bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing Research
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments may not always be an option, generally because they are either not feasible or are not ethical. In history or economics research, conclusions may be drawn from natural experiments in the form of policy interventions, although it may be difficult to conclude what intervention was really being tested when the results are observed because of the many factors involved. More specific natural experiments merge into the cohort study design, used particularly (but by no means exclusively) in health research to investigate disease risk factors, and the case control design, used for the same questions when a cohort study is not feasible or when a quicker answer is needed. The chapter concludes with an overview of the tightening up of ethics in human experimentation, and continuing controversies around animal studies.
Introduction
Authors: Kajtár Gábor , Çalı Başak , Milanovic Marko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the analytical framework of the volume. It starts by providing working definitions for secondary rules of international law—with a specific focus on the law of state responsibility in international adjudication—and explains why rules on causation, attribution, the standard and burden of proof, and the standard of review are core secondary rules in international law. The chapter argues that, whilst secondary rules are much more than mere technicalities and, in fact, form the heart of the matter in international adjudication, there is significant variation in their conceptualization and employment by international courts and tribunals. The chapter then outlines the contributions to this volume with respect to the four main types of secondary rules and identifies common challenges in the application of secondary rules in international law across different branches and courts of international law.
Explaining Variations in Standards of Review in International Adjudication
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that the standards of review employed by international tribunals when reviewing national policies often reflect the tribunals’ ability—if not always explicit authority—to remedy unjustified disregard of—and consequent harm to—the interests and rights of politically weaker individuals and groups residing within or outside the state. Similar to domestic administrative and constitutional courts, international tribunals are often uniquely positioned to offer an effective remedy to those individuals and groups by adjusting their standards of review of domestic decisions accordingly. As a result, despite what might, at first, appear to be incongruent and even contradictory about tribunals’ application of different standards of review, they are often consistent in their sensitivity to the “problem of disregard.” In this chapter, I demonstrate how that sensitivity to “the disregarded” manifests and suggest that, in principle, it is an appropriate response to the inherent failures of the democratic system.
Introduction
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the challenge of jurisdictional overlap in data governance. Data have become an integral part of the global economy, are of central relevance in transnational security measures, and increasingly raise human rights concerns. In consequence, claims of control by both public and private actors increase. The chapter outlines the challenges of resolving conflicts that emerge at the intersection of such claims. Drawing on literature in data governance and international political sociology, it introduces the book’s main conceptual contribution, which establishes the nature of jurisdictional conflicts as conflicts over meaning. The chapter introduces key definitions and sketches the theoretical framework that draws on field theory and value orders to establish the multidimensional nature of conflicts as institutional, power-based, and normative disputes. It concludes with an overview of the outline of the book.
Value Orders and the Genesis of the Field of Data Governance
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter sets the stage for the empirical chapters that follow. It outlines the genesis of the field of data governance as a structured space of interaction following specific logics. It establishes that the emerging field of data governance unites actors that perceive data governance to be meaningful in the pursuit of the common good. On the basis of an inductive analysis of key policy documents, the chapter reconstructs five value orders that specify differently desirable societal goals, a community of reference, and the conceptualization of data. Three substantive orders establish data governance as meaningful in the pursuit of fairness, security, or economic progress; two procedural orders define the common good as the pursuit of sovereignty or globalism.
The Right to Be Forgotten
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses two instances of a jurisdictional conflict over the right to be forgotten. This right to be forgotten enables individuals to request the delisting of personal information from search engine results under specific conditions. The chapter outlines the conflict that contributed to its legal articulation in the EU and focuses on the more recent instance that highlighted tensions regarding its scope of applicability. While the French data protection authority attempted to impose a global scope on the right, Google, through a significant reliance on normative arguments, was able to emphasize its negative consequences. In contrast to the preceding chapters, this conflict mainly relates to the hierarchization within one value order rather than the application of principles relating to a different value order.
Constitutionalism and the Economy
Authors: Steytler Nico 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out five key areas of enquiry on the relationship between constitutions, constitutionalism, and the economy. The first is whether (and if so, how) a market economy has been constitutionalized across Africa since the second wave of democratization. The second line of enquiry focuses on the governance of land and other natural resources. The third is the constitutional scope for the state to intervene in the economy, including: is there a clear framework for state regulation and intervention? Where the state comprises multilevel government, how does that shape such a regulatory role? How have central banks, as constitutional institutions, imposed a substantive limit on the state’s regulatory role in monetary policy? And, finally, where the market does not adequately distribute the benefits of the economy to all sectors of society, are there constitutional obligations on the state to do so? The fourth line of enquiry concerns the impact that global economic integration may have on constitutionalism in Africa. Finally, the largest, hardest questions are about the dynamic between constitutionalism and economic growth. Where the basic elements of constitutionalism—the practice of democracy, limited government, and the rule of law—are present, what impact, if any, do they have on the economy: do they enhance or hinder it, or are they neutral to economic growth?
Relationships between the Economy and Constitutionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mabugu Ramos Emmanuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses features of sub-Saharan African economies that can influence the relationship between economies and constitutions. Among other things, it examines economic growth, fiscal dynamics, socio-economic outcomes, globalization, and potential impacts on state sovereignty and remittance flows. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has plunged sub-Saharan African economies and societies into severe crisis, with a reduction in economic activity and employment. Prior to COVID-19, sub-Saharan Africa had performed fairly well over the past two decades in terms of economic growth, inflation reduction, and macroeconomic stability, thanks largely to favourable commodity price movements. However, challenges remained, in particular rapid population growth coupled with slow progress in making the structural transformations necessary for sustaining growth, creating jobs, and reducing informality, inequality, and poverty. The focus, it is argued, should be on identifying and implementing interventions that support national development goals, foster sustained inclusive economic growth, slow down population growth, and increase domestic revenue mobilization, thereby expanding the fiscal space for addressing poverty and inequality. Accordingly, the question is: can constitutions shape governmental action in ways that enhance socio-economic outcomes?
Determining the Jurisdiction of Regional States in Promoting Investment in Ethiopia
Authors: Negussie Solomon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Ethiopia, the division of power envisaged in the Constitution, along with the overemphasized right to self-determination, in theory allows states to determine their own socio-economic and development policies. However, these seemingly broad constitutional powers stand in contradiction with the country’s hitherto centralized ‘federal practice’. The problem relates not only to the decision-making process but to the lack of clarity about state jurisdictions. Although the Constitution refers to investment, it gives little further detail about it, even though investment decisions—in prioritizing sectors, in administration, environmental regulation, and revenue generation, as well as in setting fiscal benefits and federal spending—affect the interests of regional governments in one way or the other. Moreover, federal foreign investment policies and strategies cannot be translated into reality unless states allocate land to investors and ensure local security. This chapter juxtaposes Ethiopia’s constitutional provisions with its practice in order to ascertain state jurisdictions in regard to investment promotion, natural resource management, and agricultural investment. The argument is that while the division of power between the centre and the states is a constitutional principle that entails constraining central authority and respecting the autonomy of constituent units, the lack of transparency and accountability, usurpation of states’ power by the centre, and weakness of the rule of law, point to an absence of constitutionalism in the field of the economy and investment, a situation that legitimately calls for political reform.
The Beautiful and the Sublime
Authors: Hare John E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes the beautiful and the sublime as examples of unity between us and the material world. It starts with Immanuel Kant’s solution to the difficulty of explaining how there can be quarrels about our experience of sensory beauty, if it is a merely subjective pleasure. His solution requires reference to a supersensible being who is ‘behind’ our experience, and who has the purpose of our highest good, of which these experiences are a symbol. The chapter looks at two works by Beethoven, the first written just a few years after Kant’s Third Critique. The chapter distinguishes various senses of ‘sublime’ and urges that the Kantian sublime fits these pieces better than other senses that have been used to interpret them. The chapter ends with comparing Kantian and Pauline conceptions of freedom, and it relates the patristic tradition and Jonathan Edwards to the connection of beauty and the Spirit.
Competition Theory in Ecology
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis book explores how mathematical models can illuminate the interaction known as interspecific competition. Competition occurs whenever two or more species share at least some of the same limiting resources. It is likely to affect all species, as well as many higher-level aspects of community and ecosystem dynamics. Interspecific competition shares many of the same features as density dependence (intraspecific competition) and evolution (competition between genotypes). In spite of this, a robust theoretical framework for understanding its outcomes and many potential effects on ecological communities is lacking. Despite its prominence in the ecological literature, the theory seems to have lost direction in recent decades, with many synthetic papers promoting outdated ideas, failing to use resource-based models, and having little utility in applied fields such as conservation and environmental management. The book examines how theory that began to be developed half a century ago can be extended to illuminate the effects of environmental change on the abundances of competing species. Current competition theory needs to incorporate findings regarding consumer–resource interactions in the context of larger food webs containing behaviourally or evolutionarily adapting components. Overly simple models and methods of analysis have led to past theory contributing less than it should have to practical applications. The book also discusses the related interactions of intraspecific competition and apparent competition, and examines the evolutionary as well as the ecological effects of this important process.
Measuring and describing competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter shows that many of the consumer–resource interactions that underlie competition in natural systems are likely to be quite different from those considered by Robert MacArthur’s model. In addition, most of the wide variety of potential forms for models have still have not been analysed. The chapter introduces two measures of the strength of competition, the second of which is equivalent to the competition coefficient in the Lotka–Volterra model. The chapter presents replies to two arguments that explicit representation of resources is unnecessary in models of competition. MacArthur’s consumer–resource model is presented and his analysis of this model is summarized and critiqued. MacArthur ignored the potential for resource exclusion or invasion to occur when one of the competing species experiences positive or negative environmental change. A second failing of this model is its inability to produce population cycles in the two-competitor version. An example shows that such cycles can greatly alter average abundances and competitive effects. The effects are highly nonlinear, and can change sign and magnitude with small changes in the mortality rate of either of the consumer species. The important roles of resource growth and consumer functional response in determining the nature of competition are discussed. Recent work on the role of adaptive behaviour in determining the shape of functional responses has yet to be incorporated into models of competition. The use of some simplified methods of analysing consumer–resource models is criticized.
Virtue and Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This volume brings together a selection of Rosalind Hursthouse’s essays on Aristotle, virtue ethics, and social philosophy. These articles—many of which are published in more obscure venues—provide valuable context and clarification for much of her more famous work on virtue ethics while drawing attention to new avenues of philosophical investigation Hursthouse pursued. Important contributions include articles on the development of virtue in children, what the Aristotelian practically wise person knows, how virtue ethicists can inform discussions about environmental and animal ethics, what the starting point for virtue politics should be in a contemporary political context, and how human nature and ethical naturalism could provide the foundation for a virtue ethical system.
Virtue Theory and Abortion
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Many objections to virtue theory as a moral theory on a level with deontology and utilitarianism can be dismissed when its structure is properly understood and it is clear what has to be assumed by any moral theory. Applied to issues of abortion, an approach in terms of the virtues takes account of all aspects of pregnancy and related biological and social issues, instead of focusing only on the moral status of the foetus and/or the rights of the woman, both approaches which are inadequate to the seriousness of the issue and also lead to unsettlable disputes.
Two Ways of Doing the Right Thing
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Starting from thinking about the role-duties of lawyers and how that conflicts with the requirements of virtue, this article argues that in fact such conflicts between roles and virtues are common when agents take on practical roles (especially for parents). But many of these conflicts presuppose that moral dilemmas are time-slices of evaluation, rather than evaluations of how agents fulfil their roles over time. Once we look at some action as part of an agent’s plan and a broader understanding of their role in society, we see that there are many ways in which virtuous agents can perform their roles without acting viciously.
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How should we apply virtue ethics to issues about the environment and natural world? This article explores two strategies: first, we might apply old virtues and vices to these issues, identifying various fails in terms of greed, self-indulge, short-sightedness, etc. But we might also recognize that our current problems highlight a new domain of value and action, and thus require us to formulate new virtues and teach those to the next generation. This article also helpfully summarizes the conditions that need to be met for something to count as a virtue, and provides vivid illustrations of how virtue may be taught.
Hume on Justice
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hume’s account of justice is in fact an attack on the concept of rights familiar from the French and American revolutions, one which is prior to the question whether laws are just. Hume focuses on property as a matter of what is mine and yours in a sense establishable only by reference to laws. This does not make Hume a positivist; it is just laws which establish rights, not the other way round, and the justice of laws is established by their usefulness, or otherwise, to societies. But insofar as various legal arrangements might equally well secure important human and social ends, we can see how the rights a society has (or needs) depend on the particular contexts and political structures in which they are invoked and the ends that they serve.
The Good and Bad Family
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The family has historically not been a central topic of attention of liberal political philosophers, but whether a society promotes good or dysfunctional families should be a major concern of political philosophers. Though ‘family’ is often construed in a narrow way to mean a certain kind of nuclear family, there are many examples of more expansive models of families that perform the function of raising, nurturing, and socializing children well. Focusing on more modest goals concerning how to make families better would in many cases be more useful and more beneficial than grand theorizing about the justice of a society.
On the Grounding of the Virtues in Human Nature
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aristotelian naturalism rests neither on merely descriptive empirical facts nor on a comprehensive ethical worldview, but on a set of descriptions about human life that fall somewhere in the middle: they are ethical but non-evaluative beliefs about human nature and how life goes. Within this framework, we can ground the familiar list of virtue and vices, and locate substantive philosophical disagreements in the right place, namely about what kind of living thing human beings are and what they need to flourish. Although it is unlikely to be convincing to an immoralist (let alone provide motivating reasons for such a person), such an approach fills out the picture of how the lessons we have learned about virtue and vice can be integrated into a more comprehensive and philosophically satisfying account of human nature.
Human Nature and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article addresses a number of common objections to Aristotelian ethical naturalism. The objections include the claims that there is no human essence; that there is no concept of health; that ethical naturalism derives ethics from evolutionary biology and commits the naturalistic fallacy; that our messy nature may prevent us from living both happily and ethically well; and lastly, that human variation precludes the possibility of acquiring virtue for many people. Many of these objections can be addressed by better understanding the Wittgensteinian roots of Aristotelian naturalism and why that project is independent from evolutionary biology.
Introduction
Authors: Lindquist Evert A. , Howlett Michael , Skogstad Grace , Tellier Geneviève , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Canada many public projects, programs, and services perform well, and many are very successful. However, these cases are consistently underexposed and commonly understudied in the public realm which, for various reasons, tends to focus on policy mistakes and learning from failures rather than successes. In fact, studies of public policy successes, as such, are rare not just in Canada, but the world over, although this has started to change. The aims of the book are to see, describe, acknowledge, and promote learning from past and present instances of highly effective and highly valued public policy-making. These aims are accomplished through detailed examination of selected case studies of policy success in different eras, governments, and policy domains in Canada.
Canadian Medicare as a Policy Success
Authors: Marchildon Gregory 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Over a half century old, Canada Medicare can be largely judged a programmatic, process, and political success. It has been implemented and managed in a way that has fulfilled its original purposes of financially protecting Canadians against large and unanticipated costs associated with illness and encouraging Canadians to seek more preventative, primary care in order to reduce to the need for more downstream medical interventions and care. Despite problems with wait times, the inability of governments to expand universal coverage to other medically necessary services, and court challenges to the legitimacy of its regulatory policies, Medicare continues to be supported by a majority of Canadians. Even the opponents of Canadian Medicare have avoided challenging its redistributive ethos and have instead posited their arguments mainly in terms of change that would improve the current state of Medicare. The strong form of universality, as encapsulated in the single-payer and single-tier design features of Canadian Medicare, have proven remarkably sustainable.