bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2016 SIAC Rules: A State-of-the-Art Rules Revision Ensuring an even more Efficient Process
Authors: Boog Christopher 
Published: April 2022

The sixth edition of the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (the “2016 SIAC Rules”) came into force on 1 August 2016. This article highlights the main amendments and innovations introduced by the 2016 SIAC Rules. The first part of the article outlines the background and main purpose of the revision. It then addresses the new provisions on joinder, consolidation and multiple contracts and compares them to similar provisions in other sets of institutional rules. It then turns to one of the major innovations of the 2016 Rules, a newly introduced mechanism for the early dismissal of claims and defences, and elaborates the changes made to improve the pre-existing provisions on the expedited and emergency arbitrator procedures. The article also touches upon changes of minor importance which nonetheless improve the overall arbitral process. Finally, it includes a brief introduction to the draft Investment Arbitration Rules, which combine the features of commercial and investment arbitration as well as a reminder of the SIAC-SIMAC Arb-Med-Arb procedure. With the adoption of the 2016 SIAC Rules, SIAC has brought its Rules in line with the most prominent sets of international arbitration rules and consolidates its position as one of the world's leading international arbitration centre.
The application of EU law by arbitral tribunals seated in Switzerland
Authors: Bieri Sandra de Vito 
Published: April 2022

Arbitral tribunals with seat in Switzerland are required to apply EU law under various conditions: It seems fairly clear that the arbitral tribunal needs to apply EU law, if the parties have chosen the law of an EU member state as lex causae, as EU law forms in this case part of the chosen law. The same applies when the parties have forgone to make a choice of law and the closest connection test results in the application of the law of an EU member state. In case the parties have chosen a third state’s law as lex causae, the arbitral tribunal needs to consider EU law, if a party invokes its application. Last, the arbitral tribunal may in some instances apply EU law ex officio, even if none of the parties have invoked the application of EU law. Although the arbitral tribunal may be required to apply EU law, the failure to apply or the wrong application of EU law does not necessarily result in setting aside of the award by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court. The failure to apply or the wrong application of EU law does not violate public policy. Hence, a challenge of the arbitral award based on art. 190 (2) e PILA will be unsuccessful. This holds also true if the arbitral tribunal decides not to apply EU competition law, as the Swiss Federal Supreme Court does not consider EU competition law part of public policy. The failure to apply EU law by the arbitral tribunal will only then result in a successful challenge of the arbitral award based on art. 190 (2) b PILA, if the arbitral tribunal found that EU law would be applicable to the dispute but denies its jurisdiction to decide the EU law issue.
Objective scope of res judicata of arbitral awards  Is there room for discretion?
Authors: Zaugg Niklaus 
Published: April 2022

In its landmark decision DFT 141 III 229 – also known as the “US law firm decision” –, the Swiss Federal Tribunal confirmed its previously established doctrine on the controlled transfer of a foreign award’s effects (“Kontrollierte Wirkungsübernahme”) when determining the objective scope of res judicata of a foreign arbitral award. The concept implies that the binding effect of a foreign award cannot go beyond the determinations contained in its operative (or dispositive) part. Such narrow approach to res judicata has been criticised by various authors. It is considered inappropriate in the context of international arbitration because arbitrating parties ordinarily wish to have their disputes resolved in a comprehensive manner. Given the lack of any pertinent and authoritative transnational principles, it is further argued that arbitral tribunals should be vested with the power to discretionarily determine the scope of res judicata of a previous award. In doing so, arbitral tribunals are expected to notably take into account the legal traditions and the parties’ expectations involved in a specific arbitration. It is suggested by the author of this article that an arbitral tribunal’s entitlement to discretionarily determine the objective scope of res judicata of a previous award not only conflicts with the provisions of the Swiss lex arbitri but also with the parties’ need for legal certainty and, as the case may be, their interest to have certain aspects of a dispute omitted from a final adjudication. The legitimate interest of parties in having a dispute settled in a comprehensive manner should be addressed by enabling them to flexibly decide what aspects of a dispute they wish to submit to a final adjudication, and at what point in time. The respective intentions of the parties should be communicated to the arbitral tribunal by filing or abstaining from filing corresponding applications for prejudicial declaratory relief.
Challenges of Swiss Arbitral Awards. Updated Statistical Data as of 2017
Authors: Dasser Felix , Wójtowicz Piotr 
Published: April 2022

This article updates and extends previously published statistical data of challenges of international arbitral awards under Article 190(2) PILA (current database: 1989 through 2017). Additionally, it updates and extends data on requests for the revision of international arbitral awards (1989 through 2017) and challenges of domestic arbitral awards pursuant to Article 389 et seq. CCP (2011 through 2017). Under Article 190(2) PILA, 74 decisions have been rendered in 2016 and 2017. The tally of challenges amounts to 576 decisions. The percentage of successful challenges in non-sports (mainly commercial) arbitration remains at around 7%. The data now also suggest a chance of approx. 7% for sports arbitration. The median duration of the procedure before the Federal Court is roughly 6 months, while it has been slightly declining again for the past two years. Since 1992, the Federal Court has published 27 decisions on requests for revision of international awards. Thus far, three requests have been successful. The duration is a tad shorter than the one of challenges. Finally, 79 decisions in domestic arbitration under Article 393(a)-(f) CCP have been issued to date. 18% of the decisions concerned employment matters. The chance of success of a challenge amounts to 19%. That fairly high number is largely due to successful challenges based on arbitrariness, a ground for challenge that is only available in domestic arbitration proceedings. As of 2017, the median duration of domestic setting aside proceedings amounts to roughly 5 months.
Noch einmal das Rücktrittsrecht des Schiedsrichters: Zurück zum receptum arbitri, und sodann Rezepte gegen die Untat böser Buben
Authors: Bucher Eugen 
Published: April 2022

In issue 1/2002 of the ASA Bulletin, Bernhard Berger took on the issue of arbitrators stepping down during the proceedings. Eugen Bucher revisits the problems based on a new decision of the Swiss Federal Tribunal. Bucher compares this case with the Tribunal’s earlier decision (Milutinovic), where an award was set aside on the grounds that one of the arbitrators resigned and had not been replaced.
In Bucher’s view, the contract between the parties and the arbitrators is not a mandate but a contract of its own, i.e., the receptum arbitri. Based on the Roman law tradition, the author contends that arbitrators, except in the case of serious illness, have no right to resign.
Inhibitive Bacterial MTT Assay for River Monitoring of Heavy Metals
Authors: Ahmad Fazuriana , Halmi Mohd Izuan Effendi , Gunasekaran Baskaran , Johari Wan Lutfi Wan , Shukor Mohd Yunus , Syed Mohd Arif 
Published: April 2022

An inhibitive assay for metals using a MTT-bacterium assay system is presented. The assay is based on the ability of respiring bacteria to reduce the tetrazolium dye MTT. Out of the 13 metals screened, silver, mercury and copper exhibit strong inhibition to bacterial respiratory activity. The calculated IC50s for silver, mercury and copper were 0.068, 0.092 and 0.517 mg/L, respectively. The IC50 values obtained for these heavy metals are comparable and in certain cases lower than existing bioassay methods such as Daphnia magna, rainbow trout, Microtoxâ„¢ and papain assays. Works on real water samples from several rivers in Malaysia using the MTTâ€“bacterium assay showed positive correlation with instrumental method (ICP-OES) in detecting heavy metals. The bacterium was tentatively identified as S. marcescens strain Dr.YS8 based on carbon utilization profiles using Biolog GN plates and partial 16s rDNA molecular phylogeny. The system could be used to biomonitor heavy metals extensively in Malaysian waters.
Acute Effect of Copper on Puntius javanicus Survival and a Current Opinion for Future Biomarker Development
Authors: Sabullah Mohd Khalizan , Ahmad Siti Aqlima , Jirangon Husain , Gansau Azlan Jualang , Sulaiman Mohd Rosni 
Published: April 2022

Puntius javanicus experimental groups were exposed with to different concentration of copper (II) sulfate for 96 hours. Their mortality was recorded to determine LC50 value of copper concentration based on arithmetic, logarithmic and probit graphic analyses. The results obtained from these three mathematical analyses were 11.37Â±0.58, 11.01Â±0.73 and 10.68 mg/L, respectively. From the present study, we suggested that in the future, the range of 0 to 5.0 mg/L can be used to study the effect of copper concentration on fish activity at biochemical andphysiological levels. Based on probit analysis, this maximum range is lower than LC10 value i.e. 6.11 mg/L. Therefore, it can be positively hypothesised that there would be no mortality occur except for several symptoms of adverse effects beyond of 5.0 mg/L treatment.
Antibacterials and phytochemicals investigations of Chromolaenaodorata (L.F.) King and Robinson (asteraceae) from Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Jualang A.G. , Azlinah M. , Lee P.C. , How S.E. 
Published: April 2022

Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical constituents in leaf extract of Chromolaenaodorata was evaluated in this study. C. odorataleaves were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction by using methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, buthanol and water. All extract partitions were tested for antibacterial activity against five Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. Crude methanolic extract (CME), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and chloroform extract (CE) showed good antibacterial properties against the tested bacterial strains. However, only the CE was further separated using silica column chromatography. About 10 semi purified fractions was obtained and fraction 2 (F2) showed consistent inhibitory zones against all bacterial tested. Phytochemical investigations on the extract partitions and fractions showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins and triterpenoids. Fraction F2 was subjected to GC-MS analysis to characterised the bioactive compounds. The GC-MS spectral data has identified 10 major compounds which are hexachloro-ethane, n-nonylaldehyde, methyl-4-oxooctanoate, longiverbenone, 2-butenal,2-methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl), neophytadiene, phytol, dihydro-neoclovene, 2,6-ditert-butylquinone and aromadendrene
Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Î²-lactamase-producing Bacteria from Selected Hospital Contact Surfaces
Authors: Garba Lawal , Chiroma Nune M. , Justine Jessica , Yusuf I. , Inuwa A.B. , Idris Abdulrahman 
Published: April 2022

Community and hospital acquired infections caused by drug resistant organisms especially the extended spectrum Î²-lactamase producers among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have been on a global increase. Such infections could lead to an increased healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. The Extended Spectrum Î²-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria to inactivate group of Î²-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and its derivatives as well as broad spectrum cephalosporins including monobactams. The enzymes have been the key source of multidrug resistance among many Gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies conducted on Extended Spectrum Î²-lactamase (ESÎ²L) in Gombe Specialist Hospital focused more attention on the occurrence of the ESÎ²L producing bacteria in clinical samples. This study aimed at phenotypic detection of ESÎ²L producing bacteria from some selected contact surfaces in the same hospital for the first time to the best of our knowledge. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected from contact surfaces such as door handles, wheelchairs, ATM machines etc. using sterile swab sticks. The samples were cultured on nutrient and MacConkey agar plates to isolate bacterial contaminants. The bacterial isolates were identified using standard procedures. Gram negative isolates were screened for the potential ESÎ²L producers using CLSI breakpoint and phenotypically confirmed using double disc synergy test (DDST). The results obtained confirmed high ESÎ²L producers among E. coli with 20 (44.40%) followed by K. pneumoniae with 15 (33.30%) and then P. mirabilis having the least confirmed isolates. In conclusion, the ESÎ²L producers detected from the contact surfaces suggest the adoption of more personal and environmental hygiene practices to limit the spread of drug resistant organisms and possible outbreak of nosocomial infections.
Identification of methane-producing bacteria from palm oil mill sludge (POMS) with solid cud from ruminant stomach
Authors: C. S. W Chan, , Lau S. , Husaini A.A. S. , Zulkharnain A. , Apun K. , Bilung L. M. , Vincent Mickey 
Published: April 2022

Biological generation in anaerobic environments such as enteric fermentation and anaerobic waste treatment from agriculture sector are the major contributor of methane gas which has the potential as biogas. The aimed of this study was to identify methane-producing bacteria in anaerobic vessel which contained a mixture of Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS) and solid cud taken from the first compartment of cowâ€™s stomach (1:2 and 2:1 ratio) as co-mixture. The co-mixture was incubated at 50 Â°C in a 2 L vessel with initial starter of 400 ml and sampling was conducted every 4 weeks interval during 12 weeks of incubation. For specific detection of methanogens, 16S rRNA-cloning analysis was carried out. Methanobrevibacter sp. and Methanosaeta sp. were confirmed to be presence within the 2:1 ratio of co-mixture while only Methanobrevibacter sp. was found in 1:2 ratio of co-mixture on both Week 0 and Week 4. No methanogens were detected for both co-mixtures on Week 8 and Week 12.Â Â
Beyond anticoagulant: Heparin as a potential anti-cancer agent
Authors: Lokwani Ravi , Azmi Nina Suhaity , Mohd Yusoff Mashitah , Ichwan Solachuddin Jauhari Arief 
Published: April 2022

Heparin has been in the market since the last six decades due to its potential anticoagulantÂ property. The mechanism of its anti-coagulation effect is well established. Along with itsÂ anticoagulant activity the other activity that is gathering a lot of importance now-a-days is itsÂ ability to arrest the progression of tumors specially some solid forms of tumors such as small cellÂ lung carcinoma and pancreatic tumors. The chemically modified and light molecular weightÂ fractions of heparin have been found to be more active in countering tumor progression. In thisÂ review we discuss a brief history of this versatile biomolecule with its clinical data andÂ postulated mechanism of action as per recent studies. This review also highlighted the approachÂ of heparin-conjugated nanoparticles to achieve targeted drug delivery with synergistic responseÂ in tumor cells.
Optimization of monoclonal antibodies purification expressed in H-192 cells using preparative native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Krishnan Santhana , Abdul Wahid Zularisam , Gek Kee Chua Yeo , Few Nee Chew , Abdul Munaim Mimi Sakinah 
Published: April 2022

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are unique and specific drug molecules targeting the treatment ofÂ various diseases such as arthritis, immune disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer etc.Â Different methods such as antibody coupled affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interactionÂ chromatography, etc., can be applied to purify mAbs from various sources. This article providesÂ a simple, cost effective, preparative native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (n-PAGE)technique to purify mAbs expressed in H-192 cells (Hybridoma murine cell lines) against anÂ antigen i.e. 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), which further can have diagnosticÂ application to detect Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Furthermore, different parametersÂ such as concentration and volume of the feedstock (medium containing antibodies), pore size ofÂ gel, height of resolving gel etc. were optimized to obtain the maximum purity and yield of mAbs.
Rapid ecotoxicological tests using bioassay systems - a review
Authors: Halmi Mohd Izuan Effendi 
Published: April 2022

Â The rise in pollution cases globally is expected to increase in line with industrialization. Monitoring activities for pollutants have been hampered by the astronomical costs of instrumental-based approach. This has resulted in the intense research on low cost biomonitoring systems using enzymes, organisms including microorganisms. Only positive samples are sent for instrumental analysis; dramatically cutting the cost of instrumental analysis. This review attempts to outline and give due recognition to several selected bioassay systems that have been tested for their applicability using polluted water samples as a routine first line-of-defense. This includes small aquatic organisms-based assays, enzymes especially proteases and bacterial-based systems using respiratory dye or luminescence systems as a method for toxicant detection.
Speed Control Applying Hysteresis Current Combining Sine Pulse Width Modulation for Induction Motor Drive
Authors: Tran Minh , Tran Cuong Dinh , Dinh Bach Hoang , Phan Tai Thanh , Nguyen Trang Huynh-Cong , Nguyen Huy Truong , Lai Giang Thi-Tuyet , Phan Huy Xuan 
Published: April 2022

An enhanced technique combining hysteresis current (HC) and sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) for generating the switching pulse to the inverter is proposed for speed control based on a rotor field-oriented control (RFOC) strategy in the induction motor drive. HC method is a simple and robust control method, it has a fast response in speed control, but the rotor speed and the stator current have high ripple. SPWM method, a popular method in triangular carrier wave modulation methods, has high precision in controlling the speed and torque of the motor; however, the high overshoot of the speed response in the transient phase is the weakness of this method. In this paper, a combined method of the above two methods, called hysteresis current-sine pulse width modulation (HCSPWM), is proposed for motor speed control. The simulations are implemented at various speed ranges in MatLab/Simulink environment. The simulation results have proved that the proposed method has a lower overshoot than the SPWM method in the transient-state and a lower ripple than the HC method in the steady-state in the same operating condition.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek (PJBL) Integrasi Strategi Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) terhadap Motivasi Siswa Pada Materi Perubahan Lingkungan Di SMAN 11 Pinrang
Authors: Ainurridho Muhammad - 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Project-Based Learning berbasis strategi motivasional ARCS terhadap motivasi peserta didik pada materi perubahan lingkungan kelas X SMA Negeri 11 Kabupaten Pinrang. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian ekserimen semu (quasi eksperimen) yang melibatkan dua kelompok dimana salah satu berperan sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan yang lain sebagai kelompok kontrol dengan desain penelitian Matching pretest-postest comparison group design. Sampel penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas X MIA 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X MIA 1 sebagai kelas kontrol yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling dengan mengambil nilai kognitif semester sebelumnya (diambil dari nilai rapor) dan dilihat kesetaraannya melalui uji-F Anova satu jalur dengan nilai signifikansi 0,275 dengan kesimpulan kelas yang dilakukan penelitian setara dalam hal kognisi . Jenis instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah angket Motivasi. Tes hasil belajar digunakan sebagai data pendukung untuk membuktikan korelasi atau hubungan antara motivasi peserta didik dengan hasil belajar yang telah mereka peroleh. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan minat dan hasil belajar sedangkan statistik inferensial untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian yang dilakukan dengan analisis kovarian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran PJBL berbasis strategi motivasional ARCS terhadap motivasi siswa SMAN 11 Pinrang.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA POWERPOINT BERBASIS GEOGEBRA PADA POKOK BAHASAN TEOREMA PYTHAGORAS
Authors: Safinah Nur , Nurfalah Edy 
Published: April 2022

Hasil penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui validitas pengembangan media pembelajaran Power Point berbasis GeoGebra pada pokok bahasan teorema Pythagoras untuk siswa SMP. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan research and development. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan research and development. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah model pengembangan 4-D Thiagarajan yang mana terbagi menjadi 4 tahap yaitu tahap Pendefinisian (Define), tahap Perancangan (Design), tahap pengembangan (Develop), dan tahap Penyebaran (Disseminate). Pada penelitian ini tahap penyebaran (Disseminate) tidak dapat dilakukan dikarenakan keterbatasan penelitian yaitu adanya pandemi COVID-19. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa lembar validasi ahli materi serta ahli media. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif. Pada hasil analisis data diperoleh skor rata-rata kevalidan atau kelayakan materi 84,44% dengan kategori sangat baik serta skor rata-rata kevalidan atau kelayakan media 86,90% dengan kategori sangat baik. Disimpulkan bahwa hasil uji validasi media pembelajaran PowerPoint berbasis GeoGebra pada pokok bahasan teorema Pythagoras untuk siswa SMP sangat baik digunakan dalam pembelajaran di sekolah.