozen grafts to fresh, native aortic wall. Light microscopy evaluation did not show significant changes in the structure of aortic wall at different time points; however, DSC measurements demonstrated a systematic decrease in the thermal stability up to the 6th week and then improvement and stabilization regarding this parameter till the 12th week. Our histological data suggest that cryopreservation causes only minor alteration in the microstructure of fibres in the first three months; thus, the utilization of deep-freeze biological grafts with this short storage time could give favourable outcome.
DeSmoke-LAP: improved unpaired image-to-image translation for desmoking in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Pan Yirou , Bano Sophia , Vasconcelos Francisco , Park Hyun , Jeong Taikyeong Ted. , Stoyanov Danail 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery has become the trend in medicine thanks to its convenience and lower risk of infection against traditional open surgery. However, the visibility during these procedures may severely deteriorate due to electrocauterisation which generates smoke in the operating cavity. This decreased visibility hinders the procedural time and surgical performance. Recent deep learning-based techniques have shown the potential for smoke and glare removal, but few targets laparoscopic videos.

Method
We propose DeSmoke-LAP, a new method for removing smoke from real robotic laparoscopic hysterectomy videos. The proposed method is based on the unpaired image-to-image cycle-consistent generative adversarial network in which two novel loss functions, namely, inter-channel discrepancies and dark channel prior, are integrated to facilitate smoke removal while maintaining the true semantics and illumination of the scene.

Results
DeSmoke-LAP is compared with several state-of-the-art desmoking methods qualitatively and quantitatively using referenceless image quality metrics on 10 laparoscopic hysterectomy videos through 5-fold cross-validation.

Conclusion
DeSmoke-LAP outperformed existing methods and generated smoke-free images without applying ground truths (paired images) and atmospheric scattering model. This shows distinctive achievement in dehazing in surgery, even in scenarios with partial inhomogenenous smoke. Our code and hysterectomy dataset will be made publicly available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/interventional-surgical-sciences/weiss-open-research/weiss-open-data-server/desmoke-lap.