bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vernalization of the Growing Easter Lily1
Authors: Hill Lome L. , Durkin Dominic J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The major problem in greenhouse lily culture is the variable forcing performance of field grown bulbs. Generally, lilies will flower in approximately 120 days after bulb storage of six weeks at 33-50°F. A slower rate of growth is observed frequently enough in commercial greenhouses to suggest either that bulbs were insufficiently cooled or that some environmental condition in storage or transit had nullified part of the cold treatment.
Colchicine-Induced Tetraploid Azaleas
Authors: Pryor R. L. , Frazier L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Colchicine treatment of several azalea cultivars induced polyploidy. The effect of colchiploidy varied between cultivars but there was a general increase in size and firmness of flowers. Some of the induced polyploids were complete, but many were chimeral.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Rappaport Lawrence 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Because of new developments and sustained interest in chemical regulation of plant processes, it was considered appropriate to make this field the subject of a major symposium for the 1968 annual meetings of the Society. The primary purpose of the symposium was to present an up-to-date understanding of chemical regulation of plant processes. The choice of topics and speakers was made with the help of a number of active investigators in the field.
Quick Freezing to Remove Whole Corn Kernels from Immature Ears1
Authors: Maas E. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The use of a mechanical cutter is the usual practice (2, 3, 5) for removing kernels from ears of sweet corn at various stages of maturity to determine specific gravity, kernel weight, moisture and sugar content. On the basis of preliminary studies, Kientz et al (5) showed that the sugar content was higher when the ears were cut deep (whole kernel) than when cut shallow. Johnson and Bennett (4) expressed corn maturity in terms of a kernel development index obtained by dividing the fresh weight of kernels by the number of kernels. The reliability of this index depends upon the precision with which the depth of cut can be controlled. Accuracy can be increased by removing the entire kernels intact. To overcome variations due to cutting the kernels at different depths, methods to remove the kernels intact were investigated. A review of the literature, however, produced little relevant information. Personal correspondence also indicated that there was no generally accepted method in use by research workers. The use of a scalpel was found to be satisfactory but was too slow.
The Effect of Ethrel on the Ripening of Montmorency Sour Cherries1
Authors: Anderson J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethrel (Amchem 66-329, 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid) is a water soluble plant growth regulator thought to be degraded within plant cells resulting in the liberation of ethylene (1, 2). The eth-lene released within the plant is probably responsible for the subsequently observed biological activity.
Determination of Cessation of Tomato Stem Enlargement
Authors: Alls C. R. , Austin M. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Prior to 1964 work relating morphological changes of the tomato plant to the occurrence of the earliest once-over maximum yield of ripe fruit had not been reported. In studies of growth and fruiting characteristics of several tomato cultivars to develop an objective method to predict the harvest date, Austin1 determined that the cessation of stem enlargement was the best index. Measuring stems, however, with calipers at 3-and 4-day intervals is laborious.
The Thinning Effect of 3-chlorophenoxy-α-propionamide (3-CPA) in Paloro Peach
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
3-CPA when applied to peach moves slowly, accumulating in the margins and veins of leaves, and the epidermal and sub-epidermal layers in the fruit and the micropylar end of the ovule. Equal degrees of fruit thinning resulted when fruit or leaves alone were treated with 3-CPA. Treating both leaves and fruit resulted in an additive thinning effect. Uniform spray coverage is emphasized to obtain uniform thinning results.
Polyploid Mutants in Grapes
Authors: Saurer W. , Antcliff A. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The value of tetraploid plants of Vitis for breeding has been pointed out on a number of occasions (9, 2, 13). Such mutants occur spontaneously in vineyards and are noticeable mainly by enlarged berries, thicker bunch stems, and darker green leaves. Collections have been accumulated either from vines or parts of vines found in the field (10) or from colchicine-induced mutants (2). Such plants are often cytochimaeras (4, 12) and a 2-4 constitution has been most frequently reported. If the inner layer determines behavior in breeding (3) either 2-4 or 4—4 plants could be used for this purpose.
Mechanization of Fruit Harvest in the Eastern United States
Authors: Paul Larsen R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No one knows when mechanization of fruit harvest began in the United States. It is documented, however, that machine patents were approved for a fruit gatherer in 1899 (9), a mechanical tree shaker in 1927 (1) and a collecting unit similar to today’s models in 1931 (24).
Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruit Bud Hardiness in Prunus1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chemical regulation of cold hardiness is a fascinating objective for pomological research. In the past 5 years gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (Alar) have been reported to increase fruit bud hardiness of peaches (3, 4, 7). Trees treated with these two chemicals and 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid (Ethrel) were exposed to -11°F on December 30, 1968, permitting us to observe their effects on resistance of fruit buds to cold injury.
A Foliage Drying Harvest Aid for Onions1
Authors: Pendergrass A. , Isenberg F. M. , St. John L. E. , Lisk Donald J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Onion foliage sprayed before harvest with a neo-decanoic acid mixture (Wiltz-65) became bleached and limp. The rate of water loss from bulb necks was accelerated. Residue analysis shows that at concentrations sufficient to wilt tops, about 1 ppm is recoverable from bulbs before storage, none after 4 months’ storage. Neck rot was increased in 2 cultivars which form double bulbs but not in one where bulbs grow singly.
Influence of Alar, Ethrel and Gibberellic Acid on Browning of Peaches1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Hall C. B. , Biggs R. H. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethrel at 30 and 50, GA 50, and Alar 2000 ppm were applied as whole tree sprays to ‘Early Amber’ and ‘Flordasun’ peach trees in a commercial orchard in Central Florida. Ethrel (applied at a seed length of 12 mm) and GA at 50 ppm (2 weeks following petal fall) consistently prevented browning of puree and sliced peaches for 24 hours. The results with Alar were inconsistent.
Regulation of Phosphorus Nutrition of Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Wittwer S. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Phosphorus occupies a unique position in the nutrition of horticultural crops. The net quantitative plant needs are not as great as for the other macro-nutrients. Crop removal is usually only a fraction of that for N, K, or Ca. Large quantities applied as fertilizer to the soil may revert to, or become fixed in, unavailable forms. There may be little movement from the area of placement. Although present in the soil it can be positionally unavailable. Seeded row crops and vegetable, strawberry, and flower transplants may show a marked response to applications of this nutrient in early spring but nothing later on.
Nitrogen Stress and Premature Leaf Abscission in Citrus
Authors: Smith Paul F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth response of grapefruit trees to a wide range in N supply was followed for seven years. The rates of N were 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 lb. per tree per year. Deficiency symptoms increased in severity with diminished supply below 3 lb. The most striking symptom was the lack of adequate foliage resulting from early abscission of mature leaves. Leaf and shoot production and ultimate tree size were essentially the same on all levels of N. Leaf life was one year or less under N stress compared to about two years when N supply was adequate.
Potting Depth Effects on Development and Low Temperature Survival of Naturally Cooled Easter Lilies1
Authors: Einert A. E. , Box C. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Naturally cooled lily plants from bulbs potted with their apices 1/2—inch deep or deeper, sustained no cold damage when exposed to temperatures as low as 23°F. Shallower bulb plantings and exposure of a portion of the bulb resulted in cold injury. The number of killed and damaged plants increased with increased bulb exposure. Planting of the bulb with its apex 1/2—inch deep or shallower reduced forcing time by four days as compared to bulbs placed on the drainage gravel at the bottom of the pots. Depths of 1/4 exposure or deeper had no effect on plant height nor any consistent effect on flower bud number.
The Effect of Temperature on Sub-terminal Bract Coloration of Poinsettia ‘Stoplight’1
Authors: Sink Kenneth , Carlson William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cultivar ‘Stoplight’ was introduced to the floriculture industry in 1965 by Robert N. Stewart, U.S.D.A. at Beltsville, Maryland. The sub-terminal bracts of the cultivar have coloration in addition to those located terminally. ‘Stoplight’ is the first poinsettia cultivar noted for this type of bract coloration, and recent hybrid poinsettia introductions inherit this plant characteristic from ‘Stoplight’ parentage (2).
Similarities Between the Control of Flower Initiation and Cold Acclimation in Plants1
Authors: Howell Gordon S. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
It has been necessary for perennial plants to develop systems for sensing and reacting to environmental parameters. Their survival and perpetuation is determined, in large measure, by the timing of vital processes in relation to favorable and unfavorable cycles of environment. While the regulation of flowering by environmental stimuli has been extensively researched little is known about the control of cold acclimation. Recent studies show striking similarities between the control mechanisms for flowering and cold acclimation in temperate zone plants.
The Effect of Pre-Harvest Applications of Ethrel on Concord Grapes1
Authors: Clore W. J. , Fay R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethrel sprays were applied to Concord grape vines on September 4, 11, 19, and 26, 1968 in concentrations varying from 10 to 2000 ppm. At daytime temperatures averaging 69.7°F Ethrel promoted the abscission of berries in six days or less at 250 ppm and higher. Daytime temperatures of 63°F or higher prior to normal harvesting appeared necessary to activate berry abscission in six days or less. Concentrations of 250 ppm and higher induced leaf yellowing and accelerated leaf senescence. Berries removed easier when shaken off at 77°F than at 62°F. Grapes receiving a foliar application of 250 ppm of Ethrel 14 days before harvest removed easier than those receiving 500 ppm Ethrel applied six days before harvest when both were shaken off the same day. Ethrel resulted in no differences in fruit soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and color determinations. There was no response from dipping only clusters in Ethrel. A minus 11°F on December 30 caused serious bud damage on vines sprayed on September 4 at 2000 ppm, compared to non-sprayed vines.
Influence of Ethrel Upon Highbush Blueberry Fruit Ripening1
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) applied as a foliar spray to blueberry two weeks before first harvest resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of the total yield of ripe fruit harvested in the first picking. The increase in fruit ripe at first picking occurred at a concentration of Ethrel as low as 240 ppm on the Weymouth variety, but for the Blueray variety 1920 ppm were needed to produce the same effect. Ethrel-treated berries were smaller and were less acid than control berries.
Stem Attachment Area, A New Variable for Cucumber Breeders1
Authors: Burnham Milo , Peterson Clinton E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There have been few investigations of the anatomical and morphological characteristics of cucumber peduncles. Judson (3) reported that there are 10 vascular bundles entering the pistillate cucumber flower and the resulting fruit. Leonard (4), Bingley et al (1), and Burnham and Peterson (2) observed varietal and seasonal differences in the force required to pull the pickling cucumber fruit from its stem. The variety ‘Wisconsin SMR-12’ was easy to pick while Ohio MR-17’ was among those requiring a relatively high picking force.
The Modern Fruit Breeder1
Authors: Bringhurst R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For the most part, I direct my remarks to the role of public agency fruit breeders, since that is what most of us are. I feel justified in this role because first, I am convinced that we can provide the best possible varieties at the lowest cost and second, at times, we may be the only protection the grower has against the unscupulous.
Color Measurement in Plant Breeding
Authors: Francis F.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Instrumentation for color measurement is relatively well developed in terms of a convenient and accurate tool for the plant breeder. This paper discusses the development of a color solid and the meaning of a color reading in terms of the Judd-Hunter solid. Carrots are used as a specific example with references to squash, sweetpotatoes and red fruit juices. Color measurement can be used to predict the appearance of a fruit or vegetable which in turn can be used to predict the consumer acceptance in terms of appearance for the product. These methods are fairly accurate and are limited only by the ingenuity of the operator to present the sample to the instrument. The readings will reflect the visual impact from all factors which affect the color. It is unlikely that a color reading can be used to follow the development or degradation of a single pigment unless the system under study has only one predominant pigment. Such cases are relatively uncommon with fruits and vegetables.
Effects of Herbicides on the Dry Matter Content, Total Soluble Solids, and Pungency of Onion1
Authors: Saghir A. R. , Senzai M. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Demand for dehydrated onions, Allium cepa L., is becoming considerable in world markets. Any changes in dry matter, total soluble solids, or pungency of onions may affect quality of the dehydrated product. Several studies have been made on the influence of herbicides on weed control and onion yield (2, 4, 5) but little has been reported on the effects of herbicides on quality characteristics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chlorbromuron (N'-(4-bromo-3-chlo-rophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea), chloroxuron (N’-4-(4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl-N,N-dimethylurea), propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), CP-50144 (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acentilide), Sindone 0263 (1, 1-dimethyl-4,6-diisopropyl-5-indanylethylketone + 7-indanylisomer), propanil (3’, 4′-dichloropropionanilide), and prometryne (2,4-bis(iso-propylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine) on dry matter content, total soluble solids, and pungency of onions.
About Our Cover
Authors: Watson Donald P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sterculia Jbetida Linn. from East Africa, India, Malaysia and Northern Australia is a fast growing large deciduous tree up to 100 feet high. The palmate leaves are composed of 5 to 9 elliptic leaflets, which are pink when young. The yellow vile smelling flowers with purple markings almost an inch in diameter are foetid, woolly and borne on 12 inch green panicles on the ends of the twigs.
Observations on the Performance of Grape Cultivars in Nova Scotia1
Authors: Bishop R. F. , Craig D. L. , MacEachern C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field trials with grape cultivars, conducted at three locations in the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley in Nova Scotia, show that the successful growth of wine cultivars is not feasible. While there were differences between locations, apparently lack of sufficient heat units to fully mature the fruit is responsible for the area’s unsuitability.
Storage Response of Green and Bleached Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.)1
Authors: Bass Louis N. , James Edwin , Clark Dorris C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Green and bleached beans designated as high and low vigor lots were stored at 21C and 50, 70, and 90% relative humidity. At the end of 36 months, no significant loss in viability occurred in either lot at 50% relative humidity. No significant loss of viability was found in the high vigor lot stored at 70% relative humidity but the low vigor lot lost all viability. Both lots were worthless for planting purposes when stored at 90% relative humidity for 3 months.
Inheritance of Purple Petiole in Carrot, Daucus carota var. sativa1
Authors: Angell F. F. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dominant monogenic control of purple petiole (G) over green (g) was found in the carrot. Variations observed in intensity of purple suggested presence of modifier genes. Plants having purple petioles were easily identified at all stages of growth following true-leaf formation.
Differential Susceptibility of Sweet Corn Hybrids to Field Injury by Air Pollution1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Johnson Hunter , Taylor O. C. , Otto H. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Marked differential injury by air pollution to a group of sweet corn hybrids in 2 experimental field plantings in the Los Angeles Basin occurred in 1969. At Riverside, leaf damage ranged from nearly zero in 11 hybrids to slight to severe in 23 others. Damage was clearly related to cultivar and was associated with periods of high oxidant levels and high maximum temperatures. There was only a slight relationship between the market maturity date of a cultivar and its degree of damage.
Horticulture and Pollution
Authors: Day Boysie E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Why should we address ourselves simultaneously to the subjects of Horticulture and Pollution? The two would appear to be poles apart. Horticulture, a gentle, pastoral art, provides for the material and esthetic needs of mankind. It does much good and seemingly harms no one. To think of horticulture is to bring forth visions of golden fruit, crisp lettuce, the noble potato, the aromatic onion, the fragrant rose, and the fragile orchid. Horticulture is the world of bounty and beauty, and pollution is the realm of filth, dissolution, decay, and squalor. Yet, horticulture and pollution do impinge upon one another and have come increasingly to have to coexist in a deteriorating environment.
Determination of the Time of Onset of Rest in Spur and Shoot Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C. , Brown Dillon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apricot shoots were defoliated and spurs were decapitated and defoliated on successive dates to determine the onset of rest in specific axillary buds. While the spurs were still growing and the leaves expanding decapitation alone would induce axillary bud growth. Later, when the spurs and leaves stopped growing both decapitation and defoliation were necessary to induce axillary bud growth. Eventually when the onset of rest occurred both decapitation and defoliation would not induce bud growth. Decapitation alone was enough to induce bud growth of terminal shoots. After the onset of rest decapitation and defoliation would not induce bud growth in the terminal shoot buds.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 25
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carma.Orig. in Carlos, Alberta, Canada, by Robert Erskine. Introd. in 1963. Parentage unknown. Fruit: crab; to 1 3/4 inch diam; globular; flesh juicy, spicy, core small. Tree: very hardy.
Growth Substances in Dormant Fruit Buds and Seeds
Authors: Walker David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A number of chemical studies have attempted to define the triggering mechanism that causes a plant to enter or leave rest and initiate growth in the Spring. As techniques have improved, emphasis has shifted from minerals, carbohydrates, and proteins, to growth substances within the plant. Previous reviews of the dormancy literature (41, 55, 59, 84) have included a number of references pertaining to dormancy. For the purpose of this review, growth substances are considered as being produced within the plant, physiologically active in minute quantities, and translocated from site of production to site of activity. Four groups of chemicals satisfy these criteria: auxins, gibberellins (GA), cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA) (2,45, 80).
Effect of Planting Pattern and Population Pressure on the Yield Response of Tomato1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Row pattern outyielded square pattern at population levels from 2,178 to 52,272 plants per acre in a multiple sequential harvest system. Square outyielded the row pattern in the early harvests but the reverse occurred in later harvests because of an “edge effect” brought about by a continuous growth of vines into the row middles. This edge effect increased with increased plant population.
The Effect of Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Rooting and Survival of Air-Layered Branches of the Pecan, Carya illinoensis Koch, cv. ‘Stuart’1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Chapman J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The percentage of rooting and survival of 1-year old non-juvenile pecan branches air-layered 50 days after bud break and left on the tree for about 5 1/2 months increased as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was increased from 0 to 3%. After 1 season’s growth, maximum survival occurred with air-layers that had been treated with 3% IBA. Shoot growth of the air-layers was relatively short.
Orange Peel Topography as Affected by a Preharvest Plastic Spray1
Authors: Gene Albrigo L. , Eldon Brown G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Valencia’ oranges when sprayed 2 months prior to harvest in the spring of 1969 with a 1 or 3% solution of Pinolene, a liquid polyterpene plastic film former, were greener at harvest, lost less wt, and had better appearance than control fruit after 9 weeks of storage. Fresh and fixed sections of peel from control and plastic-treated ‘Hamlin’ orange fruit from trees sprayed 2 months before harvest with a 1% solution of Pinolene were observed with a scanning-electron microscope after harvest. The surfaces of control fruit showed considerable variation with some areas having essentially no epicuticular wax platelets while other areas were completely covered. On sprayed fruit, plastic often partially masked the wax platelet edges. On control fruit, the openings to the outer stomatal chambers were usually unobstructed although the stomatal pores between the guard cells were often plugged. In most cases, the openings to the outer stomatal chambers of sprayed fruit were partially or completely obstructed with plastic.
Large Volume Generator of Stable Foam for Freeze Protection1
Authors: Bartholic J. F. , Heilman M. D. , Farris B. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A large volume generator with a foam-producing rate of 130 ft3/min is described. The generator is based on a simple principle and could be easily adapted to a variety of field foam application requirements. A combination of 3 materials has been found that will form an economical, stable, nontoxic foam for insulating crops during freezing conditions. Field tests showed that the foaming materials and foam generator have the necessary characteristics for covering large acreages of temperature-sensitive crops.