bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Theory of Quasibrittle Fracture
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The foregoing models of quasibrittle fracture are incomplete because the actual behavior is always random. The weakest-link model, leading the Weibull probability distribution of structure strength, is discussed first, as the simplest approach, and is shown to follow from the stability postulate of extreme value statistics. The power law mean size effect of Weibull distribution and constancy of its coefficient of variation are derived. Then it is emphasized that real quasibrittle structures have rarely sufficient size for considering the number of links to be infinite, and a geometry-independent equivalent number of links to be used in a finite weakest-link chain model is defined. The consequence is that the failure probability distribution of quasibrittle structures is a Gauss-Weibull graft, in which a Weibull tail penetrates deeper into Gaussian core as the structure size increases. The power-law tail of Weibull distribution is shown to arise on the atomistic scale, from the Kramers equation of transition rate theory, and is shown to be preserved, with increasing exponent, in the nano-macro scale transition. This physical argument demonstrates, and unrealistic size effect confirms, that the three-parameter Weibull distribution is incorrect and potentially dangerous, and that a nonzero threshold is impossible. Described briefly is also the recently emerged fishnet statistics of structural strength, which is motivated by the material architecture of nacre. It takes into account alternation of series and parallel links, is modeled by order statistics or quantile statistics and allows treating super-light-strong 3D architectures such as octet lattice. The chapter ends with the analysis of a combination of the material strength randomness with the randomness of a database of concretes with diverse properties.
An Inclusive Growth Framework
Authors: Cerra Valerie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to inclusive growth. It lays out the key striking facts on rising inequality and widespread disparities. The concept of inclusive growth is defined and compared with alternative measures of economic activity and well-being. Then, alternative measures of poverty, inequality, and other indicators of well-being are explained. Inclusive growth is multi-dimensional and requires a comprehensive and integrated framework to link all of the strands. Therefore, the chapter provides an Inclusive Growth Framework that can serve as the basis for analysis and policy design. It spans private sector inputs, government policies, and disparities in outcomes. The final section of the chapter uses the framework as a road map to the rest of the chapters in the book, explaining how they fit together.
Technological Progress and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Korinek Anton , Schindler Martin , Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Advances in artificial intelligence and automation have the potential to be labor-saving and to increase inequality and poverty around the globe. They also give rise to winner-takes-all dynamics that advantage highly skilled individuals and countries that are at the forefront of technological progress. This chapter analyzes the economic forces behind these developments and delineate economic policies to mitigate the adverse effects while leveraging the potential gains from technological advances. It also proposes domestic policy measures and reforms to the global system of governance that make the benefits of advances in artificial intelligence more inclusive.
Financial Globalization
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Csonto Balazs , El-Ganainy Asmaa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the academic and policy debate on the association between financial globalization and inequality. The evidence suggests that the distributional impact of financial globalization is context-specific and different types of flows have different distributional implications, though the consensus points to unequalizing effects of capital account liberalization. The overall impact thus depends on the composition of flows, their interaction, as well as on the broader economic and institutional conditions. A comprehensive set of policies, including macroeconomic and financial sector policies, and labor and product markets, is important to enable wider sharing of the benefits of financial globalization.
Public Expenditure
Authors: Zouhar Younes , Jellema Jon , Lustig Nora , Trabelsi Mohamed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of public expenditure in fostering inclusive growth. It starts with a presentation of salient features of public expenditure. Then, it lays out an analytical framework that describes the channels through which public expenditure affects inequality and poverty in the short and long term. Based on a review of the empirical literature, it discusses the policy options. Finally, the chapter assesses the role of key factors such as the initial conditions, and the institutions, in shaping the inclusive spending policies.
Education and Health
Authors: Filmer Deon , Gatti Roberta , Rogers Halsey , Spatafora Nikola , Emrullahu Drilona 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses existing shortfalls and inequalities in the accumulation of human capital—knowledge, skills, and health. It analyzes their immediate and systemic causes and assess the scope for public intervention. The broad policy goals should be to improve: the quality, and not just the quantity, of education and health care; outcomes for disadvantaged groups; and lifelong outcomes. The means to achieve these goals, while maximizing value for money, include focusing on results rather than just inputs; moving from piecemeal interventions to systemic reform; and adopting a “whole-of-society” approach. Reforms must be underpinned by a robust evidence base.
Gender Equality
Authors: Fernández Raquel , Isakova Asel , Luna Francesco , Rambousek Barbara 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers different dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address the problem. The economic benefits of gender equality for growth and wealth are substantial. Despite progress being made, gender gaps still exist at every stage of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic achievements. The roadmap to gender equality involves legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access to health, education, and jobs, and efforts to change social norms. They need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, and pandemics.
Country Case Studies
Authors: Balasubramanian Sriram , Bounader Lahcen , Bricco Jana , Vasilyev Dmitry 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Is there a one-size-fits-all approach to inclusive growth? This chapter looks at four key case studies across advanced and emerging markets—the Nordics, India, Brazil, and Egypt—to try to answer this question. It highlights qualitatively in these countries the key components of inclusive growth models, outcomes from these models, and the road ahead for these models in the respective countries. Some of the analysis focuses on co-operative labor markets in the Nordics, Direct Benefit transfers in India, the role of social assistance and commodity boom in Brazil, and the inequality puzzle in Egypt. The chapter finds that there is a lack of homogeneity among the approaches by these countries and identifies the need for customized solutions to inclusive growth in the respective countries. A one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t seem to work. The more customized the inclusive growth model, the better the overall outcomes.
Conclusions and Resources for Next Steps
Authors: Cerra Valerie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The final chapter provides recap of the main takeaways from the rest of the book, including the high and rising global disparities, headwinds going forward, and the required policy response. The book synthesized the theory, empirical findings, and policy experiences on the many dimensions of inclusive growth. But despite the voluminous literature on most of the topics, there are still substantial gaps in our knowledge. The chapter then summarizes some of the key areas in which additional research could be helpful in further expanding our knowledge to improve inclusive growth. Finally, the chapter provides an extensive set of resources for more information and policy support for readers interested in delving deeper into specific topics.
Child Labour and the Youth Employment Challenge
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on children and youth, a critical topic given the young age structures in many low-income countries. Widespread child employment can dampen future economic growth through its negative impact on child development and depress current growth by reducing unskilled wages and discouraging the adoption of skill-intensive technologies. Rising incomes are associated with a greater demand for children’s education and leisure and with improvements in the family’s ability to buffer economic shocks without child labour. All of these factors lead to declines in the economic activity of children when income levels are on the rise. The chapter also discusses the challenges to youth employment in LICs. While the large cohort of youth entering Africa’s labour force is better educated than previous cohorts, jobs remain elusive in the formal wage sector, given the limited success in African economies in structural transformation from low productivity agriculture to higher productivity non‐agricultural sectors.
Introduction
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The introduction begins by briefly setting the historical context for early Chinese philosophy, which arose from conditions of great turmoil and suffering and the breakdown of traditional forms of authority. It also situates Confucianism and Mengzi in a broader philosophical context, particularly in relation to Mozi and Zhuangzi. It then introduces the theme of the book, which is the way that Mengzi’s philosophy reconciles dedication to changing the world (activism) with a spiritual element of harmonizing with nature. The chapter also discusses the tension between the need for peace of mind and a belief that, in an unjust world, good people should be upset. The last part of the introduction briefly explains the author’s approach to the original texts.
Emotions and Enjoying Life
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes problems that arise with Mengzi’s reliance on emotions. It begins with two problems that are raised across different traditions: that emotions erode our self-control and that they bring us suffering. Mengzi advocates cultivating and extending emotions, so the rest of the chapter explains his approach and how he addresses these problems. That includes a critical discussion of viewing emotions in terms of action and passion. The chapter has an extensive discussion of the tension between worrying about the state of the world and needing to have some peace of mind and enjoyment of life. Mengzi and other Confucians address this tension by cultivating a taste for the enjoyment of simple things and activities that are constructive for community. This chapter also discusses the ways in which Mengzi uses appeals to fate in order to accept some kinds of suffering with equanimity.
Cultivating Feelings
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the specific methods Mengzi (and other Confucians) advocate for self-cultivation. The core of Mengzi’s account is that emotions arise from immediate stimulation, leading to an imperative to put oneself in the right situations. That basis in direct experience is extended and complicated by imagination and attention. Mengzi frequently points out the way in which certain situations will evoke feelings of compassion, shame, or aversion in us, while other situations will not, even if they are equally bad. That leads to his idea of extension, which is a central theme of this chapter. Extension includes the method of empathic reciprocity, shu, not wanting to impose on others what we do not want imposed on ourselves, something resembling the Golden Rule. The chapter concludes with a discussion of our dependence on other people and the sharing of responsibility.
Fluids
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The problems in this chapter cover hydrostatics, nonviscous and viscous flow, surface gravity waves, bubbles, melting, the distribution of the Earth’s atmospheric temperature, and other topics. The presentation takes into account the fact that many, if not most, students of physics in the United States will not have had a course on fluids in their undergraduate curriculum, so the presentation draws on analogies with electricity and magnetism. Many results will be found amusing and surprising even by practicing physicists.
Gravitation, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter on gravitation, astrophysics, and cosmology discusses some of the topics frequently appearing in the news (dark matter, gravitational clock shifts, etc.) from a most elementary perspective. The readers will discover that they can deduce, from simple arguments, that the universe has a finite extent and why it is widely believed that we cannot understand the motion of the astronomical objects solely by assuming that the mass of the universe is all “conventional.”
Electromagnetism
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter on electromagnetism touches upon topics in static and dynamic electricity and magnetism, including forces resulting from the electromagnetic-field pressure, Poynting vector, magnetic shielding, Ohmic loss, extension of the Maxwell’s equations to include magnetic monopoles, and discusses why refrigerator magnets are periodically poled.
Conducting
Authors: Morrison Steven J. , Silvey Brian A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Conductors communicate musical information visually through gesture, facial expression, and eye contact. The extent to which a conductor demonstrates these nonverbal skills influences how performers respond and how listeners perceive musical performances. Expressive conductors are not only preferred over conductors who appear unexpressive, but the performances of their ensembles are perceived as more expressive. Auditory and visual information associated with a conducted performance appears to be integrated into a coherent and complex musical experience. Expert conducting skills are characterized by high levels of variability among movements and gestures, both within individual conductors and across different conductors. There is no direct relationship between specific visual information and specific performance outcomes, and findings suggest no link between conductors’ overall expressivity and the quality of ensemble performances. Conductors play an important role in organizing, shaping, and synchronizing the performances they conduct, but are not alone in these responsibilities; both temporal and expressive information are communicated throughout the ensemble. Although the task of conducting falls to a single individual, conducting is a multifaceted and interactive endeavor that encompasses multiple relationships. In this chapter, we explore the intersections between the conductor and the ensemble, and that between the audience and the conductor/ensemble entity.
Performance Practices for Baroque and Classical Repertoire
Authors: Fabian Dorottya 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter provides a summary of key issues pertaining to performing music from the Baroque and Classical periods. It describes the prevalent aesthetics of the period that expected the performer to be a skilled orator and perform in a rhetorical, detailed style as if delivering a clearly structured, affective speech. It then details differences between period and modern instruments and how these impact on playing techniques, such as fingering, bowing, and tonguing, as well as articulation, projection of rhythm and meter, dynamics, ornamentation, and rubato. Consideration is given to how these performance techniques create a nuanced and closely detailed style of playing, in service of eighteenth-century aesthetics. This leads to a brief overview of how the performance of eighteenth-century music has evolved from the early nineteenth century to current times. The discussions are underpinned by the fundamental questions of why such knowledge is useful to contemporary musicians and how it may assist the creative reimagination of familiar pieces. These are further explored in the closing section on practical implications with examples from Bach, Haydn, and Mozart to illustrate the process of questioning normative performing traditions and understanding eighteenth-century scores according to their historical conventions.
Performance Practices for Romantic and Modern Repertoire
Authors: Da Costa Neal Peres 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines performance practices in the long nineteenth century roughly spanning 1800–1950, the Romantic and Modern eras. It is structured in three parts. The first explores important concepts about performance traditions and performance practices in the era including: the meaning of music notation and notational divergences; artistic agency; concepts of “correct” and “beautiful” performance; modernist aesthetics; instructive editions; text-literal performance; and the importance of early sound recordings. The second part introduces key performance practices pertinent to singing and/or instrumental performance, drawing on a rich tapestry of written and recorded evidence. This includes legato, slurs, articulation, dynamics, accents, vibrato, portamento, bowing, asynchrony, arpeggiation, rhythmic alteration and nuance, tempo modification, ornaments and ornamentation, vocal, instrumental and ensemble practices, vocal and instrumental sounds, pitch, temperament, and performing spaces. The third part provides case studies demonstrating the author’s utilization of this information, expanding the palette of expressive means available in performance, and producing novel interpretations of canonical repertoire. The section references various commercial recordings that allow the reader to hear how the applied expressive practices sound in terms of frequency and quality (timing, dynamics, lightness, heaviness, flexibility of rhythm and tempo).
Synesthesia and Music Performance
Authors: Glasser Solange 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Synesthesia is a rare neurological condition that occurs more frequently in populations of artistic professionals, with many well-known examples in music. For musicians with synesthesia, their musical journey and development are shaped by the way they connect music and sounds with color, shape, taste, or any other perceptual modality. This chapter therefore attempts to provide information on the impact of synesthesia on music performance by describing musicians’ lived experiences and highlighting the multiplicity of experiences and behavioral outcomes of this group of artists. Six key features are reviewed: preference for specific musical styles, choice of repertoire or music listening, compositional choices, choice of instrument or instrumentation, musical interpretation, and instrumental technique. By studying the impact of synesthesia on various aspects of music performance and describing the lived-world experiences of a unique section of the musical population, the chapter provides both synesthete and non-synesthete musicians with insights into this condition and the range of perceptual responses to music that musicians experience, and what synesthesia may reveal about musical development more generally.
Practice
Authors: Miksza Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Engaging in extended periods of isolated practice is a rite of passage for nearly all musicians seeking performance expertise. Although there is variation across individuals, it is understood that acquiring and refining music performance skills requires devoting an enormous amount of time and energy to practice. Advances in performance science have shown that the efficient acquisition of music performance expertise requires a disciplined learning approach that involves a focused application of strategies that maximize human learning potentials. Musicians cannot afford to be ill-informed when it comes to practice. Meandering and wandering through learning via trial and error can lead to plateaus in achievement as well as emotional and/or motivational burnout. Haphazard approaches to practice can result in the internalization of improper techniques, poor habits, and performance errors. Having to work to overcome such challenges can consume tremendous amounts of energy and force learners to spend time on remediating their technique or relearning skills rather than advancing in ability. The purposes of this chapter are to describe theoretical frameworks that are particularly useful for characterizing how practice and human learning potential are intertwined and to present several strategies and techniques that researchers have identified as effective methods for skill acquisition.
Film and Meaning
Authors: Oatley Keith 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most films are narrative stories about intentions and the vicissitudes they meet. Two themes of this chapter concern the emotions of people who read or watch these stories, and the psychological principle of projection. Empirically, it has been found that engagement with fictional stories, especially when they are artistic, enables people to increase their emotion-based empathy and their understanding of others. Two kinds of story occur frequently in films: stories of love and of angry conflict. Films have their own language, some elements of which must be learned. In plays and films one projects aspects of what one knows onto circumstances on stage or screen. One play and seven films are discussed to explore themes of emotion and projection, and how these relate to happiness and societal well-being.
The Contribution of the Arts to Flourishing and Health
Authors: Gordon-Nesbitt Rebecca , Howarth Alan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Between 2015 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing explored the health and well-being impact of participating in creative activity and attending cultural events. This yielded a substantial report, Creative Health: The Arts for Health and Wellbeing, which was launched in the UK Parliament in July 2017. Acknowledging a reciprocal relationship between health and well-being, Creative Health makes the case that engagement with the arts aids human flourishing and relieves pressure on health services. This chapter revisits some of the evidence referenced in Creative Health to consider more closely the relationship between arts engagement, flourishing, and health. It takes as its starting point a conceptual model of the role of the arts in flourishing, proposed by the editors of this volume, which prompts consideration of immersion, embeddedness, socialization, and reflectiveness. This enables the relationship between arts engagement, flourishing, and health to be better elucidated.