bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerosis as a Potential Cause of Deep Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: A 3T High‐Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Luo Na , Shang Zi‐Yang , Tao Lin , Yang Ben‐Qiang , Chen Hui‐Sheng 
Published: October 2022

Background
The potential causes or sources of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) vary. This study aimed to investigate the main cause of deep ESUS by evaluating nonstenotic intracranial atherosclerotic plaque.

Methods and Results
We retrospectively screened consecutive patients with unilateral anterior circulation ESUS. After excluding the patients with possible embolism from an extracranial artery such as aortic arch plaque, carotid plaque, and so on, the enrolled patients with ESUS were categorized into 2 groups: deep ESUS and cortical with/without deep ESUS. All patients underwent intracranial high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging to assess the characteristics of nonstenotic intracranial atherosclerotic plaque. Biomarkers of atrial cardiopathy (ie, P‐wave terminal force in lead V1 on ECG, NT‐proBNP [N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide] and left atrial diameter) were collected. A total of 155 patients with ipsilateral nonstenotic intracranial atherosclerotic plaque were found, with 76 (49.0%) in deep ESUS and 79 (51.0%) in cortical with/without deep ESUS. We found more prevalent plaque in the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the ostia of the perforator, with a smaller remodeling index plaque burden, and less frequent occurrence of complicated plaque in deep ESUS versus cortical with/without deep ESUS. Higher BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) levels and a higher prevalence of atrial cardiopathy in cortical with/without deep ESUS versus deep ESUS. Moreover, the discrimination of vulnerable plaque for predicting ESUS was significantly enhanced after adjusting for or further excluding patients with deep ESUS.

Conclusions
The current study provides the first high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging evidence that cortical with/without deep ESUS and deep ESUS should be 2 distinct entities and that atherosclerosis, not embolism, might be the main cause of deep ESUS.
Investigation on Gender Differences in Leadership of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials
Authors: Rawlley Bharat , Marchina Sarah , Cappucci Stefanie P. , Gogia Bhanu , Wang Jia-Yi , Stillman Alexandra , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Gender disparities among principal investigators of clinical trials (CT) can have implications regarding the areas of investigation, methods, conduct, trial enrollment, and interpretation of results. An estimation of the gender gap in the leadership of stroke-related CTs from North America has to date not been undertaken.

Methods:

We extracted information about stroke-related CTs between 2011 and 2020 from
www.Clinicaltrials.gov
and PubMed. We examined the gender distribution according to the academic credentials and the trial type. The gender of PIs and authors was determined using gender package in R, which identifies gender using historical data from the United States. Additionally, we obtained information from Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education data resource books on the gender composition of full-time neurology faculty, neurology residents and vascular neurology fellows.

Results:

In these analyses of 821 CTs registered on
Clinicaltrials.gov
and 110 trials published on PubMed, we found that gender disparity among the PIs, first and last authors have persisted over the last decade without any significant trend toward parity (
P
>0.05). On examining the gender distribution according to academic credentials and trial type, we found that men were over-represented in the sub-group of PIs with an MD degree (78.11% versus 21.87%;
P
<0.01) and those leading acute stroke trials (86.04% versus 13.89%;
P
<0.01). We also found that a lower proportion of women neurology residents pursued a vascular neurology fellowship during this period (33.5% versus 42.5%;
P
<0.05).

Conclusions:
Our results show that the favorable trend toward gender parity seen in Neurology faculty over the last decade has not translated to the same in the leadership of CTs. Our findings merit further investigation and a re-examination of efforts toward inclusion of women as leaders of stroke-related CTs.
Association of Sex With the Use and Outcomes of Carotid Revascularization: A Cohort Study
Authors: Ramkumar Niveditta , Suckow Bjoern D. , Arya Shipra S. , Mackenzie Todd A. , Sedrakyan Art , Goodney Philip P. , Brown Jeremiah R. 
Published: October 2022

Background
Stroke is a leading cause of death that disproportionately affects women. Treating carotid stenosis with carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can prevent ischemic stroke. Yet, the sex‐specific use and long‐term outcomes of these interventions remain unclear. Thus, we sought to investigate sex‐based differences in the treatment and outcomes of carotid stenosis.

Methods
We analyzed carotid revascularizations in the Vascular Quality Initiative, a national clinical registry. Patients were linked to Medicare claims to identify long‐term outcomes. Our study cohort included patients undergoing index CAS or CEA between 2005 and 2015 who were fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+. The primary exposure was sex, and the primary outcome was stroke. Using log‐binomial regression, we estimated the relative risk for CAS treatment accounting for clustering by center. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio for stroke. We used inverse probability‐weighted risk adjustment based on patient demographics, comorbidities, and disease severity for all analyses.

Results

In our cohort of 22 341 eligible patients, 39% were women, 13% underwent CAS, and the median survival time was 2.6 years (interquartile range: 1.0–3.4 years). After risk adjustment, women were less likely to undergo CAS than men (adjusted relative risk, 0.89; [95% CI, 0.83–0.96];
P
=0.003). Women undergoing carotid revascularization had a 24% increased risk of stroke (adjusted HR, 1.24; [95% CI, 1.10–1.39];
P
=0.001) within 5 years of surgery. The higher stroke rate in women was noted following both carotid endarterectomy (adjusted HR, 1.22; [95% CI, 1.07–1.38];
P
=0.003) and CAS (adjusted HR, 1.40; [95% CI, 1.06–1.83];
P
=0.014). This effect was most pronounced for symptomatic treatment, where women undergoing CEA had a 3% higher risk‐adjusted 5‐year cumulative incidence of stroke (13% versus 10%, Gray's
P
=0.002).

Conclusion
Compared with men, women had a higher incidence of postoperative stroke after carotid revascularization, regardless of treatment type. Sex disparities in postrevascularization stroke rates may give rise to concern given the widespread use of revascularization for managing carotid stenosis.
Lexicality-Modulated Influence of Auditory Cortex on Subthalamic Nucleus During Motor Planning for Speech
Authors: Weiss Alexander R. , Korzeniewska Anna , Chrabaszcz Anna , Bush Alan , Fiez Julie A. , Crone Nathan E. , Richardson Robert M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Speech requires successful information transfer within cortical-basal ganglia loop circuits to produce the desired acoustic output. For this reason, up to 90% of Parkinson’s disease patients experience impairments of speech articulation. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective in controlling the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, sometimes alongside speech improvement, but subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS can also lead to decreases in semantic and phonological fluency. This paradox demands better understanding of the interactions between the cortical speech network and the STN, which can be investigated with intracranial EEG recordings collected during DBS implantation surgery. We analyzed the propagation of high-gamma activity between STN, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and ventral sensorimotor cortices during reading aloud via event-related causality, a method that estimates strengths and directionalities of neural activity propagation. We employed a newly developed bivariate smoothing model based on a two-dimensional moving average, which is optimal for reducing random noise while retaining a sharp step response, to ensure precise embedding of statistical significance in the time–frequency space. Sustained and reciprocal neural interactions between STN and ventral sensorimotor cortex were observed. Moreover, high-gamma activity propagated from the STG to the STN prior to speech onset. The strength of this influence was affected by the lexical status of the utterance, with increased activity propagation during word versus pseudoword reading. These unique data suggest a potential role for the STN in the feedforward control of speech.
Lepilemur petteri latrine placement in Tsimanampetsotse National Park, Madagascar
Authors: Nevermann Stella , Rasolofoson Manuelle Famenosoa , Ratovonamana Yedidya Rakotomalala , Apel Celina , Ganzhorn Jörg U. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Latrine behaviour in lemurs has been interpreted as a means of olfactory communication linked to energy efficient resource defence against neighbouring individuals and/or social bonding within social groups. For social bonding, latrines might best be placed at the core of home ranges, while resource defence could be based on defending the most important part of the home range, i.e., the core area or by establishing olfactory landmarks at the periphery of the home range. Most studies on lemurs describe deposition of urine and faeces in latrines in the core of the home range. In a study at the limit of the distributional range of Lepilemur petteri, at a site with unpredictable weather conditions, we radio-tracked 12 individuals and located latrines within their home ranges. In our study, latrines were located at the periphery of the home ranges. This is interpreted as a means to defend a larger area rather than specific resource rich sites that may or may not provide food in a given year. Regardless of the flexible spatial pattern, and in common with other mammals, lemur latrines are characterized by conspicuous trees, even though urine and faeces are deposited at the base of trees. This indicates some kind of optimal structure of latrines to convey information most effectively, possibly by combining visual and olfactory cues.
Optional Plural Agreement in Heritage Turkish Speakers’ Verb Form Choices
Authors: Felser Claudia , Uygun Serkan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Turkish 3rd person plural subjects are frequently used with verbs that are unmarked for number, with plural suffix omission influenced by semantic and word-order related constraints. Previous findings from judgment tasks indicate that monolingual and heritage Turkish speakers differ in the way they are affected by these constraints. This study builds and expands upon previous research by investigating the role of word order in more detail, and by examining whether the constraint weightings obtained from Uygun and Felser’s (2021) acceptability judgment data are able to predict speakers’ verb form choices in a timed sentence completion task. Besides confirming that word-order related constraints are information-structural in nature, our results show that heritage speakers over-produce plural-marked verbs in comparison to monolingual speakers, indicating between-group differences in constraint ranking. We interpret this as reflecting a tendency among Turkish heritage speakers to regularize the agreement system, which is not necessarily observed in metalinguistic judgment tasks.
New Data on Language Change: Compositional Definiteness in American Norwegian
Authors: van Baal Yvonne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study investigates language change in American Norwegian (AmNo), a heritage language with a long migration and research history. Specifically, the paper examines the co-occurrence of a prenominal determiner and a suffixed article in modified definite phrases, known as compositional (or double) definiteness (CD). Recordings from three different points in time, recently made available in the Corpus of American Nordic Speech (Johannessen, 2015), are used to track historical developments. The data show that previous generations of speakers use CD in a homeland-like manner. Present-day speakers, on the other hand, frequently omit the determiner, which reflects a language change in this generation. I suggest that this innovation is preceded by a shift in the distributional frequency of exceptions to CD, which is intertwined with changes in language maintenance in the communities. Together, these factors contribute to the timing of the language change.
Essentiality and Responsibility in Times of Crises Anthropodicy beyond the Limits of Reason Alone
Authors: Theojaya Simeon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed global dependency on essential workers and the susceptibility of social dynamics. Essentiality is a haunting primordial issue because it is still defined by socio-economic functions rather than people’s worth as human beings. For Marx, Feuerbach’s concept of homo deus is an inversion of Christian anthropology which ends as a mere ‘theological nicety’. In response to Marx, I hold that religion is an efficient ideology that transcends abstraction. The current crisis shows that religion’s problem lies elsewhere: it can be counterproductive to social causes and hardly fit inside the limits of reason. Elaborating Lévinas’s concern over theodicy, I appeal to anthropodicy as an impetus for religious ideology to embrace vulnerability and nurture solidarity. After Lévinas, I reinterpret essentiality as a responsibility that surpasses our rationality. With the alignment of essentiality and responsibility, anthropodicy can support religious ideology to welcome the vulnerable others and encourage social responsibility.
Comparing the Decriminalisation of Assisted Dying in Europe
Authors: Krüger Jessica Maureen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Assisted dying is subject to markedly different laws in different European countries, and the legislation is rapidly changing in many of them. This article seeks to enhance our understanding of how public and health-care professionals’ opinions shape assisted dying legislation in Europe. To that end, data on the attitudes of the general public as well as health-care professionals was systematically collected, analysed and compared to the legal situation in seven European countries, covering the period from 1990 until 2021.
Contemporary Jewish Artists Encounter Samaritan Culture, 2020–2022: Artists’ Perspectives
Authors: McBee Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This article describes the process by which eight contemporary Jewish artists – Andi Arnovitz, Judith Joseph, Richard McBee, Mark Podwal, Archie Rand, Joel Silverstein, Hillel Smith, and Yona Verwer – encountered Samaritan culture and created artworks that bridge their new learning about the Samaritans and their own Jewish identities. Their works were integrated into The Samaritans: A Biblical People, an exhibition at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC, that debuted in the fall of 2022. This essay integrates interviews with the artists into a larger discussion of their art.
Negotiating Black Identity
Authors: Yerima-Avazi Dina , Ekwueme-Ugwu Chinonye 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper interrogates location as a fulcrum for hybrid identity creation for African characters in Africa, African Americans and African characters in the Diaspora. Over time, identity has been negotiated on the basis of race, ethnicity and religion. These are often linked to a specific place and find expression in definitions of culture, suggesting location as a necessary component of culture and, by extension, a major influence on identity. Conceptual notions of diaspora and hybridity, as explored within the postcolonial theory, serve as the framework which research uses to comparatively query the negotiation of hybrid identity as given in Roots by Alex Haley and Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi. These two texts represent African American and African characters’ experiences, respectively. The study aims to reveal that regardless of regional difference and other nuances in the experiences of African American and African characters, hybrid identity creation for both African American and African characters, is tied to location—which, in this case, is Africa.
Visibilizing Everyday Intergenerational Engagements: Philippines in 2020 Lockdown
Authors: Oropilla Czarecah Tuppil , Ødegaard Elin Eriksen , White E. Jayne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Contemporary depictions of learning in early years research and practice are mostly located within formal educational institutions. Educational experiences that take place for young children in the family home, and across generations, are much less visible, despite persistent claims concerning the importance of the wider family in early experience. During covid-19 pandemic lockdown, however, learning at home with family members became much more visible as private and public settings coalesced. In the present study 2-4-year-old Filipino children’s intergenerational experiences at home during lockdown were shared through visual data, as a source of valued learning—highlighting the pedagogical role of family. The authors’ interest in this article is to explore what kinds of learning were made visible—by whom, for whom. Special emphasis is given to intergenerational engagements between young children and older adults, as represented by the families themselves. Heywood and Sandywell’s concept of ‘visibilization’ is operationalized as a visual route to these sites of production—the images themselves, their intended audience, and their circulation. Videos produced by families portray intergenerational arenas for learning. The mediating role of the sandwich generations in these intergenerational encounters are made visible in the private and public sphere of social media.
Comparison of Robotic, Laparoscopic, and Open Unilateral Repair of Non-recurrent Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Hsu Justin L. , Kelley Jesse K. , Zambito Giuseppe M. , Korakavi Nisha , Phillips Alexander , Phillips Maxwell , Scheeres David E. , Banks-Venegoni Amy L. 
Published: October 2022

Background There is a paucity of data comparing open, robotic, and laparoscopic approaches on unilateral, non-recurrent inguinal hernias. Our study presents a large, retrospective triple-arm outcome analysis between robotic, laparoscopic, and open unilateral, non-recurrent inguinal hernia repairs at a single institution. Methods 706 patients who underwent elective, non-recurrent inguinal hernia repair performed by 8 general surgeons at a single institution from 2016 to 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Patient baseline characteristics, operative times, resident involvement, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed for all repair types. A cost analysis of the different procedures was performed. Results There were 305 laparoscopic repairs, 207 robotic repairs, and 194 open repairs. Open and laparoscopic repairs were performed on patients who were older (p =< .001) and with a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p =< .001). Patient BMI was higher in minimally invasive repair than open repair (P = .021). There were no significant differences in complication rates on pairwise analysis. Robotic and open repairs had significantly longer operative times than laparoscopic repairs (P < .001). There was less resident involvement in robotic repair than with the other approaches (P < .001). Resident involvement was associated with shorter OR times (P = .001) and no significant difference in postoperative complications. There was a trend over the study period toward faster operative times and more robotic repair. Robotic repair is the most expensive repair, followed by laparoscopic and open repairs. Conclusion All 3 repair techniques can be performed without significant differences in outcomes. The technique utilized should be based on surgeon preference and patient characteristics.
Experiences of care perceived by users of supported accommodations for people with serious mental disorders: Can they impact quality of life?
Authors: Pedrosa Bárbara , Cardoso Graça , Azeredo-Lopes Sofia , Aluh Deborah , Grigaitė Ugnė , Dias Margarida , Silva Manuela , Caldas de Almeida José 
Published: October 2022

Background: To understand if supported accommodations (SA) are promoting the recovery of people with serious mental disorders, quality of life (QoL) is an important outcome. This study aimed to analyse the association between QoL and experiences of care in general and to identify specific experiences of care that are associated with QoL in users of SA. Methods: A random sample of users of 42 SA was interviewed to obtain standardized measures of QoL and personal experiences of care. The sample was also characterized according to sociodemographic and clinical aspects. Linear regressions models analysed the association between QoL and experiences of care, adjusting for potential confounders. Results include estimated regression coefficients, corresponding 95% confidence intervals and p-values. Results: The number of users interviewed was 272. The median QoL was 4.9 (2.3–6.8) out of 7. Although 84.9% of users were satisfied with the care received, only 16.2% felt involved in their treatment. Feeling safe (β = .73; 95% CI [0.22–1.24], p  = .006) and having privacy (β = .42; 95% CI [0.09–0.75], p  = .014) influenced QoL. Involvement in care (β = .44; 95% CI [0.13–0.74], p  = .006), safety and privacy (β = .72; 95% CI [0.44–0.99], p  = 8.38e-07) and user-professional relationship (β = .42; 95% CI [0.14–0.69], p  = .003) were also associated with QoL. Conclusions: Feeling safe, having privacy, feeling involved in care and having good user-professional relationships influence the QoL of users. These findings have implications from the political and economic level to the organizational and individual levels.
Protest Before and During a Pandemic
Authors: Gordon Jeffrey 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLiberal democracies have struggled recently with protecting freedom of speech and assembly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an old, general problem in new, specific guise. In Australia, the Supreme Court of New South Wales has been exercising a statutory jurisdiction to ‘authorise’ or ‘prohibit’ proposed public assemblies for 40 years. This article offers the first sustained analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence. After describing the operation of the statutory permit scheme and systematising the case law, this article critiques the Court’s jurisprudence from the perspective of free speech and freedom of assembly. It then argues that there is a puzzle at the heart of the legislative scheme: the conferral of a wide discretion the exercise of which produces a narrow legal order. This puzzle suggests that the legal effect of an authorising or prohibiting order does not exhaust its broader social significance.