bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
209 A Single-Cell Atlas of Bovine Skeletal Muscle Tissue Reveals Mechanisms Underlying Differences in Quality between Wagyu and Brahman Beef
Authors: Fu Xing 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wagyu cattle are renowned for their premium beef characterized by abundant intramuscular fat (IMF). In contrast, Brahman, a popular breed in the southern coastal area of the US, generally produces tough meat with scarce IMF. However, the mechanisms underlying the differential meat quality between the 2 breeds are still largely unknown. Here, using single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq), we report a single-cell atlas of bovine skeletal muscle tissue. Multiple fibro/adipogenic progenitor (FAP) subpopulations were identified, including an endomysial adipogenic subpopulation and a perimysial fibrogenic subpopulation. Further analysis comparing individual FAP subpopulations between Wagyu and Brahman identified stronger expression of pro-adipogenic genes in Wagyu adipogenic FAP subpopulation and higher expression of pro-fibrogenic genes in Brahman fibrogenic FAP subpopulation. Overexpression of CFD, a gene upregulated in Wagyu adipogenic FAPs, enhanced the adipogenic efficiency of FAPs. Moreover, the expression of CFD in FAPs was positively correlated with the IMF content. Interestingly, the expression of CFD was not identified in FAPs of mouse models of intramuscular adipogenesis, suggesting that CFD is a cattle-specific regulator of IMF formation. Cell-cell communication analysis reveals significant differences between CFD+ FAPs and CFD- FAPs in their interactions with other cell types, further suggesting an important role of CFD+ FAPs in bovine skeletal muscle growth and development.
210 Restricted Maternal Nutrition: Impacts on Fetal Development and Metabolism in Sheep
Authors: Govoni Kristen E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Adequate nutrition is important for proper growth and metabolism. This is even more important during gestation when insults to the fetus can negatively impact fetal growth and development with persistent effects into adulthood. Using a sheep model, we have demonstrated that maternal restricted feeding (60% of National Research Council requirements) during gestation reduced growth in offspring and muscle fiber cross-sectional area. These changes in growth are associated with reduced stem cell (satellite cells and mesenchymal stem cells) population and function. Offspring of restricted-fed mothers also displayed altered metabolism indicated by increased insulin resistance, leptin dysregulation, and reduced circulating metabolic and growth factors. Based on these persistent negative effects of maternal diet on offspring postnatal growth and metabolism, we evaluated the impacts during fetal growth on whole body and tissue-specific metabolism and the impact of maternal realimentation during gestation. Nutrient restriction caused changes in metabolic pathways in a tissue specific manner in muscle, liver, and blood demonstrating the ability of maternal diet to program offspring metabolism in highly metabolic tissues. Several pathways involved in amino acid, lipid, carbohydrate, and transsulfuration/methionine metabolism were altered in all 3 tissues, demonstrating the whole-body effects of maternal diet on offspring metabolism. Interestingly, realimentation alleviated some of the effects of nutrient restriction on offspring metabolic pathways. In summary, maternal nutrient restriction during gestation negatively affects offspring fetal growth with persistent effects into adulthood which may be caused by changes in stem cell function and key metabolic pathways during fetal development.
388 Young Scholar Award Talk: Increasing Efficiency of Finishing Beef Production: Optimizing Starch Digestion, Improving Flaking Quality, and Reducing Methane Emissions
Authors: Trotta Ronald J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objectives of my dissertation research are to develop strategies to increase the efficiency of finishing beef production by optimizing the site and extent of starch digestion, improving flaking quality and consistency, and reducing methane emissions. Post-flaking sampling and handling techniques such as sifting steam-flaked corn samples with a sieve (P &lt; 0.01), air equilibration time (P &lt; 0.01), and storage temperature during shipping (P &lt; 0.01) all influenced enzymatic starch availability of steam-flaked corn. Inducing starch retrogradation of steam-flaked corn decreased the rate (P &lt; 0.01), but not the extent (P = 0.80), of ruminal dry matter degradation and thus, energetic efficiency was predicted to increase by up to 3.4% because of increased postruminal flow and digestion of starch in the small intestine. If producing steam-flaked corn is not feasible for smaller capacity feedlots, finely ground corn has a similar ruminal starch solubility to steamflaked corn (38.1% vs. 44.4, respectively, P &gt; 0.05), suggesting an alternative processing method to increase feeding value in finishing diets. Duodenal infusion of glucoamylase (fungal origin) increased (P = 0.02) small intestinal starch disappearance in steers, while duodenal infusion of porcine α-amylase did not (P = 0.41), supporting the hypothesis that small intestinal carbohydrases are the primary hydrolytic limit to small intestinal starch digestion. Comparative sequencing analyses revealed a missing region of the stalk region of the sucrase-isomaltase protein sequence (AA 47-60) which is important for intracellular sorting of the sucrase subunit to the apical membrane. The absence of this region of the protein likely explains the absence of intestinal sucrase activity and quantitative limitations of starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. Feeding decoquinate with Yucca schidigera extract for 7-d decreased (P &lt; 0.01) ruminal acetate proportion and tended to increase ruminal (P = 0.08) propionate proportion, suggesting potential for hydrogen shifts which could contribute to reductions in methane emissions with longer feeding periods. The findings of my dissertation research provide: 1) post-flaking sampling and handling recommendations for commercial feedlots and laboratories to improve estimates of starch availability and flaking consistency, 2) a mechanistic target (sucrase-isomaltase) for limitations in small intestinal starch digestion, 3) practical feeding strategies to shift the site of starch digestion to the small intestine to increase feed efficiency (retrogradation), 4) new processing alternatives for small feedlot producers (fine ground corn inclusion), and 5) new information on how combinations of feed additives could potentially decrease methane production in feedlot cattle.
390 Young Scholar Award Talk: The Effect of Chronic Maternal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure During Late Gestation on Offspring Muscle Development
Authors: Bryan Erin , Bode Nick , Shirey Dani , Chen Xuenan , Dilger Ryan N , Dilger Anna 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chronic inflammation during late gestation on offspring muscle development. Starting at gestational day (GD) 70, first-parity gilts were administered either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n=7) or saline (CON, n=8) via jugular venipuncture every other day until GD 84. LPS was initially given at 10 µg/kg BW and was increased by 12% each instance of administration. Volume of PBS was increased accordingly. Rectal temperatures of gilts were collected at 0, 2, 3, and 4-h post injection. Gilts farrowed naturally at GD 114 (±2). At postnatal day (PND) 3, the pig closest to the average litter weight was euthanized, and the longissimus dorsi, psoas major, semitendinosus, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys dissected and weighed. The semitendinosus was frozen in liquid N cooled-methylbutane and sectioned for muscle fiber typing analysis. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA with cohort as a random effect and significance considered at (P ≤ 0.05). Gilts exposed to LPS had a 1.3°C increase in rectal temperature at 3 and 4-h post injection (P &lt; 0.05), indicating successful induction of an inflammatory response. LPS exposure reduced (P = 0.04) the weight of piglets born alive and tended to reduce (P =0.09) the weight of piglets weaned, but did not alter the percent of pigs born alive or survival during the suckling period (P ≥ 0.29). Semitendinosus weight was also reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in LPS pigs, and tended to be reduced (P =0.09) as a percentage of whole-body weight. However, there were no differences between treatments in any other tissues. Further, maternal LPS exposure did not alter fiber type proportions, average fiber area, or estimated number of fibers (P ≥ 0.17). Overall, these data indicate that chronic maternal LPS exposure during late gestation did not reduce offspring muscle fiber formation.
396 Young Scholar Award Talk: The Selection of Potential Probiotics for Bovine Respiratory Disease Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Howe Samantha M , Chai Jianmin , Usdrowski Hunter M , Capik Sarah , Kegley Beth B , Richeson John T , Powell Jeremy , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most devastating disease affecting cattle producers in North America. Vaccines and antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent and treat BRD. However, it is still a growing problem. The four common BRD opportunistic pathogens, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, are present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy cattle as well, and how they move to the lung are unknown. The apparent role of the respiratory microbiome in BRD has led to many microbiome studies. However, most culture-independent studies have focused on the opportunistic pathogens, and little is known about the potential bacterial probiotics in the prevention and treatment of BRD. This study aims to identify potential probiotics to treat and prevent BRD by analyzing respiratory microbiotas (nasal swabs (NS): healthy: n=94, BRD: n=94; nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS): healthy: n=25, BRD: n=36; and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): healthy: n=22, BRD: n=29) from clinically healthy calves at feedlot entrance and calves at BRD diagnosis. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were classified as potential probiotics if selected as a top predictor by a machine learning technique (random forest) and significantly more abundant in healthy controls (log2fold change ≥ 2 and P&lt;0.05) based on DESeq2. ASV98_Corynebacterium was a potential probiotic in all three locations. ASV121_JG30-KF-CM45_unclassified, ASV32_Corynebacterium, and ASV64_Serinicoccus were potential probiotics in NPS and BAL. Additional taxa were potential probiotics in a single location, including ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae and ASV233_Facklamia in NS; and ASV150_Facklamia, ASV26_Corynebacterium, ASV306_Facklamia, and ASV44_Dietzia in NPS. SPARCC network analysis revealed that ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae was the top hub taxa in healthy calves’ NS, and ASV32_Corynebacterium and ASV26_Corynebacterium were in the top five hub taxa of healthy calves’ NPS, indicating that these ASVs are key members of their respective communities. Furthermore, SPARCC found ASV32_Corynebacterium is negatively correlated with ASV2_Mycoplasma (-0.25) in NS and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.23) in NPS (P &lt;0.05). Additionally, ASV26_Corynebacterium is negatively associated with ASV62_Ureaplasma (-0.37) and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.21) in NPS and ASV12_Histophilus_somni in (-0.29) in BAL (P &lt;0.05).
PSXIII-3 Effect of pen Stocking Density on Animal Performance, Social Behavior, and Animal and pen Dirtiness in Holstein Bulls fed High-Concentrate Diets
Authors: Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Fernandez Belen , Prenafeta-Boldú Francesc X , Verdú Marçal , Salsa Xavier , Devant Maria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pen stocking density on animal performance, social behavior, and animal and pen dirtiness in fattening bulls. Two hundred sixty-three bulls (250 ± 24.7 kg BW, and 193 ± 13.2 d age) were group-housed and fed concentrate and unprocessed straw separately, both ad libitum. Animals were assigned to one of 2 different pen stocking density treatments: 1) LOW (n=112), 14 bulls/pen (5.1 m2/bull and 5 bulls/feeding space); and 2) HIGH (n=151), 19 bulls/pen (3.6 m2/bull and 7 bulls/feeding space). The study lasted 183 d. Pen concentrate intake was recorded daily. Bulls were weighed every 2 wk. Social behaviors (from d 59) and animal and pen dirtiness (from d 120) were recorded every 4 wk. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Concentrate intake was not affected by treatment, but ADG (1.57 vs. 1.47 ± 0.027 kg/d) and feed efficiency (0.21 vs. 0.20 ± 0.007 kg/kg) were greater (P≤0.05) in LOW than in HIGH. Carcass quality was similar between treatments, but preslaughter weight (552 vs. 535 ± 4.6 kg) and hot carcass weight (292 vs. 284 ± 2.9 kg) was greater (P&lt;0.01) in LOW than in HIGH. Eating and ruminating were greater (P&lt;0.05) in LOW than in HIGH, and lying was greater (P=0.01, treatment by time interaction) in LOW than in HIGH at d 89 and d 120. Animal dirty score was lesser (P≤0.01) in LOW than in HIGH (0.0 vs. 7.5 ± 1.33 %), and pen dirty scores were lesser (P≤0.01) in LOW than in HIGH in d 120. In conclusion, decreasing pen stocking density by 42 % improves animal growth and efficiency, behaviors indicative of greater welfare and comfort, and cleanliness in fattening bulls.
PSXII-21 The Impact of Genomic Selection on Canadian Holstein Cattle Population Structure
Authors: Obari Christiana O , Rochus Christina M , Schenkel Flavio S , Miglior Filippo , Baes Christine F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Canadian dairy industry implemented genomic selection in 2009 to improve breeding in Holstein cattle and has been applied to several other dairy cattle breeds since then. Genomic selection is an effective breeding tool that can increase the accuracy of prediction and help to select young animals using genotypic information. As well as shortening generation intervals, genomic selection has also increased the genetic gain per generation and the profitability of the industry. However, genomic selection tends to increase inbreeding, reduce the effective population size and cause a loss in genetic variation. These consequences could lead to future challenges like lower selection response. To evaluate the sustainability of current breeding practices, investigation is warranted to observe the effects of genomic selection. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the population structure of Canadian Holstein cattle before and after the implementation of genomic selection in 2009. Using pedigree information to identify the number of sires used for breeding at three different time points (2000, 2010 and 2020), the number of daughters per sire, and length of time sires were used were investigated. Results show that the average number of offspring per top sire (top 10%) has decreased by 50%, however the average relatedness of available sires has increased considerably. This information will add to our knowledge of the effects genomic selection has had on the Canadian dairy industry and will inform future recommendations for sustainable breeding strategies that facilitate continual genetic progress.
PSXII-6 Evaluation of the Influence of bGH Gene Polymorphism on Elemental Composition of Blood Serum and Beef Productivity of Black Spotted Bulls
Authors: Adamovich Mihajlo , Khabibullin Ruzel , Mironova Irina , Yarmukhamedova Elvira , Galiyeva Zulfiya , Chernyshenko Yulia , Vasilev Vladimir 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene on elemental status and beef productivity of Black Spotted bulls (n=100; age-18 months). DNA samples were isolated from whole blood. The bGH gene polymorphism was determined using the PCR-RFLP method followed by restriction analysis. The elemental composition of the samples was estimated according to 25 chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Hg, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP AES and ICP MS. The detection of SNP (rs135322669) in the bGH gene showed three genotypes: CC (n=58), CG (n=24), GG (n=18). A comparative analysis showed that blood serum of animals with CC genotype contained significantly (Р£0.05) more Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, I, Se, Si, Li, Sr compared to the CG and Cu, I genotypes, Se, Ca, Si, Li, V, Sr in comparison with the GG genotype. In bulls with genotype CG to GG more toxic elements-Al, Sn, Pb were accumulated significantly (P£0.01). The Black Spotted bulls with the CC genotype advanced over animals with CG and GG, according to fresh carcass weight by 5.1 (Р≤0.05) and 8.9% (Р≤0.05), carcass yield-by 0.38 and 0.91% (Р≤0.05), internal fat mass-by 5.9 (Р≤0.05) and 15.6% (Р≤0.01), slaughter weight-by 4.8 (Р≤0.05) and 9.1% (Р≤0.01), slaughter yield-by 0.51 and 1.2% (Р≤0.05), pulp weight-by 5.4 (Р≤0.05) and 10.8% (P≤0.01). Thus, selecting Black Spotted bulls according to the bGH gene polymorphism, it is advisable to select individuals homozygous for the CC genotype. Animals with the indicated genotype are characterized by higher beef productivity, increased metabolism of essential elements and a minimum quantity of toxic elements in relation to animals with the CG and GG genotypes.
PSXII-5 Evaluation of Influence of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of CSN3 on Amino Acid and Mineral Composition of Milk from the Holstein Cows
Authors: Adamovich Mihajlo , Chernyshenko Yulia , Mironova Irina , Galiyeva Zulfiya , Yarmukhamedova Elvira , Khabibullin Ruzel , Osipova Alla 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim was to study the dependence of single-nucleotide polymorphism of the CSN3 gene on amino acid and mineral composition of the milk of the Holstein cows. The object of research is Holstein cows (n=100; age - 4-5 years). The elemental composition of milk was estimated according to 25 chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Hg, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP AES and ICP MS. The amino acid composition of milk (arginine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, hiscidin, leucine-isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonine, serine, alanine, glycine) was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a cation exchange analyzer (Knauer, Germany) and subsequent post-column derivatization with ninhydrin. Single nucleotide polymorphism of the K-casein gene was determined by PCR analysis in whole blood samples. The distribution of animals according to the genotypes of the K-casein gene locus was as follows: AA–51 heads, BB–38 heads; AB–11 goals. The results of the studies showed that the milk of cows with the AA genotype in relation to the AB and BB genotypes contained more lysine (g/100 g of protein) by 5.4 and 8.6 (Р≤0.05)%, methionine - 6.8 (Р≤0.05) and 9.2% (Р≤0.05), arginine - by 4.7 and 10% (Р≤0.05). In the milk of animals with the AA genotype, greater (Р≤0.05) concentrations of essential elements (Se, Ca, P, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mg) and minimal (Р≤0.05) concentrations of toxic elements Pb and Cd towards cows with AB and BB genotypes. The milk of animals with the AB genotype contained the maximum amount of Sr and V with a significant difference (Р≤0.05) to the BB genotype. Thus, it can be concluded that the elemental and amino acid compositions of milk are significantly interrelated by CSN3 gene polymorphism.
PSX-B-12 Effect of Locust Bean gum on Gene Expression in cow Blood
Authors: Mulakala Bharath , Mulumebet Worku 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan extracted from the seeds for use as a food thickener and stabilizer and is claimed to have applications in the biopharmaceutical field. The possible immunomodulatory effects of LBG have been studied in cell lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of LBG on the expression of genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in cow blood. Blood was collected from (n=3) clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows from the North Carolina A&T State University Dairy Unit. Whole blood (1 mL) from three cows was treated individually with 10 ng/mL of LBG (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO) or maintained in PBS, incubated at 37ºC for 30 minutes. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and real-time PCR was carried out using the RT2 Profiler human Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses PCR Array containing 84 genes, as recommended by the manufacturer (Qiagen). The Livak method was used to calculate fold change (FC &gt;2 considered significant). The analysis showed that 40 genes out of 84 genes were affected by treatment with LBG. Among 40 genes, 4 were upregulated, and 17 genes were downregulated. The highest up-regulated and down-regulated genes following exposure to LBG were Metaxin 1(MX1) and Recombination activation gene 1 (RAG1) respectively. The MX1 gene, which encodes a protein located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, is a component of the mitochondrial protein translocation apparatus. The RAG-1 gene is involved in the activation of immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination and immune homeostasis. Thus, gums may have bioactive roles in cow blood. The observed differential effects seen have implications for the function of the molecules examined possible epigenetic regulation of V(D)J recombination and potential for dietary modulation of animal health using gums and dietary fiber and warrant further study.
PSX-B-9 A Nanotechnology Base Immunity Measurement (D2Dx) Compared with Total Serum Protein Concentration Using Neonatal Holstein Bull Calves
Authors: Casper David P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The D2Dx immunity test (Nano Discovery Inc.) is a nanotechnology-based assay for quantifying the immune responses to foreign pathogens. In contrast, the measurement of total serum protein (TSP) concentration is used to determine the passive immunity status of neonatal calves. Inadequate colostrum feeding increases the risk of calves having increase disease challenges thereby reducing growth performance and possibly death. Our operation routinely sources 2- to 5-day old Holstein bull calves from numerous Wisconsin sale barns for evaluating nutritional programs and feed additives. The study objective was to compare the D2Dx immunity test with TSP concentration for evaluating the immunity and status of passive immunity of calves. Two 2021 calf studies conducted during summer and fall consisting of 160 total calves (80 calves per study) had 8-10 mL blood samples collected via jugular puncture within 1 day of arrival. Blood serum was immediately analyzed for TSP concentrations using a digital refractometer. Samples were then frozen and later thawed to room temperature for collecting D2Dx measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated using SAS version 9.4. The D2Dx test was highly correlated with TSP concentrations (r = 0.61, P &lt; 0.01) across both studies indicating the D2Dx test can be used to assess status of passive immunity. The correlation coefficient did vary by study ranging from r = 0.54 (P &lt; 0.01) for summer sourced calves to r = 0.65 (P &lt; 0.01) for fall sourced calves. Average daily gains (ADG) were less (P &lt; 0.01) for summer compared with fall sourced calves (0.692 and 0.853 kg/d for summer and fall, respectively). There was little correlation between passive immunity measurements (D2Dx and TSP) with ADG (r = &lt; -0.04, P &gt; 0.10). The D2Dx test can be used to assess transfer success or failure of passive immunity in neonatal Holstein bull calves.