bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening intrusion detection system for adversarial attacks: improved handling of imbalance classification problem
Authors: Pimsarn Chutipon , Boongoen Tossapon , Iam-On Natthakan , Naik Nitin , Yang Longzhi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMost defence mechanisms such as a network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) are often sub-optimal for the detection of an unseen malicious pattern. In response, a number of studies attempt to empower a machine-learning-based NIDS to improve the ability to recognize adversarial attacks. Along this line of research, the present work focuses on non-payload connections at the TCP stack level, which is generalized and applicable to different network applications. As a compliment to the recently published investigation that searches for the most informative feature space for classifying obfuscated connections, the problem of class imbalance is examined herein. In particular, a multiple-clustering-based undersampling framework is proposed to determine the set of cluster centroids that best represent the majority class, whose size is reduced to be on par with that of the minority. Initially, a pool of centroids is created using the concept of ensemble clustering that aims to obtain a collection of accurate and diverse clusterings. From that, the final set of representatives is selected from this pool. Three different objective functions are formed for this optimization driven process, thus leading to three variants of FF-Majority, FF-Minority and FF-Overall. Based on the thorough evaluation of a published dataset, four classification models and different settings, these new methods often exhibit better predictive performance than its baseline, the single-clustering undersampling counterpart and state-of-the-art techniques. Parameter analysis and implication for analyzing an extreme case are also provided as a guideline for future applications.
System Design Choice in the Sharing Economy: How Different Institutional Logics Drive Consumer Perception and Consumers’ Intention to Use Sharing Systems
Authors: Clemens Valentin , Sabel Christopher Albert , Foege Johann Nils , Nüesch Stephan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe sharing economy provides consumers with temporary access to various products. As a growing business trend that continuously attracts new consumers, it motivates businesses to rapidly develop new system designs. In this study, we investigate how the system design choices of sharing systems for products affect consumers’ perceptions of the system and consequently their intention to use a system. Building on institutional logics, we examine how the logics inherent in two system designs—the community logic in peer-to-peer (P2P) systems and the corporate logic in business-to-consumer (B2C) systems—affect consumer perceptions. We argue that consumers perceive P2P and B2C logics differently regarding logics’ economic benefits, product scarcity, sustainability benefits, and social benefits. To test our theory, we conducted a scenario experiment with 1259 participants from the UK. Our findings suggest that consumers perceive P2P systems as yielding higher economic, sustainability, and social benefits than B2C systems, and that these benefits increase consumers’ intention to use the system. However, we also find that P2P systems suffer from the risk of product scarcity, reducing consumers’ intention to use such systems. In summary, our findings show that system design affects consumers’ perceptions and that different designs attract consumer groups with different preferences.
Design and Development of Superimposed Directional Comparison Protection Scheme
Authors: Guo Ziye , Crossley Peter A. , Li Haiyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo achieve the UK Net Zero future by 2050, National Grid needs to integrate significantly more renewable generation into the power grid. This increases the level of harmonics, reduces system inertia and adversely affects the fault level and the performance of existing protection relays. One solution to the protection problem is the use of new types of protection that use the change in the voltage and current caused by the fault, often referred to as a superimposed or incremental based protection technique. This paper describes how a superimposed directional comparison protection scheme performed when applied to a reduced section of the full UK National Grid network and relates this to the operating performance of traditional protection. Tests are performed using the simulators DIgSILENT and RelaySimTest configured with different source levels, fault types, fault locations and fault resistances. Results show the superimposed based protection scheme achieves faster fault detection and tripping than conventional protection and is capable of detecting higher resistive faults on networks where the source capacities vary from strong to weak.
Vaccine-Induced Functional Neurological Disorders in the Covid-19 Era
Authors: de Souza Aaron , Jacques Rainha , Mohan Sangeeth 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT:The large amount of information available to the public regarding vaccines against Covid-19 coupled with pandemic stress and increased somatic attention could potentially precipitate development of functional neurological disorders (FNDs) following vaccination. A growing number of reports indicate that functional symptoms may follow Covid-19 vaccination, similar to those observed with other vaccines previously. We review previously reported cases of FND following vaccination against Covid-19 and present three additional cases. While two patients presented to the Emergency Department with functional movement disorders, one patient presented with protracted limb weakness and sensory dysfunction. The superficial resemblance to Guillain–Barré syndrome, a known but uncommon complication of vaccination prompted an extensive workup. Clinicians need to convey the diagnosis of FND in clear and unequivocal terms to facilitate institution of appropriate therapy and rehabilitation, but importantly also to dispel any doubts in the minds of the public regarding the safety of the available vaccines. Given the presence of significant vaccine hesitancy in many countries, this is critical to the success of the global immunisation effort.
Using video-based surveillance for monitoring hand hygiene compliance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Five Moments framework: A pragmatic trial
Authors: McKay Katherine J. , Li Cecilia , Shaban Ramon Z. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:To examine the utility of video-based monitoring systems (VMSs) for auditing hand hygiene compliance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Five Moments.Design:Pragmatic quasi-experimental observation trial.Setting:The New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.Participants:Volunteer healthcare workers (HCWs).Method:Six high-fidelity simulations were recorded and subsequently assessed for their ability to audit hand hygiene compliance according to the WHO Five Moments for hand hygiene criteria using tools provided by the National Hand Hygiene Initiative (NHHI).Results:In total, 206 minutes of recorded footage were reviewed in 120 minutes, yielding 111 moments. Overall HCW hand hygiene compliance was 88% according to the WHO Five Moments framework. The cost per moment was $0.91 AUD ($0.66 USD) and the time required per moment was 64 seconds.Conclusions:Auditing of hand hygiene compliance according to all 5 of the WHO Five Moments from recorded footage is not only possible but provides cost and time savings. In addition, the process may produce output that is less subject to the biases inherent in direct human observational auditing.
Risk of bacterial bloodstream infection does not vary by central-line type during neutropenic periods in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Elgarten Caitlin W. , Otto William R. , Shenton Luke , Stein Madison T. , Horowitz Joseph , Aftandilian Catherine , Arnold Staci D. , Bona Kira O. , Caywood Emi , Collier Anderson B. , Gramatges M. Monica , Henry Meret , Lotterman Craig , Maloney Kelly , Modi Arunkumar J. , Mian Amir , Mody Rajen , Morgan Elaine , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Verma Anupam , Winick Naomi , Wilkes Jennifer J. , Yu Jennifer C. , Aplenc Richard , Fisher Brian T. , Getz Kelly D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground:Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a frequent cause of morbidity in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), due in part to the presence of central venous access devices (CVADs) required to deliver therapy.Objective:To determine the differential risk of bacterial BSI during neutropenia by CVAD type in pediatric patients with AML.Methods:We performed a secondary analysis in a cohort of 560 pediatric patients (1,828 chemotherapy courses) receiving frontline AML chemotherapy at 17 US centers. The exposure was CVAD type at course start: tunneled externalized catheter (TEC), peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), or totally implanted catheter (TIC). The primary outcome was course-specific incident bacterial BSI; secondary outcomes included mucosal barrier injury (MBI)-BSI and non-MBI BSI. Poisson regression was used to compute adjusted rate ratios comparing BSI occurrence during neutropenia by line type, controlling for demographic, clinical, and hospital-level characteristics.Results:The rate of BSI did not differ by CVAD type: 11 BSIs per 1,000 neutropenic days for TECs, 13.7 for PICCs, and 10.7 for TICs. After adjustment, there was no statistically significant association between CVAD type and BSI: PICC incident rate ratio [IRR] = 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75–1.32) and TIC IRR = 0.83 (95% CI, 0.49–1.41) compared to TEC. When MBI and non-MBI were examined separately, results were similar.Conclusions:In this large, multicenter cohort of pediatric AML patients, we found no difference in the rate of BSI during neutropenia by CVAD type. This may be due to a risk-profile for BSI that is unique to AML patients.
Informal Gold Miners, State Fragmentation, and Resource Governance in Bolivia and Peru
Authors: Toledo Orozco Zaraí 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTHigh commodity prices have led to the proliferation of informal gold mining in the Andes. Despite their limited financial capacity, informal gold miners have proved capable of influencing national-level policy outcomes. Why are they able to do so? This study puts forward a comparative study of Bolivia, where informal miners have been politically incorporated, and Peru, where they have been traditionally excluded. It shows how, despite the very different institutional contexts, informal miners are similarly capable of leveraging their contribution to the local economy and the fracture between the central state and its peripheral branches to form pressure groups with local authorities. Based on 120 interviews with politicians and leaders from the largest gold-mining communities in Bolivia and Peru, this study contributes to the scholarship on state-society relations, resource politics, and decentralization by outlining the conditions and mechanism through which informal groups contest exclusionary resource governance in fragmented states.
Changes in the adiposity level and prevalence of overweight/obesity among children from Kraków (Poland) within the last decade (from 2010 to 2020)
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Badzińska Julia , Kowal Małgorzata , Woronkowicz Agnieszka 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the changes in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and high adiposity in children and adolescents from Krakow (Poland), between the years 2010 and 2020. Two cross-sectional series of anthropometric measurements were carried out in 2010 and 2020. Analysed characteristics included: body height and weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), body adiposity (%BF). The subjects were categorised according to their BMI (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity), as well as %BF (low, normal, high body fat).The research was conducted in randomly selected primary schools in Krakow (Poland). Studied cohorts (8-15 years of age), which represented four of the traditional residential districts: Śródmieście, Podgórze, Krowodrza and Nowa Huta. Among the girls, there was a negative secular trend regarding the prevalence of underweight and obesity. On the other hand, there also was a positive trend concerning the prevalence of overweight and low and high body fat. In boys, there was a negative secular trend regarding the prevalence of underweight and low adiposity. There was also a generally positive secular trend regarding the prevalence of overweight, obesity as well as high adiposity in boys. The findings of this study are particularly significant because detailed knowledge of the prevalence of overweight/obesity in childhood and adolescence is crucial for the future health of entire populations. Further studies should also take into account the levels of physical fitness and activity of the examined population.
Stable keypoints selection for 2D LiDAR based place recognition with map data reduction
Authors: Douadi Lounis , Dupuis Yohan , Vasseur Pascal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a new feature based approach for place recognition using 2D LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data. The main contribution lies in the mapping process. It includes a keypoint selection strategy to model places with persistent keypoints from concatenated LiDAR scans. Our objective is to achieve map data reduction while maintaining good place recognition performace. LiDAR scans are concatenated with a registration algorithm and keypoints are extracted from each scan. Based on a regular grid, our approach measures the occurrence of similar keypoints in each region of interest defined by a grid cell. Only keypoints with occurrences beyond a threshold, qualified as stable keypoints, are kept in the place model called submap. The environment is therefore modeled as a collection of submaps, which constitutes the global map. Place recognition consists in submap matching followed by a two steps geometric verification. In the first stage, optimal parameters are set using corrected data. Mapping parameters satisfy six criteria among which is the spatial distribution distance, which represents another contribution of our work. It gives a measure on how well keypoints are distributed in space. Place recognition optimal parameters are set through global localization. In the second stage, the approach is evaluated using raw data in the contexts of global localization, and loop closure detection in a SLAM framework. The results obtained using popular real data sets show that our approach achieves significant map data reduction (up to
$92\%$
) while maintaining good place recognition performance, comparable to state-of-the-art methods.
Concepts in the Description of African Economics
Authors: Elkan Walter 
Published: April 2022

The tribe of economists to which I belong regard concepts as more or less ‘kosher', but not description. Economics, most of them would probably argue, is concerned with analysis and prediction; description is for lesser breeds. For example, students are taught the intricacies of analysing the supply of money, but it is rarely suggested to them that they might reasonably be expected to know how money actually comes into existence, which would involve knowing and being able to describe what a bank is, What it does and how. Confronted with such searching questions, they are therefore generally floored; and last year's students are, of course, this year's professional economists!Yet description is really of the essence of any subject. We cannot account for economic change in Africa unless we can describe it.
The Rise of Written Somali Literature
Authors: Andrzejewski B.W. 
Published: April 2022

This paper is a slightly revised version of a lecture given on 16th August 1975 at the Somali Institute of Development Administration and Management in Mogadishu. The text of the lecture was published in the same month, as a booklet, by the Academy of Somali Culture in Mogadishu, but in a limited number of copies only. It was also presented, orally and in absentia, at the Symposium held on 19th September 1975 at the Annual General Meeting of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom.In order to make the information which it contains accessible to a wider public I now offer it to readers ofAfrican Research and Documentation.
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria - New Library Building
Authors: Mahmud K. 
Published: April 2022

Ahmadu Bello University's new Kashim Ibrahim Library was officially opened on 10th December 1976 by Sir Kashim Ibrahim, Chancellor of the University of Lagos and former Governor of Northern Nigeria. The Chancellor, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Iya Abubukar, the Emir of Bedde and many distinguished guests attended the ceremony.The new library building is one of the largest in tropical Africa. It has an area of 140,000 sq.ft. and a capacity for 2,000 readers and half a million books.New staff took up appointments during 1976: Hajji Khalil Mahmud, University Librarian and Mr. Sam E. Ifidon, Deputy University Librarian. The administration of the library has been re-organised and a programme to increase the book stock (at present approximately 150,000 volumes) is under way.
Nigeria's New Institute Of Advanced Legal Studies
Authors: Goddard Stephen 
Published: April 2022

As long ago as 1963 a communique was issued by the Nigerian Law Teachers Association which read as follows:It is, however, vital that the Nigerian Universities should provide facilities for legal research. There is an outstanding need for such research into the problems of African Law and it is our firm belief that most of this research cannot be done properly except in Africa … This situation can only be remedied by building up in Nigeria a complete collection of the written sources … the situation demands that a single Institute should be established and charged with the primary responsibility of building up the library and other facilities needed for advanced legal research.
Primary Source Materials for Social Science Research in Nigeria: Problems of Storage and Preservation
Authors: Obasi John U. 
Published: April 2022

Library holdings in Nigeria include valuable collections of printed non-book materials in the form of newspaper cuttings, political party handouts, professional bodies and pressure group literature, as well as the innumerable ephemera issued by the central and local government and their agencies. They are very important source material for social science investigations in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper therefore is to highlight the main difficulties encountered in their storage and preservation and to suggest possible ways for dealing with them. It is hoped that it will assist librarians in reviewing and improving their methods of organising and managing this plethora of inestimable resource.A major concern of all libraries, especially those in the humid tropical climate, is the preservation of resources so painstakingly acquired, while at the same time making them easily accessible to all users.
Checklist of Nigerian Local Governments… with an Introductory Note
Authors: Moses Sibyl E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe effective acquisition of Nigerian Local Government publications is dependent,upon,the identification and location of the publishers of these documents. Librarians must know to whom they should direct their requests for publications. This checklist provides the names and locations of all the Local Governments in Nigeria, created by the 1976 Local Government Reform, and gives postal addresses where obtainable. The introductory note provides a brief background on the intention of the reform and its implications for librarians.
The Study of African Languages in the United Kingdom: Part III, and Proposals for a London School of Languages and Literatures
Authors: Dalby David 
Published: April 2022

The first and second parts of this paper have charted the rise and decline of a specialised area of language study, concentrated in a single institution in the United Kingdom. This final part relates that decline to shifts in thebalance and direction of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), and proposes that consideration be given to the establishment of an intercollegiate ‘School of Languages and Literatures’ within the University of London.A national debate on The Development of a Strategy for Higher Education into the 1990's was initiated in November 1983 by the University Grants. Committee (UGC), after an exchange of correspondence with the Secretary of State for Education and Science.
The Dilemma of the Expatriate Librarian in Africa
Authors: Ogundipe O.O. 
Published: April 2022

A report in this Journal on the 1983 Annual General Meeting of the Library Association's International and Comparative Librarianship Group touched on experts and expatriates and reported as follows:“One participant believed greater care should be taken in the selection of ‘experts’ to advise on the development of library services, while another emphasised that the major role of such people should be to retouch the proposals of local librarians in a language that should be more acceptable to the politicians, rather than to impose Western-Style Systems on African Communities. Several people thought that governments were too ready to listen to expatriates and ‘experts’ and tended to ignore the views of local librarians.”
The Collection and Bibliographic Control of Grey Literature of Lesotho
Authors: Ambrose David P. 
Published: April 2022

Lesotho originated as an independent African kingdom whose 19th-century monarch, King Moshoeshoe, suffered the humiliation of seeing his people's lands diminished as a result of confrontations with white settlers on the High Veld.Not long after the creation of the Orange Free State Republic in 1854, the process of encroachment escalated, and at one point it seemed likely to lead to the extinction of Lesotho as an independent policy. King Moshoeshoe, however, astutely invited British intervention, and Lesotho survived, though it had by then lost much of its best agricultural land. The country remained under British rule for the period 1868 to 1966, a period during which it was known as Basutoland.
A proposed southern African studies information database
Authors: Henley Jane 
Published: April 2022

I am going to talk quite specifically and exclusively about York’s proposed inhouse Southern African Studies Information Database, its history so far, how we hope to set it up and how it might be used. I suppose it could be regarded as an object lesson in the creation of an economically viable regionally orientated multidisciplinary bibliographical database! In best library tradition, although it is only so far a proposed system, it is already known by its acronym SASID and that is how I shall refer to it throughout this talk.Although there is obviously a number of existing databases which do serve African research there is a minimal number which have specifically African coverage and certainly none which directly meets our needs in Southern African Studies, especially as most databases are subject rather than country/region orientated.