bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Conditional Independence by Independent Residuals: Theoretical Results and Application in Causal Discovery
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhou Shuigeng , Guan Jihong 
Published: June 2022

We investigate the relationship between conditional independence (CI) x ⊥ y|Z and the independence of two residuals x – E(x|Z) ⊥ –E(y|Z), where x and y are two random variables, and Z is a set of random variables. We show that if x, y and Z are generated by following linear structural equation model and all external influences follow Gaussian distributions, then x ⊥ y|Z if and only if x – E(x|Z) ⊥ y – E(y|Z). That is, the test of x ⊥ y|Z can be relaxed to a simpler unconditional independence test of x – E(x|Z) ⊥ y – E(y|Z). Furthermore, if all these external influences follow non-Gaussian distributions and the model satisfies structural faithfulness condition, then we have x ⊥ y|Z ⇔ x – E(x|Z) ⊥ y – E(y|Z). We apply the results above to the causal discovery problem, where the causal directions are generally determined by a set of V-structures and their consistent propagations, so CI test-based methods can return a set of Markov equivalence classes. We show that in linear non-Gaussian context, x – E(x|Z) ⊥ y – E(y|Z) ⇒ x – E(x|Z) ⊥ z or y – E(y|Z ⊥ z (∀z ∈ Z) if Z is a minimal d-separator, which implies z causes x (or y) if z directly connects to x (or y). Therefore, we conclude that CIs have useful information for distinguishing Markov equivalence classes. In summary, compared with the existing discretization-based and kernel-based CI testing methods, the proposed method provides a simpler way to measure CI, which needs only one unconditional independence test and two regression operations. When being applied to causal discovery, it can find more causal relationships, which is experimentally validated.
A Comprehensive Hazard Assessment of the Caribbean Region
Authors: Torpey Zimmerman Megan , Shen-Tu Bingming , Shabestari Khosrow , Mahdyiar Mehrdad 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTWe present a probabilistic seismic hazard study for the Caribbean (CAR) that integrates global and regional historic earthquake catalogs, a comprehensive fault database, and geodetic data. To account for the heterogeneity of historic earthquake magnitude types (e.g., mb, mL), we developed regression relationships to convert non-moment magnitudes to moment magnitudes (Mw). We used a combination of areal sources and fault sources to model seismicity across the entire CAR domain capturing hazard from both shallow and deep earthquakes. Fault sources were modeled using both the characteristic earthquake model of Schwartz and Coppersmith (1984) and the Gutenberg and Richter (1954) exponential magnitude–frequency distribution models, accounting for single and multi-segment rupture scenarios, as well as balancing of seismic moments constrained by kinematic modeling results. Data from a Global Positioning System survey in conjunction with earthquake information were used to balance seismic moments for different source zones. We also incorporated time-dependent rupture probabilities for selected faults that have ruptured in recent large earthquakes. The complex tectonics of the CAR and lack of local strong-motion data necessitates the use of weighted logic trees of the most up to date ground motion prediction equations to account for uncertainty. We present our modeling methodology and hazard results for peak ground acceleration at key return periods, and compare them to recently published regional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis studies.
Active-Source Interferometry in Marine and Terrestrial Environments: Importance of Directionality and Stationary Phase
Authors: Plescia Steven M. , Sheehan Anne F. , Haines Seth S. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
We utilize active-source seismic interferometry with dense seismic arrays both offshore and onland to explore the utility of this method to create virtual sources and reveal body-wave reflections in these two different environments. We first utilize data from an ocean-bottom cable (OBC) array in the Gulf of Mexico with equal numbers of sources (160 airgun shots) and receivers (160 ocean-bottom four-component sensors). We next use data from a geophone array across the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming with many receivers (1300 vertical-component geophones) but a small number of sources (14 borehole active-source shots). We find that the OBC virtual source results, which produce strong reflections from sub-seafloor structures, are far superior to the onland results which lack usable reflections, and we explore reasons for these differences through a set of selective stacking approaches. We present techniques to account for the direction the seismic waves travel (directionality) and stationary phase and show that improvements can be made when incorporating these corrections. Although interferometric methods are based on assumptions of large numbers of widely distributed actual sources, we find that selective exclusion of potentially problematic source–receiver pairs can yield improved results. These geometric adjustments to active-source interferometry methods have utility for dense-nodal-array surveys that are now common in academic studies, but that often suffer from sparse source geometry.
Seismic Background Noise Levels across the Continental United States from USArray Transportable Array: The Influence of Geology and Geography
Authors: Anthony Robert E. , Ringler Adam T. , Wilson David C. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Since 2004, the most complete estimate of background noise levels across the continental United States was attained using 61 broadband seismic stations to calculate power spectral density (PSD) probability density functions. To improve seismic noise estimates across the United States, we examine vertical component seismic data from the EarthScope USArray Transportable Array seismic network that rolled across the United States and southeastern Canada between 2004 and 2015 and form a large (10 TB) PSD database from 1679 stations that contains no smoothing or binning of the spectral estimates. Including station outages, our database has a mean of 98.9% data completeness, and we present maps showing the spatial and temporal variability of seismic noise in six bands of interest between 0.2 and 75 s period. At 0.2 s period, seismic noise across the eastern United States is predominantly anthropogenically generated and may be subsequently amplified more than 20 decibels in the sandy and water-saturated sediments of the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain and Mississippi Embayment. In these sediments, 1 s noise shows similar amplification and is generated through a variety of mechanisms across the United States including cultural activity throughout Kentucky and the southeastern Appalachian Mountains, lake waves around the Great Lakes, and ocean waves throughout New England, the Pacific Northwest, and Florida. Both 0.2 and 1 s noise levels are the lowest in the Intermountain West portion of the United States. We attribute this to a combination of installations on crystalline rocks and reduced population density. Finally, we find that sensors emplaced in sandy, water-saturated sediments observe median, diurnal variations in vertical component power at 18–75 s period, which we infer arise through local deformation driven by pressure variations. Ultimately, our results underscore that for shallow (&lt;5 m depth) sensor installation, bedrock provides superior broadband noise performance compared to unconsolidated sediments.
Asbestos: caught between technological development and the threat of civil liability. The Italian experience and an approach to Colombian law
Authors: Gamarra-Amaya Laura Cecilia , Woolcott Olenka 
Published: June 2022

En Colombia, la Ley 1968 de 2019 prohibió el uso de asbesto en el territorio nacional. Esta ley no abordó la imputación de responsabilidad contra quienes expusieron a otros al asbesto ni la evaluación de daños para las víctimas. Este artículo se ubica en el área de derecho civil e intenta responder a la pregunta de responsabilidad civil por asbesto basada en la experiencia Italiana y mirar los pequeños pasos jurisprudenciales tomados por los tribunales colombianos para poder determinar si se ha dispuesto la responsabilidad civil por asbesto. Al hacerlo, se identifican algunas teorías que conciernen al vínculo causal en la responsabilidad civil tradicional y al criterio de imputación o atribución de la responsabilidad objetiva aplicable a las víctimas de asbesto. Los resultados de la investigación aconsejan adaptar los elementos tradicionales de la responsabilidad a las demandas por daños relacionados con el asbesto en los casos contemporáneos teniendo en cuenta el recurso a las presunciones desde la perspectiva probatoria.
Development of Ukrainian Choral Art in Conditions of Postmodernism
Authors: Havrylenko Yuliia , Hrytsun Yuliia , Kondratenko Iryna , Sukhova Liubava 
Published: June 2022

The article presents a research work in a context of highlighting the peculiarities of development of Ukrainian choral art. The research describes the main theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the essence of choral art and postmodernism as a basis for the formation of a new worldview, a new thinking, which is a sign of a challenge of modernity. The basic context of formation of choral art is researched. The results of the research form the main historical trends in a development of choral art in the context of a basis of a human worldview and factors shaping an idea of worldview as a cultural manifestation of an era.
In the research the tendencies are identified in postmodern influence on the development of a culture, in particular choral art. Postmodernism is defined by a worldview that has become a challenge to the social development in the post-industrial era. In postmodern period appear art movements of surrealism, abstractionism, impressionism, symbolism and other cultural and art movements, which are reflected in an unrealistic way, indicating new trends in a new society.
We used analytical and research methods, a characteristic of music and game activities. Methods of a synthesis, an analysis and interpretation of choral art in a context of development of the Ukrainian culture were used for the research. The results of the research confirmed that in the conditions of postmodernism new tendencies of choral art are formed, which presents mental features in a context of information, a post-industrial society.
Enterpreneship Transformation in the Context of the Digitization of Business Processes
Authors: Lytvyn Lyubov , Hryhoruk Anatoliy , Verbivska Liudmyla , Poprotskyy Oleksandr , Medynska Tetiana , Pelekh Oksana 
Published: June 2022

This article examines the transformation of enterprises activity in terms of digitalization of business processes. The rapid and global spread of information and communication technologies contributes to the development of the digital economy and causes changes in the economic environment, which leads to the transformation of business activities, methods of transactions and the level of connections between economic entities.
Globalization and digitalization of the economy transform the key characteristics and objectives of enterprises, the directions of their development and business management processes. Technological innovations create benefits that affect the economic system as a whole and its individual components. At the same time, the introduction of innovations is carried out in conditions of uncertainty and is associated with a high degree of risk that affects the economic security of enterprises.
In the new conditions of information economy development, the competitive struggle of enterprises is intensifying, the models of enterprise management are changing, and the level of digitalization of business processes is growing. The digital age is changing the approach to doing business. The use of information technology such as marketing management systems, sales and service, telephony and messengers, document management and personnel management systems, accounting systems and other applications transform the activities of enterprises. In the process of enterprise modernization, information becomes a new factor of production, which gradually replaces other factors of production. Тechnology continues to be the largest sector in terms of market capitalization.
Effective implementation of innovations, digitalization of business processes allows companies to increase their productivity, achieve the required level of competitiveness and take a stable position in the markets.
Elevated Plasma Soluble ST2 Levels are Associated With Neuronal Injury and Neurocognitive Impairment in Children With Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Fernander Elizabeth , Adogamhe Pontian , Datta Dibyadyuti , Bond Caitlin , Zhao Yi , Bangirana Paul , Conroy Andrea L. , Opoka Robert O. , John Chandy 
Published: June 2022

Background: Murine experimental cerebral malaria studies suggest both protective and deleterious central nervous system effects from alterations in the interleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2 pathway.
Methods: We assessed whether soluble ST2 (sST2) was associated with neuronal injury or cognitive impairment in a cohort of Ugandan children with cerebral malaria (CM, n=224) or severe malarial anemia (SMA, n=193).
Results: Plasma concentrations of sST2 were higher in children with CM than in children with SMA or in asymptomatic community children. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sST2 levels were elevated in children with CM compared with North American children. Elevated plasma and CSF ST2 levels in children with CM correlated with increased endothelial activation and increased plasma and CSF levels of tau, a marker of neuronal injury. In children with CM who were ≥5 years of age at the time of their malaria episode, but not in children <5 years of age, elevated risk factor-adjusted plasma levels of sST2 were associated with worse scores for overall cognitive ability and attention over a 2-year follow-up.
Conclusions: The study findings suggest that sST2 may contribute to neuronal injury and long-term neurocognitive impairment in older children with CM.
IMPACT OF THE SMART GRID SYSTEM ON THE NATIONAL ENERGY NETWORK
Authors: Lobodzinskiy V. , Buryk M. , Petruchenko O. , Illina О. 
Published: June 2022

Modern power system technologies offer the integration of renewable energy in electricity grids, intelligent metering, bidirectional communication between power generation units and the central control system for energy production and consumption, prevention of power outages, sustainable and safe energy sources, and energy security. Moreover, the modern energy system requires control, measurement and cybersecurity of energy processes at every point of the grid.
The infrastructure of the national networks of many countries is very old and includes classic technologies of production, transmission and distribution of electricity. In addition, the controllability and managebility of these systems are also unsatisfactory. On the other hand, Smart Grid technologies include sophisticated tools to monitor and control the power system in both directions from power plants to end users or vice versa so that vulnerabilities can be identified in advance and the necessary measures taken. In addition, the smart grid system offers monitoring and management of electricity from production to the end user, as well as provides smart accounting, integration of renewable energy into the grid. Morover, the efficient use of energy sources with minimal losses and minimal illegal use is also addressed in smart grid technology. This article highlights the impact of smart grid technologies on national power grids and offers some useful suggestions for transforming their classic power grid system into a Smart Grid grid system.
Transforming the classic network into an intelligent one fills its own business areas and provides increased efficiency, loss reduction, flexible price for consumers, safe and stable electricity, as well as reliable and digital infrastructure.
As a result, building a Smart Grid is a complex task, starting with a detailed quantification of system requirements, determining the actual goals and the levels of operation needed to achieve them. This research will be an effective and efficient tool for researchers, engineers, transmitter operators and distributors to transform the classical national energy system into an intelligent energy system.
VineyardFACE: Investigation of a moderate (+20 %) increase of ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentration on berry ripening dynamics and fruit composition of Cabernet-Sauvignon
Authors: Kahn Cécile , Tittmann Susanne , Hilbert Ghislaine , Renaud Christel , Gomès Eric , Stoll Manfred 
Published: June 2022

Climate change and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are a concern for agriculture, including viticulture. Studies on elevated carbon dioxide have already been conducted on grapevines, mainly taking place in greenhouses using potted plants or using field-grown vines under instant and higher CO2 enrichment, i.e., > 650 ppm. The VineyardFACE, located at Hochschule Geisenheim University, is an open field Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experimental set-up designed to study the effects of elevated carbon dioxide using adapted, field-grown vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon). As the carbon dioxide fumigation started in 2014, the long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide treatment can be investigated on berry ripening parameters and fruit metabolic composition.The present study investigates the effect on fruit composition under a moderate increase (+20 %; eCO2) of carbon dioxide concentration, as predicted for 2050 on Cabernet-Sauvignon. Berry growth, ripening dynamics and composition were determined and primary (sugars, organic acids, amino acids) and secondary metabolites (anthocyanins) were analysed. Compared to previous results of the early adaptive phase of the vines (Wohlfahrt et al., 2020), our results show little effects of eCO2 treatment on primary metabolites composition in berries. However, total anthocyanins concentration in berry skin was lower for eCO2 treatment in the hot and dry season of 2020, although the ratio between anthocyanins derivatives did not differ.
Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis
Authors: Koutsogiannis Petros , Frane Nicholas , Aliyev Teymur , Regala Peter , Tarazi John M. , Bitterman Adam D. 
Published: June 2022

» Peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) pathologies involve a variety of etiologies and degrees of dysfunction, which complicates their diagnoses.» Patient presentation includes a spectrum of disease; however, despite advanced imaging, a misunderstanding of the pathology and diagnostic algorithms has contributed to continued misdiagnoses.» This article summarizes the anatomy and the pathophysiology of the PL and the PB; it also provides updated treatment options and their associated outcomes in order to illuminate an often-misunderstood topic.
The Role of Stability and Alignment in Improving Patient Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Vajapey Sravya P. , Fitz Wolfgang , Iorio Richard 
Published: June 2022

» Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment option for many patients, but a small group of patients are dissatisfied following TKA.» Alignment, in combination with balance, stability, and knee kinematics, is an important modifiable surgical factor that can affect patient outcomes.» Driven by the subset of dissatisfied patients after TKA, new techniques have evolved in the search for a more anatomic reconstruction of individual knee morphology and a more accurate approximation of the individual lower-extremity alignment.» There is a need to optimize 3 aspects of TKA to improve patient outcomes—mechanical tooling processes, implants that resurface the epiphysis, and techniques that respect the variable anatomy of patients.
Construction of a Predictive Model of Respiratory Endoscopic Intervention in Children with Lobar Pneumonia Caused by Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Ma Yu , Sun Zhichao , Wang Ting , Yan Yongdong , Huang Li , Chen Zhengrong 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the clinical features of children with lobar pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection, to provide a prognostic evaluation of interventional bronchoscopy, and to explore the independent risk factors for bronchoscopic intervention in children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection. We also aimed to construct an early-warning model of bronchoscopic intervention, so as to provide an objective evaluation tool for clinicians.Methods: We collected the clinical data from 533 children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection. The patients were divided into three groups according to the interventional indications for bronchoscopy and whether they were treated with bronchoscopic intervention, and the clinical features and prognosis of the three groups were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed on the indicators with a significance value of P < 0.05, which we retrieved from the comparative analysis between the first two groups, in order to uncover the independent risk factors and regression equations concerning bronchoscopic intervention. The regression coefficient (β) of our regression model was then used to score related values in the model so as to construct a predictive scoring model of bronchoscopic intervention for the treatment of children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection.Results: Children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection who demonstrated absolute indications for bronchoscopy exhibited more severe clinical manifestations, and children without absolute indications for bronchoscopy achieved a better prognosis even without bronchoscopic intervention. To establish our early-warning model of bronchoscopic intervention for children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection, we utilized the following indices: a C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 20.94 mg/L (β1 = 2.253) received 3 points; a fever duration before bronchoscopy ≥ 6.5 d (β2 = 1.424), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥ 461.5 U/L (β3 = 1.246), or fever (β4 = 1.223), each received 2 points; and if complicated by pleural effusion (β5 = 0.841), 1 point, for a total score of 10 points.Conclusions: When the score for the children with lobar pneumonia caused by MP infection was ≥6, the possibility of bronchoscopic intervention for treatment was higher than 80%. The higher the score, the greater the possibility of bronchoscopic intervention.
A Novel Starch Digesting Halo-Acid-Alkali-Tolerant and Surfactant Stable Amylase from Newly Isolated Halophilic Bacterium Bacillus Siamensis Sp. F2: Application in Waste Valorization to Ethanol Fermentation
Authors: Rathod Baliram Gurunath , Pandala Srinija , Poosarla Venkata Giridhar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The extracellular amylase production level by the moderate halophile Bacillus siamensis sp. F2 was optimized, and the enzyme was biochemically characterized. The culture parameters for NaCl, carbon, nitrogen, pH, and temperature were optimized for high titers of amylase production. Growing Bacillus siamensis sp. F2 cultures in Great Salt Lake-2 medium with additions of (in g/l) NaCl (100), starch (30), yeast extract (2), KNO3 (2), and MgSO4 (1) at pH 8, 30°C resulted in the maximum amylase production (4.2 U/ml). The amylase was active across a wide range of salinities (0 to 30% NaCl), pH (5.0–10.0), and temperatures (20–70oC), and showed good stability with surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100); hence identified as halo-acid-alkali-tolerant and surfactant stable. Temperature, pH, and salinity were optimal for amylase activity at 50°C, pH 7, and 5% NaCl, respectively. It also generates amylase utilizing agricultural wastes like sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, and rice husk. Based on the performance of Bacillus siamensis sp. F2 using sugarcane bagasse and synthesizing amylase, the current study attempted to produce bioethanol by co-culturing with baker's yeast, which yielded 157 g/L of bioethanol. This novel amylase may have many potential applications in industrial waste-valorization and biorefinery sectors.