bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in the Illawarra region
Authors: Dal Shoaib R. , Elphick Tiana‐Lee , Fuller Karen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease that causes significant disabilities. Latest MS epidemiological data in Australia reveal rising prevalence. No epidemiological study of MS has been conducted so far in the Illawarra region.AimTo calculate prevalence and incidence of MS in the Illawarra region and compare with data from other regions, states and the national prevalence.MethodsData of MS patients in the Illawarra region were collected from hospital medical records, ambulatory care units and hospital pharmacy. Prevalence was calculated for alive MS patients on 30 June 2018 expressed per 100 000 population. Yearly adjusted incidence rate was calculated for 10 years (2009–2019), expressed as cases per 100 000 population‐years.ResultsEstimated MS prevalence in the Illawarra region was 116.6 per 100 000 population with yearly incidence (2009–2019) of 5.06 cases per 100 000 population‐years (female to male, 3:1). Relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) was the most common type (277/397; 69.7%) with primary progressive MS (PPMS) in 52/397 (13%), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in 45/397 (11.3%; unknown in 23). The commonest age at diagnosis ranged between 30 and 39 years for all types with RRMS and PPMS between 30–39 years and 40–49 years respectively. The most common recorded treatment was natalizumab (103 patients), followed by fingolimod (82 patients) and interferon (58 patients).ConclusionThe calculated MS prevalence in the Illawarra region is higher than New South Wales and the Australian average MS prevalence. Further epidemiological studies focussing on MS risk factors and other factors bearing on MS prevalence in the Illawarra region are required.
Midwives' experiences and perceptions in treating victims of sex trafficking: A qualitative study
Authors: Ruiz‐Gonzalez Cristofer , Roman Pablo , Benayas‐Perez Natalia , Rodriguez‐Arrastia Miguel , Ropero‐Padilla Carmen , Ruiz‐Gonzalez David , Sanchez‐Labraca Nuria 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimTo explore the experiences and perceptions of midwives in the treatment of sex trafficking victims.DesignThe study was qualitative with a hermeneutic‐phenomenological approach, using semi‐structured interviews and focus groups.MethodsTwo focus groups and six interviews were carried out on 14 midwives in primary care, delivery and emergency rooms. Data were collected in three hospitals in Spain in June 2021. ATLAS.ti 9 software was used to conduct a content analysis of the focus group and interview data.ResultsThe results revealed two primary themes and six subthemes. The two primary themes were (i) sex trafficking: a camouflaged reality on the invisible spectrum, and (ii) a thirst for attention in the aftermath of violence. Representative quotations were used to illustrate both the main themes and the subthemes.ConclusionsThis study provides new insight into midwives' experiences treating sex trafficking victims. Professionals view this type of violence as a silent issue that negatively impacts victims' health and livelihood. However, a number of different factors stand in the way of correctly identifying and treating victims. Therefore, healthcare workers must be provided with practical tools and continuous professional development on this topic.ImpactThis study indicates the importance of the midwives' key role in identifying and assisting victims of sex. Not only do measures in the healthcare setting, such as on‐going specific‐related content training or up‐to‐date protocols, need to be implemented to ensure proper care for those affected by sexual exploitation, but also focusing on suspicious characteristics and reducing obstacles to patient communication will help bring the true situation to light and better respond to patients' priority needs.
What Is Wrong with ‘All Lives Matter’? What and How ‘Black Lives Matter’ Means
Authors: Clapp Lenny 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTI use a simplified version of Stalnaker's model of conversation to provide an explanation of what and how speakers who utter ‘Black lives matter’ mean. My explanation reveals that such utterances prompt an under‐appreciated form of presupposition accommodation, which I dub negative accommodation. I demonstrate with an analogous example how by exploiting an interpreter's ability to negatively accommodate an otherwise infelicitous utterance, a speaker can express a criticism of her addressee's actions. This analysis explains how an activist who pronounces ‘Black lives matter’ expresses a charge of moral hypocrisy: despite our collective presupposition that all lives matter, we act as if we do not believe that Black lives matter. I then use this account to explain why using ‘All lives matter’ to repudiate such a pronouncement of ‘Black lives matter’ is plausibly characterized as racist.
Reparations to the Privileged?
Authors: Kogelmann Brian 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTMany believe that we owe reparations to groups who suffered significant injustice in the past. Oftentimes, groups who suffered historical injustice are not very well off today, especially when compared to the groups who imposed the injustice on them. However, in some cases, groups who suffered historical injustice are better off today than the groups who imposed the injustice on them. Under these circumstances, ought the now‐better‐off group who suffered historical injustice receive reparations from the now‐worse‐off group who were historical oppressors? Many will think not. Problematically, most of our current theories of reparations, I demonstrate, imply that worse‐off groups must pay reparations to better‐off groups, if the worse‐off group committed a serious injustice against the better‐off group in the past. Those theories that avoid this conclusion do so only by severely limiting when reparations are owed generally, leading them to counterintuitive results in more ordinary cases.
Periodontal disease and incident prediabetes and diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Authors: Laniado Nadia , Khambaty Tasneem , Hua Simin , Kaplan Robert , Llabre Maria M. , Schneiderman Neil , Singer Richard H. , Qi Qibin , Cai Jianwen , Finlayson Tracy L. , Whalen Adam M. , Isasi Carmen R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimTo examine whether baseline periodontal disease is independently associated with incident prediabetes and incident diabetes in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States.Materials and MethodsThis study examined 7827 individuals, 18–74 years of age without diabetes, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Participants received a full‐mouth periodontal examination at baseline (2008–2011), and the disease was classified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology case definitions. At Visit 2 (2014–2017), incident prediabetes and diabetes were assessed using multiple standard procedures including blood tests. Multivariable survey Poisson regressions estimated the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident prediabetes and incident diabetes associated with periodontal disease severity.ResultsAmong the individuals without prediabetes or diabetes at baseline, 38.8% (n = 1553) had developed prediabetes and 2.2% (n = 87) had developed diabetes after 6 years. Nineteen percent (n = 727) of individuals with prediabetes at baseline developed diabetes after 6 years. Adjusting for all potential confounders, no significant association was found between periodontal disease severity and either incident prediabetes (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82–1.06) or incident diabetes (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.80–1.22).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that among a diverse cohort of Hispanic/Latino individuals living in the United States, there was no association between periodontal disease severity and the development of either prediabetes or diabetes during a 6‐year follow‐up period.
Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis by baseline variables in the PIONEER 9 and PIONEER 10 trials
Authors: Yabe Daisuke , Deenadayalan Srikanth , Horio Hiroshi , Kaneto Hideaki , Jensen Thomas Bo , Terauchi Yasuo , Yamada Yuichiro , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo assess the impact of baseline characteristics on the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsIn the Peptide InnOvatioN for Early diabEtes tReatment (PIONEER) 9 and 10 trials, Japanese patients were randomized to once‐daily oral semaglutide (3, 7, or 14 mg) or a comparator (placebo or once‐daily subcutaneous liraglutide 0.9 mg in PIONEER 9; once‐weekly subcutaneous dulaglutide 0.75 mg in PIONEER 10) for 52 weeks, with 5 weeks of follow up. An exploratory analysis grouped patients in each trial according to baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; ≤8.0, >8.0–≤9.0, or >9.0%), body mass index (<25, ≥25–<30, or ≥30 kg/m2) and, for PIONEER 10 only, by background medication (sulfonylurea, glinide, thiazolidinedione, α‐glucosidase inhibitor, sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor). Efficacy (changes from baseline to week 26 in HbA1c and bodyweight) and safety were assessed.ResultsSeven hundred and one patients were included (PIONEER 9: N = 243; PIONEER 10: N = 458). In both trials, HbA1c reductions increased as baseline HbA1c increased; there were no other apparent patterns between the variables investigated and HbA1c or bodyweight changes. There was one statistically significant subgroup interaction between baseline HbA1c and estimated treatment differences in bodyweight change for oral semaglutide 14 mg versus placebo in PIONEER 9 (P = 0.0286). Baseline HbA1c, baseline body mass index and background medication did not appear to affect the proportions of patients reporting adverse events.ConclusionsOral semaglutide is effective across a range of baseline subgroups of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, with no unexpected safety findings.
Effect of phenolic compounds and cold shock on survival and virulence of Escherichia coli pathotypes
Authors: Ríos‐López Ana L. , Heredia Norma , García Santos , Merino‐Mascorro José Á. , Solís‐Soto Luisa Y. , Dávila‐Aviña Jorge E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPhenolic compounds (PC) affect many metabolic processes of microbes; however, there is no information about their effectiveness when these act in combination with low temperatures for the control of Escherichia coli pathotypes. In this study, four PC, (tannic acid [TA], gallic acid [GA], methyl gallate [MG], and epigallocatechin gallate [EG]) in combination with cold shock (CS, 10°C) were evaluated for their effect on growth, swarming motility, biofilm formation, and expression of selected virulence‐related genes of E. coli pathotypes [enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), and enterotoxigenic (ETEC)]. Subinhibitory concentrations of the PC were used alone (37°C) or in combination with CS. For CS assays, E. coli strains were grown at 37°C until mid‐log phase and then subjected to 10°C for 4 hr. Membrane damage was determined by flow cytometry; swarming motility was measured on soft‐LB agar, biofilm formation was analyzed by crystal violet staining, and gene expression of CS, biofilm, and swarming motility related‐genes was determined by qPCR. Subinhibitory concentrations of the PC did not affect the viability of the strains. The combination of CS + TA provoked the highest (p ≤ .05) mortality in all pathotypes. CS + GA inhibited (100%) the motility of EHEC and ETEC. PC and CS + PC reduced (p ≤ .05) biofilm formation. The combination of PC and CS affected virulence factors and their gene expression of pathogenic E. coli presenting a novel alternative for its control in foods.
Effectiveness of aromatherapy for intrapartum and postpartum emotional problems among parturient women: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Hu Tsung‐Ming , Lee Szu‐Han , Loh El‐Wui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimPerinatal negative emotions are common in parturient women, but the problems are often ignored. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effectiveness of aromatherapy for intrapartum anxiety (IPA) and postpartum emotional symptoms (PES).MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify suitable RCTs for analysis, and the study was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses.ResultsNine RCTs were included. The meta‐analysis showed aromatherapy reduced IPA during the early to active phase (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −1.56 [−2.55, −0.61]) and during the transition phase (SMD: −3.30 [−4.97, −1.63]) when compared with controls. For the postpartum period, the meta‐analyses showed a reduction of postpartum depression (PPD) at week 2 (SMD: −0.43 [−0.82, −0.03]), and a non‐significant trend toward the reduction of PPD at weeks 4–6 (SMD: −0.70 [−1.40, 0.01]).ConclusionOur study found some evidence supporting the effectiveness of aromatherapy in reducing intrapartum anxiety and PES. We recommend the optional use of aromatherapy for intrapartum and postpartum care.
Ultrahigh temperature metamorphism and isobaric cooling of Neoarchean ultramafic‐mafic granulites in the southern granulite terrain, India: Phase equilibrium modelling and SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating
Authors: Gou Long‐Long , Zhai Ming‐Guo , Zhang Cheng‐Li , George Paul Mathews , Lu Jun‐Sheng , Zhao Yan , Ao Wen‐Hao , Hu Yu‐Hua , Zi Jian‐Wei , Zhou Feng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study presents the results of petrology, SHRIMP zircon U–Pb analysis, conventional Fe–Mg geothermobarometry, REE (rare earth element)‐based geothermobarometry, and phase equilibrium modelling, for newly discovered ultramafic‐mafic granulites (garnet pyroxenite with minor plagioclase and garnet‐bearing granulite) in the Namakkal Block of the southern granulite terrain (SGT), India. Results from this study shed light on the growth, evolution, and thermal state of lower continental crust during the Neoarchean, as a cross‐section of the Archean lower continental crust is well‐exposed in the SGT. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating of a garnet pyroxenite sample (18ID‐41) yielded a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 2531 ± 6 Ma, which is the same within uncertainty as one weighted mean SHRIMP metamorphic zircon 207Pb/206Pb age of 2519 ± 9 Ma from mafic granulite sample (18ID‐43). In addition, zircon U–Pb analyses also yielded an apparent 207Pb/206Pb age of 2474 ± 3 Ma (1σ) for the garnet pyroxenite, and a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 2489 ± 8 Ma for the mafic granulite. Thus, the timing of metamorphism of the ultramafic‐mafic granulites was constrained to be ca. 2530–2470 Ma. The peak metamorphic phase assemblage of the garnet pyroxenite is grt–cpx–pl–ilm–liq, which was modelled to be stable at 1058–1172°C/7.8–11.6 kbar, whereas the retrograde mineral assemblage of grt–cpx–hbl–pl–qz–ilm–liq occurred at 877–888°C/9.9–11 kbar. The mafic granulite was demonstrated to record similar peak and retrograde metamorphic P–T conditions to those of the garnet pyroxenite but have a relatively small P–T range of the peak mineral assemblage. The ultrahigh temperature metamorphism of these ultramafic‐mafic granulites was further confirmed by the temperature results (1057–1087°C) from the REE‐in‐two‐pyroxene thermometer. As a result, a retrograde metamorphic P–T path characterized by near‐isobaric cooling from ~1080°C at ~10 kbar to ~900°C at ~10 kbar was constructed for these rocks, which is consistent with an extremely high thermal state that persisted for ca. 60 Ma in the lower crust.
PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab decreases plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration by a dual mechanism of action in statin‐treated patients with very high apolipoprotein(a) concentration
Authors: Ying Qidi , Chan Dick C. , Pang Jing , Marcovina Santica M. , Barrett Peter Hugh R. , Watts Gerald F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundInhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 with alirocumab decreases plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels. The kinetic mechanism for lowering Lp(a) by alirocumab may differ according to pre‐treatment apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] levels.MethodsThe effect of 12‐week alirocumab (150 mg subcutaneously fortnightly) on the kinetics of apo(a) was compared in statin‐treated patients with high (n = 10) and very high Lp(a) concentrations (n = 11).ResultsIn patients with high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab lowered plasma apo(a) pool size (–17%, p < 0.01) chiefly by increasing the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of apo(a) (+27%, p < 0.001). By contrast in patients with very high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab significantly lowered plasma apo(a) pool size (–32%, p < 0.001) by both increasing apo(a) FCR (+30%, p < 0.001) and lowering production rate (–11%, p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn statin‐treated patients with very high apo(a) concentrations, alirocumab lowers plasma Lp(a) concentration by a dual mode of action that increases the clearance and decreases the production of Lp(a) particles.
Scoring of medial arterial calcification predicts cardiovascular events and mortality after kidney transplantation
Authors: Erlandsson Helen , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Ripsweden Jonaz , Haugen Löfman Ida , Söderberg Magnus , Wennberg Lars , Lundgren Torbjörn , Bruchfeld Annette , Brismar Torkel B. , Stenvinkel Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundProgression of vascular calcification causes cardiovascular disease, which is the most common cause of death in chronic kidney failure and after kidney transplantation (KT). The prognostic impact of the extent of medial vascular calcification at KT is unknown.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, we investigated the impact of medial calcification compared to a mix of intimal and medial calcification represented by coronary artery calcification (CAC score) and aortic valve calcification in 342 patients starting on kidney failure replacement therapy. The primary outcomes were cardiovascular events (CVE) and death. The median follow‐up time was 6.4 years (interquartile range 3.7–9.6 years). Exposure was CAC score and arteria epigastrica medial calcification scored as none, mild, moderate, or severe by a pathologist at time of KT (n = 200). We divided the patients according to kidney failure replacement therapy during follow‐up, that is, living donor KT, deceased donor KT, or dialysis.ResultsModerate to severe medial calcification in the arteria epigastrica was associated with higher mortality (p = 0.001), and the hazard ratio for CVE was 3.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–9.02, p < 0.05) compared to no or mild medial calcification. The hazard ratio for 10‐year mortality in the dialysis group was 33.6 (95% CI, 10.0–113.0, p < 0.001) compared to living donor recipients, independent of Framingham risk score and prevalent CAC.ConclusionScoring of medial calcification in the arteria epigastrica identified living donor recipients as having 3.1 times higher risk of CVE, independent of traditional risk factors. The medial calcification score could be a reliable method to identify patients with high and low risk of CVE and mortality following KT.
Consumers better explained drivers of liking for products containing complex flavor with subtle differences than trained panelists: Comparison between consumer‐driven free‐comment analysis and descriptive analysis of tomato sauce with added garlic flavorings
Authors: Park Sang‐Hee , Lee Soo‐Hyun , Seo Won‐Ho , Shin Woojin , Hong Jae‐Hee 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOwing to difficulties associated with profiling and differentiation, it is challenging to identify drivers of liking of samples that contain complex flavor but have subtle differences. This study compared the efficacy of free‐comment (FC) analysis with descriptive analysis (DA) for profiling the sensory characteristics of tomato sauce with added garlic flavoring to identify the drivers of liking. Seven garlic tomato sauce samples were prepared by the addition of different garlic flavorings or crushed garlic. FC was conducted using 82 consumer panelists and DA was performed using eight trained panelists. Compared with the DA, the FC revealed the differences between samples better by using the concepts relevant to consumers and the descriptors with hedonic connotations. FC better identified the drivers of liking for the products with subtle differences, particularly in odor and flavor, but the standardized descriptors of DA could not sufficiently explain them due to a poor correlation with liking.Practical applicationsAs the consumer demand for healthful yet flavorful foods increases, the flavors of foods need to be finely adjusted using flavorings to meet consumer expectation. This can cause subtle changes in flavors that may be recognized but are not easy to verbalize or to distinguish, even by trained panelists. In such cases, it is difficult to derive the sensory determinants of liking that may be critical to guide product development. This study compared FC and DA to examine if the more spontaneous and richer descriptions obtained from FC could efficiently profile sample sets with subtle flavor differences. This study will aid the selection of efficient profiling methods for products with complex flavors.