Does Time to Intervention Affect Patient Reported Outcomes after Ankle Fracture?
Authors: Conway Yvonne , Hawkins Jacob , Alexander Brad , Andrews Nicholas A. , Agarwal Abhinav , Harrelson Whitt , Sinha Tanvee , McGwin Gerald , Shah Ashish 
Published: January 2022

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Advances in surgical technique and technology have allowed orthopedic surgeons to attempt early operative fixation of closed ankle fractures. Little is known about the modifiable factors impacting the recovery of these patients and how early operative intervention affects patient reported outcomes. This study aims to determine if early surgical treatment can be performed safely without increasing a patient’s risk for postoperative wound complications and how time to surgery affects both clinical and patient reported outcomes. Methods: A review of 311 patients records who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for an ankle fracture between July 1st, 2011 and July 1st, 2018 at a single academic center was conducted. Medical records were reviewed. Patients were contacted for collection of PROMIS Physical function, PROMIS Pain Interference, and the Foot Function Index. Patients with open fractures, high energy fractures with ipsilateral lower extremity injuries, pilon fractures, revision cases, non-respondents to the patient reported outcomes survey, and those lost to follow-up prior to radiographic evidence of union or non-union were excluded. After exclusions, 86 patients were then stratified by time to surgery after injury and injury classification. A linear regression model was constructed for each outcome instrument with the covariates of age, BMI, diabetes, smoking status, union, wound complication, time from surgery, and severe injuries by the Lauge-Hansen classification. Results: The delayed union, nonunion, and wound complication rate was similar regardless of timing of operative intervention (p=.470, p=.149, & p=.578, respectively). At a median of 4.5 (2.0 IQR) years postoperatively, outcomes scores were as follows (median (IQR)): PROMIS Physical Function 47.9 (11.2), PROMIS Pain Interference 50.1 (17.4), FFI Pain 26.0 (52.0), FFI Disability 17.0 (49), FFI Activity Limitation 3.0 (22.0), and FFI Total 20.0 (41.5). Time to intervention was not found to have an independent effect on any outcome score. Severe injuries by the Lauge-Hasen classification were found to be independent predictors of PROMIS physical function -6.3 (Unstandardized beta, 95% CI -11.5 to -1.1). Diabetes had a significant independent effect on PROMIS pain interference 52.4 (Unstandardized beta, 95% CI 24.3 to 80.5). Conclusion: Early surgical intervention did not significantly delayed union rate, nonunion rate, wound complications, or patient reported outcomes instruments. Severity of injury classification has a significant independent effect on patient’s physical function. Notably, this effect is above the minimal clinically important difference for PROMIS physical function. Overall, the intermediate term outcomes of ankle fracture fixation indicate patients are within one standard deviation of the population mean in terms of pain and physical function. Surgeons should be aware timing of intervention did not have an effect on outcomes scores at intermediate term follow-up.