bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second‐Harmonic Generation of EMIC Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere: Theoretical Analyses and Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Xue Zuxiang , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Deng Dan , Huang Zheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObservations of non‐linear second harmonic (SH) in various waves have recently been reported by several studies. However, the quantitative relation of the amplitudes between the fundamental wave (FW) and the SH has not been derived and verified yet. In this letter, the relation equations for the FW and the SH are simplified under the cold plasma assumption, which is reasonable in the inner magnetosphere. The quantitative relation of the amplitudes between the FW and the SH of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave is theoretically derived and verified through 1‐D hybrid simulations. The quantitative influences of the FW frequency and wave normal angle on the SH excitation mechanism are obtained.
Simultaneous Evolutions of Inner Magnetospheric Plasmaspheric Hiss and EMIC Waves Under the Influence of a Heliospheric Plasma Sheet
Authors: Liu Nigang , Jin Yuyue , He Zhaoguo , Yu Jiang , Li Kun , Cui Jun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are two of the most important magnetospheric plasma waves inside the Earth's high‐density plasmasphere. In this work, utilizing observations from the WIND and Van Allen Probes missions, we investigate the simultaneous evolutions of inner magnetospheric plasmaspheric hiss and EMIC waves under the influence of a heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS). The long duration impingement of high‐density solar wind HPS onto the magnetosphere produced hot anisotropy electrons and protons, and then caused excitations of plasmaspheric hiss and EMIC waves in the duskside plasmasphere (L ∼ 6.75, MLT ∼ 16.85). In contrast, the solar wind decompression associated with the subsequent cessation of the HPS led to decreases in hot electron and proton fluxes, triggering prompt disappearances of the compression‐related plasmaspheric hiss and EMIC waves. The presented results highlight the importance of solar wind conditions for the Earth's space weather and provide new insights into the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling.
Diverse Physical Processes Drive Upper‐Tail Flood Quantiles in the US Mountain West
Authors: Yu Guo , Wright Daniel B. , Davenport Frances V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFloods in the mountainous western U.S. typically arise from rainfall, snowmelt, or rain‐on‐snow (ROS). This implies that streamflow records comprise “mixtures” of flood regimes with differing physical characteristics. This runs counter to the assumption, made in flood hazard practice, that flood observations are independent and identically distributed. In this study, we examine 308 watersheds and 281 (91%) of which exhibited substantial roles of at least two flood regimes, with rainfall and ROS accounting for the very largest floods. We demonstrate that flood mixtures can have dramatic impacts on upper‐tail flood quantiles—rarer than the 0.01 annual exceedance probability. While the geographic distribution of mixed flood regimes is explained by climate and elevation, such regimes are subject to future change due to climate warming. The complexities brought about by diverse flood mixtures require process‐based approaches for understanding and modeling future flood frequency distributions.
Understanding the Microphysical Control and Spatial‐Temporal Variability of Warm Rain Probability Using CloudSat and MODIS Observations
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Lebsock Matthew D. , Mechem David B. , Covert Justin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBy combining measurements from MODIS and the CloudSat radar, we develop a parameterization scheme to quantify the combined microphysical controls by liquid water path (LWP) and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) of the probability of precipitation (PoP) in marine low cloud over tropical oceans. We demonstrate that the spatial‐temporal variation of grid‐mean in‐cloud <PoP> can be largely explained by the variation of the joint probability density function of LWP and CDNC in the phase space specified by the bivariate PoP (LWP and CDNC) function. Through a series of sensitivity tests guided by this understanding, we find that in the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic the stratocumulus to cumulus transition of the <PoP> is mainly due to the variation of CDNC while the annual cycle is mainly due to the variation of LWP. The results of this study provide a viable way to diagnose the root cause of warm rain problems in global climate models.
Latrophilin-2 is a novel receptor of LRG1 that rescues vascular and neurological abnormalities and restores diabetic erectile function
Authors: Yin Guo Nan , Kim Do-Kyun , Kang Ji In , Im Yebin , Lee Dong Sun , Han Ah-reum , Ock Jiyeon , Choi Min-Ji , Kwon Mi-Hye , Limanjaya Anita , Jung Saet-Byel , Yang Jimin , Min Kwang Wook , Yun Jeongwon , Koh Yongjun , Park Jong-Eun , Hwang Daehee , Suh Jun-Kyu , Ryu Ji-Kan , Kim Ho Min 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia, which causes endothelial dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy, ultimately leading to multiple complications. One prevalent complication is diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED), which is more severe and more resistant to treatment than nondiabetic ED. The serum glycoprotein leucine-rich ɑ-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is a modulator of TGF-β-mediated angiogenesis and has been proposed as a biomarker for a variety of diseases, including DM. Here, we found that the adhesion GPCR latrophilin-2 (LPHN2) is a TGF-β-independent receptor of LRG1. By interacting with LPHN2, LRG1 promotes both angiogenic and neurotrophic processes in mouse tissue explants under hyperglycemic conditions. Preclinical studies in a diabetic ED mouse model showed that LRG1 administration into the penile tissue, which exhibits significantly increased LPHN2 expression, fully restores erectile function by rescuing vascular and neurological abnormalities. Further investigations revealed that PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 constitute the key intracellular signaling pathway of the LRG1/LPHN2 axis, providing important mechanistic insights into LRG1-mediated angiogenesis and nerve regeneration in DM. Our findings suggest that LRG1 can be a potential new therapeutic option for treating aberrant peripheral blood vessels and neuropathy associated with diabetic complications, such as diabetic ED.
Acquisition of threat responses are associated with elevated plasma concentration of endocannabinoids in male humans
Authors: Weisser Smilla , Mueller Madeleine , Rauh Jonas , Esser Roland , Fuss Johannes , Lutz Beat , Haaker Jan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEndocannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in buffering threat and stress responses. Elevation of circulating eCBs in humans was reported to strengthen inhibition (i.e., extinction) of threat responses and to reduce effects of stressors. However, it remains unclear whether the acquisition of threat responses involves a physiological change in circulating eCBs. Here, we demonstrate in male human volunteers that the plasma concentration of the eCB N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and its metabolite arachidonic acid (AA) are increased during acquisition of threat responses. Furthermore, elevated responses to a learned threat cue (e.g., rating of fear) were associated with individual increases in plasma concentration of the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). In complementing these observations, we found individual increases in AEA associated with elevated neural responses during threat learning in the amygdala. Our results thereby suggest that physiological increases in circulating eCB levels are part of a response mechanism to learned threats.
Genomic architecture of fetal central nervous system anomalies using whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Yang Ying , Zhao Sheng , Sun Guoqiang , Chen Fang , Zhang Tongda , Song Jieping , Yang Wenzhong , Wang Lin , Zhan Nianji , Yang Xiaohong , Zhu Xia , Rao Bin , Yin Zhenzhen , Zhou Jing , Yan Haisheng , Huang Yushan , Ye Jingyu , Huang Hui , Cheng Chen , Zhu Shida , Guo Jian , Xu Xun , Chen Xinlin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractStructural anomalies of the central nervous system (CNS) are one of the most common fetal anomalies found during prenatal imaging. However, the genomic architecture of prenatal imaging phenotypes has not yet been systematically studied in a large cohort. Patients diagnosed with fetal CNS anomalies were identified from medical records and images. Fetal samples were subjected to low-pass and deep whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for aneuploid, copy number variation (CNV), single-nucleotide variant (SNV, including insertions/deletions (indels)), and small CNV identification. The clinical significance of variants was interpreted based on a candidate gene list constructed from ultrasound phenotypes. In total, 162 fetuses with 11 common CNS anomalies were enrolled in this study. Primary diagnosis was achieved in 62 cases, with an overall diagnostic rate of 38.3%. Causative variants included 18 aneuploids, 17 CNVs, three small CNVs, and 24 SNVs. Among the 24 SNVs, 15 were novel mutations not reported previously. Furthermore, 29 key genes of diagnostic variants and critical genes of pathogenic CNVs were identified, including five recurrent genes: i.e., TUBA1A, KAT6B, CC2D2A, PDHA1, and NF1. Diagnostic variants were present in 34 (70.8%) out of 48 fetuses with both CNS and non-CNS malformations, and in 28 (24.6%) out of 114 fetuses with CNS anomalies only. Hypoplasia of the cerebellum (including the cerebellar vermis) and holoprosencephaly had the highest primary diagnosis yields (>70%), while only four (11.8%) out of 34 neural tube defects achieved genetic diagnosis. Compared with the control group, rare singleton loss-of-function variants (SLoFVs) were significantly accumulated in the patient cohort.
Analysis of adherent cell culture lysates with low metabolite concentrations using the Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p400 HR kit
Authors: Fritsche-Guenther Raphaela , Gloaguen Yoann , Eisenberger Alina , Kirwan Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe AbsoluteIDQ p400 HR kit is a commercial product for targeted metabolomics. While the kit has been validated for human plasma and serum, adherent cell lysates have not yet been evaluated. We have optimized the detection of polar and lipid metabolites in cell lysates using the kit to enable robust and repeatable analysis of the detected metabolites. Parameters optimized include total cell mass, loading volume and extraction solvent. We present a cell preparation and analytical method and report on the performance of the kit with regard to detectability of the targeted metabolites and their repeatability. The kit can be successfully used for a relative quantification analysis of cell lysates from adherent cells although validated only for human plasma and serum. Most metabolites are below the limit of the Biocrates’ set quantification limits and we confirmed that this relative quantification can be used for further statistical analysis. Using this approach, up to 45% of the total metabolites in the kit can be detected with a reasonable analytical performance (lowest median RSD 9% and 13% for LC and FIA, respectively) dependent on the method used. We recommend using ethanol as the extraction solvent for cell lysates of osteosarcoma cell lines for the broadest metabolite coverage and 25 mg of cell mass with a loading volume of 20 µL per sample.
Simple low-cost 3D metal printing via plastic skeleton burning
Authors: Burtsev Vladimir D. , Vosheva Tatyana S. , Khudykin Anton A. , Ginzburg Pavel , Filonov Dmitry S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdditive manufacturing of complex volumetric structures opened new frontiers in many technological fields, turning previously inconceivable designs into a practical reality. Electromagnetic components, including antenna and waveguiding elements, can benefit from exploring the third dimension. While fused deposition modeling (FDM) polymer printers become widely accessible, they manufacture structures with moderately low electromagnetic permittivities, compared to metals. However, metal 3D printers, being capable of producing complex volumetric constructions, remain extremely expensive and hard to maintain apparatus, suitable for high-end market applications. Here we develop a new metal printing technique, based on a low-cost and simple FDM device and subsequent electrochemical deposition. For testing the new method, we fabricated several antenna devices and compared their performances to standard printed FeCl3 etched board-based counterparts, demonstrating clear advantages of the new technique. Our new metal printing can be applied to manufacture electromagnetic devices as well as metallic structures for other applications.
Cohort dominance rank and “robbing and bartering” among subadult male long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu, Bali
Authors: Peterson Jeffrey V. , Fuentes Agustín , Wandia I Nengah 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRobbing and bartering is a habitual behavior among free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at a single site in Bali, Indonesia. The behavior consists of three main elements: (1) a macaque takes an item from a human; (2) the macaque maintains possession of the item; then (3) the macaque releases or hands off the item after accepting a food offer from a human. In this paper, we analyze data on individual variation in robbing and bartering among subadult males in relation to dominance rank. Using focal animal sampling we collected 197 observation hours of data on 13 subadult males from two groups (6 from Celagi; 7 from Riting) at the Uluwatu temple site from May 2017 to March 2018, recording 44 exchanges of items for food from 92 total robberies following 176 total attempts. We also measured dominance rank using interaction data from our focal animals. Dominance rank was strongly positively correlated with robbery efficiency in Riting, but not Celagi, meaning that more dominant Riting subadult males exhibited fewer overall robbery attempts per successful robbery. We suggest the observed variation in robbing and bartering practices indicates there are crucial, yet still unexplored, social factors at play for individual robbing and bartering decisions.
A nonconvex $$\hbox{TV}_q-l_1$$ regularization model and the ADMM based algorithm
Authors: Fang Zhuang , Liming Tang , Liang Wu , Hanxin Liu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe total variation (TV) regularization with $$l_1$$

l
1

fidelity is a popular method to restore the image contaminated by salt and pepper noise, but it often suffers from limited performance in edge-preserving. To solve this problem, we propose a nonconvex $$\hbox{TV}_q-l_1$$

TV
q

-

l
1

regularization model in this paper, which utilizes a nonconvex $$l_q$$

l
q

-norm $$(0<q<1)$$

(
0
<
q
<
1
)

defined in total variation (TV) domain (called $$\hbox{TV}_q$$

TV
q

regularizer) to regularize the restoration, and uses $$l_1$$

l
1

fidelity to measure the noise. Compared to the traditional TV model, the proposed model can more effectively preserve edges and contours since it provides a more sparse representation of the restoration in TV domain. An alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) combining with majorization-minimization (MM) scheme and proximity operator is introduced to numerically solve the proposed model. In particular, a sufficient condition for the convergence of the proposed algorithm is provided. Numerical results validate the proposed model and algorithm, which can effectively remove salt and pepper noise while preserving image edges and contours. In addition, compared with several state-of-the-art variational regularization models, the proposed model shows the best performance in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and mean structural similarity index (MSSIM). We can obtain about 0.5 dB PSNR and 0.06 MSSIM improvements against all compared models.
Non-volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath particles correspond to active tuberculosis
Authors: Chen Dapeng , Bryden Noella A. , Bryden Wayne A. , McLoughlin Michael , Smith Dexter , Devin Alese P. , Caton Emily R. , Haddaway Caroline R. , Tameris Michele , Scriba Thomas J. , Hatherill Mark , Gessner Sophia , Warner Digby F. , Wood Robin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHuman breath contains trace amounts of non-volatile organic compounds (NOCs) which might provide non-invasive methods for evaluating individual health. In previous work, we demonstrated that lipids detected in exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) could be used as markers of active tuberculosis (TB). Here, we advanced our analytical platform for characterizing small metabolites and lipids in EBA samples collected from participants enrolled in clinical trials designed to identify molecular signatures of active TB. EBA samples from 26 participants with active TB and 73 healthy participants were processed using a dual-phase extraction method, and metabolites and lipids were identified via mass spectrometry database matching. In total, 13 metabolite and 9 lipid markers were identified with statistically different optimized relative standard deviation values between individuals diagnosed with active TB and the healthy controls. Importantly, EBA lipid profiles can be used to separate the two sample types, indicating the diagnostic potential of the identified molecules. A feature ranking algorithm reduced this number to 10 molecules, with the membrane glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 24:4, emerging as the top driver of segregation between the two groups. These results support the use of this approach to identify consistent NOC signatures from EBA samples in active TB cases. This suggests the potential to apply this method to other human diseases which alter respiratory NOC release.
Bacillus velezensis strain B26 modulates the inflorescence and root architecture of Brachypodium distachyon via hormone homeostasis
Authors: Sharma Meha , Charron Jean-Benoit , Rani Mamta , Jabaji Suha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPlant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) influence plant health. However, the genotypic variations in host organisms affect their response to PGPR. To understand the genotypic effect, we screened four diverse B. distachyon genotypes at varying growth stages for their ability to be colonized by B. velezensis strain B26. We reasoned that B26 may have an impact on the phenological growth stages of B. distachyon genotypes. Phenotypic data suggested the role of B26 in increasing the number of awns and root weight in wild type genotypes and overexpressing transgenic lines. Thus, we characterized the expression patterns of flowering pathway genes in inoculated plants and found that strain B26 modulates the transcript abundance of flowering genes. An increased root volume of inoculated plants was estimated by CT-scanning which suggests the role of B26 in altering the root architecture. B26 also modulated plant hormone homeostasis. A differential response was observed in the transcript abundance of auxin and gibberellins biosynthesis genes in inoculated roots. Our results reveal that B. distachyon plant genotype is an essential determinant of whether a PGPR provides benefit or harm to the host and shed new insight into the involvement of B. velezensis in the expression of flowering genes.
Disentangling the lifestyle of bacterial communities in tropical soda lakes
Authors: Cotta Simone R. , Pellegrinetti Thierry A. , Andreote Ana Paula D. , Costa Juliana S. , Sarmento Hugo , Fiore Marli F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicrobial lifestyles may reveal niche-specific signatures and can contribute to detecting the effects of abiotic fluctuations on biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms make a tradeoff between optimizing nutrient uptake, improving biomass yield, and overcoming environmental changes according to environmental hostility. Soda lakes are natural environments rich in carbonate and bicarbonate water, resulting in elevated pH and salinities that frequently approach saturation. We hypothesized that during the dry period (elevated pH and salinity), microorganisms try to overcome this harshness by allocating energy to the cellular maintenance process. As these environmental conditions improve during the wet period, microorganisms will begin to invest in nutrient uptake. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated four soda lakes in two different seasons by applying metagenomics combined with flow cytometry (estimate heterotrophic bacterial biomass). The natural occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in some lakes is the main driver of carbon. These primary producers provide organic carbon that supports heterotrophic bacterial growth and, consequently, a high biomass yield. Under harsh conditions (dry season), cyanobacteria invest in nutrient uptake mechanisms, whereas heterotrophic bacteria allocate energy to survive at the expense of biomass yield. Lakes without cyanobacteria blooms invest in nutrient uptake independent of environmental hostility. This study clarifies the microbial tradeoffs in hostile environments and the impact of this choice on carbon and energy flux in tropical alkaline lakes.
Image statistics determine the integration of visual cues to motion-in-depth
Authors: Goutcher Ross , Murray Lauren , Benz Brooke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMotion-in-depth perception is critical in enabling animals to avoid hazards and respond to potential threats. For humans, important visual cues for motion-in-depth include changing disparity (CD) and changing image size (CS). The interpretation and integration of these cues depends upon multiple scene parameters, such as distance moved, object size and viewing distance, posing a significant computational challenge. We show that motion-in-depth cue integration depends upon sensitivity to the joint probabilities of the scene parameters determining these signals, and on the probability of CD and CS signals co-occurring. Models that took these factors into account predicted human performance in speed-in-depth and cue conflict discrimination tasks, where standard linear integration models could not. These results suggest that cue integration is affected by both the uncertainty of sensory signals and the mapping of those signals to real-world properties. Evidence of a role for such mappings demonstrates the importance of scene and image statistics to the processes underpinning cue integration and the perception of motion-in-depth.
Immune surveillance for six vaccinable pathogens using paired plasma and dried blood spots in HIV infected and uninfected children in Kinshasa
Authors: Rodríguez-Galet A. , Rubio-Garrido M. , Valadés-Alcaraz A. , Rodríguez-Domínguez M. , Galán J. C. , Ndarabu A. , Reina G. , Holguín A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChild vaccination reduces infant mortality rates. HIV-infected children present higher risk of diseases than non-infected. We report the protection coverage rates for 6 vaccine-preventable diseases in a paediatric population from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the impact of HIV infection, providing the first data on the validity of dried blood samples (DBS) to monitor the immune protection. During 2016–2018 DBS from 143 children/adolescents were collected in Kinshasa (DRC), being 52 HIV-infected. Forty-two had a paired plasma sample. Protective IgG was quantified (VirClia-IgG,VIRCELL) to obtain the optimal cut-off in IgG detection in DBS. ROC curves were generated with R software and statistical analyses with Stata. Protective IgG levels varied across pathogens, not reaching herd immunity. HIV-infected presented lower vaccine protection than uninfected for all analyzed pathogens, except rubella, with statistically significant differences for measles (30.8% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.008) and tetanus (3.8% vs. 22%; p = 0.0034). New cut-offs were calculated when using DBS to improve test performance. We reinforce the necessity to increase pediatric vaccination coverage in Kinshasa, especially in HIV seropositive, with less capacity to maintain adequate antibody levels. DBS were useful to monitor vaccination coverage in seroprevalence studies in resource-limited settings, after optimizing the cut-off value for each pathogen.