bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental area was a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. The plots were 68 × 68 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 15 Jun with a low-pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21, SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. PLH population densities were determined 3, 7, 10 and 17 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 7.3 m (24 × 24 ft) were established in a 4-yr-old field of‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Eighteen treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. The field was sampled for the number of alfalfa weevil larvae/25 stems on 1 Jun before any insecticide applications. Insecticides were applied the same day with a C02 sprayer calibrated at 283.9 liter/ha (30 gal/acre) mounted on an ATV travelling at 5.64 km/h (3.5 mph) with a 3.66 m (12 ft) boom. Fields were resampled 4 and 7 DAT.
Apple, Effect of IGRS on Stethorus Punctum Egg Viability, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Leaves with eggs of SP were randomly collected from an apple orchard heavily populated with this predator. Leaves with eggs were brought into the laboratory and held at 20°C for 24 h. The leaves were dipped for 2 sec in solutions of various materials and allowed to air dry, then transferred to petri dishes containing moist pieces of paper towels to maintain high relative humidity. The dishes were placed in a growth chamber set at 20°C, 16:8 (L/D). Each treatment was replicated five times with 6-8 eggs/replicate. Eggs were exmained every 2-3 d to determine hatch and larval survival.
Aphid Control in Winter Canola Using Foliar Insecticides in 1990
Authors: David Buntin G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected foliarly-applied insecticides were evaluated for control of turnip aphids in fall planted canola near Plains, Ga. Canola was planted on 27 Oct in 7 inch rows in plots measuring 5 × 20 ft. Spray treatments were applied at full bloom on 15 Mar using a COa-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. The percentage of aphid infested stems was measured before and 5 DAT by inspecting 100 stems/plot. Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine on 31 May and yield was adjusted to 8% moisture content. Grain test weight also was measured.
Evaluation of Black Cutworm Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight black cutworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Dufiield silt loam soil in Lancaster County, Pa., during 1989. Six commercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 9 treatments was used. Granular treatments were applied at planting as a T-band application in 17.8 cm bands over the row using a John Deere Planter. Liquid formulations were applied using a backpack spray system. All treatments were applied on 1 Jun. The corn was planted on 1 Jun in 76.2 cm wide rows at 60,000 plants/ha. Stand counts and number of plants cut were evaluated on 7 and 23 Jun.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1990
Authors: Jarvi Keit. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were applied at the fully labeled rate and a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, Nebr. The test plot was planted 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 50 m long row; rows were 11.8 cm apart. Infurrow granular treatments were applied by a John Deere Tractor mounted unit at planting. Granular formulations were applied in a 2.75 cm band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines on 11 May. Furadan 4 F was applied over the row in a 2.75 cm band and basally, both at cultivation time with a C02 backpack sprayer at 25 psi, approximately 142 liters/hectare total volume. Cultivation treatments were applied 12 Jun over the row followed immediately by a tractor-mounted cultivator. No phytotoxicity was observed. Stand counts were not significantly different. Feeding damage was evaluated 23 and 23 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Rainfall was near normal for the period from 8 May to 24 Jul, with no rainfall event more than 2 inches in any 24 h period. Subsoil moisture rated short at time of planting.
Corn Rootworm Control with Cucurritacin Bait, 1989-1990
Authors: Levine E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effect of cucurbitacin bait on mortality of WCR and NCR beetles in an attempt to reduce egg laying by these insects and thereby reduce damage to a subsequent corn crop. Corn was planted following a previous crop of corn at a rate of 64,000 seeds per ha on 15 May, 1989, at Urbana, 111. A 2.5-ha field was divided into eight 0.3-ha plots by cutting 2-row alleys between designated tracts. Four randomly-selected plots were treated with bait consisting of 5.0% by wt of buffalo gourd root powder (the source of cucurbitacin feeding stimulant/arrestant) and 0.3% by wt of carbaryl insecticide, both contained in a cereal meal carrier containing 20% vegetable oil by wt. The remaining 4 plots were not treated and served as controls. Bait was applied at a rate of 9.9 kg/ha with a 3-m seed attachment mounted on a highboy tractor on 8 Aug when female beetle dissections indicated that oviposition was beginning. The corn rootworm population comprised 87.9% WCR and 12.1% NCR. All plots were sampled for live WCR and NCR beetles from 7 Aug to 11 Sep. On 27 Oct a soil trencher was used to sample all plots for rootworm eggs (18 samples per plot). Corn was planted on 2 May 1990 in all plots. On 13 Jul, 10 root systems from each plot were dug, washed, and rated for rootworm damage to evaluate the effectiveness of the bait in preventing rootworm damage. Data transformed by log(x + 1) for analysis. Untransformed data are presented.
Corn Root Protection Against Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , StefTey K. L. , Gray M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil insecticides were applied at planting time at 4 locations in IL: 8 May (Urbana), 11 May (Bloomington), 17 May (Monmouth), and 24 May (DeKalb). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment was applied to a single 100-ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row max-emergence planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and incorporated into the soil. Liquid application of Brace was delivered at planting in a 7- to 10-inch band with an even flat fan nozzle (Teejet 8004E) mounted ahead of the firming wheels and turned perpendicular to the row for band applications. Later, the liquid was incorporated into the soil. The liquid was applied with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 42.4 gal/acre at 30 psi at a speed of 5 mph. Five roots were evaluated for damage in each plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 row ft.
Efficacy of Bran Baits in Controlling Grasshoppers in South Dakota, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three bran baits were evaluated in 1 m2 screen field cages for their efficacies against the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Forty cages were placed on a corn field near the campus of South Dakota State University and corn seedlings in the study site were less than 5 inches in height. Nine bran bait treatments and a check were arranged in a complete randomized design with 4 replicates. Bran baits were placed uniformly within cages at 2 lb of bran flakes/acre on 9 Aug. Each cage was then stocked with 20 third instar laboratory-reared nymphs.
Control of European Corn Rorer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 7 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. One row plots were 50 ft in length. Granular insecticides were applied with a specially modified Hahn Hi-Boy tractor. Liquid insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer in 21 gal of water/acre at 30 psi. Application date was 5 Jul. Forty-eight h prior to application, 15 corn plants in each plot were artificially infested with 6 blackheaded egg masses to augment a moderate natural infestation. On 5 Aug, each artificially infested corn plant in each plot was dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in Orange County, Va., to determine the effectiveness of several commercial and experimental granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae. The field used in this experiment has been in continuous corn for more than 20 years. The predominant soil type for this field is a Manassas silt loam, with some areas of Penn silt loam and Rapidan silt loam. The experimental design involved a randomized complete block wtih 4 replications. Plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots on 7 Jun at a plant population density of 26,000 plants/acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Prior to application, the regular granular insecticide applicators were removed from each side of the planter in order to accommodate 2 wooden boxes designed to hold inverted pint canning jars (Mason) for dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of both wooden boxes was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the box holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 2 pass/plot. Stand counts were made on 29 Jun, by determining the number of corn plants in 3 separate, 3.3-row ft sections/ plot. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot on 19 Jul and washed of excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1—no feeding; 6—3 or more root nodes completely destroyed).
Evaluation of Tarnished Plant Bug Control with Dimethoate and Plex (Sticker-Extender), 1990
Authors: Dacus J. S. , Tugwell N. P. , Bagwell R. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Test I chemical treatments, applied 17 Jul at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark., were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft. Spray was applied with three, 8X hollow cone nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer dispensing 14 gal/acre at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 4 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured around individual plants by tying a twist-tie to the lower end of each cage about 1 ft from the terminal. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was rolled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Infestations of plant bugs were made in the cages at 0, 24, and 48 h posttreatment. Insects were exposed to the plants for 72 h. Plants were then cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.
Field Evaluation of Beauvebia Bassiana for Early Season Boll Weevil Control, 1989
Authors: Wright James E. , Chandler Laurence D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Organic Naturalis, obtained from Fermone Incorporated, Phoenix, Ariz., was evaluated for early season boll weevil control in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Tex. The tested material consisted of B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin WP at 4.54 × 1012 conidia/lb, a feeding substrate, spreader sticker, and grandlure (boll weevil pheromone). A cotton field, planted 31 Mar on 40 inch beds, was divided into two, 5 acre blocks and one, 3 acre block for evaluation of the material. Each block was subdivided into 1 acre subplots. Organic Naturalis and Bidrin each were applied to a single 5 acre block at the 8 leaf growth stage and subsequently 5 times thereafter on a weekly schedule. The 3 acre block was used as an untreated control. Following the early season treatments, conventional insecticides were used throughout the remainder of the season on an as needed basis. Insecticides were applied with a John Deere 6000 high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre total volume of material. Boll weevil pheromone traps (4), placed at each field corner from Jan to Apr provided background population information. Field efficacy of Organic Naturalis was determined by evaluation of weevil adult mortality from individual laboratory reared weevils placed in 1 inch3 screened cages in the field prior to spraying or from weevils caged on cotton plants following treatment. These weevils were taken back to the laboratory and evaluated for presence/absence of the fungus. Cotton yields were taken from 10 randomly-selected 13.1 row ft areas per subplot and converted to lb lint/acre.
Control of European Crane Fly Infesting Pasture, Tillamook, Oreg., 1989 and 1990
Authors: Fisher G. C. , Parsons G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated in two separate trials for the control of ECF larvae infesting dairy pasture in northwestern Oreg. Applications were made either in the fall of 1989 or the spring of 1990 with a 4-nozzle boom (LF 3 80) CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering the equivalent of 71 GPA of spray solution. Plots were 18 × 18 ft and replicated 4 times in RCB designs. The grass in all plots was cut a few days prior to application of insecticides. Trial I plots were treated on 20 Nov. Post treatment evaluation occurred on 12 Dec by removing 4, 6 in diam soil cores to a depth of 3 inches and placing them in Berlese funnels to extract the larvae. The following spring on 21 Mar the plots were resampled and evaluated in the same way to assess winter mortality. Trial II plots were treated on 9 Apr and evaluated as above on 2 May except that 3, 8 in diam cores were taken per plot. All soil cores were left in the Berlese funnels for approximately 1 wk after which time the moderately dry soil was screened for any larvae remaining behind.
Spider Mite Management on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field near Edenton in Chowan County, was selected to evaluate miticides for control of the twospotted spider mite. The field was selected because it contained a widespread and uniform infestation making it an excellent site for evaluating these products. Peanuts had been planted on 36 inch centers and were showing signs of severe spider mite damage. Treatments were applied on 19 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at the time of application were sunny, 90°F with no wind. Plots were 10 ft long × 4 rows wide with a 5 ft border between plots on each end. Four replicates for each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was conducted on 23 Jul (4 DAT), on 26 Jul (7 DAT), and 1 Aug (13 DAT) by collecting 25 leaflets at random from each plot. These leaflets were placed in a plastic bag and chilled until they could be processed in the laboratory. Samples were processed by using a commercially-available mite brushing machine. All data were transformed × + 0.5. Actual means are presented.
Midseason Control of Thrips in Peanuts in North Florida, 1990
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Jackson County, Fla., planted 27 Apr. Plot size was 4 rows × 20 ft with a 36-in row spacing. Planting-time granular treatments were applied in a 7-in band over the row, by using a granular applicator attached to the planter. These in-furrow insecticide treatments were released between the seed-furrow openers and the press wheels Granular treatments made during midseason were applied in a 12-inch band on 3 Jul, by using a tractor-mounted applicator. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 3 Jul with a 2-row, COa-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. These chemicals were applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. The density of thrips in terminal buds was estimated in plots of all treatments on 7, 10, 17, and 24 Jul. Each thrips sample consisted of 8 terminal buds selected from the 2 outer rows of a plot on each sample date. A terminal bud consisted of all unexpanded leaves on the end of a stem. Each sample was placed in a labeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 × dissecting scope. Adults from samples in the control plots were identified to species.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against PL in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted 2 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Temik 15 G at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in-furrow at planting; Orthene 75 S at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 6 Jun for tobacco thrips control. Treatments for PL were applied on 26 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles per row, one over the top and one on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 2 h before and 1, 5, 8 and 18 DAT by comparing the number of adults and nymphs captured in 10 sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net
Control of Spider Mite on Peanuts in Alabama, 1990
Authors: Weeks James R. , Wells Larry W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field test on the Wiregrass Experiment Station evaluated materials for their ability to suppress or control spider mites compared with an untreated control. Treatments were applied on 28 Aug using a row crop sprayer calibrated to 15 gal/acre with 3, D2-25 nozzles/row. A second application was applied on 4 Sep to Danitol, Capture, Safer's Soap and Vydate plots due to hatching of new individuals and webbing in these plots. Temperatures during the study were in excess of 90°F each day with sunny skies and no rainfall. Plots consisted of 4/36-inch rows × 150 ft long. Three replicates of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sampling was conducted on 30 Aug, 4 Sep (before reapplication), 7 Sep and on 11 Sep by collecting 5 tetrafoliate leaves at random from each plot. These leaves were placed in plastic bags and chilled until counting in the laboratory later that day. In the laboratory 1 leaflet from each of the 5 leaves was selected at random and the adult spider mites on the upper and lower surface, and petiole of each leaflet were counted under a 30 × stereoscope. A visual observation rating of each plot was also made on 4 Sep and 12 Sep to evaluate the degree of damage to the plot as a whole (foliage damage) and the amount of webbing evident in the plant terminals.
Comparative Efficacy of Two Toxicants as Foliar Spray for the Bigheaded Grasshopper, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Fuller B. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two toxicants for mulated as foliar sprayable were compared in field cages for efficacy against the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti in Belle Fourche, S. Dak. Western wheatgrass, Agropyron smithii Rydb., blue gramma, Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) and buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm dominated the dense vegetation at the test site. Field cages (1.0 m2) were placed on the test site and freed of grasshoppers and other predators. Asana (esfenvalerate) XL and Lorsban were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer on 13 Aug at rates equivalent to field application. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal water/acre at 20 psi from a hand held boom equipped with six, 8002 Teejet nozzles on 12-inch spacings. Each cage was then stocked with 20 females (ca. 2-wk old adults) of Aulocara elliotti which had been starved for 24 h after being collected in the vicinity of the study site. Eight cages were used for each treatment and the untreated control. Grasshopper mortalities were recorded 4 DAT.
Pear, Grape Mealybug Control, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature pear trees were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for early season control of GMB. Plots consisted of 6 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for GMB control by counting the infested shoots per 10-shoot sample per replicate on 3 May and by rating 50 fruits/replicate at harvest for presence of nymphs in the calyx. Fruit with no nymphs present were rated 0, those with 1 or 2 were rated 1 and those with &gt;2 were rated 2. PP nymphs were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate collected from fruiting spurs. Nymphs were brushed from leaves onto 5-inch glass disks and counted under magnification. Treatment schedules are presented in tabular form below and include applications at delayed dormant (20 Mar), clusterbud (3 Apr) and petal fall (24 Apr).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Soybean Looper Control in South Louisiana, 1990
Authors: Mink Jeffrey S. , Wier Alan T. , Thomas Jamey D. , Boethel David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were tested for control of soybean looper in 2 separate experiments in East Baton Rouge Parish. On approximately 25 Jul, the entire experimental area was treated with methyl parathion at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre which stimulated the outbreak of soybean loopers. In both tests, plots were 8 rows × 50 ft (40-inch row spacing). Insecticides were applied to R5 soybeans on 11 Aug for Test I and 16 Aug for Test II. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 20 psi through 80015 flat fan nozzles. Insects were sampled with a 15-inch-diam sweep net at 2 and 7 DAT for Test I and at 2, 5, and 7 DAT for Test II.