bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral gamma-cyclodextrin-encapsulated tributyrin supplementation in young pigs with experimentally induced colitis
Authors: Sommer Kaitlyn M , Jespersen Julianna C , Sutkus Loretta T , Lee Youngsoo , Donovan Sharon M , Dilger Ryan N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Disruption of intestinal integrity and barrier function due to tissue inflammation has negative implications on overall growth and well-being in young pigs. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral gamma-cyclodextrin-encapsulated tributyrin (TBCD) in young pigs experiencing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Pigs (n = 32 boars) were weaned from the sow at postnatal day (PND) 2, allotted to treatment based on the litter of origin and body weight (BW), and reared artificially over a 26-d feeding period. Treatment groups included: 1) nutritionally adequate (control) milk replacer, no DSS (Control n = 8), 2) control milk replacer plus oral DSS (DSS, n = 7), and 3) control diet supplemented with 8.3 g of TBCD per kg of reconstituted milk replacer plus oral DSS (TBCD + DSS, n = 8). Colitis was induced by administering DSS at 1.25 g of DSS/kg BW daily in a reconstituted milk replacer from PND 14–18. Milk replacer and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 26-d study. All the data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Control and DSS pigs had similar BW throughout the study, while TBCD + DSS pigs exhibited decreased (P &lt; 0.05) BW starting at approximately PND 15. Additionally, average daily gain (ADG) before and after initiation of DSS dosing, along with over the total study duration, was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs receiving TBCD + DSS compared with the Control. Milk disappearance was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in TBCD + DSS pigs when compared with Control and DSS groups. Both the concentration and molar ratio of cecal butyrate concentrations were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in TBCD + DSS pigs compared with the Control group. The DSS and TBCD + DSS treatments also increased (P &lt; 0.05) butyrate concentrations in the luminal contents with the proximal colon compared with Control. TBCD + DSS and DSS pigs had increased (P &lt; 0.05) mucosal width in the distal colon compared with Control, thereby indicating heightened intestinal inflammation. Overall, oral supplementation of encapsulated tributyrin increased the concentration of butyrate in the colon, but was unable to mitigate the negative effects of DSS-induced colitis.
A Single-Institution Experience About 10 Years With Children Undergoing Fractional Ablative Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment After Burns: Measurement of Air Pressure-Induced Skin Elevation and Retraction Time (Dermalab) Including Standardized Subjective and Objective Scar Evaluation
Authors: Staubach Raphael , Glosse Helen , Fennell Sarah , Loff Steffan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Laser treatment has gained more and more importance in the therapy of scars during the last years. Scientific work, especially in children, is scarce on this topic and mostly with an insufficient number of cases or only subjective descriptions. Our study included 77 children from 2012 to 2022 with scars after thermal injury. These were treated at least three times or more by CO2 laser or in combination with pulsed dyed laser (PDL). Beforehand, scar texture and elasticity were determined by a skin elasticity analysis system. Regarding the subjective evaluation, a questionnaire was given to the patients or their parents. Further criteria were the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). A statistically significant improvement in elasticity was demonstrated in all scars of any age after each laser treatment. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the number of laser treatments and an increase in elasticity. The assessments of scars after one or more laser sessions by the observer as well as the patient showed a decreasing score in all categories with an increase in the number of laser therapies. The VSS score also improved significantly after each laser session. The mean score before treatment was about 7, after the first laser session, the mean score was already below 6 with a statistical significance. Ninety-six percent of the patients or their parents were satisfied with the laser therapy, and 90% wished to repeat the procedure. This work confirms, by means of the objectification by the scar measurement, the previous scientific works concerning a scar therapy by laser and emphasizes particularly that this can also be used without problems with children with symptomatic scars, contractures, or with cosmetically relevant scars.
Genocide
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on genocide, which developed from a category of crimes against humanity to an autonomous crime after World War II. It considers the codification as a response to the German Holocaust, the archetypal genocide. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin, from the Greek word γένος and the combining form ‘cide’ from the Latin word caedere, in order to de-note an old practice to its modern development. The chapter mentions the US military tribunals sitting at Nuremberg that demonstrated the emerging acceptance of the concept by explicitly using the term genocide in both the indictment and the judgment in the Einsatzgruppen trial in order to characterize the activities of the German troops in Poland and the Soviet Union. Those who devise and implement genocide seek to deprive humanity of the manifold richness its nationalities, races, ethnicities, and religions provide.
Crimes against Humanity
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of crimes against humanity that goes back to the Declaration of 28 May 1915 by the governments of France, Great Britain, and Russia, relating to the massacres of the Armenian population in Turkey. It analyzes the declaration that described the atrocities as crimes against humanity for which all members of the Turkish Government will be held responsible together with its agents implicated in the massacres. Similarly, in the Nuremberg trials crimes against humanity were dealt with as crimes committed by Germans against fellow Germans. The chapter discusses crimes against humanity that provides penal protection against the transgression of the most basic laws protecting the individuality as political beings and social entity as members of political communities. The transgressor becomes an enemy and legitimate target of all humankind, who may bring to justice.
War Crimes
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of war crime that may be understood in both a broad and a narrow sense. In a broad sense, it encompasses all criminal acts committed in a war or an armed conflict, notwithstanding their character as war crimes in a narrow sense or other international crimes, in particular crimes against humanity. It deals with war crimes stricto sensu, specifically the ones codified in Article 8 of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute. The chapter talks about the crimes of armed conflict that belong to the ‘ius in bello’ and must be distinguished from punishable acts based on violations of the ‘ius ad bellum’, which may amount to a crime of aggression to be dealt with in Chapter 4.
Austria
Authors: Mock Sebastian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Generally, the Austrian legal system provides an explicit and comprehensive set of rules governing state liability. However, in the context of financial supervisors and resolution authorities Austrian state liability law limits the liability to damages that have been directly caused to the legal entity subject to supervision. Consequently, investors can usually not claim and damages from the Austrian financial supervisors or the Republic of Austria since these damages are not directly caused by the supervisors. However, it remains unsettled whether this limitation constitutes a violation of the Austrian constitution and European law.
Greece
Authors: Gortsos Christos V , Anastopoulou Elli K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Greek financial supervisors (Bank of Greece and Hellenic Capital Market Commission) are subject to a statutory no-fault liability standard, whereby their liability is established in cases of illegality in their actions; proving fault in their behaviour (negligence or intention) is not required. However, Greek case law has limited their liability by holding them liable only in cases of grave illegality. Equally, case law has limited the right to compensation of aggrieved parties to reasonable compensation, while in certain instances it has granted the supervisors compensatory immunity. When the Bank of Greece acts in its capacity as a resolution authority, the statutory liability standard is that of gross negligence and bad faith. This chapter discusses the liability of Greek financial supervisors and resolution authorities and evaluates the limitations introduced thereto in light of the EU law requirements.
The Republic of South Africa
Authors: Schlemmer Engela Catharina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An overview and discussion of the private law liability of financial supervisors in the Republic of South Africa are provided. The supervision of the South African financial system is in the process of change. The supervisory liability historically was limited and currently, since the introduction of a twin peaks model of regulation in 2018, potential supervisory liability is again limited and now only to instances where one can prove the absence of good faith. If a supervisor has acted in bad faith, there is no immunity from liability. In such an instance, the determination of wrongfulness in the light of public and legal policy considerations and constitutional principles may point in the direction of holding the supervisory authority liable. However, supervisory liability has not been tested in the South African courts and the proving of such will not be an easy task. In the absence of a deposit insurance and banking resolution scheme (both of which have been tabled in Parliament) the position of depositors is not secure and indeed precarious. Public law remedies exist to potentially alleviate and correct the impact of wrong decisions made by supervisors, but very little protection exist as yet to depositors, and they have to rely on the goodwill of the government to step in when a financial institution has to be resolved.
Comparative Law Evaluation
Authors: Busch Danny , Gortsos Christos V , McMeel Gerard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we place the liability of financial supervisors and resolution authorities in a comparative law perspective. There is constant tension between those in favour and those against granting financial supervisors and resolution authorities some form of protection against liability claims. At first sight, those advocating a limitation of liability seem to be gaining the upper hand, since there is a growing tendency to limit the liability of financial supervisors and resolution authorities in one way or another. The extent to which financial supervisors and resolution authorities are protected against liability claims, and the exact shape that this takes, is however not uniform across the jurisdictions studied. At the same time, a counter-movement is emerging, as limitations of liability are by no means undisputed and are under attack on various grounds. We also discuss the question of whether the conditions for liability of financial supervisors and resolution authorities should be harmonised in the European Banking Union.
Damages
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Muñoz Edgardo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the concept, causation, foreseeability, and compensation of damages. The purpose of damages for breach of contract is traditionally understood to compensate losses. In some countries, the law of damages also serves a preventive function is reinforced by legal systems. However, true punishment is still found in private law. The chapter explains the methods of calculating and mitigating the extent of damages. Agreed sums payable upon breach of an obligation are a frequent feature in sales contracts and codifications in civil law systems. The three functions of agreed sums are deterrent to breach, compensation, facilitating the recovery of losses.
Revealing the late-time transition of H0: relieve the Hubble crisis
Authors: Hu J P , Wang F Y 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant H0 measured from the local distance ladder and from the cosmic microwave background is the most serious challenge to the standard ΛCDM model. Various models have been proposed to solve or relieve it, but no satisfactory solution has been given until now. Here, we report a late-time transition of H0, i.e. H0 changes from a low value to a high one from early to late cosmic time, by investigating the Hubble parameter H($\mathit{ z}$) data based on the Gaussian process (GP) method. This finding effectively reduces the Hubble crisis by 70 per cent. Our results are also consistent with the descending trend of H0 measured using time-delay cosmography of lensed quasars at 1 σ confidence level, and support the idea that the Hubble crisis arises from new physics beyond the standard ΛCDM model. In addition, in the ΛCDM model and $w$CDM model, there is no transition behaviour of H0.
Comptonization by reconnection plasmoids in black hole coronae II: Electron-ion plasma
Authors: Sridhar Navin , Sironi Lorenzo , Beloborodov Andrei M 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We perform 2D particle-in-cell simulations of magnetic reconnection in electron-ion plasmas subject to strong Compton cooling and calculate the X-ray spectra produced by this process. The simulations are performed for trans-relativistic reconnection with magnetization 1 ≤ σ ≤ 3 (defined as the ratio of magnetic tension to plasma rest-mass energy density), which is expected in the coronae of accretion discs around black holes. We find that magnetic dissipation proceeds with inefficient energy exchange between the heated ions and the Compton-cooled electrons. As a result, most electrons are kept at a low temperature in Compton equilibrium with radiation, and so thermal Comptonization cannot reach photon energies $\sim 100\,$ keV observed from accreting black holes. Nevertheless, magnetic reconnection efficiently generates $\sim 100\,$ keV photons because of mildly relativistic bulk motions of the plasmoid chain formed in the reconnection layer. Comptonization by the plasmoid motions dominates the radiative output and controls the peak of the radiation spectrum Epk. We find Epk ∼ 40 keV for σ = 1 and Epk ∼ 100 keV for σ = 3. In addition to the X-ray peak around 100 keV, the simulations show a non-thermal MeV tail emitted by a non-thermal electron population generated near X-points of the reconnection layer. The results are consistent with the typical hard state of accreting black holes. In particular, we find that the spectrum of Cygnus X-1 is well explained by electron-ion reconnection with σ ∼ 3.
Period change rates of Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids using mesa
Authors: Espinoza-Arancibia F , Catelan M , Hajdu G , Rodríguez-Segovia N , Boggiano G , Joachimi K , Muñoz-López C , Ordenes-Huanca C , Orquera-Rojas C , Torres P , Valenzuela-Navarro Á 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Pulsating stars, such as Cepheids and RR Lyrae, offer us a window to measure and study changes due to stellar evolution. In this work, we study the former by calculating a set of evolutionary tracks of stars with an initial mass of 4 to 7 M⊙, varying the initial rotation rate and metallicity, using the stellar evolution code modules for experiments in stellar astrophysics (mesa). Using Radial Stellar Pulsations (rsp), a recently added functionality of mesa, we obtained theoretical instability strip (IS) edges and linear periods for the radial fundamental mode. Period–age, period–age–temperature, period–luminosity, and period–luminosity–temperature relationships were derived for three rotation rates and metallicities, showing a dependence on crossing number, position in the IS, rotation, and metallicity. We calculated period change rates (PCRs) based on the linear periods from rsp. We compared our models with literature results using the geneva code, and found large differences, as expected due to the different implementations of rotation between codes. In addition, we compared our theoretical PCRs with those measured in our recent work for Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids. We found good overall agreement, even though our models do not reach the short-period regime exhibited by the empirical data. Implementations of physical processes not yet included in our models, such as pulsation-driven mass-loss, an improved treatment of convection that may lead to a better description of the IS edges, as well as consideration of a wider initial mass range, could all help improve the agreement with the observed PCRs.
Strong C iv emission from star-forming galaxies: a case for high Lyman continuum photon escape
Authors: Saxena A , Cryer E , Ellis R S , Pentericci L , Calabrò A , Mascia S , Saldana-Lopez A , Schaerer D , Katz H , Llerena M , Amorín R 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Finding reliable indicators of Lyman continuum (Ly C) photon leakage from galaxies is essential in order to infer their escape fraction in the epoch of reionization, where direct measurements of Ly C flux are impossible. To this end, here we investigate whether strong C iv λλ1548, 1550 emission in the rest-frame UV spectra of galaxies traces conditions ripe for ample production and escape of Ly C photons. We compile a sample of 19 star-forming galaxies in the redshift range $z$ = 3.1–4.6 from the VANDELS survey that exhibit strong C iv emission, producing a stacked spectrum where all major rest-UV emission lines are clearly detected. Best-fitting spectral energy distribution models containing both stellar and nebular emission suggest the need for low stellar metallicities ($Z=0.1--0.2\, Z_\odot$), young stellar ages ($\log (\rm {age\,yr^{-1}}) = 6.1--6.5$), a high ionization parameter (log U = −2) and little to no dust attenuation (E(B − V) = 0.00–0.01). However, these models are unable to fully reproduce the observed C iv and He ii line strengths. We find that the Ly α line in the stacked spectrum is strong and peaks close to the systemic velocity, features that are indicative of significant Ly C photon leakage along the line of sight. The covering fractions of low-ionization interstellar absorption lines are also low, implying Ly C escape fraction in the range ≈0.05–0.30, with signatures of outflowing gas. Finally, C iv/C iii] ratios of &gt;0.75 for a subset of individual galaxies with reliable detections of both lines are also consistent with physical conditions that enable significant Ly C leakage. Overall, we report that multiple spectroscopic indicators of Ly C leakage are present in the stacked spectrum of strong C iv emitting galaxies, potentially making C iv an important tracer of Ly C photon escape at $z$ &gt; 6.
Low-albedo asteroids: analogues with a high polarization at large phase angles
Authors: Hadamcik E , Renard J-B , Lasue J , Levasseur-Regourd A C , Ishiguro M 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
While remote observations of the linear polarization of five low-albedo near-Earth asteroids are available at large phase angles, space missions have collected materials from the surface of two of them and one of them is already back to Earth. The structure of the regolith on the surface may be different from that encountered on larger objects, because of their low gravity and thermal stress cycling. Dust particles crushed from low-albedo meteorites (i.e. Orgueil and Allende) are tentatively used as analogues to provide a better approach of such regoliths. The PROGRA2 experiment studies the light-scattering properties of dust particles of various size distributions under Earth’s gravity either deposited or with clouds lifted by an air-draught, as well as under μ-gravity conditions. Similar maximum in polarization (i.e. Pmax) values are obtained experimentally for dark particles deposited or in levitation, showing that multiple scattering is negligible. The increased sensitivity of PROGRA2 instruments, together with imaging techniques, makes it possible to study Pmax with increasing sizes of the lifted particles, up to mm-sizes and above. Our results confirm that particles constituting the regolith are mm-sized and may reach polarization values up to 50 per cent in good agreement with remote observations. Some materials are also suggested to be present on the surface of the particles. Also, huge agglomerates made by random ballistic deposition may be considered as relevant analogues e.g. for pebbles and boulders.
Histone protein surface accessibility dictates direction of RSC-dependent nucleosome mobilization
Authors: Bhat Javeed Ahmad , Balliano Angela J , Hayes Jeffrey J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chromatin remodeling enzymes use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to mobilize nucleosomes and alter their structure to facilitate DNA access. The Remodels the Structure of Chromatin (RSC) complex has been extensively studied, yet aspects of how this complex functionally interacts with nucleosomes remain unclear. We introduce a steric mapping approach to determine how RSC activity depends on interaction with specific surfaces within the nucleosome. We find that blocking SHL + 4.5/–4.5 via streptavidin binding to the H2A N-terminal tail domains results in inhibition of RSC nucleosome mobilization. However, restriction enzyme assays indicate that remodeling-dependent exposure of an internal DNA site near the nucleosome dyad is not affected. In contrast, occlusion of both protein faces of the nucleosome by streptavidin attachment near the acidic patch completely blocks both remodeling-dependent nucleosome mobilization and internal DNA site exposure. However, we observed partial inhibition when only one protein surface is occluded, consistent with abrogation of one of two productive RSC binding orientations. Our results indicate that nucleosome mobilization requires RSC access to the trailing but not the leading protein surface, and reveals a mechanism by which RSC and related complexes may drive unidirectional movement of nucleosomes to regulate cis-acting DNA sequences in vivo.
PRC2-independent actions of H3.3K27M in embryonic stem cell differentiation
Authors: Cohen Lea R Z , Kaffe Binyamin , Deri Eden , Leibson Chen , Nissim-Rafinia Malka , Maman Moria , Harpaz Nofar , Ron Guy , Shema Efrat , Meshorer Eran 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe histone H3 variant, H3.3, is localized at specific regions in the genome, especially promoters and active enhancers, and has been shown to play important roles in development. A lysine to methionine substitution in position 27 (H3.3K27M) is a main cause of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (specifically Diffuse Midline Glioma, K27M-mutant), a lethal type of pediatric cancer. H3.3K27M has a dominant-negative effect by inhibiting the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) activity. Here, we studied the immediate, genome-wide, consequences of the H3.3K27M mutation independent of PRC2 activity. We developed Doxycycline (Dox)-inducible mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) carrying a single extra copy of WT-H3.3, H3.3K27M and H3.3K27L, all fused to HA. We performed RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq at different times following Dox induction in undifferentiated and differentiated ESCs. We find increased binding of H3.3 around transcription start sites in cells expressing both H3.3K27M and H3.3K27L compared with WT, but not in cells treated with PRC2 inhibitors. Differentiated cells carrying either H3.3K27M or H3.3K27L retain expression of ESC-active genes, in expense of expression of genes related to neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our data suggest that a modifiable H3.3K27 is required for proper histone incorporation and cellular maturation, independent of PRC2 activity.