bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Stop and Search Reduce Crime? Evidence from Street-Level Data and a Surge in Operations Following a High-Profile Crime
Authors: Braakmann Nils 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper uses a surge in stop and search operations following a high-profile murder to look at their effect on recorded crime. Difference-in-difference estimates using detailed geocoded data at the street-level suggest a doubling to trebling of the number of searches in streets close to the place of the murder. IV estimates on the effects of stops and searches on crime suggest little effect on property crime, weapons offences and violent crime or drug offences. Some specifications find reductions in anti-social behaviour, suggesting that any effects on crime are due to an increased police presence on the streets.
Tendon loading in runners with Achilles tendinopathy: Relations to pain, structure, and function during return‐to‐sport
Authors: Corrigan Patrick , Hornsby Samantha , Pohlig Ryan T. , Willy Richard W. , Cortes Daniel H. , Silbernagel Karin Grävare 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe aimed to (1) compare pain, tendon structure, lower limb function, and Achilles tendon loads while running between limbs in runners with Achilles tendinopathy, and (2) explore the relations of pain, tendon structure, and lower limb function to Achilles tendon loads while running. Twenty runners with Achilles tendinopathy participated in this pilot study. Pain was assessed with questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing, and functional testing. Tendon morphology and mechanical properties were evaluated with ultrasound imaging, continuous shear wave elastography, and ultrasound imaging combined with dynamometry. Lower limb function was assessed with an established test battery. Achilles tendon loads were estimated from biomechanical data acquired during running. Compared to the least symptomatic limb, the most symptomatic limb had lower scores on the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment – Achilles questionnaire and worse pain during drop countermovement jumping, hopping, and running. Tendon thickness and cross‐sectional area were greater, and Young's modulus, drop countermovement jump height, and plyometric quotient during hopping were lower on the most symptomatic limb. Side‐to‐side differences in drop countermovement jump height were significantly associated with side‐to‐side differences in Achilles tendon peak forces and average loading rates during running. Various measures of pain, structure, and function differ between limbs in runners with Achilles tendinopathy during return‐to‐sport. Tendon forces, however, do not differ between limbs during comfortable running. In addition to measures that differ between limbs, measures of performance during drop countermovement jumping may aid in clinical decision‐making during return‐to‐sport because they are associated with tendon forces while running.
Risk factors and outcome in dogs with recurrent massive hepatocellular carcinoma: A Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology case–control study
Authors: Lapsley Janis M. , Wavreille Vincent , Barry Sabrina , Dornbusch Josephine A. , Chen Carolyn , Leeper Haley , Bertran Judith , Scavelli Diane , Liptak Julius M. , Wood Chris , Shamir Shelly , Rosenbaum Claire , Montinaro Vincenzo , Wustefeld‐Janssens Brandan , Sterman Allyson , Chik Colin , Singh Ameet , Collins Josh , Selmic Laura E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLocal recurrence after surgical excision of canine massive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been poorly studied in veterinary medicine with scant information published regarding risk factors for and outcome following recurrence. The aim of this case–control study was to describe the time to recurrence, evaluate potential risk factors for recurrence, and report the outcome in dogs with massive HCC. Medical records for 75 dogs who developed recurrence and 113 dogs who did not develop recurrence were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed to determine risk factors for recurrence as well as the median time to develop recurrence and overall survival time (OS). None of the risk factors evaluated were significant for the development of recurrence. The median time to develop recurrence was 367 days (range 32–2096 days). There was no significant difference in median OS for dogs who developed recurrence vs. those who did not (851 vs. 970 days). For dogs with recurrent HCC, treatment at recurrence trended toward prolonged OS but was not significantly different from dogs not undergoing treatment at recurrence. There was no significant difference in median OS for dogs with histologically complete vs. incomplete tumour excision (990 vs. 903 days). Although specific risk factors for recurrence were not identified, elevations in liver values were noted in patients with recurrent disease and could act as a noninvasive surveillance tool. Recurrence was noted earlier in dogs who had routine post‐operative surveillance (228 vs. 367 days). Routine surveillance for recurrence is recommended especially in dogs where further intervention is possible and should extend beyond 1 year. Patients with massive HCC have a good long‐term prognosis regardless of incomplete excision, pulmonary metastasis, or recurrent local disease.
Memórias Abolicionistas Sobre a Tortura no Brasil
Authors: Stanchi Malu , Pires Thula 
Published: April 2022

O artigo assume o período escravagista como marco fundacional da tortura no Brasil. Nesta pesquisa, objetiva-se pensar, em uma perspectiva jurídica e histórica, a escravidão como laboratório através do qual foram forjadas práticas posteriores de uso da força pelo Estado e de constituição de políticas de (in)segurança pública que vitimizam, primordialmente, corpos e existências negras. Na tentativa de compreensão substantiva da operacionalização histórica da tortura pelo Estado brasileiro, adotou-se a lente analítica decolonial, com vistas ao adensamento crítico das discussões sobre as práticas de punição e castigo herdadas do regime colonial. Neste sentido, realizou-se pesquisa em fontes primárias documentais, por meio do mapeamento, levantamento e exame de periódicos dos oitocentos que trouxeram à baila a luta abolicionista e as denúncias de práticas de tortura perpetradas contra pessoas escravizadas. Empreendeu-se, ainda, a revisão bibliográfica, com vistas à contribuição para a disputa de sentidos em torno dos conceitos jurídicos de tortura, a partir de considerações históricas.
Morte do Almirante José Prudencio Padilla:
Authors: Múnera Cavadía Alfonso 
Published: April 2022

O artigo investiga as razões do assassinato do líder patriota e almirante José Prudencio Padilla. Ao analisar cartas de Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander, Mariano Montilla e Padilla, aponta-se como a morte do almirante é o clímax dos conflitos raciais que estão na gênese do estado-nação colombiano. Com isso, propõe uma leitura alternativa das independências latino-americanas, na qual a “raça” é elemento decisivo.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Colômbia; José Prudencio Padilla; racismo
Escravidão na Era da Emancipação:
Authors: D. Butler Kim 
Published: April 2022

A trajetória da escravidão para a liberdade é geralmente contada de forma linear, mas para milhares de negros nas Américas, as últimas décadas do século XIX foram uma época de expansão da escravidão. No Brasil, o comércio interno de escravizados deslocou mais de 200.000 pessoas das plantações do nordeste para a região centro-sul, onde a agricultura comercial de café rapidamente se tornava o principal setor de exportação do país. Cada vez mais, estudiosos têm discutido os modos pelos quais descendentes de africanos se tornavam agentes de sua liberdade no mundo atlântico, no entanto, tal agência é menos visível para as vítimas do tráfico interno.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Brasil; escravidão; abolição.
Depositional and diagenetic controls on the mechanical properties of rocks in the Monterey Formation of the Santa Maria Basin, California
Authors: Dunham John B. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTThe Monterey Formation of Central and Southern California has produced billions of barrels of oil since the early 1900s. The Monterey Formation in the Santa Maria Basin is a tectonically fractured reservoir, meaning that the fractures formed through natural geologic processes; they are not human-generated artifacts. Open natural fractures provide the effective porosity for oil storage and the permeability pathways through which oil flows from rocks to wells. Monterey strata are notable for a diverse range of lithologies characterized by contrasts in texture and composition. Not all Monterey rock types contain natural fractures.Structural geologists applied the concepts of mechanical stratigraphy to the Monterey Formation to explain fracture variability. Hard rocks, including chert, porcelanite, and dolostone, contain extensive open-fracture systems, while softer lithologies like siliceous mudstone and organic-rich mudstone have few or no open fractures. However, the words “hard and soft” or “strong and weak” are inexact and subject to interpretation. This report constrains these qualitative descriptions by using engineering-geology data to associate rock properties with quantitative measurements of rock mechanical strength.
Prevalence of polypharmacy in community-dwelling older adults from seven centres in five European countries: a cross-sectional study of DO-HEALTH
Authors: de Godoi Rezende Costa Molino Caroline , Chocano-Bedoya Patricia O , Sadlon Angélique , Theiler Robert , Orav John E , Vellas Bruno , Rizzoli Rene , Kressig Reto W , Kanis John A , Guyonnet Sophie , Lang Wei , Egli Andreas , Bischoff-Ferrari Heike A. 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of polypharmacy and characteristics associated with polypharmacy in older adults from seven European cities.DesignCross-sectional study of baseline data from DO-HEALTH.Setting and participantsDO-HEALTH enrolled 2157 community-dwelling adults age 70 and older from seven centres in Europe. Participants were excluded if they had major health problems or Mini-Mental State Examination Score <24 at baseline.Primary outcome measuresExtensive information on prescription and over-the-counter medications were recorded. Polypharmacy was defined as the concomitant use of five or more medications, excluding vitamins or dietary supplements. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association of sociodemographic factors (age, sex, years of education, living situation and city) and health-related indicators (number of comorbidities, cognitive function, frailty status, body mass index (BMI), prior fall, self-rated health and smoking status) with polypharmacy.Results27.2% of participants reported polypharmacy ranging from 16.4% in Geneva to 60.8% in Coimbra. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, older age (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.10), greater BMI (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12) and increased number of comorbidities (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.92 to 2.36) were associated with polypharmacy. Women were less likely to report polypharmacy than men (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.84). In comparison to participants from Zurich, participants from Coimbra were more likely to report polypharmacy (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.56 to 3.55), while participants from Geneva or Toulouse were less likely to report polypharmacy ((OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.59 and OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.96), respectively). Living situation, smoking status, years of education, prior fall, cognitive function, self-rated health and frailty status were not significantly associated with polypharmacy.ConclusionPolypharmacy is common among relatively healthy older adults, with moderate variability across seven European cities. Independent of several confounders, being a woman, older age, greater BMI and greater number of comorbidities were associated with increased odds for polypharmacy.Trial registration numberNCT01745263.
Does experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from theStepping Stones and Creating Futuresintervention in South Africa
Authors: Mannell Jenevieve , Minckas Nicole , Burgess Rochelle , Chirwa Esnat D , Jewkes Rachel , Gibbs Andrew 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesTo investigate associations and potential pathways between women’s lifetime exposure to traumatic events and their recent experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV).SettingSouth African informal settlements near Durban.Participants677 women, living in informal settlements, aged 18–30 years, currently out of school or formal employment.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSelf-reported experiences of IPV in the past 12 months and exposure to traumatic neighbourhood events (including witnessing murder, being robbed or kidnapped, witnessing and experiencing rape).ResultsExposure to traumatic events was common among the 677 women surveyed. Over 70% had experienced at least one in their lifetime; one quarter (24%) had experienced 3 or more different events. Women exposed to any traumatic event had a 43% increase in the odds of experiencing IPV in comparison to those with no exposure (aOR 1.43, p≤0.000). Exposure to non-partner rape is more strongly associated with IPV than any other traumatic experience. Pathways from exposure to traumatic events and non-partner rape to recent IPV experience are mediated by a latent variable of poor mental health. Food insecurity is associated with all forms of traumatic experience, and is also indirectly associated with IPV through views by women that are unsupportive of gender equality.ConclusionsWomen living in South African informal settlements who witness or experience traumatic events were likely to experience IPV, and this increases when women were exposed to multiple types of events. Our model suggests that experiencing traumatic events, and non-partner rape in particular, has negative effects on women’s mental health in ways that may increase their vulnerability to IPV. IPV prevention interventions should consider the broader impacts of women’s exposure to neighbourhood violence and severe poverty on IPV risk in settings where these are endemic.Trial registration numberNCT03022370; post-results.
Biometric palm vein authentication of psychiatric patients for reducing in-hospital medication errors: a pre–post observational study
Authors: Sawa Minoru , Inoue Tomomi , Manabe Shinichi 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate a biometric palm vein authentication system to prevent medication administration errors in psychiatric hospitals.DesignThis is a pre–post observational study.SettingConventionally, the medication was distributed after a double check. We developed and introduced a new medication administration cart in two psychiatric hospitals in Japan, in which each patient-specific drug box had to be electronically opened only by palm vein authentication.ParticipantsA total of 3444 and 3523 patients were present 18 months before and after introducing the cart, respectively. Of the 212 nurses recruited, 28 were excluded due to a lack of experience with the conventional medication administration system and incomplete questionnaires.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the efficacy of this system by comparing the incidence of medication administration errors before and after introducing the cart. The secondary outcome was a survey regarding nurses’ attitudes toward this system.ResultsAfter introduction of the new system, the number of medication errors due to misidentification of persons relative to the total number of admitted patients was significantly reduced from 6/3444 to 2/3523 (p<0.0001). Among 184 nurses, 182 responded that anxiety regarding administration errors was either reduced or unchanged using this system. Male nurses reported a greater increase in work burden than female nurses (OR=3.11, 95% CI=1.44 to 6.72). Nurses working in chronic care wards reported greater time pressure than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=3.33, 95% CI=1.16 to 9.57). Nurses working in dementia care wards reported a greater patient care burden than nurses working in emergency wards (OR=5.67, 95% CI=1.22 to 26.27).ConclusionsThis new system might have potential for reducing the patient misidentification risk during medication without increasing the anxiety experienced by nurses concerning administration errors. However, system usability and efficiency must be improved to reduce additional work burden, time pressure and patient care burden.
Checklists to reduce diagnostic error: a systematic review of the literature using a human factors framework
Authors: Al-Khafaji Jawad , Townshend Ryan F , Townsend Whitney , Chopra Vineet , Gupta Ashwin 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesTo apply a human factors framework to understand whether checklists to reduce clinical diagnostic error have (1) gaps in composition; and (2) components that may be more likely to reduce errors.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched through 15 February 2022.Eligibility criteriaAny article that included a clinical checklist aimed at improving the diagnostic process. Checklists were defined as any structured guide intended to elicit additional thinking regarding diagnosis.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors independently reviewed and selected articles based on eligibility criteria. Each extracted unique checklist was independently characterised according to the well-established human factors framework: Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety 2.0 (SEIPS 2.0). If reported, checklist efficacy in reducing diagnostic error (eg, diagnostic accuracy, number of errors or any patient-related outcomes) was outlined. Risk of study bias was independently evaluated using standardised quality assessment tools in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.ResultsA total of 30 articles containing 25 unique checklists were included. Checklists were characterised within the SEIPS 2.0 framework as follows: Work Systems subcomponents of Tasks (n=13), Persons (n=2) and Internal Environment (n=3); Processes subcomponents of Cognitive (n=20) and Social and Behavioural (n=2); and Outcomes subcomponents of Professional (n=2). Other subcomponents, such as External Environment or Patient outcomes, were not addressed. Fourteen checklists examined effect on diagnostic outcomes: seven demonstrated improvement, six were without improvement and one demonstrated mixed results. Importantly, Tasks-oriented studies more often demonstrated error reduction (n=5/7) than those addressing the Cognitive process (n=4/10).ConclusionsMost diagnostic checklists incorporated few human factors components. Checklists addressing the SEIPS 2.0 Tasks subcomponent were more often associated with a reduction in diagnostic errors. Studies examining less explored subcomponents and emphasis on Tasks, rather than the Cognitive subcomponents, may be warranted to prevent diagnostic errors.
Exemplars in vaccine delivery protocol: a case-study-based identification and evaluation of critical factors in achieving high and sustained childhood immunisation coverage in selected low-income and lower-middle-income countries
Authors: Bednarczyk Robert A , Hester Kyra A , Dixit Sameer M , Ellis Anna S , Escoffery Cam , Kilembe William , Micek Katie , Sakas Zoë M , Sarr Moussa , Freeman Matthew C 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionIncreases in global childhood vaccine delivery have led to decreases in morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, these improvements in vaccination have been heterogeneous, with some countries demonstrating greater levels of change and sustainability. Understanding what these high-performing countries have done differently and how their decision-making processes will support targeted improvements in childhood vaccine delivery.Methods and analysisWe studied three countries—Nepal, Senegal, Zambia—with exemplary improvements in coverage between 2000 and 2018 as part of the Exemplars in Global Health Programme. We apply established implementation science frameworks to understand the ‘how’ and ‘why’ underlying improvements in vaccine delivery and coverage. Through mixed-methods research, we will identify drivers of catalytic change in vaccine coverage and the decision-making process supporting these interventions and activities. Methods include quantitative analysis of available datasets and in-depth interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders in the global, national and subnational government and non-governmental organisation space, as well as community members and local health delivery system personnel.Ethics and disseminationWorking as a multinational and multidisciplinary team, and under oversight from all partner and national-level (where applicable) institutional review boards, we collect data from participants who provided informed consent. Findings are disseminated through a variety of forms, including peer-reviewed manuscripts related to country-specific case studies and vaccine system domain-specific analyses, presentations to key stakeholders in the global vaccine delivery space and narrative dissemination on the Exemplars.Health website.
Gini coefficient decomposition-based and mortality-rate-difference-based description of mortality causes in the Chinese population from 1991 to 2019: a retrospective cross-sectional surveillance study
Authors: Ai Feiling , Wan Xia 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesImproved national Disease Surveillance Points systems (DSPs) in China have clarified mortality causes in the Chinese population. This study aimed to investigate the variations and drivers of multiple mortality causes.DesignThis was a retrospective cross-sectional surveillance study.SettingOriginal data in 1991 and 2000, and secondary data in 2010 and 2019 were collected from DSPs across China.ParticipantsStandardised mortality rates (SMRs) and crude mortality rates (CMRs) of the Chinese population in 1991, 2000, 2010 and 2019 were ascertained.Main outcome measuresChanges in the Gini coefficients (G), computed using SMR, were decomposed into reranking (R) and proportionality (P) to identify variations in communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases (CMNN); non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injury. The CMR difference (in %) was partitioned into the demographic structure and non-demographic factors using the mortality-rate-difference method.ResultsFrom 1991 to 2019, the overall CMR increased from 591.327/100 000 to 674.505/100 000, whereas the SMR continually decreased. An increasing concentration of NCDs contributed to the increased all-cause G from 0.443 to 0.560 during 1991–2019. Between 1991 and 2019, compared with CMNN (R=0.054) and NCDs (R=0.037), the ranking of injury changed the most (R=0.174). The ranking of diabetes, falls and road traffic accidents increased markedly over time. The decreased SMR of NCDs (P=−0.013) was mainly due to low-ranking causes, whereas changes in CMNN (P=0.003) and injury (P=0.131) were due to high-ranking causes. All-cause CMR increased by 14.06% from 1991 to 2019 due to greater contributions from the demographic structure (68.46%) than the non-demographic factors (−54.40%). Demographic structural changes accounted more for CMR increases in males (70.52%) and urban populations (75.58%).ConclusionsPrevention and control measures targeting NCDs and specific causes are imperatively needed, and should be strengthened as the population ages, especially for males and rural populations.