bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of ascocorynin biosynthesis in the purple jellydisc fungus Ascocoryne sarcoides
Authors: Wieder Carsten , Peres da Silva Roberta , Witts Jessica , Jäger Christof Martin , Geib Elena , Brock Matthias 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzymes are highly enriched in fungal genomes and can be discriminated into reducing and non-reducing enzymes. Non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes possess a C-terminal thioesterase domain that catalyses the condensation of two identical aromatic α-keto acids under the formation of enzyme-specific substrate-interconnecting core structures such as terphenylquinones, furanones, butyrolactones or dioxolanones. Ascocoryne sarcoides produces large quantities of ascocorynin, which structurally resembles a terphenylquinone produced from the condensation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate. Since the parallel use of two different substrates by a non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme appeared as highly unusual, we investigated the biosynthesis of ascocorynin in A. sarcoides.

Results
Here, we searched the genome of A. sarcoides for genes coding for non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes. A single candidate gene was identified that was termed acyN. Heterologous gene expression confirmed that AcyN is involved in ascocorynin production but only produces the non-hydroxylated precursor polyporic acid. Although acyN is embedded in an ascocorynin biosynthesis gene cluster, a gene encoding a monooxygenase required for the hydroxylation of polyporic acid was not present. Expression analyses of all monooxygenase-encoding genes from A. sarcoides identified a single candidate that showed the same expression pattern as acyN. Accordingly, heterologous co-expression of acyN and the monooxygenase gene resulted in the production of ascocorynin. Structural modelling of the monooxygenase suggests that the hydrophobic substrate polyporic acid enters the monooxygenase from a membrane facing entry site and is converted into the more hydrophilic product ascocorynin, which prevents its re-entry for a second round of hydroxylation.

Conclusion
This study characterises the first naturally occurring polyporic acid synthetase from an ascomycete. It confirms the high substrate and product specificity of this non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme and highlights the requirement of a monooxygenase to produce the terphenylquinone ascocorynin.
Development of and reflections on ecological anthropology in China
Authors: Zeng Shaocong , Luo Yi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEcological anthropology in China has a history of more than 70 years, and can be divided into four stages. The first stage was in the 1950s, which began with China’s identification of minzu and socio-historical surveys of ethnic minorities. This stage was characterized by refinement and application of the Economic-Cultural Type theory from Soviet ethnography. The second stage took place in the 1980s and 1990s, when China’s ecological anthropology research focused on explaining the relationship between local group culture and the environment, and how this changed in the process of modernization. Studies in this phase mainly concentrated on China’s southwestern and northwestern regions, and the theoretical trends of the “adaptation model” and “the cost of development” were formed, becoming central topics. The third stage was in the first decade of the twenty-first century, when Chinese ecological anthropologists focused on the natural and social consequences of changes in the ecological environment, and stressed the importance of exploring, protecting and transforming local ecological knowledge. Ecological anthropology research flourished in Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi as well as in the Daxing’anling and Xiaoxing’anling mountainous regions of Northeast China. The fourth stage was in the most recent decade, when ecological anthropologists expanded their research to cover disasters, biodiversity, local social vulnerability and promotion of ecological progress, and their research areas expanded to the southeastern coast, inland river basins and traditional farming areas in the Central Plains. This paper argues that the development of ecological anthropology in China has been driven by academic consciousness rooted in local field experience, accurate understanding of the research target and changes in social situations of the era, and in-depth dialogue with Western ecological anthropological theories. At present, China’s economic and social development patterns and the relationship between local people and their ecological environments are undergoing profound changes. Therefore, China’s ecological anthropology should respond and adapt to these new changes through solid ethnographic surveys, take root in local field experience, and draw on the wisdom of ecological civilization development in excellent traditional Chinese culture, to become aware of new theories and carry out innovative development.
Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Variants and Outcomes Among Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
Authors: Price Meghan J. , Vashistha Vishal , Winski David , Kelley Michael J. , Bitting Rhonda L. , Montgomery Bruce 
Published: April 2022

PURPOSEPoly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are used for patients with advanced prostate cancer bearing alterations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes. We sought to characterize HRR gene variants and describe real-world outcomes for patients on PARPi.METHODSThe US Department of Veterans Affairs’ National Precision Oncology Program’s database was reviewed to identify patients who underwent somatic DNA sequencing and were prescribed a PARPi before May 15, 2020. Somatic and germline variants within HRR genes were reported, and pathogenicity was reviewed via OncoKB. In patients treated with PARPi for > 4 weeks, the rate of those achieving a 30% decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA30) and composite progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between patients bearing pathogenic variants of BRCA2 and patients without these variants using Mann-Whitney and log-rank tests, respectively.RESULTSForty-eight patients bearing 67 total HRR gene variants were prescribed PARPi for prostate cancer. Twenty-one patients (43.8%) were found to have at least one pathogenic HRR gene variant. Eight (16.6%) were referred to genetic counseling, and five (10.4%) were ultimately confirmed with germline variants. The median PFS was 4.0 months, and PSA30 was 25.6% (11 of 43) for all 43 evaluable patients. Patients with pathogenic BRCA2 variants (n = 13) had higher PSA30 (69.2% v 4.0%; P < .001) and longer PFS (7.2 v 2.8 months; P = .0291) than those without.CONCLUSIONIn a real-world setting, heavily pretreated patients with prostate cancer and pathogenic BRCA2 variants have a significant PSA response rate and a PFS > 7 months with PARPi. This work emphasizes the importance of determining pathogenicity and origin of HRR alterations to better inform clinical treatment decisions and highlights the need for provider education and other decision support tools.
Remaking the Drunkard in Early Stuart England
Authors: Withington Phil 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article traces the changing semantics of drunkard in English during the first half of the seventeenth century. Combining methods of “distant reading” (made possible by the Early English Books Online–Text Creation Partnership) and the “close reading” of didactic printed materials, it shows how this venerable Middle English word became unusually prevalent and ideologically charged in the six decades after the ascension of James VI and I to the English throne. Key to these developments was the new monarch’s Counterblaste to Tobacco (1604), in which James I at once delineated a capacious concept of drunkard as someone who simply liked drinking, rather than became demonstrably drunk, and confirmed the consumption of tobacco and alcohol as an appropriate subject for the burgeoning printed “public sphere.” The article suggests that the separation of drunkard from drunkenness proved very useful for ministers and moralists concerned with the moral and economic consequences of unnecessary and “superfluous” consumption for individuals, households, and communities. Resorting to populist and didactic genres like pamphlets, sermons, dialogues, and treatises, writers ranging from the Calvinist John Downame to the regicide John Cook deployed the category of the drunkard to critique not only English drinking habits but also social and economic practices more generally. In pushing the concept so hard, however, reformers inevitably rubbed against more conventional notions of “civil society” and the sociable practices constituting it.
Nck adaptors at a glance
Authors: Bywaters Briana C. , Rivera Gonzalo M. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) family of adaptors, consisting of Nck1 and Nck2, contributes to selectivity and specificity in the flow of cellular information by recruiting components of signaling networks. Known to play key roles in cytoskeletal remodeling, Nck adaptors modulate host cell–pathogen interactions, immune cell receptor activation, cell adhesion and motility, and intercellular junctions in kidney podocytes. Genetic inactivation of both members of the Nck family results in embryonic lethality; however, viability of mice lacking either one of these adaptors suggests partial functional redundancy. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we highlight the molecular organization and functions of the Nck family, focusing on key interactions and pathways, regulation of cellular processes, development, homeostasis and pathogenesis, as well as emerging and non-redundant functions of Nck1 compared to those of Nck2. This article thus aims to provide a timely perspective on the biology of Nck adaptors and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Performance enhancement of polyurethane foam applied to optical fiber
microphones
Authors: Zhang Lai , Song Qiuheng , Lai Xin , Ma Yixiao , Xiao Qian , Jia Bo 
Published: April 2022

The application of polyurethane foam to optical fiber microphone sensitization is
proposed. In this experiment, the Michelson interference system is
used, and polyurethane foam is coated on the optical fiber of the
signal arm. By changing the optical fiber material of the signal arm
and the reference arm, four sets of comparative experiments are
designed to test the sensitivity of the optical microphone. Through a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) test and a pore size distribution
test, the porous structure and non-closed cell structure
characteristics, pore size range, etc., of the polyurethane foam were
determined. The average sound absorption coefficient of the
polyurethane foam is 0.66 through the sound absorption coefficient and
sound insulation test. The sound absorption
coefficient of each frequency band is above 0.2; the
sound insulation is below 30 dB; and the overall sound insulation
performance is poor, which can be regarded as an ideal sound
absorption material. The sound-absorbing effect of polyurethane foam
is better than that of nylon tight-packed materials in the frequency
range of 500–2800 Hz, and it has a significant sensitization effect in
this frequency band. In the frequency band above 2800 Hz, the
sound-absorbing effect of nylon tight-packed optical fiber is better
than that of polyurethane foam, and the optimal combination is
determined by lateral comparison as signal arm (nylon tight-packed
fiber

+

polyurethane foam)

+

reference arm (bare fiber). Finally,
with different coating thicknesses as variables, the results show that
the optical fiber microphone has the best sound collection effect when
the coating thickness of polyurethane foam is
1.5 cm.
Salaries, degrees, and babies: Trends in fertility by income and education among Japanese men and women born 1943–1975—Analysis of national surveys
Authors: Ghaznavi Cyrus , Sakamoto Haruka , Yamasaki Lisa , Nomura Shuhei , Yoneoka Daisuke , Shibuya Kenji , Ueda Peter 
Published: April 2022

Background
While fertility rates have decreased during the second half of the 20th century in Japan, little is known regarding trends in the number of children that men and women have across birth cohorts and whether these differ by education and income.

Methods
We used data from four rounds of the National Fertility Survey (1992, 2005, 2010 and 2015) and included men and women aged 40–49 years (16728 men and 17628 women). By 5-year birth cohorts, we assessed the distribution of number of children (0, 1, 2 and 3 or more) and total fertility (the mean number of children) at completed fertility (age 45–49 or 40–44 years depending on birth cohort). We assessed trends in these fertility outcomes in men and women separately, and by education (no university education; university education) for men and women and by reported annual income (0 to <3 000 000 JPY; 3 000 000 to <6 000 000 JPY; ≥6 000 000 JPY) for men.

Results
When comparing those born in 1943–1948 with those born in 1971–1975, the proportion with no children had increased from 14.3 to 39.9% for men and from 11.6 to 27.6% for women. This increase coincided with a decrease in the proportions of individuals with 2 or more children. Total fertility had decreased from 1.92 to 1.17 among men and from 1.96 to 1.42 among women. For men, those with a university degree were more likely to have children than those without a university degree in all birth cohorts except 1943–1947. Men with higher income were more likely to have children across birth cohorts. While the proportion who had children had decreased in all income groups, the decrease was steeper among those in the lowest income group. Among women born 1956–1970, those with a university degree were less likely to have children than those without a university degree; this difference was no longer seen among those born 1971–1975. For both men and women, trends in having children and total fertility across birth cohorts did not differ by educational status.

Conclusions
The decline in the total fertility rate in Japan can be attributed to both an increasing proportion of the population who have no children and a lower number of children among those who have children. Men with lower education and income were less likely to have children and the disparity in the number of children that men have by income had increased in more recent birth cohorts. Among women, higher education was associated with lower fertility, although this pattern was no longer observed among those born in 1971–1975.
The efficacy of inflammatory markers in diagnosing infected diabetic foot ulcers and diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sharma Harman , Sharma Sandhli , Krishnan Anirudh , Yuan Daniel , Vangaveti Venkat N. , Malabu Usman H. , Haleagrahara Nagaraja 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundDiabetes foot ulcer (DFU) is a complication of diabetes mellitus. Accurate diagnosis of DFU severity through inflammatory markers will assist in reducing impact on quality of life. We aimed to ascertain the diagnostic test accuracy of commonly used inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and white cell count (WCC) for the diagnosis and differentiation between DFU grades based on the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot classification system.MethodsThis systematic review explored studies that investigated one or more of the above-listed index tests aiding in diagnosing infected DFU. This review was registered on PROSPERO database (ID = CRD42021255618) and searched 5 databases including an assessment of the references of included studies. Records were manually screened as per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A total of 16 studies were included which were assessed for quality using QUADAS-2 tool and meta-analysed using Meta-Disc v1.4.ResultsCRP had the greatest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.893 for diagnosing grade 2 DFU. This returned a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 77.4% (95% CI: 72% to 82%) and 84.3% (95% CI: 79% to 89%) respectively. In terms of diagnosing grade 3 DFU, procalcitonin had the highest AUC value of 0.844 when compared with other markers. The pooled sensitivity of PCT was calculated as 85.5% (95% CI: 79% to 90%) and specificity as 68.9% (95% CI: 63% to 75%).ConclusionCRP and PCT are the best markers for diagnosing grade 2 and grade 3 DFU respectively. Other markers are also valuable when used in conjunction with clinical judgement. The findings accentuate the necessity of further research to establish standardised cut-off values for these inflammatory markers in diagnosing diabetic foot ulcers.
Spectral-domain OCT measurements in obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Salehi Mohammad Amin , Karimi Amirali , Mohammadi Soheil , Arevalo J. Fernando 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundPrevious studies proposed possible applications of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) measurements in prognosticating pathologies observed in overweight/obesity, including ocular, vascular, and neurologic consequences. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the changes in the in SD-OCT measurements of the patients with higher body mass index (BMI) compared to normal weight individuals.Materials and methodsWe conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. The search results underwent two-phase title/abstract and full-text screenings. We then analyzed SD-OCT measurements differences in patients with high BMI and controls, and performed meta-regression, sub-group analysis, quality assessment, and publication bias assessment. The measurements included macular thickness, cup to disc ratio, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and its sub-sectors, RNFL and peripapillary RNFL (pRNFL) and their sub-layers, and choroidal thickness and its sub-sectors.Results19 studies were included in this meta-analysis accounting for 1813 individuals, 989 cases and 824 controls. There was an overall trend towards decreased thickness in high BMI patients, but only two measurements reached statistical significance: temporal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) (Standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.53 to -0.14, p<0.01) and the choroidal region 1.0 mm nasal to fovea (SMD: -0.38, 95% CI: -0.60 to -0.16, p<0.01).ConclusionSome ocular layers are thinner in patients with higher BMI than the controls. These SD-OCT measurements might correlate with adverse events related to increased body weight and have prognostic abilities. As SD-OCT is a robust, rapid and non-invasive tool, future guidelines and studies are needed to evaluate the possibility of their integration into care of the patients with obesity.
Red and white blood cell morphology characterization and hands-on time analysis by the digital cell imaging analyzer DI-60
Authors: Kweon Oh Joo , Lim Yong Kwan , Lee Mi-Kyung , Kim Hye Ryoun 
Published: April 2022

Background
The Sysmex DI-60 digital morphology analyzer is a fully automated, cell-locating image analysis system. This study aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of DI-60.

Methods
A total of 822 peripheral blood smears were used. The diagnostic performance of DI-60 in terms of red blood cell (RBC) morphology characterization, white blood cell (WBC) differentials, and the total assay time including hands-on time was evaluated.

Results
In comparison with manual slide review, DI-60 demonstrated acceptable accuracy in recognizing polychromasia, target cells, and ovalocytes. However, for schistocytes, DI-60 demonstrated low specificity (10.4%) despite the high sensitivity (97.2%). In the precision analysis of RBC morphology characterization, borderline samples harboring specific RBCs showed inconsistencies in the positive results among 20 replicates. Particularly, 6 of 10 samples showed inconsistencies in the precision for schistocytes. For WBC differentials, the overall agreement between pre-classification results and user-verified results was 89.4%. Except for basophils, normal WBCs showed a good correlation between DI-60 (after user verification) and manual counts. The sensitivities in detecting immature granulocytes, blasts, atypical lymphocytes, and normoblasts were 85.9%, 92.0%, 37.5%, and 77.6%, respectively. Although the total assay time of DI-60 was longer than that of manual review, the hands-on time was considerably shorter with a difference of 144.1 s/slide for abnormal samples.

Conclusion
DI-60 demonstrated acceptable performance for normal samples. However, for abnormal WBC differentials and RBC morphology characterization, it should be utilized carefully. DI-60 may contribute to an improvement in laboratory efficiency with increased feasibility.
The influence of perceived environmental friendly-office program regulation and public service motivation on pro-environmental behavior of civil servants with OCBE as intervening variable
Authors: Nugroho Bayu , Setyowati Widhy , Setiyono Taufiq Andre 
Published: April 2022

Environmental problems such as air pollution, global warming and water scarcity pose a threat to environmental sustainability. One of the causes is the administration of public services. To reduce environmental damage, public organizations must support the implementation of activities that are more environmentally friendly and their employees must display pro-environmental behavior. The research was expected to contribute practical ideas in the form of optimal implementation of environmentally friendly office programs, and theoretical contributions because there were still few researches on pro-environmental behavior of public employees. The study examined the influence of Perceptions of Regulations on the Implementation of Environmentally Friendly Office Programs and Public Service Motivation on the Pro-Environmental Behavior of Civil Servants through Organization Citizenship Behavior Toward Environment (OCBE) as Intervening Variables. The research sample was West Semarang KPP Pratama employees who had implemented an environmentally friendly program. The theoretical basis was TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) which had been widely used to test pro-environmental behavior. The results showed that the perception of regulation had no significant effect on pro-environmental behavior. Meanwhile, Public Service Motivation and OCBE had a significant influence. Then OCBE mediated the perception of regulation with pro-environmental behavior fully, and public service motivation partially mediated pro-environmental behavior partially.