bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PM and NOX emissions amelioration from the combustion of diesel/ethanol-methanol blends applying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
Authors: Chaichan Miqdam T. , Ekab Noora S. , Fayad Mohammed A. , Dhahad Hayder A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The fuel injection timings, equivalence ratio (Ø) and exhaust gas recirculation are considered the most important parameters can effect on combustion process and lower exhaust emissions concentrations. The influence of 15% EGR technology and operating parameters (Ø and injection timing) on NOX emissions and particulate matter (PM) using oxygenated fuel (ethanol and methanol) blends were investigated in this experimental study. The results showed that the NOX emissions concentrations with increasing the equivalence ratio (Ø) and applied EGR for all fuels studied. Besides, the E10 and M10 decreased the PM concentrations compared to the diesel fuel under various equivalence ratios (Ø). The applied EGR increased the PM concentrations, but when combination of oxygenated fuels and EGR leading to the decrease in the PM formation. The NOX emissions concentrations decreased from the combined effect of EGR and oxygenated fuels by 16.8%, 22.91% and 29.5% from the combustion of diesel, M10 and E10, respectively, under various injection timings. It is indicated that NOX emissions decreased with retarded injection timings, while the PM decreased under advanced injection timings.
Analysis of Asphalt Geogrid Reinforced Pavement Rutting by Finite Element Method
Authors: Sadiq Noor , Hilal Miami M. , Fattah Mohammed Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pavement is a complex structure consisting of several layers of different materials that influence its stressful behavior. Permanent deformation can occur in pavement layers of insufficient hardness at high temperatures. Significant rutting normally only occurs during hot weather, especially when the flexible pavement surface temperature is 60 ° C or higher. 2D model analysis using ABAQUS software can predict the rutting behavior. The modeling procedure assumes that all materials performance is a linear elastic. Surface, base, subbase and subgrade layers consist of models. Models in every pavement model, subgrade layers are supposed to have endless depth. This paper presents an element-finite model (FE) for the behavior analysis of the dynamic loading unreinforced and geogrid reinforced paving. Increased loading of the model and critical pavement responses for unreinforced or geogrid-reinforced flexible paving, such as vertical stress and vertical surface deflection, were determined. The results indicated a difference in the displacement results when adding the geogrid layer. The results also showed a significant improvement in the behavior of the pavement system. A parametric study was carried out on a type of Truck (3-S1) and the applied pressure was 36 tons with different thicknesses of the asphalt layer once 150 mm and again 25 cm at different temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 ° C. It was found that the higher the temperatures, the higher the displacement as well.
Evaluation of Flood Routing Models and Their Relationship to The Hydraulic Properties of The Diyala River Bed
Authors: Kadhim M A , Al-Bedyry N K , Omran I I 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, four types of flood routing approaches were studied which give significantly varied results represented by the differences between computed and observed flows and also differ considerably on the friction coefficient and bed slope of the channels. First two approaches use a hydraulic solution to solve the equations of unsteady flow, while the third approach uses the hydrological solution, and the fourth algorithm solves Muskingum approach with seven parameters. All these approaches were run with the same input parameters, the results were compared and tested with four Error Measurement Indices, Sum of Squared Deviations, Error of Peak Discharge, Variance Index, and agreement index. Diyala River was selected for this application. Dynamic wave method gave accurate results, followed by the characteristic method, and then the linear Muskingum-Cunge method, but Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm not gave any senses due to change in roughness or bed slope and gave very identical values with recorded outflow in all conditions, which means that the hydraulic solution is better compared to the hydrological solution. The results also showed that the difference between the calculated and observed flows diminished with a decrease in the coefficient of friction and an increase in the bed slope channel.
Using Of Different Electrocoagulation Cell Configuration Parameters for Treating of Abu-Ghraib Dairy Products Wastewater
Authors: Abd Al-Hamza Sara Mohannad , Abd Al-Hamed Hayder Mohammed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the most significant issues that people throughout the world will confront in the future years is a lack of clean and safe water. Anthropogenic activities, in particular, are polluting water systems. With rising population, urbanization, and climate change, water reuse has become a requirement in some areas of the globe, putting pressure on the development of effective water treatment methods for a range of contaminants. High biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, and other pollutant loads define dairy sector effluent. Improved technology is required to address these issues. Electrocoagulation is a new type of therapy. It’s simple to use, ecologically friendly, and removes a wide range of contaminants from a variety of water types. The goal of this study was to see how operational factors such applied voltage, number of electrodes, distance between electrodes, electrode shape, and reaction time affected the electrocoagulation of actual dairy effluent. Aluminum and iron electrodes are used for this purpose. It was discovered that raising the applied voltage, reaction time, and decreasing the distance between electrodes improved COD, BOD, EC, TDS, color, and oil-grease removal efficiency. Moreover, switch between square, triangular electrodes and perforated cylindrical. The data show that electrocoagulation is effective at the maximum COD, BOD removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (88.03) %, (87.97) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (99.38) %, (99.42) % respectively. the maximum removal of TDS, EC efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (67.57) %, (62.34) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (77.45) %, (67.68) % respectively. Third square shape is (81.96) %, (71.25) % respectively. The maximum color and oil-grease removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (100) %, (100) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Electrocoagulation methods for the treatment of dairy wastewaters were shown to be successful in the research. Finally, the findings indicated that electrocoagulation is a technically feasible method for removing contaminants from dairy wastewaters.
Photovoltaic Module Electrical Efficiency Enhancement Using Nano Fluids and Nano-Paraffin
Authors: Chaichan “Miqdam T , Zaidi Muhaned A H , Kazem Hussein A. , Sopian K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Today, photovoltaic modules have become accepted by the public and scientists in the production of clean electricity and as a possible alternative to electricity produced from fossil fuels. These modules suffer from a deterioration in their electrical efficiency as a result of their high temperature. Several researchers have proposed the use of high-efficiency hybrid photovoltaic (PV/T) systems that can cool PV modules and also produce hot water. Improving the PV modules’ electrical efficiency increases the investment attraction and commercialization of this technology. The possibility of restoring the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic panel that was lost due to its high temperature was investigated in this study. A PV/T system designed to operate with a paraffin-filled thermal tank attached to the PV module was used. Inside the paraffin is a heat exchanger that circulates inside a nanofluid. This design is adopted to cool down the PV module temperature. The study was carried out in the climatic conditions of the month of May in the city of Baghdad - Iraq. The proposed PV/T system’s electrical efficiency was compared with similar systems from the literature. The proposed system has achieved an obvious enhancement as its electrical efficiency was 13.7%.
Green Zone Planning for City Sustainability
Authors: Khaleefah N , Alwan W S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
: The importance of research has emerged by focusing on sustainable green zone planning to solve the problem of degradation through sustainable strategies, to make green areas determine buildings, not the other way around using GIS, by working on a hypothesis (green areas planning according to an appropriate strategy can sustain cities). The principle of urban planning, urban sustainability, sustainable planning and sustainable cities, as well as urban sustainability and many strategies that support green zone planning and rely on a number of factors for sustainable cities, have been addressed. The research was based on how to plan green areas sustainably, what constraints the planners face in the Dora area south of Baghdad, and the reasons for their deterioration in the urban environment, and after analysing and comparing the changes that occurred over three periods of time (2004 and 2009 and 2019) for 10 residential stores to assess the state of the green areas during that period and how they changed, what problems led to the reduction of areas, increased areas built at their expense, compared to the standards of urban and rural housing in Iraq and the basic plan of the company Paul Servis in 1971, Sustainable planning thus creates a balance in the environment, economy and social values so that these new places meet the work and life needs of the local population and their interests, as one of the indicators of sustainable cities environmental, social and economic, measured by the availability of green and preserved areas relative to population density and coverage, which are one of the most important components of the blocs of urban areas to continue the quality of urban life and environmental and social sustainability, and the ratio of green areas to areas built in a sample of the shop Housing in the study area is very few in most stores and is not in line with international standards, so the current standards need to be adjusted and increased from what they are now, as well as laws in general need to be updated because they are in their current state to achieve the sustainability of green areas in the study area. The most important proposals and solutions that address the problems of green areas (developing a specific strategy, developing some laws on the protection of green areas and setting environmental performance standards for green areas). The research recommended the need to review the planning standard for the individual’s share of green spaces as it does not correspond to the increase in population density, and to guide the pursuit of sustainable strategies within the plans prepared by the long-term municipal departments supporting green areas and work to support environmental performance within municipal circles by presenting the award for outstanding environmental performance on conservation capacity and increasing green spaces, urging a focus on the sustainability of Iraqi cities as they suffer from increased desertification and dredging of green areas and current climate change.
Environmental resilience and physical structure of Bazian City
Authors: Abbas Marwa Alaa , Ebraheem Mustafa Abduljalil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The ability of an organism or system to restore form and position elastically following a disturbance or interruption of any type is the true meaning of resilience. How often does the term “resilience” appear in regional or metropolitan contexts to allude to a local socio-economic system’s ability to rebound from a shock or disruption? Resilience can be characterized in a variety of ways. Another term is buffer capacity, which refers to a system’s ability to absorb disturbances and the quantity of disturbance before the system’s structure is altered by modifying the variables and processes that influence behavior. The study concludes that industrial activities affect the city in general and the city’s environment in particular through the pollutants caused by these activities. In order to develop planning solutions to address any change in the city under the concept of environmental resilience, the researchers paid attention to this aspect, which provides treatments, solutions, and suggestions in order to preserve the city from crises and Industrial activities that negatively affect the environment of the city, that the city of Bazian contains industrial factories for the manufacture of cement and bricks because it is rich in raw materials. Of the importance of industrial activities that contribute to the production of an economic resource for the region, but there are deficiencies in the ecological systems that maintain the direct impact of these industries on the environment, the insufficiency of regulations and legislation within the framework of industrial determinants.
A Review of Studying the Relationship of Traffic Stream Characteristics and Noise Intensity with Flexible Pavement Surface Condition
Authors: Merza Taghreed Reyadh , Al-Jumaili Mohammed Abbas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn general, roads are a very important infrastructure to facilitate people’s access to their social and economic activities, so knowing the things that affect the efficiency of these roads is very important and how to maintain them. One of the aims of this research is to shed light on previous studies that showed the relationship between traffic characteristics and noise intensity on the condition of the breakable Pavement. The results of previous studies show that flexible Pavement has 19 potential failures and how to address them. There is a relationship between the characteristics of traffic flow and failures that occur in flexible paving. It is also possible to calculate the road condition by knowing the types of faults on the road using several roads or by using specific formulas to calculate the road condition index. There are relationships between the road condition index, the vehicles’ speed, and the models that link Noise to speed. And that most of the relationships that were used to calculate the elastic pavement condition index and its relationship to the movement characteristics are statistical relationships using ANOVA, recreation, and R2
Some Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Brick As Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregate And Addition Of Nano Brick Powder
Authors: Abdullah Duaa Jabbar , Abbas Zena K , Abed Suhair Kadhem 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The accumulation of construction and demolition waste is one of the major problems in modern construction. Hence, this research investigates the use of waste brick in concrete. Seven different concrete mixes were investigated in this study: a control concrete mix, three mixes with volumetric replacement (10, 20, and 30)% of natural aggregate with brick aggregate, and two mixes with the addition of nano brick powder at a percentage level of 5– 10% by weight of cementitious materials. And the last one was mixed with 10% nano brick and 10% coarse brick aggregate. The experimental results for the additive of nano brick powder showed an enhancement in mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and tensile strength) compared to the control mix for all ages, while the mixes with 10% coarse brick replacement also showed a slight improvement in the mechanical properties up to 5.33%, 2.79%, and 2.38% for compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength, respectively, at 28 days. The nano particles modified the mechanical properties of the CBA concrete when mixed with 10% nano brick and 10% coarse brick aggregate, up to 11.54%, 8.56%, and 3.3% for compressive, flexural, and tensile strength, respectively, at 150 days.
Simulation of thermal comfort on public space and buildings around river in Banjarmasin-Indonesia
Authors: Rahman A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The climate and environmental aspects are one of the things that affect architectural products. The city as a gathering place that interacts for a particular purpose has influenced the shape and visual of the city. The density of buildings in a city has affected the urban microclimate. Urban get hotter than rural areas. Urban planners need to pay attention to several aspects related to the solution to the design of the humid tropics. The concept of greening the city evenly and thoroughly, so that the thermal is not too high that can affect comfort. In this research used Rhinoceros 5, Grasshopper, Ladybug, and ladybug for simulation and validation data of wet bulb temperature on a psychometric chart and CBE Thermal Comfort Tool from ASHRAE-55 standard. The purpose of this study used simulation is to facilitate and predict the thermal conditions of buildings and the environment. This application is also used by researchers and architect designers. Based on the simulation, the indoor maximum effective temperature and standard effective temperature are always uncomfortable zones. The building condition with wooden construction is higher of thermal comfort compared with concrete construction buildings and the wood construction is faster reaches maximum value compared to concrete construction.
Climate change impact to dam Operation, case study of Darma Dam, West Java
Authors: Kuntoro A A , Ramadhani D T , Idris A M S , Farid M , Adityawan M B , Widyaningtias  , Annisa G O N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Darma Dam is located in the upstream of Cisanggarung River, Kuningan Regency, West Java Province. Darma Dam construction dated from about 1922. Indonesian government continued the construction and began operating in 1962. With effective storage of about 40 million m3, Darma Dam provides water for about 22 thousand irrigation areas and bulk water for several cities and regencies. Several problems encountered in Darma Dam operation and water management are 1) increasing water demand from domestic and industrial sectors, and 2) high inflow variation during the dry and wet season, resulting in a large amount of water spill from the dam spillway. This paper addressed the impact of climate change on the inflow variation of Darma Dam in the dry and wet seasons. Further analysis shows average water spills from the spillway during the wet season may increase from about 12 million m3/year in the present condition to about 20 million m3/year in 2020-2050, while the average water volume during the dry season may reduce from 22.5 million m3 in the present condition to about 20.7 million m3 in 2020-2050. This study suggests that dam operation need adjustment in the future as part of adaptation to climate change.
Evaluation the influence of distance-based K-means method for detecting moving vehicles
Authors: Sari Y , Prakoso P B , Baskara A R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Detecting moving vehicles is one of important elements in the applications of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Detecting moving vehicles is also part of the detection of moving objects. K-Means method has been successfully applied to unsupervised cluster pixels for the detection of moving objects. In general, K-Means is a heuristic algorithm that partitioned the data set into K clusters by minimizing the number of squared distances in each cluster. In this paper, the K-Means algorithm applies Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, Canberra distance, Chebyshev distance and Braycurtis distance. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the implementation of these distances in the K-Means clustering algorithm. The comparison is done with the basis of K-Means assessed with various evaluation paramaters, namely MSE, PSNR, SSIM and PCQI. The results exhibit that the Manhattan distance delivers the best MSE, PSNR, SSIM and PCQI values compared to other distances. Whereas for data processing time exposes that the Braycurtis distance has more advantages.
A review of oil palm fruit fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Bakri B , Naharuddin  , Mustafa  , Medi A , Padang L 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOil palm fibers have been developed as reinforcement in the composite. These fibers can be produced from fruit, trunk, and frond of oil palm. In this review, the oil palm fruit fiber for reinforcing composite was focused. Oil palm fruit fibers consist of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and mesocarp fruit (MF) fibers. The chemical composition and characteristics of oil palm fruit fiber are described. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the composite are reported to be related to the surface treatment of EFB and MF fibers. Applications of such fiber composite are included in this review. From some researches, the surface treatment methods for MF and EFB fibers as reinforcement composite was conducted with using alkali, silane, acryilic acid, acetic anhydride, hydogen peroxide, microwave, and superheated steam. The effect of these surface treatments on oil palm EFB and MF fibers displayed the improvement of the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strengths) of the composite due to enhance the interface adhesion between fiber and matrix after treatment of fibers.
Degradation mechanism and life prediction of tailings and waste rock aggregate geopolymer concrete under freeze-thaw corrosion
Authors: Sun Qi , Li Botao , Wang Hui , Wang Yiting 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To study the durability of tailings and waste rock aggregate geopolymer concrete (TWGPC), a large number of tailings and waste rock were used to replace natural sand and stone as aggregates, and a fly ash geopolymer was used to replace cement as cementing material to prepare TWGPC. The slow freezing method was used to carry out single freeze-thaw and freeze-thaw corrosion tests. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) were used to analyse the microstructure and reaction products of TWGPC. The degradation mechanism of TWGPC was studied, and the life of TWGPC was predicted. The results show that the higher the concentration of corrosion solution was, the more significant the change trend of the mechanical properties test results. In the early stage of the cycle, acinar gypsum and short columnar ettringite were generated to fill the pores and improve the compactness and frost resistance of TWGPC. In the late stage of the cycle: calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) was decomposed and gradually replaced by magnesium-silicate-hydrate (M–S–H). The cohesion between mortar and aggregate was reduced, and a large number of products were generated. Cl− inhibited the transmission rate of SO4
2− and reduced the erosion effect of SO4
2− on TWGPC. The single freezing-thawing life prediction model had high accuracy, and the life prediction conclusion based on reliability was consistent with the appearance damage analysis, mechanical property testing and microscopic morphology analysis.