bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparable efficacy of denosumab and romosozumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving glucocorticoid administration
Authors: Kobayakawa Tomonori , Miyazaki Akiko , Kanayama Yasuhide , Hirano Yuji , Takahashi Jun , Suzuki Takako , Nakamura Yukio 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Romosozumab is a newly released and widely known molecular-targeted drug for severe osteoporosis treatment with comparable effectiveness to denosumab. However, there have been no reports discussing the efficacy of those treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, especially those receiving glucocorticoids. This retrospective observational registry study compared the efficacy of 12-month treatment of denosumab and romosozumab in RA patients under the influence of glucocorticoid intake.

Methods
Following propensity score matching, 36 patients each in the denosumab and romosozumab groups were analysed in this study. Drug effectiveness was evaluated by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck at baseline, 6 and 12 months as well as alterations in P1NP, TRACP-5b, and simplified disease activity index (SDAI). The occurrence of adverse events and new fractures was also assessed.

Results
At 12 months of treatment, BMD at the lumbar spine was increased by 7.5% in the denosumab group and 8.7% in the romosozumab group, which were both significantly and comparably elevated over baseline. At the total hip and femoral neck, romosozumab tended to exhibit favourable efficacy to increase BMD versus denosumab. Both P1NP and TRACP-5b were significantly lower in the denosumab group as compared with the baseline. Conversely in the romosozumab group, P1NP was increased over baseline, while TRACP-5b was decreased. Regarding SDAI alterations, both the romosozumab and denosumab groups exhibited comparable improvements in RA disease activity over time during treatment. Recorded adverse events and new fractures during treatment were few and minor in both groups.

Conclusions
Romosozumab exhibited comparable efficacy to denosumab for increasing BMD even under the influence of glucocorticoids for treating RA. Both drugs may be therefore suitable for managing osteoporosis in patients with RA and glucocorticoid intake.
Safe surgery for glioblastoma: Recent advances and modern challenges
Authors: Gerritsen Jasper Kees Wim , Broekman Marike Lianne Daphne , De Vleeschouwer Steven , Schucht Philippe , Nahed Brian Vala , Berger Mitchel Stuart , Vincent Arnaud Jean Pierre Edouard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One of the major challenges during glioblastoma surgery is balancing between maximizing extent of resection and preventing neurological deficits. Several surgical techniques and adjuncts have been developed to help identify eloquent areas both preoperatively (fMRI, nTMS, MEG, DTI) and intraoperatively (imaging (ultrasound, iMRI), electrostimulation (mapping), cerebral perfusion measurements (fUS)), and visualization (5-ALA, fluoresceine)). In this review, we give an update of the state-of-the-art management of both primary and recurrent glioblastomas. We will review the latest surgical advances, challenges, and approaches that define the onco-neurosurgical practice in a contemporary setting and give an overview of the current prospective scientific efforts.
Bound states in the continuum based on the total internal reflection of Bloch waves
Authors: Hu Peng , Xie Chongwu , Song Qianju , Chen Ang , Xiang Hong , Han Dezhuan , Zi Jian 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
A photonic-crystal slab can support bound states in the continuum (BICs) that have infinite lifetimes but are embedded into the continuous spectrum of optical modes in free space. The formation of BICs requires a total internal reflection (TIR) condition at both interfaces between the slab and the free space. Here, we show that the TIR of Bloch waves can be directly obtained based on the generalized Fresnel equations proposed. If each of these Bloch waves picks up a phase with integer multiples of 2π for traveling a round trip, light can be perfectly guided in the slab, namely forming a BIC. A BIC solver with low computational complexity and fast convergence speed is developed, which can also work efficiently at high frequencies beyond the diffraction limit where multiple radiation channels exist. Two examples of multi-channel BICs are shown and their topological nature in momentum space is also revealed. Both can be attributed to the coincidence of the topological charges of far-field radiations from different radiation channels. The concept of the generalized TIR and the TIR-based BIC solver developed offer highly effective approaches for explorations of BICs that could have many potential applications in guided-wave optics and enhanced light–matter interactions.
Smokers Increasingly Motivated and Able to Quit as Smoking Prevalence Falls: Umbrella and Systematic Review of Evidence Relevant to the “Hardening Hypothesis,” Considering Transcendence of Manufactured Doubt
Authors: Harris Miranda , Martin Melonie , Yazidjoglou Amelia , Ford Laura , Lucas Robyn M , Newman Eryn , Banks Emily 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The “hardening hypothesis” proposes that as the prevalence of smoking in a population declines, there will be a “hardening” of the remaining smoker population. This review examines the evidence regarding smokers’ motivation, dependence, and quitting behavior as smoking prevalence declines, to assess whether population “hardening” (decreasing propensity to quit) or “softening” (the converse) is occurring.

Methods
MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched to July 2019, using terms related to smoking and hardening, for reviews and large, population-based repeat cross-sectional studies. There were additional searches of reference lists and citations of key research articles. Two reviewers screened half the titles and abstracts each, and two reviewers screened full texts independently using tested criteria. Four reviewers independently and systematically extracted data from eligible publications, with one reviewer per study, checked by another reviewer.

Results
Of 265 titles identified, three reviews and ten repeat cross-sectional studies were included. Reviews concluded that hardening has not occurred among the general smoking population over time. Among repeated cross-sectional studies, five examined motivation, nine examined dependence, five examined hardcore smoking, and two examined quit outcomes. All but one study found a lack of hardening. Most found softening within the smoking population, consistent across hardening indicators, definitions, countries (and tobacco control environments), and time periods examined.

Conclusions
Tobacco control reduces smoking prevalence and fosters a smoking population more amenable to evidence-based interventions. Based on the weight of the available evidence, the “hardening hypothesis” should be rejected and the reality of softening accepted.

Implications
This umbrella review and systematic review provides a critical consideration of evidence from epidemiology and psychology and other fields regarding the “hardening hypothesis”—a persistent myth undermining tobacco control. It reaches the conclusion that the sum-total of the worldwide evidence indicates either “softening” of the smoking population, or a lack of hardening. Hence, tobacco control reduces smoking prevalence and fosters a smoking population more amenable to evidence-based interventions. The review indicates that the time has come to take active steps to combat the myth of hardening and to replace it with the reality of “softening.”
Immediate Hypersensitivity to Fluoroquinolones: &#x2028;A Cohort Assessing Cross-Reactivity
Authors: Azimi Sara F , Mainella Vincent , Jeffres Meghan N 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundFluoroquinolones are the second-most prescribed antimicrobial and are frequently associated with causing hypersensitivity reactions. Existing evidence regarding cross-reactivity of fluoroquinolones is limited, offering clinicians little guidance in understanding the implications of selecting an in-class alternative among patients with histories of allergic reactions to fluoroquinolones. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and/or moxifloxacin among patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to a different fluoroquinolone.MethodsThis retrospective chart review included adult patients with a history of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and/or moxifloxacin and a documented prescription for a different fluoroquinolone. The primary outcome was documentation of a hypersensitivity reaction upon second fluoroquinolone exposure.ResultsA total of 321 cases met inclusion criteria. Of these cases, 2.5% experienced an immediate hypersensitivity reaction after second fluoroquinolone exposure to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and/or moxifloxacin. Within the ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin index allergy cohorts, the frequency of cross-reactivity was 2.5%, 2.0%, and 5.3%, respectively.ConclusionsOur data suggest that patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity reaction to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and/or moxifloxacin are at low risk of experiencing a cross-reaction when exposed to a different fluoroquinolone. Avoidance of all fluoroquinolones in this patient population may not be warranted.
Late Cretaceous Metamorphism and Anatexis of the Gangdese Magmatic Arc, South Tibet: Implications for Thickening and Differentiation of Juvenile Crust
Authors: Ding Huixia , Zhang Zeming , Palin Richard M , Kohn Matthew J , Niu Zhixiang , Chen Yanfei , Qin Shengkai , Jiang Yuanyuan , Li Wentan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMagmatic arcs are the primary sites of growth of post-Archean continental crust; however, the mechanisms and processes for transforming primary arc crust into mature continental crust are subject to disagreement. We conducted a detailed petrologic and geochronological study on mafic and felsic migmatites from the eastern Gangdese magmatic arc, which is typical of continental arcs worldwide. The studied mafic migmatites contain amphibole, garnet, plagioclase, epidote, white mica, quartz, rutile and ilmenite in melanosomes, and plagioclase, garnet, epidote, amphibole, white mica, and quartz in leucosomes. The leucosomes occur as diffuse patches, concordant bands, or concordant and discordant networks and veins in the melanosomes. The migmatites have protolith ages between ~157 and ~86–87 Ma, and metamorphic ages of ~83–87 Ma and underwent high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism at peak P–T conditions of ~850–880°C and 15–17 kbar. Heating, burial, and associated partial melting preceded near-isobaric cooling with residual melt crystallization. Significant melt (&gt;16 wt.%) generated during heating and loading had a granitic composition. Compositional comparison to low-grade meta-gabbros implies that any extracted melt had adakitic affinities (high Sr/Y and highly fractionated REE patterns). The eastern Gangdese magmatic arc experienced crustal thickening during Late Cretaceous late-stage evolution of the arc due to magma loading and tectonic shortening and thrusting of the arc crust. Crustal thickening and chemical differentiation of the Gangdese arc occurred during late subduction of the Neo-Tethys, prior to the India–Asia collision. Metamorphism nearly completely erased all prior igneous mineralogy and mineral chemistry, and consequent partial melting represents a potential source for Late Cretaceous granitoids of the upper arc crust. Although prior studies demonstrate the significance of fractional crystallization, deep-seated metamorphic processes largely drove chemical differentiation to produce mature continental crust in the Gangdese arc during the late Cretaceous.
Small is beautiful: climate-change science as if people mattered
Authors: Rodrigues Regina R , Shepherd Theodore G 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There is a widely accepted gap between the production and use of climate information. It is also widely accepted that at least part of the reason for this situation lies in the challenge of bridging between what may be characterized as ‘‘top-down’’ approaches to climate information on the global scale, and local decision contexts, which necessarily take a ‘‘bottom-up’’ perspective, in which climate change is just one factor among many to consider. We here reflect on the insights provided in a different context—that of economics—by E.F. Schumacher in his celebrated book Small is Beautiful (1973), to see what light they might shed on this challenge, with a focus on climate-change science for adaptation. Schumacher asked how economics might look if it was structured “as if people mattered”. We ask the same question of climate-change science, and find many parallels. One is the need to grapple with the complexity of local situations, which can be addressed by expressing climate knowledge in a conditional form. A second is the importance of simplicity when dealing with deep uncertainty, which can be addressed through the use of physical climate storylines. A third is the need to empower local communities to make sense of their own situation, which can be addressed by developing ‘‘intermediate technologies’’ that build trust and transparency. Much of climate-change science is necessarily big science. We argue that in order to make climate information useable for adaptation, it is also necessary to discover the beauty of smallness.
Are Perineal Massage and Instrument-Assisted Perineal Stretching With Short Protocol Effective for Increasing Pelvic Floor Muscle Extensibility? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cabral Alana Leandro , de Freitas Síssi Sisconeto , Pinto Rogério de Melo Costa , Resende Ana Paula Magalhães , Pereira-Baldon Vanessa Santos 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare (1) the effects of the instrument-assisted perineal stretching technique with different application protocols in combination with perineal massage and (2) the effects of the isolated techniques on the extensibility and strength of the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs).MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial with parallel randomization, assessor blinding, and concealed allocation was conducted in the Campus Physical Education at the Federal University of Uberlândia in Brazil. Ninety-six pregnant women (18–40 years of age) were allocated into 4 groups: perineal massage (PnM) group (PnM protocol for 10 minutes); instrument-assisted perineal stretching with a long static protocol for 15 minutes [IStrLS group]); PnM + IStrLS group (both techniques applied in the 2 previous groups); and PnM + IStrSR group (the same techniques as used in the PnM + IStrLS group but with a short repeated protocol; 4 sets lasting 30 seconds each). Eight interventions were performed in all 4 groups twice weekly (beginning at the 34th gestational week). The primary outcome was PFM extensibility, assessed using vaginal dilator circumference, and the secondary outcome was PFM strength, assessed using vaginal manometry.ResultsFor the PFM extensibility variable, a significant main effect of time (F2,88 = 87.951) and group (F3,88 = 7.193) was found. Tukey post hoc test results showed that the PnM + IStrSR group presented greater extensibility than the PnM and IStrLS groups. The PnM group showed increased PFM strength after 8 sessions compared with the other groups.ConclusionsWomen who were pregnant and received the combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching with short repeated application had a greater increase in PFM extensibility than perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching alone.ImpactThe combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching techniques with a short, repeated protocol led to better PFM extensibility results than the application of the techniques alone in women who were pregnant.Lay summaryPregnant women can benefit from intervention using the combination of perineal massage and instrument-assisted perineal stretching techniques with a short, repeated protocol.
DESIGN, COMMISSIONING AND OPERATION OF PROGRAMMABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR PET-CT: AN OPTIMIZED APPROACH TO PROTECT PERSONNEL AND ENVIRONMENT IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE FACILITIES
Authors: Elashmawy Mostafa M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nuclear medicine facilities are considered one of the most important practices associated with potential radiological risks to personnel and the environment due to the significant amounts of solid and liquid radioactive waste generated from these facilities. Whenever possible and applicable, the licensee shall apply the most up-to-date technological advances to ensure that such radioactive waste is safely discharged to the public sewage. To date, there is no specific technical safety requirement endorsed by regulatory body in Egypt regarding drainage system design for nuclear medicine facilities. This paper discusses the design, commissioning and operation of a programmable drainage system in a Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET-CT) unit for collecting and draining sewage contaminated with the radioactive isotope 18F. The system operates automatically without the need for human intervention. The system has been tested using clean water and found to be working efficiently in accordance with the design parameters. The proposed system concept can be applied in other nuclear medicine facilities after scaling it up/down according to all radionuclides in use and the expected volume of associated radioactive waste. Based on the system’s demonstrated performance, regulatory bodies are highly recommended to embrace such approach as a safety requirement to assist the licensees in complying with the safety standards during the planning and construction of PET-CT facilities.
Birth of the Russian Patient: Somatic Modes of Attention and the Embodied Self in a Mid-Eighteenth-Century Russian Diary
Authors: Pirogovskaya Maria 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Research into the history of doctor–patient relations or into the sick person’s perspective on treatment and prophylaxis never ceases to enrich or even undermine existing theoretical approaches to the experience of illness. Ego-documents created by ‘sick-men’ in early modern Europe demonstrate complex patient behaviour that resembled neither the active ‘patient–consumer’ of the post-war period nor the ideal type of the passive ‘patient–sufferer’ of the nineteenth century. This article contributes to the scholarly discussion on illness experience, the history of the body and subjectivity by analysing unique eighteenth-century sources from the Russian archives. A comparative analysis of the self-account of a sick-person during the early period of the dissemination of learned medicine in imperial Russia reveals both expertise and personal reflection, and the role both ego-documents and printed calendars play in shaping self-observation skills.
An explorative digital tool as a pathway to meaning: the case of the inflection point
Authors: Kouropatov Anatoli , Ovodenko Regina 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe learning of calculus concepts is considered challenging for students. This claim is actual for calculus in general and for specific concepts in particular. In this paper, we focus on the concept of the inflection point. We argue that one of the roots of this problem is the lack of a useful and productive meaning of the concept—the understanding of the inflection point as the point where the behaviour of a curve (graph of function) changes in relation to the tangent line. With the purpose of helping students to construct this meaning we developed a specific digital tool: a teaching unit based on the interactive diagrams framework. Does this tool help students to achieve this meaning (i.e., to construct and consolidate new knowledge)? To answer this question, we conducted an empirical feasibility experiment (in the form of a case study with two first-year students from the Industrial Engineering College) and analysed the gathered data using the framework of abstraction in context as the theoretical and methodological basis. Our findings show that the designed tool (the interactive digital teaching unit) has potential for helping students to make the above-mentioned meaning for this mathematical concept and can serve as a useful basis to continue the investigation of designing tools that support the meaning-making of advanced mathematical concepts.
Critical Care in Obstetrics: A Strategy for Addressing Maternal Mortality
Authors: Padilla C. , Markwei M. , Easter S.R. , Fox K.A. , Shamshirsaz A.A. , Foley M.R. 
Published: March 2022

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:567–573)
Given a 200% increase from 1993 to 2014 of severe maternal morbidity, it is imperative to look for mechanisms to decrease risk and possible associated maternal deaths. For the estimated 1 to 3 percent of all obstetrical patients who require intensive care unit (ICU) level care, best outcomes are achieved when a collaborative care model utilizing intensivists and maternal fetal medicine (MFM) specialists is possible. However, with an increasingly more complicated obstetrical population and no concomitant rise in MFM specialists there is an important role for broadening the skill sets for health care providers and resources for facilities that are lacking in advanced care. The authors suggest that using evidence-based tools for patient risk stratification, rapid diagnosis of life-threatening conditions, access to consultation by critical care specialists and better education regarding critical care for all obstetrical providers would lead to less maternal morbidity and mortality. The focus of the authors’ clinical opinion was to evaluate the best screening tools for high risk obstetrical patients as well as advocating for more critical care resource accessibility on Labor and Delivery.
Liver and Biliary Disease of Pregnancy and Anesthetic Implications: A Review
Authors: Hansen J.D. , Perri R.E. , Riess M.L. 
Published: March 2022

(Anesth Analg. 2021;133:80–92)
Liver and biliary diseases complicate approximately 3% of pregnancies and influence anesthesia care. This review aims to help clinicians identify and treat liver dysfunction in parturients; review disease processes and their differential diagnoses in the context of pregnancy; and highlight the effects of liver and biliary disease on anesthetic care of parturients.
mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines in Pregnant Women
Authors: Riley L.E. 
Published: March 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2342–2343)
Pregnant women were not included in initial trials for the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), but were among the first persons eligible to receive the vaccines under an Emergency Use Authorization.
Pregnant Women With Substance Use Disorders: The Harm Associated With Punitive Approaches
Authors: Haffajee R.L. , Faherty L.J. , Zivin K. 
Published: March 2022

(N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2364–2367)
In the United States, a plan has been issued to reduce maternal mortality. An estimated 8.2% of pregnancy-related deaths involve substance use disorders (SUDs), as reported in a 2017 study. Between 2006 and 2017, the proportion of pregnancies in women with SUDs rose from 3.6% to 7.4%.
Evidence From New York: Perinatal Insurance Expansions as a Lever to Address Maternal Morbidity
Authors: Admon L.K. , Daw J.R. 
Published: March 2022

(Anesth Analg. 2021;133:338–339)
Severe maternal morbidity (SMM), which has been increasing in the United States, is an unexpected labor complication that can cause devastating maternal and neonatal outcomes. SMM especially impacts low-income and racial/ethnic groups. A study by Guglielminotti et al found the 2014 New York State Medicaid expansion was significantly associated with decreased SMM, especially for low-income women.