bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validated HPLC-DAD and Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Ternary Mixture of Analgin, Caffeine, and Ergotamine
Authors: Khalil Israa A , Razeq Sawsan A Abdel , Mohammed Samah A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundAmigrain®, the market formulation of the ternary mixture of analgin, caffeine, and ergotamine, is used for the symptomatic treatment of migraine.ObjectiveThe aim of the work is to develop and validate an high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array-fluorescence (HPLC-DAD) method and a novel spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of analgin, caffeine, and ergotamine in their pharmaceutical formulation.MethodThe HPLC separation of the ternary mixture was carried out using an Inertsil-C8 column and a gradient elution of mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and ammonium format buffer (pH 4.2), the ultraviolet detection for analgin and caffeine was carried out at λ = 280, 254 nm, and fluorometric detection for ergotamine was carried out at λ exc =310 nm, λ emm =360 nm. The two spectrophotometric methods were double divisor ratio spectra derivative (DDRD) and ratio dual wavelength (RDW) methods. The first method was used for determination of ergotamine at 355 nm and caffeine at 268 nm by the third and first derivative. The second one was based on using amplitude difference for the determination of caffeine and analgin.ResultsHPLC and spectrophotometric methods were applied over the concentration ranges of 50–400, 25–200, and 0.5–10 μg/mL and 10–35, 2–30, and 10–70 μg/mL for analgin, caffeine, and ergotamine for the two methods.ConclusionsThe proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation, and the obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported methods without any significant difference.HighlightsThe developed HPLC-DAD method has a high sensitivity for ergotamine. The spectrophotometric methods offer novelty, green solvent usage, and economic cost.
Sustainable Finance and Sovereign Debt: The Illusion to Govern by Contract
Authors: Lupo-Pasini Federico 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Sovereign debt markets are rapidly venturing into the world of sustainable finance. Sovereign and sub-sovereign borrowers increasingly use ‘green’, ‘social’, and ‘sustainability’ bonds and loans to finance their domestic sustainability agenda. The rationale behind those instruments is to leverage the power of financial markets to incentivize public borrowers to pursue sustainability reforms and projects that would otherwise be difficult to implement. At the same time, given its clear objective to influence domestic policies, some see sovereign sustainable finance as an invasion of national sovereignty and a new form of private conditionality. This article assesses these claims. It sets out a theory of sovereign sustainable bonds that highlights the incentives of the two contractual parties—institutional investors and sovereign borrowers—to use finance as a tool for domestic sustainability reforms. I demonstrate that neither of the two parties has any incentive to use debt instruments to pursue a change in domestic policies and sustainability practices. A lack of financial incentives for investors and constitutional and political limitations on the sovereign borrower’s side make the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) contractual bargain very difficult to negotiate and implement. At the same time, both parties share the common goal of tapping into the ever-expanding ESG market. This results in a sustainable bond structure that only superficially addresses the sustainability objective for which it is marketed to investors.
Recent progress in adaptive laboratory evolution of industrial microorganisms
Authors: Wang Guanglu , Li Qian , Zhang Zhan , Yin Xianzhong , Wang Bingyang , Yang Xuepeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAdaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a technique for the selection of strains with better phenotypes by long-term culture under a specific selection pressure or growth environment. Because ALE does not require detailed knowledge of a variety of complex and interactive metabolic networks, and only needs to simulate natural environmental conditions in the laboratory to design a selection pressure, it has the advantages of broad adaptability, strong practicability, and more convenient transformation of strains. In addition, ALE provides a powerful method for studying the evolutionary forces that change the phenotype, performance, and stability of strains, resulting in more productive industrial strains with beneficial mutations. In recent years, ALE has been widely used in the activation of specific microbial metabolic pathways and phenotypic optimization, the efficient utilization of specific substrates, the optimization of tolerance to toxic substance, and the biosynthesis of target products, which is more conducive to the production of industrial strains with excellent phenotypic characteristics. In this paper, typical examples of ALE applications in the development of industrial strains and the research progress of this technology are reviewed, followed by a discussion of its development prospects.
Kinematics of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies with large-scale ionized outflows
Authors: Hogarth L M , Saintonge A , Davis T A 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the kinematics of the molecular gas in a sample of seven edge-on (i &gt; 60°) galaxies identified as hosting large-scale outflows of ionized gas, using ALMA CO(1–0) observations at ∼1 kpc resolution. We build on Hogarth et al., where we find that molecular gas is more centrally concentrated in galaxies which host winds than in control objects. We perform full three-dimensional kinematic modelling with multiple combinations of kinematic components, allowing us to infer whether these objects share any similarities in their molecular gas structure. We use modelling to pinpoint the kinematic centre of each galaxy, in order to interpret their minor- and major-axis position velocity diagrams (PVDs). From the PVDs, we find that the bulk of the molecular gas in our galaxies is dynamically cold, tracing the rotation curves predicted by our symmetric, rotation-dominated models, but with minor flux asymmetries. Most notably, we find evidence of radial gas motion in a subset of our objects, which demonstrate a characteristic ‘twisting’ in their minor-axis PVDs generally associated with gas flow along the plane of a galaxy. In our highest S/N object, we include bi-symmetric radial flow in our kinematic model, and find (via the Bayesian Information Criterion) that the presence of radial gas motion is strongly favoured. This may provide one mechanism by which molecular gas and star formation are centrally concentrated, enabling the launch of massive ionized gas winds. However, in the remainder of our sample, we do not observe evidence that gas is being driven radially, once again emphasizing the variety of physical processes that may be powering the outflows in these objects, as originally noted in H21.
Characterizing the circumgalactic medium of quasars at z ∼ 2.2 through H α and Ly α emission
Authors: Langen Vivienne , Cantalupo Sebastiano , Steidel Charles C , Chen Yuguang , Pezzulli Gabriele , Gallego Sofia G 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
The discovery of giant quasar Ly α nebulae at z &gt; 2 has opened up the possibility to directly study in emission the Circumgalactic and Intergalactic Medium (CGM/IGM). However, the resonant nature of the Ly α line and its different emission mechanisms hamper the ability to constrain both the kinematics and physical properties of the CGM/IGM. Here, we present results of a pilot project aiming at the detection of CGM H α emission, a line which does not suffer from these limitations. To this end, we first used KCWI to detect Ly α emission around three bright quasars with 2.25 &lt; z &lt; 2.27, a range which is free from bright IR sky lines for H α, and then selected the most extended nebula for H α follow-up with MOSFIRE. Within the MOSFIRE slit, we detected H α emission extending up to 20 physical kpc with a total H α flux of FH α = (9.5 ± 0.9) × 10$^{-18}~\mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}\, cm^{-2}}$. Considering the Ly α flux in the same region, we found FLy α/FH α = 3.7 ± 0.3 consistent with that obtained for the Slug Nebula at z = 2.275 and with recombination radiation. This implies high densities or a very broad density distribution within the CGM of high-redshift quasars. Moreover, the H α line profile suggests the presence of multiple emitting components overlapping along our line of sight and relatively quiescent kinematics, which seems incompatible with either quasar outflows capable of escaping the potential well of the host halo or disc-like rotation in a massive halo (&gt;1012 M⊙).
Clinical Characteristics and Histopathology in Suspected Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Gundersen Ingunn M , Berget Ellen , Haugland Hans Kristian , Bruun Trond , Almeland Stian Kreken , Assmus Jürg , Rath Eivind , Norrby-Teglund Anna , Skrede Steinar , Mosevoll Knut Anders 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are severe diseases with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis is challenging. Several guidelines recommend tissue biopsies as an adjunct diagnostic in routine management, but neither biopsy sampling nor classification is standardized or validated. We studied the quality of tissue biopsy examination as part of routine diagnostics in NSTIs.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing surgery due to suspected NSTIs in which tissue biopsy was taken as part of routine management. Clinical data were reviewed. The biopsies were evaluated according to a proposed histopathologic classification system and independently assessed by 2 pathologists. Interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy were determined.

Results
Tissue biopsies from 75 patients were examined, 55 NSTIs and 20 non-NSTIs cases. The cohorts were similar in clinical characteristics. Interrater reliability for histopathologic staging was moderate (0.53) and fair (0.37) for diagnosis. The sensitivity of histologic diagnosis was 75% and the specificity 80%. The positive predictive value was 91% and the negative predictive value 53%. Necrotizing Infection Clinical Composite Endpoint (NICCE) success was associated with a more severe histological stage, achieved by 42% and 71% of the cases in stage 1 and 2, respectively (P = .046).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that tissue biopsies have low clinical accuracy. The interrater reliability among experienced pathologists is only fair to moderate. A histopathologically more severe stage was associated with favorable outcome. These findings discourage the use of histopathologic evaluation as part of contemporary management of patients with suspected NSTI.
High Level of Pretreatment and Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance in El Salvador: A Nationally Representative Survey, 2018–2019
Authors: Girón-Callejas Amalia , García-Morales Claudia , Mendizabal-Burastero Ricardo , Quezada Alma , Ruiz Lisette , Arguera Nelly , Sorto Salvador , Nieto Ana I , Tapia-Trejo Daniela , López-Sánchez Dulce M , Pérez-García Marissa , Cruz Luis , Andino Raúl , Sajquim Edgar , Juárez Sandra I , Farach Nasim , Ravasi Giovanni , Northbrook Sanny , Reyes-Terán Gustavo , Ávila-Ríos Santiago 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (HIVDR) can negatively impact the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of pretreatment HIVDR (PDR) among ART initiators and the prevalence of viral load (VL) suppression and acquired HIVDR among individuals receiving ART for 12 ± 3 months (ADR12) and ≥48 months (ADR48) in El Salvador.

Methods
Nationally representative cross-sectional PDR, ADR12 and ADR48 surveys were conducted among adults with HIV from October 2018 to August 2019, following World Health Organization-recommended methods. Demographic and clinic data and blood specimens were collected.

Results
Two hundred sixty participants were enrolled in the PDR survey, 230 in ADR12 and 425 in ADR48. Twenty-seven percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.1%–39.9%) of ART initiators had PDR to efavirenz or nevirapine. The prevalence of VL suppression was 88.8% (95% CI, 83.1%–92.8%) in ADR12 and 80.5% (95% CI, 76.6%–84.0%) in ADR48 surveys. Among people with HIV receiving a first-line nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART regimens and with unsuppressed VL, the prevalence of ADR to efavirenz or nevirapine was 72.0% (95% CI, 32.3%–93.3%) and 95.0% (68.5%–99.4%) in the ADR12 and ADR28 surveys, respectively. ADR12 to boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r) or integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) was not observed. ADR48 was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.2%–9.6%) and 2.1% (0.3%–13.7%), respectively.

Conclusions
Programmatic improvements in ART delivery are urgently needed in El Salvador to address the high levels of resistance to efavirenz or nevirapine among ART initiators and the low VL suppression prevalence among individuals on treatment.
A Baker’s Dozen of Top Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention Publications in Non–Hospital Care Settings in 2021
Authors: Green Sarah B , Marx Ashley H , Chahine Elias B , Hayes Jillian E , Albrecht Benjamin , Barber Katie E , Brown Matthew L , Childress Darrell , Durham Spencer H , Furgiuele Gabrielle , McKamey Lacie J , Sizemore Summer , Turner Michelle S , Winders Hana R , Bookstaver P Brandon , Bland Christopher M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The scope of antimicrobial stewardship programs has expanded beyond the acute hospital setting. The need to optimize antimicrobial use in emergency departments, urgent, primary, and specialty care clinics, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities prompted the development of core elements of stewardship programs in these settings. Identifying the most innovative and well-designed stewardship literature in these novel stewardship areas can be challenging. The Southeastern Research Group Endeavor (SERGE-45) network evaluated antimicrobial stewardship–related, peer-reviewed literature published in 2021 that detailed actionable interventions specific to the nonhospital setting. The top 13 publications were summarized following identification using a modified Delphi technique. This article highlights the selected interventions and may serve as a key resource for expansion of antimicrobial stewardship programs beyond the acute hospital setting.
Evolving Perspective on Community and Governance
Authors: Gardler Ross , Walli Stephen R 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that collaboration of the type found in open source software is not new. Open source software communities and business teams make sharing the default position. They rely upon the fact that the reproduction of completed software components does not consume a scarce resource. Furthermore, company participants in open source communities recognise that because large portions of their products can be standardised and thus shared with collaborators at minimal cost there is an opportunity to reduce the initial cost of production and ongoing costs of maintenance for their businesses. Fundamental to the success of this model of software production is the adoption of an open source license. It is the license that protects each participant from exploitation. The license seeks to ensure that all contributors remain on equal terms.
Building Virtue Through App Cultures
Authors: Schnitker Sarah A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Digital religions through app cultures provide assets for virtue development among adolescents. Examination of the affordances and deficiencies of app cultures in relation to the resources provided by traditional religions through ideological, social, and transcendent contexts reveals a complex picture. As an ideological context, app cultures make moral standards salient and supply opportunities for meaning-making when properly scaffolded, but they struggle to provide youth a coherent meaning system. As a social context, app cultures afford myriad opportunities for building social capital (though dangers lurk), provide access to models, and can facilitate virtue-building practices if adherence is high and extrinsic rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation. As a transcendent context, app cultures scaffold prayer and meditation practices that cultivate connection, but smartphones themselves may undermine the necessary focus. Likewise, apps can evoke self-transcendent positive emotions but have yet to emulate the embodied experiences of traditional religions.
Digital Religion
Authors: Sumiala Johanna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter sketches what kinds of methods are applied in the study of digital religion and how those methods guide research in the third and fourth wave of research in this interdisciplinary field. The chapter starts with providing a brief outline of digital religion as a research field and its historical development from a study of religion online/online religion to digital religion through the looking glass of methodology and discusses the various methodological choices involved in the study of digital religion in the present context. The author reflects on how “digitalization of methods” in the study field of digital religion is guiding current research, how this methodological development resonates with other research fields in humanities and social sciences, and where the study of digital religion may be heading in the future as scholarship attempts to better understand the workings of digital religion in contemporary hybrid media environments, immersed digital communication, and hypermediation of social and cultural life.
Advantages and Limitations of Combined Diffusion-Phase Equilibrium Modelling for Pressure–Temperature–Time History of Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Faryad Shah Wali , Ježek Josef , Connolly James A D 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
This paper presents and discusses the results of phase diagram (Perple_X) and diffusion modelling (CZGM, or Compositional Zoning and its Modification by diffusion) to constrain the P–T path of metamorphism. The approach is based on the best fits between the zoning profile in measured garnet and that obtained by the intersections of garnet isopleths calculated by phase diagram modelling using whole rock bulk composition. The model was applied to garnets in natural rocks of various metamorphic grades, which were formed within different geotectonic environments. To compare the sequence of compositional change during Barrovian-type metamorphism, well-studied pelitic rocks from garnet–staurolite, kyanite–sillimanite, and sillimanite-K-feldspar metamorphic zones were selected. Garnets with two-stepped core and rim profiles that were formed during two different metamorphic stages or events were used for pressure–temperature (P–T) path constraint of each stage or event. For high-grade rocks, in which the original zoning profile in garnet was severely modified, the diffusion of the initial zoning profile was quantified to estimate the timescale of the metamorphic event. These rocks include high- to ultra-high-pressure rocks, which were subjected to thermal overprinting during collisional orogenesis. The results of the application of this approach allow for deciphering the reason why the calculated profile by phase diagram modelling does not fit with that of the measured garnet from low-grade rocks, in which garnet has preserved the original compositional zoning. This includes garnets whose nucleation was shifted from the garnet-in boundary to higher temperatures and pressures, as well as garnet crystallised during different metamorphic stages or events. Finally, the P–T paths in high-grade rocks were constrained after the multicomponent diffusion in garnet was quantified, and this was used for further P–T-time path constraint of metamorphism in the rocks.
Hallucinations in the Child and Adolescent “Ultra-High Risk” population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Di Luzio Michelangelo , Pontillo Maria , Di Vincenzo Cristina , Bellantoni Domenica , Demaria Francesco , Vicari Stefano 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
“Ultra-high risk” for psychosis young adults are assumed to be at higher risk of developing a psychotic spectrum disorder. Predominantly, the ultrahigh-risk population is aged 18–35 years, but it may also include younger children and adolescents. Individuals in this population experience psychosis prodromes in the form of attenuated or brief psychotic symptoms (particularly perceptual abnormalities). Albeit diagnosis is made via structured interviews, such measures fail to sufficiently assess the precise form and content of perceptual abnormalities, especially as they manifest in children and adolescents.

Study Design
The present study involved a systematic review of the literature on perceptual abnormalities (particularly hallucinations) in ultrahigh-risk children and adolescents.

Results
The analysis reviewed five studies and drew conclusions about the perceptual abnormalities (ie, hallucinations) experienced by the study samples, focusing on form, content, and associations with other symptoms. Of note, 2 of the investigated studies suggested a relationship between hallucinations and experiences of childhood trauma.

Conclusions
The transition to psychosis and experiences of childhood trauma could correspond to different types of hallucinations in ultrahigh-risk children and adolescents. This knowledge could improve the identification of prodromal states in the young, ultrahigh-risk population.
Challenges and adaptations for a cluster-randomized control trial targeting parents of pediatric cancer survivors with obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Buro Acadia W , Gray Heewon L , Ruble Kathy , Soca Lozano Sandra , Sauls Rachel , Albizu-Jacob Alexandra , Crowder Sylvia L , Mazzeo Suzanne E , Stern Marilyn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the importance of digital technology in clinical trial implementation, there is a dearth of literature reporting on challenges and strategies related to multi-site randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among pediatric cancer survivors during the pandemic. This paper discusses challenges faced in the implementation of the NOURISH-T+ trial so far (December 2019–March 2022) and describes adaptations made as a result of these disruptions in the areas of recruitment, data collection, and overall engagement. This reflection is based on a multisite cluster-RCT that aims to examine whether an intervention targeting parents as agents of change to promote healthy eating and physical activity in pediatric cancer survivors, NOURISH-T+ (Nourishing Our Understanding of Role modeling to Improve Support and Health for Healthy Transitions), reduces body mass and improves health behaviors compared to Brief NOURISH-T (Enhanced Usual Care/EUC). The COVID-19 pandemic has created and exacerbated challenges for our trial related to participant recruitment and engagement, technology access and literacy, and data collection and management, as well as COVID-related challenges (e.g., Zoom fatigue). Strategies used to address these challenges might prove helpful in future virtual or hybrid RCTs, including developing trust and rapport with participants, providing support through multiple routes of dissemination, and using data management applications (e.g., REDCap™) for automation and project management. Extra efforts to build families’ trust and rapport, offering multiple routes of support, and automating as many tasks as possible are critical to ensuring the continuation of high-quality clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic.