bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global trends in added sugars and non-nutritive sweetener use in the packaged food supply: drivers and implications for public health
Authors: Russell Cherie , Baker Phillip , Grimes Carley , Lindberg Rebecca , Lawrence Mark A 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjective:The health implications of excessive added sugar intakes have led to national policy actions to limit their consumption. Subsequently, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) may be used to maintain product sweetness. We aimed to assess trends in quantities of added sugars and NNS sold in packaged food and beverages worldwide, and the association between these trends and the number of national policy actions across regions to reduce added sugar consumption.Design:(i) Longitudinal analysis of Euromonitor sales data (2007–2019) to assess the quantity of added sugars (kg) and NNS (g) sold in packaged foods and beverages globally, across regions, and across country income categories; (ii) policy-mapping of policy actions targeting added sugar consumption globally from the NOURISHING database; and (iii) Spearman’s correlations to assess the association between national policy actions across regions and changes in added sugar/NNS sales.Setting:Worldwide.Participants:Not applicable.Results:Per capita volumes of NNS from beverage sales increased globally (36 %). Added sugars from beverage sales decreased in high-income countries (22 %) but increased in upper-middle-income countries (UMIC) and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC) (13–40 %). Added sugars from packaged food sales increased globally (9 %). Regions with more policy actions had a significant increase in NNS quantities from beverage sales (r= 0·68,P= 0·04). The sweetness of the packaged food supply (the sweetness of each NNS and added sugar, relative to sucrose, multiplied by sales volume) increased over time.Conclusions:The increasing use of NNS to sweeten beverages globally, and in packaged food in UMIC and LMIC, may have health and dietary implications in the future. Their use as a substitute for added sugar should be considered in public health nutrition policymaking.
Economic sanctions: legal and policy constraints
Authors: Segall Anna 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Depuis la fin de la guerre froide, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations
Unies a décidé à plusieurs reprises d'imposer des sanctions économiques à
des États qui ne respectent pas une décision prise en vertu du chapitre VII
de la Charte. Les exemples les plus flagrants sont les sanctions économiques
décidées dans le contexte des conflits du Golfe (Irak) et des Balkans
(ex-Yougoslavie). Or, ces sanctions affectent très directement les
conditions de vie de la population civile du pays frappé par l'embargo. Il
est donc nécessaire d'examiner quelles sont les limites à ne pas dépasser,
pour des raisons humanitaires. L'auteur analyse séparément les règles
internationales qui déterminent ces limites, d'une part, pour les sanctions
prises en temps de paix et, d'autre pan, pour celles en temps de conflit
armé. Le texte passe ensuite en revue les dispositions pertinentes du droit
de la Charte, du droit des droits de l'homme et du droit international
humanitaire. Une analyse des facteurs politiques, économiques et
sociologiques à prendre en compte lors de sanctions économiques conduit à la
conclusion que la décision d'imposer celle-ci ne doit pas mettre en péril la
survie de la population civile. Le respect des obligations relatives aux
actions de secours est d'ailleurs un élément essentiel de tout régime de
sanctions imposé par le Conseil de sécurité.
The ICRC and the 1962 Cuban missile crisis
Authors: Fischer Thomas 
Published: July 2022

RésuméL'ouverture d'un grand nombre d'archives depuis la fin de la guerre froide et la publication d'informations inédites permettent aujourd'hui aux historiens de Jeter un regard nouveau sur la crise qui a résulté de l'installation par l'Union soviétique de missiles nucléaires à Cuba en octobre 1962. Ainsi, il est pour la première fois possible d'analyser en détail le rôle exceptionnel joué par le CICR pendant la crise des missiles. Le CICR a en effet offert ses bons offices afin de donner aux États concernés et au secrétaire général des Nations Unies la possibilité de résoudre la crise sans recourir à la force. Il s'est notamment déclaré prêt à mettre à la disposition de l'ONU des délégués qui auraient pour tâche de s'assurer que les navires soviétiques se rendant à Cuba ne transportaient pas d'armes. Toutefois, sa proposition est devenue sans objet, la crise ayant été résolue à temps. L'auteur examine les implications de la position prise alors par le CICR pour l'avenir de l'institution et ses activités humanitaires.
Zones grises, crises durables, conflits oubliés: les défis
humanitaires
Authors: Grunewald François , Tessier Laurence 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Grey zones, lasting crises and forgotten conflicts are typical of our
times. Even though certain conflicts come to an end, many do not because no
solution is found for the underlying causes. The great majority of these
conflicts are internal and involve non-State entities; they are civil wars.
Such complex and interminable crises are a challenge not only for statesmen
and diplomats but also for “humanitarians”, in particular the international
organizations in charge of humanitarian action. The authors examine the
causes and characteristics of such conflicts. They particularly highlight
the fact that unending wars not only create short-term humanitarian problems
but in the long run destroy civil society. What are the solutions to such
conflicts? The authors call for a change of attitudes and a new approach to
lasting crises and suggest various forms of action to be taken by the
international community. While adequate measures for dealing with
humanitarian issues have been found for traditional wars, lasting crises and
forgotten conflicts are still awaiting a response by the humanitarian
community.
La Commission internationale humanitaire d'établissement des faits : un
outil obsolète ou un moyen utile de mise en œuvre du droit international
humanitaire?
Authors: Condorelli Luigi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The International Fact-Finding Commission mentioned by Article 90 of
Additional Protocol I is the only new measure introduced by the Diplomatic
Conference of 1914-1911 intended to strengthen implementation of
international humanitarian law. (The word ‘humanitarian’ was added to the
title by the Commission itself, in order to better express the Commission's
limited jurisdiction.) The Commission was established and its rules of
procedure were adopted, but never since 1977 has any party to an armed
conflict or any other State ever asked the Commission to exercise its
activity in a concrete situation. The author (a member of the Commission)
examines the reasons of this apparent failure and suggests new ways of
understanding Article 90. He has no doubts about the Commission's
usefulness, and he calls upon States and the other members of the
international community – in particular the United Nations – to accept the
Commission as a tool for strengthening respect for international
humanitarian law.
Enforcing international humanitarian law: Catching the
accomplices
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
La récente décision d'etablir la Cour pénale internationale et
l'adoption de son Statut (Statut de Rome) a, une fois de plus, soulevé la
question de la responsabilité pénale, en droit international, du complice
dans un crime. L'auteur examine d'abord l'interprétation que le Tribunal de
Nuremberg a donnée de la notion de complice, pour passer ensuite à Vanalyse
de la jurisprudence des Tribunaux pénaux internationaux pour
l'ex-Yougoslavie et pour le Rwanda. Il constate que ces Tribunaux ont eu
l'occasion d'affiner leur jurisprudence par rapport aux complices, car,
jusqu'à ce jour, ils se sont davantage occupés d'executants que des vrais
instigateurs des crimes. La compétence du Tribunal pénal international en
matière de responsabilite penale des complices ne differe guère de celle
qu'on trouve dans le Statut de chacun des deux Tribunaux ad hoc. Selon
l'auteur, il n'est cependant pas exclu que la notion de complicité ne soit
élargie à l'avenir pour englober, par exemple, la responsabilité des
fournisseurs d'armes ou d'autres activités dans l'ombre des guerres
modernes. Une telle évolution de la pratique des Tribunaux pénaux
internationaux renforcerait la position du droit international
humanitaire.
Legal aspects of Australia's involvement in the International Force for
East Timor
Authors: Kelly Michael J. , McCormack Timothy L. H. , Muggleton Paul , Oswald Bruce M. 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Sur la base de la résolution 1264 du Conseil de sécurité (du 15
septembre 1999), une force multinationale a été déployée au Timor Oriental,
afin de rétablir l'ordre et de parer à l'écroulement de l'administration
locale; il s'agit de l'International Force for East Timor
(INTERFET). L'Australie a assumé le rôle de pays
responsable dans une force qui était composée de contingents militaires de
plusieurs pays de la région. Après avoir analysé la situation juridique du
territoire et les conséquences qui en découlent, les auteurs passent en
revue un nombre considérable de problèmes d'ordre juridique qu'il fallait
résoudre dans cette opération internationale de type nouveau (même si les
forces australiennes ont fait leurs premières expériences lors de
l'engagement en Somalie). De l'avis des auteurs, l'intervention de
l'INTERFRET conservera «une place honorable» dans l'histoire des missions
des Nations Unies.
The Chinese humanitarian heritage and the dissemination of and education
in international humanitarian law in the Chinese People's Liberation
Army
Authors: Xiaodong He 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Un bref regard sur l'histoire de la Chine montre que les princes et les
stratèges ont toujours insisté sur la nécessité de ménager la population
civile dans la guerre, car, sans le soutien du peuple, il ne serait pas
possible de contrôler un pays. Un proverbe chinois dit: «Pour gagner une
guerre, il faut d'abord gagner le cœur des gens». Au début de la guerre
révolutionnaire en Chine, Mao Zedong a promulgué des directives qui vont
dans le même sens, en insistant particulièrement sur la discipline des
soldats. Sous une forme adaptée, ces directives sont valables encore
aujourd'hui. L'auteur décrit les mesures prises et les programmes en cours
actuellement au sein de l'armée chinoise pour diffuser les connaissances
nécessaires en droit international humanitaire parmi les officiers et la
troupe. Il conclut en constatant que même après la fin de la guerre froide,
les Conventions de Genève n'ont rien perdu de leur importance.
Protection of internally displaced persons affected by armed conflict:
concept and challenges
Authors: Hickel Marguerite Contat 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Cet article propose quelques réflexions sur la notion de protection des
personnes déplacées à l'intérieur de leur pays dans une situation de conflit
armé. Après avoir rappelé le contexte qui a amené la communauté
internationale à s'intéresser aux personnes déplacées, l'auteur porte son
attention sur le concept de protection et les modes d'action auxquels
peuvent se référer les organisations humanitaires, dont le CICR, dans leur
activité de protection. Analysant les enjeux liés à cette problématique, en
particulier le lien entre la consolidation de la notion de personnes
déplacées et la mise en péril du statut de réfugié, elle relève le rôle
assigné aux organisations humanitaires par les États. Toutefois, ce n'est
pas «l'humanitaire» qui pourra prévenir les déplacements massifs de
population ou résoudre les problèmes qu'ils posent, mais bien «le
politique»: les États doivent s'employer avec une détermination accrue à
créer un ordre politique juste qui contribue à prévenir le phénomène des
personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays.
A brief course of digitally delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of blood contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder: a structured case report
Authors: Purrington Jack 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The lifetime prevalence of OCD in the UK is estimated to be between 1 in 100 and 1 in every 50 people. It is therefore necessary to explore innovations in practice to expand the reach of the gold standard therapeutic approaches of exposure with response prevention (ERP) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The COVID-19 pandemic has facilitated such innovations with several services accommodating changes to routine practice by utilising digital platforms to provide videoconference-delivered therapy. Despite a growing evidence base demonstrating efficacy and scope for the use of videoconference-delivered CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there remains qualitative research collated from clinicians which suggests that a lack of practitioner confidence and a low belief in positive outcomes are barriers to adopting remote therapy practices for clinicians. Therefore, this structured case report describes the assessment, formulation, intervention and outcome of an 11-week videoconference-delivered therapeutic intervention. Reflections are made regarding the use of the digital platform throughout the intervention, alongside the strengths and difficulties of applying videoconference-delivered CBT for OCD.

Key learning aims

(1)
To illustrate a digital treatment of OCD through flexible application of the current evidence base.

(2)
To gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of delivering digital out-patient CBT for OCD.

(3)
To consider the utility of structured case reports in routine practice when delivering digital therapy.
ASXL1 mutations predict inferior molecular response to nilotinib treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Schönfeld Lioba , Rinke Jenny , Hinze Anna , Nagel Saskia N. , Schäfer Vivien , Schenk Thomas , Fabisch Christian , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Burchert Andreas , le Coutre Philipp , Krause Stefan W. , Saussele Susanne , Safizadeh Fatemeh , Pfirrmann Markus , Hochhaus Andreas , Ernst Thomas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGene mutations independent of BCR::ABL1 have been identified in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase, whereby mutations in epigenetic modifier genes were most common. These findings prompted the systematic analysis of prevalence, dynamics, and prognostic significance of such mutations, in a clinically well-characterized patient population of 222 CML patients from the TIGER study (CML-V) by targeted next-generation sequencing covering 54 myeloid leukemia-associated genes. In total, 53/222 CML patients (24%) carried 60 mutations at diagnosis with ASXL1 being most commonly affected (n = 20). To study mutation dynamics, longitudinal deep sequencing analysis of serial samples was performed in 100 patients after 12, 24, and 36 months of therapy. Typical patterns of clonal evolution included eradication, persistence, and emergence of mutated clones. Patients carrying an ASXL1 mutation at diagnosis showed a less favorable molecular response to nilotinib treatment, as a major molecular response (MMR) was achieved less frequently at month 12, 18, and 24 compared to all other patients. Patients with ASXL1 mutations were also younger and more frequently found in the high risk category, suggesting a central role of clonal evolution associated with ASXL1 mutations in CML pathogenesis.
Identification of proliferative and non-proliferative subpopulations of leukemic cells in CLL
Authors: Cuthill Kirsty M. , Zhang Yan , Pepper Andrea , Boelen Lies , Coulter Eve , Asquith Becca , Devereux Stephen , Macallan Derek C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPathogenesis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is strongly linked to the potential for leukemic cells to migrate to and proliferate within lymph-nodes. Previous in vivo studies suggest that all leukemic cells participate in cycles of migration and proliferation. In vitro studies, however, have shown heterogeneous migration patterns.To investigate tumor subpopulation kinetics, we performed in vivo isotope-labeling studies in ten patients with IgVH-mutated CLL (M-CLL). Using deuterium-labeled glucose, we investigated proliferation in sub-populations defined by CXCR4/CD5 and surface (sIgM) expression. Mathematical modeling was performed to test the likelihood that leukemic cells exist as distinct sub-populations or as a single population with the same proliferative capacity. Further labeling studies in two patients with M-CLL commencing idelalisib investigated the effect of B-cell receptor (BCR) antagonists on sub-population kinetics.Modeling revealed that data were more consistent with a model comprising distinct sub-populations (p = 0.008) with contrasting, characteristic kinetics. Following idelalisib therapy, similar labeling suppression across all sub-populations suggested that the most proliferative subset is the most sensitive to treatment. As the quiescent sub-population precedes treatment, selection likely explains the persistence of such residual non-proliferating populations during BCR-antagonist therapy. These findings have clinical implications for discontinuation of long-term BCR-antagonist treatment in selected patients.
Alterations in TRN-anterodorsal thalamocortical circuits affect sleep architecture and homeostatic processes in oxidative stress vulnerable Gclm−/− mice
Authors: Czekus Christina , Steullet Pascal , Orero López Albert , Bozic Ivan , Rusterholz Thomas , Bandarabadi Mojtaba , Do Kim Q. , Gutierrez Herrera Carolina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSchizophrenia is associated with alterations of sensory integration, cognitive processing and both sleep architecture and sleep oscillations in mouse models and human subjects, possibly through changes in thalamocortical dynamics. Oxidative stress (OxS) damage, including inflammation and the impairment of fast-spiking gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons have been hypothesized as a potential mechanism responsible for the onset and development of schizophrenia. Yet, the link between OxS and perturbation of thalamocortical dynamics and sleep remains unclear. Here, we sought to investigate the effects of OxS on sleep regulation by characterizing the dynamics of thalamocortical networks across sleep-wake states in a mouse model with a genetic deletion of the modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gclm knockout, KO) using high-density electrophysiology in freely-moving mice. We found that Gcml KO mice exhibited a fragmented sleep architecture and impaired sleep homeostasis responses as revealed by the increased NREM sleep latencies, decreased slow-wave activities and spindle rate after sleep deprivation. These changes were associated with altered bursting activity and firing dynamics of neurons from the thalamic reticularis nucleus, anterior cingulate and anterodorsal thalamus. Administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a clinically relevant antioxidant, rescued the sleep fragmentation and spindle rate through a renormalization of local neuronal dynamics in Gclm KO mice. Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence for a link between OxS and the deficits of frontal TC network dynamics as a possible mechanism underlying sleep abnormalities and impaired homeostatic responses observed in schizophrenia.
Altered brain activation during reward anticipation in bipolar disorder
Authors: Long Xipeng , Wang Xiuli , Tian Fangfang , Cao Yuan , Xie Hongsheng , Jia Zhiyun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAlthough altered reward sensitivity has been observed in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), the brain function findings related to reward processing remain unexplored and inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to identify brain activation alterations underlying reward anticipation in BD. A systematic literature research was conducted to identify fMRI studies of reward-relevant tasks performed by BD individuals. Using Anisotropic Effect Size Signed Differential Mapping, whole-brain and ROI of the ventral striatum (VS) coordinate-based meta-analyses were performed to explore brain regions showing anomalous activation in individuals with BD compared to healthy controls (HC), respectively. A total of 21 studies were identified in the meta-analysis, 15 of which were included in the whole-brain meta-analysis and 17 in the ROI meta-analysis. The whole-brain meta-analysis revealed hypoactivation in the bilateral angular gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus during reward anticipation in individuals with BD compared to HC. No significant activation differences were observed in bilateral VS between two groups by whole-brain or ROI-based meta-analysis. Individuals with BD type I and individuals with euthymic BD showed altered activation in prefrontal, angular, fusiform, middle occipital gyrus, and striatum. Hypoactivation in the right angular gyrus was positively correlated with the illness duration of BD. The present study reveals the potential neural mechanism underlying impairment in reward anticipation in BD. Some clinical features such as clinical subtype, mood state, and duration of illness confound the underlying neurobiological abnormality reward anticipation in BD. These findings may have implications for identifying clinically relevant biomarkers to guide intervention strategies for BD.
Plasma Amyloid-β dynamics in late-life major depression: a longitudinal study
Authors: Pomara Nunzio , Bruno Davide , Plaska Chelsea Reichert , Ramos-Cejudo Jaime , Osorio Ricardo S. , Pillai Anilkumar , Imbimbo Bruno P. , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDepressed individuals are twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as compared to controls. Brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition is believed to have a major role in AD pathogenesis but studies also suggest associations of Aβ dynamics and depression. The aim of this study was to test if plasma Aβ levels are longitudinally associated to late-life depression. We measured plasma levels of amyloid-β1-40 (Aβ40) and amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42) peptides longitudinally for three consecutive years in 48 cognitively intact elderly subjects with late-life major depressive disorder (LLMD) and 45 age-matched cognitively healthy controls. We found that the Aβ42/Aβ40 plasma ratio was significantly and steadily lower in depressed subjects compared to controls (p < 0.001). At screening, Aβ42/Aβ40 plasma did not correlate with depression severity (as measured with Hamilton Depression Scale) or cognitive performance (as measured with Mini-Mental State Examination) but was associated to depression severity at 3 years after adjustment for age, education, cognitive performance, and antidepressants use. This study showed that reduced plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio is consistently associated with LLMD diagnosis and that increased severity of depression at baseline predicted low Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio at 3 years. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and examine if the consistently lower plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in LLMD reflects increased brain amyloid deposition, as observed in AD subjects, and an increased risk for progressive cognitive decline and AD.