bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doxycycline vs Placebo at 12 Weeks in Patients With Mild Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Authors: Pan Yuan , Chen Yu-Xi , Zhang Jian , Lin Miao-Li , Liu Guang-Ming , Xu Xue-Liang , Fan Xian-Qun , Zhong Yong , Li Qing , Ai Si-Ming , Xu Wen , Tan Jia , Zhou Hui-Fang , Xu Dong-Dong , Zhang Hui-Ying , Xu Bei , Wang Sha , Ma Jun-Jie , Zhang Shuo , Gan Lin-Yang , Cui Jian-Tao , Li Li , Xie Yan-Yan , Guo Xinxing , Pan-Doh Nathan , Zhu Zhuo-Ting , Lu Yao , Shi Yu-Xun , Xia Yi-Wen , Li Zuo-Yi , Liang Dan 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceMild thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) negatively impacts quality of life, yet no clinical guidelines for its treatment are available. Existing evidence supports the use of doxycycline in treating mild TAO.ObjectiveTo evaluate the short-term (12 weeks) efficacy of doxycycline in treating mild TAO.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this placebo-controlled multicenter randomized double-masked trial, 148 patients were assessed for eligibility. After exclusions (patients who were pregnant or lactating, had an allergy to tetracyclines, or had uncontrolled systematic diseases), 100 patients with mild TAO (orbital soft tissue affected mildly) at 5 centers in China were enrolled from July 2013 to December 2019 and monitored for 12 weeks.InterventionsParticipants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive doxycycline (50 mg) or placebo once daily for 12 weeks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the rate of improvement at 12 weeks compared with baseline assessed by a composite indicator of eyelid aperture (reduction ≥2 mm), proptosis (reduction ≥2 mm), ocular motility (increase ≥8°), and Graves ophthalmopathy-specific quality-of-life (GO-QOL) scale score (increase ≥6 points). Adverse events were recorded.ResultsA total of 50 participants were assigned to doxycycline and 50 to placebo. The mean (SD) age was 36.7 (9.1) years; 75 participants (75.0%) were female and 100 (100.0%) were Asian. Medication compliance was checked during participant interviews and by counting excess tablets. At week 12, the improvement rate was 38.0% (19 of 50) in the doxycycline group and 16.0% (8 of 50) in the placebo group (difference, 22.0%; 95% CI, 5.0-39.0; P = .01) in the intention-to-treat population. The per-protocol sensitivity analysis showed similar results (39.6% [19 of 48] vs 16.0% [8 of 50]; difference, 23.6%; 95% CI, 6.4-40.8; P = .009). No adverse events other than 1 case of mild gastric acid regurgitation was recorded in either group.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this study indicate that oral doxycycline, 50 mg daily, resulted in greater improvement of TAO-related symptoms at 12 weeks compared with placebo in patients with mild TAO. These findings support the consideration of doxycycline for mild TAO but should be tempered by recognizing the relatively short follow-up and the size of the cohort.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02203682
Autoethnography
Authors: Spradley Elizabeth L. , LeBlanc Sarah S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry describes autoethnography as a research method influenced by the social construction and narrative turns in communication studies, more generally, and health communication, more specifically. Autoethnography draws on experiences of the self, individually and collaboratively, to develop subjective, rich accounts for sociocultural analysis. Health communication scholars use individual and collective accounts to demonstrate a variety of health communication issues, outcomes, and relationships and to promote social action.
Patient–Clinician Communication about Sexual Health
Authors: Anderson Janeane N. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis entry provides a description of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional factors that facilitate and serve as barriers to candid discussions about sexuality and sexual health between patients and clinicians within medical settings. Despite the importance of sexual health conversations, unmet needs in patient–clinician sexual communication have been documented in several healthcare settings, including primary care, oncology, cardiology, and care for older adults. Current research is referenced to explore how sociocultural factors and normative beliefs impact sexual communication comfort, willingness, and efficacy for both patients and clinicians. The entry also provides an overview of sexual communication challenges for patients from vulnerable, marginalized communities, namely racial/ethnic minorities, sexual and gender minorities, adolescents, and people with physical and intellectual disabilities. Suggestions for improving clinician–patient communication about sexual health based on current literature are also provided.
Patient Navigation
Authors: Eliacin Johanne , Cameron Kenzie A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Patient navigation is a patient‐centered health services delivery care model that promotes effective patient–clinician communication across the care continuum, from health promotion and screening to treatment, survivorship, and end of life. Patient navigation has demonstrated effectiveness in improving care processes among patients with chronic health conditions such as cancer and diabetes, and among racial and ethnic minority populations. Patient navigators provide culturally sensitive and individualized assistance to patients, especially those who may need additional support, to have access to needed medical information and care. As the field of patient navigation continues to evolve, opportunities exist for patient navigators to maximize their roles in supporting patients' interactions with their clinical care teams by further emphasizing and incorporating activities that effectively assess and address patients' communication needs. Further, expanded use of patient navigation can contribute to ongoing efforts to reduce health disparities and promote equity through facilitation of patient education, patient engagement, and improved patient–clinician communication.
Program Design and Evaluation
Authors: Neuhauser Linda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of issues, theories, and methods relevant to integrating program design and evaluation of health communication, and newer trends in this area. Theories/models and methods from many disciplines provide rich guidance in this area, including those from social sciences, humanities, biomedical sciences, sociotechnical sciences, business, and others. Traditional health communication programs have tended to be expert‐driven, focused on individual behavior, and evaluated using mixed social science methods. Newer approaches are more trans/interdisciplinary, more focused on community and societal conditions, more interactive, and more strongly engage end users and stakeholders in iterative program co‐design and co‐evaluation.
Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Peterson Emily B. , Bylund Carma L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses serve the important function of organizing and synthesizing previous research studies, providing a foundation for researchers to advance research. These reviews use explicit, accountable, and rigorous methods to answer a specific research question. This is done by a thorough examination of published studies, and a rigorous and explicit process of selecting studies for inclusion in the review based on a predetermined set of eligibility criteria. Synthesis for systematic reviews can include a thematic summary and/or statistically aggregating the results of the individual studies through a meta‐analysis. Many tools exist to help those interested in conducting systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Scientific advancement occurs when studies systematically respond to and build upon the foundation of existing work; systematic reviews and meta‐analyses play an important role in this evolutionary research process.
Secure Messaging
Authors: Alpert Jordan M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBoth patients and healthcare professionals rely on technology to communicate with one another more than ever. Secure messaging, the asynchronous messaging function with electronic health records and patient portals, facilitates such communication. The use of secure messaging has dramatically increased because it improves patient satisfaction, is convenient, extends the in‐person visit, and provides a safe environment to discuss sensitive issues. However, clinicians are still reluctant to embrace the technology because they are not reimbursed for the time it takes to respond to patients' questions, and because they fear it will cause their workload to escalate. Patients are unsure about which types of messages are appropriate for secure messaging and have expressed the need for guidance and instruction. Research on the use of secure messaging has mainly focused on the primary care setting and chronic diseases like diabetes and cancer. When frequent communication between patients and clinicians is required, such as in diabetes and cancer, patients have preferred secure messaging to other forms of communication, like telephone calls. Patient‐centered communication in the application of secure messaging is important, as patients expect high levels of quality and authentic communication, just like they do during face‐to‐face interactions.
Communicative Constitution Model of Organizations
Authors: Schoeneborn Dennis , Vásquez Consuelo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The notion of the “communicative constitution of organization” (CCO) is at the center of a growing theoretical development within the field of organizational communication studies. CCO scholarship is based on the idea that organizations are created and maintained in and through communication. CCO scholarship is presented with regard to its main underlying premises and major theoretical approaches, and implications for health communication research.
Organizational Whistleblowers
Authors: Baglia Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Whistleblowing is a health communication topic that has been covered extensively in ethics, health policy, journalism, law, and nursing journals but not as much from the health communication, health humanities, and medical anthropology fields. As a concept of potential interest to health communication scholars, whistleblowing (and whistleblowers) raise important questions regarding organizational culture, decision making, medical hierarchy, medical error and abuse, and interpersonal and relational disclosure. Whistleblowing constitutes what is known as prosocial behavior, or behavior that tends to benefit others. Some prosocial behavior, like whistleblowing, also leads to decreasing, discouraging, or eliminating undesirable behavior. As a result, whistleblowing is frequently aligned with activism. Models, processes, and theories are included in this entry along with well‐known historical and contemporary examples of whistleblowing, as well as suggestions for future research.
Communication Privacy Management Theory
Authors: Durham Wesley T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry serves as an overview of communication privacy management (CPM). Developed by Sandra Petronio in the 1990s and early 2000s, originally as communication boundary management, CPM serves as an important framework for understanding how and why humans reveal and/or conceal private information. In this entry, the tenets and principles of CPM are introduced, along with how scholars have applied the theory in health communication contexts.
Communication Skills in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Duggan Ashley P. , Shaughnessy Allen F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Communication skills in graduate medical education involve both a foundational skill set for structuring patient‐centered healthcare and an ability to reflectively integrate better communication tools and to design more productive interactions over time. Doctors learn to create and sustain therapeutic relationships with patients and families. Communication skills in medicine first require an ability for the doctor to establish a therapeutic relationship with the patient for the purpose of diagnosis and (shared) decision making to address the patient's health needs. Necessary foundational communication competencies include building rapport, asking questions to obtain information necessary to diagnose the symptoms, actively listening with empathy and openness to patient experiences, and coming to a (shared) decision about what comes next. Communication as interaction design moves beyond a checklist of measurable skills and behaviors toward the ability to deploy a wider range of tools. Interaction design moves from communication as sending and receiving information to creating, in the moment, a shared reality between patient and physician that allows both to contribute. Building tools for interaction design requires graduate medical education to consider explicit messages as well as implicit cues and reflection about communication to create mindful awareness of tools to attend to, and create, deeper communicative experiences.
Suicide: Media
Authors: Mestas Manina , Arendt Florian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is strong evidence for the existence of the so‐called Werther effect, which describes the phenomenon that media depictions of suicide can lead to an increase in the actual number of suicides. Scholars have identified elements of suicide reporting that strengthen detrimental imitative effects, such as a sensational reporting style including detailed depictions of the suicide method. However, not all suicide reporting must necessarily translate into a rise in suicides. For example, there is evidence that exposure to news stories about individuals who successfully coped with a suicidal crisis can actually reduce suicidality, a beneficial phenomenon termed the Papageno effect. From a suicide prevention perspective, it is important that news coverage of suicide adheres to a set of guidelines of responsible reporting, aiming to reduce or, better, to eliminate harmful Werther effects and to facilitate helpful Papageno effects. This may in fact prevent suicides. In an effort to adjust to an ever‐evolving field of new media based on new media and communication technologies, continuous endeavors to evaluate the role of the media in the suicide prevention domain are of utmost importance.
Social Media: YouTube
Authors: Robey Christiana , Cohen Elizabeth 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis entry presents an overview of YouTube's role in health communication. The availability, affordability, and visual format of content on the video sharing site make YouTube a popular source of public health information. YouTube influencers model both healthy and unhealthy behaviors for viewers, and viewers exchange social support for their health problems on the website. Much of the content on YouTube that features unhealthy behavior is commercial, and children may be particularly susceptible to its influence. Credible public health organizations often upload campaign videos and public service announcements on YouTube. However, because the website has few restrictions dictating what videos can be uploaded on the site, YouTube users also commonly encounter misleading or inaccurate health‐related videos. The problem of health misinformation spreading on YouTube is exacerbated by the website's algorithm that encourages viewers to “go down the rabbit hole” by recommending they watch progressively extreme and misleading content. YouTube has taken some modest steps toward improving the accuracy of the information on the site, but the success of these efforts is unknown.
Advertising: Food and Nonalcoholic Beverages
Authors: Alblas Monique C. , Boyland Emma J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For many people, it is challenging to maintain a healthy weight in an environment that heavily promotes the (over)consumption of palatable yet often unhealthy food and beverages. Each year, billions of dollars are spent on food advertising, and the vast majority is for energy‐dense products, high in added fat, sugar, and/or salt. Even though traditional outlets (e.g., television, billboards) remain popular advertising avenues among marketers, the volume of digital advertising and the variety of ways in which it manifests (e.g., via social media, mobile apps, games) have massively increased in recent years. Research has shown clear evidence that exposure to food advertising increases preferences, purchases, and intake of promoted products. Children, in particular, appear to be vulnerable to advertising messages, at least partly due to their poor cognitive skills in recognizing its persuasive intent. Even though older children and adults demonstrate better capabilities in this regard, a diverse array of message strategies and other persuasive tactics salient to them (e.g., nutritional claims, emotional appeals, celebrity endorsement, embedded advertising) are used, meaning they are also highly susceptible to advertising effects. To combat the detrimental influences of food advertising, two general approaches have been proposed: restricting the amount and power of advertising, and reducing its impact. In a world of pervasive food advertising, in which digitalization has recently enabled marketers with a range of new opportunities to even better reach and persuade potential consumers, major regulatory actions are urgently needed to protect consumers in the battle against overweight and obesity.
Advertising: Over‐The‐Counter Drugs
Authors: Zwier Sandra 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over‐the‐counter (OTC) drugs are medicines such as cough medicine and painkillers that people can literally buy over the counter in diverse kinds of retail shops. With increasingly aging and health‐conscious populations, the advertising of these drugs is a huge industry where advertising practices are importantly shaped by the status of these drugs as “in‐between” prescription drugs and regular consumer products. A significant share of the advertisements thereby promotes the – illicit – sales of stronger drugs, especially over the Internet. Concerns typically voiced over OTC drug advertising practices are that the ads tend to contain unverified or exaggerated appeals about the drugs' positive effects, while often omitting or downplaying information about potential risks and side effects. Alternative views, however, place more emphasis on the contribution of OTC drug advertising to the containment of public health spending, and to the empowerment of citizen groups that face barriers in access to professional care.
Advertising: Prescription Drugs
Authors: Koinig Isabell , Mueller Barbara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is of tremendous global importance and invests heavily in promoting its products to medical practitioners and, in selected parts of the world, directly to end consumers. This practice is commonly known as direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA), which is only permitted in the United States and New Zealand. The present entry reviews the practice of DTCA and outlines its historic development. DTCA is discussed from both economic and legal perspectives. Advantages and disadvantages associated with DTCA are addressed, and this form of pharmaceutical advertising is critically evaluated. Future research in this area is encouraged.
Opinion Leaders
Authors: Carpenter Christopher J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Opinion leaders are people who can informally influence others to adopt, among other things, healthier behaviors. This entry distinguishes between polymorphic opinion leaders, who are able to influence people on any topic, and monomorphic opinion leaders, who are usually only able to influence people on a particular topic, as well as approaches blending the two types. The need to understand the best way to identify and recruit opinion leaders is discussed in the context of employing them to promote healthy behavior changes.
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
Authors: Dijkstra Arie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The transtheoretical model (TTM) is a widely used model of health behavior change (e.g., smoking cessation, eating more healthily), with roots in clinical psychology, having been developed initially to unify the scattered field of psychotherapies. In spite of its successes in enhancing our understanding of change and interventions development, it has received substantial resistance from researchers, partly because of misperceptions of the model. The aim of the present entry is to further improve our understanding of the TTM by going beyond its specific conceptualizations and operationalizations. The pros and cons and self‐efficacy in the TTM are the same as outcome and self‐efficacy expectations in social cognitive theory (SCT). This means that the TTM includes the most important psychological determinants of behavior. The processes of change are manifestations of self‐regulation. This places the TTM among contemporary goal theories, including the SCT. Its core organizing concept of stages of change in which people move through five different stages in behavior change can be seen as one application of systems theory to behavior change. In this conceptualization, humans are biological and symbolic systems whose change follows the higher‐level laws of systems theory. By understanding the TTM through these other well‐known theories, it becomes clear that it has a solid base in social cognitive theorizing. It also makes clear that the TTM's unique stage concepts, which need further development, have their foundations in systems theory, which can show how the social cognitive constructs are organized in time when behavior changes.
Chronic Diseases: CVD/Heart Disease/Stroke
Authors: Abendschein Bryan , Abendschein Dana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) are pervasive and impact the lives of millions of people around the globe each year. A common type of CVD called atherosclerotic disease is a product of plaque buildup in the arteries that is often responsible for cardiovascular episodes including heart attack and stroke. Heart attack, specifically, is the result of arterial occlusion and is the number one leading cause of death in the United States. Similarly, stroke can be caused by an arterial blockage as well as a ruptured vessel in the brain, leading to cognitive and physical effects including communicative issues such as aphasia. Both conditions have the potential to impact people for years after they occur, but many of the direct causes can be addressed through adopting a healthy lifestyle.
Stigma Management
Authors: Meisenbach Rebecca J. , Roscoe Rikki A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stigma management describes how individuals and organizations respond to, resist, and (re)construct the enactment of stigma. It is a communicative process that is highly relevant to the study and practice of health communication. Scholars primarily use modified labeling theory and stigma management communication theory to understand, critique, and transform the experience and management of stigma. Increasingly, health communication scholars are also attending to issues of intersectionality, power, organizational structures, materiality, multiple strategies, and allyship in stigma management communication research and practice.