bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past, Present, and Future of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Baughan Natalie , Douglas Lindsay , Giger Maryellen L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Breast cancer screening has evolved substantially over the past few decades because of advancements in new image acquisition systems and novel artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This review provides a brief overview of the history, current state, and future of AI in breast cancer screening and diagnosis along with challenges involved in the development of AI systems. Although AI has been developing for interpretation tasks associated with breast cancer screening for decades, its potential to combat the subjective nature and improve the efficiency of human image interpretation is always expanding. The rapid advancement of computational power and deep learning has increased greatly in AI research, with promising performance in detection and classification tasks across imaging modalities. Most AI systems, based on human-engineered or deep learning methods, serve as concurrent or secondary readers, that is, as aids to radiologists for a specific, well-defined task. In the future, AI may be able to perform multiple integrated tasks, making decisions at the level of or surpassing the ability of humans. Artificial intelligence may also serve as a partial primary reader to streamline ancillary tasks, triaging cases or ruling out obvious normal cases. However, before AI is used as an independent, autonomous reader, various challenges need to be addressed, including explainability and interpretability, in addition to repeatability and generalizability, to ensure that AI will provide a significant clinical benefit to breast cancer screening across all populations.
Primary Leptomeningeal Lymphoma: Clinicopathologic Features of 2 Rare Phenotypes
Authors: Vizcaino M Adelita , Giannini Caterina , King Rebecca L , Johnson Derek R , Yang Tong , Raghunathan Aditya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma is exceedingly rare. We describe 2 rare lymphoma cases with exclusive leptomeningeal disease: 1 ALK-positive (ALK+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and 1 primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Case 1: A 19-year-old man presented with symptoms concerning for leptomeningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis. Spine MRI demonstrated pial enhancement from T10 through the conus medullaris and cauda equina enhancement/thickening. A biopsy showed leptomeningeal involvement by large lymphoma cells with hallmark cells and brisk mitotic activity. By immunohistochemistry, cells were CD7/CD30-positive with cytoplasmic ALK staining. No systemic disease was identified. The diagnosis of primary leptomeningeal ALK+ ALCL was made. Despite 2 CSF relapses requiring systemic therapy and autologous bone marrow transplant, the patient was in complete clinical remission 9 years after the diagnosis. Case 2: A 60-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus-positive man presented with symptoms suggestive of leptomeningitis. Brain MRIs revealed multifocal, supratentorial, and infratentorial leptomeningeal enhancement. A right frontal biopsy demonstrated leptomeningeal involvement by large lymphoma cells negative for B-cell immunostains, but CD138, MUM-1, and HHV8-positive, with aberrant CD3 expression. EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization was positive. In absence of solid lesions/extracranial involvement, the diagnosis of leptomeningeal PEL was rendered. Despite initial complete remission after chemotherapy, the patient died 9 months later.
Improving Tuberculosis Case Detection in Children: Summary of Innovations and Findings From 18 Countries
Authors: Rahman Md. Toufiq , Malik Amyn A , Amanullah Farhana , Creswell Jacob 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDespite a growing focus on the plight of tuberculosis (TB) among children, 56% of the 1.2 million children who develop TB annually are not detected and notified. TB REACH is a platform of the Stop TB Partnership that supports innovative interventions to improve TB case detection and preventative treatment. We present summary findings from 27 TB REACH-supported projects in 18 countries. Interventions were designed around intensified case-finding approaches (facility-based systematic screening and contact investigation), capacity building (including decentralized care delivery and supported decision-making), and improving diagnostic methods (ie, introduction of alternative respiratory specimens and new tools to aid the diagnosis). These interventions were evaluated on how they worked to identify children with TB, prevent further transmission of TB among children, and strengthen the health system involved with childhood TB care. Overall, 13 715 children were detected with TB, improving case notifications by 34%. In addition, nearly 5000 eligible contacts were enrolled on TB preventive treatment through these interventions. Focusing efforts and funding on childhood TB can produce marked improvements in case detection.
Structural basis for topological regulation of Tn3 resolvase
Authors: Montaño Sherwin P , Rowland Sally-J , Fuller James R , Burke Mary E , MacDonald Alasdair I , Boocock Martin R , Stark W Marshall , Rice Phoebe A 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSite-specific DNA recombinases play a variety of biological roles, often related to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and are also useful synthetic biology tools. The simplest site-specific recombination systems will recombine any two cognate sites regardless of context. Other systems have evolved elaborate mechanisms, often sensing DNA topology, to ensure that only one of multiple possible recombination products is produced. The closely related resolvases from the Tn3 and γδ transposons have historically served as paradigms for the regulation of recombinase activity by DNA topology. However, despite many proposals, models of the multi-subunit protein–DNA complex (termed the synaptosome) that enforces this regulation have been unsatisfying due to a lack of experimental constraints and incomplete concordance with experimental data. Here, we present new structural and biochemical data that lead to a new, detailed model of the Tn3 synaptosome, and discuss how it harnesses DNA topology to regulate the enzymatic activity of the recombinase.
Meta-Analysis on Associations of Timing of Maternal Smoking Cessation Before and During Pregnancy With Childhood Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Perkins Jacob , Re Tyler , Ong Sherry , Niu Zhongzheng , Wen Xiaozhong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntroductionThere is a lack of comprehensive review on associations of maternal smoking cessation (versus nonsmokers) with childhood overweight and obesity.Aims and MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence in this field. Within PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases, we identified and screened 1147 abstracts. We reviewed full-texts and extracted related information from 10 eligible articles. We pooled odds ratios for overweight/obesity and mean differences in BMI z-scores by maternal smoking status around pregnancy.ResultsAmong 10 eligible studies, 71 393 children were included from ages 2 to 18 years. Compared to children of nonsmokers, the pooled unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for overweight was 1.36 (95% Confidence Interval CI: 1.14, 1.62) in children of quitters and 1.44 (1.27, 1.64) in children of continued smokers. The pooled unadjusted OR for obesity was 1.65 (1.17, 2.32) in children of quitters and 1.94 (1.38, 2.73) in children of continued smokers. The pooled unadjusted mean difference in BMI z-score was 0.51 (0.41, 0.61) in children of quitters and 0.64 (0.58, 0.70) in children of continued smokers. The pooled unadjusted OR for overweight in children of mothers quitting before pregnancy was 1.46 (1.15, 1.85), during the first trimester was 1.52 (1.27, 1.82), and during pregnancy (mixed timing, mostly first trimester) was 0.97 (0.79, 1.20).ConclusionThe risk of offspring overweight and obesity was moderately higher for quitters during pregnancy compared to nonsmokers, although it might not be as high as continued smokers.ImplicationsMaternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor of childhood overweight and obesity. Based on our systematic review, intervention to help mothers quit smoking has the potential to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity in offspring related to prenatal tobacco exposure. Quitting before pregnancy is ideal, but quitting in early pregnancy is still helpful for reducing risk.
Lower Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Availability is Associated With Worse Verbal Learning and Memory in People Who Smoke Cigarettes
Authors: Zakiniaeiz Yasmin , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Peltier MacKenzie R , Roberts Walter , Verplaetse Terril L , Burke Catherine , Morris Evan D , McKee Sherry A , Cosgrove Kelly P 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntroductionTobacco smoking is a major public health burden. The mesocortical dopamine system—including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)—plays an important role in cognitive function. Dysregulated dopamine signaling in dlPFC is associated with cognitive deficits such as impairments in attention, learning, working memory, and inhibitory control. We recently showed that dlPFC dopamine D2/3-type receptor (D2R) availability was significantly lower in people who smoke than in healthy-controls and that dlPFC amphetamine-induced dopamine release was lower in females who smoke relative to males who smoke and female healthy-controls. However, we did not examine whether the smoking-related dopamine deficits were related to cognitive deficits.Aims and MethodsThe goal of this study was to relate dopamine metrics to cognitive performance in people who smoke and healthy-controls. In total 24 (12 female) people who smoke cigarettes and 25 sex- and age-matched healthy-controls participated in two same-day [11C]FLB457 positron emission tomography (PET) scans before and after amphetamine administration. Two outcome measures were calculated—D2R availability (non-displaceable binding potential; BPND) and amphetamine-induced dopamine release (%ΔBPND). Cognition (verbal learning and memory) was assessed with a computerized test from the CogState battery (International Shopping List).ResultsPeople who smoke had significantly worse immediate (p = .04) and delayed (p = .03) recall than healthy-controls. Multiple linear regression revealed that for people who smoke only, lower D2R availability was associated with worse immediate (p = .04) and delayed (p &lt; .001) recall. %ΔBPND was not significantly related to task performance.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that lower dlPFC D2R availability in people who smoke is associated with disruptions in cognitive function that may underlie difficulty with resisting smoking.ImplicationsThis is the first study to directly relate dopamine metrics in the prefrontal cortex to cognitive function in people who smoke cigarettes compared to healthy-controls. The current work included a well-characterized subject sample with regards to demographic and smoking variables, as well as a validated neurocognitive test of verbal learning and memory. The findings of this study extend previous literature by relating dopamine metrics to cognition in people who smoke, providing a better understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
Linkage between a plant-based diet and age-related eye diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cirone Cristina , Cirone Katrina D , Malvankar-Mehta Monali S 
Published: September 2022

AbstractContextAn increased risk of age-related eye disease has been observed in individuals lacking a balanced diet. Following a plant-based diet may result in nutritional insufficiencies and negatively affect health if an effort is not made to ensure the consumption of fortified foods or specific supplements.ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to characterize the relationship between plant-based diets and age-related ocular outcomes among adults.Data SourcesA comprehensive literature review was performed using the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PubMed databases up until December 19, 2021.Study SelectionStudies that focused on observed visual changes due to a reduced intake of animal products and that included a minimum of 50 eyes were eligible for inclusion.Data ExtractionTwo levels of screening, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted by 2 reviewers independently. The 21 studies identified from 814 unique studies progressed to data extraction and 15 were included in the quantitative analysis using STATA 15.0 fixed-effect and random-effect models computed on the basis of heterogeneity.ResultsThe 15 (n = 51 695 participants) assessed the impact of fish consumption, 8 studies (n = 28 753 participants) analyzed the effect of red meat intake, and 3 studies (n = 7723 participants) assessed the impact of omission of skim milk, poultry, and non-meat animal products and the presence of disease incidence as indicated by age-related macular degeneration or cataract development. Meta-analysis indicated regular consumption of fish (odds ratio [OR], 0.70; 95%CI, 0.62–0.79) and skim milk, poultry, and non-meat animal products (OR, 0.70; 95%CI, 0.61–0.79) reduced the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults. Consumption of red meat (OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.07–1.86) may increase the risk of age-related eye disease development.ConclusionA pescatarian diet is associated with the most favorable visual outcomes among adults, whereas consumption of red meat negatively affects ocular health. Results suggest a need for more initiatives promoting a healthy and balanced diet.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42021269925
Early Biomarker-Guided Prediction of Bloodstream Infection in Critically Ill Patients: C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, and Leukocytes
Authors: Hertz Frederik Boetius , Ahlström Magnus G , Bestle Morten H , Hein Lars , Mohr Thomas , Lundgren Jens D , Galle Tina , Andersen Mads Holmen , Murray Daniel , Lindhardt Anne , Itenov Theis Skovsgaard , Jensen Jens Ulrik Staehr 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) often lead to critical illness and death. The primary aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and leukocyte count for the diagnosis of BSI in critically ill patients.

Methods
This was a nested case–control study based on the Procalcitonin And Survival Study (PASS) trial (n = 1200). Patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) &lt;24 hours, and not expected to die within &lt;24 hours, were recruited. For the current study, we included patients with a BSI within ±3 days of ICU admission and matched controls without a BSI in a 1:2 ratio. Diagnostic accuracy for BSI for the biomarkers on days 1, 2, and 3 of ICU admission was assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated for prespecified thresholds and for a data-driven cutoff.

Results
In total, there were 525 patients (n = 175 cases, 350 controls). The fixed low threshold for all 3 biomarkers (CRP = 20 mg/L; leucocytes = 10 × 109/L; PCT = 0.4 ng/mL) resulted in negative predictive values on day 1: CRP = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.75–1.00; leukocyte = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68–0.81; PCT = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84–0.96). Combining the 3 biomarkers yielded similar results as PCT alone (P = .5).

Conclusions
CRP and PCT could in most cases rule out BSI in critically ill patients. As almost no patients had low CRP and ∼20% had low PCT, a low PCT could be used, along with other information, to guide clinical decisions.
Problem-solving in groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): more than the sum of its parts
Authors: Sehner Sandro , Willems Erik P , Vinicus Lucio , Migliano Andrea B , van Schaik Carel P , Burkart Judith M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Human hypercooperativity and the emergence of division of labor enables us to solve problems not only effectively within a group but also collectively. Collective problem-solving occurs when groups perform better than the additive performance of separate individuals. Currently, it is unknown whether this is unique to humans. To investigate the evolutionary origin of collective problem-solving and potential precursors, we propose a continuum of group effects on problem-solving, from simple to complex ones, eventually culminating in collective problem-solving. We tested captive common marmosets with a series of problem-solving tasks, either alone or in a group. To test whether the performance of a group was more than the sum of its parts, we compared real groups to virtual groups (pooled scores of animals tested alone). Marmosets in real groups were both more likely to solve problems than marmosets within the virtual groups and to do so faster. Although individuals within real groups approached the problem faster, a reduction in neophobia was not sufficient to explain the greater success. Success within real groups arose because animals showed higher perseverance, especially after a fellow group member had found the solution in complex tasks. These results are consistent with the idea that group problem-solving evolved alongside a continuum, with performance improving beyond baseline as societies move from social tolerance to opportunities for diffusion of information to active exchange of information. We suggest that increasing interdependence and the adoption of cooperative breeding pushed our ancestors up this scale.
Cobinamide is a strong and versatile antioxidant that overcomes oxidative stress in cells, flies, and diabetic mice
Authors: Chang Stephen , Tat John , China Shyamsundar Pal , Kalyanaraman Hema , Zhuang Shunhui , Chan Adriano , Lai Cassandra , Radic Zoran , Abdel-Rahman Engy A , Casteel Darren E , Pilz Renate B , Ali Sameh S , Boss Gerry R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased oxidative stress underlies a variety of diseases, including diabetes. Here, we show that the cobalamin/vitamin B12 analog cobinamide is a strong and multifaceted antioxidant, neutralizing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite, with apparent rate constants of 1.9 × 108, 3.7 × 104, and 6.3 × 106 M−1 s−1, respectively, for cobinamide with the cobalt in the +2 oxidation state. Cobinamide with the cobalt in the +3 oxidation state yielded apparent rate constants of 1.1 × 108 and 8.0 × 102 M−1 s−1 for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. In mammalian cells and Drosophila melanogaster, cobinamide outperformed cobalamin and two well-known antioxidants, imisopasem manganese and manganese(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin, in reducing oxidative stress as evidenced by: (i) decreased mitochondrial superoxide and return of the mitochondrial membrane potential in rotenone- and antimycin A-exposed H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes; (ii) reduced JNK phosphorylation in hydrogen-peroxide-treated H9c2 cells; (iii) increased growth in paraquat-exposed COS-7 fibroblasts; and (iv) improved survival in paraquat-treated flies. In diabetic mice, cobinamide administered in the animals’ drinking water completely prevented an increase in lipid and protein oxidation, DNA damage, and fibrosis in the heart. Cobinamide is a promising new antioxidant that has potential use in diseases with heightened oxidative stress.
Testing Public Reactions to Mass-Protest Hybrid Media Events
Authors: Jiménez-Sánchez Manuel , Fraile Marta , Lobera Josep 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The configuration of protests as hybrid media events not only enables them to reach wider audiences but also favors the transformation of those audiences into active publics. In this increasingly common scenario, our study proposes a set of indicators to scrutinize how the public reacts during such hybrid media events, and to test such reactions in light of the mass protests that took place in Spain to mark the 2019 International Women’s Day (IWD). We analyze a nationally representative survey sample collected through daily tracking over 20 days before and after the 2019 IWD. Findings confirm the ability of hybrid media protests to broaden their audience, generate interest, spark conversations on gender inequality, and contribute to opinion conformation. They also reveal that some of these reactions were conditioned by prior exposure to similar events and by gender. Our study contributes to a recent line of research testing the influence of protests on the public and shows the possibilities of using rolling cross-sectional designs to capture those effects. The study also contributes to the discussion on the political significance of these mass protests as hybrid media events.
RBM46 is essential for gametogenesis and functions in post-transcriptional roles affecting meiotic cohesin subunits
Authors: Lv Yue , Lu Gang , Cai Yuling , Su Ruibao , Liang Liang , Wang Xin , Mu Wenyu , He Xiuqing , Huang Tao , Ma Jinlong , Zhao Yueran , Chen Zi-Jiang , Xue Yuanchao , Liu Hongbin , Chan Wai-Yee 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
RBM46 is a germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein required for gametogenesis, but the targets and molecular functions of RBM46 remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that RBM46 binds at specific motifs in the 3ʹUTRs of mRNAs encoding multiple meiotic cohesin subunits and show that RBM46 is required for normal synaptonemal complex formation during meiosis initiation. Using a recently reported, high-resolution technique known as LACE-seq and working with low-input cells, we profiled the targets of RBM46 at single-nucleotide resolution in leptotene and zygotene stage gametes. We found that RBM46 preferentially binds target mRNAs containing GCCUAU/GUUCGA motifs in their 3ʹUTRs regions. In Rbm46 knockout mice, the RBM46-target cohesin subunits displayed unaltered mRNA levels but had reduced translation, resulting in the failed assembly of axial elements, synapsis disruption, and meiotic arrest. Our study thus provides mechanistic insights into the molecular functions of RBM46 in gametogenesis and illustrates the power of LACE-seq for investigations of RNA-binding protein functions when working with low-abundance input materials.
Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains
Authors: Nielsen Martin , Margaryan Ashot , Nielsen Tejs Lind , Enghoff Henrik , Allentoft Morten E 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania represent a hotspot for biological diversity of global importance. The level of endemism is high, and Eastern Arc biodiversity has been studied extensively in vertebrates and invertebrates, including millipedes. However, millipede evolution is vastly understudied at the molecular level. Therefore, we used next-generation ‘shotgun’ sequencing to obtain mitochondrial genome sequences of 26 museum specimens, representing six genera and 12 millipede species found across the Eastern Arc Mountains. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods yielded consistent topologies with high node support, confirming a high level of congruence between molecular and morphological analyses. The only exception was a Tropostreptus sigmatospinus individual from Zanzibar, which was placed outside an otherwise monophyletic group consisting of mainland individuals of the same assumed species. For two species with a distribution across several mountain blocks (Tropostreptus sigmatospinus and Tropostreptus hamatus), each mountain population represents a distinct monophyletic lineage. In contrast, we also observe that distinct species exist sympatrically in the same montane forests, indicative of older speciation events that are not defined by current forest distribution. Our results are important for understanding speciation mechanisms in montane rain forests and highlight that ethanol-preserved invertebrates exhibit a tremendous potential for genomic analyses.