bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Cyber Conflict
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since the publication of “The Law of Cyber Warfare: Quo Vadis?” in 2014, the cyber operational and normative environment has evolved significantly. In particular, the NATO CCD COE commissioned a follow-on project that resulted in the 2017 publication of Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Conflict. Tallinn Manual 2.0 widened the aperture to consider cyber conflict more broadly, in particular hostile cyber operations falling below the thresholds of either a use of force under the jus ad bellum or armed conflict in the jus in bello. This chapter reassesses the general vector of the international law governing cyberspace, focusing on inter-State cyber conflict outside the context of armed conflict, for it is there that States are most active. The analytical premise is that employed in “Quo Vadis.” International law necessarily evolves over time in order to ensure that the applicable normative architecture remains responsive to the context in which it applies. That dynamic occurs in three ways—through new treaty law, through the crystallization of new norms of international customary law, and by means of the interpretation of existing treaty or customary law. In an effort to think about the coming decades, the chapter assesses the outlook for evolution in each before turning to trends in the law itself.
The Future of Military and Security Privatization
Authors: Dickinson Laura A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The future of warfare is likely to see ongoing use of Private Military and Security Contractors (PMSCs) to expand State power not only in defensive and offensive battlefield contexts, but in clandestine cyber-related and AI-driven military initiatives as well. All of this privatization threatens “public law values” embedded in both the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and international human rights law. In the case of LOAC, core principles such as distinction, proportionality, feasible precautions, and avoidance of unnecessary suffering establish important limitations on the use of force. The challenge, however, is that these bodies of law—and the mechanisms of accountability and oversight that accompanied them—were designed by States in an era when the primary entities to be governed by this law were governmental actors that consisted primarily of large State militaries. This chapter surveys the present and likely future regarding States’ use of PMSCs. I argue that in the future although some categories of PMSCs will be increasingly regulated and professionalized, others will be deployed in secret and will tend to evade traditional oversight. Accordingly, those concerned about the survival of LOAC in the coming decades should explore alternative regulatory approaches that could go at least some distance toward mitigating the clear risks posed by the expansion of PMSCs.
A Discursive Analysis of the Chinese Party-State’s Potential Impact on the LOAC
Authors: Gregory E. John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Understanding the Chinese Communist party-State’s LOAC legal discourse as domestic political speech and international “discourse power” that affirms that the Party’s legitimating moral narrative is a useful hermeneutic for understanding China’s engagement with international LOAC. The Communist Party’s structural control over domestic discourse formation, the weakness of Chinese civil society, the lack of independent legal institutions, and a general conception of Chinese law as subordinate to the Party enables the party-State to prioritize the discursive function of law as a highly credible form of political speech. The desire of the international community to socialize China has resulted in uncritical acceptance and adoption of the party-State’s own self-narrative on LOAC, which the party-State then rebroadcasts domestically to demonstrate international affirmation of its legitimating narrative. It reframes jus ad bellum LOAC discourse to support past and prospective territorial aggression against neighboring countries. Jus in bello is reframed to support the narrative that the Party-Army has not and would never commit humanitarian violations, deflecting potential criticism of the Army’s involvement in the State’s violent oppression of Chinese citizens and justifying the sanitized public record. Effective engagement with Communist China on LOAC requires first that the United States more consistently commit to LOAC as a binding legal norm, both in words and action; and second, that the international community be willing to engage party-State scholars and officials critically.
Shame and the Ethical in Williams
Authors: Bero Stephen , Webster Aness Kim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bernard Williams’s Shame and Necessity (1993) was an influential early contribution to what has become a broader movement to rehabilitate shame as a moral emotion. But there is a tension in Williams’s discussion that presents an underappreciated difficulty for efforts to rehabilitate shame. The tension arises between what Williams takes shame in its essence to be and what shame can do—the role that shame can be expected to play in ethical life. Williams can—and, the authors argue, should—be read as avoiding the difficulties stemming from this tension, but this requires a reevaluation of several of his central claims about shame’s role in ethical thought and experience. For instance, his broad claims that the “structures of shame” can “give a conception of one’s ethical identity” and that shame “mediates . . . between ethical demands and the rest of life” cannot be taken at face value. What emerges is a view that is in a sense less ambitious but also more in tune with the spirit of Williams’s larger project. There may also, the authors suggest, be a more general lesson: we should be suspicious of the temptation to seek some special affinity between shame and ethical life lest we distort our understanding of both.
Relation-Regret and Associative Luck
Authors: Telech Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that the phenomenon underlying Bernard Williams’s “agent-regret” is considerably broader than appreciated by Williams and others. Agent-regret—an anguished response that agents have for harms they have caused, even if faultlessly—the author argues, is a species of a more general response to harms that need not be one’s fault but which nonetheless impact one’s practical identity. This broader genus includes as a species what the author calls “relation-regret,” a pained response to harms caused by persons to whom one is intimately related, as co-members of groups partly constitutive of one’s practical identity (e.g., one’s family). After providing an account of the moral psychology of relation-regret, the author attends to its normative significance, proposing that acceptance of relation-regret provides us with reasons for accepting a novel form of moral luck—associative luck—the luck of being vulnerable to responsibility-responses in virtue of attachments one has to other persons.
Delivery as Dispossession
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book explains why nearly thirty years after the transition to democracy, the South African government continues to evict squatters from urban land. It argues that housing officials view occupiers as threats to the government’s housing delivery program, which, they insist, requires order and state control. New occupations are therefore stigmatized as “disorderly” threats, and government actors represent their removal as a precondition for access to housing. Drawing on a decade of sustained ethnographic fieldwork in two such occupations in Cape Town, this study explains why one was evicted, whereas the other was ultimately tolerated, answering a central question in urban studies: how do governments decide when to evict, and conversely, when to tolerate? These decisions are not made in a vacuum but instead require an analysis that expands what we typically call “the state.” This book argues that the state does not simply “see” occupations, as if they were a feature of the natural landscape. Rather, occupiers collectively project themselves to government actors, affecting how they are seen. But residents are not only seen; they also see, which shapes how they organize themselves. When residents see the state as an antagonist, they tend to unify under a single leadership; but when they see it as a potential ally, they often remain atomized as if they were individual customers. The unity in the former case projects an orderly population, less likely to be evicted; but the fragmentation in the latter case projects a disorderly mass, serving to legitimate eviction rulings.
Two Occupations, One Eviction
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the cases considered in this book: two land occupations in Cape Town’s peri-urban townships. One was evicted, whereas the other was officially tolerated. But according to the existing urban studies literature, we would expect the opposite outcome: it was, after all, the less visible of the two occupations that was evicted, located on less valuable land. This chapter develops an alternative theory of the state that helps us understand this counterintuitive outcome. The key, it argues, is paying attention to the self-organization of urban squatters. How they organize themselves affects how they are perceived by the state, which ultimately shapes eviction outcomes. Governmental decisions, therefore, do not occur in a vacuum but are the outcome of complex entanglements among a variety of actors. Drawing on social and political theory, the chapter concludes by theorizing the state as an expanded terrain of struggle through which policy outcomes must pass.
Dynamics of Delivery and Dispossession
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers delivery and dispossession as linked governmental technologies of managing surplus populations. It begins with an account of their articulation under apartheid, or what is in this book called dispossession through delivery. It was only through the construction of new townships, it argues, that forced removals were able to proceed effectively. But after apartheid, this relationship was inverted and remains so today: delivery through dispossession. The government’s promise to remedy apartheid-era removals quickly became an end in itself, something housing officials defended at all costs. But when delivery failed to reduce the housing backlog, they identified land occupations as a cause, rather than a consequence, of this failure. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the legal system, through which the connection between dispossession and delivery is articulated, and interviews with housing officials that show how they understand the process of (and rationale for) eviction.
Political Society I
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the civil society articulation described in chapter 3 produced an unintended political society articulation: the seriality characterizing Kapteinsklip translated into factionalism, which was in turn exacerbated once residents gained access to a lawyer. Without an elected representative, each grouping competed with one another for information from their counsel. In the process, what were previously loose groupings congealed into formally defined factions. After months of delays and appeals, the Kapteinsklip occupiers finally had their day in court. Judges read factionalists as opportunists squabbling over handouts and ordered residents off the field within a month. This chapter concludes by showing how residents’ self-organization shaped the judges’ repeated decisions to evict the occupation.
Four Theses on the Integral State
Authors: Levenson Zachary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book with four theses on the applicability of the integral state framework, developed over the six preceding chapters, to other postcolonial democracies, putting South African evictions in conversation with those in Brazil and India. Thinking about these contexts more generally, postcolonial democracies tend to face a dilemma: as colonial mobility controls are lifted, they typically face rapid urbanization, which, given the limited capacity of the postcolonial state to deliver housing, tends to be informal urbanization. This overwhelms the state, producing a stable backlog of those in need, but only a limited annual supply of housing and services to close the gap. It means that the collective struggle to articulate one’s occupation as a “population” assumes a competitive dimension. Each occupation then vies with all others for the attention of their respective local government. These struggles are the subject of this book.
Elite Polarization and Americans’ Perceptions of the Political Parties
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how elite polarization has evolved in the post–World War II era. It tracks the major developments in party politics over the past seventy years, documenting how party politics went from the depolarized 1950s—where members of both parties ran the ideological gamut from liberal to conservative—to the polarized politics of the early twenty-first century, where the parties hold clearly defined, opposing ideological positions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the extent to which voters are aware of the increase in polarization among their representatives. It provides data that demonstrates people are aware of the growing divisions between the parties and increasingly view these divisions as important.
Measuring Policy Orientations and Political Sophistication
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the measurement of policy orientations, providing a walkthrough of how multiple survey items are combined to produce measures of economic and social policy attitudes. Multiple measurement techniques, factor analysis, and item response theory are used to make sure the results are consistent across approaches. The measurement models are then used to produce estimates of each ANES and GSS respondent’s economic and social policy positions. In addition, the chapter also introduces a measure of political sophistication and estimate a sophistication score for each respondent. It concludes with an examination of the evolving relationship between policy orientations and partisanship.
A Test of the Recursive Relationship between Policy Orientations and Partisanship
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the interrelationships between policy orientations and partisanship and asks the essential question: which comes first? It uses repeated ANES and GSS panel data to examine how these dispositions influence each other over time within individuals. It finds evidence that policy orientations and partisanship jointly influence each other. People bring their partisanship in line with their policy attitudes over time, but also bring their policy attitudes in line with their partisanship too. Overall, it finds that policy orientations exert at least as strong of an effect on partisanship as the reverse, and that in recent years policy orientations dominate partisanship. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the alignment of partisanship and policy orientations has led to a decline in electoral volatility.
The Relationships between Policy Orientations, Partisanship, and Vote Choice
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an initial test of the relationships between policy orientations, partisanship, and vote choice. It begins with an analysis of the relationship between policy orientations and partisanship. The analysis uses both the ANES and GSS cumulative file data and spans the years 1972–2016. It finds that policy orientations have become a stronger predictor of partisanship. The chapter then turns to an analysis of how policy orientations and partisanship jointly influence vote choice. It finds that policy orientations have become stronger predictors over time, while partisanship has always been a strong predictor but has not increased in power to the same degree. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the forces that have caused policy orientations to become more powerful influences of behavior.
The Implications of Our Polarized Politics
Authors: Zingher Joshua N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This final chapter discusses the consequences of our increasingly polarized politics. The chapter begins by advocating taking context seriously in the study of public opinion and political behavior. Public opinion and political behavior are conditional upon context. The chapter argues we must account for the broader political and social contexts if we with understand public opinion and political behavior. It moves on to discuss how polarization might affect democratic accountability. People must be willing to sanction members of their own party to hold them accountable and yet they are less likely to do so in polarized contexts. However, there is robust evidence that incumbents’ fortunes still rise and fall on the state of the economy, which suggests the electorate still holds politicians accountable for their performance. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about potential directions for future research.
On Justice
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Disputes about rights, virtues, common goods, and the relation of each to justice are at the heart of the Revolution debates and movements for justice today. Worries about modern rights and virtues are many and various. Acutely aware of these, Wollstonecraft nonetheless vindicates women’s rights as human rights for the cause of virtue and deems each integral to justice. She uses theological and secular vernaculars of her time to do so, wedding talk of juristic rights with republican notions of freedom as nondomination. Slavery is paradigmatic of domination and analogous to other eighteenth-century forms of domination and exploitation among the landless, destitute, imprisoned, and women. For Wollstonecraft, neither rights nor virtues are conceptually or ontologically prior to the other. Subjective rights, right action, and the virtues of justice that set relations right are each part and parcel of justice. Far from rendering common goods obsolete, the relations set right by virtues and rights simply are common goods.
Conclusion
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion shows how several of the central themes of this book—the wardrobe of a moral imagination, taste, exemplarity, the imitation of Christ, theological anthropology, protest, dissent, revolution, and movements for justice—might inform how we think about the recent controversy over the first statue erected in Wollstonecraft’s honor in November 2020. Ironically, debates about the Wollstonecraft memorial reflect the Revolution debates of the 1790s and contemporary debates among virtues’ defenders and despisers. They represent the very oppositions that Wollstonecraft so adeptly refused, between tradition and critique, virtue and social criticism, piety and protest, reform and revolution, conservation and innovation. The conclusion also provides direct and extended answers to the question: what is modern virtue? These answers expose the cost today of excluding figures like Wollstonecraft from the canons of theology, religion, and virtue ethics.
Introduction: Liberalism and the Crisis of Meaning in the 21st Century
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter motivates the argument of the book by beginning with a crisis of meaning facing 21st century liberal governments. Liberal democracies in many countries in the Western world have faced deep challenges from populist movements of the left and the right. These movements provide their adherents with a sense of meaning and purpose that has been evacuated from the practice of liberal politics in the past half century. To best address this “meaning deficit” in contemporary liberalism, we should take our bearing from a form of liberalism that could engender a sense of meaning and purpose in its members. Unfortunately, the major current liberal theory, that of John Rawls, is not adequate for this moment. This book argues that instead Kant’s liberalism can provide the theoretical resources for a more meaningful liberalism In particular, the full force of Kant’s liberalism is revealed when we examine it against the backdrop of his early anthropological project, which demonstrates that Kant is a thinker much more attuned to human nature and our search for meaning than is often appreciated.
The Two Vocations of Human Nature in Kant’s Anthropology
Authors: Church Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Rousseau decisively shapes not only the substance of Kant’s revised account of our vocation—a moral vocation—but also the method Kant employs, a moral-genealogical approach that Kant says was “unknown to the ancients.” As in his earlier work, Kant offers a speculative history of genesis and development from the state of nature to constitutional order, but now he does so with regard to humanity, influenced by the famous speculative history provided in Rousseau’s second Discourse. The crucial insight Kant gleans from Rousseau is that we have two contradictory “vocations,” not one: our animal natures drive us to wholeness and community with others, while our human natures drive us to independence and distinctness from others.
Introduction
Authors: Glas Aarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the comparative regional study of conflictual peace in Southeast Asia and South America over five sections. First, it surveys trends in interstate peace and conflict in both Southeast Asia and South America in order to illustrate the puzzle at the heart of this book: the long, but conflictual peace of each region. The second section explores existing accounts of this reality, highlighting the role of state power, regional organizations, and norms and culture in shaping regional relations. The third section builds on this survey to advance the central argument of the book in brief: that regional peace is the product of communities of diplomatic practice that actively manage conflict in particular ways as a result of particular habitual dispositions. The fourth section outlines the central terms and concepts of this investigation and the fifth section presents the structure of the chapters that follow.
Habitual Dispositions and Conflict Management
Authors: Glas Aarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes the first step in accounting for the conflictual peace of both Southeast Asia and South America by advancing a theoretical framework attentive to the habitual dispositions of regional diplomatic communities of practice. The first section surveys scholarly accounts of the role of interstate norms, practices, and habits in shaping regional relations. From this survey, the chapter argues that while regularly siloed in relevant literatures, norms and practices are interrelated. The chapter advances the concept of habitual dispositions as one means to place these concepts in productive dialogue. The second section explicates the book’s theoretical framework and explores habitual dispositions in detail. In doing so, it draws attention to the role of power, norms, and organizational sites in shaping regional relations. The chapter concludes by arguing that habitual dispositions make stability in complex social interactions possible.