bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray and Computed Tomography
Authors: Johnson Evan M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the features of x-ray and computed tomography (CT). X-ray uses a form of radiation to conduct basic body imaging and destroy tumor beds to facilitate cancer therapy. However, ionization is one of the downsides of x-rays as it could result in a carcinogen. On the other hand, CT is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses x-ray projections to produce non-invasive cross-sectional imaging. X-rays and CT systems share components such as electron beam, x-ray generation, and detectors. Additionally, both technology is used for processes such as angiography, venogram, and myelogram. The chapter also lists barium and iodine as the contrast agents for x-ray processes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Doyle Eamon , Johnson Evan M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which had become a key diagnostic technology for clinicians and researchers. MRI is rooted in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. It tackles the process of forming signals with the help of free induction decay (FID). The main magnetic field in MRI machines is designed to vary less than one part-per-million over the whole imaging bore. Moreover, the inclusion of gradient fields allowed the concept of direction and the generation of a new type of echo, the gradient echo. The variation of spatial encoding is recorded by changing the timing strength, duration, and shape of gradient fields and radio frequencies (RF).
Laboratory Studies
Authors: Misulis Karl E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the practice of laboratory studies. Laboratory studies have been key to neurologic diagnosis, but their interpretation has become increasingly complex over time. Routine analytic laboratory studies are vital for their identification of medical conditions with neurologic implications, while immunological studies are primarily focused on identifying antibodies responsible for numerous diseases. The measurement of antibodies is performed depending on the purpose. ELISA is one of the tools used to measure levels of specific antibodies. While smears, cultures, nucleic acid analysis, and serology could identify infections, DNA analysis is used to diagnose inherited diseases. Then, neuropathology utilises a multimodal approach to neurologic disease antemortem and postmortem.
Raymond Hynes
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sometimes a family is fortunate enough to have significant resources to face a world that seems to have fallen apart. This was the case for Raymond Hynes and his family when they learned of his incurable cancer. The Hyneses had their way of dealing with this disaster, a way that was different from what the palliative care team wanted to see. The different perspectives may have represented cultural differences between the family and the medical professionals. The members of the Hynes family were practical and stoical; when challenged by life events, they typically sought a common-sense, step-by-step solution, and that is how they preferred to deal with the illness. The team, however, kept expecting more expression of feeling. Silence was a powerful force that informed the family’s actions. Nevertheless, the family and the team managed to navigate a course that led to a successful death at home.
Rose Picard
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Rose Picard had led a full and happy life. When, at the age of 72, the gynecologist told her that she had ovarian cancer, she adapted quickly to the news. When chemotherapy failed and she transferred to the Palliative Care Unit, she did so with equanimity. Her husband and children had more difficulty. Mrs. Picard had an unshakable faith and joie de vivre that impressed her healthcare givers. She prepared for her death; when she was ready, however, death did not come quickly.
Leonard Patterson
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Leonard Patterson was a 62-year-old White American man with rectal cancer. His poverty, tumultuous relationships with his family, and unmanageable pain produced a cluster of unresolved problems in the final months of his life. Despite the painstaking efforts of hospice to offer him a peaceful death and his family a smooth transition to a life without him, this case left many of its participants unsettled. One of the questions it raises is whether the best of palliative care can ease shattered lives in situations that are not only complex but also depart from the economic, social, and cultural “norm” of the families that hospice tends to serve.
Martin Roy
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Martin Roy was only 37 years old when he learned that his cancer was far advanced. By his own account he had already had a full and fulfilling life, and he spent his final months preparing his family for his death. Although controlling Martin’s symptoms was not easy for the palliative care team, with a combination of inpatient and home care they succeeded in finding a style of care that kept him comfortable and suited the family. Something other than symptom control proved challenging to the staff, however: Martin seemed almost too accepting of his situations. What accounted for his exceptional ability to adapt to dying at an early age? Was he simply a “good coper” or was he “euphoric” and “in denial”? What was really going on with him?
Jasmine Claude
Authors: Towers Anna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When Jasmine Claude’s lymphoma was first treated with chemotherapy, the cancer was put into remission; however this was short-lived. She was only 37 years old when the tumors started to grow again, and her oncologist tried three different regimes to get her into remission. In her fourth year of treatment she began to develop abdominal pain. The oncologist consulted the Palliative Care Service to help control her symptoms, and the service followed her as an outpatient. She continued to receive palliative chemotherapy for many months after this. When the oncologist told her that the abdominal tumor was growing despite the chemotherapy and that he would have to stop the treatment, Mrs. Claude began to receive palliative home care. She was feeling tired and less able to go out but was otherwise not feeling too bad. She carried on with her daily routine as much as she could and seemed surprisingly cheerful and serene. It was unusual for the palliative care staff to witness such serenity, which derived from an unshakable faith in God that Mrs. Claude had developed over the years. Their reactions ranged from curiosity, fascination, and inspiration to skepticism. This narrative describes not only an experience of palliative care, but also an exploration of the experience of faith, as seen within a palliative care context.
Katie Melnick
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
God was omnipresent in Katie Melnick’s life. She saw signs of him everywhere she went. Even during the last stages of her lung cancer, after the disease had spread to her brain, Mrs. Melnick felt a deep sense of peace. Her hospice caregivers marveled at the depth and resoluteness of her faith. Mrs. Melnick’s dying took four months longer than her doctors prepared her to expect. In contrast to her own serenity, family secrets caused pain, confusion, and guilt, especially for Mrs. Melnick’s adult daughter. As the Melnicks relived old hurts, they also found unexpected opportunities for love and reconciliation.
Joey Court
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The death of a child is a relatively rare event in medicine. Joey Court was born with an unusual and invariably fatal medical disorder. His parents anticipated Joey’s death from the first year of his life but tried their best to treat him as they would any other child. Nine years later, they made the difficult decision to stop his life-prolonging treatment and called on hospice for palliative home care. To their surprise, Joey lived another five months. This narrative is about a family coming to terms with a child’s death. It touches on several themes in pediatric hospice care: the decision to terminate aggressive treatment, the anticipation of an unnaturally premature death, the grief and bereavement of family members of all ages, and the question, “why?”
Surgical airway
Authors: Bradley William P. L. , Chapman Gordon A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Maintenance of oxygenation is the fundamental principle underlying airway management in anaesthesia, and this is most often achieved via a supraglottic approach. However, there are times when infraglottic airway access may be required. Surgical airways in oromaxillofacial surgery may be performed as planned elective procedures or may be undertaken in an emergency, as part of an airway rescue strategy, in the ‘can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate’ (CICO) situation. Various surgical techniques may be employed depending upon the circumstances, acuity, patient pathology, equipment availability, and operator skillset. This chapter discusses the range of surgical approaches, outlining the technique, indications and contraindications, respective advantages and disadvantages, and potential complications.
Sedation
Authors: Mann James W. D. , Yuen Vivian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Procedural sedation has a long and often fraught history in oromaxillofacial surgery and dentistry. When performed correctly, it improves patient comfort, reduces anxiety, and facilitates medical interventions and procedures to be performed without the need for general anaesthesia. There is a growing demand for procedural sedation across specialties, which is being met by anaesthetists and non-anaesthetists. There is a significant heterogeneity of sedation practice—in part due to the variety of sedative agents and modes of delivery available, but also the level of training of the individual sedation practitioner and the nature of the procedures. Complications arise from the changeability of the language used to describe sedation states, inconsistency in the standards of monitoring, and variation in the abilities of staff to rescue patients from a deeper-than-intended level of sedation. Sedation in oromaxillofacial surgery presents additional risk due to the nature and site of the procedures, where access to the airway may be restricted. Sedation agents and techniques appropriate to these procedures are outlined in this chapter. Procedural sedation warrants the application of minimum standards to ensure safety by adopting recognized guidelines. There is a need to assimilate and collect data on the incidence of adverse events and outcomes to help guide future practice and promote patient safety. Whether this is achieved on a voluntary self-reporting basis or via a national audit project remains to be seen. Future agents and devices will hopefully confer a safety advantage, but better application of existing knowledge and skills would confer an enormous safety benefit.
Hypotensive anaesthesia
Authors: Hodge Kimberley , Ward Patrick A. , Irwin Michael G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypotensive anaesthesia describes the deliberate lowering of a patient’s blood pressure during surgery. This technique is undertaken for a variety of reasons including optimizing visualization of the surgical field, reducing blood loss, and improving surgical accuracy. It is commonly achieved via pharmacological manipulation of the systolic blood pressure using a variety of agents. Other non-pharmacological strategies to minimize blood loss and, therefore, optimize the surgical field, are also explored within this chapter. Utilization of hypotensive anaesthetic techniques can be dangerous as it can result in end-organ ischaemia such as brain hypoperfusion, acute kidney injury, and myocardial infarction. It is, therefore, imperative to determine whether the risks associated with hypotensive anaesthesia are warranted and the level required. A thorough preoperative assessment of the patient must be undertaken to attempt to stratify risk, and the patient must be informed of the intention to employ the technique as part of the consent process. Should hypotensive anaesthesia be undertaken, it is crucial that the agent used is easily titratable to ensure a minimal and rapidly reversible period of hypotension.
Orthognathic surgery
Authors: Ward Patrick A. , Irwin Michael G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Anaesthesia for orthognathic surgery requires extensive preoperative planning and multidisciplinary care. Patients are generally young and healthy, although there is an increasing trend in treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea which is associated with increased comorbidity. Intraoperatively the airway is ‘shared’ and, therefore, cooperation and communication between the anaesthetist and the surgeon is essential. Generally, a nasotracheal tube is required to allow dental occlusion (as a reference point) perioperatively. Routine insertion of throat packs is no longer indicated, and should be considered on a case-by-case basis only, after discussion with the surgeon. Deliberate hypotensive anaesthesia (to optimize the surgical field and reduce blood loss) should only be undertaken when clearly indicated and should be closely monitored in carefully selected patients. Meticulous suctioning of the oropharynx under direct vision is essential before extubation of the trachea. Carefully planned and coordinated extubation strategies (including potential reintubation) should be agreed by the anaesthetist and surgeon, particularly for patients with intermaxillary fixation devices. Clinical pathways can be developed to improve patient outcomes.
Infection
Authors: Duffen Adam R. , Vaughan David J. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Oral and dental infections are an extremely common problem worldwide. Most cases can be treated with good oral hygiene and a course of appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics. Rarely, however, infection can be severe, resulting in localized or systemic spread necessitating hospital admission and urgent surgery and/or supportive critical care management. This chapter explores the pathophysiology and microbiology of dental infections and their associated complications. The anaesthetic management of life-threatening airway compromise and severe sepsis are described, highlighting priorities for clinical assessment, urgent treatment strategies, management of the difficult airway, emergency surgery, and organ support. These are very challenging high-risk cases, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, that necessitate a collaborative approach involving experienced anaesthetic and surgical personnel so that the best patient outcomes can be achieved.
Surgical complications
Authors: Curtin Justin P. , Lee Gene 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The nature of oral and maxillofacial surgery and the ‘shared airway’ necessitates that surgeon and anaesthetist establish a cooperative approach to patient care, based on constant communication and feedback throughout surgical procedures. A good understanding of each other’s priorities and concerns, and appreciation of each other’s knowledge and skills are essential in optimizing patient safety and outcome. This chapter provides an overview of surgical complications in oral and maxillofacial surgery and their management, from the perspective of the surgeon, which should enable the anaesthetist to gain greater insight and understanding of surgical decision-making and interventions, in order to anticipate or avoid potential problems, and deal with them swiftly and efficiently when they do occur.
Pathophysiology of hypertension
Authors: Mary Sheon , Rossitto Giacomo , Delles Christian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and vascular resistance. This chapter explains how renal, cardiac, and vascular mechanisms interact to maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion. In pathophysiological situations, these systems can be dysregulated and lead to hypertension. In patients with primary hypertension, a combination of more subtle changes leads to hypertension, whereas in patients with secondary hypertension, there is predominance of single factors that drive the blood pressure increase. Besides these traditional factors affecting hypertension, new information into genetic influences on the pathogenesis of hypertension have also increased our understanding into the complex mechanisms involved. Understanding these principles provides the rational basis for contemporary antihypertensive therapies.
Hypertension: a cardiovascular risk factor
Authors: Salmon Thomas , Hatherley James , Sankaranarayanan Rajiv 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of hypertension-related mortality. Systolic blood pressure is superior to diastolic blood pressure when predicting cardiovascular risk. Despite this, diastolic blood pressure still plays a significant role in calculating risk, particularly of ischaemic heart disease in older populations and stroke in younger populations. Hypertension frequently occurs in the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidaemias, hyperglycaemia, and raised body mass index. Scoring tools, such as QRISK3 and SCORE, can be used to calculate cardiovascular risk in the context of a patient’s age, lifestyle, and comorbidities. Reducing elevated blood pressure can lead to a reduction in cardiovascular risk, with recent studies advocating for a target systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mmHg.
Atrial fibrillation and hypertension
Authors: Najeeb Al-Rawahi Mohammed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders, affecting around half of the adult population worldwide. On a population basis, hypertension is considered to be a major independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) development. The incidence of both diseases has increased significantly in the past decades and is expected to continuously rise in the coming years. Despite the well-known association between hypertension and AF, several pathogenic mechanisms underlying the higher risk of AF in hypertensive patients, as well as the best medical approach to prevent AF in this population, are still not clear. This chapter summarizes the main mechanisms through which hypertension is believed to promote AF. It also explores the latest therapies that favour intensive blood pressure control and the use of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors to reduce AF development and recurrence. Finally, an outline of AF detection strategies in hypertensive patients and anticoagulation approaches will be discussed.
The brain in hypertension
Authors: Gujjar Arunodaya R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is known to cause ‘end-organ damage’ in multiple systems, with significant involvement of the brain. Hypertension is a risk factor for conditions such as stroke, dementia, large artery atherosclerosis, and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, as well as cerebral small vessel disease. Evidence now confirms the association of hypertension with dementia—both vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Early recognition and prompt and adequate treatment of hypertension are recognized to be of importance in the prevention of stroke and dementia. Such interventions may require to be nuanced to adapt to specific situations. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical and radiological manifestations, and reasons, as well as recommendations, for treatment of hypertension in the context of these conditions.
The kidneys in hypertension
Authors: Ahmad Sarah , Cohen Jordana B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Similar to other organs, the kidney is susceptible to microvascular and macrovascular damage as a result of both acutely elevated blood pressures and inadequate control of chronic hypertension. The autoregulatory mechanisms within the kidney help to mitigate microvascular injury from elevations in blood pressure in healthy individuals, but can become impaired or overwhelmed, leaving the kidney unprotected when constantly exposed to high blood pressures. Whilst the causal relationship of hypertension with incident chronic kidney disease is controversial, ample evidence supports the relationship of inadequate blood pressure control with progression of chronic kidney disease. This chapter provides an overview of the physiological and epidemiological evidence related to kidney target organ injury in hypertension, as well as clinical approaches to try to minimize adverse renal effects from elevated blood pressure.
Hypertension and cardiovascular risk management
Authors: Sheppard James P. , Nadar Sunil K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures bear a relationship to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main objective in the treatment of hypertension is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and its complications. This ensures patients have increased life expectancy and improved quality of life. In those at high risk of cardiovascular disease, treatment should be focused on addressing all risk factors, and not blood pressure alone. Reducing cardiovascular risk in these patients involves treating associated risk factors such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, by medications and by encouraging healthier lifestyle choices. Medications such as antiplatelet agents and lipid lowering drugs may be beneficial in those at high risk for cardiovascular events.
Diuretics in hypertension
Authors: Goel Harsh , Kumar Ashish 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Diuretics are effective as sole agents for early-stage hypertension or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs for more severe hypertension. Although grouped together in one class as diuretics, they vary greatly in terms of mode of action, efficacy, indications and tolerability. The choice of diuretic depends on various factors, including age, ethnicity, and comorbidities. Loop diuretics are more effective than thiazide diuretics in advanced renal failure. Aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone are preferred in patients with difficult to control or resistant hypertension. Rigorous monitoring of electrolyte balance and renal function is essential during treatment. Combination of thiazide or loop diuretics with a potassium-sparing agent may further improve blood pressure control and aid maintenance of normokalaemia. Aldosterone antagonists are especially effective in management of resistant hypertension.
Calcium channel blockers in hypertension
Authors: Lip Stefanie , Padmanabhan Sandosh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Calcium channel blockers are a diverse group of drugs that are very effective in lowering blood pressure. Although all CCBs share the common property of inhibiting cellular calcium influx, they possess differing effects on vascular smooth muscle, cardiac myocytes, and cardiac conductive tissue. A majority of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrating the benefits of CCBs on outcomes have used dihydropyridines (especially amlodipine), and a minority have studied non-dihydropyridines (verapamil and diltiazem). There is however, no significant difference in effectiveness between dihydropyridines and non-dihydropyridines, compared to other antihypertensive drug classes in improving, cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension at high cardiovascular risk. Current guidelines recommend that these agents be used as first-line drugs in the treatment of hypertension. They are generally well tolerated.