bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure-Property Relationships and Cross-Property Correlations of Thermal Sprayed Ni-Alloy Coatings
Authors: Margadant N. , Siegmann S. , Patscheider J. , Keller T. , Wagner W. , Ilavsky J. , Pisacka J. , Barbezat G. , Fiala P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Relationships between the properties of thermally sprayed nickel based alloys and their microstructure (density, porosity, oxide phase content) are investigated. Cross-property- correlation of physical properties such as electrical conductivity and elasticity were examined. The experimental results of the structures and properties of the different coatings are discussed with respect to their pore surface area obtained by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. As wide as possible range of thermally sprayed microstructures of NiCr and NiCrAlY was produced by vacuum - and atmospheric plasma spraying, flame spraying, HVOF and water stabilized plasma spraying. Commercially available powders with process specific grain size distributions were used as feedstock materials resulting in a wide range of microstructures of the coatings depending on the spraying technique and, to much less extent, on the variation of the process parameters. In this work the examination of the pore structure was carried out by optical microscopy on metallographic cross sections. Phase composition and distribution were investigated by hot gas extraction for oxygen and nitrogen determination and by Scanning Auger Microscopy on polished cross sections and fracture surfaces. The properties of the coatings were characterized by their wear (ASTM G75) behavior, reflecting application-oriented properties. Significant and varying amount of anisotropy of the coating properties - electrical conductivity and elastic modulus - was found in the sprayed microstructures. This anisotropy could be directly linked to microstructure anisotropy as characterized by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering.
Formation and Layering of Alumina Splats: Thermal History of Coating Formation, Resulting Residual Stresses, and Coating Microstructure
Authors: Fauchais P. , Vardelle A.M. , Vardelle M. , Denoirjean A. , Pateyron B. , El Ganaoui M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As underlined in 1981 by Mc Pherson, thermo-mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed coatings depend not only on the way particles flatten and resulting splats solidify and cool down, but also on the thermal history of particle layering at the same location. To illustrate what is our present knowledge in that field, plasma-sprayed alumina coatings will be considered through modelings and measurements. The first part of this paper discusses the phenomena linked with particle impact and splat formation: splashing, spreading, solidification and grain growth, angle of impact in conjunction with particle parameters at impact and substrate surface parameters (chemistry, phase structure and roughness, temperature). The second part examines splats layering. It addresses the influence of plasma jet heat flux, relative velocity torch-substrate, powder flow rate and deposition efficiency on splat time-temperature evolution and resulting quenching stress, coating adhesion/cohesion and microstructure. The shadow effect when spraying off normal angle is also discussed. The last part deals with the effect of the successive cooling and reheating of passes on coating properties, and condensation of the vapor issued from evaporating particles.
Electron Beam Induced Current Isolation Techniques
Authors: Strizich Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Electron beam induced current (EBIC) analysis is a versatile tool that can be used by anyone with access to a SEM. This article explains how failure analysts are using the EBIC mode in SEMs to detect junction and oxide defects, simplify junction delineation, and reveal subsurface damage through multiple layers of metallization.
Failure Analysis of Timing and IDDQ-only Failures from the SEMATECH Test Methods Experiment
Authors: Nigh Phil , Vallett Dave , Patel Atul , Wright Jason , Motika Franco , Forlenza Donato , Kurtulik Ray , Chong Wendy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article provides insights into the nature of IDDQ and timing defects and the challenges they present to failure analysts based on the findings of a Sematach study.
Analyzing Illumination-Sensitive Failure – A Case Study
Authors: Thian Teh Swee 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This is a case study of an illumination-sensitive failure. Due to the unavailability of a scanning optical microscope, fault isolation was performed using a different approach based on available equipment. Through a combination of emission microscopy, FIB isolation, mechanical probing, and in-depth circuit analysis, the root cause and failure mechanism were determined.
Backside Analysis: Backside Thermal Mapping Using Active Laser Probe
Authors: Aaron Falk R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The transition to “flip-chip” packaging forced a renaissance in failure analysis methods, usually referred to as backside failure analysis. This article describes one such technique based on active laser probing. The technique uses the optical properties of the silicon substrate to produce a high-sensitivity, high-resolution thermal map of the device active area. This map can locate shorting defects and be used as a thermal management tool.
Polishing Samples for TEM Analysis Using the Tripod Polishing Technique
Authors: Benedict J.P. , Anderson R.M. , Klepeis S.J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article describes a sample preparation technique by which specific areas on integrated circuits can be manually polished to TEM transparency. The technique, called tripod polishing or the wedge method, produces cross-section samples within a few hours that require little or no additional thinning for TEM analysis. The method can also be used to prepare plan view TEM samples as well as samples for SEM analysis and light microscopy.
Emission Microscopy: A Historical Review
Authors: Khurana Neeraj 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article discusses some of the early uses of emission microscopy in semiconductor device failure analysis and the challenges that were overcome to make it the invaluable tool it is today. One of the impediments early on was a misconception that silicon cannot emit light when, in fact, it has several light emission mechanisms that have proven useful in electron microscopy. One such mechanism, avalanche luminescence, occurs in junctions during reverse breakdown and is useful for resolving low breakdown voltage and problems with ESD protection circuits. Other light emission mechanisms discussed in the article include forward bias emission, MOS transistor saturation, and dielectric luminescence, which is used to examine oxide test structures and detect oxide defects.
Site-Specific, SEM Semiconductor Sample Preparation With 0.5 μm Accuracy
Authors: Alani Reza , Raz Efrat M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The combination of microcleaving and precision broad ion beam techniques allows failure analysts to prepare site-specific specimens for SEM analysis with 0.5 μm accuracy. Microcleaving, as the article explains, uses the cleaving characteristics inherent in single-crystal semiconductor substrates. Because the substrate has significantly more mass than the process layers, it dictates the overall cross-section quality and precision of the sample. The cleave loses no material, preserves the integrity of the designated area, and enables analysis of both sides of the cross-section. When the cleave is off-set due to a buried target or when debris lies on the surface of the cross-section, ion beam etching and coating are used to fine tune the cleave location and remove debris prior to SEM analysis.
Surgical morbidity of the extradural anterior petrosal approach: the Lariboisière experience
Authors: Giammattei Lorenzo , Passeri Thibault , Abbritti Rosaria , Lieber Stefan , Matano Fumihiro , Van Tuan Le , Okano Atsushi , Fava Arianna , Russo Paolo di , Froelich Sébastien 
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE
Concerns about the approach-related morbidity of the extradural anterior petrosal approach (EAPA) have been raised, especially regarding temporal lobe and venous injuries, hearing impairment, facial nerve palsy, cerebrospinal fluid fistula, and seizures. There is lack in the literature of studies with detailed analysis of surgical complications. The authors have presented a large series of patients who were treated with EAPA, focusing on complications and their avoidance.

METHODS
The authors carried out a retrospective review of patients who underwent EAPA at their institution between 2012 and 2021. They collected preoperative clinical characteristics, operative reports, operative videos, findings on neuroimaging, histological diagnosis, postoperative course, and clinical status at last follow-up. For pathologies without petrous bone invasion, the amount of petrous apex drilling was calculated and classified as low (< 70% of the volume) or high (≥ 70%). Complications were dichotomized as approach related and resection related.

RESULTS
This study included 49 patients: 26 with meningiomas, 10 brainstem cavernomas, 4 chondrosarcomas, 4 chordomas, 2 schwannomas, 1 epidermoid cyst, 1 cholesterol granuloma, and 1 osteoblastoma. The most common approach-related complications were temporal lobe injury (6.1% of patients), seizures (6.1%), pseudomeningocele (6.1%), hearing impairment (4.1%), and dry eye (4.1%). Approach-related complications occurred most commonly in patients with a meningioma (p = 0.02) and Meckel’s cave invasion (p = 0.02). Gross-total or near-total resection was correlated with a higher rate of tumor resection–related complications (p = 0.02) but not approach-related complications (p = 0.76). Inferior, lateral, and superior tumoral extension were not correlated with a higher rate of tumor resection–related complications. No correlation was found between high amount of petrous bone drilling and approach- or resection-related complications.

CONCLUSIONS
EAPA is a challenging approach that deals with critical neurovascular structures and demands specific skills to be safely performed. Contrary to general belief, its approach-related morbidity seems to be acceptable at dedicated skull base centers. Morbidity can be lowered with careful examination of the preoperative neuroradiological workup, appropriate patient selection, and attention to technical details.
Delayed recurrence of pediatric arteriovenous malformations after radiologically confirmed obliteration
Authors: Oushy Soliman , Gilder Hannah E. , Nesvick Cody L. , Lanzino Giuseppe , Pollock Bruce E. , Daniels David J. , Ahn Edward S. 
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a major cause of intracerebral hemorrhage in children, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the rate of AVM recurrence in children is significantly higher than in adults. The aim of this study was to define the risk of delayed pediatric AVM (pAVM) recurrence following confirmed radiological obliteration. Further understanding of this risk could inform the role of long-term radiological surveillance.

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective review of ruptured and unruptured pAVM cases treated at a single tertiary care referral center between 1994 and 2019. Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and AVM recurrence were analyzed.

RESULTS
A total of 102 pediatric patients with intracranial AVMs, including 52 (51%) ruptured cases, were identified. The mean patient age at presentation was 11.2 ± 4.4 years, and 51 (50%) patients were female. The mean nidus size was 2.66 ± 1.44 cm. The most common Spetzler-Martin grades were III (32%) and II (31%). Stereotactic radiosurgery was performed in 69.6% of patients. AVM obliteration was radiologically confirmed in 68 (72.3%) of 94 patients with follow-up imaging, on angiography in 50 (73.5%) patients and on magnetic resonance imaging in 18 (26.5%). AVM recurrence was identified in 1 (2.3%) of 43 patients with long-term surveillance imaging over a mean follow-up of 54.7 ± 38.9 months (range 2–153 months). This recurrence was identified in a boy who had presented with a ruptured AVM and had been surgically treated at 5 years of age. The AVM recurred 54 months after confirmed obliteration on surveillance digital subtraction angiography. Two other cases of presumed AVM recurrence following resection in young children were excluded from recurrence analysis because of incomplete sets of imaging available for review.

CONCLUSIONS
AVM recurrence following confirmed obliteration on imaging is a rare phenomenon, though it occurs more frequently in the pediatric population. Regular long-term follow-up with dedicated surveillance angiography is recommended even after obliteration following resection.
Primary germinoma of the medulla oblongata: illustrative case
Authors: Albiña Pablo , Solis Aracelly , Lorenzoni Jose , Henny Pablo , Manriquez María 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Primary central nervous system germinomas of the medulla oblongata are extremely rare and usually have been found in young female Asian patients. The authors present an illustrative case of a patient who presented with severe medullary and posterior cord syndrome, the first South American case published to date, to the authors’ knowledge.

OBSERVATIONS
Initially, the radiological differential diagnosis did not include this entity. The lesion was located at the obex and exhibited a well-delineated contrast enhancement without hydrocephalus. An emergency decompressive partial resection following functional limits was performed. After histological confirmation, radiotherapy was indicated, with complete remission achieved at a 6-month follow-up. The patient, however, continued to have a severe proprioceptive disorder. The literature review identified 21 other such patients. The mean age for this location was 23 years, with a strong female and Asian origin predilection. All tumors exhibited contrast enhancement, and only one presented with hydrocephalus.

LESSONS
In the absence of elevated tumor markers, radiological clues such as a well-delineated, contrast-enhanced lesion arising from the obex, without hydrocephalus, associated with demographic features such as young age, female sex, and Asian heritage, should evoke a high level of suspicion for this diagnosis. Gross total resection must not be attempted, because this tumor is potentially curable with high-dose radiotherapy.
Dramatic response to targeted therapy in an aggressive olfactory neuroblastoma: illustrative case
Authors: Gupta Saksham , Bi Wenya Linda , Annino Donald J. , Dunn Ian F. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Olfactory neuroblastomas are rare sinonasal tumors that arise from the olfactory epithelium. The authors presented a case of an olfactory neuroblastoma with extensive cranial invasion that demonstrated dramatic response to sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

OBSERVATIONS
A 54-year-old man with history of prostate cancer and melanoma presented with left-sided proptosis and was found to have a 6.5-cm Kadish stage D olfactory neuroblastoma with cranial invasion that was refractory to chemotherapy and everolimus. However, it demonstrated dramatic response to sorafenib, causing extensive skull base defects that prompted operative repair. Genomic analysis of the tumor revealed mutations in TSC1 and SUFU. The patient developed disease progression with liver metastases 35 months after starting sorafenib, prompting a change to lenvatinib. He experienced progression of his olfactory neuroblastoma 10 months following this change and died in hospice 1 month later.

LESSONS
The authors reviewed the clinical presentation and management of a large olfactory neuroblastoma with dramatic response to sorafenib. They highlighted prior uses of targeted therapy in the management of refractory olfactory neuroblastoma within the context of current standard treatment regimens. Targeted therapies may play a vital role in the management of refractory olfactory neuroblastoma.
Use of virtual magnetic resonance imaging to compensate for brain shift during image-guided surgery: illustrative case
Authors: Kim John T. , Di Long , Etame Arnold B. , Olson Sarah , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Tran Nam D. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Maximal safe resection is the paramount objective in the surgical management of malignant brain tumors. It is facilitated through use of image-guided neuronavigation. Intraoperative image guidance systems use preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the navigational map. The accuracy of neuronavigation is limited by intraoperative brain shift and can become less accurate over the course of the procedure. Intraoperative MRI can compensate for dynamic brain shift but requires significant space and capital investment, often unavailable at many centers.

OBSERVATIONS
The authors described a case in which an image fusion algorithm was used in conjunction with an intraoperative computed tomography (CT) system to compensate for brain shift during resection of a brainstem hemorrhagic melanoma metastasis. Following initial debulking of the hemorrhagic metastasis, intraoperative CT was performed to ascertain extent of resection. An elastic image fusion (EIF) algorithm was used to create virtual MRI relative to both the intraoperative CT scan and preoperative MRI, which facilitated complete resection of the tumor while preserving critical brainstem anatomy.

LESSONS
EIF algorithms can be used with multimodal images (preoperative MRI and intraoperative CT) and create an updated virtual MRI data set to compensate for brain shift in neurosurgery and aid in maximum safe resection of malignant brain tumors.
Spinal glomus AVM presenting solely with groin pain: illustrative case
Authors: Baba Natsumi , Horiuchi Ryo , Yagi Takashi , Kanemaru Kazuya , Yoshioka Hideyuki , Kinouchi Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Spinal glomus arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare and can cause neurological morbidity due to spinal hemorrhage, venous hypertension, or mass effect.

OBSERVATIONS
The authors presented a rare case of spinal glomus AVM presenting with groin pain due to nerve root compression by a feeder aneurysm. A 41-year-old woman was referred to the hospital with initial right groin pain that had worsened over 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging showed intra- and extramedullary abnormal flow voids at the T11–12 level, and spinal angiography revealed an intramedullary AVM, with extramedullary protrusion of an aneurysm on the feeder vessel, which arose from the sulcal artery of the anterior spinal artery. Because compression of the right L1 nerve root by the aneurysm was the likely cause of the patient’s pain, endovascular embolization was performed. The feeder aneurysm disappeared after partial n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate embolization, and the groin pain disappeared immediately after treatment. Her clinical status has been stable with no recurrence during 1 year of follow-up.

LESSONS
This is the first report of glomus-type AVM presenting with radiculopathy alone. One should not overlook the possibility of spinal AVM among patients with groin pain.
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration and palatal myoclonus from a Streptococcus intermedius infection of the brain: illustrative case
Authors: Tonnu Annie , Hunt Rachel , Zervos Thomas , Hamilton Travis , Tyrrell Christina , Robin Adam M. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a rare condition that can occur after disruption of the Guillain-Mollaret triangle. Clinically, HOD can present with palatal myoclonus with or without oculopalatal tremor, which sometimes results in symptomatic dysphagia and/or speech abnormalities. This condition is commonly associated with vascular lesions, with only three prior reported cases of HOD resulting from intracranial abscess.

OBSERVATIONS
An otherwise healthy patient developed multiple intracranial abscesses. Biopsy showed gram-positive cocci; however, culture findings were negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Streptococcus intermedius. The patient demonstrated palatal myoclonus and vertical nystagmus, which resulted in persistent mild dysphagia and altered speech intonation. After appropriate antimicrobial therapy with resolution of the enhancing lesions, symptoms persisted. Follow-up imaging demonstrated progressive hypertrophy of the right olive with persistent disruption of the right-sided rubro-olivo fiber pathways.

LESSONS
Although HOD classically occurs after vascular insult, it can also be seen as a postinfectious sequela. Despite eradication of the infection, palatal myoclonus and oculopalatal tremor may have a persistent impact on quality of life due to impaired speech and swallowing. This case emphasizes the utility of universal PCR in detecting fastidious organisms as well as diffusion tensor imaging for characterization of disrupted fiber pathways.
Laser ablative treatment of musicogenic epilepsy arising from dominant mesial temporal lobe: illustrative case
Authors: Park Christine , Sinha Saurabh R. , Southwell Derek G. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Musicogenic epilepsy (ME) is a rare reflex epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by musical stimuli. Prior descriptions of ME have suggested localization to the nondominant temporal lobe, primarily in neocortex. Although resection has been described as a treatment for ME, other surgical modalities, such as laser ablation, may effectively disrupt seizure networks in ME while incurring comparatively lower risks of morbidity. The authors described the use of laser ablation to treat ME arising from the dominant mesial temporal structures.

OBSERVATIONS
A 37-year-old woman with a 15-year history of drug-resistant ME was referred for surgical evaluation. Her seizures were triggered by specific musical content and involved behavioral arrest, repetitive swallowing motions, and word incomprehension. Diagnostic studies, including magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetoencephalography, Wada testing, and stereoelectroencephalography, indicated seizure onset in the left (dominant) mesial temporal lobe. Laser interstitial thermal therapy was used to ablate the left mesial seizure onset zone. The patient was discharged on postoperative day two. At 18-month follow-up, she was seizure-free with no posttreatment neurological deficits.

LESSONS
Laser ablation can be an effective treatment option for well-localized forms of ME, particularly when seizures originate from the dominant mesial temporal lobe.