bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximizing the visual translation of medical information: A narrative review of the role of infographics in clinical pharmacy practice, education, and research
Authors: Barlow Brooke , Webb Andrew , Barlow Ashley 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionInfographics, an abbreviated term for informational graphics, are visual representations of complex ideas or concepts. They have long played a role in the dissemination of ideas from various fields, such as business and arts. However, infographics have had an increasing role in the health care field and medical education, both for professionals and patients. To date, there is limited evidence on the use of infographics in the pharmacy profession. Conversely, the evidence is emerging for their use in other health care fields as an innovative strategy for education, dissemination of research, and public information.ObjectivesIn this narrative review, we aim to summarize the basic principles of infographic design, the role of infographics in education and research dissemination, and the role of amplifying audience reach through sharing infographics on social media.MethodsMedline and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles between 1969 and 2020 relating to infographics, healthcare, research and education then screened by all authors for their relevance to pharmacy practice.ResultsThis narrative review discussed the supportive literature for the role of infographics in patient education, higher‐level education, and research dissemination with a closing discussion on the intersection between social media, infographis and education.ConclusionThere is evolving evidence to support the use of infographics in patient education, research dissemination and higher‐level education. More research is needed to identify the role and impact of infographics in pharmacy education and clinical practice settings.
Transplant clinical pharmacy services improve cardiovascular risk factor management and control in Veteran organ transplant recipients
Authors: Elmaasarani Zana , Schumann Eric , Taber David J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionMany factors influence long‐term graft survival for solid organ transplant recipients, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated death being a major issue. CVD management and risk control are essential to optimize outcomes in transplant recipients. Studies have shown interventions to reduce CVD risk, such as with the use of evidence‐based CVD medications, thus enhancing the probability of graft survival. However, further analysis is needed to assess the impact of CVD risk factor control in prolonging graft survival and outcomes.MethodsThis 10‐year retrospective, longitudinal cohort study included solid organ transplant recipients receiving care within the Veteran Affairs (VA) system between January 1, 2009 and August 31, 2019. The primary objective was to assess the impact of transplant pharmacy services (intervention incorporated at Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center [RHJ VAMC] after May 31, 2014) on CVD risk factor control and prescribing of medications with compelling indications for CVD prevention in Veteran post‐organ transplant recipients, using propensity score matching (PSM).ResultsA total of 2710 total Veterans were included (248 patients at the RHJ VAMC and 2462 patients at all comparator VAMCs) after PSM. There were significant improvements in yearly low‐density lipoprotein and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) monitoring in the pre‐ vs post‐intervention cohorts as compared with national trends (15.1% vs 27.1%; P < .001). There was a significant increase in the percentage of patients on high‐intensity statins as compared with national trends in difference in difference estimates (5.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0% to 10.4%, P = .0167). There were promising signals, such as improvements in A1C <7% goal obtainment (9.6%; 95% CI: −4.5% to 23.6%, P = .1823) and increased angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers therapy use compared with national trends (4.8%; 95% CI: −2.5% to 10.7%, P = .2243), not reaching statistical significance.ConclusionTransplant pharmacy services incorporated in a Veteran population improves CVD risk factor control by improving pertinent laboratory monitoring and increasing the usage of compelling CVD medications.
A multipronged approach to teaching end‐of‐life care to student pharmacists
Authors: Howard Meredith L. , Atanda Adenike , Gaviola Marian L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionStudent pharmacists are typically taught topics regarding end‐of‐life care through required didactic courses or professional electives. Important topics such as death and dying and empathetic communication skills surrounding difficult end‐of‐life care discussions are often unaddressed. To best equip students with the skills needed for practice, it is important to expose them to multiple aspects of end‐of‐life care.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of a coordinated multipronged teaching approach including a workshop‐based activity on student pharmacists' initial perceptions, knowledge, and confidence related to end‐of‐life care.MethodsWithin our curriculum, topics surrounding end‐of‐life care have historically focused on pharmacotherapy with minimal time spent on conversation practice and empathy development. In spring 2019, we conducted an all‐day session incorporating various teaching approaches (ie, didactic lecture, ethical debate, Death over Dinner workshop) to prepare students to engage in these difficult discussions. A 21‐item survey, administered at three time points (pre‐, mid‐, post‐), assessed student pharmacists across three domains: Perceptions, Confidence, and Knowledge surrounding end‐of‐life.ResultsNinety‐six students participated in the session with 91% completing the pre‐survey, 69% completing the midpoint, and 59% completing the post‐survey. Forty‐nine (51%) completed matched survey responses across all time points. There was significant improvement in 13 (62%) of the survey items across three domains: 43% of items related to perception, 43% knowledge, and 100% confidence.ConclusionsA multipronged, workshop‐based approach to teaching end‐of‐life care to facilitate difficult discussions surrounding death improved perceptions, confidence, and perceived knowledge among student pharmacists. This approach provided numerous avenues for students to learn and develop empathetic communication skills surrounding end‐of‐life care and represents an innovative approach to prepare students for conversations surrounding death and dying within their professional and personal lives.
Association between admission medication reconciliation by pharmacists on the accuracy of hospital discharge medication lists
Authors: Francis Martina , Wai Angela , Patanwala Asad E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionMedication errors upon hospital discharge can lead to patient harm. Medication reconciliation during the admission process can potentially impact discharge medication lists. This study aimed to determine the extent to which a pharmacist medication reconciliation on hospital admission affects the accuracy of discharge medication lists.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted in a major metropolitan tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. Patients in the hospital discharge lounge were recruited to evaluate the accuracy of their medication list in the discharge letter. Patients were categorized into two groups: (a) those who received a pharmacist admission medication history (PHARM) and (b) those who did not (non‐PHARM). The primary outcomes were the proportion of patients with medication errors in their discharge letter.ResultsThere were 102 patients included in the study (51 in each group). Patients in the PHARM group were less likely to have one or more medication errors in the discharge letter compared to the no‐PHARM group (70.6% [n = 36/51] versus 92.2% [n = 47/51] [P = .010]). When restricted to prescription only errors (i.e. excluding over the counter [OTC] or herbal medications) the proportion with errors was 51.0% (n = 26/51) in the PHARM group versus 84.3% (n = 43/51) in the no‐PHARM group (P = .001). Patients in the PHARM group were less likely to have errors that were of moderate or greater risk (31.4% [n = 16/51] versus 68.6% [n = 35/51] [P < .001]). After adjusting for confounders in the Poisson regression analysis, patients in the PHARM group had a lower error rate compared to the non‐PHARM group (incidence rate ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.69, P < .001).ConclusionA pharmacist‐completed medication history and reconciliation on hospital admission improves the accuracy of discharge medication lists. This study highlights that medication errors during the admission process may be propagated to hospital discharge.
How‐to guide for overcoming barriers of research and scholarship training in Pharm.D. and pharmacy residency programs
Authors: Morbitzer Kathryn A. , McLaughlin Jacqueline E. , Devanathan Aaron S. , Ozawa Sachiko , Roth McClurg Mary , Carpenter Delesha M. , Lee Craig R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAccrediting bodies for Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) and postgraduate residency training programs recognize the importance of research and scholarship training. However, specific guidance on how research and scholarship fundamentals should be delivered to trainees has not been provided. As a result, competing priorities often create barriers for trainees to develop research and scholarship skills and limit the trainees' ability to conduct and participate in high‐quality, meaningful research experiences. The purpose of this “how‐to” guide is to assist pharmacy school faculty and pharmacy residency program directors with strategies to overcome programmatic, trainee, and project barriers to providing a high‐quality training experience in research and scholarship. Programmatic topics addressed include institutional support and program oversight, expertise and number of research mentors, incentives for mentor engagement, and competing priorities that diminish time for research activities. Trainee topics include lack of trainee interest in the assigned project, trainee departure prior to project completion, lack of knowledge of the publication process, and time constraints to work on the project. Project topics addressed include time needed to initiate a project, training on methodology relevant to a project, selection of projects that lack rigor, depth, or feasibility, and resource constraints to disseminate project results. A summary of specific recommended actions is provided to effectively overcome these common barriers encountered in research and scholarship training programs.
Evaluating an integrated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management program implemented in a primary care setting
Authors: Kimball Brianna K. , Tutalo Ronald A. , Minami Taro , Eaton Charles B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the impact of a COPD disease management program on patients' symptoms, exacerbations, and medication costs.MethodsThis was a single‐center, pre‐post intervention study. Patients with COPD were identified by ICD‐10‐CM diagnosis code with a hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit for COPD or by physician referral. Eligible patients were enrolled in a COPD disease management program and received pharmacist services at an initial, in‐person visit then monthly telephonic visits over 3 months. Services included a medication review, COPD assessment test (CAT), (scores from 0 [low] to 40 [very high]) and education. Outcomes were compared pre‐ and post‐intervention using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. The primary outcome was the mean change in CAT score. Secondary outcomes were the difference in mean number of exacerbations, mean number of hospital admissions and ED visits, and mean total monthly maintenance inhaler regimen costs per patient.ResultsA total of 20 patients (mean age 61.8 years, 75% FEV1/FVC <0.7, 70% GOLD Group D) completed an initial visit and at least one follow‐up visit. The mean CAT score significantly improved by 8.73 points (P < .01) The mean number of exacerbations standardized to a 1‐year time period significantly decreased by 1.35 (P = .01) and the mean number of hospital admissions and emergency department visits significantly decreased by 0.85 (P = .02). There was a significant cost savings of $248.29 for the mean monthly maintenance inhaler regimen costs per patient (P < .01).ConclusionAn integrated COPD program was associated with improved symptoms, reduced exacerbations, and decreased maintenance inhaler regimen costs.
Evolution of pharmacy practice and direct patient care roles for pharmacists in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md Jahidul , Bachar Sitesh C. , Rabbani Raihan , Cope Rebecca J. , Gim Suzanna 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe increasing emphasis on the pharmacists' role as the medication expert has created a global movement towards the implementation of clinical pharmacy practice, defined as any pharmacist in any setting who provides patient care. Although the pharmacy profession in Bangladesh has traditionally been oriented towards the pharmaceutical industry sector, direct patient care roles of pharmacists in both community and hospital practice settings are slowly beginning to emerge. The MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant reference articles for this study. This article presents a narrative review on the current state of pharmacy education and practice in Bangladesh, including a case study highlighting the successful implementation of the country's first clinical pharmacy team‐based care model at a private, tertiary‐care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Challenges and lessons learned initiating advanced hospital pharmacy practice and a decentralized team‐based care model in Bangladesh may provide insight for institutions in similar settings seeking to expand the role of pharmacists.
Help! Accommodating learners with disabilities during practice‐based activities
Authors: Vos Susan , Sandler Leonard A. , Chavez Raemi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA collection of laws, regulations, and court rulings have provided the structure and mandated reasonable modifications and accommodations for learners with disabilities. Preceptors are on the frontlines of experiential education where the convergence of factors create challenges in providing accommodations. However, a few guiding principles and established resources can help preceptors provide accommodations to learners with disabilities to allow learners the opportunity to achieve learning outcomes without lowering educational standards and outcomes. This stepwise approach includes establishing essential learning activities and outcomes, documentation and dialogue with the student, and providing reasonable accommodations and inclusive learning environments. This paper will review the legal landscape of accommodations for disabilities, discuss the scope of disabilities in health science education, and provide recommendations and examples of instructional strategies for accommodating learners in practice‐based, experiential education by modifying policies, procedures, and practices.
Opportunities for pharmacists to impact student health on college campuses
Authors: Mathew Jaisy , Kraft Shawna , Bostwick Jolene R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLiterature regarding college student health has documented inadequate education and treatment of certain conditions such as mental health, preventive care, and sexual and reproductive health services. While some health services are available for students on campus, evidence suggests many at‐risk students do not utilize these services. Pharmacists are well‐suited to provide these services to college students, although there is a paucity of published data on the impact and outcomes of pharmacist intervention(s). This paper establishes the need for health interventions in college students, describes evidence supporting the role of a pharmacist on college campuses, and explores opportunities for pharmacists to address these unmet needs. A PubMed search was conducted for studies on college student health and services involving pharmacists using search terms encompassing college students and health‐related keywords. Studies written in English were considered and references from searched studies were manually reviewed for inclusion. When available, studies regarding pharmacist‐specific interventions on college health issues were included. Pharmacists can play a critical role in the treatment and management of psychiatric illnesses on college campuses. Data supporting psychiatric pharmacist recommendations are available. Further, pharmacists have shown interest and patient acceptance when providing sexual and reproductive services, including pharmacist‐provided prescription contraceptive products and preventive health services. Pharmacists can also influence preventive care practices on college campuses through health education including opioid use disorder, preventing overdose, and providing immunizations. While data demonstrate the positive impact pharmacists have on college students related to mental health, preventive health, and sexual health and reproductive services, available evidence is somewhat limited. However, ample opportunities exist to expand this impact. To more clearly and consistently demonstrate their impact on the college student population, pharmacists providing these services should be strongly encouraged to publish their work.
Interspecies Single‐Cell RNA‐Seq Analysis Reveals the Novel Trajectory of Osteoclast Differentiation and Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Omata Yasunori , Okada Hiroyuki , Uebe Steffen , Izawa Naohiro , Ekici Arif B. , Sarter Kerstin , Saito Taku , Schett Georg , Tanaka Sakae , Zaiss Mario M. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBone turnover is finely tuned by cells in the bone milieu, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells with a bone‐resorbing function that play a critical role in regulating skeletal homeostasis. Osteoclast differentiation is characterized by dramatic changes in morphology and gene expression following receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa‐Β ligand (RANKL) stimulation. We performed single‐cell RNA‐sequencing analyses of human and murine osteoclast‐lineage cells (OLCs) and found that OLCs in the mitotic phase do not differentiate into mature osteoclasts. We also identified a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) family member, RAB38, as a highly expressed molecule in both human and murine osteoclast clusters; RAB38 gene expression is associated with dynamic changes in histone modification and transcriptional regulation. Silencing Rab38 expression by using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibited osteoclast differentiation and maturation. In summary, we established an integrated fate map of human and murine osteoclastogenesis; this will help identify therapeutic targets in bone diseases. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Suppressive effects of thymoquinone on the initiation stage of diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Ibrahim Samar , Fahim Sally A. , Tadros Samer A. , Badary Osama A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death globally. Chemoprevention is the most effective technique for reducing HCC incidence. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antineoplastic activities against various cancers. Therefore, TQ was tested as an inhibitor of the initial phase of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced HCC in rats. Twenty‐four male Wistar albino rats were randomly placed into four equal groups. Group 1 received saline and acted as the negative control; Group 2 received TQ; Group 3 received DEN; and Group 4 received TQ for 7 days and DEN on the 8th day. After 24 h of fasting, blood samples were taken from the slaughtered rats. Additionally, each rat's liver was dissected and separated into two halves for histological and biochemical investigation. DEN‐induced hepatotoxicity was detected by elevated hepatic enzymes and HCC biomarkers reduced antioxidant and proapoptotic statuses. DEN administration caused a significant increase in the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, caspase‐3, alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), AFPL3, glypican 3, and the expression of BAX. However, DEN significantly decreased glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and CYP2E1 and the expression of BCl‐2. Furthermore, it caused histological changes and showed a strong positive GSH S‐transferase P expression in the hepatic parenchyma. Pretreatment with TQ prevented the histopathological and most of the biochemical changes and improved the antioxidant status. TQ supplementation appears to suppress the development of DEN‐initiated liver cancer by reducing oxidative stress, activating the intrinsic mitotic apoptosis pathway, and retaining the antioxidant enzymes.
Board networks and audit quality
Authors: Kim Youngbin , Lim Jaeseong , Qin Juan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study investigates how board networks and audit quality of listed firms are associated. Social network theory predicts that organizations benefit from both individual and organizational network. However, a socially well‐connected board is highly likely to be busy and thus, tends to make a lower level of monitoring efforts. Accordingly, we expect that firms with well‐connected boards have greater demand for higher quality audit to enhance their level of monitoring activities and mitigate concerns about busyness of the well‐connected board. Empirical analyses show that U.S. listed firms’ board networks are positively associated with audit quality. This finding is consistent with the view that board network provides benefits to a firm and this study makes contribution to the literature in the areas of auditing and board governance.
Valorization of cocoa's mucilage waste to ethanol and subsequent direct catalytic conversion into ethylene
Authors: Ayala Humberto , Kaiser Doreen , Pavón Sandra , Molina Estefanía , Siguenza Joaquín , Bertau Martin , Lapo Byron 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe identification of new resources for producing biofuels and chemical‐based products is crucial for processes sustainability. This study presents a valorization route to produce ethanol and ethylene using cocoa's mucilage juice (MJ) residue from cocoa farms of variety ‘Arriba’ (AC). The processing parameters to maximize the ethanol production and subsequent selective conversion into ethylene were determined. Ethanol production has been carried out by investigating the effect of three parameters: the temperature of fermentation, the initial fermentation pH and the addition of (NH4)2SO4 as an N source in the presence of free Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366. Consecutively, the selectivity of ethanol–ethylene conversion using a zeolite‐based ZSM‐5 catalyst was evaluated at different temperatures and ethanol concentrations.RESULTSDuring ethanol production, the best sugar conversion was reached at 30 °C, adjusting the initial pH to 5 and without nitrogen source, resulting in 86.83% sugar conversion, the maximum ethanol concentration of 68.65 g L−1 and maximum ethanol production rate of 2.03 g L−1 h−1 after 168 h of fermentation. On the other hand, ethylene was produced using ZSM‐5‐based zeolite catalyst with >99.9% of efficiency in the temperature range 240–300 °C. In addition, selective ethylene formation was found at 240 °C and 30 g L−1 ethanol.CONCLUSIONThe approach hereby presented shows the valorization of MJ waste of AC variety to produce ethanol and ethylene with minimum processing input costs, demonstrating a successful route to convert a farm residue into a bio‐based product with enhanced marketability. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).