bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio‐temporal distribution of young fish in tributaries of natural and flow‐regulated sections of a neotropical river in French Guiana
Authors: M Sylvie , Érigoux . , Ponton Dominique 
Published: July 2002

1. We investigated which environmental parameters control the variation in density, in space and time, of young stages of fish in tributaries of a natural and a flow‐regulated section of the Sinnamary River, French Guiana.2. The density of the progeny in most taxa varied in space and/or time. However, most non‐Perciformes responded differently to space and/or time in the two sections.3. Oxygen, turbidity and habitat structure (i.e. bank length, occurrence of undercut bank, richness in litter, vegetation and substratum) were important, as was the position of the sampling site relatively to the main channel in the downstream tributaries, in explaining the variation of density in space in both sections. Both habitat complexity and distance from the main channel protect young fish against unpredictable flow releases downstream from the Petit Saut dam.4. Hydrological events played an important role in the temporal variation in densities of many fish taxa. The density of most early life and many juvenile stages (mostly Characiformes) was positively related to hydrological events.5. Some fish taxa had reproductive habits which were relatively independent of abiotic factors, such as flow variability, and the density of their progeny did not vary with time.6. The nursery areas of more than 45% of species in the Sinnamary River have been degraded by flow regulation.
An audit of nutritional supplement distribution and consumption on a care of the elderly ward
Authors: Ross F. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Background: Malnutrition in hospital is often an unrecognized problem which can affect recovery from illness or injury and highlights the need for comprehensive training on clinical nutrition. One group at high risk of malnutrition are the elderly and several studies have described how dietary supplementation with oral sip feeds can improve the outcome in this group of patients. Aim: The aim of this audit was to establish how much of the prescribed volume of oral sip feed was offered to and consumed by the patients on an acute 35‐bed care of the elderly ward over a 12‐day period including one weekend. Methods: A standard pro‐forma was used to record what supplements had been prescribed, what had been offered to the patient and what volume had been consumed. Results: Not all patients received the supplements prescribed and 39% of patients who did receive a supplement consumed none or hardly any of it. Forty‐three per cent consumed nearly all of the supplement provided, similar to the results from other studies. Conclusions: The study highlighted the need for training of ward staff about the preparation and distribution of supplements.
Molecular genetics of diabetes mellitus in Chinese subjects: identification of mutations in glucokinase and hepatocyte nuclear factor‐1α genes in patients with early‐onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus/MODY
Authors: Ng M. C. Y. , Cockburn B. N. , Lindner T. H. , Yeung V. T. F. , Chow C. ‐C. , So W. ‐Y. , Li J. K. Y. , Lo Y. M. D. , Lee Z. S. K. , Cockram C. S. , Critchley J. A. J. H. , Bell G. I. , Chan J. C. N. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To examine the prevalence of identified MODY‐related genes in Chinese subjects with early onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus and a positive family history of diabetes and to look for possible associations between the gene mutations and the development of diabetes. Methods Ninety‐two unrelated Chinese subjects with diabetes diagnosed before the age of 40 years who had a positive family history of diabetes were screened for mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF‐1α and HNF‐4α) and glucokinase genes by direct sequencing. The family members of patients with mutations and 100 healthy controls were also examined. Results Mutations in the HNF‐1α and the glucokinase genes were found in 5% and 3% of the diabetic subjects, respectively but no mutations were found in the coding region of the HNF‐4α gene. Three mutations found in the glucokinase gene were novel missense mutations (I110T, A119D and G385V). The mutations in the HNF‐1α gene were also new and included four missense mutations (G20R, R203H, S432C, I618M) and one splice acceptor site mutation (IVS2nt‐1G→A). Patients with mutations in these genes were clinically heterogeneous with respect to phenotype and basal pancreatic beta cell function. Conclusions Genetic factors such as mutations in the HNF‐1α and glucokinase genes may be important in the development of diabetes in Chinese people, especially when the disease is of early onset.
Fetal akinesia deformation sequence: behavioral development in a case of congenital myopathy
Authors: Mulder E. J. H. , Nikkels P. G. J. , Visser G. H. A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo monitor behavioral development in a fetus affected by the Pena—Shokeir phenotype due to fetal akinesia deformation sequence of myogenic origin.MethodsFetal behavioral development was studied sonographically in a fetus suspected of having fetal akinesia deformation sequence, between 15 and 35 weeks of gestation at 1–4‐week intervals.ResultsFetal body movements were quantitatively and qualitatively abnormal from 28 weeks onwards. Behavioral deterioration coincided with the observation of structural anomalies such as club feet. Fetal heart rate and its variation remained within normal limits and showed normal ultradian cyclicity, but the temporal linkage between body movements and heart rate pattern worsened with advancing gestation. Breathing movements, although present until the end of pregnancy, became increasingly shallow.ConclusionOur results provide sound evidence that the trajectory of behavioral development with fetal akinesia deformation sequence, which has been hypothesized to occur in man exclusively on the basis of retrospective analyses and animal experiments, does indeed take place. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Leroy I cell disease
Authors: Lees C. , Homfray T. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLeroy I cell disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which progressively leads to death within the first decade of life. Invasive prenatal diagnosis is possible but is only undertaken in families who have previously had an affected child. We describe the antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of the disease in a case referred at 30 weeks' gestation for suspected polyhydramnios. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Vibrational Stark effect of CO on Ni(100), and CO in the aqueous double layer: Experiment, theory, and models
Authors: Lambert David K. 
Published: July 2002

The vibrational Stark effect (VSE), the effect of applied electrostatic field on a molecule’s vibrational frequency, is observed for adsorbates in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and in the electrochemical double layer. The VSE has been measured and compared with theory. Models of the double layer have also been compared with experiment. The vibrational Stark tuning rate of c(2×2) CO on Ni(100) at 300 K was measured using IR spectroscopy. The observed Stark tuning rate in terms of the applied E field δνE was (5.27±0.27)×10−7 cm−1/(V/cm). Quantum mechanics has been used to express δνE in terms of a molecule’s potential energy function and dipole moment function. The quantum theory confirms the accuracy of δνE predicted by a classical model. The theory, with potential energy and dipole moment functions observed for the experimental system, gives δνE =(4.7±1.1)×10−7 cm−1/(V/cm), in agreement with the present measurement. The fully resolved CO vibrational line shape was asymmetric with a 16 cm−1 full width at half-maximum. The measured IR cross section is consistent with a previous electron energy loss study of c(2×2) CO on Ni(100). Both experiment and theory find that the effect of applied E field on the IR cross section can be neglected in analyzing the electroreflectance spectrum. The Stark tuning rate in terms of the local E field is denoted δνe. The relationship between the applied E field, and the local E field acting on the adsorbed CO, was determined using the IR cross section. For CO on Ni(100), δνe was (1.42±0.31)×10−6 cm−1/(V/cm), in good agreement with a previously reported ab initio calculation for CO on Cu(100). In comparing different systems, theory predicts δνe to be approximately proportional to the dynamic dipole moment, consistent with the observed trend. The VSE has also been observed previously for CO adsorbed on electrodes in electrochemical cells. The present measurement of δνe is compared with the VSE for CO terminally bonded to Pt, Pd, and Au electrodes in aqueous solution. A direct comparison between experiment in UHV and at the double layer
can be made for Au. A model of the aqueous double layer proposed by Bockris, Devanathan, and Müller is consistent with observation. An alternative model, with the double layer potential across a CO monolayer, is also consistent with the data.
Infrared spectroscopy of model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum: The archetypical case of carbon monoxide/water coadsorption on Pt(111)
Authors: Kizhakevariam Naushad , Jiang Xudong , Weaver Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopic (IRAS) along with work-function measurements are presented for carbon monoxide and deuterated water co-dosed onto Pt(111) at 110 K in ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) in comparison with coverage- and potential-dependent infrared spectra for the analogous in situ Pt(111)-aqueous electrochemical interface. The twin objectives are to assess the manner and degree to which the former ‘‘uhv electrochemical modeling’’ tactic mimics the vibrational spectral properties of the latter interface, and to exploit the additional molecular structural information obtainable for the former surface configuration in elucidating solvation effects for the in situ electrochemical system.
Postdosing water onto CO adlayers in uhv yields progressive attenuation of the C–O stretching (νCO) IRAS bands associated with atop and twofold bridging coordination on the clean Pt(111) surface, being replaced by bands at lower frequencies that are more characteristic of the CO coverage (θCO)-dependent νCO features observed for the electrochemical interface. This ‘‘titration-like’’ spectral response, indicating that the added water assembles into hydrogen-bound islands which are nonetheless microscopically intermixed with the contiguous CO adlayer regions, is typically complete by water coverages corresponding to about 2–3 ‘‘equivalent bilayers.’’ Water dosage-dependent spectra in the O–D stretching (νOD) region for zero or low predosed CO coverages display the hallmarks of markedly increased hydrogen bonding beyond the bilayer point, whereas such hydrogen bonding is prevalent even at submonolayer water dosages for intermediate or near-saturated θCO values.
The work-function decreases, −ΔΦ, induced by water dosing also are indicative of synergistic water/CO interactions, larger −ΔΦ values being obtained in the presence of low or intermediate predosed CO coverages than in its absence. A distinction is drawn between ‘‘specific’’ and ‘‘nonspecific’’ water co-dosing effects upon the CO adlayer structure; the former involves adjacent CO/D2O coadsorbate interactions, while the latter is describable most simply by the changes in the surface potential. The θCO-dependent CO site occupancies and νCO frequencies for the hydrated uhv and electrochemical Pt(111) systems are found to be in close concordance, the latter when the interfaces are compared at equivalent values of the surface potential. The findings thereby support a close structural connection between analogous low-temperature hydrated uhv and ambient-temperature electrochemical interfaces.
Symbolism and racism in drug history and policy
Authors: MANDERSON DESMOND 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe modern history of drug regulation began 100 years ago with the enactment of laws prohibiting the smoking of opium. In Australia and elsewhere, these laws manifested a fear of Chinese immigration. It was not opium as a substance with particular health effects which concerned the community, but opium as a symbol of transgression which the Chinese presence had elicited. Opium was prohibited because it represented an amalgam of race, sex and fear. This symbolic meaning was developed through the use of metaphor and metonymy. The author examines the way in which these strategies were deployed in the particular context of Australian anti‐opium laws. Drug laws continue to be about symbols and not substances, and are still and not least an expression of racism and fears of difference
Rapid opiate detoxification treatments
Authors: BEARN JENNIFER , GOSSOP MICHAEL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecent endeavours to improve the efficiency of treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome have resulted in the development of a variety of rapid opiate detoxification schedules, some of which are now in regular clinical use. The neuropharamacological basis of rapid withdrawal techniques, the evolution of treatment schedules and issues relating to clinical efficacy and safety are reviewed. Early studies with naloxone provided the basis for later refinements using opiate antagonists in conjunction with clonidine, benzodiazepines sedation and full anaesthesia. These treatments may accelerate the resolution of the opiate withdrawal syndrome; however, controlled studies comparing them with conventional treatments are lacking. There is insufficient evidence available to carry out an informed risk/benefit analysis. Rapid opiate detoxification treatments have considerable potential for increasing the speed and reducing the discomfort of the opiate withdrawal syndrome, but there is an urgent need for controlled clinical trials and outcome studies to determine their longer‐term impact on opiate use.
Separate and interactive effects of cocaine and alcohol dependence on brain structures and metabolites: quantitative MRI and proton MR spectroscopic imaging
Authors: O'Neill J. , Cardenas V. A. , Meyerhoff D. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of chronic cocaine and alcohol abuse on human brain structure and metabolites are not fully known. We studied controls (n = 13) and abstinent subjects dependent on cocaine (8), alcohol (12), and cocaine and alcohol (17) using quantitative MRI and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Talairach‐based techniques yielded tissue and CSF volumes and gray‐ and white‐matter concentrations of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine and choline metabolites in multiple brain regions. Alcohol dependents had lower gray‐matter NAA concentrations and more sulcal CSF than non‐alcohol dependents throughout the brain. They also had less subcortical gray matter and (regionally) less white matter. Cocaine dependents compared with non‐cocaine dependents had higher posterior parietal white‐matter creatine concentration. They also had less gray and white matter in the prefrontal lobes and in a region encompassing the temporal lobes and cerebellum. Structural white‐matter deficits in cocaine dependents were greater with longer duration of cocaine use. Subjects with concurrent cocaine and alcohol dependence had less prefrontal white matter, especially in the anterior cingulate, than subjects dependent on only one substance. Chronically abused cocaine and alcohol each leave multiple metabolic and structural brain defects after long‐term abstinence. Concurrent dependence on both substances may aggravate white‐matter structural defects, primarily in frontal brain.
Cerebrospinal fluid neuroendocrinology of alcohol misusers
Authors: GERACIOTI THOMAS D. , GOLDSMITH R. JEFFREY , FRIEDMAN LOREN M. , NORMAN ANDREW B. , SOMOZA EUGENE , KASCKOW JOHN W. , BAKER DEWLEEN G. , RICHTAND NEIL M. , ANTHENELLI ROBERT M. , KECK PAUL E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurohumors reflect central nervous system physiology in a way that peripheral indices can not. We reviewed clinical studies of CSF biogenic amines and neurohormones in alcohol misusers during various stages of withdrawal or abstinence and found them difficult to compare because of highly variable experimental methods, reliance on single time collections (lumbar punctures) that fail to control for potential stress‐induced effects of the procedure, lack of control for tobacco use, and a paucity of non‐alcoholmisusing controls. However, taken together, the data thus far show that a variety of neuroactive substances are reduced in concentration in the CSF of some alcohol misusers. Low CSF levels of corticotropinreleasing hormone, beta‐endorphin, norepinephrine, diazepam‐binding inhibitor, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid and somatostatin have all been reported. Whether the decreased CSF levels of these neurohormones and neurotransmitters are a cause or consequence of alcoholism has not been determined. In fact, further studies using serial or continuous CSF sampling techniques with homogeneous, better‐characterized patients and normal volunteers are still needed to establish the precise CSF neurochemical abnormalities in alcohol misusers.
Effects of alcohol on respiratory variables in normal humans
Authors: WOLFF C. B. , PETERS T. J. , KEATING J. , GARDNER W. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study is designed to clarify the effect of low doses of alcohol on respiratory variables in air breathing normal subjects. Each subject was given an initial loading dose of alcohol (0.270 g/kg) followed, half an hour later, by a second dose (0.135 g/kg). Blood alcohol increased to a mean value of 52.0 ± 3.0 (SEM) mg/100 ml at 1 hour. Resting ventilation increased significantly from a mean value of 6.25 ± 0.41 litres min−1 to 7.20 ± 0.31 litres min−1 1 hour after alcohol (p= 0.025). Mean inspiratory flow was also increased (p= 0.045). Endtidal PCO2 (PET CO2) showed a highly significant fall (1.87 ± 0.35 mm Hg; p < 0.001) without a significant change in CO2 production rate (p > 0.05). PET CO2 variability (100 × SD/mean) was low (mean 2.4%) and unaffected by alcohol. The longest end‐expiratory pauses (apnoeas) observed for each subject were shortened significantly by alcohol (1.030 ± 0.194 s and 0.690 ± 0.138 s; p = 0.01). Moderate doses of alcohol in normal subjects, therefore lower PET CO2 and shorten end‐expiratory pauses (apnoeic periods) but do not affect PET CO2 variability.
The corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone markedly enhances the behavioural effects of d‐amphetamine
Authors: MARROW LYNNE , STATHAM ALISON , OVERTON PAUL G. , BRAIN PAUL F. , CLARK DAVID 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clinically utilized corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone attenuates the behavioural effects of cocaine in the rat. Given the potential therapeutic implications of this interaction, we felt it important to determine if metyrapone's action would generalize to another widely abused psychostimulant, namely d‐amphetamine. However, rather than producing attenuation, metyrapone preadministration (3 100 mg/kg) markedly enhanced both the locomotor activating and stereotypy‐inducing actions of d‐amphetamine (dose equivalent to 2.5 mg/kg free base). The fact that the corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor trilostane did not affect the behavioural action of d‐amphetamine suggests that inhibition of corticoid synthesis does not underlie the action of metyrapone. Instead, it is argued that inhibition of debrisoquine hydroxylase (cytochrome p450 2D1), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of d‐amphetamine, represents the critical mechanism of action.
Oral reading in Chinese: evidence from dementia of the Alzheimer's type
Authors: Weekes Brendan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe traditional view of oral reading ability in patients with dementia holds that it is a preserved skill even if there is a general impairment to lexico‐semantic processing ability. Recently, this view has been challenged by studies showing that the oral reading ability of patients with dementia can deteriorate over the course of the disease. These studies have found that the oral reading of irregular English words is more prone to error than the oral reading of regular words by patients with dementia suggesting that the oral reading of irregular words depends upon support from semantic memory. Relatively little is known about the oral reading abilities of Chinese‐speaking dementia patients. This paper reports on the results of a study of the language processing and the oral reading ability of Chinese speakers with probable dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). DAT patients displayed impairment on tests of oral reading as well as impairment on tests of semantic memory, confrontation naming and word comprehension. The results also show significant effects of regularity, frequency and imageability on the oral reading of DAT patients. It is argued that Chinesespeaking DAT patients display a pattern of language impairment similar to their English‐speaking counterparts and, moreover, that normal oral reading of Chinese characters may depend critically upon the integrity of semantic memory.
Risk factors for speech disorders in children
Authors: Fox A. V. , Dodd Barbara , Howard David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe study evaluated the relationship between risk factors and speech disorders. The parents of 65 children with functional speech disorders (aged 2;7−7;2) and 48 normally speaking controls (aged 3;4−6;1) completed a questionnaire investigating risk factors associated in the literature with developmental communication disorders. The findings indicated that some risk factors (pre‐ and perinatal problems, ear, nose and throat (ENT) problems, and sucking habits and positive family history) distinguished speech‐disordered from normally speaking control populations. The present study also investigated whether specific risk factors were associated with three subgroups of speech disorders identified according to their surface error patterns as suggested by Dodd (1995). No risk factor apart from pre‐ and perinatal factors could be found that differentiated these subgroups of speech disorder, so that none of the subgroups exhibited a specific profile of risk factor involvement. Neither was it possible to classify the children according to the risk factor categories suggested by Shriberg's classification system (Shriberg 1994). The relevance of risk factor identification for functional speech disorders is discussed.
Partial Recovery of Light‐Independent Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in the chlL ‐Deletion Mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Wu Qingyu , Yu Jiujiu , Zhao Nanming 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA chlL ‐deletion mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 designated as chlL ‐ was unable to make significant amounts of chlorophyll in darkness. However, an apparent pseudorevertant has been generated spontaneously that can synthesize an increased amount of chlorophyll under light‐activated heterotrophic growth conditions. Under these conditions, the chlorophyll content in this pseudorevertant was about 20% of that in the wild‐type strain and about 4 times more than that in the original and in the recently recreated chlL ‐deletion mutant. This is paralleled by increased performance of dark‐grown cells in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence induction and oxygen evolution rates in the pseudorevertant versus in the original mutant. PCR analysis confirmed that the chlL ‐ pseudorevertant mutant still lacked the chlL gene. These results imply that the light‐independent chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was partly recovered.