bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of SiNxrefractive index and SiO2thickness on polarization‐type potential‐induced degradation in front‐emitter n‐type crystalline‐silicon photovoltaic cell modules
Authors: Yamaguchi Seira , Nakamura Kyotaro , Semba Taeko , Ohdaira Keisuke , Marumoto Kazuhiro , Ohshita Yoshio , Masuda Atsushi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study investigated how the SiNxrefractive index (RI) and SiO2thickness,dox, of stacked SiNx/SiO2passivation layers of the front p+emitters of n‐type crystalline‐silicon (c‐Si) photovoltaic (PV) cells affect their polarization‐type potential‐induced degradation (PID) behaviors. We prepared six n‐type c‐Si PV cells with an RI of 2.0 or 2.2 and withdoxof 9, 2, or 1 nm. Then PV modules fabricated from the cells were subjected to PID tests during which a bias of −1000 V was applied to cells with respect to the front cover glass surface. Fordoxof 9 or 2 nm, rapid polarization‐type PID was observed, irrespective of the RI. However, fordoxof 1 nm, the RI markedly affected the degradation behavior, and cells with an RI of 2.2 showed no degradation. These findings are attributable to carrier transport between the high RI (Si‐rich) SiNxand the c‐Si substrates, which can readily occur only when the SiO2layer is sufficiently thin for electrons to tunnel through the SiO2layer. These results are important for elucidating polarization‐type PID mechanisms and for developing preventive measures against polarization‐type PID.
An experimental study on the startup velocity and motion characteristics of sand beds in air–water pipelines
Authors: Zhang Geng , Li Jun , Yang Hongwei , Liu Gonghui , Huang Honglin , Zhang Ruiyao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSand deposition in the wellbore is one of the most common problems in oil–gas and hydrate exploitation work. A detailed understanding of the migration characteristics of the sand bed and accurate prediction of the starting velocity of the sand bed are key aspects of effective sand carrying. Therefore, this study conducted a large‐scale outdoor gas–water–sand three‐phase flow experiment. The effects of critical factors such as flow pattern, sand size, sand bed height, and pipe inclination angle on sand bed startup velocity and migration were studied experimentally. The experimental results indicated that during the startup process of the sand bed, sand particles exhibited three states: rolling, jumping, and suspension. During the experiment, the sand bed morphology included a static bed, rolling bed, jumping bed, and suspension bed. Compared to a stratified flow, intermittent flow and agitated flow were more beneficial for the startup velocity of sand beds. An increase in pipe inclination also reduced the starting velocity of the sand bed. With an increase in sand size, the startup velocity of the sand bed increased correspondingly. However, there was no significant influence on the migration morphology of the sand bed. Additionally, the greater the thickness of the sand bed, the lower the starting velocity of the sand bed. Based on the stress states of sand grains, in combination with experimental data, this study used least‐squares estimation to establish a prediction model for the startup velocity of sand beds. The model prediction results were in good agreement with the experimental data. This study will provide a basis for predicting the startup velocity of sand beds during the gas–liquid two‐phase sand‐carrying process.
Application of ultrathin TiO2 layers in solar energy conversion devices
Authors: Zhou Chenyu , Xi Zhaoyi , Stacchiola Dario J. , Liu Mingzhao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA vital pursuit in solar energy research is to achieve high efficiency and long‐term stability in energy conversion devices. Coating or sandwiching an ultrathin layer of TiO2 onto active solar components has been demonstrated to be a remarkably effective and facile strategy to improve their stability. The TiO2 film acts as a protection layer and enhances solar energy conversion efficiency by passivating surface recombination sites or facilitating electron transport. To date, numerous efforts have been devoted to applying ultrathin TiO2 layers in various kinds of solar energy conversion devices. In this study, we review deposition techniques, characterization methods of the resulting ultrathin TiO2 layer, as well as its applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells, organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells, and photoelectrochemical cells.
The rationalized myth of faculty mentoring: A critical examination of faculty experiences and institutional change
Authors: Ng Jennifer C. , Portillo Shannon K. , Thomas Kelli R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDrawing on the experience of one university seeking to improve its faculty mentoring efforts, this chapter provides a model for how organizations can facilitate the broad adoption of new mentoring practices that contextualize individual behavior in institutional norms so what results is more than a “rationalized myth.”
Charting your path to endowed or distinguished: A guide for mid‐career faculty members
Authors: Hartlep Nicholas D. , Freeman Sydney 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTwo of the most prestigious, yet elusive, titles that professors in higher education can earn are the designations of distinguished professor and endowed chair. These named positions often come with benefits such as salary enhancements, resources for research and teaching, and favorable adjustments of time allocation within a faculty member's position description and job responsibilities. Often, though, mid‐career faculty know little about how they can intentionally pursue these positions. This chapter provides tangible tools to assist mid‐career faculty in understanding what endowed and distinguished positions are and how to best prepare for and pursue such positions. It also provides recommendations for how institutions can be intentional in supporting such professorial advancements.
Association between radiation dose to organs at risk and acute patient reported outcome during radiation treatment for head and neck cancers
Authors: Arbab Mona , Chen Yu‐Hui , Tishler Roy B. , Gunasti Lauren , Glass Jason , Fugazzotto Jo Ann , Killoran Joseph H. , Sethi Rosh , Rettig Eleni , Annino Donald , Goguen Laura , Uppaluri Ravindra , Hsu Carolyn , Burke Elaine , Hanna Glenn J. , Lorch Jochen , Haddad Robert I. , Margalit Danielle N. , Schoenfeld Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundAssociations between patient‐reported outcomes and dose to organs at risk (OARs) may promote management and guide future investigations.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated PROs and OAR dose in head and neck (H&N) cancer.ResultsIn 169 patients, we identified weak associations between: “Difficulty swallowing/chewing” and increased mean RT dose to the oral cavity, larynx, pharyngeal constrictor muscles (PCM) and contralateral parotid; “choking/coughing” and larynx mean dose; “problems with mucus in mouth and throat” and oral cavity, contralateral parotid mean dose and parotid V30, contralateral submandibular gland and PCM mean dose; “difficulty with voice/speech” and oral cavity, contralateral parotid, contralateral submandibular gland and larynx mean dose; and “dry mouth” and ipsilateral submandibular gland, oral cavity and PCM mean dose.ConclusionWe identified weak associations between PRO and dose to OARs—these data can guide on treatment management, patient counseling, and serve as a baseline for future investigations.
Numerical simulation of unsteady ethylene glycol/CNTs micropolar nanofluid flow through a squeezing channel: An approach to industrial applications
Authors: Sastry D. R. V. S. R. K. , Naresh Kumar N. , Shaw Sachin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe impressive high thermal conductivity and low weight allow the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to improve heat dissipation and cooling. In the present problem, we aim to analyze the CNTs embedded micropolar nanofluid flow between two parallel stretching sheets with the base fluid ethylene glycol (EG) which is effectively used as antifreeze and coolant. Both single‐walled carbon nanotubes and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered. The fluid is influenced by the external magnetic field parallel to the microrotation along with viscous and Joule dissipations. The flow and heat equations are converted to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with the aid of similarity transformations. Due to the nonexistence of the closed‐form solution, we have developed the analytical approximate solution by homotopy analysis method using the polynomial base function. Furthermore, we have used the most efficient Runge–Kutta integration scheme of the fourth order associated with shooting technique to solve the system of equations. Results are exhibited graphically for various physical parameters and also found a good agreement with earlier work. From the results, we noticed that squeezing increases the angular velocity of the fluid particles. Also, in the case of squeezing, the volume fraction has enhanced the viscous drag and was found high for MWCNT–EG nanofluid.
The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene and TREM‐1 gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility and prognosis of neonatal sepsis
Authors: Xiao Li , Que Shengshun , Mu Lei , Zheng Rongxiu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this was to study the relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM‐1) gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and neonatal sepsis susceptibility and prognosis.MethodsThe blood of 150 neonatal sepsis patients and 150 normal neonates was collected, and genomic DNA was extracted. Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the genotypes of VDR rs739837 and TREM‐1 rs2234246.ResultsVitamin D receptor rs739837 locus GT, TT genotype, dominant model, and recessive model were all protective factors for sepsis (0 < OR < 1, p < 0.05). The risk of sepsis in carriers of the rs739837 G allele was 0.65 times that of the rs739837 T allele (95% CI: 0.50–0.83, p < 0.001), CT, TT, dominant model, and recessive model at rs2234246 were risk factors for sepsis (OR > 1, p < 0.05). The risk of sepsis in carriers of the rs739837 T allele was 1.38 times that of carriers of the C allele (95% CI: 1.16–1.61, p < 0.001). The polymorphisms of VDR gene rs739837 and TREM‐1 gene rs2234246 were not significantly correlated with the survival of patients with neonatal sepsis (p > 0.05).ConclusionVitamin D receptor gene rs739837 locus G>T is associated with a reduction in the risk of neonatal sepsis, TREM‐1 rs2234246 C>T is associated with the increased risk of neonatal sepsis, but none of them was significantly associated with the prognosis of neonatal sepsis.
Could immersive daydreaming underlie a deficit in attention? The prevalence and characteristics of maladaptive daydreaming in individuals with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Theodor‐Katz Nitzan , Somer Eli , Hesseg Rinatya M. , Soffer‐Dudek Nirit 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveMaladaptive daydreaming (MD) entails excessive immersion and engagement in complex fantasy worlds, causing distress and impairing functioning. Maladaptive Daydreamers often report that existing diagnostic labels are unhelpful for them. Previous studies reported high rates of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among persons with MD, raising the question of their separateness. This study explored whether MD differs essentially from ADHD by examining an ADHD sample, hypothesizing a much lower incidence of MD.MethodAdults diagnosed with ADHD (N = 83) were assessed for ADHD symptoms, MD, depression, loneliness, and self‐esteem. Participants who exceeded the study's cutoff score for suspected MD were invited to participate in a structured diagnostic interview for MD.ResultsIn accordance with the hypothesis, only 20.5% of the ADHD sample met the proposed diagnostic criteria for MD. Compared with ADHD‐only participants, this subgroup presented increased depression, loneliness, and lowered self‐esteem.ConclusionMD has unique clinical characteristics that are distinct from ADHD. We suggest that in some cases presenting with ADHD symptoms, an MD conceptualization may better explain the clinical picture. Future research should aim at a better differentiation of daydreaming, ADHD, and related constructs such as mind‐wandering.
Dynamic control design and performance evaluation of extractive distillation for N‐hexane/acetone/chloroform
Authors: Guo Luyu , Xu Qilei , Ma Cuncheng , Shan Baoming , Zhang Fangkun , Cui Peizhe , Wang Yinglong , Zhu Zhaoyou 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe triple‐column extractive distillation (TCED) process for the ternary multi‐azeotropic mixture of N‐hexane/acetone/chloroform is a significant step in waste recovery and purification. Given the common occurrence of feed disturbances in practical industrial production, a feasible dynamic control scheme should effectively resist feed disturbances and ensure product quality, enabling the process to run steadily and safely with a high efficiency. However, it is challenging to design a robust control scheme for separation processes accompanied by side‐stream capability. In this work, dynamic control schemes were designed for four separation processes: conventional and double side‐stream TCED processes with single and double entrainers. A multipoint temperature control scheme, composition‐temperature cascade control scheme and variable ratio control were combined to improve the dynamic performance of the control schemes.RESULTSThe results showed that the control schemes designed for the four extractive distillation processes are highly robust, resisting ±20% feed flow and composition disturbances. A variable ratio control combined with composition‐temperature cascade was found to be vital for double side‐stream TCED schemes.CONCLUSIONThe conventional TCED with a single entrainer (CS‐TCED) is an optimal process for N‐hexane/acetone/chloroform separation both from control and economic perspectives. The designed control scheme is simple, low‐cost and easy‐to‐implement with a superior dynamic performance over other separation schemes. This study has a certain theoretical guidance for N‐hexane/acetone/chloroform separation in terms of economic benefits and practical production. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Cerebrospinal fluid amino acids glycine, serine, and threonine in nonketotic hyperglycinemia
Authors: Swanson Michael A. , Miller Kristen , Young Sarah P. , Tong Suhong , Ghaloul‐Gonzalez Lina , Neira‐Fresneda Juanita , Schlichting Lisa , Peck Cheryl , Gabel Linda , Friederich Marisa W. , Van Hove Johan L. K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is caused by deficient glycine cleavage enzyme activity and characterized by elevated brain glycine. Metabolism of glycine is connected enzymatically to serine through serine hydroxymethyltransferase and shares transporters with serine and threonine. We aimed to evaluate changes in serine and threonine in NKH patients, and relate this to clinical outcome severity. Age‐related reference values were developed for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serine and threonine from 274 controls, and in a cross‐sectional study compared to 61 genetically proven NKH patients, categorized according to outcome. CSFd‐serine andl‐serine levels were stereoselectively determined in seven NKH patients and compared to 29 age‐matched controls. In addition to elevated CSF glycine, NKH patients had significantly decreased levels of CSF serine and increased levels of CSF threonine, even after age‐adjustment. The CSF serine/threonine ratio discriminated between NKH patients and controls. The CSF glycine/serine aided in discrimination between severe and attenuated neonates with NKH. Over all ages, the CSF glycine, serine and threonine had moderate to fair correlation with outcome classes. After age‐adjustment, only the CSF glycine level provided good discrimination between outcome classes. In untreated patients,d‐serine was more reduced thanl‐serine, with a decreasedd/l‐serine ratio, indicating a specific impact ond‐serine metabolism. We conclude that in NKH the elevation of glycine is accompanied by changes inl‐serine,d‐serine and threonine, likely reflecting a perturbation of the serine shuttle and metabolism, and of one‐carbon metabolism. This provides additional guidance on diagnosis and prognosis, and opens new therapeutic avenues to be explored.
Development, maturation, and growth of the myodural bridge within the posterior atlanto‐axial interspace in the rat
Authors: Lai Hua‐xun , Gong Jin , Hack Gary D. , Song Ting‐wei , Liu Bo , Yu Sheng‐bo , Zhang Jian‐fei , Sui Hong‐jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe myodural bridge (MDB) complex are fibrous bridges that functionally connect the spinal dura mater to the suboccipital musculature. Previously, we described the maturational sequence of the MDB within the posterior atlanto‐occipital interspace of the rat. The present paper describes the morphology and developmental maturation of the MDB within the posterior atlanto‐axial interspace of the rat. In the present study, E18 embryonic rats, newborn rats, and adult rats were selected to evaluate the development and growth of the MDB. Within the posterior atlanto‐axial interspace of the rat, the fibers of the MDB and its associated muscles, in the embryonic rat, were observed to be scarce and lightly stained. In contrast, these same structures observed in the postnatal rat were quite apparent and robustly stained. After birth, it was observed that MDB originated from the rectus capitis dorsal major muscle, extended forward and downward, and finally merged with the posterior atlanto‐axial membrane. As the rats developed and matured, the observed MDB fibers passing through the posterior atlanto‐axial interspace appeared denser and more organized. This study evidenced that the MDB fibers within the posterior atlanto‐axial interspace were primarily composed of type I collagen fibers in the postnatal rat. By observing the suboccipital region, we are able to hypothesize that the MDB complex plays a key role in maintaining the subdural space located within the upper cervical segment during growth and development. This study provides a morphological basis for future research on the function of the MDB complex.
Intrahost variation and evolutionary dynamics of adenoviruses correlate to neutrophils in infected patients
Authors: Huo Shuting , Hai Yan , Guo Yaxin , Nie Li , Li Hongmei , Qiao Peiwen , Zong Kexin , Li Xin , Guo Yuanyuan , Song Jingdong , Zhao Honglan , Lei Wenwen , Lan Yu , Liu William J. , Gao George F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith deep sequencing of virus genomes within the hosts, intrahost single nucleotide variations (iSNVs) have been used for analyses of virus genome variation and evolution, which is indicated to correlate with viral pathogenesis and disease severity. Little is known about the features of iSNVs among DNA viruses. We performed the epidemiological and laboratory investigation of one outbreak of adenovirus. The whole genomes of viruses in both original oral swabs and cell‐cultured virus isolates were deeply sequenced. We identified 737 iSNVs in the viral genomes sequenced from original samples and 46 viral iSNVs in cell‐cultured isolates, with 33 iSNVs shared by original samples and cultured isolates. Meanwhile, we found these 33 iSNVs were shared by different patients, among which, three hot spot areas 6367−6401, 9213−9247, and 10 584−10 606 within the functional genes of the adenovirus genome were found. Notably, the substitution rates of iSNVs were closely correlated with the clinical and immune indicators of the patients. Especially a positive correlation to neutrophils was found, indicating a predictable biomarker of iSNV dynamics. Our findings demonstrated the neutrophil‐correlated dynamic evolution features of the iSNVs within adenoviruses, which indicates a virus−host interaction during human infection of a DNA virus.
Processing of information from the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus through the basal ganglia
Authors: Hanini‐Daoud Maroua , Jaouen Florence , Salin Pascal , Kerkerian‐Le Goff Lydia , Maurice Nicolas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAccumulating evidence implicates the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (Pf) in basal ganglia (BG)‐related functions and pathologies. Despite Pf connectivity with all BG components, most attention is focused on the thalamostriatal system and an integrated view of thalamic information processing in this network is still lacking. Here, we addressed this question by recording the responses elicited by Pf activation in single neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), the main BG output structure in rodents, in anesthetized mice. We performed optogenetic activation of Pf neurons innervating the striatum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), or the SNr using virally mediated transcellular delivery of Cre from injection in either target in Rosa26‐LoxP‐stop‐ChR2‐EYFP mice to drive channelrhodopsin expression. Photoactivation of Pf neurons connecting the striatum evoked an inhibition often followed by an excitation, likely resulting from the activation of the trans‐striatal direct and indirect pathways, respectively. Photoactivation of Pf neurons connecting the SNr or the STN triggered one or two early excitations, suggesting partial functional overlap of trans‐subthalamic and direct thalamonigral projections. Excitations were followed in about half of the cases by an inhibition that might reflect recruitment of intranigral inhibitory loops. Finally, global Pf stimulation, electrical or optogenetic, elicited similar complex responses comprising up to four components: one or two short‐latency excitations, an inhibition, and a late excitation. These data provide evidence for functional connections between the Pf and different BG components and for convergence of the information processed through these pathways in single SNr neurons, stressing their importance in regulating BG outflow.
Weakened amplitude and delayed phase of the future temperature seasonal cycle over China during the twenty‐first century
Authors: Hu Dan , Jiang Dabang , Tian Zhiping , Lang Xianmei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe surface air temperature seasonal cycle in China has clearly changed in response to global warming, but its future projection has yet to be studied. Here, we investigate the performance and projection of the temperature seasonal cycle in China in 32 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). The characteristics of the temperature seasonal cycle, as represented by the amplitude and phase, are measured by the Fourier transform. The results show that the CMIP6 models can reasonably capture the observed typical temperature seasonal cycle feature with clear north–south gradients both for amplitude and phase in China. In the twenty‐first century, the models robustly project a delay in the phase across the whole country and a reduction in the amplitude in most of China relative to the reference period. Those changes are similar in the two shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios, with overall larger magnitudes in the SSP5‐8.5 scenario than in the SSP2‐4.5 scenario. Projected amplitude changes are mainly linked to surface energy flux changes, especially latent heat flux changes. In response to future global warming, larger increases in the latent heat flux and thus stronger surface evaporative cooling lead to weaker surface warming in summer than in winter, contributing to a decrease in the amplitude of the temperature seasonal cycle in most regions of China.