bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental patterns of affective attention across the first 2 years of life
Authors: Reider Lori B. , Bierstedt Laura , Burris Jessica L. , Vallorani Alicia , Gunther Kelley E. , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Field Andy P. , LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study examined patterns of attention toward affective stimuli in a longitudinal sample of typically developing infants (N = 357, 147 females, 50% White, 22% Latinx, 16% African American/Black, 3% Asian, 8% mixed race, 1% not reported) using two eye‐tracking tasks that measure vigilance to (rapid detection), engagement with (total looking toward), and disengagement from (latency to looking away) emotional facial configurations. Infants completed each task at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age from 2016 to 2020. Multilevel growth models demonstrate that, over the first 2 years of life, infants became faster at detecting and spent more time engaging with angry over neutral faces. These results have implications for our understanding of the development of affect‐biased attention.
LMFingerprints: Visual Explanations of Language Model Embedding Spaces through Layerwise Contextualization Scores
Authors: Sevastjanova R. , Kalouli A. , Beck C. , Hauptmann H. , El‐Assady M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLanguage models, such as BERT, construct multiple, contextualized embeddings for each word occurrence in a corpus. Understanding how the contextualization propagates through the model's layers is crucial for deciding which layers to use for a specific analysis task. Currently, most embedding spaces are explained by probing classifiers; however, some findings remain inconclusive. In this paper, we present LMFingerprints, a novel scoring‐based technique for the explanation of contextualized word embeddings. We introduce two categories of scoring functions, which measure (1) the degree of contextualization, i.e., the layerwise changes in the embedding vectors, and (2) the type of contextualization, i.e., the captured context information. We integrate these scores into an interactive explanation workspace. By combining visual and verbal elements, we provide an overview of contextualization in six popular transformer‐based language models. We evaluate hypotheses from the domain of computational linguistics, and our results not only confirm findings from related work but also reveal new aspects about the information captured in the embedding spaces. For instance, we show that while numbers are poorly contextualized, stopwords have an unexpected high contextualization in the models' upper layers, where their neighborhoods shift from similar functionality tokens to tokens that contribute to the meaning of the surrounding sentences.
Gestational diabetes mellitus, epigenetic age and offspring metabolism
Authors: Kim Catherine , Harrall Kylie K. , Glueck Deborah H. , Needham Belinda L. , Dabelea Dana 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimsNo reports examine the relationship between in‐utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), offspring epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), and offspring insulin sensitivity.MethodsUsing data from a cohort study, we examined associations between GDM in‐utero exposure and offspring EAA at approximately 10 years of age, using separate regression models adjusting for offspring chronological age and sex. We also examined associations between EAA with updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity and secretion (HOMA2‐S and HOMA2‐β) measured at approximately 10 and 16 years of age, using mixed linear regression models accounting for repeated measures after adjustment for offspring chronological age and sex.ResultsCompared to unexposed offspring (n = 91), offspring exposed to GDM (n = 88) had greater EAA or older extrinsic age compared to chronological age (β‐coefficient 2.00, 95% confidence interval [0.71, 3.28], p = 0.0025), but not greater intrinsic EAA (β‐coefficient −0.07, 95% CI [−0.71, 0.57], p = 0.93). Extrinsic EAA was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (β‐coefficient −0.018, 95% CI [−0.035, −0.002], p = 0.03) and greater insulin secretion (β‐coefficient 0.018, 95% CI [0.006, 0.03], p = 0.003), and these associations persisted after further adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity. No associations were observed between intrinsic EAA and insulin sensitivity and secretion, before or after adjustment for measures of maternal and child adiposity.ConclusionsIn this study, children exposed to GDM experience greater extrinsic EAA, which is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and greater insulin secretion. Further studies are needed to determine the directionality of these associations.
Telco customer top‐ups: Stream‐based multi‐target regression
Authors: Alves Pedro Miguel , Filipe Ricardo Ângelo , Malheiro Benedita 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTelecommunication operators compete not only for new clients, but, above all, to maintain current ones. The modelling and prediction of the top‐up behaviour of prepaid mobile subscribers allows operators to anticipate customer intentions and implement measures to strengthen customer relationship. This research explores a data set from a Portuguese operator, comprising 30 months of top‐up events, to predict the top‐up monthly frequency and average value of prepaid subscribers using offline and online multi‐target regression algorithms. The offline techniques adopt a monthly sliding window, whereas the online techniques use an event sliding window. Experiments were performed to determine the most promising set of features, analyse the accuracy of the offline and online regressors and the impact of sliding window dimension. The results show that online regression outperforms the offline counterparts. The best accuracy was achieved with adaptive model rules and a sliding window of 500,000 events (approximately 5 months). Finally, the predicted top‐up monthly frequency and average value of each subscriber were converted to individual date and value intervals, which can be used by the operator to identify early signs of subscriber disengagement and immediately take pre‐emptive measures.
Carbon and climate implications of rewetting a raised bog in Ireland
Authors: Wilson David , Mackin Francis , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Moser Gerald , Farrell Catherine , Renou‐Wilson Florence 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPeatland rewetting has been proposed as a vital climate change mitigation tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to generate suitable conditions for the return of carbon (C) sequestration. In this study, we present annual C balances for a 5‐year period at a rewetted peatland in Ireland (rewetted at the start of the study) and compare the results with an adjacent drained area (represents business‐as‐usual). Hydrological modelling of the 230‐hectare site was carried out to determine the likely ecotopes (vegetation communities) that will develop post‐rewetting and was used to inform a radiative forcing modelling exercise to determine the climate impacts of rewetting this peatland under five high‐priority scenarios (SSP1‐1.9, SS1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5). The drained area (marginal ecotope) was a net C source throughout the study and emitted 157 ± 25.5 g C m−2 year−1. In contrast, the rewetted area (sub‐central ecotope) was a net C sink of 78.0 ± 37.6 g C m−2 year−1, despite relatively large annual methane emissions post‐rewetting (average 19.3 ± 5.2 g C m−2 year−1). Hydrological modelling predicted the development of three key ecotopes at the site, with the sub‐central ecotope predicted to cover 24% of the site, the sub‐marginal predicted to cover 59% and the marginal predicted to cover 16%. Using these areal estimates, our radiative forcing modelling projects that under the SSP1‐1.9 scenario, the site will have a warming effect on the climate until 2085 but will then have a strong cooling impact. In contrast, our modelling exercise shows that the site will never have a cooling impact under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. Our results confirm the importance of rapid rewetting of drained peatland sites to (a) achieve strong C emissions reductions, (b) establish optimal conditions for C sequestration and (c) set the site on a climate cooling trajectory.
Nitrogen fertilization weakens the linkage between soil carbon and microbial diversity: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Xinli , Liu Liangxu , Li Ting , Dou Yanxing , Qiao Jiangbo , Wang Yunqiang , An Shaoshan , Chang Scott X. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSoil microbes make up a significant portion of the genetic diversity and play a critical role in belowground carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial diversity and organic C are often tightly coupled in C cycling processes; however, this coupling can be weakened or broken by rapid global change. A global meta‐analysis was performed with 1148 paired comparisons extracted from 229 articles published between January 1998 and December 2021 to determine how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects the relationship between soil C content and microbial diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. We found that N fertilization decreased soil bacterial (−11%) and fungal diversity (−17%), but increased soil organic C (SOC) (+19%), microbial biomass C (MBC) (+17%), and dissolved organic C (DOC) (+25%) across different ecosystems. Organic N (urea) fertilization had a greater effect on SOC, MBC, DOC, and bacterial and fungal diversity than inorganic N fertilization. Most importantly, soil microbial diversity decreased with increasing SOC, MBC, and DOC, and the absolute values of the correlation coefficients decreased with increasing N fertilization rate and duration, suggesting that N fertilization weakened the linkage between soil C and microbial diversity. The weakened linkage might negatively impact essential ecosystem services under high rates of N fertilization; this understanding is important for mitigating the negative impact of global N enrichment on soil C cycling.
Phenotypic and comparative genomic analysis of two Lactobacillus amylolyticus strains from naturally fermented tofu whey
Authors: Fei Yongtao , Li Li , Huang Li , Liu Gongliang , Bai Weidong , Liang Ruiheng 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThe differences in aspects of morphology, fermentation and probiotic characteristics between Lactobacillus amylolyticus L5 (Lam1.5) and L6 (Lam1.6) isolated from naturally fermented tofu whey were investigated by phenotypic and comparative genomic analysis. The results indicated that morphological difference between two strains may attribute to the mutation of ftsW and ftsK genes responsible for cell division. The optimum growth temperatures of Lam1.5 and Lam1.6 were different, and the acid‐producing ability of Lam1.6 was stronger than that of Lam1.5. And the growth rate of Lam1.6 exhibited better growth performance than that of Lam1.5 in MRS with initial pH 3.0–5.0. Besides, Lam1.5 was proved to be safe to be used in fermented food with safety evaluation. In respect of probiotic traits, Lam1.5 displayed the same performance in tolerance of intestinal juice, antimicrobial activity and adhesion properties as that of Lam1.6. However, Lam1.5 was more sensitive to simulated gastric juice than Lam1.6 at pH 2.5 and 3.0, which might be due to its long‐rod shape and lack of K+‐ATPase and Na+‐H+ antiporters. This study unveiled morphological and physiological differences between Lam1.5 and Lam1.6, raising the potential effect of ftsW and ftsK on the morphological development of lactobacilli that further affects their metabolic properties.
Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid and chrysanthemum stunt viroid from chrysanthemum in Thailand
Authors: Supakitthanakorn Salit , Vichittragoontavorn Kanjana , Kunasakdakul Kaewalin , Ruangwong On‐Uma 
Published: July 2022

AbstractChrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) and chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) are limiting factors for chrysanthemum cultivation and cause economic losses throughout the world. Chrysanthemum leaves were collected from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces of Thailand during 2019–2021. Both viroids were detected by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and molecularly characterized. Six CChMVd and five CSVd amplicons were detected, cloned and sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed that CChMVd shared 93%–99% identical and CSVd shared 95%–99% identical with the representative species retrieved from GenBank, Moreover, the nucleotides at the position 82–85 of the tetraloop region were keys for CChMVd clusters resulting to the distinct clade of either symptomatic or non‐symptomatic strains. The phylogenetic analysis of individual viroid represented that six CChMVd variants were closely related to Korea and China variants and clustered in the symptomatic clade of the Asia cluster. For CSVd, five variants in the present study were grouped with CSVd from Dahlia spp. of Japan. Predicted secondary structure of both viroids showed the distribution of sequence variations. The predicted secondary structure showed sequence variants of CChMVd were distributed on most of the secondary structure, whereas sequence variants of CSVd were frequently found in pathogenic, variable and terminal right domains. This study provides phylogenetic relationship of CChMVd and CSVd Thai variants along with their sequence variability.
Efficacy of hope: Analysis of organ quality and availability among deceased HIV‐positive donors
Authors: Woods Christopher , Owens Grace , Shelton Brittany A. , MacLennan Paul A. , Sawinski Deirdre , Jacobson Jeffrey , Locke Jayme E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundImproved survival among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) has led to increased organ failure, necessitating transplantation. In 2013, the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act was passed, allowing PWH to donate organs to other PWH. No study has assessed organ quality and quantity among a national pool of PWH.MethodsCFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS), a multicenter study capturing data on PWH, was used to identify 6504 deaths from 1999 to 2018. Exclusions included cause of death, chronic kidney disease, fibrosis‐4 score ≥ 3.25, and opportunistic infection at the time of death. Donor quality was defined by HIV viremia and the kidney donor profile index (KDPI). The CDC Wonder database, which contains national death data, permitted the estimation of deaths among PWH nationally from 1999 to 2018. Assuming CNICS was representative of PWH nationally, percentages of potential donors were applied to the CDC Wonder cohort.ResultsWithin CNICS, there were 3241 (65.9%) potential kidney donors and 3536 (71.9%) potential liver donors from 1999 to 2018. Based on viremia and KDPI, 821 were lower‐risk kidney donors (16.7%) and 1206 (24.5%) were lower‐risk liver donors. Within CDC Wonder, we identified 12 048 potential donors from 1999 to 2018. Extrapolating from CNICS to the national cohort suggested 396 kidney donors (792 kidneys) and 433 liver donors annually, with 100 kidney donors (200 kidneys) and 147 livers being lower‐risk.ConclusionA substantial number of PWH meet donation criteria, a valuable source of organs for PWH in need of transplants. Our estimates suggest there may be more available organs from PWH than current transplant numbers indicate.
image
Differential contributions of cardiac, coronary and pulmonary artery vagal mechanoreceptors to reflex control of the circulation
Authors: Moore Jonathan P. , Simpson Lydia L. , Drinkhill Mark J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDistinct populations of stretch‐sensitive mechanoreceptors attached to myelinated vagal afferents are found in the heart and adjoining coronary and pulmonary circulations. Receptors at atrio‐venous junctions appear to be involved in control of intravascular volume. These atrial receptors influence sympathetic control of the heart and kidney, but contribute little to reflex control of systemic vascular resistance. Baroreceptors at the origins of the coronary circulation elicit reflex vasodilatation, like feedback control from systemic arterial baroreceptors, as well as having characteristics that could contribute to regulation of mean pressure. In contrast, feedback from baroreceptors in the pulmonary artery and bifurcation is excitatory and elicits a pressor response. Elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure resets the vasomotor limb of the systemic arterial baroreflex, which could be relevant for control of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow during exercise and other states associated with elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. Ventricular receptors, situated mainly in the inferior posterior wall of the left ventricle, and attached to unmyelinated vagal afferents, are relatively inactive under basal conditions. However, a change to the biochemical environment of cardiac tissue surrounding these receptors elicits a depressor response. Some ventricular receptors respond, modestly, to mechanical distortion. Probably, ventricular receptors contribute little to tonic feedback control; however, reflex bradycardia and hypotension in response to chemical activation may decrease the work of the heart during myocardial ischaemia. Overall, greater awareness of heterogeneous reflex effects originating from cardiac, coronary and pulmonary artery mechanoreceptors is required for a better understanding of integrated neural control of circulatory function and arterial blood pressure.
image
Comparative Performance of Coals of Different Rank in a Film-Cooled Gas-Turbine Combustor
Authors: Warren T. E. , Hudson H. P. , Robertson J. D. , Mulligan J. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Development of a combustor adapted to a coal-burning gas turbine for locomotive use was undertaken for the Locomotive Development Committee by Battelle Memorial Institute some years ago. The coal used in the course of this development was from Ohio No. 8 seam, and no systematic study was made of the effect of variation of coal properties on combustor performance. This phase of the general investigation was undertaken by the Fuels Division of the Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The present paper gives a report on 23 coals of various groups within the bituminous class of the ASTM classification by rank.
Axial Tension and Bending Interaction Curves for Members Loaded Inelastically
Authors: Brush D. O. , Sidebottom O. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical method for constructing dimensionless interaction curves for members subjected to combined tension and bending loads that produce inelastic strains, as well as experimental results which verify the theory. Each interaction curve represents the total range of the ratios of axial load to bending moment which will cause inelastic strains to extend to a given depth in the member. Experimental interaction curves were obtained from eccentrically loaded tension members of rectangular cross sections made from three strain-hardening materials, namely, annealed rail steel and aluminum alloys 24S-T4 and 75S-T6. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment. In order to design a member subjected to combined axial and bending loads by use of the interaction curves, the deflection of the member must be estimated. Three orders of approximation for the deflection of eccentrically loaded tension members are presented. The problem of combined bending and axial compressive loads is discussed and research based on the methods of analysis developed in this investigation is suggested for solving for the buckling load of a member subjected to combined bending and axial compressive loads.
The Stresses in a Pressure Vessel With a Hemispherical Head
Authors: Watts G. W. , Lang H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper, the third of a series, presents the results of computations for determining the stresses in a pressure vessel with a hemispherical head. The bending theory of shells is used to evaluate the maximum stress at the junction between head and shell. Tables show the magnitudes of the shear stress, the axial stress, and the circumferential stress at the junction as multiples of pd/2t. The axial and circumferential stress have been computed for both surfaces. Additional results show the magnitude, sense, and location of the maximum stress (of each of the three types) in the shell. The largest value of the diameter-thickness ratio of the head for which computations were made is 40. When the diameter-thickness ratio of the head exceeds 40, well-known approximate theories can be used. The limit of 40 is imposed by the slow convergence of the hypergeometric series. Tables of influence numbers for both the head and shell are included for application to other problems. A brief discussion of the mathematical procedure is included.
A High-Pressure Wire Gage Using Gold-Chrome Wire
Authors: Darling H. E. , Newhall D. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Precision experiments with manganin wire for the measurement of high pressures are made difficult by virtue of the temperature-resistance response of the manganin. The equilibrium time required for this material to steady out after rapid pressure changes makes manganin generally unsuited for uses in industrial-control applications. For this reason, a study was made of the pressure and temperature response characteristics of several new materials. An alloy of 2.1 per cent chromium in gold was found to have much less sensitivity to temperature, varying from +1 to −1 ppm per deg F over the range of 40 F to 200 F, while manganin varies from +5 to −40 ppm in this same interval. This alloy also has a strong pressure coefficient. Typical values are 0.67 to 0.72 × 10−7 ohm/ohm/psi for gold chrome as compared to 1.69 to 1.72 × 10−7 ohm/ohm/psi for the manganin tested. Although the pressure sensitivity is only 33 per cent that of manganin, the smaller temperature sensitivity of the gold chrome results in good discrimination between temperature and pressure changes. Gold chrome responds rapidly to pressure changes, quickly coming to equilibrium, and does not show the annoying drift so characteristic of manganin. It is generally pressure seasoned with a single application of pressure, as compared to several cycles usually required for manganin. Its long-term stability compares favorably with manganin.
High-Pressure Research in Chemical Engineering Department of Yale University
Authors: Dodge Barnett F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper reviews only the “high lights” of research in this field which has been conducted since 1925 in our chemical engineering laboratory under the author’s direction. Work carried out prior to 1947 is given only passing mention and most of the paper is devoted to an outline of current work and some researches completed in the past 5 years.
Local Coefficients of Mass Transfer by Evaporation of Water Into an Air Jet
Authors: Spielman Maurice , Jakob Max 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A previous paper dealt with the heat transfer in the flow of an air jet parallel to a plane plate. The present paper reports on experiments on evaporation from wet porous plates to such a jet. A satisfactory correlation of a modified Nusselt number with a Reynolds number and a starting-length function is presented. The influence of the starting points of hydrodynamic, thermal, and diffusional boundary layers is discussed, with reference to previous work on this subject.