bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Method Translation of Descriptive Text from English into Indonesian
Authors: Sinurat Bloner , E. Silalahi Dumaris , Saputra Nanda 
Published: September 2022

The objective of the research is to find out the extent of direct translation at the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Pematangsiantar in the translation descriptive text from English into Indonesianin academic year 2019/2020.The problem research is about what extent of direct translation method are used at grade eight students of SMP N 6 Pematangsiantar in the translation descriptive text from English into Indonesian?. To solve the problems, the research used theories Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) divided translation procedures into two namely Direct or Literal Translation which cover three procedures (borrowing, calque, and Literal translation). The research uses qualitative descriptive method. The data was taken from grade VIII-2 SMPN 6 Pematangsiantar with the total number of students are twenty students. The researcher takes 20 students to analyze the students’ translating. Then, the researcher analyzes the data, describe and classify their translation. The research finding of the thesis showthat the students’ translation borrowing translatiom 22,2%, calque translation 19,05%, literal translation 58,73% but some students did not get transferring the meaning of text so the students did not complete to translate the text. The researcher concludes that some students always found many difficulties in translation because they do not understand meaning word, the usage of structure in sentences and confused within the text.
<p>Audiologic and Vestibular Findings in a Sample of Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Type-1-Infected Mexican Children Under Highly Active Antiretroviral
Therapy</p>
Authors: Palacios GC , Montalvo MS , Fraire MI , Leon E , Alvarez MT , Solorzano F 
Published: September 2022

Objective: There is little information about audiologic and vestibular disorders
in pediatric patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1). The
aim of this study was to evaluate audiologic and vestibular disorders in a sample of
HIV-1-infected children receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Methods:
Patients underwent pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination testing, auditory
brainstem responses, electronystagmography, and rotatory testing. HIV-1 viral load and
absolute CD4+ cell counts were registered. Results: Twenty-three patients were
included, aged 4.5 pars (median, range 5 months to 16 years). Pure tone audiometry was
carried out in 12 children over 4 years of age: 4 (33%) showed hearing loss, 2 were
conductive. Auditory brainstem responses were measured in all 23 patients, suggesting
conductive hearing loss in 6 and sensorineural hearing loss in 2. Most patients with
conductive hearing loss had the antecedent of acute or chronic suppurative otitis media
but with dry cars at the time of evaluation (p=0.003). Abnormal prolongations of
interwave intervals in auditory brainstem responses were observed in 3 children (13%. 4
ears), an abnormal morphology in different components of auditory brainstem responses in
4 (17.4%, 7 ears), and abnormal amplitude patterns in 11 patients (48%, 17 ears).
Vestibular tests were abnormal in all six patients tested, with asymmetries in caloric
and rotators- tests. Although differences were not significant, in general, audiologic
abnormalities were more frequent in patients with more prolonged HIV-1 infections,
higher viral loads, or lower absolute CD4+ cell counts. Conclusions: Conductive
hearing loss associated with previous otitis media events, abnormalities in auditory
brainstem responses suggesting disorders at different levels of the auditory pathways,
and unilateral vestibular hyporeflexia were frequent findings in our sample of
HIV-1-infected children under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. These findings
suggest that HIV-1-infected children should be submitted to audiologic and vestibular
evaluation as early as possible in order to reduce their impact on the psychosocial
development of these patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008; 72(11):
1671-1681.
<p>Which children would benefit most from tympanostomy tubes (grommets)? A
personal evidence-based review</p>
Authors: Lous J 
Published: September 2022

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common condition in young children. OME
causes some hearing loss, and can cause permanent changes in the tympanic membrane as
well as other symptoms. In most cases, OME is of short duration. As long-lasting
bilateral OME for decades has been associated with delayed cognitive and language
development, parents and ENT specialists have a positive attitude towards treatment with
tympanostomy tubes (TT). Method: This personal evidence-based review is built on
own observations and research combined with newer studies and guidelines. Results:
The review argues for a relatively restrictive treatment policy concerning the use of TT
in children with OME without signs or symptoms of impaired social or linguistic
function. Conclusion: Six months with bilateral OME and significant hearing loss
should be present before treatment with TT in otherwise healthy children. At the moment
we have no evidence for the subgroups of children excluded from the RCTs, i.e., children
with speech/language delays, behaviour and learning problems, or syndromes. Clinicians
will need to make their own decisions regarding treatment of such children. The
situation just now is that some children are over-treated and some are under-treated.
There is an urgent need for prospective cohort studies and randomised studies on
children with long-lasting OME in an attempt to characterise the children who would
benefit most from TT. Published courtesy of:Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;
72(6): 731-736
<p>Clinical trial of a low-cost, solar-powered hearing aid</p>
Authors: Parving A , Christensen B 
Published: September 2022

Objective: In July 2001 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched their
‘Guidelines for hearing aids and services for developing countries’. The objective of
this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of an analogue, low-cost, behind-the-ear
hearing aid (BTE-HA) that met the minimum technical requirements outlined by the
WHO. Material and Methods: A total of 25 subjects (17 males, 8 females; median age
74 years; range 50-86 years) were recruited among patients referred for audiological
evaluation who consented to participate in the trial. All subjects had a hearing loss of
< or = 60 dB HL at 2 kHz, were mobile and mentally unimpaired; 13 were experienced
users of HAs, 3 suffered from mixed conductive/sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) and
the remainder had pure sensorineural HI. Based on puretone, speech and impedance
audiometry the BTE-HAs were fitted, using the National Acoustic Laboratories-R (NALR)
prescription rule, 21 binaurally and 4 monaurally. All fittings were validated by
insertion gain measurements, and the immediate benefit was measured by means of the
speech recognition score in background noise (SRSN; signal:noise ratio = 10 dB) without
and with the HA. After a 6-week trial period a structured interview based on the
International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HAs) was performed. Results:
The results showed that the amplification of the HA deviated significantly from the
NAL-R target at all frequencies, giving significantly more amplification at 500 and 1000
Hz despite maximum bass-cut, whenever relevant, and significantly less amplification as
required at 2, 3 and 4 kHz. The median SRSN without HA was 48% (range 0-96%), which
improved significantly to 80% (range 24-100%) with HA. The median individual difference
in SRSN without and with HA was 20% (range 0-72%). The total IOI-HA score with the test
HA was 4.1 (range 2.6-4.6), showing that it offered subjectively high satisfaction and
reduction in limitations of activity. Conclusions: The low-cost HA: (i) provides
benefit to the hearing-impaired person; (ii) offers poor amplification in the high
frequencies; and (iii) gives subjective satisfaction similar to that for modern
available HAs. Published courtesy of:Acta Otolaryngol. 2004; 124(4):
416-420
<p>Predictors of hearing loss in school entrants in a developing
country</p>
Authors: Olusanya BO , Okolo AA , Aderemi AA 
Published: September 2022

Background: Hearing loss is a prevalent and significant disability that impairs
functional development and educational attainment of school children in developing
countries. Lack of a simple and practical screening protocol often deters routine and
systematic hearing screening at school entry. Aim: To identify predictors of
hearing loss for a practical screening model in school-aged children. Settings and
Design: Community-based, retrospective case-control study of school entrants in an inner
city. Methods: Results from the audiologic and non-audiologic examination of 50
hearing impaired children in randomly selected mainstream schools were compared with
those of a control group of 150 normal hearing children, matched for age and sex from
the same population. The non-audiologic evaluation consisted of medical history, general
physical examination, anthropometry, motor skills, intelligence and visual acuity while
the audiologic assessment consisted of otoscopy, audiometry and tympanometry.
Statistical Analysis: Multiple logistic regression analysis of significant variables
derived from univariate analysis incorporating student t-test and chisquare.
Results: Besides parental literacy (OR:0.3; 95% CI:0.16-0.68), non-audiologic variables
showed no association with hearing loss. In contrast, most audiologic indicators,
enlarged nasal turbinate (OR:3.3; 95% CI:0.98-11.31), debris or foreign bodies in the
ear canal (OR:5.4; 95% CI:1.0-36.03), impacted cerumen (OR:6.2; 95% CI:2.12-14.33), dull
tympanic membrane (OR:2.2; 95% CI:1.10- 4.46), perforated ear drum (OR:24.3; 95%
CI:2.93-1100.17) and otitis media with effusion OME (OR:14.2; 95% CI:6.22- 33.09), were
associated with hearing loss. However, only parental literacy (OR:0.3; 95%
CI:0.16-0.69), impacted cerumen (OR:4.0; 95% CI:1.66-9.43) and OME (OR:11.0; 95%
CI:4.74-25.62) emerged as predictors. Conclusion: Selective screening based on the
identification of impacted cerumen and OME will facilitate the detection of a
significant proportion of hearing impaired school entrants. Published courtesy of:J
Postgrad Med. 2004; 50(3): 173-178
Determinants Revisit Intention Through Perceived Value for Tourist Visits to Tourism Destinations at Kepulauan Seribu of DKI Jakarta
Authors: Handayani Estiningsih Tri , Limakrisna Nandan , Muharam Hari 
Published: September 2022

The tourism industry is important and strategic in the implementation of development in Indonesia because it is able to bring in large amounts of foreign exchange for the country. Tourist satisfaction is met will have an impact on the emergence of revisit interest (Revisit Intention), as a spontaneous response to the object of visitors because the expression of satisfaction felt during the initial visit is appropriate and even exceeds expectations. This research aims to be able to find ways and strategies to increase Revisit Intention for tourists, so that methods are found that can be recommended to interested parties through research on the variables that affect Revisit Intention, such as Promotion, Servicescape, Destination Image and Perceived Values. This research was conducted in the Kepulauan Seribu tourism destination in DKI-Jakarta with a total of 400 samples, using the Random Sampling. The research method used SEM with the LISREL program. The results of the research obtained the following data, such as (1) There is an effect Promotion on Revisit Intention (β = 0.62); (2) There is an effect Servicescape on Revisit Intention; (3) There is no effect of Destination Image on Revisit Intention (β = 0.21 ); (4) There is an effect Promotion on Perceived Value (β =- 0.21); (5) There is an influence Servicescape on Perceived Value ( ); (6) There is no influence of Destination Image on Perceived Value (β =-0.14); and (7) There is an effect of Perceived Value on Revisit Intention (β = 0.0552).
IMPLEMENTASI HYBRID CONTRACK DI PEGADAIAN SYARIAH CPS PASAR LEGI JOMBANG
Authors: Muthammimatus Sa’idah  , Arivatu Ni’mati Rahmatika  
Published: September 2022

Dalam Arrum Tasjily, terdapat dua akad yang saling mengikat yaitu akad Rahn dan Ijarah. Akad Rah merupakan suatu tanggungan / jaminan atas utang yang dapat dieksekusi apabila sirahingagal menunaikan kewajibannya. Sedangkan akad Ijarah ialah pemindahan hak guna atas barang atau jasa melalui pembayaran upah sewa(‘ujrah) tanpa diikuti dengan pemindahan kepemilikan atas barang tersebut. Terdapat beberapa Fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengatur operasional kedua akad tersebut, salah satunya adalah Fatwa DSN MUI No: 68/DSN-MUI/III2008 tentang rahntasjily. Terdapat kesesuaian antara penerapan kedua akad tersebut dengan Fatwa DSN-MUI yang mengatur ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku. Hal tersebut digunakan oleh Pegadaian Syariah CPS Pasar Legi Jombang, sebagai acuan dalam pengambilan kebijakan. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, dengan dipaparkan data dan beberapa pengertian dari sumber permasalahan.
ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DI KECAMATAN BIBOKI MOENLEU KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA
Authors: Agripina Ambone  , Yosefina M. Fallo  , Joka Umbu 
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1) gambaran umum usahatani padi sawah 2) pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Biboki Moenleu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2019 sampai selesai. Penentuan sampel mengunakan teknik simple random sampling yaitu secara acak berjumlah 100 petani responden. Jenis data yang digunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis data yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif dan analisis pendapatan. Hasil penelitian: 1) Gambaran usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Biboki Moenleu meliputi pengolahan lahan, persiapan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan, panen dan pasca panen. ; 2) Total biaya variabel yang dikeluarkan sebesar Rp. 211,820,066,-; Total biaya Penyusutan yang dikeluarkan sebesar Rp.32,700,654, dan pendapatan total sebesar Rp. 870.269.280, serta nilai R/C ratio 4.5.
Marta Marchina, Poetry, and Social Mobility in Baroque Rome
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2022

Martha Marchina was a seventeenth century working-class woman Latin poet in Rome. She was encouraged in her studies by the Oratorians of Santa Maria in Vallicella, and brought to the attention of Cardinal Spada, and became a Spada protegée. Though she continued to live with her father and work with her hands, she acquired a reputation as a woman of letters. The Spadas were themselves a parvenu family trying to establish themselves in Rome, using education and the cultivation of the arts to do so. Marchina was part of their cultural capital, since her verse, in the epigrammatic style fashionable at the time, was circulated in manuscript, and admired by contemporaries. Her work was eventually published in 1662 as a Spada contribution to the reception of the royal convert, Queen Christina of Sweden, and a discreet advertisment of the Spada family’s significance.
Drugs and the FDA
Authors: Sekeres Mikkael A. 
Published: September 2022

How the FDA was shaped by public health crises and patient advocacy, told against a background of the contentious hearings on the breast cancer drug Avastin.
Food and Drug Administration approval for COVID-19 vaccines and the controversial Alzheimer's drug Aduhelm made headlines, but few of us know much about how the agency does its work. Why is the FDA the ultimate US authority on a drug's safety and efficacy? In Drugs and the FDA, Mikkael Sekeres—a leading oncologist and former chair of the FDA's cancer drug advisory committee—tells the story of how the FDA became the most trusted regulatory agency in the world. It took a series of tragedies and health crises, as well as patient advocacy, for the government to take responsibility for ensuring the efficacy and safety of drugs and medical devices.
Before the FDA existed, drug makers could hawk any potion, claim treatment of any ailment, and make any promise on a label. But, throughout the twentieth century, the government was forced to take increasing action when children were poisoned by contaminated diphtheria and smallpox vaccines, an early antibiotic contained antifreeze, a drug prescribed for morning sickness in pregnancy caused babies to be born disfigured, and access to AIDS drugs was limited to a few clinical trials while thousands died. Sekeres describes all these events against the backdrop of the contentious 2011 hearings on the breast cancer drug Avastin, in which he participated as a panel member. The Avastin hearings, he says, put to the test a century of the FDA's evolution, demonstrating how its system of checks and balances works—or doesn't work.
Comparison of US Hospital Charity Care Policies Before vs After Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Goodman Christopher , Flanigan Amber , Probst Janice C. , Bai Ge 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceTax-exempt hospitals are required to provide charity care to maintain their tax-exempt status; charity care policies must be published online with clear eligibility criteria. Prior research has shown wide variability in charity care policy content; it is unknown how hospitals change their charity care policies over time.ObjectiveTo examine changes to tax-exempt hospital charity care policies before vs after the COVID-19 pandemic.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used downloaded charity care policies from a geographically representative sample of 170 tax-exempt hospitals from December 1 to 31, 2019, and December 1 to 31, 2021, and categorized the policy changes made as more restrictive, more generous, indeterminate, minimal, or not updated.ExposuresOnset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was charity care policy content changes from 2019 to 2021. Also examined were the effects of hospital ownership type, state Medicaid expansion status, and hospital consolidation on policy changes.ResultsIn this sample of 170 hospitals, 151 published documents available for comparison. Among these hospitals, 127 (84.1%) updated their charity care policies and 77 (51.0%) made substantial changes, with 242 distinct policy changes to categories such as income eligibility cutoffs, asset limitations, and service exclusions. Although the majority of hospitals expanded charity care (47 [31.1%]), a sizable minority restricted charity care (12 [7.9%]). Medicaid expansion during the study period and hospital consolidations were not associated with expansion of charity care; the largest merger in this sample led to reduced charity care at all 4 hospitals involved.Conclusions and RelevanceTax-exempt hospitals appear to have updated their policies with mostly positive changes during and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, some hospitals restricted charity care in 2021 documents. Unpublicized or vague eligibility criteria may limit patients’ understanding of charity care policies and conceal the full extent of charity care policy changes over time. Policy makers should consider requiring greater transparency and simplification for hospital charity care policies to ensure adequate access to care for uninsured and underinsured patients.
Isolation and Characterization of Aeromonas jandaei from Nile Tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana, and Its Response to Antibiotics and Herbal Extracts
Authors: Abarike E. D. , Atuna R. A. , Agyekum S. , Akongyuure D. N. , Alhassan E. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Production of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus contributes to economic growth in many countries. However, there has been a decline in its production over the years due to the influx of bacterial infections, with Aeromonas jandaei as an emerging threat. In this study, we identified and characterized A. jandaei from cage-cultured Nile Tilapia in Akosombo Stratum II of Lake Volta in Ghana and evaluated its response to commonly used antibiotics using the disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods for herbal extracts at various concentrations (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/mL). The herbs considered included guava Psidium guajava leaf, bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina, neem Azadirachta indica leaf, and their cocktail (GBNL in the ratio of 1:1:1). The bacterium was isolated from swab samples from the head kidneys of 27 moribund Nile Tilapia collected from nine fish farms. Samples were screened for A. jandaei by culturing and identification using morphological and molecular techniques. The bacterium isolate from fish in the study, identified as A. jandaei GH-AS II, had 92–93% identity to A. jandaei reference strains. Infection of healthy Nile Tilapia (n = 210) with the bacterium isolate showed that 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL was the lethal dose causing 50% mortality. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that A. jandaei GH-AS II was resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin. Herbal extracts at the various concentrations inhibited the growth of the bacterium isolate, with a significant increment in the zones of inhibition with increasing concentrations of leaf extracts. However, GBNL showed prominence compared to the other extracts only at 100 mg/mL. Management of A. jandaei GH-AS II by using herbal extracts at Nile Tilapia farms in Lake Volta may be recommended since the use of antibiotics, such as tetracycline and ampicillin, may not yield the needed result.
A Review of Salinity's Impact on Relevant Aquatic Drug Approval Technical Sections
Authors: Ramee Shane 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Currently, in the USA, there are no aquatic animal drugs approved for use in saltwater-reared finfish. As U.S. aquaculture expands into the marine environment, it is imperative to maximize the current knowledge base to make new approvals for saltwater use as efficient as possible. This article reviews literature relevant to how the saltwater environment may affect the Effectiveness, Target Animal Safety, and Human Food Safety major technical sections of a new animal drug approval. Though research on this subject is limited, there are pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies that have utilized euryhaline species to isolate salinity as the independent variable. I summarize these studies to demonstrate patterns that could facilitate more effective and efficient transfer of data previously used for freshwater drug approvals to be used for potential saltwater approvals. Research suggests that drug residue clearance rates are generally faster or at least similar in salt water if other factors are held constant, suggesting that consistent or shorter withdrawal times may be appropriate for saltwater application. However, faster clearance rates may cause a reduction in efficacy in some cases. The effects of salt water on drug toxicity are much less clear, are possibly highly compound dependent, and deserve further research. This suggests that any future drug approvals for saltwater use should begin by identifying the appropriate effective dose in salt water before addressing the other technical sections.