bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convict Settlers, Seamen’s Greens, and Imperial Designs at Port Jackson: A Maritime Perspective of British Settler Agriculture
Authors: McGillivery Angus R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article is a contribution to the debate over Australia’s convict beginnings and the nature of the British colonization of New South Wales. The early agriculture of the convict colony is set in the maritime context of imperial rivalries and visions of empire in the Pacific Ocean. When the Port Jackson settlement is viewed from this maritime perspective, it is apparent that agriculture was an imperial imperative of the Pitt administration. The design and early function of the settlement as a port of shelter and refreshment ensured that, despite initial despondency and drought, a bountiful and secure agricultural hinterland was in the making. Within five years after the planting of New South Wales, convict settlers, mixed agriculture, and imperial designs had transformed "a rude, wild country into a pleasant garden." As a planned, self-sufficient, maritime settlement, Port Jackson rapidly developed its capacity to produce a surplus of antiscorbutic seamen’s greens essential for a distant port and naval base to become an assured resource of refereshment, services, and supplies necessary for Britain to "effectively occupy" the oceanic territory of New South Wales and thereby integrate the development of a global empire.
An Exceedingly Dicey Business: Frontier Horse Ranching on the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Elofson Warren 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many of the men who headed west to establish the open range ranching system on the northern Great Plains in the late nineteenth century failed to grasp the enormous challenge that faced them. Attempting to produce quality live-stock for local and eastern markets, they found themselves struggling with an array of unforeseen obstacles. The worst of these were natural predators, harsh winter weather, drought, the ability of the domesticated animals to wander over great distances on the unfenced plains, and their tendency to breed indiscriminately. This article provides a detailed explanation of how all these conditions came together in the high-bred horse business on one very large ranch in southern Alberta. The author’s central argument is frontier ranching proved uneconomic in this case and thus in many others on both sides of the Canadian/American border.
“Every Farmer Should Be Awakened”: Liberty Hyde Bailey’s Vision of Agricultural Extension Work
Authors: Peters Scott J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Historians have portrayed the formative period of agricultural extension work in the United States as a search for the best method of convincing farmers to change their farming practices in order to improve agricultural efficiency, productivity, and profitability. However, one of the key leaders in extension’s formative period, Cornell University’s Liberty Hyde Bailey, articulated a different vision of extension’s central purpose and promise. Drawing on his writings during the years in which he led the development of Cornell’s extension program (1894-1902), this article argues that Bailey’s vision of agricultural extension work was centered on the provision of education aimed at awakening farmers to a new point of view on life. The new point of view combined sympathy with nature, a love of country life, and a scientific attitude, expressed by a habit of careful observation and experimentation. The main purpose of awakening farmers to this point of view was not to develop a more efficient, productive, and profitable agriculture, but to advance the larger cultural ideals of a "self-sustaining" agriculture and personal happiness. The account of Bailey’s vision provided in this article suggests the need to reconsider the story of the origins and early development of American agricultural extension work.
The Peasants of the Forest: Masculinity, Nation, and Landscapes in Agrarian Historiography in Finland, 1900–1930
Authors: Östman Ann-Catrin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article studies agricultural history from the perspective of masculinity. It aims to show how early twentieth-century Finnish historical studies articulated manly ideals, mainly by looking at "The History of Karelian" Tribe in Finland published in 1915 by Väinö Voionmaa. This well-known book, central to Finnish historiography and important for later studies on rural history, dealt with swidden agriculture in the Finnish interior. The article focuses on the intertwining of societal ideals, landscapes, and masculinity and shows the intersection of nationalist, class-based, and racial conceptions of the peasantry. Through this interpretation stressing manly ideals, Voionmaa ascribed the Finnish swidden society, traditionally regarded as primitive, a more recognized place in the nation’s history.
Information Exchange and the Making of the Colonial Farm: Agricultural Periodicals in Late Nineteenth–Century New Zealand
Authors: Wood Vaughan , Pawson Eric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the mid to late nineteenth century, the agricultural periodical emerged as a major new medium for circulating information. In colonial settings it proved particularly important, as settlers often lived remotely from the markets for their produce, and they did not have existing farming traditions to rely upon. This paper traces the early history of agricultural periodicals in New Zealand and considers their position relative to other potential sources of farming instruction, such as agricultural colleges and the state. Through a case study of New Zealand’s first agricultural periodical, the "New Zealand Country Journal" (1877-1898), it then examines what kinds of information was being circulated, the sources of that information, and how this helped to shape farming practices in a "new" land.
Peasant Friendly Plant Breeding and the Early Years of the Green Revolution in Mexico
Authors: HARWOOD JONATHAN 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Despite their success in boosting cereals production overall, the Green Revolution programs of the 1950s and 1960s were often criticized for failing to achieve their declared aim of alleviating world hunger. Most critics argued that the programs had produced a technology unsuited to the needs of small peasant farmers. This paper explores why such inappropriate technology might have been developed, focusing on the early years of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP). It shows that some foundation officers as well as agricultural advisors had prior experience of the problems faced by small farmers in the United States and elsewhere.Moreover, the foundation’s expressed concern for rural poverty does not appear to have been mere posturing by an organization anxious to be seen as an agent of philanthropy. Furthermore, the program’s early work in maize-breeding was well tailored to the conditions of Mexican agriculture.Once the MAP was up and running, however, it became apparent that the task of getting new varieties and cultivation practices to small farmers was going to be difficult. Needing to make some kind of impact quickly, MAP staff chose to concentrate upon projects that were likely to find a rapid uptake. This meant setting aside the needs of peasant farmers to develop high-yielding varieties suited to large commercial farms.
101 Improving Understanding and Confidence by Use of 360 Virtual Reality During Neurosurgical Consultation
Authors: Barbery Daniela , Steineke Thomas C. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been implemented in the field of neurosurgery for a variety of applications. Here, we employ this tool to enhance physician-patient communication and engage the patient during their neurosurgery consultation.

METHODS:
Thirty-one participants took a pre-consult survey to assess their baseline understanding, level of satisfaction, confidence, and anxiety. The patients experienced a standard (2D) consult followed by a VR consult and filled out a corresponding survey after each consultation type. During the 2D consult the surgeon used standard imaging to explain the patient’s medical condition and recommended treatment. A VR model was created from the scans shown in the 2D consult and used to fly-through and explain the patient’s anatomy and treatment options. The data for the pre-, post-2D and post-360VR consult was analyzed using an unpaired t-test and wilcoxon statistical test.

RESULTS:
The data showed significant improvement (p<0.005) compared to the pre-consult data on understanding, confidence in hospital and physician, and satisfaction. Upon comparing each patient’s answers between 2D and 360VR they reported a significantly higher level of understanding of their medical condition and treatment proposed, and more confidence in the physician and hospital after their 360VR consultation. More patients reported that based on their 360VR experience that they will proceed with the recommended treatment option (2D: 80%, 360VR: 96%). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in HCAHPS as compared to the national average.

CONCLUSION:
The initial, significant improvement in a patient’s understanding and confidence following a standard consultation is significantly enhanced by engaging the patient with a 360VR rendering of their imaging.
103 Participants in Clinical Trials for Traumatic Brain Injury Are Not Representative of the Injured Population
Authors: Venkatesh Shivani , Schaaf Tory , Bravo Marcela , Sundeen Kiera , Samadani Uzma 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has higher mortality in minority populations, but these individuals are less likely to participate in TBI trials than non-minorities due to reasons ranging from historical abuse to socioeconomic status. Therefore, it is imperative barriers to minority inclusion in TBI trials are overcome.

METHODS:
350 out of 592 TBI studies with published results were compared to the general population statistics on race/ethnicity and sex from the U.S. census and TBI statistics from the CDC.

RESULTS:
Trials with a completed status compared to withdrawn status were 128 times more likely to publish their findings. While sex was frequently reported (males- 68% of the study participants), the majority of studies did not report race/ethnicity. 9.9% of enrolled subjects are Black even though they represent 12.3% and 19% of TBI cases and mortalities, respectively. This same trend is seen in all other populations, except White people, who were found to be overrepresented in trials as 65.3% of participants are White even though they account for 63.1% and 52.0% of TBI cases and mortalities, respectively. Black patients were 1.9 more times likely to die from head injuries compared to White patients. The average number of days/sessions involved in TBI trials was 12 and the average trial duration was 6.3 years. 14 (29%) trials required phone calls for follow up visits and 14 trials specifically excluded non English speakers.

CONCLUSION:
The majority of TBI clinical trials reported sex, but not report race/ethnicity. Factors that may influence participation include trial duration and effort commitment. Our results demonstrate the need for demographic reporting to ensure the population being studied accurately reflects the population suffering from the burden of disease.
110 Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Aneurysm Wall Inflammation and Intracranial Aneurysm Formation
Authors: Baranoski Jacob F. , Rutledge Caleb , Yokosuka Kimihiko , Kamio Yoshinobu , Kuwabara Atsushi , Sato Hiroki , Rahmani Redi , Purcell James , Eguchi Satoru , Margaryan Tigran , Tovmasyan Artak , Ai Jinglu , Lawton Michael T. , Hashimoto Tomoki 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The discovery of pharmacologic treatments that can reduce the incidence of aneurysm formation or rupture is of considerable interest. Prior studies demonstrated that supplemental estrogen can protect against the formation and rupture of aneurysms in ovariectomized female mice. This is of particular clinical significance, as post-menopausal women are at an increased risk for aneurysmal rupture. However, systemic estrogen hormone replacement is associated with adverse clinical outcomes primarily due to off-target effects thus limiting its clinical applicability. Isoflavones are plant-based, diet-derived compounds that structurally resemble estrogens but exhibit tissue and receptor specificity resulting in the potential for targeted, tissue-specific activation of estrogen receptors while limiting potentially deleterious off-target effects.

METHODS:
Using a systemic hypertension and elastase injection murine model, we induced intracranial aneurysms in ovariectomized adult female mice. We fed the mice with an isoflavone-free diet with/without daidzein supplementation or in a combination of intraperitoneal equol; a separate group were also given oral vancomycin. Experiments were repeated using estrogen-receptor-beta knockout mice.

RESULTS:
Both dietary daidzein and supplementation with its metabolite, equol, were protective against aneurysm formation in ovariectomized mice. The protective effects of daidzein and equol required estrogen-receptor-beta. Oral vancomycin induced disruption of the intestinal microbial conversion of daidzein to equol abolished the protective effects of daidzein against aneurysm formation. mRNA expression analyses demonstrated that mice treated with equol had lower inflammatory cytokines in the cerebral arteries, suggesting that phytoestrogens modulate inflammatory processes important to intracranial aneurysm pathogenesis.

CONCLUSION:
Our study establishes that both dietary daidzein and its metabolite - equol - are protective against aneurysm formation in ovariectomized female mice through the activation of estrogen-receptor-beta and subsequent suppression of inflammation. Dietary daidzein's protective effect required the intestinal conversion to equol. Our results indicate the potential therapeutic value of dietary daidzein and equol for the prevention of the formation of intracranial aneurysms and related subarachnoid hemorrhage.
112 Global Sagittal Flexibility Predicts Proximal Junctional Kyphosis After Spine Deformity Surgery
Authors: Munjal Vikas , Gibbs David C. , Moranville Robert , Keister Alex , Mallory Noah , Maggio Dominic , Farhadi Francis , Viljoen Stephanus , Grossbach Andrew J. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Adult spinal deformity (ASD) is a devastating disease with an estimated prevalence of 68%. Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common complication of surgical intervention for ASD. With an incidence reported as high as 40%, PJK can lead to sagittal decompensation and necessitate reoperation. Few studies exist that examine the predictive utility of preoperative radiographic measurements in foreseeing postoperative PJK.

METHODS:
Demographic information, radiographs, complications, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were retrospectively analyzed from 109 patients who underwent long-segment thoraco-lumbar fusion at one midwest academic medical center. A Youden J-statistic was calculated based on ROC analysis of the difference between pre-operative standing and supine Sagittal Vertical Axis (ΔSVA), and the development of PJK at UIV + 2. Risk analysis was performed utilizing 2 × 2 contingency tables and Fisher’s exact test.

RESULTS:
ROC analysis revealed an optimal ΔSVA threshold value of 38.8 mm. Patients with a ΔSVA > 38.8 were considered globally flexible, and those with ΔSVA ≤ 38.8 mm rigid. Rigid patients were noted to have a significantly higher change in their post-operative proximal junctional cobb angle (ΔPJCA p = 0.03) at the one-year time point, with a relative risk of 1.82 (Fisher's p = 0.0072).

CONCLUSION:
Based on this retrospective data, pre-operative global spinal rigidity portends an independently elevated risk (RR 1.82) for the development of PJK after ASD surgery. No differences in other complication rates or PROMs data was seen between groups. Our data collection is limited to a two year post-operative window. Future studies could look at longer timepoints to see if an increase in reoperation rates (extension of fusion surgery) is similarly seen.
127 Accessibility and Ease of Use in Neuromodulation Devices
Authors: Petersen Erika A. , Francio Vinicius , Glenn Brett , Goree Johnathan , Strand Natalie , Sparks Dawn 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Inclusive design is an engineering process that requires the product development team to balance the needs and limitations of many stakeholders, including those of the end user, regulatory organizations, and the designing institution. However, some patients confront challenges in using neuromodulation devices. These challenges include visual or hearing impairment and mobility and dexterity limitations that affect operation of the device components.

METHODS:
A primary set of points based on the seven principles of universal design, Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA), Section 508, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) were created to obtain ratings of neuromodulation device characteristics for accessible operation. The author team developed a list of FDA-approved devices for brain, spinal, and peripheral pain neuromodulation available in the United States in 2021 and a standard survey was administered to evaluate each component. Data were gathered from representative patient-operated components of neuromodulation systems including device controllers and chargers to compare and rank the inclusivity of each.

RESULTS:
A representative number of neuromodulation devices in each category were assessed. Current data show multiple areas to improve the inclusivity of these devices. Multiple disabilities are not adequately considered during design. Inclusivity scores for the considered disabilities are summarized.

CONCLUSION:
Many currently FDA-approved neuromodulation devices are limited in their utility for disabled patients. Incorporating the recommendations of universal design into future devices will increase quality of care for our diverse and aging population.
133 Quantitative Imaging Measurements Marginally Improve Risk Prediction for Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Intracranial Injuries
Authors: Greenberg Jacob K. , Olsen Margaret , Johnson Gabbie , Ahluwalia Ranbir , Hill Madelyn , Hale Andrew T. , Belal Ahmed M. A. , Baygani Shawyon , Foraker Randi , Carpenter Christopher , Ackerman Laurie , Noje Corina , Jackson Eric , Burns Erin , Sayama Christina M. , Selden Nathan R. , Vachhrajani Shobhan H. , Shannon Chevis , Kuppermann Nathan , Limbrick David D. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The KIIDS-TBI model was recently developed and externally validated in two large, multicenter populations to risk-stratify children with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and intracranial injuries. However, the KIIDS-TBI model only evaluates the presence/absence of imaging findings, rather than quantitative measures (e.g., hematoma size).

METHODS:
We included children <18 years who presented to one of five centers within 24 hours of TBI, had GCS scores of 13-15, and had intracranial injuries on neuroimaging. The dataset was split into training (75%) and test (25%) cohorts. We used generalized linear models (GLM) and recursive partitioning (RP) to predict the composite outcome of neurosurgery, intubation >24 hours due to TBI, or death due to TBI. Each model’s performance was compared to the KIIDS-TBI model across three decision-making risk cutoffs (<1%, <3%, and <5% predicted risk).

RESULTS:
There were 1,126 children included in the training and 374 in the test dataset. The RP model included epidural hematoma size, amount of skull fracture depression, amount of midline shift, and extra-axial hematoma size. The GLM model included these imaging variables and added clinical predictors, such as GCS Score. The GLM (76-90%) and RP (79-87%) models showed similar specificity across the three risk cutoffs in the test dataset, but the GLM model had higher sensitivity (89-96% for GLM; 89% for RP). By comparison, the KIIDS-TBI model had slightly higher sensitivity (93-100%) but lower specificity (27-82%) across the three risk cutoffs.

CONCLUSION:
Despite having obvious face value in many aspects of neurosurgical decision-making, quantitative imaging measures only marginally improved efforts to identify low risk patients in a large dataset of children with mTBI and intracranial injuries. Given the tradeoff between improved specificity but decreased sensitivity, these results do not support the addition of quantitative imaging measures to the KIIDS-TBI tool.
162 Recruiting Women Into Neurosurgery: A Quantitative Analysis of Feeder Medical School Characteristics
Authors: Feghali James , Antar Albert , Wicks Elizabeth , Sattari Shahab A. , Li Sean , Witham Timothy F. , Brem Henry , Huang Judy 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Despite a recent increase in the number of women pursuing neurosurgery residency, medical school characteristics associated with the successful recruitment of female medical students into the field remain poorly studied.

METHODS:
A total of 1572 current residents in U.S. Accreditation-Council-for-Graduate-Medical-Education-accredited neurosurgery programs, representing match cohorts from 2014 to 2020, were evaluated. U.S. medical school characteristics such as class size and number of total and female clinical neurosurgery faculty were recorded. Medical schools were ranked based on the percentage of female graduates entering neurosurgery, and yearly trends of the percentage of females constituting incoming neurosurgery resident cohorts were studied. Associations between percent female recruitment and medical school characteristics were then evaluated using univariable and stepwise multivariable linear regression (including significant univariable factors).

RESULTS:
The cohort consisted of 1255 male and 317 (20%) female residents. Yearly trends indicated a significant drop in incoming female residents in 2016 followed by significant increases in 2017 and 2019. The following factors were associated with a higher average percentage of female graduates entering neurosurgery on multivariable analysis: total affiliated neurosurgery clinical faculty (β = 0.006, 95% CI [0.001-0.011], p = 0.013), allopathic vs. osteopathic schools (β = 0.231, 95% CI [0.053-0.409], p = 0.011), and top-10 U.S. News ranking (β = 0.380, 95% CI [0.129-0.589], p = 0.002). Upon adding the number of female clinical faculty to the model, the variable was not statistically significant. Multivariable bibliometric analyses indicated a higher mean pre-residency H-index for males with an even greater gender difference identified in current H-index.

CONCLUSION:
This study characterizes which medical schools have recruited the most female students who are currently in neurosurgery residency. The overall number of clinical neurosurgery faculty rather than faculty gender was independently associated with female recruitment. Gender differences in research productivity persisted while controlling for confounders and increased between pre-residency and current time-points.