bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter will examine similar instruments and documents that have been adopted to guide practice, but that are dissimilar to the instruments discussed in previous chapters, either because they are directed only at very specific non-State entities (such as private military and security companies, or armed non-State groups), or because they have originated from civil society organisations, like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). These instruments include the ICRC Study into Customary International Humanitarian Law, the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers, the ICRC’s Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities, and Geneva Call’s Deeds of Commitment.
The Benefits of Soft Law in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter will explore why there has been a turn to non-binding norms in international law more generally, and international humanitarian law (IHL) specifically, to see if common motivations can be found. The statements of purpose behind the adoption of the various manuals, codes of conduct, and other non-binding norms will thus be examined, to ascertain whether any common reasoning underpins the adoption of such instruments and documents. This chapter will do this by looking only to the primary documentation of the instruments themselves—i.e., only the officially released document containing the instrument. The discussion of these documents will be framed by a discussion and analysis of theories of soft law compliance, looking at why other branches of international law—such as economic law and environmental law—have embraced non-binding norms. Does the theory of why soft law norms are created match the practice of creating soft law norms? This theoretical analysis of why soft law norms are adopted, coupled with the practical examination of why particular IHL non-binding norms have been developed, will set the parameters for the discussion and analysis that will take place in the remainder of the book.
Wounds in advanced illness
Authors: Hurley Cheryl , Maida Vincent 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter on wounds in advanced illness reviews wound classification and management in both the cancer and non-cancer populations. It examines what constitutes successful wound management, including wound healing, wound maintenance and wound palliation. It examines pressure ulcers as an example of a potentially preventable, if not healable, wound in advanced illness. It reviews a patient-centered approach for unhealing malignant wounds, including interprofessional collaboration, and the management of wound pain and other wound-related symptoms. Lastly, it examines the prognostic implications of wounds in patients with advanced illness.
Palliative care for structurally vulnerable populations
Authors: Dosani Naheed , Voeuk Anna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Palliative care for structurally vulnerable populations (SVPs) explores the impact that structural vulnerability has on patients requiring palliative care. It highlights the importance of recognizing social determinants of health (SDoH) and their effect on providing a palliative care approach to populations facing issues, including poverty, substance use, mental health, and homelessness. It also examines how race, ethnicity, culture, and trauma (e.g. in Indigenous populations and refugees) contribute to barriers to care. The chapter emphasizes the significance of developing awareness of, and reflecting on, one’s own beliefs, values, and biases and how they might affect assessment and treatment of patients and their families. It provides tools and resources that promote culturally safe and trauma-informed approaches to care, particularly in the context of social and ethical complexities associated with caring for SVPs.
Physics on Your Feet
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book is a collection of questions that were, or could have been, asked at oral examinations at Berkeley. It is a light-hearted, and at the same time serious, exploration of various areas of physics that normally does not require mathematical calculations. To ease the stress, the book is full of amusing illustrations. The problems in the book's eight chapters are devoted to topics from elementary mechanics, fluids, gravitation, cosmology, electromagnetism, optics, and quantum, solid-state, and nuclear physics. They can also be used for the purpose of review of physics and for self-study, and the answers and solutions to many problems will surprise and amuse even seasoned practitioners.
Solid-State Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This short chapter gives a glimpse of how concepts studied in other areas of physics, e.g., energy losses of ionizing particles in matter, connect to solid-state physics. The basic ideas behind transistors are discussed, and a topic of current research interest is introduced: creation of vacancies in diamond by electron irradiation. It is also shown that a lot about magnetic domains can be understood from “back-of-the-envelope” estimates.
The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis book delivers an introduction and overview of developing intersections between digital methods and literary studies. The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies serves as a starting place for those who wish to learn more about the possibilities, and the limitations, of the oft-touted digital humanities in the literary space. The volume engages with the proponents of digital humanities and its detractors alike, aiming to offer a fair and balanced perspective on this controversial topic. The book combines a survey and background approach with original literary research and, therefore, straddles the divide between seasoned digital experts and interested newcomers.
Introduction
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractYou may or may not have heard, but over the past two decades a secret and dangerous movement has been growing in humanities departments around the world. Sapping all of the conventional funding out of traditional humanistic pursuits, the so-called ‘digital humanities’ (or ‘DH’ to those in the know) brings a grim entrepreneurialism and technocratic mindset to English, history, classics, archaeology—and any other disciplinary space on which it can lay its hands. Seemingly charged with perverting the humanistic foundations of critical thinking and replacing them with techno-solutionist mindsets, the digital humanities are growing and thriving beneath our noses and many seem not even to have noticed the danger. This jesting polemic, of course, is a caricature. Digital literary studies, in reality, give us ways of seeing texts in new lights. This introductory chapter provides a background to digital literary studies and its controversies, seeking to overturn the stereotype.
Authors and Writing
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces a range of approaches to the measurement and digital quantification of literary style: stylometry or digital stylistics. The chapter begins with a history of stylometric thinking, ranging from approximately 1851 through to contemporary multi-dimensional fingerprinting techniques, such as Burrows’s delta method. It then progresses to discuss close vs. large-scale literary reading and the problematic terminology of ‘distant reading’ (namely, that one can use computational techniques also to read closely, despite this also being a type of ‘distant’ reading). Further covered in this first chapter are analyses of genre and its lifecycles (Ted Underwood), approaches to poetry (Tanya E. Clement on Gertrude Stein), court cases that have turned on stylometry, the Mosteller and Wallace methods applied to the Federalist papers, stylistic analyses of Flann O’Brien and James Joyce (James O’Sullivan et al.), and authorship controversies (Don Foster’s infamous digital work on Shakespeare).
Space and Visualization
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter turns to space and visualization. For the common link between the section titles of Franco Moretti’s book, Graphs, Maps, Trees (2007), is the visuality of his abstract models for literary history. Graphs, maps, and trees are all structures by which we can downmix complex, multi-dimensional aspects of literature into approximate two-dimensional (or sometimes three-dimensional) space. Much like conventional literary criticism, visualization yields new ways to conceive of narrative, reorienting texts through fresh optics and augmenting understanding. Visualization is a form of deformance and interpretation, as Lisa Samuels and Jerome McGann would have it. This chapter examines a range of approaches to the visualization of literary features, including kernel density mapping and version variance, but also explores digital visual-textual ‘poetic’ forms that are themselves visualizations.
Rituals and Ritualism in the International Human Rights System
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter questions international human rights lawyers’ focus on compliance and institutional reform. It argues instead for attention to social practices surrounding the international human rights system in order to understand how the system operates and where it can be influenced. The chapter uses the distinct but related ideas of rituals and ritualism to study a central mechanism of the UN human rights system, the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). The chapter offers a case study of Australia’s participation in the first two cycles of the UPR, suggesting that a human rights ritual such as the UPR may have some power in countering the practice of human rights ritualism.
Human Rights, Legitimacy, and Global Governance
Authors: MacDonald Euan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This contribution examines the relationship between the protection and promotion of human rights and the legitimacy of global governance institutions. In doing so, the essay sketches an account of legitimacy in critical dialogue with Buchanan and Keohane’s 2006 piece ‘The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions’. These authors, it is argued, make a number of illustrative errors in setting out their own conception of the legitimacy of global governance institutions, which leads them to an incoherent position on authority, which misstates the role that human rights can play as legitimacy reasons. In response, the argument is made for a conception of legitimacy for governance beyond the state that takes permissible action as primary; and a new account of the normative force of actual individual consent in helping to establish legitimacy and vindicate democratic values, examining the interplay between consent and human rights is proposed.
Democracy and Democracies
Authors: Steiner Henry J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter examines understandings of democracy expressed in recent decades by international agreements, both global and regional, and by ‘official actors’ in the organizations created under those agreements such as political leaders, bureaucratic staff, and judges. The threshold question is how these agreements and actors describe the essential elements of a democratic state. The dominant question is how they portray relationships between political democracy and rights, particularly international human rights. The essay’s illustrations of those relationships involve principally the European, inter-American, and African regional systems, and are taken from their formative documents, commissions, and judicial decisions. The explored relationships pose questions like: Are rights now considered essential to a democracy, imbedded within it? What functions do they serve? Which rights are here particularly relevant?
Alston and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Langford Malcolm 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses Philip Alston’s critical forays as UN Special Rapporteur in the field of technology and human rights. While AI and automation first emerged in his work on extrajudicial killings and basic income, his assault on the digital welfare state constitutes a full-scale engagement with the technology-inflected future of economic, social, and cultural (ESC) rights. In dystopic fashion, Alston depicts in enigmatic form the digital welfare state as a cover for long-standing neoliberal policies and a new vehicle for entrenching structural inequalities, poverty, and social control. These claims are subject to a close reading through the lens of critical empiricism. While Alston’s work is reflective of a growing and important dystopic literature, questions can be raised about its construction of technological imaginaries and its bright-line distinctions between emancipation and repression.
Implementation of Treaty Obligations
Authors: Hammarberg Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter raises a major human rights problem. Agreed conventions are not respected in a number of countries and situations. It is spelled out in the conventions themselves that national legislation should reflect the agreed standards. Another demand is that citizens should be properly informed about their rights. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has stressed the importance of special ombudsmen, that there should be national response with plans for systematic reforms and open relationship with civil society groups. In fact, there is no lack of good and meaningful suggestions. What seems to lack in too many cases is the political will to ensure a serious implementation of the human rights treaties governments once agreed to respect.
Up the Stream without a Paddle
Authors: Darrow Mac 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews progress in mainstreaming human rights in development since the 1990s. There has been a persistent bias against socio-economic rights in human rights praxis, and a tendency to focus on the manifestations rather than root causes of human rights violations. Nowhere are these shortcomings and challenges more pressing than in contesting the mega-infrastructure investment agenda of the G20 and international financial institutions. ‘Micro’-level human rights challenges such as forced evictions and gender-based violence rightly demand attention; however, too little attention is paid to neoliberal economic assumptions embedded in the investment structures and financing arrangements for mega-infrastructure. Philip Alston’s work on extreme poverty and human rights models how human rights praxis can evolve to more effectively meet these challenges.
Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?
Authors: Alvarez José E 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the contributions made by Alston’s three reports as Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights that address the human rights responsibilities of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the IMF respectively. In these reports Alston criticizes the United Nations’ failure to accept responsibility for UN peacekeepers’ actions in spreading disease in Haiti, the World Bank’s restrictive interpretations of its mandate, and the IMF’s failure to advance a human rights framing for its ‘social protection’ policies. The chapter highlights the reports’ contributions to general debates over the meaning of the ‘rule of law’, whether (and how) international organizations are ‘subject’ to human rights, the contribution of ‘managerial’ enforcement techniques, and the limits of ‘legal’ accountability.
Dangerous Proportions
Authors: Bhuta Nehal , Mignot-Mahdavi Rebecca 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Philip Alston’s deep worries about the institutionalization of the tactic of targeted killing, the ensuing extension of warfare, and its corrosive consequences for any meaningful possibility of scrutinizing the legality of such strikes, proved far-sighted. The chapter focuses on the accompanying rearticulation of the right of self-defence by states active in the war on terror and demonstrates that it has fashioned a set of interconnected legal propositions that is called here ‘revisionist’. This revisionist framework, the chapter shows, cumulatively engenders a highly permissive framework for the preventive, extraterritorial use of lethal force against individuals and non-state groups, with a geographically and temporally expansive scope. The chapter does not argue that this permissive version of self-defence is now lex lata or even de lege ferenda. It also distinguishes itself from the view that the revisionist framework departs from ‘the ‘old days’ when the law was allegedly certain’—that is, when the law required a high threshold of effective control by the territorial state over the non-state armed group. Instead, building on Robert Brandom’s Hegelian account of the determinateness of legal concepts, the revisionist framework is framed as a historically embedded process of determination of the new content of the concept of self-defence. The chapter shows that these conceptual revisions bring with them a reconfiguration of the structure of legal relationships presupposed by the jus ad bellum’s concept of proportionality, and a new (in)determinacy that renders the concept more permissive than constraining.
New Music
Authors: Pace Ian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
New music is a concept that came into prominence after the end of World War I. It connotes not just a species of musical composition, but a separate culture of music making and performance somewhat distinct from that associated with more mainstream Western art music. In this chapter, I trace the development of this culture, its institutions and global reach, alongside extensive examination of the specific challenges the music in question presents for those who perform it. The period in question is divided into three sections: 1918–1945, the establishment of “new music” as a category; 1945–c. 1975, the heyday of the avant-garde; and c. 1975–present day, associated with some degree of consolidation of new music with wider art music culture. Early “objectivist” styles of performance are contrasted with those embodying essential continuities with earlier eras, interacting with issues of Texttreue and Werktreue. The growth of the new music festival after 1945 in particular, the role of radio stations, and the new music ensemble are surveyed, alongside specific performance issues involving indeterminacy, extended techniques, and new virtuosity. The final section asks questions about the meanings and future of new music in the twenty-first century.
The Origins of Musical Expertise
Authors: Burgoyne Alexander P. , Hambrick David Z. , Harris Lauren Julius 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Musical expertise exists along a continuum, with some musicians demonstrating far greater mastery than others. What accounts for this variability in skill? Could anyone, given the right conditions, reach a level of skill necessary to play for a first-rank orchestra? As a more extreme example, could anyone compose a symphonic masterpiece or play the piano like the finest virtuoso? In this chapter, we examine the origins of musical expertise. Moving beyond an anachronistic “nature vs. nurture” debate, we adopt a multifactorial approach to show how genetic and environmental influences entwine to support expert performance. We discuss a number of factors underpinning individual differences in expertise, including practice, intelligence, music aptitude, motivation, starting age, perseverance, parents, and teachers. We close by offering suggestions for music performers based on our review of the literature. Understanding the origins of musical expertise will allow musicians to match their strengths to their pursuits and come closer to maximizing their potential.
Identity and the Performing Musician
Authors: Oakland Jane , MacDonald Raymond 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the theoretical construct of identity and how it relates to performing musicians. In the introduction we define identity and outline a number of key theoretical perspectives. We then discuss musical identities, focusing on what they are and why they are important, with a particular emphasis on the music performer identity, which we see as a construction that is negotiated between the public performer, the private self, and the musician. Using case study examples, we emphasize the importance of identity work in promoting performer wellbeing, by which we mean the ability to adapt or modify notions of self in relation to specific and ongoing events in order to manage the challenges of a performing career. Practical strategies are suggested to help musicians develop and maintain a healthy and sustainable approach to the negotiation of both musician identity and performer identity. The perspective adopted in this chapter is informed by the work of the first author as a performance psychologist.
Talent Development in Music
Authors: Müllensiefen Daniel , Kozbelt Aaron , Olszewski-Kubilius Paula M. , Subotnik Rena F. , Worrell Frank C. , Preckel Franzis 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: We present a model for talent development in music that resulted from applying a general framework for Talent development in Achievement Domains (i.e., the TAD framework; Preckel et al., 2020) to the domain of music. The talent development model in the musical domain (TAD music model) draws on the existing literature on musical talent development but also specifies a rigorous framework drawn from empirical research that can be used to identify predictors and indicators of musical talent. The TAD music model provides a multidimensional, dynamic view of talent development in music. Cognitive abilities, personality traits, and psychosocial skills that can potentially serve as predictors at different levels of talent development in music are suggested. The TAD music model can be used to further understandings about the nature of musical talent and its development, for the construction of diagnostic procedures, for empirical investigations of talent development in music, for the training of music teachers’ diagnostic skills, and for the identification and promotion of musically talented children.
Self-Directed Learning Strategies
Authors: Parkes Kelly A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter explains the nature of self-directed learning (SDL) by providing an overview of the leading theoretical frameworks with a synthesis of the latest research. It explores connections that SDL has to constructivism, to learner-centered teaching, and the differences observed between SDL and self-regulation. Methods of measuring SDL are addressed and the various elements of self-directed strategies are explored. Self-directed strategies are presented as an overarching learning approach, one in which the learner conceptualizes, designs, conducts, and evaluates their learning. Components of SDL seen in learners include learning motivation, awareness, learning strategies, learning activities, planning and implementing, self-monitoring, interpersonal communication, and evaluation. Suggestions for the ways in which SDL strategies may be implemented in musical settings are given for the strategies of self-management, self-monitoring, and self-modifying behaviors, in both the applied one-to-one studio and classroom settings.