bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political Agency of Young People
Authors: Gash Alison L. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on young people as leaders, advocating for their own interests. It charts the many moments throughout history when young people have charted their own course—and have transformed policies and institutions. The chapter tells the story of young heroes like Diane Nash who faced death while leading scores of other students to dismantle Southern racial apartheid and the Dreamers who challenged President Obama and, later, Donald Trump while risking deportation. It introduces climate change activists who organized international protests on the bus ride to school and the March for Our Lives leaders who led millions in protest—while being vilified by public officials—as well as the young Black Lives Matter heroes whose words and actions catalyzed a nation and the transgender students who faced verbal and physical attacks while demanding decency and policy reform. Finally, the chapter considers the multitudes of other young people who used their passion and command of social media to transform the practice of politics.
Centering Children in Democratic Politics
Authors: Gash Alison L. , Tichenor Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings together the discussions in previous chapters and highlights the centrality of young people in democratic politics, despite the lack of attention paid to them. Beginning with the politics of control—when, how, and why children are governed—moving on to the use of children as symbols or tools in democratic politics, through their mobilization as activists, the chapter shows that young people are part of politics. It also examines age or childhood status as a key category of difference that, combined with gender, race, class, immigration status, or sexual orientation, results in extensive systems of inequality. The chapter concludes by analyzing the critical space that children occupy between being political dependents and becoming full citizens, exploring their roles as consequential stakeholders, catalysts, and agents of political reform.
Islamic Ethics
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Islamic Ethics introduces the centrality of ethics as the most critical subject in directing the religious-social practice of the Muslim community. It introduces the field of ethics by reinvestigating the Islamic juridical heritage in the classical sources and their application in the contemporary Muslim societies. Until now, Islamic ethics has been studied as part of the philosophical discourse that has been greatly influenced by the Greek ethical tradition traced back to Aristotle. This study marks the departure from that Orientalist approach to uncover the path followed by Muslim legal scholars in the development of the juridical methodology to derive the Shari‘a. The juridical methodology is deeply rooted in Islamic textual sources—the Qur’an and the Sunna (Tradition)—and the scholarly appraisal of these sources. Islamic texts are imbued with moral principles that have guided the religious-moral practice (the orthopraxy) in all its private and public facets to provide reliable practice for the organization of the community and its institutions. The important finding of the present study underscores the close working relationship between religious and secular in Islamic ethics, simply because of the integrated nature of God’s rights and human rights in juridical theology. The study demonstrates the need to go beyond philosophical ethics to underscore the importance of ethics to the formulation of religious-moral procedures based on reason and revelation in Muslim interpretive jurisprudence.
The Genesis of Moral Reasoning in Religious Ethics
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes up the origins of legal-moral reasoning that became an indispensable part of formulating the deontological ethics of Islamic juridical tradition. The idea that obedience to the divine law was the path that all believers needed to undertake was firmly extracted from direct commandments of the Qur’an elaborated by the Tradition. Hence, the scriptural guidance in Islam connected the ultimate salvation to adherence to the orthopraxy. Muslims were not only obligated to discover God’s will in acts of obedience; they were also required to extrapolate the juridical ethics that guaranteed the discovering of the path to salvation for all those who performed righteous acts. The scope of interpretive jurisprudence was to provide methodological procedures to ascertain the reliability of orthopraxy derived from revelatory sources like the Qur’an and the Tradition. The chapter traces the evolution of legal-ethical reasoning.
The Ethics of the Aura
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Jürgen Habermas’s discursive theory of solidarity by identifying and critiquing its central thesis: the “linguistification of the sacred.” Whereas Max Weber famously thought that rational modernity enfeebles solidarity, Habermas argues that reasoned deliberation inherits “the aura,” a quality of religion’s socially binding power. Habermas’ stress on language, the chapter argues, is partly justified: Shared discourse does get us some of the way to solidarity. Yet by tracing the sources of Habermas’s “linguistification of the sacred” to Émile Durkheim’s sociology of religion and Walter Benjamin’s theory of language, the chapter shows that Habermas’ rational program for solidarity falls short in one crucial respect. While shared discourse cultivates a basic tolerance of others, it lacks the power to transport us beyond our narrow interests. Nonrational and prelinguistic aspects of our psychology—remainders of religious forms of experience—continue to be decisive. European philosophy’s aspiration to achieve a rational solidarity via secularization remains unrealized.
Solidarity in a Secular Age
Authors: Lesch Charles H.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
What does it feel like for an ordinary person to show solidarity with others? How does he experience his self’s passage through sacrifice, fate, and destiny? And can he do so without the shelter of a pristine ideal, in a world marked by complexity and contradiction? Philosophy—dedicated to abstraction and logical consistency—cannot fully answer these questions. Perhaps literature can. George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda offers readers an array of moral types: Mirah Lapidoth, a young girl whose vulnerability awakens Deronda’s moral energies; Mordechai Cohen, a prophetic figure who gives those energies a definite shape; Lord Grandcourt, a domineering antiethicist; and Gwendolen Harleth, an unformed ego at the crossroads between selfishness and altruism. Its special quality is to reveal how concepts are worked out in practice, how ethical ideals respond not to thought-experiments but a real world suffused by power. And it is Eliot’s careful orchestration of these tensions that makes Deronda an ideal study in how we might achieve solidarity in a secular age.
China’s First Two Cycles
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes 1989 as a bad year for China as the Tiananmen Square incident left a scar on the soul of the country. It talks about the image of “tank man,” a loan protestor standing in the path of a phalanx of armored vehicles, that seared into the global consciousness. It also explores how the incident with the tank man was considered the closest reform-era China came to regime collapse. The chapter recounts how China suffered something close to a financial crisis and economic hard landing in 1998. It mentions Guangdong International Trust and Investment Company, which had used its government backing to raise funds from investors at home and abroad and had collapsed under $4.3 billion in debt, the money squandered on real estate, hotels, and securities trading.
This Time Is Different?
Authors: Orlik Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter mentions Liu He, chief economic advisor to President Xi Jinping, who delved into the history of the great depression of the 1930s and the great financial crisis of 2008 to predict what changes may happen in the future by understanding past events. It talks about how Liu and members of his team that were plucked from the elite of China’s financial policy makers examined past financial crisis for clues on how to avoid a repeat. It also recounts multiple mini-bubbles in China that started with hopes for a game-changing innovative and ended in disaster for investors. The chapter cites the stock market boom and bust in 2015 as a recent example, which started with the promise of an influx of funds from Hong Kong. It covers the peer-to-peer lending bubble, with tiny one-man, one-lap top, one-ash tray operations that promise to use leading-edge artificial intelligence to eliminate defaults.
Introduction
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Introduction discusses connections between historically informed performance and performance material. For decades, there has been an intricate relationship between the early music revival and musicological study: despite the mutual suspicion, early music performers have been enjoying supplies of newly-rediscovered repertoire, musicologists were receiving public recognition. The chapter describes three skills—transcribing, editing, and arranging—that may help in finding one’s own artistic voice. Performers are encouraged to combine scholarly responsibility with relation to the use of historical sources on the one hand, and creative initiative on the other hand. The chapter examines two opposite approaches to the historically informed performance—interference and non-interference.
“The ear must be chief umpire” (Intuition and Critical Editing)
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the advantages and the disadvantages of using intuition to resolve textual problems in a musical source. It focuses on the common problems of missing accidentals and redundant accidentals—a problem that preoccupies modern performs as it did performers already in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The chapter encourages performers to distinguish between cases where intuition offers a useful guide to solving textual problems, and cases where the use of intuition goes against the very essence of a historically informed approach. The case studies, taken from the works of Henry Purcell, range from the occasional occurrence of false relations in cadential context to the extreme chromaticism of Purcell’s fantasias.
Historically Informed Arrangement
Authors: Schab Alon 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter considers the creative task of arrangement, and alerts readers to those levels of the composition that the performer must re-examine for the potential implications to the arrangement process. It shows how generic and instrumental idioms affect the musical source text, presents analyses of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century arrangements, and examines the apparent priorities of and the techniques used by arrangers from that period—omission and addition of parts, change of scoring and elaboration of polyphonic texture. The insight from these original arrangements is then implemented and demonstrated in a process of arranging extensive excerpts from works by Sweelinck, Van Eyck, Bach, and Huwet.
Political Theologies of Justice
Authors: Puett Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is a comparative exploration of some of the major philosophical and religious views concerning meritocracy that have flourished in Eurasia and the varying ways these views have been put into the practice. The primary point of departure for the comparisons are the political theologies of meritocracy that arose in China. I explore when and why these political theologies arose and trace the roles they played in later Chinese history. From this point of departure, I draw comparisons with the views of meritocracy that arose elsewhere in Eurasia. My goal throughout is to trace the implications of these different political theologies for the history of Eurasia.
Merit in the Mirror of Democracy
Authors: Varshney Ashutosh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Can democracy and meritocracy be joined together, or is their relationship marked by an underlying tension? Since independence (1947), this question has been sharply posed in India. India opted for a universal-franchise democracy, but it also instituted a variety of affirmative action for the lower Hindu castes, covering political representation, public employment, and education. Given the deep-seated inequities of the caste system, meritocracy in India came to be equated with the maintenance of a historically inherited domination of upper castes and the persistence of a historically forced subjection of lower castes. Meritocracy was thus manifestly in tension with democracy, not the least because the lower castes were numerically many times larger than the upper castes and, using universal franchise, would before long come to exercise greater voting power. Merit could not easily be separated from inherited privilege, which India’s democracy has continued to attack.
The National College Entrance Examination and the Myth of Meritocracy in Post-Mao China
Authors: Howlett Zachary M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s National College Entrance Exam, known as the gaokao, is taken by ten million high school seniors every year. The gaokao enshrines the Chinese ideal of open, anonymous, and competitive meritocracy. In a society dominated by social connections or guanxi, the exam is widely regarded as the only relatively fair social competition. But skyrocketing social inequality in the post-Mao era (1977–present) has produced wide chasms in exam scores and outcomes between different regions and socioeconomic groups. Why do people nevertheless allow themselves to be recruited into the ideology and social practice of exam-based meritocracy? The gaokao is a fateful rite of passage in which people strive to personify cultural virtues, including diligence, grit, composure, filial piety, quality, and divine favor or luck. Gaokao-based meritocracy is mythical in both senses of the word: an inspiring cultural model and a chimeric ideal.
The Singaporean Meritocracy
Authors: Chua Vincent , Morck Randall , Yeung Bernard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Singapore rose from third to first world in a single generation and embraced meritocracy. This, however, has led to some stress points common to all advanced societies. Singapore’s meritocracy, in developing human capital, relies on test-based metrics that make it vulnerable to Goodhart’s Law: “any number used in policy decisions soon ceases to be useful for policy decisions.” Meritocratically successful parents can game grades by allocating disproportionate resources to increase their children’s test scores, which over time, can harden social stratification by separating elite families from others. This becomes a stable Nash equilibrium that is increasingly difficult to disrupt. The Singapore government counters this with more bursaries, less streaming, antidiscrimination workplace regulations, and a national program of skills upgrading and lifelong learning. Sustaining a meritocracy that uplifts all groups, narrows inequalities, and upholds social cohesion remains a formidable challenge in many advanced societies.
Reading Candrakīrti
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCandrakīrti is arguably the most influential Mādhyamika commentator on Nāgārjuna in Tibet, and Atiśa was one of the key Indian scholars responsible for the introduction of Candrakīrti’s interpretation of Madhyamaka to the Plateau. This chapter examines Candrakīrti’s reading of Nāgārjuna, particularly his analysis of the doctrine of emptiness (śūnyatā) and how Indian thinkers (particularly Jayānanda), and later Tibetan exegetes (particularly Tsongkhapa), interpreted his thought. Was Candrakīrti a global error theorist? Did he advocate a version of epistemological coherentism? What are the implications of Candrakīrti’s assertion that Mādhyamikas accept all of the epistemic instruments (pramāṇa) employed by ordinary people? Does Candrakīrti’s denunciation of Bhāviveka’s use of probative arguments entail that Mādhyamikas can only employ reductios in critiques of opponents?
Tsongkhapa, Buddhahood, and Epistemic Authority
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Candrakīrti’s characterization of buddhahood and its philosophical implications. What does it mean for buddhas to be omniscient? How can they relate to ordinary beings, whose perceptions are thoroughly overlaid with falsity? We examine how Tsongkhapa might respond to Taktsang’s critique, particularly how he elaborates a system in which epistemic normativity is possible despite the universality of perceptual error in ordinary beings. To perceive relative truth does not necessarily entail that one is deceived by it. Buddhas are able to navigate the relative and skillfully adapt their teachings to the proclivities of their audiences; they simultaneously transcend the ordinary and operate within it. Tsongkhapa’s presentation of Buddhist meditative practice is central to a potential rebuttal of Taktsang: Buddhas engage in nonconceptual meditation over the course of innumerable lifetimes; as a result, they can effortlessly navigate the errors of relative truths while perceiving phenomena from the perspective of ultimate truth.
Tenets Anyone?
Authors: Yakherds The 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines Jamyang Shepa’s response to Taktsang, which is more polemical than philosophical. Structured in the form of a dialectical debate, Jamyang Shepa accuses his opponent of a total of twenty-seven “contradictions” that he believes are implied by Taktsang’s critique of Tsongkhapa. Most of these are either denied or not stated by Taktsang, but Jamyang Shepa ignores Taktsang’s claim that he follows a reductio approach and only refutes his opponents without adopting any position himself. Jamyang Shepa assumes that Taktsang endorses the contrary of the positions he critiques in Tsongkhapa’s system, and he adds additional “contradictions” that he believes follow from them. Jamyang Shepa’s approach is not particularly satisfying as philosophy, but it is an interesting example of how polemics are pursued in Tibetan intellectual circles.
The End of Growth and the Return of Ideology
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s partial acceptance of market economics fueled its record-breaking growth in the decades following the Cultural Revolution. But after 2008, growth rates began to slow, and China embarked on a perilous transition to high-income country status. Slowing growth cast a sharper light on China’s many development challenges, including low social capital, stark divides in educational attainment, and yawning inequality. During this period, fierce and long-running ideological debates over the role of markets flared anew, denting China’s domestic political consensus. At the time same, Beijing doubled down on authoritarian, nationalistic, and protectionist policies in many areas, setting China on a collision course with other major powers just as the world needed collective action more than ever.
For a Dollar and a Dream
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Every week, one in eight Americans places a bet on the dream of a life-changing lottery jackpot. Americans spend more on lottery tickets annually than on video streaming services, concert tickets, books, and movie tickets combined. The typical story is that lotteries are a tax on poor people who do not understand basic probability. The reality is more complicated. For a Dollar and a Dream shows how the economic conditions of the late twentieth century led millions of Americans to judge the long odds of a jackpot to be their best chance at a new life. As the rich got richer and as rates of social mobility stagnated, many turned to the lottery as their only chance at the American Dream. Gamblers are not the only ones who bet on betting. Drawing on archives from 17 states, this book illustrates that states legalized gambling hoping to hit a jackpot of their own. As mid-twentieth-century prosperity unraveled, taxpayers and policymakers wanted government to provide public services but did not want to pay for them. Enter lotteries. Even as evidence emerged that lotteries provided only a small percentage of state revenue, and even as data mounted about their appeal to the poor, states kept enacting them, kept advertising, and kept adding new games, desperate for their long-shot gamble to pay off. For a Dollar and a Dream charts the untold history of the nation’s lottery system, revealing how players and policymakers alike got hooked on hopes for a windfall.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Every year, Americans spend over $91 billion on lottery tickets. Lotteries have a long history in the United States, but particular historical circumstances hastened Americans’ appetite for a jackpot in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. As economic insecurity increased, upward mobility stagnated, and inequality grew, more and more people turned to the long odds of a lottery jackpot as their last, best, and only chance at a new life. States bet on betting, too. Between 1963 and 2018, 45 states legalized lotteries hoping that state-run gambling represented a panacea. Voters and policymakers wanted to increase state services but did not want to pay for them with new taxes. Lotteries appeared to present an easy, nontax solution. It quickly became clear that lotteries disproportionately appealed to the poor and could not meet expectations. Nonetheless, hoping for a windfall, governors and gamblers alike went all in on lotteries.
Rivers of Gold
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the early 1980s, the lottery industry convinced voters angry over taxes to legalize gambling to help bolster state revenue. In search of new markets for its products, Scientific Games Inc., the creator of instant, scratch off lottery tickets, persuaded voters in California and six other states that lotteries offered a solution for stressed state budgets. In the aftermath of the tax revolt, voters were desperate to reinstitute state services without reinstituting high property taxes. The company drafted legislation and hired signature gatherers to put lottery initiatives on state ballots. These proposals tied lotteries to particular state programs—education or public parks, for example—and told voters that if they supported this program, then they should support a lottery. By taking advantage of the ballot initiative process and voters angry over taxes, Scientific Games restarted the spread of state lotteries.
This Could Be Your Ticket Out
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
State lottery commissions use advertising to attract lower-income and nonwhite gamblers to bet a dollar on the dream of a life-changing jackpot. Advertising highlights the contradiction inherent in the fact that lotteries are a state agency designed to raise money for government. While the state normally discourages harmful vices, legislators hoping for tax-free revenue have a direct incentive to promote gambling. This chapter examines Illinois Lottery advertising in communities of color in the 1980s and early 1990s, advertising that painted a lottery win as the ultimate fantasy, one promised to be just one more ticket away. The popularity of lottery tickets in lower-income and nonwhite communities is not simply the result of bettors’ poor financial decision-making or a natural result of economic inequality but the purposeful product of state-funded promotions that paint gambling as a reliable path to the good life.