bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood Ash as Soil Liming Material
Authors: Lerner B. R. , Utzinger J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Elemental content was determined for ash of Prunus serotina J.F. Ehrh. (black cherry), Celtis occidentalis L. (hackberry), Quercus rubra L. (red oak), and Q. alba L. (white oak), plus a mixture of species containing Pinus (pine), Picea (spruce), and Malus spp. (apple). Ash from the 4 species averaged 26% Ca, 7.0% K, 1% P and smaller amounts of Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Al, and Na. The species mixture was lower in Ca and K but higher in most of the other elements. The effective calcium carbonate equivalent (total neutralizing power or TNP) of the wood ash ranged from 83% (mixed species) to 116% (red oak). Increased rates of application of wood ash increased soil pH. No significant effects of wood ash applied to soil were found on germination, leaf area, leaf number, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, yield, or leaf tissue elemental analysis of snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at 2400-9700 kg/ha.
Yield and Composition of Muskmelon as Influenced by Preplant and Trickle Applied Nitrogen
Authors: Bhella H. S. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to determine N-use-efficiency of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) grown in a loamy sand under trickle irrigation and black plastic mulch. Nitrogen rates of 0, 67, or 100 kg N/ha preplant plus 0, 50, or 100 ppm trickle applied N (fertigation) were compared. Significant increases in stem growth, soil NO3-N, petiole NO3-N, and early and total yields generally were attained with increasing preplant N fertilization rates. Muskmelon yield response to increasing N fertigation response was increased in regimes that received no preplant N. Fertigation response was reduced in regimes that received 67 or 100 kg preplant N/ha. A significant curvilinear relationship was established between soil saturation extract NO3-N and petiole NO3-N.
Undergraduate Education is Important, Too!
Authors: Warfield David , Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Transplanting is an ancient horticultural practice, which is a good thing because our profession is in need of a transplant—an attitude transplant! I was both encouraged and discouraged as I read Dermot P. Coyne's Presidential Address in the Oct. 1985 issue of HortScience 20:805–808. Encouraged, because he raised points that we need to address; discouraged, because he missed the starting point. Allow me to paraphrase an old saying: “Big grad students from little undergrads grow“. Let me lay it out in the open: I was shocked that our President finds no role for undergraduate education in tackling world hunger. I disagree!
The Pour-through Nutrient Extraction Procedure
Authors: Wright Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nutrient absorption and subsequent plant growth is related to an adequate supply of the nutrient in the soil solution. Thus, fertilizer practices in a nursery and greenhouse should attempt to maintain nutrient levels in the soil solution that promote optimal growth (2, 3). Maintenance of nutrients for greenhouse and nursery crops is usually via slow-release fertilizer or frequent additions through the irrigation water, where mass flow rather than diffusion is probably the predominant process by which nutrients move to plant root surfaces. In effect, the container medium serves primarily as mechanical support for the plant, and, in contrast to mineral soil systems, nutrients adsorbed to the medium are insignificant in relation to the rate of nutrient uptake and subsequent plant growth. This is particularly true for macronutrients, although the extent that it applies to micronutrients is still not clear.
Rate, Timing, and Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Bell Peppers and Muskmelon
Authors: Wiedenfeld R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Slow-release methylene urea, sulfur-coated urea, and ammonium sulfate fertilizers were applied at different rates and times on muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Naud.) and peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Increasing N application rate did not affect muskmelon yields, but, in some instances increasing rates up to 134 kg N·ha−1 improved pepper fruit yield and weight. With an increasing N rate, pepper petiole N increased. Timing of fertilizer application did not affect yield of either crop, but application at thinning increased muskmelon fruit weight over preplant application in one instance, whereas the opposite effect occurred in peppers. Split applications and application at thinning increased pepper petiole N content over preplant application in most instances. Early N availability seemed necessary to benefit fruit size and yield, whereas delayed split applications increased only plant N content. Fertilizer source had no effect on either crop in this study. Chemical names used: S-(O-O-diisopropyl phosphorodithionate ester of N-(a-mercaptoethyl)benzene-sulfonamide (bensulide) and N-N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propionamide (napropamide).
Tomato Yield as Influenced by Plant Protection Systems
Authors: Perry Katharine B. , Sanders Douglas C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Jackpot’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in 6 plant protection systems with or without black polyethylene mulch. Mulching increased early and total yield of large and marketable fruit and increased total yield of cull fruit. Row covers reduced early yield of large fruit and average large fruit weight. Use of large transplants from 7.5-cm square peat pots tended to increase early marketable yield but decreased early and total average large fruit weight as compared to performance without a plant protection system.
Nitrogen and Plant Spacing Effects on Growth and Fruiting of Potted Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Eck Paul , Stretch A. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increasing the rate of N application and the spacing distance between potted 3-year-old highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants ‘Earliblue’ increased fruit production and promoted early ripening. The increased N rate was associated with increased vegetative growth and berry size, whereas the increased plant spacing was associated with an increase in flower bud formation and flower number.
Influence of Summer Pruning on the Growth Pattern of Vigorous ‘Delicious’ Apple Limbs
Authors: Myers Stephen C. , Ferree D. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Delicious’/M9 planted in 1974 were unpruned or pruned on 3 July, 3 Aug., or 3 Sept. 1979, and at a comparable time in 1980. In the distal section, total length and dry weight of lateral shoots were greater on vertical than on horizontal limbs. Lateral shoot length and dry weight were decreased in the distal but not affected in the middle and proximal sections by pruning. Pruning and limb orientation had no effect on the distribution of dry weight in the limb sections. Time of pruning had no influence on the distribution of growth in the limb sections.
Year-round Production of Greenhouse-grown French Tarragon
Authors: Bassuk N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potted tarragon (Artemesia dracunculus L.) plants were grown in a greenhouse under short days (8 hr) or long days (16 hr), combined with a pretreatment of gibberellic acid (GA3) spray, or several weeks of 4°C cold. Long days promoted shoot growth whereas plants grown under short days grew in a basal rosette form most of the time. Cold pretreatment was not necessary to break dormancy; however, it did significantly increase total production. GA3 pretreatment was not as successful as cold in promoting regrowth. Regular harvest of the foliage stimulated growth under long days.
Electrophoretic Characterization of Lettuce Cultivars
Authors: Mejia Luis , McDaniel Robert G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed proteins were extracted from an array of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed in a comparative analysis of the soluble proteins and isozymes characteristic of seed from each cultivar. Some fall desert, winter desert, and coastal cultivars were distinguishable based upon variation in soluble proteins or esterase isozymes.
6-BA Applied after Shoot and/or Root Chilling and Its Effect on Growth Resumption in Apple and Peach
Authors: Young Eric , Werner Dennis J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cytokinin (6-BA) was applied to the dormant shoots of young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees after applying all combinations of shoot and root chilling during rest. After greenhouse forcing, bud-break, new shoot dry weight, and new root growth were greatest in apple trees with both shoot and root chilling. In contrast, only shoot chilling was necessary for maximum response in peach. Applied 6-BA substituted for root chilling in apple trees that had only the shoot chilled, resulting in budbreak equal to trees that had both the shoot and root chilled. Applied 6-BA had no significant effect on peach budbreak or new shoot and root growth. Chemical name used: 6-benzyladenine (6-BA).
In Vitro Propagation of Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Moore G. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Internodal seedling stem sections of 3 Citrus rootstocks—sour orange (C. aurantium L.), ‘Carrizo’ citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tanaka)—were cultured on media containing varying concentrations of BA and NAA. A medium containing 22 μM BA with or without 5.4 μM NAA was optimum for shoot initiation in all 3 rootstock types, but the 3 genotypes varied greatly in numbers of shoots produced. NAA in the medium was inhibitory to shoot production in long-term cultures. Chemical names used: N- (phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
A Labor-saving, Nutrient-screening Procedure Using Large-batch Solution Culture
Authors: Rousos Penelope A. , Harrison Helen C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The identification of exceptional genotypes in a breeding program can involve evaluating the responses of large numbers of plants to environmental stress (2). Major hydroponic systems include aerated standing or flowing-nutrient solution, mist, and nutrient film cultures. Flowing solution culture currently provides the most consistent environment for roots, but it is costly and difficult to maintain (1, 3).
A Bachelors Degree: The Right Weapon in the Battle Against World Hunger?
Authors: Warfield David L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What can be done to alleviate hunger and malnutrition in the world? That is a large, complex question! The answers are political, social, religious, and horticultural. It is axiomatic that one of the best approaches to answering a big question is to break it down into a series of smaller questions that can be worked on. One smaller question is: How can we as horticulturalists and as a horticultural society make our most-effective contribution to solving the problem? The answer I propose is to increase our emphasis on undergraduate education.
Integrating International Agricultural Development Activities in Land-grant Universities and Colleges
Authors: Oyer Edwin B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A recent World Bank report (8) classed over half (73 of 125) of the countries listed in its World Development Indicators as low-income or lower middle-income economies. Their per capita gross national products (GNP) are less than $1700, with a range of $80 to $1630. Agriculture contributes from 24% to 75% of their national gross domestic products, and a majority of their citizens live in rural areas although they may not be directly involved in farming. The adult literacy rate for these countries ranges from 5% to 95%. The authors state that “Agricultural production is a key factor in the development of most countries. In the poorest countries, it is critical.”
A Horticulturist's View of International Agricultural Strategies
Authors: Eisa Hamdy M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Each country has its own agricultural strategy, based on many interrelated factors—e.g., its own natural and human resources, system of government policies, contribution of agriculture to the economy, and trade relations with other countries. No country can afford to claim complete self-sufficiency in its agricultural production. Furthermore, agricultural strategies are related to strategies in other sectors—e.g., population, education, industry, energy, transport, etc. Because of the complexity of the subject, this paper will concentrate on the factors to be considered in determining an agricultural strategy. It will also examine some of those factors as they relate to horticultural development strategies for some of the Middle East countries. Prior to addressing the main topics of this paper, however, a brief description of the World Bank and its role in agricultural development for member countries is in order.
Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy
Authors: Steen Dwight , Kretchmer Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the 13 countries and Caribbean islands where the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID) has programs in Latin America, the agricultural sector is still the dominant economic force. Over half the population of these countries lives in rural areas, in spite of high migration rates to the cities. Agriculture is the primary economic activity: Agriculture generates 68% of the foreign exchange necessary to buy imported products; it contributes 20% of the gross domestic product of these economies; agriculture is the single most important source of employment (employing from 40% in Peru to 70% in Haiti) of the entire labor force; and agriculture contributes about 50% of the value added to these economies.
Introduction to the Symposium: An Extension Worker's View
Authors: William Ray D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extension workers often identify production, marketing, managerial, or educational constraints that reduce agricultural efficiencies. In Oregon, problems expressed by growers of several horticultural crops appeared to have a common soil management component. Some Christmas tree growers, for example, complained about poor vigor and growth of 2nd- or 3rd-cycle trees that were planted immediately after harvest of the previous crop. Growers reasoned that poor growth (and reduced marketability) might be caused by increasing concentrations of herbicide residues that resulted from yearly applications of atrazine or hexazinone, rather than soil erosion and related soil management problems. Grape producers and lily bulb growers were concerned about soil erosion, since crops were planted parallel to the slope. Frequent mechanical harvesting of brambles led to growers’ fears of soil compaction, while fruit growers noted slower rates of water infiltration in orchards where natural vegetation is managed with a flail compared to areas interplanted with a sod.
Grass Interplanting in Horticulture Cropping Systems
Authors: Butler Jack D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Of the 5000 grass species identified worldwide, more than 1400 may be found in the United States (17). The potential benefits of interplantings in horticultural crops justifies the effort to identify the most appropriate grasses for this practice. Grass interplantings are used to reduce erosion, increase water infiltration into the soil, improve traffic-carrying ability, improve soil structure, limit weed invasion, moderate soil temperatures, and reduce soil contamination of crops. Disadvantages in using grasses for interplantings include increased competition for water and nutrients, harborage of pests, and expense of establishment and maintenance.
Weeds and Integrated Pest Management Systems
Authors: Norris Robert F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growing a single crop species (monoculture) has dominated agricultural systems in the United States in the last 50 to 75 years. Monoculture has been favored primarily because of mechanization with concomitant reductions in production costs. Some pest management specialists have thought that monoculture of crops may lead to increased insect, nematode, and disease problems. Weed management is probably more easily accomplished in large fields with monocultured crops than in small-scale farming employing polycropping techniques.
Predicting Effects of Modified Cropping Systems: Forestry Examples
Authors: Radosevich Steven R. , Wagner Robert G. , Orcutt Deborah R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Small conifers often must coexist with the components of early plant succession for prolonged periods of time in forest regeneration. Forest regeneration and the management of perennial horticultural crops are similar in this respect, since individual “crop” plants in both instances usually occur in close proximity to each other or associated species. Association of the crop with its neighbors may be detrimental in both situations (10, 15), but other interactions also are possible (8). Thus it is necessary for forest managers and horticulturists to recognize the physical, physiological, and environmental components that influence the outcome of plant-to-plant associations. It also is necessary for land managers (foresters, horticulturists, etc), to understand the consequences of their actions, since short-term impacts on vegetation can have long-term influences on environmental resource availability, subsequent vegetation, and the populations of other organisms. Long-term impacts of management are not exclusive to forest regeneration, but the need for prediction may be most obvious there because of the relative longevity of forest communities in comparison to most of those in agriculture.
Growth and Fruiting of ‘Heritage’ Primocane Fruiting Red Raspberry in Response to Paclobutrazol
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Garth Jeannie K. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PP333) was applied to dormant ‘Heritage’ primocane fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants at dosages of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg a.i.·0.37 m−2 ·hill−1. After 29 days of fruit production, the average cumulative fruit yield of primocanes treated with 24, 48, or 96 mg of paclobutrazol was 92% greater than for control primocanes. The cumulative fruit yield of primocanes receiving the 24-mg dosage remained significantly greater through 50 days of production compared to that of control primocanes. Cumulative fruit yield was not adversely affected at any time during the production season by any of the dosages applied. The 24-mg dosage suppressed final primocane height by 19% but did not significantly decrease primocane diameter or the number of nodes formed. The vegetative responses to 48- and 96-mg dosages were similar, with an average reduction in primocane height, diameter, and total number of nodes formed of 36%, 25%, and 14%, respectively. Early onset of anthesis was positively correlated (r = 0.72) with suppression of vegetative growth. Production midpoint occurred 60 ± 3.7 days after initial anthesis and varied (r = 0.85) with the date of first anthesis. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Evapotranspiration Rates
Authors: Shearman R. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty well-watered Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars were evaluated for evapotranspiration (ET) under controlled environment, using the water-balance method. ET ranged from a low of 3.86 mm·day−1 for ‘Enoble’ to a high of 6.43 mm·day−1 for ‘Merton’, ‘Birka’, and ‘Sydsport’. Cultivars differed in shoot density, verdure, root density, stomatal density, and stomatal index. Only verdure was significantly correlated (r = 0.60) to ET for the 20 cultivars. Five cultivars were selected using cluster analysis to represent categories of high, medium, and low ET rates. ET for these cultivars increased from 1.1- to 1.7-fold when temperature was increased from 25° to 35°C, depending on cultivar. ET at 35° was positively correlated to vertical elongation rate (r = 0.96), and negatively correlated to shoot density (r = − 0.87) and verdure (r = − 0.83) under well-watered conditions.
A Systems Analysis of Postharvest Handling of Fresh Snap Beans
Authors: Shewfelt R. L. , Prussia S. E. , Jordan J. L. , Hurst W. C. , Resurreccion A. V. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The postharvest handling system of fresh market snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Sprite) was analyzed to determine steps of greatest quality deterioration. A decrease in ascorbic acid concentration was the only consistent quality change noted between the arrival at the packinghouse and departure from the wholesale warehouse. Quality differences in percentage of fiber, percentage of seeds, color, hue angle, moisture, ascorbic acid, and sensory texture attributes observed in beans from different packinghouses suggest that cultural and harvesting factors are most critical. Short market shelf-life is a major limitation in marketing.
Development of Forecasting Equations for Apple Storage Disorders: The Tobit Model Versus Linear Regression
Authors: Autio Wesley R. , Weis Sarah A. , Bramlage William J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Forecasting equations for predicting poststorage senescent breakdown from prestorage fruit Ca concentrations were developed for ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples using classical linear regression and the Tobit model. A comparison of the 2 regression methods was also made using 2 hypothetical data sets. Where the dependent variable was limited and a significant portion of the data was at the limit, as with ‘McIntosh’ apples, the Tobit model provided a superior forecasting equation. However, in cases where the dependent variable was not limited or it was limited and a significant portion of the data was not at the limit, as with ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples, classical linear regression and the Tobit model produced similar forecasting equations.
Farming Systems Research Applied to Direct Market Vegetable Production in Texas
Authors: Steinberg S. L. , Novak J. R. , Vamosy M. L. , McCraw B. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A market-based farming systems research approach was used to analyze the vegetable production system for direct-to-consumer retail and wholesale marketing at the Dallas Farmers’ Market. The majority of farms produced 3–10 different vegetables for a harvest and marketing season of 4 months or more per year, irrespective of their size of operation or status as a full or part-time farmer. Watermelon, cantaloupe, sweet potato, squash, tomato, and southern pea were most commonly produced. Extensive use of leased land supported the production system by allowing land rotation or specific soil type selection. From this survey, a profile of the typical production unit was developed for use in research and extension.
Factors Affecting Intumescence Development on Potato Leaves
Authors: Petitte J. M. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were propagated in controlled environments from tubers or stem cuttings and exposed to SO2 and/or NO2. Cultivar, propagation method, and air quality affected intumescence formation on leaves. Tuber-propagated ‘Kennebec’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ plants developed intumescences in clean air, SO2, or NO2, but not in a SO2-NO2 mixture, whereas tuber-propagated ‘Superior’ and ‘Norchip’ had little or no intumescence formation. Cutting-propagated ‘Kennebec’, ‘Russet Burbank’, and ‘Norchip’ plants had no intumescence development. Intumescence development may be related to carbohydrate status of plants and maturity classification of cultivars.