bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Through Gases at Low Pressures
Authors: Peck R. E. , Fagan W. S. , Werlein P. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine experimentally the heat transfer between two parallel vertical plates. The space between the plates is filled with a gas at low pressure, and the boundaries of this gas layer are enclosed by a solid heat insulator. The variation of this heat transfer with pressure, temperature difference, type of gas, and thickness of the gas layer is determined. The experimental result is compared with both theoretical and empirical equations.
This result is
Helium:
Nu = 8.0 Gr0.04 (L/H)0.75 10−2 &lt; Gr &lt; 5 × 103
h = 9.2 kP0.080    1 &lt; P &lt; 760 mm Hg
Air:
Nu = 14.1 Gr0.022 (L/H)0.75 10−1 &lt; Gr &lt; 5 × 103
h = 17.1 kP0.083    1 &lt; P &lt; 100 mm Hg
Note: P in mm Hg, h/k in ft−1
An Improved Pneumatic Control System
Authors: Clarridge R. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A pneumatic control system is being proposed which has one major advantage over conventional control systems. This advantage is that the control system can be used to start up a process automatically without overpeaking and, at the same time, maintain its control point when subsequent load changes occur. The control system is responsive to the rate of change of the control variable during the start-up period, and therefore good performance can be expected when the performance starts up under varying load conditions. It is suggested that on many applications a new criterion be used for adjusting the controller, namely, that the control point be reached on start-up with a minimum delay and without overpeaking.
Analysis of the Exhaust Process in Four-Stroke Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Stanitz J. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This analysis determines the influence of engine design and operating variables upon the effectiveness of the exhaust process. This effectiveness is measured by the calculated pressure ratio (cylinder pressure, divided by exhaust-manifold pressure) near the end of the exhaust stroke. The variables that have an imporant effect upon this pressure ratio are the gas-velocity parameter (which is a ratio including the engine speed, piston displacement, exhaust-valve area, exhaust-valve flow coefficient at maximum valve lift, etc.) and the effective exhaust-valve closing angle. The variables that have an unimportant effect are the pressure ratio at the effective exhaust-valve opening angle (which, however, does become important for highly supercharged engines), the effective exhaust-valve opening angle, the engine compression ratio, the ratio of crank throw to connecting-rod length, and the ratio of specific heats. The maximum value recommended for the gas-velocity parameter is 0.325. From this value the minimum exhaust-valve area can be calculated directly for any given engine speed, displacement volume, etc. For large values of the gas-velocity parameter the exhaust valve should be closed as late as possible. For most current engine-operating conditions the correct exhaust-valve area does not depend upon the intake-valve area or upon the ratio of intake- to exhaust-manifold pressure (except for highly supercharged engines).
Design of Lanchester Damper for Elimination of Metal-Cutting Chatter
Authors: Hahn R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A Lanchester damper for eliminating chatter of boring quills is shown. The rate of decay of free vibrations of the quill is found to be of importance in chatter. The free vibrations of a single-degree-of-freedom system with a viscously coupled Lanchester damper attached are analyzed, yielding a chart from which the optimum coupling can be determined. The damping characteristics of thin air films are discussed.
High-Speed Aerodynamic Problems of Turbojet Installations
Authors: Luskin H. , Klein H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The possibility of supersonic flight in turbojet-powered aircraft is shown, and the resulting thrust requirements for the engine are estimated. The performance requirements of a turbojet installation are considered from the point of view of an aerodynamicist. Afterburning, inlet-pressure recovery and drag, matching of inlet size and engine, and the effect of exit and cooling losses are considered. Speed stability and jet problems are discussed briefly.
Heat Transfer in Rocket Motors and the Application of Film and Sweat Cooling
Authors: Boden R. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Heat transfer in rocket motors, as in all internal-combustion engines, is a major factor in determining the limiting performance of the power plant, and therefore establishes the limiting performance of the vehicle in which the motor is installed. This paper discusses the distribution of heat transfer in rocket motors, a number of factors which influence it, and finally, the experimental investigation of film cooling.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Willow Island Station: Part I—Furnace Heat-Absorption Efficiency as Shown by Temperature and Composition of Gases Leaving the Furnace
Authors: Myers J. W. , Corey R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As part of the comprehensive investigation of heat transfer in steam-boiler furnaces by the Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors of the Society, the furnace heat-absorption efficiency and the distribution of heat absorption on the furnace walls were determined on boiler No. 1 at the Willow Island Station of the Monongahela Power Company, Willow Island, West Va. The unit is a single-drum boiler rated at 500,000 lb of steam per hr at 1350 psig and 950 F at the superheater outlet, with a water-cooled dry-bottom furnace that is fired through the roof with six multitip intertube burners. This paper presents the results of determination of furnace heat-absorption efficiency made by the Combustion Research Section of the Bureau of Mines, as part of the co-operative research program with the ASME Committee to study factors affecting furnace performance. The distribution of heat absorption in the furnace walls, investigated concurrently, is the subject of another paper, and together they comprise the third of a series of reports of investigations sponsored by the committee.
The Influence of Reynolds Number on the Performance of Turbomachinery
Authors: Davis Hunt , Kottas Harry , Moody A. M. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The over-all duty of a turbomachine with respect to fluid-friction effects is measured by the machine Reynolds number, UD/ν. Experimental data are presented for several types of turbomachines which show the variation in over-all efficiency with UD/ν when all other dimensionless parameters are held constant. The results are conclusive for the ranges of data reported, and should be useful to design, application, and operating engineers confronted with unfamiliar UD/ν values.
Formula for Pipe Thickness
Authors: Buxton W. J. , Burrows W. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The so-called Lamé formula, either in its true form, or in an equivalent but less complex modified form, is advanced as the most suitable formula for the design of pipe that is stressed in the elastic range by internal pressure. In the creep range, the use of the Bailey-Nadai formula is proposed, and it is shown that the so-called Lamé formula in either form is a good approximation of the Bailey-Nadai formula. In the selection of these two formulas, the so-called Lamé formula and the Bailey-Nadai formula, an examination has been made of the common, average (membrane), Barlow, Clavarino, Guest, Beltrami, and von Mises formulas. The origin and meaning of all of these expressions are discussed. Their significance for design purposes is explained, and their relationship to the so-called Lamé formula is demonstrated. The need for additional pure shear experimental data on creep and on stress rupture is emphasized.
A Study of the Mechanism of Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. , Clark J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the heat quantity required to form a vapor bubble in a liquid is presented. High-speed motion pictures of boiling heat transfer in forced convection showing bubbles departing from a heated surface are analyzed and the net heat transferred to the bubbles is compared with the total heat transferred from the heated surface. It is found that the heat transferred to the moving liquid by the condensation of the bubbles is a negligible part of the total convective heat transfer. Therefore it is proposed that the high rate of heat transfer associated with surface boiling in a subcooled liquid is due primarily to the violent agitation of the quiescent layers of liquid adjacent to the heated surface resulting from the motion of vapor bubbles being generated there. From the literature two examples of similar processes are cited as evidence supporting the proposed agitation mechanism.
Basic Study for a Generating Station
Authors: Milne G. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper gives the results of cost studies made to determine the most economical size and type of boiler and turbogenerator unit to be used in a new generating station for the Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Incorporated. Some of the factors considered include the economical capacity of the unit; single boiler versus two boilers per turbine; unit-type design versus a common steam-header system and reheat versus nonreheat units. Related factors were the number and type of feedwater heaters and alternate arrangements of boiler feed pumps.
Pressures Developed by Viscous Materials in the Screw Extrusion Machine
Authors: Pigott W. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Previously developed equations describing the pressure and discharge rates of Newtonian liquids in the screw-type pump are discussed briefly and are experimentally verified. These equations are then applied to rubberlike materials for the two extreme conditions of extruder operation: Open discharge (with the removed from discharge end of extruder); and zero discharge (with solid plate sealing the discharge end of the extruder). For the condition of closed discharge, calculated pressures agreed with observed pressures. The apparent viscosities of a number of stocks were determined by forcing them through circular orifices at different flow rates and calculating the viscosity from Poiseuille’s equation. The effective shear rate was calculated by using an expression for the average volume weighted rate of shear in circular orifices. The effective shear rate occurring in the extruder was calculated for screws with wide thread troughs from the velocity distribution in the troughs and an expression for the average volume weighted rate of shear in rectangular orifices. An experiment was devised to determine the effective shear rate in the extruder at zero discharge. The result agreed with the calculated value. It is concluded that at zero discharge the mechanism for rubberlike materials is one of viscous shearing and that rubberlike materials behave as viscous but highly thixotropic liquids.
Pressure-Temperature Relations in Gas-Filled (Class III) Thermometers
Authors: Modes E. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Fundamental relations are presented for the pressure within the system of a thermometer or thermal system charged with a perfect gas. An expression is developed which gives the approximate pressure in terms of bulb temperature, ambient temperature, and ratio of bulb volume to ambient volume, this being sufficiently accurate if the volume change of the pressure-responsive element is small. An exact equation for the pressure in the system is developed in terms of the temperatures and volumes of bulb, capillary, and pressure-responsive element, and the volume change of the pressure-responsive element, assuming the volume change to be linear with pressure change. From this relation, means are developed for determining the necessary charging pressure to give a specified pressure change when the bulb is varied through a specified temperature span. An example is included in the Appendix in which charging pressure, pressure-temperature curve, and the effect of ambient-temperature changes are computed by means of the exact expressions developed.
The Pitot-Venturi Flow Element
Authors: Stoll H. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Pitot-Venturi flow element is a velocity-measuring device having found wide use as an air-speed indicator, particularly during World War I. A considerable number of design changes have been made since, and this paper treats a specific form of the element and discusses the effect which the various components used in its assembly have on its calibration. Flow equations are developed and the method of determining the element’s coefficient and exponent is described. The paper concludes with suggested methods of installation and an analysis of its position in the flow-measurement field.
The Integration of Organization and Management
Authors: Livingston R. T. , Hertz D. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Management is a most important element contributing to our survival as a culture. Management, as an art, has provided no quantitative tools for study and use. Such tools must be provided by an adequate and testable theory of association and its operation, which deals with human behavior. The theory will be based upon the premise that human beings are the core of all associational activity. The mutual interactions and interdependencies of materials, machines, and men must be studied and measured, within the framework of the dynamic process of the social order, to provide the needed theory. The characteristics of groups, and the determinants of their activities are established, with brief details of organization structure. The practical aspects of an integrated theory of organization and management indicate that powerful tools can be made available in this field if sound premises are used for inquiry, experiment, and research.
Analytical Studies in the Suppression of Wood Fires
Authors: Tauxe G. J. , Stoker R. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of two analytical studies associated with fire suppression of an idealized forest-type fuel; certain aspects of the studies, however, are applicable to wood fires in general. A qualitative discussion of the burning and the suppression of wood fires is presented in the introduction. The first study concerns the instantaneous interfacial temperatures that occur when a drop of water impinges upon the hot surface of a burning piece of wood and shows for typical cases that the drop will not vaporize instantaneously or bounce off, and that initially the relative wetting abilities of the suppressing agents may be of importance. The second study utilizes an electrical analog computer to investigate the simulated thermal behavior of wood as it burns and is extinguished by surface cooling, by penetration cooling, and by oxygen dilution. One important result indicates that the minimum theoretical ratio of the quantity of water for suppressing a typical fire to the volume of the burning wood is in the order of 1/150. Laboratory and field-test fires have given ratios in the order of 1/7, showing the large room for improvement in suppression techniques.
The Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Sector-Shaped Pads
Authors: Brand R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Solutions of Reynolds equation are obtained by means of relaxation methods for a sector-shaped pad. Results are given for a 45-deg “square” sector in the form of curves of operating factors plotted against a parameter of the film shape. A comparison with results based on the solutions for rectangular sliders shows that such solutions can be applied safely to sector-shaped pads in most cases.
Comparative Surface-Hardening Characteristics of Commercial Pearlitic Malleable Irons
Authors: Bush S. H. , Wood W. P. , Rote F. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Nine pearlitic malleable irons, produced by commercial foundries and exhibiting wide differences in chemical composition, production practices, and microstructures have been investigated to determine the hardness and effective case depth with different surface-hardening heat-treatments. Flame- and induction- (3000, 9600, and 300,000 to 347,000 cycle) heating, followed by oil, water, or spray quenches have been used for the surface-hardening treatments. Case hardness and depth were determined by superficial Rockwell or Rockwell C measurements and metallographic examination of etched specimens. Of the structures investigated, one, a dense pattern of extremely small spheroids of cementite, was most responsive to all types of treatment. However, it was found in surface-hardening that at all frequencies an optimum power input existed which minimized the influence of microstructure to a pronounced degree.
Further Remarks on Intermittent Heating for Aircraft Ice Protection
Authors: Weiner Frederick 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An electrical analog technique is used to solve the equations for intermittent heat transfer during icing conditions. The results of the analog investigation applied to an internally heated propeller show good agreement with measured time-temperature data previously reported in the literature. The greater effectiveness obtained by using larger amounts of power for shorter time intervals is demonstrated. The power-density requirements over the heated area are shown to be different for the case of intermittent heating as compared to steadily heated ice-prevention systems. A more effective heater design, utilizing a conductive coating on the blade surface, would diminish the energy requirements considerably.
Heat-Conduction Errors in Temperature Measurements
Authors: Smith L. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In practical applications of temperature measurements where the temperature-sensitive bulb assembly is fastened rigidly to a containing vessel, heat-conduction errors must be considered in order to determine the accuracy of the indicated or recorded temperature. This paper presents for various thermometer-bulb assemblies, the experimental magnitude of the heat-conduction error possible in a medium with a low heat-transfer coefficient (air), and in a medium with a high heat-transfer coefficient (water). The effect of heat-conduction error on the overall response in simulated practical installations is discussed. It is shown that comparative information on response action of any type of temperature-sensitive element necessitates careful considerations of the condition of attaching the element to a wall or vessel, where heat-conduction effects are present.
Thermal Control of Marine Fouling at Redondo Steam Station of the Southern California Edison Company
Authors: Chadwick W. L. , Clark F. S. , Fox D. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The idea of controlling marine fouling by elevating the temperature of the sea water is not new, but it is felt that the application of this means of control in the cooling-water tunnels at the recently constructed Redondo Steam Station of the Southern California Edison Company at Redondo Beach, Calif., contains some features of interest. It is the object of this paper to describe the system employed and to present the results obtained during the first year of operation.
Two Slants on Postwar Wood Finishing: Part I—Current Practice
Authors: Kennedy P. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The postwar period has witnessed much activity and growing interest in the finishing of wood. This has been due to the following factors: (1) The ever-present objectives of greater speed and reduced cost. (2) The desire for better and more resistant finishes. (3) Increasing recognition that ultimate cost, rather than package cost, should be the yardstick of value for finishing products. (4) The vital need for a quick and consistent method for anticipating the check resistance of lacquer films, in particular. This trend has been accentuated by unusual circumstances. These aspects of current conditions in the wood industries are treated in this paper.
Current Design Practices for Gas-Turbine Power Elements
Authors: Emmert H. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A brief description is presented of certain principles of design and analysis for power elements of commercial gas-turbine plants. These principles are based upon the experience of the gas-turbine engineering group of the author’s company. The discussion comprises a review of procedures for analysis of turbine performance and design of blading and blade-carrying elements. Since the mechanical reliability and useful service life of a gas-turbine plant are governed almost entirely by the design of the power element, such a design must be a compromise between requirements for high efficiency, dependability, and low first cost. The fulfillment of these requirements is assisted by the organization of fundamental principles and experience into basic design practices.
Postwar Planning for Steam Capacity in Northern California
Authors: Whelchel C. C. , Johnson W. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The estimated population for northern and central California on January 1, 1949, was 4,950,000. This represents an increase since 1940, of 1,667,000 or about 51 per cent. The Pacific Gas and Electric system peak in 1940 was 1,125,000 kw. In December, 1948, it was 2,050,000 kw under daylight-saving time. Standard time would have added 160,000 kw. If the current trends continue, it is estimated the peak in 1951 will be 2,633,000 kw. Planning the required steam-generating capacity to carry its proper share of this unprecedented load growth is discussed in this paper.
Operating Characteristics of the 100,000-Kw Essex Turbine Generator
Authors: Neal Stanford , Renton Vinal S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
On December 18, 1947, the largest 3600-rpm tandem-compound steam-turbine generator ever built up to that-time was placed in service at the Essex Generating Station of the Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark, N. J. Since it was the first of a new class of turbine for both the manufacturer and the operating company, and since the throttle steam temperature was 1000 F, extensive tests were made to determine practical operation procedures for the new machine. These tests indicate that, even with the high steam conditions of 1250 psig this 1000 F turbine generator can safely withstand starting and loading rates higher than those normally used. The operating instructions for this machine can be revised to take advantage of these characteristics. Additional data are needed for wider application to other machines and designs.
Strength-Variance Studies of Plastics
Authors: Gailus W. J. , Yurenka Steven , Dietz A. G. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Preliminary work of the plastics research program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sponsored by the Plastic Materials Manufacturers Association is reported. A statistical study of the effect of pertinent variables likely to be encountered in gathering mechanical data from a representative system of plastics (polymethyl methacrylate) is described. Effect of manufacturer, rate of test, and nature of test specimen is reported.
A Simple Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearing
Authors: Archibald F. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Considerable mathematical difficulty has handicapped the designer in the application of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication. This difficulty arises essentially from the shapes assumed by the oil films. In 1918 Lord Rayleigh gave a detailed analysis of the simple slider bearing, neglecting the side-leakage effect, in which he determined that the greatest load capacity occurs when the slider element gives a stepped convergence to the oil film. From the simple geometry of this oil film, a solution, taking account of side leakage, might be obtained fairly easily. The author proves this to be so, and gives solutions for the case of rectilinear motion with finite bearing width, and also the more practical sectorial case of a thrust bearing.