bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baby food industry interference with infant feeding international regulation—A case study on the standard for follow-up formula
Authors: Silva Kimielle Cristina , Castro Inês Rugani Ribeiro de , Carvalho Camila Maranha Paes de , Camargo Kenneth Rochel de 
Published: November 2022

IntroductionGlobally, first-food systems have changed and breastfeeding has decreased due to the increased growth in commercial breast milk substitute (BMS) consumption, which includes both follow-up and toddler formulas. These products are manufactured by a small number of corporate leaders in international BMS sales. Discussions for global regulation of these products take place in the Codex Alimentarius and are permeated by the strong participation of these corporations in the Codex committees.ObjectiveIn the present study, the participation of the baby food industry in the review of the follow-up formula standard in the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) was analyzed.MethodsThe analysis of the CCNFSDU documents was based on the period from 2009 to 2019 and used quantitative and qualitative approaches. Compositional and participation data from country delegations and observer organizations on the representative profiles of the involved institutions and the baby food industry's involvement in this process were established systematically.ResultsIn total, 134 out of the 189 Codex Alimentarius member countries engaged in the standard review process, of which 28% were involved in the entire process. The private sector was present in 81% of the most assiduous member state delegations to the meetings. Furthermore, ~60% of the observer organizations involved in the review process were business associations representing industry interests. Moreover, the International Special Dietary Foods Industries was the only business association with observer status in the CCNFSDU that was specifically dedicated to representing the baby food industryduring the review process.ConclusionThese research results expand the body of evidence confirming the expressive and disproportionate participation of baby food industries and their representatives in the discussion processes within the scope of the CCNFSDU. However, studies investigating the Codex and the public documents of its respective committees are limited. Thus, this was the first study to analyze the influence of the baby food industry on BMS global regulatory compliance.
Development and Validation of the Observation Checklist Assessing the Hygiene and Sanitation of the Food Preparation Areas in Preschools
Authors: Khalid Mohd Khairul Asyraf , Nik Husain Nik Rosmawati , Wan Mohamad Wan Mohd Zahiruddin , Idris Nor Azlin , Abu Bakar Natrah 
Published: November 2022

A validated checklist for assessing the hygiene and sanitation of food preparation areas in the preschools is needed to ensure food safety for the preschool children. The objective of this study aimed to validate a newly developed observation checklist assessing the hygiene and sanitation of food preparation areas in preschools.
The study was carried out in Kota Bharu Kelantan and was conducted in four stages: preparation of observation checklist from the existing literature; validation of checklist content by six expert panels (measuring the item-level content validity index (I-CVI), and scale-level content validity index (S-CVI)); face validation of checklist by ten expert panels (measuring the item-level face validity index (I-FVI) and scale-level face validity index (S-FVI)); and reliability analysis in assessing the inter correlation-coefficient (ICC). The reliability analysis was performed on two preschools by four assessors.
The initial draft of the checklist contained three domains and 57 items: building and facility (10 subdomains and 40 items); process control (4 subdomains and 13 items); and food handlers (one subdomain and 7 items). The I-CVI were 0.97, 1.00 and 1.00, and S-CVI were 1.0, 1.0 and 1.0 for building and facility, process control, and food handler, respectively. The I-FVI showed 0.99 for building and facility, 1.00 for process control, and 1.00 for food handler. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of these 3 domains were 0.848 (95%CI 0.772, 0.904) as shown in Table 1, indicating a good reliability (values between 0.75 and 0.9) [1]. The final validated checklist consisted of 3 domains and 57 items.
The newly developed observation checklist is a valid and reliable tool to assess the hygiene and sanitation of food preparation areas in preschools.
Evaluation of the Dosimetric Parameters of the Interstitial HDR Liver Brachytherapy at USM
Authors: Yogabalan Keerthaanaa , Abdul Aziz Mohd Zahri , Appalanaido Gokula Kumar , Jayamani Jayapramila 
Published: November 2022

There are numerous treatment options available to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up to now, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been considered the best option to cure the HCC, however SBRT does not adequately spare the nearby organ at risk (OAR) [1]. A high dose rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR IBT) technique for HCC is considered as an alternative to the SBRT due to accurate and precise dose delivery to the target and well spared adjacent OAR [2]. The main objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the dosimetry tolerance for the tumour and OAR for HDRIBT technique for HCC technique using the iridium-192 (Ir-192) source.
A computed tomography (CT) image-guided for 41 patients with 71 treatment cases in USM were used to analyse the dose distribution in tumour (HCC) and the OAR (diaphragm). The computed dosimetry data from the Oncentra treatment planning system (v.4.3) was used to analyse the relationship between the dosimetric variables, of the prescribed dose (15 Gy – 25 Gy) and fractionation used for the HDRIBT for HCC by statistical analysis.
In this study, 95% of the gross tumour volume (GTV) of HCC adequately achieved the prescribed dose in both single and multiple fractionations. The GTV dose decreased as the GTV volume increased for all the prescribed doses. Apart from that, the prescribed doses, 20 Gy and 25 Gy, exhibited a higher diaphragm dose in single fractionation treatment compared to 15 Gy dose. Meanwhile, the multiple fractionations treatment also exhibited a remarkably high diaphragm dose compared to the single fractionation treatment.
The minimum GTV dose recommended was based on a comparison with the RTOG 0438, liver SBRT protocol. These recommended values were applicable in both single and multiple fractionations. In addition, it is also applicable in a prescribed dose of 15y – 25 Gy. In short, the minimum recommended GTV doses were the V99% 90% of the prescribed dose, V95% 95% of the prescribed dose V90% 100% of the prescribed dose, respectively. Meanwhile, the diaphragm tolerance dose in this study was compared with RTOG 0438 protocol of ribs tolerance dose, within 54 Gy. Therefore, the diaphragm tolerance dose recommended for diaphragm volume of 0.2cm3, 0.5cm3 and 2.0cm3 (15 Gy prescribed dose) < 10 Gy, (20 Gy prescribed dose) < 15 Gy and (25 Gy prescribed dose) < 20 Gy in single fractionation respectively for all prescribed dose, whereas for the multiple fractionations < 54 Gy, regardless of the GTV volume. In conclusion, HDRIBT technique for HCC is the most promising technique by maximizing the dose to the GTV and reducing dose to the diaphragm by both single and multiple fractionations.
The Impact Model of Social Restriction Policies and New Habit Adaptation to Community Mobility Patterns in Responding and Control Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Authors: Djafri Defriman , Basra Mega Utami 
Published: November 2022

The Indonesian government has carried out various policies in suppressing the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia. The restriction policies that have been implemented encourage the community to adapt their behavior following the health protocols set by the government. The propagated spread transmission of Covid-19, followed by changes in the community mobility pattern, and influences increasing cases.

This study assessed the impact of the policies implemented by the government on the changing patterns of community mobility and controlling Covid-19 in Indonesia. Aggregate data on Covid-19 epidemiological parameters and population mobility data from Google Community Report were analyzed by trend and modeling using linear regression analysis from the beginning of the March 2020-June 2021 pandemic Covid-19 in Indonesia.

The results showed an increase in Covid-19 cases following the community mobility in Indonesia. The pattern of community mobility was different in each restriction policy and in various places as shown Table 1 and Figure 1. Social restriction policies were not fully effective in controlling Covid-19 in Indonesia. The effectiveness of restrictive policies and patterns of community mobility in controlling Covid-19 requires consistent and continuous supervision from the government.
Policies based on comprehensive epidemiological research were essential considerations in efforts to control and prevent the transmission of Covid-19.
Antiproliferative Activity and Apoptotic Potential of Curcumin on Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line (HL-60)
Authors: Che Razak Nur Hidayati , Mohd Zainuddin Hudaa Zulfaa , Abdul  Aziz Muhammad Yusran , Tuan Johari Syed Ahmad Tajudin , Wan Osman Wan Nurfarahin 
Published: November 2022

Curcuma Longa or also known as turmeric is a prominent natural remedy in Asia that has been utilized to heal diseases for decades. It has been demonstrated to have substantial biological activities, including anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, hypocholesterolemic, and chemopreventive properties. Curcumin is a therapeutic substance extracted from Curcuma Longa that is thought to have anti-cancer properties against a variety of cancer types. However, its anti-cancer potential on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains uncertain [1,2].

The objective of this intervention study was to examine the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of curcumin on the HL-60 cell line of acute myeloid leukemia. A stock solution of pure curcumin compound was obtained by dissolving it in dimethyl sulfide (DMSO). HL-60 cells were treated with six different concentrations which were 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 µg/ml and incubated at three distinct incubation period (24, 48 and 72 hours). The in vitro cell viability was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and quantified using a microplate reader at 570 nm. Acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) staining were employed to evaluate morphological changes.

MTT assays results show that curcumin has a high cytotoxicity effect on HL-60 cells. The maximal half inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of curcumin was consistently decreased when the incubation time increased. The IC50 of curcumin on HL-60 cells were reported to be 13, 8, and 3.5 µg/ml at 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation, respectively. There was a significantly different IC50 value (p<0.05) of curcumin between the incubation periods (Figure 1). The morphological alteration was shown in AO/PI staining by the appearance of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrotic cells.
These findings illustrated that curcumin revealed an effective anti-cancer action on human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cell line. Further research is required to determine the mechanism of cell death in HL-60 cells treated with pure curcumin compound.

In conclusion, the study revealed the role of putative targeted genes in the biological mechanism in gout pathogenesis has provides insight of the potential biomarkers in developing the personalized medicine better treatment for gout patient in ensuring better patient healthcare.
Associated Factors with Self-Perceived Burden Level among Cancer Patients in Hebei China, 2022
Authors: Liu Bingyang , Lee Khuan , Sun Chao , Lim Poh Ying 
Published: November 2022

The number of cancer cases and deaths of cancer are increasing year by year [1]. The high cost of cancer treatment and the guilt of patients relying on caregivers for long-term care leads to a high self-perceived burden (SPB) among cancer patients affecting their quality of life, treatment and even cause suicidal ideation [2]. The objective of this study is to determine the level of self-perceived burden (SPB) and its associated factors among cancer patients in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China. A sample size of 977 cancer patients was recruited using simple random sampling in this cross-sectional study. Self-administered modified questionnaire was used. Independent t test and ANOVA test were used for investigating the association of each factor with SPB. A total of 566 respondents participated in the study, with a response rate of 58.4%. The mean ± SD of SPB total score was 67.75 ± 15.69. The SPB was divided into four dimensions, where the mean economic/family burden dimension was 24.10 ± 6.44, psychological/emotional burden was 18.31 ± 4.92, care burden was 13.33 ± 3.43 and treatment burden was 11.99 ± 3.47. There was significant association between residence, number of children, educational level, caregiver, parents as caregiver, and age of primary caregiver with SPB.
In conclusion, the SPB score was high and thus, it is recommended that medical staff to pay attention to cancer patients with high SPB and give effective interventions to improve the quality of life and reduce the suicide rate of cancer patients.
A Cross-Sectional Study on the Health Profile and Nutritional Status of Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
Authors: Ong Ying Qian , Harith Sakinah , Shahril Mohd Razif , Shahidan Norshazila , Hapidin Hermizi 
Published: November 2022

Surprisingly, 541 million people have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) worldwide[1]. Prediabetes has been associated with an elevated risk of composite cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke and all-cause mortality2 as well as an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than normal glycaemia[1]. In Malaysia, the undiagnosed diabetes prevalence has increased3. Health profile and nutritional status play a crucial role in prediabetes development. However, there is a scarcity of related health profile characteristics and nutritional status data in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the health profile and nutritional status of adults at risk of T2DM in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. A total of 30 respondents at moderate and high risk of T2DM (Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (FINDRISC) score > 4) aged 18 to 59 years old were recruited from Kuala Nerus using a convenience sampling method. Information on socio-demographic, anthropometric, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, clinical profile, FINDRISC score, dietary intake, and physical activity level were obtained. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS system version 21.0 and Nutritionist ProTM software (Version 7.0.0, Axxya Systems). A descriptive statistic was used to present all outcomes. The continuous data were described as mean ± standard deviation (SD) whereas for categorical variables, the data were reported as the number of frequency and percentage.

The respondents (mean age: 36.1 ± 8.7 years) were predominantly female (76.7%), Malay (96.7%), married (43.3%), with tertiary education (60.0%), and employed (83.3%) with a monthly income ranging below RM 1000. Half of the respondents were from the obese class I category. However, they had a normal FPG (5.6 ± 0.5 mmol/L) and were normotensive with a normal heart rate. Also, they had an average FINDRISC score of 6.3 ± 1.8. The respondents had excessive energy, fat, vitamin C, and selenium intake with insufficient dietary fibre, vitamin A, E, and K, calcium, and magnesium intake. Most of them (63.3%) were minimally active.
The mean energy intake of this study was in accord with Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2003 (2097 kcal) and MANS 2014 (2123 kcal) after excluding under-reporters [3]. The National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019 stated that 25.1% of Malaysian adults were physically inactive which was slightly higher than the current study finding. On the contrary, a higher percentage (80.0%) of the study respondents were physically active than 74.9% as reported by NHMS (2019) [4].

It is vital to determine the health profile and nutritional status, which can provide important information for planning future cost-effective T2DM preventive strategies. This is because a strategic method of primary prevention for T2DM is by managing risk factors through lifestyle modification.
Body Mass Index, Malnutrition and Quality of Life Among Elderly in Malaysia During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abd Razak Nur Hazierah , Fauzy Nur Kamilah , Harith Sakinah 
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 pandemic had impact on several elements, including nutrition, as a result of food supply disruptions and lack of essential materials such as medicines, supplements, healthy foods, and other items, causing elderly to be malnourished, lose weight, or consume unhealthy meals [1]. BMI and malnutrition may have impact on the elderly’s quality of life, however the evidence for this is still weak.

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the BMI, malnutrition and QoL among elderly in all states in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 169 elderly aged 60 years and above across Malaysia were involved in this study. Those who meet the inclusion criteria which are elderly aged 60 years and above, living in Malaysia (Wilayah Persekutuan, Selangor, Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Sabah, Sarawak) and have good memory was included in this study. All data were obtained through online questionnaire in which the assessment of height and weight were self-reported by the respondents, malnutrition was assessed using Malnutrition Risk Screening Tool-Hospital (MRST-H) and Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form (MNA-SF), meanwhile QoL was assessed using SF-36. Descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the frequencies, averages and percentages of BMI, malnutrition and QoL among the respondents.

Results showed that mean BMI of elderly was 25.54±4.88 kg/m2. Most of elderly had normal BMI (43.8%) as compared to underweight (21.9%) and overweight (34.3%). Next, according to MRST-H, majority of the participants had normal nutritional status (66.9%), meanwhile others (33.1%) were reported to be at risk of malnutrition with the majority of women (39.8%) as compared to men (23.9%). Similar to the MNA-SF, most of the participants had normal nutritional status (65.7%), followed by at risk of malnutrition (30.2%) and the least was malnutrition (4.1%). Overall, the median score for QoL was 61.10 (27.00). Physical role domain and vitality domain had the lowest median score which were 56.25 (40.60) and 56.25 (15.60) respectively. Meanwhile, social functioning was reported to have the highest scores 75.00 (37.50) as compared to other domains.
Nutritional status and QoL are the cornerstone of public health in elderly. Therefore, it is important for this study to determine the BMI, malnutrition and QoL to make significant contribution in assisting health-care professionals to combat malnutrition and poor QoL among elderly.
Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Muscle Loss after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Ab Majida Nor Latifah , Vanoh Divya , Md Hashim Mohd Nizam , Zainuddin Nur Zetty Sofia , Ajid Monaliza 
Published: November 2022

Obesity is a chronic non-communicable disease that has increased dramatically worldwide [1]. The 2015 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) showed that the prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in Malaysia had increased by 0.6%, 2.6% and 2.0% respectively as compared to the previous findings of NHMS 2011[2]. Thus, many approaches have been attempted including bariatric surgery. However, it is associated with complications like lean tissue loss, augmented bone loss and a high risk of postprandial hypoglycemia due to patients being unable to achieve adequate dietary protein and accelerated nutrient emptying. Hence, this review paper provides several findings on possible causes of muscle tissue loss and nutritional strategies to prevent muscle loss.

Initially, a literature search was conducted from electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar Science Direct. A total of 15 articles on nutritional strategies to prevent muscle loss after bariatric surgery that was published between January 2017 and May 2022 were retrieved. In this review, several causes of muscle tissue loss, its consequences on a patient’s health and nutritional strategies to preserve muscle protein are summarized in the following figures.
In conclusion, bariatric surgery leads to the loss of lean body mass and fat-free mass due to a significant decrease in protein intake and rapid weight loss. This will lead to several consequences that impair basal metabolism and body functions and reduce life quality [7]. Regular and sufficient protein intake together with resistance exercise are essential for muscle preservation [4]. Further research should be continued to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology and related mechanism that causes muscle loss and develop appropriate treatment and possible modifications in current bariatric procedures available.
Internet Addiction Among University Students at School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Zaabah Intan Lyana , Sulaiman Nur Adibah Solihin , Mohd Zain Norhasmah 
Published: November 2022

Internet addiction issue risen among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it can contribute to mental health deterioration such as depression which is a serious worldwide public health concern. [1, 3]. This study aims to study internet addiction among university students in School of Health Sciences, USM. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted via convenience sampling technique on 122 students from January 2022 to March 2022. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographic variables and the level of addiction using 26-items validated by Chen Internet Addiction (CIAS) [2]. The findings revealed that there were 122 respondents who participated in this study and mostly 78.7% female students participated. Most of the respondents were Year Two students (37.7%), the residence of the respondents mostly from hostel or campus (54.1%) and the time spent on internet per day mostly more than five hours (92.6%) per day (Table 1).
In conclusion, the study indicated the level of internet addiction among university students. Therefore, this study implies that lowering the time spent on internet per day is necessary to reduce the hazards to university students' mental health such as depression.