bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LBODP001 Causal Associations Between Body Fat Accumulation and Covid-19 Severity: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Yoshiji Satoshi , Tanaka Daisuke , Minamino Hiroto , Lu Tianyuan , Murakami Takaaki , Fujita Yoshihito , Richards Brent J , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Previous studies reported associations between obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, BMI is calculated only with height and weight and cannot distinguish between body fat mass and fat-free mass. Thus, it is not clear if one or both of these measures are mediating the relationship between obesity and COVID-19.

Aims
To elucidate the independent causal relationships of body fat mass and fat-free mass with COVID-19 severity using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Results
We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with body fat mass and fat-free mass in 454,137 and 454,850 individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank, respectively. We then performed two-sample MR to ascertain their effects on severe COVID-19 (cases: 4,792; controls: 1,054,664) from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. We found that an increase in body fat mass by one standard deviation was associated with severe COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR)body fat mass = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-2. 04, P = ﻿5.51×10-5; ORbody fat-free mass = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.99-1.74, P = ﻿5.77×10-2). Considering that body fat mass and fat-free mass were genetically correlated with each other (r = 0.64), we further evaluated the independent causal effects of body fat mass and fat-free mass using multivariable MR and revealed that only body fat mass was independently associated with severe COVID-19 (ORbody fat mass = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.71-4.96, P = 8.85×10-5 and ORbody fat-free mass = 1. 02, 95%CI: 0.61-1.67, P = 0.945).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the causal effects of body fat accumulation on COVID-19 severity and indicates that the biological pathways influencing the relationship between COVID-19 and obesity are likely mediated through body fat mass.
Presentation: No date and time listed
LBODP004 The Impact Of Covid-19 On Obesity And Ultra-processed Food Intake In Adolescents And Young Adults: Interim Analysis From The PIE Study
Authors: Balhara Maria 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
A 10% increase in the diet's proportion of ultra-processed foods is associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity (OR 1. 07, 95% CI 1. 01 to 1.13) as well as visceral obesity (OR 1. 07, 95% CI 1. 02 to 1.13) (Neri, 2022). Given that ultra-processed food intake now comprises 67% of the adolescent diet (Wang, 2021), there is growing interest in the impact of COVID-19 on obesity and ultra-processed food intake in adolescents and young adults.

Methods
This paper presents an interim analysis of the Processed Intake Evaluation (PIE) study enrolling 1800 participants, aged 13-19 years, in the US. The interim data is presented for the first 452 participants in the PIE study. For these participants, we calculated a composite PIE score (Processed Intake Evaluation) score, a scale of 0-100) averaged for consumption of different ultra-processed foods (1) before COVID-19 prior to 2020 (2) during COVID-19 restrictions 2020-2021 (3) after easing of COVID-19 restrictions in 2022.

Results
The participants’ mean age was 16.6±1.1 years, with 53% females. The processed food intake (PIE score) decreased from 56.2 (before COVID-19) to 52.6 (during COVID-19 restrictions) to 48.1 (now with COVID-19 restrictions eased). The respective decrease was 57.9 to 55.5 to 49.1 in male participants and 54.1 to 50.6 to 47.4 in female participants. Next, the study analyzed a panel of 23 behavioral nutritional factors and identified that less processed food stocked at home and fewer opportunities to eat processed food with peers had the highest association with this decrease during COVID-19. Next, we analyzed participants in high/low-risk groups based on obesity and diabetes in the participant or family. The high-risk group showed a muted decrease in ultra-processed food consumption from 57.7 (prior COVID) to 53.3 (COVID restrictions) to 53. 0 (now). In contrast, the low-risk group showed a higher sustained decrease from 55.9 to 52.5 to 47.1. The differential decrease between the two groups was significant (-4.7 vs. -8.8 for the high/low-risk group, p&lt;0. 01).

Conclusion
This study suggests that the ultra-processed food consumption in adolescents has decreased markedly during COVID-19. Further, the decrease has been sustainable and continued its downward trend even after easing pandemic restrictions. This downward trend related to COVID-19 will be confirmed in the final analysis of 1800 patients, however, this early data provides an encouraging signal that expanded research into COVID-19 impact on reduction in ultra-processed foods consumption and obesity may be warranted, and presents a window of opportunity to strengthen further nutritional and behavioral interventions targeted at adolescents and young adults for reducing obesity-related risk factors.
Presentation: No date and time listed
ODP007 Nephron Specific ATP6AP2 Knockout Increases Urinary Excretion of Fatty Acids while Decreasing Renal Cortical Megalin Expression
Authors: Culver Silas , Hargett Stefan , Harris Thurl , Siragy Helmy 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We recently reported that mice with inducible nephron specific knockout of ATP6AP2 are resistant to diet induced obesity while demonstrating significant increases in urine glucose and albumin excretion. It is not known whether urinary loss of other metabolites such as lipids contributes to impaired weight gain in this model. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) are filtered by the glomerulus bound to albumin and are normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via the megalin-cubulin complex. We hypothesized that nephron specific ATP6AP2 knockout reduces megalin expression leading to increased urinary NEFA excretion. Eight-week-old male inducible nephron specific ATP6AP2 knockout mice underwent either induction with oral doxycycline or received sucrose water as controls before being placed on either normal diet (ND) or high fat diet (HFD) for 6 months. At the end of this period, organic lipid extraction was performed on 24-hour urine samples to determine 24-hour NEFA excretion. RT-PCR was utilized to determine renal cortical expression of LRP2, the gene for megalin. Similar to prior reports, HFD alone increased body weight by 76% at 6 months compared to ND controls (p&lt;0. 01) while HFD fed knockout mice had 53% lower body weight than HFD controls (p&lt;0. 01). There was no significant change in 24-hour NEFA excretion between ND and HFD controls, but knockout mice on ND had 79% greater 24-hour urine NEFA excretion than ND controls while HFD fed knockout mice had 142% greater 24-hour NEFA excretion compared to HFD controls (p&lt;0. 05). RT-PCR for renal cortical expression of LRP2, the gene for megalin, revealed 55% and 76% reduction in expression in ND and HFD fed knockout mice respectively compared to their respective ND and HFD fed controls (p&lt;0. 01). These results indicate that nephron ATP6AP2 knockout results in increased urinary NEFA excretion via decreased megalin expression in the renal cortex. Further investigation is warranted into how ATP6AP2 may regulate the activity of the megalin-cubulin complex and what effects this may have on lipid reabsorption by the kidney.
Presentation: No date and time listed
ODP009 Obesity-related Conditions in Adults with Overweight and Obesity in the United States: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Chiu Kevin , Kan Hong , MacEwan Joanna , Shinde Shraddha , Poon Jiat Ling , Ahmad Nadia Nazir 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Obesity is a heterogeneous chronic condition that has varying metabolic, structural, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic and psychological health effects. We aimed to identify common patterns of obesity-related conditions in a nationally representative sample.

Methods
Respondents age ≥18y with body mass index (BMI) &gt;25 kg/m2 in NHANES 2017-2018 were clustered based on key obesity-related conditions including type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, hypertension (HTN), cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), osteoarthritis, physical limitation (PL), cancer, depression, and anxiety. Hierarchical adaptive means clustering was employed with NHANES survey weights. An optimal number of clusters was chosen with the "elbow method." Patient characteristics were compared across clusters. Clusters were characterized by conditions with a ≥ 50% prevalence in descending order.

Results
Six clusters were identified among 3,084 respondents. Cluster 1 (15.8% of the respondents; mean age: 34.9y; female: 53.5%; mean BMI: 30.8) had no obesity-related conditions. Cluster 2 (27.7%; 47.3; 42.7%; 32.5) was dominated by HTN. Cluster 3 (9.9%; 58. 0; 44.1%; 33. 0) was dominated by CKD and HTN. Cluster 4 (13.2%; 55.1; 68. 0%; 33.7) was dominated by depression, HTN, PL and dyslipidemia. Cluster 5 (23.7%; 59.4; 50.7%; 32.6) was dominated by HTN, PL, CVD and dyslipidemia. Cluster 6 (10.1%; 67.8; 45. 0%; 34.3) was dominated by HTN, dyslipidemia, T2D, PL, and CVD. Clusters 4 and 6 incurred the highest healthcare use.

Conclusions
Adults with overweight and obesity in the US have distinct patterns of obesity-related conditions, the burden of which generally increased with obesity severity and age.
Presentation: No date and time listed
OR10-3 Long-term Weight Loss Maintenance with Obesity Pharmacotherapy: a 5-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Andre Clarissa , Aronne Louis , D’Angelo Debra , Shukla Alpana , Tchang Beverly , Weintraub Michael 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
To determine the association of anti-obesity medications (FDA-approved and off-label) with weight loss maintenance over 3-5 years.

Methods
We performed a retrospective observational study of adults 18-75 years treated for overweight/obesity at a tertiary academic weight management center with an initial visit between April 1st, 2014 and April 1st, 2016. We excluded patients who had a period of follow-up less than 2.5 years or a gap in follow-up of greater than 2 years. Patients who had bariatric surgery, pregnancy, or a medical condition predisposing them to weight loss during the study were also excluded. We extracted key demographic data, medical history, and weight at each visit. Anti-obesity medication (AOM) start date and end date was determined through chart review with attention to patient self-reporting of medication adherence to calculate total exposure to each AOM. We used the weight loss maintenance definition of weight regain ≤ 3% of the nadir weight.

Results
A total of 428 patients met inclusion criteria for the analysis and were followed for a mean of 4.4 years. The mean age was 50.9 years, 73% were female, and median initial BMI was 34.3 kg/m2. Weight categories were as follows: 19% overweight, 35% class 1, 25% class 2, and 20% class 3 obesity. In addition, 16% had diabetes and 36% had prediabetes.
The median nadir BMI was 25.6 with a median maximum weight loss of 14.7%. The median time to achieving nadir weight was 1.9 years. Average weight change from the initial to final visit was -10.6% (-10.9 kg), with a final visit median BMI of 27.4. The proportion of patients who achieved ≥5%, ≥10%, ≥15%, and ≥20% total weight loss was 70.8%, 48.1%, 30.1%, and 16.8%, respectively. During the 4.4 years the patients were followed, weight regain following the nadir weight was 6.3%. At the last observation, 40.2% of all patients had maintained their maximum weight loss.
The mean number of AOMs trialed throughout the duration of the study was 4.2. At the final visit, a mean of 2.5 AOMs were being taken. The most common medications observed at the final visit alone or in combination were metformin (76.2% of patients), phentermine (31.1%), topiramate (30.8%), bupropion (29.9%), and semaglutide (24.5%).

Conclusion
Long-term weight loss of 10.6% was observed over 3-5 years in adults with overweight/obesity who were managed with pharmacotherapy. This study demonstrates clinically significant long-term weight loss maintenance can be achieved with pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions.
Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 11:30 a.m. - 11:45 a.m.
RF12 | PSUN118 Diet Quality and Energy Intake Mediate the Association of Food Insecurity with Adiposity
Authors: Morselli Lisa , James Roland , Kidambi Srividya 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Food insecurity, the lack of consistent access to sufficient food for an active and healthy life, is associated with lower diet quality, higher BMI and adiposity, and poor metabolic health. Although lower diet quality is assumed to be responsible for the impact of food insecurity on adiposity, this hypothesis has not been previously investigated.
To test the hypothesis that diet quality mediates the association of food insecurity with adiposity, we used data from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, age ≥18 years, n=5821, weighted N=233,636,542). Anthropometrics included BMI, waist circumference and fat mass (measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and expressed as percentage of total body weight). Food insecurity was assessed with the 10-item NHANES Food Security Survey Module and defined as ≥3 affirmative responses. Nutrition information was derived from 24h food recalls obtained on 2 separate occasions. Diet quality was estimated by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), which includes a total score for overall diet quality, and sub-scores for several dietary components. Mediation analysis was conducted with the Baron and Kenny approach. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The cohort included 52% women, 11% non-Hispanic Black and 15% Hispanic participants. Eighteen percent were food insecure. They reported a lower energy intake compared to food secure participants, although the difference was not significant after adjusting for demographics and income (difference [95% confidence interval] -84 [-207.36, 38.91] kcal/day, p=0.15). Total HEI and fruit scores were lower in food insecure individuals, suggesting lower diet quality (adjusted difference -1.70 [-3.09, -0.32], p=0.03; and -0.28 [-0.53, -0.02], p=0.04, respectively). Obesity was 22% more prevalent in food insecure individuals (p&lt;0.01). Fat mass and waist circumference were also higher in individuals with food insecurity (adjusted difference 0.95 [0.19, 1.7] %, p=0.02; and 3.81 [1.3, 6.31] cm, p=0.01, respectively). Mediation analysis revealed that total energy intake mediated the effect of food insecurity on fat mass but not BMI or waist circumference, while total HEI partially mediated the effect of food insecurity on waist circumference but not BMI or percent fat mass. No mediation of total fruit score on BMI or adiposity was observed.
In summary, our results confirm a greater prevalence of obesity and higher adiposity in food insecure individuals, despite a similar reported energy intake compared to food secure individuals. Energy intake and measures of diet quality appear to mediate some of the effect of food insecurity on overall and central adiposity, but not on BMI. This suggests that other factors, including the social determinants of health, may also play a role.
Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:18 p.m. - 1:23 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
RF24 | PSUN116 Once-weekly semaglutide delays a late phase gastric emptying of solid meal measured by repeated scintigraphic imaging in obese women with PCOS
Authors: Jensterle Mojca , Ferjan Simona , Lezaic Luka , Socan Aljaz , Zaletel Katja , Janez Prof Andrej 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
GLP-1 agonism have the potential to affect gastric emptying (GE), yet the reports for subcutaneous semaglutide, currently the most effective GLP-1 RA approved for weight management, remain inconclusive. It has been demonstrated that once-weekly semaglutide either had no effect on GE or it delayed GE only within the first hour, without late phase retention. Notably, those conclusions were made by an indirect method of estimation of GE through ingestion, absorption and determination of plasma level of paracetamol. Furthermore, in most previous studies with once weekly semaglutide, GE has been evaluated as a part of the composite outcome. The indirect method with paracetamol was shown to be appropriate for evaluation of kinetics of liquid meals, whereas it might lead to inaccurate estimation of late phase GE. Scintigraphic evaluation is considered as a reference method for the purpose.

Aim
This is the first study that evaluates the effect of once weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on late phase GE of a solid meal by scintigraphy in obese women with PCOS without other comorbidities as a primary outcome.

Materials and Methods
A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 20 women with PCOS and obesity, without diabetes and other comorbidities, randomized to once weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1 .0 mg (S) or placebo (P) for 8 weeks. Gastric emptying was assessed by scintigraphy after ingestion of 99mTC colloid in pancake labelled with radiopharmaceutical that maintained a stable binding within gastric environment by scintigraphy using sequential static imaging and dynamic acquisition. Estimation of GE was obtained by repeated imaging of remaining 99mTC activity (RA) at fixed time intervals over 4 hours and the half time (T1/2) of gastric emptying had been calculated. Additionally, we evaluated anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal and appetite parameters.

Results
At 30 min after ingestion significant difference in RA was observed between semaglutide group and placebo (92.5% in S vs. 89% in P (p=0,05)) and persisted throughout the observation period up to 4 hour (37% in S vs. 0% in P (p=0,002)). T1/2 was significantly longer in S as compared to P (171 min vs 118 min, respectively (p&lt;0.001)). In addition, semaglutide led to significant decrease in weight, waist and neck circumference, HbA1c and androgen levels. Subjective ratings of appetite suppression correlated with T1/2.

Conclusion
Once weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg resulted in a significant late-phase retention of solid meal measured by repeated scintigraphic imaging. This effect correlated with appetite suppression and likely contributed to weight loss.
Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 1:18 p.m. - 1:23 p.m.
RF36 | PSUN77 Female Dexras1 WT & KO Mice Fed a High Fat Diet Do Not Have Different Body Compositions nor Bone Densities
Authors: Gangavaram Anish , Thompson William , Fong Vincent 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a frequently prescribed class of medications, widely used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, long term usage of glucocorticoids is associated with a variety of adverse effects, including adrenal suppression, increased adiposity, and decreased bone density. DEXRAS1, also known as RASD1, is a member of the Ras family of GTPases that is upregulated by glucocorticoids. In in vitro experiments, DEXRAS1 has been shown to promote differentiation of adipocytes and decrease differentiation of osteoblasts. Studies conducted in male Dexras1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice treated with dexamethasone found decreased body weight and visceral fat, and increased bone density in KO mice when compared to WT mice; together, these experiments suggest that the removal of the Dexras1 gene can prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and fat-accumulation.A major limitation of the aforementioned studies is that they were performed using only male mice, despite well-known sex related differences in body composition and bone density. On average, females have a higher percentage of body fat and lower bone density. While obesity is prevalent across all sexes, osteoporosis is 4 times more common in females. Therefore, in order to better understand sex as a biological variable on the effects of the Dexras1 gene, we compared female Dexras1 KO and WT mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 45 kcal% fat over the course of 14 weeks. Body composition was assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance. Bone morphometry was analyzed with micro-CT, and bone density was analyzed with micro-CT and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of female murine femurs. Interestingly, there were no differences in the overall body weight, fat mass, nor lean mass over this period between WT and KO female mice. Similarly, the female Dexras1 KO and WT mice mice showed no differences in their bone density, cortical thickness, and average trabecular separation. Since there was no difference in the fat mass, it is not surprising that there was also no difference in bone density, as they are often inversely related. These data in conjunction with previous experiments on male mice suggest that sex strongly impacts the phenotype observed as a result of knocking out the Dexras1 gene. The mechanisms underlying differential regulation between the sexes is unclear, and could include differences in sex hormones, the presence of estrus cycle in females, differences in stress response, or even differences in microbiome. Consequently, more studies are necessary to fully understand the function and regulation of Dexras1.
Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 12:36 p.m. - 12:41 p.m.