bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hate
Authors: Burris Christopher T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter suggests that hate is best understood through the lens of motivation: Hate is simply wanting a target to experience harm. Hate is often seen as “evil,” especially when manifesting as hate speech or hate crimes. Because people generally do not want to be seen as evil, haters are often reluctant to own the experience unless they can justify it—by labeling the target “evil,” for example. Hate that cannot be justified is sometimes disguised, as when intimate partner violence, stalking, and other mate retention tactics are labeled “jealousy” or even “love” by perpetrators (and sometimes victims). Whether disguised, or fleeting, or a means to some other end such as revenge or the temporary quashing of fear of abandonment, the desire for harm to befall another qualifies as hate.
“EVIL” Spelled Backwards Is . . .?
Authors: Burris Christopher T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 first summarizes Part 1’s core principles. Based on a prototype/labeling process, “evil” is applied to perceived instances of intentional, unjustifiable harm. “Evil” is the ultimate signifier of social exclusion when applied to people. Harm-causing behavior is chosen when the expected emotional benefits outweigh the expected costs to self and others. People often make use of a broad array of cognitive reframing and self-presentation strategies to avoid being seen as “evil.” Part 2, “A Pantheon of Evil,” shows how Part 1’s core principles aid us in understanding phenomena such as hate, sadism, serial killers, and group-based harm such as genocide. The feeling basis for judging something to be “evil” is reiterated, and features of online environments (such as anonymity) that facilitate harmful behavior are briefly considered. The chapter concludes with questions intended to assist readers to become more self-reflective and, in so doing, possibly less “evil.”
Majority Minority
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
How do societies respond to great demographic change? This question lingers over the contemporary politics of the United States and other countries where persistent immigration has altered populations and may soon produce a majority minority milestone, where the original ethnic or religious majority loses its numerical advantage to one or more foreign-origin minority groups. Until now, most of our knowledge about large-scale responses to demographic change has been based on studies of individual people’s reactions, which tend to be instinctively defensive and intolerant. We know little about why and how these habits are sometimes tempered to promote more successful coexistence. To anticipate and inform future responses to demographic change, Majority Minority looks to the past. The book entails historical analysis and interview-based fieldwork inside six of the world’s few societies that have already experienced a majority minority transition to understand what factors produce different social outcomes. This research concludes that, rather than yield to people’s prejudices, states hold great power to shape public responses and perceptions of demographic change through political institutions and leaders’ rhetoric. Then, in subsequent survey research, the book identifies novel ways that leaders can leverage nationalist sentiment to reduce the appeal of nativism by framing immigration and demographic change in terms of the national interest. Grounded in rich narratives and novel statistical data, Majority Minority reveals the way this contentious milestone and its accompanying identity politics are ultimately subject to unifying or divisive governance.
Escape Velocity
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers the relationship between nationalism and demographic change. It argues that states undergoing transformational demographic change have struggled to escape the pull of nationalism because they have failed to evolve the concept of their respective nations and peoples. Instead, they have sought to institutionalize the understanding of the current (and perhaps temporary) majority as the boundaries of an enduring people—which has made the definition of the nation and its public identity a primary source of conflict. Achieving a progressive redefinition of the nation may take generations. So for states currently undergoing demographic transformation that are eager to resolve social tensions, the chapter argues that the expectation cannot be an immediate shift to uniform moral agreement. At least in the short run, the aim should just be connectedness.
Pathways of Majority-Minority Societies
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the book’s comparative historical analysis of six societies in which the indigenous or native-born majority lost its numerical advantage—Bahrain, Hawai‘i, Mauritius, New York, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago—with the goal of understanding what drives divergent reactions to such demographic transformation. With a majority-minority transition imminent, these societies pursued one of three different paths: (1) resist demographic change through co-optation or suppression, (2) endure racialized politics and persistent social tension, or (3) reconcile through a redefinition of the nation. Aligning their histories reveals parallels across disparate Majority minority countries but also the ways in which they diverge. The analysis pauses after the first point of divergence in order to contextualize this historical understanding in contemporary affairs, based on fieldwork in each region.
Masked Conflict
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of Trinidad and Tobago. Afro-Trinidadian Creoles ruled the country for the first thirty years of sovereignty, but over time Indo-Trinidadians prospered economically, grew in number, and challenged Afro-Trinidadians’ claims of authenticity before ultimately forming an Indocentric political party and winning power. Now comprising nearly equal shares of the national population, both groups view many public matters through the narrow lens of ethnic supremacy. Through the annual Carnival—the hallmark of the nation’s identity—this chapter explores how the country is consumed by the racial “costumes” its people wear every day. Among the cases in this book, Trinidad is perhaps the most realistic model for contemporary democracies that are unable to reconcile inevitable demographic change. Despite opportunities to redefine its national character and embrace its diversity, Trinidad remains a country that is subject to a divisive debate over national character that pervades every other political issue.
Internal Affairs
Authors: Gest Justin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the case of New York. While historical observers have portrayed Irish Americans in New York City as seeking entry to a world of white privilege, the Irish community saw themselves engaged in a bitter cultural conflict rooted in differences of national origin and religion. When they obtained power by leveraging large coalitions of voters, the Irish moved not to break down the barriers between themselves and their Anglo-Dutch detractors but to carve out domains of their own—particularly in the New York Police Department. This chapter explores the historical relationship between Irish New Yorkers and the NYPD and how some of the most integrated immigrant-origin Americans still don’t feel totally at home, and yet still can’t identify fully with the plight of other ethnic minorities. If the Irish are a best-case scenario for minorities, then their experience suggests the limits of what a majority minority society can become.
Introduction
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents the “river model” for territorial rights theory. On the river model, groups with rights of self-determination over territory are interdependent and overlapping. If we imagine human settlements and territorial rights as established in river catchment areas—not on isolated islands—the primary features of group life are not independence and distinctness. Instead, groups are vitally connected to each other. Essentially, many mobile and flowing resources and resource systems are shared between groups, not divided cleanly between them. The Introduction presents other key concepts in the book, such as “foundational titles” and “foundational territories”, and it provides a brief description of each chapter.
Social Relations
Authors: Nine Cara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that individuals have natural rights to access certain social relations and places. The central role that relationships play in individual autonomy justifies natural rights for individuals to continue to access specific social spheres and places. Nine contends that individuals draw on a variety of small, overlapping social spheres to develop their capacity for autonomous moral agency. Family, religion, profession, education, friendships, and political community all matter in Nine’s view. What’s more, diversity, change, and conflict between social contexts contribute to our autonomous capacities to revise, to evaluate, and to choose between various life options. This view stands in contrast to identity-based accounts, like nationalism or cultural views like those defended by Will Kymlicka, where a significant group has the moral standing on its own to claim territorial rights. Instead, Nine’s view depends on diverse, multiple, overlapping, and conflicting social relations existing together.
Introduction
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The afterlife of Oliver Cromwell and his deeds have been extensively studied, but this introductory chapter will argue that a key part of that afterlife—namely, the memory of him—can only be grasped in its entirety by stretching the boundaries of traditional historical study. This means that alternative sources must be utilized, including folklore and material culture, just as conventional adherence to an allegedly neutral, factual empiricism must give way to more fanciful and legendary narratives that accrued around social memories of Cromwell and by extension the Cromwellians who came to be associated with him. This chapter will also discuss the reasons for Cromwell’s distinction as Ireland’s national villain, and investigate how his iconic persona was forged in England during the 1640s, when it then migrated to Ireland. Finally, theories of social remembrance, forgetting, and reputation will also be explored, in addition to the approaches that will be engaged throughout the book.
Religious Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter will explore a distinctly religious memory of Cromwell in Ireland as it was articulated by Catholics, Church of Ireland clergy, and dissenters from the decades after the Cromwellian period through the nineteenth century. Different as each church was, all ended up deploying memories of Cromwell and his rule in Ireland to shape “sacred” narratives of a community under siege. Catholics remembered Cromwell through the relics of those killed during his campaign, or through martyrologies written by exiles on the continent. Clergy in the Church of Ireland, whose references to him during the Restoration years could be evasive, nevertheless alluded to him, if indirectly, through sermons. Dissenters too looked back to those years and the challenges they faced. What resulted was less a catalogue of grievances so much as an affirmation of a community’s unique relationship to God. The chapter will end with an examination of the massive ecclesiastical histories written in the nineteenth century by Catholic, Church of Ireland, and Presbyterian historians, and the manner in which they incorporated Cromwell into their grand narratives, shaping future memorializations of him in the process.
Propertied Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Most of the scholarly attention given to the legacy of Cromwell centers on the massacres committed at Drogheda and Wexford. But as this chapter will emphasize, it was the question of land which constituted his deepest legacy, persisting most strongly in social memories of possession and dispossession. All of this would feed into the land conflicts of the nineteenth century, in which Cromwell’s name would be amplified to unprecedented levels by figures such as Michael Davitt. It was not simply confiscation and dispossession that were remembered and attached to the name of Cromwell, however. A kind of “forgetting” was instilled as well on the part of Cromwellians themselves. This chapter, for example, will explore William Petty and his survey of Ireland as it enacted a kind of forgetting on territory and the landscape; it will also explore social memories of those who were dispossessed, and the uncomfortable remembrances—and silences—of those across the centuries who had benefitted by property gains in the Cromwellian regime.
Ruinous Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ruins and material objects, including bells and buried treasures, will serve as the focus of this chapter, particularly as they were thought to carry with them the aura of Cromwell and his men. Engaging with the extensive theoretical literature about ruins, the chapter will begin by examining the different ways in which they were perceived by a variety of communities and interests, from antiquarians and sketch-artists to Edmund Burke and Swift, John O’Donovan and his fellow Ordnance Surveyors, popular folk tales and (in the Protestant case) Big House literature. Objects will also be investigated, deploying in this case the equally extensive and interdisciplinary literature on material culture, including church bells, buried treasures, or portraits. Finally, the chapter will briefly explore issues of memory, forgetting, and restoration, and how these intersect within a specifically Cromwellian frame.
Folkloric Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Relatively little attention has been paid to Cromwell in Irish folklore, even though he is ubiquitous in Ireland’s National Folklore Collection, many accounts of which can be traced back through centuries. This chapter will offer a deeper look into the manifestations of Cromwell’s social memory in vernacular culture, from mummers’ plays through animal lore through the famous “curse of Cromwell.” It will also examine the transmission of Cromwell from oral to print culture and back again, and discuss the ways in which folklorists from Thomas Crofton Croker through Yeats either evaded or omitted him in their great collections. The National Folklore Collection will be explored as well, including Irish-language folk narratives regarding Cromwell. Finally, Cromwell in devil lore and supernatural legends, or in popular traditions more generally, will be examined, particularly through the lens of social order and subversion.
The Legal Constitution: Common Law, Prerogative, and Privilege
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three of the legal sources of the UK constitution are examined: the common law, the royal prerogative, and parliamentary privilege. The constitutional position of the common law is examined, and the manner in which judges develop the common law is surveyed. The role of the courts in identifying, reviewing exercises of the prerogative and privilege is then explained, and the chapter traces the steady expansion of role of the court over a number of centuries. The differing levels of control courts can exercise over legal sources are considered, with jurisdictional review, substantive review, and scope review delineated. The courts’ control of these legal sources is established by, and regulated through, the common law.
Constructing State Sovereignty
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The diversity of legal orders, sources of law, and types of rule found within the UK constitution raises a question: how can we know these are distinct elements of a single state? States need to be able to articulate a claim to authority, but the diversities of the UK constitution make it difficult to see how this claim is articulated. This chapter examines the elements that unite these features, enabling the UK to exist as a unified, sovereign, state. It considers the roles played by unifying institutions, such as the Crown, unifying rules, such as parliamentary sovereignty, and unifying frameworks, such as the common law. It concludes that whilst none of these provide a complete answer to the unity question, all have a part to play in its resolution.
Northern Ireland
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Northern Ireland’s constitutional position in the United Kingdom is examined. The process by which it became part of that state is surveyed, the devolution settlement is considered, and the chapter concludes by reflecting on the capacity of Northern Ireland to exit the Union. Northern Ireland’s constitutional settlement is the product of long negotiations between conflicting parties, and is an example of a consociational constitutional settlement, a form of constitutional ordering in which different groups are required to work together by the constitution. Northern Ireland’s experiences show both the strengths and weaknesses of constitutional structures of this form. Though the consociational settlement may be the best possible option for Northern Ireland, its operation presents significant challenges.
Realising Subsidiarity
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The structures of the devolution settlement are considered, in particular the roles of the courts and the legislatures in regulating and maintaining that settlement are examined. It is argued that the principles of subsidiarity and democracy are implicit in the judgments of the courts on devolution issues, and that the courts are, and should be, guided by these principles. The roles of the legislatures of the UK in maintaining the devolution balance are examined, with both national and devolved bodies given power to alter the legislation enacted by other institutions. Whilst the UK’s constitutional settlement remains unitary in legal form, the political reality of the settlement nevertheless contains federal elements, with the devolved assemblies enjoying significant constitutional protection.
Becoming Citizens
Authors: Barber N. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There are various constitutional relationships a person can have with the state. This chapter examines the constitutional relationships created by the UK, in particular, those of citizen and monarch. The first part of the chapter examines citizenship, and argues that the current law is problematic, creating a hierarchy of forms of citizenship which undercut the constitutional equality which should be at the heart of this institution. The second part examines the role of the monarch, and reflects on the implications of monarchy for the UK constitution. The chapter concludes by arguing the institutions of monarchy and citizenship are in tension.
Introduction: Reality as One Sees It
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A brief review of the history of the science of consciousness suggests that since the 1990s, important studies from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience have been sidelined, to make room for rather speculative metaphysical and physics-centric theorizing. Some arguments are given in favor of restoring this balance. These include some considerations about the longevity and growth for the field, for meaningful scientific progress in the longer term. From a philosophy of science perspective, it is also unclear if foundational principles can be derived without a solid grasp of the basic empirical facts. This justifies why the book will be mostly focused on empirical studies, and the resulting theory should be compatible with the language of cognitive neuroscience.
Game Plan and Definitions
Authors: Lau Hakwan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book will focus on subjective experience, also known as phenomenal consciousness. But this may also relate to other notions of consciousness such as wakefulness and volitional control (contra automaticity). An important distinction has been made between subjective experience and informational access. However, just because two concepts are distinct does not mean that they are empirically unrelated. We must resist defining subjective experience as decidedly independent from cognition from the outset; this is in part an empirical question. Current theories on subjective experience fall into two broad camps: global and local views. These two theoretical extremes differ on five main issues: Does consciousness critically depend on activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortices? Is subjective experience sparse rather than rich? Is consciousness important for higher cognitive functions? Is consciousness somewhat limited in young children and primitive animals? Is machine consciousness ever possible? Global theories say yes to these five questions. Local theories say no to all of them.
The Gender of Critical Theory
Authors: McNay Lois 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Frankfurt School Critical Theory describes itself as an unmasking critique of power, but it has surprisingly little to say about major structural oppressions, including gender. In diagnosing what is wrong with the world, it claims to be guided by the experiences of oppressed groups. Yet, in practice, it pays little heed to these experiences. This book shows how these oversights and tensions stem from the preoccupation with normative foundations that has dominated Frankfurt School theory since Habermas and has given rise to a mode of paradigm-led inquiry that undermines an effective critique of oppression. The assumption of paradigm-led inquiry that too strong a focus on lived experience has parochializing effects on theory stands in tension with the idea that emancipatory critique ought to be primarily concerned with exposing the situation of oppressed groups. This book offers a reconfigured account of context transcendence as the critical insight afforded not by a monist interpretative paradigm but by reasoning dialogically across experiential and theoretical perspectives. By bringing feminist work on gender to bear on Frankfurt School critical theory, it argues that, far from stymying emancipatory critique, attentiveness to the experiences of oppressed groups is one of its enabling conditions. Combining feminist ideas with inherent but underutilized resources in the Frankfurt School tradition, this book proposes the idea of critique as theorizing from experience.