bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief Note on "Hellenistic Formal Receptions and Paul's Use of AΠANTHΣIΣ in 1 Thessalonians 4:17"
Authors: GUNDRY ROBERT H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This brief essay responds to an earlier essay by Michael R. Cosby (BBR 4 [1994] 15–34) which has created some confusion with respect to the meaning of ἀπάντησις in Thess 4:17. The parallels between Paul's description of the Parousia of Jesus in 1 Thess 4:15–17 and those of Hellenistic formal receptions are closer than Cosby allows. It is probable that Paul's use of ἀπάντησις does indeed reflect such Hellenistic customs and traditions.
The Integrity of the Biblical Canon in Light of Its Historical Development
Authors: MCDONALD LEE MARTIN 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe following essay argues that the final fixing of the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian biblical canon did not emerge until the middle to the late fourth century, even though the long process that led to the canonization of the Hebrew scriptures began in the sixth or fifth century BCE and of the New Testament scriptures in the second century CE. Pivotal in the arguments for an early dating of the Hebrew Scriptures is the lack of unequivocal evidence for the fixation of the Old Testament canon in the time before Christ but also the emergence of canonical lists of scriptures only in the fourth century CE. It is also argued that the Muratorian Fragment originated in the middle of late fourth century CE. The paper concludes with a discussion of viability of the traditional criteria of canonicity and whether these criteria should be reapplied to the biblical literature in light of more recent conclusions about authorship, date, theological emphasis, and widespread appeal in antiquity.
The Eschatology of the Epistle of Jude and Its Rhetorical and Social Functions
Authors: WEBB ROBERT L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Jude's eschatology is oriented around the twin poles of eschatological salvation and judgment with the latter being more prominent. Judgment in Jude includes not only past and future judgment but present judgment as well. Allusions to past judgment highlight the punishment aspect of the judicial process while references to future and present judgment highlight laying charges and producing a guilty verdict. The rhetorical function of Jude's eschatology is: (1) to convince his readers also to engage in judgment: to pronounce the intruders guilty of ungodliness, and (2) to reassure his readers that they themselves will not be judged but instead are being guarded by God. The social function of Jude's eschatology is to bring about a separation between the original community and the intruders. These two functions address both the external threat of the intruders themselves and the internal threat of their negative impact on the readers' ethics, theology, and unity.
The Metonymical Curse as Propaganda in the Book of Jeremiah
Authors: ANDERSON JEFF S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn eight prose texts in Jeremiah, the curse serves a polemical function that justifies the existence of one particular socioreligious community (the Babylonian exiles), while marginalizing others (the remnant in Judah, Judeans who fled to Egypt, and foreign nations). This curse is not used as an invocation of misfortune but has a metonymical sense which describes the embodiment of that misfortune. Although specific curse terminology and order vary, the phrase "you will be a reproach, a byword, a taunt, and a curse" is directed against these three rivals to the Babylonian community and foreshadows the heterogenous constitution of the Judean communities in the Exilic, Postexilic, and Second Temple Periods.
The Motif of Deafness and Blindness in Isaiah 6:9–10: A Contextual, Literary, and Theological Analysis
Authors: ROBINSON GEOFFREY D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Isa 6:9–10 is examined in its local (Isaiah 6) and broader (Isaiah 1–12) contexts, as well as in relation to the rest of the book and (briefly) extra-Isaianic passages of Scripture. Following a literary analysis in form, redactional, and rhetorical-critical terms, theological argumentation is developed consistent with the thesis of the paper. It is argued that the motif of deafness and blindness is a metaphor for a spiritual condition that (1) is brought on by the people themselves, (2) comprises a judgment from God, and (3) will ultimately be rectified by God himself "in that day" of salvation.
Cross-Gender Imagery in the Bible
Authors: WOLTERS AL 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An examination of the phenomenon of cross-gender imagery in the Bible reveals that gendered imagery does not affect gender designation. Thus a masculine person is grammatically always identified (or "designated") as masculine, even when feminine imagery is used to describe him. This rule is true of both OT and NT and of both human and divine persons. Feminine imagery for God may reflect the rhetoric of kingship in the ancient Near East, in which kings are compared to mothers.
Did the Glory of Moses' Face Fade? A Reexamination of καρταργέω in 2 Corinthians 3:7–18
Authors: BAKER WILLIAM R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The translation of καταργέω as "fade" in 2 Cor 3:7–18 has little justification outside biblical literature or within it. Most scholars have abandoned this translation as inaccurrate. Yet, it persists in modern Bible versions. Examination of the lexical evidence finds no support for this translation nor does reexamination of the Exod 34:19–24 context that the word is intended to describe. Moses' face does not diminish in its glory; it is merely blocked or "rendered ineffective" by the mask. Finally, examination of 2 Cor 3:7–18 reveals that a translation of "hinder" or "block" best accounts for Paul's understanding of the Exodus situation within his own purposes. Further, it is suggested that the use of τέλος by Paul in 2 Cor 3:13 may be connected to his use of τέλειος in 1 Cor 13:8–12.
Joseph and the Birth of Isaac in Matthew 1
Authors: ERICKSON RICHARD J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Matthean genealogy of Jesus (1:1–17) unambiguously presents Jesus—with equal emphasis—as Son of Abraham and Son of David, and of course as Messiah. The messianic Son-of-David theme is carried out explicitly in the accompanying pericope devoted to both the annunciation to Joseph and the birth of Jesus (1:18–25), but the Son-of-Abraham motif puzzlingly vanishes from view there. The cumulative weight, however, of an array of intertextual allusions to the OT story of Abraham, culminating in a direct quotation of Gen 17:19, constitutes in 1:18–25 an implicit appeal to the theme of the birth of Isaac and to the way in which the blessing of Abraham is to come to the nations of the world. Matthew of course immediately capitalizes on this theme in chap. 2 with the visit of the Magi, as well as in numerous other ways throughout the Gospel. But the implied reader sees it already expressed in chap. 1, emphasized there all the more, precisely because it is conveyed implicitly.
Jesus and the Use of Greek: A Response to Maurice Casey
Authors: PORTER STANLEY E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
My recent proposal that Greek may well have been one of the languages of Jesus has struck at least one scholar as being a position difficult to defend. In responding to arguments against my position, I restate the gist of my argument, as well as cite relevant evidence, that Jesus not only spoke Aramaic, but also spoke and perhaps even taught in Greek. This position finds support in both recent discussion of the linguistic milieu of Palestine and the conclusions of other researchers on this topic.
Mark's "Provocative Use" of Scripture in Narration: "He Was with the Wild Animals and Angels Ministered to Him"
Authors: CANEDAY A. B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The style of Mark's Gospel is to use the Hebrew Bible in a cryptic, enigmatic, and allusive manner that provokes the reader's imagination to uncover intertextual connections with those scriptures. It is a style that effectively draws the reader into Mark's narrative, but it also brings one to recognize that Mark has skillfully woven into his narrative many allusive words and phrases that subtly link the Jesus of his story with the Coming One of the Hebrew Bible. In particular, Mark's description of Jesus in the wilderness ("he was with the wild animals and angels ministered to him," 1:13) provokes the reader's imagination to discover that there is a strong verbal collocation of "the way," "the wilderness," and "the wild beasts" which focuses upon Isa 35:8–10 (in contrast to the study by R. Bauckham, who focuses upon Isa 11:6–9). Yet, the Isaiah text functions as a prism through which Ps 91:9–13 refracts. This psalm seems to be the principal text that informs Mark's narrative concerning Jesus' being with the wild animals while angels tended to him. It is significant that both of the other Synoptic Gospels explicitly bring Psalm 91 to the foreground in their temptation narratives (see Matt 4:6ff.; Luke 4:9ff.).
Did Qumran Expect Two Messiahs?
Authors: HURST L. D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It has long been held that the Qumran community expected not one but two Messiahs. This assumption has often been accompanied by the act of translating the Hebrew term māšîaḥ in Qumran literature as "Messiah" (with or without the capital "m") rather than as "anointed." The Qumran texts themselves do not necessarily support this viewpoint. A careful examination of the most important literature reveals that the multiple messiahship of Qumran is a creation of modern scholars, not a fact required by the texts themselves.
What Was John the Baptist Doing?
Authors: BROWN COLIN 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The activity of John the Baptist continues to be a focus of lively, revisionary discussion. Some scholars have questioned the Synoptic accounts of the Jordan as a locale for mass purificatory rites on grounds of practicality, and have sought to identify places named in the Fourth Gospel with sites in Samaria and springs east of the Jordan as more suitable locations. Others have wondered whether the accounts of John's activity have any precedents at all in Jewish purificatory rites. This paper acknowledges difficulties in making the accounts of John's baptism in the Jordan fit the profile of traditional purificatory rites. At the same time it draws attention to problems in trying to assimilate John's baptism to such rites. A counter-proposal is offered which suggests that the key to understanding John's baptism lies in seeing the Jordan as the boundary and point of entry into the land promised by Yahweh to Israel. John was calling for a morally purified Israel that was fit to dwell in the holy land. In emulation of the original entry depicted in the Book of Joshua, John's baptism called on Israelites to exit the land, and return across the Jordan under the leadership of John in order to repossess the land as a consecrated people. The crossing of the Jordan holds the key to what John was doing.
Prolegomena to Paul's Use of Scripture in Romans
Authors: LONGENECKER RICHARD N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPaul's use of Scripture in his epistle to the Roman Christians raises many questions: Why does he appeal to Scripture so frequently in this letter? How is the distribution of quotations to be understood? Why did Paul appeal to Scripture at all, since most of his readers were Gentiles? How are we to understand Paul's diverse exegetical methods? There are other questions that suggest themselves. This paper attempts to answer all of these questions by carefully considering the recipients' background and experience, the nature of Paul's argument in Romans and in his other extant writings, and Paul's understanding of the gospel, especially as it impinges on Israel.
Moving from Scripture to Doctrine
Authors: MARTENS ELMER A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The topic invites inquiry. How do we of the church, once the Bible has been exegeted, proceed to formulate doctrine? To answer that question I propose first to do a brief historical sweep, from which I will draw several pertinent observations. A theoretical discussion will follow that explores the thesis of the paper, namely, that we move from Scripture to doctrine via biblical theology. Lest we get lost in the cyberspace of the theoretical, I include two case studies, one dealing with atonement and a second with divorce. Finally, the preacher within me says we must end with a challenge, specifically some exhortations.
Children of Sarah: Interpreting 1 Peter 3:6b
Authors: FORBES GREG 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Any translation of 1 Pet 3:6b that treats the expression ἀγαθοποιοῦσαι καὶ μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν in a conditional sense, either directly or indirectly, cannot be sustained. The use of participles as imperatives elsewhere in the Household Code and the theology of 1 Peter more generally indicate that "doing good and not being terrified" are behavioral characteristics that the author wants to see in the readers as a result of their elect status.
Prophets, Parables, and Theologians
Authors: SNODGRASS KLYNE 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article addresses three questions concerning parables: Why did Jesus teach in parables? What classification of parables should be used? And how should theology be done from the parables? Parables were used effectively by the OT prophets, and Jesus used parables because he came as a prophet with a prophet's agenda. Søren Kierkegaard's discussion of indirect communication provides a basis for a more effective classification system than Adolf Jülicher's fourfold system. The prophetic use of parables and the classification system provide a basis for thinking about how theology is done from the parables.
The Metaphoric Use of Slave Terms in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: BRIDGE EDWARD J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An analysis of metaphoric uses of slavery terms in the Hebrew Bible reveals a culture of hierarchical relationships based on power and status. Associations from slavery that are evoked in these uses are possession (with the derived association, control), inferior status, work, debt/poverty, oppression, and propensity to run away. Of six major categories of metaphoric use (subjects and officials to the king, vassalship, personal servants, people in relation to God, deference), inferior status is the association that is evoked in all contexts.
Scripture as a Spiritual Phenomenon: The Evidence of the 11Q "Psalms Scroll" Colophon
Authors: YARCHIN WILLIAM 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
According to the colophon to the 1st-century Cave 11 Psalms Scroll, the psalmist David was a composing scribe endowed by the divine spirit. In the light of a pattern of legitimation by the divine spirit for social power well attested in the HB, we can discern how the colophon attributes divine efficacy for social power—hitherto exercised only through persons—to David's psalms as they resound in Israel's calendric communal cultic observances. The 11Q Psalms Scroll colophon provides early evidence for an enduring understanding of Scripture as a socially potent spiritual phenomenon that shapes the life of a religious community.
Matthew and Psalms of Solomon's Messianism: A Comparative Study in First-Century Messianology
Authors: WILLITTS JOEL 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The idea that Matthew's messianism is significantly different from the one found in Pss. Sol. 17 is commonplace. Most often, one will find it stated in almost an axiomatic fashion with a waving of the hand toward the militaristic perspective of Psalms of Solomon as sufficient evidence to make the point. While there can be no doubt that Matthew's messianism evinces differences from that of Psalms of Solomon's, such an overly simplistic assessment appreciates neither the number and depth of similarities of perspective between the two messianologies nor their implications. This article will show that Matthew's messianism stands in close affinity with much in the other expressly Davidic conception of messianism in first-century Judaism, namely, Psalms of Solomon, although representing a new, creative moment in the reception history of biblical expectations related to the Messiah.
Toward a Theory of the Poetry of the Hebrew Bible: The Poetry of the Psalms as a Test Case
Authors: Weber Beat 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article is intended to be an exegetically useful foundation for a theory of Biblical Hebrew (lyrical) poetry, with the center of gravity in the psalms. I take up the research on poetry of pioneer linguists and literary theorists Bühler-Jakobson and Lotman and its application to Biblical Hebrew poetry by, among others, Alter, Berlin, and Nel. I describe "repetition" (or recurrence) as the basic phenomenon. It subsumes not only parallelismus membrorum but also other forms of poetic and structural equivalence. This characteristic feature of biblical poetry establishes a multidimensional network of intra- and extratextual connections that produces a compaction and polysemy not found in the same density and complexity in other literary genres. Important insights are exemplified by three psalms that I have selected for their appropriateness (Pss 3, 13, and 130). The purpose is to elucidate the theory and make it useful for the exegesis of lyrical biblical texts.
The Bible as Specimen, Talisman, and Dragoman in Africa: A Look at Some African Uses of the Psalms and 1 Corinthians 12–14
Authors: LeMarquand Grant 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The growth of Christian churches in Africa has given rise to diverse interpretations and uses of the Bible. This article examines three uses of the Bible in Africa: as a source of historical information ("specimen"), as a religious or magical object ("talisman"), and as a source of guidance for life ("dragoman"). It employs interpretations of the book of Psalms and of 1 Cor 12–14 to exemplify this brief taxonomy. While challenging the apparent hegemony of Western methodologies in the guild, it also raises points of concern about some African uses of Scripture.
The Missio Dei as an Integrative Motif in the Book of Jeremiah
Authors: HWANG JERRY 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The theme of missio Dei in the book of Jeremiah has been overlooked in mission studies and OT scholarship even though Jeremiah is uniquely commissioned as a "prophet to the nations" (Jer 1:5). The missio Dei imparts literary and theological coherence to a sprawling book as a unifying link among the significant themes of Jeremiah's prophecy: personal suffering in the prophetic task, a catalytic divine word that judges and saves God's people, theodicy in the face of impending exile, and the final restoration of both Israel and the nations.
The Semantics of יצא in Exodus 21:22: Reassessing the Variables That Determine Meaning
Authors: MAKUJINA JOHN 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Most expositors have understood ויצאו ילדיה, "and her children come out," in Exod 21:22, as a reference to miscarriage, while a much smaller percentage argue for a viable premature birth. This essay examines the semantics of יצא afresh and offers a set of parameters and conditions necessary for each perspective on the meaning of יצא to succeed. Although taking exception with arguments from both sides, I, nevertheless, favor the premature birth position. This is because the Pentateuch betrays a proclivity for using יצא in vivid nativity scenes, where accompanying modifiers apply to the child and contribute to a detailed description of its delivery. If Exod 21:22 is included within this set, then "there is no harm" would serve as the modifier that specifies the condition of the child at birth. Moreover, the common judgment that the ancient Israelite would not expect an infant to survive under such conditions is undermined by high-risk but successful births in the Pentateuch and the OT. Secondary philological matters are then discussed, after which I conclude that the premature birth position has greater potential for realization than previously estimated and merits more serious consideration by OT scholarship.
Persecution and the Purpose of Revelation with Reference to Roman Jurisprudence
Authors: BANDY ALAN S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The idea that persecution against Christians in Asia Minor is background for the book of Revelation is commonly questioned in current scholarship. There is simply not any compelling evidence to support an official imperial persecution at the time of composition. As a result, one popular view is to interpret the references to persecution in rhetorical terms to create a sense of perceived persecution. This view maintains that there was no real persecution or that John may have exaggerated the feelings of persecution to emphasize his message. However, it is possible that Christians in Asia Minor experienced some form of a threat of persecution. The particular avenue for persecution came in the form of jurisprudence. This scenario is one in which tensions with opponents could have escalated to the point where the Christians may have been denounced before provincial magistrates. If placed on trial, Christians likely would have received an unfavorable outcome because as a group they lacked legal protection and had a tendency for the exclusive worship of Christ. The threat of standing trial for some aspect related to Christian faith and practice, set against the backdrop of the imperial cult, created type of crisis for believers in certain communities. John presented his vision of God's ultimate justice and vindication as a means to promote fidelity to Christ even if it entails suffering temporary injustice.
Influence of Incorporating Zirconium- and Barium-based Radiopaque Filler Into Experimental and Commercial Infiltrants
Authors: Pedreira PR , Damasceno JE , Mathias C , Sinhoreti MAC , Aguiar FHB , Marchi GM 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY

Objectives:
To evaluate how adding different concentrations of particles (barium or zirconium oxide 25%/45% by weight) to a commercial infiltrant (Icon) and an experimental infiltrant influences cohesive strength (CS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), solubility (SL), radiopacity, and penetration depth.

Methods and Materials:
Microtensile CS (n=10) was evaluated using a universal testing machine. DC (n=5) was evaluated in a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Polymerized samples were dissected, weighed, and stored to obtain the final mass for WS and SL tests (n=10). Radiopacity analysis (n=5) was performed using a digital radiography system. Penetration depth analysis (n=5) was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Analyses were performed using the R program, with a significance level of 5%, except for the penetration depth analyses, which were evaluated only qualitatively.

Results:
The groups with 45% zirconium showed greater CS values, regardless of the infiltrant. Among the groups with no particle addition, those of the experimental infiltrant presented higher DC than those of Icon. The experimental infiltrant presented lower WS than Icon. All groups had SL below the ISO recommended levels. Radiopacity higher than 2.24 mmAl (enamel radiopacity) was observed only in the groups with 45% zirconium. All the groups achieved similar penetration depth, but the groups containing experimental infiltrant appear to have had longer tag extensions.

Conclusions:
Addition of 45% of zirconium presented good results for CS and WS, as well as SL below the ISO recommended standard, adequate radiopacity, and penetration depth similar to the other groups.