bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the role of Z‐stack to improve the morphologic evaluation of urine cytology whole slide images for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma: Results and review of a pilot study
Authors: Kim David , Burkhardt Robert , Alperstein Susan A. , Gokozan Hamza N. , Goyal Abha , Heymann Jonas J. , Patel Ami , Siddiqui Momin T. 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUNDWhole slide imaging (WSI) adoption has been slower in cytopathology due, in part, to challenges in multifocal plane scanning on 3‐dimensional cell clusters. ThinPrep and other liquid‐based preparations may alleviate the issue by reducing clusters in a concentrated area. This study investigates the use of Z‐stacked images for diagnostic assessment and the experience of evaluating urine ThinPrep WSI.METHODSThirty ThinPrep urine cases of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 22) and cases of negative for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 8) were included. Slides were scanned at 40× magnification without Z‐stack and with Z‐stack at 3 layers, 1 μm each. Six cytopathologists and 1 cytotechnologist evaluated the cases in 2 rounds with a 2‐week wash‐out period in a blinded manner. A Cohen’s Kappa (CK) calculated concordance rates. A survey after each round evaluated participant experience.RESULTSCK with the original report ranged from 0.606 to 1.0 (P < .05) without Z‐stack and 0.533 to 1.0 (P < .05) with Z‐stack both indicating substantial‐to‐perfect concordance. For both rounds, interobserver CK was moderate‐to‐perfect (0.417‐1.0, P < .05). Intraobserver CK was 0.697‐1.0 (P < 0.05), indicating substantial to perfect concordance. The average scan time and file size for slides without Z‐stack and with Z‐stack are 6.27 minute/0.827 GB and 14.06 minute/2.650 GB, respectively. Surveys demonstrated a range in comfort and use with slightly more favorable opinions for Z‐stacked cases.CONCLUSIONSZ‐stack images provide minimal diagnostic benefit for urine ThinPrep WSI. In addition, Z‐stacked urine WSI does not justify the prolonged scan times and larger storage needs compared to those without Z‐stack.
Three‐Dimensional Porous Low‐Defect Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Network Supported Rh Nanocrystals as Efficient Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Yanan , Chen Yang , Qin Jinlong , Chen Jinhao , Zhao Yahui , Xie Yongshuai , He Haiyan , Huang Huajie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith the rapid economic development and urgent environmental demands, the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) as one of environmental‐friendly energy‐conversion systems has attracted wide attention in the world, while the insufficient activity and low structural stability of the anode Pt/carbon catalyst largely deteriorate its overall performance. Herein, we report a facile and cost‐effective bottom‐up method to the fabrication of rhodium nanocrystals supported by three‐dimensional (3D) porous hybrid networks constructed from low‐defect carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide (Rh/LCNT‐RGO) as Pt‐alternative electrocatalysts for DMFC. Such a structural design gives the resultant Rh/LCNT‐RGO hybrid a series of fantastic architectural advantages, such as the large specific surface area of 3D interconnected graphene configuration, high electrical conductivity of low‐defect carbon nanotubes, and abundant catalytically active sites of well‐dispersive Rh nanocrystals. As a consequence, the Rh/LCNT‐RGO hybrid displays unusual catalytic abilities towards the methanol electrooxidation, including a large electrochemically active surface area of 123.8 m2 g−1, a high mass activity of 1228.5 mA mg−1, strong poison tolerance, and long lifespan, far surpassing those of reference Rh/carbon black, Rh/acid‐treated CNT, and Rh/RGO catalysts.
Secure Internet of Things network using light‐weighted trust and blockchain‐powered PoW framework
Authors: Vairagade Rupali Sachin , Savadatti Hanumantha Brahmananda 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARYBlockchain technology comprises security algorithms that work efficiently on battery powered devices. Low energy and delay indicate the effectiveness of any security mechanism. However, it is challenging for the algorithms to achieve low energy and delay because of various attacks. To identify and protect against various kinds of IoT attacks, a light‐weighted trust, and blockchain‐powered PoW framework are proposed in this article. A proof of work (PoW) consensus is utilized on the router side to validate the block before the blockchain accepts it. The flexibility of block design is the main benefit of PoW powered blockchain, so it can modify based on IoT applications. Moreover, trust is one of the major issues in IoT networks. Trust can be established among users during node processing and communication between nodes. This trust is significant for transferring the data from source to destination and the uncertainty of service availability in IoT applications. A trust evaluation between participating nodes and the blockchain mechanism are integrated into this work to cover authorization and authentication. The efficiency of the proposed trust model is evaluated in terms of trust evolution and trustworthy network and compared with the existing trust models. In the experimental analysis, the efficiency of the proposed blockchain‐powered network is analyzed in terms of energy, delay and processing time. The experimental outcomes proved that the proposed lightweight trust and blockchain‐powered PoW are more efficient than other approaches.
Using Biomass Gasification Mineral Residue as Catalyst to Produce Light Olefins from CO, CO2, and H2 Mixtures
Authors: ten Have Iris C. , van den Brink Robin Y. , Marie‐Rose Stéphane C. , Meirer Florian , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Bert Weckhuysen at Utrecht University. The image shows how iron nanoparticles in a biomass gasification residue can convert CO, CO2, and H2 mixtures into light olefins. The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202200436.
G‐CSF induces CD15+ CD14+ cells from granulocytes early in the physiological environment of pregnancy and the cancer immunosuppressive microenvironment
Authors: Maneta Ebtehag , Fultang Livingstone , Taylor Jemma , Pugh Matthew , Jenkinson William , Anderson Graham , Coomarasamy Arri , Kilby Mark D , Lissauer David M , Mussai Francis , De Santo Carmela 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesRecombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is frequently administered to patients with cancer to enhance granulocyte recovery post‐chemotherapy. Clinical trials have also used G‐CSF to modulate myeloid cell function in pregnancy and inflammatory diseases. Although the contribution of G‐CSF to expanding normal granulocytes is well known, the effect of this cytokine on the phenotype and function of immunosuppressive granulocytic cells remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of physiological and iatrogenic G‐CSF on an as yet undescribed granulocyte phenotype and ensuing outcome on T cells in the settings of cancer and pregnancy.MethodsGranulocytes from patients treated with recombinant G‐CSF, patients with late‐stage cancer and women enrolled on a trial of recombinant G‐CSF were phenotyped by flow cytometry. The ability and mechanism of polarised granulocytes to suppress T‐cell proliferation were assessed by cell proliferation assays, flow cytometry and ELISA.ResultsWe observed that G‐CSF leads to a significant upregulation of CD14 expression on CD15+ granulocytes. These CD15+CD14+ cells are identified in the blood of patients with patients undergoing neutrophil mobilisation with recombinant G‐CSF, and physiologically in women early in pregnancy or in those treated as a part of a clinical trial. Immunohistochemistry of tumor tissue or placental tissue identified the expression of G‐CSF. The G‐CSF upregulates the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CD15+CD14+ cells leading to the suppression of T‐cell proliferation.ConclusionsG‐CSF induces a population of ROS+ immunosuppressive CD15+CD14+ granulocytes. Strategies for how recombinant G‐CSF can be scheduled to reduce effects on T‐cell therapies should be developed in future clinical studies.
Serum IL‐17A concentration and a IL17RA single nucleotide polymorphism contribute to the risk of autoimmune type 1 diabetes
Authors: Li Junxian , Xu Lei , Zhao Weijing , Pan Jiemin , Lu Junxi , Lu Huijuan , Yan Jinhua , Weng Jianping , Liu Fang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsInterleukin (IL)‐17 is associated with autoimmunity. This study aimed to affirm the role of IL‐17A, IL‐17F and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to them and their receptors in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) for Chinese population.MethodsIn this study, 130 patients with autoimmune T1D and 140 non‐T1D controls were included for analysis. Clinical and biochemical data were collected, and serum levels of IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐6, and high‐sensitivity C reactive protein were measured using ELISA. The SNPs rs2275913, rs8193036, rs3819025, rs763780, rs879577, rs4819554, and rs708567 were genotyped using the SNaPshot assay.ResultsIL‐17A levels were higher in patients with autoimmune T1D than in controls (median [IQR] 28.83[37.38] vs. 16.68[8.10], p < 0.001) and high IL‐17A was a risk factor for autoimmune T1D (odds ratio (OR), 1.013; 95% CI, 1.003–1.023; p = 0.013) after adjusting for confounding factors. Linear regression analysis revealed that log10IL‐17A levels were independently associated with fasting C‐peptide, IL‐6, body mass index, and IL‐17F. However, no independent association was found between IL‐17F and autoimmune T1D. The GG genotype of SNP rs4819554 in the interleukin 17 receptor A (IL17RA) gene was associated with a decreased risk of autoimmune T1D (OR, 0.458; 95% CI, 0.246–0.852; p = 0.014) after adjusting for other confounders. The IL17RA rs4819554 GG genotype was negatively correlated with serum glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody appearance (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIncreased serum IL‐17A, but not IL‐17F, is a risk factor for autoimmune T1D. The GG genotype of IL17RA rs4819554 might decrease the risk for autoimmune T1D.
Microclimate predicts kelp forest extinction in the face of direct and indirect marine heatwave effects
Authors: Starko Samuel , Neufeld Christopher J. , Gendall Lianna , Timmer Brian , Campbell Lily , Yakimishyn Jennifer , Druehl Louis , Baum Julia K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMarine heatwaves threaten the persistence of kelp forests globally. However, the observed responses of kelp forests to these events have been highly variable on local scales. Here, we synthesize distribution data from an environmentally diverse region to examine spatial patterns of canopy kelp persistence through an unprecedented marine heatwave. We show that, although often overlooked, temperature variation occurring at fine spatial scales (i.e., a few kilometers or less) can be a critical driver of kelp forest persistence during these events. Specifically, though kelp forests nearly all persisted toward the cool outer coast, inshore areas were >3°C warmer at the surface and experienced extensive kelp loss. Although temperatures remained cool at depths below the thermocline, kelp persistence in these thermal refugia was strongly constrained by biotic interactions, specifically urchin populations that increased during the heatwave and drove transitions to urchin barrens in deeper rocky habitat. Urchins were, however, largely absent from mixed sand and cobble benthos, leading to an unexpected association between bottom substrate and kelp forest persistence at inshore sites with warm surface waters. Our findings demonstrate both that warm microclimates increase the risk of habitat loss during marine heatwaves and that biotic interactions modified by these events will modulate the capacity of cool microclimates to serve as thermal refugia.
Considering the influence of land use/land cover on estuarine biotic richness with Bayesian hierarchical models
Authors: Shamaskin Andrew Challen , Correa Sandra B. , Street Garrett M. , Linhoss Anna C. , Evans Kristine O. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe composition of land use/land cover (LULC) in coastal watersheds has many implications for estuarine system ecological function. Land use/land cover can influence allochthonous inputs and can enhance or degrade the physical characteristics of estuaries, which in turn affects estuaries' ability to support local biota. However, these implications for estuaries are often poorly considered when assessing the value of lands for conservation. The focus of research regarding terrestrial and estuarine interfaces often evaluates how LULC may stress estuarine ecosystems, but in this study we sought to understand how LULC may both positively and negatively affect estuaries using measures of observed biotic richness as proxies for estuarine function. We investigated the influence of LULC on estuarine biotic richness with Bayesian hierarchical models using multiple geospatial data sets from 33 estuaries and their associated watersheds along the Gulf of Mexico coastal region of the United States. We designed the hierarchical models with observed species richness of three functional groups (FGs) (i.e., pelagic fishes, forage fishes, and shrimp) from fishery‐independent trawl surveys as response variables. We then set salinity and water temperature as trawl‐specific covariates and measures of influence from six LULC classes as estuary‐specific covariates and allowed the models to vary by estuary, trawl program, salinity, and temperature. The model results indicated that the observed richness of each FG was both positively and negatively associated with different LULC classes, with estuarine wetlands and forested lands demonstrating the strongest positive influences on each FG. The results are generally consistent with past studies, and the modeling framework provides a promising way to systematically quantify LULC linkages with the biotic health of estuaries for the purposes of potentially valuing the estuarine implications of land conservation.
First record of antipredator behavior in the gall‐forming aphid Mordwilkoja vagabunda
Authors: Legan Andrew Wesley 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe gall‐forming aphid Mordwilkoja vagabunda has been an out‐group in molecular studies of the evolution of social behavior in the Pemphigus genus, but Mordwilkoja aphids have not previously been assayed for social behavior, such as altruistic defense. This study reports experiments carried out in July in Ithaca, NY, in which nymphs (immature aphids) of M. vagabunda were video‐recorded under a stereomicroscope while they encountered pyralid moth larvae in a plastic arena. Mordwilkoja vagabunda nymphs of all instars used their legs to claw moth larvae while pressing their rostrums against the larvae, possibly to pierce the cuticle. Many of the attacking aphids were alatoid nymphs, rather than the specialized first‐instar soldiers typically observed in Pemphigus species. Mordwilkoja vagabunda nymphs moved in bursts that sometimes became synchronized among several aphids in the same vicinity. These synchronized, rhythmic movements may be antipredator defense strategies comparable to the collective twitching and kicking response observed in colonies of Aphis nerii and other aphid species. Defensive behaviors by M. vagabunda nymphs may be altruistic fortress defense strategies, which maximize the inclusive fitness of the clone.
Experimental habitat fragmentation disrupts host–parasite interaction over decades via life‐cycle bottlenecks
Authors: Bitters Matthew E. , Meyers Jacqui , Resasco Julian , Sarre Stephen D. , Tuff Kika T. , Davies Kendi F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation are likely to seriously impact parasites, a less studied but critical component of ecosystems, yet we lack long‐term experimental evidence. Parasites structure communities, increase connectivity in food webs, and account for a large proportion of an ecosystem's total biomass. Food web models predict that parasites with multiple obligate hosts are at greater risk of extinction because the local extinction, or reduction in abundance, of any host will result in a life‐cycle bottleneck for the parasite. We examine the response of a parasite and its multiple hosts to forest fragmentation over 26 years in the Wog Wog Habitat Fragmentation Experiment in southeastern Australia. The parasite is the nematodeHedruris wogwogensis, its intermediate host is the amphipod,Arcitalitrus sylvaticus, and its definitive host is the skink,Lampropholis guichenoti. In the first decade after fragmentation, nematodes completely disappeared from the matrix (plantation forestry) and all but disappeared from their definitive host (skinks) in fragments, and by the third decade after fragmentation had not appreciably recovered anywhere in the fragmented landscape compared to continuous forest. The low prevalence of the nematode in the fragmented landscape was associated with the low abundance of one or the other host in different decades: low abundance of the intermediate host (amphipod) in the first decade and low abundance of the definitive host (skink) in the third decade. In turn, the low abundance of each host was associated with changes to the abiotic environment over time due largely to the dynamically changing matrix as the plantation trees grew. Our study provides rare long‐term experimental evidence of how disturbance can cause local extinction in parasites with life cycles dependent on more than one host species through population bottlenecks at any life stage. Mismatches in the abundance of multiple hosts over time are likely to be common following disturbance, thus causing parasites with complex life cycles to be particularly susceptible to habitat fragmentation and other disturbances. The integrity of food webs, communities, and ecosystems in fragmented landscapes may be more compromised than presently appreciated due to the sensitivity of parasites to habitat fragmentation.
Soft coral reproductive phenology along a depth gradient: Can “going deeper” provide a viable refuge?
Authors: Liberman Ronen , Shlesinger Tom , Loya Yossi , Benayahu Yehuda 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMany species across a wide range of taxa and habitats display phenological shifts and differences in response to both environmental gradients and climate change. Moreover, the wide‐scale decline of numerous ecosystems is leading to increasing efforts to identify zones that might serve as natural refuges from various disturbances, including ocean warming. One such refuge was suggested to be that of the deep coral reefs, but whether depth can provide coral populations with a viable and reproductive refuge remains unclear. Given the global coral‐reef degradation and the key role that corals play as ecosystem engineers, their reproductive ecology has been widely studied. A particular knowledge gap nonetheless exists regarding coral reproductive phenology along a depth gradient. Filling in this gap may uncover the environmental cues that regulate coral reproduction, leading to better predictions of population connectivity, and their possible responses to climate change and other environmental changes. Here, using long‐term in situ observations of the soft coral Rhytisma fulvum's reproductive activity along its entire depth range (0–45 m), we examined the relationship among several environmental factors and the coral's reproductive phenology and activity over five successive annual breeding seasons. Compared with the shallow depths, a lower number of reproducing colonies was found in habitats deeper than 30 m, highlighting possible constraints on coral reproduction at the deeper end of their range. Our results further revealed that an increase in seawater temperature over 1–2‐day intervals during the breeding season correlated with the onset of reproductive activity along the depth gradient, leading to different reproductive periodicities in different depths. These differences suggest that differential temperature regimes and reproductive timing across depth may create intraspecific temporal reproductive segregation, possibly reducing connectivity among populations along a depth gradient. Moreover, we found high variability among years in both the timing of breeding activities and in the level of reproductive synchrony among corals from different depths. Overall, our study questions whether depth can provide a long‐term and viable refuge for corals in the face of global environmental changes.
Dominance, diversity, and niche breadth in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
Authors: Davison John , Vasar Martti , Sepp Siim‐Kaarel , Oja Jane , Al‐Quraishy Saleh , Bueno C. Guillermo , Cantero Juan José , Chimbioputo Fabiano Ezequiel , Decocq Guillaume , Fraser Lauchlan , Hiiesalu Inga , Hozzein Wael N. , Koorem Kadri , Moora Mari , Mucina Ladislav , Onipchenko Vladimir , Öpik Maarja , Pärtel Meelis , Phosri Cherdchai , Semchenko Marina , Vahter Tanel , Tedersoo Leho , Zobel Martin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClassical theory identifies resource competition as the major structuring force of biotic communities and predicts that (i) levels of dominance and richness in communities are inversely related, (ii) narrow niches allow dense “packing” in niche space and thus promote diversity, and (iii) dominants are generalists with wide niches, such that locally abundant taxa also exhibit wide distributions. Current empirical support, however, is mixed. We tested these expectations using published data on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition worldwide. We recorded the expected negative relationship between dominance and richness and, to a degree, the positive association between local and global dominance. However, contrary to expectations, dominance was pronounced in communities where more specialists were present and, conversely, richness was higher in communities with more generalists. Thus, resource competition and niche packing appear to be of limited importance in AM fungal community assembly; rather, patterns of dominance and diversity seem more consistent with habitat filtering and stochastic processes.
Differential regulation of CD8+CD86+ Vγ1.1+ γδT cell responses in skin barrier tissue protection and homeostatic maintenance
Authors: Li Chao , Lin Yang‐Ding , Wang Wei‐Bei , Xu Ming , Zhang Nu , Xiong Na 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCompared to αβT cells, γδT cells are more innate‐like and preferentially function as the first line of defense in barrier tissues. Certain populations of γδT cells possess adaptive immune cell properties but their regulation is not well understood. We herein report that while innate‐like γδT17 cells dominated in the skin of WT mice, Vγ1.1+ γδT cells with adaptive T cell‐like properties predominantly expanded in the skin of TCRβ–/– and B2m–/– mice. Commensal bacteria drove expansion of Vγ1.1+ skin γδT cells, functional properties of which correlated with local immune requirements. That is, Vγ1.1+ skin γδT cells in TCRβ–/– mice were a heterogeneous population; while Vγ1.1+ skin γδT cells in B2m–/– mice were mostly CD8+CD86+ cells that had a similar function of CD8+CD86+ skin αβT cells in supporting local Treg cells. We also found that intrinsic TGF‐β receptor 2‐derived signals in skin CD8+ αβT and γδT cells are required for their expression of CD86, a molecule important in supporting skin Treg cells. Our findings reveal broad functional potentials of γδT cells that are coordinately regulated with αβT cells to help maintain local tissue homeostasis.