bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KYIV FORTRESS - A NEW LIFE IN THE EMBRACE OF KYIV
Authors: Mykhalchenko Serhii , Novikova-Vygran Oksana , Vyalets Andrey 
Published: June 2022

The article examines in detail the aspects of preservation, restoration, and revitalization of historical and architectural heritage sites on the example of the functioning of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum.
All aspects of the activity of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum on the maintenance and use of the territories and buildings of the museum in the past, from the time of the Kyiv Fortress to the present day are considered.
In particular, the main directions of the museum's work are covered:

The historical role of the Kyiv Fortress as one of the city-forming factors;
Defensive use of the complex during its existence and in our time;
The modern role of the complex as a cultural and educational institution;
Modern role of the complex as a tourist and recreational facility;
Research activities in the field of fortification.

This article is a program publication that precedes the publication of a series of articles on scientific analysis of methods and techniques for the restoration of individual structural elements of stone and earth fortifications.
Subsequent publications will also consider in detail the design features of the creation, restoration, and maintenance of territories and buildings of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum.
There is also a series of local lore publications on architectural and fortification monuments of Kyiv and Kyiv region - territories and buildings of Kyiv fortified district, unfinished transport tunnels under the Dnieper (so-called Stalin tunnels), Cold War megalithic structures such as «Duga» radar station, etc.
The effect of green advertising and environmental ethics on consumer purchase behavior
Authors: Durmaz Yakup , Çavuş Ömer 
Published: June 2022

Purpose: This article aims to examine the effect of green advertising and environmental ethics perceptions on consumer purchasing behavior. Methodology: In the method of the research, correlation and regression analyzes were performed with the data of 342 participants using the SPSS 26 program. Research Limitation/implication: Due to the Covid-19 virus, 342 participants were surveyed in full. Not reaching all Malatya people is a limitation. Findings: Green advertising affects consumer purchasing behavior positively and significantly, the definition of environmental ethics affects consumer purchasing behavior positively and significantly, measures to be taken for environmental ethics affect consumer purchasing behavior positively and significantly, and green advertising affects all sub-dimensions of environmental ethics perceptions. It has been determined that the dimensions of the study are positively and significantly affected. Contribution to knowledge: It is recommended that institutions and organizations that want to increase the environmental ethics perception level of consumers and increase their consumer purchasing behavior should give the necessary importance to green advertising.
Good Faith in Offences Prejudicial to the Course of Justice- Crimes of Giving False information, Breach of judge’s position As a Sample (Analytical and Comparative Study)
Authors: Smail Mohammed Kakalah , Rahman Oz din Hessen 
Published: June 2022

يعتبر حسن النية من المبادئ القانونية الذي أعترف به القانون بصورة عامة، و لم يعرفه قانون الجنائي العراقي والقوانين الجنائية محل المقارنة. لكن عرفه الفقهاء بأنه هو (إنتفاء القصد الجنائي لدى الفاعل)، ويوجد إتجاهان مختلفان بصدد التكييف القانوني لحسن النية أولهما يذهب بأن حسن النية ينفي القصد الجنائي، وثانيهما يتجه بأن حسن النية لا ينفي القصد الجنائي. وفي نطاق الاعتداد بحسن النية في الجرائم المخلة بسير العدالة تناولنا في هذه الدراسة جريمتي (الاخبار الكاذب) و(الإخلال بمقام القاضي) وذلك في حالة ما اذا إرتكب الشخص هاتين الجريمتين وانتفي لديه القصد الجنائي في هذه الحالة نكون أمام حسن النية في هذه الجريمة. وانتهجنا في هذه الدراسة منهج التحليلي بتحليل النصوص القانون ذات العلاقة، ومنهج المقارنة بمقارنة القانون العراقي بالقانون العقوبات المصري والقانون الجزاء الكويتي. پوخته‌ نیازپاكى یه‌كێكه‌ له‌و پره‌نسیپه‌ یاساییانەى كه بەشێوەيەكى گشتى ‌یاسا دانیپێداناوه‌، به‌ڵام ‌یاساى تاوانى عێراقی و ئەو یاسا تاوانیانه‌ى كه‌ له‌توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌راوردمان كردوه‌ پێناسه‌یان نه‌كردووه‌. به‌ڵام زانایان‌. پێناسه‌یان كردوه‌ به‌وەى بريتيە لە (نه‌بوونى ویستى تاوانى له‌لایه‌ن ئه‌نجام ده‌رى تاوان). سەبارە‌ت بە سروشتى یاسایى نیازپاكى دوو ئاراستەی جیا‌واز هه‌یه.‌ یه‌كه‌میان بۆچونیان وایه‌ (نیازپاكى كاریگه‌رى له‌سه‌ر ویستى تاوانى هه‌یه‌) دووه‌میان بۆچونیان وایه‌ كه‌ (نیازپاكى كاریگه‌رى له‌سه‌ر ویستى تاوانى نیه‌).‌ سه‌باره‌ت به نیازپاكى له‌ تاوانەكانى دژ بە رێره‌وى دادپە‌روەرى ، وەك تاوانى (هه‌واڵدانى ناراست)، وە تاوانى (پێشێل كردنى پێگه‌ى دادوه‌ر) کەوەک نموونە وەرمان گرتووە مە‌بەست لێ ى نه‌بوونى ویستى تاوانیە سه‌باره‌ت به‌ ئه‌نجامده‌رى هەر یەکە لەم تاوانانه‌. بۆ روونكردنه‌وه‌ى زیاتر یاساى سزادانى مصرى و‌ یاساى سزایی كوێتیمان وه‌رگرتووه‌ به‌‌راوردمان كردوە به‌ یاساى سزادانى عێراقى .
Hitting the disobedient wife, a jurisprudential Qura’anic study
Authors: Abdurahman Salah Najib , Ahmed Farooq Omar 
Published: June 2022

هذا البحث عبارة عن دراسة لمفهوم ضرب الزوجة الناشزة في التراث الفقهي والاصطلاح القرآني. معلوم أن الضرب الوارد في آية الرابعة والثلاثين من سورة النساء التي تتكلم عن حل الخلافات الزوجية قد فسرت في تراثنا الفقهي باللطم والايذاء الجسدي، أي أن الرجل له حق تأديب زوجته جسديا كوسلية لحل نشوزها وعصيانها، وبناءا على هذا التفسير وجهت انتقادات شديدة الى القرآن الكريم بأنه يجيز ايذاء المرأة من قبل الرجل. انطلاقا من هذا، يريد هذا البحث تقديم رؤية وتفسير جديدين لمفهوم الضرب الوارد في الآية الكريمة بناءا على مقاصد القرآن الكريم في العلاقة بين الزوجين أولا، وسياق الآية التي وردت فيها هذه الكلمة ثانيا. واستخدم البحث المنهج الاستقرائي والتحليلي والنقدي. وتوصل البحث الى أن الضرب في الآية الكريمة معناه ابتعاد الرجل عن بيته وهجره لزوجته لمدة معلومة، وليس معناها الإيذاء واللطم.

پوختە
ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتیە لە لێكۆڵینەوەیەكی فیقهی قورئانی بۆ چەمكی لێدانی ئافرەتی لەسنور دەرچوو لە كەلەپوری فیقهی و زاراوەی قورئانیدا. روونە كە وشەی (الضرب) كە لە ئایەتی سی و چواری سورەتی (نساء) دا هاتووە لە كەلتوری فیهی دا به (لێدان و ئازاردان) ی جەستەیی راڤەكراوە، واتە: پیاو مافی ئازاردانی جەستەی خێزانی خۆی هەیە وەك هۆكارێك بۆ تەمبێكردنی لەكاتی لەسنوردەرچون و سەركەشی خێزانیدا" بەرمەبنای ئەم راڤەیەش كۆمەڵێك رەخنەی توند ئاڕاستەی قورئانی پیرۆز كراوە بەوەی كە رێگەیداوە توندو تیژی بەرامبەر ئافرەت بەكاربهێنرێ. لێرەوە ئەم توێژینەوە دەیەوێت خوێندنەوەو راڤەیەكی نوێ بۆ چەمكی (الضرب) بكات لەو ئایەتەی كەلەسەرەوەدا باسكراوە بە پشت بەستن بە مەبەستە باڵاكانی قورئان بۆ یەیوەندی نێوان هاوسەران و چوارچێوە (سیاق) ی ئەو ئایەتەش كەچەمكەكەی تێدا باسكراوە. توێژینەوەكە میتۆدی پشكنین و شیكاری و رەخنەیی بەكاردەهێنێت. هەروەك توێژینەوەكە گەشتە ئەو دەرەنجامەی كە چەمكی (الضرب) لە ئایەتە پیرۆزەكەدا بە مانای دووركەوتنەوەی پیاوە لەماڵ و جێهێشتنی خێزانیەتی بەتەنها بۆ ماوەیەكی دیاریكراو تا هەست بە هەڵەكانی خۆی بكات.
DETECTION OF T. VIVAX AND T. CONGOLENSE IN CATTLE FROM SELECTED ABATTOIRS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA.
Authors: MOHAMMAD A. A. , AJAKAIYE J. J. , SAMBO F. , OMOTOSHO K. 
Published: June 2022

African trypanosomiasis is disease caused by protozoan parasite in sub-Saharan Africa that affects human and animals. In animals it causes serious economic loss in livestock as a result of anaemia, loss of appetite and emaciation and when not treated death occurs. This study therefore, was aimed at detecting T. vivax and T. congolense in cattle from selected abattoirs in Kaduna State using the conventional wet mount technique and PCR. A total of 300 blood samples were obtained from the study area with 100 samples from each of three abattoirs. Out of the 300 samples, 64 were positive at a prevalence of 21.3% using wet mount, while for individual abattoir, the lowest prevalence was observed in Makera at 5.0% for 15 cows, Kawo at 5.7% for 17 cows; while Tudun-wada recorded the highest prevalence of 10.7% for 32 cows, respectively. T. congolense recorded a higher prevalence when compared to T. vivax with 17% for the former and 4.3% for the latter. Seventeen positive blood samples were randomly selected and subjected to PCR to confirm the presence of the parasites using specific primers. In addition to confirming the presence of both parasites with the PCR, false positive result were detected in the gel picture after electrophoresis compared to the earlier result of the microscopy. In conclusion, microscopy and PCR should be used complimentarily for the confirmatory diagnosis of trypanosomal infection in cattle in order to carry out effective prophylactic and therapeutic control measures and curb the menace of this neglected tropical disease.
FILM SANG PENARI : Sebuah Kajian Estetika Baumgarten
Authors: Afrianto Damar Tri 
Published: June 2022

Film Sang Penari (The Dancer) is one of Indonesian film that has a local spirit.Ifa Ifansyah,Â director of this film presents the problematic female dancers Ronggeng, ranging fromÂ the problem itself with her culture,herself with her family,to herself with her love story.Â The film seems to provide another offer to bring local wisdom in the movie screen.ThisÂ research uses ethical approach by applying interpretation of analysis with BaumgartenÂ aesthetic theory.The presentation is presented in qualitative descriptive. Based on theÂ aesthetic analysis are generated various perceptions of beauty as follows: 1) The filmSang Penari (The Dancer) has a unique plot power, the cornerstone of this plot is aÂ flashback but only a small percentage. Then forwarded with a forward flow thatÂ dominates the plot in its entirely.2)The aesthetics in this film appear when presenting aÂ complex suspense and surprises. Both aspects are beyond the expectations of theÂ audience thought and blanket the mind of the audience. 3) The aesthetics revealed isÂ how the power of displaying beauty-beauty through political symbols. 4) The nextÂ aesthetic that is revealed is the cultural aesthetic.The aesthetics of Ronggeng performingÂ arts along with the aspects in them are clearly revealed in this film.Aesthetics displayedÂ by a dancer Ronggeng not only on the beautiful and sensual movement, but also aÂ Ronggeng is a representation of beauty in maintaining the agrarian society.Keywords:Film,Sang Penari,estetika,Ronggeng,dan Buamgarten
PENGAMBILAN GAMBAR KOMPOSISI SEPERTIGA BIDANG DALAM FILM DAMAR KURUNG MASMUNDARI
Authors: Rahmansyah Muhamad Aulia , Triadiputra St.Andre 
Published: June 2022

The idea of this research, Damar Kurung Masmundari, is how Masmundari's struggle toÂ preserve arts tradition in Gresik by using third composition visual field expositoryÂ documentary. Duration of this documentary movie is 26 minutes and showing aÂ reconstruction of Masmundari as an artist Damar Kurung. The benefit is to show theÂ proportion and composition of subject and object trough the rule of thirds.In addition,Â this research shows the point of interest of Damar Kurung proportion to attract theÂ audience. The rule of thirds technique is used because subject in Damar KurungÂ Masmundari movie showed focused as well as symmetries being a point of interest.Keywords : documentary,expository,Damar Kurung Masmundari,and exploration.
MONTASE MEWUJUDKAN FANTASI DALAM FILM POHON PENGHUJAN
Authors: Rohma Naafi Nur , Ali Matius 
Published: June 2022

The research titled Montage Realizing Fantasy in the Rain Tree Film (MontaseMewujudkan Fantasi dalam Film Pohon Penghujan)uses qualitative research methods withÂ a formalist esthetic approach and Eisenstein's montage theory. The problem in thisÂ research is how the montage manifests the fantasy in the RainTree film?The study in thisÂ study focuses on the montage, thus giving meaning in the fantasy film of the Rainbows.Â The analysis used to dissect the problems used Eisenstein montage theory, namelyÂ metric,rhythmic,tonal,overtonal,and intellectual.The results obtained in the researchÂ shows a way of fantasy creation,that is,there are some Lacan fantasy scenes,the way theÂ subject is eagerly read through the Eisenstein montage. Through the montage ofÂ Eisenstein can be seen the essence of each shot is displayed and the formation of howÂ the characters in the film RainTree knows his passion and shapes his desire through aÂ series of montage.Keywords:Â Fantasy,Montage,RainTree.
MEMPERTEMUKAN HIPER-REALITAS DAN REFRACTIONS OF DURÃ‰Ã‰ : Pembacaan Multi-NaratifVisual dalam Film Simone dan Film Inception
Authors: Rosa Dien Vidia 
Published: June 2022

Film realities emerged in multifacet.Two interesting concepts that were tried to be presented inÂ the article were hypereality and refraction of durÃ©Ã©. Both were consequences of digitalizationÂ that refered to the rose of virtual space and beyond subject's consciousness.Both also effectedÂ audiens consciousness positioning to reality which was appeared. The encounter of thoseÂ concepts was discussed in images power discourse. By using Barthes's semiology method tocrack and decode visual narative element of film, reality exploration was seen as signs playingÂ and images ideology.Keywords : Hiper-realitas,refractions of durÃ©Ã©,multi-naratif visual film
PEMBINGKAIAN GAMBAR BERITA DI METROTV DAN RCTI MENJELANG PILKADA DKI JAKARTA 2017
Authors: Zairiyah Ulfa Aci , Sjafi'i Achmad 
Published: June 2022

Framing images is one way used by MetroTV and RCTI in proclaiming Elections of DKI Jakarta.Â The goal is to build the public opinion.This study was conducted to find out the news ahead ofÂ Jakarta elections framed by Metro TV and RCTI.This research uses Gamson and ModiglianiÂ framing analysis model. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with sampleÂ impressions dated 5-13 October 2016.The technique of taking data using purposive samplingwhich is reinforced by observation and literature study.Data analysis used is interactive modelÂ of Miles and Huberman which is divided into three components, namely data reduction, dataÂ presentation, and conclusion and verification.The results show that Metro TV and RCTI doÂ framing news images with impressive support and anti-support on shooting techniques.TheÂ shooting techniques include image size, image taking angle, image composition, and cameraÂ movement.MetroTV and RCTI proved to override the principle of journalism (cover both side)Â on news ahead of Elections DKI Jakarta.Keywords: Framing, news images,MetroTV,RCTI,and DKI Elections.
BUDAYA INDONESIA DALAM MOCKUMENTARY â€œMALAM MINGGU MIKO 2â€ KOMPAS TV
Authors: Rohma Naafi Nur , Sjafiâ€™i Achmad 
Published: June 2022

The serial program of comedy â€œMalam Minggu Miko 2â€ the story of â€˜Malam Baru Mikoâ€™ which is broadcasted by Kompas TV is a program which shows in mockumentary format. It is a format of television broadcasting program which contains of fictive story filmed similarly to documentary format that its roles have realistic characters and reflect current real life. This study considers television device as a text. Employing semiotic approach of Charles Sanders Peirce, relating three main components: representamen, object, and interpretant. This study investigates the significances of Indonesian cultural marks emerged on the text. Limitation of the Indonesian cultural marks emerged includes politeness, regards, greetings, smiles, respects, hospitalities, gotong royong (mutual helps), and slametan (traditional feast). The result of this study shows that some marks considered as Indonesian culture are found in some frames of pictures from the serial program of comedy â€œMalam Minggu Miko 2â€ the story of â€˜Malam Baru Mikoâ€™ broadcasted by Kompas TV.Â Keywords: Culture, Indonesia, mockumentary, and semiotics
Propuesta de acompañamiento psicológico para el proceso de adaptación a la vida religiosa de jóvenes
Authors: Cando-Morales Rosario , Egas-Reyes María 
Published: June 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN. La adaptación a la vida dentro de un monasterio de clausura incluye aspectos relacionados con la voluntad, el juicio y auto aceptación, que en conjunto forman parte del proceso de discernimiento. OBJETIVO. Crear un dispositivo de acompañamiento psicológico para mujeres jóvenes que inician su vida religiosa en un monasterio de clausura MÉTODO. Cualitativo descriptivo. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura especializada y una entrevista semiestructurada a cuatro expertos en la materia. Una vez recolectada la información, esta fue contrastada con lo obtenido en la revisión bibliográfica. RESULTADOS. Se identificaron tres ejes de acción: adaptación a la vida monástica, el conocimiento del perfil de las jóvenes religiosas y, la necesidad de definir intervenciones para facilitar su proceso de adaptación. La propuesta está conformada por acciones para las jóvenes aspirantes antes y después de su entrada al monasterio, para la hermana maestra de novicias y las hermanas de la comunidad; en cuatro fases. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES. La adaptación a la vida monástica es un proceso constante y necesita de un abordaje humanista, que favorezca el crecimiento personal y espiritual de las jóvenes religiosas, centrado en sus necesidades particularidades, según su historia de vida y el contexto en el cual se desarrolló.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA MELALUI MODEL TALKING STICK DIPADU DENGAN MEDIA KARTU CERITA PADA SISWA KELAS III SDN 12 KOTA TERNATE
Authors: Saputra Maya Rani , Abdullah Suhardi 
Published: June 2022

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini yaitu (1) mengetahui proses peningkatan kemampuan berbicara melalui model Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita pada siswa kelas III SDN 12 Kota Ternate, (2) mengetahui hasil peningkatan kemampuan berbicara melalui model Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita pada siswa kelas III SDN 12 Kota Ternate. Proses penerapan model Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita dibagi dalam beberapa langkah kegiatan pembelajaran sebagai berikut : (1) Membagi siswa dalam 5 kelompok, (2) Membagi kartu cerita kepada setiap siswa, (3) Memberikan penjelasan mengenai model pembelajaran Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita, (4) Siswa berdiskusi dengan teman kelompoknya, kemudian masing-masing menulis tentang peristiwa seperti pada kartu cerita yang telah di bagikan, (5) Setelah itu siswa membuat sebuah lingkaran, (6) Guru memberikan tongkat kepada seorang siswa, sambil menyanyikan lagu siswa menggulir tongkat kepada temannya, (7) Siswa yang mendapatkan tongkat, harus berbicara di depan kelas sesuai materi yang diterima. Peningkatan kemampuan berbicara melalui penerapan model Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita yang menunjukan ketutasan siswa sebesar 25% atau 6 siswa yang tuntas dari 24 siswa yang mengikuti proses pembelajaran di kelas dengan jumlah nilai rata-rata pada siklus I adalah 56,50%. Sedangkan pada siklus II pesentase siswa meningkat menjadi 87,50% atau 21 siswa yang tuntas dari 24 siswa yang mengikuti proses pembelajaran dikelas dengan jumlah nila rata-rata pada siklus II adalah 73,25%. Oleh karena itu, penerapan model Talking Stick dipadu dengan media kartu cerita ini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara pada siswa kelas III SDN 12 Kota Ternate yang dilihat dari hasil siklus I dan siklus II.
PENERAPAN GOOGLE CLASS ROOM DAN GOOGLE MEET DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PEMESANAN PENGHITUNGAN TARIF PENERBANGAN DI KELAS XI USAHA PERJALANAN WISATA SMK NEGERI 1 KOTA TERNATE
Authors: Mubin Julita , Aboe Roswita M 
Published: June 2022

Learning conditions in the Tourism Travel Business Department of SMK Negeri 1 Ternate City require an active, innovative, creative, effective, and fun learning concept. This is based on material characteristics such as Booking Flight Fare Calculation, which requires students to understand the theory as well as be able to apply it later at the implementation of street vendors and when they work in the Tourism Industry later. The purpose of this study is to increase the activeness of students and student learning outcomes through the application of google classroom and google meet. This type of research is classroom action research (Classroom Action Research). The research was carried out in collaboration between researchers, teachers and students. The research subjects are 60 students of class XI.SMK Negeri 1 Ternate City in the 2020/2021 academic year. Data collection techniques used simple observations and questionnaires. The research procedure includes the following stages: (a) planning, (b) implementation (c) observation, and (d) reflection. Based on the research results, the implementation of Google Classroom and Google Meet has an increase in the activeness of students. Where from cycle I, 33 respondent Choose agree with the use of the application, and student learning outcomes obtained was 53.4%. In cycle II the activeness of students increased to 70 percent and student learning outcomes achieved 76.7%. There was an increase from cycle I to cycle II of 23.3%. Therefore it can be concluded that this study is successfully increased students activity in the process of teaching and learning.
Pengaruh Metode Qira`ati Terhadap Kemampuan Membaca Al-Qur’an
Authors: Eva Shofiyatun Nisa  , Dewi Maharani  
Published: June 2022

This research was motivated by the lack of teacher creativity in conveying the material, some students were less careful in paying attention to makharijul letters and the rules of tajwid, and the lack of awareness of parents in motivating students, causing students' ability to read the Qur'an to be hampered and less than optimal. This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of the Qira'ati method on the ability to read the Qur'an. This type of research is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The location understudy is MIN 1, South Tangerang City. The sample in this study was all students finishing class totaling 32 people. While the sampling technique is using the sampling population. It is kind of a technique that takes from the whole population number. The data collection is done by using the questionnaire method. The analysis technique used is a sample linear regression analysis, from hypothesis testing in research using the t-test. The results of research conducted by researchers managed to obtain data on the effect of the Qira’ati Method on the Ability to Read the Qur'an of 5.357 ≥ 2.042. It is proven that ≥ 5% significance level with db of 2.042, then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. It means that there is a significant influence between the Qira'ati method on the ability to read the Qur'an.
Swahili verbs and the value of abstractive accounts for agglutinating inflection
Authors: Esher Louise 
Published: June 2022

Within “word-based”, “paradigm-based” or “abstractive” models of inflectional systems ( Blevins 2006 , 2016 ), only full inflected wordforms are considered primitives; subword strings are treated not as distinct entities, but as abstract generalisations inferred by speakers across multiple inflected forms. These models stand in contrast to “constructive” approaches, which proceed from individual, distinct subword units to full words.An argument consistently adduced in favour of abstractive approaches is that they afford a descriptive advantage regarding “fusional” systems characterised by pervasive non-canonical exponence, such as cumulative exponence, extended exponence, and morphomic structure ( Stump 2016 : 17–30). Via an exploration of inflectional phenomena including non-canonical exponence and arbitrary distributional regularities in the verb inflection of standard Swahili, a language usually described as exemplifying “agglutinating” inflection and amenable to constructive, morpheme-based, analyses, this paper will argue that abstractive systems are equally applicable to “agglutinating” inflection, offering greater empirical plausibility and in some cases descriptive advantage.