bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrostomy tube placement in congenital cardiac surgery: a multi-institutional database study
Authors: Haughey Brena S. , Dean Peter , Spaeder Michael C. , Smith Clyde J. , Conaway Mark , White Shelby C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Neonates and infants who undergo congenital cardiac surgery frequently have difficulty with feeding. The factors that predispose these patients to require a gastrostomy tube have not been well defined. We aimed to report the incidence and describe hospital outcomes and characteristics in neonates and infants undergoing congenital cardiac surgery who required gastrostomy tube placement.Materials and method:A retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery between October 2015 and December 2020. Patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes, utilising the performance improvement database Vizient® Clinical Data Base, and stratified by age at admission: neonates (<1 month) and infants (1–12 months). Outcomes were compared and comparative analysis performed between admissions with and without gastrostomy tube placement.Results:There were 11,793 admissions, 3519 (29.8%) neonates and 8274 (70.2%) infants. We found an increased incidence of gastrostomy tube placement in neonates as compared to infants following congenital cardiac surgery (23.1% versus 6%, p = <0.001). Outcomes in neonates and infants were similar with increased length of stay and cost in those requiring a gastrostomy tube. Gastrostomy tube placement was noted to be more likely in neonates and infants with upper airway anomalies, congenital abnormalities, hospital infections, and genetic abnormalities.Discussion:Age at hospitalisation for congenital cardiac surgery is a definable risk factor for gastrostomy tube requirement. Additional factors contribute to gastrostomy tube placement and should be used when counselling families regarding the potential requirement of a gastrostomy tube.
On the association between apathy and deficits of social cognition and executive functions in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Hendel Rebecca K. , Hellem Marie N.N. , Hjermind Lena E. , Nielsen Jørgen E. , Vogel Asmus 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:To investigate if executive and social cognitive dysfunction was associated with apathy in a large cohort of Huntington’s disease gene expansion carriers.Method:Eighty premanifest and motor-manifest Huntington’s disease gene expansion carriers (Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 24 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≥ 19) and thirty-two controls were examined with the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS), a tailored and quantitative measure of apathy, and a comprehensive cognitive battery on executive functions and social cognition (emotion recognition, theory of mind and sarcasm detection), as well as general correlates like demographic variables, and neuropsychiatric and cognitive screening tests.Results:The motor-manifest Huntington’s disease gene expansion carriers had significantly different scores on most measures of social cognition and executive functions, compared to premanifest and control participants. Apathy was significantly correlated with most executive test scores, but the Emotion Hexagon was the only social cognitive test score significantly correlated with apathy. We found that the motor score and the depression score were the only significant predictors of the apathy score, when the social cognitive and executive tests with the strongest association with the global LARS score were entered into a multiple stepwise regression model. No cognitive test score could significantly predict apathy. The model explained 21 % of the total variance.Conclusion:Despite being significantly correlated with apathy neuropsychological variables did not have a significant impact on apathy when variables as depression and motor symptoms were taken into account. Apathy should be considered an independent symptom of Huntington’s disease that requires specific examination.
Projecting cardiovascular deaths averted due to trans fat policies in the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Rieger Matthias , Rippin Holly L , Pinedo Adriana , Whiting Stephen , Farrand Clare , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Breda Joao J 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate the potential impact on population health if policies designed to reduce population trans fatty acid (TFA) intake are successfully implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in line with the WHO’s guidelines to lower intake of TFA as a percentage of total energy intake to less than 1 %.Design:A projection exercise was conducted to estimate reductions in CVD-related deaths in countries of the EAEU if TFA policies are implemented in the EAEU. Plausibly causal, annual effects (in %) of Denmark’s TFA policy on the evolution of CVD mortality rates were applied to project the potential effects of recently announced TFA policies in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation under three TFA exposure scenarios.Settings:Member States of the EAEU: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Russian Federation.Participants:Data used for the projection exercise were based on estimates from natural experimental evidence from Denmark. National CVD mortality rates used were from WHO and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development datasets.Results:In all countries and in all scenarios, deaths averted were ≤ 5 deaths/100,000 in year 1 and rose in years 2 and 3. The highest projected impacts in the high-exposure scenario were seen in Kyrgyzstan (39 deaths/100 000), with the lowest occurring in Armenia (24 deaths/100 000).Conclusion:This study demonstrates the potential population health gains that can be derived from effective policies to reduce TFA in line with WHO guidance. Monitoring and surveillance systems are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the TFA reduction policies in a national context.
Effects of public long-term care insurance on the medical service use by older people in South Korea
Authors: Cho Yoon-Min , Kwon Soonman 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPublic long-term care insurance (LTCI), which provides home and institutional care benefits, was introduced in July 2008 in South Korea. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the introduction of LTCI on older people's medical service use, including outpatient visits, inpatient services and longer stays (181 days or longer) in hospitals by implementing a quasi-experiment design with a generalised difference-in-difference method. The results showed that the introduction of LTCI did not change the use of outpatient medical services, although the medical costs of older people who used medical services at least once decreased by 9.4%. For the inpatient services, hospitalisation rates declined by 2.7% as a result of the LTCI. Length of stay and inpatient expenses decreased by 15.6 and 9.5%, respectively. For older people of LTC grade 2, eligible for long-term care facilities (LTCF), prolonged hospitalisation rates decreased by 1.6% due to the LTCI. In conclusion, the introduction of LTCI in South Korea has contributed to decreasing the use of inpatient services and longer stays in hospitals, which suggests that the utilisation of LTCF has become a substitute for some social admissions in hospitals.
A critical overview of tools for assessing cognition in bipolar disorder
Authors: Rossetti Maria Gloria , Girelli Francesca , Perlini Cinzia , Brambilla Paolo , Bellani Marcella 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Cognitive deficits are prevalent in bipolar disorder even during the euthymic phase, having a negative impact on global functioning and quality of life. As such, more and more mental health professionals agree that neuropsychological assessment should be considered an essential component of the clinical management of bipolar patients. However, no gold standard tool has been established so far. According to bipolar disorder experts targeting cognition, appropriate cognitive tools should be brief, easy to administer, cost-effective and validated in the target population. In this commentary, we critically appraised the strengths and limitations of the tools most commonly used to assess cognitive functioning in bipolar patients, both for screening and diagnostic purposes.
More Frequent, Intense, and Extensive Rainfall Events in a Strongly Warming Arctic
Authors: Dou T. F. , Pan S. F. , Bintanja R. , Xiao C. D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe changes in the Arctic precipitation profoundly impact the surface mass balance of ice sheet and sea ice, the extent of snow cover, as well as the land/ice surface runoff in the Arctic, particularly when it occurs in liquid form. Here, we use state‐of‐the‐art models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 to project the number of days with rainfall, the intensities and onset dates of rainfall events in the Arctic under the strong emission scenario (RCP8.5). The multi‐model mean shows that rainfall will occur more frequently in the Arctic at the end of this century (2091–2100), with larger increase in the rainy days over the Pacific and Atlantic sectors (up to 12 days/month) during the cold seasons (October–May) and over the Arctic Ocean (up to 14 days/month) during the warm seasons (June–September) as compared with the present day (2006–2015). Greater uncertainty is found in the cold seasons, which mainly comes from the high variability among different models in the Norwegian Sea. Sixty‐seven to ninety‐three percentage of the increases in rainy days is contributed by the local warming and the remainder by the increase in total precipitation. Moreover, at the end of this century, the rainfall in spring will occur much earlier than the present day by more than 1 month, and the extent of rainfall will further expand toward the center of the Arctic Ocean and the inland Greenland in the future. The changes of rainfall intensity on the Arctic land area to the climate warming are more sensitive than that on the Arctic Ocean in warm seasons (May–September). The rainfall will be further strengthened in most of the Arctic continents in summer, with the largest increase in the intensity of ∼2 mm/day along the southwest coast of Greenland. The above results are confirmed by the latest projections from CMIP6 models.
Tools for the Long Run
Authors: Kessel Mona 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe first discovery of the space age was in the field of space physics and occurred with the Explorer 1 launch in 1958 and its observations of the radiation belts encircling Earth. Space physics remained a young science into 1981 when I started graduate school, so young that there were no comprehensive textbooks on the subject. It evolved quickly with missions such as Voyager, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform‐8, Hawkeye, Active‐Magnetospheric‐Particle‐Tracer‐Experiment, and ISEE in the early years. The International Solar Terrestrial Physics mission focused part of solar and space physics into Sun‐Earth‐Connections (SECs) to understand the chain of events in the Sun‐Earth system. Heliophysics was an extension and evolution of SEC, combining all of solar and space physics, maturing the whole and the individual parts into an established science.
An Investigation on the Longitudinal Variation in Mid‐Latitude Ionosphere Based on CHAMP Satellite Observations
Authors: Hu Jin , Ruan Haibing , Lei Jiuhou , Zhong Jiahao , Owolabi Charles 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe longitudinal variations of the middle latitude ionosphere are investigated on the basis of in situ electron density observations from the Planar Langmuir Probe onboard the Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite. This study specifically focused on the longitudinal variations of the ionosphere at geographic latitudes of 40° in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The longitudinal variations of the ionosphere are decomposed into the spatial modes and corresponding temporal evolutions by employing the principal component analysis method, and an associated empirical model is developed. The model results indicate a significant seasonal and local time dependence of the longitudinal variation, which is obviously different in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Our preliminary analysis suggests that the interaction between the geomagnetic fields and the thermospheric winds results in the longitudinal variations in the ionosphere at the middle latitudes. In addition, the relative contributions of zonal and meridional winds are further discussed.
Ice Sheet and Climate Processes Driving the Uncertainty in Projections of Future Sea Level Rise: Findings From a Structured Expert Judgement Approach
Authors: Bamber J. L. , Oppenheimer M. , Kopp R. E. , Aspinall W. P. , Cooke Roger M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland present the greatest uncertainty in, and largest potential contribution to, future sea level rise. The uncertainty arises from a paucity of suitable observations covering the full range of ice sheet behaviors, incomplete understanding of the influences of diverse processes, and limitations in defining key boundary conditions for the numerical models. To investigate the impact of these uncertainties on ice sheet projections we undertook a structured expert judgement study. Here, we interrogate the findings of that study to identify the dominant drivers of uncertainty in projections and their relative importance as a function of ice sheet and time. We find that for the 21st century, Greenland surface melting, in particular the role of surface albedo effects, and West Antarctic ice dynamics, specifically the role of ice shelf buttressing, dominate the uncertainty. The importance of these effects holds under both a high‐end 5°C global warming scenario and another that limits global warming to 2°C. During the 22nd century the dominant drivers of uncertainty shift. Under the 5°C scenario, East Antarctic ice dynamics dominate the uncertainty in projections, driven by the possible role of ice flow instabilities. These dynamic effects only become dominant, however, for a temperature scenario above the Paris Agreement 2°C target and beyond 2100. Our findings identify key processes and factors that need to be addressed in future modeling and observational studies in order to reduce uncertainties in ice sheet projections.
Projected Changes in Increased Drought Risks Over South Asia Under a Warmer Climate
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Ma Xieyao , Asfaw Temesgen Gebremariam , Yin Jun , Iyakaremye Vedaste , Saleem Farhan , Xing Yun , Azam Kamran , Syed Sidra 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEvery year, millions of people are at risk due to droughts in South Asia (SA). The likely impacts of droughts are projected to increase with global warming. This study uses the new ensemble mean of 23 global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), population and gross domestic product (GDP) projections to quantify future changes in increasing drought risks and associated socioeconomic exposure across SA and its subregions under 1.5°C and 2°C of warming. We used two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5. The most likely realization copula functions are used to model the joint distribution of drought severity and duration. Simultaneously, changes in the bivariate return period are calculated under a warming climate. The frequency of 50‐year historical droughts (under a bivariate framework) might double across 80% of the SA land area under 1.5°C of warming. Conversely, 12% of SA landmasses may suffer extreme droughts under 2°C of warming. The severe drought episode frequency is expected to increase under 1.5°C (40%–75%) and 2°C (60%–90%) of warming relative to the recent climate. The largest exposure increase is projected in R2 and R4, then R1. Additionally, 75% (65%) of the SA population (GDP) could suffer from increased drought risks under the 1.5°C warmer climate, whereas the additional 0.5°C warming will lead to an unbearable regional situation. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared with 2°C can significantly reduce the drought risk influence in SA. These findings can help disaster‐risk managers to adopt climate‐smart management strategies.
Do Eddies Connect the Tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico?
Authors: Andrade‐Canto F. , Beron‐Vera F. J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConsistent with satellite‐tracked trajectories of drogued drifters, but at odds with Eulerian assessment of satellite‐altimetry measurements of sea‐surface height, we show that North Brazil Currents Rings (NBCRs) are incapable of bypassing the Lesser Antilles as structures that coherently transport material. We arrive at this conclusion by applying geodesic eddy detection on the altimetric data set over nearly its entire extent. While we detect northwestward translating NBCRs that can be classified as coherent Lagrangian eddies, they typically experience strong filamentation and complete loss of coherence prior to reaching the Lesser Antilles. Moreover, the filamented material hardly penetrates into the Caribbean Sea, let alone the Gulf of Mexico, and not without substantively mixing with the ambient fluid east of the archipelago. The nature of the inability of the de‐facto oceanographic Eulerian, streamline‐based eddy detection technique to produce a correct assessment of the connectivity between the tropical Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico is rooted in its lack of objectivity.
Investigating the contributions of circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes to autism and sleep disturbances
Authors: Tesfaye Rackeb , Huguet Guillaume , Schmilovich Zoe , Renne Thomas , Loum Mor Absa , Douard Elise , Saci Zohra , Jean-Louis Martineau , Martineau Jean Luc , Whelan Rob , Desrivieres Sylvane , Heinz Andreas , Schumann Gunter , Hayward Caroline , Elsabbagh Mayada , Jacquemont Sebastien 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSleep disturbance is prevalent in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Researchers have posited that circadian dysfunction may contribute to sleep problems or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. However, there is limited genetic evidence of this. It is also unclear how insomnia risk genes identified through GWAS in general populations are related to ASD and common sleep problems like insomnia traits in ASD. We investigated the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) encompassing circadian pathway genes and insomnia risk genes to ASD risk as well as sleep disturbances in children with ASD. We studied 5860 ASD probands and 2092 unaffected siblings from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG database, as well as 7509 individuals from two unselected populations (IMAGEN and Generation Scotland). Sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were parent reported for SSC probands. We identified 335 and 616 rare CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes respectively. Deletions and duplications with circadian genes were overrepresented in ASD probands compared to siblings and unselected controls. For insomnia-risk genes, deletions (not duplications) were associated with ASD in both cohorts. Results remained significant after adjusting for cognitive ability. CNVs containing circadian pathway and insomnia risk genes showed a stronger association with ASD, compared to CNVs containing other genes. Circadian genes did not influence sleep duration or insomnia traits in ASD. Insomnia risk genes intolerant to haploinsufficiency increased risk for insomnia when duplicated. CNVs encompassing circadian and insomnia risk genes increase ASD liability with little to no observable impacts on sleep disturbances.
Successful treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with oral/intravitreal antivirals in HIV-negative patients with lymphoma
Authors: Tasiopoulou Anastasia , Urzua Cristhian A. , Lightman Susan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To report patients with systemic lymphoma and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, treated with a combination of oral and intravitreal antiviral agents on an outpatient basis.

Methods
Retrospective cases series. Information was gathered from the database of the Uveitis clinics at Moorfields Eye Hospital, United Kingdom from December 2014 to December 2018. The inclusion criteria comprised the diagnosis of systemic lymphoma, associated with a diagnosis of CMV retinitis. Exclusion criteria were alternative ocular diagnosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), primary intraocular lymphoma, or other causes of immunosuppression.

Results
All seven subjects had been under oncologist care for systemic lymphoma. CMV retinitis presented with a median of 61 months after the systemic lymphoma diagnosis. Five patients underwent a vitreous biopsy, and four of them returned PCR positive for CMV and the fifth patient had PCR positive in a blood sample. All patients were treated with oral Valganciclovir, with an induction dose of 900 mg every 12 h for up to 3 weeks until disease resolution and a maintenance dose thereafter. All but one received additional intravitreal Foscarnet injections, with a dose of 2.4 mg /0.1 ml.

Conclusions
The management of patients with systemic lymphoma and CMV retinitis with oral and intravitreal antiviral agents, resulted in effective disease control.
De novo design of immunoglobulin-like domains
Authors: Chidyausiku Tamuka M. , Mendes Soraia R. , Klima Jason C. , Nadal Marta , Eckhard Ulrich , Roel-Touris Jorge , Houliston Scott , Guevara Tibisay , Haddox Hugh K. , Moyer Adam , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Gomis-Rüth F. Xavier , Baker David , Marcos Enrique 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAntibodies, and antibody derivatives such as nanobodies, contain immunoglobulin-like (Ig) β-sandwich scaffolds which anchor the hypervariable antigen-binding loops and constitute the largest growing class of drugs. Current engineering strategies for this class of compounds rely on naturally existing Ig frameworks, which can be hard to modify and have limitations in manufacturability, designability and range of action. Here, we develop design rules for the central feature of the Ig fold architecture—the non-local cross-β structure connecting the two β-sheets—and use these to design highly stable Ig domains de novo, confirm their structures through X-ray crystallography, and show they can correctly scaffold functional loops. Our approach opens the door to the design of antibody-like scaffolds with tailored structures and superior biophysical properties.
Chemical engineering of therapeutic siRNAs for allele-specific gene silencing in Huntington’s disease models
Authors: Conroy Faith , Miller Rachael , Alterman Julia F. , Hassler Matthew R. , Echeverria Dimas , Godinho Bruno M. D. C. , Knox Emily G. , Sapp Ellen , Sousa Jaquelyn , Yamada Ken , Mahmood Farah , Boudi Adel , Kegel-Gleason Kimberly , DiFiglia Marian , Aronin Neil , Khvorova Anastasia , Pfister Edith L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSmall interfering RNAs are a new class of drugs, exhibiting sequence-driven, potent, and sustained silencing of gene expression in vivo. We recently demonstrated that siRNA chemical architectures can be optimized to provide efficient delivery to the CNS, enabling development of CNS-targeted therapeutics. Many genetically-defined neurodegenerative disorders are dominant, favoring selective silencing of the mutant allele. In some cases, successfully targeting the mutant allele requires targeting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heterozygosities. Here, we use Huntington’s disease (HD) as a model. The optimized compound exhibits selective silencing of mutant huntingtin protein in patient-derived cells and throughout the HD mouse brain, demonstrating SNP-based allele-specific RNAi silencing of gene expression in vivo in the CNS. Targeting a disease-causing allele using RNAi-based therapies could be helpful in a range of dominant CNS disorders where maintaining wild-type expression is essential.