bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Tissue Composition of Sweet Corn as Affected by Nitrogen Source, Nitrapyrin, and Season1
Authors: Rudert B. D. , Locascio S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was grown to evaluate the effect of N source, N rate, time of N application, and the nitrification inhibitor, 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin), on crop efficiency and movement of applied N on a Kanapaha fine sand. Sweet corn yield was not affected by nitrapyrin rates of 0, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha, during 2 seasons. During a wet 1976 summer season, total yield was 65% higher with N applied as (NH4)2 SO4 than as Ca(NO3)2. Total yield increased linearly from 6. 1 to 9.8 MT/ha with an increase in N rate from 56 to 224 kg/ha as (NH4)SO4. With Ca(NO3)2, total yield averaged 4.9 MT/ha and was not influenced by N rate. During the drier 1977 spring season, marketable yield was not influenced by N source. Total yield increased linearly from 9.1 to 14.6 MT/ha with an increase in N rate. In the wetter season, the application of N in split rather than single applications as Ca(NO3)2 increased yield. During the dry season, timing of N application had no effect on yield with either N source. The suppressing action of NH4-N absorption on the absorption of other cations was evident but was not consistent throughout the study. The application of (NH4)2SO4 as compared to Ca(NO3)2 resulted in higher plant dry weights at an early sampling stage in the wet season but not during the dry season. Higher soil N (NH4-N + NO3-N) levels were maintained above a 20-cm soil depth with (NH4)2SO4 than with Ca(NO3)2 during the wet season.
Anthocyanins of Fruits of Vaccinium, Sub-genera Cyanococcus and Polycodium1
Authors: Ballinger Walter E. , Galletta G. J. , Maness E. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anthocyanins of ripe fruits of 13 species of Vaccinium (12 species of the Cyanococcus and 1 species of the Polycodium sub-genera) collected in the eastern United States and grown together near Castle Hayne, North Carolina were hydrolyzed to yield aglycones and sugars. TLC separation and identification of these hydrolysates indicated that anthocyanins of the 12 species of the sub-genus Cyanococcus (true blueberries; Camp) contained 5 aglycones (> means “in greater quantity than”) (delphinidin > cyanidin > malvidin > petunidin > peonidin) and 2 sugars (galactose > arabinose). Anthocyanins of Polycodium representative V. stamineum (deerberries) differed from those of representatives of Cyanococcus in that they yielded only large amounts of the aglycone cyanidin and trace amounts of peonidin. Hydrolysis of anthocyanins of fruits of V. stamineum and 7 species of Cyanococcus yielded glucose. Thus, species of Cyanococcus appeared to have a similar anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin contents of Polycodium (V. stamineum) were different than those of Cyanococcus but generally the same as those reported for cranberries (V. macrocarpon, sub-genus Oxycoccus). Reports in the literature indicate that anthocyanins of other sub-genera of Vaccinium contain xylose (V. myrtillis; bilberry; cyanidin-3-xylosylglycoside) and rhamnose (V. vitis-idaea; cowberry; delphinidin-3-glycoside, 5-glycoside, and 3-rhamno-glycoside). Thus, as indicated from this initial study, fruits of the genus Vaccinium appear to vary in anthocyanin content with sub-generic classification.
Normalized Electrical Impedance Evaluates Cold Injury to Stem Sections of ‘Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Cooley D. R. , Evert D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normalized electrical impedance measured cold injury to stem sections of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh). The measurements did not alter later visual ratings of browning on the same sample. Normalized electrical impedance estimates of injury and visual ratings of browning agreed in 87% of the samples in the first year and 95% of the samples in the second year. In 29 of the 30 adjacent sampling temperatures that produced intermediate injury, as determined by visual browning, normalized impedance values had a higher probability of distinguishing between temperatures than did visual browning. Linear interpolation of the temperatures, which were needed to produce equal injury for the two methods, yielded a mean difference of 0.8°C.
Effect of Apple Cultivar on Foraging Behavior and Pollen Transfer by Honey Bees1
Authors: Robinson Willard Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The flower structure of the ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) differs from that of most apple cultivars by having gaps at the base of stamens. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) learn to collect nectar through these gaps and avoid the flowers’ sexual parts; consequently, visits to ‘Delicious’ are less than half as effective in pollination as are visits to other cultivars.
Peach Leaf Surfaces: Changes in Wettability, Retention, Cuticular Permeability, and Epicuticular Wax Chemistry during Expansion with Special Reference to Spray Application1
Authors: Bukovac Martin J. , Flore James A. , Baker Edward A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in surface characteristics of the adaxial and abaxial cuticular membranes of expanding ‘Red-haven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] leaves were followed and related to wettability and to retention and penetration of foliar-applied compounds. Epicuticular wax deposition increased with leaf development until full expansion, the maximum being 50 to 65 μg cm−2. Although wax fine-structure was not prominent on expanding leaves, localized areas of crystalline wax occurred on both surfaces of fully expanded leaves. The 2 surfaces differed markedly in the composition of the epicuticular wax. Although triterpenoid acids, alkanes and primary alcohols were present on both surfaces, sterols and esters were predominant on the adaxial surface. Marked changes in composition occurred with leaf age. The contact angles formed by aqueous droplets on the adaxial surface increased with leaf development and attained the highest value only after full leaf expansion; on the abaxial surface the contact angle increased sharply and approached a maximum at 70 to 80% full expansion. Retention of aqueous solutions decreased with leaf expansion. Permeability of the cuticular membrane, as indexed by transpirational loss and penetration of 14C-NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid), decreased progressively with increasing leaf age. These findings are discussed in relation to spray application and penetration of foliar-applied chemicals.
Translocation and Metabolism of Carbohydrate Fraction of 14C-photosynthates in ‘French’ Prune, Prunus domestica L.1
Authors: Hansen Poul , Ryugo Kay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When 14CO2 was administered to leaves on girdled ‘French’ prune spurs, the label was incorporated into sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose, starch, and amylase-insoluble assimilates. The rates of export of soluble sugars and sorbitol and mobilization of starch from leaves were proportional to the rate of fruit growth. The deposition of amylase-inert assimilates in leaves exceeded that of starch, which may account for the gradual increase in specific leaf weight in prunes. The proportion of sorbitol to total sugars in leaf blades and petioles, stem, and peduncle was nearly constant during the 22-day experim ental period but changed abruptly in the fruit. 14C-sorbitol fed to fruits via their peduncles was metabolized to 14C-sucrose, but the reverse reaction was barely detectable.
Genetics of High-temperature Fruit Set in the Tomato1
Authors: El Ahmadi A. Beshir , Allen Stevens M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The genetics of high-temperature fruit set was studied with a complete diallel cross using 5 cultivars with excellent high temperature tolerance and a California cultivar lacking stigma exsertion. The cultivars differed genetically for number of flowers per cluster, percent fruit set, number of seeds per fruit and stigma exsertion. At normal and high temperatures recessive genes are associated with greater flower number and heritability for this character was high. Percent fruit set is under the control of a largely additive system with a moderate heritability at high temperature. Nonallelic gene interaction was involved in seed set and dominance components exceeded additive at both temperatures. Heritability for seed set was low at high temperature. Stigma exsertion at high temperature is controlled by partially dominant genes with a high diallel additive component and heritability. The results suggest that a scheme of selection for specific combining ability would be useful to combine the strengths of the high temperature tolerant lines with needed characters from a successful cultivar.
Crop Response in a Greenhouse Environmentally Controlled with Air Drawn from a Coal Mine1
Authors: Buxton J. W. , Walker J. N. , Collins L. D. , Knavel Dean E. , Hartman J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The environment created by ventilating a greenhouse with mine-air was suitable for the production of high quality spray chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) and snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.) from mid-February through November without any additional energy requirement. The environment created in the greenhouse from December to February was extremely humid and favored botrytis development and physiological problems which reduced crop quality.
Losses in Fresh Tomatoes at the Retail and Consumer Levels in the Greater New York Area1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parasitic diseases were the main cause of losses at retail and consumer levels in fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) marketed in Greater New York in 1974-1977. Losses at the retail level (LRL) were 6.3 and 6.7% in prepackaged and loose fruits, respectively, and losses in consumer samples (LCL) were 7.9 and 4.7%, respectively. More than 60% of the LRL and 80% of the LCL resulted from diseases, principally alternaria, rhizopus, and gray mold rots and bacterial soft rot. Physical injuries and physiological disorders caused the remaining losses, the former being considerably more damaging.
Reflective Film Mulches Influences Insect Control and Yield in Vegetables1
Authors: Schalk J. M. , Creighton C. S. , Fery R. L. , Sitterly W. R. , Davis B. W. , McFadden T. L. , Day Augustine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In field tests, the most effective film mulch in deterring insects and reducing insect damage to fruits was aluminum. The insects affected were aphids, brown stink bugs, aphid parasites, and Diabrotica spp. Mosaic virus diseases were reduced among aluminum-mulched squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Plant growth, flowering, and fruiting were delayed in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.).
Chemical Stimulation of Branching in Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-2-acetate1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-2-acetate (PP528) applied in early summer to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees stimulated lateral branching the first year in the nursery. Concentrations of 25 to 50 ppm were effective, while 100 ppm or more sometimes killed shoot terminals and stopped or retarded further vertical growth for the season. Branch angles were not measured, but when terminal meristems were not killed, branch angles were wide. If terminal meristems were killed, the uppermost branch angles were narrow. Double applications 2 weeks apart of 25 or 50 ppm were sometimes more effective than single applications. Timing, uniformity of growth, and application during active growth were important to produce maximum branching effect and branching in suitable locations. PP528 caused more branching in 2 nonspurred ‘Delicious’ apple cultivars (up to 9 times control values) than in ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ (up to 3 times the control). Treatments with up to 200 ppm were largely ineffective on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Use of 100 or 250 ppm GA was of little benefit in overcoming the stunting effect of high concentrations of PP528.
The Effects of Node Position, Shoot Vigor, and Strain on ‘Delicious’ Apple Spur Development1
Authors: Walsh Christopher S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bud weight, and spur number, length, and fruitfulness were measured in shoots of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). In 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old wood, spur number, length, and fruitfulness were greater at the subapical nodes than at the basal nodes of the shoot. In dormant 1-year-old shoots, bud weight was affected by strain, node, position, and vigor. Axillary buds were largest in the apical portion of standard ‘Delicious’ shoots and in the basal portion of spur-types. In extremely vigorous shoots of ‘Gardner Delicious’ basal buds did not grow at the beginning of the second growing season unless treated with 6-benzylamino purine (BA), which induced normal spurs.
Relationships between Growth of Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and Nutrient Accumulation during Ontogeny in Field Environments1
Authors: Miller C. H. , McCollum R. E. , Claimon Sootin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Keystone Resistant Giant’ pepper plants, grown at a population of 48,000/ha, were sampled, fractionated, dried, weighed and analyzed for macroelement content every 14 days between 28 and 112 days after transplanting. The highest specific accumulation rate for N, P, K, Ca and Mg occurred 28 to 42 days after transplanting, but the highest absolute nutrient uptake rate was during 56 to 70 days after transplanting, a period when fruit growth was rapid. N, P and K accumulated in leaves-plus-petioles, stems and fruit whereas Ca and Mg were abundant in leaves-plus-petioles but was quite low in fruit tissue. By 98 days after transplanting, the plants had absorbed the following amounts of nutrients in kg/ha: 118 N, 15 P, 123 K, 41 Ca, and 32 Mg. Total dry matter was 4758 kg/ha at the same time. Leaf efficiency as measured by mean net assimilation rate was high during fruit set and growth but declined after commercial harvest. A relatively low leaf area index and a correspondingly high mean net assimilation rate suggested that increased plant populations would result in increased efficiency. There were 114,500 marketable fruits/ha picked during 2 harvests which weighed 13.4 MT.
Effect of Promalin on the Physical Characteristics of ‘Delicious’ Apples Grown in Two Geographic Locations1
Authors: Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A commercial formulation of N-(phenylmethyl) lH-purin-6-amine plus gibberellin A4A7 (Promalin) was applied to ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica, Borkh.) from 1975 to 1978 in 2 geographic locations at rates of 12.5 to 50 ppm. Promalin at 25 ppm increased fruit weight, length/diameter ratio (L/D), and percent “typey” fruit at both a cool mountain location and at a lower warm elevation. The effect on “typiness” in the warm growing area did not appear to be of commercial significance, but the increase in fruit weight did appear significant under these conditions. Response varied with strain. Addition of a spray adjuvant, Triton CS-7, at the lower elevation, did not improve response. Rates of 12.5 or 25 ppm applied at petal fall of the “king” blossom appeared to be equally effective under high temperature conditions conducive to oblate fruits.
Interactions of Ethylene, Temperature, Light, and CO2 on Leaf and Stipule Abscission and Chlorosis in Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium1
Authors: Marousky F. J. , Harbaugh B. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium (Schott) Bunt. were exposed to ethylene-air mixtures at various temperatures and levels of light and CO2. Plants held in ethylene (2.5 to 10μl/liter air) abscised leaves and stipules, developed chlorotic foliage, and grew poorly. As the levels and duration of exposure to ethylene increased, the rate of leaf abscission increased. Plants exposed to 5μl ethylene/liter air at 23.5°C for 3 days in light abscised more than 50% of their leaves, whereas plants similarly handled but held in darkness lost 20%. At a given level of ethylene, the lower the temperature the fewer the number of leaves abscised. Plants held at 27° at 10 μl/liter air had total leaf abscission. Plants held in ethylene with 5% CO2 or with lanolin-coated leaves abscised fewer leaves than plants without added CO2 or non-coated leaves.
Phytotoxicity of Ethylene Dibromide to Cherry and Banana Fruit1
Authors: Wade N. L. , Rigney C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of cherry (Prunus avium L.) and banana (Musa sp.,) AAA Group, Cavendish sub-group cv. Williams Hybrid, when fumigated with ethylene dibromide (EDB) and held at 20°C were injured visibly by treatment concentrations of 32 g/m3 or more. EDB (4 g/m3) stimulated the rates of both ethylene (C2H4) evolution and respiration in cherries, while higher concentrations up to 32 g/m3 caused proportionately greater increases in the rates of gas exchange. Cherries stored at 1° after fumigation with 32 g/m3 EDB did not display the increases in gas exchange which were observed at 20°, but during a 7 day storage period severe Symptoms of phytotoxicity developed. The increases in gas exchange are, therefore, effects and not causes of EDB injury. The Stimulation of C2H4 production in cherries by EDB was reduced by pretreatment with Co2+, indicating that EDB affects the methionine pathway of ethylene synthesis. In bananas treated with 4 g/m3 EDB and held at 20°, the respiration rate increased but C2H4 evolution and electrolyte leakage from slices of pulp tissue were unaffected. When the EDB concentration was raised to 32 g/m3, respiration and C2H4 evolution rates and electrolyte leakage increased.
Nucleic Acids in Developing Fruits and Other Tissues of Shamouti Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)1,2,3
Authors: Goren R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure for the extraction and fractionation of nucleic acids from citrus tissues was developed. Typical elution profiles of nucleic acids extracted from leaves, root tips, flowers, and fruits at different stages of development showed the well-known peaks of s-RNA, DNA, lr-RNA, and hr-RNA. In flowers and, especially, in young fruits the additional X-RNA peak was also present following the hr-RNA peak. The level of nucleic acids decreased markedly in the young fruit on the dry matter basis during the first 3 months of growth, mostly due to decrease in hr-RNA. During maturation the RNA fractions in the albedo decreased, while it increased in the flavedo due to increase in hr-RNA content. The fast growth of the young fruit apparently is accompanied by intensive metabolization or turnover of nucleic acids, rather than by dilution.
Influence of Transplanting Time in Nursery Production1,2
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Davis William B. , Stice Norman W. , Long Dwight 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root pruning and care during the first two nursery transplantings of 4 tree species significantly increased the percentage of plants with good root systems. The 4 species were Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn., red iron bark; Pinus radiata D. Don., Monterey pine; Pistacia chinensis Bunge., Chinese pistache; and Quercus ilex L., holly oak. The percentage of trees with good root systems decreased the longer seedlings stayed in the seed flat and in peat pot liners, particularly those not root pruned. In all but one case, the earlier plants were moved from the seed flat into peat pots and on into into gallon cans, the more the plants grew in caliper and height.
Plants root pruned during the early moves were larger than those not root pruned. However, root pruning at the later moves resulted in smaller plants than those moved earlier or than those moved at the same time but not root pruned. The combination of lengths of time in the seed flat and in the peat pot (time in the greenhouse) which resulted in the best combination of quality root systems and large plants was only 1/2 to 2/3 the time now common nursery practice (90-120 days).
Root Regeneration and Root Dormancy in Taxus spp.1
Authors: Lathrop J. K. , Mecklenburg R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The annual cycle of root-regeneration potential (RRP) of 3 year old Taxus hunnewelliana Rehd., plants was evaluated by recording the number of new root initials produced 6 weeks after bare root transplanting. During the summer (June, July and August) few root initials were produced. The RRP increased throughout the fall (September to December) reaching a peak in January. This was followed by a drop in RRP through the spring and early summer (February to June).
Root dormancy of 1 year old Taxus cuspidata Sieb. and Zucc., can be broken in February by an exposure to 7 weeks of chilling at 35°F. Shoot bud dormancy can be broken by an exposure to 3 weeks of chilling at 28°F. The chilling treatment breaking root dormancy appears to be sensed primarily by the root system. Chilling shoots only increased growth of dormant roots but does not substitute for the chilling requirement of the dormant root.
The annual cycle of root-regeneration potential can be partially explained by root dormancy or root-shoot competition for photosynthate. The root-regeneration potential for transplanted Taxus hunnewelliana appears to be controlled by the same factors as the annual cycle of rooting for stem cuttings.
Injury of Snap Bean Pods Associated with Machine Harvesting and Handling1,2
Authors: Hoffman James C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The harvesting of snap beans by machine caused obvious as well as unnoticed injury to the pods. All pods were injured, but injury varied in severity. Machine-harvested pods lost a significantly greater amount of weight than did corresponding samples of hand-picked pods. Cultivars differed in response to injury as well as ease with which they abscissed from the plant. The cv. Provider was easy to harvest by machine and received less injury than other cultivars studied. Snap bean cultivars with greater hair concentration per unit area lost weight more rapidly, and to a greater extent than those with sparse hairs. A small but significant amount of weight was lost through the pedicel and possibly the calyx. Pods with broken pedicel ends were similar in weight lost to pods having the pedicel removed. Broken shanks near the pedicel healed rapidly and did not contribute to a large amount of weight loss. Rubbing snap bean pods lightly caused a very significant amount of injury. The hairs on the pods were broken, split or pulled from the base, and these injured areas were the site of significant weight loss. Broken or split hairs did not heal, but continued to be a source of water loss.
Histological Observations on Chemical Pruning of Chrysanthemum With Methyl Decanoate1
Authors: Uhring Joseph 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spray applications of aqueous emulsions containing methyl decanoate killed the terminal meristem. This action stimulated the development of axillary buds producing branched stems. Early symptoms of spray activity occurred at the initial points of contact of the spray material. The direction of external damage was influenced by gravity as the path of cell destruction followed the flow of the runoff spray material. Spray runoff damage downward on the stem was confined largely to the two outer cell layers. Methyl decanoate entered through the epidermal cells and the trichomes. Cells with dense protoplasts were more visibly affected than cells with few or no protoplasts. The methyl decanoate acted as a destructive agent of the nucleus through some kind of change in the properties of the nuclear membrane; this was manifested by dispersion of the nucleoplasm. Changes were observed in the color of the stained nuclei indicating progressive stages of cell destruction. The nuclear and cytoplasmic components appeared as a homogenous mass in the late stage of damage. In highly specialized cells lacking protoplasts, damage was not apparent until the final stage of tissue and organ destruction.