bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a surface plasma method for negative ion beams production
Authors: Dudnikov Vadim 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBy now, the fluxes of accelerated negative ions of steel an indispensable tool for accelerators, plasma physics, solid state physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, important areas of new technique and technology. It arouses increased interest to the development of intensive sources of these particles.The cesiation effect - a significant increase in the emission of negative ions from the discharge with a simultaneous decrease in the flux of accompanying electrons below the current of negative ions after adding a small amount of cesium or other substances with a low ionization potential to the discharge was discovered 50 years ago, on July 1, 1971 in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk, Russia.The cesiation effect has opened the door to high-intensity, high-brightness negative ion beams production. The efficiency of generating beams of negative ions was significantly increased due to the invention at the BINP of geometric focusing of generated negative ions. Based on the cesiation effect a surface-plasma method for producing beams of negative ions was developed at the BINP, which provided the creation of surface plasma sources of negative ions for accelerators with a current of hundreds of mA and sources for Controlled Nuclear Fusion with a current of tens of A. (the previous intensity record was 5 mA).Surface plasma sources are being developed all over the world in England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, Korea, China, India, USA, Canada, Sweden, Spain, New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine, Finland with investments in billions of USD. Specialists in surface plasma sources are trained at the Plasma Physics Department of Novosibirsk State University.
Exploring the intrinsic energy resolution of liquid scintillator to approximately 1 MeV electrons
Authors: Deng Y. , Sun X. , Qi B. , Li J. , Yan W. , Li L. , Jiang H. , Wang C. , Cai X. , Hu T. , Fang J. , Fan X. , Gu F. , Lv J. , Ling X. , Qu G. , Qi X. , Sun L. , Zhou L. , Yu B. , Xie Y. , Ye J. , Zhu Z. , Zh Y. , Zuo G. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We propose a novel method for exploring the intrinsic
energy resolution of a liquid scintillator (LAB + 2.5 g/L PPO +
3 mg/L bis-MSB) to approximately 1 MeV electrons. With the help of
coincidence detection technology, single-energy electrons of
207Bi were effectively selected. With a careful measurement and
analysis of the energy resolution of a small liquid scintillator
detector, the intrinsic energy resolution of the liquid scintillator
to 976 keV electrons was extracted to be 1.83% ± 0.06%. We
used the wide-angle Compton coincidence (WACC) method to measure the
luminescent nonlinearity of a liquid scintillator and found that it
contributes only weakly to the intrinsic energy resolution of
electrons. Such an unexpected large intrinsic energy resolution may
come from fluctuations in energy transfer processes.
Advances in digital light processing of hydrogels
Authors: Mo Xingwu , Ouyang Liliang , Xiong Zhuo , Zhang Ting 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hydrogels, three-dimensional (3D) networks of hydrophilic polymers formed in water, are a significant type of soft matter used in fundamental and applied sciences. Hydrogels are of particular interest for biomedical applications, owing to their soft elasticity and good biocompatibility. However, the high water content and soft nature of hydrogels often make it difficult to process them into desirable solid forms. The development of 3D printing (3DP) technologies has provided opportunities for the manufacturing of hydrogels, by adopting a freeform fabrication method. Owing to its high printing speed and resolution, vat photopolymerization 3DP has recently attracted considerable interest for hydrogel fabrication, with digital light processing (DLP) becoming a widespread representative technique. Whilst acknowledging that other types of vat photopolymerization 3DP have also been applied for this purpose, we here only focus on DLP and its derivatives. In this review, we first comprehensively outline the most recent advances in both materials and fabrication, including the adaptation of novel hydrogel systems and advances in processing (e.g. volumetric printing and multimaterial integration). Secondly, we summarize the applications of hydrogel DLP, including regenerative medicine, functional microdevices, and soft robotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that either of these specific review focuses has been adopted in the literature. More importantly, we discuss the major challenges associated with hydrogel DLP and provide our perspectives on future trends. To summarize, this review aims to aid and inspire other researchers investigatng DLP, photocurable hydrogels, and the research fields related to them.
The additive effects of photobiomodulation and bioactive glasses on enhancing early angiogenesis
Authors: Huang Lidong , Gong Weiyu , Huang Guibin , Li Jingyi , Wu Jilin , Wang Yuguang , Dong Yanmei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Bioactive glasses (BG) have been widely utilized as a biomaterial for bone repair. However, the early angiogenesis of BG may be inadequate, which weakens its osteogenic effects in large-sized bone defects and often leads to the failure of bone regeneration. In this study, we explored the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with BG on early angiogenesis to solve this bottleneck problem of insufficient early angiogenesis. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with BG extracts and treated with PBM using 1 J cm−2. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and tubule formation assay were utilized to detect HUVECs’ proliferation, vascular growth factor genes expression and tubules formation. In vivo, bone defects at the femoral metaphysis in Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with BG particulates and PBM at 120 J cm−2. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was used to observe the inflammatory response, tissue formation and biomaterial absorption of bone defects. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to observe the vascular-like structure formation. The in vitro results showed that PBM combined with BG significantly promoted HUVECs’ proliferation, genes expression and mature tubules formation. On days 2, 4 and 7, the mRNA expression of VEGF in BG + PBM group was 2.70-, 2.59- and 3.05-fold higher than control (P< 0.05), and significantly higher than PBM and BG groups (P< 0.05). On days 4 and 7, the bFGF gene expression in BG + PBM group was 2.42- and 1.82-fold higher than control (P< 0.05), and also higher than PBM and BG groups (P< 0.05). Tube formation assay showed that mature tubules were formed in BG + PBM and PBM groups after 4 h, and the number in BG + PBM group was significantly higher than other groups (P< 0.05). In vivo results further confirmed PBM induced early angiogenesis, with more vascular-like structures observed in BG + PBM and PBM groups 2 week post-surgery. With the optimum PBM fluence and BG concentration, PBM combined with BG exerted additive effects on enhancing early angiogenesis.
Effects of Payload on Non-exhaust PM Emissions from Hybrid Electric Vehicle during Braking Sequences
Authors: Wirojsakunchai E , Plengsa-Ard C , Songkitti W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are known as one of the most important Particulate Matters (PM) emissions sources. Many countries are aware of this issue and interested in employing more electric vehicles to reduce this emission. However, various past research claims that electric vehicles also emitted PM as conventional vehicles due to their non-exhaust emissions such as brake wear, tyre wear, road surface wear, and road dust resuspension. In addition, substantial evidence showed that there was indeed a positive correlation between the weight of vehicles and amounts of non-exhaust PM emissions. This study aims to measure on-road non-exhaust PM emissions from a hybrid electric vehicle during braking sequences. An onboard PM measuring device is attached to the side of the tested hybrid electric vehicle. PM measurements are monitored during the braking sequence in the electrified vehicle mode. Studies of increasing payloads that might affect the tendency of non-exhaust PM emissions are observed. The PM emission pattern during the braking sequence is captured by the current PM measuring setup as seen in the literature. The braking pattern (hard vs. soft brake) shows distinct amounts in PM emissions by a factor of two. Based on experimental data, it is found out that the additional payload of approximately 70 kg increases the amount of non-exhaust PM emissions by almost 20%.
An overview of indoor air pollution in the Malaysian kindergarten environment
Authors: Zakaria I B , Mahyuddin N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The components of indoor air determine the quality of the indoor environment, which affects the health and well-being of inhabitants. Exposure to high levels of indoor air pollution in a kindergarten environment has a detrimental influence on children’s learning performance and increases the risk of respiratory problems that could lead to absenteeism. This paper explores and summarises the literature on indoor air pollution in kindergartens in the Malaysian environment. A review was done by analyzing papers taken from four electronic databases: Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar. Information on indoor pollution levels and determinants sources were extracted from 17 studies. The most investigated pollutants were carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), fungi and bacteria. Inadequate ventilation systems and overcrowded classrooms all contributed to excessive CO2 levels. Indoor PM2.5 sources are generated from cooking activities while cleaning, opening windows and movement activities of children were the primary sources of coarse particles. High concentrations of VOCs are emitted from a wide variety of indoor sources. Mobile vehicles and the proximity of kindergartens to busy roads were key contributors to higher CO concentrations. The findings highlight the importance of interventions to improve indoor air pollution in kindergarten premises in various settings.
Exposure to industrial air pollution and its association with respiratory symptoms among children in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat
Authors: Farihah Mohmad Shamsuddin Aida , Jalaludin Juliana , Haslina Hashim Nor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Outdoor air pollution for anthropogenic sources is generally caused by the emission of the combustion process which are industries, motor vehicles, and others. These industrial areas emitted a lot of hazardous gases into the atmosphere, polluting the surrounding air to its worse. The close proximity from the industry and duration of stay at the current area could worsen the respiratory health of the children. Compared to adults, children were more likely to get worse implications when exposed to air pollution. This cross-sectional comparative study aimed to determine the exposure to industrial air pollution its association with respiratory symptoms among children aged 3 to 12 years old in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat. Children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected to participate in this study. Those who reside less than 5 km from the industrial area were chosen as the exposed group, while children living more than 5 km from the industrial areas were selected as the comparative group. A questionnaire adapted from the American Thoracic Society was used to determine children’s background information and respiratory health symptoms. Nature of area, distance from the main road and industrial area, type of house, building materials, and carpet usage were found significant among the groups. There was a significant difference in respiratory health symptoms of cough and phlegm for the exposed and the comparative group at p = 0.038 and p = 0.008, respectively. Phlegm was revealed to be associated with the duration of stay in the current area for the exposed group (OR = 5.149, 95% CI = 1.080-18.365). On the other hand, phlegm and cough had an association with distance from the industrial area at (OR = 3.889, 95% CI = 1.004 - 15.068) and (OR = 6.707, 95% CI = 1.406 - 31.989), respectively. In multiple logistic regression done on phlegm, it was found that duration of stay (years) was the most significant variable after controlling all confounders at (B = 3.469, p = 0.004, AOR = 3.094, 95% CI = 3.108-31.353).
Evaluation of In-Vehicle Pollutants Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms among Bus Drivers in Kota Bahru, Malaysia
Authors: Adam Ayub Zhafir , Jalaludin Juliana , Nizam Mohd Isa Khairul , Mohd Razif Noraini Nor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Exposure to in-vehicle air pollutants has been recognized as a risk factor for respiratory diseases. The present study, therefore, investigates the factors, including duration of employment and in-vehicle concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that can influence the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in commercial bus drivers. A total of 34 bus drivers and 51 administrative staff (comparative group) from the bus operator in Kota Bahru, Malaysia were randomly enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The personal characteristics and respiratory symptoms were reported using a validated questionnaire from the American Thoracic Society (ATS-DLD-78-A). In-vehicle concentrations of PM2.5, CO2 and NO2 were continuously measured over eight hours on each bus driver. The prevalence of self-reported cough, phlegm and chronic phlegm among bus drivers were 55.9%, 73.5% and 35.3%, respectively, significantly higher compared to the comparative group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the duration of employment with bus operators for more than four years was significantly related to the manifestation of phlegm (OR = 8.27, 95% CI = 3.12-21.89) and cough (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.66-12.59). Among the pollutants measured, concentrations of PM2.5 (92.1 µg/m3) and CO2 (286.9 ppm) inside the buses were significantly higher in the morning compared to afternoon hours (p < 0.001). These findings provide important evidence for further surveillance programs that could reduce occupational exposure for bus drivers.
Development Strategy for Palm Sugar Product Attribute: a Competitive Product to Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Pratiwi L F L , Millaty M , Dewi M P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Coconut palm sugar products are sugar products mostly produced by farmers and MSMEs. The creative and innovative concepts of palm sugar products can be performed by developing product innovations, packaging and marketing. The development of palm sugar products based on consumer preferences can be used as an effort to develop competitive agribusiness products to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One aspect of sustainable development is economic sustainability resulting from the growth of the community’s economic sector from both on-farm and off-farm activities. This study aimed to analyse consumer preferences and strategies for developing palm sugar product attributes. The research location was selected by purposive sampling in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data analysis used fishbein multi-attribute and Important Performance Analysis Matrix. The results showed that consumer preferences for palm sugar products are determined from the attributes of price, packaging, health benefits&nutritional content, sugar-spice-blend innovation, expiration date, preservatives, organicity, halal status, shape&size, color, taste&aroma, aesthetics, solubility, hygiene, durability, promotion, accessibility, and discount. The strategy for developing palm sugar product attributes is to increase the attributes of sugar-spice-blend innovation and accessibility, as well as maintain the attributes of health benefits, nutritional content, expiration date, organicity, halal status, taste, hygiene, and durability.
Optimalization of The Use of Vannamei Shrimp Production Factors in The Agromijil Farmer Group, Purworejo Regency
Authors: Santosa A , Hamidah S , Manudin R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This research was conducted at the Agromijil Farmer Group Purworejo Regency. The purposes of this research were: (1) analyzed the influence of production factors, and (2) analyzed the optimalization of the use of the Vannamei Shrimp production factors. The method of research used was survey, and the research location was determined by use the purposive method. The sampling method was simple random sampling, using the Slovin formula with a sample size of 43 farmers from total population of 70 farmers. This research used primary and secondary data, these are collected by observation, interview and documentation. The analysis technique used the Regression Analysis of the Cobb-Douglas production function and Optimalization Analysis. Based on the research results, it was found that: (1) production factors in the form of pond area, number of fry, feed, probiotic, calcium and labor affected the production of Vannamei shrimp; and (2) use of pond area, amount of fry, feed, probiotic, calcium, and labor were not optimal.
High Altitudes Limit The Incidence of Huanglongbing snd Its Vector, Diaphorina Citri, in Citrus Orchards
Authors: Holford P , Om N , Donovan N J , Beattie G A C , Subandiyah S , Gunadi R , Poerwanto M E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Citrus fruit are important crops in many regions of the world and are valuable sources of carbohydrates, fibre and health-promoting compounds. Like other crops, production of these fruits is affected by a range of pests and pathogens that can affect the sustainable development of citriculture. The most devastating of these is huanglongbing (HLB), a bacterial disease caused by species of liberibacters, pathogens that are spread by insect vectors. Currently, there is no remedy for HLB, and management relies on the use of disease-free seedlings, the rouging of diseased trees, and pesticides to suppress populations of vectors. Our studies on HLB in Indonesia and Bhutan have shown that citrus grown at higher altitudes (above 1000–1200 m ASL) can remain free from the main vector of the disease, the psyllid Diaphorina citri, despite climatic conditions at these altitudes being favourable for the insect. Thus, sustainable production of citrus at these altitudes without the use of polluting agrochemicals may be possible. However, this would be dependent on the production and use of HLB-free propagation material, strict control on the movement of trees into these areas and the adoption of appropriate agronomic practices for the control of other pests and pathogens.
Mercury Pollution from Small Scale Gold Mines in Agricultural Lands
Authors: Munawar A , Intania C , Barchia M F , Suhartoyo H , Asriani P S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Small scale gold mines widely spread in developing countries, including Indonesia. Most miners use mercury (Hg) in an amalgamation process to separate gold from its ores. This process produces a waste as mercury-containing slurries which is eventually discharged to surrounding water streams, potentially creating ecosystem pollution. If the polluted water is used for irrigation to surrounding ricefields, mercury may stay and accumulate in streambed sediments and irrigated soils and enter the food chain, including human consumption. This research was aimed to assess pollution potential in stream water and ricefields surrounding small scale gold mines in Lebong District, Bengkulu, Indonesia. This research was conducted from November to December 2018. Field activities included collecting 9 water samples, 6 sediment samples, 3 soil samples, and 3 plant samples in different locations. Laboratory analysis were carried out at the Soil Science Laboratory, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu and the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The results showed that all water, streambed sediment, soil, water, and plant tissue samples contained mercury and most of their concentrations exceeded the threshold values. The highest Hg concentrations were found 58.19, 16.85, and 15.44 ppm the streambed sediments, rice plants, and ricefield soils respectively, while a relatively lower Hg (0.044 ppm) was found in the stream water.
Effect of Concentration and Time of Chitosan Application on Pachira Breeding (Pachira Aquatica)
Authors: Yuniastuti E , Nugroho A C , Djoar D W , Putri I I S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pachira is an ornamental plant that can be used as biodiesel, because of the high fat content in the seeds. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used to replace fossil fuels. By using biodiesel as a fuel, it will support a sustainable agricultural system that can produce energy for other sectors outside of agriculture. Pachira plant breeding has not been widely carried out in Indonesia, so the potential use of pachira seeds as biodiesel has not been highlighted. The aims of the study is to determine the concentration and timing of chitosan application for pachira breeding. This study was conducted in Blora Regency using a completely Randomized Block Experimental Design (RCBD) with two treatment factors, namely concentration and time of application. The concentration was divided into three levels, namely 1%, 2% and 4% concentration, the time of application was divided into three levels, namely in the morning, afternoon, morning and afternoon. The application of chitosan was carried out every week as much as 20 ml according to the treatment. Maintenance carried out is to pour 50 ml of water every day on all research samples. The results showed that treatment with a concentration of 4% and watering in the afternoon could stimulate plant height growth at the beginning of the seedling phase, having the most leaves, producing greener leaf colors and having wider roots.
Design of Automatic Pest Trap using A Yellow-LED bait on Cucumber Plants
Authors: Telaumbanua M , Azwar F R , Lanya B , Haryanto A , Amien E R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cucumber is a popular plant that is much needed by Indonesian society. The demand for cucumbers tends to increase every year. In cucumber cultivation activities, the biggest challenge is pest and disease attacks. Continuous pest attack causes growth failure for cucumber plants. For this reason, technology is needed that can reduce pest attacks that damage cucumber plants. The design of the technology is an automatic pest trap that uses solar energy so that it can be placed in the field without an additional electricity supply. This study aimed to design a pest insect trapping system for cucumbers using a yellow-LED as bait. The yellow bait used was assembled using yellow LEDs. The pest trap system used a microcontroller integrated E18-D50NK infrared sensor and insect booster fan. The sensor worked to detect the presence of insects, and then the fan pushed the insects into a reservoir filled with water. Tests and observations were carried out for six days (144 hours). The results showed that there were 837 insects detected by the system, while 665 insects entered the reservoir. The number of dead insects in the reservoir was 598 insects. The average duration of falling insects by the fan was 130 seconds. The results of the calculation of the effectiveness between the insects detected and caught were 80.87%.