bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis and isoniazid prophylaxis among adult HIV positive patients on ART in Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Geremew Demeke , Geremew Habtamu , Tamir Mebratu , Adem Mohammed , Tegene Birhanemeskel , Bayleyegn Biruk 
Published: April 2022

Background
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can avert tuberculosis (TB) incidence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, the concomitant use of ART with isoniazid (INH) has a paramount effect. Despite this evidence, there is a paucity of data regarding TB incidence among HIV patients on ART with and without isoniazid prophylaxis and its predictors. Thus, this study sought to assess the incidence and predictors of TB among adult HIV positive patients on ART.

Methods
This was a hospital based retrospective study including 368 adult HIV positive patients on ART in Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital between January 1, 2016, and April 30, 2019. Data was extracted from clinical laboratory and HIV care ART follow up clinic. The bi-variable and multivariable regression models were used to ascertain predictors of incident TB. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.

Results
A total of 335 adult HIV positive patients were included in the analysis, of whom, 56 (16.7%) were developed incident TB. Being ambulatory and bedridden (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.6), advanced WHO clinical HIV disease stage (III and IV) (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.6, 6.1), not taking INH (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 5.9), and baseline CD4+ T cell count ≤ 200 cell/mm3 (AOR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.8, 7.2) were found to be the predictors of tuberculosis incidence.

Conclusion
The study indicated a high TB incidence among HIV positive patients in Gondar. Therefore, scaling up the isoniazid preventive therapy program and its strict compliance is necessary to avert HIV fueled tuberculosis in HIV endemic areas.
Association of orthostatic blood pressure response with incident heart failure: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Shrout Tara A. , Pan Stephanie , Mitchell Gary F. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Xanthakis Vanessa 
Published: April 2022

Importance
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and hypertension (OHT) are aberrant blood pressure (BP) regulation conditions associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk. The relations of OH and OHT with heart failure (HF) risk in the community are unclear and there remains a paucity of data on the relations with HF subtypes [HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)].

Objective
Relate OH and OHT with HF risk and its subtypes.

Design
Prospective observational cohort.

Setting
Community-based individuals in the Framingham Heart Study Original Cohort.

Participants
1,914 participants (mean age 72 years; 1159 women) attending examination cycle 17 (1981–1984) followed until December 31, 2017 for incident HF or death.

Exposures
OH or OHT, defined as a decrease or increase, respectively, of ≥20/10 mmHg in systolic/diastolic BP upon standing from supine position.

Outcomes and measures
At baseline, 1,241 participants had a normal BP response (749 women), 274 had OH (181 women), and 399 had OHT (229 women). Using Cox proportional hazards regression models, we related OH and OHT to risk of HF, HFrEF, and HFpEF compared to the absence of OH and OHT (reference), adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP, hypertension treatment, smoking, diabetes, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein.

Results
On follow-up (median 13 years) we observed 492 HF events (292 in women; 134 HFrEF, 116 HFpEF, 242 HF indeterminate EF). Compared to the referent, participants with OH [n = 84/274 (31%) HF events] had a higher HF risk (Hazards Ratio [HR] 1.47, 95% CI 1.13–1.91). Moreover, OH was associated with a higher HFrEF risk (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.34–3.67). OHT was not associated with HF risk.

Conclusions and relevance
Orthostatic BP response may serve as an early marker of HF risk. Findings suggest shared pathophysiology of BP regulation and HF, including HFrEF.
HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection among HIV positives in antiretroviral treatment program in selected hospitals in Addis Ababa: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Seyoum Eleni , Demissie Meaza , Worku Alemayehu , Mulu Andargachew , Abdissa Alemseged , Berhane Yemane 
Published: April 2022

Introduction
HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HIV-HBV) and hepatitis C (HIV-HCV) is known to affect treatment outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, its magnitude is not well documented. We aimed to determine the magnitude of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV co-infections simultaneously in people living with HIV (PLHIV) enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa.

Methods
We reviewed the medical records of adults ≥15 years who were receiving ART care in three high burden hospitals in Addis Ababa. Baseline clinical and laboratory test results were extracted from medical records. Co-infection was determined based on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) tests obtained from the medical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis B and C co-infections.

Results
A total of 873 HIV-positive participants were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 37.5 years, and 55.7% were women. Overall, HIV-HBV co-infection was 5.96% (95% CI: 4.56–7.74), and HIV-HCV co-infection was 1.72% (95% CI: 1.03–2.83). The multivariable logistic regression showed that the male sex was the most independent predictor for viral hepatitis B co-infection with an odds ratio of 2.42(95% CI:1.27–4.63). However, HIV-HCV co-infection did not show a significant association in any of the sociodemographic data of the participants.

Conclusion
HIV co-infection with hepatitis B was moderately high in individuals enrolled in ART care in Addis Ababa. Men had significantly higher HIV-HBV co-infection. HIV co-infection with hepatitis C was relatively low. Strengthening integrated viral hepatitis services with HIV care and treatment services should be emphasized to improve patient care in health facilities.
The trip function of a lift
Authors: Rentier Chris 
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with the mathematical derivation of the continuous trip function of a lift. This derivation applies not only to a lift but also to any mass inert mechanism that starts moving from standstill, runs up to a maximum speed or rated speed, to continue for some time, and then stops again after deceleration at completion of its trip along a predetermined track. The trip function determines the traveled distance and the (total) travel time in a continuous relationship with time, rated speed, maximum acceleration and jerk. All kinematic cases of the trip function, such as a short trip without reaching the rated speed, are treated with elaboration of the corresponding specific equations for the total traveled time, maximum achieved speed, etc. The results of the continuous trip function are compared to the results of the equations given in the literature (CIBSE Guide D Annex A2), which are based on a simplified model of the trip function. The conclusion is that the equations based on the simplified model are sufficient accurate for the calculation of handling capacity, journey times, etc. of lifts.
Gradient-Tracking-basierte Lösung von Multi-Cluster-Spielen
Authors: Zimmermann Jan , Tatarenko Tatiana , Willert Volker , Adamy Jürgen 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung von Gradient-Tracking-Verfahren in Multi-Cluster-Spielen untersucht. Neben einer Aufarbeitung relevanter Literatur umfasst die Arbeit einen theoretischen und simulativen Vergleich zwischen zwei bestehenden Gradient-Tracking-basierten Algorithmen. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf die Unterschiede der Kommunikationsarchitekturen eingegangen. In den durchgeführten Simulationen werden die Konvergenzzeiten der Algorithmen in Anwendung auf ein Nash-Cournot-Spiel miteinander verglichen. Es wird deutlich, dass sich eine weniger eingeschränkte Kommunikationsarchitektur zwischen den Clustern positiv auf die Konvergenzzeit auswirkt.
Ad interim recommendations for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection by the IFCC SARS-CoV-2 variants working group
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Favresse Julien , Gromiha Michael M. , SoRelle Jeffrey A. , Plebani Mario , Henry Brandon M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This document, endorsed by the IFCC Working Group on SARS-CoV-2 Variants, aims to update previous indications for diagnosing acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, taking into consideration the evidence that has emerged after the origin and spread of new lineages and sub-lineages of the virus characterized by mutated genetics and altered biochemical, biological and clinical characteristics. These indications encompass the use of different diagnostic strategies in specific clinical settings, such as high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (symptomatic patients), low risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (asymptomatic subjects) at hospital admission/contact tracing, testing in asymptomatic subjects, in epidemiologic surveys and/or population screening, along with tentative indications for identification of new lineages and/or sub-lineages of SARS-CoV-2.
Nanostructured lipid carrier system: A compendium of their formulation development approaches, optimization strategies by quality by design, and recent applications in drug delivery
Authors: Javed Shamama , Mangla Bharti , Almoshari Yosif , Sultan Muhammad H. , Ahsan Waquar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe lipid-based colloidal carriers, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanocapsules, liposomes, and microemulsion, are the latest and significant entrants in the development of drug delivery systems owing to their myriad advantages. The NLCs are second-generation SLNs having unstructured matrix, have high drug loading, and provide long-term drug stability in comparison to SLNs and other colloidal systems, which show lower drug loading and experience burst release/drug expulsion during storage. This review is aimed to summarize the formulation development and optimization strategies for NLCs as reported in the literature collected from authentic databases. Various types of NLCs, formulation components, methods of preparation, characterization parameters, optimization (statistical designs) strategies, toxicity, regulatory aspects, and their applications in oral, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nose-to-brain, tumor targeting, and transdermal drug delivery have been dealt in detail. Patents granted on the NLCs have also been enlisted.
“I did not know that there were problems”: government officials’ blame avoidance strategies in the Life Esidimeni Arbitration Hearings
Authors: Brokensha Susan , Conradie Thinus , Greyling Willfred 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The travesty of the Life Esidimeni project in South Africa, which claimed the lives of 144 mental health users at psychiatric facilities in Gauteng between 2016 and 2017, is multifaceted. One facet involves strategies of blame avoidance designed to escape liability for the deaths that were expressed by the former Member of the Executive Council for Health and other public health officials during the Life Esidimeni Arbitration Hearings. These hearings were broadcast on state television between October 2017 and 2018, and eight samples from the hearings were analysed for specific blame avoidance strategies. Following the principles of qualitative discourse analysis, this paper extends research on blame avoidance behaviour in the public administration and policy domain, exploring three key officials’ micro- and macro-level choices of blame avoidance in the context of the arbitration hearings to develop a more comprehensive account of these strategies. A public hearing is a discourse setting that is reactionary in nature, and our findings on the micro-level, a neglected dimension of research on blame avoidance behaviour, extend our understanding of these behaviours. We propose that at least two continua for blame avoidance are relevant in this setting.
Die Haftung des Besonderen Vertreters i. S. v. § 147 Abs. 2 AktG
Authors: Bayer Walter , Selentin Philipp 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung

Die Bestellung eines Besonderen Vertreters i. S. v. § 147 Abs. 2 AktG wirft insbesondere in der jüngeren Vergangenheit zahlreiche Rechtsfragen auf, welche zu erheblichen Teilen noch keiner abschließenden Klärung zugeführt werden konnten. Dies gilt auch für die Bestimmung des für den Besonderen Vertreters geltenden Haftungsmaßstabs. Der folgende Beitrag untersucht Grundfragen der Haftung des Besonderen Vertreter und zeigt auf, dass – in gewissen Grenzen – eine Pflicht zur Überprüfung der Rechtmäßigkeit der eigenen Bestellung besteht. Der Aufsatz schließt mit Ausführungen zu Vergütung und Auslagenersatz in Haftungskonstellationen.
Der Jahresfehlbetrag
Authors: Mylich Falk 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung

Der Beitrag untersucht, wie ein Jahresfehlbetrag auszuweisen ist, welches Organ dafür kompetent ist und wie sich der Ausweis auf Folgeabschlüsse auswirkt. Diese für jede Gesellschaftsform z. T. unterschiedlich zu beantwortenden Fragen werden ergänzt durch Fragen zum Umgang mit dem Jahresfehlbetrag bei einer Pflicht zum Verlustausgleich im Konzern, zur Ausschüttung trotz Jahresfehlbetrags und zu Strategien der Vermeidung eines Jahresfehlbetrags. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass die Verbuchung des Jahresfehlbetrags vielfältige praktische Auswirkungen hat.
Electronic structure of the homologous series of Ruddlesden–Popper phases SrO(SrTiO3)
n
, (n = 0–3, ∞)
Authors: Ludt Christian , Zschornak Matthias 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The system SrO(SrTiO3)
n
contains promising compounds for several applications, whose functionalities all depend in particular on the band structure of the respective crystal. While the electronic structure of SrO and SrTiO3 is sufficiently clarified in literature, there is a lack of information concerning the Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phases. In this work, density functional theory is used to compute the electronic structure for the homologous series with n = 0–3, ∞. The according band structures are presented and effective masses are given for the complete system. In addition, the calculations are consulted to discuss the thermodynamical stability of the RP phases, confirming the gain of formation energy up to n = 3, as reported in recent literature. A promising possibility for applications has been found, analyzing theses band structures: As the optical gaps at distinct high-symmetry points of the Brillouin zone show different dependencies on the lattice parameters, as it is reported for SrO in literature, a similar behavior could be expected in particular for the RP phase with n = 1.
Identification of mutations in rpoB, pncA, embB, and ubiA genes among drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Iran
Authors: Bakhtiyariniya Pejman , Khosravi Azar Dokht , Hashemzadeh Mohammad , Savari Mohammad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to effective first-line drugs (FLDs) has challenged national and global tuberculosis control programs. This study aimed to identify mutations in 4 genes related to rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol resistance among clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from southwestern Iran. After drug susceptibility testing of 6620 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates by proportional method, a total of 24 FLD-resistant strains were included in the study. Fragments of rpoB, pncA, embB, and ubiA genes were amplified and sequenced to mine the mutations by pairwise alignment with the corresponding M. tuberculosis H37Rv genes. Phenotypic resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol was detected in 67, 54, and 33% (n = 16, 13, and 8) of the isolates, respectively. Of rifampin-resistant isolates, 31% (5/16) were mono-resistant, and 56% (9/16) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). In 100% of rifampin-resistant isolates, mutations were found in the rifampin resistance-determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB, with S450L substitution being the most common, especially in MDRs (77.8%, 7/9). Resistance-conferring mutations in pncA were present in 12.5% (3/24) of FLD-resistant isolates. The embB and ubiA mutations were found in 62.5 and 12.5% (5/8 and 1/8) of ethambutol-resistant isolates, respectively, of which the embB D354A was the most common substitution (37.5%, 3/8). Sixteen distinct mutations were identified, one of which was novel. The sequence analysis of the RRDR segment was the best way to detect rifampin resistance. The rpoB S450L substitution could be a helpful molecular marker to predict MDR. In other genes, no mutation was identified as a reliable marker.
Trabajar en turnos rotativos semanales no produce alteraciones en las funciones cognitivas superiores
Authors: Barrera-Valencia Mauricio , Puerta-Guzmán Nora 
Published: April 2022

Al parecer las alteraciones en el ciclo normal del sueño, tienen a producir efectos sobre el rendimiento cognitivo. Sin embargo, no es claro si en el largo plazo los efectos de cambiar los patrones de sueño-vigilia producen cambios cognitivos significativos. El objetivo presente estudio fue comparar el rendimiento cognitivo en atención, memoria y función ejecutiva de un grupo de trabajadores que laboran realizando turnos rotativos con otro grupo que labora solo en turno fijo diurno. En su desarrollo participaron 60 adultos de sexo masculino, con edades entre 20 y 60 años. Ambos grupos se equipararon por edad, escolaridad y estrato socioeconómico. Se aplicó una batería neuropsicológica para evaluar atención, memoria y función ejecutiva en ambos grupos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que las funciones cognitivas no se ven afectadas en la modalidad de turnos rotativos ni a corto ni a largo plazo las funciones cognitivas en atención, memoria y función ejecutiva, excepto en el puntaje de interferencia de la prueba Stroop, en la cual se presentó menos resistencia a la interferencia en los trabajadores que realizan turno rotativo que en los que realizan turno fijo diurno. Por otro lado, se evidenció que la modalidad de rotación de turno semanal es más sana desde el punto de vista cognitivo, pues permite mayor descanso y, por tanto, un adecuado restablecimiento del ciclo circadiano.
RECONSTRUCTION OF FULL-THICKNESS SCALP DEFECT WITH INTEGRA AFTER ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Majid Luqman , Raouf Vyan , Zorab Shakhawan , Raheem Mohammed 
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Reconstruction of lacerating scalp wound after a Road Traffic accident (RTA) with a sizeable full-thickness defect can pose a challenge for the surgeon. Various options are available for scalp wound reconstruction, including skin grafts and flaps but when the defect reaches the pericranium, the options become very limited
Case Presentation
We present the case with a sizeable full-thickness scalp defect and cranial bone abrasions after RTA. Our management plan was to cover the bone with a dermal regeneration matrix (INTEGRA). However, the challenge was the absence of the pericranium, which we overcame by using an electrical saw to abrade the bed and directly apply the (INTEGRA). It was taken very well in 19 days. The newly formed dermis was covered with a meshed split-thickness skin graft.
Discussion
We found that the combination of abrading a thin layer of an exposed skull bone after trauma with pericranial loss, direct application of dermal regeneration template (INTEGRA) and skin graft are safe and effective in managing large traumatic full-thickness scalp wounds with bare bone.
Conclusion
After four months follow up the good results of this case present a practical time-expedient operative approach to overcome the challenges faced by surgeons in dealing with sizeable traumatic scalp wounds that leave behind the unhealthy bare bone.
Design Assessment and Simulation of PCA Based Image Difference Detection and Segmentation for Satellite Images Using Machine Learning
Authors: Jat Nemi Chand , Kumar Chetan 
Published: April 2022

It is possible to define the quantity of temporal effects by employing multitemporal data sets to discover changes in nature or in the status of any object based on observations taken at various points in time. It's not uncommon to come across a variety of different methods for spotting changes in data. These methods can be categorized under a single umbrella term. There are two primary areas of study: supervised and unsupervised change detection. In this study, the goal is to identify the changes in land cover. Covers a specific area in Kayseri using unsupervised change detection algorithms and Landsat satellite pictures from various years have been gleaned through the use of remote sensing. In the meantime, image differencing is taking place. The method will be applied to the photographs using the image-enhancing process. In the next step, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed. The difference image will be analyzed using Component Analysis. To find out which locations have and which do not. As a first step, a procedure must be in place. We've finished registering images one after the other. Consequently, the photos are being linked together. After then, it's back to black and white. Three non-overlapping portions of the difference image have been created. This can be done using the principal component analysis method. From the eigenvector space, we may get to the fundamental components. As a last point, the major feature vector space fuzzy C-Means Clustering is used to divide the component into two clusters, and then a change detection technique is carried out. As the world's population grew, farmland expansion and unplanned land encroachment intensified, resulting in uncontrolled deforestation around the globe. This project uses unsupervised learning algorithm K-means clustering. In a cost-effective manner that can be employed by officials, companies as well as private groups, to assist in fighting illicit deforestation and analysis of satellite database.
Design Simulation and Assessment of Computer Based Cancer Diagnosis Accuracy using ART 1.0 Algorithm
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Tiwari Geeta 
Published: April 2022

Today Cancer is spreading heavily and become the most dangerous disease in the world. This disease causes death if not diagnoses before the major stage. Small changes or illness in the human body may transform to the cancer in the body. The main thing in this disease is it is not easily detected in its earlier stage. So this causes the aim to design a computer operated system that can make distinguish between benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) mammogram. The proposed system helps doctors to increase the diagnosis accuracy. The above propose system shall be simulated by MATLAB. The ART 1.0 algorithm shall be studied and modified to improve the accuracy of existing ART 1.0 system. The simulation shall be done by obtaining cancer data set from UCI repository. The reason behind choosing ART algorithm because of its characteristic to work on three phases i.e., Recognition, Comparison, Search Phase. The winning neuron is obtained by finding the dot product of input and weight vector. The neuron having largest dot product be the winner.