bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on the law of transitional gas flow in porous media
Authors: Miao Jian , Jia Haojie , Li Peibo , Feng Guanzheng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThere are many nanoscale pores in deep low permeability coal seams. The flow of coalbed methane (gas) in nanoscale pores belongs to the gas flow in porous media with medium and high Knudsen numbers. Its flow mechanism is one of the key unsolved scientific problems. In order to explore the gas transport law in nanopores of coal, a gas transport model based on microscopic boundary restriction was adopted to describe the gas flow law, and its rationality was verified by experimental data. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope was used to scan the nanopores of customized anodized aluminum membrane. Then, the Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSER) algorithm of MATLAB and binarization algorithm were employed to quantify the pore structure parameters (equivalent pore size and porosity) of the membrane nanoscale pores. Finally, PMI micro-flow permeability tester was used to carry out different rarefied degree gas penetration experiments through anodized aluminum membranes, and the adopted gas transport model was verified. The results show that the binarization method is more accurate to characterize sample whose theoretical pore sizes are 20–35 nm, while MSER characterizes samples whose theoretical pore sizes are 110–150 nm and 200–300 nm more accurately. In other words, binarization method is more accurate for characterizing mesopores, while MSER algorithm is more accurate for macropores. The results have important reference value for more accurate extraction of nanopore parameters of porous media. Compared with traditional gas transport model, the adopted model considering the microscopic boundary restriction in this paper is closer to the experimental results. Moreover, it is suitable for describing the gas flow law in multiscale nanopores. The study provided important guiding significance for ascertaining the gas migration law in low permeability coal seam, improving the prediction accuracy of gas extraction and taking effective measures to increase production. The research results can further enrich the theoretical system of gas transport in coal, which is conducive to the efficient gas extraction, and is of great significance to promote the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.
Trends in premarital pregnancy among Chinese women
Authors: Li Wenzhen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractConsequent to the spread of liberalism, individualism and sexual liberation, premarital pregnancy is gradually becoming more common in China. Data from a national reproductive history review reveal that more than 20% of Chinese women born since 1957 have experienced a premarital pregnancy, and that such pregnancies occur more frequently in younger cohorts. Although data from the second demographic transition in the West would lead us to conclude otherwise, an overwhelming majority of premarital pregnancies in China have translated into marriages. Compared with the OECD countries, China is one of several countries with a very low out-of-wedlock birth rate. Premarital pregnancy points to a separation between sex and marriage, whilst the high rate of births within marriage is reflective of a strong bond between marriage and childbearing. The partial loosening of the “sex-marriage–childbearing” linkage not only lays bare the strong influence of values such as individualism, but also illustrates the exceptional resilience of China’s “family” culture that continues to compel people to maintain the inherent link between childbearing and marriage. Pregnancy may occur before marriage, but childbearing is only allowed within marriage. Premarital cohabitation and premarital pregnancy mark a preparatory or transitional stage rather than alternatives to marriage and childbearing. When considering how to deal with marriage, pregnancy, and childbearing, the choices Chinese women make are informed by both the second demographic transition and China’s traditional family values.
The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in the prevention of post–COVID-19 conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Marra Alexandre R. , Kobayashi Takaaki , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Alsuhaibani Mohammed , Hasegawa Shinya , Tholany Joseph , Perencevich Eli , Maezato Aline Miho , Ricardo Victoria Catharina Volpe , Salinas Jorge L. , Edmond Michael B. , Rizzo Luiz Vicente 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Although multiple studies have revealed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines can reduce COVID-19–related outcomes, little is known about their impact on post–COVID-19 conditions. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against post–COVID-19 conditions (ie, long COVID).

Methods:
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Web of Science from December 1, 2019, to April 27, 2022, for studies evaluating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against post–COVID-19 conditions among individuals who received at least 1 dose of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, or Janssen vaccine. A post–COVID-19 condition was defined as any symptom that was present 3 or more weeks after having COVID-19. Editorials, commentaries, reviews, study protocols, and studies in the pediatric population were excluded. We calculated the pooled diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) for post–COVID-19 conditions between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 100% × (1 − DOR).

Results:
In total, 10 studies with 1,600,830 individuals evaluated the effect of vaccination on post–COVID-19 conditions, of which 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled DOR for post–COVID-19 conditions among individuals vaccinated with at least 1 dose was 0.708 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.692–0.725) with an estimated vaccine effectiveness of 29.2% (95% CI, 27.5%–30.8%). The vaccine effectiveness was 35.3% (95% CI, 32.3%–38.1%) among those who received the COVID-19 vaccine before having COVID-19, and 27.4% (95% CI, 25.4%–29.3%) among those who received it after having COVID-19.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 vaccination both before and after having COVID-19 significantly decreased post–COVID-19 conditions for the circulating variants during the study period although vaccine effectiveness was low.
The Politics of Localizing Human Rights: Chinese Policies and Corporate Practices in Latin America
Authors: Merino Roger 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe ‘Going Out’ strategy that China began in 1999 escalated to a global level with the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ in 2013. However, the lack of a clear international framework for corporate accountability accentuates the risks of human rights’ affectation by Chinese corporations, considering their controversial performance in Latin America. This article engages with the scholarly framework of international norm localization to analyze the enactment of Chinese business and human rights standards and their concrete application. This assessment relies on an extensive review of academic and policy research and the analysis of social conflicts around one of the largest copper mines in the region, Las Bambas, located in the highlands of Peru. The case shows that the main problem is not the lack of incorporation of business and human rights standards into national laws and the guidelines of companies’ home regulators, but the different ways they are interpreted by social actors on the ground. Local communities are not passive receptors of those norms but norm makers who appropriate them and provide new meanings in line with their self-determination. Chinese and national authorities and firms, therefore, need to engage with those norms from the perspective of local people.
“I Could Never Hope for Anything More Rewarding”: Pleasure, Selfhood, and Emotional Practices in the Forming of the Highland Folk Museum in the 1930s
Authors: Hill Kate 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe actions of Dr. Isabel Grant in creating the Highland Folk Museum in Scotland in the 1930s reflect how pleasure interacted with gendered identities to form modern feminine selves in the mid-twentieth century. In examining the subjectivity of Grant and her associates through material, textual, and visual sources from the museum, I interrogate both emotional and representational aspects of her development of living history. I suggest that, along with a sense of care and duty in such museums, women such as Grant were attracted by the opportunities of imaginative play and that they formed identities that were not reducible to either traditional or modern women's roles; instead, they were drawn to a form of historical engagement that allowed them to work outside such labels, sometimes as eccentrics. Their play was more serious and nonironic than were many other forms of interwar modern culture, and living history initiatives since then have built on this modern-but-not-modern appeal.
New Roman milestones and other Latin inscriptions from Bani Walid, Tripolitania
Authors: Elmayer Abdulhafid F. , Salway Benet 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis paper publishes the texts of three new Roman milestones and two other Latin texts from the vicinity of Bani Walid. These stones were found lying on the ground in the western suburbs of the city, apparently having been collected up and put aside by the landowners in clearing their fields to grow crops on their farms. Although previously postulated, these milestones are the first confirmation that a Roman road ran through Bani Walid. As a group these new texts offer new insight into the development of the transport infrastructure and agricultural economy of this Pre-Desert zone in the third century AD.
Applications of artificial intelligence in dementia research
Authors: Tsoi Kelvin K. F. , Jia Pingping , Dowling N. Maritza , Titiner Jodi R. , Wagner Maude , Capuano Ana W. , Donohue Michael C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMore than 50 million older people worldwide are suffering from dementia, and this number is estimated to increase to 150 million by 2050. Greater caregiver burdens and financial impacts on the healthcare system are expected as we wait for an effective treatment for dementia. Researchers are constantly exploring new therapies and screening approaches for the early detection of dementia. Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely applied in dementia research, including machine learning and deep learning methods for dementia diagnosis and progression detection. Computerized apps are also convenient tools for patients and caregivers to monitor cognitive function changes. Furthermore, social robots can potentially provide daily life support or guidance for the elderly who live alone. This review aims to provide an overview of AI applications in dementia research. We divided the applications into three categories according to different stages of cognitive impairment: (1) cognitive screening and training, (2) diagnosis and prognosis for dementia, and (3) dementia care and interventions. There are numerous studies on AI applications for dementia research. However, one challenge that remains is comparing the effectiveness of different AI methods in real clinical settings.
Lemongrass essential oil reduces whole-plant sorghum silage gas losses and does not affect silage in vitro degradation
Authors: Del Valle T. A. , Cantoia Júnior R. , Azevedo E. B. , Santos R. M. , Facco F. B. , Garcia T. M. , Capucho E. , Campana M. , Morais J. P. G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLemongrass essential oil (LEO) has been evaluated as a silage additive to improve silage fermentation and reduce fermentative losses. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of LEO on whole-plant sorghum silage (WPSS) fermentation profile, fermentation losses, chemical composition, dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in vitro degradation and aerobic stability. Five cultivars and fifty experimental silos were used to evaluate the following LEO levels: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ml kg−1 DM of WPSS. The material was compacted (650 kg m−2) and the silos were sealed, weighed and stored at room temperature for 167 days. The addition of LEO linearly decreased butyric acid content and the ratio between lactic and acetic acids. Intermediate levels of LEO increased NH3-N and reduced lactic and acetic acids content. LEO linearly decreased silage gas losses. However, LEO did not affect total silage losses and DM recovery. Intermediate levels of LEO addition decreased organic matter and crude protein in the WPSS. The addition of LEO did not affect other chemical composition parameters, DM and NDF in vitro degradation, and pH and temperature of the silage after aerobic exposure. Thus, LEO supply in WPSS reduces gas losses, butyric acid concentration, and the ratio between lactic and acetic acids. However, LEO does not improve the chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and aerobic stability of WPSS.
The best game in town: The reemergence of the language-of-thought hypothesis across the cognitive sciences
Authors: Quilty-Dunn Jake , Porot Nicolas , Mandelbaum Eric 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMental representations remain the central posits of psychology after many decades of scrutiny. However, there is no consensus about the representational format(s) of biological cognition. This paper provides a survey of evidence from computational cognitive psychology, perceptual psychology, developmental psychology, comparative psychology, and social psychology, and concludes that one type of format that routinely crops up is the language-of-thought (LoT). We outline six core properties of LoTs: (i) discrete constituents; (ii) role-filler independence; (iii) predicate–argument structure; (iv) logical operators; (v) inferential promiscuity; and (vi) abstract content. These properties cluster together throughout cognitive science. Bayesian computational modeling, compositional features of object perception, complex infant and animal reasoning, and automatic, intuitive cognition in adults all implicate LoT-like structures. Instead of regarding LoT as a relic of the previous century, researchers in cognitive science and philosophy-of-mind must take seriously the explanatory breadth of LoT-based architectures. We grant that the mind may harbor many formats and architectures, including iconic and associative structures as well as deep-neural-network-like architectures. However, as computational/representational approaches to the mind continue to advance, classical compositional symbolic structures – that is, LoTs – only prove more flexible and well-supported over time.
Being pragmatic about syntactic bootstrapping
Authors: HACQUARD Valentine 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWords have meanings vastly undetermined by the contexts in which they occur. Their acquisition therefore presents formidable problems of induction. Lila Gleitman and colleagues have advocated for one part of a solution: indirect evidence for a word’s meaning may come from its syntactic distribution, via syntactic bootstrapping. But while formal theories argue for principled links between meaning and syntax, actual syntactic evidence about meaning is noisy and highly abstract. This paper examines the role that syntactic bootstrapping can play in learning modal and attitude verb meanings, for which the physical context is especially uninformative. I argue that abstract syntactic classifications are useful to the child, but that something further is both necessary and available. I examine how pragmatic and syntactic cues can combine in mutually constraining ways to help learners infer attitude meanings, but need to be supplemented by semantic information from the lexical context in the case of modals.
LAW AND MORALITY IN HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
Authors: Eggert Linda 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTThis paper examines what prevents us from legally enforcing the moral imperative of protecting human rights during military operations carried out for distinctly humanitarian purposes. The answer, I argue, lies not in familiar objections to bringing the law into greater congruence with morality, but in international law's indeterminacy regarding the use of force. Preserving stability within the nascent international legal system comes at the cost of a law that eschews the protection of individual rights even in cases in which the protection of human rights is what justifies military action. The tension between state sovereignty and the protection of human rights thus not only generates well-known controversies about the lawfulness of military intervention. It also prevents us from devising laws to protect human rights during wars whose very purpose it is to stop human rights violations. Protecting human rights during humanitarian interventions may thus remain an undertaking as quixotic as it is morally urgent.
On the first probe to transit between two interstellar civilizations
Authors: Smith Graeme H. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIf a space-faring civilization embarks on a program to send probes to interstellar destinations, the first probe to arrive at such a destination is not likely to be one of the earliest probes, but one of much more advanced capability. This conclusion is based on a scenario in which an extraterrestrial civilization (ETC) embarks upon an interstellar program during which it launches increasingly sophisticated probes whose departure speed increases as a function of time throughout the program. Two back-of-the-envelope models are considered: one in which the launch velocity of an outgoing vehicle increases linearly with the time of launch, and a second in which the increase is exponential with launch date. In this paper consideration is directed to an hypothesized probe arriving within the Solar System from a non-terrestrial civilization. Within the above scenarios, a first-encounter probe will be one that was launched well after the initiation of an interstellar program by an ETC. Consequently, such a probe would be the product of a relatively advanced phase of that ETC's technology. The more distant the site from which an ETC is launching probes, the greater will be the technology gap between a first-encounter probe and terrestrial technology. One possible ramification may pertain to interpreting the nature of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). Are flight characteristics of any UAP singular enough as to be consistent with an origin from a distant ETC?
CCHZ‐DISO: A Timely New Assessment System for Data Quality or Model Performance From Da Dao Zhi Jian
Authors: Hu Zengyun , Chen Deliang , Chen Xi , Zhou Qiming , Peng Yuzhuo , Li Jianfeng , Sang Yanfang 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWith the rapid development of big data, assessment of data quality or model performance has become a hot scientific question. However, most existing lots of metrics focus on specific aspects of the assessment, and comprehensive assessment is rare. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop new assessment system. To address this problem, a new assessment system is constructed which is named after Chen, Chen, Hu, and Zhou (CCHZ)‐distance between indices of simulation and observation (DISO) according to the contributions of Xi Chen, Deliang Chen, Zengyun Hu, and Qiming Zhou. CCHZ‐DISO system builds on the Euclidean Distance and flexible determination of statistical metrics and their numbers. Due to its simplicity and flexibility, CCHZ‐DISO can be readily and widely applied to any subject of science. Therefore, it follows the principle of the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi's Da Dao Zhi Jian which means that the most basic truth is very simple.
Impact of Higher Spatial Resolution on Precipitation Properties Over Australia
Authors: Nishant Nidhi , Sherwood Steven , Prasad Abhnil , Ji Fei , Singh Ajit 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCoarse resolution datasets often poorly capture precipitation properties. It is commonly expected that skill at the local level should increase by refining spatial resolution. Here, we examine the influence of spatial resolution on the accuracy of means and extremes in precipitation by comparing high‐resolution dynamically downscaled data against the driving lower‐resolution reanalysis. We show that the higher‐resolution data are less accurate than lower‐resolution data for both mean and extreme precipitation. The quantitative deterioration (increase in the domain averaged relative error) from coarse to high resolution varies typically between 1%–8% and 5%–30% for mean and extreme precipitation, respectively. We also find that the finer‐scale variability resolved only by the higher‐resolution system and successfully predicted by that system is of negligible magnitude compared to the overall error (less than 1%). We conclude that finer‐scale resolution by itself does not necessarily bring a meaningful improvement in local simulation accuracy.
A Case Study of Cumulus Convection Over Land in Cloud‐Resolving Simulations With a Coupled Ray Tracer
Authors: Veerman M. A. , van Stratum B. J. H. , van Heerwaarden C. C. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe present simulations of cumulus convection over land with shortwave radiation computed by a Monte Carlo ray tracer coupled to the flow solver. Ray tracing delivers very realistic in‐cloud heating rates and global horizontal irradiance fields. The necessary performance of the ray tracer has been enabled by the raw power of graphics processing unit computing and from techniques for accelerating data lookup and ray tracer convergence. We used a case study over a grassland in the Netherlands to compare simulations with a coupled ray tracer to those with a conventional two‐stream solver, and to test ray tracer convergence. We demonstrate that the simulated cloud evolution is insensitive to the convergence of the ray tracing across a wide range of samples per pixel per spectral quadrature point. Furthermore, simulations with a coupled ray tracer produce surface irradiance patterns that resemble observations and that strongly feed back to the evolution of clouds via locally enhanced surface heat fluxes.
High and Dry: Billion‐Year Trends in the Aridity of River‐Forming Climates on Mars
Authors: Kite Edwin S. , Noblet Axel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMars' wet‐to‐dry transition is a major environmental catastrophe, yet the spatial pattern, tempo, and cause of drying are poorly constrained. We built a globally distributed database of constraints on Mars late‐stage paleolake size relative to catchment area (aridity index (AI)), and found evidence for climate zonation as Mars was drying out. Aridity increased over time in southern midlatitude highlands, where lakes became proportionally as small as in modern Nevada. Meanwhile, intermittently wetter climates persisted in equatorial and northern‐midlatitude lowlands. This is consistent with a change in Mars' greenhouse effect that left highlands too cold for liquid water except during a brief melt season, or alternatively with a fall in Mars' groundwater table. The data are consistent with a switch of unknown cause in the dependence of AI on elevation, from high‐and‐wet early on, to high‐and‐dry later. These results sharpen our view of Mars' climate as surface conditions became increasingly stressing for life.