bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio-Circular Engine: Simultaneous and Successive Use of BioDiesel as Bio-Lubricant and Bio-Fuel in Diesel Engines-(B100) New Bio-Lubricant for all Engines
Authors: Bautista Sterling Cesar 
Published: June 2022

The scientific literature allows us to demonstrate the characteristics of high lubricity of biodiesel (particularly B100 from palm), which as a bio-fuel, can fulfill the function of bio-lubricant (B100 = 3 Ester); even surpassing motor oils in some respects (Synthetic Base = 2 Ester). Once its characteristics have been reviewed, we can affirm that it is possible to use B100 as a Bio-Lubricant in Diesel internal combustion engines, but also in spark-ignition engines. A comparison is made between commercial synthetic esters and fatty acid methyl esters (“FAME”) designated B100. In the same context, we describe a procedure and a device designed to use B100 in diesel engines, not only as Bio-Fuel, but also as Bio-Lubricant, for both functions, successively and simultaneously, called “Bio-Circular Engine”; so: in Stage 1; biodiesel is taken from the fuel tank (B100) to the engine crankcase (previously filtered), where it will fulfill its first function as Bio-Lubricant. In Stage 2; the same B100 is conducted from the same crankcase to the fuel injection system (previously filtered and, if required, cooled) to fulfill the second function of Bio-Fuel. The “Bio-Circular Engine” is “Circular Economy”, because it uses a single substance (B100), for two different and simultaneous functions (as Bio-Fuel and as Bio-Lubricant).
Hydrogeochemistry of the Pidong Crater Lake, Jos Plateau Volcanic Province, Nigeria: Constraints on Chemical Elements Sources
Authors: Cedric Bernard Longpia , Uriah Alexander Lar 
Published: June 2022

The occurrence and recurrence of floating ‘mat’ vegetation around the Pidong Crater Lake and intermittent change in the color of the lake water from natural blue to brown-yellowish color call for a better understanding of the factors controlling these biological and physico-chemical changes. As a result of these changes, a hydrogeochemical monitoring regime was employed where the lake water samples were collected and analyzed on a monthly basis over a period spanning for 3 years. The hydrogeochemical results for the lake water when plotted in the piper trilinear diagram display predominantly Mg-Ca-HCO3 type with minor water types of Na-K-HCO3, Na-K-Cl and Na-K-SO4 types (≤ 20%), suggesting a derivation from water-rock interaction processes (hydrolysis). The visible dominance of the alkali earth metals (Mg2+ + Ca2+) over the alkali metals (Na+ + K+) is expected from a basaltic host rock aquifer due to the dissolution of its constituent ferromagnesian minerals and plagioclase respectively. The general depletion of LILE (Ba, Rb, Sr) (1–10 x Chondrite) and that of High Strength Elements (HSE) (Nb-Yb) (0.001 to <1 Chondrite values) suggest that these elements are from sources (basaltic rocks) highly depleted in these elements. Study of Oxygen-18 (δ 18O) and Deuterium (δ2H) study of the lake water shows that it is of meteoric origin and of relatively recent age (230 ± 30 yrs. before present). The increase in PCO2 in the lake water triggers the increase in Fe concentration (335 ppb to 429 ppb) which is manifested by the sporadic color change and increased acidity in the lake from pH 7.35 to pH < 6.71.
Differences in visual acuity between the eyes: determination of normal limits in a clinical population
Authors: Brown Brian , Yap Maurice K. H. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWe determined the difference in visual acuity between the right and left eyes of patients and also determined the maximal level of acuity expected in a group of visually normal individuals. Visual acuity was measured in the right and left eyes of 72 subjects aged from 16 to 67 years using Bailey‐Lovie type charts. The chart was read until fewer than three letters were read on a line and acuities were based on each letter correct contributing −0.02 to the overall score. For 12 of these subjects, visual acuity was measured a further four times. Average visual acuities for right and left eyes were −0.137 and −0.126logMAR, respectively. The signed visual acuity difference was normally distributed and had a standard deviation of 0.050logMAR. The mean visual acuity difference for the 12 subjects for whom the measures were repeated was 0.033logMAR (SD of the signed visual acuity difference: 0.049logMAR). We conclude that if a patient has a difference in visual acuity between the two eyes of more than 5 letters on a Bailey‐Lovie style chart, further investigation is indicated.
Hyperchromatic lenses as potential aids for the presbyope
Authors: Whitefoot Helen D. , Charman W. N. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIt has been suggested that a ‘hyperchromatic’ lens which enhanced the longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) of the eye would increase its depth of focus (DOF) and hence might prove a useful aid to presbyopes who have lost their natural ability to accommodate for different distances. Experiments are described in which high‐ and low‐contrast visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were measured as a function of object vergence using the naked eye and various levels of effective lens‐eye LCA. It was found that doubling the effective lens‐eye LCA increased total DOF in the high‐contrast acuity task by about 0.5 D, while correcting the ocular LCA reduced DOF by about 0.3 D. On the other hand, enhanced LCA led to some loss in performance in the low‐contrast acuity task and in contrast sensitivity.
Environmental intervention and water resource management in the history of the Mezzogiorno
Authors: Bevilacqua Piero 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article shows how the discovery of electrical energy that could be transmitted and used in industry triggered a huge effort to take advantage of Southern Italy's water resources and improve its natural environment. In the early years of the twentieth century, primarily through the initiative of Francesco Saverio Nitti, the great statesman and environmental expert, the rivers and forests of the South became an object of particular attention in that they were to be the central element in conservation measures whose aim was to produce cheap electricity, but which also necessarily involved reforestation, state control of forestry, the embankment of rivers and other changes. For southern reformers such plans were envisaged as the way to launch industrialization in the South.
Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and alcoholism: is there a genuine association?
Authors: FARREN CONOR K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAbstract Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a particle‐bound flavoenzyme principally located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a variety of the amine transmitters in the central nervous system. There have been many reports from different groups around the world over the last 20 years that indicated a lower platelet MAO activity was associated with alcoholism. As there are multiple influences upon measured MAO activity, this article attempts to address each of the issues in turn for potential confounding of the reported association. These issues include: the duration of abstinence from alcohol, the substrate used for analysis, gender issues, association with different subtypes of alcoholics, the influence of other psychopathology, personality traits of alcoholics, the question of smoking, and proposed modes of transmission of MAO activity. The initial promise about MAO activity being a possible marker for alcoholism or a least a genetically predisposed subgroup has receded as the number of negative typology‐based studies increases. The failure to account for a major confounding variable, e.g. smoking and other minor but possibly vital confounds in almost all these studies leaves the whole hypothesis open to criticism. However, the possible association between personality traits that might predispose to some if not all substances of addiction to low MAO activity may make it possible to reframe the hypothesized association in the setting of a generalized predisposition to addictions in particular, and to psychopathology in general. Nonetheless the association remains of great interest and may yet yield vital genetic and clinical information.
The role of strand 1 of the C β‐sheet in the structure and function of α1‐antitrypsin
Authors: Bottomley Stephen P. , Lawrenson Isobel D. , Tew Deborah , Dai Weiwen , Whisstock James C. , Pike Robert N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSerpins inhibit cognate serine proteases involved in a number of important processes including blood coagulation and inflammation. Consequently, loss of serpin function or stability results in a number of disease states. Many of the naturally occurring mutations leading to disease are located within strand 1 of the C β‐sheet of the serpin. To ascertain the structural and functional importance of each residue in this strand, which constitutes the so‐called distal hinge of the reactive center loop of the serpin, an alanine scanning study was carried out on recombinant α1‐antitrypsin Pittsburgh mutant (P1 = Arg). Mutation of the P10′ position had no effect on its inhibitory properties towards thrombin. Mutations to residues P7′ and P9′ caused these serpins to have an increased tendency to act as substrates rather than inhibitors, while mutations at P6′ and P8′ positions caused the serpin to behave almost entirely as a substrate. Mutations at the P6′ and P8′ residues of the C β‐sheet, which are buried in the hydrophobic core in the native structure, caused the serpin to become highly unstable and polymerize much more readily. Thus, P6′ and P8′ mutants of α1‐antitrypsin had melting temperatures 14 degrees lower than wild‐type α1‐antitrypsin. These results indicate the importance of maintaining the anchoring of the distal hinge to both the inhibitory mechanism and stability of serpins, the inhibitory mechanism being particularly sensitive to any perturbations in this region. The results of this study allow more informed analysis of the effects of mutations found at these positions in disease‐associated serpin variants.
Association Between Implementation of a Geriatric Trauma Clinical Pathway and Changes in Rates of Delirium in Older Adults With Traumatic Injury
Authors: Park Caroline , Bharija Ankur , Mesias Matthew , Mitchell Ann , Krishna Purnima , Storr-Street Nannette , Brown Alyssa , Martin Marina , Lu Amy C. , Staudenmayer Kristan L. 
Published: June 2022

ImportanceOlder adults (age ≥65 years) are at risk for high rates of delirium and poor outcomes; however, how to improve outcomes is still being explored.ObjectiveTo assess whether implementation of a geriatric trauma clinical pathway was associated with reduced rates of delirium in older adults with traumatic injury.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA retrospective case-control study of electronic health records of patients aged 65 years or older with traumatic injury from 2018 to 2020 was conducted at a single level I trauma center. Eligible patients were age 65 years or older admitted to the trauma service and who did not undergo an operation.InterventionThe implementation of a clinical pathway based on geriatric best practices, which included order sets, guidelines, automated consultations, and escalation pathways executed by a multidisciplinary team.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was delirium. The secondary outcome was hospital length of stay. Process measures for pathway compliance were also assessed.ResultsOf the 859 eligible patients, 712 patients were included in the analysis (442 [62.1%] in the baseline group; 270 [37.9%] in the postimplementation group; mean [SD] age: 81.4 [9.1] years; 394 [55.3%] were female). The mechanism of injury was not different between groups, with 247 in the baseline group (55.9%) and 162 in the postimplementation group (60.0%) (P = .43) experiencing a fall. Injuries were minor or moderate in both groups (261 in baseline group [59.0%] and 168 in postimplementation group [62.2%]; P = .87). The adjusted odds ratio for delirium in the postimplementation cohort was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.37-0.80; P &amp;lt; .001). Goals of care documentation improved significantly in the postimplementation cohort vs the baseline cohort with regard to documented goals of care notes (53.7% in the postimplementation cohort [145 of 270] vs 16.7% in the baseline cohort [74 of 442]; P &amp;lt; .001) and a shortened time to discussion from presenting to the emergency department (36 hours in the postimplementation cohort vs 50 hours in the baseline cohort; P = .03).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, implementation of a multidisciplinary clinical pathway for injured older adults at a single level I trauma center was associated with improved care and clinical outcomes. Interventions such as these may have utility in this vulnerable population, and findings should be confirmed across multiple centers.
Practical Graphene Technologies for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Jia Yiran , Zhang Jun , Kong Debin , Zhang Chen , Han Daliang , Han Junwei , Tao Ying , Lv Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractKiller applications of graphenes are always being pursued and critical for realizing industrialization. Since the first attempt for using graphene in lithium‐ion batteries, graphene has been demonstrated as a key component in electrochemical energy storage technologies. However, the unique roles of graphene beyond traditional carbon in energy storage are still unclear and need to be clarified. Here, this review starts with a glance over the history of graphene in electrochemical energy storage applications, and then briefly discusses the different dimensional graphenes and representative synthesis methods that are believed to be essential for energy‐related applications. Importantly, three typical graphene technologies showing their practical potentials in electrochemical energy storage are illustrated in details, including the uses as conductive additives, in heat dissipation, and compact energy storage. The methodologies of science and technology for the above applications are systematically elaborated. This review also gives perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of practical graphene technologies in electrochemical energy storage. The authors expect this review to provide a comprehensive view of how graphene can be uniquely and practically used for electrochemical energy storage, paving the way for promoting the development of the graphene industry.
Photo‐Responsive Water Filtration Membranes Based on Polymerizable Columnar Liquid Crystals with Azo Moieties
Authors: Marín San Román Patricia P. , Sijbesma Rint P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNew materials developed in the last years promise to contribute significantly to the preparation of membranes with improved performance in water filtration. Specifically, the use of dynamic‐responsive systems provides reversibility of the membrane properties. In this work, a reversible photo‐switchable membrane based on templated liquid crystals is presented. Crosslinking of a columnar network, formed by the self‐assembly of a discotic supramolecular complex with a photo‐responsive moiety, results in a switchable filtration membrane. The azo groups in the membrane undergo a photoinduced trans‐cis isomerization by irradiation with 365 nm light and relax back to the cis isomer with a lifetime of 5.7 h or within a few minutes by irradiation at 455 nm. The membranes have a light‐induced reversible change in the water permeability and molecular weight cut off of poly (ethylene glycol). The effective pore size of the trans isomer (1.2 nm) increases to 1.4 nm for the cis isomer. Rejection of the organic dye Rhodamine B is reversibly switched between 50 and 85% by alternating irradiation at 365 nm and 455 nm. The reversible and specific switching demonstrates the potential of this system for light‐controlled separation in nanoporous membranes.
Electrocatalyst Modulation toward Bidirectional Sulfur Redox in Li–S Batteries: From Strategic Probing to Mechanistic Understanding
Authors: Shi Zixiong , Ding Yifan , Zhang Qiang , Sun Jingyu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractElectrocatalyst design has stimulated considerable attention and strenuous effort to tackle a multitude of detrimental issues in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) systems, mainly pertaining to the severe polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics. In this context related advances in expediting bidirectional sulfur reactions have lately surged. Nonetheless, the structure–activity correlation and electrocatalytic mechanism remain rather elusive, as a result of elusory active sites, complicated aprotic environments, and multistep conversion pathways. This review summarizes burgeoning strategies in the modulation of heterogeneous and homogeneous electrocatalysts, wherein the advanced electrokinetic measurements, operando instrumental probing, and theoretical simulations are elucidated with an emphasis on deciphering bidirectional sulfur electrochemistry. Notably, a “3s” electrocatalysis model is proposed to deepen the mechanistic understanding in this realm. Finally, a development roadmap is sketched and future research layouts are discussed, aiming in essence, to realize favorable bidirectional redox kinetics and ultimately bridge the gap between reality and ideal systems in working Li–S batteries.
Site‐specific fabrication of gold nanocluster‐based fluorescence photoswitch enabled by the dual roles of albumin proteins
Authors: Zhong Wencheng , Yan Xiaojian , Qu Shaohua , Shang Li 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFluorescence photoswitch is becoming increasingly desirable for many applications, but its controllable fabrication still remains challenging yet. In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to fabricate fluorescence photoswitch by harnessing dual roles of albumin proteins as both photochrome carriers and biotemplates of fluorophore. As an example, we demonstrated the successful fabrication of a fluorescence photoswitch by incorporating both the photochromic diarylethene dye (CMTE) and red‐emitting fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) into the specific domains of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a highly controllable manner. Detailed spectral and photophysical characterisation showed that CMTE well‐retains the photochromic properties within the CMTE–BSA–AuNC construct, although its photoconversion rate is slightly retarded. Different from previously reported photoswitches, the fluorescence of the present system is mainly modulated via the inner filter effect (IFE) mechanism, which exhibits high switching efficiency with an on–off ratio up to 90%, reversible fluorescence response and good antifatigue performance. This work provides a new, generable albumin protein‐assisted strategy of fabricating advanced fluorescence photoswitch, which can find wide applications in biological, optical and information fields.
Umpolung in a Pair of Cobalt(III) Terminal Imido/Imidyl Complexes
Authors: Mao Weiqing , Fehn Dominik , Heinemann Frank W. , Scheurer Andreas , van Gastel Maurice , Jannuzzi Sergio A. V. , DeBeer Serena , Munz Dominik , Meyer Karsten 
Published: June 2022

AbstractReaction of the CoI complex [(TIMMNmes)CoI](PF6) (1) (TIMMNmes=tris‐[2‐(3‐mesityl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene)‐methyl]amine) with mesityl azide yields the CoIII imide [(TIMMNmes)CoIII(NMes)](PF6) (2). Oxidation of 2 with [FeCp2](PF6) provides access to a rare CoIII imidyl [(TIMMNmes)Co(NMes)](PF6)2 (3). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffractometry and EPR spectroscopy confirm the molecular structure of 3 and its S=
ground state. ENDOR, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and computational analyses indicate a ligand‐based oxidation; thus, an imidyl‐radical electronic structure for 3. Migratory insertion of one ancillary NHC to the imido ligand in 2 gives the CoI N‐heterocyclic imine (4) within 12 h. Conversely, it takes merely 0.5 h for 3 to transform to the CoII congener (5). The migratory insertion in 2 occurs via a nucleophilic attack of the imido ligand at the NHC to give 4, whereas in 3, a nucleophilic attack of the NHC at the electrophilic imidyl ligand yields 5. The reactivity shunt upon oxidation of 2 to 3 confirms an umpolung of the imido ligand.
Ligand‐Shell Engineering of a Au28 Nanocluster Boosts Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Jie , Xu Fan , Wang Zhao‐Yang , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSubtle tailoring of gold nanoclusters (NCs) could significantly change their physicochemical properties. However, direct comparison of the catalytic performance of gold NCs with identical metal cores but distinct ligand shells is rarely elucidated. In this work, a novel gold NC, Au28(C2B10H11S)12(tht)4Cl4 (Au28‐S), was isolated by a facile self‐reducing synthesis. Au28‐S adopts an identical Au28 metal framework to that of the reported alkynyl‐protected Au28‐C. The different protective layers lead to distinctions in their electronic structure and optical properties. Furthermore, Au28‐S shows better catalytic activity for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. Theoretical calculations identified the active sites and shed light on the catalytic mechanism to elucidate the different catalytic performances. This work provides an ideal platform to study the protective layer‐activity relationship of gold NCs, and may also provide guidance in the design of metal NC‐based catalysts.
Glucose Tolerance, Antiprotease Activity and Total Oxidant/Antioxidant Capacity Studies of β‐Glucosidase Hybrid Nanoflower for Industrial Applications
Authors: Gülmez Canan 
Published: June 2022

Abstractβ‐Glycosidases, which catalyse the hydrolysis of glycoside bonds, have a wide spectrum of industrial applications. However, the reaction product glucose inhibits the activities of many β‐glucosidases. Consequently, the reduced catalytic activities of the enzyme limit the industrial applications of the enzymes. For that reason, the studies dealing with maintaining the activities of the relevant enzymes at high glucose concentrations are a great interest among the researchers. In this context, herein, protein‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers were synthesized using β‐glucosidase and copper ion by fast sonication method for 10 min. After characterization of synthesized nanoflowers, pH/temperature studies, glucose tolerance, anti‐protease activity, recyclability and total antioxidant and total oxidative capacity levels were estimated. Accordingly, the optimum pHs of free β‐glucosidase and hybrid nanoflower (β‐GNF) were found to be 6 and 5, respectively, and the optimum temperature values for both hybrid nanoflowers and free enzyme were 40 °C. β‐GNF exhibited better activity than free enzyme in low acidic and alkaline environment and at high temperature. The nanoflower retained nearly all (99 %) of its initial activity at all glucose concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL), especially at pH 5 and 6. Also, β‐GNF maintained more than 90 % of initial activity at 0.01 and 0.05 mg/mL glucose at pH 4 and 7. It also displayed about 96 % high residual activity after proteinase K treatment for 3 h at 37 °C, while that of the free β‐glucosidase was about 87 %. The reusability studies showed that β‐GNF only lost ∼28 % of its initial activities at the end of five cycles. The hybrid nanoflowers at 5 mg/mL concentration exhibited the high total antioxidant capacity. In addition, low total oxidant capacity and oxidative stress index levels were recorded at the same concentration of the hybrid nanoflower. The findings of the present study revealed that β‐GNFs may be evaluated as a candidate for various industrial applications due to its high glucose tolerance, anti‐protease activity, reusability and resistance to low acidic/alkaline environment and high temperature.