bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Serum Procalcitonin (ProCT/PCT) Levels in Periodontally Healthy Individuals and Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus – An Original Research
Authors: Jenifer Cynthia R A , Srinivasan Sivapragasam , Vijay VK , Saravanan Deepshika , Balaji Saravana , Navarasu M 
Published: July 2022

Aim:
The present study aimed to estimate the serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in periodontally healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis patients with Type II diabetes mellitus (DM).

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five male subjects aged 25–60 years were enrolled in the study and grouped as Group I (healthy), Group II (chronic periodontitis), and Group III (chronic periodontitis with Type II DM). Clinical parameters (dental plaque scores, bleeding scores, probing pocket depth, and loss of attachment) and glycemic parameters (random blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin levels) were recorded. Serum procalcitonin levels were analyzed using Raybio® Human Procalcitonin Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit using the sandwich technique. All the data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using SYSTAT 12 statistical software. Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare the mean scores between the three study groups, and Spearman's ρ correlation coefficient was used to find out the association.

Results:
Serum procalcitonin levels were markedly increased in periodontitis group when compared to the healthy group. The mean serum levels of procalcitonin in Group I, Group II, and Group III were 22.52 pg/ml, 64.23 pg/ml, and 185.86 pg/ml, respectively. The variation in the procalcitonin levels was statistically significant at P < 0.001.

Conclusion:
The expression of procalcitonin in serum was increased to eightfold in the periodontitis group with diabetes in comparison to the healthy group, which shows that periodontal disease can cause the release of procalcitonin.
Perception of Oral Health and Practices among Children Residing in Orphanages in Bengaluru
Authors: Unnikrishnan Vishnu , Dhamali Debjit , Balakrishna M. S. , Kavya M. J. , Saheer Abdul , Chandran Thara 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Children residing in orphanages often have accumulated oral health needs as they are unaware of the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. Due to financial constraints, the provision of oral health care is often neglected.

Aims and Objectives:
This study attempts to assess the perception of oral health and practices among children residing in orphanages in Bengaluru.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 269 inmates, which assessed their perception and practices concerning oral health.

Results:
The self-assessment and practices of the study participants varied significantly. The proportion of substance abuse was very low, and the oral hygiene practices of the majority of participants were good.

Conclusion:
Interventions need to be undertaken to improve and reinforce oral health awareness among the study participants.
Comparative Evaluation of Chlorhexidine and Cetrimide as Irrigants in Necrotic Primary Teeth
Authors: Sabu Nimmy , Thomas Nithya Annie , Thimmaiah Charisma , Joseph Ajay P. , Jobe Justin , Palose Pauline Susan 
Published: July 2022

Context:
Disinfection of the root canal system by biomechanical preparation and profuse irrigation is especially important in primary teeth due to its complex pulp canal anatomy. Appropriate selection of irrigating solution should be done in terms of tissue dissolving capacity, antibacterial efficacy, and palatability when treating pediatric cases.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.2% cetrimide (CTR), and 0.2% CHX + 0.2% CTR against anaerobic bacteria and to test the influence of CTR added to CHX on its antibacterial action.

Materials and Methods:
Seventy-five teeth that were selected for the study were divided into three groups: Group I (2% CHX), Group II (0.2% CTR), and Group III (0. 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR). Samples collected before and after irrigation were immediately processed and microbial growths were quantified.

Statistical Analysis:
Intergroup comparison was done using one-way analysis of variance and Newman–Keuls multiple post hoc procedures and intragroup comparison was done using paired t-test.

Results:
When the mean values of Group I were compared with Group II, the data were statistically not significant (P = 0.2341), whereas Group I showed a significant difference when compared with Group III (P = 0.0107). When the mean values of Group II and Group III were compared, the data were found to be statistically not significant (P = 0.0805).

Conclusion:
The efficacy of 2% CHX was found to be slightly superior when compared with that of 0.2% CTR, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, a significant difference was found between 2% CHX and combination irrigants.
Role of Salivary Physicochemical and Peptide Levels in Dental Caries among Children
Authors: Jha Kunal , Sharma Hemlata , Vella Varaprasad , Mandal Nag Bhushan , Pendyala Siva Kumar , Khan Mohammed Muzammil , Francis Mariea 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
Dental caries is a common oral disease that still needs to be thoroughly evaluated for understanding the pathophysiology. Hence, in our study, we evaluate the physicochemical and the peptide properties of the saliva and their role in dental caries among children.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted an observational in vitro study among 100 subjects of age 5–15 years. Decayed, missing, and filled surface (DMFT)/dmft was used to calculate the caries activity. The unstimulated saliva was evaluated for the peptides “LL-37, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, and human beta-defensin-3” by ELIZA and for the “pH, buffer, and flow rate” of the saliva. The data thus obtained were analyzed to correlate caries and the salivary physiochemical and peptides using the “linear regression analysis.” P < 0.05 was deliberated as significant.

Results:
Although no statistically significant variation was seen between low and high caries risk groups and the salivary parameters in our study, we observed a negative correlation of the salivary peptides and caries. For the salivary peptide “HNP1-3,” there was a statistically significant variation.

Conclusion:
The salivary peptides may be carioprotective. However, further research has to be done to establish the mechanism of the action of these substances against caries.
Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Zinc Phosphate Cement, Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer, and Two Dual-Cure Resin Cements
Authors: Jacob Jose , Devadathan A. , Joseph Suja , Dathan Pradeep C. , Mathew Suja , Kuriakose Rene 
Published: July 2022

Aims:
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the sealing ability of a new resin cement which was undergoing trial with other three luting cements.

Settings and Design:

In vitro study.

Subjects and Methods:
Forty extracted intact human premolars were selected and standardized class 5 preparations for inlays were done at cementoenamel junction of buccal surfaces and direct composite inlay was fabricated. The samples were randomly grouped into 4: Group I luted with Rely X ARC resin cement, Group II with DCRC-10, a new indigenously developed resin cement, Group III with FujiCEM, and Group IV with zinc phosphate. After 24 h storage, samples were thermocycled and immersed in basic fuchsine dye. The longitudinal sections were assessed under a stereomicroscope for microleakage using graded criteria.

Statistical Analysis Used:
To analyze leakage scores among four groups and between enamel and dentin/cementum margins, Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test and the Mann-Whitney test at P < 0.05 were used.

Results:
The dye penetration at cementum/dentin margins showed a statistically significant difference among four groups (P < 0.001). Adhesive luting cements produced lesser leakage scores at both margins than those cemented with zinc phosphate.

Conclusions:
The indigenously developed resin cement (DCRC-10, Group II) is comparable to that of Group I (RelyX ARC) in terms of its luting efficiency.
Clinicoradiological Comparison of Outcomes of LRS Fixator and Ilizarov in Infected Nonunion of Tibia Based on Bone Gap Quantification
Authors: Arfee Sakib , Malik Anzar Tariq , Nehru Ashish , Ali Umar , Arfee Akib , Arfee Adnan Aadil 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
The surgery of the fracture of the long bones is inherent to certain complications, one being nonunion. As various modalities are proposed, we aim in our study to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes after the treatment with the Limb Reconstruction System (LRS) fixator and Ilizarov for the infected tibia with nonunion considering the bone gap quantifications.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted an observational prospective study among 40 subjects with tibial nonunion. They were grouped equally to be treated by the LRS fixator and Ilizarov. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were compared using the “Chi-squared and independent Student's t-test,” deliberating P < 0.05 as significant.

Results:
We observed no significant difference for both the groups in the clinical union and functional and radiographic outcome for the various gaps of the nonunion. There was no significant difference for the groups when the time of healing was compared.

Conclusion:
Comparable results are seen for both the treatment modalities. However, IL fixator performed better clinically, while the LRS was easily accepted by the patients.
Correlation of Body Mass Index to Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries in School Students
Authors: Jha Kunal , Abdul Nishath Sayed , Baldev Karan Cecil , Satyarth Saurabh , Mandal Nag Bhushan , Mogla Sahil , Khan Mohammed Muzammil 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
The general health of the individual can be calculated using the body mass index (BMI). In our study, we aim to evaluate the association of the BMI to the oral hygiene (OH) and dental caries (DC), in the school pupils.

Materials and Methods:
We piloted a cross-sectional study with 1000 participants of the ages 5–15 years with mixed dentition. We evaluated the BMI and the Oral Hygeine Index (OHI), DC. We compared the two oral parameters among pupils to the BMI using “ANOVA and Logistic regression analysis” for the identification of the significance and correlation.

Results:
We observed a significant variation for the different categories of the BMI and the OH, DC. BMI and the OHI, DC both depicted a strong and positive correlation.

Conclusions:
The nutritional status and the oral health are interrelated. Good oral health has to be promoted for the better general health.
Comparison of Zirconia to Dentin Bonding Using Resin-Based Luting Cements and Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cement
Authors: Vivek V. J. , Venugopal P. , Divakar Namitha , Bharath Subin , Sarin K. , Mohammed Nasrin 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of zirconia to dentin using two resin-based luting cements and a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC).

Materials and Methods:
Thirty six zirconia blocks of 2 mm × 3 mm × 5 mm were milled and luted to the exposed dentin surfaces and grouped into three according to the cement used for luting: Group I – luted with Panavia F2.0, Group II – luted with RelyX U200, and Group III – luted with FujiCEM. After thermocycling, specimens were subjected to shear bond testing in an Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Data analysis using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and post hoc Mann–Whitney U-test with P < 0.05 was done.

Results:
Mean bond strengths were of the order Panavia F2.0 (5.99 MPa)>RelyX U200 (4.79MPa)>FujiCEM (1.59 MPa). Maximum failures were at the zirconia-cement interface and were adhesive in nature.

Conclusions:
It can be concluded with the study that there is a better bonding of zirconia to dentin with resin-based luting cements than a RMGIC. The single-step resin-luting cement RelyX U200 produced comparable bond strength to that of a multistep Panavia F2.0.
Assessment of Self-medication Practices among Nonteaching Faculty in a Private Dental College – A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kumari Deesha , Lahiri Banibrata , Das Asutosh , Mailankote Shilpa , Mishra Debasish , Mounika Akula 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Self-medication is the use of nonprescription drugs to treat a disease by an individual. Amid the looming COVID-19 scenario in our country, wherein universal access to health care is not yet fully established, self-medication can lead to serious effects like antimicrobial resistance and is a matter of public health concern.

Aim:
The aim of the present study was to assess the self-medication practices among the nonteaching faculty in a private dental college in Mangaluru, India.

Materials and Methods:
The cross-sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months. All the nonteaching faculty employed in AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences were included in the study employing the total enumeration sampling technique. A total of 57 participants were included in the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The participants not providing consent were excluded from the study. The data were obtained using a validated pretested self-administered questionnaire in Kannada language. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 for descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results:
Around 50.8% of the participants often or regularly self-medicated. Males were found to practice self-medication higher than females, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (χ
2 = 11.088, P = 0.001). The most common reason cited for self-medication was that it was less costly (37, 64.9%). Doctors at the workplace (35, 61%) were the most common source of information. The most frequent symptoms provoking self-medication were aches in any body parts (32, 56.1%). The drugs most frequently consumed were analgesics (33, 57.9%), and 28 (49.1%) participants disagreed that self-medication was a safe practice.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that the prevalence of self-medication was high among the study participants and it is an alarming situation. A holistic approach must be initiated at the grassroots level which would involve health promotion initiatives such as awareness campaigns and regulatory policies to tackle the implications of self-medication.
Dental Student's Awareness and Perception toward Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Riyadh Region Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sharanesha Rajashekhara Bhari , Alshehri Abdulaziz Dhafer , Alanzi Abdulziz Ali , Dhaafi Alhussain Ali , Alshareef Mansour Yahya , Alqahtani Faisal Kasheem 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Dentists have a greater role in tobacco cessation and counseling. Dental institution is a platform from where they can inculcate the habit of tobacco counseling. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to reduce motivation to consume tobacco and the physiological and psychomotor withdrawal symptoms through the delivery of nicotine.

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to assess dental students' awareness and perception toward NRT.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was done on 348 dental students studying in different universities in Riyadh Region, KSA. Questions related to awareness of NRT, perception, and motivation to use NRT were asked.

Statistical Analysis:
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics; Chi-square test was used to compare results according to the year of study.

Results:
About 74.4% of participants were aware of NRT nearly 50% of students think motivating about NRT is waste of time. About 65.2% of the students think it is difficult to quit smoking.

Conclusion:
It is necessary to consider programs giving importance about tobacco cessation and NRT among dental students.
Knowledge of Caries Risk Assessment Among Dental Students in Riyadh Region Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gowdar Inderjit Murugendrappa , BinKhames Yasser Mohammed , Althani Rakan Abdullah , Almuthaybiri Sultan Marshad , Alabdulmuhsin Sakinah Bakr , Alatiyyah Fatimah Mohammed 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Caries is a preventable dental disease; further, it is associated with many risk factors. If risk factors are identified and evaluated in time, prevention can be achieved.

Aim:
Present study attempts to assess the knowledge of caries risk evaluation among dental students in Riyadh using a cross-sectional observational study design.

Materials and Methods:
The study comprised 390 dental students, interns, from the Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Questionnaire was developed to assess knowledge about Caries Risk Assessment (CRA). Questionnaire included ten straight statements with options for acceptance or refusal by marking true or false.

Results:
About 10.3% of the participants accepted dental caries as transmissible disease. About 69.5% of the participants think White spot lesions as carious lesions. 66.9% predict radiographic approximal lesions are disease indicators.

Conclusion:
Majority of the participants possessed knowledge about caries risk assessment, although prevention-oriented knowledge needs to be improved because knowledge of caries inducing aspects and risk of occurrence among clinicians help to deliver tailored preventive measures and appropriate execution of treatment.
Assessment of Clinical and Radiological Outcome of Implant with Two Different Connections Con iguration
Authors: Mangalvedhekar Madhura , Manas Abhigyan , Jyothirmayee K , Richashree  , Tenglikar Pavan , Das Abhaya Chandra 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
The objective of the study is to compare two different implant designs having different neck configuration and neck interfaces.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups, each containing 25 subjects. In Group I, conical connection (CC) (Nobel Biocare) with back-tapered collar dental implant and in Group II, external-hexagon (EH) (Nobel Biocare) with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface dental implant was used. Radiographic marginal bone crest level and marginal bone loss (MBL) were compared.

Results:
A significant less MBL was seen in Group I compared to Group II recorded at different intervals of time (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
CC implants with back-tapered collar exhibited less MBL as compared to EH implants with flat-to-flat implant-abutment interface.
Analysis of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Different Restorative Materials
Authors: Manas Abhigyan , Kumar Amit , Sorte Gawali Kranti , Ismail Prabu Mahin Syed , Goutam Manish , Das Indrani 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
The objective of the study is to compare the fracture resistance of endodontic treated tooth restored with GIC, amalgam, and composite cements.

Materials and Methods:
Forty teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 teeth each. Group I teeth were restored with silver amalgam. Group II teeth were restored with GIC. Group III teeth were restored with composite and Group IV teeth were control in which no alteration was performed. Testing machine applied force on teeth to detect fracture resistance.

Results:
The mean fracture resistance was maximum in Group IV (1050.2 N) followed by Group III (956.2 N), Group I (836.4 N), and Group II (766.4 N). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean difference of fracture resistance was significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Composite resin possesses highest fractures resistance as compared to GIC and silver amalgam.
A Comparison of Xenograft Graft Material and Synthetic Bioactive Glass Allograft in Immediate Dental Implant Patients
Authors: Goutam Manish , Batra Namish , Jyothirmayee K , Bagrecha Nitin , Deshmukh Poonam , Malik Sakshi 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
The objective of the study is to compare xenograft graft material and synthetic bioactive glass allograft in immediate dental implant patients.

Materials and Methods:
Forty patients were grouped as Group A patients (xenograft graft material, BioOss) and Group B (synthetic allograft material, Perio Glas) and immediate implant placement was done. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and bone resorption were compared at different intervals.

Results:
A nonsignificant difference was observed in all parameters at different interval of time (P > 0.05) recorded at mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual side.

Conclusion:
Xenograft (Bio Oss) and synthetic allograft (PerioGlas) found to be effective graft materials treatment choice.
Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Two-Dimensional Digital Intraoral Radiography to Three-Dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Periapical Pathologies
Authors: Surya S. , Barua Akash Narayan Dutta , Magar Shaliputra Pralhad , Magar Shilpa Shaliputra , Rela Rathi , Chhabada Amarpal Kour 
Published: July 2022

Background:
Periapical intraoral radiographs are useful in assessing periapical pathologies; essential information often is not extracted owing to difficult interpretation and two-dimensional presentation of three-dimensional structures focusing on using cone beam CT (CBCT) and other advanced imaging modalities.

Aims:
The present study was conducted to comparatively assess the digital intraoral radiography to CBCT in the diagnosis of periapical pathologies.

Materials and Methods:
In 50 teeth, CBCT and digital imaging were compared in assessing periapical pathologies using CBCTPA and six-point scoring. The scores obtained were assessed and compared with statistical evaluation. The data were expressed in percentage and number and mean and standard deviation. The level of significance was kept at P < 0.05.

Results:
On comparing 3D CBCT and 2D digital imaging for assessing the study parameters, it was seen that resorption was seen in 33, 30, and 9 teeth, respectively, on 3, 2, and 1 rooted tooth on CBCT and 13, 16, and 7 teeth on digital radiography. The numbers of roots and root canals on CBCT were 45, 34, and 18 in 3, 2, and 1 rooted tooth and 50, 32, and 18 on digital imaging. Lesions were detected on CBCT in 16, 18, and 18 teeth on CBCT in 3, 2, and 1 rooted tooth, respectively, and in 14, 14, and 16 teeth on digital imaging. Comparing the five-point scale for lesions and CBPAI index for CBCT and digital imaging, the difference was statistically significant with P = 0.004 and <0.0001, respectively.

Conclusion:
The present study concludes that 3D CBCT is superior in accuracy to 2D imaging in diagnosing the periapical lesions, especially concerning multirooted teeth. Owing to its high radiation exposure and cost, 2D imaging can be incorporated in assessing periapical pathology for the single-rooted tooth.