bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing hair tensile testing in the wet and the dry state: Possibilities and limitations for detecting changes of hair properties due to chemical and physical treatments
Authors: Wortmann Franz J. , Quadflieg Jutta M. , Wortmann Gabriele 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesThis investigation focuses, first, on the question to which extent wet and dry tensile tests on human hair may be considered as leading to independent results. Second, we try to assess the sensitivities of wet and dry‐testing to detect changes of mechanical properties. Specifically, we were interested in separating changes, which were induced by a combination of a chemical (oxidation/bleach) and a physical treatment (heat).MethodsThe basis for our study are data for the tensile properties (wet and dry) of a set of untreated and bleached hair tresses, which were submitted to the same schedule of thermal treatments. As characteristic tensile parameters, we chose modulus (E), break extension (BE), and break stress (BS). First, parameters were analysed across treatments for the correlations between wet and dry data. Second, we applied two‐factor analysis of variance to assess the effects of the factors and their potential interaction.ResultsCorrelations for the dry versus wet data show only a weak relationship forE, while coefficients of determination (R2) are quite high forBEandBS. Two‐factor ANOVA enables to quantify the various contributions to theTotal Sum‐of‐Squaresfor all three parameters. We show that the parameters respond quite differently to the chemical and the thermal treatments as well as to testing conditions (wet or dry). It is of interest to note that the interaction between the chemical and the physical treatment is generally quite weak. For the interpretation of the results, we use the concept of the humidity‐dependent as well as strain‐induced glass transition of the amorphous matrix.ConclusionsThe independence hypothesis for dry and wet tensile measurements only applies for modulus. Overall, we consider modulus (wet) as the best tensile measure of fibre damage when assessing chemical and/or physical treatments. Under ambient conditions (dry), break stress is shown to be a feasible alternative measure.
Easy formation process of anatase‐TiO2 coating layer strongly bonded to titanium metal surface
Authors: Ishikawa Toshihiro , Niidome Katsuya 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBecause of the formation of a surface passive film (rutile TiO2) on its surface layer, titanium metal shows adequate corrosion resistance. As the surface layer (passive film) of titanium metal is very stable, any functionalization of the titanium metal has been generally performed using relatively complicated methods. This is because any direct oxidation of titanium metal only leads to the formation of rutile TiO2 over the entire temperature range. Chemical reactions using titanium chemicals can easily produce anatase TiO2 at temperatures of ≤600°C. Using precursors is one of the ways of producing an anatase TiO2 coating on titanium metal. However, in previous studies, anatase TiO2 layers easily peeled off when they were used in flowing water. Herein, we describe a simple process for obtaining an anatase TiO2 coating layer strongly bonded to the titanium metal surface. In our process, titanium metal was pretreated with a reducing agent to create a surface TiH2 layer, whose condensation reaction easily proceeds with a precursor (composed of oxalic acid and tetra‐butoxy titanium). Subsequently, the treated titanium metal was calcinated at 550°C in air to achieve strong bonding between the anatase TiO2 coating layer and titanium metal surface. The treated titanium metal exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity.
Leveraging Indian pulses for plant‐based meat: functional properties and development of meatball analogues
Authors: Penchalaraju Malleboina , Bosco Sowriappan John Don 
Published: June 2022

SummaryWorldwide, the development of next‐generation plant protein‐based meat analogues has gained popularity because of plant proteins' reliable, sustainable, functional and nutritional benefits. In this work, we study the functional properties of green gram (GG), horse gram (HG) and cowpea protein concentrates (CPPCs) obtained using the alkaline/isoelectric precipitation method and developed the conventional and plant‐based deep‐fried meatballs. The results indicated that all protein concentrates exhibited superior functional properties. All protein concentrates exhibited a typical U‐shaped solubility curve from pH 2 to 9. Emulsification, foaming and gelling properties were found to correlate well with the protein solubility (PS) profile. The least gelation capacity for GGPC was 15%, while HGPC and CPPC required 20% protein to form a gel. Water absorption capacity (WAC), emulsification properties were significantly different for all protein concentrates, but not oil absorption, foaming and protein solubility. A plant‐based deep‐fried meatball formulated using the ratio of 20:20:20 for GGPC: HGPC: CPPC was found to be closely related to the conventional meatballs in terms of taste, flavour and colour. The oil absorbed in plant‐based deep‐fried meatballs was ~4% lower than in conventional deep‐fried meatballs. This research allowed a more in‐depth understanding of the functional characterisation of pulse protein concentrates (PPCs) obtained by alkaline‐isoelectric precipitation and their potential use in developing plant protein‐based meatball analogues. In conclusion, Indian pulses could potentially offer sustainable options for plant protein‐based meat formulations.
Appropriate ultrasonic treatment improves the production of antioxidant peptides by modifying gelatin extracted from yak skin
Authors: He Long , Han Ling , Wang Yanru , Yu Qunli 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe antioxidant peptide was produced from hydrolysis with Bacillus subtilis proteases supplemented with different duration of ultrasound, and the hydrolysis and structural characteristics of yak skin gelatin (YSG) were characterised. Compared with the excessive ultrasonic treatment (10–40 min), the YSG produced by moderate ultrasonic treatment (5 min) had a higher degree of hydrolysis and the DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of the hydrolysate was increased. The results showed that ultrasound for 5 min significantly weakened hydrogen bonds and promoted the exposure of hydrophobic groups, resulting in the loosening of collagen structure. Appropriate ultrasonic treatment obviously changed the gelatin structure, as the changes in the decrease of glass transition temperature, the reduction of particle size and the destruction of the surface morphology. These findings showed that moderate ultrasound (5 min) could modify the structure of YSG and, therefore, has great potential in the production of antioxidant peptides.
The evolution of employee engagement: Towards a social and contextual construct for balancing individual performance and wellbeing dynamically
Authors: Boccoli Gabriele , Gastaldi Luca , Corso Mariano 
Published: June 2022

AbstractResearch demonstrates that high Employee Engagement (EE) sustains job satisfaction and performance among staff. This literature review analyses the evolution of EE, highlighting the theoretical frameworks used to explain the concept, the measurement scales adopted by researchers and the principal antecedents and outcomes relating to EE that have been progressively considered along the way. Three main findings emerge from the analysis. First, we highlight the social and relational nature of EE, providing a more sociological interpretation of this phenomenon. Second, we underscore the fact that EE is dynamic, and when combined with modern digital technologies, it can be studied through innovative approaches. Third, we discuss how EE could be a fundamental ingredient in shifting towards a human centred approach through which balancing individuals’ wellbeing and performance. We discuss the implications of these findings, highlighting the necessity to rethink EE in relation to the new normal ushered in by Covid‐19, and the increasing role of hybrid working.
An organized anarchy? Understanding the role of German cooperation in the construction and export of the dual training model
Authors: Fontdevila Clara , Valiente Oscar , Schneider Sebastian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe role of German cooperation as a key force behind the worldwide dissemination of dual training is well‐established within the specialized literature. The multilayered and fragmented nature of the German cooperation landscape suggests that German efforts in this area follow a complex and evolving interplay of motivations—yet the rationales behind Germany's bilateral work in the area of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) have rarely been examined in a systematic way. Additionally, existing approaches to the question of aid motivations as provided by economics and international relations scholarship appear to be ill‐suited to understanding the rationales behind Germany's TVET cooperation efforts. Drawing on a combination of document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders, this paper investigates the heterogeneity of drivers and motivations behind German cooperation efforts in the promotion and export of the dual training model and examines the coordination challenges posed by this diversity. The paper finds that German efforts in the international promotion of dual training are driven by at least three analytically distinct rationales that correspond roughly to three differentiated poles within the German policy space—namely, the economic, development and education arenas. The paper also finds that this diversity of motivations poses important coordination challenges—and that, while recent coordination efforts have succeeded in securing some degree of rhetorical consistency, only limited progress has been made in terms of operational coherence.
Human FOXP3 and tumour microenvironment
Authors: Wang Jia , Gong Ruining , Zhao Chenyang , Lei Ke , Sun Xiaoyuan , Ren He 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe tumour microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of cancer cells, stromal cells and immune cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME impede immune surveillance of tumours and suppress antitumor immune responses. Transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is the main marker of Tregs, which dominates the function of Tregs. FOXP3 was originally thought to be a Tregs‐specific expression molecule, and recent studies have found that FOXP3 is expressed in a variety of tumours with inconsistent functional roles. This review summarizes the recent progress of infiltrating Treg‐FOXP3 and tumour‐FOXP3 in TME, discusses the communication mechanism between FOXP3+ cells and effector T cells in TME, the relationship between FOXP3 and clinical prognosis, and the potential of FOXP3‐targeted therapy.
Immunogenicity and efficacy of Ad26.COV2.S: An adenoviral vector–based COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Le Gars Mathieu , Hendriks Jenny , Sadoff Jerald , Ryser Martin , Struyf Frank , Douoguih Macaya , Schuitemaker Hanneke 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSince its emergence in late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of efficacious vaccines, new variants with reduced sensitivity to vaccine‐induced protection are a troubling new reality. The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication‐incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding a full‐length, membrane‐bound severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein in a prefusion‐stabilized conformation. This review discusses the immunogenicity and efficacy of Ad26.COV2.S as a single‐dose primary vaccination and as a homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Ad26.COV2.S elicits broad humoral and cellular immune responses, which are associated with protective efficacy/effectiveness against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, moderate to severe/critical COVID‐19, and COVID‐19–related hospitalization and death, including against emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. The humoral immune responses elicited by Ad26.COV2.S vaccination are durable, continue to increase for at least 2‐3 months postvaccination, and involve a range of functional antibodies. Ad26.COV2.S given as a heterologous booster to mRNA vaccine–primed individuals markedly increases humoral and cellular immune responses. The use of Ad26.COV2.S as primary vaccination and as part of booster regimens is supporting the ongoing efforts to control and mitigate the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Mental health of Spanish nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Martin‐Rodriguez Leticia San , Escalda‐Hernandez Paula , Soto‐Ruiz Nelia , Ferraz‐Torres Marta , Rodriguez‐Matesanz Irati , Garcia‐Vivar Cristina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAimTo explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of nurses working in primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare centers in Navarre (Spain).BackgroundHealthcare workers, especially nurses, are at high risk for developing mental health problems during the COVID‐19 pandemic.IntroductionSpain ranks among the European countries with the highest incidence of and mortality from COVID‐19 and has a 31% deficit in the number of nurses compared with the average for the European Union.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study involving 800 Registered Nurses in Navarre, Spain. Four standardized instruments, along with a self‐administered online questionnaire, were used to measure the impact in terms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies was used to report this study.ResultsOf the 800 nurses, 68% had some level of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, and of these, 38% had moderate or severe symptoms. Those who worked in hospital COVID units and in nursing homes showed a higher impact on their mental health.DiscussionThe sustained pressure that nurses have experienced in their work during the COVID‐19 pandemic has negatively affected their mental health.ConclusionThis study found that nurses who worked in hospital COVID units and in nursing homes during the pandemic had worse mental health outcomes.Implications for nursing/policyRecommendations for nursing policy include the need to implement coaching and emotional programs to support nurses on the frontlines of the pandemic. There is also an urgent need for the implementation of national training programs to strengthen health emergency preparedness, improve response capacity, and increase the resilience of nurses to disasters.
‘You people have brought the virus here’: Othering experience of northeastern people amid COVID‐19 in Delhi, India
Authors: E P Abdul Azeez , Negi Dandub Palzor , A P Senthil Kumar , A Kaini 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRacial discrimination is a common phenomenon against the northeastern people of India on the mainland. They are prejudiced and othered mainly because of their very identity—mongoloid features—and by assuming their Chinese affiliations. The outbreak of COVID‐19 has exacerbated discrimination, violence, and othering across the globe. The case of northeasterners living in the mainland of India is not different either. Racial discrimination and the othering experienced by northeasterners have not yet been studied extensively, especially in the context of the pandemic. Against this backdrop, the present paper examines the othering experiences of northeasterners living in Delhi by analysing nineteen qualitative interviews. We also have attempted to unveil their experiences of being othered before the pandemic. The participants were recruited based on inclusion criteria. The findings of the paper underline othering as the everyday experience of northeasterners living in Delhi. The worst forms of othering and discrimination amid the COVID‐19 pandemic resulting in stigmatisation and bullying, insecurity and helplessness, and mental and emotional strains are evident in the participants' experiences. The instances of growing racism in India against northeasterners evidence the stereotypical attitude of the mainstream population towards them and urges legal measures to prevent it.
Infrared GRIN GeS2–Sb2S3–CsCl chalcogenide glass–ceramics
Authors: Li Chengkang , Liu Hongjun , Zhou Gangjie , Kang Shiliang , Tan Linling , Gao Chengwei , Lin Changgui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChalcogenide glasses show a unique potential for creating gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses, which would reduce the size and weight of infrared thermal imaging system and remain/improve its performance. Here, we propose a new method that forms a GRIN chalcogenide glass–ceramics (GCs) by creating low refractive index (n) CsCl nanocrystals within a high n GeS2–Sb2S3 glass matrix. After specific gradient thermal treatment, the GRIN structure of Δn ∼ 0.04 was formed through the gradient precipitation of CsCl. This work would pave a new path to design the GRIN chalcogenide GCs through a selective crystallization of halide crystals with low n.
Recent Monetary History: A Monetarist Perspective
Authors: Kantor Brian 
Published: June 2022

The U.S. Federal Reserve System has recently added very large additional supplies of its own money, in the form of deposits (cash reserves) held by member banks with the Fed. The first injection of central bank money offered in exchange for Treasury Bonds and MBS (QE) was intended to overcome the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008‐09. The second infusion of extra cash was intended to relieve the impact on the economy of the COVID lockdowns of 2020.The increase in the money base—defined as commercial bank deposits with the FED plus currency in issue—after 2008 did not lead to any acceleration in what had become a very low rate of inflation. Nor did it lead to any notable acceleration in the supply of money, broadly defined. But both the money supply and spending reactions to the additional central bank money after 2020 have been very different. And the growth in the money supply accelerated sharply and, along with it, inflation.The author explains these different outcomes in terms consistent with the monetarist and quantity theory traditions. A tradition that focuses on the importance of the demand for as well as the supply of money—including central bank money. The article shows that the demand for as well as the supply of cash reserves increased markedly after the GFC, reflecting the worldwide risk aversion and surfeit of capital. The exposed banks were reluctant to lend more and preferred to shore up their leveraged balance sheets holding extra cash which slowed down deposit growth. Banks in the wake of the COVID lockdowns have proved more willing to exchange cash for overdrafts, leading to rapid increases in the supply of deposits and money. Such increases have in turn led predictably to more spending as the extra money was exchanged for goods, services, and assets that caused prices to rise sharply.To reverse these inflation trends, the Fed will need to control the supply of money and bank lending. To do so effectively, the Fed should attempt to estimate the demand for large (excess) cash reserves of the banking system and set the interest rate it offers on these cash reserves accordingly. But this Fed is not monetarist; it takes little notice of money or bank credit supplies and will continue to rely on its interest rate tool to limit demand. Nevertheless, monetarists and the market will be watching closely how well the Fed manages a transition not only to higher interest rates, but back to non‐inflationary increases in the supply of money.
Screening and evaluation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from aquaculture ponds in a step-by-step strategy as potential biofertilizer
Authors: Armandeh Mostafa , Mahmoudi Nemat , Fallah Nosratabad Ali Reza 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Aims
The application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) has received little attention in aquaculture. In addition, the low efficiency of PSB as a biofertilizer in farm conditions is a major concern. Therefore, this study aims to isolate the PSB from sediment of earthen fishponds and evaluate with a more appropriate approach to ensure their effectiveness in increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in farm conditions.

Methods and Results
PSB was first isolated and selected using the National Botanical Research Institute's Phosphate (NBRIP) medium-containing tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) in solid and liquid media. Among 96 strains that were isolated, 11 strains identified by 16 s rRNA, belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, showed a higher ability to release P from TCP (48–170 mg L−1). Then, the efficiency of 11 strains was evaluated by combining different criteria. Among 11 selected strains, based on the ability to dissolve TCP and Ca-Phytate in culture medium, release P in sediment microcosm, and growth in a wide range of environmental conditions in fishponds, especially optimum growth at 4°C and pH above 8, Ps. deceptionensis strain Persian10 was selected as the most efficient strain for testing in aquarium conditions. In the last step, incubation of Persian10 in aquarium sediment (sterilized under gamma-ray) increased soluble P and had an impact on calcium phosphate, organic P and alkaline phosphatase activity; however, Persian10 had no impact on the concentration of iron phosphate and aluminium phosphate.

Conclusions
Persian 10 strain can be considered a bio-fertilizer candidate in earthen fishponds as it expressed the ability to solubilize P in different conditions.

Significance and Impact of the Study
It is very important to evaluate PSB in an appropriate process using a combination of different criteria to ensure optimal performance of PSB in farm conditions.
An endolysin Salmcide-p1 from bacteriophage fmb-p1 against gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Nie Ting , Meng Fanqiang , Lu Fengxia , Bie Xiaomei , Zhao Haizhen , Sun Jing , Lu Zhaoxin , Lu Yingjian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Aims
A novel endolysin Salmcide-p1 was developed as a promising candidate of new preservative and a supplement to effective enzyme preparations against gram-negative bacterial contaminations.

Methods and Results
Salmcide-p1 was identified by complementing the genomic sequence of a virulent Salmonella phage fmb-p1. Salmcide-p1 of 112 μg ml−1 could quickly kill Salmonella incubated with 100 mmol l−1 EDTA, with no haemolytic activity. Meanwhile, Salmcide-p1 had a high activity of lysing Salmonella cell wall peptidoglycan. At different temperatures (4–75°C), pH (4–11) and NaCl concentration (10–200 mmol l−1), the relative activity of Salmcide-p1 was above 60%. At 4°C, the combination of Salmcide-p1 and EDTA-2Na could inhibit the number of Salmonella Typhimurium CMCC 50115 in skim milk to less than 4 log CFU ml−1 by 3 days, and the number of Shigella flexneri CMCC 51571 was lower than 4 log CFU ml−1 by 9 days.

Conclusions
Salmcide-p1 had a wide bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria and showed a broader anti-Salmonella spectrum than the phage fmb-p1. The combination strategy of Salmcide-p1 and EDTA-2Na could significantly inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria inoculated in skim milk.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Bacteriophage endolysin as an antibacterial agent is considered to be a new strategy against bacterial contamination.