bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo dosimetry of a new GZP3 60Co high dose rate brachytherapy source
Authors: Wu Junxiang , Kang Shengwei , Wang Pei , Li Jie , Wang Xianliang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this work is to obtain the dosimetric parameters of a new GZP3 60Co source currently launched by Nuclear Power Institute of China for use in their high dose rate brachytherapy systems.MethodsThe Monte Carlo software Geant4 and EGSnrc were employed to derive accurate calculations of the dosimetric parameters of the new GZP3 60Co brachytherapy source in the range of 0–10 cm, following the formalism proposed by American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) reports TG43 and TG43U1. The results were compared with the two Monte Carlo code to verify the accuracy of the data. The source was located in the center of a 30 cm radius theoretical sphere water phantom.ResultsFor channel 1 and 2 of the new GZP3 60Co source, the results of dose rate constant (Λ) were 1.115 cGy h− 1 U− 1 and 1.112 cGy h− 1 U− 1, and for channel 3 were 1.116 cGy h− 1 U− 1 and 1.113 cGy h− 1 U− 1 by Geant4 and EGSnrc, respectively. The radial dose function in the range of 0.25 ~ 10.0 cm in a longitudinal direction was calculated and the fitting formula for the function were obtained. The polynomial function for the radial dose function and the anisotropy function with a θ of 0°~175° and an r of 0.5 ~ 10.0 cm were obtained. The curves of the radial function and the anisotropy function fit well compared with tow Monte Carlo software.ConclusionThese dosimetric data sets can be used as input data of the TPS calculations and quality control for the new GZP3 60Co source.
Targeting a novel liver-bone communication by SIRT2 for osteoporosis treatment
Authors: lin longshuai , Guo Zengya , He Enjun , Wang Difei , Zhang Yingting , Guo weihong , wei qian , Li Jingchi , Wo lulu , He Ming , Zhao Qinghua 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The pathophysiologic role of liver in bone metabolism remains largely unknown. Here, we uncover a novel liver-bone axis regulated by hepatocyte SIRT2. We firstly demonstrated that liver-specific SIRT2 deficiency (SIRT2-KOhep) obviously inhibits osteoclastogenesis and alleviates osteoporosis in aged and postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse models. Mechanistically, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) was identified as the functional cargo in hepatocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which is required for the protection of SIRT2-KOhep against osteoclastogenesis. In hepatocytes, SIRT2-KOhep up-regulates the expression of LRG1 in hepatocyte-derived sEVs (sEVs-LRG1) through increasing acetylation of H4K16. The sEVs-LRG1 is transfered to bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) to suppress osteoclast differentiation through directly inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Therapeutically, treating ovariectomized mice with SIRT2 pharmacological inhibitor AGK2 or sEVs purified from LRG1-overexpressed AML12 hepatocytes obviously attenuated osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. In accordance, sEVs derived from either human LRG1high plasma or hepatocytes with SIRT2 inhibition may markedly inhibit human osteoclast differentiation. Importantly, the clinical data showed that the plasma sEVs-LRG1 was positively correlated with bone mineral density and negatively related with bone resorption marker in patients. Therefore, drugs targeting the hepatocyte-osteoclast communication, including hepatocyte SIRT2 and sEVs-LRG1, should be considered as promising therapeutic strategy for primary osteoporosis.
Blood glucose changes in general and spinal anesthesia
Authors: Al-Fawaris Ma'moun , Al-jaser Youssef , Kahal Fares , Torbey André , Rakmani Najwa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background: Medical literature describes how several metabolic and hormonal changes occur while undergoing different kinds of Anesthesia. This study aims to compare the effects of general and spinal anesthesia on blood glucose.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 254 patients from Al-Zahrawi Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups: patients with diabetes - patients without diabetes - patients with gestational diabetes. Blood glucose levels were measured before surgery and in the first and second hours after surgery, for patients undergoing both general and spinal anesthesia.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose levels before and after surgery in patients with diabetes undergoing the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose levels before and after surgery in non-diabetic patients, undergoing the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences in the average blood glucose before and after surgery in patients with gestational diabetes, according to the two types of anesthesia: general anesthesia - spinal anesthesia.Conclusion: There are no clear differences between general and spinal anesthesia in affecting the levels of blood glucose. It is reasonable to suggest that blood glucose levels should be monitored during surgery in patients undergoing general or spinal anesthesia and during the 6, 12, and 24 postoperative hours.
Dual Energy CT Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque using Novel Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Authors: Sato Hideyuki , Fujimoto Shinichiro , Kawaguchi Yuko O. , Nozaki Yui O. , Tomizawa Nobuo , Kudo Ayako , Takahashi Daigo , Kumamaru Kanako , Kogure Yosuke , Aoki Shigeki , Minamino Tohru 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the use of dual energy CT (DECT) facilitated the visualization of carboxymethyl-diethylaminoethyl dextran magnetite ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (CMEADM-U) accumulation in arteriosclerotic lesions using hyperlipidemic rabbits.
Methods
CMEADM-U at 0.5 mmol Fe/kg was administered to Watanabe hereditary atherosclerotic (WHHL) rabbits (n = 6, 24 sections) and New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits (n = 2, 6 sections). After 72 hours, DECT was performed to prepare virtual monochromatic images (VMI: 35keV, 70keV) and an iron-based map. Subsequently, the aorta was collected, and hematoxylin & eosin staining, berlin blue staining, and RAM11 immunostaining.
Results
DECT images were prepared to evaluate the association with CMEADM-U accumulation. In the WHHL rabbits, CMEADM-U accumulation was not observed at 70 keV. However, CMEADM-U accumulation consistent with an arteriosclerotic lesion was observed at 35 keV and the iron-based map. On the other hand, in the NZW rabbits, there was no CMEADM-U accumulation in any images. Further, there were significant differences in the iron-based map value at the site of accumulation among the grades of expression on berlin blue staining and RAM11 immunostaining. In addition, there was a good correlation at 35kev and iron-based map value (r = 0.42, p < 0.05).
Conclusion
DECT imaging for CMEADM-U facilitated the assessment of macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions in an in vivo study using a rabbit model of induced aortic atherosclerosis.
Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication for Fully Untethered Connected Brain Implants
Authors: Chatterjee Baibhab , Nath Mayukh , K Gaurav Kumar , Xiao Shulan , Jayant Krishna , Sen Shreyas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Wireless communication and powering in a brain implant for freely moving subjects has been a research area of paramount importance in the recent past due to the multitude of medical, neuroscientific and societal applications that it can unveil. Unfortunately, traditional electromagnetic (EM) fields are significantly absorbed in the brain tissue, making it imperative to explore alternative modalities of signal transfer. Recently investigated ultrasonic, optical and magneto-electric modes of communication/powering suffer from large transduction losses when converting electrical energy to other forms of energies (and vice versa) during field transduction, leading to high end-to-end system loss (> 80 dB). To solve the challenge of powering and communication in a brain implant with low end-end channel loss, we present Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication (BP-QBC), which achieves < 60 dB worst-case end-to-end channel loss at a channel length of ~55 mm, by using Electro-quasistatic Signaling that avoids transduction losses due to no field-modality conversion. BP-QBC utilizes dipole coupling based signal transmission within the brain tissue using differential excitation in the transmitter (TX) and differential signal pick-up at the receiver (RX), and uses electroquasistatic (EQS) signaling for low-leakage and low-power. Understanding that the EQS signal transfer through the brain channel occurs through AC electric fields, while the primary source of power consumption is due to galvanic DC currents arising from the finite conductivity of brain tissues, we propose to block the DC current paths through the tissue using a DC-blocking capacitor without significantly affecting the bi-phasic AC communication at EQS frequencies. The power consumption in the BP-QBC TX is only 0.52 μW at 1 Mbps (with 1% duty cycling), which is within the range of harvested power from an external wearable to the brain implant through the EQS brain channel, and is ~41× lower than traditional Galvanic Human Body Communication at 1 MHz. Furthermore, unlike optical and ultrasonic techniques, BP-QBC does not require sub-cranial interrogators/repeaters as the EQS
signals can penetrate through the skull and has enough strength due to the low loss channel. Such low end-to-end channel loss with high data rates enabled by a completely new modality of brain communication and powering has deep societal and scientific impact in the fields of neurobiological research, brain-machine interfaces, electroceuticals and connected healthcare.
Evaluation of the least square support vector machines (LS-SVM) to predict longitudinal dispersion coefficient
Authors: Mohammadi Ghaleni Mehdi , Akbari Mahmood , Sharafi Saeed , Nahvinia Mohammad Javad 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this study, the least square support vector machines (LS-SVM) method was used to predict the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (DL) in natural streams in comparison with the empirical equations in various datasets. To do this, three datasets of field data including hydraulic and geometrical characteristics of different rivers, with various statistical characteristics, were applied to evaluate the performance of LS-SVM and 15 empirical equations. The LS-SVM was evaluated and compared with developed empirical equations using statistical indices of root mean square error (RMSE), standard error (SE), mean bias error (MBE), discrepancy ratio (DR), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The results demonstrated that LS-SVM method has a high capability to predict the DL in different datasets with RMSE = 58–82 m2 s−1, SE = 24–39 m2 s−1, MBE = −1.95–2.6 m2 s−1, DR = 0.08–0.13, R2 = 0.76–0.88, and NSE = 0.75–0.87 as compared with previous empirical equations. It can be concluded that the proposed LS-SVM model can be successfully applied to predict the DL for a wide range of river characteristics.
Antibody Responses and CNS Pathophysiology of Mucormycosis in
Chronic SARS Cov-2 Infection: Current Therapies Against Mucormycosis
Authors: Beeraka Narasimha M. , Liu Junqi , Sukocheva Olga , Sinelnikov Mikhail Y. , Fan Ruitai 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
The incidence rate of opportunistic secondary infections through invasive fungi
has been observed to be 14.5% to 27% in the SARS CoV pandemic during the year
2003. However, the incidence of SARS CoV-2 is accompanied by a substantial rise in secondary
opportunistic infections like mucormycosis (black fungus), mainly in the immunocompromised
individuals and diabetic patients taking steroids. Substantial rates of
COVID-19 cases with mucormycosis were reported in India and other parts of the world.
Previous research reports delineated the ability of Mucorales to invade the various tissues
like lungs, brain, and sinus through the GRP78, and subsequently, this infection could invoke
crusting, edema, and necrosis of the brain parenchyma, ptosis, proptosis, and vision
loss due to intraorbital and intracranial complications. Similarities of these pathophysiological
complications with already existing diseases are causing clinicians to face several
challenges in order to diagnose and treat this disease effectively at the early stage. This
minireview depicts the mucormycosis-induced immune and pathophysiological alterations
in COVID-19 patients comorbid with diabetes and immunosuppression and also reported
the various clinical manifestations, the therapeutic modalities, and the failures of
anti-fungal vaccines. Therefore, the emerging mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients
needs rapid investigation and selective optimization of the effective therapeutic modalities,
including antifungal vaccines, to minimize the mortality rate.
Structure-Activity Relationship Insight of Naturally Occurring Bioactive
Molecules and Their Derivatives Against Non-Small Cell Lung
Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Das Subham , Roy Shubham , Rahaman Seikh Batin , Akbar Saleem , Ahmed Bahar , Halder Debojyoti , Ramachandran Anu Kunnath , Joseph Alex 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a deadly disease that affects millions
globally and its treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy and
radiotherapy have many disadvantages, which include potential harmful side effects. Due to the widespread
use of drugs in lung cancer, drug treatment becomes challenging due to multidrug resistance
and adverse reactions. According to the recent findings, natural products (NPs) and their derivatives
are being used to inhibit and suppress cancer cells.

Objective:
Our objective is to highlight the importance of phytochemicals for treating NSCLC by focusing
on the structural features essential for the desired activity with fewer side effects compared to
synthetic molecules.

Method:
This review incorporated data from the most recent literature, including in vitro, in vivo,
nanoformulation-based recent advancements, and clinical trials, as well as the structure-activity relationship
(SAR), described for a variety of possible natural bioactive molecules in the treatment of NSCLC.

Results:
The analysis of data from recent in vitro, in vivo studies and ongoing clinical trials are highlighted.
The SAR studies of potential NPs signify the presence of several common structural features
that can be used to guide future drug design and development.

Conclusion:
The role of NPs in the battle against NSCLC can be effective, as evidenced by their
structural diversity and affinity toward various molecular targets. The main purpose of the review is
to gather information about NPs used in the treatment of NSCLC.
Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Kumar Ramesh , Bhatia Madhav , Pai Kalpana 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as kala-azar), caused by the protozoan
parasite Leishmania donovani, is characterized by the inability of the host to generate an
effective immune response. The manifestations of the disease depend on the involvement
of various immune components such as activation of macrophages, cell mediated immunity,
secretion of cytokines and chemokines, etc. Macrophages are the final host cells for
Leishmania parasites to multiply, and they are the key to a controlled or aggravated response
that leads to clinical symptoms. The two most common macrophage phenotypes
are M1 and M2. The pro-inflammatory microenvironment (mainly by IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12,
IL-23, and TNF-α cytokines) and tissue injury driven by classically activated
macrophages (M1-like) and wound healing driven by alternatively activated
macrophages (M2-like) in an anti-inflammatory environment (mainly by IL-10, TGF-β,
chemokine ligand (CCL)1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22). Moreover, on polarized
Th cells, chemokine receptors are expressed differently. Typically, CXCR3 and CCR5
are preferentially expressed on polarized Th1 cells, whereas CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8
have been associated with the Th2 phenotype. Further, the ability of the host to produce a
cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating and/or eliminating the parasite is
critical in the fight against the disease. Here, we review the interactions between parasites
and chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of VL.
(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Spinal Motoneuron Death Induced by Brachial Plexus Root Avulsion in Rats
Authors: Lu Fatai , Zhang Guodong , Zhu Yingkang , Liu Zunpeng 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Recent studies have indicated that epigallocatechin gallate
(EGCG) benefits a variety of neurological insults. This study was performed to investigate
the neuroprotective effect of EGCG after brachial plexus root avulsion in SD rats.

Methods:
One hundred twenty SD rats were randomized into the following three groups:
an EGCG group, an Avulsion group, and a Sham group. There were 40 rats in each
group. EGCG (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or normal saline was administered to rats immediately
following the injuries. The treatment was continued from day 1 to day 7, and the animals
were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 post-surgery for the harvesting of spinal cord
samples for Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry (caspase-3, p-JNK, p-c-Jun), and western
blot analysis (p-JNK, JNK, p-c-Jun, c-Jun).

Results:
EGCG treatment caused significant increases in the percentage of surviving motoneurons
on days 14 and 28 (p<0.05) compared to the control animals. On days 3 and 7
after avulsion, the numbers of caspase-3-positive motoneurons in the EGCG-treated animals
were significantly fewer than in the control animals (p<0.05). The numbers of p-
JNK-positive motoneurons and the ratio of p-JNK/JNK were no significant differences
between the Avulsion group and the EGCG-treated group after injury at any time point.
The numbers of p-c-Jun-positive motoneurons and the ratio of p-c-Jun/c-Jun were significantly
lower in the EGCG-treated group compared with the Avulsion group at 3d and 7d
after injury (p<0.05).

Conclusions:
Our results indicated that motoneurons were protected by EGCG against the
cell death induced by brachial plexus root avulsion, and this effect was correlated with inhibiting
c-Jun phosphorylation.
Long Non-coding RNA SNHG16 Facilitates Esophageal Cancer Cell
Proliferation and Self-renewal through the microRNA-802/PTCH1
Axis
Authors: Zhang Luquan , Liang Hao , Zhang Jinfeng , Yang Yingnan , Ling Xiaodong , Jiang Hao 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
This research sought to explore the effect and mechanism of long
non-coding RNA SNHG16 on esophageal cancer (EC) cell proliferation and self-renewal.

Methods:
SNHG16 expression was measured in EC9706 and KYSE150 cells. EC9706
and KYSE150 cells were transfected with Lenti-SNHG16, sh-SNHG16, Lenti-protein
patched homolog 1 (PTCH1), miR-802 mimic, or miR-802 inhibitor. Flow cytometry
was used to sort cancer stem cells (CSCs) in EC9706 and KYSE150 cells. Cell proliferation
in EC cells was measured, in addition to colony and tumorsphere numbers. The possible
interactions among SNHG16, PTCH1, and miR-802 were identified by dual luciferase
reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The expression of the genes in the Hedgehog
pathway was detected. Nude mice were injected with SNHG16-silenced EC9706
cells to observe the tumorigenicity of EC9706 cells.

Results:
Upregulated SNHG16 expression was found in CSCs, whose expression was decreased
during the differentiation of CSCs. SNHG16 or PTCH1 overexpression or
miR-802 inhibition promoted the proliferation, colony formation, and tumorsphere formation
of EC9706 and KYSE150 cells as well as SOX2, OCT4, Bmi-1, and PTCH1 expression.
Consistently, SNHG16 knockdown or miR-802 overexpression inhibited EC progression.
Moreover, SNHG16 and PTCH1 were competitively bound to miR-802, and
SNHG16 orchestrated the miR-802/PTCH1 axis to activate the Hedgehog pathway. SNHG16
silencing repressed the tumorigenicity of EC9706 in nude mice.

Conclusion:
Conclusively, SNHG16 acts as a sponge of miR-802 to upregulate PTCH1
and activate the Hedgehog pathway, thus promoting EC cell proliferation and self-renewal.
Designer Benzodiazepines’ Activity on Opioid Receptors: A Docking Study
Authors: Catalani Valeria , Botha Michelle , Corkery John Martin , Guirguis Amira , Vento Alessandro , Schifano Fabrizio 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Previous studies have reported that benzodiazepines (BZDs) seem to enhance euphoric and reinforcing properties of opioids in opioid users so that a direct effect on opioid receptors has been postulated together with possible synergistic induction of severe side-effects due to their co-use. This is particularly worrisome given the appearance on the market of designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs), whose activity/toxicity profiles are scarcely known.

Objectives:
This study aimed to evaluate, through computational studies, the binding affinity (or lack thereof) of 101 DBZDs identified online on the kappa, mu, and delta opioid receptors (K, M, DOR); and to assess whether their mechanism of action could include activity on t of the latter

Methods:
MOE® was used for the computational studies. Pharmacophore mapping based on strong opioids agonist binder’s 3D chemical features was used to filter the DBZDs. Resultant DBZDs were docked into the crystallised 3D active conformation of KOR (PDB6B73), DOR (PDB6PT3) and MOR (PDB5C1M). Co-crystallised ligands and four strong agonists were used as reference compounds. A score (S, Kcal/mol) representative of the predicted binding affinity, and a description of ligand interactions were obtained from MOE® .

Results:
The docking results, filtered for S < -8.0 and interaction with the aspartic acid residue, identified five DBZDS as putative OR binders across the three ORs: ciclotizolam, fluloprazolam, JQ1, Ro 48-6791, Ro 48-8684.

Conclusion:
It may be inferred that at least some DBZDs may have the potential to activate opioid receptors. This could mediate/increase their anxiolytic, analgesic, and addiction potentials, as well as worsen the side-effects associated with opioid co-use.
A Critical Review on Recent Advances in Base-Assisted Smiles Rearrangement
Authors: Kumar K. Shiva , Gugulothu Kishan , Reddy Sabbasani R. , Venkateswarlu Katta 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Rearrangement reactions of organic substrates is a versatile and sustainable tool in
the construction of complex and bioactive organics by virtue of their atom-economic, stepeconomic
and waste-, time- as well as energy-minimizing attributes. The X → C (or Y) aryl
rearrangement reaction through an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution is referred
to as Smiles rearrangement. The Smiles rearrangement enables access to complex natural products
and is a useful tool to obtain various types of compounds with diversified applications,
which have undergone a potent revival in recent years. In this review, we summarize the recent
reports on Smiles rearrangement and most of them require a base. A few examples of the reported
base-free Smiles rearrangements were also reviewed to provide comprehensive information
on the selected topic. The literature review covers the published work on Smiles rearrangement
reaction since 2017. The published work in these articles include simple Smiles, Truce-Smiles, radical
Smiles, Ugi-Smiles, light-assisted Smiles, Dohmori-Smiles, electrochemical Smiles and phospha-Smiles rearrangement
reactions for the construction of a variety of organic compounds including acyclic, heterocyclic, carbocyclic
and polycyclic compounds. The formation of organic compounds with unusual ring sizes has also been discussed in
the published work. Several domono/sequential reactions were also observed in these reports involving Smiles rearrangement
as a crucial step. The selected examples demonstrate the synthetic power of this approach and hence this
review may be highly useful to the synthetic chemists aimed to use Smiles rearrangement in their plan.