bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Caribbean Environment to 1850
Authors: Morgan Philip D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a general account of the early Caribbean environment, covering all the elements—earth, fire, water, and wind. It ranges across many centuries, pays attention to animals as well as to humans, and most of all brings seascapes and landscapes into the same frame. It considers a series of dichotomies: the Caribbean region’s natural bounty and its vulnerability, its efflorescence and degradation, its promise and peril, its richness and impoverishment. It assesses the environmental impact of Taínos and Caribs, Europeans and Africans. It attempts to synthesize a robust and rapidly expanding scientific literature on such topics as climate change, coral reefs, overfishing, and deforestation with an increasing attention to environmental issues by anthropologists, geographers, cartographers, and literary scholars. It also introduces and probes briefly the topics of the next two chapters, disease and disaster. It concludes by invoking the concept of creolization, the process of mixing, jostling, and blending of peoples, plants, pathogens, and products that produced the distinctively international character of the Caribbean, one of the most varied mosaics and ecologies found anywhere.
Introduction
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction introduces the main organizations within the labor movement and the agrarian movement, how and why certain organizations and parts of movements began to align, how they fared in relation to other people’s movements after the Mexican Revolution, including the Cristeros, rural Catholics who rebelled against the state. It presents the book’s main arguments, in relation to the existing scholarship, on how and why these parts of movements struggled, and the most important consequences for them and later developments in the labor movement and the agrarian movement. It provides overviews of the Mexican Revolution, and the labor and agrarian movements during and after the Revolution.
Revolutionary Antagonism and Movement Decay
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter Five analyzes how a unique series of organizations from the labor and agrarian movements, best represented by the Communist-led Bloque Obrero y Campesino Nacional (National Worker and Peasant Bloc, BOCN) and the Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México (Unitary Union Confederation of Mexico, CSUM), sought to engage in revolutionary struggle against the state, which had calamitous consequences for them.
Conclusion
Authors: Rodríguez Miles V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects on the immediate and long-term consequences of struggles by popular movements after the Revolution, including the rise of mass labor and agrarian confederations and the state subordination of them through its allied party’s incorporation of them as national party sectors, later a defining feature of the postwar Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI).
The Politics of Extraction
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the face of new extraction, communities in Latin America’s hydrocarbon and mining regions use participatory institutions to challenge extraction. In some cases, communities act within the formal participatory spaces, while in others, they organize “around” or “in reaction to” the institutions, using participatory procedures as a focal point for the escalation of conflict. Communities select their strategies in response to the participatory challenges they confront. Those challenges are associated with contestation over the boundaries that determine access to the participatory institutions. Contestation over the line between subnational authority vis-à-vis central-state jurisdictions heightens communities’ challenge of initiating a participatory process. Disagreement over the territorial delineation of communities impacted by planned extraction creates the challenge of gaining inclusion in participatory events, for formally nonimpacted communities. Finally, disputes over the boundary that sets representatives of an affected community apart from the community at large intensify the community’s challenge of conveying a position on extraction. This analysis of thirty major extractive conflicts in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru in the 2000s and 2010s examines community uses of public hearings built into environmental licensing, state-led prior consultations with native communities, and local popular consultations, or referenda.
The Event Initiation Challenge and Contested Policy Jurisdictions
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Communities confronted the event initiation challenge, or the challenge of prompting a participatory process, if a participatory institution was activated only by formal request, as was the case in Colombia for the popular consultation and the public hearing on environmental impact studies (EIA hearing). Faced with the event initiation challenge, mobilized communities’ only option at the participatory stage was to request the participatory process and then engage in it. That is, communities used the participatory institutions as designed by criticizing planned development within formally provided spaces. The event initiation challenge was intensified by contestation over the line that separated municipal from central-state policy jurisdictions; it was especially difficult for communities to secure a participatory event if the municipality’s authority to host it was in question.
The Inclusion Challenge and Contested Geographic Boundaries
Authors: Jaskoski Maiah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Peruvian EIA hearing, and prior consultation in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, mandated a participatory stage for communities impacted by extraction. Often there was debate about whether a given community was impacted and therefore eligible to participate. Communities defined as not impacted—that is, “outsider” communities—confronted the inclusion challenge, or the obstacle of gaining access to participatory processes. They organized around participatory institutions to demand inclusion, by questioning either the lines that demarcated areas impacted by development, or state-recognized indigenous territorial boundaries.
The Social Function of News and (Mis)Information Use
Authors: Toff Benjamin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter opens by warning that too much research on misinformation is being produced in disciplinary silos. Synthesizing scholarship from the fields of political psychology, journalism studies, and communications, the chapter proposes a new framework for thinking about research on misinformation that integrates the study of information exposure, information processing, and information effects. At the same time, the chapter argues that focusing only on these factors obscures a crucial dynamic at the heart of the misinformation problem—the role and function of news in society is largely social, not informational. Understanding how relational forces influence the spread of misinformation in society will allow us to understand better how misinformation becomes widespread and how it might be curbed.
Political Subgroups, Knowledge, and Information
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald , Vegter Abigail , Gauding Patrick 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter continues making the case for the importance of social group differences as determinants of misinformation—specifically as applied to differences in political knowledge between gun owners and non-gun owners. Making use of survey data from an original poll of U.S. adults, the authors demonstrate that, overall, gun owners display a high degree of accuracy when answering questions about gun ownership, but that they routinely overestimate the number of gun owners in the United States. This said, associated experimental data suggest that correcting people’s estimates of gun ownership rates does little to influence attitudes toward gun regulation. This study highlights the need for more research on knowledge and misinformation among subgroups in American society other than Democratic and Republican partisans.
Value Projection and the Marketplace of Realities
Authors: Barker David C. , Marietta Morgan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that dueling fact perceptions—competing assessments of reality—stem at least as much from differences in political values as from differences in knee-jerk partisanship, simple tribal identities, or top-down propagandizing by media elites. The value projection model accounts for a broad range of DFPs across several policy domains, including disputes that cross-cut partisan commitments. Accompanying these findings is an important and somewhat disheartening conclusion that dueling fact perceptions are not likely to become shared anytime soon because none of the commonly proposed “correctives,” including fact-checking and education, stand much chance of working.
Can Facts Change Minds? The Case of Free Trade
Authors: Porter Ethan , Wood Thomas J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the understudied case of free trade. Like many economic topics, free trade is an issue about which the public knows little. Unlike with other economic topics, however, the views of political elites on trade have shifted in recent years. It is within this context that the authors examine the impact of fact-checks that counter anti-free trade misperceptions. The authors find not only that this information changed people’s factual beliefs about free trade, but that it also led respondents to become more supportive of free trade. This study is especially important because few researchers have shown such direct attitudinal change in response to factual information.
Introduction
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Historically, the critical question for Muslim religious thought has been to establish a logical epistemological relation between the two fields of law and ethics to demonstrate a cognitively undeniable correlation between reason and revelation in derivation of authoritative orthopraxy. The controversial aspect of this attempt to affiliate law and ethics was whether such a relationship could be shown to be solely the product of a religious worldview firmly founded upon scriptural authority, or whether it was possible to guide human moral conduct without reference to any revelatory sources. The emerging idea about the correlation between reason and revelation was the result of the logical necessity to provide continuous guidance for the developing and culturally diverse Muslim societies.
Herodotus and Imperial Greek Literature
Authors: Kirkland N. Bryant 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book is the first monograph devoted to the reception of Herodotus among Imperial Greek writers. Using a broad reception model and focused largely on texts outside of historiography proper, the book analyzes the entanglements of criticism and imitation in select works by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch, Dio Chrysostom, Lucian, and Pausanias. It offers a new angle on Herodotus’s intellectual afterlife, channeled through evocations both explicit and implicit in literary criticism, the moral essay, public oration, satire, and periegetic literature. The book shifts focus from reputation only—what ancient authors explicitly had to say about Herodotus—toward the kinetic interrelation between Herodotus’s reputation and his active reworking across genre and mode. It demonstrates how Herodotus was strategically construed and often implicitly summoned—as fabulist, classicist, moralizer, and evasive intellectual—and how such Herodotean presences played to the wider purposes of Imperial writers. Herodotus became a touchstone for writers concerned with a nimbus of questions that the Histories first helped to articulate. Imperial Greeks found Herodotus useful in puzzling through questions of authorial persona, mimesis, the relationship between aesthetic and ethical criticism, the self, and the contingent definitions of Hellenism under Rome. Ultimately, the book widens an incomplete reception history and reads bi-focally, examining how attention to the presence of Herodotus in various texts unveils new layers of meaning in those works, while also showing how ancient receptions offer insight into the Histories.
Merit and Caste at Elite Institutions
Authors: Subramanian Ajantha 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the intimacy between merit and caste by illuminating the role of caste in the stratification of Indian technical education. It analyzes three strategies through which upper castes remake themselves as casteless, meritocratic moderns: the mass examination, affirmative action, and diasporic mobility. It argues that meritocracy is an expression of upper-caste identitarianism that is aimed at forestalling democratic transformation.
Doctor’s Orders
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In less than 20 years, two completely new coronaviruses originated in China and spread throughout the world, upending economies and societies from Australia to Italy. The twin cases of SARS and COVID-19, alongside lesser-known viral outbreaks linked to China, show poignantly that China is essential to protecting public health. Moreover, Beijing is rapidly becoming a significant player in financing global health, including through bodies like the World Health Organization, and providing access to vaccines. But—despite decades of engagement—politics, prejudice, and propaganda consistently have undermined health cooperation between China and other countries. Even so, China and other nations have no choice but to work together to prevent future pandemics. When it comes to public health, their destinies are fundamentally linked.
The Need for Norms
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As the scope and scale of China’s technology sector expanded in the early twenty-first century, it became an indispensable player in developing and regulating emerging technologies like synthetic biology and fully autonomous systems. These technologies show enormous promise to help improve the human condition, but also to create new forms of danger and destruction. They also pose significant moral questions and threaten to outstrip existing ethical, legal, and institutional frameworks. That makes it essential for all countries, including China, to work together to formulate rules of the road for a brave new world of technology, even amid rising economic, geopolitical, and ideological competition.
Conclusion
Authors: Moore Scott M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
China’s state policy, its economy, and its role in the world are being transformed by ecological and technological challenges. Many of these challenges, from decarbonization to data privacy, are shared across countries, and certainly have global implications. Yet these common challenges have also highlighted fundamental barriers to greater cooperation between China and other countries—especially the lack of shared values. Though cooperation is still essential, this reality forces foreign governments, companies, and other organizations to think differently about when and how to engage with Chinese counterparts. Important strategies include re-envisioning relationships between the state and private sector, better engaging subnational and non-state actors both in China and abroad, and developing a new set of rules to govern data and other key twenty-first century assets.
An Astronomical Source of Income
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the 1960s, state governments turned to lotteries because they were desperate for new sources of revenue. After years of adding new services, states needed to increase taxes, but residents were reluctant to pay for the services to which they had become accustomed. Enter lotteries. This chapter explores the first wave of lottery legalization through the passage of the 1969 New Jersey lottery referendum. For white suburbanites, the lottery appeared to be a panacea. They reasoned that poor African Americans already spent money on illegal numbers games, which fed into the coffers of organized crime, so the state may as well legalize gambling to take a cut of the profit. Though it did not meet expectations, New Jersey’s was the first successful state lottery, and its innovative sales tactics inspired the spread of lotteries across the region. With New Jersey as a model, tax-wary voters ushered in the lottery age.
Not Luck, but the Work of God
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many of the first American lottery winners believed God helped them win their jackpot. This chapter examines the religious rituals of lottery players in the 1970s and the statements of winners who attributed their prizes to divine forces. Amid a decade of economic tumult and religious revival—including the rise of the prosperity gospel—working-class northeastern gamblers turned to lottery tickets as their best chance at an instant fortune. Without any means of improving their chances in a game with minuscule odds, gamblers used prayer and other rituals to try exerting control over the results of the lottery. If they won, gamblers were quick to connect their praying with their playing, claiming that divine forces had made them rich. As they did so, they reinforced the American meritocracy, presenting the lottery as a means of divine merit, a way for God to reward the deserving.
Coercively Infiltrating Political Resistance
Authors: Board Jr. Marcus 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first of a three-chapter layout of the invisible weapons framework, this chapter examines Chinese- and wider Asian-American responses to the NYPD shooting and killing of Akai Gurley in 2014. The shooter was a rookie police officer of Chinese descent, leading to stratified and complex political responses—with some explicitly deferring to a white supremacist system versus others who stood with the movement in spite of their racial group commitments. Breaking down these community-level responses, the chapter outlines the invisible weapons framework as constituting three parts: (1) elite agenda-setting; (2) neglecting structural accountability; and (3) grassroots non-events. This framework revolves around the political dissonance and disempowerment of historically marginalized communities, as these groups are taught that they lack the ability to create change through politics in spite of politics being the only given avenue to express grievances and advocate for needs.
Using Feeder Programs, Recruiting Students, and Building Longevity
Authors: Swick Bill 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How do you make the most of students who may be coming into your program, and how do you help these students get into their desired programs when they graduate from your program? Chapter 5 focuses on using feeder programs, recruiting students, and building longevity. This chapter offers ideas for each level of education to include all educators. This chapter’s sections cover elementary to middle school, middle school to high school, and high school to college. The chapter also addresses the issue of not having a handle on how many students are leaving the program at each level and how many students are needed to keep classes balanced both in numbers and skill levels. In addition, Chapter 5 offers ideas on how to maintain and motivate students to remain in your program.
Structures of Normativity and the Concept of “Ought”
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is threefold. First, it explores in greater detail various important elements of normative pluralism. Second, it attempts to establish normative pluralism as a coherent theory. Third, it tries to identify competing theories and explain what kind of picture of normativity each of them provides. Some essential concepts that are investigated are “reasons,” “requirements,” and “ought,” and the chapter distinguished between qualified (moral, prudential) and unqualified forms that these concepts may express. An important argument the chapter makes is that “ought all things considered” and “ought simpliciter” are not necessarily identical, and normative pluralism therefore can accommodate the belief that there are things we ought to do “all things considered.”
The Grounding and Extent of Normative Pluralism
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine various motivations for holding a normative pluralist view in various forms. A particularly important question that is investigated is how many incommensurable normative standpoints are admitted. Unrestricted (“deflationary”) forms of normative pluralism are the main target here, and it is argued that we should avoid such variants of normative pluralism because they come with normative implications that are too costly. The chapter favors a form of grounding found in Henry Sidgwick’s “dualism of practical reason,” which is here interpreted as a proto-form of normative pluralism consisting of a moral and prudential standpoint. The grounding can be found in the dual way humans can see themselves and in which they are situated in the world. The existence of further normative standpoints, including meaningfulness, is also explored, but it seems that other standpoints can be seen as having normativity only derivatively, from either prudence or morality.
The Argument from Nominal-Notable Comparisons
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter responds to the most common objection to normative pluralism. The idea that morality and prudence are incommensurable normative domains tends to be rejected because of “the argument from nominal-notable comparisons.” The argument relies on a premise that there are situations of moral-prudential conflict where we have a clear intuition that there are things we ought to do “all things considered.” It is usually concluded that this shows that morality and prudence must be comparable. The chapter argues that normative pluralists can account for these intuitions by (1) arguing that an “ought all things considered” need not presuppose intertype comparability among the reasons it covers and (2) endorsing more sophisticated theories of prudence, theories for which there are good, independent reasons to endorse, in any case. By following these steps, normative pluralism does not need to have the counterintuitive implications it is often thought to have.
The Supremacy Challenge
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents two challenges to normative monists: the codification challenge and the supremacy challenge. The codification challenge is to sufficiently codify the overarching normative standpoint that is claimed to exist, and the supremacy challenge is to argue for the supremacy of this standpoint over other normative standpoints. This chapter focuses on the supremacy challenge by evaluating some possible candidates that can already be said to be codified, namely, rationality and morality—as the ought simpliciter is sometimes identified with what the rational agent would do, or with morality itself. It argues that of the two standard conceptions of rationality, “structural rationality” does not have the right content to be understood as an overarching normative standpoint and that “substantive rationality” fails to meet the codification challenge. Hybrid versions are also rejected. The chapter also argues against the thesis of moral overridingness, which could serve to make morality supreme.