bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Reason, Precision Medicine
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Precision medicine represents science at its most elegant. However, precision medicine is generating wicked problems of health care justice made worse by the fragmented nature of health care financing in the United States. Abstract theories of health care justice cannot adequately resolve those wicked problems. Instead, fair and inclusive processes of rational democratic deliberation will be necessary to determine just limits to health care resources. At the core of that deliberative process must be public reason, free of ideological taint, as required by a liberal, pluralistic society. The virtue of the deliberative process is that it avoids invisible rationing and encourages instead the shared, explicit, autonomous social acceptance of just rationing protocols. Protecting the integrating of that deliberative process is one of the essential responsibilities of contemporary philosophers.
The Knowledge of God in Descartes’ Letters
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe proof of the existence of God proposed by Descartes in the Fifth Meditation has often been interpreted as an intuition. This chapter instead argues that what Descartes offers is a genuine a priori proof—quite the opposite of an intuition. The structure of the a priori proof theorized by Aristotle confirms this thesis. Thomas Aquinas’ and Suárez’s discussion of the possibility of using the a priori proof to prove the existence of God clarifies the implications of Descartes’ choice, first of all as regards the knowledge of the essence of God through a concept. Two letters from the summer of 1641 suggest that it was the supernatural or immediate knowledge of God that Descartes sought to avoid through his detailed reference to the genuinely demonstrative character of the Fifth Meditation’s proof.
What God Cannot Do
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGod’s infinite power and the impossibility of knowing his ends are frequently and emphatically asserted by Descartes. However, the Sixth Meditation sets certain limits on divine power and at the same time supposes that the end pursued by God through the union of mind and body can be known by the human mind, in an attempt to exonerate God for those cases in which it is impossible to correct errors induced by the senses. The theses developed by Thomas Aquinas to justify the union of mind and body offer some elements to explain why Descartes envisaged two exceptions to two cornerstones of his theology.
The Return of Campanella
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe physician Louis de La Forge built his entire work upon the promotion, defense, and completion of Descartes’ thought. In the course of this endeavor, he sought to refute the notion that knowledge of the mechanisms of the living body is the necessary condition for producing such mechanisms. Around the same time, Arnold Geulincx formulated the principle Quod nescis quomodo fiat id non facis, according to which an effect can be produced only by someone who knows how it is produced. Geulincx developed this principle within a Cartesian framework, and it soon became a cornerstone of arguments supporting Occasionalism from a Cartesian perspective. La Forge instead upheld the opposite thesis, yet still on the basis of ideas drawn from Cartesian philosophy. In doing so, La Forge intended to defend Descartes’ physiology against a form of vitalism which was fueling the opposition to Cartesian science in Parisian philosophical and scientific circles, and which found a prominent champion in the physician Cureau de La Chambre.
Localized Insurgency Para-States and Peripheries
Authors: Ucko David H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInsurgents are struggling to defeat the state militarily as they once did with some frequency. One alternative approach relies on localizing the struggle, or limiting it to the subnational level, so as not to compel the state to respond. By eschewing ambitious goals of regime change and focusing instead on peripheral territories or populations for which the state is less likely to fight, the group can find space to operate, even thrive. Over time, this approach may even lead to an awkward accommodation with the state that routinizes the coexistence of ostensible adversaries. This chapter explains the nature of localized insurgency, distinguishing it from the traditional form of insurgency and from secessionist struggles. It weaves theory with case studies to illustrate how this approach works, both in urban and in rural environments. The chapter concludes by commenting on the dangers of localized insurgency, which over time hollows out the state, leading to state fragility--even failure. Given their foundation in informal balances of power, between the state and the challenger, localized struggles also risk inviting outsiders--both states and other--who seek to exploit the fragmentation to serve their own ends.
Shays’ Rebellion and the Collapse of Discourse
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The American founders formed their ideas about demagoguery not solely through critical dialogue with the classical political philosophers. They also looked to contemporary experiences as sources of insight, one of which was the so-called Shays’ Rebellion of 1786–1787. In that event, founders like Madison and Hamilton discerned the destructive consequences not of a vicious demagogue who had manipulated a foolish public for his own ends but of a political regime that had tried to cement its authority through a system of repressive and retrograde political institutions that founders like Hamilton and Madison had come to reject.
Constitutional Design
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Officeholders and the public they represent must understand both the ends that their political institutions were meant to realize, and what it means for those institutions to operate in a healthy manner, in order to hold the occupants of those institutions to account and, more broadly, to diagnose the relative health of the system of which those institutions are a part. This chapter is an attempt to perform such a diagnosis in reference to rhetorical leadership in the American constitutional order. The Constitution establishes institutions not for their own sake but in order to realize substantive goals. Demagoguery is permissible in American politics, and can even contribute to genuine constitutional statesmanship, when more deliberative modes of institutional behavior significantly hinder the Constitution’s ability to achieve its own ends.
Demagogues on the Supreme Court
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines historical demagogues on the Supreme Court and uses these cases as examples of good and bad cases of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter also discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that Supreme Court justices have. Justice Samuel Chase (1741–1811) responded to an attempt by Congressional Jeffersonians to dismantle the newly established Circuit Court System with demagogic outbursts intended to delegitimate that effort; he was impeached by the House and nearly removed from office by the Senate for his rhetorical outbursts. Justice Antonin Scalia (1936–2016) authored demagogic Court opinions to highlight what he regarded as a corruption of the federal judiciary by left-wing ideologies.
Demagogues in Congress
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines historical demagogues in Congress and uses these cases as examples of good and bad uses of demagoguery in the American political system. The chapter discusses the particular rhetorical responsibilities that members of Congress have with reference to three case studies. Joseph McCarthy leveraged his position on a Senate committee to advance baseless claims about “communists in government,” claiming that his committee assignment gave him access to privileged information that could not be externally verified. Huey Long entered the Senate prepared to indulge his demagogic proclivities to their fullest extent but developed a more sophisticated and deliberative mode of argumentation in response to the counterarguments of other Senators. Finally, Adam Clayton Powell used Congressional speeches to describe the societal incentives that prevent white Americans from taking civil rights seriously.
Mind
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at the brain and the less obviously physical mental abilities that we associate most with human use of digital technology: memory, reasoning, creativity. Yet these all arise from a grey sludge of 10 billion interconnected neurons, within a bone shell the size of a child’s toy ball. Different kinds of memory and thinking are encoded in the physical, electrical, and chemical activity of the brain and scanning technology allows us to chart the relationship between the two as blood surges to areas of highest activity. We have different kinds of intelligence tuned to our physical and social life as well as more classically cognitive functions, and these are connected both internally through language and imagination and also externally in our interactions in the world. Crucially, human creativity typically depends on this fluid movement between internal and external representations and reasoning.
Interacting with Physical Objects
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter begins by revisiting affordances: the way that our perceptions are tuned to be able to instantly and instinctively understand the action potential of objects around us: what we can do with them. However, in the constructed environment we have to design objects deliberately so that they create the right impressions: from doors that look as though they can be pushed or pulled to knobs that feel as if they turn in the appropriate direction. Happily, humans are natural affordance seekers, actively finding ways to engage with the world around us and learning cultural conventions and device idiosyncrasies. This seeking includes epistemic action: things we do to learn about the world, blurring the distinction between action and perception. The very softness and pliability of our bodies help us act, a fact that can be used to design robots, create better tools for people, and even help fold a bed sheet.
Prototyping and Tool Support
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses some of the ways in which the physicality of our interactions with the world affects, drives, and is exploited in the design process, and in particular how this is embodied in various physical toolkits, design applications, and notations. It looks at how user experience of devices and applications is mediated by their physicality which means that the physical forms used in design prototypes may subtly affect the behaviour of users. There are many tools and techniques available, so that it is possible to explore designs at different levels of physical fidelity. These range from early stage tools such as storyboards and state-transition network representations of interaction, through off-the-shelf products such as video, office applications, and digital toys, to specially designed physical computing kits, and electronics tools that enable bespoke working prototypes. Together, these tools can return physicality to the development process of computer-embedded products.
Computational Modelling and Implementation
Authors: Dix Alan , Gill Steve , Hare Jo , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe physical devices and interactions that we design and prototype also need to be coded and engineered, made into resilient, functional and usable products. This chapter looks at some of the special issues that arise when developing the computational side of physical–digital products. The chapter starts by looking at models which address some of these issues, in particular the continuity in time and space of physical phenomena and the way in which in many sensor-rich systems the impact on, and hopefully benefit to, people may be separated from the actions that were originally sensed. It then moves on to consider the development of physical systems, which are often distributed on small devices across space and involve raw electronics. Crucially developers need to deal with issues that are absent or less common in more purely digital systems, including dealing with detailed timing and delays and often grubby, pragmatic considerations.
Towards the Humanization of European Union Politics?
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 7 investigates the effects of personalized EU news on attitudes and political awareness. The first analysis is an aggregate-level study on the relationship between personalized news coverage and trust in of the European Commission and the European Parliament, respectively, between 1999 and 2019, using the media data from Chapter 4 and Eurobarometer data for seven countries. The second study represents a cross-country comparative survey experiment that tests the effects of individualized news versus non-personalized news from the European Parliament on external political efficacy, that is, the belief that EU politics is responsive to citizen concerns, and information recognition. Overall, the results provide only limited support to the initial argument that personalization could make EU politics more accessible.
Voter Preferences for Personalized Political News in the European Union
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTo provide a different test of the personalization thesis, Chapter 8 examines the extent to which voters prefer personalized news over non-personalized news during European Parliament election campaigns. Through a conjoint experiment with German voters in May 2019 it finds that respondents have a distaste for privatized news and most often prefer news that involve institutions. Individualized news is equally preferred to news that focus on political parties. The chapter also contends that the potential for individual politicians to serve as information shortcuts in EU politics likely increases once additional heuristics are provided. Overall, voters appear to prefer high-quality over low-quality information; and news that involves the polity or policies compared to politics, which underlines that attention to individual politicians in their official function must not come at the expense of substantive issues.
Consequences and Implications of (De-)Personalized Politics in the European Union
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 9 summarizes the main findings of the book and discusses their implications for the relationship between media and politics on the one hand, and the relationship between media citizens in the EU on the other. Against the backdrop of the mixed findings of the book, it also provides a short discussion on why any assertion of a conceivable personalization deficit in EU politics is unwarranted. This concluding chapter ends with an outlook for the future of personalized EU politics, highlighting that a possible renaissance of the Spitzenkandidaten procedure would require that media and politics engage with the procedure far ahead of the next European Parliament elections, so that voters have sufficient time and opportunity to formulate opinions about the candidates.
The Federal Contract
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Federalism is a very familiar form of government, deployed by constitution-makers to manage diverse polities at various key stages in the history of the modern state. Despite its pervasiveness in practice, federalism has been strangely neglected by constitutional theory, tending to be subsumed within one default account of modern constitutionalism or treated as an exotic outlier—a sui generis model of the state rather than a form of constitutional ordering for the state. This neglect is both unsatisfactory in conceptual terms and problematic for constitutional practitioners, obscuring the core meaning, purpose, and applicability of federalism as a specific model of constitutionalism with which to organise territorially pluralised and demotically complex states. In fact, the federal contract represents a highly distinctive order of rule which requires a particular, ‘territorialised’ approach to core constitutional concepts: constituent power, the nature of sovereignty, subjecthood and citizenship, the relationship between institutions and constitutional authority, patterns of constitutional change, and ultimately the legitimacy link between constitutionalism and democracy. In rethinking the idea and practice of federalism, this book adopts a root and branch recalibration of the federal contract. It does so by analysing federalism through the conceptual categories which characterise the nature of modern constitutionalism: Foundations, Authority, Subjecthood, Purpose, Design, and Dynamics. This approach seeks to explain and in so doing revitalise federalism as a discrete, capacious, and adaptable concept of rule that can be deployed imaginatively to facilitate the deep territorial variety of so many states in the twenty-first century.
Scientific Testimony
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Scientific Testimony concerns the roles of scientific testimony in science and society. The book develops a positive alternative to a tradition famously expressed by the slogan of the Royal Society Nullius in verba (“Take nobody’s word for it”). For example, Gerken argues that intra-scientific testimony—i.e., testimony between collaborating scientists—is not in conflict with the spirit of science or an add-on to scientific practice. On the contrary, intra-scientific testimony is a vital part of science. This is illustrated by articulating epistemic norms of intra-scientific testimony and arguing that they are vital to scientific methodology on a par with other scientific norms governing scientific observation, data analysis, etc. The book also provides an account of public scientific testimony—i.e., scientific testimony to the lay population. This is done by integrating philosophical resources with empirical research on the science of science communication. For example, various misconceptions about science and folk epistemological biases are diagnosed as factors that contribute to science skepticism. This diagnosis provides the basis for developing novel norms for science communication that are sensitive to the psychological and social obstacles to laypersons’ uptake of it. Finally, Gerken discusses how public scientific testimony is best embedded in society and argues that it is critical for societies that pursue the ideals of deliberative democracy. Thus, Scientific Testimony draws on philosophy of science, social epistemology, and empirical research to provide a wide-ranging account of the roles of scientific testimony within scientific practice and within the wider society.
Passives and anticausatives in Vedic Sanskrit
Authors: Hock Hans Henrich 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCertain Vedic Sanskrit middle-voice verbs in -ya- have long received special attention for exhibiting accent variation between root and suffix. Various accounts for their behaviour and their origin have been proposed, and according to a recent analysis these verbs are anticausatives, contrasting with passives, and that suffix accent is secondary in Vedic. This analysis involves a speculative account of how anticausatives came to differ from passives. This chapter critically reviews earlier synchronic accounts, including that of Pāṇini, argues for a syntactically based account compatible with that of Pāṇini, and offers an alternative historical perspective to the one proposed in current analyses.
Introduction to the Politics of Investment Treaties
Authors: Calvert Julia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe introductory chapter contextualizes the book and lays out the central research questions. It first examines the legitimacy crisis engulfing international investment law and the different reform preferences being debated in national, regional, and multilateral circles. Variation in governments’ reform preferences cannot be reduced to different experiences with the costs of investment treaties. Most governments have adopted incremental reforms in their IIA programmes, but beyond this the picture is more complicated. Some governments that considered banning ISDS never lost an ISDS case. Other governments heavily targeted by investor claims defend the status quo. Variation in reform preferences therefore raise important questions about what erodes and what sustains the authority of investment rules over time. Why do some governments frequently targeted by investor claims continue to deepen their treaty commitments while others reform them? Why do governments that support strong investment protections continue to attract investor claims? The chapter connects these questions to political shifts in Latin America, where governments have become increasingly divided in their approach toward stringent investment protections. The chapter also expounds upon the study’s research design, the importance of prior beliefs in guiding reform preferences, and its comparative focus on reform preferences in Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina.
Conclusion
Authors: Calvert Julia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the impact of programmatic beliefs on decisions about infringement and reform. It first compares the drivers of infringement across cases and discusses what they tell us about the impact of international investment agreements on policy chill. Weak institutions, corruption, political decentralization, and financial volatility contributed to unintended infringement. In Peru, intentional infringement was driven by electoral incentives and social opposition to investment projects. In Ecuador and Argentina, intentional infringement was driven by electoral incentives in some cases, and in others, by the pursuit of policy goals linked to dominant programmatic beliefs. The fact that Peru did not infringe in pursuit of some larger policy goal also reflects the impact of programmatic beliefs. Policymakers saw their role as one of maintaining stable and liberal investment markets. The chapter then compares the impact of programmatic beliefs on political learning processes and reform preferences. Different sets of ideas about the role of the state in domestic economic management and different world-views about the global capitalist system influenced the kinds of problems policymakers perceived in investment treaty law and their preferred solutions to those problems. The chapter ends with some recommendations on fostering inclusive reform processes.
Other Than Human Hybridity?
Authors: Clack Timothy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The capacity for species other than human to effect material hybridization is taken into account by the author through an examination of what it is to be cultural. Where, for example, chimpanzee communicative gestures and tool use are shown to be specific to particular groups, though also with aspects transferable to other groups for particular tasks, may such behaviour also evince forms of creolization or hybridity? There are no definite answers, though the author points to areas for research that may take such queries into consideration, and argues that looking to such concepts through this angle may benefit their broader application to early human material traces, such as that of the Châtelperronian technologies of Southwest Europe.