bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION & COMPARISON OF MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR PULP CHAMBER LANDMARKS USING INTRAORAL PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPH AND CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Joshi Amatya Neera , Prajapati Kranti , Shrestha Suraj , Wagle Sharada 
Published: May 2022

Background: Dimension and location of pulp chamber are important during access cavity preparation. It allows clinician in instruments selection, orientation and depth of cutting dur­ing the process. Analysis of these has been done in preoperative intraoral periapical radio­graph that gives two-dimensional image. The radiograph has been blamed now and then for the inaccurate results and iatrogenic damage occurred due to the inaccurate results. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images and is taken as standard. Hence the aim of the study is to compare intra-oral periapical (IOPA) radiograph and CBCT to determine the landmarks for accurate results
Methods: 50 intact two-rooted maxillary first premolars were collected and numbered. Peri­apical radiograph Images and CBCT images of these 50 teeth were taken and divided as; Group I: 50 IOPAR and Group II: 50 CBCT images. Landmarks marking and measurement was done using tracing paper and x-ray viewer for IOPA images and Planmeca Romexis software for CBCT images. Data were collected and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics by using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software version 16.
Results: The averages of group I are 7.44, 10.23mm 14.33mm, 4.1mm, 6.89mm and 2.79mm respectively. The averages of in group II are 6.95mm, 9.58mm, 14.03mm, 4.45mm, 7.07mm and 2.63mm respectively. There is statistically significant difference in measurement A and measurement B between group I and group II.
Conclusions: This indicates that there are chances of overestimation of measurement A and B with IOPAR.
PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPONENTS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AT A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Timalsina Santosh , Pandit Pratima 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk fac­tors that is responsible for most of the excess cardiovascular morbidity amongst patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Presence of MetS in T2DM markedly increases the risk for coronary heart disease, stroke and premature deaths. This study was undertaken to find the prevalence of MetS and its individual components among patients with T2DM visiting Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharat­pur, Nepal.
Methods: A laboratory-based descriptive cross sectional study carried out at CMC-TH between January and August, 2017. Data obtained in­cluded anthropometric indices, blood pressure and fasting serum lipid profile. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria were used for diagnosis of MetS. Data was ana­lyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results: The overall prevalence of MetS among 150 T2DM patients (Mean age= 53.70±10.83 years, Male:Female=84:66) was 60%. The prev­alence was higher in females compared to males (75.75% vs.47.62%, P<0.001). High blood pressure was the commonest MetS component. Following that, decreased HDL-c was the predominant component in females whereas raised triglyceride in the males. SBP/DBP, BMI and waist circumference were significantly associated with MetS.
Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS is high in diabetic patients, particu­larly in females and middle age group adults, with high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia as the commonest abnormalities. As MetS adds to the cardiovascular risk to the already at-risk diabetic popula­tion, timely identification and appropriate intervention is of utmost im­portance in reduction of disease burden in T2DM patients.
ASSOCIATION OF RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN HABITANTS OF SUBURBAN KATHMANDU DISTRICT
Authors: Singh Neeti , Sherpa Ang Tshering , Pandey Srijana , Pradhan Amita 
Published: May 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing in alarming number world­wide. The main predisposing factor being daily lifestyle which leads to obesity and other complications. Early diagnosis and life style modifica­tion among high risk group can decrease the burden of disease. This study was done to find out the random blood sugar level and assess the relationships between body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and random blood sugar among the study population.
Methods: A cross sectional study was done using retrospective data collected at the health camp conducted during month of October 2018. The study area was Nagarjun and Chandragiri municipalities of Kath­mandu district. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The chi square test was used to assess relation between BMI,WHR and Random blood sugar.
Results: The number of participants in this study was 274. Majority of the participants, (92.7%) had random blood sugar level 200mg/dl or less. Those having RBS of more than 200mg/dl were 7.3%. Among all participants, 16.06% were obese. Further the obese participants showed high waist hip ratio in 81.8% and 9.1% of them had moderate or low waist hip ratio. Further, 46 participants showed diabetic blood sugar level and were either overweight (39.13%) or obese (28.26%).
Conclusions: This study concluded that those who had diabetic blood sugar level or high waist hip ratio had increases BMI. So such screening and preventive programme should be further expanded and even at clinical level. Additionally, patients must be counseled the reason for measuring BMI and RBS and its application for their health promotion.
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM AND MLADINA’S CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Thakur Sanjeev Kumar , Yadav Baleshwar , Bedajit Raj Kumar , Anwar Afaque 
Published: May 2022

Background: Nasal Septal deviation is a frequently found entity in ENT OPD. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical presentations of deviated nasal septum, classify them according to the Mladina’s system and find out the relation of trauma with the type of septal deviation.
Methods: One hundred fifty cases of septal deviation were classified ac­cording to Mladina’s classification, after thorough interview, nasal exami­nation and nasal endoscopy. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21, after tabulation. Chi-square test was applied as the test of significance.
Results: Out of 150 cases of septal deviation, Male 82 (54.6%) outnum­bered the female patients 68 (45.3%). Most of these patients were of sec­ond and third decade (20-40 years age group). The most common pre­senting complaint was that of nasal obstruction 121(80.6%), headache68 (45.3%) and nasal discharge52(34.6%). 78(52%) of patients revealed his­tory of trauma. Type II 32 (21.3%) and Type V 31 (20.6%) were the com­monest followed by Type III 24(16%).
Conclusions: Nasal septal deviation is a common presentation in ENT OPD. Mladina’s classification found Type II and Type V to be quite common. Na­sal obstruction, headache and rhinorrhea are frequent associated com­plaints. Nasal endoscopy is very important for the diagnosis, especially of posterior deflections.
NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE ON POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Sharma Kalpana , Adhikari Sabina 
Published: May 2022

Background: Nurses are most vulnerable group for having Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection from blood and body fluids. These infections are prevent­able if the nurses have proper knowledge regarding Post Exposure Prophy­laxis (PEP) for hepatitis B virus infections and utilize the PEP services. This study aimed to find out the nurses’ knowledge on PEP for HBV infection.
Methods: A descriptive survey design was carried out among 116 random­ly selected nurses working in different wards of tertiary care hospital. Data was collected from July 8th 2018 to 21st July 2018 using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the variables and chi-square test was applied to explore the association between variables.
Results: Results of the study revealed that only 22.4% nurses had good, 21.6% had average, and 56.0% had poor knowledge on PEP for HBV. Majority (68.1%) of the nurses knew about the testing of HBsAg serum antigen after exposure. However, few nurses had knowledge on risk per­centage of getting infection (29.3%), contact person for risk assessment (33.6%), constituents of PEP (29.9%), and PEP treatment for unvaccinat­ed/incompletely vaccinated nurse in case of positive (38.8%) and negative (34.5%) sources. Moreover, working unit (p=0.037) and working experi­ence (p=0.027) were the significant variables associated with the level of knowledge on PEP.
Conclusions: More than half of nurses’ have poor knowledge on PEP for hepatitis B virus. Hence, there is need of regular in-service education and training for nurses on PEP for HBV to enhance their knowledge and to pre­vent potential infections.
STATUS OF GERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN PRESENTED TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Lamsal Daya Ram , Bhandari Jeetendra 
Published: May 2022

Background: As the development of better health facilities with advanced tools for diagnosis and management our country is not away from global trend. Nepal’s life expectancy at birth is increasing at its pace, it has in­creased in about 30 years in last 4 decades. Among the various problem presenting to ED abdominal pain is one of the common complain elderly patients are greater risk of missing life-threatening causes during evalua­tion and investigation. The aim of the study was to identify the frequency, cause and outcome of patient presenting in Emergency department with abdominal pain.
Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted in tertiary care center at Chitwan, Nepal during the period from 01/09/2017 to 30/08/2018. Elec­tronic data entered by medical officer were retrieved and analyzed. Statis­tical analysis of the record was done using SPSS 16 software.
Results: Elderly population who presented with chief complaints of ab­dominal pain was 1160 (21.79%). Among the patient presented with ab­dominal pain 605(52.2%) were male and 555(47.8%) were female. Mean age of patients was 71.72±8.50 years. Most common system involved was gastrointestinal and biliary problem 730(62.93%). Most common diagno­sis was Urinary tract infection 269 (23.2%) among them, 487(41.98%) re­quired hospital admission.
Conclusions: Abdominal pain is one of the common presentations of el­derly to emergency department. Disorders of Gastrointestinal and biliary system were among leading causes of emergency visit. Emergency phy­sician should be tactful to identify life threatening conditions and emer­gency management.
AWARENESS OF ORAL CANCER AND POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT ORAL DISORDER AMONG FINAL YEAR MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF CHITWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE, NEPAL
Authors: Subedi Sushil , Shrestha Bijayata 
Published: May 2022

Background: Oral Cancer (OCA) is a common malignancy in South East Asia and the burden of the disease is increasing. OCA is usually preceded by Potentially Malignant Oral Disorder (PMOD). The early detection of these diseases may limit the high mortality and morbidity. The objectives of this study were to assess the awareness of burden, associated risk fac­tors, early detection and prognosis of OCA and OPMD among final year medical and dental students..
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among final year Medical and Dental undergraduate students of Chitwan Medical College, Nepal in April 2017 using a pre tested self-administered questionnaires. All the final year students present at their respective classes (Dental= 50 and Medical=75 students) responded to the questionnaires after giving informed consent. Data entered in SPPS 20 software was analyzed using Pearson Chi Square test and Fisher exact test.
Results: Dental students had better awareness concerning PMOD. Yet, the dental students did not differ significantly from their medical coun­terpart in most of the responses related to OCA. Surprisingly, more Dental students had misconception that OCA is not preventable and early detec­tion is difficult. Few of both groups were confident in having sufficient knowledge in OCA prevention and detection. Only 18.6% of Medical stu­dents had examined PMOD and few students of both groups had exam­ined OCA.
Conclusions: This study revealed the deficient aspect in the knowledge concerning OCA and OPMD among Medical and Dental students indicat­ing the need to emphasize on these aspects of medical education.
COMPLIANCE OF SURGICAL HAND SCRUB IN OPERATION THEATRE OF TEACHING HOSPITAL, CHITWAN
Authors: Paudel Anisha , Bista Bishnu 
Published: May 2022

Background: Surgical hand scrub is an important practice that forms the base in the prevention and control of surgical site infection. The objective of the study was to evaluate the compliance of surgical hand scrub among surgical team in Operation Theatre of Teaching Hospital, Chitwan.
Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data collection instrument (a checklist) was developed based on national and interna­tional standards of surgical hand scrub. Data was collected by observation of surgical team who were scrubbing in the Operation Theatre, Chitwan Medical College before proceeding to surgical procedures.
Results: A compliance with the standards for surgical scrub prerequisites (70%), scrub process (81.53%), time of scrub (27%) and overall compli­ance (75.95%) observed. The total score of compliance with the standard was only 13%. The main issues found in the study were not correctly wore surgical cap and mask (44.9%), using of timer/wall clock before starting scrubbing (91.3%), improper follow the continue rotational action down opposing arms working to the elbow for one minute (53.6%) and repeat­ed blotted dry of skin area once it done (30.4%)
Conclusions: The results showed there was gap in the surgical hand scrub of the studied hospital and the compliance with the standard can be im­proved by simple surgical hand scrub intervention, periodical observation audit and feedback.
TRAINING WORKSHOP ON PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT: FEEDBACK OF THE PARTICIPANTS FACULTY
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel 
Published: May 2022

Background: Performance-based assessment (PBA) concentrate on “Does” level of Miller’s Triangle Model of assessment and assess the ability of health­care professionals to practice safely in different situations and context. It is essential to train faculty members how to conduct PBA.
Methods: One-day training workshop on PBA was organized at Liaquat Uni­versity of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan in November 08, 2017 with objective “participants learn to apply PBA tools in practice”. There were two sessions of training; session one covered basics, levels and tools of assessment and blueprinting for assessment and session two PBA and its tools. Tutorial, brainstorming and activity based small group work were methods utilized for the training. Feedback of the participants was taken on semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS.
Results: Twenty-two participants selected from basic, clinical, and dental sci­ences and nursing faculty. The participants rated workshop on scale of 1-10 (1=poor, 10=excellent) for usefulness of training (8.64 ± 1.62), content of training (8.27 ± 1.52), relevance of training & content (8.59 ± 1.40), facilitation of training (8.77 ± 1.34) and overall (8.77 ± 1.38). After training participants were very confident in developing blueprint for assessment (3.91±0.61), using mini-CEX (3.64±0.58), and confident using DOPS (3.63±0.73), MSF (3.55±0.74) and Portfolio (3.68±0.84). More than one third of the partici­pants recommended to arrange more training workshop on different aspects of medical education.
Conclusions: It was observed from feedback that participants realize the im­portance of PBA training and stress to have trainings for various aspects of health profession education.
PSYCHIATRIC CASENESS IN THE PERSON EXPOSED TO CIVIL WAR IN NEPAL
Authors: Jai Bahadur Khattri  , Subedi Anil , Tirkey Shweta , Goit Bharat Kumar , Thakur Rabindra Kumar 
Published: May 2022

Background: Civil war carries an enormous impact on psychological health of the population, but poorly understood. The objective of this study was to study the relationship between war expo­sure and psychiatric caseness.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jaimuni municipality of Baglung district of Nepal in 220 participants. The participants scoring more than or equal to 3 in the General Health Questionnaire-12 was labelled as “psychiatric caseness”. The participants were then interviewed regarding their civil war exposure.
Results: The prevalence of psychiatric caseness was 47.7% in the war exposed samples. War ex­posed samples were found to be suffering from psychiatric caseness (47.7%) more often than non-exposed samples (28.4%) and there was a statistical significance between exposure to war and psychiatric caseness (p=0.005).
Conclusions: There is a relationship between psychiatric caseness and war exposure in a statistical significant way. Future mental health policy of Nepal should address the mental health problems of war exposed population.
HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER STORAGE INTERVENTION TO ASSESS ITS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY AT MAE LA TEMPORARY SHELTER
Authors: Shwe Valerie Daw Tin , Somrongthong Ratana , Chapman Robert Sedgwick 
Published: May 2022

Background: Diarrhoea cases make up nearly two-thirds of total clinic visits at Mae La temporary shelter, Thailand, 40% being under five diarrhoeal cases. The use of a safe storage container for drinking water may prevent contamination and reduce diarrhoeal disease morbidity in camp residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of safe drinking water storage containers and diarrhoeal diseases in under 5 children at the Mae La temporary shelter.
Methods: A randomized controlled trail was conducted in 400 households with at least one child under 5 years old over a period of four months. Intervention households received safe containers, while control households did not. Households were visited twice weekly during the three-month follow-up. Recent occurrence of diarrhoea in children under five was ascertained and residual chlorine levels in drinking water were measured. The results were analyzed by chi-square tests and survival analyses.
Results: Overall, the study found a 75% reduction of under five diarrhoea in the intervention group and 3.5-times less risk than control group subjects. Key factors associated with under five diarrhoea were: study group participation, no formal education of household primary caregivers; main sources of acquired drinking water; awareness regarding tap water chlorination; length of time living in camp
Conclusion: In conclusion, intervention group participants were found to experience a reduction in diarrhoea morbidity when compared to their control group counterparts. E. coli contamination of drinking water was very common, suggesting little or no protection from chlorination.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FOREIGN BODIES AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL OF WESTERN NEPAL
Authors: Chaudhary Shatdal , Khatri Prabin , Shrestha Suresh 
Published: May 2022

Background: Foreign body ingestions are some of the most challenging clinical scenarios faced by gastrointestinal endoscopists. The commonly ingested foreign bodies are coins, toys, and batteries in children whereas bone or meat boluses are common in adults. The present study was carried out to study the clinical profile of patients presenting with foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract and effectiveness of endoscopy as a therapeutic tool in its management.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the endoscopy unit of Uni­versal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. All pa­tients who underwent endoscopy with suspicion of ingestion of foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract were enrolled in this study. Foreign body was removed with appropri­ate endoscopic tools.
Results: Sixty-four patients were enrolled in the present study with mean age of 34.78±21.84 years. There were 42.19% (n=27) males with female preponderance (57.37%, n=37). Retrosternal discomfort with dysphagia was the most common presentations seen in 68.75% (n=44) patients. The most common site for foreign body impaction was lower oesophagus (53.13%). Three most common foreign bodies encountered were meat bone, meat balls and coins respectively. Endoscopic management was successful in 59 (92.19%) patients.
Conclusions: Foreign body ingestion is commonly seen in children and young adults with fe­male predominance. Most common upper gastrointestinal foreign bodies are related to food bolus impaction with animal bone or meat. Therapeutic endoscopy is a safe and effective method for removing foreign body from upper gastrointestinal tract.
SERUM URIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL THYROID FUNCTIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Bhattarai Kushal , Manandhar Nilu 
Published: May 2022

Background: Hyperuricemia, a pathologic consequence of over-production or under-excre­tion of uric acid, is a common biochemical picture in thyroid dysfunctions. This study was designed to determine the serum uric acid levels and the prevalence rates of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Chitwan in which Serum uric acid concentrations of male and female participants, 30 years or older with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were estimated. Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid levels >6.8mg/dL (males) and >6.0 mg/dL (females). Descriptive statistics using frequency with percentage and inferential statistics using para­metric and non-parametric tests were used.
Results: In the total 249 participants, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 30.5% (32.9% in hyperthyroid and 26.1% in hypothyroid patients). Similarly, the mean serum uric acid levels in these patients was 5.46 ± 1.88mg/dL (5.60 ± 1.71 in hyperthyroid and 5.20 ± 2.13mg/dL in hypothyroid patients). Hyperuricemia was present in 32.6% of the female and 27.6% of the male patients. Likewise, the rate was 28.1% in 30–40 years old, 30.0% in 40–50 years old, 30.9% in 50–60 years old, and 32.8% in >=60 years old participants. There was no significant association between hyperuricemia and age or gender in overall participants and in partici­pants of either of the two groups of thyroid dysfunctions (p>0.05).
Conclusions: The reported prevalence of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions justifies the need of further studies to understand the causal relationship between thyroid status and serum uric acid.