bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase fraction measurement of oil–gas–water three-phase flow with stratified gas by ultrasound technique
Authors: Su Qian , Deng Xiangtian , Liu Zhenxing , Tan Chao , Dong Feng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phase fraction is one of important indexes to characterize multiphase flow. In order to measure each phase fraction of oil–gas–water three-phase flow, liquid level height is detected by time-of-flight—TOF of reflected ultrasound at gas–liquid interface, while oil phase fraction in reflection path is calculated according to the ultrasound attenuation. By studying interactions between multiphase flow and the ultrasound propagation in certain flow patterns, a prediction model for phase fraction measurement of three-phase flow is proposed based on ultrasound transmission attenuation and reflection TOF in the process of horizontal flow with actual phase distributions. Simulation and experimental results under conditions of oil–water two-phase structure with stratified gas in a horizontal pipe show that the proposed method and the established model can accurately detect gas–liquid interface, so that measure oil, gas, water phase fraction. The mechanism prediction model and the measurement device effectively solve the nonlinear response of the ultrasonic measurement parameter, so that can estimate phase fractions of liquids and gas in two-phase as well as three-phase flows simultaneously, which extends the measurement range and the applicable scope of ultrasonic technique to multiphase flow.
Discovery of Extended Structure Around Open Cluster COIN-Gaia 13 Based on Gaia EDR3
Authors: Bai Leya , Zhong Jing , Chen Li , Li Jing , Hou Jinliang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
COIN-Gaia 13 is a newly discovered open cluster revealed by Gaia DR2 data. It is a nearby open cluster with a distance of about 513 pc. Combined with the five-dimensional astrometric data of Gaia EDR3 with higher accuracy, we use the membership assignment algorithm (pyUPMASK) to determine the membership of COIN-Gaia 13 in a large extended spatial region. The cluster has 478 identified candidate members. After obtaining reliable cluster members, we further study its basic properties and spatial distribution. Our results show that there is an obvious extended structure of the cluster in the X–Y plane. This elongated structure is distributed along the spiral arm, and the whole length is about 270 pc. The cluster age is 250 Myr, the total mass is about 439 M
⊙ and the tidal radius of the cluster is about 11 pc. Since more than half of member stars (352 stars) are located outside twice the tidal radius, it is suspected that this cluster is undergoing the dynamic dissolution process. Furthermore, the spatial distribution and kinematic analysis indicate that the extended structure in COIN-Gaia 13 is more likely to be caused by differential rotation of the Galaxy.
Evolution Toward the Observational Features of a Stripped Envelope Type IIb Supernova in a Binary System
Authors: Long Gang , Song Han-Feng , Zhang Rui-Yu , Qin Ying , Zhao Liu-Yan , Qi Shi-Tao , Wu Fang-Wen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Type IIb supernovae (SNe IIb) that have a thin layer of hydrogen left in their outer envelope have been believed to belong to core collapse supernovae. Mass transfer via Roche lobe overflow can significantly change the nucleosynthesis and surface chemical elements of the progenitors of SNe IIb. We aim to explore what conditions a close binary can meet with the observational features of SNe IIb. We find that an observed low mass SN IIb cannot be produced by a low mass isolated star with M < 20 M
⊙ due to the existence of a thick hydrogen envelope regardless of rotation. Binaries dominate as progenitors in the mass interval (i.e., M < 20 M
⊙) considered in this paper. The 16 M
⊙ primary with a 14 M
⊙ companion in a binary system with ∼10 days < P
orb < 720 days can reproduce observational features of SNe IIb (i.e., T
eff,

log

L

/

L

⊙

, M
He, M
H, etc.). With the decrease of the hydrogen-rich envelope mass, the radius of the progenitor shrinks. The associated types of SN IIb progenitors from RSGs and YSGs to BSGs are closely related to the amount of hydrogen left in the envelopes. Rotation can bring the production of the CNO reaction to the stellar surface at an early phase, which would explain the nitrogen-rich circumstellar material of SN 1993J and can also explain the large He/H ratio of supernova ejecta. Rotation can increase the corresponding region of the orbital period which can produce an SN IIb.
Tailoring of upconversion luminescence of Al3+ engineered titanate phosphor for non-invasive thermometry
Authors: Pattnaik Sasank , Rai Vineet Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ability of rare-earth-doped ferroelectric oxides to achieve outstanding upconversion (UC) performances under NIR irradiation despite possessing intrinsic electric properties drives researchers all over the globe to work in this field. The structural and spectroscopic characteristics of the Bi4Ti3O12 phosphor integrated with Er3+, Yb3+, and Al3+ have been thoroughly investigated in this study. The considerable increase in UC emission ∼three times caused by the addition of Al3+ ions has been observed and discussed. The processes connected with the UC emission related to the pump power variation have been realized using the rate law equation. Aside from having high sensitivity of 0.011 K−1 at room temperature, the prepared phosphor possesses excellent thermal stability, i.e., it retains ∼73% of its initial intensity with the addition of Al3+ ions.
Theoretical study of encapsulation of diethylstilbestrol drug into the inner surface of BNNT toward designing a new nanocarrier for drug delivery systems
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Maryamossadat , Masoudi Shiva , Masnabadi Nasrin , Azarakhshi Fatemeh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this research, the encapsulation and intermolecular non-bonded interactions of an anticancer drug, Diethylstilbestrol (DES), into the inner surfaces of BNNT (8,8–12) were investigated. All Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed in a gas phase. So, this research focuses on intermolecular hydrogen bonding, van der Waals and steric interactions between active sites of the BNNT and DES by quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) theory. QTAIM and non-covalent interaction index (NCI) analyses showed the interactions between the DES drug and the BNNT nanotube. The HOMO-LUMO orbitals, Density of States (DOS) plots, and reduced density gradient (RDG) analyses were carried out to determine the effect of DES adsorption into the nanotube. Furthermore, the effect of the abovementioned interactions between the DES and BNNT (8,8–12) on the electronic characteristics, and natural charges have also been estimated. Based on the results, the thermodynamic parameters of BNNT (8,8-12)/DES are in very close agreement with the NCI analysis and showed that the BNNT (8,8–12) adsorb DES via a physisorption process rather than chemical one and the sorption procedure was exothermic in benign and thermodynamically favorable. Therefore, the use of BNNT (8,8–12) as a carrier for DES drug has been confirmed theoretically.
Strengthening mechanism of Sr element on 6063 Al alloys
Authors: Yang Zhan-Shou , Dong Yaping , Li Wu , Liu Xin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The micro-texture, grain size, morphology, size and distribution of the second phase in 6063 Al alloys significantly influence the comprehensive mechanical properties of alloys. By adding Sr to the 6063 Al alloys, this study performed a comparison of the effect exerted by micro-texture and grain refinement and explored the existence of Sr and its influence on the second phase. Inaddition, the influence mechanism for mechanical properties of the Sr-added alloys was also investigated. The results show that the phase structure of 6063 Al alloys is changed after adding Sr The Al2Si2Sr intermetallic compound is formed, and numerous substructures are developed during dynamic recovery and recrystallization. Moreover, after adding Sr element, the grain size of 6063 Al alloys is reduced from 33.45 μm to 24.04 μm. Small-angle grain boundaries increase, while large-angle grain boundaries decrease. Sr element changes the micro-texture of 6063 Al alloys significantly when Cube{100}〈001〉, Goss{110}〈001〉 and S {123}〈634〉 become Cube{100}〈001〉. The tensile strength, yield strength and Brinell hardness of 6063 Al alloys increase by 59.67%, 69.36% and 36.63%, respectively. Taken together, the Sr element strengthens the mechanical properties of 6063 Al alloys through fine-grained strengthening.
Thermal and mechanical analyses of dry clutch disk made of functionally graded aluminum matrix composite
Authors: Ali Ibrahim A , Asiri Saeed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This research work presents an innovative utility of Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite with Silicon Carbide as a friction material in clutches’ plate since it has an acceptable friction coefficient and a high wear resistance which may lead to longer working life. Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite’s properties are calculated using rule-of-mixture and power law, and simulated as layered geometry. Clutches designed based on the standard size and working conditions of clutches in mid-size and heavy automobiles. Functionally Graded Aluminum Matrix Composite’s behavior is examined considering statics, dynamics, thermal and wear. Analyses are done using Finite Element method, by ANSYS with boundary conditions that represent the actual working conditions of clutch in automobiles. The developed finite element model is validated by comparing it to literature and has achieved good agreement. Results are discussed by comparing functionally graded aluminum matrix composite’s clutch performance to aluminum matrix composite with 20% of silicon carbide clutch and e-glass clutch performances. FGAMC clutch showed excellent behavior considering static analysis where deformations were the least among the three materials. The thermal and free vibrational performance of the FGAMC were not the best but with very small differences compared to aluminum matrix composite and e-glass clutches. Very unwanted performance of FGAMC is recognized in forced vibration analysis, as it has very high stresses, strain and deformation compared to the other two materials. Structural transient behavior of FGAMC is acceptable as it has the lowest deformations and strains from the highest stresses but in small area of the contact surface of the clutch. Volume loss in FGAMC due wear is less compared to traditional aluminum matrix composite by more than 4 times.
A multitask deep representation for Gleason score classification to support grade annotations
Authors: León Fabian , Martínez Fabio 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Gleason grade system is the main standard to quantify the aggressiveness and progression of prostate cancer. Currently, exists a high disagreement among experts in the diagnosis and stratification of this disease. Deep learning models have emerged as an alternative to classify and support experts automatically. However, these models are limited to learn a rigid stratification rule that can be biased during training to a specific observer. Therefore, this work introduces an embedding representation that integrates an auxiliary task learning to deal with the high inter and intra appearance of the Gleason system. The proposed strategy implements as a main task a triplet loss scheme that builds a feature embedding space with respect to batches of positive and negative histological training patches. As an auxiliary task is added a cross-entropy that helps with inter-class variability of samples while adding robust representations to the main task. The proposed approach shows promising results achieving an average accuracy of 66% and 64%, for two experts without statistical difference. Additionally, reach and average accuracy of 73% in patches where both pathologists are agree, showing the robustness patterns learning from the approach.
Application of unlaminated EBT3 film dosimeter for quantification of dose enhancement using silver nanoparticle-embedded alginate film
Authors: Kakade Nitin R , Das Abhishek , Kumar Rajesh , Sharma S D , Chadha Ridhima , Maiti Nandita , Kapoor Sudhir 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Purpose. The paper describes the application of unlaminated Gafchromic EBT3 film dosimeter for quantification of dose enhancement using locally synthesized silver nanoparticle-embedded alginate film (AgNPs-Alg film) for nanoparticles-aided radiotherapy. Materials and Methods. AgNPs-Alg film was synthesized and characterized using standard techniques. The unlaminated Gafchromic EBT3 film was specially customized for dosimetric measurement. The dose enhancements due to AgNPs-Alg film was experimentally determined for ISO wide spectrum x-rays series (average energy ranging from 57–137 keV) and 6 and 10 MV x-rays using laminated and unlaminated Gafchromic EBT3 film. The radiation dose of 1 Gy was delivered to a combination of AgNPs-Alg films and EBT3 film. Results. Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy of silver nanoparticles shows a surface plasmon resonance peak at 400 nm. The average particle size of 13 ± 2 nm was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy. For unlaminated film, the dose enhancements of 29%, 23%, 14% and 2% was observed for ISO wide spectrum x-rays having average energy of 57, 79, 104 and 137 keV, respectively. The dose enhancement was negligible for 6 and 10 MV x-rays. In the case of laminated film, no significant dose enhancement was measured for all the x-ray energies. Conclusion. The unlaminated Gafchromic EBT3 film can be a suitable choice for the measurement of dose enhancement. Further, silver nanoparticles can be used during nanoparticle-aided radiotherapy when irradiated at low x-ray energy.
On local conservation of information content in Schwarzschild black holes
Authors: Kanyolo Godwill Mbiti , Masese Titus 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The central equations in classical general relativity are the Einstein Field equations, which accurately describe not only the generation of pseudo-Riemannian curvature by matter and radiation manifesting as gravitational effects, but more importantly mass-energy dynamics, evolution and distribution on the space-time manifold. Herein, we introduce a geometric phase in general relativity corresponding to Schwarzschild black hole information content. This quantity appropriately satisfies a local conservation law subject to minimal coupling, with other desirable properties such as the quantization of the black hole horizon in units of Planck area. The local conservation law is imposed by field equations, which not only contain the trace of Einstein Field equations, but also a complex-valued function with properties analogous to the quantum-mechanical wave function. Such success attests to the utility of the proposed field equations in capturing key aspects of quantum gravity theories.
Unusual abundance of bloom forming Aulacoseira spp. diatom populations in an anthropogenically impacted stretch of lower part of the River Ganga
Authors: Kumar Chakresh , Ghosh Anwesha , Yash  , Bhadury Punyasloke 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The River Ganga is reeling from pressures of rapid urbanization and resulting anthropogenic forcings. In this study, phytoplankton community assemblages were deduced from the Dakshineswar site located in the lower stretch of River Ganga to quantify and understand the health status of this river. Surface water samples were collected from six pre-defined stations of Dakshineswar spanning across monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2019 and 2020. Stations were categorized into point source and surface water based on proximity to municipal discharges. Measurement of in situ environmental parameters showed significant differences in values for dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and suspended particulate matter between the two seasons during the study period. In particular, concentrations of dissolved nitrate and silicate were found to be higher in point source stations compared to surface water stations. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was found to be higher in post-monsoon compared to monsoon seasons. Phytoplankton communities consisted of 23 diatom taxa and 14 green algal taxa and they showed distinct seasonal and spatial variations in the study site. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by diatom taxa namely Aulacoseira, Bacillaria, Coscinodiscus, and green algal taxa such as Ulothrix, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus. There was a dramatic increase in cell abundance of Aulacoseira spp. in post-monsoon seasons indicating a bloom-like scenario. Moreover, the rapid increase in cell abundance of Aulacoseira spp. also coincided with an increase in Chl-a and a sharp fall in the concentration of dissolved silicate. Some of the encountered phytoplankton taxa such as Tetraedron, Cosmarium, Nitzschia and Scenedesmus showed strong co-occurrence patterns indicating possible association at ecological scales. Four distinct clusters were formed in nMDS ordination plot based on the influences of environmental variables on encountered phytoplankton taxa. Network analysis revealed evidence of co-occurrence patterns between several diatoms and green algal taxa.
Many-body van der Waals interactions in wet MoS2 surfaces
Authors: Shao Xuecheng , Umerbekova Alina , Jiang Kaili , Pavanello Michele 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many-body dispersion (MBD), and generally many-body correlation effects, have emerged in recent years as key contributions to intermolecular interactions in condensed phases affecting nearly every field in the molecular sciences. Ab initio electronic structure methods are the golden standard of material science but unfortunately they are too computationally expensive for evaluating MBD in such complex systems as liquid–solid interfaces. In this work, we leverage subsystem time-dependent DFT’s rigorous decomposition of the system’s response function into subsystem contributions to evaluate the effect of many-body correlation effects (which include dispersion) for each water molecule in a model of wet MoS2 surface. The optical spectra and and to a lesser extent the effective molecular C
6 coefficients display a dependence on a handful of order parameters describing the liquid as well as the distance and orientation of the molecules with respect to the surface. Overall, we provide an unprecedented, granular analysis of many-body correlation effects for wet MoS2 which will be useful for developing more approximate models, such as force fields and other multi-scale methods for water–surface interactions.
Photovoltaics module reliability for the terawatt age
Authors: Jordan D C , Haegel Nancy , Barnes Teresa M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Photovoltaics (PV), or solar electricity generation, has become the cheapest form of energy in many locations worldwide and, combined with energy storage, has the potential to satisfy most of our electricity needs. PV has grown at an annual compounded growth rate of approximately 30% in the last three decades. Solar energy systems will continue their impressive growth in distributed energy, microgrids, and utility scale, as efforts are made for dependable electricity in an age with increasing extreme weather. However, within this remarkable success lies a new challenge. The growth curve, combined with rapid product innovation and scale up, means that the majority of PV systems are new, without the three years of performance data that have been required in the past to estimate product lifetime. PV reliability has to address this challenge. In this review we present a brief summary of PV reliability starting with brief historical synopsis, detailing some of the technological challenges and present a framework required for long lifetime.
Limitations and suggestions of electric transit charge scheduling
Authors: Zeng Ziling , Daniels David , Qu Xiaobo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A major factor hindering the popularization of electric buses (EBs) in the current automotive market is the high ownership cost of batteries and its significant upfront investment. For the daily maintenance of electric fleets, the amortized battery replacement cost is at least six times the charging cost. Thus, ensuring the healthy operation of the battery and prolonging the cycle life are some of the most concerned issues of the bus operators. In order to achieve the best operating mode, the operators are required to formulate an effective charging schedule with minimized battery wear. However, little quantitative formulation exists in prior literature to consider battery wear in bus charge scheduling. In this paper, a general formula is presented for battery wear cost consideration in charge scheduling based on the emerging literature. Then, the existing charge scheduling model is improved based on the proposed approach. A case study illustrates the significant difference in operating costs between charging plans developed with or without consideration of battery wear. The focus of this commentary is to present the crucial factors to improve the efficiency of EB operations and help make the charge scheduling models more realistic.
Modelling, analysis and optimization of design parameter of bump-type gas foil journal bearing
Authors: Mourya Vishal , Bhore Skylab P 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The bump-type gas foil bearing (GFB) is widely used in various high-speed oil-free turbomachinery due to its extra features such as high-speed capability without any external oil lubricant. Under the high-speed condition, the performance characteristics of GFB are majorly dependent on its design parameter. Thus, this paper briefly analyzes and optimizes the design parameters of bump-type GFB to improve its performance characteristic. The numerical simulation of bump-type GFB is performed in ANSYS software. The effect of various design parameters such as foil thickness, bump half-length, bump pitch, and bump angle on the output responses are analyzed using a response surface methodology based CCD design matrix. Here, the output responses are structural stiffness and the equivalent stress in foil bearing. To optimize it, the multi-objective GRA technique is used. These results show that the foil thickness is the most influencing and the bump angle is the least influencing design parameter. The optimal value of foil thickness, bump angle, bump half-length and bump pitch are 0.14 mm, 63.75 deg., 1.55 mm and 4.6 mm respectively. At these optimal design parameters, the deviation between the predicted regression model and the numerical results are within 3.5%. Moreover, with these optimal design parameters, the structural stiffness of foil bearings increases by 68.4% and stress distribution reduces by 44.22% compared to the general configuration of foil bearings.
Highly efficient resonant length integrated optic photodetector
Authors: Sharma Vinod K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A novel integrated optic photodetector with resonant length is theoretically proposed for detection at 1.55 μm. The structure consists of substrate/waveguide/phase matching layer (low index)/absorbing semiconductor layer/air. A general mode expansion and propagation technique based on supermode analysis is used to study the propagation of modes in the device structure. Periodic coupling between the guided mode and the mode supported by the absorbing layer takes place and varies with the length of the detector. We show that resonant coupling between the two super modes takes place for the optimized thickness of the phase matching layer and the absorbing layer at a particular length of the detector which is considered the detector length. An attenuation exceeding 170 dB could be obtained for a detector length of 13 μm for TM polarization. The proposed photodetector exhibits a 3dB bandwidth exceeding 300 GHz and has capacitance of only 0.01 pF. Similar results have been obtained for TE polarization with different thickness of the absorbing layer.